Cicero IN MEMORIAM BERNARD MOSES CICERO. (Bust in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.) SELECT ORATIONS AND LETTERS OF CICERO (ALLEN AND GREENOUGH'S EDITION) REVISED BY J. B. GREENOUGH and G. L. KITTREDGE WITH A SPECIAL VOCABULARY BY J. B. GREENOUGH BOSTON, U.S.A. GINN &^ COMPANY, PUBLISHERS Cbe atl)cn8etim Press 1903 Copyright, i8g6, 1902 By GINN & COMPANY A.I.L RIGHTS RESERVED giHfiAIlD MOSES Ho3 PREFACE ■ M/M The present volume is not intended to supersede the revised edition of Cicero's Select Orations. It has been pre- pared to meet the needs of those teachers who prefer marked quantities and who wish to introduce their students to Cicero's Letters. Several orations have been omitted, and their place is supplied by a careful selection from Cicero's corre- spondence. The letters are arranged chronologically, like the orations. They throw light on Cicero's character, on Roman political history, and on various phases of ancient manners, and at the same time they illustrate almost every variety of letter-writing, — from hasty notes on family matters to weighty discussions of public policy. One letter from Pompey to Cicero and one from Caesar have also been included. Several maps have been added, and a new plan of the Forum, exhibiting the remarkable series of excavations begun in 1899. These have brought to light the Comitium, the Basilica Aemilia, the Lake and Sanctuary of Juturna, and other important remains. The plan is taken, with slight modifications, from that in Richter's Topographie der Stadt Rom (edition of 1901). For permission to reproduce the figure of the base of Ccesar's column from Lanciani's New Talcs of Old Rome, the editors are indebted to Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, the putflishers of that inter- esting work. Several new maps are also included in the present volume. The vocabulary has been carefully revised. The following extract from the Preface to the Select Ora- tions may be appended : — "The present volume is practically an entirely new work, since the notes have been almost wholly rewritten, and very 885988 iv Preface extensive additions have been made. The revising editors have kept constantly in mind the original design, which gave prominence to matters of historical and political interest. Though in pursuance of the original design the orations are arranged in chronological order, yet, by the fuller annotation of Roscius and the Catilines, care has been taken to enable teachers to begin with either, according to their judgment or habit. "The admirable historical and political work of the late Professor W. F. Allen has not been reduced, but collected into introductory chapters for convenience of continued read- ing and reference. The grammatical discussions have been much increased, the revisers having found, by instructive experience, that in order to profit by a book the pupil must be able to read it, and for this a knowledge of the usages of the language is indispensable. "The treatment of the orations rhetorically and logically has been very much extended, with the hope of making the book more useful, not only for the study of Latin, but also for the study of rhetorical composition generally. The very numerous illustrations have not been inserted merely to make a picture book, but to give the pupil some sense of the reality of the orations as a part of history. Teachers and others who take a more intelligent interest in these ancient memo- rials, will find much explanatory and critical comment in the numbered list of illustrations. A very large increase of intro- ductory matter has .seemed desirable in view of the growing interest in the study of the history of civilization." The editors have enjoyed the scholarly cooperation of Mr. M. Grant Daniell, to whom they are indebted for many valuable suggestions. Cambridge, Mass., April, 1902. CONTENTS PAGE List of Illustrations vii List of Maps xii Description of the View of the Forum xii Plan of the Forum xii Life of Cicero xiii List of Orations and Other JVorks xxvii Chronological Table xxxi Roman Oratory xxxiv Cicero as an Orator xliii Latin and English Style xlvi Ancient Oratorical Delivery xlix The Roman Constitution 1 ORATIONS. The Defence of Roscius i The Impeachment of Verres 26 The Phaider of Syracuse 48 Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 59 Pompey's Military Command {Pro Lege Manilla) 66 The Conspiracy of Catiline 98 I. Lnvective against Catiline 99 II. Character of the Conspiracy 113 III. Hoxv the Conspiracy was Suppressed 126 IV. Sentetice of the Conspirators 141 The Citizenship of Archias 154 V VI CofltCJltS LETTERS I. To Atticus. Att. {Ad Atticinn) 2 II. To Atticus. Att. 2. 21 ... III. To his Family. Ydivn. {Ad Fatniliares) IV. To Atticus. Att. 3. 27 . . V. To Lentulus. Earn. 1.6. . VI. To M. Marius. Earn. 7. i . VII. To Ancharius. Earn. 13. 40 VIII. To Trebatius. Earn. 7. 10 . IX. To Marcellus. Earn. 15. 11 . X. To his Eamily. Earn. 16. 11 XI. To his Eamily. Eam. 14. 14 XII. Pompey to Cicero. Att. 8. 11 XIII. To Pompey. Att. 8. ii.D XIV. Caesar to Cicero. Att. 10. 8 XV. To Sulpicius. Eam. 4. i . XVI. To Terentia. Eam. 14. 10 XVII. To Terentia. Eam. 14. 23 XVIII. To Eurfanius. Eam. 6. 9 XIX. To Dolabella. Eam. 9. 14 XX. To Cassius. Eam. 12. 2 . XXI. To Cffisius. Eam. 13. 51 14, PAGE 169 170 173 176 179 179 181 1^2 1S4 184 185 189 190 192 194 197 201 Notes to Orations 203 Notes to Letters 369 Vocabulary i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ABBREVIATIONS. Arch. Zeit. — Archaologische Zeitung. Berlin. Banm. — Baumeister, Denkmaler des klas- sischen Altertums. Munich, 1885-8S. Bernoulli. — J. J. Bernoulli, Romische Ikonographie, 1882-94. Brtmn. — Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Sculptur. Unter Leitung von Heinrich Brunn herausg. von Fried- rich Bruckmann. Munich, 1888-. Brunn u. Artidt. — Griechische und ro- mische Portrats. Nach Auswahl und An- ordnung von Heinrich Brunn und Paul Arndt herausg. von Friedrich Bruck- mann. Munich, i8gi-. Cohen. — H. Cohen, Description generale des Monnaiesde la Republiqueromaine. P^ris, 1857. De Clarac. — Musee de Sculpture. Par M. le C" de Clarac. Paris, 1828-30. D'' E scamps. — Yi&vwy D'Escamps, Galerie des Marbres antiques du Musee Cam- pana a Rome. 2« ed. Berlin, 1868. von Falke. — Jacob von Falke, Hellas und Rom. Stuttgart, 1878-80. Head. — A Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins of the Ancients. By Bar- clay V. Head. Second edition. London (British Museum), 1S81. Med. Illnst.— M. M. Vecchi, II Mediter- raneo Illustrate. Florence, 1841. Poole. — A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Edited by R. S. Poole. London, 1S73, etc. Visco7iti. — Visconti, Iconographie Romaine. Paris, 1817-24. IN THE TEXT. PAGE Cicero. Bust in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Photograph. Frontispiece Plan of the Forum and adjacent building.s. Founded on plan in Middleton's Remains of Ancient Rome xii Ruins of the Roman Forum. Photograph xiii The Forum (restored), von Falke i Allegorical statue of the Tiber (showing also Romulus and Remus with the wolf). In the Louvre, Paris. Brn7in i T. Cornelius Sulla. Bust in the Vatican (Museo Chiaramonti). Un- certain. Bernoulli 4 Jupiter. Bust in the Vatican. Photograph 18 View of Messina {Messana). A fed. II lust 26 vii viii List of Ilinstrations PAGE Coin of Syracuse. Obverse : head of Persephone. Reverse : victor in quadriga. Head. 49 Coin of Hiero II. Obverse: head of Hiero with diadem. Reverse : Nike (Victory) in quadriga. Head. 50 M. Claudius Marcellus. From coins (somevv'hat enlarged). Bernoulli. 51 Cathedral of Syracuse, formerly Temple of Minerva. Med. Illust. . . 52 Sappho. Villa Albani, Rome. Uncertain. Brunn u. Arndt. ... 55 The Quarries at Syracuse (Dionysius' Ear). Photograph 58 Coin of the Mamertini. Obverse : head of Ares (Mars). Reverse : eagle on thunderbolt. Poole 60 Coin of Rhegium. Obverse: lion's scalp. Reverse: sitting male figure. Poole 63 Pompey. Bust in the Vatican (Museo Chiaramonti). Uncertain. Photograph 66 Fanaraky d'Europe (entrance to the Black Sea by the Bosphorus). Laurens^ Voyage en Tiirqiiie 66 Mithridates VI. (from a coin). Head. 69 Tigranes, King of Armenia (from a coin). Head. 69 Site of Corinth (Acrocorinthus in background). Stackelberg, La Grece 70 Antiochus III., King of Syria (from a coin). Head. 73 Philip v., King of Macedonia (from a coin). Head. 'jt^ View of Mt. Argaeus in Cappadocia. Texier, Asie Mineiire 74 Lucullus. Bust in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Identification uncertain (see Arch. Zeit., N. F., XXIII, 9 ff.). D'Escamps. . . 77 View near Cape Misenum. Med. Illust So Ruins of the Port of Ostia. Photograph 81 View in Pamphylia (Port of Adalia). LanckoroJiski, Les Villes de la Pamphylie et de la Pisidie 82 Galley. From the Praeneste relief. Baumeister 85 Coin of Rhodes. Obverse : head of Helios (perhaps from the Colossus). Reverse : rose. Head. 90 Coin of Perseus (Perses). Head. 91 Roman sacrificial procession. Relief in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Flor- ence. Brunn 98 Ruins of the Temple of Jupiter Stator. Photograph 112 The Mulvian Bridge. Photograph 128 L, Cornelius Lentulus. Bust in the Museum at Naples. Very un- certain. Photograph. 131 List of Illustrations ix PAGE Marcus Aurelius sacrificing in front of the Temple of Jupiter Capitoli- nus. Relief from the Arch of M. Aurelius. Palazzo dei Conser- vatori, Rome. Photograph 136 Roman Sacrificial Procession. Relief in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Brunei 138 Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus at Rome (restored). Ilittorff, Architec- ture antique de la Sicile 140 Ruins of the House of the Vestals. Photograph 142 Church of S. Maria in Aracoeli (site of the Roman Arx). Photograph. 150 P. Scipio Africanus. Photograph 152 Muses with Homer and Socrates. Ancient sarcophagus in the Louvre. De Clarac 1 54 Coin of Heraclia. Obverse: head of Nike (Victory). Reverse: Hercules seated. Head. 157 C. Marius. Impression of a coin. Visconti 163 Alexander the Great, represented as the god Ammon (hence the horns). From a coin, enlarged. Imhoof-Blumer, Portrdtkdpfe. . 164 Adana in Cilicia (Cicero's province), with Taurus mountains in the background. Fisher* s Views 169 Cato. Bust in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. Uncertain. Photograph. 171 Pompey's Theatre and the temple of Venus Victrix (restored). Canina, V Architettura Romania 177 Mark Antony. Bust in the Vatican. Uncertain. Photograph. . . .183 Coin of Mark Antony and Octavia. Cohen 183 C. Julius Caesar. Bust in the Louvre. Photograph 189 Base of Caesar's Column. Lanciani, New Tales of Old Rome. . . . 195 Coin of M. Brutus, commemorating the murder of Caesar. Obverse : head of Brutus. Reverse : liberty-cap between two daggers ; inscription eid.mar {the Ides of March). Cohen 196 Marcus Junius Brutus. Bust in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. Photograph 196 Medal struck by the Magnesians in honor of Cicero's son Marcus. Visconti 201 IN THE NOTES. Fig. 1. Cisium Rich'' s Dictionary. 2. Coin of Faustus Sulla. Obverse : head of Diana Tifatina. Reverse : L. Sulla, seated ; Bocchus, King of Mauritania, X List of IllustyatioHS Fig. delivers to him Jugurtha as a captive ; inscription FELIX (surname assumed by Sulla) Viscoiiti. 3. Arch of Gallienus at Rome Photograph. 4. Victory writing on a tablet. Column of Trajan at Rome. . Brimn. 5. Q. Hortensius the orator. Bust in the Villa Albani, Rome. Visconti. 6. Plan of Syracuse 7. View of modern Syracuse Photograph. 8. Coin of Agathocles, King of Syracuse. Obverse : head of Per- sephone. Reverse : Nike (Victory) setting up a trOphy. . Head. !). Bronze door of the Cathedral at Pisa (twelfth century work). Pohau/t de Fleiiry, ATonuinents de Pise. ID. Head of Medusa. Marble mask in the Glyptothek at Munich. Brmin. 11. Doors of Temple of Romulus, with bullae Photograph. 12. T. Quinctius Flamininus. From a coin Bernoulli. 13. 14. Mensae Delphicae. From ancient ornamental marble stands De Clarac. 15. Coin of Sex. Pompey. Obverse : pharos of Messana. Reverse: Scylla Cohen. 16. View of Palermo [Panhormus) Photograph. 1 7. Coin of Porcius Laeca commemorating the Lex Porcia. Obverse : head of Rome. Reverse : allegorical representation of P. Porcius protecting an accused citizen Cohen. 18. Rostra. Froma coin 19. Coin of M.' Aquilius. Obverse: head of Virtus. Reverse: armed soldier protecting a woman Cohen. 20. Cappadocian. Bust from Caesarea; now in the Jakobsen col- lection at Copenhagen Brunn u. Arndt. 21. Coin of Amisus. Head of Pallas Poole. 22. Medea. Wall painting at Pompeii Brunn. 23. Coin of Pompey. Allegorical head of Africa Cohen. 24. Merchant ship. Ancient relief Baumeister. 25. Lictors with rods and axes. From a coin Cohen. 26. Coin with heads of Servilius Ahala and M. Junius Brutus. Visconti. 27. Sacrarium (family shrine). From a Pompeian house. . . Baumeister. 28. Signa militaria. From coins Cohen. 29. The Mamertine prison (7/////^z;/z/w). Section. . . Middleton, Rome. 30. The same. Plan Middleton, Rome. 31. Coin of Sextus Pompey. Obverse: head of Sextus Pompey. Reverse : heads of Sextus Pompey and Pompey the Great. Cohen. List of Illustratio7is xi Fig. 32. Bust of L. Junius Rusticus (Stoic philosopher of the time of Uomitian), showing a rough " philosophic beard." . . . Visconti. 33. Statue of an unknown Roman with the toga Brunn. 34. Coin of C. Clodius. Obverse: head of Flora. Reverse : Vestal with simpuhmi (sacrificial ladle) Cohen. 35. Writing implements : atramentarium (for black and red ink) ; papyrus letter sealed and addressed ; tabellae and stihis. Wall painting Overbeck's Pofupeii. 36. Romulus and Remus with the wolf. Bronze in the Capitoline Museum, Rome PJiotograph. 37 Lectisternium Bartoli, Lucerne. 38. Coin of P. Licinius Crassus Junianus. Obverse: head of Jupi- ter. Reverse: balance; cornucopia; curule chair. . . . Cohen. 39. Pompeian shop (restored) Baitmeister. 40. Plan showing the arrangement of Pompeian shops along the streets Baumeister. 41. Bronze brazier {focus), from the baths of Pompeii. . . Photograph. 42. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus. With a bust formerly identi- fied with Ennius Photograph. 43. Coin of Cato Uticensis. Obverse : head of Liberty. Reverse : Victory seated Cohen. 44. Writing Implements: tablets {tabellae), inkstands {atramen- taria), pens {still), papyrus rolls {volumhia), box for holding rolls {scrt7ih(?n); also money bags {sacculi) and coins {nuninii). Wall painting Mtiseo Borbonico. 45. Girl Writing a Letter (showing tabellae and stilus). Wall painting . Museo Borbonico. 46. Coin of Brutus and Casca. Obverse: head of Brutus. Reverse: trophy, shields, etc Cohen 47. ^dile opening the games. Ancient statue Photograph. 48. Coin of Mark Antony and his Brother Lucius Visconti. 49. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (from a coin) Cohen. 50. Coin of Lepidus and Octavianus as Triumvirs Cohen. 51. Coin of Pansa Cohen. 52. Coin of Q. Cassius. Obverse : head of Liberty. Reverse (in memory of the condemnation of the Vestals by L. Cassius Longinus, praitor B.C. 113): temple of Vesta, with curule ^ chair, voting urn, juror's ballot marked A {absolvo), and C {condemno) : see p. Ixv Cohen. xii List of Alaps LIST OF MAPS. Page Imperium Romanum vi Italia 1 Roma Ixv Latium 99 Aegaeum Mare 169 Explanation of the View of the Forum. The background shows the southeasterly side of the Capitoline hill. The blank wall in the centre is the rear of the Palazzo dei Seitatori, which stands on the saddle between the two summits {inter duos hicos). The lower part of this wall is very old, and is commonly supposed to be the wall of the Tabularimti, or Record Office. The modern buildings on the right occupy the site of the ancient Citadel {Arx)\ those on the left, that of the Capitoliutu. In front, projected against the wall of the Tabulariiim , is, on the right, the Column of Phocas, a late monument of slight importance ; at the left of that are the ruins of the Temple of Vespasian (three Corinthian columns, of which only two show in the view); farther to the left is a ruin with eight Ionic columns, — the Temple of Saturn, built in the time of the Empire on the site of the earlier Temple of Saturn, which served during the Republic as the Aera- rhim, or Treasury. Below, at the right of the picture, is the Arch of Septimius Severus : this probably occupies part of the space of the earlier Senaculwn, or gathering-place of the Senators. Below the Temple and in front of the Arch is the open space of the Forum, distinguishable by the flagging : here stood the Rostra. To the left, below the Temple of Saturn, are the ruins of the Basilica lulia. At the extreme left of the picture, in the foreground, are three Corinthian columns, the only remains of the famous Temple of Castor. Near the point where the spectator is sup- posed to stand are the ruins of the Atrium Vcstae and the Regia. THE FORUM AlfD ITS SUKROUNDINGS. t; INTRODUCTION I. LIFE OF CICERO. Marcus Tullius Cicero, partly on account of his natural abilities and partly on account of the times in which he lived, has left a name associated with some of the most important events in the history of the world, as well as with some of the most potent forces in our civilization. Few men have made so distinct an impression on modern literature and thought. He touched many things which he did not adorn, but there is hardly any kind of intellectual activity that is not conspicuously indebted to his precepts or his example. I. Cicero's Life from his Birth to the Opening of HIS Political Career (b.c. 106-76). Cicero was born at Arpinum, a city with the Roman franchise (which was also the birthplace of Marius), Jan. 3, B.C. 106, of an equestrian family. His grandfather, who had a small estate in that region, was of Volscian stock, and thus belonged to the old virile country people of the republic. His grand- mother was a Gratidia, closely connected by adoption with the great Marius and with prominent Roman politicians. His father, who was the eldest son, had increased the family estate by agriculture and by the profits of a fulling-mill, so that he was among the richest of his townsmen, and possessed the census of a Roman knight. By his marriage with Llelvia, a woman of the nobility, he became connected with many sena- xiv Introductio7i torial families. She was a woman of great economic and domestic virtues, and a strong support to her husband, who was of a somewhat weak constitution. The father was a man of cultivated mind and devoted himself to the education of his two sons, Marcus, afterwards the orator, and the younger brother Quintus. For this purpose he removed to the city. His ambition, like that of every Roman of fortune, was to have his sons enter politics and so to establish a senatorial family. He lived to see both of them succeed in this career, and the elder become one of the most distinguished men in Rome. Cicero himself was early stimulated by the success of Marius and the general atmosphere of Roman ambition to desire a prominent place in the state. ^ His father's connections with men and women of rank brought the boy into contact with the great orators M. Antonius and L. Crassus,^ who interested themselves in his education.^ Among his companions were the sons of Aculeo, Lucius Cicero, his cousin, his intimate friend Atticus, L. Torquatus, C. Marius the younger, and L. ^iius Tubero. His instructors were Greeks ; but, as he had already formed the purpose of attaining office through the power of oratory, he did not confine himself to theoretical or technical learning. He frequented the Forum to hear the great orators of his day, especially Antonius and Crassus, who discoursed w'ith him on literary subjects, so that they became in a manner his teachers. He received instruction from Archias^; he sought the society of L. Accius, the poet, and he studied the art of delivery in the theatre, becoming intimately acquainted with the great actors Roscius and .-Esopus. He practised ^ TTofCkhv a.pL(TTev€iv Kal virdpoxos efx/xevai aWojv. Ad Quifitum Fratrem^ iii. 5, 6. ^ See p. xxxvii. 2 This debt he amply repays by his tribute to them in the De Oratore. * See Defence of Archias, ch. i. Life of Cicero xv many kinds of composition, but his most important means of education, as he tells us, was translation from the Greek. At the age of sixteen (b.c. 90), Cicero received the toga virilis (the " coming out " of a Roman boy), and from that time he devoted himself to law and statesmanship as well as oratory. For this purpose he was put under the charge of Mucius SccEvola, the augur, and later he attached himself to the no less celebrated Pontifex of the same name. In b.c. 89 he served one campaign in the army under Cn. Pompeius Strabo. After this short military experience, he returned with still greater vigor to his literary and political studies. He studied philosophy under Phaedrus and Philo, oratory under Molo of Rhodes, and all the branches of a liberal education under Diodotus the Stoic. When about twenty-five years of age, Cicero began his active career. It was customary to win one's spurs by attacking some political opponent ; but this was contrary to Cicero's pacific nature, and throughout his life he prided himself on always taking the side of the defence. His first oratorical efforts have not been preserved to us. The earliest of his orations which we possess is his defence of P. Quinctius in a civil action (b.c. 81). This suit involved no political question; but no case at that time could be entirely free from politics in one form or another, and nothing is more significant of Cicero's character than the skill with which he constantly used political bias for his client's advantage without seeming to take sides. To defend Quinctius was a bold undertaking for a young advo- cate ; for the opposing counsel was the great orator Hortensius,' backed by powerful influence on behalf of the plaintiff. The case, too, was a somewhat dry one ; but Cicero's skill as an advocate is shown by the fact that he raises it above the ordinary business and technical level into a question of uni- versal justice and the rights of common humanity. 1 See p. xxxix. xvi Introduction Next year occurred the trial of Sextus Roscius of Ameria for parricide (b.c. 8o), a case growing out of the abuses of Sulla's dictatorship.^ Cicero showed his courage by under- taking the defence, and his forensic skill by converting his plea into a powerful attack on the accusers in the regular manner of Roman invective. In B.C. 79 he came into still more daring antagonism with Sulla in the case of a woman of Arretium. The oration has not come down to us, but from its boldness it must have added greatly to the orator's fame. The same year — either on account of his health or, less probably, from fear of Sulla — he went to Greece and the East to continue his studies ; for at that time such a journey was like " going to Europe" among us. He visited the greatest orators, rheto- ricians, and philosophers of the East, especially at Rhodes, then a seat of the highest culture. After an absence of two years, he returned to Rome, wdth an improved style of oratory, and again engaged in law cases, in which he had as opponents his two great rivals Hortensius and Cotta. II. From the Qu.estorship m Sicily to the Consul- ship (B.C. 75-64). In B.C. 76 Cicero began his political career, becoming candidate for the quaestorship (the lowest grade of the cuj-sus honorum),^ while Cotta was candidate for the consulship and Hortensius for the praetorship. All three were elected, and Cicero's lot^ assigned him to the province of Sicily under Sextus Peducaeus. It was in this administration that his ability and honesty gained the favor of the Sicilians, which gave him the great opportunity of his life in the impeachment of Verres, in B.C. 70.'* This prosecution he undertook in the interests of his own ambition, in spite of the fact that the 1 See pp. I, 2, below (Introduction to the Oration). 2 See p. lix. ^ See p. lix. * See pp. 26-28, below. Life of Cicero xvii Senate was as a class on the side of the accused, who was also supported by many of the most influential men of the state. But it was, on the other hand, a popular cause, and many of the most decent of the nobility favored it. The orator's success, by force of talent and honest industry, against the tricks of Verres and his counsel Hortensius broke the domina- tion of this rival in the courts,^ and made Cicero the first advocate of his time. In B.C. 69 Cicero became curule aedile, and in b.c. 67 he was elected pr^tor with great unanimity. In the latter year began the agitation for the Manilian Law,^ by his advocacy of which Cicero endeared himself to the people and gained the favor of Pompey, whose powerful support was a kind of bulwark against the envious and exclusive nobility. In his praetorship (b.c. 66) he was allotted to the presidency of the Court for Extor- tion,^ and in this, as in all his public offices, he was honest and unselfish. During all these years he had continued his career as an advocate, engaging in such cases as seemed likely to extend his political influence and advance him most rapidly in the regular succession of curule offices. After his praetorship he refused a province ^ in order to remain at home and canvass for his consulship. III. Consulship (b.c. 63). For the consulship of b.c. 63 there were six candidates, but of these only Cicero, Catiline, and C. Antonius were prominent. The contest was not merely one of personal ambition. The first and second conspiracies of Catiline, as well as his notorious character, could have left no doubt that his aims were treason- able. Antonius had combined with him for mutual support in securing election by illegal means, and was himself a weak and 1 See p. 250, below. * See p. Ixv, n.^ 2 See p. 66, below. * See p. Ixi. xviii Introduction unprincipled man. On the other hand, Cicero was a novus ho77io^ a champion of the Eqiiites (though without being an enemy of the senatorial order), and had had an unusually clean record in his office as well as in the Forum. Thus the cause of Cicero's ambition was, at the same time, the cause of good government against both the worthless and debauched members of the senatorial order on the one hand, and the dregs of the people on the other. It was also the cause of the great middle class against the patricians and the official nobility, who were so entrenched in power that for many years no 7iovus ho7Jio had been elected consul. The success of Cicero unquestionably prolonged the existence of the already doomed republic. Antonius, the less dangerous of his two rivals, was elected as his colleague. Cicero had now reached the goal for which he had striven from his earliest youth. His administration is famous for the overthrow of the Catilinarian conspiracy, which has cast into obscurity all his other consular acts. These, however, were of such a character, in relation to the needs of the times, as to be unimportant. By birth an eqnes, but by virtue of his offices a member of the senatorial order, Cicero had always been eager to reconcile and unite these, the two upper classes in Roman society and politics.^ He failed to see that the real needs of the commonwealth, as well as its real strength, centred in the interests of the common people. His association with Pompey, and his own rise in official rank, made him incline more and more to the side of the Senate, and he seems to have thought it his mission to restore that body, now thoroughly effete, to its former purity and political importance. The minor acts of his administration ^ were dictated by such sentiments as these, 1 See p. 1, below. ♦ 2 On the strife between the Senate and the Eqiiites, see p. Ixv. 3 Such were his opposition to the agrarian law proposed by the tribune RuUus, his support of the Lex Roscia, which gave the equites fourteen rows of seats in the theatre, and his laws against bribery at elections. Life of Cicero xix and are significant only as illustrating his character and opinions. The history of Catiline's conspiracy is given in the Intro- duction to the four Orations against Catiline/ and need not be repeated here. The conspirators were completely thwarted, and five of them were, in accordance with a resolution of the Senate, put to death by the consul without a trial. This victory was the climax of Cicero's career, and he always regarded it as one of the greatest of human achievements. In fact, how- ever, it marked the beginning of his downfall. IV. Consulship to Banishment (b.c. 63-58). The execution of the conspirators without the forms of law was a blunder, and grievously did Cicero answer for it. He had distinctly violated the constitution, and thus he had laid himself open to the attacks of his enemies. At the end of his consulate, one of the tribunes, Q. Metellus Nepos, prevented him from making the customary speech to the people " because he had put to death Roman citizens without a trial." The next year, when he was defending P. Sulla, the accuser (L. Torqua- tus) upbraided him as a tyrant, " the third foreign king of Rome." A year later P. Clodius- began to speak of him in the same terms. Clodius, indeed, continued to pursue him till he accomplished his banishment and the confiscation of his property. Almost the whole time from his consulship till the year of his banishment was spent in seeking support against his enemies. He attached himself more closely to Pompey, and pleaded causes of all kinds to win friends, but in vain. In B.C. 60 Roman politics took a turn extremely unfavorable to Cicero. Pompey, who on his return from the East had been ^ See pp. 98, 113, 126, 141, below. - Clodius was a man of abandoned character and an inveterate enemy of Cicero (see p. xx, note i). XX Introduction unfairly treated by the extreme senatorial party, allied himself with the democratic leaders, Caesar and Crassus, in a coalition often called the First Triumvirate. As a result, the Senate became for a time almost powerless, and everything was in the hands of the popular party. The next year, Csesar, as consul, procured the passage of an iniquitous law for dividing the fertile and populous territory of Campania among needy citi- zens of Rome. Cicero refused to serve on the board appointed to execute this law. Thus he not only exasperated the mob, but brought down upon himself the resentment of the triumvirs, who, though two of them, Caesar and Pompey, still professed to be his personal friends, refused to protect him against the attacks of his enemies. Accordingly, in b.c. 58, Clodius, then tribune,^ brought forward a law that whoever had put to death a Roman citizen, without trial, " should be denied the use of fire and water " (the Roman formula for banishment). This bill was obviously aimed at Cicero's action in the case of the Catilina- rians. Cicero at once took alarm, and after appealing in vain to the consuls of the year, L. Calpurnius Piso and A. Gabi- nius, as well as to Pompey, left Rome about March 20, just as the affair was coming to blows. Immediately after his depart- ure, Clodius procured the passage of a special bill against him, forbidding him, by Jiame, the use of fire or water anywhere within four hundred miles of Rome. At the same time his house on the Palatine ^ and his Tusculan ^ villa were pillaged and destroyed by a mob. Upon receiving news of these pro- ceedings, Cicero prepared to leave Italy altogether. He embarked from Brundisium, April 29, and arrived at Thessa- 1 In order to be eligible for this office, Clodius, by birth a patrician, had procured his adoption into a plebeian family. His express purpose in the whole transaction was to accomplish the ruin of Cicero, with whom he was incensed on account of evidence which Cicero had once given against him. ^ See note on Cat. i., sect, i, p. 99, 1. 4. 8 Cf. note on Plunder of Syracuse, sect. 12, p. 54, 1. 27. Life of Cicero xxi lonica on the 23d of May.^ Here he remained as the guest of his friend Plancius, then quaestor of Macedonia, until Novem- ber, when he removed to Dyrrachium. His friends at Rome were constantly agitating for his recall, but without success. The next year, however, B.C. 57, it suited the designs of Pompey, then once more inclining to the senatorial party, to allow his return. His influence with the nobility as well as with the equestrian order, was a point to be secured in the great game of politics. On the ist of January, the consul L. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther brought forward a bill for his recall. This was vetoed by a tribune. Other attempts were made by his friends, which resulted only in riot and disorder. Finally, partly through the efforts of T. Annius Milo, who met the violence of Clodius with opposing violence, partly through the partisanship of Pompey and the Senate, which brought to the city the citizens of the Muiiicipia and the Italian colonies ("the country members"),^ a law was passed, Aug. 4, B.C. 57, revoking the decree of exile. Cicero arrived in Rome Septem- ber 4. His journey through Italy was like a continuous trium- phal procession, and to his exalted imagination, freedom, which had departed with him, was now returned to Rome. But in fact his restoration had been merely a piece of selfish policy on the part of the great leaders. He remained the most con- summate rhetorician of all time, but his prominence in the state was gone forever, except for a brief period (b.c. 43). He had never been a statesman, and now he had not the chance to be even a politician. 1 For the exact chronology of Cicero's flight, see C. L. Smith, Harvard Studies in Classical Philvlogy, VII. 65 ff. - See p. liii. XX ii Introdiictiofi V. From Cicero's Recall to the Breaking out of the Civil \\'ar (b.c. 56-49). Upon his return he dehvered two famous speeches ^ (one in the Senate and one before the people), in which he thanked the state for restoring him, and lauded Pompey to the skies. The "triumvirs" were still all-powerful at Rome, and Cicero, like the rest, was forced to conform to their wishes and designs. In this same year he proposed a measure wdiich gave Pompey extraordinary powers over the provincial grain market, for the purpose of securing the city against scarcity of provisions. Next year (b.c. 56) he spoke strongly in favor of continuing Caesar's proconsular authority in Gaul.^ With Crassus, the third "triumvir," Cicero had never been on good terms, but, at the request of the other two triumvirs, he became reconciled with him in e.g. 55, shortly before the latter set out on his fatal expedition against the Parthians. During these years, becoming less and less important in politics, Cicero began to devote himself more to literature, and wrote the De Oratore, the Republic, and the treatise De Legibiis. He also continued his activity at the bar on his own behalf and that of his friends, as well as at the request of the powerful leaders. He secured the restoration of his property,^ and defended Sestius,^ who had been active in his recall. Toward the end of this period he also defended ?klilo for the murder of Clodius.^ His defence of Gabinius and Vatinius (b.c. 54), creatures of Pompey and Caesar respectively, was less honor- able to him ; but he was hardly a free agent in these matters. "I am distressed," he writes to his brother Quintus, "I am 1 Post Reditiitn : i. {in Senatu) ; ii. {ad Quirites). 2 See the oration De Consularihus Proz'inciis. 3 Pro Domo Sua (B.C. 57). 4 Pro P. Sestio, on a charge of assault (B.C. 56). 5 B.C. 52. See the oration /r^? Milone. Life of Cicero xxiii distressed that there is no longer any government nor any courts, and that this time of my hfe, whicli ought to be brilliant with the prestige of a Senator, is either worn out in the labors of the Forum, or made endurable by literature at home. Of my enemies, some I do not oppose, and others I even defend. I am not only not free to think as I will, but not even to hate as I will." 1 The disturbances following the death of Clodius led to the appointment of Pompey as consul without colleague (practi- cally dictator), in B.C. 52. One of his acts was to pass a law postponing the provincial administration of consuls and prae- tors, until five years after their year of office. The interval was to be filled by such former magistrates as had never held a province. Among these was Cicero, who therefore had to submit to the lot. He drew Cilicia, in which an inroad of the Parthians was expected. About May i, B.C. 51, he set out for this province. His administration was in accord with the principles expressed in his writings, — clean and honest, — a thing worthy of notice in an age of corruption and greed. He had the good fortune to escape the test of a formidable war, but he was successful in overcoming some tribes of plundering mountaineers. For this he was hailed as iiiipe7'ator^ according to custom, and he even hoped for the honor of a triumph, the highest conventional distinction which a Roman could obtain. Fie returned to Rome late in B.C. 50, and was still endeavoring to secure per- mission to celebrate his triumph^ when the great Civil War between Caesar and Pompey broke out (b.c. 49).^ ^ Ad Quintum Fratrem, iii. 5 (6). 2 These efforts were unsuccessful. * See p. 181, below. xxiv Introduction VI. From the Beginning of the Civil War to the Murder of Caesar (b.c. 49-44). Cicero was now in a very difficult position. It became necessary for every man of importance to take sides ; yet he could not see his way clear to join either party. For some time he vacillated, while both Caesar and Pompey made earnest efforts to secure his support/ His great hope was to mediate between them ; and, after Pompey had left Italy, he remained behind with this end in view. Finally, however, he decided for Pompey as the champion of the senatorial party, and set out, though with great reluctance, to join him at Dyrrachium (June II, B.C. 49). In the camp he found things even worse than he had expected, and he gave up the cause of the Repub- lic for lost. On account of illness he was not present at the Battle of Pharsalia (Aug. 9, B.C. 48). After the fate of the contest was decided, he refused to continue the struggle or to follow the adherents of the lost cause to Africa, but returned to Italy (September, B.C. 48), to make terms with the conqueror.^ He remained at Brundisium until Caesar's return from Egypt ii September, b.c. 47, when he at once sought an interview. CiEsar received him with great kindness and respect, and allowed him once more to return to Rome. From this time until the assassination of Caesar in b.c. 44, Cicero remained for the most part in retirement at his Tusculan villa, absorbed in literary pursuits, though in B.C. 46 he delivered his Oration for Marcellus (remarkable for its praise of Caesar), and his Defence of Ligarius, and, in the following year, his Defence of Ki?ig Deiotarus of Galatia, charged with attempt- ing the murder of Caesar. The chief literary fruits of this period of leisure were three works on oratory {De Claris Orato- 1 See the letters of Pompey (p. 185, below) and Caesar (p. 189). Cf. Cicero's letter to Pompey, pp. 1S5 ff. ~ See pp. 192-193, below. Life of Cicero xxv ribiis. Orator, and De FartitioJie Oratorio)^ and several philo- sophic works {De Finibus BoJiorum et Malorum, Academica^ Tusculatiae Qiiaestiones, De Natura Deorimi, De Senectute). Meantime his domestic relations were far from happy. In B.C. 46 he had divorced his wife Terentia and married his rich young ward Publilia, from whom, however, he separated in the following year. In B.C. 45 his daughter Tullia died suddenly. Cicero was tenderly attached to her, and it was in part as a distraction from his grief that he wrote some of the works just mentioned. He now seemed to be thoroughly given over to a life of dignified literary retirement, when the murder of Caesar (March 15, B.C. 44) once more plunged the state into a condi- tion of anarchy. VII. From the Murder of Cesar to the Death of Cicero (B.C. 44-43)- Though Cicero had no share in the conspiracy against Caesar, his sympathy was counted on by Brutus and Cassius, and he hailed the death of the Dictator as the restoration of the republic. But the conspirators had made no adequate pro- vision for carrying on the government, and Cicero soon felt that his hopes were doomed to disappointment. Bitterly chagrined by the disorderly scenes that followed, he retired once more to the country,^ and in July, B.C. 44, set out for a journey to Greece, but, changing his plans in consequence of better news from Rome, he returned to the city in the following month. The chief power was now in the hands of the surviving consul, Mark Antony, whose principal rival was Octavianus (afterwards the Emperor Augustus), Caesar's adopted son.^ Cicero appeared 1 About this time were written the De Divinatione, De Fato, De Amicitia, and De Officiis. 2 For further details see Introduction to Cicero's letter to Cassius, pp. 197-199, below. xxvi Introduction again in the Senate and began his celebrated series of ora- tions against Antony with the First Philippic (Sept. 2). Once more he took an active part in poUtics, apparently assuming his old position as leader, and speaking with all the charm and effectiveness of his earlier days. But he had fallen upon evil times ; arms could no longer yield to the gown, and it soon became clear that there could be no peace except by the com- plete victory of a single aspirant for the supremacy. Octavianus at first joined with the Senate against Antony, but he soon broke with the constitutional authorities, and, in B.C. 43, formed with Antony and Lepidus the coalition knov/n as the Second Triumvirate. A merciless proscription at once began. Octavianus had every reason to be grateful to Cicero, but he was of a cold and ungenerous nature, and when Antony demanded his death he made no objection. Cicero's name was accordingly placed on the list of proscribed citizens. Cicero was at this time at his Tusculan villa. He made a half-hearted attempt to escape from Italy, but was overtaken near his villa at Formias by the soldiers of the triumvirs, and met his death with firmness (Dec. 7, B.C. 43). Antony satisfied his hatred by indignities to the mangled remains. The career of Cicero is a remarkable example of a sudden rise, followed by an utter collapse and fall. His rise was the natural result of his own ability, industry, and ambition ; his fall was as naturally caused by his defects, coupled with his good qualities, — a mixture that produced a certain weakness of character. Had he been less timid or less scrupulous, or, on the other hand, had he been more far-sighted, he might have remained on the pedestal to which he was proud to have raised himself and on which he was ambitious to stand. But the times needed a different kind of man, and others, far less worthy, but able and willing to cope with the contending forces in the state, supplanted him. One quality was particularly instru- mental both in his rise and his fall. He excelled in forcible Works of Cicero xxvii and witty abuse. He dearly loved a bitter jest, and he lived among a people that were constitutionally inclined to abusive language. No doubt it was this talent for invective that made him popular when it happened to be directed in accordance with the people's taste. But it also alienated his friends, and embittered his enemies. He was called a Scurra and a Cynic, and it was perhaps a pun that cost him the favor of Octavianus ; certainly it was his abuse of Antony and Fulvia that cost him his life. But he was the first orator of all time, a literary worker of the rarest gifts, and according to his lights a lover and servant of the state. The following list gives the titles and subjects of all of Cicero's orations (except fragments) which have survived : B.C. 8i. Pro P. OuixcTio : Defence of Quinctius in a prosecution by Sex. Naevius, to recover the profits of a partnership in some land in Gaul, inherited from his brother C. Quinctius. B.C. 80. Pro Sex. Roscio Amerixo : Defence of Roscius on a charge of parricide brought by Erucius as professional prosecutor, at the instigation of Chrysogonus. B.C. 76 (.?). Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo : Defence of the actor Ros- cius from the claim of C. Fannius Chaerea to half the profits of certain lands taken as the value of a slave held by them in partnership, and killed by C. Flavius. B.C. 72 (or 71). Pro M. Tullio : Plea for damages for an assault made by a rival claimant on Tullius' estate. B.C. 70. In Caecilium C'Divinatio ") : Plea on the technical right of Cicero to conduct the prosecution against Verres. In C. Verrem : Impeachment of Verres for plunder and oppression in Sicily. Six Orations. — (i ) The general charge i^'' Actio Prima ") ; (2) De Praetura Urbana : earlier political crimes of Verres ; (3) De Iurisdictio7ie Siciliana : his administration in Sicily; (4) De Frumento : peculation and fraud as to the supplies of grain ; xxviii Introduction (5) De Sigjiis : the plunder of works of art; (6) De Suppliciis : cruelties of his government. B.C. 69. Pro M. FONTEio : Defence of Fonteius' administration of Gaul during Pompey's campaign against Sertorius, about B.C. 75. Pro A. Caecixa : Defence against y4ibutius of Caecina's right to an estate received by inheritance from his wife Caesennia, widow of a rich money-lender, M. Fulcinius. B.C. 66. Pro Lege Manilia, vel De Imperio Cn. Pompei : Defence of the proposal of Manilius to invest Pompey with the command of the war against Mithridates. the charge of poisoning his stepfather Oppianicus, brought by the younger Oppianicus, instigated by Sassia, the mother of Cluentius. B.C. 63. De Lege Agraria : Against the Agrarian Law of Rullus. Three orations : the first delivered in the Senate and the others before the people. Pro C. Rabirio : Defence of Rabirius on the charge of killing Saturninus, about B.C. 100. In L. Catilinam : On the Conspiracy of Catiline. Four orations : the first and last delivered in the Senate, the second and third before the people. Pro L. Murexa : Defence of Murena on a charge of bribery brought by Sulpicius, the defeated candidate for the con- sulship. (P^ollowing previous orations on the same side by Hortensius and Crassus.) B.C. 62. Pro P. CoRXELio Sulla : Defence of Sulla from the charge of sharing in Catiline's conspiracy. Pro A. Licixio Archia ; Defence of the claim of the poet Archias to Roman citizenship. B.C. 59. Pro L. Valerio Flacco : Defence of Flaccus on a charge of maladministration as proprietor in Asia. B.C. ^']. Post Reditum : Thanks for Cicero's recall from exile. Two orations : {}^ In Senatu ; (2) Ad Qiiirites. Pro DoMO Sua : Appeal to the pontijices against the alien- ation of Cicero's estate by Clodius. De Haruspicum Respoxsis : Invective against the impieties of Clodius. Works of Cicero xxix B.C. 56. Pro P. Sestio : Defence of Sestius, a partisan of Cicero, on a charge of assault, the attack having been made on Sestius by the dependants and partisans of Clodius. In P. Vatinium (" Interrogatio ") : A personal attack on Vatinius, one of the witnesses against Sestius. Pro M. Caelio : Defence of the character of Caelius (a dissolute young friend of Cicero) against a vindictive charge of stealing and poisoning, brought by Atratinus, at the instigation of Clodia. De Provinciis Consularibus : Advocating the recall of Piso and Gabinius, and the retaining of Caesar in the proconsulate of Gaul. Pro CoRNELio Balbo : Defence of Balbus (a citizen of Gades) in his right of Roman citizenship, granted by Pompey. B.C. ^i. In L. Calpurnium Pisonejvi : RetaHation for an attack made by Piso after his return from the proconsulate of Macedonia. B.C. 54. Pro Cx. Plancio : Defence of Plancius on the charge of corrupt poHtical bargaining, brought by M. Junius Laterensis, the defeated candidate for aedile. Pro C. Rabirio Postumo : Defence of Rabirius, in a prose- cution to recover money alleged to have been received from Ptolemy, King of Egypt, in corrupt partnership with Gabinius. B.C. 52. Pro T. Annio Milone : Defence of Milo on the charge of the murder of Clodius. B.C. 46. Pro M. Marcello : Speech of thanks to Caesar for the pardon of Marcellus. Pro Q. LiGARio : Petition of pardon for Ligarius, charged with conducting the war in Africa against Caesar. B.C. 45. Pro Rege Deiotaro : Defence of Deiotarus, King of Galatia, charged with attempting the murder of Caesar. B.C. 44-43. In M. Antomum : Orationes Philippicae XIV. — B.C. 44. (i) (Sept. 2) Reply to an invective of Antony : exhortation to the consuls Antony and Dolabella ; (2) Reply to a bitterer invec- tive : a review of Antony's public and private life; (3) (Dec. 20) Urging the support of Octavianus (Augustus) and D. Brutus against Antony, now in Hither Gaul ; (4) (Dec. 20) Exposition to the people of the acts of the Senate, and praise of D. Brutus, B.C. 43; (5) (Jan. XXX Introduction i) Protest against treating with Antony : he should be declared a public enemy ; (6) (Jan. 4) Appeal to the people : the embassy to Antony would be in vain ; (7) (end of January) Protest against those who clamored for peace : Antony must not be suffered to escape ; (8) (February) The war against Antony is instum bettum : his partisans should be required to submit before the ist of March ; (9) (February) Eulogy of Sulpicius, who had died while on the mission to Antony ; (10) (February) Thanks to Pansa, and praise of M. Brutus; (11) (about March) That Asia should be assigned to Cassius, to conduct the war against Trebonius ; (12) (about March) Declining to serve, with P. Servilius, on an embassy to Antony; (13) (March 20) There can be no peace with Antony : praise of Sex. Pompey ; (14) (April 22) Thanksgiving proposed, and honors to the dead, after the defeat of Antony at Bononia. The titles of Cicero's other writings (exclusive of some frag- ments and lost works) are as follows : (?) Phaexomexa. (Translation from Aratus, in verse.) 84. De Inventione Rhetorica, 2 Books. 1 1 The Rhetorica ad C Herenniutn (in four Books), once ascribed to Cicero, is certainly not from his hand. 55. De Oratore, 3 Books. 54-52. De Re Publica. 52 (and later). De Legibus. 46. De Claris Oratoribus {Brutus). 46. Paradoxa. (A treatment of six Stoic paradoxes in the manner of that school.) 46. Orator. 46 (or 45). De Partitione Oratoria. 45. De Finibus Boxorum et Malorum, 5 Books. (On the ulti- mate foundations of ethics.) 45. AcADEMiCA, 2 Books. (Defence of the philosophy of the New Academy.) 45-44. TusculaxaeQuaestiones, 5 Books. (Incidental questions concerning ethics.) Chronological Table xxxi 3.C. 45 (or 44). TiMAEUS. (Free translation from Plato.) 45-44. De Natura Deorum, 3 Books. 45 (or 44). De Senectute (^Cato Maior). 44. De Divinatione, 2 Books. 44. De Fato. 44. TOPICA. 44. De Amicitia {Laelius). 44. De Officiis, 3 Books. (A treatise on practical ethics.) 44 (.?). De Optimo Genere Oratorum. (On the Attic and the Asiatic style.) 62-43. Epistolae AD Familiares {Ad Diversos), 16 Books. 60-54. " AD QuiNTUM Fratrem, 3 Books. 68-43. " AD Atticum, 16 Books. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 106. Birth of Cicero (Jan. 3). Birth of Pompey (Sept. 30). Marius finishes the Jugurthine War. 102. Birth of Quintus Cicero. The Teutones defeated by Marius at Aquae Sextiae. loi. The Cimbri defeated by Marius at Vercella^. 100 (perhaps 102). Birth of Caesar (July 12). 99. Death of Saturninus and Glaucia. 91. Murder of M. Livius Drusus. Social (or Marsic) War begins. 90. Cicero assumes the toga virilis. 89. Cicero serves under Cn. Pompeius Strabo in the Social War. 88. First Civil War begins. Flight of Marius. First Mithridatic War begins (ends 84). Massacre of Roman citizens by Mithridates. Sulla leaves Rome for the East. ^y. Conflict between Cinna and Octavius. Marius returns to Rome. Massacre of the senatorial party. 86. Marius consul for the seventh time. Death of Marius. Rome in the hands of Cinna. 84. Sulla ends the First Mithridatic War. Murder of Cinna. 83. Sulla returns to Italy. Second Mithridatic War (ends 82). 82. Sulla overthrows the Marian party. The Proscription (ends June I, 81). Sulla appointed Dictator. xxxii Introduction B.C. 8i, Reforms of Sulla : the courts reorganized, etc. Cicero's De- fence of P. Quinctius (his first extant oration). 80. Sulla's constitution goes into effect. The courts re-opened. Cicero's Defence of Roscius of Ameria. Pompey celebrates his first triumph. 79, Sulla resigns the dictatorship. Cicero goes to Greece. 'j'^. Cicero in Athens and Asia. Death of Sulla. Civil War of Lepidus and Catulus. 'j'j. Cicero returns from Greece. He marries Terentia (perhaps earlier). 76. War with Sertorius (ends 72). 'JS- Cicero quaestor in Sicily. 74. Third Mithridatic War begins. Lucullus goes to the East. Cicero returns from Sicily to Rome. 73. War with Spartacus (ends with the death of Spartacus, 71). Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. 72. End of the Sertorian War in Spain (Pompey defeats Perperna). 70. First consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Cicero's Impeach- ment of Verres. Courts restored to the eqidtes. Tribuni- cian power re-estabhshed. 69. Cicero curule aedile. Lucullus defeats Tigranes at Tigranocerta. 63. Successes of Mithridates against the lieutenants of Lucullus. d"]. Glabrio appointed to supersede Lucullus. Gabinian Law. Pompey takes command against the Pirates. 66. Cicero praetor. His Defence of Cluentius. The Piratic War successfully ended by Pompey. Manilian Law (advocated by Cicero). Pompey takes command against Mithridates. 65. Birth of Cicero's only son, Marcus. First Conspiracy of Cati- Hne. 63. Cicero and C. Antonius consuls. Second Conspiracy of Cati- line suppressed. Four Orations against Catiline. Birth of Augustus (Sept. 23). 62. Return of Pompey from the East. Cicero's Defence of Archias. 61. Trial of Clodius for violating the mysteries. Cicero's strife with him in the Senate. Chronological Table xxxiii B.C. 60. The First Triumvirate (coalition of C^sar, Pompey, and Crassus). 59. First consulship of Caesar (with Bibulus). Clodius is chosen tribune. 58. Tribunate of Clodius. His legislation. Cicero driven into exile. Beginning of Caesar's conquest of Gaul (finished in 51)- 57. Cicero recalled from exile (law passed Aug. 4). 56. Cicero's Defence of Sestius. 55. Second consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Caesar's command in Gaul renewed. His first invasion of Britain. 54. Caesar's second invasion of Britain, 53. Cicero made augur. Crassus and his army destroyed by the Parthians (Battle of Carrhae). 52. Clodius killed (Jan. 20). Burning of the Senate-house. Pom- pey elected consul without colleague (Feb. 25), Cicero's Defence of Milo. 51. Cicero proconsul in Cilicia. His successful campaign against the mountaineers. SO. Cicero returns to Italy. 49. Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Beginning of the Great Civil War (ends 46). Cicero's efforts for peace. Pompey retires to Epirus, where Cicero joins him. Ca;sar acquires Spain. Caesar dictator. 48. Battle of Pharsalia. Death of Pompey. Cccsar in Africa (Alexandrine War). Caesar re-appointed dictator. 47. Caesar returns to Rome. He pardons Cicero. He sails for Africa against the Pompeians. 46. Battle of Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. C^sar returns to Rome, undisputed master of the Empire. He is made dictator for ten years. His reform of the calendar. Revolt of the sons of Pompey in Spain. Cicero divorces Terentia and marries Publilia. Cicero's Oration for Mar- cellus ; for Ligarius. 45. Caesar defeats the sons of Pompey (Battle of Munda). Death of Cicero's daughter, Tullia. Tusculan Questions, etc. XXX iv Introduction B.C. Cicero divorces Publilia. Caesar appointed dictator for ten years. 44. Cassar appointed dictator for life. Assassination of Caesar (March 15). Octavianus in Rome. Struggle between Mark Antony and the Senate begins. Cicero's first four Philip- pics (against Antony). 43. Cicero's Philippics v.- XIV. The Mutina War. The Second Triumvirate (Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus). Proscrip- tion. Murder of Cicero (Dec. 7). 42. Battle of Philippi. II. ROMAN ORATORY. From the earliest times of which we have historical know- ledge, up to the establishment of the Empire as the result of Civil War, the constitution of Rome was republican, in so far that all laws were passed and all magistrates elected by a vote of all the citizens. The principle of " representation," how- ever, which to us seems inseparable from republican institu- tions, was unknown to the Romans. All laws were passed, and all officers were elected, at what we should call a mass meeting of the entire body of citizens, convened at the central seat of government. The absence of newspapers, also, made a distinct difference between ancient political conditions and tho::e of our own times. Conversation and public addresses were the only means of disseminating political ideas. And even the scope of public addresses was much limited ; for meetings could be called by a magistrate only, and could be addressed by only such persons as the presiding magistrate would permit. Obviously, under such a regime, public speak- ing, which even now has a distinct potency in state affairs, must have been far more efficacious as a political instrument than it is to-day. To this must be added the fact that under Roman polity Roman Oratory xxxv the only means of social adva?icement was success in 2, political career. The Senate, the Roman peerage,^ consisted practically only of persons who had been elected to one or more of the three graded magistracies, quiEStorship, praetorship, consulship (the cursus hoiioruni)? Hence every ambitious Roman, of high or low estate, had to become a politician and follow the regular course of office-holding. The curule magistrates were at once generals, judges, and statesmen. To achieve success, therefore, a politician had to show ability in all of these direc- tions. Occasionally, to be sure, a man succeeded by virtue of a single talent, — like Marius, who owed his advancement solely to his valor and military skill ; but such instances were rare. Next to military fame, the strongest recommendation to the favor of the people was oratorical ability. Then, as now, the orator's power to move the multitude in public affairs was the readiest means of advancement. Further, political prosecu- tions, and private suits prompted by political motives, were of the commonest occurrence, and these afforded an eloquent advocate abundant opportunity to make himself known and to secure the favor of large bodies of supporters. Again, the Senate was a numerous and somewhat turbulent body, always more or less divided in a partisan sense ; and, though it had no legislative functions, it still exercised a very strong influence on politics. To be able to sway this large assembly by force of oratory was of great moment to an aspiring Roman. Finally, though the contention for office ceased with the consulship, there still continued among the cons ula res, who formed almost a distinct class in society and public life, a vehement rivalry to be regarded as the leading man in the state. For all these reasons, the art of oratory was perhaps more highly esteemed and of greater practical value in the later period of the Roman Republic than at any other time in the history of the world. '^ 1 See p. 1. - See p. liv. ^ Cf. Cicero's remark on p. 199 (11. 1-3). xxxvi Introduction But even from the very establishment of the commonwealth, oratory was highly prized, and Cicero gives a long roll of distinguished orators from the First Secession of the Plebs (B.C. 494) to his own time. The most eminent of those whose art was still uninfluenced by Greek rhetoric, was Cato the Censor (died B.C. 149), who may be called the last of the natural Roman orators. His speeches are lost, but more than a hundred and fifty of them were known to Cicero, who praises them as acutae^ elegafttes, facetae, breves. It was in Cato's lifetime that the introduction of Greek art and letters into Rome took place ; and oratory, like all other forms of literature, felt the new influence at once. The oration, though still valued most for its effectiveness, soon came to be looked on as an artistic work as well. The begin- ning of this tendency is seen in Ser. Sulpicius Galba (consul B.C. 144) and M. Lepidus (consul B.C. 137). Galba, in the words of Cicero, " was the first of the Latins to employ the peculiar arts of the orator, — digressions to introduce ornament, the art of captivating the minds of his hearers, of moving them with passion, of exaggerating a case, of appealing to pity, and the art of introducing commonplaces.'"^ It was in Lepidus, how- ever, that the full effect of Greek art first manifested itself, not to such a degree as to destroy originality, but sufficiently to foster native talent and develope a truly national school of speaking. Cicero, who had many of his orations, declares that he was " the first Roman orator to show Greek smooth- ness and the unity of the period." ^ His influence was particu- larly felt by C^Papirius Carbo (consul B.C. 120), the best advocate of his time, Tiberius Gracchus, the illustrious tribune, and Caius Gracchus, his younger brother. Of the last men- tioned, Cicero speaks with great admiration as a man " of sur- 1 That is, digressions on general subjects which would fit any particular oration when a point of the kind arose. 2 For the Latin period, see p. xlvi. Roman Oratory xxxvii passing genius " and of unequalled excellence, whose early- death was a heavy loss to Latin literature.^ In the generation immediately preceding Cicero, in which oratory was enthusiastically cultivated and carried to a high pitch of perfection, two figures tower above all others, Marcus Antonius (the grandfather of Mark Antony) and L. Crassus. Both were Cicero's masters in his youth,^ and he finds it hard to prefer one to the other ; but, on the whole, he seems to regard Crassus as the greater orator. " The lofty earnestness and dignity of his nature were relieved by the brightest humor and the wittiest vein of genius. His diction was as choice and elegant as it was free and unaffected, and with the mastery of tasteful exposition he united the clearest logical development of thought"^ Crassus appears in the Dc Oratore as the exponent of Cicero's own views of the aim, function, appointments, and preparation of the orator. To Crassus the orator was no mere handicraftsman, confined to manipulating juries and popular assemblies, but statesman and philosopher as well, requiring for his equipment all the knowledge that could be gained on the highest subjects that interest mankind. He was himself familiar with all the ancient systems of philosophy as expounded by the wise from Plato to Diodorus, and had discussed the nature and functions of oratory with the philosophers of his time in person at Athens. This ideal of the orator, contrasted with Cato's definition vir bojius dicendi peritus, shows the 1 A little fragment of one of his speeches became classic at Rome and used to be learned by heart. " Wretched man that I am ! Whither shall I go } In what direction shall I turn ^ To the Capitol } But it is reeking with the blood of my brother. To my home ? To see there my mother crushed with grief and lamentation.^" — "These words," says Cicero, " were delivered in such a way, by the help of eyes, voice, and gesture, that even his enemies could not restrain their tears." 2 See p. xiv. 3 Cicero's testimony, as summed up by Piderit. xxxviii Introdtictiofi advance of the art as such between the earliest times and those of Cicero. Yet in the Roman orations, addressed as they were to an intensely practical people, matter had always been more attended to than manner, effective force than artistic elegance. Even Cicero himself, in his public addresses, conceals, and even disparages, his knowledge of Greek art, philosophy, and literature. But in his time the study of oratory as an art began to be pursued for a definite end, — the acquiring of a distinct style. And in this study two different styles offered them- selves to the choice of the aspiring young Roman, — namely, the Asiatic and the Attic. The precise difference between the tw^o styles cannot be exactly determined ; but from the middle of the first century B.C., both were advocated and practised by enthusiastic parti- sans in a controversy like that between realism and romanti- cism, or Wagnerism and classicism. It would seem, in a general way, that Atticism stood for directness, force, and naturalness, while Asiaticism (or Asian- ism) represented display and affectation in all its forms. Cicero says in one place,^ " The styles of Asiatic oratory are two, — one epigrammatic and pointed, full of fine ideas which are not so weighty and serious as neat and graceful ; the other with not so many sententious ideas, but voluble and hurried in its flow of language, and marked by an ornamented and elegant diction." From these hints, as w^ell as from the practice of imperial times (in which this style had full sway), we may gather that the " Asiatic " orators sought the applause of the audience and a reputation for smartness, and w^ere overstrained and artificial.^ About Cicero's time a reaction had set in, and a school had 1 Brutus, xcv, 325. 2 This Asiatic oratory was the decayed development of the highly orna- mented style cultivated by Isocrates (b.c. 436-33^^)- Roman Oratory xxxix arisen which called itself Attic, and attempted to return to the simplicity of Xenophon and Lysias. But in avoiding the East- ern exaggeration, it had fallen into a meagreness and baldness very different from the direct force of Demosthenes. Probably this tendency was really no more sincere than the other, for both styles alike aimed to excite the admiration of the hearer rather than to influence his mind or feelings by the effective presentation of ideas. Hortensius, the great contemporary and rival of Cicero, was a special example of the Asiatic school. He was a somewhat effeminate person, with a dandified air both in composition and delivery. " His voice," we read, " was resonant and sweet, his motions and gestures had even more art than is suitable for an orator." ^ The extreme Attic school was represented by C. Licinius Calvus.^ " Though he handled his style with knowledge and good taste," writes Cicero, " yet being too critical of himself, and fearing to acquire unhealthy force, he lost even real vital- ity. Accordingly, his speaking, repressed by too great scrupu- lousness, was brilliant to the learned and those who listened to him attentively, but by the crowd and the Forum it was swallowed like a pill."^ It is important to settle Cicero's own position in this con- test. He himself fancied that he followed the true and best form of Atticism. We see by his oratorical works that his ideas were formed on the best models ; that he was familiar with all the rhetorical systems of the Greeks of the best period, and fully appreciated all the excellencies of the earlier Roman orators, as well as the simplicity and directness of Demos- thenes. But taste had declined, and everything had to be overdone to satisfy the public. Cicero seems to have taken a 1 Brutus, xcv, 326. 2 Bom May 28, B.C. 82 ; died before B.C. 47. ^ Brutus, Ixxxii, 284. xl hitrodnction middle course, following the style of the Rhodian school, a branch or outgrowth of the Asiatic, with strong Attic tendencies. It professed to abhor the luxuriance and affectation of Asian- ism and to aim at the old directness and true feeling ; but Cicero was assailed in his own time for exaggeration, false pathos, and artificial rhetoric, such as were characteristic of Asianism. Nor could we expect anything else. He could not restore a style which the age could not appreciate, nor rise to a height for which his native genius was insufficient. With him, however, Latin oratory reached the acme of its development. Immediately after Cicero, came the Empire with its suppres- sion of free thought, and in this the extreme style of Asiatic exaggeration and posing became the rage. Many literary men endeavored to stem this tide, but in vain. The younger Pliny attempted to take Cicero as his model, but the only oration of his that we possess is merely a fulsome rhetorical exercise, Quintilian wrote a treatise on the education of the orator, full of sound learning and good sense. Oratory was the favorite study of all literary men, and even emperors entered the lists to contend for pre-eminence. But " art for art's sake " had become the aim in literature generally ; and oratory, now divorced from real feeling, could not but end in affected brilliancy and false emotion, such as mark all we know of later Roman work. Before the Romans came into contact with Greek oratory, that art had been reduced to a very elaborate and even pedantic science. All the principles by which a public speaker could proceed had been formulated into rules which even to this day, with or without the speaker's knowledge, guide all discus- sion. Without going into the minute details of the system, one may well notice the scientific principles which had been carefully mastered by Cicero, and which formed the basis of his skill as an orator. Roman Oratory xli Naturally the first matter to be attended to was the settle- ment of the question at issue {constitutio causae). As the ancient science of rhetoric had to do with discourse of every kind, all questions that might arise were divided into two classes : those whose discussion was directed to acquiring knowledge merely {quaesiioiies cognitionis), and those directed to determining what action should be taken as the result of the enquiry {quaestioncs aciiojtis). With the former we have nothing to do here. They are confined to philosophical dis- cussion only, and the orations of Cicero are all on practical subjects. The practical questions included under the quaestiones actionis were of several different kinds : they might be judicial ques-. tions coming before some form of court {genus iudiciale) ; they might be deliberative and come before an assembly or senate {genus deliberativuT7i)\ or they might be questions of praise or blame in reference to some particular person or act not under judicial investigation {genus demonstrativtun). The last class would include eulogies and the like. The oration itself had also its divisions, which were estab- lished particularly in regard to the genus Judiciale diS the most important of the three kinds. The exordiiwi contained neces- sary preliminary remarks and the approach to the subject. The narratw gave the facts on which the argument was founded. The propositio was the statement of the theme or view to be maintained, and often contained a pariitio or divi- sion of the proposition. The argumentatio embraced the con- Jirmatio or arguments for the main thesis, and the confutatio {refutation or refutation of real or supposed arguments of the opponent. The address ended with the peroratio, the place for such application of the argument, or appeal to the hearers, or general remarks, as were suitable to the occasion. Naturally, as the art of speaking came before the science, and was at all times more or less free from scientific trammels, these divisions xlii Introduction could not well cover the whole ground, and each of them was accordingly subdivided into several smaller parts, which varied according to the character of the oration. Thus the exordiiwi contained 2, p7'ificipiu7n and an insmuatio (the suggestions to be made in order to gain the favorable attention of the hearer), and all the various forms of proof had their place as well as their names in the co7ifirmatio. Even the main divisions are not all clearly marked, but generally they can be made out in Cicero's speeches. For examples, see the summary and the running analysis of each oration in the notes. With the same particularity were the necessary duties of the orator divided, and furnished each with its technical name : inve?itiOy the gathering of material ; disposition the arrangement ; elocutio, the suitable expression in language ; 77ie?noria, the com- mitting to memory ; actio, the delivery. Under each of these, again, was a body of lore with its technical phrases. Elocutio embraced the whole doctrine of what we should call style, and the use of all rhetorical devices, ornaments {Iu77ii7id), and forms of speech. So that no science was ever more completely digested and labelled than this of oratory. Of the orations in the present edition, Rosciics, Verres, and A7'chias belong purely to the gc7ius iudiciale ; the Ma7iilia7i Law and the four Oratio7is agai7ist Catili7ie belong to the ge7ius delibe7'ativu77i. Cicero as an Orator xliii III. CICERO AS AN ORATOR. Cicero's success as an orator was due more than anything else to his skill in effectively presenting the strong points of a case and cleverly covering the weak ones. For this he had extraordinary natural talents, increased by very diligent study and practice, and never, even in his greatest success, did he relax the most careful study of his cases to this end. Attention is called throughout the notes to his felicities in this branch of his art, which, because it is not strictly literary, is likely to be overlooked, and all the more because such art must always be carefully concealed. It is sufficient, however, to call attention to it here generally, referring the student to the notes for details. On the literary side of oratory, Cicero's only rival is Demos- thenes, to whom he is superior in everything except moral earnestness and the power that comes from it, a quality which belongs to the man rather than the orator. Teuffel {Gesch. der RojH. Lit.) ascribes to him an extraordinary activity of intel- lect, a lively imagination, quickness and warmth of feeling, a marvellous sense of form, an inexhaustible fertility of expres- sion, an incisive and diverting wit, with the best physical advantages. As to his "form," he speaks of it as *' clear, choice, clean, copious, appropriate, attractive, tasteful, and harmonious." The whole range of tones from light jest even to tragic vehemence was at his command, and especially did he excel in an appearance of conviction and emotion, which he increased by an impassioned delivery. Of course he is not always at his best, but it is never safe to criticise his com- positions without a careful study of the practical necessities of the occasion. Thus Cicero's style is often criticised as redundant and tautological, a criticism which must proceed either from igno- xliv Introduction ranee or inattention. One of the great arts of the public speaker is to keep before his audience a few points in such a way that they cannot be lost sight of. To accomplish this, these points must be repeated as many times as possible, but with such art that the fact of repetition shall not be noticed. Hence the same thing must often be said again and again, or else dwelt upon with a profusion of rhetoric, in order to allow time for the idea to gain a lodgement. It was to this art that the late Rufus Choate owed his success as an advocate, though the literary critic would fain reduce his speeches to one-half their length. Literary tautology is in fact a special oratorical virtue. A spoken word you hear but once unless it is repeated, and there are things which have to be heard many times before they can have their effect. Again, apart from " repetitional " tautology, it must be remembered that the Latin language was in a sense a rude tongue, lacking in nice distinctions. Such distinctions must be wrought out by a long-continued effort to express delicate shades of thought. Hence it often becomes necessary in Latin to point the exact signification of a word or phrase capable of several meanings, either by contrasting it with its opposite, or else by adding another word which has an equally general meaning, but which, like a stereoscopic view, gives the other side of the same idea, and so rounds out and limits the vague- ness of the first. Thus the two together often produce as refined distinctions as any language which has a larger and more precise vocabulary. In the oration for the Manilian Law (i. 3), for instance, we have singulari exiiTiiaque virtute. Here smgulari might mean simply odd (not found in others). This of itself is not neces- sarily a compliment any more than peculia?' is in English, but when Cicero adds cximia the two words together convey the idea that the virtus is not only peculiar to Pompey, but exemplary and of surpassing merit. At the same time the two Cicero as a7i Oi^ator xlv words allow the orator to dwell longer on a point that he wishes to emphasize. In the same oration (v. 12) the words pe7'icidu7n et discrimen occur. In a treatise on synonyms it would be impossible to distinguish between these two, because each is very often used for the other with precisely the same meaning. But when the two are used together, as in this passage, they are not tautologi- cal, as would at first appear to a microscopic critic. The first refers to the immediate moment of doubt, the question whether it (the sa/us) shall be preserved or not ; the second, to the ultimate decisive moment, which determines that doubt and finally decides. In English we should ordinarily put the whole into one (modified) idea, and say '' most dangerous crisis," or the like. But the Latin has a habit of dividing the two parts of an idea and stating each separately. Hence we have the figure that we call hendiadys, which simply means that one language, or age, states separately and co-ordinately what another language, or age, unites into one complex. \vi. gloriam . . . tueri et conse^'vare {XkiO^ s?LVCi^ oration, v. 12), tueri, the first word, refers to the action of the subject, the effort to maintain; conservare, the second, to the result [to be] attained, the preservation of the glory. To complete the idea both are necessary, because from the general turn of the thought both the effort and the result are alike important. In this way the same general idea can be artfully repeated from two different points of view without the hearer's suspecting a repetition. To such causes as these is to be attributed the frequent use of words in a manner often called tautological. xlvi Introduction IV. LATIN AND ENGLISH STYLE. Two differences between Latin and English prose are notice- able. Latin prose is periodic in its structure ; i.e. the main idea, instead of being expressed at once, briefly followed or pre- ceded by its modifications, all in short detached sentences (as in English), is so put as to embrace all its modifying clauses with itself in one harmonious whole. This is also done at times in formal discourse in English, but in Latin it was the prevail- ing style. Though this method of presentation seems to us involved, yet it is after all only an artistic elaboration of the loose parenthetical way of speaking habitual with unlettered persons, or, in other words, it simply follows the natural processes of the human mind. But when developed it allows and stimulates an antithetic balance of thought both in sound and sense, so that each element of an idea is brought into notice by an opposing one, or is so embroidered on the level surface of the main idea or injected into it that it cannot fail to get its true effect at the instant when that effect is required.^ If we take the opening period of the oration for Roscius (p. 2), the main clause is credo ego ; the rest of the sentence is all the object of credo in the indirect discourse. The main verb of the indirect discourse is mirari (changed from mirainini^^ with vos in the accusative as its subject. The object of 7?iirari is the indirect question quid sit quod, etc., embracing all the rest (changed from a direct question quid est quod, etc.). Again, the subject of sit is all that follows, being a clause with quod, of which sur7'exerim is the main verb and all the other clauses are modifiers. The clause cuvi . . . sedea/it is a kind of adverbial modifier of surrexerim, while the clause qui . . . sim . . . C07n- parandus is a kind of adjective modifier of ego the subject of surrexeriiTi, and qui sedeant is a kind of adjective modifier of his, 1 See A. S. Hill's Foundations of Rhetoric, pp. 220-222. Latin and EnglisJi Style xlvii Omnes hi, etc., is an independent sentence, but is connected in thought with the preceding, and explains the fact at which the jurors are supposed to be ^wx'^x\'s>Qdi^\.^. I suppose you wofider, etc., but the fact is, etc. In another sentence, the beginning of the Manihan Law, we have a good example of the antithetic balancing of one word or clause against another which marks the Latin periodic style. The sentence consists of two parts, — the first concessive, introduced \>y quamquam ; the second adversative, introduced by tamen. So, in the first, conspectus balances locus, which is brought into relief by autem (" and again "); while ad age?idu7n amplissimus and ad dicenchwi oi'uatissimus are balanced in like manner against each other. In the second part, the relative clause qui . . . patuit (virtually concessive) is, as usual, embod- ied in the main clause, bringing the relative as near as possible to its antecedent aditu; voluntas and rationcs are set in anti- thesis by sed ; while the main verb, prohibuerunt, comes last as usual. The logical form of the whole is, " Though political speaking has its advantages, yet I have been prevented," etc. By stating first the leading thought {hoc aditu, etc.), and putting the verb at the end, Latin is able to make the main clause active, thus partly disguising the art of the antithesis. Here, as elsewhere, it is of great help in reading to observe these two rules: (i) that Latin puts first the main idea, the key to the whole ; and (2) that it constantly deals in antitheses, often forcing them when they do not naturally occur (as in amplissi- mus and ornatissi7uus), each thought or expression having its pendant, like ornaments which go in pairs. The second main difference between Latin and English prose style is that in English the emphasis gravitates towards the end, while in Latin the more emphatic word always comes first. This is not, like the corresponding usage in English, a mere tendency, but a universal practice, which can be and is managed by the writer with exquisite skill, so that a Latin prose xlviii Introduction sentence bears on its face its own emphasis, giving the same effect to the eye that the best reader or speaker in English can to the ear. Thus the first paragraph of the oration for Roscius (above cited) shows its emphasis as follows : '' I SUPPOSE (conceding something he will presently contradict or explain) you (who do not, as I do, know or think of the state of things) wonder why it is that, etc., but the fact is (implied as the antithesis of the em- phatic credd),^^ etc. Again, onmes is emphatic, i.e. " I am not the only one, but all would speak were it not for circumstances," which he proceeds to mention. Even videtis has an emphatic position : "who, as you see, are in attendance." KgdX\\.,piita?it oportere defendi, i.e. " think (though they do nothing) ought to be averted by a defence, but to make the defence themselves,'' etc. If we take the beginning of the oration for Milo, there is the same artistic arrangement : " Though I am AFRAID,^ gentle- men, that it is not quite becoming, when I get up to speak for a very brave 7nan, to be alarmed, and that it is particula?'ly unbe- coming, when Titus Annius himself is more alarmed for the welfare of the state than for his oivn, that / in his case cannot show an equally lofty spirit, nevertheless this strange form of a strange court terrifies me as I gaze on it, for zvherever my eyes fall they miss the cust07?iary appearajice of the Forum and the old established style of courts." It is only by attention to this feature of Latin style that the full force of the author, with all the implications, connotations, and hints, can be clearly seen. 1 As we might say, " I am afraid you won't like it, but I have done so and so." Delivery xlix V. DELIVERY. The delivery of a Latin oration was marked by a fire and force of which we have small conception. Though the Romans were an extremely dignified and formal race, yet beneath the sur- face they had all the violent emotions which we in modern times associate with the Mediterranean nations. The actio or delivery occupies one of the first places in ancient treatises on oratory {actio in diccndo una dominatnr, de Or. Ill, Ivi, 213). The range of expressed emotion was much wider than is usual with us, not only in pitch of voice and inflection of tone, but also in bodily activity, sometimes going beyond what the best orators of the time regarded as becoming. Violent movements of the arms, stamping of the feet, changes of position, gestures of the whole body, so that sometimes the knee would touch the ground, were not infrequent. The Latin language, however, did not have that violent and sudden stress with which we are familiar, and on which we depend for spasmodic force. It had instead a more sustained and singing tone, capable of infinite variations. The syllabic accent, too, was very slight, and almost merged in a kind of rhythmic ictus depending on the quantity of the syllables. Hence particular attention was paid to the niimerus, or suc- cession of long and short syllables, so as to give, along with varying tones of emphasis, an agreeable musical cadence which is foreign to the spirit of most modern languages. The most emphatic words were indicated by an intensity of tone through- out, as in modern music, and the less emphatic, coming at the end, were pronounced with a full, orotund utterance, so as to round out the period, but with a descending stress rather than with a rising one such as we have in English. Such a close as thneritds fill comprobavit was regarded as especially effective. So quln eifisdem homhils sit qui Improbos probet probos improbdre is praised by Cicero as an ideal cadence. Introduction VI. THE ROMAN COxNSTITUTION. In the time of Cicero tlie Roman " State " had technically a republi- can constitution, that is, every citizen had a share in the government. But not every citizen had an equal share, partly from fixed constitutional prin- ciples, and partly from differentiations in social prominence which affected constitutional rights. I. CITIZENSHIP AND ORDERS IN THE STATE. Accordingly there were among Roman citizens three social (and in a manner political) ranks {ordines) : the Senatorial Order (ordo senatorius), the Equestrian Order {ordo equestris), and the People {popidus, in the narrower sense). The first two of these made up the Roman aristocracy. I. Senatorial Order. — The Ordo Senato7tics wz.?, strictly speaking only another name for the Senate, the members of which, by virtue of their life tenure of office, their privileges and insignia, and their esprit de corps, formed a kind of Peerage. The list of Senators, regularly numbering 300, was in early times made up by the Censors at their discretion from among those who had held high magistracies. But after the reforms of Sulla (B.C. 80) every person who had held the qusestorship — the lowest grade of the regular magistracy (see below, p. lix) — was lawfully entitled to a seat in the Senate. This aristocracy was therefore an official or bureaucratic class. Their number fluctuated, running up to five or six hundred. Nobility, however, did not really depend on holding offices oneself, but on being descended from an ancestor who had held a curule office.^ When any person not so descended was chosen a magistrate, he was called a novus homo? and, though he of course became a member of the Senatorial Orderj he was not regarded as a noble. His posterity, however, would be- long to the nobility. But such instances were very uncommon ; for the Senate and the magistrates had such control over the elections that it was very difficult for any person not already a member of the nobility to be chosen to any office entitling him to enter the Senate. Hence the Senato- rial Order and the Nobility were practically identical, and " new men " 1 Whoever held any curule ofifice — that is, dictator, consul, interrex, praetor, magister equitum, or curule aedile — secured to his posterity the ins imaginum ; that is, the right to place in the hall and carry at funeral processions a wax mask of this ancestor, as well as of any other deceased members of the family of curule rank. The privilege was highly prized. 2 Examples are Cato the Censor, Marius, and Cicero. The Ro7naii Constitution li became necessarily identified with the class to which their posterity would belong, rather than that from which they themselves had come. This double relation of Cicero — a member of the Senate, but sprung from the Equestrian Order — goes a great way to explain what is inconsistent and vacillating in his political career. II. Equestrian Order. — The title Equites was originally applied to the members of the eighteen centuries equitum equo publico under the Ser- vian constitution, to whom a horse was assigned by the state, together with a certain sum of money yearly for its support, and who constituted the old Roman cavalry. Those who served equo publico had to have the equestrian census,^ i.e. possess a fortune of 400,000 sesterces ($20,000); and the horses were assigned by the Censors, as a rule, to the young men of senatorial families. These centuriae equitum were therefore composed of young noblemen. When they entered the Senate, they were (in the later years of the republic) obliged to give up the public horse. Therefore, on becoming Senators, they voted in the centuries of the first class, not with the Equites (see p. Iv, below). This aristocratic body had, however, long before Cicero's time, ceased to serve in the field ; they formed a parade corps (somewhat like the Royal Guards in England), from which active officers of the legion, tribuni Diilitum, were taken.2 During the time that the equites equo publico still served in the field as cavalry, another body grew up by their side, consisting of equites equo privato : that is, persons of the equestrian census (having a property of 400,000 sesterces), who had not received a horse from the state, but who volunteered with horses of their own. This body consisted mainly of young men of wealth who did not belong to noble (that is, senatorial) families. No very distinct line was, however, drawn between the two classes until the Lex ludiciaria of C.Gracchus (B.C. 123), which prescribed that the indices should not, as heretofore, be taken from the Senators (see p. Ixv), but from those who possessed the equestrian census, and at the same time were not members of the Senate. This law did not formally exclude nobles who were not members of the Senate ; but the entire body of nobility was so far identified in spirit and interest with the Senate, that an antagonism immediately grew up between them and this new judicial class. A principal cause of the antagonism was that members of the Senate were prohibited from being engaged in any trade or business : 1 This requirement grew up only after the establishment of the equites equo privato. - When the Roman equites ceased to serve as cavalry, troops of horse were demanded of the aUies; and in the time of Caesar we find that the Roman legion consisted exclusively of infantry, the cavalry being madi up of such auxiliaries. Hi Introduction while, as has been shown above, the Senate, by its control over the elec- tions, virtually filled its own vacancies, of course from the ranks of the nobility. Hence, as rich men of non-senatorial families were excluded from a political career, and so from the nobility, while Senators were excluded from a business life, there were formed during the last century of the repub- lic two powerful aristocracies, — the nobles, or Senatorial Order, a govern- ing aristocracy of rank, and the Equestrian Order, an aristocracy of wealth, corresponding to the moneyed aristocracy of our day. The name Ordo Eqtiestris was given to the latter body because its members possessed the original equestrian census ; that is, that amount of property which would have entitled them to a public horse. From the ranks of the nobility were taken the oppressive provincial governors : the Equestrian Order, on the other hand, furnished ihe publicani, the equally oppressive tax-gatherers. The Equestrian Order, Ordo Equestris, is therefore not merely distinct from the centziriae equitum, but strongly contrasted with them. The for- mer is the wealthy middle class, the latter are the young nobility. The term eqiiites is sometimes applied to both indiscriminately, although the strictly correct term for the members of the Equestrian Order was indices. III. PoPULUS. — Below these two aristocratic orders, in estate and so in social position, were all the rest of the free-born citizens not possessing a census of 400,000 sesterces. Among these there was naturally great variety in fortune, cultivation, and respectability ; but they all had a status superior to that of the liberti7ti (freedmen) and the foreign residents. It was this third class which was under the control of the tribtini plebis and which by its turbulence brought on all the disturbances which ultimately resulted in the overthrow of the republic. It must not be supposed, how- ever, that these humbler citizens were debarred from political preferment except by their want of money, and in fact many of them rose to positions of wealth and influence. The populus (in the narrower sense) was often confounded with the plebs, but in reality the distinction between the flebs and the patricians was in Cicero's time historical rather than political. The patricians had been originally a privileged class of hereditary nobility, entirely different from the later senatorial nobility ; but only a few patrician families remained, and these, though still proud of their high birth, had no special privileges and had been practically merged in the Senatorial Order. Opposed to the patricians had been originally the plebs, a class of unknown origin (prob- ably foreign residents) destitute of all political rights. These had gradu- ally, in the long controversies of the earlier Republican times, acquired ail the rights and privileges of full citizens, and a majority of the Senatorial and Equestrian Orders were of plebeian origin. In \Sxa.Qplebs in an enlarged The Roman Constitiition liii sense and populus in its narrower acceptation had become synonymous, meaning the " third estate " or, in other words, all citizens not Senators or cquites. Officially, however, Populus (in its wider sense) includes all Roman citizens.^ Roman Citizenship. — Roman citizenship, like all rights that have grown up in a long period of time, included many minute details. The important points, however, may be included under two heads : (i) political rights, including those of voting {ius suffragii) and holding office {jus honorum), and (ii) civil rights, especially those securing personal freedom by the right of appeal {ius provocationis), etc., and by other privileges limiting the arbitrary power of magistrates (see remarks on the imperium, p. Iviii, below). Among the civil rights were those of trade {com??ierci:), intermarriage {connubit), making a will {testamenti) , and others, which, though affecting the status of a man before the law, were unimportant in comparison with the great political and, civil privileges first mentioned. Full citizens of Rome {cives optimo iure) enjoyed not only all the civil rights referred to, but also the ius suffragii et honorum ; but many per- sons, not cives optimo iure, had important civil rights without being en- titled to vote or hold office. The ius provocationis was especially sought after by foreigners as affording a powerful protection all over the world in times when the rights of common humanity were scantily recognized. Italian Towns. — Roman citizenship was originally restricted to the inhabitants of the city and a small amount of adjacent territory. But as Rome enlarged her boundaries the rights of citizenship were extended, in different degrees, to the conquered Italians. A native Italian town which lost its original independence and was absorbed in the Roman state, ceased to be a separate civitas, and became a niimicipium ; its citizens now possessed Roman citizenship as well as that of their own town. This Roman citizenship was possessed in various degrees. Some municipia lost all rights of self-government, without receiv- ing any political rights at Rome in their place : that is, their political exist- ence was extinguished, and their citizens became mere passive citizens of Rome, with civil rights, but no political ones. A second class of towns retained their corporate existence, with the right of local self-government, but without the Roman franchise. The condition thus established was called ius Caeritum, because the Etruscan town of Caere was taken as the type. The most favored class of muiticipia retained all powers of self- government, with magistrates of their own election, at the same time being full citizens of Rome. If, as happened in many cases, colonists were sent from Rome (or Latium) to occupy the conquered territory, these retained 1 So in the formula for the Roman government : Senatus Populusqjie Romanus. liv Introduction their full Roman citizenship though Hving at a distance from the city. Thus a class of towns called ^c/(;;//«t', possessing special privileges, grew up. After the Social War, which resulted (b.c. 90) in giving full Roman citizenship to the inhabitants of all the Italian towns not already enjoying it, there were practically but three classes of such towns : coloniae, muni- cipia, and praefecturae. There was no longer any real distinction between the coloniae and the nmnicipia, though the former were looked upon with more respect. The fraefecUirae, however, had not full rights of self-gov- ernment, for the administration of justice was in the hands of prefects {traefecti) sent from the capital. Provincials. — The foreign conquests of Rome were organized as fast as possible as provinces {provinciae). The native inhabitants of these would not be Roman citizens at all, unless citizenship, usually of the lowest grade, was specially conferred upon them. Thus St. Paul was a free-born citizen of Tarsus, for his father had in some way secured the lesser Roman citizenship, which conferred civiP rights but did not carry with it the right of suffrage or any other political privileges (see p. liii, above). Freedmen. — Besides the free-born citizens {ingeftid), the Roman state included a large class of libertini or freedmen. Manumitted slaves became citizens, but their exact status was a standing subject of controversy in politics. In Cicero's time they voted in the four city tribes, though there had been various attempts to make them eligible for membership in all the tribes so that their suffrages might count for more (see under Assemblies, p. Iv, below). Throughout the history of the republic, there was a constant tendency to extend the suffrage, in spite of the efforts of the upper classes. The government of this complex assemblage of citizens was in the hands of a still more complex system of magistrates and assemblies. As in our own day, we must distinguish the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial, though these various branches of the state authority were not so scrupulously kept separate as with us. II. THE PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES. The Legislative (or law-making) power proper resided in the Public Assemblies {comitia). There were, in Cicero's time, two principal assem- blies, both of them having as their basis the thirty-five local tribes into which the whole people were divided for administrative purposes. I. Comitia Centuriata. — The Cofnitia Cejituriata, ox gxQ2d. comitia, was the military organization of Servius Tullius endowed with new political powers at the foundation of the republic. Later it was re- The Roman Constitution Iv organized upon the basis of the thirty-five tribes. There is no precise state- ment as to either the time or the manner of this reorganization. It must, however, have taken place between the First and Second Punic Wars, and, according to one theory, was carried out in the following manner. The old division of the people into five classes (according to wealth) i being retained, for each tribe there were now formed two centuries of each class, one of seniores (above 45), one of hiniores, making in all 350 centuries. To these were added 18 centuries of eqiiites (the young men of senatorial families, see p. li), guilds of smiths, carpenters, hornblowers, and trumpeters, and a century of freedmen and capite censi (those who had no property) — 373 in all. Each century had one vote, determined by the majority of its voters. These co7nitia were regularly presided over by the consul ; they elected all the higher magistrates, and had full power of making laws, as well as juris- diction in criminal cases so far as this had not been transferred to the Qtiaesiioues Perpetuae.^ II. CoMiTiA Tributa. — Legislation had, before Cicero's time, how- ever, practically passed into the hands of the tribal assembly (jComitia Tri- buta). There were two distinct assemblies which passed under this name : {a) The Comitia Tributa proper, an assembly of the entire people according to the thirty-five tribes (each tribe having one vote), which elected the inferior magistrates (curule aedile, quaestor, etc.), and was pre- sided over by the praetor. {b) The far more important tribal assembly of the plebeians exclusively, presided over by the Tribune of the People. Strictly speaking, this latter was not co7nitia, inasmuch as it was not composed of the whole people, popiilics, — the patricians being excluded from it. But these were now reduced to a few noble families, whose members would not have cared to take part in this democratic assembly even if they had been permitted ; and by the Hortensian Law (B.C. 287) acts of this assembly, plebiscita, had received the validity of laws. This plebeian assembly elected the plebeian magistrates (tribunes, plebeian aediles). It was also the principal organ for making laws. The Comitia Centuriata, which elected the higher magistrates, being originally a military organization, could only be convened outside the city, and accordingly met in the Campus Martins or parade-ground. The Comitia Tributa^ however, being purely a civil assembly, usually met in the Forum, but could be convened in any suitable place. III. Comitia Curiata. — A third assembly, the Comitia Curiata, more ancient than the other two, retained only certain formal functions, 1 See p. Ixii. 2 See p. Ixv. Ivi Introduction especially that of ceremonially investing the consuls with the imperium or military authority (see p. Iviii, below). ^ It had no longer any real power or political importance. Membership in the coniiiia curiata was originally confined to patricians, but it is not clear whether this restriction was con- tinued in Cicero's time. CoNTio. — Besides these assemblies, there were meetings, theoretically for discussion, called contiones. A cotitio could be called by any magistrate who had a matter to lay before the people, and was held regularly in the Comitium or the Forum. ^ After a rogatio (proposition of a law) had been offered, such a meeting was regularly convened in order that the voters might hear the arguments on both sides. After that, on the same or a subsequent occasion, the comitia voted on the bill, Yes or No, at a regular meeting for that purpose. III. THE SENATE. The Roman Senate {senatus), as its name indicates, was originally the "council of elders" (cf. the Homeric ^ovKt] yepovTOJv), advisers of the king. It had, therefore, strictly speaking, no authority to make laws or to enforce their execution, and its votes were simply consulta, i.e. matters agreed upon as advisable, and its power was aiictoritas. When annual magistracies succeeded the regal power, this advisory function continued, but the in- fluence of the Senate increased, and the increase went on until, in the third century B.C., this body came to be the actual (though not formal) governing power in the state, and its consulta became ordinatices, by which the Senate directed the administration of the whole state, though it still had no power to pass laws, and was itself subject to the laws. The organ- ization of a new province, for example, was an executive measure, put in force not by a law of the people, but by an ordinance of the Senate ; and in this ordinance was embodied the entire authority of Rome over the province, except so far as this was defined by general laws passed by the whole people. It will thus be seen that the Senate, though originally a " council," had by the time of Cicero absorbed a great part of the legislative as well as the executive power in the state. For membership in the Senate, see p. 1, above. The Senate could only be called together by some magistrate regularly 1 This was done annually by passing a law called lex curiata de imperio. On such occasions the thirty curiae were represented by bailiffs (lictores). 2 For an example of an address at such a meeting see the Oration for the Manil- ian Law. The Roman Constitution Ivii possessing the imperium (usually the Consul), or by the tribunes of the people {tribuni plebis) : the magistrate who summoned it also presided, and laid before it {referre) the business for which it was convened. He might at this point give his own judgment. He then proceeded to ask {rogare) the Senators individually their opinions {sentetitiac). The order was to ask in their turns the coiisulares., praetorii, and aedilicii (that is, those who sat in the Senate by virtue of having held these offices respectively). It has been disputed whether the sejiatorcs pedarii — i.e. those who had held no curule office — had the ius sentcntiae, or right to debate. There are, however, numerous instances of their having taken part in discussion. If the annual election had already taken place, — which was usually in July, six months before the new magistrates assumed their offices, — the magistrates elect {ciesignati) were called upon before their several classes. The princeps Senatus (see note, Cat. iii., sect. lo) was called upon first of all, when there were no constiles designati. The presiding officer, however, had it in his power to vary the order, and honor or slight any Senator by calling upon him extra 07-dinem. For a deliberative oration, delivered in the Senate, see Catiline iv. As the Senate was primarily a body of councillors, its business was as a rule laid before it in general terms, not in any special form for action : each Senator could, as he chose, give his judgment in full, by argument {sententiam dicer c), or by simply expressing his assent to the judgment of another {verbo adsentiri). No Senator had a right to introduce any matter formally by motion, as with us, but it was possible for a Senator, when called on, to give his opinion on any subject not included in the ques- tions referred. The vote was taken by a division [discessio), i.e. the Senators went to one side or the other of the house. When a majority had decided in favor of any sententia, it was written out in proper form by the secretaries {scribae), under the direction of the presiding magistrate, in the presence of some of its principal supporters {adesse scribundd), and promulgated. An example of a formal resolution of the Senate is con- tained in the last chapter of Cicero's Fourteenth Philippic. IV. THE EXECUTIVE. The Consuls. — After the expulsion of the kings, their absolute author- ity {imperium), both in peace and war, was vested in two Consuls (originally praetores). Gradually, however, these autocratic powers were limited by various checks, so that in one sense a Consul had no more power than the president of a modern republic. He could, it is true, do anything in his year of office without lawful question from anybody ; yet, as he could be called to account at the end of his term, any violation of the constitution Iviii Introduction was extremely dangerous. Particularly was this true in regard to objec- tions from any one of the ten tribunes.^ The danger of transgressing this limitation was so immediate that it was rarely incurred, and practically in almost all cases the " veto " {intercessio) of a tribune was sufficient to stop any action on the part of the curule magistrates. Another limitation on the consular power came from the curious Roman arrangement of co-ordinate magistrates or "colleagues." The objection of one consul was sufficient to annul any act of the other. This principle also applied to other magistracies, so that the wheels of government could be stopped by any colleague of equal rank. To override such an objection was an act of unconstitutional violence, which, however, was often practised when public opinion could be relied on to sustain the illegal action. In practice, the two consuls either took turns in the administration (sometimes alternating month by month) or agreed upon a division of functions. The consuls were regularly elected in July and entered upon their office on the first day of the following January. They possessed two kinds of authority, — potestas^ or power in general (which all magistrates had in some degree), and imperin7?i^ military or sovereign power, as of a general in the field. This imperiiim was originally exercised by the consuls, not only in the army but in the city, so that they had absolute authority of life or death ; but this was limited, early in the history of the republic, by the Lex Va/erm, vfhich. gave every citizen the right of appeal {ius provocationis) to the comitia centuriata (see p. 321, below) against a sentence of capital or corporal punishment, and later by the Lex Forcia, which forbade the scourging of citizens. By the Lex Sempronia of Caius Gracchus the right of appeal in capital cases was established even against the military imperium?' In other respects, however, the military imperinm remained practically absolute, but it could not be exercised inside the walls, except by virtue of the senatus consultttm, " Dent operam consules ne quid res pub- lica detrimenti capiat," which revived the ancient powers of the consuls and was equivalent to a declaration of martial law.* After the Sullan reforms (B.C. 80) the consuls did not receive the military imperium until their year of office had expired and they were about to set out for their provinces.^ The civil powers of the consuls were analogous to those of any chief 1 See p. Ixii, 2 Of the other regular magistrates only the praetors possessed the imperuim (see p. lix). The impermm was formally conferred on the consuls by the comitia curiata (see p. Ivi). 3 Cf. Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen, sect. 6. 4 See note on Cat. i., sect. 2 (p. 100, 1. 12). 5 See p. Lxi. The Roman Constitution lix magistrate. Most important among them were the right to call together, consult, and preside over the Senate, and the right to convene the comitia centuriata and preside over the election of the higher curule magistrates. For the consular auspicia., see p. Ixiii, below. PR/ETORS. — Praetor was the original Italic title of the consuls, but, as the result of the agitation for the Licinian Laws, in B.C. 366, a special mag- istrate of that name was elected " who administered justice, a colleague of the consuls and elected under the same auspices." ^ Gradually other prae- tors were added, until in the time of Cicero there were eight. They were essentially judicial officers, and their functions were assigned by lot.^ As curule magistrates, however, they could on occasion command armies or assist the consuls in emergencies (see Cat. iii. 5), and were assigned as proprators to provinces abroad after their year of office.^ Like the consuls, they were regularly elected at the comitia centuriata in July and began to serve on the first of the following January. Qu.-ESTORS. — The quaestors {quaestores), or public treasurers, were in Cicero's time twenty in number. Two (called quacstores urbani) had charge of the treasury and archives at Rome, while the others were assigned to the several military commanders and provincial governors, to serve as quarter- masters and paymasters. The quaestors entered upon office on Dec. 5, when they drew lots to determine their respective places of service.^ CuRSUS IIoNORUM. — No one could be chosen praetor until he had been quaestor, or consul until he had been prcetor. These three magis- tracies, then, formed a career of office — the so-called cursiis honortim — which it was the aim of every ambitious Roman to complete as soon as possible. To be elected quaestor a man had to be at least 30 years old,^ and the lowest legal ages for the praetorship and the consulship were 40 and 43 respectively. The consulship could in no case be held until three years after the praetorship. Consuls and praetors were curule magistrates, but this was not the case with the quaestor. The office of curule aedile (see below) was often held between the quaestorship and the prsetorship, but it was not a necessary grade in the cursiis honorttm. The minimum age for this office was the twenty-seventh year. 1 He was, however, inferior in rank to the consul, who had maior potestas. 2 See p. Ixv. 3 See p. Ixi. 4 They were originally appointed by the consuls, but in Cicero's time were elected by the comitia tributa. The practical management of the treasury was with the clerks {scribae q7iaestorii), as in our modern civil service. These formed a permanent and powerful corporation. Cf. Cat. iv., sect. 15 (p. 149, 11. 10, 11). 5 In the time of the Gracchi the age was 27, Ix Introduction iEoiLES. • — The aediles (from aedes, 2t. temple) were four magistrates, who had the general superintendence of the police of the city, criminal jurisdiction with the power of imposing fines, the care of the games, public buildings, etc. They did not form a board {collegium), but were of two grades, two being necessarily plebeians, while the other two, the curult (Tciiles, who ranked with the higher magistrates, might be patricians. The aedileship was not a necessary step in a political career, but it was eagerly sought, between the quaestorship and the praetorship, by ambitious men, for the reason that the superintendence of the public games gave great opportunity for gaining popular favor. A certain sum was appropriated from the public treasury for these games ; but an aedile who wished to rise to higher positions, and not to be thought mean, took care to add a good sum from his own pocket.^ LiCTORS, Insignia, etc. — The consuls and praetors were accompanied by special officers called lictors {licto}-es), who were at the same time a symbol of the supreme power and the immediate ministers of the will of the magistrates. They carried a bundle of rods and an axe bound to- gether (the fasces),'^ to inflict the punishment of flogging and death accord- ing to the regular Roman mode of execution. Each consul had twelve lictors, each praetor had six. After the right of appeal was established (see p. Iviii, above), the lictors did not carry the axe inside the city. Besides the " imperial " lictors, all magistrates were attended by ministers of various kinds, viatores (summoners), praecones (criers), and slaves. All the curule magistrates wore as a mark of authority the toga praetexta (white with a crimson border), and the latus clavtes (or broad stripe of crimson) on the front of the tunic. As commanders of armies, they wore instead of the toga the paludamentinn, a. kind of cloak entirely of crimson. In fact, the majesty of the law was symbolized in the most striking manner in the case of all magistrates except the tribunes,^ who, as champions of the pleds, wore no distinguishing dress, the quaestors and the plebeian asdiles. Proconsuls and Propr^tors. — All the magistrates so far mentioned were elected annually. When it was desired to retain the services of a consul or a praetor after his term had expired, his tmperium was extended {prorogatztm) by the Senate, and he was known as a proconsul ox proprcetor. It was only the military tmpermm that was thus prorogued,* not the civil 1 Cf. Impeachment of Verres, sects, 37-40 (pp. 41, 42)-, Plunder of Syracuse, sect. 19 (p. 58, 11. 2-5). 2 See Fig. 25, p. 290, below. 3 See p. Ixii. 4 Sometimes a private citizen was invested with the imperium and called pro- consul (see Manil. Law, sect. 62). The Roman Co7istitution Ixi power. Thus the proconsul had no authority within the city, and could not, like the consul, call together the Senate or an assembly of the people. As the " state " grew, it became customary to commit the government of conquered provinces to proconsuls and propraetors, and to this end the prorogation of the itnperiiim for a second year became regular. After the time of Sulla, all provinces were so governed,^ one of his laws providing that the consuls and praetors should set out for their provinces immediately on the expiration of their term of office in the city.^ No difference was made between the power of a proconsul and that of a propraetor. Both officers had the full military and civil command and were almost absolute mon- archs, except for their liability to be afterwards called to account (cf. p. Ivii, above). Their opportunities for plunder were almost unlimited.^ Their power, however, did not extend to the city itself, in which they were mere private citizens. Hence it often happened that a commander, on returning from his province, remained outside the city so as to retain his military imperiuni for some reason or other. Censors. — The censors {censores) were two in number, elected from men of consular dignity {consulares), originally at a minimum interval of four years, afterwards once in five years, — the interval called a lustrum, — and holding office for eighteen months. They ranked as magistratus maiores, but did not possess the imperium, and had no power to convene either the Senate or an assembly of the people. Their functions were — (i) to inspect the registry of citizens of every class and order ; (2) to punish immorality, by removal from the Senate, the equestrian cen- turies, or the Tribe i^nota censoria, i7ifamia, igitomi7iid) ; (3) to superintend the finances (giving out contracts for collecting the revenues) and the public works. In the intervals of the censorship, these last were under the care of the aediles (see p. Ix, above). Sulla tacitly abolished the office of censor, but it was revived in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus, B.C. 70. The property registration, of which the censors had charge, was called census, and on it depended not only taxation but the position of a citizen in the centuriae (see p. Iv, above, on the comitia centuriata). The classes under the census were divided as follows : 1 After the SuUan reforms (b.c. 80) the military imperium was not enjoyed by the consuls and praetors until their year of civil magistracy had expired. 2 This arrangement was changed by a law of Pompey (b.c. 52) which provided that five years should intervene between the magistracy and the provincial govern- ment. See Life of Cicero, p. xxiii, above. 8 Cf. Impeachment of Verres. bdi hitroduction First class: having property valued at 100,000 asses or more. Second class: " " " " 75,000 " " " Third class : " " " " 50,000 " " " Fourth class: " " " " 25,000 " " " Fifth class: " " " " 11,000 " " « The cejtsiis of a Roman cques was, in Cicero's time, 400,000 sesterces, and this provision was one of long standing. Tribuni Plebis. — Side by side with the " kingly " magistrates there had arisen a class of magistrates of the people whose only privileges origi- nally were prohibitive, but who had come to have great power in the state. The TribtiJii Plebis (or Plebi), ten in number and elected by the Comitia Tribiita, were the magistrates of that portion of the people (a state within the state) known as the Plebs. The plebeians at this epoch, however, com- posed the whole people, with the exception of the few families of the patrician aristocracy (such gentes as the Cornelian, Julian, ^Emilian, Clau- dian).i Not being technically magistrates of the city or the whole people, but only of a single class, the tribunes did not possess the imperhim, but on\y potestas, had no real executive power, and indeed were not magistrates at all in the strict sense of the term. On the other hand, their persons were held sacred, and they had two very important and wide-reaching func- tions : I. The right of interfering, itis hitercedendi f veto"), to arrest almost any act of another magistrate. (This right practically extended to a veto on legislation, elections, and ordinances of the Senate, these being all under the direction of magistrates.) 2. The right to hold the assembly of the plebs^ organized by tribes. In this assembly, known as comitia tributa, the plebeian magistrates (tribunes and plebeian aediles) ^ were chosen, and laws were passed, //^(5/j-a^f, which of course were origi- nally binding only upon the plebs, but which, by the Hortensian Law (b.c. 287), received the force of leges (see p. Iv, above) ; fines were likewise imposed by this assembly. Out of these original powers had been developed a very extensive criminal jurisdiction, which made the tribunes and aediles the chief prose- cuting officers of the republic, the tribunes acting in cases of a political character. This order of things continued until the time of Sulla, when the administration of criminal justice was entrusted to the standing courts, quaestiones perpetuae, established by him (see p. Ixv, below). But Sulla's provisions were abolished by Pompey (b.c. 70), the people fancying that the corruptions of the courts could be remedied by restoring this power to A See p. lii. 2 See p. Ix. The Ro7nan Constitution Ixiii the tribunes. The tribunes also had authority to convene the Senate and bring business before it, preside, and take part in debate. These privileges they acquired very early, by irregular practice passing into custom, rather than by any special enactment. The Auspices. — The absolute continuity of the government, which was more necessary at Rome than elsewhere, on account of a kind of theo- cratic idea in the constitution, was secured by a curious contrivance. The " regular succession " in Roman magistrates was as rigid as later in the Church. The welfare of the state was supposed to depend upon the favor of the gods, and this could only be transferred from one officer to another by an election which was practically a religious ceremony in which both officers took part. This favor, technically known as the auspicia, would lapse unless the election and inauguration were rightly performed. The ceremony consisted in taking the auspices, a regular process of religious divination by the flight of birds, etc., according to a very antiquated ritual (see below). Augurs. — The magistrates alone were authorized to consult the auspices, that is, to observe the various signs by which the gods were supposed to declare their will with regard to the state. The interpreta- tion of the auspices, however, which had been developed into an extremely technical science {^ius aitguriiint), was in the hands of a much honored body {collegium) of distinguished citizens, called augurs (augures). These were not themselves magistrates, but simply the official interpreters of the ius augurium, which they alone were supposed to know. Since all impor- tant public acts (especially the holding of the comitia) were done auspicato (i.e., under authority of the auspices), the augurs naturally came to have great political influence. Their interpretation and advice could be disre- garded, but such disregard was at the risk of the magistrate and was almost sure to affect his popularity, especially if misfortune followed.^ The augurs held office for life. Originally they had the right to fill vacancies on their board, but later such vacancies were sometimes filled by election by the people.^ Cicero himself became an augur, B.C. 53. Interrex. — Whenever there was a suspension of legal authority, by vacancy of the chief magistracy, it was understood that the auspicia — which were regularly in possession of the magistrates — were lodged (in accordance with the most ancient custom) with the patrician members of the Senate until new magistrates should be inaugurated. The renewal of the regular order of things was begun by the patrician senators coming together and appointing one of their own number zs, interrex. He held 1 Thus they were a conservative influence in the state. 2 The rule in this matter was several times changed by law. Ixiv Intro diictiofi office for five days, as chief magistrate of the commonwealth and possessor of the auspicia ; then he created a successor, who might hold the coi7iitia for the election of consuls, but who usually created another successor for that purpose. Dictator. — The dictator v.-as an extraordinary magistrate, possessing absolute power, appointed by the consuls, at the instance of the Senate, in times of great public danger. Properly he held office for but six months. The laws of appeal, and other safeguards of individual liberty, had at first no force against this magistrate. In later times (after B.C. 202) dictators were no longer appointed, but instead the Senate, when occasion arose, in- vested the consuls with dictatorial power.i Sulla, and afterwards Caesar, revived the name and authority of the dictatorship ; but in their case the office became equivalent to absolute sovereignty, since each of them was appointed dictator for life {perpetuo). The Alagister Eqtiitum, appointed by the Dictator, stood next in command to him and also had the iviperium. V. THE COURTS. Our division of legal business into civil and criminal, though not exactly corresponding to the Roman classification of cases as causae privatae and causae publicae, still affords the most convenient basis for an under- standing of the ancient courts. In Civil Cases between individual citizens as well as foreign residents, the jurisdiction, originally belonging to the king, was, on the establishment of the Republic transferred to the consuls, but in the times with which we are especially concerned, it rested with the praetors. The praetor urbatius had charge of all civil cases between Roman citizens ; X}cv^ praetor peregrinus, of all civil suits to which an alien was a party. Civil processes were various and complicated, and, since none of the orations in this edition were spoken in such cases, they may be left out of account here. Criminal Jurisdiction also originally rested with the king, and, later, with the magistrates (consuls, etc.) who succeeded him. But by the various laws concerning appeal, the trial of all important offences was transferred to the assemblies of the people. In accordance with its origin the jurisdiction of these bodies was always theoretically an appellant juris- diction. The case was supposed first to be decided by the magistrate, who, having given notice {diem dicere) to the defendant {reus), brought forward a bill {rogatio) enacting the punishment. If the case was a capital one, i.e. involving the life or status of a Roman citizen, it was brought before the comitia centuriata convened by the magistrate for the purpose, and decided like any other question. It would appear that any curule magistrate as 1 See p. Iviii. The Roman Constitution Ixv well as the tribunes could take such action. If the case involved only a fine, it was tried before the comitia tributa by an aedile or tribune. These methods of trial were practically superseded after the time of Sulla by the establishment of the standing courts (see below). They were, however, sometimes revived, as in Cicero's own case. It had always been competent for the people to establish a quaestio or investigation to try persons suspected of crimes i^quaestiones extraordi- 7iariae). After the analogy of this proceeding, Sulla established standing courts {quaesHoTies perpetiiae) differing from previous qiiaestiones only in that they were continuous instead of being appointed upon any particular occasion. It was before these that most crimes were tried. ^ Examples of such trials are found in Rose. Am. (p. i) and Verres (p. 26). Such a court consisted of a presiding judge, qiiaesitor {^praetor, or index qnaestionis), who caused a jury {indices) to be impanelled and sworn (hence called iurati), varying in number in the different courts and at different times, to try the case under his presidency. These indices were drawn by lot from a standing body {indices selecti), the exact number of which is unknown,^ and a right of challenging existed as with us. This body was originally made up from the Senatorial Order, but a law of C. Gracchus (B.C. 123) provided that the indices should be taken from non-Senators who possessed the equestrian census (see p. Ixii, above). From this time the Senators and the Eqnites contended for the control of the courts. Sulla restored to the Senators the exclusive privilege of sitting as indices (B.C. 80), but the Aurelian Law (B.C. 70) provided that the jurors should be taken, one-third from the Senators and two-thirds from the Equestrian Order, and that one-half of the Eqnites chosen (i.e. one-third of the whole number of indices) should have held the office of Tribnnus Aerarins (i.e. president of one of the thirty-five local tribes, see p. liv, above). This regulation remained in force until the dictatorship of Caesar, B.C. 45, when this decnria of Tribnni Aei-at'ii was abolished. A majority of the jurors decided the verdict. The president had no vote, nor did he decide the law of the case : he had merely charge of the proceedings as a presiding magis- trate. (Cf. Verr. i. 32, for a hint at his powers.) Each juror wrote on his ballot A {absolve) for acquittal or C or K {coudenino) for conviction. 1 Sulla's qnaestiones perpetuae were eight or ten in number. Six of these — Repetnndae (extortion), Ambitus (bribery), Peculaius (embezzlement), Maicstas (treason), de Sicariis et Ventpicis (murder), and probably Falsi (counterfeiting and fraud) — were presided over by six of the eight praetors. For the other two (or four), ex-asdiles {aedilicii) were appointed to preside as indices quaestionis. 2 For cases of extortion the number was specially fixed by the Lex Acilia at four hundred and fifty, from whom fifty were chosen as jurors. ft: s ° I 1) H SELECT ORATIONS OF CICERO DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS. {Pro Sex. Roscio Ameriuo.) B.C. So. Sextus Roscius was a rich and respected citizen of Ameria, an Umbrian town {j?iunicipiu??i) about fifty miles north of Rome. He had a taste for city life, and spent most of his time at the capital, where he was on intimate terms with some of the highest families, especially the Metelli and Scipios. Meantime his son Sextus, who certainly lacked his father's cultivated tastes, and who w^as accused by his enemies of rudeness and clownishness, had charge of the extensive family estates at Ameria. Sometime during the dictatorship of Sulla (probably in the autumn of 8 1 B.C.) the elder Roscius was murdered one evening as he was returning from a dinner party. The murder was no doubt procured, or at lea.st connived at, by one Titus Roscius Magnus, his fellow- townsman and enemy. However that may be, the name of the mur- dered man was put upon the prosciiption list by a freedman and favorite of Sulla, one Chrysogonus, who bought his confiscated estates at auction at a nominal price. Three of these estates (there were thirteen in all) 2 Orations of Cicero he transferred to a certain Titus Roscius Capito, another townsman and enemy of the deceased, and a leading man at Ameria ; the remainder he put in charge of Magnus as his agent. The younger Sextus, a man of forty, thus robbed of his patrimony, had recourse to his father's friends in Rome for protection and help. The three conspirators, fearing that they might be compelled to disgorge, resolved to secure themselves by accusing him of his father's murder. This they did through a pro- fessional prosecutor {accusdtor) named Erucius, who undertook the legal formalities of the prosecution. The aristocratic friends of Roscius, not daring to brave the creature of the dictator, but unwilling to leave their guest-friend {hospes) unde- fended, prevailed upon Cicero, then young and ambitious, to undertake the case. To oppose Chrysogonus was an act that called for disinter- ested courage, and nothing in Cicero's career is more to his credit. By his successful conduct of the case he obtained the well-merited rank of a leader among the rising advocates of Rome. The Defence of Roscius was the first of Cicero's public orations or pleas ; and it is criticised by the author himself in his Orator, ch. 30. Cicero's Apology for Appearing in the Defence. CREDO ego vos, iiidices, mirari quid sit quod, cum tot summi oratores hominesque nobilissimi sedeant, ego potissimum surrexerim, qui neque aetate neque ingenio neque auctoritate sim cum his, qui sedeant, comparandus. Omnes 5 hi, quos videtis adesse, in hac causa iniCiriam novo scelere conflatam putant oportere defendi, defendere ipsi propter iniquitatem temporum non audent ; ita fit ut adsint prop- terea quod officium sequuntur, taceant autem idcirco quia periculum vitant. o 2. Quid ergo ? Audacissimus ego ex omnibus .? Minime. At tanto officiosior quam ceteri ? Ne istius quidem laudis ita sim cupidus, ut aliis earn praereptam velim. Quae me igitur res praeter ceteros impulit, ut causam Sex. Rosci reciperem ? Quia, si quis horum dixisset, quos videtis 5 adesse, in quibus summa auctoritas est atque amplitudo, si verbum de re publica fecisset, — id quod in hac causa fieri necesse est, — multo plura dixisse quam dixisset puta- Defence of Roscius 3 retur : 3. ego etiamsi omnia quae dicenda sunt libere dixero, nequaquam tamen similiter oratio mea exire atque in volgus emanare poterit. Deinde, quod ceterorum neque dictum obsciirum potest esse, propter nobilitatem et amplitiidinem, neque temere dicto concedi, propter aetatem et prudentiam : 5 ego si quid llberius dixero, vel occultum esse, propterea quod nondum ad rem publicam access!, vel ignosci adu- lescentiae poterit, — tametsi non modo ignoscendi ratio, verum etiam cognoscendi consuetiido iam de civitate sublata est. 10 4. Accedit ilia quoque causa, quod a ceteris forsitan ita petitum sit ut dicerent, ut utrumvis salvo officio facere se posse arbitrarentur : a me autem ei contenderunt, qui apud me et amicitia et beneficiis et dignitate plurimum possunt, quorum ego nee benevolentiam erga me ignorare, nee auc- 15 toritatem aspernari, nee voluntatem neglegere debeam. His de causis ego huic causae patronus exstiti, non electus linus qui maximo ingenio, sed relictus ex omnibus qui minimo periculo possem dicere ; neque uti satis firmo praesidio defensus Sex. Roscius, verum uti ne omnino desertus 20 esset. Character of the Elder Roscius, the Murdered Man. VI. 5. Sex. Roscius, pater huiusce, mtjniceps Amerinus fuit, cum genere et nobilitate et pecimia non modo sui municipi verum etiam eius vicinitatis facile primus, tum gratia atque hospitiis florens hominum nobilissimorum. 25 Nam cum Metellis, Serviliis, Scipionibus erat ei non modo hospitium, verum etiam domesticus iisus et consuetiido ; quas (ut aequum est) familias honestatis amplitudinisque gratia nomino. Itaque ex omnibus suis commodis hoc solum filio reliquit : nam patrimonium domestici praedones 30 vi ereptum possident, fama et vita innocentis ab hospitibus amicisque paternis defenditur. 6. Is cum omni tempore nobilitatis fautor fuisset, tum hoc tumultu proximo, cum 4 Oi'ations of Cicero omnium nobilium dignitas et salus in discrimen veniret, praeter ceteros in ea vicinitate eam partem causamque opera, studio, auctoritate defendit : etenim rectum putabat pro eorum honestate se pugnare, propter quos ipse hones- 5 tissimus inter suos numerabatur. Posteaquam victoria con- stituta est, ab armisque recessimus, — cum proscriberentur homines, atque ex omni regione caperentur ei qui adversarii fuisse putabantur, — erat ille Romae frequens ; in foro et in ore omnium cotidie versabatur, magis ut exsultare victoria lo nobilitatis videretur, quam timere ne quid ex ea calamitatis sibi accideret. His Old Feud with the Titi Roscii. 7. Erant ei veteres inimicitiae cum duobus Rosciis Ame- rinis, quorum alterum sedere in accusatorum subselliis video, alterum tria hiiiusce praedia possidere audio. Quas inimi- 15 citias si tam cavere potuisset, quam metuere solebat, viveret. Neque enim, iudices, iniuria metuebat. Nam duo isti sunt T. Roscii, quorum alteri Capitoni cognom.en est, iste qui adest Magnus vocatur, homines huius modi : alter pluri- marum palmarum vetus ac nobilis gladiator habetur, hie 20 autem nuper se ad eum lanistam contulit ; quique ante hanc pugnam tiro esset, [quod sciam,] facile ipsum magis- trum scelere audaciaque superavit. The Murder. VII. 8. Nam cum hie Sex. Roscius esset Ameriae, T. autem iste Roscius Romae, — cum hie filius adsiduus in 25 praediis esset, cumque se voluntate patris rei familiari vitae- que rusticae dedisset, iste autem frequens Romae esset, — occiditur ad balneas Palacinas rediens a cena Sex. Roscius. Spero ex hoc ipso non esse obscurum, ad quern suspicio malefici pertineat: verum id, quod adhuc est suspiciosum, 30 nisi perspicuum res ipsa fecerit, hunc adfinem culpae iiidi- catote. SULLA. (Bust ill the Vatican.) Defence of Roscins 5 The News Brought to his Enemies at Ameria. 9. Occiso Sex. Roscio, primus Ameriam nuntiat Mallius Glaucia quidam, homo tenuis, libertinus, cliens et familiaris istius T. Rose!, et nCintiat domum non fili, sed T. Capitonis inimici ; et cum post horam primam noctis occisus esset, primo diluculo nuntius hie Ameriam venit. Decem horis 5 nocturnis sex et quinquaginta milia passuum cisiis pervo- lavit, non modo ut exoptatum inimico nuntium primus adferret, sed etiam cruorem inimici quam recentissimum telumque paulo ante e corpore extractum ostenderet. The Conspiracy to Seize his Property. 10. Quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt, res ad Chrysogonum 10 in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur. Magnitudo pecCmiae demonstratur ; bonitas praediorum (nam fundos decem et tris reliquit, qui Tiberim fere omnes tangunt), hfiius inopia et solitiido commemoratur. Demonstrant, cum pater hiiiusce Sex. Roscius, homo tam splendidus et gratiosus, nullo 15 negotio sit occisus, perfacile hunc hominem incautum et riisticum, et Romae ignotum, de medio tolli posse. Ad eam rem operam suam pollicentur. Ne diutius teneam, iudices, societas coitur. VIII. 11. Cum nulla proscrip- tionis mentio fieret, cum etiam qui antea metuerant redi- 20 rent, ac iam defunctos sese periculis arbitrarentur, nomen refertur in tabulas Sex. Rosci, studiosissimi nobilitatis. Manceps fit Chrysogonus. Tria praedia vel nobilissima Capitoni propria traduntur, quae hodie possidet ; in reli- quas omnes fortiinas iste T. Roscius, nomine Chrysogoni, 25 quemadmodum ipse dicit, impetum facit. [Haec bona emuntur duobus milibus nummum.] Sulla not Implicated. 12. Haec omnia, iudices, imprudente L. Sulla facta esse certo scio ; neque enim mirum — cum eodem tempore et ea quae praeterita sunt et ea quae videntur instare praeparet, 30 6 Orations of Cicero cum et pacis constituendae ration em et belli gerendi potes- tatem solus habeat, cum omnes in unum spectent, unus omnia gubernet, cum tot tantisque negotiis distentus sit ut respirare libere non possit — si aliquid non animad- 5 vertat, cum praesertim tam multi occupationem eius obser- vent tempusque aucupentur, ut, simul atque ille despexerit, aliquid huiusce modi moliantur. HCic accedit, quod quamvis ille felix sit, sicut est, tamen [in] tanta felicitate nemo potest esse, in magna familia qui neminem neque servum neque lo libertum improbum habeat. The Younger Roscius Dispossessed. 13. Interea iste T. Roscius, vir optimus, procurator Chry- sogoni, Ameriam venit ; in praedia hiiius invadit ; hunc miserum, luctu perditum, qui nondum etiam omnia paterno funeri iusta solvisset, nudum eicit ; domo atque focis patriis 15 disque penatibus praecipitem, iudices, exturbat; ipse amplis- simae pecuniae fit dominus. Qui in sua re fuisset egentis- simus, erat, ut fit, insolens in aliena. Multa palam domum suam auferebat, plura clam de medio removebat ; non pauca suis adiutoribus large effuseque donabat ; reliqua constituta 20 auctione vendebat; quod Amerinis tisque eo visum est indig- num, ut urbe tota fletus gemitusque fieret. Protest by Delegates of Ameria. IX. 14. Etenim multa simul ante oculos versabantur : mors hominis florentissimi Sex. Rosci crudelissima, fili autem eius egestas indignissima, cui de tanto patrimonio 25 praedo iste nefarius ne iter quidem ad sepulcrum patrium reliquisset, bonorum emptio flagitiosa, possessio, furta, rapi- nae, donationes. Nemo erat qui non ardere ilia omnia mallet, quam videre in Sex. Rosci viri optimi atque hones- tissimi bonis iactantem se ac dominantem T. Roscium. 30 15. Itaque decurionum decretum statim fit, ut decern primi Defe7tcc of Rosciiis 7 proficlscantur ad L. Sullam, doceantque eum qui vir Sex. Roscius fuerit ; conquerantur de istorum scelere et iniuriis ; orent ut et illius mortui famam et fill innocentis fortunas conservatas velit. Atque ipsum decretum, quaeso, c5gnos- cite. \_Dec?'etum Decuriomwi.'] 5 The Delegates Hoodwinked by the Conspirators. Legati in castra veniunt. Intellegitur, iiidices^ id quod iam ante dixi, impriidente L. Sulla scelera haec et fiagitia fieri. Nam statim Chrysogonus et ipse ad eos accedit et homines nobilis adlegat, ab eis qui peterent ne ad Sullam adirent, et omnia Chrysogonum quae vellent esse facturum 10 poUicerentur. 16. Usque adeo autem ille pertimuerat, ut mori mallet quam de his rebus Sullam doceri. Homines antiqui, qui ex sua natura ceteros fingerent, cum ille con- firmaret sese nomen Sex. Rosci de tabulis exemptiirum, praedia vacua filio traditurum, cumque id ita futurum T. 15 Roscius Capito, qui in decem legatis erat, appromitteret, crediderunt : Ameriam re inorata reverterunt. Ac primo rem differre cotidie ac procrastinare isti coeperunt ; deinde aliquanto lentius, nihil agere atque deludere ; postremo — id quod facile intellectum est — insidias vitae huiusce [Sex. 20 Rosci] parare, neque sese arbitrari posse diutius alienam pecuniam domino incolumi obtinere. The Younger Roscius takes Refuge with Friends at Rome. X. 17. Quod hie simul atque sensit, de amicorum cogna- torumque sententia Romam confugit, et sese ad Caeciliam [Nepotis filiam], quam honoris causa nomino, contulit, qua 25 pater usus erat plCirimum ; in qua muliere, iiidices, etiam nunc (id quod omnes semper existimaverunt) quasi exempli causa vestigia antiqui offici remanent. Ea Sex. Roscium inopem, eiectum domo atque expulsum ex suis bonis, fugi- entem latronum tela et minas, recepit domum, hospitique 30 8 Oratiofis of Cicero oppresso iam desperatoque ab omnibus opitulata est. Eius virtute, fide, dlligentia factum est, ut hie potius vivus in reos quam occisus in proscriptos referretur. A Trumped-up Charge of Parricide is Brought. 18. Nam postquam isti intellexerunt summa diligentia 5 vitam Sex. Rosci custodiri, neque sibi ullam caedis faci- undae potestatem dari, consilium ceperunt plenum sceleris et audaciae, ut nomen huius de parricidio deferrent, ut ad eam rem aliquem accusatorem veterem compararent, qui de ea re posset dicere aliquid, in qua re nulla subesset suspicio; lo denique ut, quoniam crimine non poterant, tempore ipso pugnarent. Ita loqui homines : quod iudicia tam diu facta non essent, condemnari eum oportere, qui primus in indicium adductus esset ; huic autem patronos propter Chrysogoni gratiam defuturos ; de bonorum venditione et de ista socie- 15 tate verbum esse facturum neminem; ipso nomine parricidi et atrocitate criminis, fore ut hie nullo negotio tolleretur, cum ab nullo defensus esset. Hoc consilio atque adeo hac amentia impulsi, quem ipsi cum cuperent non potuerunt occidere, eum iugulandum vobis tradiderunt. Wretched Condition of the Defendant. 20 XI. 19. Quid primum querar } aut unde potissimum, iudices, ordiar ? aut quod aut a quibus auxilium petam ? Deorumne immortalium, populine Romani, vestramne, qui summam potestatem habetis, hoc tempore fidem implorem ? Pater occisus nefarie, domus obsessa ab inimicis, bona 25 adempta, possessa, direpta, fili vita infesta, saepe ferro atque insidiis appetita, — quid ab his tot maleficiis sceleris abesse videtur .? Tamen haec aliis nefariis cumulant atque adaugent : crimen incredibile confingunt, testis in hunc et accusatores huiusce pecunia comparant. Hanc condicionem 30 misero ferunt, ut optet, utrum malit cervices Roscio dare, Defence of Roscius 9 an, insutus in culeum, per summum dedecus vitam amittere. Patronos huic defuturos putaverunt : desunt : qui libere dicat, qui cum fide defendat, — id quod in hac causa est satis, — quoniam quidem suscepi, non deest profecto, iudices. 5 Three Things Make against the Defendant. XIII. 20. Tres sunt res, quantum ego existimare pos- sum, quae obstent hoc tempore Sex. Roscio : crimen adver- sariorum, et audacia, et potentia. Criminis confictionem acciisator [Erucius] suscepit ; audaciae partis Roscii sibi poposcerunt; Chrysogonus autem, is qui plurimum potest, 10 potentia pugnat. De hisce omnibus rebus me dicere opor- tere intellego. Quid igitur est ? Non eodem modo de omnibus, ideo quod prima ilia res ad meum officium per- tinet, duas autem reliquas vobis populus Romanus imposuit. Ego crimen oportet diluam ; vos et audaciae resistere, et 1 5 hominum eius modi perniciosam atque intolerandam poten- tiam primo quoque tempore exstinguere atque opprimere debetis. Enormity of the Charge. 21. Occidisse patrem Sex. Roscius arguitur. Scelestum, di immortales ! ac nefarium facinus, atque eius modi, quo 20 lino maleficio scelera omnia complexa esse videantur. Ete- nim si, id quod praeclare a sapientibus dicitur, voltii saepe laeditur pietas, quod supplicium satis acre reperietur in eum qui mortem obtulerit parenti, pro quo mori ipsum, si res postularet, iura divina atque hCimana cogebant t In hoc 25 tanto, tam atroci, tam singulari maleficio, quod ita raro exstitit ut, si quando auditum sit, portenti ac prodigi simile numeretur, quibus tandem tii, C. Eriici, argiimentis accusa- torem censes uti oportere ? Nonne et audaciam eius qui in crimen vocetur singularem ostendere, et mores feros, imma- 30 nemque naturam, et vitam vitiis flagitiisque omnibus deditam, lo Oratiojis of Cicero [et] denique omnia ad perniciem profligata atque perdita ? quorum tu nihil in Sex. Roscium, ne obiciendi quidem causa, contulisti. Improbability from the Character of the Defendant. XIV. 22. ' Patrem occidit Sex. Roscius.' Qui homo .'' 5 Adulescentulus corruptus et ab hominibus nequam induc- tus ? annos natus maior quadraginta. Vetus videlicet sica- rius, homo audax et saepe in caede versatus ? at hoc ab accusatore ne dici quidem audistis. Luxuries igitur hominem nimirum, et aeris alien! magnitude, et indomitae animi cupi- lo ditates ad hoc scelus impulerunt ? De luxuria purgavit Erucius, cum dixit hunc ne in convivio quidem uUo fere interfuisse. Nihil autem umquam cuiquam debuit. Cupi- ditates porro quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator obiecit, riiri semper habitarit, et in agro colendo vixerit ? — 15 quae vita maxime disiuncta a cupiditate est, et cum officio coniuncta. Absence of Motive. 23. Quae res igitur tantum istum furorem Sex. Roscio obiecit ? ' Patri ' inquit ' non placebat.' Quam ob causam t Necesse est enim eam quoque iustam et magnam et perspi- 20 cuam fuisse : nam, ut illud incredibile est, mortem oblatam esse patri a filio sine pliirimis et maximis causis, sic hoc veri simile non est, odio fuisse parent! filium, sine causis multis et magnis et necessariis. Rursus igitur eodem rever- tamur, et quaeramus quae tanta vitia fuerint in unico filio, 25 quare is patri displiceret. At perspicuum est nullum fuisse. Pater igitur amens, qui odisset eum sine causa quem pro- crearat. At is quidem fuit omnium constantissimus. Ergo illud iam perspicuum profecto est, si neque amens pater neque perditus filius fuerit, neque odi causam patri neque 30 sceleris filio fuisse. Defence of Roscius 1 1 Necessity of Showing a Motive. XXII. 24. De parricidio causa dicitur : ratio ab accu- satore reddita non est, quam ob causam patrem filius Occi- dent. Quod in minimis noxiis, et in his levioribus peccatis quae magis crebra et iam prope cotidiana sunt, maxime et primum quaeritur, — quae causa malefici fuerit, — id Erucius 5 in parricidio quaeri non putat oportere. In quo scelere, indi- ces, etiam cum multae causae convenisse unum in locum atque inter se congruere videntur, tamen non temere credi- tur, neque levi coniectura res penditur, neque testis incertus auditur, neque acciisatoris ingenio res iiidicatur : cum multa 10 antea commissa maleficia, tum vita hominis perditissima, tum singularis audacia ostendatur necesse est, neque auda- cia solum, sed summus furor atque amentia. Necessity of Direct Evidence. 25. Haec cum sint omnia, tamen exstent oportet expressa sceleris vestigia, — ubi, qua ratione, per quos, quo tempore 15 maleficium sit admissum ; quae nisi multa et manifesta sunt, profecto res tam scelesta, tam atrox, tam nefaria credi non potest. Magna est enim vis humanitatis ; multum valet commfmio sanguinis ; reclamitat istlus modi suspicionibus ipsa natiira ; portentum atque monstrum certissimum est, 20 esse aliquem humana specie et figiira, qui tantum immani- tate bestias vicerit, ut propter quos banc suavissimam liicem aspexerit, eos indignissime luce privarit, cum etiam feras inter sese partus atque educatio et natura ipsa conciliet. Examples from Other Cases. XXIII. 26. Non ita multis ante annis, aiunt T. Caelium 25 quendam Tarracinensem, hominem non obscurum, cum cenatus cubitum in idem conclave cum duobus adoles- centibus filiis isset, inventum esse mane iugulatum. Cum neque servus quisquam reperiretur, neque liber, ad quem ea 12 Orations of Cicero suspicio pertineret, id aetatis autem duo filii propter cubantes ne sensisse quidem se dicerent, nomina filiorum de parri- cidio delata sunt. Quid poterat tarn esse suspiciosum ? Neutrumne sensisse ? Ausum autem esse quemquam se 5 in id conclave committere, eo potissimum tempore, cum ibidem essent duo adulescentes filii, qui et sentire et defen- dere facile possent? 27. B>at porro nemo in quem ea suspicio conveniret. Tamen cum planum iudicibus esset factum, aperto ostio dormientis eos repertos esse, iudicio lo absoluti adulescentes et suspicione omni liberati sunt. Nemo enim putabat quemquam esse, qui, cum omnia divina atque humana iura scelere nefario polluisset, somnum statim capere potuisset ; propterea quod, qui tantum facinus com- miserunt, non modo sine cura quiescere, sed ne spirare 15 quidem sine metu possunt. Need of Strongest Proof Shown by the Severity of the Penalty. 28. Quare hoc quo minus est credibile nisi ostenditur, eo magis est, si convincitur, vindicandum. Itaque cum multis ex rebus intellegi potest maiores nostros non modo armis plus quam ceteras nationes, verum etiam consilio 20 sapientiaque potuisse, turn ex hac re vel maxime, quod in impios singulare supplicium invenerunt : insui voluerunt in culeum vivos, atque in flumen deici. O singularem sapien- tiam, iudices ! Nonne videntur hunc hominem ex rerum natura sustulisse et eripuisse, cui repente caelum, solem, 25 aquam terramque ademerint : ut qui eum necasset, unde ipse natus esset, careret eis rebus omnibus, ex quibus omnia nata esse dicuntur ? 29. Noluerunt feris corpus obicere, ne bestiis quoque, quae tantum scelus attigissent, immanioribus uteremur : non sic nudos in fiumen deicere, ne, cum delati 30 essent in mare, ipsum polluerent, quo cetera, quae violata sunt, expiari putantur. Denique nihil tam vile neque tam volgare est ctiius partem ullam reliquerint. Etenim quid est Defe7ice of Roscins i 3 tarn commune quam spiritus vivis, terra mortuis, mare fluc- tuantibus, litus eiectis ? Ita vivunt, dum possunt, ut ducere animam de caelo non queant. Ita moriuntur, ut eorum ossa terra non tangat. Ita iactantur fluctibus, ut numquam adlu- antur. Ita postremo eiciuntur, ut ne ad saxa quidem mortui 5 conquiescant. 30. Tanti malefici crimen, cui maleficio tam insigne supplicium est constitutum, probare te, Eruci, censes posse talibus viris, si ne causam quidem malefici protuleris ? Si hunc apud bonorum emptores ipsos accusares, eique iudicio Chrysogonus praeesset, tamen diligentius paratiusque 10 venisses. Utrum quid agatur non vides, an apud quos agatur ? Agitur de parricidio, quod sine multis causis suscipi non potest ; apud homines autem prudentissimos agitur, qui intellegunt neminem ne minimum quidem malefi- cium sine causa admittere, 15 No Opportunity to Commit the Crime. XXVII. 31. Esto : causam proferre non potes. Tametsi statim vicisse debeo, tamen de meo iure decedam, et tibi quod in alia causa non concederem in hac concedam, fretus huius innocentia. Non quaero abs te qua re patrem Sex. Roscius occiderit : quaero quo modo occiderit. Ita quaero 20 abs te, C. Eriici, quo modo ; et sic tecum agam, ut meo loco vel respondendi vel interpellandi tibi potestatem faciam, vel etiam, si quid voles, interrogandi. 32. Quo modo occidit t Ipse percussit, an aliis occiden- dum dedit ? Si ipsum arguis, Romae non fuit : si per alios 25 fecisse dicis, quaero servosne an liberos ? j-J/tvliberos, quos homines ? indidemne Ameria, an hosce ex urbe sicarios ? si Ameria, qui sunt hi ? cCir non nominatur ? si Roma, unde eos noverat Roscius, qui Romam multis annis non venit, neque umquam plus triduo fuit? ubi eos convenit? quicum 30 locutus est ? quo modo persuasit .'' ' Pretium dedit.' Cui dedit? per quem dedit? unde aut quantum dedit? Nonne 14 Orations of Cicero his vestigiis ad caput malefici perveniri solet? Et simul tibi in mentem veniat facito, quern ad modum vitam huiusce depinxeris : hunc hominem ferum atque agrestem fuisse; numquam cum homine quoquam conlocutum esse ; num- 5 quam in oppido constitisse. 33. Qua in re praetereo illud, quod mihi maximo argu- mento ad hiiius innocentiam poterat esse, in rusticis moribus, in victu arido, in hac horrida incultaque vita, istius modi maleficia gigni non solere. Ut non omnem frugem neque lo arborem in omni agro reperire possis, sic non omne facinus in omni vita nascitur. In urbe luxuries creatur ; ex luxuria exsistat avaritia necesse est, ex avaritia erumpat audacia; inde omnia scelera ac maleficia gignuntur. Vita autem haec rustica, quam tu agrestem vocas, parsimoniae, diligen- 15 tiae, iustitiae magistra est. No Agents Available. 34. Verum haec missa facio. Illud quaero, — is homo, qui, ut tute dicis, numquam inter homines fuerit, per quos homines hoc tantum facinus tam occulte, absens praesertim, conficere potuerit. Multa sunt falsa, iiidices, quae tamen 20 argui suspiciose possunt ; in his rebus si suspicio reperta erit, culpam inesse concedam. Romae Sex. Roscius occi- ditur, cum in agro Amerino esset filius. Litteras, credo, misit alicui sicario, qui Romae noverat neminem. 'Arces- sivit aliquem.' Quem aut quando ? ' Niintium misit.' 25 Quem aut ad quem .'* ' Pretio, gratia, spe, promissis indiixit aliquem.' Nihil horum ne confingi quidem potest, et tamen causa de parricidio dicitur ! If Committed by Slaves, — by whose Slaves? 35. Reliquum est ut per servos id admiserit. O di immortales ! rem miseram et calamitosam, quod in tali 30 crimine quod innocenti saloti solet esse, ut servos in Defence of Rose ins 15 quaestionem polliceatur, id Sex. Roscio facere non licet. Vos, qui hunc accCisatis, omnis eius servos habetis. Unus puer, victQs cotidiani minister, ex tanta familia Sex. Roscio relictus non est. Te nunc appello P. Scipio, te, Metelle. Vobis advocatis, vobis agentibus, aliquotiens duos servos 5 paternos in quaestionem ab adversariis Sex. Roscius postu- lavit. Meministisne T. Roscium recusare .'' Quid ? ei servi ubi sunt .'' Chrysogonum, iudices, sectantur : apud eum sunt in honore et pretio. Etiam nunc ut ex eis quaeratur ego postulo, hie orat atque obsecrat. Quid facitis ? cur 10 recusatis 1 Dubitate etiam nunc, iudices, si potestis, a quo sit Sex. Roscius occisus, — ab eone, qui propter illius mortem in egestate et in insidiis versatur, cui ne quaerendi quidem de morte patris potestas permittitur, an ab eis qui quaes- tionem fugitant, bona possident, in caede atque ex caede 15 vivunt. Sulla's Favorite, Chrysogonus, Implicated. XLIII. 36. Venio nunc ad illud nomen aureum [Cliryso- goni], sub quo nomine tota societas latuit : de quo, iudices, neque quo modo dicam neque quo modo taceam reperire possum. Si enim taceo, vel maximam partem relinquo ; 20 sin autem dico, vereor ne non ille solus, id quod ad me nihil attinet, sed alii quoque plures laesos se esse putent. Tametsi ita se res habet, ut mihi in communem causam sectorum dicendum nihil magno opere videatur ; haec enim causa nova profecto et singularis est. 25 He is the Purchaser of the Property. 37. Bonorum Sex. Rosci emptor est Chrysogonus. Primum hoc videamus : eius hominis bona qua ratione venierunt, aut quo modo venire potuerunt? Atque hoc non ita quaeram, iudices, ut id dicam esse indignum, homi- nis innocentis bona venisse ; si enim haec audientur ac 30 libere dicentur, non fuit tantus homo Sex. Roscius in civi- 1 6 Orations of Cicero tate, Lit de eo potissimum conqueramur. Verum [ego] hoc quaero : qui potuerunt ista ipsa lege, quae de proscriptione est, — sive Valeria est, sive Cornelia, non enim novi nee scio, — verum ista ipsa lege bona Sex. Rosci venire qui 5 potuerunt ? Scriptum enim ita dicunt esse, ut eoriun bona veneanf, qui proscripti sunt — quo in numero Sex. Roscius non est — aut eorum qui in adversaria nun praesidiis occisl sunt. Dum praesidia ulla fuerunt, in Siillae praesidiis fuit ; postea quam ab armis recessum est, in summo otio rediens lo a cena Romae occisus est. Si lege, bona quoque lege venisse fateor ; sin autem constat, contra omnis non modo veteres leges verum etiam novas occisum esse, bona- quo iure aut quo more aut qua lege venierint quaero. XLIV. 38. In quern hoc dicam quaeris, Eruci .? Non in 15 eum quern vis et putas ; nam SCillam et oratio mea ab initio et ipsius eximia virtus omni tempore purgavit. Ego haec omnia Chrysogonum fecisse dico, ut ementiretur, ut malum civem Roscium fuisse fingeret, ut eum apud adversaries occisum esse diceret, ut his de rebus a legatis Amerinorum 20 doceri L. Sullam passus non sit. Denique etiam illud sus- picor, omnino haec bona non venisse : id quod postea, si per vos, iudices, licitum erit, aperietur. The Sale by Proscription Illegal. 39. Opinor enim esse in lege, quam ad diem proscrip- tiones venditionesque fiant : [nimirum] Kalendas lunias. 25 Aliquot post mensis et homo occisus est, et bona venisse dicuntur. Profecto aut haec bona in tabulas publicas nCilla redierunt, nosque ab isto nebulone facetius eludimur quam putamus ; aut, si redierunt, tabulae publicae corruptae aliqua ratione sunt : nam lege quidem bona venire non potuisse 30 constat. Intellego me ante tempus, iudices, haec scrCitari, et prope modum errare, qui, cum capiti Sex. Rosci mederi debeam, reduviam curem. Non enim laborat de pecunia ; Defence of Roscius \J non lillius rationem sui commodi ducit ; facile egestatem suam se laturum putat, si hac indigna suspicione et ficto crimine liberatus sit. 40. Verum quaeso a vobis, iudices, ut haec pauca quae restant ita audiatis, ut partim me dicere pro me ipso putetis, 5 partim pro Sex. Roscio. Quae enim mihi indigna et intole- rabilia videntur, quaeque ad omnis, nisi providemus, arbitror pertinere, ea pro me ipso ex animi mei sensu ac dolore pro- nuntio ; quae ad huius vitae [casum] causam[que] perti- neant, et quid hie pro se dici velit, et qua condicione 10 contentus sit, iam in extrema oratione nostra, iudices, audietis. XLV. 41. Ego haec a Chrysogono, mea sponte, remoto Sex. Roscio, quaero : primum, qua re civis optimi bona venierint ; deinde, qua re hominis eius, qui iieque pro- scriptus neque apud adversaries occisus est, bona venierint, 15 cum in eos solos lex scripta sit ; deinde, qua re aliquanto post earn diem venierint, quae dies in lege praefinita est ; deinde, cur tantulo venierint. Quae omnia si, quem ad modum solent liberti nequam et improbi facere, in patronum suum voluerit conferre, nihil egerit : nemo est enim qui 20 nesciat propter magnitiidinem rerum multa multos fCirtim imprudente L. Sulla commisisse. Sulla not Responsible. 42. Placet igitur in his rebus aliquid impriidentia praeter- iri ? Non placet, itjdices, sed necesse est. Etenim si luppiter optimus maximus, cCiius nutii et arbitrio caelum 25 terra mariaque reguntur, saepe ventis vehementioribus aut immoderatis tempestatibus aut nimio calore aut intolerabili frigore hominibus nocuit, urbis delevit, fringes perdidit, quorum nihil pernicii causa divino consilio, sed vi ipsa et magnitudine rerum factum putamus ; at contra, commoda 30 quibus utimur lijcemque qua fruimur spiritumque quem diacimus ab eo nobis dari atque impertiri videmus, — quid i8 Oj^atiojis of Cicero miramur L. Sullam, cum solus rem publicam regeret, orbem- que terrarum gubernaret, imperique maiestatem quam armis Jupiter. receperat legibus confirmaret, aliqua animadvertere non potuisse ? Nisi hoc mirum est, quod vis divina adsequi 5 non possit, si id mens humana adepta non sit. Defence of Roscius 1 9 The Cause of the Nobility not Involved. 43. Vereor, iudices, ne quis imperitior existimet me cau- sam nobilitatis victoriamque voluisse laedere : tametsi meo iure possum, si quid in hac parte mihi non placeat, vitupe- rare ; non enim vereor ne quis alienum me animum habuisse a causa nobilitatis existimet. XLVII. Sciunt ei qui me 5 norunt, me pro mea tenui infirmaque parte, — postea quam id quod maxime volui fieri non potuit, ut componeretur, — id maxime defendisse, ut ei vincerent qui vicerunt. Quis enim erat, qui non videret humilitatem cum [dignitate de] amplitudine contendere ? Quo in certamine perditi civis 10 erat non se ad eos iungere, quibus incolumibus, et domi dignitas et foris auctoritas retineretur. Quae perfecta esse et suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum gaudeo, iudices, vehementerque laetor ; eaque omnia deorum voluntate, studio populi Romani, consilio et imperio et felicitate L. 15 Sullae, gesta esse intellego. 44. Quod animadversum est in eos qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere ; quod viris fortibus, quorum opera eximia in rebus gerendis exstitit, honos habitus est, laudo. Quae ut fierent, idcirco pugnatum 20 esse arbitror, meque in eo studio partium fuisse confiteor. Sin autem id actum est, et idcirco arma sumpta sunt, ut homines postremi pecOniis alienis locupletarentur, et in fortunas uniuscCiiusque impetum facerent, et id non modo re prohibere non licet, sed ne verbis quidem vituperare, tum 25 vero in isto bello non recreatus neque restitiitus, sed subactus oppressusque populus Romanus est. Verum longe aliter est; nihil horum est, iiidices : non modo non laedetur causa nobi- litatis, si istis hominibus resistetis, verum etiam ornabitur. Chrysogonus' Cause not that of the Nobility. XLVIir. 45. Quapropter desinant aliquando dicere male 30 aliquem locutum esse, si qui vere ac libere locutus sit; 20 Oratio7is of Cice^v desinant suam causam cum Chrysogono communicare ; desinant, si ille laesus sit, de se aliquid detractum arbitrari; videant ne turpe miserumque sit eos, qui equestrem splendo- rem pati non potuerunt, servi nequissimi dominationem ferre 5 posse. Quae quidem dominatio, iudices, in aliis rebus antea versabatur ; nunc vero quam viam miinitet, quod iter adfec- tet videtis, — ad fidem, ad iusiurandum, ad iiidicia vestra, ad id, quod solum prope in civitate sincerum sanctumque restat. Hicine etiam sese putat aliquid posse Chrysogonus ? 10 Hie etiam potens esse volt ? O rem miseram atque acer- bam ! Neque, mehercules, hoc indigne fero, quod verear ne quid possit ; verum quod ausus est, quod speravit sese apud talis viros aliquid posse ad perniciem innocentis, id ipsum queror. 15 XLIX. 46. Idcircone exspectata nobilitas armis atque ferro rem piiblicam reciperavit, ut ad libidinem suam liberti servolique nobilium bona, fortunas possessioneso^Me nostras vexare possent .? Si id actum est, fateor me errasse qui hoc maluerim ; fateor insanisse qui cum illis senserim. Tametsi 20 inermis, iudices, sen si. Sin autem victoria nobilium orna- mento atque emolumento rei piiblicae populoque Romano debet esse, tum vero optimo et nobilissimo cuique meam orationem gratissimam esse oportet. Quod si quis est qui et se et causam laedi putet cum Chrysogonus vituperetur, 25 is causam ignorat ; se ipsum probe novit. Causa enim splendidior fiet, si nequissimo cuique resistetur. Ille impro- bissimus Chrysogoni fautor, qui sibi cum illo rationem com- municatam putat, laeditur, cum ab hoc splendore causae separatur. The Attack on Chrysogonus is Cicero's : Roscius Asks only for Life. 30 47. Verum haec omnis oratio, ut iam ante dixi, mea est, qua me uti res publica et dolor meus et istorum iniuria coegit. Sex. Roscius horum nihil indignum putat, neminem Defence of Roschts 21 accusat, nihil de suo patrimonio queritur. Putat homo impeiitus morum, agricola et rusticiis, ista omnia, quae vos per Siillam gesta esse dicitis, more, lege, iure gentium facta. Culpa liberatus et crimine nefario solutus, cupit a vobis dis- cedere. SI hac indlgna suspicione careat, animo aequo se 5 carere suis omnibus commodis dicit. Rogat oratque te, Chrysogone, si nihil de patris fortunis amplissimis in suam rem convertit, si nulla in re te fraudavit, si tibi optima lide sua omnia concessit, adnumeravit, appendit, si vestitum quo ipse tectus erat, anulumque de digito suum tibi tradidit, si 10 ex omnibus rebus se ipsum nudum neque praeterea quic- quam excepit, ut sibi per te liceat innocenti amicorum opi- bus vitam in egestate degere. L. 48. ' Praedia mea tii possides, ego aliena misericordia vivo : concede, et quod animus aequus est, et quia necesse est. Mea domus tibi 15 patet, mihi clausa est : fero. Familia mea maxima tu uteris, ego servum habeo niillum : patior et ferendum puto. Quid vis amplius ? Quid insequeris ? Quid oppugnas ? Qua in re tuam voluntatem laedi a me putas .'' Ubi tuis commodis officio 1 Quid tibi obsto .'' ' Si spoliorum causa vis hominem 20 occidere, quid quaeris amplius.^ Si inimicitiarum, quae sunt tibi inimicitiae cum eo, cuius ante praedia possedisti quam ipsum cognovisti ? Si metus, ab eone aliquid metuis, quem vides ipsum ab se tam atrocem iniiiriam propulsare non posse ? Sin quod bona quae Rosci fuerunt tua facta sunt, 25 idcirco hunc illius filium studes perdere, nonne ostendis id te vereri, quod praeter ceteros tu metuere non debeas, ne quando liberis proscriptorum bona patria reddantur ? Pretended Appeal to Chrysogonus for Mercy. 49. Facis iniuriam, Chrysogone, si maiorem spem emp- tionis tuae in huius exitio ponis, quam in eis rebus quas L. 30 Sulla gessit. Quod si tibi causa niilla est cur hunc miserum tanta calamitate adfici velis, si tibi omnia sua praeter ani- 22 Orations of Cicero mam tradidit, nee sibi quicquam paternum ne monument! quidem causa clam reservavit, per deos immortalis, quae ista tanta crudelitas est ? Quae tarn fera immanisque natura ? Quis umquam praedo fuit tam nefarius, quis pirata 5 tam barbarus, ut, cum integram praedam sine sanguine habere posset, cruenta spolia detrahere mallet ? 50. Scis hunc nihil habere, nihil audere, nihil posse, nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ; et tamen oppugnas eum quem neque metuere potes, neque odisse debes, nee quicquam 10 iam habere reliqui vides quod ei detrahere possis. Nisi hoc indignum putas, quod vestitum sedere in iudicio vides, quem tu e patrimonio tamquam e naufragio nudum expulisti ; quasi vero nescias hunc et ali et vestiri a Caecilia, [Baliarici filia, Nepotis sorore,] spectatissima femina, quae cum cla- 15 rissimum patrem, amplissimos patruos, ornatissimum fratrem haberet, tamen, cum esset mulier, virtute perfecit ut, quanto honore ipsa ex illorum dignitate adficeretur, non minora illis ornamenta ex sua laude redderet. Powerful Friends of the Defendant. LI. 51. An quod diligenter defenditur, id tibi indignum 20 facinus videtur ? Mihi crede, si pro patris huius hospitiis et gratia vellent omnes huius hospites adesse, et auderent libere defendere, satis copiose defenderetur ; sin autem pro magnitndine iniiiriae, proque eo quod summa res piiblica in huius periculo temptatur, haec omnes vindicarent, con- 25 sistere mehercule vobis isto in loco non liceret. Nunc ita defenditur, non sane ut moleste ferre adversarii debeant, neque ut se potentia superari putent 52. Quae domi ge- renda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur ; fori iudicique rationem M. Messala, ut videtis, iudices, suscepit. Qui, si 30 iam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret : quoniam ad dicendum impediment© est aetas et pudor qui ornat aetatem, causam mihi tradidit, quem sua Defence of Rosciiis 23 causa cupere ac debere intellegebat ; ipse adsiduitate, con- silio, auctoritate, diligentia perfecit, ut Sex. Rosci vita, erepta de manibus sectorum, sententiis iudicum permit- teretur. Nimirum, iudices, pro hac nobilitate pars maxima civitatis in armis fuit ; haec acta res est, ut el nobiles resti- 5 tuerentur in civitatem, qui hoc facerent quod facere Mes- salam videtis, — qui caput innocentis defenderent, qui iniiiriae resisterent, qui quantum possent in salute alterius quam in exitio mallent ostendere; quod si omnes qui eodem loco nati sunt facerent, et res piiblica ex illis et ipsi ex 10 invidia minus laborarent. Appeal to the Court against Chrysogonus. LII. 53. Verum si a Chrysogono, iudices, non impetra- mus, ut pecCmia nostra contentus sit, vitam ne petat, — si ille adduci non potest, ut, cum ademerit nobis omnia quae nostra erant propria, ne lucem quoque banc, quae communis 1 5 est, eripere cupiat, — si non satis habet avaritiam suam pecunia explere, nisi etiam crCidelitati sanguis praebitus sit, — iinum perfugium, iudices, una spes reliqua est Sex. Roscio, eadem quae rei pCiblicae, vestra pristina bonitas et misericordia. Quae si manet, salvi etiam nunc esse 20 possumus ; sin ea criidelitas, quae hoc tempore in re publica versata est, vestros quoque animos — id quod fieri profecto non potest — duriores acerbioresque reddidit, actum est, iudices : inter feras satius est aetatem degere, quam in hac tanta immanitate versari. 54. Ad eamne rem vos reservati 25 estis, ad eamne rem delecti, ut eos condemnaretis, quos sectores ac sicarii iugulare non potuissent .'' Solent hoc boni imperatores facere, cum proelium committunt, ut in eo loco quo fugam hostium fore arbitrentur milites conlocent, in quos, si qui ex acie fugerint, de improviso incidant. 30 Nimirum similiter arbitrantur isti bonorum emptores, — vos hie, talis viros, sedere, qui excipiatis eos qui de suis manibus 24 Orations of Cicero effugerint. Di prohibeant, iudices, ut hoc, quod maiores consilium publicum vocari voluerunt, praesidium sectorum existimetur. Real Danger to Roscius Comes from Greed of Dominant Party. 55. An vero, iudices, vos non intellegitis nihil aliud agi 5 nisi ut proscriptorum liberi quavis ratione tollantur, et eius rei initium in vestro iureiurando atque in Sex. Rosci periculo quaeri ? Dubiumne est ad quem maleficium pertineat, cum videatis ex altera parte sectorem, inimicum, sicarium eun- demque accusatorem hoc tempore ; ex altera parte egentem, lo probatum suis filium, in quo non modo culpa nulla, sed ne suspicio quidem potuit consistere ? LI 1 1. 56. Numquid huic aliud videtis obstare [Roscio], nisi quod patris bona venierunt ? Quodsi id vos suscipitis, et earn ad rem operam vestram profitemini, si idcirco sedetis, ut ad vos adducantur 15 eorum liberi quorum bona venierunt, cavete, per deos immortalis, iudices, ne nova et multo crudelior per vos pro- scriptio instaurata esse videatur. Illam priorem, quae facta est in eos qui arma capere potuerunt, tamen senatus susci- pere noluit, ne quid acrius quam more maiorum comparatum 20 esset publico consilio factum videretur. Hanc vero, quae ad eorum liberos atque ad infantium puerorum incOnabula pertinet, nisi hoc iudicio a vobis reicitis et aspernamini, videte, per deos immortalis, quem in locum rem publicam perventuram putetis. The Court Implored to Rescue him. 25 57. Homines sapientes et ista auctoritate et potestate praeditos, qua vos estis, ex quibus rebus maxime res publica laborat, eis maxime mederi convenit. Vestrum nemo est quin intellegat populum Romanum, qui quondam in hostis lenissimus existimabatur, hoc tempore domestica 30 crudelitate laborare. Hanc tollite ex civitate, iudices. Defence of Roscius 25 Hanc pati nolite diutius in hac re publica versari. Quae non modo id habet in se mali, quod tot civis atrocissime sustulit, verum etiam hominibus lenissimis ademit miseri- cordiam consuetiidine incommodorum. Nam cum omnibus horis aliquid atrociter fieri videmus aut audimus, etiam qui natura mitissimi sumus, adsiduitate molestiarum sensum omnem hiimanitatis ex animis amittimus. IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES. {In C. Ver?'em.) B.C. 70. Caius Verres, a man of noble birth, but notorious for his crimes and exactions in the civil war and in the offices he had held since, was city praetor {praetor tirbantis) B.C. 74. At the close of his term of office, he went, in accordance with the law, as propraetor, to govern the province of Sicily. By reason of the disturbed condition of Italy, from the revolt of Spartacus, he was not relieved at the end of a year, as the law required, but continued two years longer in the gov- ernment of the province, when he was succeeded by Lucius Caecilius Metellus. During these three years he was guilty of the most abom- inable oppressions and exactions ; and the Sicilians, as soon as they were relieved of his presence, brought suit against him in the court of Repetundae (that for the trial of cases of Extortion), then presided over by the prsetor Manius Acilius Glabrio. To conduct the prosecution they had recourse to Cicero, who already stood high among Roman advocates, and who was personally known and trusted by the Sicilians on account of his honorable administration of the quasstorship in their island in B.C. 77. Cicero willingly took charge of the case, the more so 26 ImpeacJiment of Venues 2/ as the counsel for Verres was Hortensius, the leading lawyer of the time, against whom he was eager to measure his strength. Although the cruelty and rapacity of Verres were notorious, yet his relations to the Roman nobility insured him the same kind of support at home which recently, under somewhat similar circumstances, was afforded to Governor Eyre in England, on his return from Jamaica : not only Hortensius, but Curio, a man of excellent reputation, with members of the eminent families of Scipio and Metellus, stood firmly by him. The only hope of Verres lay in preventing a fair and speedy trial. First he tried to obtain a prosecutor who should be in collusion with him, and would not push him too hard. For this purpose one Ca^cilius was put forward, an insignificant person, but a native of Sicily. Cicero's first speech in the case (/;/ Q. Caecilhmi) was therefore a pre- liminary argument before the praetor Glabrio in person, to show that he, rather than Caecilius, should be allowed to conduct the case. This it was not hard to do, and he set out at once for Sicily to collect evidence, for which purpose he was allowed one hundred and ten days. To consume time the opposition had planned to bring before the same court a trumped-up action against another provincial governor which should have precedence of the trial of Verres. To this end they had procured for the prosecutor in the rival suit an allowance of one hundred and eight days for collecting evidence in Achaia — or two days less than the time which Cicero was expected to need. This intrigue was foiled by Cicero's industry and skill. He used not quite half of the time allowed him, arriving in Rome, with ample evidence, not only before the prosecutor in the rival case was ready, but even before the latter had left Italy on his pretended tour of investigation. The trial of Verres was now fixed for Aug. 5, B.C. 70 (consulship of Pompey and Crassus). Meantime (in the latter part of July) the elections were held for the next year. As was the custom in Rome, these occurred several months before the newly elected magistrates were to enter upon their offices. The successful candidates, under the title of designati, enjoyed a dignity almost equal to that of the actual magistrates, although with no real power (see ch. ix.). In these elections Cicero was designated aedile ; but his rival Hortensius was chosen consul, with Quintus Metellus Creticus, Verres' fast friend, as his colleague. More than this, Marcus Metellus, brother of Quintus, was chosen praetor, and the lot fell to him to preside the next year in the court of Repetimdae. If now the trial could be put over till the next year, when Hortensius and the two Metelli would be in the three most influential positions in the 28 Orations of Cicero State, Verres felt quite sure of getting clear. Neither did it seem as if this would be very hard to bring about ; for the last six months of the Roman year were so full of festivals and other days on which the court could not sit, that the case would be liable to constant inter- ruptions and delays. The postponement would have disappointed Cicero sorely, for, by good luck in drawing the names, and sagacity in chal- lenging, he had a jury that he could trust, and he was not willing to run the risk of a change. Under these circumstances Cicero made the second speech of the Verrine group — that which is known as the Actio Prima (included in the present edition, pp. 28-47 below). In this oration he declared his intention of departing from the usual course of procedure in order to push the trial through before the New Year. It was customary for the prosecutor, after opening the case (as in the present speech), to present his proofs and arguments in a long connected oration (or a series of orations) ; there followed a reply from the defendant's coun- sel, and then the witnesses were introduced. Cicero, omitting the long statement just described, proceeded to bring forward his witnesses immediately. Since the only hope of the defence lay in putting off the trial, Cicero's promptitude was decisive : Hortensius soon threw up his case, and Verres went into exile, with a name forever associated with extortion and misgovernment. Full restitution of the plunder was, however, not obtained : a compromise was made, by which a less sum was paid in satisfaction of the claims. The five speeches known as the " Accusation " proper {Actio Seciinda) were never delivered, but were wiitten out and published in order to put on record the facts which Cicero had gathered with so much pains, and to give a specimen of his powers in the way of forensic composition. The Senatorial Jurors have a Chance to Retrieve their Reputation. QUOD erat optandum maxime, iudices, et quod Cinum ad invidiam vestri ordinis infamiamque ifidiciorum sedandam maxime pertinebat, id non humano consilio, sed prope divinitus datum atque oblatum vobis summo rei 5 pCiblicae tempore videtur. Inveteravit enim iam opinio perniciosa re! piiblicae, vobisque periculosa, quae non modo apud populum Romanum, sed etiam apud exteras nationes, omnium sermone percrebruit : his iudiciis quae Impeachment of Verves 29 nunc sunt, pecuniosum hominem, quamvis sit nocens, neminem posse damnari, 2. Nunc, in ipso discrimine ordinis iudiciorumque vestrorum, cum sint parati qui con- tionibus et legibus banc invidiam senatus inflammare conentur, [reus] in iudicium adductus est [C. Verres], 5 homo vita atque factis omnium iam opinione damnatus, pecuniae magnitudine sua spe et praedicatione absolutus. Huic ego causae, iiidices, cum summa voluntate et exspectatione populi Romani, actor accessi, non ut augerem invidiam drdinis, sed ut infamiae communi succurrerem. 10 Adduxi enim hominem, in quo reconciliare existimationem iudiciorum amissam, redire in gratiam cum populo Romano, satis facere exteris nationibus, possetis ; depeculatorem aerari, vexatorem Asiae atque Pamphylic^e, praedonem iuris urbani, labem atque perniciem provinciae Siciliae. 3. De 15 quo si vos vere ac religiose iiidicaveritis, auctoritas ea, quae in vobis remanere debet, haerebit; sin istius ingentes divitiae iudiciorum rehgionem veritatemque perfregerint, ego hoc tamen adsequar, ut iudicium potius rei piiblicae, quam aut reus iudicibus, aut accusator reo, defuisse videatur. 20 Bribery the Defendant's Only Hope. II. Equidem, ut de me confitear, iiidices, cum multae mihi a C. Verre insidiae terra marique factae sint, quas partim mea diligentia devitarim, partim amicorum studio officioque repulerim ; numquam tamen neque tantum peri- culum mihi adire visus sum, neque tanto opere pertimui, 25 ut nunc in ipso iudicio. 4. Neque tantum me exspec- tatio accusationis meae, concursusque tantae multitudinis (quibus ego rebus vehementissime perturbor) commovet, quantum istius insidiae nefariae, quas uno tempore mihi, vobis, M'. Glabrioni, populo Romano, sociis, exteris nati- 30 onibus, ordini, nomini denique senatorio, facere conatur : qui ita dictitat, eis esse metuendum, qui quod ipsis solis 30 Oratio7is of Cicero satis esset surripuissent ; se tantum eripuisse, ut id multis satis esse possit ; nihil esse tarn sanctum quod non violari, nihil tarn miinitum quod non expugnari peciinia possit. His Designs Patent. 5. Quod si quam audax est ad conandum, tarn esset 5 obscurus in agendo, fortasse aliqua in re nos aliquando fefellisset. Verum hoc adhiic percommode cadit, quod cum incredibili eius audacia singularis stultitia coniimcta est. Nam, ut apertus in corripiendis pecuniis fuit, sic in spe corrumpendi iiidici, perspicua sua consilia conatusque 10 omnibus fecit. Semel, ait, se in vita pertimuisse, turn cum primum a me reus factus sit ; quod, cum e provincia recens esset, invidiaque et infamia non recenti, sed vetere ac diiiturna fiagraret, tum, ad indicium corrumpendum, tempus alienum offenderet. 6. Itaque, cum ego diem in Siciliam 15 inquirendi perexiguam postulavissem, invenit iste, qui sibi in Achaiam biduo breviorem diem postularet, — non ut is idem conficeret diligentia et industria sua quod ego meo labore et vigiliis consecutus sum, etenim ille Achaicus inquisitor ne Brundisium quidem pervenit ; ego Siciliam 20 totam quinquaginta diebus sic obii, ut omnium populorum privatorumque literas iniuriasque cognoscerem ; ut perspi- cuum cuivis esse posset, hominem ab isto quaesitum esse, non qui reum suum adduceret, sed qui meum tempus obsideret. He is Intriguing for Postponement. 25 III. 7. Nunc homo audacissimus atque amentissimus hoc cogitat. Intellegit me ita paratum atque instructum in iudicium venire, ut non modo in auribus vestris, sed in oculis omnium, sua furta atque flagitia defixurus sim. Videt senatores multos esse testis audaciae suae-; videt 30 multos equites Romanes frequentis praeterea civis atque socios, quibus ipse insignis iniurias fecerit. Videt etiam ImpeacJimcnt of Verres 3 1 tot tarn gravis ab amicissimis civitatibus legationes, cum publicis auctoritatibus convenisse. 8. Quae cum ita sint, usque eo de omnibus bonis male existimat, usque eo senatoria iudicia perdita profligataque esse arbitratur, ut hoc palam dictitet, non sine causa se cupidum peciiniae 5 fuisse, quoniam in peciinia tantum praesidium experiatur esse : sese (id quod difficillimum fuerit) tempus ipsum emisse iudici sui, quo cetera facilius emere postea posset ; ut, quoniam criminum vim subterfugere nuUo modo poterat, procellam temporis devitaret. 10 But the Court is Incorruptible. 9. Quod si non modo in causa, verum in aliquo honesto praesidio, aut in aliciiius eloquentia aut gratia, spem ali- quam conlocasset, profecto non haec omnia conligeret atque aucuparetur ; non usque eo despiceret contemneretque ordi- nem senatorium, ut arbitrate eius deligeretur ex senatu, qui 15 reus fieret ; qui, dum hie quae opus essent compararet, causam interea ante eum diceret. 10. Quibus ego rebus quid iste speret et quo animum intendat, facile perspicio. Quam ob rem vero se confidat aliquid perficere posse, hoc praetore, et hoc consilio, intellegere non possum. Unum 20 illud intellego (quod populus Romanus in reiectione iudi- cum iudicavit), ea spe istum fuisse praeditum ut omnem rationem salutis in peciinia constitueret ; hoc erepto prae- sidio, ut niillam sibi rem adiumento fore arbitraretur. Earlier Crimes of Verres. IV. Etenim quod est ingenium tantum, quae tanta 25 facultas dicendi aut copia, quae istius vitam, tot vitiis flagitiisque convictam, iampridem omnium voluntate iiidi- cioque damnatam, aliqua ex parte possit defendere t 11. Ciiius ut adulescentiae maculas ignominiasque prae- teream, quaestiira [primus gradus honoris] quid aliud 30 32 Orations of Cicero habet in se, nisi [Cn. Carbonem spoliatum] a quaest5re suo pecunia publica nudatum et proditum consulem ? desertum exercitum ? relictam provinciam ? sortis neces- situdinem religionemque violatam ? Cuius legatio exitium 5 fuit Asiae totius et Pamphyliae : quibus in provinciis multas domos, plurimas urbis, omnia fana depopulatus est, turn cum [in Cn. Dolabellam] suum scelus illud pris- tinum renovavit et instauravit quaestorium ; cum eum, cui et legatus et pro quaestore fuisset, et in invidiam suis lo maleficiis addiixit, et in ipsis periculls non solum deseruit, sed etiam oppiignavit ac prodidit. 12. Cuius praetura urbana aedium sacrarum fuit publicorumque operum depo- pulatio ; simul in iure dicundo, bonorum possessionumque, contra omnium institiita, addictio et condonatio. His Reckless Career in Sicily. 15 lam vero omnium vitiorum suorum plurima et maxima constituit monumenta et indicia in provincia Sicilia ; quam iste per triennium ita vexavit ac perdidit ut ea restitui in antiquum statum niillo modo possit ; vix autem per multos annos, innocentisque praetores, aliqua ex parte recreari 20 aliquando posse videatur. 13. Hoc praetore, Siculi neque suas leges, neque nostra senatus-consulta, neque communia iura tenuerunt. Tantum quisque habet in Sicilia, quantum hominis avarissimi et libidinosissimi aut imprudentiam sub- terfugit, aut satietati superfuit. 25 Y. Nulla res per triennium, nisi ad niitum istius, iudi- cata est : nulla res cuiusquam tam patria atque avita fuit, quae non ab eo, imperio istius, abiudicaretur. Innumera- biles pecuniae ex aratorum bonis novo nefarioque institute coactae ; socii fidelissimi in hostium numero existimati ; 30 cives Romani servilem in modum cruciati et necati ; homi- nes nocentissimi propter pecunias iudicio liberati ; hones- tissimi atque integerrimi, absentes rei facti, indicta causa Impeachment of Verves 33 damnati et eiecti ; portus munitissimi, maximae tutissimae- que urbes piratis praedonibusque patefactae ; nautae mili- tesque Siculorum, socii nostrl atque amici, fame necati ; classes optimae atque opportiinissimae, cum magna igno- minia populi Roman!, amissae et perditae. 14. Idem iste 5 praetor monumenta antiquissima, partim regum locupletis- simorum, quae illi ornamento urbibus esse voluerunt, partim etiam nostrorum imperatorum, quae victores civitatibus Siculis aut dederunt aut reddiderunt, spoliavit, niidavitque omnia. Neque hoc solum in statuis ornamentlsque publicis 10 fecit; sed etiam delubra omnia, sanctissimis religionibus consecrata, depeculatus est. Deum denique nullum Siculis, qui ei paulo magis adfabre atque antique artificio factus videretur, reliquit. In stupris vero et flagitiis, nefarias eius libidines commemorare pudore deterreor : simul iilorum cala- 15 mitatem commemorando augere nolo, quibus liberos coniu- gesque suas integras ab istius petulantia conservare non licitum est. His Guilt is Notorious. 15. At enim haec ita commissa sunt ab isto, ut non cog- nita sint ab hominibus ? Hominem arbitror esse neminem, 20 qui nomen istius audierit, quin facta quoque eius nefaria commemorare possit ; ut mihi magis timendum sit, ne multa crimina praetermittere, quam ne qua in istum fingere, exis- timer. Neque enim mihi videtur haec multitude, quae ad audiendum convenit, cognoscere ex me causam voluisse, sed 25 ea, quae scit, mecum recognoscere. Hence he Trusts in Bribery Alone. VI. Quae cum ita sint, iste homo amens ac perditus alia mecum ratione piignat. Non id agit, ut alicuius eloquentiam mihi opponat ; non gratia, non auctoritate ciiiusquam, non potentia nititur. Simulat his se rebus confidere, sed video 30 quid agat (neque enim agit occultissime) : proponit inania 34 O rat to f IS of Cicero mihi nobilitatis, hoc est, hominum adrogantium, nomina ; qui non tarn me impediunt quod nobiles sunt, quam adiuvant quod noti sunt. Simulat se eorum praesidio confidere, cum interea aliud quiddam iam diu machinetur. Previous Attempts at Bribery. 5 16. Quam spem nunc habeat in manibus, et quid moliatur, breviter iam, iudices, vobis exponam : sed prius, ut ab initio res ab eo constituta sit, quaeso, cognoscite. Ut primum e provincia rediit, redemptio est huius iudici facta grand! pecunia. Man sit in condicione atque pacto usque ad eum 10 finem, dum iudices reiecti sunt. Postea quam reiectio iudi- cum facta est — quod et in sortitione istius spem fortuna populi Romani, et in reiciendis iudicibus mea diligentia, istorum impudentiam vicerat — renuntiata est tota condicio. 17. Praeclare se res habebat. Libelli nominum vestrorum, 15 consilique huius, in manibus erant omnium. Nulla nota, nullus color, nullae sordes videbantur his sententiis adlini posse : cum iste repente, ex alacri atque laeto, sic erat humilis atque demissus, ut non modo populo Romano, sed etiam sibi ipse, condemnatus videretur. The Election Gives him Fresh Courage. 20 Ecce autem repente, his diebus paucis comitiis consularibus factis, eadem ilia vetera consilia pecunia maiore repetuntur ; eaedemque vestrae famae fortunisque omnium insidiae per eosdem homines comparantur. Quae res primo, iCidices, pertenui nobis argumento indicioque patefacta est : post, 25 aperto suspicionis introitu, ad omnia intima istorum consilia sine ullo errore pervenimus. VII. 18. Nam, ut Hortensius, consul designatus, domum reducebatur e Campo, cum maxima frequentia ac multitudine fit obviam casu ei multitudini C. Curio ; quem ego hominem 30 honoris [potius quam contumeliae] causa nominatum volo. ImpeacJnnent of Verves 35 Etenim ea dicam, quae ille, si commemorarl noluisset, non tanto in conventu, tarn aperte palamqiie dixisset : quae tamen a me pedetentim cauteque dicentur ; ut et amicitiae nostrae et dignitatis illius habita ratio esse intellegatur. 19. Videt ad ipsum fornicem Fabianum in turba Verrem : 5 appellat hominem, et ei voce maxima gratulatur : ipsi Hor- tensio, qui consul erat factus, propinquis necessariisque eius, qui tum aderant, verbum nullum facit : cum hoc consistit ; hunc amplexatur; hunc iubet sine cura esse. ' Renuntio,' inquit, ' tibi, te hodiernis comitiis esse absoliitum.' Quod 10 cum tam multi homines honestissimi audissent, statim ad me defertur: immo vero, ut quisque me viderat, narrabat. Aliis illud indignum, aliis ridiculum, videbatur : ridiculum eis qui istius causam in testium fide, in criminum ratione, in iudicum potestate, non in comitiis consularibus, positam 15 arbitrabantur : indignum eis, qui altius aspiciebant, et hanc gratulationem ad iiidicium corrumpendum spectare vide- bant. 20. Etenim sic ratiocinabantur, sic honestissimi homi- nes inter se et mecum loquebantur : aperte iam et perspicue nulla esse indicia. Qui reus pridie iam ipse se condemna- 20 tum putabat, is, postea quam defensor eius consul est factus, absolvitur! Quid igitur? quod tota Sicilia, quod omnes Siculi, omnes negotiatores, omnes publicae privataeque lit- terae Romae sunt, nihilne id valebit? nihil, invito consule designate ! Quid } indices non crimina, non testis, non 25 existimationem populi Romani sequentur ? Non : omnia in tinius potestate ac moderatione vertentur. His Friend Metellus is to be Judge Next Year. VIII, Vere loquar, indices: vehementer me haec res commovebat. Optimus enim quisque ita loquebatur : iste quidem tibi eripietur : sed nos non tenebimus iiidicia diutius. 30 Etenim quis poterit, Verre absolute, de transferendis iiidi- ciis recusare ? 21. Erat omnibus molestum : neque eos tam 36 Orations of Cicero istius hominis perditi subita laetitia, quam hominis amplis- simi nova gratulatic3, commovebat. Cupiebam dissimulare me id moleste ferre : cupiebam animi dolorein vultu tegere, et taciturnitate celare. Ecce autem, illis ipsis diebus, cum 5 praetores designati sortirentur, et M. Metello obtigisset, ut is de pecunils repetundis quaereret, nuntiatur mihi tantam isti gratulationem esse factam, ut is domum quoque pueros mit- teret, qui uxori suae nuntiarent. Attempt to Defeat Cicero's Election as ^dile. 22. Sane ne haec quidem mihi res placebat: neque fa?ne?i, 10 tanto opere quid in hac sorte metuendum mihi esset, intel- legebam. Unum illud ex hominibus certis, ex quibus omnia comperi, reperiebam : fiscos compliirls cum pecunia Sicili- ensi, a quodam senatore ad equitem Romanum esse trans- lates : ex his quasi decem fiscos ad senatorem ilium relictos 15 esse, comitiorum meorum nomine : divisores omnium tribuum nocta ad istum vocatos. 23. Ex quibus quidam, qui se omnia mea causa debere arbitrabatur, eadem ilia nocte ad me venit : demonstrat, qua iste oratione Gsus esset : commemorasse istum, quam liberaliter eos tractasset [etiam] antea, cum 20 ipse praeturam petisset, et proximis consularibus praetori- isque comitiis : deinde continue esse pollicitum, quantam vellent peciiniam, si me aedilitate deiecissent. Hie alios negasse audere ; alios respondisse, non putare id perfici posse : inventum tamen esse fortem amicum, ex eadem fami- 25 lia, Q. Verrem, Romilia, ex optima divisorum disciplina, patris istius discipulum atque amicum, qui, HS quingentis milibus depositis, id se perfectiirum polliceretur : et fuisse tum non ntrllos, qui se Ona facturos esse dicerent. Quae cum ita essent, sane benevolo animo me, ut magno opere 30 caverem praemonebat. InipeacJwient of V^erres 37 Cicero Made Anxious, but Finally Elected. IX. 24. Sollicitabar rebus maximis uno atque eo per- exiguo tempore. Urgebant comitia ; et in his ipsis oppCig- nabar grandi peciinia. Instabat iudicium : el quoque negotio fisci Sicilienses minabantur. Agere quae ad iudicium perti- nebant libere, comitiorum metii deterrebar : petition! toto 5 animo servire, propter iudicium non licebat. Minari denique divisoribus ratio non erat, propterea quod eos intellegere videbam me hoc iudicio districtum atque obligatum futurum. 25. Atque hoc ipso tempore Siculis denuntiatum esse audio, primum ab Hortensio, domum ad ilium ut venirent : Siculos jo in eo sane liberos fuisse ; qui nuam ob rem arcesserentur cum intellegerent, non venisse. Interea comitia nostra, quo- rum iste se, ut ceterorum hoc anno comitiorum, dominum esse arbitrabatur, haberi coepta sunt. Cursare iste homo potens, cum filio blando et gratioso, circum tribiis : paternos 15 amicos, hoc est divisores, appellare omnes et convenire. Quod cum esset intellectum et animadversum, fecit animo libentissimo populus Romanus, ut cuius divitiae me de fide deducere non potuissent, ne eiusdem pecunia de honore deicerer. 20 Consuls Elect Intrigue for Postponement. 26. Postea quam ilia petitionis magna cura liberatus sum, animo coepi multo magis vacuo ac solfito, nihil aliud nisi de iudicio agere et cogitare. Reperio, iudices, haec ab istis consilia inita et constitiita, ut, quacumque posset ratione, res ita diiceretur, ut apud M. Metellum praetorem causa 25 diceretur. In eo esse haec commoda : primum M. Metellum amicissimum ; deinde Hortensium consulem non * [solum, sed] etiam Q. Metellum, qui quam isti sit amicus attendite : dedit enim praerogativam suae voluntatis eius modi, ut isti pro praerogativis earn reddidisse videatur. 30 38 O ratio) IS of Cicero 27. An me taciturum tantis de rebus existimavistis ? et me, in tanto rei publicae existimationisque meae periculo, cuiquam consulturum potius quam officio et dignitati meae ? Arcessit alter consul designatus Siculos : veniunt non nulli, 5 propterea quod L. Metellus esset praetor in Sicilia, Cum iis ita loquitur : se consulem esse ; fratrem suum alterum Siciliam provinciam obtinere, alterum esse quaesiturum de pecuniis repetundis ; Verri ne noceri possit multis rationibus esse provisum. 10 X. 28. Quid est, quaeso, Metelle, iiidicium corrumpere, si hoc non est 1 testis, praesertim [Siculos], timidos homines et adflictos, non solum auctoritate deterrere, sed etiam con- sulari metfi, et duorum praetorum potestate ? Quid faceres pro innocente homine et propinquo, cum propter hominem 15 perditissimum atque alienissimum de officio ac dignitate decedis, et committis, ut, quod ille dictitat, alicui, qui te ignoret, verum esse videatur ? Next Year a more Pliable Court. 29. Nam hoc Verrem dicere aiebant, te non fato, ut cete- ros ex vestra familia, sed opera sua consulem factum. Duo 20 igitur consules et quaesitor erunt ex illius voluntate. ' Non solum effugiemus ' inquit ' hominem in quaerendo nimium diligentem, nimium servientem populi existimationi, M'. Glabrionem : accedet etiam nobis illud. ICidex est M. Caesonius, conlega nostri acciisatoris, homo in rebus iiidi- 25 candis spectatus et cognitus, quem minime expediat esse in eo consilio quod conemur aliqua ratione corrumpere : propterea quod iam antea, cum iudex in ICmiano consilio fuisset, turpissimum illud facinus non solum graviter tulit, sed etiam in medium protulit. Hunc iudicem ex Kal. 30 lanuariis non habebimus. 30. Q. Manlium, et Q. Corni- ficium, duos severissimos atque integerrimos iudices, quod tribuni plebis tum erunt, iudices non habebimus. P. Sulpi- Impeachment of Vej'res 39 cius, iudex tristis et integer, magistratum ineat oportet Nonis Decembribus. M. Crepereius, ex acerrima ilia equestri fami- lia et disciplina ; L. Cassius ex familia cum ad ceteras res turn ad iudicandum severissima ; Cn. Tremellius, homo summa religione et diligentia, — tres hi, homines veteres, 5 tribuni militares sunt designati : ex Kal. lanuariis non iudicabunt. Subsortiemur etiam in M. Metelli locum, quo- niam is huic ipsi quaestioni praefuturus est. Ita secun- dum Kalendas lanuarias, et praetore et prope toto consilio commutato, magnas accusatoris minas, magnamque exspec- 10 tationem iudici, ad nostrum arbitrium libidinemque elu- demus.' Remainder of this Year dangerously Short. 31. Nonae sunt hodie Sextiles : hora VII I. convenire coepistis. Hunc diem iam ne numerant quidem. Decem dies sunt ante liidos votivos, quos Cn. Pompeius facturus 15 est. Hi liidi dies quindecim auferent : deinde continue Romani'consequentur. Ita prope XL. diebus interpositis, turn denique se ad ea quae a nobis dicta erunt responsuros esse arbitrantur : deinde se ducturos, et dicendo et excii- sando, facile ad liidos Victoriae. Cum his plebeios esse 20 coniianctos ; secundum quos aut niilli aut perpauci dies ad agendum futCiri sunt. Ita defessa ac refrigerata accii- satione, rem integram ad M. Metellum praetorem esse ventiiram : quern ego hominem, si eius fidei diffisus essem, iiidicem non retinuissem. 32. Nunc tamen hoc animo sum, 25 ut eo iiidice quam praetore hanc rem transigi malim ; et iiirato suam quam iniiirato aliorum tabellas committere. Cicero's Plan for Despatch. XI. Nunc ego, iiidices, iam vos consulo, quid mihi faciendum putetis. Id enim consili mihi profecto taciti dabitis, quod egomet mihi necessario capiendum intellego. 30 Si Citar ad dicendum meo legitime tempore, mei laboris, 40 Orations of Cicero industriae, diligentiaeque capiam fructum ; et [ex accusa- tione] perficiam iit nemo umquam post hominum memo- riam paratior, vigilantior, compositior ad iudicium venisse videatur. Sed, in hac laude industriae meae, reus r.e 5 elabatur summum periculum est. Quid est igitur quod fieri possit ? Non obsciirum, opinor, neque absconditum. 33. Fructum istum laudis, qui ex perpetua oratione percipi potuit, in alia tempora reservemus : nunc hominem tabulis, testibus, privatis publicisque litteris auctoritatibusque accu- 10 semus. Res omnis mihi tecum erit, Hortensi. Dicam aperte : si te mecum dicendo ac diluendis criminibus in hac causa contendere putarem, ego quoque in accusando ■ atque in explicandis criminibus operam consumerem ; nunc, quoniam pugnare contra me instituisti, non tam ex tua 15 natiira quam ex istius tempore et causa [malitiose], necesse est istius modi rationi aliquo consilio obsistere. 34. Tua ratio est, ut secundum binos ludos mihi respondere incipias ; mea, ut ante primos ICidos comperendinem. Ita fit ut tua ista ratio existimetur astiita, meum hoc consilium necessa- 20 rium. Corrupt Influence of Hortensius Dangerous. XII. Verum illud quod institueram dicere, mihi rem tecum esse, huius modi est. Ego cum banc causam Sicu- lorum rogatu recepissem, idque mihi amplum et praeclarum existimassem, eos velle meae fidei diligentiaeque periculum 25 facere, qui innocentiae abstinentiaeque fecissent ; tum sus- cepto negotio, maius quiddam mihi proposui, in quo meam in rem piiblicam voluntatem populus Romanus perspicere posset. 35. Nam illud mihi nequaquam dignum industria conatuque meo videbatur, istum a me in iiidicium, iam 30 omnium iudicio condemnatum, vocari, nisi ista tua intolera- bilis potentia, et ea cupiditas qua per hosce annos in qui- busdam iudiciis usus es, etiam in istius hominis desperati causa interponeretur. Nunc vero, quoniam haec te omnis Impcaclmicnt of Verves 41 dominatio regnumque iiidiciorum tanto opere delectat, et sunt homines quos libldinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat, — qui, quasi de industria, in odium offensio- nemque populi Roman! inruere videantur, — hoc me profiteor suscepisse, magnum fortasse onus et mihi periculosissimum, 5 verum tamen dignum in quo omnis nervos aetatis indus- triaeque meae contenderem. 36. Quoniam totus ordo paucorum improbitate et auda- cia premitur et urgetur infamia iudiciorum, profiteor huic generl hominum me inimicum accusatorem, odiosum, adsi- to duum, acerbum adversarium. Hoc mihi sumo, hoc mihi deposco, quod agam in magistratu, quod agam ex eo loco ex quo me populus Romanus ex Kal. lanuariis secum agere de re piiblica ac de hominibus improbis voluit : hoc mimus aedilitatis meae populo Romano amplissimum pulcherrimum- 15 que poUiceor. Moneo, praedico, ante deniintio; qui aut depo- nere, aut accipere, aut recipere, aut polliceri, aut sequestres aut interpreters corrumpendi iudici solent esse, quique' ad banc rem aut potentiam aut impudentiam suam professi sunt, abstineant in hoc iiTidicio mantis animosque ab hoc 20 scelere nefario. This Influence must be Met by Proofs of Corruption. XIII. 37. Erit turn consul Hortensius cum summo impe- rio et potestate ; ego autem aedilis, hoc est, paulo amplius quam privatus. Tamen huius modi haec res est, quam me acturum esse polliceor, ita populo Romano grata atque 25 iucunda, ut ipse consul in hac causa prae me minus etiam (si fieri possit) quam privatus esse videatur. Omnia non modo commemorabuntur, sed etiam, expositis certis rebus, agentur, quae inter decern annos, postea quam indicia ad senatum translata sunt, in rebus iiidicandis nefarie fiagiti- 30 oseque facta sunt. 38. Cognoscet ex me populus Romanus quid sit, quam ob rem, cum equester ordo iudicaret, annos 42 Orations of Cicero prope quinquaginta continues, in nullo iudice [equite Romano iudicante] ne tenuissima quidem suspicio acceptae pecuniae ob rem iudicandam constitiita sit : quid sit quod, iiidiciis ad senatorium ordinem translatis, sublataque populi Roman! in 5 unum quemque vestrum potestate, Q. Calidius damnatus dixerit, minoris HS triciens praetorium hominem honeste non posse damnari : quid sit quod, P. Septimio senatore damnato, Q. Hortensio praetore, de peciinils repetundis lis aestimata sit eo nomine, quod ille ob rem iudicandam pecu- lo niam accepisset ; 39. quod in C. Herennio, quod in C. Popilio, senatoribus, qui ambo peculatus damnati sunt ; quod in M. Atilio, qui de maiestate damnatus est, hoc planum factum sit, eos pecuniam ob rem iudicandam acce- pisse ; quod inventi sint senatores, qui, C. Verre praetore 15 urbano sortiente, exirent in eum reum, quem incognita causa condemnarent ; quod inventus sit senator, qui, cum iudex esset, in eodem iudicio et ab reo pecuniam acciperet quam iudicibus divideret, et ab accusatore, ut reum condemnaret. 40. lam vero quomodo illam labem, ignominiam, calamita- 20 temque totius ordinis conquerar ? hoc factum esse in hac civitate, cum senatorius ordo iudicaret, ut discoloribus signis iuratorum hominum sententiae notarentur ? Haec omnia me diligenter severeque acturum esse, poUiceor. Acquittal of Verres Subversive of Whole Judicial System. XIV. Quo me tandem animo fore putatis, si quid in hoc 25 ipso iudicio intellexero simili aliqua ratione esse violatum atque commissum ? cum planum facere multis testibus pos- sim, C. Verrem in Sicilia, multis audientibus, saepe dixisse, ' se habere hominem potentem, cuius fiducia provinciam spoliaret : neque sibi soli peciiniam quaerere, sed ita trien- 30 nium illud praeturae Siciliensis distribiitum habere, ut secum praeclare agi diceret, si unius anni quaestum in rem suam converteret ; alterum patronis et defensoribus traderet ; ter- hnpeacJimeiit of Verves 43 tium ilium uberrimum quaestuosissimumque annum totum iudicibus reservaret.' 41. Ex quo mihi venit in mentem illud dicere (quod apud M'. Glabrionem nuper cum in reiciundis iudicibus commemorassem, intellexi vehementer populum Romanum 5 commoveri), me arbitrari, fore uti nationes exterae legates ad populum Romanum mitterent, ut lex de pecuniis repe- tundis iudiciumque tolleretur. Si enim iudicia nulla sint, tantum linum quemque ablaturum putant, quantum sibi ac liberis suis satis esse arbitretur : nunc, quod eius modi 10 iudicia sint, tantum Ijnum quemque auferre, quantum sibi, patronis, advocatis, praetori, iudicibus, satis futurum sit : hoc profecto infinitum esse: se avarissimi hominis cupidi- tati satisfacere posse, nocentissimi victoriae non posse. 42. O commemoranda iudicia, praeclaramque existima- 15 tionem nostri ordinis ! cum socii populi Romani iudicia de pecuniis repetundis fieri nolunt, quae a maioribus nostris sociorum causa comparata sunt. An iste umquam de se bonam spem habuisset, nisi de vobis malam opinionem animo imbibisset ? Quo maiore etiam (si fieri potest) apud 20 vos odio esse debet, quam est apud populum Romanum, cum in avaritia, scelere, periiirio, vos sui similis esse arbi- tretur. Jurors Urged to Vindicate the Courts. XV. 43. Cui loco (per deos immortalis !), iudices, con- sulite ac providete. Moneo praedicoque — id quod Intel- 25 lego — tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse, ut odio, invidia, infamia, turpitiidine, totum ordinem liberetis. Nulla in iudiciis severitas, niilla religio, nulla denique iam exis- timantur esse iudicia. Itaque a populo Romano con- temnimur, despicimur : gravi diiaturnaque iam flagramus 30 infamia. 44. Neque enim iillam aliam ob causam populus Romanus tribuniciam potestatem tanto studio requisivit ; quam cum poscebat, verbo illam poscere videbatur, re vera 44 Oi'atio7is of Cicero iiidicia poscebat. Neque hoc Q. Catulum, hominem sapien- tissimum atque amplissimum, fiigit, qui (Cn. Pompeio, viro fortissimo et clarissimo, de tribunicia potestate referente), cum esset sententiam rogatus, hoc initio est summa cum 5 auctoritate iisus : ' Patres conscriptos iudicia male et flagi- tiose tueri : quod si in rebus iudicandis, populi Roman i existimationi satis facere voluissent, non tanto opere homi- nes fuisse tribuniciam potestatem desideraturos.' 45. Ipse denique Cn. Pompeius, cum primum contionem ad urbem lo consul designatus habuit, ubi (id quod maxime exspectari videbatur) ostendit se tribuniciam potestatem restituturum, factus est in eo strepitus, et grata contionis admurmuratio. Idem in eadem contione cum dixisset ' populatas vexatasque esse provincias ; iiidicia autem turpia ac flagitiosa fieri ; ei 15 rei se providere ac consulere velle ; ' turn vero non strepitii, sed maximo clamore, suam populus Romanus significavit voluntatem. All Rome is on the Watch. XVI. 46. Nunc autem homines in speculis sunt : obser- vant quern ad modum sese iinus quisque nostrum gerat in 20 retinenda religione, conservandisque legibus. Vident adhuc, post legem tribiiniciam, Cmum senatorum hominem vel tenu- issimum esse damnatum : quod tametsi non reprehendunt, tamen magno opere quod laudent non habent. Niilla est enim laus, ibi esse integrum, ubi nemo est qui aut possit 25 aut conetur corrumpere. 47. Hoc est iudicium, in quo vos de reo, populus Romanus de vobis iudicabit. In hoc homine statuetur, possitne, senatoribus iiidicantibus, homo nocentis- simus pecimiosissimusque damnari. Delude est eius modi reus, in quo homine nihil sit, praeter summa peccata maxi- 30 mamque peciTmiam ; ut, si liberatus sit, niilla alia suspicio, nisi ea quae turpissima est, residere possit. Non gratia, non cognatione, non aliis recte factis, non denique aliquo mediocri vitio, tot tantaque eius vitia sublevata esse videbuntur. Impeachment of Venues 45 Corruption Sure to be Detected. 48. Postremo ego causam sic agam, iudices : eius modi res, ita notas, ita testatas, ita magnas, ita manifeslas pro- feram, ut nemo a vobis ut istum absolvatis per gratiam conetur contendere. Habeo autem certam viam atque ratio- nem, qua omnis illorum conatus investigare et consequi pos- 5 sim. Ita res a me agetur, ut in eorum consiliis omnibus non modo aures hominum, sed etiam oculi [populi Romani] interesse videantur. 49. Vos aliquot iam per annos con- ceptam huic ordini turpitMinem atque infamiam delere ac tollere potestis. Constat inter omnis, post haec constituta 10 indicia, quibus nunc utimur, nuUam hoc splendore atque hac dignitate consilium fuisse. Hie si quid erit offensum, omnes homines non iam ex eodem ordine alios magis ido- neos (quod fieri non potest), sed alium omnino ordinem ad res iudicandas quaerendum arbitrabuntur. 15 XVII. 50. Quapropter, primum ab dis immortalibus, quod sperare mihi videor, hoc idem, iudices, opto, ut in hoc iiidicio nemo improbus praeter eum qui iampridem inventus est reperiatur : deinde si pi tires improbi fuerint, hoc vobis, hoc populo Romano, iudices, confirmo, vitam 20 (mehercule) mihi prius, quam vim perseverantiamque ad illorum improbitatem persequendam defuturam. Glabrio Urged to Stand Firm. 51. Verum, quod ego laboribus, periculis, inimicitiisque meis, tum cum admissum erit dedecus severe me persecii- turum esse polliceor, id ne accidat, tu tua auctoritate, 25 sapientia, diligentia, M'. Glabrio, potes providere. Suscipe causam iudiciorum : suscipe causam severitatis, integritatis, fidei, religionis : suscipe causam senatiis, ut is, hoc iudicio probatus, cum populo Romano et in laude et in gratia esse possit. Cogita qui sis, quo loco sis, quid dare populo 30 46 Orations of Cicero Romano, quid reddere rnaioribus tuis, debeas : fac tibi paternae legis [Aciliae] veniat in mentem, qua lege popu- lus Romanus de peciiniis repetundis optimis iiidicils seve- rissimisque iudicibus iisus est. 52. Circumstant te summae 5 auctoritates, quae te oblivisci laudis domesticae non sinant ; quae te noctis diesque commoneant, fortissimum tibi patrem, sapientissimum avum, gravissimum socerum fuisse. Qua re si [Glabrionis] patris vim et acrimoniam ceperis ad resis- tendum hominibus audacissimis ; si avi [Scaevolae] prii- 10 dentiam ad prospiciendas insidias, quae tuae atque horum famae comparantur ; si soceri [Scauri] constantiam, ut ne quis te de vera et certa possit sententia demovere ; intelleget populus Romanus, integerrimo atque honestissimo praetore, delectoque consilio, nocenti reo magnitudinem pecimiae plus 1 5 habuisse momenti ad suspicionem criminis quam ad ratio- nem salutis. Cicero will Push the Trial. XVIII. 53. Mihi certum est, non committere ut in hac causa praetor nobis consiliumque miitetur. Non patiar rem in id tempus adduci, ut [Siculi], quos adhiic servi designa- 20 torum consulum non moverunt, cum eos novo exemplo uni- verses arcesserent, eos turn lictores consulum vocent ; ut homines miseri, antea socii atque amici populi Romani, nunc servi ac supplices, non modo ius suum fortiinasque omnis eorum imperio amittant, verum etiam deplorandi iuris sui 25 potestatem non habeant. 54. Non sinam profecto, causa a me perorata [quadraginta diebus interpositis], tum nobis denique responderi, cum acciisatio nostra in oblivionem diuturnitate adducta sit : non committam, ut tum haec res iudicetur, cum haec frequentia totius Italiae Roma disces- 30 serit : quae convenit uno tempore undique, comitiorum, ludorum, censendique causa. Huius iudici et laudis fruc- tum, et offensionis periculum, vestrum ; laborem sollicitudi- hnpeacJnnent of Verves 47 nemque, nostram ; scientiam quid agatur, memoriamque quid a quoque dictum sit, omnium puto esse oportere. His Plan for Despatch. 55. Faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis qui nunc principes nostrae civitatis sunt ante factum, ut testibus utar statim : illud a me novum, iudices, cognoscetis, quod ita testis con- 5 stituam, ut crimen totum explicem ; ut, ubi id [interro- gando] argumentis atque oratione firmavero, tum testis ad crimen adcommodem : ut nihil inter illam iisitatam accusa- tionem atque hanc novam intersit, nisi quod in ilia tunc, cum omnia dicta sunt, testes dantur; hie in singulas res 10 dabuntur; ut illis quoque eadem interrogandi facultas, argumentandi dicendique sit. Si quis erit, qui perpetuam orationem accusationemque desideret, altera actione audiet : nunc id, quod facimus — ea ratione facimus, ut malitiae illorum consilio nostro occurramus — necessario fieri intel- 15 legat. Haec primae action is erit accusatio. Brief Statement of the Charges. 56. Dicimus C. Verrem, cum multa libidinose, multa crudeliter, in civis Romanes atque in socios, multa in deos hominesque nefarie fecerit tum praeterea quadringentiens sestertium ex Sicilia contra leges abstulisse. Hoc testibus, 20 hoc tabulis privatis piiblicisque auctoritatibus ita vobis planum faciemus, ut hoc statuatis, etiam si spatium ad dicendum nostro commodo, vacuosque dies habuissemus, tamen oratione longa nihil opus fuisse. Dixi. 25 THE PLUNDER OF SYRACUSE. {/fi C. Verrem : Actio II., Lib. IV., ch. 52-60.) The passage which follows is from the fourth oration of the Accu- satio, the most famous of all, known as the De Signis because it treats chiefly of the works of art stolen by Verres. Cicero has been describ- . ing the plundering of many temples and public buildings, and in this passage he recounts in detail the case of one chief city, Syracuse, as a climax. Syracuse was by far the largest and richest of all the Greek cities of Italy and Sicily. It was a colony of Corinth, founded B.C. 734, and in course of time obtained the rule over the whole eastern part of Sicily. It remained independent, with a considerable territory, after the western part of the island (far the larger part) passed under the power of Rome in the First Punic War; but in the Second Punic War (b.c. 212) it was captured by Marcellus, and ever after was subject to Rome. It was at this time the capital of the province. Verres the Governor: Marcellus the Conqueror. NIUS etiam urbis omnium pulcherrimae atque ornatis- simae, Syracusarum, direptionem commemorabo et in medium proferam, iiidices, ut aliquando totam huius generis orationem concliidam atque definiam. Nemo fere vestrum 5 est quin quern ad modum captae sint a M. Marcello Syracu- sae saepe audierit, non numquam etiam in annalibus legerit. Conferte banc pacem cum illo hello, huius praetoris adven- tum cum illius imperatoris victoria, huius cohortem impuram cum illius exercitu invicto, huius libidines cum illius conti- 10 nentia: ah illo, qui cepit, conditas, ab hoc qui constitiitas accepit, captas dicetis Syracusas. 2. Ac iam ilia omitto, quae disperse a me multis in locis dicentur ac dicta sunt : forum Syracusanorum, quod introitu 48 TJie Plunder of Syracuse 49 Marcelli purum caede servatum esset, id adventu Verris Siculorum innocentium sanguine redundasse : portum Syra- cusanorum, qui turn et nostris classibus et Karthaginiensium clausus fuisset, eum isto praetore Cilicum myoparoni prae- donibusque patuisse : mitto adhibitam vim ingenuis, matres 5 Coin of Syracuse. familias violatas, quae turn in urbe capta commissa non sunt neque odio hostill neque licentia militari neque more belli neque iure victoriae : mitto, inquam, haec omnia, quae ab isto per triennium perfecta sunt : ea, quae coniiincta cum illis rebus sunt, de quibus antea dixi, cognoscite. 10 Description of Syracuse. 3. Urbem Syraciisas maximam esse Graecarum, pulcher- rimam omnium saepe audistis. Est, iiidices, ita ut dicitur. Nam et sitii est cum miinito tum ex omni aditii, vel terra vel m.iri, praeclaro ad aspectum, et portfis habet prope in aedificatione aspectuque urbis incliisos : qui cum diversos 15 inter se aditus habeant, in exitu coniunguntur et confluunt. Eorum coniiinctione pars oppidi, quae appellatur Insula, mari diiuncta angusto, ponte rursus adiungitur et conti- netur. LIII. 4. Ea tanta est urbs, ut ex quattuor urbibus maxi- 20 mis constare dicatur : quarum una est ea quam dixi Insula, so Orations of Cic CIV quae duobus portubus cincta, in utriusque portus ostium aditumque proiecta est, in qua domus est, quae Hieronis regis fuit, qua praetores liti solent. In ea sunt aedes sacrae compliires, sed duae quae longe ceteris antecellant : 5 Dianae, et altera, quae fuit ante istius adventum ornatis- sima, Minervae. In hac insula extrema est fons aquae Coin of Hiero II. dulcis, cui nomen Arethusa est, incredibili magnitiidine, plenissimus piscium, qui fliictu totus operiretur, nisi muni- tione ac mole lapidum diiiinctus esset a mari. 5. Altera lo autem est urbs Syracusis, cui nomen Achradina est : in qua forum maximum, pulcherrimae porticiis, ornatissimum pryta- neum, amplissima est ciaria templumque egregium lovis Olympii ceteraeque urbis partes, quae una via lata perpetua multisque transversis divisae privatis aedificiis continentur. 15 Tertia est urbs, quae, quod in ea parte Fortunae fanum antiquum fuit, Tycha nominata est, in qua gymnasium amplissimum est et complures aedes sacrae : coliturque ea pars et habitatur frequentissime. Quarta autem est, quae quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur : quam 20 ad summam theatrum maximum : praeterea duo templa sunt egregia, Cereris unum, alterum Liberae signumque Apol- linis, qui Temenites vocatur, pulcherrimum et maximum : quod iste si portare potuisset, non dubitasset auferre. TJie Plimder of Syracuse 51 Marcellus. Marcellus Touched Nothing. LIV. 6. Nunc ad Marcellum revertar, ne haec a me sine causa commemorata esse videantur : qui cum tam prae- claram urbem vi copiisque cepisset, non putavit ad laudem populi Romani lioc pertinere, hanc pulcliritudinem, ex qua praesertim periculi nihil ostenderetur, delere et exstinguere. Itaque aedificiis omnibus, piiblicis privatis, sacris profanis, sic pepercit, quasi ad ea defendenda cum exercitu, non oppugnanda venisset. In ornatu urbis habuit victoriae rationem, habuit humanitatis. Victoriae putabat esse multa Romam deportare, quae ornamento urbi esse possent, hiima- nitatis non plane exspoliare urbem, praesertim quam con- servare voluisset. 7. In hac partitione ornatus non pliis victoria Marcelli populo Romano appetivit quam humanitas Syracusanis reservavit. Romam quae apportata sunt, ad aedem Honoris et Virtutis itemque aliis in locis videmus. Nihil in aedibus, nihil in hortis posuit, nihil in suburbano : putavit, si urbis ornamenta domum suam non contulisset, domum suam ornamento urbi futuram. Syracusis autem permulta atque egregia reliquit : deum vero nullum violavit, nullum attigit. Conferte Verrem : non ut hominem cum homine comparetis, ne qua tali viro mortuo fiat iniCiria, sed ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et iuris dicti- onem cum ferro et armis, adventum et comitatum cum exercitu et victoria conferatis. 15 52 Orations of Cicero Verres Plundered even Temples. LV. 8. Aedis Minervae est in Insula, de qua ante dixi : quam Marcellus non attigit, quam plenam atque ornatam reliquit : quae ab isto sic spoliata atque direpta est, non ut ab hoste aliquo, qui tamen in bello religionum et consuetu- 't%\K ^''^r^-' : -^^■6^^ ^' Church at Syracuse (formerly Temple of Minerva). 5 dinis iura retineret, sed ut a barbaris praedonibus vexata esse videatur. Piigna erat equestris Agathocli regis in tabulis picta: his autem tabulis interiores templi parietes vestiebantur. Nihil erat ea pictura nobilius, nihil Syracusis quod magis visendum putaretur. Has tabulas M. Marcellus 10 cum omnia victoria ilia sua profana fecisset, tamen religione The Plunder of Syracuse 53 impeditus non attigit : iste, cum ilia iam propter diuturnam pacem fidelitatemque populi Syracusani sacra religiosaque accepisset, omnes eas tabulas abstulit : parietes, quorum ornatus tot saecula manserant, tot bella effugerant, nudos ac deformatos reliquit. 9. Et Marcellus, qui, si Syracusas 5 cepisset, duo templa se Romae dedicaturum voverat, is id, quod erat aedificaturus, iis rebus ornare, quas ceperat, noluit : Verres, qui non Honori neque Virtuti, quem ad modum ille, sed Veneri et Cupidini vota deberet, is Minervae templum spoliare conatus est. Ille deos deorum spoliis 10 ornari noluit : hie ornamenta Minervae virginis in meretri- ciam domum transtulit. Viginti et septem praeterea tabulas pulcherrime pictas ex eadem aede sustulit : in quibus erant imagines Siciliae regum ac tyrannorum, quae non solum pictorum artificio delectabant, sed etiam commemoratione 15 hominum et cognitione formarum. Ac videte quanto tae- trior hie tyrannus Syracusanus fuerit quam quisquam supe- riorum: cum illi tamen ornarint templa deorum immortalium, hie etiam illorum monumenta atque ornamenta sustulerit. Robberies Detailed. LVI. 10. Iam vero quid ego de valvis illius templi com- 20 memorem ? Vereor ne, haec qui non viderint, omnia me nimis augere atque ornare arbitrentur : quod tamen nemo suspicari debet, tam esse me cupidum, ut tot viros primaries velim, praesertim ex iudicum numero, qui Syracusis fuerint, qui haec viderint, esse temeritati et mendacio meo conscios. 25 Confirmare hoc liquido, indices, possum, valvas magnificen- tiores, ex auro atque ebore perfectiores, niillas umquam iillo in templo fuisse. Incredibile dictu est quam multi Graeci de harum valvarum pulchritiidine scriptum reliquerint. Nimium forsitan haec illi mirentur atque efferant. Esto : 30 verum tamen honestius est rei pnblicae nostrae, iiidices, ea quae illis pulchra esse videantur imperatorem nostrum in 54 Orations of Cicero bello reliquisse, quam praetorem in pace abstulisse. Ex ebore dlligentissime perfecta argiimenta erant in valvis : ea detrahenda ciiravit omnia. 11. Gorgonis os pulcherrimum, cinctum anguibus, revellit atque abstulit : et tamen indicavit 5 se non solum artificio, sed etiam pretio quaestuque duci. Nam bullas aureas omnes ex iis valvis, quae erant multae et graves, non dubitavit auferre : quarum iste non opere delectabatur, sed pondere. Itaque eius modi valvas reliquit, ut quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime, nunc lo tantum ad claudendum factae esse videantur. Etiamne gra- mineas hastas — vidi enim vos in hoc nomine, cum testis diceret, commoveri, quod erat eius modi, ut semel vidisse satis esset ; in quibus neque manu factum quicquam neque pulchritiido erat lilla, sed tantum magnitude incredibilis, de 15 qua vel audire satis esset, nimium videre plus quam semel — etiam id concupisti ? Statue of Sappho Stolen. LVII. 12. Nam Sappho, quae sublata de prytaneo est, dat tibi iustam exciisationem, prope ut concedendum atque ignoscendum esse videatur. Silanionis opus tam perfectum, 20 tam elegans, tam elaboratum quisquam non modo privatus, sed populus potius haberet quam homo elegantissimus atque eruditissimus, Verres ? Nimirum contra dici nihil potest. Nostrfun enim unus quisque — qui tam beati quam iste est non sumus, tam delicati esse non possumus — si quando 25 aliquid istius modi videre volet, eat ad aedem Felicitatis, ad monumentum Catuli, in porticum Metelli ; det operam ut admittatur in alicOius istorum Tusculanum ; spectet forum ornatum, si quid iste suorum aedilibus commodarit : Verres haec habeat domi, Verres ornamentorum fanorum atque 30 oppidorum habeat plenam domum, villas refertas. Etiamne huius operari studia ac delicias, iudices, perferetis ? qui ita natus, ita educatus est, ita factus et animo et corpore, ut TJie Plunder of Syi-acuse 55 multo appositior ad ferenda quam ad aiiferenda signa esse videatur. 13. Atque haec Sappho sublata quantum deside- rium sul reliquerit dici vix potest. Nam cum ipsa fuit egre- gie facta, tum epigramma Graecum pernobile incisum est in Sappho. basi : quod iste eruditus homo et Graeculus, qui haec sub- 5 tiliter iudicat, qui solus intellegit, si unam htteram Graecam scisset, certe non tulisset. Nunc enim, quod scriptum est inani in basi, declarat quid fuerit, et id ablatum indicat. Other Thefts. 14. Quid } signum Paeanis ex aede Aesculapi praeclare factum, sacrum ac religiosum, non sustulisti ? quod omnes 10 propter pulchritudinem visere, propter religionem colere solebant. Quid ? ex aede Liberi simulacrum Aristaei non tuo imperio palam ablatum est t Quid 1 ex aede lovis 56 Orations of Cicero religiosissimum simulacrum lovis Imperatoris, pulcherrime factum, nonne abstulisti ? Quid ? ex aede Liberae, t parinum caput illud pulcherrimum, quod visere solebamus, num dubi- tasti tollere ? Atque ille Paean sacrificils anniversariis simul 5 cum Aesculapio apud illos colebatur : x\ristaeus, qui [ut Graeci ferunt, Liberi filius] inventor olei esse dicitur, una cum Libero patre apud illos eodem erat in templo con- secratus. Statue of Jupiter. LVIII. 15. lovem autem Imperatorem quantd honore in lo suo templo fuisse arbitramini ? Conicere potestis, si recor- dari volueritis quanta religione fuerit eadem specie ac forma signum illud, quod ex Macedonia captum in Capitolio posuerat Flamininus. Etenim tria ferebantur in orbe ter- rarum signa lovis Imperatoris uno in genere pulcherrime 15 facta : iinum illud Macedonicum, quod in Capitolio vidimus; alterum in Ponti ore et angustiis ; tertium, quod Syracusis ante Verrem praetorem fuit. Illud Flamininus ita ex aede sua sustulit, ut in Capitolio, hoc est, in terrestrl domicilio lovis poneret. Quod autem est ad introitum Ponti, id, cum 20 tam multa ex illo mari bella emerserint, tam multa porro in Pontum invecta sint, usque ad hanc diem integrum inviola- tumque servatum est. Hoc tertium, quod erat Syracusis, quod M. Marcellus armatus et victor viderat, quod religioni concesserat, quod cives atque incolae Syracusani colere, 25 advenae non solum visere, verum etiam venerari solebant, id Verres ex templo lovis sustulit. 16. Ut saepius ad Marcellum revertar, iudices, sic habe- tote : plijres esse a Syracusanis istius adventu deos, quam victoria Marcelli homines desiderates. Etenim ille requisisse 30 etiam dicitur Archimedem ilium, summo ingenio hominem ac disciplina, quem cum audisset interfectum, permoleste tulisse : iste omnia, quae requisivit, non ut conservaret, verum ut asportaret requisivit. The Phmder of Syracuse 57 Even Trifles Carried off. LIX. 17. lam ilia quae leviora videbuntur ideo prae- teribo, — quod mensas Delphicas e marmore, crateras ex aere pulcherrimas, vim maximam vasorum Corinthiorum ex omnibus aedibus sacris abstulit Syracusis. Itaque, iudices, ei qui hospites ad ea quae visenda sunt solent 5 ducere, et linum quidque ostendere, quos illi mystagogos vocant, conversam iam habent demonstrationem suam. Nam, ut ante demonstrabant quid ubique esset, item nunc quid undique ablatum sit ostendunt. Feelings of the Citizens Outraged. 18. Quid tum ? mediocrlne tandem dolore eos adfectos 10 esse arbitramini .'' Non ita est, iudices : primum, quod omnes religione moventur, et deos patrios, quos a maioribus acceperunt, colendos sibi diligenter et retinendos esse arbi- trantur : deinde hie ornatus, haec opera atque artificia, signa, tabulae pictae, Graecos homines nimio opere delec- 15 tant. Itaque ex illorum querimoniis intellegere possumus, haec illis acerbissima videri, quae forsitan nobis levia et con- temnenda esse videantur. Mihi credite, iudices — tametsi vosmet ipsos haec eadem audire certo scio, — cum multas acceperint per hosce annos socii atque exterae nationes 20 calamitates et iniurias, nCillas Graeci homines gravius ferunt ac tulerunt, quam huiusce modi spoliationes fanorum atque oppidorum. Empty Pretence of Purchase. 19. Licet iste dicat emisse se, sicuti solet dicere, credite hoc mihi, iudices : nulla umquam civitas tota Asia et Graecia 25 signum ullum, tabulam pictam, uUum denique ornamentum urbis, sua voluntate cuiquam vendidit, nisi forte existimatis, postea quam iudicia severa Romae fieri desierunt, Graecos homines haec venditare coepisse, quae tum non modo non 58 Orations of Cicero venditabant, cum iudicia fiebant, verum etiam coemebant; aut nisi arbitramini L. Crasso, Q. Scaevolae, C. Claudio, potentis- simis hominibus, quorum aedilitates ornatissimas vidimus, commercium istarum rerum cum Graecis hominibus nonfuisse, 5 eis qui post iudiciorum dissolCitionem aediles facti sunt fuisse. Works of Art Held Priceless by Greeks. LX. 20. Acerbiorem etiam scitote esse civitatibus falsam istam et simulatam emptionem, quam si qui clam surripiat aut eripiat palam atque auferat. Nam turpitudinem summam esse arbitrantur referri in tabulas publicas, pretio adductam lo civitatem (et pretio parvo) ea quae accepisset a maioribus vendidisse atque abalienasse. Etenim mirandum in modum Graeci rebus istis, quas nos contemnimus, delectantur. Itaque maiores nostri facile patiebantur, haec esse apud illos quam plarima : apud socios, ut imperio nostro quam 15 ornatissimi florentissimique essent : apud eos autem, quos vectigalis aut stipendiaries fecerant, tamen haec relinque- bant, ut illi quibus haec iucunda sunt, quae nobis levia videntur, haberent haec oblectamenta et solacia servitutis. 21. Quid arbitramini Reginos, qui iam cives Romani 20 sunt, merere velle, ut ab eis marmorea Venus ilia aufera- tur } quid Tarentinos, ut Europam in tauro amittant ? ut Satyrum, qui apud illos in aede Vestae est ? ut cetera ? quid Thespienses, ut Cupidinis signum [propter quod anum visuntur Thespiae] ? quid Cnidios, ut Venerem marmoream.? 25 quid, ut pictam, Coos ? quid Ephesios, ut Alexandrum ? quid Cyzicenos, ut Aiacem aut Medeam .? quid Rhodios, ut lalysum ? quid Athenienses, ut ex marmore lacchum aut Para- lum pictum aut ex acre Myronis buculam ? Longum est et non necessarium commemorare quae apud quosque visenda 30 sunt tota Asia et Graecia : verum illud est quam ob rem haec commemorem, quod existimare hoc vos volo, mirum quendam dolorem accipere eos, ex quorum urbibus haec auferantur. THE QUARRIES OF SYRACUSE. (Dionysius' liar.) CRUCIFIXION OF A ROMAN CITIZEN. {In C. Verrem : Actio II., lib. V., ch. 61-66.) Cruelties of Verres. QUID nunc agam? Cum iam tot horas de uno genere ac de istius nefaria crudelitate dicam, — cum prope omnem vim verborum eius modi, quae scelere istius digna sint, aliis in rebus consumpserim, neque hoc providerim, ut varietate criminum vos attentos tenerem, — quem ad modum 5 de tanta re dicam? Opinor, unus modus atque lina ratio est. Rem in medio ponam, quae tantum habet ipsa gravi- tatis, ut neque mea (quae niilla est) neque cuiusquam, ad inflammandos vestros animos, eloquentia requiratur. Unguarded Complaints of Gavius. 2. Gavius hie, quem dico, Consanus, cum in illo numero 10 civium Romanorum ab isto in vincla coniectus esset, et nescio qua ratione clam e lautumiis profugisset, Messa- namque venisset, — qui tam prope iam Italian! et moenia Reginorum civium Romanorum videret, et ex illo metu mortis ac tenebris, quasi luce libertatis et odore aliquo 15 legum recreatus, revixisset, — loqui Messanae et queri coe- pit, se civem Romanum in vincla esse coniectum ; sibi recta iter esse Romam; Verri se praesto advenienti futu- rum. His Words Reported to Verres. 3. Non intellegebat miser nihil interesse, utrum haec 20 Messanae, an apud istum in praetorio loqueretur. Nam (ut ante vos docui) hanc sibi iste urbem delegerat, quam haberet adiutricem scelerum, furtorum receptricem, flagiti- orum omnium consciam. Itaque ad magistratum Mamer- 59 6o Orations of Cicero tinum statim deducitur Gavius : eoque ipso die casu Messanam Verres venit. Res ad eum defertur : esse civem Romanum, qui se Syraciisis in lautumiis fuisse Coin of the Mamertini. quereretur : quern, iam ingredientem in navem, et Verri 5 nimis atrociter minitantem, ab se retractum esse et asser- vatum, ut ipse in eum statueret quod videretur. Gavius Scourged. 4. Agit hominibus gratias, et eorum benevolentiam erga se diligentiamque conlaudat. Ipse, inflammatus scelere et furore, in forum venit. Ardebant oculi : toto ex ore crude- 10 litas eminebat. Exspectabant omnes, quo tandem progres- surus aut quidnam acturus esset ; cum repente hominem proripl, atque in foro medio nudari ac deligari, et virgas expediri iubet. Clamabat ille miser, se civem esse Roma- num, municipem Consanum ; meruisse cum L. Raecio, 15 splendidissimo equite Romano, qui Panhormi negotiaretur, ex quo haec Verres scire posset. Tum iste, se comperisse eum speculandi causa in Sicilian! a ducibus fugitlvorum esse missum ; cuius rei neque index, neque vestigium aliquod, neque suspicio cuiquam esset ulla. Deinde iubet undique 20 hominem vehementissime verberari. He is Threatened with the Cross. 5. Caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis Roma- nus, iudices ; cum interea niillus gemitus, nulla vox alia Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 6i illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque plagarum audie- batur, nisi haec, Cwis Rdjjmnus sum! Hac se commemo- ratione civitatis omnia verbera depulsurum, cruciatumque a corpore deiecturum, arbitrabatur. Is non modo hoc non perfecit, ut virgarum vim deprecaretur ; sed, cum imploraret 5 saepius, usiirparetque nomen civitatis, crux — crux, inquam — infelici et aerumnoso, qui numquam istam pestem vide- rat, comparabatur. Rights of a Roman Citizen Outraged. LXIII. 6. O nomen dulce libertatis ! O ius eximium nostrae civitatis ! O lex Porcia, legesque Semproniae ! 10 O graviter desiderata, et aliquando reddita plebi Romanae, tribiinicia potestas ! Hiicine tandem omnia reciderunt, ut civis Romanus, in provincia populi Romani, in oppido foederatorum, ab eo qui beneficio populi Romani fascis et securis haberet, deligatus in foro virgis caederetur? Quid? 15 cum ignes ardentesque laminae ceterique cruciatus admove- bantur, si te illius acerba imploratio et vox miserabilis non inhibebat, ne civium quidem Romanorum, qui tum aderant, fletii et gemitii maximo commovebare ? In crucem tCi agere ausus es quemquam, qui se civem Romanum esse diceret ? 20 7. Nolui tam vehementer agere hoc prima actione, iudices : nolui. Vidistis enim, ut animi multitudinis in istum dolore et odio et commiinis periculi metCi concitarentur. Statui egomet mihi tum modum oration i meae, et C. Numitorio, equiti Romano, primo homini, testi meo ; et Glabrionem, id 25 quod sapientissime fecit, facere laetatus sum, ut repente consilium in medio testimonio dimitteret. Etenim vere- batur ne populus Romanus ab isto eas poenas vi repetisse videretur, quas veritus esset ne iste legibus ac vestro iudicio non esset persoluturus. 3° 62 Orations of Cicero Gavius was not a Spy. 8. Nunc, quoniam exploratum est omnibus quo loco causa tua sit, et quid de te futurum sit, sic tecum agam : Gavium istum, quern repentinum speculatorem fuisse dicis, ostendam in lautumias Syracusis abs te esse coniectum. 5 Neque id solum ex litteris ostendam Syracusanorum, ne possis dicere me, quia sit aliquis in litteris Gavius, hoc fingere et eligere nomen, ut hunc ilium esse possim dicere ; sed ad arbitrium tuum testis dabo, qui istum ipsum Syra- cusis abs te in lautumias coniectum esse dicant. Produ- lo cam etiam Consanos, municipes illius ac necessaries, qui te nunc sero doceant, iudices non sero, ilium P. Gavium, quem tu in crucem egisti, civem Romanum et municipem Con- sanum, non speculatorem fugitivorum fuisse. His Claim of Citizenship Deserved Inquiry. LXIV. 9. Cum haec omnia, quae polliceor, cumulate 15 tuis patronis plana fecero, tum istuc ipsum tenebo, quod abs te mihi datur : eo contentum me esse dicam. Quid enim nuper tu ipse, cum populi Romani clamore atque impetu perturbatus exsiluisti, quid, inquam, locutus es ? Ilium, quod moram supplicio quaereret, ideo clamitasse se 20 esse civem Romanum, sed speculatorem fuisse. lam mei testes veri sunt. Quid enim dicit aliud C. Numitorius 1 quid M. et P. Cottii, nobilissimi homines, ex agro Taurome- nitano t quid Q. Lucceius, qui argentariam Regii maximam fecit t quid ceteri ? Adhuc enim testes ex eo genere a me 25 sunt dati, non qui novisse Gavium, sed se vidisse dicerent, cum is, qui se civem Romanum esse clamaret, in crucem ageretur. Hoc tu, Verres, idem dicis ; hoc tu confiteris ilium clamitasse, se civem esse Romanum ; apud te nomen civitatis ne tantum quidem valuisse, ut dubitationem ali- 30 quam crucis, ut crudelissimi taeterrimique supplici aliquam parvam moram saltem posset adferre. Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 6^ Coin of Rhegium. Roman Citizenship a Protection Anywhere. 10. Hoc teneo, hie haere5, iudices. Hoc sum contentus uno; omitto ac neglego cetera; sua confessione induatur ac iuguletur necesse est. Qui esset ignorabas ; speculatorem esse suspicabare. Non quaero qua suspicione : tu.a te acciiso oratione. Civem Romanum se esse dicebat. Si 5 tu, apud Persas aut in extrema India deprehensus, Verres, ad supplicium ducerere, quid aliud clamitares, nisi te civem esse Romanum ? Et, si tibi ignoto apud ignotos, apud barbaros, apud homines in extremis atque ultimis gentibus positos, nobile et inlustre apud omnis nomen civitatis tuae 10 profuisset, — ille, quisquis erat, quem tu in crucem rapiebas, qui tibi esset ignotus, cum civem se Romanum esse dice- ret, apud te praetorem, si non effugium, ne moram qui- dem mortis, mentione atque iisurpatione civitatis, adsequi potuit ? 15 LVX. 11. Homines tenues, obscuro loco nati, navigant ; adeunt ad ea loca quae numquam antea viderunt ; ubi neque noti esse eis quo venerunt, neque semper cum cogni- toribus esse possunt. Hac lina tamen fidiicia civitatis, non modo apud nostros magistratiis, qui et legum et exis- 20 timationis periculo continentur, neque apud civis solum Romanes, qui et sermonis et iuris et multarum rerum societate iuncti sunt, fore se tiitos arbitrantur ; sed, quo- 64 Orations of Cicero cumque venerint, banc sibi rem praesidio sperant futiiram. 12. Tolle banc spem, tolle boc praesidium civibus Romanis ; constitue nibil esse opis in bac voce, Cn'is Romdnus sum, posse impune praetorem, aut aHum quembbet, suppbcium 5 quod vebt in eum constituere qui se civem Romanum esse dicat, quod eum quis ignoret : iam omnis provincias, iam omnia regna, iam omnis bberas civitates, iam omnem orbem terrarum, qui semper nostris bominibus maxime patuit, civibus Romanis ista defensione praeclCiseris. Quid si lo L. Raecium, equitem Romanum, qui tum in Siciba erat, nominabat ? etiamne id magnum fuit, Panbormum btteras mittere ? Adservasses bominem ; custodiis Mamertinorum tuorum vinctum, clausum babuisses, dum Panbormo Rae- cius veniret ; cognosceret bominem, aliquid de summo sup- 15 pbcio remitteres. Si ignoraret, tum, si ita tibi videretur, boc iuris in omnis constitueres, ut, qui neque tibi notus esset, neque cognitorem locupletem daret, quamvis civis Romanus esset, in crucem toUeretur. Verres the Enemy of all Roman Citizens. LXVI. 13. Sed quid ego pliira de Gavio ? quasi tu 20 Gavio tum fueris infestus, ac non nomini, generi, iuri civium bostis. Non illi (inquam) bomini, sed causae communi libertatis, inimicus fuisti. Quid enim attinuit, cum Mamertini, more atque institute suo, crucem fixissent post urbem, in via Pompeia, te iubere in ea parte figere, 25 quae ad fretum spectaret; et boc addere — quod negare nubo modo potes, quod omnibus audientibus dixisti palam — te idcirco ibum locum debgere, ut iUe, quoniam se civem Romanum esse diceret, ex cruce Itabam cernere ac domum suam prospicere posset ? Itaque ilia crux sola, iudices, 30 post conditam Messanam, illo in loco fixa est. Italiae conspectus ad eam rem ab isto delectus est, ut ille, in dolore cruciatuque moriens, perangusto fretu divisa ser- Crucifixion of a Roman Citizeii 65 vitutis ac libertatis iiira cognosceret ; Italia autem alum- num suLim servitutis extremo summoque supplicio adfixum videret. Shameless Audacity of the Crime. 14. Facinus est vincire civem Romanum ; scelus verbe- rare ; prope parricidium necare : quid dicam in crucem 5 tollere t verbo satis digno tarn nefaria res appellari niillo modo potest. Non fuit his omnibus iste contentus. Spectet (in quit) pat7'ia7?i : in conspcctu leguvi libertatisque 7noriatur. Non tu hoc loco Gavium, non unum hominem nescio quern [civem Romanum], sed communem libertatis et civitatis 10 causam in ilium cruciatum et crucem egisti. lam vero videte hominis audaciam. Nonne eum graviter tulisse arbi- tramini, quod illam civibus Romanis crucem non posset in foro, non in comitio, non in rostris defigere ? Quod enim his locis, in provincia sua, celebritate simillimum, regione 15 proximum potuit, elegit. Monumentum sceleris audaciae- que suae voluit esse in conspectCi Italiae, vestibule Siciliae praetervectione omnium qui ultro citroque navigarent. POMPEY'S MILITARY COMMAND. {Pro Lege Manilid.) B.C. 66. The last serious resistance to the Roman power in the East was offered by Mithridates VI., king of Pontus, the most formidable enemy encountered by Rome since the death of Hannibal. The dominions of Mithridates embraced the whole eastern coast of the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus), including the kingdom of Bosporus (Crimea) on the one hand, and Paphlagonia on the other, while the king of Armenia also was closely allied to him by marriage. There were three several " Mithridatic Wars." In the First the Romans were commanded by Sulla (8S-84 B.C.), who gained great successes, and forced Mithridates to pay a large sum of money. In the Second (83-S2), a short and unimportant affair, Murena, the Roman commander, was worsted. The Third broke out B.C. 74, and was successfully conducted by Lucius Licinius Lucullus, the ablest general of the aristocracy. When this war had continued for several years, the democratic faction {popular es) took advantage of some temporary reverses sus- tained by Lucullus, and of the unpopularity of his administration, to revoke his command and give to the consul of B.C. 67, M'. Acilius Glabrio (the same who had presided at the trial of Verres), the eastern war as his " province." The law effecting this change was proposed by 66 POMPEY. (Bust in the Vatican.) Pompey^s Military Coniviand 6y the tribune A. Gabinius, one of the most active demagogues of the time. Another law {lex Gabinia), proposed B.C. 67 by the same poUtician, required the Senate to appoint a commander of consular rank, with extraordinary powers for three years by land and sea, to suppress the piracy which infested every part of the Mediterranean, having its chief seat in Cilicia. It was understood as a matter of course that Gnaeus (or Cneius) Pompey, who had been living in retirement since his con- sulship, B.C. 70, would receive this appointment. Pompey accomplished his task with the most brilliant success, and in three months had the seas completely cleared. (See below, ch. xii.) Meantime Glabrio had shown himself wholly incompetent to conduct the war against Mithridates, and early in B.C. 66, the tribune Caius Manilius proposed a law extending Pompey's command over the entire East. Power like this was quite inconsistent with the republican insti- tutions of Rome and with the established authority of the Senate; so that the law was of course opposed by the aristocracy {optimates), led by Hortensius and Catulus. Cicero was now praetor. He was no demo- crat of the school of Gabinius and Caesar; but on the other hand he had no hereditary sympathies with the Senate, and he probably failed to recognize the revolutionary character of the proposition and con- sidered merely its practical advantages. He therefore advocated the passage of the Manilian law with ardor. The law was passed, and Pompey fulfilled the most sanguine expec- tations of his friends. Pie brought the Mithridatic War to an end, organized the Roman power throughout the East, and returned home, B.C. 61, with greater prestige and glory than had ever been won by any Roman before him. The Oration on the Manilian Law was Cicero's first political speech. Till now he had been a public-spirited lawyer; from this time on he was essentially a politician, and it is not hard to see how unfavorably his character was influenced by contact with the corrupt politics of that day. Cicero's Reasons for Addressing a Political Assembly. OUAMQUAM mihi semper frequens conspectus vester multo iucundissimus, hie autem locus ad agendum amplissimus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites, tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit, non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vitae meae ratio- 6S Oj'atio7is of Cicero nes ab ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea per aetatem nondum hiiius auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio, elaboratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum tempus 5 amicorum teraporibus transmittendum putavi. 2. Ita neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab eis qui vestram causam defenderent, et meus labor, in privatorum periculis caste integreque versatus, ex vestro iiidicio fructum est amplis- simum consecutus. Nam cum propter dilationem comiti- 10 orum ter praetor primus centuriis cCmctis renuntiatus sum, facile intellexi, Quirites, et quid de me iudicaretis, et quid aliis praescriberetis. Nunc cum et auctoritatis in me tan- tum sit, quantum vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis, et ad agendum facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilanti 15 ex forensi usn prope cotidiana dicendi exercitatio potuit adferre, certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos utar qui eam mihi dederunt, et si quid in dicendo consequi possum, eis ostendam potissimum, qui ei quoque rei fruc- tum suo iudicio tribuendum esse duxerunt. 3. Atque illud 20 in primis mihi laetandum iiire esse video, quod in hac insolita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dicendi causa talis oblata est, in qua oratio deesse nemini possit. Dicendum est enim de Cn. Pompei singulari eximiaque virtute : huius autem orationis difficilius est exitum quam principium invenire. 25 Ita mihi non tam copia quam modus in dicendo quaeren- dus est. The Situation in Asia. II. 4. Atque, — ut inde oratio mea proficiscatur, unde haec omnis causa ducitur, — bellum grave et periculosum vestris vectigalibus ac sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus 30 infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter lacessitus, occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitrantur. Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis viris, adferuntur ex Asia cotidie litterae, quorum magnae res Pompey's Military Covirnaiid 69 aguntur in vestris vectigalibus exercendis occupatae : qui ad me, pro necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causam rei piiblicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt : 5. Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos esse compluris ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod finitimum est 5 MiTHRIDATES VI. vestris vectigalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate ; L. Lijcullum, magnis rebus gestis, ab eo bello discedere ; huic qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum administrandum ; unum ab omnibus sociis et civibus ad id bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti, eundem hunc 10 unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. Importance of the Mithridatic War. 6. Causa quae sit videtis : nunc quid agendum sit con- siderate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de magnitudine, tum de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum. Genus est belli eius modi, quod maxime vestros animos 15 excitare atque inflammare ad persequendi studium debeat : in quo agitur populi Romani gloria, quae vobis a maioribus cum magna in omnibus rebus tum summa in re militari tradita est ; agitur salus sociorum atque amicorum, pro qua multa maiores vestri magna et gravia bella gesserunt ; 20 aguntur certissima populi Romani vectigalia et maxima, quibus amissis et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli requi- 70 Oratio7is of Cicero retis; aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus est a vobis et ipsorum et rei publicae causa consulendum. Ill Success of the Former Wars in Asia. III. 7. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter ceteras gentis atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis. 5 ilia macula [Mithridatico] bello superiore concepta, quae penitus iam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Romani nomine, — quod is, qui iano die, tota in Asia, tot in civita- tibus, uno niintio atque una significatione [litterarum] civis Roman5s necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non modo lo adhiic poenam niillam suo dignam scelere suscepit, sed ab .illo tempore annum iam tertium et vicesimum regnat, et ita regnat, ut se non Ponti neque Cappadociae latebris occul- tare velit, sed emergere ex patrio regno atque in vestris vectigalibus, hoc est, in Asiae luce versari. 8. Etenim 15 adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contenderunt imperatores, ut ab illo insignia victoriae, non victoriam reportarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena de Mithri- date, duo fortissimi viri et summi imperatores ; sed ita triumpharunt, ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Verum 20 tamen illis imperatoribus laus est tribuenda quod egerunt, venia danda quod reliquerunt, propterea quod ab eo bello SuUam in Italiam res publica, Murenam Sulla revocavit. Strength of the Enemy, IV. 9. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con- 25 tulit : qui [postea] cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque classis exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex gentibus potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis finitimis suis bellum inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legates ac litteras misit ad eos duces quibuscum tum bellum gerebamus, ut, 30 cum duobus in locis disiunctissimis maximeque diversis uno fe-ol ''..a 1 1 f )i-«S^~ Pompey's Military Command yi consilio a biiiis hostium copiis bellum terra marique gerere- tur, vos ancipiti contentione district! de imperio dimicaretis. 10. Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae atque Hispaniensis, quae multo pliis firmamenti ac roboris habe- bat, Cn. Pompei divino consilio ac singular! virtute depul- 5 sum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo summo viro est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna atque praeclara non felicitati eius, sed virtuti, haec autem extrema, quae nCiper acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio loco, et ita 10 dicam, Quirites, ut neque vera laus ei detracta oratione mea neque falsa adficta esse videatur : 11. de vestri imperi dignitate atque gloria — quoniam is est exorsus orationis meae — videte quem vobis animum suscipiendum putetis. Is the Roman Spirit Declining ? V. Maiores nostri saepe mercatoribus aut naviculariis 15 nostris iniuriosius tractatis bella gesserunt: vos, tot mili- bus civium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore necatis, quo tandem animo esse debetis ? Legati quod erant appellati superbius, Corinthum patres vestri totius Graeciae lumen exstinctum esse voluerunt : vos eum regem 20 inultum esse patiemini, qui legatum populi Romani con- sularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omni supplicio excruciatum necavit .'' Illi libertatem imminutam civium Romanorum non tulerunt : vos ereptam vitam neglegetis ? ills legationis verbo violatum illi persecuti sunt : vos lega- 25 tum omni supplicio interfectum relinquetis? 12. Videte ne, ut illis pulcherrimum fuit tantam vobis imperi gloriam tradere, sic vobis turpissimum sit, id quod accepistis tueri et conservare non posse. The Allies in Peril : they Call for Pompey. Quid ? quod saliis sociorum summum in periculum ac dis- 30 crimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis 1 Regno 72 Orations of Cicero est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi Roman! atque amicus; imminent duo reges t5ti Asiae non solum vobis inimicissimi, sed etiam vestris sociis atque amicis ; civitates autem omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia vestrum auxilium 5 exspectare propter periculi magnitudinem coguntur; impe- ratorem a vobis certum deposcere, cum praesertim vos alium miseritis, neque audent, neque se id facere sine summo periculo posse arbitrantur. 13. Vident et sentiunt hoc idem quod vos, — iinum virum esse, in quo summa lo sint omnia, et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius ; cuius adventu ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum bellum venerit, tamen impetus hostium represses esse intel- legunt ac retardates. Hi vos, quoniam libere loqui non licet, tacite rogant, ut se quoque, sicut ceterarum provin- 15 ciarum socios, dignos existimetis, quorum salutem tali viro commendetis; atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in pro- vinciam eius modi homines cum imperio mittimus, ut etiam si ab hoste defendant, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbis sociorum non multum ab hostili expugnatione differant. 20 Hunc audiebant antea, nunc praesentem vident, tanta tem- perantia, tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut ei beatis- simi esse videantur, apud quos ille diutissime commoratur. The Revenues at Stake. VI. 14. Qua re si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria laces- siti, maiores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aeto- 25 lis, cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit iniuriis prpvocatos sociorum salutem una cum imperi vestri dignitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximis vestris vec- tigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia, Quirites, tanta sunt, ut eis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix 30 content! esse possimus : Asia vero tam opima est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate fructuum et magnitudine pastionis et multitudine earum rerum quae exportantur, Pompey's Military Commaftd 73 facile omnibus terris antecellat. Itaque haec vobis pro- vincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis dignitatem retinere voltis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda. 15. Nam in ceteris rebus cum venit calamitas, tum detrimentum accipitur ; at in vecti- galibus non solum adventus mali, sed etiam metus ipse adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium copiae non longe absunt, etiam si inruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria Antiochus III. Philip V. relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu neque ex decumis neque lo ex scriptura vectigal conservari potest : qua re saepe totius anni fructus uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore amittitur. 16. Quo tandem igitur animo esse existimatis aut eos qui vectigalia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exercent atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter 15 adsint ? cum una excursio equitatus perbrevi tempore totius anni vectigal auferre possit ? cum publican i familias maxi- mas, quas in saltibus habent, quas in agris, quas in portubus atque custodiis, magno periculo se habere arbitrentur? Putatisne vos illis rebus frui posse, nisi eos qui vobis friictui 20" sunt conservaritis non solum (ut ante dixi) calamitate, sed etiam calamitatis formidine liberates ? 74 Orations of Cicero Financial Crisis at Rome. VII. 17. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, quod mihi ego extremum proposueram, cum essem de belli genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium Romanorum perti- net, quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, Quirites, habenda 5 est ratio diligenter. Nam et publicani, homines honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in illam provin- ciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum per se res et fortfmae vobis curae esse debent. Etenim si vectigalia nervos esse rei piiblicae semper duximus, eum certe ordinem, qui exercet 10 ilia, firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse dicemus. 18. Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque indus- trii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absentibus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia pecunias ^^C magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur humanitatis vestrae- 15 magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate prohibere, sapi- entiae videre multorum civium calamitatem a re publica seiunctam esse non posse. Etenim primum illud parvi refert, nos publica his amissis [vectigalia] postea victoria recuperare. Neque enim isdem redimendi facultas erit 20 propter calamitatem, neque aliis voluntas propter timorem. 19. Deinde quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri- dates initio belli Asiatici docuit, id quidem certe calamitate docti memoria retinere debemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione 25 impedita, fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in civitate multi rem ac fortiinas amittere, ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo periculo prohibete rem publicam, et mihi credite id quod ipsi videtis : haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in 30 foro versatur, implicata est cum illis pecuniis Asiaticis et cohaeret. Ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec non eodem labe- facta motu concidant. Qua re videte num dubitandum vobis " o > ^ i § ■^ o o > Pompey's Military Conimaiid 75 sit omni studio ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nomi- nis vestri, salus sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae pluri- morum civium coniunctae cum re publica defendantur. Exploits of LucuUus. VIII. 20. Quoniam de genere belli dixl, nunc de magni- tudine pauca dicam. Potest hoc enim dici, belli genus esse 5 ita necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum ut sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime elaborandum est, ne forte ea vobis quae diligentissime providenda sunt, contem- nenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intellegant me L. LucuUo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sapi- 10 enti homini et magno imperatori debeatur, dico eius adventu maximas Mithridati copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque instriictas fuisse, urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobisque amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, quam 15 L. Lucullus virtiite, adsiduitate, consilio, summis obsidionis periculis liberavit : 21. ab eodem imperatore classem mag- nam et ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studi5 atque odio inflammata raperetur, superatam esse atque depressam ; magnas hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis 20 esse deletas, patefactumque nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset ; Sinopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, omnibus rebus ornatas ac refertas, ceterasque urbis Ponti et Cappadociae permultas, iino aditu adventuque esse 25 captas ; regem, spoliatum regno patrio atque avito, ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentis supplicem contulisse ; atque haec omnia salvis populi Romani sociis atque integris vecti- galibus esse gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites, ut hoc vos intellegatis, a nullo istorum, qui huic 30 obtrectant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter ex hoc loco esse laudatum. J 6 Oratiojis of Cicero The War still a Great One. IX. 22. Requiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, cum haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. Cognos- cite, Quirites. Non enim hoc sine causa quaeri videtur. Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profiigit, ut ex eodem 5 Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, quam praedi- cant in fuga fratris sui membra in eis locis, qua se parens persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum conlectio dispersa, maerorque patrius, celeritatem persequendl retardaret. Sic Mithridates fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti pul- 10 cherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a maioribus acce- perat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri conligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio maeror, hos laetitia 15 tardavit. 23. Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes rex Armenius excepit, diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit, et adflictum erexit, perditumque recreavit. Cuius in regnum postea quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat 20 enim metus iniectus eis nationibus, quas numquam populus Romanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandas puta- vit : erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani locupletissimi et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nostrum esse 25 exercitum adductum, Ita nationes multae atque magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigrani regno ceperat, et proeliis usus erat secundis, tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac desiderio suorum commovebatur. Mithridates Defeated but not Subdued. 30 24. Hie iam plura non dicam. Fuit enim illud extremum ut ex eis locis a militibus nostris reditus magis matiirus Pompey ' s Militaiy Command 77 quam processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates aiitem et suam manum iam confirmarat, [et eorum] qui se ex ipsius regno conlegerant, et magnis adventiciis auxiliis multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur. Iam hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum adflictae fortiinae facile multorum opes adliciant ad misericordiam, maximeque eorum qui aut LUCULLUS. reges sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut eis nomen regale magnum et sanctum esse videatur. 25. Itaque tantum victus efficere potuit, quantum incolumis numquam est ausus optare. Nam cum se in regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, quod ei praeter spem acciderat, — ut illam, postea quam pulsus erat, terram umquam attingeret, — sed in exercitum nostrum clarum atque victorem impetum fecit. Sinite hoc yS Orations of Cicero loco, Quirites, sicut poetae solent, qui res Romanas scribunt, praeterire me nostram calamitatem, quae tanta fuit, ut earn ad auris [Luculli] imperatoris non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex sermone rumor adferret. Lucullus Superseded. 5 26. Hie in illo ipso malo gravissimaque belli offensione, L. Lucullus, qui tamen aliqua ex parte eis incommodis mederi fortasse potuisset, vestro iussii coactus, — qui imperi diuturnitati modum statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, — partem militum, qui iam stipendiis confecti erant, dimisit, lo partem M'. Glabrioni tradidit. Multa praetereo consulto, sed ea vos coniectiira perspicite, quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod coniungant reges potentissimi, renovent agitatae nationes, suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat, vetere exercitu pulso. Who shall be Appointed Commander? 15 X. 27. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua re esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine periculo- sum. Restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. Pompey's Military Experience. Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocentium 20 copiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis deliberatio difficilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero — cum sit unus Cn. Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc sunt gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memoriam virtiite superarit 25 — quae res est quae cuiusquam animum in hac causa dubium f acere possit 1 28. Ego enim sic existimo, in summo imperatore quattuor has res inesse oportere, — scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem. Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut esse debuit ? Pompey's Military Command 79 qui e ludo atque e pueritiae disciplinis bello maximo atque acerrimis hostibus ad patris exercitum atque in militiae disciplinam profectus est; qui extrema pueritia miles in exercitu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte adulescentia maximi ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius cum hoste conflixit 5 quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plCira bella gessit quam ceteri legerunt, plures provincias confecit quam alii concupiverunt ; cuius adulescentia ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis sed suis imperiis, non offensionibus belli sed victoriis, non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. 10 Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium non exercuerit fortuna rei pCiblicae ? Civile, Africanum, Trans- alpinum, Hispaniense [mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex belli- cosissimis nationibus], servile, navale bellum, varia et diversa genera et bellorum et hostium, non solum gesta ab hoc fmo, 15 sed etiam confecta, ntillam rem esse declarant in lisu posi- tam militari, quae huius viri scientiam fugere possit. His Former Successes. XI. 29. lam vero virtiiti Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio par inveniri ? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre ? 20 Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae volgo existimantur, — labor in negotiis, fortitudo in periculis, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in providendo : quae tanta sunt in hoc lino, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus, aut audivimus, non 25 fuerunt. 30. Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla huius virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore belli, sed consili celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa, quae, magnis oppressa hostium copiis, eorum ipsorum san- 30 guine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum 8o Orations of Cice^'o est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos hostis ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis est iterum et saepius Italia, quae cum servili bello taetro periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit : quod belhim 5 exspectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum. His Recent Success against the Pirates. 31. Testes nunc vero iam omnes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia cum universa, tum View near Cape Misenum (p. 82). in singulis oris omnes sinus atque portus. Quis enim toto [o mari locus per hos annos aut tam firmum habuit praesidium ut tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus ut lateret t Quis navi- gavit qui non se aut mortis aut servitutis periculo commit- teret, cum aut hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret t Hoc tantum bellum, tam turpe, tam vetus, tam late divisum [5 atque dispersum, quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus imo anno aut omnibus annis ab uno impera- Pompey's Military Command 8 1 tore confici posse ? 32. Quam provinciam tenuistis a prae- donibus liberam per hosce annos ? quod vectigal vobis tutiim fuit ? quern socium defendistis ? cui praesidio classibus vestrig fuistis ? quam multas existimatis insulas esse deser- tas ? quam multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas 5 urbis esse sociorum ? XII. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro ? Fuit hoc quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani, longe a domo bel- PORT OF OSTIA. lare, et propiignaculls imperi sociorum fortunas, non sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hos annos 10 clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercitiis vestrl numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmlserint ? Qui ad vos ab exteris nationibus venirent captos querar, cum legatl populi Romani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum potestatem 15 pervenerint ? 33. Cnidum aut Colophonem aut Samum, 82 Orations of Cicerv nobilissimas urbis, innumerabillsque alias captas esse com- memorem, cum vestros portus, atque eos portus quibus vitam ac spiritum diicitis, in praedonum fuisse potestatem sciatis ? An vero ignoratis portum Caietae celeberrimum ac plenissi- 5 mum navium inspectante praetore a praedonibus esse direp- tum ? ex Miseno autem eius ipsius liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos ? Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum atque illam labem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, cum, prope lo inspectantibus vobis, classis ea, cui consul populi Roman! praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est ? The Celerity of his Movements, Pro di immortales ! tantamne Cmius hominis incredibilis ac divina virtus tam brevi tempore ICicem adferre rei publicae potuit, ut vos, qui mode ante ostium Tiberinum classem View in Pamphylia (Port of Adalia). 15 hostium videbatis, ei nunc nullam intra Oceani ostium prae- donum navem esse audiatis ? 34. Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo praeter- eunda non sunt. Quis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendi quaestus studio tam brevi tempore tot loca 20 adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit ? Qui nondum Pompey's Military Coimnand 83 tempestivo ad navigandum marl Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit ; inde Sardinian! cum classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria subsidia rei piiblicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque mimivit ; 35. inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus Hispaniis et Gallia [transalpina] praesidiis ac 5 navibus confirmata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit ; ipse autem ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo die totam ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam adiOnxit ; omnes, 10 qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique sunt, partim unius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam lega- tes deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non ademit, obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, 15 tarn longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme appara- vit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit. Pompey has all the Qualities of a General. XIII. 36. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus impera- toris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare coepe- 20 ram, quantae atque quam multae sunt ? Non enim bellandi virtiis solum in summo ac perfect© imperatore quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae hiiius administrae comi- tesque virtiitis. Ac primum, quanta innocentia debent esse imperatores ? quanta deinde in omnibus rebus temperantia ? 25 quanta fide? quanta facilitate? quanto ingenio ? quanta hiimanitate ? Quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio consideremus : summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese cognosci atque intellegi possunt. 37. Quem enim imperatorem possu- 30 mus iillo in numero putare, cuius in exercitu centuriatus veneant atque venierint ? Quid hunc hominem magnum 84 Oj'ations of Cicero aut amplum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam, ex aerario depromptam ad bellum administrandum, aut propter cupidi- tatem provinciae magistratibus diviserit, aut propter avari- tiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit ? Vestra admurmuratio 5 facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini qui haec fecerint : ego autem nomino neminem ; qua re irasci mihi nemo pote- rit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter hanc avaritiam imperatorum quantas calamitates, quocum- que ventum est, nostri exercitus ferant quis ignorat ? 38. Iti- 10 nera quae per hosce annos in Italia per agros atque oppida civium Romanorum nostri imperatores fecerint recordamini : turn facilius statuetis quid apud exteras nationes fieri existi- metis. Utrum pluris arbitramini per hosce annos militum vestrorum armis hostium urbis, an hibernis sociorum civi- 15 tates esse deletas ? Neque enim potest exercitum is conti- nere imperator, qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse in iudicando, qui alios in se severos esse iudices non volt. 39. Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut non modo manus 20 tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur ? lam vero quem ad modum milites hiber- nent cotidie sermones ac litterae perferuntur : non modo ut sumptum faciat in militem nemini vis adfertur, sed ne cupi- enti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis enim, non ava- 25 ritiae perfugium maiores nostri in sociorum atque amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. His Self-Restraint and Consequent Popularity. XR^. 40. Age vero : ceteris in rebus quali sit temperantia considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tam incredi- bilem cursum inventum putatis ? Non enim ilium eximia 30 vis remigum aut ars in audita quaedam gubernandi aut venti aliqui novi tam celeriter in ultimas terras pertulerunt ; sed eae res quae ceteros remorari solent, non retardarunt : non Ponipey 's Military Command 85 avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non denique labor ipse ad quietem ; postremo signa et tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existiraavit. 41. Itaque omnes nunc in eis locis Cn. Pompeium sicut aliquem non ex hac Galley. (From the Pr^neste Relief.) urbe missum, sed de caelo delapsum intuentur. Nunc deni- que incipiunt credere fuisse homines Romanes hac quon- dam continentia, quod iam nationibus exteris incredibile ac 10 falso memoriae proditum videbatur. Nunc imperi vestri splendor illis gentibus lucem adferre coepit. Nunc intelle- gunt non sine causa maiores suos, tum cum ea temperantia magistrates habebamus, servire populo Romano quam impe- rare aliis maluisse. Iam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum pri- 15 vatorum, ita liberae querimoniae de aliorum iniuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dignitate principibus excellit, facilitate 86 Orations of Cicero infimis par esse videatur. 42. lam quantum consilio, quan- tum dicendi gravitate et copia valeat, — in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas imperatoria, — vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero eius quantam inter 5 socios existimari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium gene- rum sanctissimam iudicarint? Humanitate iam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit utrum hostes magis virtutem eius pug- nantes timuerint, an mansuetiidinem victi dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc tantum bellum transmit- 10 tendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda divino quodam consilio natus esse videatur ? His Prestige as a Commander. XV. 43. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis adminis- trandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe nemini dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum possit. 15 Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella administranda quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris existiment quis i£:norat, cum sciamus homines in tantis rebus, ut aut con- temnant aut metuant aut oderint aut ament, opinione non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri } Quod 20 igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum clarius fuit } cuius res gestae pares? de quo homine vos, — id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, — tanta et tam praeclara iudicia fecistis ? 44. An vero iillam Cisquam esse oram tam desertam putatis, quo non illius diei fama pervaserit, cum liniversus populus 25 Romanus, referto foro completisque omnibus templis ex quibus hie locus conspici potest, Cmum sibi ad commune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depo- poscit ? Itaque — ut pliira non dicam, neque aliorum exem- plis confirmem quantum [huius] auctoritas valeat in bello — 30 ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla sumantur : qui quo die a vobis maritime bello praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex summa inopia Ponipcy's Military Command Zj et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix in summa ubertate agrorum diiiturna pax efficere potuisset. 45. lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui, — cum socii pertimuissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, 5 satis firmum praesidium provincia non haberet, — amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad ipsum discrimen eius temporis divi- nitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones fortuna populi Roman! attulisset. Huius adventus et Mithridatem insolita inflam- matum victoria continuit, et Tigranem magnis copiis mini- 10 tantem Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam dubitabit quid virtute perfecturus sit, qui tantum auctoritate perfecerit ? aut quam facile imperio atque exercitu socios et vectlgalia conserva- turus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit ? His Special Reputation in the East. XVI. 46. Age vero, ilia res quantam declarat eiusdem 15 hominis apud hostis populi Roman! auctoritatem, quod ex locis tarn longinquis tamque diversis tarn brevi tempore omnes huic se imi dediderunt ? quod a communi Creten- sium legati, cum in eorum insula noster imperator exerci- tusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras 20 venerunt, eique se omnis Cretensium civitates dedere velle dixerunt ? Quid .? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. Pompeium legatum lisque in Hispaniam misit ? eum quem Pompeius legatum semper iiidicavit, ei quibus erat [semper] molestum ad eum potissimum esse missum, speculatorem quam 25 legatum iudicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur iam constituere, Quirites, hanc auctoritatem, multis postea rebus gestis magnis- que vestris iudiciis amplificatam, quantum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse existimetis. His Lucky Star. 47. Reliquum est ut de felicitate (quam praestare de se 30 ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero S8 Oi'ations of Cicero possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorura) timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existimo : Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus non solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius 5 imperia mandata atque exercitas esse commissos. Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis viris quaedam ad amplitCi- dinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas divi- nitiis adiuncta fortuna. De huius autem hominis felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac iitar moderatione dicendi, non ut in 10 illius potestate fortimam positam esse dicam, sed ut praeter- ita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invisa dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse videatur. 48. Ita- que non sum praedicattirus quantas ille res domi militiae, terra marique, quantaque felicitate gesserit ; ut eius semper 15 voluntatibus non modo cives adsenserint, socii obtempera- rint, hostes obedierint, sed etiam venti tempestatesque obse- cundarint : hoc brevissime dicam, neminem umquam tarn impudentem fuisse, qui ab dis immortalibus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas di immortales 20 ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis saliitis atque imperi tum ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle et optare debetis. 49. Qua re, — cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut neglegi 25 non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit administrandum ; et cum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia fortijna, — dubitatis Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod vobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem 30 publicam conservandam atque amplificandam conferatis ? He is on the Spot. XVII. 50. Quod Si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus Pompey's Militajy Cormnand 89 atque mittendus : nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates haec quoque opportiinitas adiungatur, ut in eis ipsis locis adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab eis qui habent accipere statim possit, quid exspectamus ? aut cur non ducibus dis immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rei piib- 5 licae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium commit- tamus ? Objection of Hortensius and Catulus. 51. At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei piiblicae, vestris beneficiis amplissimis adfectus, Q. Catulus, itemque summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingeni prae- 10 ditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis plurimum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor ; sed in hac causa, tametsi cognos- citis auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum et claris- simorum, tamen omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac ratione 15 exquirere possumus veritatem, atque hoc facilius, quod ea omnia quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, eidem isti vera esse concedunt, — et necessarium bellum esse et magnum, et in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 52. Quid igitur ait Hortensius ? Si uni omnia tribuenda sint, dignissimum 20 esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio, re multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tii idem, Q. Hortensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari facultate dicendi et in senate con- tra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, graviter ornateque dixisti, 25 cum is de uno imperatore contra praedones constituendo legem promulgasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item contra eam legem verba fecisti. Hortensius Answered by Facts. 53. Quid t turn (per deos immortalis !) si plus apud popu- lum Romanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi Romani 30 salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie banc gloriam atque hoc 90 Orations of Cicero orbis terrae imperium teneremus ? An tibi turn imperium hoc esse videbatur, cum populi Romani legati quaestores praetoresque capiebantur ? cum ex omnibus provinciis com- meatu et private et publico prohibebamur ? cum ita clausa 5 nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem transmari- nam neque publicam iam obire possemus ? XVIIL 54. • Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse dici- tur ; non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac mari- 10 timis rebus valuerunt ; non Rhodiorum, quorum usque ad nostram memoriam disciplina navalis et gloria remansit, — sed quae civitas umquam antea tam tenuis, quae tam parva insula fuit, quae non portus suos et agros et aliquam partem regionis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At 15 (hercule) aliquot annos continues ante legem Gabiniam ille populus Romanus, cCiius iisque ad nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus piignis permanserit, magna ac multo maxima parte non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi Coin of Rhodes. caruit. 55. Nos, quorum maiores Antiochum regem classe 20 Persenque superarunt, omnibusque navalibus pugnis Kar- thaginiensis, homines in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, vicerunt, ei nfiUo in loco iam praedonibus pares esse poteramus : nos, qui antea non modo Italiam ttitam habebamus, sed omnis socios in ultimis oris auctori- 25 tate nostri imperi salvos praestare poteramus, — tum cum Ponipcy's Military Coviniajid 91 insula Delos, tarn procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo omnes undique cum mercibus atque oneribus comnieabant, referta divitiis, parva, sine miiro, nihil timebat, — eidem non modo provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus nos- tris, sed etiam Appia iam via carebamus ; et eis temporibus non pudebat magistrates populi Roman i in hunc ipsum locum escendere, cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuviis nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent. Brilliant Success of the Gabinian Law. XIX. 56, Bono te animo tum, Q. Hortensi, populus Romanus et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere 10 existimavit ea quae sentiebatis : sed tamen in salute com- miini idem populus Romanus dolori suo maluit quam aucto- ritati vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, unus annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitiidine liberavit, sed etiam effecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus gen- 15 tibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare. 57. Quo mihi etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse adhiic, — Gabinio dicam anne Pompeio, an utrique, id quod est verius .'' — ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac postu- lanti. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum 20 quem velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expi- landos socios diripiendasque provincias quos voluerunt lega- 92 Orations of Cicero tos eduxerint ; an ipse, ciiius lege salus ac dignitas populo Romano atque omnibus gentibus constitiita est, expers esse debet gloriae eius imperatoris atque eius exercitus, qui con- silio ipsius ac periculo est constitutus ? 58. An C. Falci- 5 dius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omnis honoris causa nomino, cum tribuni plebi fuis- sent, anno proximo legati esse potuerunt : in uno Gabinio sunt tam diligentes, qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quem per vos 10 ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse deberet ? De quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si dubi- tabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profiteer relatiirum. Neque me impediet cuiusquam inimicum edictum, quo minus vobis fretus vestrum ius beneficiumque defendam ; neque praeter 15 intercessionem quicquam audiam, de qua (ut arbitror) isti ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat conside- rabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, Onus A. Gabinius belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius ascri- bitur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum 20 vestris suffragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque con- fecit. Catulus Answered : Breach of Precedent not Unheard of. XX. 59. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sen- tentia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quaereret, si in iano Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum 25 esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, — cepit magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes iina prope voce in [eo] ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tam difficilis, quam ille non et consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere pos- 30 sit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, dum per deos immortalis licet, frui debet summi viri vita atque virtute. 60. 'At enim ne quid novi fiat Pompey's Military Command 93 contra exempla atque instituta maiorum.' Non dicam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in pace consuetudini, in bello utilitati paruisse ; semper ad novos casus temporum novo- rum consiliorum rationes adcommodasse : non dicam duo bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno impera- 5 tore esse confecta, duasque urbis potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxime mmitabantur, Karthaginem atque Numan- tiam, ab eodem Scipione esse deletas : non commemorabo nuper ita vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes imperi poneretur, ut idem cum lugurtha, 10 idem cum Cimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum administraret. 61. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi constitui nihil volt Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli volun- tate constitiita recordamini. XXI. Quid tarn novum quam adulescentulum privatum exercitum difficili rei publicae tem- 15 pore conficere ? Confecit. Huic praeesse 1 Praefuit. Rem optime ductu suo gerere ? Gessit. Quid tam praeter con- suetildinem quam homini peradulescenti, cuius aetas a sena- torio gradu longe abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari, Siciliam permitti, atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia 20 administrandum ? Fuit in his provinciis singulari innocen- tia, gravitate, virtute : bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exercitum deportavit. Quid vero tam inauditum quam equitem Romanum triumphare ? At eam quoque rem. populus R5manus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio 25 visendam et concelebrandam putavit. 62. Quid tam inCisi- tatum quam ut, cum duo consules clarissimi fortissimique essent, eques Romanus ad bellum maximum formidolosis- simumque pro consule mitteretur ? Missus est. Quo qui- dem tempore, cum esset non nemo in senatu qui diceret 30 nd7i oportere mittl homifiem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus dixisse dicitur noji se ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed pro consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rei piiblicae bene gerendae spes constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus unius adu- 94 Orations of Cicero lescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid tarn singulare quam ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul ante fieret, quam uUum alium magistratum per leges capere licuisset ? quid tarn incredibile quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex 5 senatus consulto triumpharet ? Quae in omnibus homini- bus nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt, ea tarn multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc uno homine vide- mus. 63. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, pro- fecta sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catuli atque a ceterorum 10 eiusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum auctoritate. Judgment of the People should Overrule such Objections. XXII. Qua re videant ne sit periniquum et non ferun- dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homine iudicium populique Roman! auctoritatem improbari ; prae- 15 sertim cum iam suo iure populus Romanus in hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel contra omnis qui dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea quod, isdem istis reclamantibus, vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quem bello praedonum praeponeretis. 64. Hoc si vos temere fecistis, et rei publi- 20 cae parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis consiliis regere conantur. Sin autem vos plus turn in re publica vidistis, vos eis repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos dignitatem huic imperio, saliitem orbi terrarum attulistis, aliquando isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi Romani ijniversi auctoritati 25 parendum esse fateantur. Pompey Alone can Retrieve the Roman Reputation. Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae quoque virtiites animi magnae et multae requiruntur. Diffi- cile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum nationum 30 ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste Pompey's Militaiy Cofjima7id 95 ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qui sunt pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse talis propter mul- titudinem cupidorum hominum nemo arbitratur. 65. Diffi- cile est dictii, Quirites, quanto in odio simus apud exteras nationes propter eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum 5 imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias. Quod enim fanum putatis in illis terris nostris magistratibus religiosum, quam civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac munitam fuisse ? Urbes iam locupletes et copiosae requiruntur, qui- bus causa belli propter diripiendi cupiditatem inferatur. 10 66. Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, summis et clarissimis viris, disputarem. Noverunt enim sociorum volnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostis exercitum mittere putatis, an hostium simulatione contra socios atque ami- 15 cos ? Quae civitas est in Asia quae non modo imperatoris aut legati, sed tanius tribuni militum animos ac spiritiis capere possit ? XXIII. Qua re, etiam si quern habetis qui conlatis signis exercitus regies superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit 20 idem, qui [se] a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum coniugi- bus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque oppidorum, qui ab aur5 gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque mittatur. 67. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse quae 25 locuples sit 1 ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata esse videatur.^ Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non solum propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter animi con- tinentiam requisivit. Videbat enim praetores locupletari quot annis pecunia publica praeter paucos ; neque eos 30 quicquam aliud adsequi, classium nomine, nisi ut detrimen- tis accipiendis maiore adfici turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua cupiditate homines in provincias, quibus iactiiris et quibus condicionibus proficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, 96 Oratiojis of Cicero qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur ? Quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus turn etiam ali- enis vitiis magnum esse videamus. 68. Qua re nolite dubi- tare quin huic lini credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus 5 inventus sit, quem socii in urbis suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant. Favorable Opinions of Leading Men. Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirites, confirman- dam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium maxi- marumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, cuius tantae res 10 gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut cum de bello deliberetis, auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat ; est C. Curio, summis vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus gestis, summo ingenio et prudentia praeditus ; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus summum consilium, summam 15 gravitatem esse cognovistis ; est C. Cassius, integritate, vir- tute, constantia singular!. Qua re videte ut horum auctori- tatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, respondere posse videamur. Peroration. XXIV. 69. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manili, primum istam 20 tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehemen- tissimeque comprobo : deinde te hortor, ut auctore populo Romano maneas in sententia, neve cuiusquam vim aut minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi perse- verantiaeque arbitror : deinde cum tantam multitudinem 25 cum tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut de re aut de praeficiendi facultate dubitemus ? Ego autem quicquid est in me studi, consili, laboris, ingeni, quicquid hoc beneficio populi Romani atque hac potestate praetoria, 30 quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad hanc rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano polliceor ac Povipey's Militaiy Coinviaiid 97 defero : 70. testorque omnis deos, et eos maxime qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui omnium mentis eorum qui ad rem piiblicam adeunt maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatii facere ciiiusquam, neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem, neque quo mihi ex 5 cuiusquam amplitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adiiimenta honoribus quaeram ; propterea quod pericula facile, ut homi- nem praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione vitae, si vestra voluntas feret, 10 consequemur. 71. Quam ob rem quicquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id ego omne me rei publicae causa suscepisse confirmo ; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simul- tates partim obsciiras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non 15 necessarias, vobis non inutilis suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc honore praeditum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum statui, Quirites, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et saliitem provinciarum atque sociorum meis omnibus com- modis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 20 THE CONSPIRACY GF CATILINE. B.C. 63. Lucius Sergius Catiline was a Roman noble of ruined fortunes and the vilest character; he was an intimate friend of Verres, the plunderer of Sicily, and was, like him, distinguished for an infamous career in the army of Sulla. Fearless, ambitious, and unscrupulous, such a man was well adapted to act as ringleader in arraying the dis- contented elements of Roman society in any desperate enterprise against the state. The absence of Pompey in the East, by removing from Rome the only man powerful enough to maintain order, gave Catiline his oppor- tunity. He expected, probably, to make himself tyrant, as Dionysius and Agathocles — men no better than he — had done in Syracuse; but it was suspected at the time, and is believed by many at the present day, that he was, after all, only a tool of Ccesar and Crassus, the leaders of the democratic party. Catiline's plan was to make use of the consulship as a stepping-stone to absolute power ; and accordingly he desired to be a candidate for this office for the year B.C. 65. He was shut out both that "year and the next, on account of a charge of repetundae pending against him ; but of this he was at last acquitted in season to present himself for the year B.C. 63. There followed a very exciting canvass, which resulted in the election of Cicero, the candidate of the moderate party, by an over- 98 Fij'st Oration against Catiline 99 whelming majority, while a confederate of Catiline, Caius Antonius, — who was son of the distinguished orator, and uncle of the triumvir, — was elected as his colleague. Catiline, nothing daunted, offered him- self again at the next election. This time, however, he found himself opposed by both consuls. For Cicero had transferred the rich province of Macedonia, which had fallen to him for his proconsular year, to Antonius, and had thus obtained the cooperation of the latter in pro- curing the defeat of Catiline. Catiline now gave up the attempt to gain his ends by means of the consulship, and conspired with other men of desperate fortunes for an immediate outbreak. As a private citizen he had lost the advantages which the consulship would have given him, and even among his asso- ciates the only conspirator who held a magistracy was the vain and indolent Lentulus, praetor and of consular rank. In the course of October, B.C. 63, a body of troops was collected at Faesulae (now Fiesole, close to Florence) by the conspirators ; this was put in com- mand of the centurion Caius Manlius, Catiline himself remaining in the city to direct operations there. Cicero, however, had kept track of every move of the conspiracy, and, in consequence of his representations, the Senate, October 21, invested the consuls with dictatorial power. On November 7 Cicero called a special meeting of the Senate in the temple of Jupiter Stator. Catiline had the effrontery to appear in his usual place, w^hereupon Cicero burst upon him with the fiery invective which follows — the first of his four " Orations against Catiline." J'his speech, probably the best known of all Roman orations, is a striking example both of Cicero's power and of that violent invective which was one of the characteristics of Roman oratory. /. INVECTIVE AGAINST CATILINE. {In L. Catilina??i Ordtio I.) In the Senate, Nov. 7. Effrontery of Catiline. QUO usque tandem abiatere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diii etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet ? Quern ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia ? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hie 5 lOO Orations of Cicero mimitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora voltus- que moverunt ? Patere tua consilia non sentis ? constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides ? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi 5 fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consili ceperis, quern nostrum ignorare arbitraris ? Culpable Weakness of the Consuls. 2. O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, con- sul videt : hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? immo vero etiam ^hi_ senatum venit, fit public! consili particeps, notat et designat io"ocuris ad caedem unum quemque nostrCim. Nos autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furo- rem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci iussu consulis iam pridem oportebat ; in te conferri pestem quam tu in nos [iam diu] machinaris. 3. kxi vero vir amplissimus, 15 P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labe- factantem statum rei publicae privatus interfecit : Catilinam, orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem 20 manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re piiblica virtiis^ ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. Non deest rei publicae consilium, neque auctoritas hiiius ordinis : nos, 25 nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. Contrast with Former Magistrates. II. 4. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Nox nulla intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum sus- piciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus ; occi- 30 sus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili senatiis First Oration against Catiline loi consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio cor-sul'bns est.perrrissa res publica : num unum diem postea L. SaLurninum tribunum plebis et C. Servilium praetorem [aic-rs a-.] re) ' p-^bli'^cae poena remorata est? At nos vicesiinaia' iam* ditim pati- mur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim 5 huiusce modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senates consulto confestim te interfectum esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem : cupio in tan- 10 tis rei publicae periculis me non dissoliitum videri ; sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. The Situation Calls for Immediate Action. 5. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata : crescit in dies singulos hos- tium numerus ; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducem- 15 que hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molien- tem. Si te iam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici iussero, credo, erit verendum mihi ne non hoc potius omnes boni serius a me, quam quisquam crCidelius factum esse dicat. 20 Reasons for the Delay. Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique interficiere, cum iam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. 6. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives ; 25 et vives ita ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppres- sus, ne commovere te contra'fem publicam possis. Multo- rum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhiic fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. 102 Oratio7is of Cicero The Con.suls fully Informed of the Conspiracy. . III. .Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius exspec- tes, £l neque nox teaebris obscurare coetiis nefarios, nee privata domus parietibus continere voces coniurationis [tuae] potest ? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia t MOta iam 5 istam mentem : mihi crede, obliviscere caedis atque incen- diorum. Teneris undique : luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. 7. Me- ministine me ante diem xii. Kalendas Novembris dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die — qui die^s futiirus esset ante 10 diem vi. Kal. Novembris — C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae ? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum — id quod multo magis est admirandum — dies ? Dixi ego idem in senatu caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem IS v. Kalendas Novembris, tum cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa proffigerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo ipso die, meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum, commovere te contra rem piiblicam non potuisse, cum tu 2o discessu ceterorum, nostra tamen qui remansissemus caede, te contentum esse dicebas ? 8. Quid 1 cum te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo iussii [meis] praesidiis custodiis vigiliis esse mfmitam ? Nihil agis, nihil 25 moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. Latest Acts of the Conspirators. IV. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superi- orem : iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad saliitem quam te ad perniciem rei pOblicae. Dico te priore nocte 30 venisse inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae First Oratio7i against Catiline 103 domum ; convenisse eodem compliirls eiusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? quid taces ? con- vincam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatii quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. O di immortales ! ubinam gen- tium sumus ? in qua urbe vivimus ? quam rem publicam 5 habemus ? Hie, hie sunt, in nostro numero, patres con- scripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consi- lio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video [consul] et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos ferro 10 trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce volnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilina: distribuisti partis Italiae ; statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret ; delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum educeres ; descripsisti urbis partis ad incendia : confirmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum ; 15 dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani qui te ista ciira liberarent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante liicem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego omnia, vix- dum etiam coetii vestro dimisso, comperi : domum meam 20 maioribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi ; excliisi eos quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis ventures esse praedixeram. Why does not Catiline Leave the City? V. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. 25 Egredere aliquando ex urbe : patent portae : proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra deside- rant. Ediic tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si minus, quam pluri- mos : purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit Nobiscum versari iam 2,0 diutius non potes : non feram, non patiar, ' non sinam. 11. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est, atque huic ipsi I04 O ratio 7is of Cicero Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod banc tarn taetram, tarn horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam 5 dill mihi consul! designato, Catilina, insidiatus es~ non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defend!. Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in Campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compress! conatiis tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu lo publice concitato : denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam. 12. Nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis : templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam 15 [denique] totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Qua re, quoniam id quod est primum, et quod huius imperi discipli- naeque maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius, et ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici iussero, residebit in re pOblica 20 reliqua coniuratorum manus. Sin tii, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. Life There should be Intolerable to him. 13. Quid est, Catilina ? num dubitas id me imperante facere, quod iam tua sponte faciebas ? Exire ex urbe iubet 25 consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium t Non iubeo ; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. VI. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit 1 in qua nemo est extra istam coniurationem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. Quae nota domes- 30 ticae turpitiidinis non iniista vitae tuae est ? Quod priva- tarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama ? quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod fiagitium First Oration against Catiline 105 a t6t5 corpora afuit ? Cui tu adulescentulo, quern corrupte- larum inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti ? 14. Quid vero ?(, nuper cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses', nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? 5 quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civi- tate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindi- cata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnis impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuo- 10 rum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam saliitemque pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias horum esse neminem qui nesciat te pridie Kalendas lanu- 15 arias Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo ? manum consulum et principum civitatis interficien- dorum causa paravissej sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem [tuum], sed fortunam populi RomanI obstitisse .^ Ac iam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut 20 obscura aut non multa commissa — quotiens tu me designa- tum, quotiens consulem interficere conatus es ! quot ego tuas petitiones, ita coniectas ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et (ut aiunt) corpore effugi ! [Nihil agis,] nihil adsequeris, [nihil moliris,] neque tamen 25 conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! quotiens vero excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! [Tamen ea carere diutius non potes,] quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. ^o All Good Citizens Fear and Hate him. VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita.-* Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, io6 O ratio jis of Cicero sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, 5 cum sis gravissimo iiidicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt ? quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum niidam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo tibi lo ferendum putas ? 17. Servi (mehercule) mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? et, si me meis civibus iniuria suspectum tam graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis 15 omnium oculis conspici mallem. Tu, cum conscientia scele- rum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas quorum mentis sensiisque volneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui, neque eos ulla ratione placare posses, 20 tu (opinor) ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit, et iam diu te nihil iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare : hiiius tu neque auctoritatem verebere, nee iudi- cium sequere, nee vim pertimesces ? His Native City Begs him to be Gone. 25 18. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit, et quodam modo tacita loquitur : ' Nullum iam aliquot annis f acinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum fiagitium sine te : tibi lini multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera : tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam 30 ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora' ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli : nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid incre- First Oration against Catiline 107 puerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe : si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' VIII. 19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria 5 (<^^ loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ? quod vitandae suspicionis causa, ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti t a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me 10 quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus tiito esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum prae- torem venisti : a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. Marcellum demigrasti ; quem tu videlicet et ad 15 custodiendum [te] diligentissimum et ad suspicandum saga- cissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit ? 20. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, 20 abire in aliquas terras, et vitam istam, multis suppliciis iustis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare 1 All Good Men Urgent for his Departure. ^• 'Refer' inquis 'ad senatum : ' id enim postulas, et, si hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis mori- 25 bus ; et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina ; libera rem publicam metu ; in exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina ? ecquid attendis ? ecquid animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctorita- 30 tem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis 1 21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo P. Sestio, si -732^ io8 Orations of Cice7'o fortissimo viro M. Marcello dixissem, iam mihi consul!, h5c ipso in templo, senatus iiire opiimo vim et maniis intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant : cum patiun- tur, decernunt : cum tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum, — 5 quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, — sed etiam illi equites Roman i, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu 10 manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, quae vastare iam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prosequantur. The Consul Entreats him to Go. ^ IX. 22. Quamquam quid loquor ? Te ut iilla res frangat ? tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu ut uUam fugam meditere? tu 15 ut exsilium cogites .^ Utinam tibi istam mentem di immor- tales duint ! tametsi video, si mea voce perterritus ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis — si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem - — • impendeat : sed est tanti, dum 20 modo ista sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio 25 a furore revocarit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere ; ac, si mihi inimico (ut praedicas) tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium : vix feram sermones hominum si id feceris ; vix molem istius invidiae, si in exsi- lium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire 30 meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importiina scele- ratorum manu: confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos civis, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio First Oration against Catiline 109 latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos isse videaris. But he will Go Out only as a Declared Enemy. 24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam esse praemissos qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati 1 cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem ? 5 a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam quam tibi ac tuls omnibus confido perniciosam ac fiinestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ilia carere diiitius possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus 10 saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti ? X. 25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- tatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exer- 15 cuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam improborum manum. 26. Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! quibus gaudils exsultabis ! quanta in 20 voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis ! Ad huius vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, — iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum ; vigilare non solum insidiantem somno 25 maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes ubi osten- tes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum ornnium^ quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. 27. Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu rep- puli, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publi- 30 cam posses, atque ut id quod est a te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. no Oratio7is of Cicei'O The Consul may be Charged with Remissness. XI. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam prope iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi 5 vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica, loquatur : ' M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum, quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futiarum vides, quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auc- torem sceleris, principem coniurationis, evocatorem servo- 10 rum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? Non hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis ? 28. Quid tandem te impedit ? Mosne maiorum ? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re 15 publica perniciosos civis morte multaverunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? At numquam in hac urbe qui a re piablica defecerunt civium iura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times ? Praecla- ram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te hominem 20 per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tam matiire ad summum imperium per omnis honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiae aut aliciiius periculi metum saliitem civium tuorum neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam 25 inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda .? An cum bello vasta- bitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? ' But he has been Biding his Time. XII. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus, et eorum hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pauca respon- 30 debo. Ego, si hoc optimum factii iudicarem, patres con- scripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladia- First Oration against Catiline 1 1 1 tori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi et clarissimi viri Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superio- rum compliirium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteri- 5 tatem redundaret. Quod si ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 30. Quamquam non nulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut ea quae vident dissimulent : qui spem Catilinae molUbus 10 sententiis aluerunt, coniurationemque nascentem non cre- dendo corroboraverunt : quorum auctoritatem secCiti multi non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc ani- madvertissem, criideliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra 15 pervenerit, neminem tarn stultum fore qui non videat con- iurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto, intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum com- primi posse. Quod si se eiecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, 20 et eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos adgregarit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. For Half-way Measures would have been of No Avail. XIII. 31. Etenim iam diii, patres conscripti, in his peri- 25 culis coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae matu- ritas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto latrocinio iste iinus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metii esse relevati ; periculum 30 autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo 112 Oratiojis of Cicei'o gravi, cum aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam bibe- rint, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehemen- tiusque adfiictantur ; sic hie morbus, qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis vivis ingraves- 5 cet. 32. Qua re secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, iTmum in locum congregentur, miaro denique ([id] quod Ruins of Temple of Jupiter Stator. saepe iam dixi) discernantur a nobis: desinant insidiari '• domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflam- 10 mandam urbem comparare : sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cuiusque quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equiti- bus Romanis virtiitem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensio- 15 nem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindicata esse videatis. Second Oration against Catiline 113 Appeal to Jupiter to Save Rome. 33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere ad impium helium ac nefarium. Tu, luppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis [a Romulo] es constitutus, quem 5 Statorem huius urbis atque imperi vere nominamus, hunc et huius socios a tuis ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium [omnium] arcebis, et homines bonorum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, 10 aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. //. CHARACTER OF THE CONSPIRACY. {In I. Catiiinam Ordtio II) Before the People, Nov. 8. When Cicero had finished his speech and taken his seat, Catiline attempted to reply, but was interrupted by the cries and reproaches of the Senators. With a few threatening words, he rushed from the temple, and left the city the same night, for the camp of Manlius. The next morning the consul assembled the people, and announced to them the news, in the triumphant speech which follows. Catiline is Gone. TANDEM aliquando, Quirites, L. Catiiinam, furentem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitan- tem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus, vel ipsum egre- 15 dientem verbis proseciiti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nijlla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio 114 Oi^ations of Cicero moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici ducem sine controversia vicimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versa- bitur : non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique 5 intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente bellum [iustum] geremus. Sine dubio perdidi- mus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. 2. Quod vero lo non cruentum mucronem (ut voluit) extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumis civis, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflictum et profligatum putatis ? lacet ille nunc prostratusque est, et se perculsum atque abiec- 15 tum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse liiget : quae quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. He Ought to have been Put to Death. 11. 3. Ac si quis est talis, qualis esse omnis oportebat, 20 qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tam capitalem hostem non com- prehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravis- simo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a me 25 et mos maiorum et huius imperi severitas et res pCiblica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederent? [quam multos qui propter stulti- tiam non putarent ?] quam multos qui etiam defenderent ? [quam multos qui propter improbitatem faverent ?] Ac si 30 illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. Second Oration against Catiline 115 But the Time was not Ripe. 4. Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam tum probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem hue deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. Quem quidem ego hostem quam vehe- 5 menter foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnis secum suas copias ediixisset ! Tongilium mihi ediixit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in 10 popina nullum rel publicae motum adferre poterat : reliquit quos viros ! quanto acre alieno ! quam valentis ! quam nobills ! His Worthless Partisans Remain, but are Powerless, III. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legio- nibus, et hoc dilectu quem in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. 15 Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie com- parantur, magno opere contemno, conlectum ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti ICixuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex eis qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum malu- erunt : quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostri, 20 verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. Hos, quos vide5 volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxisset : qui si hie permanent, mementote non tam exercitum ilium esse 25 nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quicquid cogi- tant me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 6. Video cui sit Apiilia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis 30 atque incendiorum depoposcerit : omnia superioris noctis 1 1 6 Orations of Cicero consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt : patefeci in senatu hesterno die : Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit : hi quid exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam meam pris- tinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram. Let them Follow him. 5 IV. Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes factam esse aperte coniCirationem contra rem publicam vide- retis : nisi vero si quis est qui Catilinae similis cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus : severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam : exeant, 10 proficiscantur ; ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia via profectus est : si adcelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur. He was the Ringleader of all Scoundrels and Profligates. 7. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem banc sentinam urbis eiecerit ! Uno (mehercule) Catilina exhausto, levata 15 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille conceperit ? Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae 20 mulier infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non fami- liarissime vixisse fateatur ? quae caedes per hosce annos sine illo facta est ? quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium } 8. Iam vero quae tanta umquam in uUo homine iuventutis 25 inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo ? qui alios ipse amabat turpis- sime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat : aliis fructum libidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem 30 numerum perditorum hominum conlegerat ! Nemo non Second Oration against Catiline 117 modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno fuit, quern non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus asciverit. V. 9. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo est in liido gladiatorio paulo ad 5 facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse fatea- tur; nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen, stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus, frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicaba- 10 tur, cum industriae subsidia atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque consumeret. Let his Associates Depart or Take the Consequences. 10. Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe exierint desperatorum liominum flagitiosi greges, O nos beatos ! O rem publicam fortunatam ! O praeclaram lau- 15 dem consulatus mei ! Non enim iam sunt mediocres liomi- num libidines, non liumanae ac tolerandae audaciae : niliil cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patri- monia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt : res eos iam pridem, fides nuper deficere coepit : eadem tamen ilia, 20 quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. Quod si in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi : hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertis homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultis- simos priidentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientis vigilanti- 25 bus .'' qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, complex! mulieres impudicas, vino languidi, conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, un- guentis obliti, debilitati stupris, eructant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia, 11. Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam iam diu impro- 30 bitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare iam plane, aut certe appropinquare. Quos si mens consulatus, 1 1 8 07'ations of Cice^v quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio quam pertimescamus, nullus rex qui helium populo Romano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa 5 unius virtute terra marique pacata : domesticum bellum manet; intus insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est, intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem profi- teor, Quirites : suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum. lo Quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo ; quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant, aut quiescant, aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. Catiline is not in Exile : he has Joined his Hostile Army. VI. 12. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exsi- 15 Hum eiectum esse Catilinam. Qupd ego si verbo adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem con- sulis ferre non potuit : simul atque ire in exsilium iussus est, paruit. Quid ? ut hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi 20 meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem lovis Sta- toris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli : qu5 cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit ? quis salutavit ? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem ? Quin etiam 25 principes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. 13. Hie ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo civis in exsilium eicio, quaesivi a Catilina in nocturne conventu ad M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia 30 convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera : quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesita- Second Oration against Catiline 119 ret, cum teneretur, quaesivi quid dubitaret prolicisci e5, quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum seciiris, cum fascis, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium [scelerum] domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. 14. In exsilium eiciebam, quem iam 5 ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 10 Men Say the Consul has Driven him into Exile : Would the Charge were True ! VII. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. Cati- lina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac debi- litatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit, ex hoc cursii sceleris 15 ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium converterit, — non ille a me spoliatus armis audlciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatiique depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens, in exsilium eiectus a consule vi et minis esse dicetur ; et erunt qui ilium, si hoc fecerit, non 20 improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum consulem, sed criidelissimum tyrannum existimari velint ! 15. Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane eiectus esse 25 a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dis immortalibus optabo, Qui- rites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam diicere exercitum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis : sed tridup tamen audietis : multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi 30 sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam I20 Orations of Cicero quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint homines qui ilium, cum pro- lectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, eidem si interfectus esset quid dicerent? 16. Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massi- liam ire dictitant, non tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. 5 Nemo est istorum tam misericors, qui ilium non ad Man- lium quam ad Massiliensis ire malit. Ille autem, si (me- hercule) hoc quod agit numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogita- lo tionemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam queramur. Character of his Partisans. VIII. 17. Sed cur tam diu de un5 hoste loquimur, et de hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quem,' quia (quod semper volui) murus interest, non timeo : de eis qui dissi- 15 mulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil dici- mus ? Quos quidem ego, si iillo modo fieri possit, non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publicae, neque id qua re fieri non possit, si me audire volent, intel- lego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus 20 hominum istae copiae comparentur: deinde singulis medi- cinam consili atque orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. First: Rich Men in Debt. 18. Unum genus est eorum, quj magno in aere alieno maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvi nuUo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est 25 honestissima — sunt enim locupletes : voluntas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad fidem ? Quid enim exspectas? bellum ? Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium, 30 tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ? An tabulas Second Oration agaijist Catiline I2i novas? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant : meo bene- ficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae. Neque enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione iilla salvi esse pos3unt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque — id quod stultissimum est — certare cum tisuris fructibus prae- 5 diorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt, aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facttiri contra rem piiblicam quam arma latiiri. ' 10 Second : Men Eager for Power and Wealth. IX. 19. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam pre- muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, — - Cmum scilicet et idem quod reli- 15 quis omnibus, — ut desperent id quod conantur se consequi posse : primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, provi- dere rei piiblicae ; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam in maxima multitudine, magnas praeterea copias militum ; deos denique immortalis huic 20 invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi, con- tra tantam vim sceleris praesentis auxilium esse latiiros. Quod si iam sint id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine civium, quae ment'e conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules ac 25 dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futures ? Non vident id se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitive alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse ? Third : Old Soldiers of Sulla. 20. Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen exercitatione robustum ; quo ex genere iste est Manlius, 30 cui nunc Catilina succedit. Sunt homines ex eis coloniis 122 Oratiojis of Cicero quas Sulla constituit : quas ego universas civium esse opti- morum et fortissimorum virorum sentio ; sed tamen ei sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuo- sius insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam 5 beati, dum praediis lectis, familiis magnis, conviviis appa- ratis delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit [eis] ab inferis excitandus : qui etiam non niillos agrestis, homines tenuis atque egentis, in eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos lo ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque pono. Sed eos hoc moneo : desinant furere ac proscrip- tiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum tempo- rum dolor inustus est civitati, ut iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur. Fourth : Ruined Debtors. 15 X. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et tur- bulentum, qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam emer- gunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; qui vadi- moniis, iiidiciis, proscriptione bonorum defatigati, permulti 20 et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego non tam milites acris quam infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines primum, si stare non possunt, conruant ; sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem, 25 si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter velint; aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. Fifth and Sixth: Cut-throats and Debauchees. 22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, denique omnium facinorosorum : quos ego a Catilina non revoco ; 30 nam neque ab eo divelli possunt, et pereant sane in latro- Second Oration against Catiline 123 cinio, quoniam sunt ita multi ut eos career eapere non possit. Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilinae est, — de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac sinu ; quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbis aut bene barbatos videtis, 5 manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos non togis, quo- rum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis cenis expromitur. 23. In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes impiiri impudicique versantur. Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum amare et amari, neque 10 saltare et cantare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt ; qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt ? Num suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi ? Quem ad 15 modum autem illis carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noc- tibus? Quo autem pacto illi Apenninum atque illas pruinas ac nivis perferent ? nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem tolera- tijros putant, quod niidi in conviviis saltare didicerunt. These Followers of Catiline Contrasted with the Defenders of the State. XI. 24. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum 20 hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam ! Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catilinae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitiis. Et primum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufragorum eiectam 25 ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae ac robur ediicite. Jam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia atque egestate conferre debeo. 25. Sed si, omissis his rebus, 30 quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille, — senatii, equitibus Ro- manis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cOncta Italia, provinciis 124 Orations of Cicero omnibus, exteris nationibus, — si, his rebus omissis, causas ipsas quae inter se confligunt contendere velimus, ex eo ipso quam valde illi iaceant intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, illinc 5 stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, illinc sce- lus; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc honestas, illinc tur- pitiido ; hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, [virtutes omnes,] certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate [cum vitiis omni- lo bus] ; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. In eius modi certamine ac proelio, nonne, etiam si hominum studia deficiant, di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et 15 tanta vitia superari ? Citizens Need not Fear: the Consul will Protect the City. XII. 26. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad modum iam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque defen- dite : mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidi, consultum atque provisum est. Coloni 20 omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de hac nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbis suas finisque defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit, — quamquam animo meliore sunt quam pars patriciorum, — potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q. 25 Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominera, aut omnis eius motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis, maturandis, agendis, iam ad senatum referemus, quem vocari videtis. The Conspirators Warned. 30 27. Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catilina Second Oration against Catiline 125 relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas si cui adliuc solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod latebat erum- peret. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci meam lianc esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, milii aut cum 5 liis vivendum aut pro liis esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae : si qui exire volunt, conivere possum. Qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules vigilantis, 10 esse egregios magistrates, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quern vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse voluerunt. There shall be No Disturbance. XIII. 28. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maximae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, 15 bellum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam crudelissimum et maximum, me uno togato duce et impera- tore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae 20 audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tam insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque poena vos omnes salvi esse possitis. 25 The People may Trust in the Immortal Gods. 29. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque hii- manis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis et non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus ; qui iam non procul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste 30 126 Orations of Cicero atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis teeta defendunt. Quos vos, Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pul- eherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, banc, omnibus 5 hostium copiis terra marique superatis, a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant. ///. HOW THE CONSPIRACY WAS SUPPRESSED. [In I. Catilinafti Or at id III) Before the People, Dec. 3. Now that Catiline had been driven into open war, the conspiracy within the city was in the hands of utterly incompetent men. Lentulus, who claimed the lead by virtue of his consular rank, was vain, pompous, and inefficient. The next in rank, Cethegus, was energetic enough, but rash and bloodthirsty. The consul easily kept the run of events, and at last succeeded in getting the conspirators to commit themselves in writing, when he had no difficulty in arresting them and securing the documents. How this was accomplished is told in the third oration. The Citizens Congratulated on their Deliverance, REM PUBLICAM, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros, atque hoc domicilium clarissimi imperi, fortCmatissimam pulcherrimam- 10 que urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, consiUis, periculis meis, e flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conser- vatam ac restitutam videtis. 2. Et si non minus nobis iucundi atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conservamur, 15 quam illi quibus nascimur, — quod salCitis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta condicio ; et quod sine sensii nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, — profecto, quoniam ilium qui TJiird Oration against Catiline 127 hanc urbem condidit ad deos immortalis benevolentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit is qui eandem hanc urbem conditam ampli- ficatamque servavit. Nam toti urbl, templis, delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignis circumda- 5 tosque restinximus ; idemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus, mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. 3. Quae quoniam in senatu inlustrata, pate- facta, comperta sunt per me, vobis iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta et qua ratione investigata et compre- 10 hensa sint, vos qui ignoratis et exspectatis scire possitis. The Story of the Arrest. Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, cum sceleris sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Qui- rites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam absconditis insidiis 15 salvi esse possemus. II. Nam tum, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam, — non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum ilia magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit, — sed tum, cum ilium exterminari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum ma- num simul exituram, aut eos qui restitissent infirmos sine 20 illo ac debilis fore putabam. 4. Atque ego, ut vidi quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam eos nobiscum esse, et Romae remansisse, in eo omnis dies noc- tisque consumpsi, ut quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac viderem ; ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredi- 25 bilem magnitiidinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis saluti vestrae provideretis, cum oculis malelicium ipsum videretis. Itaque, ut comperi legates Allobrogum, belli Transalpini et tumultus Gallici excitandi causa, a P. Lentulo esse sollici- 30 tatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis, eodemque itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, comi- 128 Orations of Cice7V temque eis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic ad Catilinam esse datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam pu- tavl, ut — quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper optabam ab dis immortalibus — tota res non solum a me, 5 sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. At the Mulvian Bridge. 5. Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me vocavi ; rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi. Illi ^ r 4/^ The Mulvian Bridge. autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sen- lo tirent, sine reciisatione ac sine ulla mora negotium suscepe- runt, et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mulvium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis villis italDipartito fuerunt, utrTiberis\ inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi sine ciiiusquam suspicione multos fortis viros eduxerant, 15 et ego ex praefectura Reatina compluris delectos adules- TJiird Oration against Catiline 129 centis, quorum opera utor adsidue in re publica praesidi9^ — cum gladiis miseram. 6. Interim, tertia fere vigilia exactk, cum iam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allo- brogum ingredi inciperent, unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus ; educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. J^^_ 5 praetoribus^_erat nota soils, ignorabatur a ceteris. The Conspirators Arrested. III. Tum, interventii Pomptini atque Flacci, pugna [quae erat commissa] sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi compre- hensi ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, dediicuntur. Atque 10 horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad^ ine, nihil dum suspicantem, vocavi ; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius, et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod in litteris dandis praeter consuetiidinem proximo nocte vigi- 15 larat. 7. Cum summis ac clarissimis huius civitatis viris (qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant) litteras a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferrem placeret, — ne, si nihil esset ihventum, temere a me tantus tumultus _ - / _ iniectus civitati videretur, — (negayi me esse facturum, ut d^ 20 periculo publico jion ad consilium publicum rem integram' ^'^ deferremJ Etenim, Quirites, si ea quae erant ad me delata reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in tantis rei publicae periculis, esse mihi nimiam diligentiam pertimes- cendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. 25 8. Atque interea statim, admonitu Allobrogum, C. Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi si quid telorum esset efferret : ex quibus ille maximum sica- rum numerum et gladiorum extulit. The Conspirators before the Senate. IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis : fidem publicam 30 iussii senatiis dedi : hortatus sum, ut ea quae sciret sine 130 Orations of Cicero timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno tinioxe recreasset, ab Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam man- data et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet: id autem eo con- 5 silio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus quem ad modum descriptum distribiitumque erat incendissent, caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et fugi- entls exciperet, et se cum his urbanis ducibus coniungeret. — 9. Introducti autem Galli'^s^s iurandum sihPet litteras ab 10 Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse dixe- runt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; pedestris sibi copias non defuturas. Lentulum autem sibijconfirmasse, ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se esse tertium 15 ilium Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis atque impe- rium pervenire esset necesse ; Cinnam ante se et Sullam — fuisse ; eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad interitum huius urbis atque imperi, qui esset annus decimus post virginum absoliitionem, post Capitoli autem incensio- 20 nem vicesimus. 10. Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris con- ^0 troversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. The Letters Produced. V. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussimus, 25 quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum ostendimus Ce- thego signum : cognovit. Nos linum incidimus : legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse ; orare ut item illi facerent quae sibi eorum legati recepissent. 30 Tum Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa, respondisset dixis- setque se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, Third Oration against Catiline 131 recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abiectus conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius : cognovit et signum et manum suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandeni fere sen- tentiam : confessus est. Turn ostendi tabellas Lentulo, et quaesivi cognosceretne signum. Adnuit. ' Est vero,' in- quam, ' notum quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissimi viri, qui amavit unice patriam et civis suos ; quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit.' 11. Leguntur eadem ratione ad senatum AUobrogum populumque litterae. Lentulus Confesses. Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque i ille privo quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit ; quaesivit a Gallis One of the Lentuli. quid sibi esset cum eis, quam ob rem domum suam venis- sent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi breviter constanter- que respondissent, per quern ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab eo nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, tum ille subito, scelere demens, quanta conscientiae 132 Of-atioiis of Cicero vis esset ostendit. Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifest! atque depre- 5 hensi impudentia, qua superabat omnis, improbitasque de- fecit. 12. Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri ^ iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et 10 signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem [scriptae] sine nomine, sed ita : Quis sim scies ex eo quern ad te misl. Curd ut vir sis, et cogitd quern in locum sis p?'dgressus ; vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et curd ut onuiium tibi auxilia adiun- gds, etiam itifinidriwi. Gabinius deinde introductus, cum 15 primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex eis quae Galli insimulabant negavit. 13. Ac mihi qui- dem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa sunt argiimenta atque indicia sceleris, — tabellae, signa, manus, denique unius ciiiusque confessio ; tum multo certiora ilia, — color, oculi, 20 voltus, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim non numquam inter sese aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur. Action of the Senate. VI. Indiciis expositis atque editis, senatum consului de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a 25 principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. 14. Pri- mum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, 30 consilio, providentia mea res publica maximis periculis sit liberata: deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus prae- tores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito Third Oration agaiiist Catiliite 133 ac iure laudantur ; atque etiam viro forti, conlegae meo, laus impertitur, quod eos qui huius coniiirationis participes fuissent a suis et a rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Stati- 5 lius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custodiam traderentur ; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attri- butam esse erat indicatum, in P. Furium, qui est ex eis lo colonis quos Faesulas L. SCiUa deduxit, in Q. Annium Chi- lonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac AUobro- gum solHcitatione versatus, in P. Umbrenum, libertinum hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat.^ Atque ea lenitate senatus est lisus, Qui- 15 rites, ut ex tanta coniiiratione, tantaque hac multitiidine domesticorum hostium, novem hominum perditissimorum poena re publica conservata, reliquorum mentis sanari posse arbitraretur. 15. Atque etiam supplicatio dis immor- ^tf talibus pro singular! eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, 20 quod mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato con- tigit. Et his verbis decreta est : quod urbem incendiis^ caede clvis^ Italiam hello llberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haec iin a conservata re publica .constituta est. Atque 25 illud, quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus — quamquam patefactis indiciis, confessionibus suis, iudicio senatus non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat — tamen magistratii se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non 30 fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, praetorem occideret,. ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. ... 134 Orations of Cicero The Conspiracy now Thwarted. VII. 16. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi peri- '1 ^' culosissimique belli nefarios duces captos iam et compre- hensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catilinae copias, omnis spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis periculis, conci- 5 disse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc pro- videbam animo, Quirites, — remoto Catilina, non mihi esse P. Lentuli somnum, nee L. Cassi adipes, nee C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Character of Catiline. Ille erat unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tam diia, 10 dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditiis tenebat : appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, aude- bat : erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque manus neque lingua deerat. Iam ad certas res con- ficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. 15 Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat : nihil erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, labo- raret. Frigus, sitim, famem, ferre poterat. 17. Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam paratum, tam calli- dum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus dili- 20 gentem, nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium compulissem, — dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, — non facile hanc tantam molem mali a cervicibus vestris depulissem. ■^ '^ox^. ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque tanto ante exsili ac fati diem rei publicae deniintiavisset ; neque com- 25 mississet ut signum, ut litterae suae testes manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur.) Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum, quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio mani- festo inventa atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catilina in 30 urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, Third Oration against Catiline 135 omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levis- sime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset ; neque nos umquam, cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. Thanks Due to the Gods. VIII. 18. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirltes, ita sunt a 5 me administrata, ut deorum immortalium niitu atque con- silio et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque cum coniec- tiira consequi possumus, quod vix videtur human! consill tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse ; tum vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, 10 ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam, — visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces, ardoremque caeli, ut fulminum iactiis, ut terrae motias relinquam, ut omittam cetera, quae tam multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales viderentur, 15 — hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque reliquendum est. Signs and Omens. 19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato consulibus, compluris in Capitolio res de caelo esse per- cussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt, et statuae 20 veterum hominum deiectae, et legum aera liquefacta : tac- tus est etiam ille qui hanc urbem condidit Romulus, quem inauratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactentem, uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque 25 incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac domesticum, et totius urbis atque imperi occasum appropinquare dixe- runt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione placati, suo nCimine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 20. Itaque illorum responsis ^^ tum et ludi per decem dies facti sunt, neque res ulla quae 30 136 Oi'atiojis of Cicero ad placandos deos pertineret praetermissa est; idemque iusserunt simulacrum lovis facere maius, et in excelso con- locare, et (contra atque antea fuerat) ad orientem conver- tere ; ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud signum, quod videtis, 5 solis ortum et forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea con- silia, quae clam essent inita contra saliitem urbis atque imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano per- spici possent. Atque [illud signum] conlocandum consules illi locaverunt ; sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque 10 superioribus consulibus, neque nobis ante hodiernum diem, conlocaretur. Jupiter Watches over the City. IX. 21. Hie quis potest esse tarn aversus a vero, tarn praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae videmus, praecipueque banc urbem, deorum immortalium 15 nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publicae com- parari, et ea per civis, — quae tum propter magnitudinem scelerum non nullis incredibilia videbantur, — ea non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum etiam suscepta esse sen- 20 sistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu lovis Optimi iMaximi factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussu et coniurati et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum sta- tueretur ? quo conlocato atque ad vos senatumque converse, 25 omnia [et senatus et vos] quae erant cogitata contra salii- tem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. 22. Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorum templis atque delubris sunt fiinestos ac nefarios ignis inferre conati. 30 Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam. nimium mihi siimam, et non sim ferendus. Ille, ille luppiter restitit : ille Capito- lium, ille haec templa, ille ciinctam urbem, ille vos omnis salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immortalibus ducibus banc !is«8^.'.r:3^s^' /^' -^ ^^^^^' MARCUS AURELIUS SACRIFICING. (Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in the Background.) Third Oration against Catiline 137 mentem, Quirites, voluntatemque suscepi, atque ad haec tanta indicia pervenl. lam vero [ilia Allobrogum soUici- tatio] ab Lentiilo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tarn demen- ter tantae res creditae et ignotis et barbaris [commissae litterae] numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dis immortalibus 5 huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. Quid vero ? ut homines Galli, ex civitate male pacata, quae gens una restat quae bellum populo Romano facere posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperi ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus oblatam neglegerent, vestramque salii- 10 tem suis opibus anteponerent, id non divinitus esse factum putatis ? praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare potuerint ? Citizens Exhorted to Thanksgiving. X. 23. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pul- vinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum 15 coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debiti, sed profecto iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac miserrimo interitii ; erepti sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exercitii, sine dimicatione. Togati me uno togato duce et 20 imperatore vicistis. 24. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, om- nls civilis dissensiones : non solum eas quas audistis, sed eas quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit ; [eiecit ex urbe] C. Marium, custodem hiiius urbis, multosque fortis viros partim eiecit ex civitate, 25 partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe conlegam : omnis hie locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit, Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario : tum vero, clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina civitatis ex- stincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem postea 30 Sulla : ne dici quidem opus est quanta diminutione civium, et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus I3S Orations of Cicero a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q. Catulo : attulit non tain ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum quam ceterorum. 25. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius modi, quae non ad delendam, sed ad commiitandam rem publicam 5 pertinerent. Non illi nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea quae esset, se esse principes ; neque hanc urbem confla- grare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. [Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei publi- ^ _^ = 4.h^ A Roman Sacrificial Procession. cae quaesivit, eius modi luerunt, ut non reconciliatione con- 10 cordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint.] In hoc autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimo- que bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi IS esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirites, ut salvi omnes conservaremini ; et cum hostes vestri tantum civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infi- nitae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma TJiird Oratio)i against Catiline 139 obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros incolumisque servavi. Cicero Asks for No Reward. XI. 26. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a vobis praemium virtutis, nullum inslgne honoris, nullum monumentum laudis postulo, praeterquam huius diei memo- 5 riam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnis triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis insignia condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, nihil tacitum, nihil denique eius modi, quod etiam minus digni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res 10 nostrae alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentis inveterascent et conroborabuntur ; eandemque diem intel- lego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei ; linoque tempore in hac re publica duos civis exstitisse, quorum 15 alter finis vestri imperi non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperi domicilium sedlsqiie ser- varet. He Relies on the Devotion of the Citizens. XII. 27. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum qui externa 20 bella gesserunt, — quod mihi cum eis vivendum est quos vici ac subegi, isti hostis aut interfectos aut oppresses reliquerunt, — vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim homi- num audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere 25 possent ego providi ; ne mihi noceant vestrum est provi- dere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est; magna in re pablica dignitas, quae me semper tacita defendet ; magna 30 vis conscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, cum me violare volent, se [ipsi] indicabunt. I40 Orations of Cicei'o He has No Fear for the Future. 28. Est etiam nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnis improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me iinum convertit, vobis 5 erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculis- li. Temple of Jupiter (Restored). que omnibus : mihi quidem ipsi, quid est quod iam ad vitae friictum possit adquiri, cum praesertim neque in honore vestro, neque in gloria virtutis, quicquam videam altius, quo lo mihi libeat ascendere t 29. Illud profecto perficiam, Qui- rites, ut ea quae gessi in consulatu privatus tuear atque ornem : ut si qua est invidia conservanda re publica sus- cepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim sem-per quae 15 gesserim, ciaremque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. FoiirtJi Oration against Catiline 141 The Assembly Dismissed, Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox est, venerati lovem, ilium custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite ; et ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, tamen'aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis diiitius faciendum sit, atque ut in perpetua pace esse pos- sitis, providebo. IV. SENTENCE OF THE CONSPIRATORS. {In I. Catilinam, Ordtio IF.) In the Senate, Dec. 5. Two days later the Senate was convened, to determine what was to be done with the prisoners. It was a fundamental principle of the Roman constitution that no citizen should be put to death without the right of appeal to the people. Against the view of Caesar, which favored perpetual confinement, Cicero urged that, by the fact of taking up arms against the Republic, the conspirators had forfeited their citizenship, and that therefore the law did not protect them. This view prevailed, and the conspirators — Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabi- nius, and Caeparius — were strangled by the public executioners. Solicitude of the Senate for Cicero. VIDEO, patres conscript!, in me omnium vestrum ora atque oculos esse converses. Video vos non solum de vestro ac rei piiblicae, verum etiam, si id depails-um sit, de "^ meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iiicunda in mails et 10 grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas : sed eam, per deos immortalis, deponite ; atque obliti salutis meae, de vobis ac de yestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatiis data est, ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatiisque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, 15 14- Oratio7is of Cicero dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano dignitas salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, sum- 5 mum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune per- fugium, non lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris [sella curulis] umquam vacua mortis periculo -^ at qu e ms| diis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. lo Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mei di immortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Roman um ex caede miser- rima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestalis ex acerbissima vexatione, templa atque delubra, banc pulcher- rimam patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, 15 totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi unl proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentu- ius suum nomen, mdiictus a vatibus, fatal e ad perniciem rei publicae fore putavit, cCir ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salCitem populi Romani prope latalem exstitisse ? They Need not Fear for him, 20 II. 3. Qua re, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospi- cite patriae, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos fortunasque vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque defendite : mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo sperare omnis deos, qui huic urbi praesident,^pio eo mihi ac 25 mereor) relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Namj'neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere, neque immatura consulari, nee misera sapienti. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris carissimi atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear, 30 horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe revocat exanimata uxor, et abiecta metu filia, et parvolus filius, 5 X p O o ro i o "5- -I Fourth Oration against Catiline 143 quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem consulatus mei, neque ille, qui exspectans huius exitum diei adstat in conspectu me5 gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et illi et nos una rei 5 publicae peste pereamus. 4. Qua re, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei publicae, circumspicite omnis procellas, quae impendent nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare 10 conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis indicium adducitur : tenentur ei qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum, Romae restite- runt ; tenentur litterae, signa, manils, denique unius cuius- 15 que confessio ; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur ; id est initum consilium, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi Romani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperi calamitatem relinquatur. 20 How shall the Conspirators be Punished? III. 5. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, j^r^^ vos muitis iam iudiciis iiidicavistis : primum quod mihi ' gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtute atque diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem patefactam esse decrevistis ; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare 25 praetura coegistis ; tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus iOdicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis ; maximeque quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die praemia legatis AUobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis am- 30 plissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ei qui in custo- diam nominatim dati sunt sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse videantur. , 144 Orations of Cicero 6. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscript!, tam- quam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis, et de poena quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego mag- num in re publica versari furorem, et nova quaedam misceri 5 et concitari mala iam pridem videbam ; sed hanc tantam, tarn exitiosam haberi coniurationem a civibus numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit videtis. Huic si 10 paucos putatis adfinis esse, vehementer erratis. Latins opinione disseminatum est hoc malum : inanavit non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpis, et obsciare ser- pens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi susten- tando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Quacumque ratione 15 placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. Silanus Proposes Death; Caesar, Imprisonment. IV. 7. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D. Silani, qui censet e.os, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse multandos ; -alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acerbitates amplec- 20 titur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitii- dine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos qui nos omnis, [qui populum Romanum,] vita privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hgc commimi spiritu non putat 25 oportere; /atque hoc genus poertae saepe in improbos civis in hac re piablica esse Cisurpatum recordatur. £j\lter intel- rj legit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse supplici causa ^?!?>^^ 10 Coin of Hekaclia. civitas aequissim5 iure ac foedere, ascribi se in eam civita- tem voluit ; idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, tum auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus impetravit. He is Enrolled as a Roman Citizen. 7. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : Si qui foedc- 15 rails clvitatibics ascrlptl fuissent ; si tiim^ cum lex ferebatur^ in Italia domicilitcm habuissent ; et si sexaginta diebus apud praetdrcfn essent professl. Cum hie domicilium Romae mul- tos iam annos haberet, professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum familiarissimum suum. 8. Si nihil aliud nisi de 20 civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dico amplius : causa dicta est. Quid enim horum infirmari, Grati, potest ? Heracliaene esse tum ascriptum negabis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et 158 Oratio7is of Cicero religione et fide, M. Lucullus, qui se non opinari sed scire, non audisse sed vidisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Heraclienses legati, nobilissimi homines : huius iudici causa cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio [vene- 5 runt]; qui hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas desideras Heracliensium publicas : quas Italico bello incenso tabulario interisse scimus omnis. Est ridiculum ad ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non pos- sumus ; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memo- 10 riam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri religionem, integerrimi municipi ius iurandum fidemque, ea quae depra- vari nullo modo possunt repudiare, tabulas, quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare. 9. An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot annis ante 15 civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum sua- rum Romae conlocavit ? At non est professus. Immo vero eis tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia professione conlegioque praetorum obtinent publicarum tabularum auc- toritatem. V. Nam — cum Appi tabulae neglegentius ad- 20 servatae dicerentur ; Gabini, quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas, post damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resig- nasset — Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque omnium, tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem et ad iiidices venerit, et unius nominis litura se commotum 25 esse dixerit. Li his igitur tabulis niillam lituram in nomine A. Licini videtis. Evidence of the Census not Necessary. 10. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et aut niilla 30 aut humili aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civitatem in Grae- cia homines impertiebant, Reginos credo aut Locrensis aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentinos, quod scenicis artificibus largiri The Citize7isliip of Archias 159 solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito gloria noluisse ! Quid ? cum ceteri non modo post civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum mimici- piorum tabulas inrepserunt, hic, qui ne iititur quidem illis in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse 5 voluit, reicietur ? 11. Census nostros requiris scilicet. Est enim obscurum proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. LOcullo apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus, cum eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia; primis lulio et Crasso nOUam populi partem esse censam. Sed — quoniam census 10 non ius civitatis confirmat, ac tantum modo indicat eum qui sit census [ita] se iam turn gessisse pro cive — eis tempori- bus quibus tii criminaris ne ipsius quidem iudicio in civium Romanorum iiire esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit nostris legibus, et adiit hereditates civium Romanorum, et 15 in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo pro con- sule. VI. Quaere argumenta, si qua potes : numquam enim hic neque suo neque amicorum iiidicio revincetur. Study of Letters an Indispensable Relaxation. 12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cOr tanto opere hoc homine delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc 20 forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures convicio defessae con- quiescant. An tii existimas aut suppetere nobis posse quod cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros doctrina excolamus ; aut ferre animos tantam posse conten- tionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? £2:0 vero fateor 2^ &^ me his studiis esse deditum : ceteros pudeat, si qui se ita litteris abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex eis neque ad com- munem adferre fructum, neque in aspectum lucemque pro- ferre : me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, iudices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo aut otium 30 meum abstraxerit, aut voluptas avocarit, aut denique somnus retardarit ? 13. Qua re quis tandem me reprehendat, aut i6o Oratio7is of Cicero quis mihi iure suscenseat, si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tem- 5 pestivis conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? Atque hoc ideo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his studiis haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas ; quae, quan- tacumque in me est, numquam amicorum periculis defuit. lo Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam sentio. Literature a Source of Moral Strength. 14. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisque litteris mihi ab adulescentia suasissem, nihil esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in ea autem 15 persequenda omnis cruciatiis corporis, omnia pericula mor- tis atque exsili parvi esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligato- rum hominum cotidianos impetus obiecissem. Sed pleni omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum 20 vetustas : quae iacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas nobis imagines — non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum — fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt? Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re pfiblica propo- 25 nens, animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam. All Famous Men have been Devoted to Letters, VII. 15. Quaeret quispiam : 'Quid? illi ipsi summi viri, quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam tu effers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt ? ' Difficile est hoc de 30 omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certe quod respondeam. The Citizenship of Arc J das i6i Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse, et sine doctrina naturae ipsius habitu prope divino per se ipsos et moderates et gravis exstitisse, fateor: etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem natiiram sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. Atque idem 5 ego contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque inliistrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, tum illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere. 16. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri viderunt, divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, 10 moderatissimos homines et continentissimos ; ex hoc fortis- simum virum et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem : qui profecto si nihil ad percipiendam [colen- dam] virtutem litteris adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. Quod si non hie tantus fructus osten- 15 deretur, et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen (ut opinor) hanc animi adversionem humanissimam ac libera- lissimam iudicaretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aetatum omnium neque locorum : haec studia adules- centiam alunt, senectiitem oblectant, secundas res ornant, 20 adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. Great Artists are of Themselves Worthy of Admiration. 17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam cum 25 in aliis videremus. VIII. Quis nostrtjm tam animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut Rosci morte nuper non commoveretur ? qui cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem artem ac venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. Ergo ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a nobis 30 omnibus : nos animorum incredibilis motus celeritatemque ingeniorum neglegemus ? 18. Quotiens ego hunc Archiam 1 62 Orations of Cicero vidi, iudices, — iitar enim vestra benignitate, quoniam me in hoc novo genere dicendi tarn diligenter attenditis, — quo- tiens ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scripsisset nOllam, magnum numerum optimorum versuum de eis ipsis rebus quae tum 5 agerentur dicere ex tempore ! Quotiens revocatum eandem rem dicere, commiitatis verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero adcijrate cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi probari, ut ad veterum scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego non dili- gam? non admirer? non omni ratione defendendum putem? The Poet Especially Sacred. lo Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque accepi- mus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et praeceptis et arte constare : poetam natura ipsa valere, et mentis viribus excitari, et quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari. Qua re suo iure noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat poetas, quod quasi 15 deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati nobis esse videantur. 19. Sit igitur, iudices, sanctum apud vos, hiimanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla um- quam barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitudines voci respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantii flectuntur atque consistunt : 20 nos, institiiti rebus optimis, non poetarum voce moveamur ? Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse con- firmant, itaque etiam deliibrum eius in oppido dedicaverunt : permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque contendunt. 25 IX. Ergo illi alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam expetunt : nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus noster est, repudiabimus ? praesertim cum omne olim studium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi Roman! gloriam laudemque celebrandam ? Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens 30 attigit, et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad haec studia vide- batur, iucundus fuit. TJie CitizensJiip of A re hi as 163 The Poet is the Herald of Fame. 20. Neque enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, qui non mandari versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum Athe- nis virum, dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur, quod acroama aut cuius vocem libentissime audiret : Eiiis, a quo sua virtus optirne praedicairtur. Itaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat posse celebrari. 21. Mithridaticum vero bellum. Marius. magnum atque difficile et in multa varietate terra marique versatum, totum ab hoc expressum est : qui libri non modo 10 L. Lucullum, fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi Romani nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit LucuUo imperante Pontum, et regiis quon- dam opibus et ipsa natura et regione vallatum : populi Romani exercitus, eodem duce, non maxima manii innu- 15 merabilis Armeniorum copias fiidit : populi Romani laus est urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex omni impetu regio atque totius belli ore ac faucibus erep- tam esse atque servatam : nostra semper feretur et prae- dicabitur, L. LucuUo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus 20 164 Orations of Cicero depressa hostium classis, et incredibilis apud Tenedum piigna ilia navalis : nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monimenta, nostri triumphi. Quae quorum ingeniis efferuntur, ab eis populi Roman! fama celebratur. 22. Carus fuit Africano 5 superior! noster Ennius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore. At eis laudibus certe non solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato toUitur : magnus honos populi Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes 10 denique illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii, non sine commiini omnium nostrum laude decorantur. X. Ergo ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, maiores nostri in civita- tem receperunt : nos hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus constitutum, de nostra civi- 15 tate eiciemus ? Alexander at the Tomb of Achilles. 23. Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Grae- cis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat : propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, Alexander the Great (from a Coin). Latina suis finibus, exiguis sane, continentur. Qua re si 20 res eae quas gessimus orbis terrae region ibus definiuntur, cupere debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, TJie Citizenship of ArcJiias 165 eodem gloriam famamque penetrare : quod cum ipsis popu- lis de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, tum eis certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum et periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. 24. Quam mul- tos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum 5 habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum astitisset : O fortfDiate inquit aduiescefis, qui tuae virtiltis Ho7nenim praecdnc7?i inveneris I Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus eius contex-. erat, nomen etiam obruisset. Quid ? noster hie Magnus, 10 qui cum virtute fortimam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, scriptorem rerum suarum, in contione mili- tum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi fortes viri, sed riistici ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae commoti, quasi participes eiusdem laudis, magno illud clamore approbaverunt ? 15 Many would have been Eager to Give Archias the Citizenship. 25. Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus non esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur perficere non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, credo hunc petentem repudiasset : quem nos in contione vidimus, cum ei libellum malus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod 20 epigramma in eum fecisset, tantummodo alternis versibus longiusculis, statim ex eis rebus quas tunc vendebat iubere ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scri- beret. Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen praemio dignam, huius ingenium et virtutem in scribendo 25 et copiam non expetisset ? 26. Quid ? a Q. Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se neque per Liicullos impetravisset ? qui praesertim Osque eo de suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis poetis, pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum, tamen auris 30 suas dederet. 1 66 Orations of Cicero All Men Thirst for Glory. XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum (quod obscurari non potest) sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxinie gloria ducitur. Ipsi illi philosophi, etiam in eis libellis quos de contem- 5 nenda gloria scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt : in eo ipso, in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedicari de se ac nominari volunt. 27. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir et imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus templorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. lo lam- vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Ful- vius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. Qua re in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poetarum nomen et Musarum deliibra coluerunt, in ea non debent togati iudices a Musarum honore et a poetarum salute 15 abhorrere. 28. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis, iudices, indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis acri for- tasse verum tamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nam quas res nos in consulatfi nostro vobiscum simul pro salute 20 huiusce imperi et pro vita civium proque universa re publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inchoavit : qui- bus auditis, quod mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adornavi. Nullam enim virtus aliam mer- cedem laborum periculorumque desiderat, praeter hanc 25 laudis et gloriae : qua quidem detracta, iudices, quid est quod in hoc tarn exiguo vitae curriculo [et tam brevi] tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus ? 29. Certe si nihil animus praesentiret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus vitae spa- tium circumscriptum est, eisdem omnis cogitationes termi- 30 naret suas ; nee tantis se laboribus frangeret, neque tot curis vigiliisque angeretur, nee totiens de ipsa vita dimi- caret. Nunc insidet quaedam in optimo quoque virtus, TJie Citize7tsJiip of Archias 167 quae noctis ac dies animum gloriae stimulis concitat, atque admonet non cum vitae tempore esse dimittendam comme- morationem nominis nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adae- quandam. Literature the Most Enduring of Monuments. XII. 30. An vero tam parvi animi videamur esse omnes, 5 qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium nullum tran- quillum atque otiosum spiritum diixerimus, nobiscum simul moritura omnia arbitremur .^ An statuas et imagines, non animorum simulacra sed corporum, studiose multi summi 10 homines reliquerunt ; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis ingeniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero omnia quae gere- bam, iam tum in gerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbi- trabar in orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero 15 sive a meo sensu post mortem afutura est sive — ut sapien- tissimi homines putaverunt — ad aliquam mei partem per- tinebit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector. Archias the Poet should be Protected in his Rights. 31. Qua re conservate, ifidices, hominem pudore eo, 20 quem amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate tum etiam vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id con- venit existimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis ex- petitum esse videatis ; causa vero eius modi, quae bene- ficio legis, auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculli, tabulis 25 Metelli comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis, ifidices, si qua n5n modo humana, verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, qui vestros imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque domes- 30 ticis periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis dati^irum esse 1 68 O ratio )is of Cicero profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper apud omnis sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut hiimanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 32. Quae de causa pro mea consue- 5 tiidine breviter simpliciterque dixi, iudices, ea confido pro- bata esse omnibus. Quae autem remota a mea itadicialique consuetCidine, et de hominis ingenio et commiiniter de ipsius studio locutus sum, ea, iudices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta ; ab eo qui iudicium exercet, certo 10 scio. SELECT LETTERS OF CICERO I. {Att. 2. lO.) A friendly and somewhat jocose note written by Cicero (B.C. 59) at Appii Forum while on his way from Rome to his villa at Formiae. T. Pomponius Atticus, a wealthy Roman banker, was Cicero's most intimate friend. The letters to Atticus cover every subject in which Cicero felt an interest, from the fate of the republic to the choice of words in composition. Atticus belonged to the equestrian order — the "capitalist class" among the Romans. He was a highly cultivated man, of honorable character, and deeply interested in literature and philosophy. He had spent much time in Greece and was noted for his thorough acquaintance with the niceties of the Greek language — hence his surname "the Attic." CICERO ATTICO SAL. VOLO ames meam constantiam : liidos Anti spectare non placet ; est enim virodoXoixov, cum velim vitare omnium deliciarum suspicionem, repente dvit(f>atveaOaL non solum deli- cate, sed etiam inepte peregrinantem : qua re usque ad Nonas 169 I/O Letters of Cieero Maias te in Formiano exspectabo. Nunc fac ut sciam quo die te visuri simus. Ab Appi Foro, hora quarta. Dederam aliam paulo ante a Tribus Tabernis. II. {Att. 2. 2 1.) This letter was written from Rome (B.C. 59) shortly before Cicero's banishment. Atticus, to whom it is addressed, was on his estate in Epirus. The so-called First Triumvirate was in power, and Caesar had received the consulship as a part of the political bargain which he had made with Pompey and Crassus. His colleague Bibulus was in vain attempting to prevent him from carrying out his plans. Clodius, Cicero's bitterest enemy, was active, and Cicero was beginning to fear that Pompey's protection might not be sufficient. For the political situation and the causes of Cicero's banishment, see Life of Cicero, Introduction, pp. xix-xx. Cicero expresses the fear that the course of the " Triumvirs " may lead to civil war. Pompey, by his compact with Caesar, has alien- ated his own party. His popularity is waning. He has lately had a mortifying experience in a public assembly, where he vainly attempted to reply effectively to the attacks of Bibulus. Finally, Cicero expresses much anxiety as to his own prospects. CICERO ATTICO SAL. De re publica quid ego tibi subtiliter ? Tota periit atque 5 hoc est miserior quam reliquisti, quod turn videbatur eius modi dominatio civitatem oppressisse, quae iucunda esset multitudini, bonis autem ita molesta, ut tamen sine pernicie, nunc repente tanto in odio est omnibus, ut quorsus eruptura sit horreamus ; nam iracundiam atque intemperantiam illo- 10 rum sumus expert!, qui Catoni irati omnia perdiderunt. Sed ita lenibus uti videbantur venenis, ut posse videremur sine dolore interire : nunc vero sibilis volgi, sermonibus honesto- rum, fremiti! Italiae vereor ne exarserint. Equidem sperabam, ut saepe etiam loqui tecum solebam, 15 sic orbem rei publicae esse conversum, ut vix sonitum audire To Atticiis 17 vix impressam orbitam videre possemus, et fuisset ita, si homines transitum tempestatis exspectare potuissent, sed cum diu occulte suspirassent, postea iam gemere, ad extre- mum vero loqui omnes et clamare coeperunt. Itaque ilie amicus noster, insolens infamiae, semper in laude versatus, circumfluens gloria, deformatus corpore, fractus animo, quo Cato. se conferat nescit ; progressum praecipitem, inconstantem reditum videt; bonos inimicos habet, improbos ipsos non amicos. Ac vide mollitiem animi : non tenui lacrimas, cum ilium 10 a. d. VIII. Kal. Sextilis vidi de edictis Bibuli contionantem ; qui antea solitus esset iactare se magnificentissime illo in loco, summo cum amoje populi, cunctis faventibus, ut ille tum humilis, ut demissus erat, ut ipse etiam sibi, non eis 1/2 Letters of Cicero solum, qui aderant, displicebat ! O spectaculum uni Crasso iucundum, ceteris non item ! Nam, quia deciderat ex astris, lapsus quam progressus potius videbatur, et, ut Apelles, si Venerem, aut Protogenes, si lalysum ilium suum caeno obli- 5 tum videret, magnum, credo, acciperet dolorem, sic ego hunc omnibus a me pictum et politum artis coloribus subito deformatum non sine magno dolore vidi. Quamquam nemo putabat, propter Clodianum negotium, me illi amicum esse debere, tamen tantus fuit amor, ut lo exhauriri nulla posset iniuria. Itaque Archilochia in ilium edicta Bibuli populo ita sunt iucunda, ut eum locum, ubi proponuntur, prae multitudine eorum, qui legunt, transire nequeamus, ipsi ita acerba, ut tabescat dolore, mihi meher- cule molesta, quod et eum, quem semper dilexi, nimis excru- 15 ciant, et timed tam vehemens vir tamque acer in ferro et tam insuetus contumeliae ne omni animi impetu dolori et ira- cundiae pareat. Bibuli qui sit exitus futurus, nescio ; ut nunc res se habet, admirabili gloria est : qui cum comitia in mensem Octobrem 20 distulisset, quod solet ea res populi voluntatem offendere, putarat Caesar oratione sua posse impelli contionem, ut iret ad Bibulum ; multa cum seditiosissime diceret, vocem expri- mere non potuit. Quid quaeris ? Sentiunt se nCillam iallius partis voluntatem tenere ; eo magis vis nobis est timenda. 25 Clodius inimicus est nobis ; Pompeius confirmat eum nihil esse factnrum contra me : mihi periculosum est credere ; ad resistendum me paro. Studia spero me summa habiturum omnium ordinum. Te cum ego desidero, tum vero res ad tempus illud vocat. Plii- 30 rimum consili, animi, praesidi denique mihi, si te ad tempus videro, accesserit. Varro mihi satis facit ; Pompeius loquitur divinitus. Spero nos aut cum summa gloria aut certe sine molestia discessuros. Tu, quid agas, quem ad modum te oblectes, quid cum Sicyoniis egeris, ut sciam cijra. To his Family 173 III. {Fam. 14. I.) A family letter, addressed to Cicero's wife Terentia, his daughter TuUia, and his son Marcus. It was written from Dyrrachium, n.c. 58, while Cicero was in exile. See Life of Cicero, Introduction, pp. ix-xxi. TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE, TULLIOLAE SUAE, CICERONI SUO SALUTEiM DICIT. Et litteris multorum et sermone omnium perfertur ad mu, incredibilem tuam virtutem et fortitudinem esse teque nee animi neque corporis laboribus defatigari. Me miserum ! te ista virtfite, fide, probitate, humanitate in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse ! Tulliolamque nostram, ex quo patre 5 tantas voluptates capiebat, ex eo tantos percipere liictus ! Nam quid ego de Cicerone dicam ? qui cum primum sapere coepit, acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit. Quae si, tu ut scribis, fato facta putarem, ferrem paulo facilius, sed omnia sunt mea culpa commissa, qui ab eis me amari puta- 10 bam, qui invidebant, eos non sequebar, qui petebant. Quod si nostris consiliis usi essemus neque apud nos tan- tum valuisset sermo aut stultorum amicorum aut improbo- rum, beatissimi viveremus : nunc, quoniam sperare nos amici iubent, dabo operam, ne mea valetiido tuo labori desit. Res 15 quanta sit, intellego, quantoque fuerit facilius manere domi quam redire ; sed tamen, si omnis tribunes pi. habemus, si Lentulum tarn studiosum, quam videtur, si vero etiam Pom- peium et Caesarem, non est desperandum. De familia, quo modo placuisse scribis amicis, faciemus ; 20 de loco, nunc quidem iam abiit pestilentia, sed quam diu fuit, me non attigit. Plancius, homo officiosissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc retinet. Ego volebam loco magis deserto esse in Epiro, quo neque Hispo veniret nee milites, sed adhuc Plancius me retinet ; sperat posse fieri, ut mecum 25 in Italiam decedat : quem ego diem si videro et si in vestrum complexum venero ac si et vos et me ipsum recuperaro, 174 Letter's of Cice^'o satis magnum mihi friictum videbor percepisse et vestrae pietatis et meae. Pisonis hiimanitas, virtus, amor in omnis nos tantus est, ut nihil supra possit : utinam ea res ei volup- tati sit ! Gloriae quidem video fore. 5 De Q. fratre nihil ego te accusavi, sed vos, cum praesertim tam pauci sitis, volui esse quam coniunctissimos. Quibus me voluisti agere gratias, egi et me a te certiorem factum esse scrips!. Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scribis te vicum vendi- turam, quid, obsecro te, — me miserum ! — quid futurum est .'' lo Et, si nos premet eadem fortuna, quid puero misero fiet .? Non que5 reliqua scribere — tanta vis lacriraarum est, — neque te in eundem fletum adducam. Tantum scribo : si erunt in officio amici, pecunia non deerit; si non erunt, tu efificere tua peciinia non poteris. Per fortiinas 15 miseras nostras, vide, ne puerum perditum perdamus. Cui si aliquid erit, ne egeat, mediocri virtute opus est et mediocri fortiina, ut cetera consequatur. Fac valeas et ad me tabella- rios mittas, ut sciam, quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Mihi omnino iam brevis exspectatio est. Tulliolae et Ciceroni 20 salutem die. Valete. D. a. d. vi. K. Decemb. Dyrrachi. Dyrrachium veni, quod et libera civitas est et in me ofificiosa et proxima Italiae ; sed si offendet me loci cele- britas, alio me conferam, ad te scribam. IV. {^Att. 3. 27.) A hasty note, written at Dyrrachium, when Cicero's immediate recall from exile seemed unlikely, and begging Atticus to help him and to protect his family. The precise occasion of the letter is unknown ; perhaps it was the affray of Jan. 25, B.C. 57, when Clodius by mob violence prevented the passing of a law recalling Cicero. CICERO ATTICO SAL. Ex tuis litteris et ex re ipsa nos funditus perisse video : 25 te oro ut, quibus in rebus tui mei indigebunt, nostris miseriis ne desis ; ego te, ut scribis, cito videbo. To Lent II I us 175 V. (Fam. I. 6.) B.C. 56. Between this letter and the preceding came Cicero's tri- umphant return from exile (by a law passed Aug. 4, B.C. 57) : see Life of Cicero, Introduction, p. xxi. The Lentulus to whom the letter is, addressed (P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther) was consul when Cicero was recalled. He was now proconsul in Cilicia. He had been eager for the office of restoring to the throne of Egypt Ptolemy XH (Auletes), father of Cleopatra, whose subjects had driven him out, but the busi- ness had dragged along at Rome, and Lentulus was mortified by having the commission withdrawn after it had passed the Senate. Ptolemy was restored by Gabinius, B.C. 55. Cicero expresses his regret at the turn which the affair is taking, and declares that Lentulus has not been fairly treated. He refers to his own exile and finds some consolation for Lentulus in remembering how that ended in increased honor. He urges Gabinius to endure the attacks of his enemies with fortitude and dignity. In closing, Cicero promises to stand by his coi respondent to the best of his power. The letter is full of good sense and kindly feeling skilfully expressed. M. CICERO S. D. P. LENTULO PROCOS. Quae gerantur, accipies ex PoUione, qui omnibus nego- tiis non interfuit solum, sed praefuit. Me in summo dolore, quern in tuis rebus capio, maxime scilicet consolatur spes, quod valde suspicor fore, ut infringatur hominum improbitas et consiliis tuorum amicorum et ipsa die, quae debilitat 5 cogitationes et inimicorum et proditorum tuorum. Facile secundo loco me consolatur recordatio meorum temporum, quorum imaginem video in rebus tuis ; nam etsi minore in re violatur tua dignitas quam mea adflicta est, tamen est tanta similitudo, ut sperem te mihi ignoscere, si ea non 10 timuerim, quae ne tii quidem umquam timenda duxisti. Sed praesta te eum, qui mihi a teneris, ut Graeci dicunt, ungui- culis es cognitus : inlustrabit, mihi crede, tuam amplitudi- nem hominum iniuria. A me omnia summa in te studia ofificiaque exspecta ; non fallam opinionem tuam. 15 1/6 Lett CIS of Cicero VI. {Fam. 7. I.) Cicero has observed that his friend Marius did not attend the dedica- tion of Pompey's Theatre and his temple of Venus Victrix, and writes to congratulate him on his superiority to vulgar fashion (see Letter L). He expresses the hope that it was not ill health that kept his friend away and gives a lively criticism of the performances, which had offended him by their ostentation and brutality. The celebration here described took place in B.C. 55. It lasted for several days and eclipsed anything of the kind that the Romans had ever seen. The theatre, which stood in the Campus Martins, was the first Roman theatre to be built of stone and held forty thousand spectators. Nothing is known of this C. Marius except what is contained in Cicero's four letters to him. He seems to have been a man of wealth and of cultivated tastes, whose delicate health forced him to live in retirement on his estates in the country. M. CICERO S. D. M. MARIO. Si te dolor aliqui corporis aut infirmitas valetCidinis tuae tenuit, quo minus ad liidos venires, fortunae magis tribuo quam sapientiae tuae; sin haec, quae ceterl mirantur, contemnenda diixisti et, cum per valetudinem posses, venire 5 tamen noluisti, utrumque laetor, et sine dolore corporis te fuisse et animo valuisse, cum ea, quae sine causa mirantur alii, neglexeris ; modo ut tibi constiterit fructus oti tui, quo quidem tibi perfrui mirifice licuit, cum esses in ista amoeni- tate paene solus relictus. 10 Neque tamen dubito quin tu in illo cubiculo tuo, ex quo tibi Stabianum perforasti et patefecisti Misenum, per eos dies matiitina tempora lectiunculis consumpseris, cum illi interea, qui te istic reliquerunt, spectarent communis mimos semisomnl. Reliquas vero partis diel tu consumebas els 15 delectationibus, quas tibi ipse ad arbitrium tuum compa- raras ; nobis autem erant ea perpetienda, quae Sp. Maecius probavisset. Omnino, si quaeris, liidi adparatissimi, sed non tui stoma- ch! ; coniectiiram enim facio de meo : nam primum honoris To M. Marius 177 causa in scaenam redierant ei, quos ego hon5ris causa de scaena decesse arbitrabar ; deliciae vero tuae, noster Aesopus, eius modi fuit, ut ei desinere per omnis homines liceret. Is iiarare cum coepisset, vox eum defecit in illo loco ' si sciens fallo.' Quid tibi ego alia narrem ? nosti 5 enim reliquos ludos, qui ne id quidem leporis habuerunt, quod Solent mediocres ludi ; adparatas enim spectatio toUe- bat omnem hilaritatem, quo quidem adparatu non dubito quin anim5 aequissimo cariieris : quid enim delectationis Pompey's Theatre (Restored). habent sescenti muli in Clytaemnestra ? aut in Equo Tro- iano creterrarum tria milia ? aut armatiira varia peditatus et equitatus in aliqua pugna ? quae popularem admirationem habuerunt, delectationem tibi nuUam attulissent. Quod si tu per eos dies operam dedisti Protogeni tuo, dum modo is tibi quidvis potius quam orationes meas legerit, ne tii baud pauio plus quam quisquam nostrum delectationis habuisti ; non enim te puto Graecos aut Oscos ludos deside- rasse, praesertim cum Oscos ludos vel in senatu vestro 1^8 Letters of Cicero spectare possis, Graecos ita non ames, ut ne ad villam quidem tuam via Graeca ire soleas. Nam quid ego te athletas putem desiderare, qui gladiatores contempseris ? In quibus ipse Pompeius confitetur se et operam et oleum perdidisse. 5 Reliquae sunt venationes biriae per dies quinque, magni- ficae — nemo negat, — sed quae potest tiomini esse polito delectatio, cum aut homo imbecillus a valentissima bestia laniatur aut praeclara bestia venabulo transverberatur ? quae tamen, si videnda sunt, saepe vidisti ; neque nos, qui haec 10 spectamus,quicquam novi vidimus. Extremus elephantorum dies fuit, in quo admiratio magna volgi atque turbae, delec- tatio niilla exstitit : quin etiam misericordia quaedam conse- cuta est atque opinio eius modi, esse quandam illi beluae cum genere hiimano societatem. 15 His ego tamen diebus [ludis scaenicis], ne forte videar tibi non modo beatus, sed liber omnino fuisse, dirupi me paene in iudicio Galli Canini, familiaris tui. Quod si tam facilem populum haberem, quam Aesopus habuit, libenter meher- cule artem desinerem tecumque et cum similibus nostri 20 viverem ; nam me cum antea taedebat, cum et aetas et ambitio me hortabatur et licebat denique, quem nolebam, non defendere, tum vero hoc tempore vita nialla est; neque enim fructum iillum laboris exspecto, et cogor non numquam homines non optime de me meritos rogatu eorum, qui bene 25 meriti sunt, defendere. Itaque quaero causas omnis aliquando vivendi arbitratu meo, teque et istam rationem oti tui et laudo vehementer et probo, quodque nos minus intervisis, hoc fero animo aequi- 5re, quod, si Romae esses, tamen neque nos lepore tuo neque ^o te — si qui est in me — meo frui liceret propter molestissimas occupationes meas ; quibus si me relaxaro — nam, ut plane exsolvam, non postulo, — te ipsum, qui multos annos nihil aliud commentaris, docebo profecto, quid sit humaniter To AncJiarius 179 Til modo istam imbecillitatem valetudinis tuae sustenta et tuere, ut facis, ut nostras villas obire et mecum simul lecti- cula concursare possis. Haec ad te pluribus verbis scripsi quam soleo, non oti abundantia, sed amoris erga te, quod me quadam epistula subinvitaras, si memoria tenes, ut ad 5 te aliqiiid eius modi scriberem, quo minus te praetermisisse ludos paeniteret. Quod si adsecutus sum, gaudeo ; sin minus, hoc me tamen consolor, quod posthac ad ludos venies nosque vises neque in epistulis relinques meis spem aliquam delectationis tuae. 10 VII. {Fam. 13. 40.) B-C. 55. Q. Ancharius was proconsul in Macedonia. Little is known of the young men for whom Cicero wrote this note, which is here given as a good specimen of a letter of introduction. M. CICERO S. D. Q. ANCHARIO Q. F. PROCOS. L. et C. Aurelios L. filios, quibus et ipsis et patre eorum, viro Optimo, familiarissime iitor, commendo tibi maiorem in modum, adulescentis omnibus optimis artibus ornatos, meos pernecessarios, tua amicitia dignissimos. Si iilla mea apud te commendatio valuit, quod scio multas plurimum valuisse, 15 haec ut valeat, rogo. Quod si eos honorifice liberaliterque tractaris, et tibi gratissimos optimosque adulescentis adiunxeris et mihi gratissimum feceris. VIII. {Fcmi. 7. 10.) B.C. 54. C. Trebatius Testa was a jurisconsult of about thirty-five, whom Cicero had befriended. He was at this time with Caesar in Gaul, whither Cicero had despatched him, in this same year, with a warm letter of recommendation, which had ensured him a favorable reception, for Cicero was now on good terms with Caesar. Campaigning was not to the city lawyer's taste, and Cicero seems to have feared that I 80 Letters of Cicero he would return without making his fortune. His bantering letters were successful, however, and Trebatius came back in easy circumstances. He lived to become very distinguished as a jurist in the Augustan age. Horace addressed one of his Satires to him. CICERO S. D. TREBATIO. Legi tuas litteras, ex quibus intellexi te Caesari nostro valde iiire consultum videri : est quod gaudeas te in ista loca venisse, ubi aliquid sapere viderere. Quod si in Britanniam quoque profectus esses, profecto nemo in ilia tanta insula 5 peritior te fuisset. Verum tamen — rideamus licet ; sum enim a te invitatus — subinvideo tibi, ultro te etiam arces- situm ab eo, ad quern ceteri, non propter superbiam eius, sed propter occupationem, adspirare non possunt. Sed tu in ista epistula nihil mihi scripsisti de tuis rebus, quae 10 mehercule mihi non minori curae sunt quam meae. Valde metuo ne frigeas in hibernis ; quam ob rem camino liiculento utendum censeo — idem Miicio et Manilio placebat, — praesertim qui sagis non abundares : quamquam vos nunc istic satis calere audio ; quo quidem nuntio valde mehercule 15 de te timueram. Sed tu in re militari multo es cautior quam in advocationibus, qui neque in Oceano natare volueris, stu- diosissimus homo natandi, neque spectare essedarios, quem antea ne andabata quidem defraudare poteramus. Sed iam satis iocati sumus. 20 Ego de te ad Caesarem quam diligenter scripserim, tOte scis ; quam saepe, ego. Sed mehercule iam intermiseram, ne viderer liberalissimi hominis meique amantissimi volun- tati erga me diffidere ; sed tamen eis litteris, quas proxime dedi, putavi esse hominem commonendum. Id feci : quid 25 profecerim, facias me velim certiorem et simul de toto statu tuo consiliisque omnibus ; scire enim cupio quid agas, quid exspectes, quam longum istum tuum discessum a nobis futu rum putes. To Marcclliis 1 8 1 Sic enim tibi persuadeas velim, iinum mihi esse solatium, qua re facilius possim pati te esse sine nobis, si tibi esse id emolumento sciam ; sin autem id non est, nihil duobus nobis est stultius : me, qui te non Romam attraham, te, qui non hiic advoles. Una mehercule nostra vel severa vel iocosa 5 congressio pKiris erit quam non modo hostes, sed etiam fra- tres nostri Haedui. Qua re omnibus de rebus fac ut quam primum sciam : aut consolando aut consilio aut re iuvero. IX. {Fam. 15. II.) This letter was written from Cilicia (B.C. 50) just before the Civil War broke out. Cicero had finished his provincial administration in Cilicia and was about to return home. He had hoped for a triumph, but in vain. The Senate voted him the honor of a supplicatio (or thanksgiving to the gods), and in this letter he thanks Marcellus, the consul, for exerting himself to procure him this tribute of respect. This was C. Marcellus, cousin of Cicero's friend M. Marcellus (in whose behalf the oration Pro AT. Mar cello was delivered). M. CICERO IMP. S. D. C. MARCELLO COS. Quantae ciirae tibi meus honos fuerit et quam idem 10 exstiteris consul in me ornando et amplificando, qui fueras semper cum parentibus tuis et cum tota domo, etsi res ipsa loquebatur, cognovi tamen ex meorum omnium litteris ; itaque nihil est tantum, quod ego non tua causa debeam facturusque sim studiose ac libenter. Nam magni interest 15 cui debeas ; debere autem nemini malui quam tibi, cui me cum studia commiinia, beneficia paterna tuaque iam ante coniunxerant, tum accedit mea quidem sententia maxi- mum vinculum, quod ita rem publicam geris atque gessisti, qua mihi carius nihil est, ut, quantum tibi omnes boni 20 debeant, quo minus tantundem ego Onus debeam, non recusem. Quam ob rem tibi velim ei sint exitiis, quos 1 82 Letters of Cicero mereris et quos fore confido : ego, morabitur, quae incurrebat in ipsos etesias, propediem te, ut spero, videbo. X. {Fam. 1 6. II.) Cicero had returned from his Cilician proconsulship in B.C. 50, reach- ing Brundisium Nov. 25. This letter was written Jan. 12, B.C. 49. He had not yet entered Rome, but was outside the walls, awaiting the decision of the Senate as to the triumph which he desired in recognition of his victories over certain mountaineers. The letter is addressed to M. Tullius Tiro, Cicero's freedman and secretary, who had been with him in Asia and had fallen sick on the way back and was now at Patree. Tiro was a highly accomplished man, and the relations between him and his patron were very honorable to both. He survived Cicero and is thought to have been active in collecting and arranging his works, particularly his correspondence. The great Civil War had just broken out and Cicero was vacillating, while both Caesar and Pompey made efforts to secure his support. He did not actually set out to join the Pompeian party until June of this year. See Life of Cicero, Introduction, p. xxiv. TULLIUS ET CICERO, TERENTIA, TULLIA, Q. Q. TIRONI SAL. PLURIMAM DIC. Etsi opportiinitatem operae tuae omnibus locis desidero, 5 tamen non tarn mea quam tua causa doleo te non valere ; sed quoniam in quartanam conversa vis est morbi — sic enim scribit Curius, — spero te diligentia adhibita iam fir- miorem fore. Modo fac, id quod est hfimanitatis tuae, ne quid aliud ciires hoc tempore, nisi ut quam commodissime 10 convalescas. Non ignoro, quantum ex desiderio labores ; sed erunt omnia facilia, si valebis. Festinare te nolo, ne nauseae molestiam suscipias aeger et periculose hieme naviges. Ego ad urbem accessi pr. Non. Ian. Obviam mihi sic est proditum, ut nihil possit fieri ornatius ; sed incidi in 15 ipsam flammam civilis discordiae vel potius belli, cui cum MARK ANTONY. To J lis FaiJiily 8 cupcrem mederi et, ut arbitror, possem, cupiditates certo- rum hominum — nam ex utraque parte sunt qui pugnare cupiant^ — impedimento mihi fuerunt. Omnino et ipse Cae- sar, amicus noster, minacis ad senatum et acerbas litteras mlserat, et erat adhiic impudens, qui exercitum et provin- 5 ciam invito senatu teneret, et Curio meus ilium incitabat. Antonius quidem noster et Q. Cassius, nulla vi expulsi, ad Caesarem cum Curione profecti erant, postea quam senatus consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis pi. et nobis, qui pro coss. sumus, negotium dederat ut curaremus ne quid res publica 10 detrimenti caperet. Numquam maiore in periculo civitas fuit ; numquam improbi cives habuerunt paratiorem ducem. omnino ex Coin of Mark Antony and Octavia. hac quoque parte diligentissime comparatur ; id fit aucto- ritate et studio Pompei nostri, qui Caesarem sero coepit 15 timere. Nobis inter has turbas senatus tamen frequens flagitavit triumphum ; sed Lentulus consul, quo maius suum beneficium faceret, simul atque expedisset quae assent necessaria de re piiblica, dixit se relaturum, nos agimus nihil cupide eoque est nostra pluris auctoritas. 20 Italiae regiones discriptae sunt, quam quisque partem tue- retur : nos Capuam sumpsimus. Haec te scire volui. Tu etiam atque etiam cura ut valeas litterasque ad me mittas, quotienscumque habebis cui des. Etiam atque etiam vale. D. pr. Idus Ian. 25 184 Lcttc7's of Cicero XL {Fa77i. 14. 14.) Written at Minturiice, Jan. 23, B.C. 49. Between this letter and the preceding, Caesar had crossed the Rubicon, and Pompey and his party, including the Senate, had abandoned the city. Cicero is on his way to Capua ; his family are in Rome. TULLIUS TERENTIAE ET PATER TULLIAE, DUABUS ANIMIS SUIS, ET CICERO MATRI OPTIMAE, SUAVISSIMAE SORORI S. P. D. Si vos valetis, nos valemus. Vestrum iam consilium est, non solum meum, quid sit vobis faciendum. Si ille Romam modeste venturus est^ recte in praesentia domi esse potestis ; sin homo amens diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut 5 Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse possit. Etiam illud metuo, ne iam intercludamur, ut, cum velitis exire, non liceat. Reliquum est, quod ipsae optime considerabitis, vestri similes feminae sintne Romae ; si enim non sunt, videndum est ut honeste vos esse possitis. 10 Quo modo quidem nunc se res habet, modo ut haec nobis loca tenere liceat, bellissime vel mecum vel in nostris prae- diis esse poteritis. Etiam illud verendum est, ne brevi tem- pore fames in urbe sit. His de rebus velim cum Pomponio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis, ad 15 summam animo forti sitis. Labienus rem meliorem fecit; adiuvat etiam Piso, quod ab urbe discedit et sceleris con- demnat generum suum. Vos, meae carissimae animae, quam saepissime ad me scribite et vos quid agatis et quid istic agatur. Quintus pater et filius et Riifus vobis s. d. Valete. 20 VIII. Kal, Minturnis. XII. {Att. 8. II. c.) Written at Canusium in Apulia, Feb. 20, B.C. 49. Caesar had over- run Picenum and had laid siege to Corfinium (February 13 or 14), which was held for Pompey by L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cato's brother-in-law. Po7npcy to Cicero 185 Domitius sent to Pompey for aid, which Pompey refused, ordering Domitius to evacuate the city and come to his own headquarters at Luceria, in northern Apulia. At the same time Pompey determined to abandon Italy, sail to Epirus, and, when he had gathered a sufificient force, to return and resume hostilities. Accordingly he left Luceria and set out for Brundisium {Brindisi), the usual port of departure for Greece and the East. The present letter was written at Canusium, on the way from Luceria to Brundisium. It is in reply to a letter from Formiae (February 15) in which Cicero informs Pompey of recent events in that region, and expresses his opinion that the coast can be held, but adds that if Pompey wishes to concentrate all his forces, he is willing to join him at once. Before receiving this reply of Pompey's, Cicero had actually set out, but the activity of Caesar cut off all access to Pompey, and he retired to Formias. See the next letter. CN. MAGNUS PROCOS. S. D. M. CICERONI IMP. S. V. b. e. Tuas litteras libenter legi ; recognovi enim tuam pristinam virtiitem etiam in salute communi. Consules ad eum exercitum, quern in Apulia habui, venerunt. Magno opere te hortor, pro tuo singular! perpetuoque studio in rem publicam, ut te ad nos conferas, ut communi consilio rei 5 publicae adflictae opem atque auxilium feramus. Censeo, via Appia iter facias et celeriter Brundisium venias. XIII. {Att. 8. II. D.) Written at Formiae, Feb. 27, B.C. 49. In the first part of the letter Cicero explains his failure to join Pompey. He had started from Formiae for Luceria. On reaching Teanum, in northern Campania, he heard that Caesar was advancing rapidly toward Capua and had already reached ^semia (in Samnium). He therefore went no farther than Cales (a short distance south-east of Teanum) and waited for news. There he received a copy of a letter from Pompey to the consul Lentulus, from which he inferred that it was Pompey's design to raise the siege of Corfinium (see introduction to Letter XII.). It was impossible for Cicero to go thither, since Caesar was near that city, and he awaited developments in a state of intense anxiety. The next information was that Corfinium 1 86 Letters of Cicero had surrendered to Caesar (February 20) and that Pompey was fleeing to Ikundisium, with Caesar in hot pursuit. For Cicero to overtake Pompey was out of the question, to say nothing of the danger of being inter- cepted by Caesar. Accordingly he retired to Formiae and subsequently to his villa at Curnas. In the latter part of the letter, Cicero expresses his surprise and regret that Pompey had found it necessary to leave Italy, and defends his own course, which he was aware might appear vacillating and half- hearted. He had always hoped, he says, for a reconciliation between the two great rivals, but he now sees that there is no hope of that, and he closes with professions of fidelity to Pompey. Pompey was besieged at Brundisium by Caesar, but escaped by sea (March 15) with almost all his forces to Dyrrachium (formerly Epidam- nus, in Illyria), where Cicero finally joined him in the late autumn or early winter. M. CICERO IMP. S. D. CN. MAGNO PROCOS. Cum ad te litteras misissem, quae tibi Canusi reclditae sunt, suspicionem nullam habebam, te rel piiblicae causa mare transiturum, eramque in spe magna fore ut in Italia possemus aut concordiam constituere, qua mihi nihil litilius 5 videbatur, aut rem publicam summa cum dignitate defendere: interim nondum meis litteris ad te perlatis ex eis mandatis, quae D. Laelio ad consules dederas, certior tui consili factus non exspectavl, dum mihi a te litterae redderentur, confe- stimque cum Q. fratre et cum llberis nostris iter ad te in 10 Apuliam facere coepi. Cum Teanum Sidicinum venissem, C. Messius, familiaris tuus, mihi dixit aliique complures, Caesarem iter habere Capuam et eo ipso die mansurum esse Aeserniae : sane sum commotus, quod, si ita esset, non modo iter meum interclii- 15 sum, sed me ipsum plane exceptum putabam ; itaque tum Calls process!, ut ibi potissimum consisterem, dum certum nobis ab Aesernia de eo quod audieram referretur. At mihi, cum Calibus essem, adfertur litterarum tuarum exem- plum, quas tu ad Lentulum consulem misisses. Cicero to Po7}ipcy 187 Hae scriptae sic erant, litteras tibi a L, Domitio a. d. xiir. Kal. Martias adlatas esse, earumque exemplum subscrip- seras, magnique interesse rei publicae omnis C(3pias primo quoque tempore in linum locum convenire, et ut praesidi quod satis esset Capuae relinqueret. His ego litteris lectis 5 in eadem opinione fui, qua reliqui omnes, te cum omnibus copiis ad Corfinium esse ventiirum, quo mihi, cum Caesar ad oppidum castra haberet, tutum iter esse non arbitrabar. Cum res in summa exspectatione esset, utrumque simul audivimus, et quae Corfini acta essent, et te iter Brundi- 10 sium facere coepisse, cumque nee mihi nee fratri meo dubium esset quin Brundisium contenderemus, a multis qui e Samnio Apiiliaque veniebant, admoniti sumus ut cavere- mus ne exciperemur a Caesare, quod is in eadem loca, quae nos petebamus, profectus celerius etiam quam nos possemus, 15 eo, quo intenderet, venturus esset ; quod cum ita esset, nee mihi nee fratri meo nee cuiquam amicorum placuit commit- tere, ut temeritas nostra non solum nobis, sed etiam rei pub- licae noceret, cum praesertim non dubitaremus quin, si etiam tutum nobis iter fuisset, te tamen iam consequi non possemus. 20 Interim accepimus tuas litteras Canusio a, d. x. K. Martias datas, quibus nos hortaris ut celerius Brundisium veniamus ; quas cum accepissemus a. d. iii. K. Martias, non dubitaba- mus quin tu iam Brundisium pervenisses, nobisque iter illud omnino interclusum videbamus, neque minus nos esse captos 25 quam qui Corfini fuissent ; neque enim eos solos arbitraba- mur capi qui in armatorum maniis incidissent, sed eos nihilo minus, qui regionibus exclusi intra praesidia atque intra arma aliena venissent. Quod cum ita sit, maxime vellem primum semper tecum 30 fuissem, quod quidem tibi ostenderam, cum a me Capuam reiciebam : quod feci non vitandi oneris causa, sed quod videbam teneri illam urbem sine exercitii non posse ; acci- dere autem mihi nolebam quod doleo viris fortissimis 1 88 Letters of Cicero accidisse. Quoniam autem tecum ut essem non contigit, utinam tui consili certior factus essem ! Nam suspicione adsequi non potui, quod omnia priu_s arbitratus sum fore, quam ut haec rei publicae causa in Italia n5n posset duce 5 te consistere. Neque vero nunc consilium tuum repre- hendo, sed fortiinam rei publicae liigeo, nee, si ego, quid tu sis secutus, non perspicio, idcirco minus existimo te nihil nisi summa ratione fecisse. Mea quae semper fuerit sententia, primum de pace vel lo iniqua condicione retinenda, deinde de urbe — nam de Italia quidem nihil mihi umquam ostenderas, — meminisse te arbitror ; sed mihi non sumo, ut meum consilium valere debuerit : seciitus sum tuum, neque id rei publicae causa, de qua desperavi, quae et nunc adflicta est nee excitari sine 15 civili perniciosissimo bello potest, sed te quaerebam, tecum esse cupiebam, neque eius rei facultatem, si quae erit, prae- termittam. Ego me in hac omni causa facile intellegebam pugnandi cupidis hominibus non satis facere : primum enim prae me 20 tuli me nihil malle quam pacem, non quin eadem timerem quae illi, sed ea bello civili leviora diicebam. Inde suscepto bello, cum pacis condicicnes ad te adferri a teque ad eas honorifice et large responderi viderem, duxi meam rationem, quam tibi facile me probaturum pro tuo in me beneficio 25 arbitrabar : memineram me esse unum, qui pro meis maximis in rem piiblicam meritis supplicia miserrima et criidelissima pertulissem, me esset unum, qui, si offendissem eius animum, cui, cum iam in armis essemus, consulatus tamen alter et triumphus amplissimus deferebatur, subicerer eisdem proe- 30 liis, ut mea persona semper ad improborum civium impetCis aliquid videretur habere populare ; atque haec non ego prius sum suspicatus, quam mihi palam dentin tiata sunt, neque ea tam pertimui, si subeunda essent, quam declinanda putavi, si honeste vitare possem. Quam brevem illius temporis, 1 r 1 ■H kV^^i ' -ffia ■1 ^^^1 Bill ■H WSlm^ S^^^M H H "^^ ■BWi 1 ^B H' ^^Kl BB hH M ^^^^3 ^^^^^ J CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR. (Bust in the Museum of the Louvre.) C(£sar to Cicc7'o 189 dum in spe pax fuit, rationem nostram vides, reliqui facul- tatem res ademit. Eis autem, quibus non satis facio, facile respondeo : neque enim ego amicior C. Caesari umquam fui quam illi, neque illi amiciores rei publicae quam ego. Hoc inter me et illos 5 interest, quod, cum et ill! cives optimi sint et ego ab ista laude non absim, ego condicionibus (quod idem te intellexe- ram velle) illi armis disceptari maluerunt ; quae quoniam ratio vicit, perficiam profecto ut neque res piiblica civis a me animum neque tu amici desideres. . 10 XIV. {Att, 10. 8. B.) B.C. 49. Pompey's flight left Caesar master of Italy. He did not pursue Pompey, but, after settling affairs at Rome, went to Spain to suppress the Pompeians and their supporters in that quarter. On his way he sent the following letter (dated April 16) to Cicero, with whom he had already had a frien-dly conference on March 28. Caesar urges Cicero to take no active part with Pompey, assuring him that his best course is to keep aloof from the war. The tone of the letter is a singular combination of skilful suggestion and magnanimity. The respect in which Caesar holds Cicero and the value that he ascribes to Cicero's influence are alike noteworthy. CAESAR IMP. SAL. D. CICERONI IMP. Etsi te nihil temere, nihil impriidenter factiirum iudicaram, tamen permotus hominum fama scribendum ad te existimavi et pro nostra benevolentia petendum, ne quo progredereris proclinata iam re, quo integra etiam progrediendum tibi non existimasses ; namque et amicitiae graviorem iniuriam feceris 15 et tibi minus commode consulueris, si non fortunae obsecutus videbere — omnia enim secundissima nobis, adversissima illis accidisse videntur , — nee causam secutus — eadem enim tum fuit, cum ab eorum consiliis abesse iudicasti, — sed meum aliquod factum condemnavisse, quo mihi gravius abs te nil 20 accidere potest ; quod ne facias, pro iure nostrae amicitiae a 190 Letters of Cicei'o te peto. Postremo, quid viro bon5 et quieto et bono civi magis convenit quam abesse a civilibus controversiis ? Quod non nulli cum probarent, periculi causa sequi non potuerunt : tu explorato et vitae meae testimonio et amicitiae iudicio 5 neque tiitius neque honestius reperies quicquam quam ab omni contentione abesse. xv. Kal. Maias ex itinere. XV. {Fam. 4. i.) The following letter was written toward the end of April, B.C. 49, shortly after Caesar's departure for Spain. Cicero was living in retirement at his Cumaean villa. Caesar had not molested him, and he could not help contrasting Caesar's moderation with the violence of the Pompeians. Yet his conscience troubled him. He felt that his place was with Pom- pey, though he had come to see that the latter was no less a menace to the state than Caesar. His hesitation lasted almost two months, for it was not until June 7 that he actually set sail for Dyrrachium. The present letter dates from this interval of unrest. Cicero had visited Rome in January ; but he had not entered the city, for he was hoping to be allowed to celebrate a triumph. After his retirement to Cumae, Sulpicius, who was now in the city, had expressed his regret at not meeting him. Cicero replies, offering to arrange for a conference, but despairing of the state. It is too late, he thinks, for them to accomplish anything. If they could have met immediately after his return from Cilicia, before hostilities had actually broken out, they might perhaps have retarded the fall of the republic. But now the w-hole world is at war, and the city of Rome itself is without law- ful government. There is nothing to hope for ; scarcely anything to pray for. The interview took place at Cum^e, May 8, but came to nothing. Cicero describes Sulpicius {ad Att. x. 14) as very much alarmed. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, to whom the letter is addressed, was an emi- nent lawyer, Cicero's friend, and a man of the strictest integrity. Though a Pompeian, he was fond of peace, and readily became recon- ciled with Caesar, who made him governor of the province of Achsea (B.C. 46). At the time of Caesar's death he was in Rome. He was an important member of the Senatorial party in the events that followed, and died while on an embassy from the Senate to Antony (B.C. 43). Cicero's Ninth Philippic is a eulogy on Sulpicius. To Siilpicius 191 M. CICERO S. D. SER. SULPICIO. C. Trebatius, familiaris meus, ad me scripsit te ex se quaesisse, quibus in locis essem molesteque te ferre quod me propter valetudinem tuam, cum ad urbem accessissem, non vidisses, et hoc tempore velle te mecum, si propius accessissem, de officio utriusque nostrum communicare. 5 Utinam, Servi, salvis rebus — -sic enim est dicendum — con- loqui potuissemus inter nos ! Profecto aliquid opis Occident! rei piiblicae tulissemus. Cognoram enim iam absens te haec mala multo ante providentem defensorem pacis et in consu- latu tuo et post consulatum fuisse : ego autem, cum consi- 10 Hum tuum probarem et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam ; sero enim veneram, solus eram, rudis esse videbar in causa, incideram in hominum pugnandi cupidorum insanias. Nunc, quoniam nihil iam videmur opitulari posse rei pub- licae, si quid est in quo nobismet ipsis consulere possimus, 15 non ut aliquid ex pristine statu nostro retineamus, sed ut quam honestissime liigeamus, nemo est omnium, quicum potius mihi quam tecum communicandum putem ; nee enim clarissimorum virorum, quorum similes esse debemus, exem- pla neque doctissimorum, quos semper coluisti, praecepta 20 te fugiunt. Atque ipse antea ad te scripsissem te frustra in senatum sive potius in conventum senatorum esse venturum, ni veritus essem ne eius animum offenderem, qui a me ut te imitarer petebat : cui quidem egomet, cum me rogaret ut adessem in senatii, eadem omnia, quae a te de pace et de 25 Hispaniis dicta sunt, ostendi me esse dicturum. Res vides quo modo se habeat: orbem terrarum imperiis distribiitis ardere bello ; urbem sine legibus, sine iiidiciis, sine iure, sine fide relictam direptioni et incendiis. Itaque mihi venire in mentem nihil potest, non modo quod sperem, 30 sed vix iam quoc audeam optare. Sin autem tibi, homini prudentissimo, videtur utile esse nos conloqui, quamquam 192 Letters of Cicero longius etiamcogitabam ab urbe discedere, cuius iam etiam nomen invitus audio, tamen propius accedam, Trebatioque mandavi ut, si quid tu eum velles ad me mittere, ne recu- saret, idque ut facias velim, aut, si quern tuorum fidelium 5 voles, ad me mittas, ne aut tibi exire ex urbe necesse sit aut mihi accedere. Ego tantum tibi tribuo quantum mihi fortasse adrogo, ut exploratum habeam, quicquid nos communi sententia statu- erimus, id omnis homines probaturos. Vale. XVI. i^Fam. 14. 10.) Caesar returned from Spain, victorious, in September, B.C. 49, and was appointed dictator. He soon proceeded against Pompey, who was still at Dyrrachium and had mustered a great army. In the first battle, near that city, Caesar was defeated. He retired into Thessaly, followed, after a time, by Pompey. The Battle of Pharsalus (or Pharsalia), Aug. 9, B.C. 48, decided the Civil War. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was murdered. Cicero was permitted by Caesar to return to Italy, and remained for eleven months at Brundisium, where this letter was written July 9, B.C. 47. His wife Terentia was at Rome, but it was not safe for Cicero to go to the city until he had come to an understanding with Caesar, who was in Asia. Caesar arrived in Italy late in September of this year. He treated Cicero with great consideration, and the latter returned to Rome early in October. The present letter and that which follows (Aug. 12, B.C. 47) are given as specimens of familiar domestic correspondence. TULLIUS S. D. TEREXTIAE SUAE. 10 Quid fieri placeret, scripsi ad Pomponium serius quam oportuit : cum eo si locuta eris, intelleges quid fieri velim. Apertius scribi, quoniam ad ilium scripseram, necesse non fuit. De ea re et de ceteris rebus quam primum velim nobis litteras mittas. Valetudinem tuam ciira diligenter. Vale. 15 VII. Idus Quinctilis. To Tercntia and Inirfanins 193 XVII. {Favi. 14. 23.) TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE S. D. S. V. b. e. V. Redditae mihi tandem sunt a Caesare litterae satis liberales, et ipse opinione celerius venturus esse dici- tur ; cui utrum obviam procedam, an hie eum exspectem, cum constituero, faciam te certiorem. Tabellarios mihi velim quam primum remittas. ValetCidinem tuam cura diligenter. 5 Vale. D. pr. Id. Sext. XVIII. {Fa77i. 6. 9.) B.C. 46. A letter of introduction (cf. Nos. VII. and XXI.), written from Rome in behalf of A. Csecina, a former partisan of Pompey. Caesar had pardoned Cscina, but kept him in exile, and he was at this time in Sicily, where T. Furfanius (to whom the letter is addressed) was governing as proconsul. M. CICERO T. FURFANIO PROCOS. S. Cum A. Caeclna tanta mihi familiaritas consuetudoque semper fuit, ut nulla maior esse possit; nam et patre eius, claro homine et forti viro, plurimum sum lisus, et hunc a puero, quod et spem magnam mihi adferebat summae 10 probitatis summaeque eloquentiae et vivebat mecum con- ifmctissime non solum amicitiae officiis, sed etiam studiis commiinibus, sic semper dilexi, nullo ut cum homine con- iiinctius viverem. Nihil attinet me pliira scribere ; quam mihi necesse sit eius salutem et fortiinas quibuscumque 15 rebus possim tueri, vides. Reliquum est ut, cum cognorim pluribus rebus, quid tu et de bonorum fortuna et de rei piib- licae calamitatibus sentias, nihil a te petam nisi ut ad eam voluntatem, quam tua sponte erga Caecinam habitiirus es, tantus cumulus accedat commendatione mea, quanti me a te 20 fieri intellego : hoc mihi gratius facere nihil potes. Vale. 194 Letters of Cicero XIX. {Fam. 9. 14.) P. Cornelius Dolabella (born about B.C. 69) married Cicero's daughter Tullia in B.C. 50, while her father was governor of Cilicia. When the Civil War broke out, in B.C. 49, Dolabella joined the party of Caesar, whose favor he always retained. He fought at Pharsalia (b.c. 48) and, returning to Rome after the battle, was (like Clodius before him) adopted by a plebeian, that he might become a candidate for the tribunate. His turbulent actions in this position (B.C. 47) and his infamous private character caused a separation between him and Tullia, and in B.C 46 they were formally divorced. Cicero, however, remained on friendly terms with him and even gave him lessons in oratory. Caesar designated Dolabella as one of the consuls for the year B.C. 44, and he assumed that office after the dictator's assassination. He nego- tiated with the conspirators, suppressed the mob that threatened them, and threw down a column erected in Csesar's honor. This conduct was enthusiastically approved by Cicero, who had shown unmeasured delight at Caesar's death, and who cherished vain hopes of a restored republic. The present letter of congratulation was written at Cicero's Pompeian villa, May 3, b.c. 44, about six weeks after the murder, and while Dola- bella was on good terms with Brutus and Cassius. Cicero praises him without stint, congratulates himself on having had him as a pupil, and exhorts him to persevere in well-doing. But Dolabella soon veered round, made friends with Antony, and received Syria as his province. He committed suicide at Caesarea, B.C. 43, to avoid falling into the hands of Cassius. CICERO DOLABELLAE CONSULI SUO S. Etsi contentus eram, mi Dolabella, tua gloria satisque ex ea magnam laetitiam voluptatemque capiebam, tamen non possum non confiteri cumulari me maximo gaudio, quod volgo hominum opinio socium me adscribat tuis laudibus. 5 Neminem conveni — convenio autem cotidie pliirimos ; sunt enim permulti optimi viri, qui valetudinis causa in haec loca veniant, praeterea ex miinicipiis frequentes necessarii mei, — quin omnes, cum te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt, mihi continue maximas gratias agant ; negant enim se 10 dubitare quin tu meis praeceptis et consiliis obtemperans To Dolabella 195 praestantissimum te civem et singularem consulem praebeas : quibus ego quamquam verissime possum respondere te, quae facias tuo iudicio et tua sponte facere nee cuiusquam egere consilio, tamen neque plane adsentior, ne imminuam tuam laudem, si omnis a meis consiliis profecta videatur, neque valde nego — sum enim avidior etiam quam satis est gloriae ; — et tamen non alienum est dignitate tua, quod ipsi Agamemnoni, regum regi, fuit honestum, habere aliquem Base of Cesar's Column. in consiliis capiendis Nestorem ; mihi vero gloriosum te iuvenem consulem florere laudibus quasi alumnum disci- 10 plinae meae. L. quidem Caesar, cum ad eum aegrotum Neapolim venis- sem, quamquam erat oppressus totius corporis doloribus, tamen ante quam me plane salutavit, ' O mi Cicero,' inquit, 'gratulor tibi, cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam quantum 15 si ego apud sororis filium valerem, iam salvi esse possemus. igO Letters of Cicero Dolabellae vero tuo et gratulor et gratias ago ; quern quideni post te consulem solum possumus vere consulem dicere.' Deinde multa de facto ac de re gesta ; turn nihil magnifi- centius, nihil praeclarius actum umquam, nihil rei piiblicae 5 salutarius. Atque haec iina vox omnium est. A te autem peto ut me banc quasi falsam hereditatem alienae gloriae sinas cernere meque aliqua ex parte in socie- tatem tuarum laudum venire patiare. Quamquam, mi Dola- bella — haec enim iocatus sum, — libentius omnis meas, si 10 modo sunt aliquae meae, laudes ad te transfuderim quam aliquam partem exhauserim ex tuis : nam cum te semper tantum dllexerim quantum tu intellegere potuisti, tum his Coin of ]\I. Brutus. tuis factis sic incensus sum ut nihil umquam in amore fuerit ardentius ; nihil est enim, mihi crede, virtute formosius, nihil 15 pulchrius, nihil amabilius. Semper amavi, ut scis, M. Briitum propter eius summum ingenium, suavissimos mores, singularem probitatem atque constantiam : tamen Idibus Martiis tantum accessit ad amo- rem ut mirarer locum fuisse augendi in eo quod mihi iam 20 pridem cumulatum etiam videbatur, Quis erat qui putaret ad eum amorem quem erga te habebam posse aliquid acce- dere ? Tantum accessit ut mihi nunc denique amare videar, antea dilexisse. Qua re quid est quod ego te horter ut dignitati et gloriae 25 servias ? Proponam tibi claros viros, quod facere solent, qui hortantur ? Neminem habeo clariorem quam te ipsum ; te imitere oportet, tecum ipse certes ; ne licet quidem tibi MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. (Bust in the Capitoline Museum.) To Cassitis 197 iam tantis rebus gestis non tui similem esse. Quod cum ita sit, hortatio non est necessaria, gratulatione magis utendum est : contigit enim tibi quod haud scio an nemini, ut summa severitas animadversionis non modo non invidiosa, sed etiam popularis esset et cum bonis omnibus tum infimo cuique 5 gratissima. Hoc si tibi fortuna quadam contigisset, gratularer felici- tati tuae ; sed contigit magnitiidine cum animi tum etiam ingeni atque consili ; legi enim contionem tuam : nihil ilia sapientius ; ita pedetemptim et gradatim tum accessus a te 10 ad causam facti, tum recessiis, ut res ipsa maturitatem tibi animadvertendi omnium concessu daret. Liberasti igitur et urbem periculo et civitatem metu, neque solum ad tempus maximam utilitatem attulisti, sed etiam ad exemplum. Quo facto intellegere debes in te positam esse rem publicam tibi- 15 que non modo tuendos, sed etiam ornandos esse illos viros, a quibus initium libertatis profectum est. Sed his de rebus coram plura propediem, ut spero : tti quoniam rem publicam nosque conservas, fac ut diligentissime te ipsum, mi Dola- bella, cGstodias. 20 XX. {Fafn. 12. 2.) Julius Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (March 15), B.C. 44, by a band of conspirators, headed by Marcus Junius Brutus and Caius Cassius Longinus. The conspirators fancied that if the dictator were out of the way the old constitution could be restored. But Caesar's victory had made a republic forever impossible. Nor had the con- spirators made any arrangements for a permanent government, or even for their own safety. The sole question was, who should succeed to the supreme power of the murdered dictator. And the only persons who had any real claims were Caesar's surviving colleague in the consulship, Mark Antony, and the young Octavianus, Caesar's grand-nephew, adopted son, and heir (afterwards the emperor Augustus). Antony, who had come into possession of Caesar's papers and estates, caused his "acts" to be legally confirmed, seized the public funds, abolished the office of dictator, and secured as large a share of authority 198 Letters of Ciceiv as he could. He was a man of inordinate ambition, controlled only by an equally unbounded self-indulgence, utterly without principle or scruple, and (if we may trust the character of him drawn by Cicero) a monster of profligacy and crime. He had married for his third wife Fulvia, widow of Publius Clodius, and shared, with her, that tribune's vindictive hate of Cicero. His colleague was Dolabella (see p. 238), Cicero's son-in-law, who had assumed the consulship at Caesar's death, on the ground that the latter had appointed him his successor in that ofifice. Dolabella dallied with the conspirators, suppressed the violence of the mob that threatened them, and might have had some pretensions to the power, with the support of the aristocracy, but was easily out- generalled or bought off by Antony. Lepidus, who had a military com- mand, and in whom the aristocracy had some hope, was also gained over by him. Octavianus, now twenty years old, hastened from Epirus to claim his inheritance and take part in the conflict which he saw approaching. He was a young man of precocious talent, of cool and wary temper, of ambition equal to Antony's, and of a political sagacity which, through his long life, seems never to have been at fault. Neither of the two chief claimants was strong enough alone to be quite independent of the other. At first, however, they stood in the attitude of rivals, and in their antagonism there seemed still some hope for the republic. Each endeavored to secure the countenance of the Senate and to gain control over the public armies ; and each succeeded in attaching to himself a considerable force, though neither was strong enough to hold the capital against the other. Meanwhile Cicero, who at first hailed the death of Caesar as the restoration of the republic, lost courage, and set out in July for Greece. Detained, however, by contrary winds, and receiving more favorable news from Rome, he returned to the city at the end of August, to find that all his hopes were idle. Still, he made an effort at conciliation, in a speech in the Senate, on the 2d of September. In this he replied severely to an attack made upon him by Antony the day before, but still took pains to leave the door open for a restoration of good-will. It was to no purpose. Antony replied, September 19, with such bitter- ness — directly charging Cicero with the murder of Clodius and of Caesar — that it was clear he meant there should be no alternative but civil war. Cicero did not venture to answer him in the Senate ; but replied, ten weeks later, in a pamphlet — by many regarded as his mas- terpiece — as bitter and uncompromising as the consul's attack. From its likeness in tone to the famous invectives of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon, this was called a " Philippic " ; and the term has To Casstus 1 99 been extended to the entire series of fourteen orations against Antony, commencing with that of September 2, and ending with a triumphant speech of April 22, B.C. 53, with which Cicero's political career closed. Brutus and Cassius had fled from Rome to escape mob violence after Caesar's funeral. They remained for some time in Italy, making prep- arations for their departure for the East, where Brutus secured the province of Macedonia and Cassius that of Syria. The present letter was written from Rome in September, B.C. 44, to Cassius, who was in the neighborhood of Puteoli. It gives an account of Antony's speech of September 19, in reply to Cicero's First Philippic. The winter was spent in attempts at negotiation, every stage illus- trated by the running commentary of Cicero's Philippics. At last, in the spring of B.C. 43, diplomacy was at an end. Actual hostilities broke out first in Cisalpine Gaul, where Decimus Brutus — who had taken command of that province, according to Czesar's last will — held the town of Mutina {Modena) against Antony. Octavianus, with his inde- pendent force, had also ranged himself on the side of the Senate. The consuls of that year, Aulus Hirtius and C. Vibius Pansa, had, after some hesitation, vigorously taken up the same cause. In April the consuls met Antony in two battles, — on the 15th at Bononia {Bologna), on the 27th near Mutina. In both he was defeated ; but in the first Pansa was mortally wounded, and in the second Hirtius was killed. It was on the reception of the news of the victory at Bononia, while Pansa's fate was unknown, that Cicero, in the Senate, delivered his Fourteenth and last Philippic (April 22). The rejoicings were soon at an end. Octavianus found that his own interests were best served by uniting with Antony against the Senate. These two — with Lepidus as a third trhitnvir — came easily into pos- session of supreme power. A remorseless proscription followed, in which the most illustrious victim was Cicero (Dec. 7, B.C. 43), sacrificed to Antony's resentment, the vindictive hate of Fulvia, and the cold ingratitude of Octavianus. CICERO CASSIO SAL. Vehementer laetor tibi probari sententiam et orationem meam ; qua si .saepius iiti liceret, nihil esset negoti liberta- tem et rem publicam reciperare. Sed homo amens et per- ditus multoque nequior quam ille ipse, quem tii nequissimum occisum esse dixisti, caedis initium quaerit, nullamque aliam 5 200 Letters of Cicero ob causam me auctorem fuisse Caesaris interficiendi crimi- natur, nisi ut in me veteran! incitentur : quod ego periculum non extimesco ; modo vestri facti gloriam cum mea laude commiinicet. Ita nee Pisoni, qui in eum primus invectus 5 est nuUo adsentiente, nee mihi, qui idem tricensimo post die feci, nee P. Servilio, qui me est consecutus, tuto in senatum venire licet : caedem enim gladiator quaerit eiusque initium a. d. XIII. Kal. Octobr. a me se facturum putavit, ad quem paratus venerat, cum in villa Metelli compliiris dies com- 10 mentatus esset. Quae autem in lustris et in vino commentatio potuit esse ? Itaque omnibus est visus, ut ad te antea scripsi, vomere suo more, non dicere. Qua re, quod scribis te confidere aucto- ritate et eloquentia nostra aliquid profici posse, non nihil, 15 ut in tantis malis, est profectum : intellegit enim populus Romanus tris esse consularis, qui, quia quae de re piiblica bene senserint libere locuti sint, tiito in senatum venire non possint. Nee est praeterea quod quicquam exspectes ; tuus enim 20 necessarius adfinitate nova delectatur : itaque iam non est studiosus ludorum infinitoque fratris tui plausu dirumpitur. Alter item adfinis novis commentariis Caesaris delenitus est. Sed haec tolerabilia : illud non ferendum quod est qui vestro anno filium suum consulem futurum putet ob eamque causam 25 se huic latroni deservire prae se ferat. Nam L. Cotta fami- liaris mens fatali quadam desperatione, ut ait, minus in sena- tum venit ; L. Caesar, optimus et fortissimus civis, valetudine impeditur ; Ser. Sulpicius et summa auctoritate et optime sentiens non adest. 30 Reliquos exceptis designatis ignosce mihi si non numero consularis. Habes auctores consili ptjblici : qui numerus etiam bonis rebus exiguus esset, quid censes perditis ? Qua re spes est omnis in vobis, qui si idcirco abestis, ut sitis in tuto, ne in vobis quidem : sin aliquid dignum vestra gloria To CcBsii 20I cogitatis, velim salvis nobis ; sin id minus, res tamen publica per vos brevi tempore ius suum reciperabit. Ego tuis neque desum neque deero : qui sive ad me referent sivc non referent, mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur. Vale. XXI. {Fam. 13.51.) A letter of introduction (cf. Nos. VII. and XVIII. ). Notliing is known of P. Messienus. P. Caesius, to whom the letter was sent, was a native of Ravenna. The date is uncertain, M. CICERO P. CAESIO S. D. P. Messienum, equitem Romanum, omnibus rebus orna- 5 tum meumque perfamiliarem, tibi commendo ea commenda- tione, quae potest esse diligentissima. Peto a te et pro nostra et pro paterna amicitia, ut eum in tuam fidem recipias eiusque rem famamque tueare : virum bonum tuaque ami- citia dignum tibi adiiinxeris mihique gratissimum feceris. 10 Medal of Cicero Junior. NOTES DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS ARGUMENT [Omitted portions in brackets.] Chap. i. Exordium. Cicero's reasons for undertaking the case. — [2. Political aspect of the trial, showing {a^ why others refused to under- take it ; (/^) why the jury ought to be especially cautious.] — N^arratio. 6. Character of Sex. Roscius, the murdered man ; his old feud with the Titi Roscii. — 7. The murder : circumstances pointing to Magnus as the procurer : Chrysogonus is informed, and a conspiracy made with him by Capito and Magnus. — 8. Proscription and sale of the property : Chryso- gonus buys it up for a nominal sum : Sulla not implicated. Sex. Roscius is dispossessed. — 9. Amerians take up his cause and apply to Sulla, but are .staved off by Capito, who was on the committee. — 10. Roscius flies to his friends at Rome : a trumped-Up charge of parricide is brought. — II. Commiseration of his client's position, with review of the circum- stances. — 13. Partitio. Three things make against the defendant : {^a) the charge; {b) thef reckless villany of the two Titi Roscii; (c) influence of Chrysogonus. — Defensio. (I) 14. The crime is not in accordance with the character of the defendant : no motive can be shown : no enmity between father and son. — [15-17- His rustic employment: this is no evidence of ill-will. — 19. Alleged intention to disinherit: no proof. — 20. No case is made out : hence the accuser (Erucius) is attacked for bringing such a charge. — 21. The case rests only on the negligence of the court, and supposed friendlessness of the defendant. — 22. For the con- spirators' manner changed when they found there would be a real defence. — Recapitulation:] no motive existed: necessity of direct evidence. — 33-26. Examples from other cases [and from literature]. Need of strong- est proof shown by the severity of the penalty. — 27, 28. No means of committing the crime. — [29. Again: the accuser's presumption in trying 20; 204 Notes to force a conviction. — (II) 30. Countercharge : T. Roscius the probable murderer :' in his case there are motives. — 31. It was for his advantage. — 32. He was the murdered man's enemy. — t^t^. He had opportunities (com- pare the two cases). — 34. His acts after the murder: hasty message to Capito ; his character. — 36. His testimony at the trial. — 37. Speedy announcement to Chrysogonus — apparently from the Roscii, for they have received the reward and possess the property. — 38, 39. Capito's perfidy to the committee. — 41. Magnus refuses the slaves for question. — 42. Influence of Chrysogonus.] — (HI) 43- Chrysogonus the purchaser: the sale was illegal, for proscriptions had ceased. — 44-47. Lawlessness and insolence of Chrysogonus : Sulla is artfully excused : the cause of the nobility not involved. — 48. Chrysogonus' cause not that of the nobility. — 49. Responsibility of the attack on Chrysogonus is Cicero's : Roscius asks only his life. — Per or alio. 50-51, Simulated appeal to Chrysogonus, to stir sympathy of the jury : incidental mention of the powerful friends of the defendant. — 52, 53. But if Chrysogonus does not spare him, he appeals confidently to the court. In the Notes, § signifies Allen and Greenough's Grammar (references in parentheses are to the new edition"! ; B , Bennett ; G , Gildersleeve ; H , Hark- ness's Latin Grammar (Complete Latin Grammar) ; H. & B., Hale & Buck. I. Exordium (§§ 1-4) Sects. 1-4. Cicero undertakes the defence in default of any abler advocate. By this skilfully modest opening, Cicero not only explains why he, an obscure young advocate, appears in so important a case, but he indicates on which side are the sympathies of the best citizens, and he contrives at the same time to suggest the odds against which Roscius and his counsel must contend. Thus the remarks are not merely personal and introduc- tory, but form an essential part of the argument. A famous modern ex- ample of similar art is Erskine's Exordium in his Defence of Lord George Gordon on a charge of high treason. Page 2. Line 1. (Sect, i.) ego: not emphatic itself, but expressed merely to set off VOS, which is. The Latin is so fond of putting pronouns in contrast that one is often (as here) expressed for the mere purpose of antithesis. — iudices : not judges, but rather jurors. They were persons selected by law to try facts (under the presidency of a praetor or iudex quaestionis'), and varied in number from a single one to fifty or more. They were originally selected from the Senators, but C. Gracchus had Defence of Roscius 205 transferred the right to sit as indices to the Equites (or wealthy middle class). Sulla, whose reforms went into operation B.C. So, had restored this right to the Senators, and the present case was the first to occur under the new system. It was brought in the Quaestio inter sicarios (or court for the trial of murder), under the presidency of the prastor M. P'annius. — quid sit quod, luhy it is that. — quod (causal) . . . surrexerim expresses a fact, and takes the subj. of informal ind. disc, as depending on the indirect question quid sit : § 341, /^ ( ); cf. B. 323; G. 663, i ; H. 529,11 (652); H. cS:B. 2 2 summi oratores, homines nobilissimi : notice the chiastic order; §344,/( ); 15,350,11,^/0.682; H. 562 (666, 2) ; H. & B. . — cum sedeant : cum has a slight concessive force : render by when or while ; though would be too strong. Since Sulla's victory had restored the aristocracy to power, it might be expected that men of rank (^nobilissimi') would have courage to come forward and defend Roscius : their presence showed their sympathies, though they did not rise to defend him. — ego : emphatic, as opposed to the orators and men of rank. 2 3 potissimum, rather than any other. — aetate : Cicero was but twenty-six years old. 2 4 sim : in direct disc, this might be either subj. to indicate the char- acter of Cicero, or indie, to denote a mere fact about him; here it is neces- sarily subj. as being an integral part of the clause quod . . . surrexerim; § 342 ( ) ; B. 324, I ; G. 663, I ; H. 529, ii (652, l) ; H. Ov B. which is itself dependent on quid sit. — sedeant, sit still, instead of rising to speak : subj. of integral part, dependent on sim comparandus. 2 5 hi : strongly demonstrative ; accompanied, perhaps, with a gesture, — these men here. — iniuriam, injustice. — novo scelere (abl. of means), the strange (almost = unheard of) charge (of parricide). 2 6 oportere : this verb is always impersonal ; its subject here is the clause iniuriam def endi. — defendi, defendere : see Vocab. ; supply but (suggested in Latin by the close juxtaposition of the two infs.) before defendere in translating. 2 7 iniquitatem temporum, i.e. the disturbed state of politics, while the wounds of the Civil War were still fresh. — ita fit : the subject is the clause ut adsint, etc. — adsint, they attend: opposed to taceant ; the position of taceant indicates this antithesis. The friends of any party to a suit attended court to give him the advantage of their presence and influence (cf. Caes. B.C. i. 4). Such friends were technically called advo- cati, but they did not, like the modern advocate, speak in court. 2 8 officium, duty, arising from their relations to the murdered man, 2o6 Notes who had stood in the relation of hospitium (see hospes in Vocab.) with some of the highest families. 2 10 (Sect. 2.) audacissimus, i.e. is it that I have more effrontery than any of the rest? 2 11 ne . . . quidem, «^/ . . . ^zV/z(fr, enclosing, as usual, the emphatic word: § 151, e { ) ; B. 151, e\ G. 448, n.^ ; H. 569, iii, 2; H. & B. . — istius, i.e. that which is in your thoughts : § 102, <: ( ) ; B. 87 ; G. 306 ; H. 450 (507, 3) ; H. & B. 2 12 sim, conjunctivus juodestiae: § 311, (^ ( ) ; cf. B. 280, 2; G. 257, I ; H. 486, i (556) ; H. & B. . — aliis, dat. : § 229 ( ) ; B. 180,2, d; G. 345 ; H. 386, 2 (429, 2); H. & B. . — praereptam : prae- gives here the force of getting the start of others in snatching it (cf. pre-vent, from praevenio). — me: so emphatic as to throw igitur out of its usual place. 2 14 reciperem, undertake a case offered; suscipere is to take up of one's own motion. 2 15 amplitudo, position, from birth, wealth, office, or the like. 2 16 id quod, a thing lohich: § 200, ^ ( ) ; G. 614, R.2 ; H. 445, 7 (399,6); H. &B. 2 17 dixisset, an integral part of putaretur. — putaretur: apodosis of fecisset; § 308 ( ) ; B. 304, i; G. 597; H. 510 (579); H. & B. , while the whole from si verbum through putaret is the apodosis of si quis dixisset in 1. 14. Translate, if any one had spoken, in case he had made any allusion to politics, he zvould, etc. 3 1 (Sect. 3.) ego, etc., but in my case, even if I, etc. — etiamsi . . . dixero, . . . poterit : § 307, c (^ ) ; B. 264, a ; G. 244, 2 ; H. 508, 2 (574,2); H. &B. . 3 2 similiter, /;/ like manner, i.e. as if a man of rank had spoken. — exire, etc., i.e. this speech will not be quoted and talked over, and hence any allusions to politics which it may contain will not seem more significant than they really are. 3 3 emanare : not to be confounded with manere. — deinde quod : the second reason, corresponding to quia in 1. 14. — ceterorum, opposed to ego in 1. 6, below. — dictum: noun, limited by ceterorum; dicto (1. 5) is also a noun, though modified by an adv. ; § 207, <: ( ) ; G. 437, R.; H. & B. 3 5 concedi, impersonal : § 230 ( ); B. 187, ii, b ; G. 217 ; H. 384, 5 (426, 3); H.&B. 3 7 nondum . . . accessi, / have not yet gone into public life, i.e. become candidate for any office, Cicero began his political career five years later, with the quaestorship. Defence of Roscius 207 3 8 tametsi, allhongh, in its so-called "corrective " use, — the conces- sion coming after the general statement, as a kind of limitation of it. — ignoscendi ratio, the idea of pardon. The vaguely general v^^ord ratio with the gen. of the gerund expresses little more than our word pardoning alone. The Latin, being poor in abstract words, has to resort to such shifts as this to supply their place. So cognoscendi COnsuetudo, the habit of judicial investigation, is almost equivalent to judicial investigation simply. This was a bold speech to make under the rule of the tyrant Sulla. 3 11 (Sect. 4.) accedit, there is in addition : used as a kind of passive of addo. — ilia, this, i.e. the following (a common use of this pronoun). — quod, that: § 333 ( ) ; B- 299, i. ^; G. 525, i; H. 540, iv (588, 3); H. cv: B. . — a ceteris, jro/n the others, i.e. the nobles. 3 12 petitum sit: for subjunc. see § 334, ^ and n. ( ) ; G. 457, 2, N.; H. p. 267, footnote ^. — ut dicerent [causam], subst. clause of purpose, subj. of petitum sit : § 331, // ( ) ; G. 546 ; H. 499, 3 (565, 2), H. & B. . — dicere causavi is the technical expression for defend- ing a case. — ut . . . arbitrarentur : a clause of result, dependent on ita petitum sit: § 319 and r. ( ) ; B. 284, i ; G. 552 ; H. 500 and N.^ (591) ; H. & B. . — utrumvis, either [course, i.e. to speak or be silent], at their choice: lit. either [of the two] yot^ please. — salvo officio (abl. of manner), without a breach of dufy. 3 13 arbitrarentur : imperf. following petitum sit, which is regarded as a secondary tense since it represents the perf. indie; § 287, a { ) ; B. 268, I ; G. 511, N.2 ; H. 495, i (546); II. & B. . — a me autem, etc., lit. but from ME, etc. (opposed to a ceteris above). The emphasis may be preserved by changing the construction in English : but as for myself, men have tirged it [i.e. that I should undertake the defence of Roscius] on me ivho, etc. — ei, men ; here used simply as a correlative to qui, and not in a really demonstrative sense. The reference is of course to the noble friends of Roscius. 3 16 debeam, subj. of characteristic : § 320 ( ) ; B. 283, i ; G. 631, 2: H. 503, i (591, i); H. & B. . — his: emphatic, summing up the reasons he has given for undertaking the case ; ego, emphatic as opposed to the others present. 3 17 patronus, advocate, the word advocati having a different meaning (see note on p. 2, 1. 7, above). — unus, as the one man. 3 20 uti ne : in purpose clauses the double form is often used instead of ne alone. — desertus, etc.: observe that Cicero not only attempts to win the sympathies of the jurors for the helplessness of his client, but that he also contrives to suggest, in advance of the formal statement of facts, 208 Notes that there is a combination or conspiracy of some kind against young Roscius. The same thing was insinuated in sect, i by the use of con- flatam (1. 6). II. Narratio (§§ 5-19) Sects. 5-9. Character of the murdered man, Sex. Roscius the elder. His political affiliations. His old feud with T. Roscius Capito and T. Roscius Magnus. The murder. Suspicion points to Magnus as procurer of the crime and to Capito as at least accessory after the fact. 3 22 (Sect. 5,) huiusce, of tny client. — municeps Amerinus, a citi- zen of the free town Ameria. The Latin uses an adj. of possession when it can, often where the English prefers of: § 190 ( ) ; B. 354, 4 ; G. 362, R.i ; H. 395, N.^ ; H. & B. ; cf. .Tlneid, ii. 55, 487, etc. 3 2.5 hospitiis, giiest-friendships. The hospititim was a relation be- tween individuals of different cities or states, at a time when there were no international relations; it included the duties of hospitality and pro- tection, was transmitted from father to son, and was vouched for by a ticket {tessera). Roscius not only had this formal relation to several of the greatest families at Rome, but he was also on intimate terms of per- sonal friendship with them. Hence, in line 27, domesticus . . . consue- tudo, intercourse and companionship [with them] in their homes. 3 28 honestatis . . . gratia (so honoris causa, sect. 17), ivith all honor. It seems to have been held a liberty to mention the name of any person of quality in a public address ; hence such mention is generally ac- companied by a form of compliment. Cf. the modern parliamentary usage of referring to members of a deliberative body by the names of their offices (or as the "gentleman from ") rather than by their own names. 3 29 hoc solum, i.e. the hospititim. 3 30 domestici, of his own house. 3 .31 ereptum possident, have seized and 11070 hold : § 292, r. ( ) ; G. 664, R.i ; H. 549, 5 (639) ; H. & B. ; possidere does not signify to own, in the modern sense, but merely to hold or occupy. — innocentis, i.e. fill : in Latin any noun may be left out if there is an adj. or a part, to determine its case. 3 32 defenditur : Cicero skilfully contrives to keep before the jury the fact that Roscius has powerful friends who desire his acquittal. 3 32 (Sect. 6.) This section tells of Roscius's political associations. He was a favorer of the nobility (Sulla's party), and therefore had nothing to fear from the proscription instituted by Sulla after his final Defence of Roscins 209 victory over Marius. These facts are skilfully brought in at this point so as to prepare the jurors for the statement, made later, that the insertion of Roscius's name in the proscription list after his murder was manifestly part of a plot to get possession of his estate. They also prepare for the exoneration of Sulla (in sect. 12), since it w^as not to be supposed that he would have consented to the proscription of so zealous a member of his own party. Throughout the oration Cicero is under the necessity of hold- ing the dictator blameless. — cum, ivhejt, introducing the general situation; turn, the particular circumstance. — omni tempore, at all times, as opposed to the time of the Civil War : notice the emphatic position. 3 33 hoc tumultu, this last disturbance (euphemistic) : i.e. the final scenes of the Civil War of Marius and Sulla, which Cicero will not call bellum. — cum, at a time ivheti. 4 1 in discrimen veniret (subj. of characteristic, not simply cum temporal), was at stake. 4 3 rectum: render no more than- right (thus giving the emphasis of its position). 4 4 se pugnare, simply to fight: object of putabat, while rectum is an adj. in pred. apposition with se pugnare. — honestate, honestissimus refer respectively to the rank and dignity of these great families, and the credit which his connection with them gave him in his own neighborhood. 4 5 victoria, i.e. of Sulla's party. 4 6 proscriberentur : the number of the proscribed in Sulla's time was 4700. " Whoever killed one of these outlaws was not only exempt from punishment, like an executioner duly fulfilling his office, but also obtained for the execution a compensation of 12,000 denarii (nearly $2400); any one, on the contrary, who befriended an outlaw, even his nearest relative, was liable to the severest punishment. The property of the proscribed was forfeited to the state, like the spoil of an enemy; their children and grand- children were excluded from a political career, and yet, so far as of sena- torial rank, were bound to undertake their share of senatorial burdens." (Mommsen.) At first only the names of those who had justly forfeited their lives were proscribed ; afterwards it became easy for friends and favorites of the dictator (like Chrysogonus, attacked in this oration) to put upon the list the names of innocent men, and even of men already dead, so as to work confiscation of their property. Sulla's proscriptions nomi- nally ceased June i, B.C. 81. 4 8 erat Romae : this shows that he had no reason to fear the pro- scription.— frequens: § 191 ( ); B. 239; G. 325, R.6; H. 443 (497)5 H. &B. 2 1 o Notes 4 9 ut . . . videretur, clause of result. 4 12 i^¥JC\.'j.)'\Vi\vci\Z\\\dA, causes QX occasions of enmity ; for the plur., see§75, r( ); B. 55,4, ^; G. 204, N.-5 ; 1^1.130,2(138,2); H. & B. . By this sentence Cicero suggests to the jury what he afterwards develops in the argument : that a motive for the murder existed in the case of the Titi Roscii, He thus prepares the way for the elaborate counter- charge (omitted in this book) made against these two later in the oration. Observe the emphasis that comes from the juxtaposition of sects. 6 and 7 : Roscius had nothing to fear from the proscription. He had enemies, how- ever, — the very men who are now prosecuting his son. 4 13 accusatorum : prosecutions might be brought by private persons (as by Cicero against Verres). In this instance these two Roscii were associated with Erucius as prosecutors. 4 14 huiusce, of my client (see note on sect. 9, below). 4 16 neque enim, nor, you see. — iniuria : used adverbially. — isti, i.e. of the party of prosecution. Iste, the so-called " demonstrative of the second person," is regularly used of one's opponent in a suit or debate, as hie is used of one's client. See § 102, a, c (^ ) ; B. 87 ; G. 306; H. 450 (505); H. &B. 4 17 Capitoni: § 231, b { ); B. 190, i; G. 349, r.^ ; H. 387, n.^ (430, i); H. & B. : following cognomen. 4 19 palmarum, prizes : sarcastically spoken, as if his many acts of violence had been victories in gladiatorial tights. — XiQ\y)X\^, famous (as of artists, actors, etc.). — hie, the one here present (Magnus) ; eum, referring to the one just mentioned, the absent one (Capito). 4 20 lanistam (in app. with eum) carries out the sarcastic figure of palmarum and gladiator. 4 21 quod sciam, so far as I know, sc. id; adv. ace, § 240, b (^ ) ; B. 283,5; ^- ll^^ I' ^- 37^' 2 (416); H. & B. : i.e. he must have been a mere apprentice (tiro) at the trade : " this is the first of his actual murders that I know of." For mood, see § 320, d { ) ; B. 283, 2 ; G. 627, R.i ; H. 503, i, N.i (591, 3); H. & B. . (Passages in brackets in the text are thought to be spurious insertions.) 4 23 (Sect. 8.) hie, this man (with a gesture), i.e. here at my side (my client); iste, that man, i.e. there on the accusers' bench (Magnus). 4 24-26 eum . . . asset : parenthetical (repeating, in greater detail, the clause that precedes). Observe that Cicero remarks (as it were, casually) that in thus devoting himself to a rural life, the younger Roscius was obeying his father's wishes. This prepares the way for his subsequent assertion (sect. 23) that there was Defence of Roschis 211 no ill-will between father and son, — an important matter in the question of motive. It also anticipates the answer given in sect. 22 to the argument that the defendant was a rude, boorish fellow, of gloomy and sullen dis- position, and therefore likely to have committed murder. The effectiveness of a forensic discourse depends in great part on the skill with which the mind of the hearer is prepared, by such apparently insignificant remarks, for a definite assertion or argument that is to follow. 4 20 iste : T. Roscius Magnus ; the repetition of the words frequens, etc., emphasizes the suggestion that he was likeliest to be the murderer. 4 27 Palacinas : the reading is uncertain, and the place unknown. 4 30 hunc, i.e. my cHent. — iudicatote : § 269, d y his ozun. — con- dicionem, terrtis (or dilemma') : as containing the idea of a bargain, it is followed by ut; § 331, ^ ( ) ; cf. B. 295, 4; G. 546, N.^ ; H. 498, i (564, iii); H. &B. 2 1 8 Notes 8 30 cervices : this word is used by early writers in the plural only. 9 1 insutus in culeum : the old punishment for a parricide was to be " beaten with blood-red rods, then sewed into a sack, with a dog, a cock, a viper, and an ape, and thrown into the deep sea " (see below, sect. 29). 9 2 patronos : Cicero's modesty will not allow him to call himself a patronus (cf. note on p. 3, 1. 17). — qui . . . dicat, purpose-clause: the antecedent is the subj. of deest, below. III. Partitio (§20) 9 C) (Srct. 20.) This contains the formal statement of the technical partitio or division of the matter of the defence {defensio) into its parts or heads. These are distinguished as the charge (^criiiien') brought by Eru- cius, the effrontery {aiuiacia) of the two Titi Roscii, and the illegal influ- ence { potentid) of Chrysogonus. The charge Cicero says it is his business to refute. If he can do this he trusts to the jury to see that the effrontery of the Roscii and the influence exercised by Chrysogonus shall not injure his client. Sects. 20-35 ^""^ given to disproving the critnen, chs. xxx.-xli. (omitted in this edition) to opposing the audacia of the Roscii by bringing a counter-accusation (especially against Capito, who is directly charged with the murder), and sects. 36-46 to disposing of Chrysogonus. 9 6 quantum, so far as (adverbial ace). 9 12 quid igitur est? /!07o then ? 9 17 primo quoque tempore, the very first opportmiity (i.e. that which the present case affords) since the violence and disorder of the Civil War. — exstinguere debetis : the courts had just been restored by Sulla after a long interval of lawlessness, and the case of Roscius was the first to come before the reorganized Quaestio inter Sicarios. There was a general feel- ing that the courts ought to do something at once, — a feeling that might well be prejudicial to the defendant even though he was innocent. To re- move this prejudice Cicero (i) suggests that the conspirators relied on it in bringing their iniquitous charge (sect. 18: ita loqui homines . . . esset), and (2) shows that an acquittal, by rebuking the effrontery and violence of men like Chi-ysogonus and his confederates, would do much to restore law and order. IV. Defensio (§§ 21-47) Sects. 21-23. The guilt of the defendant is antecedently improb- able. His character does not suit the crime. No motive has been Defence of Roscius 219 shown. The alleged ill-will between the father and the son has not been proved and is unlikely. 9 20 (Sect. 21.) eius modi quo uno maleficio, of such a kind, that in this one crime (rel. clause of result). 9 22 VOltu, by a look. 9 24 si . . . postularet, . . . COgehami, zuould compelit if the case re- quired : see § 308, b { ) ; cf. B. 304, 3 ; G. 597, K.-^ ; H. 51 1^ (581, i) ; H. & B. ) ; iura COgebant is equivalent to a verb of necessity, and hence the imperf. indie, in the apodosis appears with the imperf. subj. in the protasis. 9 27 auditum sit, a general condition; subj. because integral part of the result clause. 9 28 tu (emphatic), j)/0M, a professional prosecutor. 9 29 censes : the word used to express deliberate judgment, after dis- cussion or the like. 9 30 mores, character, as resulting from habits of life; naturam, natu- ral disposition. 10 2 tU: emphatic, as opposed to the general run oi accusers. Cicero is here using the famous " argument from probability," a favorite with ancient orators and rhetoricians from the fifth century B.C. " For example, if a physically weak man be accused of an assault, he is to ask the jury, ' Is it probable that a weakling like me should have attacked any- body ? ' while if the accused is a strong man he is to claim that it is im- probable that he should have committed an assault in a case where his strength was sure to be used as a presumption against him." 10 4 (Sect. 22.) Here the "argument from probability" is very skil- fully carried out. In sect. 22 Cicero draws such a contrast between the nature of the crime and the character of the defendant as to appeal power- fully to the imagination of the jury as well as to their reason. Describing briefly and vividly the three types of men who might be recognized as likely to commit such a murder (the weak-minded stripling led astray by evil companions, the hardened cut-throat, the ruined debauchee), he points to the life and character of Roscius as having nothing in common with any of these. This leads up at once to the question of motive : if Roscius' character was so little suited to the crime, the motive must have been extraordinarily powerful ; but no motive at all has been shown (sect. 23). 10 4 patrem, etc. : to preserve the emphasis we may render a par- ricide has been committed by Sex. Roscius. — qui homo? what sort oj man (is it who has committed such a crime) ? 220 Notes 10 5 adulescentulus : the diminutive suggests a weak stripling led astray (inductus) ; the defendant was, in fact, a man of forty. — nequam, with hominibus. 10 C maior : anomalous for the more usual plus or amplius ; § 247, c ( ); B. 217,3; G. 311, K.-^; H. 417, I, N.^ (471,4); H. &B. — vetus (emphatic), old (in the sense of the English derivative inveterate). — videlicet, no doubt, of course. 10 10 de luxuria: for constr. see note on de parricidio (p. 8, 1. 7). 10 12 cuiquam : words in italics are not in the manuscripts, but are supplied by modern scholars (from conjecture) as being necessary to the construction or the sense. 10 14 Obiecit : the accuser had made it a point in his argument that the defendant was of a morose temper, shunning all society and burying himself in the country. Cicero deftly turns these assertions to the advan- tage of his client. 10 15 officio, sense of duty, and consequent discharge of it ; especially used with reference to filial duty {pietas). 10 16 (Sect. 23.) In ancient trials, as at present, it was particularly important to show a motive in order to secure a conviction for murder. Erucius had alleged two motives, — ill-feeling between father and son, and intended disinheritance. In this section (and in the two chapters that follow, omitted in this edition) Cicero disposes of the former; in ch. xix. (also omitted) he argues that there is no evidence that the elder Roscius meant to disinherit his son. In chs. xx. and xxi. (omitted) he goes on to say that the prosecutor has shown no case and to inveigh against him for bringing a baseless charge. 10 19 iustam, siifficient or well-grounded. 10 20 illud, this (referring forward to the inf. clause following), i.e. the point previously treated; hoc, the new point now introduced. 10 22 odio . . . parenti: § 233, « ( ); B. 191, 2; G. 356; H. 390, i (433) ; H. & B. 10 23 eodem, to the same point (as that treated in the preceding sec- tion). 10 25 displiceret, was disliked by. 10 26 qui odisset, in that he hated (according to their argument) : see § 341, d (^ ) ; B. 323 ; G. 628 ; H. 528, i (649, i) ; H. & B. 10 27 constantissimus (opposed to amens), most steady-minded ("level-headed")- 10 28 illud refers forward (as usual) to causam fuisse. — iam, by this time. Defence of Roscius 221 Sects. 24-30. Recapitulation. Erucius had to show not only a strong motive, but, in the case of so unnatural a crime, to bring the clearest testimony as to the facts — where , how, by whose means., when the murder was committed. A recent case of acquittal (sect. 26), even against strong circumstantial evidence, since absolute proof is needed to establish such a charge. Enormity of the crime, as shown by the severity of the legal punishment (sects. 28-29). Yet Erucius has no evidence to offer — he has not even established a plausible motive. 11 3 quod, referring to id in 1. 5 : cf, in English, " w/iom therefore ye ignorantly worship, /lim declare I unto you." 11 4 iam prope COtidiana, which have now come to be an ahnost every- day affair. 11 5 quae, etc. : the question which is referred to in quod . . . quae- ritur. 11 7 COnvenisse . . . videntur, seem to have converged upon one spot and to agree together : the phrase inter se may express any sort of recipro- cal relation; § i96/( ) ; B. 245, i; G. 221; H. 448, N. (502, i); H. & B. 11 10 ingenio, talent (i.e. power in putting the case). — cum, not otily. 11 12 ostendatur: § 331, / R. ( ); B. 295, 6 and 8 ; G. 535, R.2 ; H. 502, I (564, ii, i) ; H. & B. 11 14 (Sect. 25.) sint, exist. — exstent : cf. note on ostendatur, above. — expressa vestigia, distinct footprints. 11 15 ratione, manner, i.e. the whole plan of the act. 11 19 suspicionibus : governed by reclamitat, which, on account of its meaning, takes an indir. obj. 11 21 esse, that there should be, etc. 11 23 feras : notice the emphatic position. The emphasis may be expressed in English either by changing the verb to the passive (in order to keep feras at the beginning of the clause) or by turning thus : even in the case of wild beasts, etc. 11 25 (Sect. 26.) As an example of what cogent proof is required to overcome the presumption against the possibility of so unnatural a crime as parricide, Cicero cites a recent case in which strong circumstantial evi- dence was held insufficient. — ita, so very. 11 26 non obscurum, respectable. 11 29 servus : here used as adj.; § 188, ^ ( ); G. 288, R.; H. 441, 3 (495, 3) ; H. & B. 12 1 pertineret, subj. of characteristic. — id aetatis : § 240, b{ ); 222 Notes B. 185, 2 ; G. 336, N.2 ; H. 378, 2 (416, 2) ; H. & B. , i.e. too old for the sound sleep of childhood. — autein, on the other hand. — propter, near by. 12 4 neutrumne sensisse, the idea that, etc. : infin. of exclam., § 274 ( ) ; B. 334 ; G. 534 ; H. 539, iii (616, 3) ; H. & B. ; cf. .-Eneid, i. 37- 12 5 potissimum, of all others ; cf. sect, i, 1. 3. 12 7 (Sect. 27.) porro . . . conveniret, could naturally fall (really in the same constr. as pertineret, 1. i, above). 12 9 iudicio (abl. of means), on the trial (more lit. by the court). 12 13 potuisset, subj. of characteristic (in dir. disc, potuerit). 12 14 no n mo do . . . "possunt, Jiot only cannot, etc. : § 149 ^ ( ); B. 343, 2, a; G. 482, R.i ; H. 552, 2 (656, 3) ; H. & B. ; the verb is sufficiently negatived by ne. 12 16 (Sect. 28.) quo . . . eo, the less . . . the more. 12 18 multis = many other (implied in the generalizing CUm, not only, followed by turn, but also). 12 19 armis, abl. of specification. 12 20 turn, but also (correlative with Cum in 1. 17). — vel : in the em- phasizing use, to strengthen maxime ; § 93 '^ ( ) ; B. 240, 3 ; G. 303 ; H. 444, 3. 12 21 singulare, special (lit. unique). 12 22 sapientiam, ace. of exclamation. 12 23 rerum natura, the universe, represented by air (caelum), tire (solem), water, and earth, the elements " from which all things are said to be produced" (omnia nata esse, 1. 26). 12 25 ademerint, subord. clause in ind. disc. 12 27 dicuntur: for mood, see § 342, a { ); cf. B. 314, 4; G. 629, R., b ; H. 529, ii, N.i (652, i); H. & B. 12 27 (Sect. 29.) ci\i\z^x^, cast forth to. — ne bestiis . . . uteremur, lest we should find the very beasts 7nore savage (immanioribus, in predicate apposition). 12 28 attigissent, subj. of integral part. 12 29 sic nudos, naked as they were. 12 30 ipsum, even that. — violata, defiled. 12 31 expiari : sea water, as well as running water, was regarded as having a ceremonially purifying quality, — an opinion prevailing in various religions, and found in the forms of ablution, baptism, and the like. — putantur: for mood cf. dicuntur, 1. 27, above. — tarn . . . volgare, so cheap or so common. Defence of Rosciiis 223 12 32 cuius . . . reliquerint, clause of result. — etenim, i.e. it needs no argument to show, etc. 13 2 eiectis, to castaways. — ita, in such a way. 13 8 (Sect. 30.) talibus viris, "to this intelligent jury." — ne causam quidem, not even a motive (to say nothing of evidence of guilt). 13 !» emptores, tJie purchasers (of the confiscated property), i.e. men having the strongest interest in his conviction, with Chrysogonus himself as their presiding officer. 13 11 venisses, you should have come : § 266, ,? ( ) ; G. 272, 3 ; IT. 483, 2, N. (558, i); H. & B. . — utrum ... an, i.e. which is it — the nature of the question or the character of the court [another compliment to the jury] — that you do not see? 13 14 ne . . . quidem : § 209, ^, i ( ) ; B. 347, 2 ; G. 445 ; H. 553, 2 (656,2); II. c^B. Sects. 31-35. Roscius had not only no motive to commit the crime, but no means of committing it. Erucius is challenged to tell how Roscius could himself have killed his father or could have procured his death through others. 13 16 (Sect. 31.) ts\Si,zvell then (to quit that point). — causam pro- ferre, to allege a motive. 13 17 vicisse debeo, / ought to have now gained the case, i.e. by my past argument; ought to have conquered (yn the past) would be vincere debui: § 288, r/ ( ) ; B. 270, 2 ; G. 280, b, N.3 ; H. 537, I (618, 2); H. c^- B. 13 18 in alia causa, in another case : an implied condition of which concederem is the apodosis; § 310, ^ ( ) ; B. 305, i; G. 600, i; H. 507, N.' (583); H. &B. 13 19 qua re, why ; quo mode, how. Cicero contends that he is not obliged to discuss the manner of the murder, since Erucius has not raised that point, and has not even been able to assign a motive. His own posi- tion in the argument is so strong, however, that, he says, he can afford to concede a point by waiving the question of motive and allowing Erucius to argue the case on the basis of the means by which Roscius could have committed the crime. This is of course a rhetorical device to introduce one of Cicero's strongest arguments. It cannot be proved that it was even possible for Roscius to kill his father under the circumstances. By calling for the details of the murder Cicero shows that none can be produced. The whole passage serves also as an effective preparation for the counter- 224 Notes charge (omitted in this edition), in which it is shown that Sex. Roscius Magnus had not only a motive, but every opportunity, 13 21 sic, i.e. I will deal with you on these terms. — meo loco, in my place, i.e. in the time allotted to the defence ; this was determined for each party by the prittor. 13 22 respondendi, i.e. at the end of a question; interpellandi, i.e. in the middle of any question, to answer a part of it ; interrogandi, i.e. by asking questions in his turn. 13 24 (Sect. 32.) ipse percussit, did he strike the fatal blow himself? 13 25 ipsum, sc. pe7-cussisse. — per alios : for abl. of means, when per- sons are intended, see § 246, b (^ ) ; G. 401 ; H. 4 15, i, N.^ (46S, 3) ; H. & B. 13 27 indidemne Ameria, /^c;;z Ameria thei-e? (lit. the satne place). — hosce sicarios, these cut-throats here of ours. 13 30 convenit, i.e. to bargain for the murder. 13 32 unde, i.e. on whom did he draw for the money? All such bank- ing business being in a manner public, the sum could be traced, as by cheques and the like in modern times. 14 1 Cdi^Vit, foujitain-head. 14 2 tibi, dat. instead of poss. gen.: § 235, a { ) ; B. 181, i, N.; G. 350, i; H. 384, 4, N.2 (425, 4, N.); H. & B. . — veniat, with facito (fac) for simple imperat. : § 269, ^ ( ) ; cf. G. 553, i; cf. H. 489, 2 (561, 2); H. & B. . The fut. form of the imperat. is used, because the accuser is bidden to reflect on the point raised, so that there is a distinct reference to future time : § 269, ^/ ( ) ; B. 281, I, Zi r. ( ); G. 542, N.i; H. &B. Sects. 43-46. In thus attacking Chrysogonus. Cicero is not assailing the cause of the nobility. On the contrary, that cause is honored by resistance to him. His insolence and power are unbearable. It was not to advance such slaves as lie that Sulla fought and conquered. Defence of Roscms 229 19 1 (Sect. 43,) vereor: for emphat. position cf. credo, p. 2, 1. i. — imperitior: § 93, « ( ) ; B. 240, i ; G. 297, 2; H. 444, i (498); H. & B. 19 2 tametsi, and yet. — meo iure, with perfect right (zs belonging to that party); iure alone would rat^ca justly ; meo limits it to the speaker's own case. The passage that follows is interesting, as showing the way in which Cicero regarded the general principles at stake in the Civil War, and the excesses of the victorious party. 19 6 pro mea, etc., to the extent of my poor and feeble ability. 19 7 ut componeretur, that reconciliation should be made : a clause of result in appos. with id : § 332 and head-note ( ) ; B, 297 and 3 ; G. 557; H. 501, iii (571,4); H. &B. 19 8 qui vicerunt, who did (in fact) conquer : the subj. here would mean, whatever party might conquer: § 342, N. ( ) ; G. 629, R. ; H. 529, ii, N.i (652, i) ; H. & B. 19 9 humilitatem, not merely low rank, but meanness and vulgarity; ^^.gmtaXe, personal worth, from birth and services; amplitudine, rank or position — prominence in the state. With all his arrogance, blood-thirsti- ness, and narrow conservatism, Sulla was, in fact, the representative of orderly government against anarchy and mob-law. 19 10 perditi civis erat (pred. gen.), it was the part of a bad citizen: §214, ^( ); B. 198, 3; G. 366; H.401,402 (439); H.&B. 19 11 quibus incolumibus (abl. abs.), by -whose safety. 19 12 retineretur zvoitld be preserved : fut. cond., the protasis being quibus incolumibus: § 3oj,f( ); G. 596, 2; H. 507, n.' (575, 9); H. & B. . — quae, i.e. the reinstating of the nobility. 19 15 felicitate: see note on p. 6, 1. 7. 19 17 (Sect. 44.) quod animadversum est (impers.) in eos, that those have been punished (a euphemistic expression for the proscription). Observe the chiastic order of ideas : {a) the punishment ; {f) the persons on whom it was inflicted; {b\) the persons rewarded ; (ai) the reward. 19 20 quae, referring to both the punishment and the reward just spoken of. 19 21 in eo studio partium, in favor of that party : studium is the regular word for siding with a particular party. 19 22 id actum est, this was the object. — idcirco, antecedent to the purpose clause. — ut . . . facerent, purpose clause in appos. with id. 19 23 postremi, the lowest (in class or character). 19 25 tum vero : here the apodosis begins. 19 28 nihil horum est, none of these things is true (i.e. is the fact). 230 Notes 19 29 oraabitur. Nothing can exceed the skill with which, through- out this oration, Cicero keeps before the minds of the jury the distinction between the great cause of Sulla and the nobility and the unscrupulous greed of some of Sulla's partisans. His continual allusions to his client's hereditary friendships with the aristocracy have this end, among others, in view. 19 30 (Sect. 45.) male : to speak ill is to utter abuse or calumny. 20 1 causam communicare, identify their cause with that of, etc. 20 3 equestrem, referring to the struggle for the iudicia and the extensive sympathy of the equites with the party of Marius. Cf. note to Verr. sect. i. 20 4 servi : Chr}'sogonus had been Sulla's slave. 20 6 versabatur, displayed itself — quam viam munitet (indir. quest.) : for road-building, both literal and figurative, the Romans used the engineering term munire. 20 7 fidem, etc., r^wr honor (good faith), i't>?o- oath, and your courts ; i.e. after getting possession of political power, these low-born fellows were now aiming at the courts, the one security of public faith and good govern- ment. — iusiurandum : the jurors were under oath to give a righteous judgment. 20 9 hicine (emphat.), here, i.e. in the courts (as opposed to politics). 20 11 neque . . . possit : Cicero does not wish to encourage him by admitting for a moment that he can really do anything in this case : it is the fact that he has dared to hope to accomplish something, that is an outrage. — verear: subj. because it expresses not a real reason, but one introduced for the sole purpose of being contradicted: § 321, R. ( ) ; B. 286, \,b;Q. 541, N.2 ; H. 516, 2 (588, ii) ; H, & B. 20 13 talis viros: cf. p. 13, 1. 8. 20 15 (Sect. 46.) exspectata, so long zvaited for. For some years (B.C. 87-83), while Sulla was in the East, the Marian faction had full con- trol at Rome, and a reign of terror prevailed. 20 17 servoli, diminutive of contempt. — bona, estates; fortunas (more generally), wealth. 20 18 id actum est: cf. p. 19, 1. 22. 20 19 senserim, sided with them : this verb, with its noun sententia, often refers to political opinions. 20 20 inermis, i.e. had he taken up arms, his regret would have been deeper. 20 22 cuique, to every man in proportion as he is, etc. : § 93 ^ ( ) ; cf. B. 252, 5, c ; G. 318, 2 ; H. 458, I (515, 2) ; H. & B. Defence of Roscius 231 20 25 probe novit: note the strong sarcasm, which points the dis- tinction between the noble cause which was at stake and the sordid motives of Chrysogonus. 20 26 resistetur, impersonal. — ille : here indefinite, referring to the supposed person who thinks himself attacked. 20 27 rationem, interests (so that what touches one touches the other) : a mercantile figure, as we might say, " who thinks his accounts are mixed up with his." 20 28 laeditur, etc., is injured hy being separated, etc. V. Peroratio (§§ 47-57) Sects. 47-52. The attack on Chrysogonus is Cicero's : Roscius asks for life alone. Feigned appeal to Chrysogonus to spare his victim. Powerful friends of Roscius. With sect. 47 begins the last formal division of the speech, — the peroratio. This consists, as was common with Roman advocates, in an appeal to the sympathy of the court (there is a good example in the closing portion of Cicero's Defence of Milo). 20 30 (Sect. 47.) mea, emphatic. Cicero wishes to avoid prejudice to his client by himself assuming sole responsibility for these words. At the same time this section serves as a skilful means of transition. It is so important for Cicero to show that this case has no political bearings that he has been forced to abandon the question of the murder for a time, and to discuss the illegal sale of the property. He must now return to the charge against his client, and he does so by remarking that Roscius has no complaint to make of his treatment by Chrysogonus if the latter will only let him off with his life. 21 2 morum, the ways of men. — vos, i.e. Chrysogonus and his abet- tors in the accusation ; vos is expressed, not as being specially emphatic, but from the Latin fondness for contrasting persons with each other. 21 3 more, in the regular way. — iure gentium: the "law common to all nations," as opposed to ius civile, or law of the state; thus it is used as nearly equivalent to natural right. 21 4 a vobis, i.e. once clear of guilt, and acquitted of this shocking crime, he will leave you unmolested. 21 6 rogat : a feigned appeal to his persecutors, intended to move the compassion of the jury for Roscius and their indignation against Chrysogo- nus. 21 7 in suam rem : in a former passage (omitted in this edition) 232 Notes allusion is made to a charge that Roscius had fraudulently kept back part of his father's property. 21 9 concessit, etc., has given up (the immovable property), cotinted and weighed (the rest). 21 10 anulum, probably the gold ring indicating his rank as eques. 21 11 se ipsum, etc., and has reserved nothing else besides his naked self. 21 14 (Sect. 48.) quod, quia: § 321 ( ); B. 286, i ; G. 540; H.' 516, i (588, I); H. &B. 21 27 praeter ceteros, }?iore than anybody else. — ne quando : i.e. some time when there comes a political reaction. 21 28 patria, of their fathers. 21 29 (Sect. 49.) facis inuriam, i.e. yoji do wrong (i.e. to Sulla). — maiorem spem: in this and the preceding sentence Cicero artfully sug- gests that Chrysogonus has no confidence that Sulla's constitution will last, and that he therefore wishes to remove a dangerous claimant in case of another political overturn. This insinuation would, of course, tend to prejudice the partisans of Sulla against Chrysogonus. 22 6 cruenta (pred.) : the expression of the thought is made more vivid by the use of words exactly appropriate to the killing of a man and the stripping (detrahere) of his dead body. 22 8 (Sect. 50.) rem tuam, your interests. 22 13 quasi nescias, as if you did not knozv. § 312 ( ) ; B. 307, I and 2 ; G. 602 ; H. 513, ii, and N.i (584, 2) ; H. & B. 22 14 spectatissima, most estimable ; the friends of Roscius are pur- posely exalted, in order to influence the court. — CUm, concessive. 22 16 cum esset, though she was, etc. — femina, mulier: observe the distinction between the words, the latter being always used in speaking of the tenderness of the feminine nature. — quanto : translate however much (though the Latin is definite) ; the usual correlative is supplied by non minora, fully as great. 22 19 (Sect. 51.) Observe the clever transition. Cicero suggests that, since there are no other assignable causes for the implacability of Chryso- gonus, perhaps he may be offended by the zeal of the defence. This enables him to pass at once to an emphatic assertion of the influential connections of his client. 22 20 pro patris, etc., in accordance with his father^ s friendly relations and personal influence (see above, sect, i), i.e. by an advocacy propor- tionate in number and influence to the number and attachment of his father's friends. Defc7ict of Rosctiis 233 22 22 sin . . . vindicarent, i.e. if all the citizens were disposed to right his wrongs. 22 23 pro eo, etc., in viezv of the fact that (i.e. with a due regard to the way in which) the highest interests of the State (summa res publica) are assailed. 22 24 haec, these outrages. Observe that English often requires descrip- tive words which the Latin can omit as being implied in the context. — COnsistere, etc., hinting that the accusers would be in danger of violence. 22 25 nunc, as it is ("as things stand": opposed to the preceding suppositions). 22 26 sane, Pm sure. 22 27 (Sect. 52.) quae domi : i.e. the personal protection of Roscius, supply of money, providing of witnesses, etc. 22 28 fori . . . rationem, the business of forum and court, i.e. the pre« liminaries of the trial. 22 29 ut videtis, i.e. he is here in court. ' 22 31 aetas, j^?////. 23 1 adsiduitate, constant presence, probably at the preliminary pro> ceedings. 23 3 sectorum, a pun : the word means both buyers (of confiscated property) and cut-throats. 23 \ hac nobilitate, i.e. such nobles as he. 23 5 haec res, the present state of things. — ei, such. 23 6 qui . . . facerent : in this clause (as often in Latin) purpose and result approach so closely as to be indistinguishable. 23 10 loco, rank in life. Sects. 53-57. Final appeal to the jurors. 23 13 (Sect. 53.) nostra, nobis, identifying himself with his client. 23 16 si . . . habet, if lie is not content (lit. does not regard [it] as enough). 23 17 nisi, etc., unless his cruelty is also sated with blood (lit. blood is furnished to his cruelty^. 23 21 hoc tempore, in these times. 23 22 versata est, has prevailed. 23 25 versari, live. 23 25 (Sect. 54.) ad eamne rem, is it for this that, etc. 23 27 solent, the emphat. position may be represented by translating, it is the custom, etc. 23 32 qui excipiatis, to cut off. 2 34 Notes 24 2 consilium : the jury, or body of indices, was called consilium. By calling it a public council, Cicero enhances its dignity and importance. 24 4 (Sect. 55.) an vero, or can it be true that, etc. In this use of an, the first question is omitted, and the second is often a reductio ad ab- surdum, as here. The full thought is, " Do you not agree ivith tne, or can it really (vero) be ? " etc. (See § 21 1, ^ ( ); B. 162, 4, « ; G. 457, i ; H. 353, N.^ (380, 3); H. & B. .) — agi, is their object (aliquid agere is to aim at so7nethi7ig). 24 5 ut . . . tollantur, that . . . be got rid of, in one way or another. 24 6 in vestro iureiurando, i.e. in the severity which your oath might seem to bind you to exercise. — periculo, the case (often used with refer- ence to defendants). 24 7 ad quem pertineat, i.e. on whom the suspicion rests. 24 8 sectorem . . . accusatorem, i.e. T. Roscius Magnus, rt'/^jwr*? /?<;-- chaser, enemy, cut-throat, and accuser. 24 12 (Sect. 56.) obstare, stands against (cf. sect. 20, above). 24 18 suscipere noluit : the law by which the proscriptions were insti- tuted was passed by the people directly, without the action of the Senate. 24 19 more maiorum, i.e. that every capital judgment was subject to an appeal to the people in the comitia centuriata. 24 20 publico consilio, i.e. by their official action. 24 21 eonim, refers back to eos, 1. 18, above. 24 22 reicitis, etc., pres. for fut. : § 276, ^r ( ) ; G. 228; H. 467, 5 (533,2); H.&B. 24 26 (Sect. 57.) quibus : the antecedent is eis (1. 27). 24 28 quin intellegat : %Z\%d{ ); B. 284, 3 ; G. 556; H. 504, i (595); H.&B. 25 1 pati nolite, do not suffer : § 269, a ( ) ; B. 276, c ; G. 271, 2 ; H. 489, I (561, I); H.&B. 25 3 hominibus, etc., has taken from the gentlest of men the sense of mercy, through familiarity with distress (lit. in plur.). For the dative, see § 229 ( ) ; B. 180, 2, /; G. 345 and R.i; H. 386 (429) ; H. & B. IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES argument Chap. i. The jurors are congratulated on the opportunity of restor- ing the good name of the senatorial courts by convicting Verres. — 2, 3. Attempts of Verres to avoid the trial : placing all his hope in bribery, he is Impeachment of Verves 235 intriguing for the postponement of the case. — 4, 5. His crimes in admin- istration, of pillage, extortion, and cruelty, are flagrant and notorious. — 6. Hence bribery is his only resource : his attempt to contract in advance for acquittal. — 7, 8. His hopes in the election of Hortensius as consul and Metellus as praetor for the following year. — 9, 10. Cicero's anxiety. The great effort to have the case tried before Metellus, which was to be effected by delaying the trial till after the holidays. — 11. Cicero proposes to dis- play his case at once, without argument, and so prevent its being laid over. — 12, 13. The domination of Hortensius is dangerous to the state and must be met by proofs of corruption in the senatorial courts. — 14, 15. The acquittal of Verres will be subversive of the whole judicial system : the jurors are urged to vindicate the courts by convicting him. — 16. All Rome is on the watch : the court itself is on trial : acquittal can have but one meaning. — 17. Glabrio is urged to stand firm. — 18. The Sicilians must not be baffled. Cicero, by despatch, will prevent the case from going over to the next year: he will introduce his witnesses at once, without previous argument. Brief statement of the charges, including the plunder of 4,000,000 sesterces from the Sicilians. With the trial of Verres the student may compare the impeachment of Warren Hastings in the eighteenth century, probably the most famous modern instance of the arraignment of a provincial governor for alleged misgovernment, extortion, and cruelty. The prosecution in this case (and in particular Burke) seem to have modelled their speeches on the Verrine orations of Cicero, and many parallels may easily be discovered. A few of these are quoted in these notes. That the similarity of the two situa- tions was clearly felt at the time may be seen from Lord Erskine's Defence of Stockdale (Dec, 1789) on a charge connected with the impeachment of Hastings : " When Cicero impeached Verres before the great tribunal of Rome, of similar cruelties and depredations in her provinces, the Roman people were not left to such inquiries. All Sicily surrounded the Forum, demanding justice upon her plunderer and spoiler, with tears and impreca- tions. It was not by the eloquence of the orator, but by the cries and tears of the miserable, that Cicero prevailed in that illustrious case. Verres fled from the oaths of his accusers and their witnesses, and not from the voice of Tully." Chap. I. The trial of Verres gives the senatorial order an opportunity to redeem the reputation of the courts. Verres had no defence, but had expected to escape by bribing the jury in case he should be prosecuted. His guilt was notorious, so that the 236 Notes chief question now to be determined was that of the integrity of the jury. Cicero accordingly makes this the main point of the present oration : it is the court, he insists, that is on trial rather than Verres. Page 28. Line 1. (Sect, i.) erat optandum, what was chiefly to be wished: not implying a protasis contrary to fact. See § 311, c ( ); B. 304, 3; G. 254, R.i; H. 511, i,N.3(583); H. & B. . — quod . . . pertinebat, the one tiling zvhich most tended (or, zvas of chief itjiportance^. 28 2 invidiam infamiamque. odium and ill repute, from the partisan use of the courts by the Senators. — vestri ordinis, i.e. the senatorial order. The word ordo signified, loosely, any recognized body of citizens — as freedmen, publicans, clerks; but it was more especially used of the two powerful classes of the Roman aristocracy, the Senatorial and the Equestrian, which struggled with each other for power during the last century of the Republic. The Senators, from whom the jurors were at this time taken (see note on Rose. Am., p. 2, 1. i), formed a limited (300 to 600) order of nobility which virtually controlled the government. The equites constituted a moneyed aristocracy. Naturally these two orders had opposing interests, as the Senators were excluded from trade and the equites practically from political power. Their antagonism showed itself more especially in the matter of the provinces, which the Senators wished to oppress by official plunder and the equites by commercial extortion. 28 4 summo . . . tempore, fuost critical time (more lit. extreme crisis) : the year of the consulship of Pompey and Crassus (B.C. 70). 28 5 inveteravit (emphatic position), there has come to be deeply rooted {ohser Ye that the figure is quite different in the Latin). — opinio, notion or idea (not so strong as our opinion, which would be sententia). 28 7 exteras nationes : the reference is, of course, to the peoples subject to Rome, who were aggrieved by the rapacity of the provincial governors. 28 8 his iudiciis : in consequence of the situation described above (note on ordinis, 1. 2), it became all important for one class or the other to control the courts, before which any misdoings of either party were likely to come for trial. For years these two orders had struggled for such control. At this particular time the courts were in the hands of the Senators, who were bound together by a common cause to shield any one of their number who might be charged with misconduct as a provincial governor. 29 2 neminem (more emphatic than nullum) : translate, never. 29 3 (Sect, 2,) cum (causal) sint, when men are ready. — contionibus et legibus, harangues and bills (proposed laws). The proposition of a InipeacJiment of Verves 237 law which took the exchisive control of the courts from the Senators was even now pending, and the law (^lex Atirelia) was passed before the case of Verres was decided. 29 5 conentur, purpose clause. 29 7 magnitudine, abl. of means ; spe, abl. of specification. 29 9 actor, complainant, i.e. agent or attorney for conducting the suit in personal processes {in personam). 29 11 adduxi enim hominem, etc. : cf. Burke, Impeachment of Warren Hastings : " We have brought before your Lordships the first man in property and power ; we have brought before you the head, the chief, the captain-general in iniquity, — one in whom all the frauds, all the peculations, all the tyranny in India are embodied, disciplined, and arrayed. Then, if we have brought before you such a person, if you strike at him, you will not have need of a great many more examples, ■ — you strike at the whole corps if you strike at tlie head." — in quo, in whose case. — reconciliare, etc., zcin back the lost repute. 29 13 possetis, purpose. — depeculatorem, etc.: for a more complete statement of these charges, see chs. iv., v. 29 14 iuris urbani, i.e. -ba praetor nrbanus (see sect. 12). 29 16 (Sect. 3.) vos, opposed to ego, below. — religiose, according to your oath. 29 18 religionem veritatemque : \\txi L"^^ MM 1 111 IkA 1 iikr P ilj ^ Impeachment of Verves 245 35 22 qvLOdi, the facUhai. 35 23 negotiatores, Roman citizens doing business in Sicily. — omnes . . . litterae, all kinds of, etc. — publicae, official, from cities of Sicily (as auctoritates, above). 35 26 existimationem, opinion, i.e. their estimate of the character of Verres. 35 27 unius, i.e. Hortensius. — moderatione, control. — vertentur, are to ttirn on. Chaps. VIII-IX (sect. 25). Metellus is chosen (by lot) to pre- side over the Court of Extortion for the next year. Joy of Verres. His attempts to defeat by bribery Cicero's election to the sedileship revealed to Cicero. Cicero made anxious, but finally elected. 35 30 quidem (concessive), // is /rue : this criminal may be rescued, but such a thing will not be alloM'ed to happen again; the judicial power will be given into other hands (i.e., those of the eqiiiles) ; cf. de trans- ferendis iudiciis, below. — nos, i.e. we Senators. 36 1 (Sect. 21.) hominis amplissimi, i.e. Curio : the congratula- tions of so honored a man showed the expected effect of the election on this trial. 36 2 nova, strange (surprising). — dissimulare, to conceal the fad that, etc. 36 5 sortirentur, were drawing their lots: the particular posts or duties of coordinate magistrates (like the several prretors) were assigned by lot. — Metello : a brother of Q. Metellus Creticus, consul elect, and of L. Metellus, praetor in Sicily. — obtigisset, had fallen to (the regular word for this kind of assignment). — ut . . . quaereret, to have charge of the Court of Extortion: subst. clause of result; § 332, c?, 2 ( ) ; B. 297, 2 ; G. 553, 3 ; H. 501, i, I (571, I) ; H. & B. 36 (i de pecuniis repetundis, of extortion (lit. concerning demanding back the [extorted] property'). 36 7 factam, offered. — pueros, slaves. 36 9 (Sect. 22.) sa.ne, yott may he sure. — ne haec quidem, etc., this incident did not please me either. — neque . . . intellegebam, i.e. his confidence in the integrity of Metellus was so great that he did not even yet see through the tricks of the defence. 36 10 tanto opere, so very well (with intellegebam). 36 12 reperiebam : the imperf. denotes a succession of items of infor- mation. 36 13 senatore, etc. : the Senator, a man of the same class as Verres, 246 Notes put the money to be used in the elections and trial into the hands of an eques, one of the class that had the management of all such financial opera- tions. He retained, however, say (quasi) ten baskets, to be used directly to defeat Cicero's election as aedile, 36 15 nomine, on account of. — divisores, managers. The money to be used at elections was put into the hands of seqtustres (election agents), who themselves made use of divisores to approach the voters personally. ( )n this occasion, the exigency was so great that Verres (istum) sum- moned the divisores to his own house, without the mediation oi sequestres. 36 16 (Sect. 23.) omnia debere, was bound to do anything for me. 36 20 proximis, the last. 36 23 negasse audere, said they did not dare. 36 24 fortem, stanch (ironical), in allusion to audere (1. 23). 36 25 Romilia, without tribu expressed, — the regular way of giving the name of a man's tribe. — ex optima disciplina, from the best school (ironical), i.e. that of Verres' father. 36 2G HS : the defeat of Cicero would, therefore, cost nearly $25,000; see §§ 377-380 ( ) ; G. 493; H. 647 (757, 2); H. & B. 36 28 se una facturos esse, that they %vould act with him. 37 1 (Sect. 24.) A lively description of the embarrassment in which Cicero was placed at the end of July by the election and the trial, both coming on together. 37 2 in his ipsis, in that too (as well as the trial). 37 4 agere . . . deterrebar, from doing freely what, etc., / was de- terred by, etc. : § 331, ^, 2 ( ) ; B. 295, N. ; G. 423, 2, N.2 ; H. 505, ii (596,2); H.&B. 37 5 petitioni, canvass. 37 7 ratio, good policy. 37 9 (Sect. 25.) denuntiatum esse, that a message was sent. This compound implies a peremptory and threatening message. 37 10 primum corresponds to arcessit alter, etc., p. 38, 1. 4, below. — utvenirent: subj. of purpose, since denuntiatum est expresses a command; § 332, h{ ); B. cf. 295, i; G. 546, N.i; H. 540, iii (564); H. & B. 000. 37 11 sane liberos, pretty independent, i.e. in refusing to come. If he had been consul, instead of merely consul elect, they would have had to come. 37 12 venisse : the subj. ace. is eos, the implied antecedent of qui. 37 13 ceterorum, i.e. those for consuls and praetors, which had lately been held. Impeachment of Verres 247 37 14 cursare (historical infinitive), ran hither and thither. 37 15 paternos amicos : see p. 36, 1. 26. 37 16 appellare et convenire, accosted and conferred with. 37 18 cuius : the antecedent is eiusdem (1. 19). — de fide, i.e. his good faith to the Sicilians: probably a hint that Cicero himself had been ap- proached with a bribe. Sects. 26-31. Cicero learns of the efforts made to have the trial postponed to the next year in order that it might be brought before Metellus. The Sicilians are threatened by one of the consuls elect (Q. Metellus Creticus) (sects. 26-28). By that time not only would there be a favorably disposed presiding judge, but most of the jury would have been changed. It seemed easy to get the trial put ofiF, for many holidays intervened (sects. 29-31). 37 26 (Sect. 26.) eo, in this course, i.e. postponing the trial. — esse: ind. disc. 37 27 The asterisk marks a defect in the text. 37 29 praerogativam, an earnest. In the comitia centuriata, it was determined by lot which century should first cast its vote. The vote of this century, z2\\^di praerogativa (prae-rogo), was superstitiously regarded as an omen or earnest of the result which it was likely to decide. Hence the word is here used of the effective support given to Metellus at the polls by Verres. The praerogativa which Q. Metellus gave to Verres, in return for the praerogativae of the comitia, is described in the next section. 38 3 (Sect. 27.) z\x\Q^diVS\, for anything. 38 4 alter consul designatus : Q. Csecilius Metellus Creticus (see sect. 21). The three brothers, fast friends of Verres, were so situated as to promise the greatest help the next year, when Quintus would be consul, and Marcus praetor, presiding over the court of Repetundae, while Lucius was already pro-prgetor in Sicily. Some of the Sicilians, therefore, obeyed the summons of Metellus, although they had disregarded that of Horten- sius (sect. 25). The object of Metellus was to induce the Sicilians to withdraw the suit, or at any rate to refrain from appearing as witnesses. 38 7 quaesiturum (technical term), was to preside over the court. 38 13 (Sect. 28.) quid faceres : apodosis of cont. to fact construc- tion, with protasis implied in innocente. 38 15 alienissimum, no kin zvhatever of yours. 38 16 dictitat, says incessantly (see next section). — alicui depends upon videatur. 248 Notes 38 17 ignoret, subj. of characteristic. 38 18 (Sect. 29.) fato, ut ceteros, etc. : the Metelli seemed born to hold office. Cicero here alludes to a verse written by the poet Nasvius, a hundred and fifty years before: "Fato Metelli Romae fiunt consules." 38 22 populi existimationi, reputation with the people. — M'. Gla- brionem : observe the skill with which this compliment to the praetor before whom Cicero is now arguing the case, and the following compli- ments to the iudices, are put into the mouth of Verres. 38 23 illud : referring to what follows. Cicero makes Verres point out the changes in the jury which must follow from changes in the gov- ernment that is to come in with the new year. 38 24 conlega : both Caesonius and Cicero were aediles designati. 38 25 expediat: fut. apodosis with conemur as its protasis, but hardly to be distinguished from subj. of characteristic (cf. § 319, headnote). 38 27 luniano consilio : referring to a case four years before, in which wholesale bribery had been proved, so that the presiding praetor, Junius, as well as almost the entire consilium (body of jurors), had been stamped with infamy. Csesonius, a member of the jury, had been proof against corruption, and had disclosed the whole affair (in medium protulit). 38 29 hunc iudicem, hii7i as juryman. — ex Kal. Ian. : after the New Year; for at that time he would be excluded from the panel by his aedile- ship. 38 32 (Sect. 30.) P. Sulpicius : he had probably just been elected quaestor. 39 1 Non. Dec. (Dec. 5) : on this day the new quaestors entered on their office. 39 3 L. Cassius : the family characteristic here stated was proverbial ( Cassiani indices') . 39 6 tribuni militares : at this time legion-commanders. — non iudi- cabunt, will not serve as jicrors. 39 7 subsortiemur, i.e. we shall draw another /c yf////z>/Az(:^. This is the regular use of sub in similar compounds : as suffectus, subrogatus, etc. 39 9 prope toto : the jury, therefore, apparently consisted of about twelve or fifteen. 39 13 (Sect. 31.) Nonae, etc.: it was, therefore, about 3 p.m. of the 5th of August. 39 15 votivos : these games were in celebration of Pompey's victory over the Marian party in Spain (B.C. 72). — The votive games would occupy from Aug. 16 to Sept. i (August had at this time only 29 days); on Sept. 4 began the Ludi Romani, continuing till the 19th. The inter- Impeac/n/icnt of Verves 249 vening days (Sept. 2, 3) were of no account for the trial, so that it could not be resumed before Sept. 20, a suspension of 34 days {prope quad- ragijita). The Ltidi Victoriae (established by Sulla in honor of his vic- tory) would continue from Oct. 27 to Xov. I, and the Ludi Flebeii from Nov. 4 to Nov. 17. All these Fig. games were sacred festivals, dur- ing which business was sus- pended : the time was occupied with religious observances, ac- companied by races and dramatic entertainments. 39 18 turn denique, not till then. 39 20 Victoriae : see Fig. 4 (from the Column of Trajan). 39 21 perpauci : for the month of December was full of festivals. 39 23 rem integram, i.e. from the beginning. The zeal of the prosecution would have flagged, the public interest would have cooled down, and the jury w^ould be almost wholly new. The case would therefore have to be talcen up Je jioio. 39 25 non retinuissem, i.e. I should have challenged him. was now one of the jurors. 39 25 (Sect. 32.) nunc, opposed to si dif&sus essem, above. 39 26 eo, etc. (abl. abs.), zvith him as jtirymaii. 39 27 ixiXdXQ, on oath. The z«/(//V^i were sworn; the praetor was not. IVIetellus might therefore be trusted to vote honestly as a juror, though he might, when praetor, connive at the corruption of the jurymen. Cicero ran less risk of offending Metellus by thus accusing him of extreme parti- sanship than if he had accused him of perjury. Metellus Sects. 32-50. To prevent postponement. Cicero will push the trial, dispensing with the usual long opening argument. He is forced to this by the tactics of Hortensius (sects. 32, 33). Cicero will oppose the arrogance of Hortensius and offers himself as the opponent of any who shall hereafter attempt to bribe the courts. The illegal 250 Notes domination of Hortensius is dangerous to justice. It must be met by proofs of judicial corruption, which are abundant (sects. 34-39). The acquittal of Verres will be subversive of the whole judicial system (sects. 40-42). The jurors are urged to vindicate the courts (sects. 43, 45). All Rome is on the watch, and bribery is sure to be detected. Not Verres, but the senatorial courts are on trial (sects. 46-50). The skill of the argument in sects. 32-50 is remarkable. Cicero con- trives, without directly asserting that Hortensius is guilty of judicial cor- ruption, to suggest that he is in a measure responsible for its prevalence. He declares his intention of devoting his sedileship to exposing such prac- tices, and adds that he expects to be opposed by Hortensius. He calls attention to several notorious cases of bribery which he means to use as illustrations in pressing his reforms. Then, in a moment, he makes it clear, by a sudden turn, that he has not been digressing, but simply accu- mulating force for his main point : " How shall I feel," he asks suddenly (sect. 40), "if I find this present case of Verres added to the long list of instances of corruption? His guilt is clear: IT is the court that is ON TRIAL ! " In this way what appears at the outset to be a personal attack on the opposing counsel is made a most effective means for the introduction of the central point of the whole oration. 39 31 legitime tempore : he had a right to use twenty days for devel- oping the points of the prosecution. 40 1 capiam, i.e. by showing, in a long speech, how carefully he had prepared his case. 40 4 ne elabatur, with periculum est, which takes the constr. of a verb of fearing. 40 6 possit: see § 320, a ( ) ; B. 283, 2; G. 631, 2; H. 503, i (591), H.&B. 40 7 (Sect, t^^.^ perpetua oratione, a continuous argument, before bringing up the witnesses. This is what we possess in the five speeches of the Accusatio, which, in the usual order of proceeding, would have been delivered before bringing up the witnesses, but which were in fact never spoken at all (see Introd. to the oration, page 28). — percipi, reaped : the regular term for gathering crops. 40 8 potuit, ?night have been : § 308, e ( ) ; B. 304, 3, «; G. 597, R.3; H. 511, i,N.3 (583); H. &B. 40 9 publicis: see note on p. 35, 1. 23. — tabulis, records ; auctori- tatibus, documents. 40 10 res omnis : here, after stating his plan briefly, Cicero goes off ImpeacJiment of Verves 251 into a seeming digression against Hortensius. In this he shows clearly one of his principal motives in undertaking the prosecution, namely, to overthrow the latter's excessive control of the courts. The attack is skil- fully introduced. His sole reason, he says, for departing from the ordi- nary course of procedure is that Hortensius does not wish to meet him in fair legal fight. The sally against Hortensius, again, serves as a transition to Cicero's final appeal to the sense of shame and the prudence of the court. 40 11 diluendis, explicandis : technical terms in argument (see Vocab.). 40 14 ex tua natura : Hortensius, like M. Metellus, was personally an amiable and honorable man, though pledged to a bad cause. 40 16 rationi, scheme, course, looking to the method ; consilio, plan of action, looking to the end. Cicero contrasts them more than once. 40 17 (Sect. 34.) binos ludos, i.e. Pompey's games and the Roman. 40 18 comperendinem, close viy case (lit. adjourn ove?-). After the testimony was all in, it was customary to adjourn over to the next day but one (comperendinare), in order to give opportunity for a rehearing (usually a brief one). When this stage had been reached, there was no chance for further postponement. Cicero's determination to bring about a comperendinatio before Pompey's games — i.e. within ten days — settled the case in his favor; for, as has been shown, the only hope of the defence lay in putting off the trial, Hortensius having absolutely nothing to say in behalf of his chent's innocence. 40 19 necessarium, unavoidable (not a mere shrewd trick like that of Hortensius). 40 23 id: refers forward to eos velle, etc. (1. 24). — amplum et prae- clarum, an honor and distinctio)i (translating as nouns). 40 25 innocentiae (an almost technical term), purity of administration in Sicily (see Introd. to the oration). 40 26 maius quiddam : what this was is explained in sect. 35. 40 28 (Sect. 35.) illud: refers to istum . . . vocari (1. 29). 40 31 potentia, domineering (i.e. his illegal control of the courts) ; cupiditas (in a bad sense), unscrupulous eagerness (for gaining your case). 40 33 interponeretur : for fut. ind. of the dir. disc. — nunc: opposed to the time of videbatur. 41 1 regnum iudicionim, lording it over the courts. 41 2 homines, i.e. the corrupt senatorial jurors. 41 4 inruere, etc., to be bent on making themselves hateful and offensive. — hoc, i.e. to break down Hortensius's control, and the corruption of a few Senators. 2 52 Notes 41 6 nervos aetatis : Cicero was now 36. 41 8 (vSect. 36.) ordo, i.e. the Senate. — paucorum, artfully put so as not to offend the whole body. 41 12 loco: the Rostra (see Vocab., under rostrum). 41 13 secum agere : the technical expression for transacting business in the cotnitia was agere ciini populo (or piebe). Cicero refers to the office Fig t of curule oedile, upon which he was to enter January I. One of the most important functions of this magistrate was the administration of criminal justice (de hominibus improbis) in cases where there had been an appeal from the sentence of a court to the judgment of the public assembly. 41 14 munus, service. The word also means the public games, which were given to the people by the ^diles especially; hence there is a kind of pun here. Impeachment of Verves 253 41 16 moneo, etc. : observe the climax. — deponere, deposit with the sequestres (see note on p. 36, 1. 15). 41 17 accipere, take (money) ; recipere, undertake to do anything (upon request or the like). — polliceri, offer. 41 18 interpretes, go-betweens : the divisores are probably meant. 41 19 potentiam : it is hardly accidental that this is the same word used above (sect. 35, 1. 31) of the influence of Hortensius. In the next section Cicero expressly asserts that he expects to meet with all possible opposition from the latter. 41 22 (Sect. 37.) erit, ivill be (it is true) : notice the emphatic posi- tion, opposing it to the clause with tamen (1. 24). — imperio et potestate, military and civil power. Of the regular magistrates, all possessed potestas, i.e. power in general (including military power) ; but only consuls and pr?etors possessed the imperium, — i.e. sovereign power, as of a general in the field, somewhat limited, however, in the city by special privileges of Roman citizens. 41 28 commemorabuntur, shall be mentioned (by me). — certis rebus, well-ascertained facts. 41 29 agentur, made ground of action. — inter decern annos, i.e. since Sulla's Lex iudiciaria, transferring the courts to the senatorial order (see note on Rose. Am., p. 2, 1. i). 42 1 (Sect. 38.) quinquaginta, i.e. from the law of Caius Gracchus, B.C. 123, to that of Sulla, B.C. 80. 42 2 ne tenuissima quidem suspicio : one of the exaggerations of the advocate. If the courts were really worse in B.C. 70 than they had been in 90, it was simply because the times were worse. 42 4 sublata, taken away. — populi Romani, etc., i.e. the ability of the people to hold in check the senatorial order by means of the tribunician power suspended by Sulla (see note on p. 43, 1. 32). 42 5 Q. Calidius : prsetor, B.C. 79 ; condemned for extortion in Spain. It seems that Calidius, being condemned de repetiindis, with bitter irony assailed the bribed jurors on account of the smallness of the bribe for which he was condemned-, saying that it was not respectable (honestum) to condemn an ex-praetor for so small a sum. The allusion shows that the corruption was notorious and universal. 42 6 HS triciens : 3,000,000 sestertii = $1 '^0,000 (nearly); § 379 ( ); G. p. 493 ; H. 647, iv, I (757); H. & B. . — praetorium : an ex-magistrate kept the rank of the highest office he had held, — as consularis, praetorius, aedilicius. 42 7 P. Septimio (Scaevola), condemned B.C. 72; the damages were 254 Notes increased because of his connection with the odious consilium luniamim (sect. 29). The amount extorted was estimated in a separate process (^litis aestimatio), and in this case the money taken in bribery was included in the reckoning. 42 14 (Sect. 39.) inventi sint represents an hist, perf., and hence takes the secondary sequence (exirent) : see § 287, z ( ) ; B. cf. 268, 7, /; ; G. 517, R.i; H. & B. 42 15 sortiente : the jurymen were drawn by lot by the presiding officer; in the case mentioned there was collusion between Verres and the persons drawn, so that the lot was a mere form. — qui . . . exirent (purp. clause), to be drawn for [the case of] a defendant to condemn him 7uit/iout a hearing (through a corrupt bargain between Verres and the packed jury). 42 19 (Sect. 40.) iam vero, and finally (introducing the climax of all). — illam, i.e. the one described in the passage hoc factum esse, etc. 42 21 discoloribus signis : see note on color, p. 34, 1. 16, The case referred to was one in which Hortensius was counsel. 42 23 acturum esse, will attend to (i.e. officially, as eedile : cf. the use of agere, above). 42 24 (Chap, xiv.) In this chapter Cicero reaches the climax of his accusations and insinuations against Hortensius, and at the same time makes a clever transition to the case in hand (1. 28), having worked up to his main point, which he proceeds to state with great force : that it is not Verres that is on trial, but the court itself. 42 28 hominem, i.e. Hortensius. — cuius: obj. gen. 42 30 secum . . . agi, he was doing very well (see Vocab. under ago). 42 31 in rem suam, into his own pocket. — patronis : see note. Rose. Am., sect. 4, p. 3, 1. 17. 43 3 (Sect. 41.) quod, at -which (with commoveri, 1. 6) : cf. § 238, b{ ); cf. B. 176, 2 ; G. 2>Z1>, i ; H. 378, 2 (416, 2) ; H. & B. 43 4 apud Glabrionem, i.e. in the preliminary proceedings. — reici- undis iudicibus (locat. abl.), at the time of challenging (making up the jury). 43 6 toxQ Viil, that the result would be. 43 8 toUeretur, should be abolished (purp. clause with legatos mitte- rent, which is equiv. to a verb of requesting). 43 14 victoriae, i.e. in the courts. They could endure it if a man stole only enough to satisfy his own avarice (sibi ac liberis suis), but they cannot afford to be robbed of enough besides to secure him an acquittal by bribery, if guilty (nocentissimi victoriae). Cf. the similar argument in Burke's Opening Speech on the Impeachment of Warren Hastings : " If, Impeachment of Verves 255 from any appearance of chicane in the court, justice should fail, all men will say, ' Better there were no courts at all.' " 43 20 (Sect. 42.) animo : abl. of means. — maiore . . . odio : abl. of quality. Sects. 43-50. Sudden and powerful appeal to the jurors to save the senatorial courts from present infamy and threatened destruction. 43 24 (Sect. 43.) loco, /^/«/ (raised in his argument). 43 29 contemnimur : Cicero uses the first person to include himself as a member of the Senate. 43 32 (Sect. 44.) tribuniciam potestatem: referring chiefly to the power of the tribunes to try criminal cases before the comitia trihiUa ; this power, greatly abridged by Sulla, had been restored by a law of Pompey early in this year, B.C. 70. 43 33 verbo, in name ; re vera, in fact ; illam, the tribunician power (because this was a check on the power of the Senators). 44 1 Catulum : Q. Lutatius Catulus was the best and most eminent man of the aristocracy. 44 2 fugit, has escaped. 44 3 referente, consulting {the Senate'\ : the technical expression for bringing a matter before the Senate for action. 44 4 rogatus : each Senator in turn was asked his opinion (senten- tiam) by the consul, or other presiding officer ; cf. hos sententiam rogo. Cat. i., sect. 9. 44 5 patres conscriptos: see note on Cat. i., sect. 9, p. 103, 1. 6. 44 8 fuisse desideraturos ("the regular way of expressing the cont. to fact apodosis in indir. disc), would have missed ; § 337, b,2 { ) ; B. 321, A. 2 ; G. 656, N.-^ ; H. 527, iii (647) ; H. & B. 44 9 (Sect. 45.) contionem habuit, tnade a speech: contio means, strictly, an assembly called for the purpose of listening to discussion merely (so in I. 12, below). — ad urbem, i.e. in the Campus Martius, not in the city. Pompey was elected in his absence, and while still clothed with the military imperium ; he could not therefore enter the city to meet the citizens, but called them to him outside the walls. 44 10 ubi, in which. 44 12 in 60, at that point (properly on that point'). 44 16 suam by its emphatic position gives the force of the English, what they desired. 44 20 (Sect. 46.) religione, regard for oath. 44 21 tribuniciam, i.e. the law referred to in the note on sect. 44. — 256 Notes unum, one, it is true ; but since he was a man of no means at all (vel tenu- issimum), his conviction was no proof of the integrity of the courts. The present trial will afford the people the criterion they wish. 44 29 (Sect. 47.) nihil sit, etc., i.e. this is simply a case of guilt and money: there are no political or other disturbing influences. To acquit him, then, will be to admit that you were bribed. 44 31 gratia., pei'sonal popularity. 45 1 (Sect. 48.) agam, conduct. 45 2 res, facts. — manifestas : a technical word, denoting direct proof, not circumstantial evidence. 45 3 a vobis . . . contendere, urge tipon you. 45 G eorum, i.e. of the defence. 45 8 (Sect. 49.) VOS : opposed to former juries, which have occa- sioned the scandal. 45 9 huic ordini : dat. of agent ; § 232, a (^ ) ; B. 189, 2; G. 354 ; H. 388, I (431); H. &B. 45 10 post haec, etc., i.e. since the reorganization of the courts by Sulla (see note on Rose. Am., sect. i). 45 11 utimur, have. — splendore, personal distinction, from wealth and exploits ; dignitate, dignity, from rank and office. 45 12 si . . . offensum, if there is any slip (a euphemism). 45 17 (Sect. 50.) opto, pray. Observe the adroit union of compli- ment and threat in this passage, which at the same time forms the transi- tion to the appeal to the praetor presiding. Sects. 51, 52. Appeal to Glabrio, the presiding praetor, to prevent bribery. 45 28 (Sect. 51.) is : referring to the Senate. — indicia : abl. of means. 45 30 qui sis, 7vhat sort of man you are. 46 1 reddere, pay back, — tac . . . veniat: § 33i> / R- ( ) ; cf. B. 295, 8 ; G. 553, I (end) ; H. 499, 2 (565, 4) ; H. & B. 46 2 legis Aciliae : this (probably b.c. ioi) provided that there should be neither ampliatio (further hearing) nor camper endinatio (see note on sect. 34, p. 40, 1. i8) in cases of repetundae. All earlier laws were super- seded by the Cornelian law of Sulla. 46 4 (Sect. 52.) summae auctoritates, i'/rf/z^t-^/ z«/??/ter iniperator. 56 10 SUO : the emphatic position continues the emphasis on lovem. 56 13 Flamininus: T. Quinctius Flamininus (Fig. 12, from a coin), who defeated Philip of Macedon at Cynoscephak-e, B.C. 197. 56 16 in Ponti ore : the Thracian Bosporus, the strait extending from Constantinople to the Black Sea, about 17 miles. 266 Notes 56 18 sua: § 196, c { ); cf. B. 244, 4; G. 309, 2 ; H. 449, 2 (503, 2) ; H. & B. . — Capitolio : the Capitol, or Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, had three cellae, or chapels, sacred to the Capitolian triad, Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. This was now the most illustrious temple, *' the earthly abode," of Jupiter. 56 24 incolae, residents : i.e. persons of foreign birth who made Syra- cuse their home, without having obtained citizenship ; advenae, visitors. 56 28 (Sect. 16.) adventu, abl. of cause. 57 2 (Sect. 17.) mensas Delphicas: tables with three legs, like the Delphic tripod (see Figs. 13, 14). — vasa Corinthia were made of a kind of bronze, of peculiar beauty and very costly. Sects. 18-21. Robberies of works of art are especially odious to men of Greek blood. 57 17 (Sect. 18.) levia et contemnenda: cf. note on p. 53, 1. 30. 57 22 fanorum, shrines; the word indicates the consecrated spot rather than the temple or altar erected upon it. 57 27 (Sect. 19.) nisi forte: introducing, as usual, an absurd sup- position. 57 28 desierunt, ceased, i.e. by the transference of the courts to the Senators. 58 2 Crasso : I>. Licinius Crassus, the famous orator, and (^uintus Scsevola, pontifex maxinuis, the famous jurist and statesman, were close friends, and colleagues in nearly every office. They were curule aediles, B.C. 103, and gave the first exhibition of lion-fights. The splendor of their sedileship was the work of Crassus, a man of elegant and luxurious tastes, while Scaevola was moderate and simple in his habits. — Claudio : probably a brother of Claudia, the wife of Tiberius Gracchus. In his i^dileship, 15. c. 99, he exhibited fights of elephants. 58 4 commercium : Crassus and Claudius would have bought such objects of art if anybody could have done it. 58 5 fuisse, sc. commercium. 58 9 (Sect. 20.) referri, be entered, has for subject pretio . . . abali- enasse. 58 12 rebus istis, things of that sort. 58 13 apud illos, i.e. the Greeks generally. 58 19 (Sect. 21.) The cities referred to in this section were all centres of Greek art or celebrated for the possession of some masterpiece. Reginos : Rhegium, Reggie, was a very ancient Greek city, at the point of Italy nearest Sicily. It was a colony of Chalcis, probably founded in the eighth Crucifixion of a Roman Citi::cn 267 century B.C., and became a Roman niuniciphim after the Social War, B.C. 91-90. 58 20 merere velle, uKntld take. — ilia, that famous. 58 21 Tarentinos : Tarentum was the largest Greek city in Italy, a colony of Sparta, founded in the eighth century B.C., subjugated by Rome just after the invasion of Pyrrhus, B.C. 272. 58 24 Cnidios . . . Coos : observe the chiasm. 58 28 buculam : the celebrated bronze cow of Myron. — longum est, /■/ would be tedious: § 311, <: ( ) ; B. 304, 3; G. 254, R.^; H. 476, 5 (525,2); H.&B. CRUCIFIXION OF A ROMAN CITIZEN Page 59. Line 1. (Sect, i.) nunc, opposed to the time of the actio prima, which he has just referred to. — uno genere, this one class of crimes. — tot horas . . . dicam : § 276, ^? ( ) ; B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 467, iii, 2 (533); H.&B. 59 5 tenerem: for tense, see § 287, z ( ) ; B, 268, 7, ^; G. 511, R.2; H.495, i (547,1); H.&B. 59 6 de tanta re, etc. : Cicero has now arrived at the climax of his accusation : the case of Gavius is so outrageous that it would require all his powers to characterize it. But, he says, he has already used the strong- est language of which he is master in describing other and less heinous crimes, and he has not attempted to keep the attention of the jurors by variety in the charges. What, then, can he do to make this horrible case, the most abominable of the crimes of Verres, sufficiently impressive ? There is but one thing left to do: he will tcU the bare facts, which need no eloquence to emphasize them. 59 7 rem (emphat.), the bare facts. — in medio, before you. 59 10 (Sect. 2.) in illo numero : Cicero has been describing the treat- ment of a number of fugitives from the insurrectionary army of Sertorius in Spain who had made their way to Sicily after the death of Sertorius, B.C. 72, and the overthrow of his faction by Pompey. 59 12 lautumiis, the stone-pits (ancient quarries) at Syracuse, used as a prison. The illustration shows the present condition of that part of the lautumiae known as Dionysius' Ear. — Messanam (now iMessiiia^, Xh^ point of Sicily nearest Italy. Messana, founded as a Greek colony in the eighth century B.C., was at this time one of the very few privileged towns (^civitates foederatae) of Sicily. It was specially favored by Verres, 268 Notes and, according to Cicero, was an accomplice of his iniquities. Fig. 15 shows a representation of the ///ar^j (lighthouse) of Messana from a coin of Sex. Pompey; the reverse has a representation of Scylla. 59 14 Reginorum : Rhegium is almost in sight of Messana. 59 15 odore, breath. 59 18 recta, sc. via. 59 21 (Sect. 3.) in praetorio, the house (or official residence) of the prietor. 59 23 adiutricem, etc. : § 184, ^( ); B. 169, 3; G. 321 ; H. 363, I (393,0; H.&B. 59 24 magistratum Mamertinum, a magistrate of Messana : the city of Messana had been treacherously taken possession of by a body of mer- cenaries, who called themselves Majjiertini (children of Mars), about B.C. 282. Though the name of the city was not changed, its citizens were from this time called Maniertini. See cut in text, which shows the head of Ares. 60 10 (Sect. 4.) exspectabant, zvere on the zvatch to see. — quo tandem, how far : tandem (as also nam) gives a sense of wonder to the question. Fig. 16 r ■£yffii- ■^T-^ View of Palermo. Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 269 60 13 expediri, to be got ready, i.e. by untying xSxq fasces (rods and axe), which were the badge of the praetor's iniperiuni. 60 14 meruisse (sc. stipendla), served 2.% a soldier. 60 15 Panhormi {all harbor), the present Palermo: see Fig. 16. — negotiaretur, i.e. as head or agent of some house engaged in speculation (cf. Verr. i., sect. 20). This kind of business was generally carried on by Roman equites, and on a large scale. 60 17 fugitivorum, runaway slaves, who had been concerned in the frightful servile war of Spartacus, B.C. 73-71. 60 19 esset: subj. of characteristic. 60 21 (Sect. 5.) caedebatur: observe the emphatic position. This imperf. and those following make a lively description of the scene instead of a mere statement of the facts. 61 1 audiebatur, could be heard ; § 2'j'],g { ); G. 233. 61 3 commemoratione, claim. 61 7 pestem, accursed thiug. 61 10 (Sect. 6.) lex Porcia : this forbade the scourging of citizens. See Fig. 1 7, a coin struck by a member of the Porcian family : the reverse commemorates this law ; the tigure at the right is a lictor with rods. — leges Semproniae (of Caius Grac- chus) : these gave Roman citizens the right of appeal to the judgment of the whole people in capital cases, even against the military ii/ipe- riian. In civil life this right had existed ever since the foundation of tlie republic. Cf., in English law, the right of trial "by one's peers." 61 12 tribunicia potestas : see note on Verr. i., sect. 44 (p. 43, 1. 32). 61 18 non inhibebant: cf. note on audiebatur (1. i). 61 22 (Sect. 7.) ut (interrog.), how. 61 25 Glabrionem : subj. of facere. 61 26 ut . . . dimitteret : result clause, in appos. with id. 61 27 consilium, y?^/ J .• he feared that the lynch law would get the start of a legal verdict. 61 28 repetisse, inflicted (lit. exacted, punishment being regarded as a forfeit). 61 29 veritus esset has for its subject populus Romanus. Observe the exactness of tense-relations expressed by the plup. and the periphrastic esset persoluturus, was not likely to pay. 270 Notes 62 '1 (Sect. 8.) quid . . . sit, what zvill happen fo yoti. 62 3 Gavium istum, that G. of yours (i.e. the G. whom you misrepre- sent). — repentinum, suddenly discovered.' 62 5 neque, etc., ajtd this I will show, etc. Notice that in Latin the connective attracts the negative whenever it can. 62 6 aliquis : Gavius was a very common name in South Italy. 62 8 ad arbitrium tuum, at your discretion (i.e. as many as you like). 62 11 sero, too late (for you, but not too late for the court). — iudices, obj. of doceant. 62 15 (Sect. 9.) patronis : see note on Rose. Am., p. 3, 1. 17. — istuc ipsum, that single fact. 62 17 nuper tu, etc. : of course an imaginary incident, since this ora- tion was never delivered. 62 19 ideo,>r this reason, i.e. quod . . . quaereret. 62 20 iam, i.e. after you have said that. 62 2-1 ex eo genere : explained by the clause non qui . . . dicerent (characteristic). 63 2 (Sect. 10.) induatur, etc.: § in, a { ) ; B. 175, 2, d ; G. 218 ; H. 377 (407); H. & B, ; tie himself up and strangle him- self {2.% in a noose) ; cf. our "give the man rope enough and he'll hang himself." 63 3 qui esset, what he ivas (i.e. whether a citizen or not). 63 5-8 si . . . ducerere, quid . . . clamitares, etc. : . in this past con- dition, cont. to fact, the imperf. is used instead of the pluperf., because the supposition is general rather than particular ; § 308, a ( ) ; G. 597, R.' ; H. 510, N.2 (579, i); H. & B. ; if you, caught, etc., had ever been in the hands of men who 7oere dragging you off to ptmishment, what other cry would von have raised than, " / am a Ro7nan citizen " ? 63 11 profuisset, would have availed, i.e. in the case supposed (as defined in the preceding sentence) : thus profuisset involves its own protasis ; § 311 ( ) ; B. 305, l ; G. 600, I ; H. 507, N." ; H. & B. It is a complete proposition, which is made conditional by si and is made the protasis of a new apod., potuit, 1. 15 ; § 311, ^ ( ); § 311, <: ( ); B.304,3; 0.597, R.^«; H. 51 1,1, N.3 (583); H.&B. 63 12 qui, concessive ; cum, causal. 63 14 usurpatione, claim (lit. ?^j?;?^ the word) . 63 18 (Sect, ii.) quo = ad quos. — cognitoribus, vouchers. 63 20 legum existimationis, obj. gen. with periculo. 63 21 continentur, are restrained. Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 271 63 22 sermonis . . . SOCietate, by fellowship in langicage, rights, and interests. 64 2 (Sect. 12.) tolle, a sort of protasis : § 310, /y ( ) ; B. 305, 2 ; G. 598 ; H. 487, 3 (560, 3) ; H. cV B. ; the apod, is iam . . . prae- cluseris (11. 6-9, below). 64 5 quod velit (subj. of integral part), any he pleases. 64 6 quod . . . ignoret, because one may not know him. 64 7 liberas civitates : the allied states in the provinces, which were not strictly under the jurisdiction of the praetors. 64 9 praecluseris, fut. perf, 64 12 SidiSei^ SiSSQS, yoti might have kept. — custodiis : abl. of means. 64 1-4 cognosceret, should he know ; equiv. to a protasis with si ; § 310, /; ( ) ; B. 305, 2 ; G. 59S ; H. 507, iii, I (573, N.) ; H. & B. 000. 64 15 si ignoraret : Cicero here ironically lays down, under the form of a calm and reasonable alternative, the principle that Verres might crucify any Roman citizen whom he did not personally know and who could not furnish a rich man to identify him. 64 IG hoc iuris : § 216, 2)Z^ i? ^-M H. 371, iii (405); H. &B. 68 20 mihi, following insolita. 68 21 ratione, manner. 68 22 oratio, language; orationis (1. 24), argumejit (abstract from Oro, in its original sense of to speak). 68 23 virtute, good qualities generally. II. Narratio (§§ 4-5) Sects. 4-5. Present state of the Mithridatic War. A leader is necessary, and there is but one leader fit to cope with the situation. Observe that these two sections, though apparently a mere statement of facts, are so expressed as to contain, in brief and powerful form, the sub- stance of the whole oration. The appointment of Pompey is not a matter for argument, Cicero contends throughout the speech, but an absolute necessity : the condition of affairs demands action, and this is the only action that can avail. 68 27 (Sect. 4.) atque (cf. note on 1. 19, above), and now (to come to the point). — indie, fro/n that point. 68 29 vectigalibus ac sociis, tributaries and allies (of the latter some were tributary and others not). 2j6 Notes 68 30 relictus, i.e. before the contest was fully decided ; lacessitus, only assailed, not seriously attacked. By using these words Cicero artfully prepares for the assertion which he is about to make of the need of an energetic commander. 68 31 Asiam, i.e. the province of this name, occupying the western half of Asia Minor and bordering on the dominions of Mithridates. 68 3-2 equitibus, etc. : keep the emphasis by changing the construction : Roman eqidtes are daily receiving, etc. 68 33 quorum . . . OCCupatae, whose large properties, invested in man- aging your revenues, are endangered. The revenues were farmed out to societates (companies) of publicani, who were members of the equestrian order (see sect. 14). 69 2 necessitudine : Cicero was of an equestrian family. 69 4 (Sect. 5.) Bithyniae: this territory had been bequeathed to the Roman republic by Nicomedes III, B.C. 74. 69 5 Ariobarzanis : king of Cappadocia, which had been overrun by Mithridates. 69 7 Lucullum : Lucullus was related to both branches of the family of Metellus, and had married Clodia, sister of the notorious Publius Clodius. It was chiefly this mischievous demagogue, who was serving as one of his officers, that stirred up the dissensions and mutinies which robbed Lucullus of the fruits of his victories. — discedere, is on the point of zvithdrazving. — huic qui successerit, his successor, Glabrio. 69 8 non satis paratum, not adequately furnished — an understate- ment : Glabrio had shown himself thoroughly incompetent, but Cicero was on good terms with him. This was the Glabrio who had presided over the court in the case of Verres. 69 9 sociis, i.e. Asiatics ; civibus, Romans engaged in business in Asia. 69 10 imperatorem (in pred. appos. with unum), as commander. III. CONFIRMATIO (§§ 6-5 o) Having briefly stated the facts (in the narratio, sects. 4, 5), Cicero asks what is to be done (sect. 6). His discussion of this question falls under three heads: (i) the nature of the war (sects. 6-19); (2) its magnitude (sects. 20-26); (3) the choice of a commander (sects. 27-50). In the first and second divisions he represents the nature and magnitude of the war in such a way as to make the conclusion under the third head inevi- table, — that Pompey mzcst be chosen comma7ider. The Manilian Law 277 I. The Nature of the War (§§ 6-19) This is considered under four heads (defined in sect. 6) : there are at stake, (i) the dignity and prestige of Rome (sects. 7-11); (2) the safety of the allies (sects. 12-13); (3) the chief revenues of the state (sects. 14-16); (4) the investments of the ptiblicani, whose embarrassment would cause a financial panic in Rome itself (sects. 17-19). 69 17 (Sect. 6.) agitur, is at slake. 69 21 certissima : the surest because Asia was the richest and most fruitful of all the provinces ; hence the price paid by \.\\t publican i for the privilege of farming its taxes was always certain to be large. 69 22 quibus amissis: equiv. to a fut. protasis. — ornamenta, orna- ments, i.e. "all that exalts and embellishes civilized life." 70 1 a vobis : the abl. with a is used instead of the dat. of agent because there is another dat. dependent on consulendum ; § 232, n. ( ) ; B. 189, i,a-G. 355, R. ; H. 388, N. (431, i) ; H. & B. Sects. 7-11. The war affects both the dignity and the welfare of Rome. The massacre of Roman citizens by Mithridates is as yet unpunished. So far no Roman general has succeeded in checking his aggressions. Has the Roman spirit declined ? Our ancestors were more active in taking vengeance for insult and wrong. 70 8 (Sect. 7.) civis Romanes, etc.: this massacre (b.c. 88), in which 80,000 persons perished, was intended by Mithridates as a step toward the entire expulsion of the Romans from Asia. 70 11 regnat : for tense, see § 276, a { ) ; B. 259, 4 ; G. 230 ; H. 467, 2 (533) ; H. & B. 70 14 (Sect. 8.) etenim,/^;- (you will notice). 70 17 triumphavit de : not triumphed over, but celebrated a triumph for a victory over. The word is repeated in emphatic antithesis to the clause sed . . . regnaret. 70 19 regnaret, ivas still a king (i.e. in possession of his kingdom). — verum tamen, but still. 70 20 quod egerunt./'r what they have done : by a Latin idiom quod is here equivalent to propter id quod. 70 22 res publica, the public interest. Sulla had hastened to make an unsatisfactory peace, that he might return and restore order in Italy, which was in the power of the Marian faction. 70 23 (Sect. 9.) autem, noiv (in contrast to the action of the Roman generals). — reliquum, that followed. 2/8 Notes 70 27 Bosporanis, the people of Bosporus, a flourishing Grecian state, embracing the Crimea and adjoining lands. 70 29 ad eos duces, i.e. Sertorius and his comrades. Sertorius was the ablest general of the Marian faction in the Civil Wars. After the victory of Sulla, and the complete overthrow of his own party else- where, he continued to hold Spain, where he attempted to found a new republic, entering into alliance with Mithridates and other enemies of Rome. 71 1 gereretur (for fut. indie.) : subj. of integral part. 71 2 de imperio, for supretnacy. 71 3 (Sect, io.) alterius corresponds to altera, 1. 6, below. 71 4 firmamenti, outward support ; roboris, internal strength. 71 5 Cn. Pompei : Pompey and Metellus Pius conducted the war against Sertorius from B.C. 77 till B.C. 72 without being able to subdue him. In 72 Sertorius was assassinated by his lieutenant Perperna, whom Pompey had no difficulty in defeating. Cicero, it will be observed, sup- presses these details, preferring to give Pompey credit, in general terms, for putting an end to " the danger from Sertorius." 71 6 in altera parte, i.e. in the East. 71 8 felicitati : observe the chiastic order of the ideas, — felicitati, virtuti ; culpae, fortunae. — haec extrema (an intentional euphemism), these late disasters. 71 9 tribuenda, attributable. In fact the ill success of LucuUus was in great part due to the machinations of politicians at Rome ; he was not properly supported by the home government. 71 15 (Sect. II.) mercatoribus, etc. : abl. abs. expressing cause. 71 19 appellati, addressed. — superbius, too haughtily. The orator is here appealing to the passions of his hearers, and his statements must be interpreted accordingly. In B.C. 148, Roman ambas- sadors demanded that the Achaean League give up all its recent acquisi- tions ; at which the incensed €^ ""■ ^^ «- — ^T^'Ni populace insulted the ambassa- ,^X /\ ^^K^^ ^^"^^ ^^'^ drove them away. In ^ \j =|''^6=-=**-^^®^ U ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ followed, Corinth fe/V H53(^s-C^ i? ^^^ captured by Mummius and ^/ N^^l^^^r destroyed, while Greece was ^^*'--^'*'^ made into a province by the name of Achaia. The insult to the ambassadors was but a pretext for the war, which was, in fact, merely one act in the general Roman policy of conquest. The extinction of the The Manilian Law 279 Fig. 20 " eye of Greece," too, was not from motives of vengeance, but in order to remove a powerful rival to Roman commerce. 71 21 legatum, etc. : M'. Aquilius, the person referred to, had in fact forfeited all claim to the inviolability of an ambassador by actually taking command of an army against Mithridates. He was taken prisoner and put to death (B.C. 88). Aquilius had done service to the State by suppress- ing the Servile War in Sicily (see Fig. 19). Sects. 12, 13. Our suffering allies implore aid. For their own sake they beg that the command be intrusted to Pompey. 71 26 (Sect. 12.) videte ne : the Latin expresses in the form of a purpose clause ("see to it lest," etc.) what we should put in the form of an indir. quest, ("see whether it be not," etc.). 71 27 ut, <7j, correl. with sic. — illis, i.e. your ancestors. 71 29 non posse : subj. of sit. . 71 30 quid ? a regular formula of transition, again. — quod, that; § 333, b ( ); G.542; H.540,iv,N.(588,3); H. & B. . — periculum ac discri- men, a dangerous crisis: the former ; ' ■ word signifying the trial ; the latter the decision. (See Introd. p. xlv.) -^ * 72 1 Ariobarzanes : king of Cappa- docia. It was the designs of Mithridates upon this kingdom that first brought him into collision with Rome. (Fig. 20 is from a fine bust of some unknown Cappadocian.) 72 6 certum, a particular. — cum : causal. 72 7 sine summo periculo, i.e. by offending Lucullus and Glabrio. 72 10 (Sect. 13.) propter, a/ /^fl«a^. — quo: abl. of degree of differ- ence with aegrius. 72 11 adventu ipso, by his mere coming. — maritimum, i.e. the war against the pirates, which Pompey had just finished with great glory. 72 14 ceterarum provinciarum, i.e. those assigned to Pompey by the Gabinian Law, which gave him power over the entire Mediterranean and the coasts fifty miles inland. This would not include the province of Bithynia, nor the greater part of Asia. The Manilian Law extended his power over the entire East. / 28o Notes 72 15 quorum , . . commendetis : § 320,/ ( ) ; B. 282, 3 ; G. 631, I ; H. 503, ii, 2 (591, 7) ; H. & B. 72 17 etiam si defendant : subj. of integral part. 72 r.» non multum, etc. ; the expression was hardly too strong for the general type of provincial governors. Cf. "The Plunder of Syracuse," sects. I, 6, 7, where Cicero contrasts the moderation of Marcellus in time of war with the rapacity of Verres in time of peace. Sects. 14-16. The safety of the largest and surest revenues of Rome is also at stake. 72 23 (Sect. 14.) The neatness of Cicero's transitions may be seen to good advantage in this oration. In the present section he passes by a clever turn from the safety of the allies to the safety of the revenues. Our ancestors took all possible pains to defend their allies even when they had suffered nothing themselves : shall we hesitate to defend our allies when our government has been insulted, — especially when on their safety de- pend our chief revenues ? 72 23 propter socios (emphat.) ; these wars have a place in the argu- ment solely on account of their motive. The events referred to are the following : Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, was defeated by Scipio Asiaticus at Magnesia, B.C. 190. Philip V, king of Macedonia, was defeated by Flamininus, at Cynoscephalae, B.C. 197. The .T^tolians had helped Rome against Philip, and then joined Antiochus against her : they were obliged to submit after the battle of Magnesia. Carthage had been forced into a third war in B.C. 149, and was taken and destroyed by Scipio .Emilianus in B.C. 146. 72 28 agatur, etc., it is a question of your richest 7-evenues. The prov- ince of Asia, like Sicily, paid as a tax the tenth of all products {dectimae). The collection of this was farmed out by the censors to companies oi publi- cani belonging to the equestrian order. All other provinces regularly paid a stipejidiian, or fixed tax, which they raised themselves. 72 29 tanta, only so great. — eis, abl. with contenti. — vix contenti, i.e. they will hardly pay the costs of their own defence. 72 30 Asia: this description of Asia Minor is no longer true, for bad government and bad cultivation have exhausted its natural wealth. 72 32 pastionis, pasture land, let to publicans, who paid a tax called scriptura. — exportantur : the portoria were tolls and customs duties paid upon goods both exported and imported : the rate was 2|, or (in Sicily) 5 per cent ad valorem. 73 8 (Sect. 15.) pecuaria, etc : cf. the summary of the resources of Asia, p. 72, 11. 30-32. TPie Maiiilian Law 281 73 10 portu, decumis, scriptura : these repeat, in inverse order, pecu- aria, agri cultura, navigatio. 73 12 fructus, income (i.e. to the Romans). 73 14 (Sect, 16.) exercent, manage, refers to the societates pnblica- norum, who took contracts for collecting the revenues ; exigunt, collect^ refers to the agents and slaves who attended to the details of the collec- tion. 73 17 familias : see note on Rose. Am., p. 15,1.3. The Roman slaves were not merely rude Gauls and Thracians, but educated Greeks and Asiatics. The latter served in noble families as secretaries, stewards, and tutors, and would naturally be employed by the great tax-collecting corpo- rations as agents and servants, 73 18 saltibus, monntain pastures. Here again three classes of revenue are alluded to: scriptura (?';? saltibns), decumae (^in agris), portoria {in portnbiis'). Observe the art with which Cicero constantly repeats, in different order and different terms, the same detailed description of the revenues, in order to keep this important point before the minds of his hearers. 73 19 custodiis, coast-guards, stationed to prevent smuggling, at the custom-houses and toll-houses. 73 20 posse, can : for construction of posse, see § 307, (/ ( ) ; G. 248, R. ; H. &. B. ; the protasis is nisi . . . conservaritis (fut. perf.). Sects. 17-19. The investments of the puhUcani and others are endangered by this war ; hence there is fear of a financial crisis at Rome. 74 1 (Sect. 17,) ac ne, etc., nor must you neglect this point either. 74 2 cum essem . . . dicturus : see above, sect. 6, where the divisions of the subject are specified. 74 3 quod . . . pertinet, -which hears icpon, etc. The antecedent is illud, 74 5 nam et corresponds to deinde (sect, 18), Two classes are men- tioned : (i) t\\Q publicani or tax-farmers, and (2) other citizens who have money invested in Asia (sect. 18). 74 6 rationes, business enterprises ; copias. fortunes. — in illam pro- vinciam, i.e. the farming of the revenues there. 74 7 ipsorum per se,/or their own sake (i.e. apart from all question of the safety of the revenues). 74 8 nervos : the same figure is seen in our phrase " the sinews of war." 282 Notes 74 9 eum . . . ordinem, i.e. the eqtiites : these not only farmed the taxes, but they were, in general, the capitalists and bankers of Rome. 74 11 (SEcr. 1 8.) ex ceteris ordinibus refers to men of humbler rank who were carrying on business in Asia, as well as to Senators who had money invested (conlocatas) there. 74 13 eorum (redundant) limits partim. 74 14 humanitatis vestrae : § 214, ^/( ); B. 198, 3; G. 366 ; H. 401, N.- (439, 3) ; H. & E. ; sapientiae is in the same construc- tion. 74 17 etenim primum introduces the tirst reason why the losses of private citizens are a matter of public concern ; the second reason is intro- duced by deinde quod (sect. 19). — illud parvi refert, etc, // is of slight consequence that 7ve can afterwards zvin back by victory ; § 252, a ( ) ; B. 211, 3, <2 ; G. 379, 380 ; H. 408, iii (449, 3) ; H, & B. 74 18 publica either agrees with vectigalia, or may be taken abso- lutely, omitting the doubtful word vectigalia. — his, i.e. the publicani ; amissis, lost, i.e. as bidders for the revenues. 74 19 redimendi, contracting for the revenues. 74 21 (Sect. 19.) deinde: introducing another important point ; gen- eral credit will invariably suffer when a large class of moneyed men are ruined. The student should remember that Rome was a great commercial centre like London to-day. 74 22 initio belli, i.e. in the First Mithridatic War. 74 23 memoria, loc. abl,; § 254, a (^ ) ; G. 389; IT. 425, i, 2 (485, I); H. &B. 74 24 cum amiserant, xvhen (as you remember), etc. : § 325, a ( ); cf. B. 288, I, a\ G. 580; H. 521, ii, i (601); H. & B. — solutione . . . concidisse (brief description of a financial panic), t^/Z/d-;/ payment was embarrassed, credit fell. Similar panics in recent times may help us conceive the political importance of commerce in antiquity. 74 25 non enim possunt: translate (to preserve the emphasis),/^;- it is ifnpossible that. 74 26 ut non . . . trahant (clause of result), without dragging (lit. so as not to drag). 74 27 prohibete : for the two senses of this verb, see Vocab. (cf. also defendo). 74 28 id: § 225, a. 74 29 xaXiO ^eCMniaxvim., financial system. 74 30 versatur, (fery approach. 75 23 Sinopen, Amisum : towns on the north coast of Asia Minor. 284 Notes Fig. 21 Coin of Amisus. 75 25 aditu, approach ; adventu, arrival. The fact is, that both Sinope and Amisus had made a very stubborn resistance, which the orator chooses to ignore. A certain vagueness in Cicero's whole account in this and the following chap- ter is doubtless due to a wish to spare LucuUus. 75 26 alios reges: his son Machares, king of Bosporus, and his son-in-law Tigranes, kinj of Armenia. 75 28 salvis, i.e. without harming the allies ; integris, i.e. without impairing tlic revenues. 75 29 ita, of such a kind. 75 30 a nuUo, etc . : thus Cicero's praise of Lucullus has a definite place in the argument. It is important for him to show that this law can be advocated by one who fully appreciates the merits of Lucullus. 76 1 (Sect. 22.) requiretur, the question will be asked (emph.). 76 4 primum : the corresponding particles (" secondly," etc.) are omitted ; the next point begins at sect. 23. 76 5 PontO: the old kingdom of Colchis, the scene of Jason's adven- tures in winning the Golden Fleece (see Gayley, Classic Myths, §§ 145 ff.), was on the eastern shore of the Eux- ine and formed a part of Mithridates' kingdom of Pontus. — Medea : see Fig. 22 (from a wall-painting). — quam praedicant, who, as they tell. (The usual sign of indir. disc, in English, that, cannot be used with a relative.) 76 7 persequeretur, was likely to follow. This is a subord. clause in indir. disc. ; but, even if the story were being told in dir. disc, (without praedicant), we should still have per- sequeretur on the principle of infor- mal indir. disc, expressing the thought The Maui Hail Law 285 of Medea : § 341, d (^ ); B. 323 ; G. 628; H. 528, i (649, i); H. & B. ; this is shown by the use of se (not earn) in 1. 6. — conlectio dispersa, the scattered gathering : the phrase vividly expresses the idea of his wandering about to pick them up. 76 9 vim auri, etc.: the immense treasures which Mithridates had accumulated in his several fortresses came into the hands of LucuUus : not money simply, but works of art, etc. 76 10 quas et . . . et, equiv. to quas partim . . . partini. 76 14 ilium, hos, denote distance and nearness of time. Render in the pass, to keep the emphasis, the one was detained by, etc. 76 15 (Sect. 23.) hunc, i.e. Mithridates. 76 16 confirmavit, reassured. 76 19 erat enim, etc. : explaining the reason why these nations dis- played hostility, though the Romans had no designs on them. 76 20 eis nationibus, i.e. those near Armenia. 76 22 gravis atque vehemens, potent and very strongly held. 76 23 fani : " the temple of the Persian Nanaea, or Anaitis, in Elymais, or the modern Luristan [that part of Susiana nearest to the Euphrates], the most celebrated and the richest shrine in the whole region of the Euphrates." Such a rumor would at once fire the population of the whole East. 76 27 urbem : Tigranocerta, the new capital of Tigranes, situated in the southwest part of his kingdom, near the river Tigris. This city was destroyed by Lucullus. 76 29 commovebatur, xvas affected. After all his successes, Lucullus had made somewhat the same mistake as Napoleon in his Russian expedi- tion, and had found himself in an awkward situation, far from his base of operations, and in the midst of infuriated enemies. 76 30 (Sect. 24.) hie, on this point. — extremum, the climax. 76 31 ut . . . quaereretur, subst. clause of result : § 332, headnote ( ); B. 297, 3; G. 553, 4; H. 501, i, 2 (571, 2); H. &B. 77 G opes . . . misericordiam : a short expression for " win them over to pity and call out their resources." 77 7 ut . . . videatur, a result-clause following qui . . . regno : the more natural way to express the idea in English would be by a coordinate clause with and therefore. 77 8 (Sect. 25.) victus, zvhen beaten; incolumis, at the height of his p07ver. 77 11 ut . . . attingeret, in appos. with eo following contentus. We should regularly have quod with the indie; cf. § 333, ^ ( ); G. 542 ; 286 Notes H. 535, iii (614) ; H. & B. ; but the form of the clause appears to be determined by acciderat, which takes a subst. clause of result; § 332, a, 2 ( ); B. 297, 2; G. 553, 3; H. 501, i, I (571, I); H.&B. 77 12 umquam : not aliquajido, on account of the neg. idea implied in praeter spem ; § 105, h { ). 77 13 victorem: as adj.; § 188, d { ); G. 288, r.; H. 441, 3 (495.3); H. &B. 78 1 poetae : such were Nasvius, who wrote a Bellnm Putiicum, and Ennius, author of Annales, recounting events of Roman history ; both lived in the third century B.C. 78 2 calamitatem : i.e. the defeat of Triarius (b.c. 67), who was lead- ing reinforcements to Lucullus. Only a severe wound of Mithridates saved the Roman army from utter destruction. As it was, the rout was so com- plete that no [regular] f?iessenger, etc. 78 4 sermone, comftion talk. 78 6 (Sect. 26.) tamen, i.e. though the defeat was so disastrous. 78 7 potuisset: subj. of characteristic ; the cont. to fact idea which is also contained in the word would not have required the subj.; § 311, ^ ( ); B. 304, 3; G. 597, R.3«; H. 511, i, N.3 (583); H. & B. — vestro iussu, i.e. by the Gabinian Law (see Introd., p. 66). — imperi: the military imperiu}?i could be extended after the term of office by the Senate. The holder of a command thus extended { prorogattini) was called proconsul or proprcetor. In this case Lucullus had now held com- mand seven years, from B.C. 74. 78 12-14 coniungant, etc. : this sums up the considerations already urged as to the magnitude of the war (from sect. 23). 78 13 integrae, fresh (cf. p. 76, 11. 20, 21). III. The Choice of a Commander (§§ 27-50) The plan of this division is simple but effective. Four things are requisite in a great commander : scientia, virtus, auctoritas, felicitas, Pompey has all these qualities in the highest degree : (i) scientia (sect. 28) ; (2) virtus of every kind (sects. 29-42) ; (3) aucto7'itas (sects. 43-46) ; (4) felicitas (sects. 47, 48). Hence he should be appointed (sect. 49), especially since, by Divine Providence, he is at this moment in the East {opportunitas) (sect. 50). 78 15 (Sect. 27.) By way of transition, Cicero sums up (in 11. 15-18) the state of the argument. — satis . . . videor, / have said enough, / think [to show] 7 the young Pompey raised an army (chiefly from his father's immense estates in Picenum) and joined Sulla, who com- plimented him as imperator, although he had not yet held even the quses- torship. 79 6 quisquam, used on account of the neg. idea in saepius . . . quam; see note on cuiusquam, p. 78, 1. 25. — inimico, a private adver- sary (e.g. before a court). 79 9 imperiis : all Pompey's commands had been either assumed by him or irregularly conferred upon him until he obtained the consulship in B.C. 70. 288 Notes 79 12 Civile, Africanum, etc. : Pompey's exploits in these various wars are referred to in the same order but in greater detail below (sects. 30-35), where see notes. The last mentioned, that with the pirates (bellum navale), is of course specially dwelt on (sects. 31-35). Sects. 29^2. (2) The second requisite in a commander: virtus (excellence, of all kinds). The virtutes of Pompey include not only virtus hellandi (sects. 29-35), but incorruptibility (sect. 37), self- restraint (sect. 40), wisdom, eloquence, good faith, and humanity (sect. 42). Sects. 29-35. Pompey's virtus hellandi: his former successes (sect. 30) ; his recent success against the pirates (sects. 31-33) ; the celerity of his movements (sects. 34-35). 79 21 (Sect. 29.) neque enim illae : Cicero does not mention what the other good qualities are till sect. 36. By an oratorical device he begins as if he did not mean to talk about the ordinary virtutes recognized as necessary for a general, but intended to speak of certain others, equally necessary but perhaps less common (incorruptibility, etc.), for whicli Pompey was eminent. But he goes on at once to emphasize the possession of the commonly recognized soldierly qualities by Pompey, as if he had forgotten his point in his enthusiasm. Then, with sect. 36, he suddenly pulls himself up, as from a digression, and returns to consider the good qualities he had, as he says, " begun to enumerate." By this method, not only is an air of spontaneity given to the praise of Pompey (as if the orator were carried away by his theme ; cf. sect. 3), but the special and rare virtues on which he wishes to lay stress are much emphasized by being, as it were, brought in twice, — a second time when the orator seems in danger of forgetting them (sect. 36). 79 26 (Sect. 30.) testis est, etc. : the enumeration corresponds to that in sect. 28, 11. 12-14, above (Civile, Africanum, etc.). 79 26-28 Italia, Sicilia, i.e. in the Civil War, — Italia: Pompey raised an army to help Sulla against Cinna and Carbo, the Marian leaders (b.c. ^^). — Sicilia, Africa : after " ^ Sulla's final victory in Italy, he intrusted to young Pompey the subjugation of Sicily and Africa, where Carbo, with the remnants of his power, had taken refuge. P'ig. 23 shows a coin of Pompey, on which is an allegorical head of Africa. The Manilian Lazv 289 79 31 Gallia : this refers to certain hostilities in Gaul when Pompey was on his way to Spain to the war against Sertorius (B.C. 77) ; these are referred to as bellum Transalpinum in sect. 28. 80 1 Hispania : in the war with Sertorius (see, however, note on P- 71. 1- 5)- 80 2 iterum: Pompey, on his way back from Spain (B.C. 71), fell in with the remnants of the troops of Spartacus and cut them to pieces in Cisalpine Gaul ; but the whole passage is a rhetorical exaggeration. 80 7 (Sect. 31.) omnes orae, etc.: referring to the Piratic War. There is no extravagance in this ; the suppression of piracy was the most glorious part of Pompey's career. 80 12 servitutis : the slave system of the ancients made cai)tives a lucrative booty in war. 80 13 hieme, i.e. he either had to sail in the winter, exposed to the danger of being lost at sea (mortis), or, etc. 80 14 tarn vetus : the piratical forces were made up of the wreck of those numberless arniies beaten and broken up in the wars of the past half- century or more. When the lesser states lost their independence, their bravest men would often prefer the outlaw freedom of piracy to personal slavery, or even to political subjugation. In fact, the pirate state in Cilicia made a sort of republic, unrecognized and de- fiant. 80 15 quis . . . arbi- traretur: § 268 ( ); B. 277; G. 265; H. 484, v(559,4); H. &B. . 81 7 (Sect. 32.) fuit : for position, see § 344, d, 3( ). 81 11 cum . , . trans miserint : like a relative clause of characteristic ; translate w/ieu, etc. 81 12 Brundisio, i.e. the short passage to Greece. 81 13 legati : the case is not known; probably not an ambassador, as one would expect from the preceding words, but in another sense, — a military aid. The plur. is 290 Notes perhaps used rhetorically for the sing. — qui: the omitted antecedent (^eos) is the subj. of captos [^j^*?]. p^^ ^ 81 14 mercatoribus : see Fig. 24 for a trading vessel (from an ancient relief). 81 15 duodecim secures, tivo prcetors ; lit. twelve axes (i.e. twelve lictors). As provincial governors, the praetors were each attended by six lictors ; in the city they had but two. For an ancient representation of lictors, see Fig. 25 (from a coin). 82 2 (Sect, -^^t^^ vitam ac spiritum : ports of entry are the breath of life to a city which, like Rome, must import its daily supplies of food. 82 3 potestatem : ace, because it is implied that they fell into their power. 82 5 praetore : who he was is not known. 82 6 liberos (a rhetorical use of the plural for the singular) : this was a daughter of the distinguished orator Marcus x\ntonius, who had cele- brated a triumph for a victory over the pirates, B.C. 102. 82 10 classis ea, a fleet (not that fleet); followed by a subj. of charac- terfttic (praepositus esset). — consul: who he was is not known. 82 15 Oceani ostium, the Strait of Gibraltar. ■ 82 16 audiatis: for tense, see § 287, c { ) ; B. 268, 7; G. 513; H. 495,vi(55o); H. & B. 82 18 (Sect. 34.) sunt : plur., agreeing directly with haec, instead of sing, est with the indir. question as subject; cf. § 334, c, R. ( ); cf. G. 468 ; cf. H. 529, ii, 2 (649, ii, 4) ; H. & B. 82 21 tanti belli, etc., the rush of so great a war sped over the sea. 83 13 (Sect. 35.) Cretensibus : Quintus Metellus, the proconsul (the friend of Verres), had reduced Crete nearly to submission, deriving from this his cognomen Creticus. The Cretans, alienated by his harshness, sent to Pompey, that he, rather than Metellus, might receive their surrender, which Pompey was very willing to do. Civil war nearly broke out between the two commanders in consequence. Pompey, however, who had his hands full in Asia, withdrew from the field and left the honors to his rival. Sects. 36-42. Not only hellandi virtus is requisite in a com- mander, but other virtutes as well, all of which Pompey possesses : incorruptibility (sect. 37) ; self-restraint (sect. 40) ; wisdom, elo- quence, good faith, and humanity (sect. 42). TJie Manilian Laiv 291 83 20 (Sect. 36.) quid ceterae ? hoiv ivith the others? — paulo ante, i.e. in sect. 29 (see note). 83 24 innocentia: see note on innocentium, p. 78, 1. 19. 83 27 quae, subj. of sint (neuter, as referring to antecedents of differ- ent genders) : translate these. 83 28 summa (emphat.), in the highest degree. 83 31 (Sect. 37.) putare (in its earlier meaning of reckon : see Vocab.), etc., count '(^s, finch). — centuriatus : two centurions commanded each manipulus of 120 men. The centurions were advanced from the ranks by the commander ; hence there were opportunities for favoritism and bribery. 83 32 veneant, subj. of characteristic. 84 1 aerario : the Treasury was in the Temple of Saturn, under the superintendence of the two city qusestors. The actual management of the funds was in the hands of a large body of clerks, scribae, who formed a permanent collegium. 84 3 provinciae : dependent on cupiditatem ; apparently the person referred to tried to purchase the influence of the magistrates in order to be allowed to retain his province longer than the regular time ; but nothing is known of the case. 84 4 in quaestu, on speculation. — facit ut, etc., shows that you recog- nize. 84 11 (Sect. 38.) recordamini : imper. as protasis; § 310, b { ); B. 302, 4 ; G. 593, 4 ; H. 487, 3 (560, 3) ; H. & B. 84 12 quid existimetis : in the dir. question it would be the same form, as deHberative subjunc; § 268 ( ); B. 277; G. 259; H. 486, ii(557); H.&B. 84 14 hibernis : notice the strong antithesis to armis. 84 17 iudicando : a great part of the imperator's business would be deciding cases of extortion by the publicani, who were of the same class {equites) that held the judicial power in Rome. By not being strict (severus) with them, he might purchase immunity for himself, if brought to trial afterwards on a similar charge. 84 18 (Sect. 39.) hie, in such a case (properly, at this point in my discourse). 84 19 manus, vestigium, i.e. not only was there no intentional injury done, but no unintended evils followed in its train. 84 21 iam vero : here simply a particle of transition. Pompey's winter quarters are contrasted with such as are referred to above in hibernis (1 14). 84 22 sermones, reports, by way of common talk. — ut . . . f aciat, to incur expense in entertaining officers and soldiers. 292 Notes 84 24 enim : the connection of thought is, — [and in this he follows old custom] for, etc. — hiemis, /row ivinter (obj, gen.), — avaritiae,/(?r avarice (subj. gen.): cf. § 217, N. ( ) ; G. 363, K.'- ; H. 396, ii and iii (440, I and 2) ; H. & B. " . 84 28 (Sect. 40.) celeritatem, speed. — cursum, extent of travel. 84 29 non . . . quaedam . . . aliqui, it was not that some, etc. 84 30 remigum : galleys, worked by oars and independent of the wind, were generally used as war vessels. In the Mediterranean (particularly in the Barbary States) their use was continued till a very late day ; and for some purposes they are still employed. Their trained crews of rowers gave them a speed hardly less than that of steam vessels. 85 2 amoenitas : used of objects of sight, beauty of scenery, etc. 85 3 labor, toil, always with the sense of effort and fatigue. 85 5 ceteri, as Verres, for instance (see "The Plunder of Syracuse," pp. 48ff.)- 85 6 visenda : the passion for travel and sight-seeing was as common among the ancients as in modern times (cf. "The Plunder of Syracuse," p. 52,1.9; p. 57,11. 5-7). 85 9 (Sect. 41.) f uisse : cf. fuit in p. 81, 1. 7 (and note). — hac con- tinentia, i.e. such as his. 85 10 iam . . . videbatur, ivas now getting to see?n. 85 11 nunc: notice the emphatic repetition (^anaphora). 85 14 servire quam imperare : a rhetorical exaggeration for prefer- ring the condition of subject allies to nominal independence. 86 1 (Sect. 42.) consilio, etc. : cf. p. 83, 11. 26, 27. 86 2 ipso, of itself. 86 3 hoc . . . loco, i.e. the Rostra. 86 4 fidem vero, etc : render and as to his good faith, etc., changing the construction so as to keep the emphasis. 86 5 quam, etc. : render when the enemy esteemed it, etc. (contrasting hostes with socios). 86 7 pugnantes, in battle. — victi, in defeat. Sects. 43-46. (3) The third requisite in a commander: mictorita.s, (prestige). This Pompey possesses in a high degree. It has already- shown its effect in the East. 86 17 ut . . . ament : clause of result, dependent on commoveri. 86 22 indicia, expressions of opinion (i.e. by conferring offices on him) ; cf. what Cicero says of himself in sect. 2 (p. 68, 11. 12, 13). 86 23 (Sect. 44.) ullam usquam: see note on sect. 27 (p. 78, 1. 25). The Manilian Lazv 293 86 24 illius diei: that of the passage of the Lex Gabinia, which con- ferred upon Pompey the ccmmancl against the pirates. 86 26 commune : as being against pirates, enemies of all mankind. 86 28 aliorum exemplis : it is not necessary to cite examples of other generals ; Pompey's own history furnishes instances enough. 86 31 qui quo die, on the day on which he, etc. : the relatives, admis- sible in Latin, cannot be literally reproduced in English. 87 3 potuisset : § 308, c, N.i ( ) ; B. 304, 3, rt', N. ; G. 597, R.3, ^; cf. H. 511, I, N.3 (583); II. & B. : the protasis is implied in in summa ubertate, etc. 87 4 (Sfxi". 45) proelio : the defeat of Triarius (see sect. 25). 87 c provincia, i.e. Asia. 87 8 ad eas regiones, i.e. only into the neighborhood, for Pompey's authority did not extend to the seat of war ; this force is given by the preposition ad : in would mean into. 87 12 perfecturus sit: § 334, a { ); of. B. 269, 3; G. 514, b ; H. 529, ii, 4 (649, ii, i); H. & B. . — perf ecerit : subj. of charac- teristic. 87 15 (Sect. 46.) ilia res : in appos. with the clause quod . . . dedi- derunt. 87 18 Cretensium : towns of the same region or race were often united in leagues or confederacies, chiefly for religious purposes. After the Roman conquest, such comrnunia were sometimes left in existence, and even new ones were organized and allowed to exercise some subordi- nate political function. The existence of a coinimute Cretensitun is known from inscriptions. 87 19 noster imperator : Q. Metellus (see note on p. 83, 1. 13). 87 22 ad eundem, i.e. to Pompey. 87 23 eum quem, one %vho. 87 24 ei quibus, while they, etc., i.e. those who were jealous of Pompey's reputation. 87 25 potissimum, rather than to any one else (i.e. rather than to Q. Metellus Pius, who also had a command in Spain and who was much older than Pompey). Nothing further is known of this embassy. 87 27 hanc auctoritatem : translate, as to this prestige, though it is really the subj. of valituram esse, the whole clause being governed by existimetis. Sects. 47, 48. (4) The fourth requisite in a commander : felicitas. 87 30 (Sect. 47.) felicitate : in this quality is implied a special favor 294 A'^otcs of the gods, which it would be presumptuous to arrogate to one's self (hence timide), although Sulla had done so by assuming the cogiio/iii-ii Felix (see Rose. Am., sect. 12, p. 6, 1. 7, and note). 88 2-3 Maximo : Quintus Fabius Maxinnis, " the shield of Rome '" ; Marcello : Marcus Claudius Marcellus, "the sword of Rome," both distin- guished in the Second Punic War. — Scipioni : either Africanus the elder, or .^^milianus ; from sect. 60 it might appear to be the latter. — Mario : Caius Marius, who vanquished Jugurtha, subdued the Cimbri and Teu- tones, and afterwards (B.C. 88) engaged in civil war with Sulla. 88 4 saepius, repeatedly: Marius was consul seven times. 88 5 fuit (emphatic), (here really has been; § 344, d, 2 { ), 88 9 hac moderatione : a shorthand expression for hoc inodo Dwderato, in which iiioderato would refer merely to the result clause ut . . . vide- amur. — non ut (not to be confounded with ut non), etc., i.e. not of such a kind as to say, etc., but such, etc. 88 11 invisa : because presumptuous. 88 13 (Sect. 48.) non sum praedicaturus : this affectation of passing a subject over in silence is called praeteritio. 88 14 ut, hoiv (introducing an indir. quest.). 88 18 qui . . . auderet : rel. clause of result. 88 19 quot et quantas, correl. with tot et tantas above. Translate l)y the single word as ; § 106, h ( ). 88 20 proprium ac perpetuum, secured to hhn forever. 88 21 cum, introducing the general consideration (communis) : turn- the particular consideration (ipsius). Sects. 49, 50. Pompey should be appointed commander in Asia, — especially since he is on the spot. Cicero recapitulates the argument and applies it : since all that I have proved is so, can you hesitate to appoint the general whom Heaven provides. — especially (and here a new and powerful reason is added, as if it were an afterthought) since he is on the spot already 9 88 26 (Sect. 49.) sit : subj. of characteristic. 88 28 quin . . . conferatis : § 332, g, n."^ ( ) ; B. 298, h ; G. 555, 2, R.3; H. 505, I (596, I) ; H. & B. 88 32 (Sect. 50.) erat deligendus : § 308, c { ) ; B. 304, 3, a ; G. 597, R.3 ; H. 511, 2 (582) ; H. & B. 89 1 nunc, as things stand. 89 3 adsit, habeat, possit : result clauses in appos. with opportunitas. — eis qui habent. i.e. LucuUus, Glabrio, and Marcius Rex, who were still TJic Maniliaii Law 295 in command of Roman armies in Asia. For mood of habent, see § 342, a, N. ( ) ; G. 629, K. ; II, 529, ii, N.^ 2 (652, i) ; H. & B. 89 4 cur . . . committamus : observe the different mood in the pre- ceding question quid expectamus ? IV. CONFUTATIO (§§ 51-68) Sects. 51-58. Objection of Hortensius, — that supreme power ought not to be given to one man. Answer : Hortensius made a similar objection to the Gabinian Law ; yet that law turned out extremely well : acting under its provisions Pompey cleared the sea of pirates. Incidental answer to the objection made to sending Gabinius as lieutenant with Pompey (sects. 57, 58). 89 8 (Sect. 51.) at enim (objection), hut, you will say. 89 9 adfectus = ^///f'i'///^. — Catulus : Quintus Lutatius Catulus, at this time the leader of the senatorial party ; an estimable man and an experienced statesman, but no soldier. The beneficia amplissima are the successive offices that had been conferred upon him. 89 11 Hortensius : the leading lavi'yer of the time (see oration against Verres). — ratione, 77^^'. 89 14 auctoritates contrarias : of course there were men of influence on the side of the Maniiian I .aw as well as opposed to it ; Cicero brings forward the names of several in sect. 68, below. 89 15 ipsa re ac ratione : this appeal from theoretical objections (as Cicero thinks them) to experience (i.e. in the Piratic War) would, of course, be very effective in a public assembly, for theoretical considera- tions weigh little with such bodies in comparison with facts. Cicero makes it doubly effective by pointing out that his opponents agree with his premises as to the necessity and magnitude of the war and the eminent ability of Pompey as a general, but that they avoid, on these merely tech- nical grounds, what seems to him the obvious conclusion : viz., that Pom- pey should be appointed. 89 20 (Sect. 52.) tribuenda sint : condition with nothing implied (in dir. disc, sunt). 89 23 pro, in accordance with. 89 24 in senatu : laws did not require any ratification by the Senate. The expression of opinion by Hortensius must therefore have been inan informal discussion, after the promulgation of the law (i.e. its announce- ment as a proposed bill). 89 25 Gabinium: see Introd., p, 67 of text. 296 Notes 89 27 promulgasset : a bill intended to be brought before either comi- tia was regularly announced to the Senate and posted in the city two Roman weeks (at least 17 days) before it could be voted on. — ex hoc ipso loco, i.e. in the public discussion of the law, before the vote, in the contio (see sect, i ). 89 31 (Sect. 53.) banc, i.e. which we have now. 90 1 an implies a strong negative ; § 211, ^ ( ) ; B. 162, 4, a ; G.457. i; H. 353, N.^ (380,3); H.&B. 90 2 legati, etc. : observe that Cicero seizes the opportunity to recall briefly to the minds of his hearers certain important facts which he has already dwelt on in greater detail (in sects. 31-33). 90 3 ex omnibus, etc. : translate, froju communication (commeatu, really abl. of specification) ivith all the provinces. — neque iam, no longer. 90 8 (Sect. 54.) Atheniensium : the Athenian empire of the sea, in the fifth century B.C., resulted from the great victories in the Persian War. 90 9 Karthaginiensium : the maritime power of Carthage was at its height in the third century B.C. 90 10 Rhodiorum : the city of Rhodes was the chief naval power of the Mediterranean during the last three centuries before Christ : its power was broken B.C. 42, at its capture by Cassius. 90 17 permanserit : subj. of characteristic. 90 19 (Sect. 55.) Antiochum : Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, defeated at Magnesia, B.C. 190. 90 20 Persen : Perses or Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, defeated at Pydna, B.C. 168. — Karthaginiensis : Carthage was mistress of the sea at the time when her wars with Rome began ; but in the First Punic War she was beaten at her own weapons. 90 22 ei repeats nos : %ue, i.e. that nation. 91 1 Delos : a very small island in the .Egean Sea, sacred as the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. It had an excellent harbor, and this, added to its peculiar sanctity, gave it high importance. It had at all times a flourishing commerce and in the time of Cicero was the great slave market of the world, 10,000 slaves being sometimes sold there in a single day. 91 3 eidem repeats nos (1. 23, above). 91 5 Appia Via : the principal highway of Italy, running from Rome to Capua, and thence to Brundisium (see map of Italy, p. 1.). It was begun by Appius Claudius Caecus, in his censorship, B.C. 312. — iam, at length. 91 6 pudebat magistratus (ace. pi.) : no special case is referred to, The Manilian Laiv 297 but it is implied that any magistrate ought to have felt shame, seeing that the beaks of ships, rostra, were naval trophies. 91 7 cum : concessive. 91 VI (Sect. 56.) dolori : we should be likely to use a more general word, like feelings, which would be defined by the context. Such differences between two languages in the expression of thought are constantly found, 91 15 aliquando, at last (cf. Cat. ii., sect, i, 1. i). 91 20 (Sect. 57.) utrum, etc., is it that, etc. ? Cf. the obsolete use of whether to introduce direct questions in English, as in "whether is it better." 91 IT (Sect. 57.) obtrectatum esse : the subject of obtrectatum esse is the wish of the opponents to defeat the proposed measure (the appoint- ment of Gabinius as lieutenant) ; as this wish, if successful, would be (like the affirmative measure) a determination, it is expressed by a purpose clause, ne legaretur. — adhuc : this opposition began in connection with the Gabinian Law and is still continued in connection with the Manilian. 91 19 expetenti, earnestly requesting. — ^o^txAaViW, claiming (as a right). 91 20 legatum : the Senate assigned {legare) subordinate officers to a military commander or provincial governor. These legati had much responsibility, often performing independent duties like those of modern officers " detailed " from the regular line. The usual number of legati was two or three ; but Pompey received fifteen by the Gabinian Law, to whom ten more were afterward added. 91 21 velit, coniunctivns modestiae ; § 311, ^ ( ) ; cf. B. 280, 2, «; G. 257; H. 486,1 (556); H.&B. . — impetret: §320,/( ); B. 282, 3; G. 631, I ; H. 503,11. 2 (591, 7); H.&. B. . — cum: con- cessive. 92 4 periculo, i.e. a political risk such as any politician would incur in carrying an important measure. 92 4 (Sect. 58.) an: § 211, Z* ( ) ; B. 162, 4, a ; G. 457, i ; H. 353, >!.■* (380, 3); H. & B. . — C. Falcidius, etc.: Gabinius had not been allowed to receive an appointment as legatus under the Gabinian Law, perhaps because he was tribune when it was passed. Cicero urges that there is no reason why he should not be appointed under the Manilian Law, since he no longer holds that office. 92 G honoris causa, see note on Rose. Am,, p. 3, 1. 28. — plebi: old genitive. 92 7 in uno Gabinio, in the case of, etc. 92 8 diligentes, /(^?;'//t7/A/;-, i.e. in urging a technical objection. — qui . . . deberet : if this were not a clause of characteristic, we should have debebat to express the cont. to fact idea; § 311, <: ( ) ; B. 304, 3; G. 597, R.3, a ; H. 511, i, N.^ (583) ; H. & B. ; of. oportebat, Cat. i., sect. 2, 1. 13. 92 11 relaturos : the consuls were the natural persons to consult the Senate, but Cicero, as pmetor, also had this power. 92 13 impediet : either consul could, as having maior potestas than a praetor, forbid Cicero to bring the matter before the Senate ; but, if he persisted, his act would still be valid. 92 14 defendam : § 319, t- ( ) ; B. 295, 3 ; G. 549 ; H. 499, 3, n.2 (568,8); H. &B. 92 15 intercessionem : the veto of a tribune, which could stop any political action, and which Cicero would be bound to respect. 92 IG quid liceat, i.e. how far they can safely go. — considerabunt, i.e. before they set themselves against the manifest will of the people. 92 18 socius : not as legatus, but simply as partner in his former honor and credit. This association of Gabinius with Pompey is used as an argu- ment for giving him the office of legatus now. Sects. 59-63. Objection of Catulus, — " precedents should not be violated." Answer : " In time of war the Roman people have always consulted expediency rather than precedent ; in Pompey's own case there have already been many violations of precedent." 92 22 (Sect. 59.) ut . . . videatur: § 332 ^?, 2 ( ); B. 297,2; G. 553, 4 ; H. 501, 2 (571, 2) ; H. & B. . — auctoritate et sententia, i.e. the weight which one must attach to the opinion of so great a man as Catulus (a kind oi hendiadys). 92 23 cum quaereret : cf. cum dixistis, just below ; § 323 ( ) ; G. 579 ; H. 521, ii. 2 (600, ii, i) ; H. & B. 92 24 si poneretis : fut. protasis ; the apod, is the compound sentence si . . . factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, which itself consists of a fut. prot. and apod.; § 311-, d { ). The tenses depend for their sequence on the perf. cepit. — si . . . esset, if anything sJiould happen to him (a common euphemism then as now). — eo : § 244, d (^ ) ; B. 218,6; G. 40i,N.'; H. 415, iii, N.^ (474, 3); H. & B. 92 25 essetis habituri: indir. quest.; for use of periphrastic form, see § 334, a ( ); B. 269, 3; G. 515 ; H. 529, ii, 4 (649, ii, i); H. & B. 92 31 quo minus . . . hoc magis : § 250, r. ( ) ; B. 223 ; G. 403; H. 423 (479); H.&B. The Manilian Lazv 299 92 33 (Sect. 60) at enim: see first note on sect. 51. 93 1 exempla, precedents : instituta> established customs. — non dicam, etc. : an excellent specimen of the rhetorical device known as praeteritio (cf. note on p. 88, 1. 13, above). 93 3 paruisse, adcommodasse, i.e. they disregardcfl precedents in great emergencies. — temporum depends on casus, consiliorum on ra- tiones (chiastic order). 93 5 ab uno imperatore: Scipio Africanus the younger (/Emilianus), who captured Carthage (b.c. 146) and Numantia (B.C. 133). In his time there had been a law that no person should be consul twice in succession. 93 9 ut . . . poneretur: clause of purpose with visum est (here a verb of decreeing). 93 10 C. Mario : IMarius was chosen consul five years in succession, to carry on the wars here referred to. 93 12 (Sect. 61.) The argument in this and the following section is a telling one : " In the case of Pompey himself precedent has often been vio- lated with the full assent of Catulus. Why, then, should Catulus be so scrupulous now, M'hen the highest interests of the state are involved?" For the several occurrences referred to, see notes on sects. 28-30, above. 93 15 privatum, i.e. nt)t a magistrate. 93 18 a senatorio gradu: no one couhl legally enter the Senate until after holding the qua;storship, the minimum age for which was thirty at least, and regularly thirty-six, while Pompey was at the time referred to (B.C. 82) only twenty-three. 93 20 in ea provincia, i.e. Africa. 93 21 fuit : translate, he shoived, etc. (in order to render the abls. of quality, which come in in a way foreign to our idiom). 93 23 victorem, victorious (pred. adj.). — exercitum deportavit : this was one of the essential conditions of a triumph. 93 24 equitem, i.e. not a member of the Senate, having never held a magistracy. — triumphare : the honor of a triumph was restricted to com- manders who possessed the i))iperium by virtue of holding a regular magis- tracy. Until he was elected consul for the year B.C. 70, Pompey had never had the imperiwn except by special appointment from the Senate ; both his triumphs, therefore, B.C. 80 and 71, were contrary to precedent. 93 27 (Sect. 62.) duo consules: Mamercus Lepidus and Decimus Brutus, B.C. 77. Instead of either of these being sent to Spain as pro- consul the next year, against Sertorius, Pompey, though a simple eques, was designated for that service. 93 29 pro consule : when it was desired to retain the services of a 300 Notes magistrate after his term of office had expired, his iviperium was extended (J>rorogaiu>n) l)y the Senate, and was held by him pro consuie or pro praetore, that is, as having the power of a consul or praetor while no longer actually a magistrate. It was not strictly legal to appoint a private citizen in such a capacity ; but sometimes, as in Pompey's case, this was done. — quidem, by the way. 93 30 non nemo, a man or too. 93 31 Philippus, a prominent member of the aristocracy (consul, B.C. 91), distinguished for his wit ; a man of liberal temper, but a vehement partisan. 93 32 pro COnsulibus, in place of both consuls. 93 33 mittere : for mitto of the dir. disc. Philippus seems to have put his bon mot into the regular form of a sententia, or formal expression of opinion in the Senate, using the simple present tense, with the qualify- ing med sententia; § 276, b { ) ; B. 259, 2 ; G. 227, x.- ; H. 467, iii, 6 (530) ; H. & B. 94 2 ut . . . fieret : subst. clause of result after the analogy of the subj. with verbs of happening ; § 332, / ( ) ; G. 553, 4 ; H. 501, i (571, I) ; H. & B. . — ex senatus consulto : another irregularity, for the comitia were the law-making body and therefore of course had the sole power of exempting from the laws. — legibus solutus, exempted from the operation of the lazus, i.e. those limiting the age of magistrates {leges annates). 94 3 magistratum : the legal age of a consul was not below forty- three, and that of a praetor not below forty. Pompey, however, was elected consul (b.c. 70) at the age of thirty-six, which was the regular age for the quaestorship. 94 4 iterum : Pompey celebrated his second triumph Dec. 31, B.C. 71, and the next day entered upon the consulship. 94 5 in, 171 the case of Sects. 63-68. The judgment of the people should overrule such objections (sect. 63, 1. 11-sect. 64, 1. 25). Pompey alone can retrieve the Roman reputation in the East (sect. 64, 1. 26-sect. 67). Favor- able opinions of leading men (sect. 68). 94 8 (Sect. 63.) atque haec, etc., and all these many precedents, so weighty attd so new, have been established in the case of this single man (Pompey), and have originated, too, in measures pro?noted by Q. Catuhis and the other, etc. Lit. "all these many examples (i.e. acts establishing precedents (have come upon this same man (Pompey) [proceeding] from The Manilian Laiv 301 the [senatorial] approval of Q, Catulus," etc. The Latin tends to com- press two or more assertions into a single clause, where in English it is more natural to use separate clauses, 94 ]() amplissimorum : a regular epithet for dignitaries. — auctori- tate, i.e. since they were then prominent members of the Senate. 94 13 comprobatam, i.e. the people, in electing Pompey consul, had only followed the example of the Senate in conferring these repeated honors. 94 14 iudicium, formal decision, expressed by passing the Gabinian Law. 94 16 vel, even. 94 18 delegistis : not literally correct. The Gabinian Law merely prescribed that an ex-cons ill should receive this command : the Senate selected the man. In fact, however, it was a law made for Pompey, and the Senate would not have ventured to appoint anybody else. 94 21 (Sect. 64.) sin : the protasis extends to attulistis, the con- nective being omitted. — plus . . . vidistis, had a keener insight in affairs of state. 94 L'3 aliquando : cf. p. 91, 1. 15, and note. — isti : this pron., since it is often used of an opponent in a suit, here at once suggests the oppo- sition now existing between Gicero and Catulus. 94 24 auctoritati : § 230.( ); B. 256, 3 ; G. 217; 1^.385,1,465,1 (426, I, 518, I) ; H. & B. 94 26 Asiatico et regio : the two adjectives enhance the imi^ression of the difficulty of the war by emphasizing its distance and the dignity of the enemy. 94 30 YQXSdiXi, conduct himself {%e.QNoc?ih.). 95 1 si qui sunt, ruhen they are (lit. if there are any). — pudore (abl. of specification), respect for others. — temperantia, self-restraint. 95 9 (Sect. 65.) requiruntur, are in demand, i.e. pretexts of war are sought, with cities that we hardly know of ; inferatur, may be fastened. 95 11 (Sect. 66.) With Cicero's account of the depredations of the provincial governors, cf. Sheridan's celebrated description in his Speech in Summing up the Evidence on the Second Charge against Warren Hast- ings : "Should a stranger survey the land formerly Sujah Dowlah's, and seek the cause of the calamity — should he ask what monstrous madness had ravaged thus, what widespread war, what desolating foreign foe, what disputed succession, what religious zeal, vv-hat fabled monster, had stalked abroad, and, with malice and mortal enmity to man, has withered, with the gripe of death, every growth of nature and humanity, all the means of 302 N'otcs delight, and each original, simple principle of bare existence, — the answer will be (if any answer dare be given) : ' No, alas I not one of these things, — no desolating foreign foe, no disputed succession, no religious super- serviceable zeal ! This damp of death is the mere effusion of British amity : we sink under the pressure of their support, we writhe under the gripe of their pestiferous alliance 1 ' " — libenter, etc., / should be glad to argue this face to face, etc. ; § 310, ^7 ( ) ; B, 305, l ; (j. 600, I ; H. 507, N." (575. 9) ; H. «& B. 95 15 hostium simulatione, under a pretence of [the existence] of enetnies : notice the chiastic order. 95 17 animos ac spiritus, pride and insolence. 95 V.) conlatis signis, i.e. in actual warfare. 95 L'O nisi erit idem, zinless he shall also be one. 95 24 idoneus qui mittatur: see note on impetret, p. 91, 1. 21. 95 25 (Sect. 67.) pacatam, etc. : in the forcible extension of the Roman Empire, a province was spoken of as pacata when actual resist- ance had ceased on the part of the conquered, — quae . . . sit, subj. of characteristic; for tense, see § 287, <: ( ) ; B. 268, 7; G. 513; H. 495. vi (550); H. &B. 95 29 praetores, i.e. proprietors : for, after the time of Sulla, the prtetors regularly remained at Rome during their term of office, 95 30 publica, i.e. that allowed them for the support of their fleets and armies. 95 33 iacturis, expenses, in securing their election. 95 34 condicionibus, corrupt bargains, with creditors, etc. 96 1 quasi . . . non . . . videamus : § 312 ( ) ; B. 307, 2 ; G. 602 ; H. 513, ii, and N.i (584 and 2) ; H. cS: B. 96 3 (Sect. 68.) dubitare quin, hesitate. The usual construction in this sense would be with the infin.; § 332,^, N.- ( ) ; B. 298,^; G. 555, R.3; H. 505, i (596,1); H.&B. 96 7 auctoritatibus, i.e. the opinions of influential men (cf. auctor in the next line). 96 8 est VObis auctor, you have as authority. P. Servilius (Vatia Isauricus) was one of the most reputable men of the time. He held the proconsulship of Cilicia, B.C. 78-75, in which he gained great successes over the pirates. It was probably his intimate knowledge of the region and the kind of warfare, that led him to support this vigorous measure. 96 11 debeat: for tense, see § 287, a { ); cf. B. 268, i. — Curio: see note on Impeachment of Verres, sect. 18, p. 34, 1. 29. 96 13 Lentulus : Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, cos, b,c, 72 ; not The Maniliaii Laiv 303 to be confounded with Lentulus Sura, cos. B.C. 71, the accomplice of Catihne. 96 15 Cassius : for the character of this family, see note on Verr, i., sect. 30, p. 39, 1. 3. V. Peroratio (§§ 69-71) Sects. 69-71. Manilius is encouraged to stand firm. Cicero protests that his own advocacy of the law is disinterested and patriotic. 96 21 (Sect. 69.) auctore populo Romano: the Roman people has already shown its opinion of Pompey Vjy passing the (lal^inian Law ; hence Manilius has the auctoritas of the whole people behind him, as opposed to the auctoritas of a few aristocrats like Hortensius and Catulus (cf. sect. 63). 96 22 neve, and not. 96 25 iterum: alluding to the former unanimity of the people in pass- ing the Gabinian Law. 96 27 de re . . . facultate, the cause itself, or the poTvei- of earrvinjr it through. — dubitemus : § 320, a { ); B. 283, 2; G. 631, r.- ; H. 503,1(591, I); H.&B.^ 96 29 potestate praetoria, official influence as praetor ; more oflkial than auctoritate. 97 1 ^ti^XQ, put at your service. 97 2 templo, i.e. the rostra. The term templutn was applied to any place consecrated by regular auspices {a7igurato). As the public assembly was held augurato, the place of holding it was a consecrated one. 97 3 ad rem publicam adeunt, are engaged in public affairs. 97 4 neque quo, nor because; § 321, r. ( ) ; B. 286, i, b ; G. 541, R.2 ; H. 516, ii. 2 (588, ii, 2) ; H. &. B. 97 7 honoribus : the term honor is regularly applied to honors con- ferred by the people, i.e. public offices. These he proposes to earn, not by the arts of a politician, but by fidelity in his profession as an advocate. — pericula relates to the simultates in the next section. It was not possible for him to espouse this democratic measure so earnestly, wdthout incurring coolness, at least on the part of the aristocracy. — ut, so far as a MAN, etc. (Cf. our "humanly speaking," "the Lord willmg," and the like.) 97 9 ab uno, i.e. he expects no reward in the way of public ottice from Pompey's influence. — ex hoc loco, i.e. by political activity (cf. sect. i). 304 Notes 97 12 (Sect. 71.) mihi: § 232, a { ); B. 189, 2; G. 354; H. 388,1 (431); H.&B. 97 13 tantum . . . abest ut videar, / a7n so far from seeming : § 332, d{ ) ; G. 552, K.i ; H. 502, 3 (570, 2) ; H. cV B. 97 10 hoc honore, i.e. the prcetorship. 97 20 oportere, T a?fi bound : me (1. 16) is subj. of praeferre, and me praeferre depends on oportere. FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE ARGUMENT Chap. i. Propositio. Catihne's eftrontery in appearing in the Senate when his guilt is known. — 2. Weakness of the consuls in allowing him to live. Contrast with former magistrates in the cases of Gracchus, Satur- ninus, and Servilius. The situation calls for action : reasons for the delay. — 3, 4. The consul fully informed : latest acts of the conspirators. — Hortatio. 5. Catiline is exhorted to go out and join his confederates. — 6, 7. Life in the city should be intolerable to him : he is feared and hated by all good citizens: his native city begs him to begone. — 8. He has offered to go into custody : all good men urgent for his departure : the Senate shows by its silence approval of Cicero's words. — 9, 10. The consul urges him to depart : but he will go out only as a public enemy. — Peroratio. ii, 12. The consul may ])e charged with remissness: but he has been biding his time. — 13. For halfway measures would have been of no avail : Catiline's death would not have freed the state from his con- federates. Let Catiline depart. Appeal to Jupiter to save Rome. I. Propositio (Chaps. I-IV) Chaps, I, II. Effrontery of Catiline in appearing in the Senate. Weakness of the consuls in allowing him to live contrasted with the vigorous action of former times in less flagrant cases. Reasons for the delay. Page 99. Line 2. (Sect, i.) etiam (et iam), still. — eludet, baffle, i.e. his mad conduct makes fools of the Roman people, as it were, by con- tinuing to escape the just punishment that would suppress it. — quern ad finem : almost equivalent to quamdiu, but implying some shock or crisis (finem) which must follow. 99 3 sese iactabit, insolently display itself. — nihil (adv. ace), not at all. First Oration against Catiline 305 99 4 Palati : one of the strongest positions in the city, commanding the P'orum, and so most likely to be seized by the conspirators. The Palatium, an isolated hill, of a rudely quadrangular shape, was the original seat of the city of Rome, from which the city spread gradually over the other hills. In the last years of the republic, the Palatine became the fashionable place for residences. Here was Cicero's house as well as Catiline's. It was because of its nearness to his house, as well as because of the strength of its position, that Cicero selected this temple for the meeting of the Senate on this occasion. Under the Empire the Palatine became the seat of the imperial residence, and its name, palace, has passed in this sense into most modern languages. 99 5 bonorum : the Senate was surrounded by a crowd of equites and other citizens (see sect. 21, below). 100 1 locus : the Senate was assembled, not, as usual, in the Curia Hos/ilia, but in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, which occupied a command- ing position on the brow of the Palatine Hill and faced the Sacred Way. The ruins of this temple were discovered some years ago (see view in text). — horum (with a gesture), i.e. the Senators present. — ora, features; VOltus, expression : the phrase is a sort of hendiadys, almost equivalent to expression of tJieir features ; § 385 ( ); B. 374, 4; G. 698; H. 636, iii, 2 (751, 3, N.i); H. & B. 100 2 patere : note the emphatic position. — non : observe the abrupt- ness and force given by omitting the interrog. particle -ne. — constrictam . . . teneri, is held fast bound : § 292, <: ( ) ; cf. B. 337, 6 ; G. 238 ; H. 388, I, N. (431, I); H. &B. 100 4 proxima, superiore : for what was done on the night of Nov. 6, see sect. 4 ; as to proxima, last night, we meet with nothing but general assertions. 100 7 (Sect. 2.) tempora, etc., what a time ! what a state of things ! (mores = customs of the time.) 100 8 immo, )iay more: immo here negatives not the /??«:/ of the pre- ceding statement (vivit), but only \\.% form as not being strong enough ; nay is similarly used in English, as in Midsummer Nighfs Dream, iii. 2. 313: "To strike, to spurn me, — nay, to kill me too ! " 100 11 videmur, etc. = think we do enough for (i.e. fulfil our duty to the state). — si . . . vitemus : in the dir. form, satis facimus si vitamus. 100 12 ad mortem : the consuls originally possessed full powers of judgment in criminal cases, including punishment by death. These highest powers of the imperium were suspended within the city by laws which gave the right of appeal to the people (note, p. no, 1. 16), but the Senate 3o6 Notes could revive them in cases of danger by the formula Videant consules ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat, — a proceeding analogous to the procla- mation of martial law. This action the Senate had taken Oct. 21, nearly three weeks before. 100 13 oportebat, apod, of an implied cond. : § 311, c- ( ) : B. 304, 3, a ; G. 254, R.i ; H. 511, i,N.3(583); H. & B. ; the imperf. is used with iam pridem, where in English we might expect the pluperf. ; § 277, b\ B. 260, 4; G. 234 ; H. 469, 2 (535); H. & B. ; opor- tebat alone would mean " you ought [now] to be [but are not] "; with iam pridem it means " you ought to have been long ago and still ought to be." 100 14 iam diu : words in brackets are thought to be spurious inser- tions in the text. 100 14 (Sect. 3.) an vero properly belongs both to interfecit and perferemus ; in English we should connect the two clauses by and. On the force of an, see § 211, /' ( ) ; B. 162, 4, a ; G. 457, i ; H. 353, N.* (380, 3) ; H. & B. . — vir amplissimus, pontifex maximus : ob- serve how these words strengthen the force of the example. 100 15 Ti. Gracchum : Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, a young man of high rank and great purity of character, attempted to carry through some important reforms, particularly touching the tenure of the public lands, B.C. 133. Requiring more time to make his legislation effective, he attempted illegally to secure his own re-election as tribune, when he was attacked and killed by a mob of Senators headed by P. Scipio Nasica. 100 16 privatus : at the time referred to, Nasica was only a private citizen of consular rank. He afterwards went into exile, and was made Pontifex Maximus in his absence. The word privatus is rhetorically opposed to nos consules. 100 18 ilia, that case, plural for singular as referring to the circum- stances of the case. 100 1'.' Ahala : the magister equitiim of the famous Cincinnatus ; he killed without legal process the eques Maelius, on suspicion that the latter was aiming at royal power (B.C. 439) ; see Fig. 25. — novis rebus (the classic expres- sion for a violent change of gov- ernment), revolution: dat. after studentem. 100 20 fuit (emphat.), there zoas, etc., implying that it is so no longer ; § 344, c/, 3 ( ) ; cf. fuit Ilium, -Eneid, ii. 325. OF Britl First Oration against Catiline 307 100 22 habemus (emphat.), i.e. it is not that we lack, etc. — senatus COnsultum : i.e. the decree conferring dictatorial power on the consuls (see note on sect. 2, 1, 12, above), td videajit consules, etc. 100 23 vehemens, severe, as regards Catiline ; grave, carrying jveight, and so justifying the consuls in any extreme measures, — non deest, etc., it is not that the state lacks zvise counsels, etc., but that the consuls are remiss in executing them. 100 2G (Sect. 4.) decrevit : translate, to preserve the emphasis, there was once a decree, etc. — ut . . . videret, subst. clause of purp., obj. of decrevit : § 331 ( ) ; B. 295, 4 ; G. 546 ; H. 498 (564, i) ; H. & B. . — Opimius : Lucius Opimius was consul B.C. 121, when Caius Gracchus, the younger brother of Tiberius, was attempting to carry through a series of measures far more revolutionary than those of his brother. The Senate took alarm, and entrusted the consul with absolute poM^er. In the tumult that ensued, some 3000 are said to have lost their lives, including Gracchus and his leading associate, Fulvius. 100 27 ne . . . caperet, obj. of videret. 100 28 interfectus est (emphat.), i.e. in that case death was promptly inflicted. 100 29 patre : Tiberius Gracchus, the elder, one of the most eminent statesmen of his day. — avo : Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. 101 1 Mario (dat. after permissa) : this was in Marius' sixth consul- ship (B.C. 100). He was secretly in league with the revolutionists, — Saturninus and Servilius Glaucia, corrupt demagogues, unworthy imitators of the noble Gracchi. When it came to the point, however, the courage of Marius failed him : he deserted his accomplices, and joined the Senate in crushing the revolt. 101 3 rei publicae, poss. gen., the punishment being looked on as something belonging to the party avenged, and exacted from the other party as a payment due. 101 4 remorata est (governing Saturninum, etc.), keep Satzcrninus and Servilius icaiting, i.e. did they have to wait one day, etc. ? — vicesi- mum : strictly speaking, it was now (Nov. 6) the 19th day by Roman reckoning from Oct. 21 ; cf. § 259, c ( ) ; G. 336, r} ; H. & B. — patimur ; for tense, see § 276, a ( ) ; B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 467, 2 (532, 2); U.&K 101 5 horum, i.e. the Senate. 101 6 huiusce modi, i.e. like those just mentioned ; §101, footnote ( ); B. 87, footnote 2 ; G. 104, I. N.i ; H. 186, I (178, 3) ; H. & B. . — tabulis : brazen tablets, on which the laws, etc., were 308 Notes inscribed. The edict is said to be shut up in them (until put in force), like a sword hidden in its scabbard. 101 8 interfectum esse : § 288, ^ ( ) ; B. 270, 2, a; G. 280, 2 ; H. & B. . — convenit, perf. : § 311, c; B. 304, 3, a ; G. 254, r.i ; H. 511, I, N.=^(583); H.&B. 101 9 ad deponendam, etc. : § 300 ( ) ; B. 338, 3 ; G. 432 ; H. 542, iii, 544, I (628, 623) ; H. cS; B. 101 10 cupio (emphat.), I am anxious: a concession, opposed by sed, below, — me esse : § 331, b, n. ( ) ; B. 331, iv, a; G. 532, r.-; H.535,ii (614); H.&B. . 101 11 dissolutum, arbitrary. 101 12 ipse : Latin in such cases emphasizes the subject ; English, the object; § 195, / ( ) ; B. 249, 2; G. 311, 2; H. 452, i (509, i) ; H. & B. 101 12 inertiae : § 220 ( ) ; B. 228, 2; G. 378; H. 409, ii (456); H.&B. 101 13 (Sect. 5.) castra sunt, etc. : an enumeration of the circum- stances which make a mild policy no longer possible. 101 14 iaxxcihviS, narrow pass, leading north from Etruria, through the Apennines. — conlocata : § 291, b { ) ; B. t^t,-], 2; Ci. 250, r.- ; H. 471, 6, N.i (538, 4) ; H. cS: B. 101 18 iam, at once. 101 19 erit verendum, etc., I shall have to fear, I suppose (ironical), that all good citizens will fail to say (lit. will 7iot say) that I have acted too late rather than that anybody will say that I have acted too cruelly, i.e. I shall have to fear that I shall be accused of cruelty rather than slackness. — ne non . . . dicat: § 331, /( ); B. 296, 2, a -, G. 550, 2 ; H. 498, iii, N.- (567, 2); H. & B. . — boni (sc. dicant) : here, as usual, the well-intentioned, i.e. those who held the speaker's views. 101 21 ego: opposed to omnes boni (1. 19, above). — factum esse: § 288, d { ); B. 270, 2, a; G. 280, R.- — oportuit: § 311, ^ ( ); B. 304, 3, a ; G. 597, R.^ c^ ; H. 511, I, X.3 (583); H. & B. Chaps. Ill, IV. The consul is fully informed. Latest acts of the conspirators. 101 22 denique, i.e. then, and not before. 101 23 iam, at length. 101 24 fateatur: for mood, see § 319, 2 ( ) ; B. 284, 2 ; G. 631, I ; H. 500, 1 (589, ii, 591); H. & B. 101 26 (Sect. 6.) ita. ut \Vf\s, Just as yoti ai-e [now] living. First Oration against Catiline 309 101 27 ne , . . possis : purpose (not result). 101 28 etiam, besides the forces on guard. 101 29 speculabuntur : probably referring to the spies in the interest of the government, who were in the very heart of the conspiracy, 102 1 quid, etc., zvhat is there for you to wait for more? — quod . . . exspectes : rel. clause of purpose. 102 4 inlustrantur, opposed to obscurare ; erumpunt, to continere. 102 7 recognoscas, review, with licet, ut omitted : see § 331, /j k. ( ); B. 295, 8; G. 553, R.i; PI. 502, l; (564, ii, l); H. & B. 102 8 (Sect. 7.) dicere : fur tense, see § 336 A, n.^ ( ) ; G. 281, 2, N.; H. 537, I (618, 2); H. &B. 102 9 futurus esset : subord. clause in ind. disc. 102 11 num., etc., ^uas I mistaken in, etc. (lit. did tlie fact escape me). 102 13 idem (nom.) has the force of also. 102 14 optimatium, i.e. of the Senatorial party. — in ante diem : § 259, e{ ); B. 371, 6; G. p. 491 ; H. 642, 4 (754, 3); H. & B. 000, o. 102 iG sui conservandi . . . causa : § 298 a, c { ) ; B. 339, 5 ; G. 428, K.i and R.- ; H. 542, N.i (626, 3); H. & B. ; this passage is neatly turned so as to save their self-respect by attributing their flight to that discretion which is the better part of valor. 102 19 cum . . . dicebas : we should except diceres ; the imperf. indie, is probably an archaic survival; cf. § 277, e, and N. ( ). 102 20 tamen: opposed to discessu ("though the rest were gone, yet," etc.). 102 21 (Sect. 8.) Praeneste (Palestrina), an important town of Latium, about twenty miles from Rome, in a very commanding situation. Its possession would have given Catiline a valuable military post. Prse- neste had been a chief stronghold of the Marian party in the Civil War, and Sulla had punished it by establishing a military colony there (hence coloniam). 102 23 sensistine, did yotc not find? -ne here = nonne : § 210, d, and N. ( ) ; G. 454, N.5 ; H. & B. 102 24 praesidiis, ///^,^<'7rr?.y^;« manning the walls; custodiis, sentinels at the gates; vigiliis, watchmen (i.e. night -guard). — agis, etc.: notice the climax. 102 27 noctem illam superiorem, ///«/ night, — night before Last, \.e. Nov. 6 ; priore (1. 29, below) refers to the same night. 102 29 quam te : § 336, a, i, R. ( ); H. 524, i' (643, i): H. & B. 310 Notes 102 30 inter falcarios, i.e. to the street of the scythe-makers. — non agam obscure, i.e. I will speak out and be more definite. — in domum: §258, /;, N.i ( ); G. 337, R.3; H. & B. 103 1 eodem, at the same place (lit. to the same place, according to the Latin idiom). 103 4 (Sect. 9.) gentium : § 216, rt', 4 ( ); B. 201, 2; G. 372, N.3; H. 397,4(443); H. &B. 103 5 quam rem republicam, what sort of state ? 103 G hie, hie, here, right here. — patres [t'Z] eonseripti: the formal designation of the Senators ; patres were the patrician members of the Senate, eonseripti were the plebeians enrolled in that originally patrician body. The conjunction is regularly omitted (as often in such combina- tions). Observe that the stock English translation conscript fathers is inexact. 103 8 qui : the antecedent is the understood subject of sunt. — atque adeo, and in fact. 103 9 cogitent: § 320, a ( ); B. 283, 2; G. 631, 2; H. 503, i (591, I); H.&B. 103 11 oportebat: see sect. 2 and note. — voce volnero : the allitera- tion is intentional and may easily be imitated in English, — wound with a word. — igitur (resumptive), then (i.e. as I said^. 103 13 quemque, each (of the conspirators). — placeret, indir. quest. 103 14 relinqueres, edueeres, delib. subj. in an indir. quest. : § 334, b ( ) ; B. 302 ; G. 265 ; H. 484, v (559, 4) ; H. & B. 103 16 morae, partitive gen. — viverem : subj. in subord. clause in indir. disc. 103 17 equites: these were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius. 103 19 (Sect. 10.) omnia . . . comperi: Cicero's contemporaries made sport of him for using this phrase so often in the case of the con- spirators. 103 22 salutatum: supine; § 302 ( ) ; B. 340, i; G. 435 ; H. 546 (633); H.&B. . All prominent citizens were accustomed to hold a kind of morning reception (cf. "the king's levee''^) to which their friends and dependents came to bid them good morning and to escort them to the Forum. — eum . . . venissent: best translated hy zuhen, etc. 103 23 id temporis, at that very time: §§ 216, a, 3, 240 ( ); B. 201, 2, 185, 2; G. 336, N.2, 369; H. 378, 2, 397, 3 (416, 2, 442); H.&B. 103 24 praedixeram : Cicero had thus put on record, as it were, the fact that he was acquainted with the details of the conspiracy. First Oration against Catiline 311 103 27 desiderant, have been wanting: § 276, a { ) : B. 259, 4; G. 230 ; 11. 467, 2 (532, 2) ; H. & B. 103 28 si minus (sc. omnes), if not. II. HoRTATio (Chaps. V-X) Chaps. V-VII. Why does not Catiline leave the city? Life there should be intolerable to him. He is feared and hated by all good citizens. His native city begs him to be gone. 103 30 murmus, i.e. city wall (cf. parietibus, tualis of a house, sect. 6). — intersit: § 3H ( ); ^- 3io» ii ; G. 573; H. 513, i (587); H. & B. 000, o. 103 31 non feram, etc. : the same idea is repeated for emphasis, but, for variety, different words are used. 103 32 (Sect, ii.) atque, and particularly. — huic, i.e. in whose temple we are met. ^ 104 1 Statori (sto) : the one who causes to stand firm. The temple to Jupiter Stator was vowed by Romulus when his troops were giving way, and built upon the spot where their flight was stayed. The remains of this temple have been recently discovered on the Palatine, near the Arch of Titus. 104 3 in uno homine, by one man (Catiline) ; lit. in the case of one juan. 104 7 proximis: the consular election was usually held in July; but in this year, on account of the disturbed condition of things, it did not take place until Oct. 28. — in Campo : the comitia centuriata, in which the higher magistrates were elected, were held in the Campus Martius, or military parade-ground, north of the city. This is the space covered by the main part of modern Rome. 104 8 competitores : Catiline's successful competitors were D. Silanus and L. Murena. 104 9 copiis, i.e. persons in the employ of his friends, — slaves and hired retainers. — nullo . . . concita.tO, without exciting {a. very common way of expressing this idiom in Latin). 104 11 videbam, / saw all along (observe the force of the imperf.). 104 12 (Sect, 12.) nunc iam, now at length. 104 16 huius imperi, i.e. that which I now possess : namely, that con- ferred upon the consuls by the special decree of the Senate dent operam, etc. (see note on p. 100, 1. 12). Without this decree they possessed impe- 3 1 2 Notes riiD/i, it is true, but it was limited (in the city) by special privileges of Roman citizens, 104 20 tu : opposed to comitum, 104 22 sentina rei T^vibliCdiQ, polUical rabble ; or, keeping the original figure, we might say, bilge-water of the ship of state. 104 24 (Sect. 13.) faciebas, were on the point of doing : § 277, c ( ) ; B. 260, 3 ; G. 233 ; H. 469, I (534, 2) ; H. & B. 104 25 hostem, a ptiblic enemy, whom the consul would have the right to expel from the city. — non iubeo : Cicero avoids the appearance of ordering a citizen to go into exile, since that was something which the consul had no right to do. 104 27 iam, longer. 104 29 metuat: cf. note on cogitent, p. 103, 1. 9. 104 30 privatarum rerum, /// private life, i.e. intercourse with others out of the family (distinguished from domesticae, above). 105 2 quern . . . inretisses, i.e. after entangling, etc. (subj. of char- acteristic). — ferrum . . . facem, i.e. arm him f(^ acts of violence, or in- flame him to deeds of lust. 105 3 (Sect. 14.) o^i^ytxo, and say ! 105 4 novis nuptiis, etc. : this crime is mentioned by no other writer, and is perhaps one of the orator's exaggerations. 105 5 alio . . . scelere : Sallust mentions, as a matter of common belief, that Catiline killed his own son, in order to gratify his new wife Aurelia Orestilla, "a woman praised for nothing but beauty." 105 8 ruinas : this charge was undoubtedly correct. The conspiracy was mainly composed of men of ruined fortunes, who hoped to better themselves in the general scramble of a revolution. 105 9 Idibus: the Calends and Ides — the beginning and middle of the month — were the usual times for the payment of debts. Catiline's failure in his consular canvass had probably stirred up his creditors to push him for payment. 105 14 (Sect. 15.) cum: causal, but best translated by Tc/^t-w. 105 15 prid. Kalendas lanuarias, etc. : Dec. 31, b.c. 64. The act here mentioned seems to have been in preparation for a rising that had been planned by Catiline for the next day, Jan. I, B.C. 63. On this day the consuls Cotta and Torquatus entered upon their office, and it was the intention of CatiUne to take advantage of their inauguration to murder them and seize the government. The plot got whispered about, and its execution was put off to Feb. 5, when it failed again through Catiline's precipitancy in giving the word. First Oration agaiiist Catiline. 313 105 1C> cum telo (a technical expression), zueapon in hand. 105 17 manum: a band (of assassins). — interficiendorum causa: § 29S, r ( ) ; G. 428, R.2 ; H. & B. 105 18 mentem aliquam, some change of juind. 105 20 aut . . . aut, etc., either ohscitre or few. 105 21 non multa, etc., i.e. they were too well known to need reca- pitulation, and too numerous to admit of it. — COmmissa, which you have perpetrated. 105 23 petitiones, thrusts, the word regularly used for the attack of a gladiator. Cicero uses this and similar terms as an affront to Catiline. — ita coniectas, etc., so aimed that they seemed impossible to be shunned. The Latin has no adj. for " impossil^le." 105 24 COrpore, i.e. dodging with the body (a common colloquialism, — hence ut aiunt). 105 26 (Sect. 16.) tibi (dative of reference), etc., w;vj/i?<://;'c'/;/j't^/, — ///a/, etc. 106 6 subsellia : undoubtedly wooden benches brought in for the occasion. 106 7 consulares : these voted as a class, and probably sat together. Catiline, as ■z. praetorius, no doubt sat in their neighborhood. 106 10 ferendum [esse] is the pred. of the clause quod . . . reli- querunt. 106 10 (Sect. 17.) servi : emphatic, and hence preceding si. 106 13 iniuria, unjustly, rvrongfully. 106 14 carere aspectu, be deprived of the sight of. 106 20 d\\c\y\.0 ZQ>ViZt^^Xt%, 7vould retire somewhere. — nunc: opposed to the cont. to fact si, etc. 106 22 te nihil . . . cogitare, that you think of nothing (depending 314 Notes on iudicat). — iudicat : for tense, see § 276, a (^ ) ; B. 259, 4; G. 230 ; H. 467, 2 (532, 2) ; H. & B. 106 23 auctoritatem, etc : observe the climax in both nouns and verbs. 106 25 (Sect. 18.) quae (i.e. patria) . . . agit, she thus pleads wi/h yon. 106 2G annis : § 256, /> { ) ; B, 231, i ; G. 393, r.^ ; H. 379, i (417, I and 2) ; H. & B. 106 28 sociorum, i.e. the allied cities of the province of Africa, which Catiline had governed as proprietor, B.C. 67. 106 29 leges et quaestiones, i.e. in his lawless career both as praetor in Rome and as propraetor in Africa. — neglegendas implies only evasion ; evertendas, violence. 106 30 superiora ilia, those for /ner crimes of yours. 106 32 me . . . esse, etc. : this and the two following infin. clauses (Catilinam timeri and nullum videri . . . consilium) are subj. of est ferendum ; posse depends on videri. — quicquid increpuerit, subjunc. of integral part ; § 342 ( ) ; B. 324, i ; G. 663, I ; H. 529, ii (652) ; II. e^- B. 107 2 abhorreat (subj. oi c\\?iX2,c\.Q.x\?,\\c), is inconsistent ivitJi. 107 3 hunc . . . eripe, rescue me from, etc., lit. snatch it from me; i; 229 ( ) ; B. 188, 2, d; G. 345, R.i; H. 386, 2 (429, 2) ; H. cS: B. 000, o. 107 4 ne opprimar : § 306, '''>!( ); B-332, '^; G. 528, R.2; 11.534, I, N.i (611, N.i); H. & B. 107 19 (Sect. 20.) Two courses were open to Catiline, — to leave the city or to run his chances of being put to death. If he left the city, he could, of course, either join his accomplice Manlius in the insurgent camp at Fffisuke, or abandon his projects and go into voluntary exile. Appar- ently some of the Senators had privately urged him to adopt the latter alternative, promising, in that case, that all proceedings should be dropped, and Catiline, though rejecting their advice, had declared that he would not refuse to obey a senatus-consultum decreeing his banishment. Such a decree would, however, have been favorable to Catiline's plans, for, since he had not been formally^brought to trial, he would have been able to pose as an injured citizen exiled by an arbitrary aristocratic party. Hence Cicero refuses to put the question to the Senate, though he asserts there could be no doubt about the result. By taking this course Cicero forced Catiline to make his intentions plain by the overt act of leaving the city of his own accord and hastening to the camp of Manlius. 107 23 refer ad senatum : the technical term for the action of the presiding officer (regularly the consul) in bringing a matter before the Senate for action. See general Introduction, p. Ivii. — si, etc.: fut. cond. in indir. disc. 107 24 placere (sc. sibi) : the subj. is te . . . exsilium. 107 25 abhorret, is contrary to : because the Senate would have no legal power to pronounce such a judgment. 3i6 Notes 107 26 faciam ut, etc. : § 332 ( ) ; B. 297, i ; G. 553, i ; H. 498, ii (568); H. & B. ; to make the feelings of the Senate clear, Cicero formally commands Catiline to leave the city (egredere, etc.) ; then pauses to allow the Senators a chance to protest, and then points out that no objections are heard. 107 29 ecquid attendis, are you listening? The adverbial ecquid {at all) can hardly be idiomatically rendered, but gives an emphasis to the question. 107 30 patiuntur, they tolerate this, i.e. they make no objection to this extreme exercise of authority on my part. — quid, etc.: why do you zv ait for those to express their opinion in words whose wishes you see clearly by their silence? The Latin idiom is quite different : why do you wait for the expressed opinion (auctoritatem) of [those] speaking whose ivishes you see [when] silent? 107 32 (Sect. 21.) huic, this . . . here: the demonstrative pronouns are often thus employed in the so-called deictic use, accompanied by a gesture. — Sestio : a member of the aristocratic party whom Cicero after- wards defended in one of his greatest orations. 108 1 M. Marcello : a prominent member of the aristocracy, consul B.C. 51 ; not to be confounded with the person of the same name men- tioned in sect. 19. He took a leading part in the Civil War against Ccesar, and was afterwards defended by Cicero (see p. 213). — iam, by this time. — COnsuli, consul as I am. 108 2 in templo, i.e. notwithstanding the sacredness of the place. — vim et manus (hendiadys), violent hands. 108 3 cum quiescunt, i.e. by keeping quiet : § 326, a { ) ; G. 582 ; H. 517, 2; H. .^ B. 108 5 videlicet cara, alluding to his demand to have the matter sub- mitted to the Senate. 108 8 voces, cries (of the crowd outside). 108 10 haec (with a gesture, cf. huic, sect. 21, first note), i.e. all that is round us, the city, etc. 108 12 prosequantur, escort. It was the custom for those who were going into voluntary exile to be thus accompanied to the gate by their friends. Cicero sarcastically declares that, if Catiline will depart, the whole Senate will be so glad to be rid of him as to forget his crimes and pay him this honor. 108 13 (Sect. 22.) te ut . . . frangat, i.e. break down your stubborn- ness (purpose clause after loquor ; though it may be an exclam. clause with ut : § 332, c{ ) ; G. 558 ; H. 486, ii, N. (559, 5) ; H. & B. First Oration agaijist Catiline 317 108 15 uti nam . . . duint : § 267, b { ) ; cf. E. 279 ; G. 201 ; H. 483, I (559, i); H. & B. ; for form, see § 128, e'- \ B, 127, 2; G, 130, 4 ; H. 240, 3 (244, 3); H. & B. 108 16 ire: § 271, « ( ); B. 295, 4, n. ; G. 532, and R."- ; H. 498, i,N. (565,5); H. &B. 108 18 recenti memoria (abl. of time) : translate by a while clause. 108 19 est tanti, it is worth the cost : § 252, cz ( ); cf. B. 203, 3; G. 380, I, R.; H. 405 (448, 4) ; H. & B. 108 20 sit: §3i4( ); B. 310, li ; G. 573; 1^.513,1(587); H. &B. 108 21 ut . . . commoveare, etc., subj. of est postulandum : § 331, /^ ( ) ; cf. B. 295 ; G. 546, I ; H. 499, 3 (564, ii) ; H. & B. 108 23 is es . . . ut : § 319, I, R. ( ) ; B. 284, I ; G. 552 ; H. 500, ii (570) ; H. & B. 108 26 (Sect. 23.) inimico,«/rzV«/f ^//d'wr, thus attributing to Cicero personal motives of opposition. 108 27 recta {^cyid^), straightway. — vix feram, etc.: for Catiline's going into voluntary exile would tend to prove that he was innocent and had been persecuted by the consul (see note on p. 107, 1. 19). 108 29 sin autem, etc. : Catiline's going to Manlius would prove his guilt and show the wisdom of Cicero's action. 109 1 latrocinio, brigandage, i.e. partisan warfare, as opposed to a regular war {iustum belluni). 109 3 (Sect. 24.) quamquam, ^z;/^/ iv/ .■ § 3i3,/( ); B. 309, 5 ; G. 605, R.2; H. 515, iii, N- (586, 4); H. & B. ; cf. the same use of quamquam, p. 108, 1. 13, and of tametsi, p. 108, 1. 16. — invitem: § 268 ( ); B. 277; G.265; H. 486, ii (557); H. & B. . — sciam: characteristic subj. 109 4 Forum Aurelium: a small place on the Via Aurelia, about fifty miles from Rome. The Via Aurelia was the road which led along the sea-coast of Etruria, by which Catiline left the city the following night. — praestolarentur : rel. clause of purpose. 109 6 aquilam : the silver eagle had been adopted by Marius as the standard of the legion, and the eagle in question was said to have been actually used in the army of Marius. 109 8 sacrarium : it was customary in Roman houses to have a little shrine (see Fig. 27) for the worship of the lares and other protecting divin- ities. Doubtless Catiline was believed to have placed this eagle in such a shrine as an object of superstitious worship. 109 9 ut possis : exclam. jlause with ut (see note on p. 108, 1. 13). 318 Notes 109 13 (Sect. 25.) rapiebat : § 277 /^ ( ) ; B. 260, 4 ; H.& B. the imperf. is used instead of the pres. because the action is conceived of as ceasing at the moment when Cicero discovered the plot. 109 14 haec res, i.e. leav- ing the city as an enemy and taking up arms. 109 16 non modo, to say nothing of; § 209, «, I ( ) ; B. 347, 2 ; G. 445 ; 11.553,2(656,2); H.&B. 000, o. 109 18 atque connects perditis and derelictis ; ab connects fortuna and spe with derelictis. 109 19 conflatam, i-jin together (like molten metal). 109 19 (Sect. 26.) hie, i.e. in this band. 109 21 bacchabere, ivill revel. To a Roman the word suggested the wild orgies of the frenzied Bacchanals, so that it is much stronger than our revel, which in course of time has be- come rather vague: cf. ^neid, iv. 301 (and illustrations). 109 23 meditati sunt, have been practised ; feruntur, are talked about. — labores : cf. Sallust's Catiline^ ch. v : L. Catilina nobili genere natus fuit, jnagna vi et animi et corporis, sed ingenio mala pravoque. Huic ab adulescentia bella intestina caedes rapinae discordia civilis grata fuere ibique iuventutem suajn exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae algoris vigiliae supra quaf?i ciiiquam credibile est. 109 25 facinus, deed of violence, contrasted with stuprum, debauchery ; just as bonis otiosorum, property of peaceful citizeits, is with somno mari- torum, the repose of htisbands. 109 26 ubi ostentes (purpose clause), opportu7iity to display (lit. a place, ivhere, etc.). 109 29 (Sect. 27.) reppuli: § 323, i ( ); B. 288, \,a; G. 580 ; H. 521, i (600); H. & B. . Cicero here takes credit to himself for using his influence as consul to defeat the election of Catiline. First Oration against Catiline 319 109 30 exsul, consul: observe the play upon words (see Vocab.). 109 32 latrocinium : cf. note on latrocinio, 1. i, above. III. Peroratio (Chaps. XI-XIII) Chaps. XI-XIII. The consul may be charged with remissness ; but he has been biding his time. For halfway measures would have been useless. Appeal to Jupiter to save Rome. 110 2 querimoniam, i.e. for not having suppressed the eonspiracy more vigorously. — detester ac deprecer (construed with a me, above), remove by protest and plea. 110 4 patria : the personified patria is dramatically introduced as accusing Cicero of remissness in letting Catiline go unharmed. 110 6 M. TuUi (voc.) : the regular way of formal address ; the use of the family name (^Cicero) is more familiar. 110 9 evocatorem servorum, a summoncr of slaves, i.e. to enhst under him against the state. To the Romans (as to all peoples who, having a large slave population, are in constant fear of servile revolts) such an accu- sation was the most violent reproach conceivable. 110 12 duel, rapi, mactari : § 331, ?i-^ ominibus, prospects. What Cicero has just said (p. 112, 11. 11-16) makes the omen under which Catiline is to depart, — an omen of good for the state, but of evil for him. 113 4 luppiter : thus the oration closes with a prayer to Jupiter Stator, in whose temple the Senate was now assembled. 113 6 Statorem, the Stay. The name was apparently first given to Jupiter as the Stayer (sto, sisto) of flight (see note to sect. 11, p. 104, 1. i), but it is here applied to him as the Stay (supporter) of the Roman state, a meaning which the word may well have from its derivation. 113 8 arcebis, used as a mild imperative ; § 269,/ ( ) ; B. 261, 3 ; G. 265I ; H. 487, 4 (560, 4, N.) ; H. cS: B. 113 latrones : cf. latrocinium in sect. 27 (p. 109, 1. 32). 322 Notes SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE ARGUMENT Pars I. Chap. i. Catiline is gone : the city breathes again; there is now open war, and no longer a concealed intestine conflict. — 2. He ought to have been put to death ; but all were not convinced : now, his guilt is manifest. — 3. His worthless partisans remain at Rome ; but they are powerless, being closely watched. — 4. Let them follow him. He was the leader of all scoundrels and profligates. — 5. His associates are desperate but contemptible; let them depart or take the consequences. — Pa7-s II. 6, 7. Catiline is not in exile ; he has joined his army. Men say the consul has driven him into exile : would the charge were true ! — Pars HI. 8-10. Character of Catiline's partisans : (i) rich men in debt ; (ii) men eager for power and wealth ; (iii) Sulla's veterans ; (iv) ruined men, hoping for any change ; (v) criminals ; (vi) profligates and debauchees, men of Catiline's own stamp. — ii. Superiority of the patriot forces arrayed against them. — Peroratio. 12. Citizens need not fear; the consul will protect the state. The conspirators warned. — 13. There shall be no disturbance : the people may trust in the gods. I. Pars Prima (§§ i-ii) Sects. 1-4. Catiline is gone. He ought to have been put to death : but the time was not ripe, for all were not convinced of his guilt. Page 113. Line 15. (Sect, i.) eiecimus, expelled (with violence) ; emisimus, let [him] go. The words vel . . . vel {or, if you like) imply that the same act may be called by either name. — ipsum, of his own accord. 113 16 verbis prosecuti may apply as well to kind words of dismissal as to invective. — abiit, simply, is gone ; excessit, has retreated before the storm ; evasit, has escaped by stealth ; erupit, has brokefi forth with vio- lence, — a climax of expression, but nearly identical in sense. 114 1 moenibus (dat. following comparabitur), against, etc. — atque (adding with emphasis), and so. — hunc quidem, hitn at any rate. 114 2 sine controversia, zuithout dispute = unquestionably. 114 3 versabitur, zvill be busy. 114 4 campo, foro, curia, parietes : observe the narrowing climax. 114 5 loco motus est, he lost his vantage-ground : a military expres- Second Oration against Catiline 323 sion, hence the simple abl. ; § 258, a, N.^ ( ) ; cf. B. 229, i ; G. 390, 2, n;^; H. 414, ii (463) ; H. & B. 114 G nuUo impediente, i.e. his defenders till now could screen him by forms of law. 114 7 iustum (if retained in the text), rei^tdar, in due for di; cf. note on latrocinium, p. 109, 1. i. 114 9 (Sect. 2.) quod . . . extulit, etc. : § t,t,t^, /v ( * ) ; B. 331, V, rt ; G. 542 ; H. 540, iv, N. (588, i) ; H. & B. 114 10 cruentum (pred.), reeking ivith blood. — vivis nobis (abl. abs), Reaving us alive. 114 12 civis : ace. plur, 114 13 iacet, etc., lies prostrate, etc. 114 15 retorquet oculos begins the figure of a wild beast, which is continued in faucibus. — profecto, no doid>t. 114 IG quae quidem, which really. 114 17 quod . . . proiecerit : see note on quod extulit, 1. 9, above ; for mood, see § 341, d (^ ) ; B. 323 ; G. 541 ; II. 516, ii (588, ii) ; H. & B. . — 114 19 (Sect. 3.) For the contents of this and the following section, cf. Cat. i., sects. 27, 28, where the supposed complaint against Cicero for not having put Catiline to death and his reply to it are given at greater length. — qualis omnis : ace. plur. — oportebat : § 311, f ( ); B. 304, 3, a; G. 254 R.2; H. 511, I, N.3 (583) ; H. & B. 114 20 qui . . . accuset, as to accuse : § 320 ( ) ; B. 283, i ; G. 631, 2; H. 503,1 (591, I); H. &B. 114 22 ista : for gender, see § 195, <:/ ( ) ; cf. B. 250, 3 ; G. 211, R.5 ; H. 445, 4 (396, 2) ; H. & B. 114 23 interfectum esse : § 288, d{ ) ; B. 270, 2, a; G. 280, r."-^ ; H. & B. ; observe the emphatic position. 114 24 oportebat: for tense, see note on Cat. i., p. 100, 1. 13. 114 25 huius imperi : see note on Cat. i., p. 104, 1. 16. — res pub- lica, the public interest. 114 27 quam multOS, etc. : the passages in brackets are probably spurious ; it will be observed that they merely repeat the preceding state- ment in each case. 115 1 (Sect. 4.) cum (causal) viderem, seeing ; its obj. is fore ut . . . possem (which is the apod, of si multassem) : § 288, /( ); B. 270, 3 ; G. 248 ; H. 537, 3 (619, 2) ; II, & B. . — ne . . . probata: nearly equivalent to cum ne vos quidem . . . probaretis; implying that \i they do not sustain the act, much less will the people at large. 324 Notes 115 2 multassem: for fut. perf. of direct; § 337, 3 ( ) ; B. 319, B; G. 657, 5; H. 527, i (646); H. & B. . — fore ut, the result would be that, etc. 115 4 ut . . . possetis, result clause explaining hue. 115 5 videretis : § 342 ( ) ; B. 324, i ; G. 663, i ; H. 529, ii (652) ; H. & B. ; if not dependent on possetis, it would be videbitis. — quern quidSm, whom, by the ivay. 115 6 intellegatis: § 331, i { ); B. 295, 6 ; G. 553, 2 ; H. 499, 3(564,11, I); H.&B. 115 7 quod . . . exierit: § 341, d { ); B. 323; G. 539; H. 516^ ii (588, 11); H. & B. 115 9 mihi: eth. dat.; § 236 ( ) ; B. 188, 2, b ; G. 35 1 ; H. 389 (432); H. & B. ; as if, " I notice." 115 10 aes alienum, etc., i.e. petty debts run up in cook-shops and the like ; not like the heavy mortgages spoken of afterwards. 115 11 reliquit : notice the emphatic position. 115 12 quos viros : for a characterization of Catiline's partisans, see sects. 18-23. Sects. 5-11. His worthless partisans remain at Rome, but are powerless : let them follow him. He was the ringleader of all scoun- drels and profligates. Let his associates depart or take the con- sequences. 115 14 (Sect. 5.) prae, in cowparison with. — Gallicanis, i.e. those permanently stationed in Cisalpine Gaul. The ager Galliciis below was that strip of sea-coast north of Picenum formerly occupied by the Senones, but at this time reckoned a part of Umbria. 115 15 hoc dilectu, refers to a levy recently raised. — Q. Metellus (Celer) : see note on Cat. i., sect. 19, p. 107, 1. 13. 115 17 senibus, etc., i.e. those classes who naturally look forward to a revolution to mend their fortunes. 115 18 luxuria = high-li^'ers : abstract for concrete, as common in Latin and older English ; cf. Shakspere, All's Well, ii. i. 91 : "Bring in the admiration" (i.e. this wonderful person). 115 19 vadimonia deserere, desert their bondsmen, i.e. leave them in the lurch in their creditors' suits. 115 21 edictum praetoris, in effect like a sheriff's writ. Any official order of a magistrate w-as an edictum. 115 22 hos, as opposed to those he did take out. 115 24 fulgent purpura, i.e. displaying their rank as Senators, w^ho Second Oi'aiion against Catiline 325 alone had the right to wear the broad purple stripe (flatus clavus) on the tunic. The reference, therefore, is to foppish young nobles. — mallem : § 311, /; ( ) ; B. 280, 4 ; G. 258, and N.i ; H. 486, i (556) ; H. & B. . — eduxisset: § 331, f, r. ( ); B. 295, 8 ; G. 546, r.^; H. 499, 2 (565, 2) ; H. & B. . — si . . . permanent : a future condition ; § 307, a, N. ( ); G. 228; H. 467, 5 (533, 2); H. & B. , 115 25 mementote, i.e. let them remember that they are objects of suspicion and shall be watched accordingly. 115 27 atque hoc, etc., i.e. their effrontery makes them still more a cause for alarm. 115 28 (Sect. 6.) video, i.e. I know perfectly well. 115 29 cui sit, etc. : cf. Cat. i., sect. 9. 115 31 superioris noctis, i.e. three nights ago. 116 3 ne, surely : an affirmative particle sometimes wrongly spelled nae. 116 5 ut . . . videretis : clause of result explaining quod. 116 7 nisi vero : ironical (as usual), introducing a reductio ad absur- dwn. (The si only doubles that in nisi.) 116 8 non . . . iam, no longer. 116 11 Aurelia via : see Cat. i., sect. 24. 116 13 (Sect. 7.) rem publicam: § 240, <-/ ( ); B. 183; G. 343, I; H, 381 (421); H.& B. . — sentinam, refuse (see Cat. i., p. 104, 1. 22). 116 14 eiecerit : the conclusion is implied in fortunatam. — ex- hausto, drained off {ci. sentina). 116 15 recreata, invigorated. 116 17 tota Italia: § 258, / 2 ( ); B. 228, i, b; G. 388; H. 425, 2 (485, I); H. & B. 116 18 subiector, forger ; circumscriptor, sxvindler. 116 21 perditus, abandoned wretch. 116 22 hosce: § loi, footnote ( ) ; B. 87, footnote 2 ; G. 104, i, N.i; H. 186, I (178, 2); H. &B. 117 3 (Sect. 8.) asciverit : for tense, see § 287, r ( ) ; B. 268, 6; G. 513; H.495. vi (550); H. &B. 117 4 (Sect. 9.) ut . . . possitis : § 317, c { ) ; B. 282,4; G. 545, R.3; cf. H. 499, 2, N. (568, 4) ; H. & B. . — diversa studia. In another passage (Gael, xiii) Cicero ascribes to Catiline: Cum tristibus severe, cum remissis iucunde, cum senibus graviter, cum iuventute comiter, cum facinorosis audaciter, cujh libidinosis luxuriose vivere. — in dissimili ratione, in different directions. 326 Notes 117 5 ludo, the regular /rtf////;;^-.rt//\vidiVtiyiVi\, enctimbered. — XQS, property ; ^diGS, credit. 117 21 libido, i.e. luxurious habits and tastes. 117 23 quidem (concessive), no doubt. 117 24 homines, viris : observe the difference in sense, 117 2G mihi : the ethical dat. gives the phrase a familiar and con- temptuous turn which may be reproduced in English hy forsooth. 117 28 obliti: observe the quantity. 117 29 caedem, etc. : notice the strong contrast between the character of these worn-out debauchees and the sanguinary nature of their threats. 117 31 (Sect, it.) instare, is close at hand; plane merely emphasizes the idea of the verb. 118 2 propagarit : for tense, see § 307, c, r. ( ) ; G. 595, n.^; H. 473 (540); H.e\:B. 118 3 pertimescamus, possit: subj. of characteristic. 118 5 unius : Pompey, just returning from his triumphs in the East. 118 10 quacumque ratione, ^c. fieri potest. 118 11 resecanda erunt, shall need the knife (lit. must be cut azvay) : the figure is derived from surgery. 118 12 si . . . permanent: § 307, a, n. ( ) ; G. 228 ; H. 467, 5(533,2); H.&B. 118 13 exspectent: hort. subj. in apod.; § 307, ^/ ( ); B. 305, 2; G. 595 ; H. 508, 4 (580) ; H. & B. Second Oration against Catiline 327 II. Pars Secunda (§§ 12-16) Sects. 12-16. Catiline is not in exile: he has joined his hostile army. Men say the consul has driven him into banishment ; would the charge were true ! 118 14 (Sect. 12.) etiam, still (after all that has been done). 118 15 quod, obj. of adsequi, if I could effect it (referring to ipsos, etc.), i.e. their expulsion. 118 17 enim, i.e. the idea is absurd, as is implied in the irony follow- 118 19 quid, tell me: i.e. "is that possible ?" in view of the circum- stances, which he proceeds to narrate. — hestemo die qualifies convocavi. 118 21 detuli: technical term for laying a matter before the Senate; cf. referre (ad senatum) in the Vocal )ulary. 118 L's (Sect. 13.) quaesivi, etc.: see Cat. i., sect. 9. ); B. 162, 4; C;. 459; II. 353, ); B. 189, 2; G. 354; H. aquilam: see 118 29 necne: § 211, d ( (380, I); II. & B. 118 u2 ei : dat. of agent; § 232, a ( 388, I (431,2); H.&B. 119 1 teneretur, zvas caught. 119 2 pararet: for plup. (see note on Cat. i., p. 100, 1. 13). — securis, f ascis : the use of these signified that Catiline intended to assume the authority and imperium of consul (see Fig. 25, p. 290). 119 3 signa militaria: see Fig. 28 (from cuius). Cat. i., p. 109, 1. 6, and note. 119 5 (Sect. 14.) eiciebam : co- native imperf. ; § 277,^ ( ) ; B. 260, 3 ; G. 233 ; H. 469, I (534, 2) ; H. & B. 119 6 credo : ironical, as very often in this parenthetical use. 119 8 suo nomine, i.e. not by Catiline's order; the whole is, of course, ironical, as is already indicated by credo. 119 10 Massiliam : Marseilles, an ancient Greek city of Gaul, always faithful and friendly to Rome. It was a favorite place of sojourn for Romans who went into voluntary exile. 119 11 condicionem, tejnns. 119 12 nunc, even now. 328 Notes 119 14 pertimuerit, take alarm. 119 18 spe conatuque : referring of course to his treasonable hopes and designs. 119 22 (SEcr. 15.) est mihi tanti, it is -vorih my ivhile : § 252, a ( ) ; cf. B. 203, 3 ; G. 380, I, K. ; H. 404 (448) ; H. & B. 119 25 depellatur : § 3H ( ); B. 310, ii ; G. 573; H. 513, i (587) ; H. lS: B. . — sane (concessive), if you like (see Vocab.). 119 28 invidiae, etc. : rather than have his predictions verified in this way, Cicero prefers the unjust odium of having arbitrarily driven out Cati- line to exile. 119 31 aliquando, some day. — quod . . . emiserim : § 341, d { ) ; B. 323; G. 541 ; H. 516, ii (588, ii); H. & B. . — emiserim . . . eiecerim, let him go . . . drove him out. 120 2 si interfectus, etc. : he thus adroitly excuses himself to those vv^ho would have preferred harsher measures. Notice the identity in sound in pro-fectus, inter-fectus, and observe how the argument a fortiori is brought out by the exact antithesis. 120 3 (Sect. 16.) quamquam (corrective), and yet. 120 4 dictitant : notice the frequentative. 120 5 nemo, Jiot a man. — misericors : his going to Manlius was his inevitable ruin, and yet, for all their pity, they still wished him to go. 120 8 latrocinantem, in partisan warfare (see note on p. 109. 1. l). — vivere: § 336, c, n.^ ( ); G. 644, r.^, b; cf. H. 535, i, 6 (613,7); H.&B. 120 10 vivis nobis, i.e. without assassinating me. III. Pars Tertia (§§ 17-25) Sects. 17-23. Character of Catiline's partisans : (i) rich men in debt (sect. 18) ; (ii) men eager for power and wealth (sect. 19) ; (iii) old soldiers of Sulla (sect. 20); (iv) rui led debtors (sect. 21); (v) cutthroats and criminals (sect. 22); (vi) debauchees (sects. 22, 23). 120 17 (Sect. 17.) sanare : cf. note* on vivere, 1. 8, above. — sibi, for their ozvn good: for reflexive, see § 196, c, N. ( ); G. 520; H. & B. . — placare, gain over. 120 20 comparentur, are made up. — singulis, to them one by one. 120 21 si quam, sc. adferre. 120 22 (Sect. 18.) est eorum, consists of those (pred. gen.). 120 23 possessiones, landed property. Secojtd Oration against Catiline 329 120 23 dissolvi, sc. a possessionihus : i.e. although they might pay their debts by the sale of their estates, they cannot make up their minds to do so. 120 25 voluntas et causa, their purposes and claims, i.e. their posi- tion before the world. 120 26 tu : the use of the singular, as if he were addressing one of these men directly, gives point to his reproach of the whole class. 120 27 sis : § 268 ( ) ; B. 277 ; G. 466 ; H. 484, v (559, 4) ; H. & B. 120 30 tuas: emphatic. — tabulas novas, nerv accounts, i.e. a general scaling down of debts by legislative enactment, such as that, B.C. 86, *' which reduced every private claim to the fourth part of its nominal amount, and cancelled three-fourths in favor of the debtors." 121 2 auctionariae : a forced sale of their estates would give them " new accounts" {tabulae) by reducing their debts ; auctionariae [tabulae] would be the placards advertising the sale in question. 121 4 quod, obj. of facere, relating to the forced sale. — neque, and not, connects facere and certare. 121 5 certare cum usuris, struggle to meet the interest : § 248, b ( ); II. 419, i^; H. & B. , — fructibus: abl. of means. 121 6 uteremur, 2ve should find. 121 7 hos-ce : more emphatic than hos. 121 9 vota facturi, likely to offer prayers, i.e. they will confine them- selves to sympathizing with Catiline's revolt ; no active cooperation with him need be feared from them. 121 11 (Sect. 19.) premuntur: notice the emphasis, — this class is insolvent ; the former class is heavily in debt, but has resources. 121 13 quieta re publica : no poor man could hope to gain political prominence at Rome in ordinary times ; these men therefore look to anarchy to achieve their political ends. 121 15 scilicet, in fact. 121 16 desperent, have no hope. 121 17 me . . . vigilare, etc., indir. disc, dependent on the idea of saying imphed in praecipiendum : § 336, n.2 ( ) ; G. 652, r., 2 ; H. 523, i, N. (642, i) ; H. & B. 121 18 magnos animos : see Vocab. under animus. 121 22 praesentis agrees with deOS: willbe at hand, and, etc. 121 23 quod si, notu if (as often). The quod is merely adverbial ace. : § 240, b { ) ; B. 185, 2 ; G. 610, R.2 ; H. 378, 2 (416, 2) ; H. & B. ; not like quod in 1. 4, above. — iam, at once. — sint . . . adepti : 330 Notes fut. cond. less vivid. — cum summo furore : § 248, n. ( ) ; G. 399 ; H.419, iii, N.i (473, 3, N-); H. &B. 121 2G non vident, don't they see? § 210, h { ) ; B. 162, 2, d; G.453; H. 351, 3 (378,1); H.&B. 121 27 adepti sint, for the fut, perf. indie, of the direct disc. — fugi- tive, i.e. one of their own slaves ; for, vv^hen law is overthrown, brute force will control all. 121 28 sit necesse : § 307, rt' ( ); G. 595; H. 508, 4 (580); H. cV B. 121 31 (Sect. 20.) ex eis COloniis : Sulla rewarded his veterans (120,000 in number) by liberal grants of land, partly in nniiiicipia already existing, partly in new colonies which he founded for them. 122 1 universas, as a whole ; civium esse, consist of, etc. 122 2 ei sunt COloni, these are colonists of this sort (as opposed to the general character of the colonies, which Cicero does not wish to impugn). 122 5 beati, men of wealth. 122 7 Sulla, etc., Sulla will have to be raised fro f?i the dead, for they can have no such hope in Catiline. 122 8 a.giQs\.ls, farmers, not Sulla's colonists. 122 9 veterum : alluding to the plunder of the disorderly times follow- ing Sulla's victory over the Marian party. 122 12 illorum temporum, i.e. the times of proscription. 122 18 (Sect. 21.) vacillant, stagger under. — vadimoniis, etc., the three steps in bankruptcy, — bail, judgment, and sale of property ; pro- scriptio is strictly the public notice that property is for sale. 122 21 infitiatores lentos, ^//A^/^rj ^/^/^/t^r^ (lit. ^^«?V;-.y, i.e. persons who avoid payment of their debts by every possible subterfuge). 122 22 stare, keep their feet. 122 23 ita, in such a taay. — non modo, etc. : § 149, consilium, etc. : cf. the proverb, qiievi dens perdere volt, prius defuentat. 137 7 ut introduces the result clause ut . . . neglegerent, with which id is in apposition, the whole forming the subject of esse factum. — gens refers here to the Ciauls as a whole, not to the AUobroges in particular. 137 10 patriciis : the old patricians, though having no special political privileges, still retained considerable prestige as an hereditary aristocracy. Cf. note on Verres, i., sect. I (p. 28, 1. 2). Of the conspirators, Catiline, Lentulus, and Cethegus were jnitricians. 137 12 qui . . . superare potuerint : cf. note on p. 131, 1. 8 ; qui, as subj. of the charact. clause, may be translated by when they. III. Peroratio (§§ 23-29) Sects. 23-25. Citizens exhorted to thanksgiving. 137 14 (Sect. 23.) pulvinaria, shrines : properly cushions, upon which the statues of the gods were laid, when a feast was spread before them. This was called lectisterniuni, and was usually connected with the supplicatio (see note on p. 133, 1. 19). Only certain gods, chiefly Grecian, had pulvinaria, and the rite was established by direction of the Sibylline books (see note, sect. 9). — celebratote : the future imperative is used on account of its reference to a set time in the future ; § 269, d (^ ) ; G. 268, 2; H. 487, ii (560, 4); H. 6c B. . The figure in the text (from an ancient altar relief) represents a procession such as was usual on occasions of this kind. Fig. 37 (from an ancient lamp) shows the images at such a feast. 137 20 duce, i.e. in actual command ; imperatore, i.e. holding the sovereign power, whether actually commanding that particular operation or not. 137 22 (Sect. 24.) dissensiones : for case, see § 219, <5 ( ) ; G. 376, R.2 ; H. 407, N.i (455) ; H. & B. 137 23 p. Sulpicium [Rufum], a young man of remarkable eloquence, a leader in the reforming party among the aristocracy. He was tribune B.C. 88, and his quarrel with C. Caesar was the first act of the Civil War. By his proposition, the command in the Mithridatic War was transferred from 344 Notes Sulla to Marius ; and when Sulla refused to obey, and inarched upon the city, Sulpicius was one of the first victims. 137 27 conlegam : Lucius Cornelius Cinna, the Marian partisan (see note on p. 130, 1. 16). He and Cn. Octavius, a partisan of Sulla, were con- suls B.C. 87, after the departure of Sulla for the East, and in their dissensions the Civil War broke out afresh. The victory of Cinna later recalled Marius from exile. 137 29 lumina : among these were Octavius; C. Caesar (see above), and his brother Lucius ; Q. Catulus, father of the opponent of the Manilian Law (see below) ; i\L Antonius, the great orator ; and the pontifex ??iaxi- mus, Q. Scaevola. 137 30 ultus est : to preserve the emphasis, render, the cruelty, etc., zvas avenged by Sulla. 137 32 dissensit, there zuas a quarrel between, etc. — M. Lepidus, father of the triumvir, was consul B.C. 78 (after Sulla's death), with Q. Catulus, son of the one murdered by Cinna. The scheme of Lepidus to receive the Marian party resulted in a short civil war, in which he was de- feated by his colleague and killed. 138 2 ipsius : he was the victim of his own violence, and therefore less regretted. Sects. 26-29. Cicero asks for no reward except the memory of this day. He relies on the devotion of the citizens, and has no fears for the future. The assembly dismissed. 138 3 (Sect. 25.) tamen, i.e. though these disturbances cost a great many lives, yet they were not so revolutionary as this conspiracy, which has been put down without bloodshed. 138 4 commutandam rem publicam, a change of government. 138 12 quale bellum, a war such as. 138 13 quo in bello : § 200, a ( ); B. 351, 4; G. 615; H. & B. 138 14 omnes, etc., i.e. everybody except the desperate. 138 17 tantum, only so many. 138 18 restitisset (resisto), should survive. 139 8 (Sect. 26.) mutum : such as a statue, for example. 139 12 eandem, diem, etc, the same period of time — eternal as I hope — is p>-olonged, both for the safety of the city, etc. 139 15 duos civis, i.e. Pompey and himself. 139 20 (Sect. 27.) quae, as : § 201,^ ( ). 139 22 isti (contrasted with mihi), refers to illorum (1. 20). Fourth Oration against Catiline 345 139 24 mentes, counsels. 139 27 nihil noceri potest, no harui can he done. 139 30 dignitas, etc., i.e. the majesty of the Roman state will be an invisible safeguard for me ; cf. " the divinity " that " doth hedge a king " (Hamlet, iv. 5. 123). 139 31 conscientiae, etc., i.e. my enemies, conscious of their guilty sympathy with this conspiracy, will, in their attempts to injure me, inevi- tably commit some act which will show them to be traitors to the state. 140 2 (Sect. 28.) ultro, i.e. without waiting to be attacked. 140 3 domesticorum hostium: oxymoron; § 386 ( ) ; B. 375, 2; G. 694; H. 637, xi, 6 (752, 12); H. & B. ; cf. the same figure in Cat. i., sect. 21 (p. 108, 1. 4) : cum tacent, clamant. 140 4 convertit : pres. for fut., as often, especially in protasis, 140 6 obtulerint : subjxmc. of integral part. 140 8 in honore vestro : honor is used here, as usual, to denote external honors (offices) conferred by the people. Holding the consul- ship, he had nothing higher to look forward to. 140 13 (Sect. 29.) conservanda re publica: abl. of means. 140 14 in re publica, in public life. 140 15 virtute non casu, etc., i.e. he will show this l)y such conduct as shall be consistent with this glorious achievement. 141 1 lovem : the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus is shown in the back- ground of the illustration opposite p. 136; the figure in the text at p. 140 is a restoration of this temple. FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE ARGUMENT Chap. i. Exordium. Solicitude of the Senate for Cicero. The ques- tion of the traitors' doom must, however, be settled without regard to such considerations. — Propositio. 2, 3. The Senators need not fear for Cicero. Let them take counsel for the welfare of the state. Enormous guilt of the conspirators. Judgment already rendered by the action of the Senate. The sole question is : What shall be the penalty ? — 4. Silanus proposes death; Csesar, perpetual imprisonment. — 5. Caesar's proposition discussed. — Contentio. 6. Death none too severe a penalty: severity to the con- spirators is mercy to the city. Opinion of L. Caesar. — 7. Severe measures will be supported by the people. — 8. The humblest citizens are stanch, 34t) Notes — 9, The Senators urged to act fearlessly: the consul will not fail them. — > Peroratio. 10. Cicero is undismayed: his fame is secure, whatever happens to him. He has undertaken a perpetual war with the bad elements in the state, but the result is certain. — 11. Then let the Senate dare to act rigorously. As this is the first deliberative oration, delivered in the Senate, con- tained in this collection, it will be well for the student to consult the account of a senatorial debate given in the Introduction, p. Ivii. In the present case — in which the question was what sentence should be passed upon the captured conspirators — the consul elect, D. Junius Silanus, had advised that they be put to death; C. Julius Cassar (as praetor elect), on the contrary, that they be merely kept in custody. At the end of the discussion, Cicero, as presiding consul, gave his views as expressed in the present oration. (For the speeches of Ccesar and Cato, see Sallust, Catiline, chs. 51, 52.) I. Exordium (§§ i, 2) Sects. 1. 2. Solicitude of the Senate for Cicero. But the question of the traitors' doom must be settled without regard to such consid- erations. Page 141. Line 13. (Sect, i.) si haec, etc., i.e. if the consulship has been given me on these terms. 141 14 ut . . . perferrem, subst. clause of purpose in apposition with condicio. 142 2 (Sect. 2.) ego sum ille consul, I am a consul (i.e. that kind of consul). 142 3 aequitas : in the P^orum was the tribunal of the pn^tor who administered justice between citizens. 142 4 campus : see note on Cat. i., sect. 1 1 (p. 104, 1. 7) . — auspiciis : the taking of the auspices always preceded the election. The Roman commonw^ealth was regarded as depending directly upon the will of the gods. Their will was thought to be expressed in signs sent by them {auspicia). These could be observed only under the supervision of the board of Augurs, a body whose duty it was to know the rules of interpretation as a special science called ins aiiguriiim. Most public acts of any kind had to be performed aiispicato, especially the holding of all public assemblies in which business was transacted. Thus the Campus was "consecrated by auspices" every time that the comitia centuriata were held. Fourth Oration against Catiline 347 142 5 auxilium: the Roman Senate, having the management of foreign affairs, was at this time a great court of appeal for subject or friendly nations. 142 7 sedes honoris, i.e. the sella curulis or seat used by the curule magistrates : viz. interrex, dictator, magister equitum, consul, proetor, y\o. 38 censor, and curule aedile. It was like a modern camp-stool without back or sides, with crossed legs of ivory, so that it could be folded up and carried with the magistrate wherever he went. See Fig. 38 (from a Roman coin). 142 8 fuit: we should expect the subj. of characteristic, but the indie, is used (as often) to emphasize \}[i^ fact. 142 11 ut . . . eriperem (1. 15, below) : subst. clause of result, in appos. with exitum (1. 10). 142 14 foedissima, horrible, with the added idea of polluting things sacred. 142 17 fatale: see Cat. iii., sect. 9 (p. 130). 142 18 laeter: § 268 ( ); B. 277 ; G. 466 ; H. 484, v (559, 4) ; H. & B. : apodosis, see § 306, a (^ ) ; G. 595 ; H. 508, 4 (580) ; H. & B. II. Propositio (§§ 3-10) Sects. 3-6. The Senators need not fear for Cicero : they should take counsel for the welfare of the state. Enormous guilt of the conspirators, judgment has been already rendered by the action of the Senate. The sole question is: What shall be the punishment? 142 24 (Sect. 3.) pro eo . . . ac mereor, in proportion as I desei-ve. 142 25 relaturos gratiam, zvill re%vard (" return favor " : cf. habere, agere) . 142 27 immatura : because an ex-consul had reached the highest point of Roman ambition. 142 28 misera : the philosophy of the ancients professed to make them despise death (see Plato, Apologia, and Cicero, Titsc. Quaest. i. — ille ferreus qui, so iron-hearted as (hence movear, subj.) — fratris : his brother Quintus, younger than he, and at this time praetor elect. He served with credit in Caesar's Gallic campaigns. 348 Notes 142 31 neque . . . non, nor can it he but that, etc. ; the two negatives make an affirmative, but with a kind of emphasis which the simple affirma- tive statement could not give. 142 32 uxor: his wife Terentia. — filia : his daughter TuUia, married to C. Calpurnius Piso. Daughters took the gentile name of the father ; see § 8o, ^ ( ) ; G. p. 493 ; H. 649, 4 (354, 9) ; H. & B. . — filius : his son Marcus, now two years old. 143 3 gener: Piso was not yet a member of the Senate, and was probably standing in the lobby. — moveor (emphat., as shown by its posi- tion), I am affected. 143 4 uti sint, [to wish] that, etc. (the verb being implied in moveor) ; pereamus is in the same construction as sint. 143 5 una . . . peste, i.e. by a destruction which is at the same time that of the whole state. 143 9 (Sect. 4.) non Ti. Gracchus, etc. : to preserve the emphasis, render it is not Ti. Gracchus who, etc. For the historical allusions, cf. Cat. i., sects. 3, 4 (p. 100), and notes. 143 10 agrarios : see note on p. 147, 1. 29. 143 11 Memmium: C. Memmius, one of the most upright men of his time ; he was a candidate for the consulship against Glaucia, was mur- dered by instigation of Glaucia and Saturninus (B.C. 100). 143 13 tenentur, are in custody ; to preserve the emphasis we may change the voice, — we have in our hands. — vestram omnium : § 184, d ( ) ; B. 243, 3, « ; G. 321, R.-^ ; H. & B. 143 18 ut . . . nemo : instead of the usual ne quis or ne quisquam ; § 319, d, R., cf. § 105, d, N. ( ) ; G. 543, 4, cf. 317, I ; H. 497, ii, cf. 457 (568, cf. 513) ; H. c\: B. ; because of the following ne . . . quidem. 143 22 (Sect. 5.) iudiciis : their verdict on the conspirators' guilt consisted in the acts recounted in the following clauses. 143 23 gratias egistis : cf. relaturos, p. 142, 1. 25. 143 25 abdicare, etc. : see Cat. iii., sect. 14 (p. 133, 1. 4), and note. 144 1 (Sect. 6.) sed, i.e. though you have in fact decided. — tam- quam integrum, as if an open questioji (i.e. as if you had not already expressed your judgment). 144 2 iudicetis refers to their judgment as a court with respect to the facts ; censeatis, to their view as a pubHc council respecting the punish- ment. 144 3 ilia . . . COnsulis, etc., / 7vill say in advance what belongs to [me as] the consul : i.e. declare the need of instant action; zvhat action, Foiirtli Oration against Catiline 349 it is for the Senate to determine ; for construction, see § 214, ^ ( ); G.366; H. 401 (439); H. &B. 144 4 nova . . . misceri, that a revoliction subversive of the goverji- mentivas on foot; nOva (subj. of misceri) means innovations or tincon- stitutional measures; misceri refers to the disorder which these would produce. 144 5 concitari mali, that evil designs were set in motion. — videbam : for tense, see § 277, b { ) ; B. 260, 4; G. 234; H. 469, 2 (535); H. & B. 144 11 opinione: § 247, b { ); B. 217, 4; G. 398, n.i ; H. 417, I, N.5(47i, 7); H.&B. 144 13 provincias, especially Spain, with which Cn. Piso had had relations. It had not yet become fully reconciled since the overthrow of Sertorius, only eight years before. — sustentando, by forbearance ; pro- latando, by procrastination. 144 14 ratione : abl. of manner. 144 15 placet, sc. vindicare. Sects. 7-10. Silanus proposes death ; Caesar, perpetual imprison- ment. Caesar's proposition discussed. 144 17 (Sect. 7.) haec (with a gesture), all this, i.e. city, citizens, and government. 144 19 amplectitur, adopts. 144 '-'0 pro, /// accordance with. 144 21 versatur in, exhibits. 144 'JT mortem, etc.: a doctrine of the Epicureans, to which sect Coesar and many other eminent Romans belonged. 144 31 et ea : cf. note on p. 136, 1. 17. 144 32 municipiis dispertiri, sc. eos in custodiam. 145 1 iniquitatem, since it might expose them to danger, and it would be unjust to choose among so many; difficultatem, since they might decline the service. 145 3 (Sect. 8.) statueritis: subj. of integral part. 145 4 dignitatis : § 214, ./ ( ) ; cf. B. 198, 3 ; G. 366, r.i ; H. 401, N.- (439, 3); H.&B. . — adiungit, he (Caesar) adds to his proposal. 145 5 niperit: § 341, ^ ( ); cf. B. 323 ; G. 366 ; H. 401 (439); H. & B. . 145 7 sancit, ordains (under penalties). 145 8 per senatum, by an executive decree ; per populum, by a law. 350 Notes 145 11 uno, sc. dolor e. 145 12 itaque, etc. : an artful way of making the punishment of death seem less cruel ; since death is a relief, these myths, says Cicero, have been invented to give it terror. 145 15 eis remotis: equiv. to a fut. protasis; § 310, iz ( ) ; G. 593,2; H. 549, 2 (638,2); H.&B. 145 17 (Sect. 9.) mea : § 222, a { ); B. 211, i, ^ ; G. 381 ; H. 408, i, 2 (449, I); H. & B. 145 19 popularis, not popular, but devoted to the people, democratic : Caesar was now the recognized leader of this party. 145 20 auctore (abl. abs.), proposer ; cognitore, sponsor (a legal term). 145 24 maionim : none of Caesar's ancestors were men of any distinc- tion, although some distant relatives were prominent in public affairs in the time of Sulla ; see note on p. 137, 1. 22. He belonged, however, to one of the oldest patrician families. 145 25 obsidem, i.e. he is pledged at all events to defend the state as against the conspirators. 145 27 interesset: for tense, see § 287, ;-. 148 29 consentiunt, unite. 149 1 ita . . . ut, only to, etc. (Ht. 7vith this limitation thai) : see § 3195 '''' ( ); ^^- 552, R.'^ ; H. cK; B. . — summam ordinis consi- lique, superiority in rank and precedence in counsel. 149 3 huius ordinis (i.e. the Senate) limits dissensione in the sense o{ cum hoc, etc. For the long contest here alluded to, see Introd., p. Ixv. 149 5 quam si, etc., and if we keep this union, etc. 149 6 confirmo, I assure, in a different sense from confirmatam : Latin style does not (as ours does) object to such repetitions with a variation in meaning. 149 9 tribunes aerarios, deans of the tribes. The Roman people were divided into thirty-hve tribes, local and territorial, like wards. These tribes were made the basis of the comitia centuriata, as well as the coinitia tributa. They served also as general administrative and financial divisions. From the latter character the name tribuni aerarii was given to their presiding ofilicers. 149 10 scribas : the scribae quaestorii (treasury clerks) formed an im- portant and powerful corporation. As they were a permanent body, while the qusestors (treasurers) were elected annually, they had the real responsi- bility in the management of the treasury. 149 11 sortis : the qugestors entered upon office on the Nones of De- cember (Dec. 5) ; all other patrician magistrates on the first of January. The scribae had therefore come together in order to be present while the quaestors drew lots for their provinces. 149 12 (Sect. 16.) ingenuorum, /;v^-<^^r;z. Freedmen, //7^^;7z«/, were always regarded as inferior in rank, if not in civil and political rights. Even these, however, are shown in the next chapter to be interested in the safety of the republic. 149 18 sua virtute : manumission was very commonly bestowed as the reward of some peculiar merit in the slave. 149 20 hie nati, i.e. citizens, as contrasted with the manumitted slaves (who were for the most part of foreign birth). 149 25 qui modo ... sit : § 320, d ( ). — condicione : § 251, n. ( ); cf.B. 224,1; G.400; H.419, 2* (473, 2, N.i); H.& B. 149 28 voluntatis : partitive gen. with quantum, as if tanttim voluntatis quanttim, etc. 149 30 (Sect. 17.) circum tabernas, i.e. among the artisans. The 354 XoUs Roman shops w^re like little stalls along the street, open in front, with a '* long room," or perhaps two, at the back. See Fig. 39 (Pompeian shop, restored); Fig. 40 shows the arrangement of such shops along the streets. Fig. 39 150 3 cubile ac lectulum : both words mean nearly the same thing, and imply a very humble way of living. 150 4 oi\os,nrs\, peaceable ; so oti (1. 6). 150 8 quorum relates to eorum, three lines above. 150 9 incensis, sc. tabemis. — futurum fuit = fuisset; § 308, d ( )' G. 597, R.^ ; H. 511, 2 (582) ; H. & B. ; the protasis is implied in incensis. 150 11 (Sect. 18.) populi Romani, as contrasted with the Senate : cf. the formula Senaius Populusque Romamis. Fourth Oration against Catiline 355 151 2 impiae, impious (in its strict sense a want of filial duty). 151 4 arcem et Capitolium : the Capitoline was a saddle-shaped hill, having the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Capitolium) on the southwestern point and the old citadel (arx) on the northeastern (see Cat. iii., sect. 20). Since Jupiter Capitolinus was the protecting divinity of Rome, his temple was the most sacred spot in the whole empire. 151 5 aras Penatium : the Penates were gods of the household and the larder {penics), worshipped by q\ try paterfamilias in his own atrium. The state, being developed from the family, had likewise its Penates, which were fabled to have been brought by yEneas from Troy and established at Fig. 40 Lavinium, whence they were transferred to Alba Longa, and afterwards to Rome. Their temple was on the Velia, the low hill connecting the Pala- tine and Esquiline. — ignem Vestae : the temple of Vesta was on the Sacra Via, toward the Palatine, — a small round building containing the symbolic household fire of the Roman state. See note on the Vestals, p. 130, 1. 19- 151 9 focis : the focus, the symbol of household life, was a brazier for burning charcoal. It originally stood at the rear end of the atrium, or great hall, of the house. Later it was moved, for all practical purposes, to the kitchen, but a representative focus remained in the atrium and con- tinued to be the symbol of household life. Fig. 41 shows a great bronze foctts from the baths of Pompeii. The domestic focus was, of course, much smaller, but was similar in shape. 151 11 (Sect. 19.) quae f acultas : § 201, c/ ( ); cf. B. 251,4,^^; G. 616, 2; H. &B. 356 Notes 151 13 in civili causa, on a political question. 151 14 quantis . . . delerit : this clause will be best turned into English by translating the participles fundatum, etc. as verbs, and Fig. 4 delerit as a relative clause, — with how great toil this empire was estab- lished, WHICH one night, etc. In Latin the question is contained in the interrogative modifiers of imperium and not in the main clause. IV. Peroratio (§§ 20-24) Sects. 20-24. Cicero is undismayed : his fame is secure. He has undertaken a perpetual war with the bad elements in the state ; but the result is certain. Then let the Senate dare to act rigorously. 151 29 (Sect. 20.) me . . . factorum : for cases, see § 221, /^ ( ) ; B. 209, I ; G. 377 ; H. 409, iii (457) ; H. e^' B. 152 1 gesta : abl. abs. with re publica. 152 3 (Sect. 21.) Scipio : the elder Africanus, who brought the Second Punic War to a triumphant close by the battle of Zama, B.C. 202. By " carrying the w-ar into Africa," he forced Hannibal to retire from Italy. 152 5 alter Africanus : the younger, surnamed .^imilianus. He was son of L. ^'Emilias Paulus (mentioned below), and adopted by the son of the elder Africanus. He captured Carthage, B.C. 146, and Numantia, in Sp.ain, B.C. 133. 152 7 Paulus : father of the younger Africanus, and, like his son, Fourth Oration against Catiline 357 the most eminent and upright man of his generation. He brought the Third Macedonian War to a close by the battle of Pydna, B.C. 1 68, and led King Perseus captive in his triumphal procession. — currum \jriumpha- km'] : the captives did not go with or behind the triumphal chariot, but preceded it in the procession. 152 9 bis liberavit : by the victories over the German invaders, — over the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (B.C. 102), and the Cimbri at Vercellae (B.C. lOl). 152 10 Pompeius : it should be remembered that Pompey was now in the East, in the midst of his career of conquest, and that his return was looked for with expectancy by all parties. Cicero took every means to win the confidence of the great general, and gain him over to his views in public affairs ; but to no purpose. After some wavering, Pompey asso- ciated himself with Caesar, thus giving the Senate a blow from which it never recovered, and preparing the way for his own downfall. 152 13 aliquid loci : § 216, a;, 3 ( ) ; B. 202, 2; G. 369; H. 397, 3 (442) ; H. & B. 152 16 (Sect. 22.) quamquam, and yet. — uno loco, in one respect. 152 18 Q'^^XQSSi^^iy'vxvA., are crushed and enslaved; § 292, R. ( ); cf.B. 337, 2; H. &B. . 153 1 (Sect. 23.) pro imperio, in place of: all these honors, which Cicero might have gained by a foreign command, he has renounced in order to stay at home and protect the city. 153 4 clientelis hospitiisque : the relation of cliens to patromis was that of a subordinate to a superior, carrying with it services on the one side and protection on the other ; the hospiies were, on the other hand, equals, and their connection was one of mutual aid and friendship. Foreign states and citizens were eager to form such ties with influential Romans, and they were equally advantageous to the Roman. Of course a provincial governor had peculiar opportunities for this. 153 5 urbanis opibus, the means afforded by a city life. Such ties would be more easily formed by a sojourn in a province, but they could also be formed by a statesman who remained at home ; for the value of such a relation to the provincial consisted in the opportunities for protec- tion and assistance which the statesman possessed in the city itself. 153 6 pro meis studiis, in return for my efforts. 153 10 quae dum, and as long as this. — mentibus : § 254, a ( ) ; cf. B. 228, I ; H. 425, i'-^ (485, I) ; H. & B. 153 15 suo solius : § 197, . Furius Philus (cos. B.C. 136) a patron of literature. These three men belonged to the so-called Scipionic Circle, which was especially influential in the introduction of Greek culture. 161 12 Catonem : M. Porcius Cato, called the Censor, was one of the leading men of Rome in the first half of the second century B.C. : a shrewd, hard-headed Roman of the old school, full of prejudices, and priding himself on his blunt manners. He was a distinguished antiqua- rian, and wrote books on antiquities and agriculture. 161 13 senem : he gives the nanfe to Cicero's dialogue on Old Age (^Cato Maior). 161 15-23 quod si, etc. : even if literature, Cicero argues, had no great practical or ethical value (as it has), it would still be worthy of respect as a means of mental refreshment and diversion. The passage is a very famous tribute to liberal studies. 161 18 ceterae, sc. animi adversiones (from 1. 17). 161 21 adversis [rebus], dat. with praebent. Sects. 17-24. Great artists are themselves worthy of admiration. The poet is especially sacred : he is the herald of fame. Alexander at the tomb of Achilles. 161 25 (Sect. 17.) deberemus : 308, c, n.i ( ) ; B. 304, 3, a, n. ; G. 597, R.3, /; ; cf. H. 511, I. N.3 (583) ; H. &. B. 161 26 videremus : subj. because an integral part of the cont. to fact apodosis. 161 27 Rosci : Q. Roscius, the most eminent actor of his time, defended by Cicero in a speech which is still extant. 161 30 corporis : observe the emphatic position as opposed to ani- morum (1. 31). In the ancient drama the action was much more impor- tant as compared with the delivery and facial expression than is the case on the modern stage, 162 2 (Sect. 18.) novo genera : such praise of letters was, of course, an innovation on the formal proceedings of a Roman court. — quotiens, etc. : given as a remarkable instance of poetical improvisation illustrating the celeritas mentioned in 1. 31, above. 366 Notes 162 5 revocatum [hunc], subj. of dicere. The enco7-e was a common Roman practice, as with us. 162 10 sic, tJds (referring to the indir. disc, that follows). 162 14 Q. Ennius : the father of Latin poetry. He was born at Rudige in Magna Grsecia (B.C. 239), but wrote in Latin. His principal work was the Annales, an epic poem upon Roman history, lost except for a few fragments. 162 19 (Sect. 19.) bestiae, etc. ; alluding to the myths of Orpheus and Arion (see Ovid, Met. x. 3, Fasti, ii. 83-118; Virg. Eel. viii. 56). 162 21 Homerum, etc. : the names of the cities which thus claimed Homer are given in the following hexameter verse : Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenae. 162 27 olim, almost equiv. to an adj. ; cf. § 188, ^ ( ) ; G. 439, N.'* ; H. 359, N.* (497, 5) ; H. & B. 162 29 Cimbricas res : the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, who invaded Italy and were at length defeated by Marius (the Teutones, B.C. 102 ; the Cimbri, loi). 162 30 durior : Marius was a rude and illiterate soldier. The illustra- tion (p. 163) shows what seems to be the most trustworthy portrait of Marius (from the impression of a coin, now lost) ; various busts have been identified with him, but without any probable evidence. 163 3 (Sect. 20.) Themistoclem : the great Athenian statesman and general, who won the battle of Salamis, in the second Persian invasion (B.C. 480), and afterwards, by his skilful policy, raised Athens to its greatest height of power. 163 8 (Sect. 21.) For the statements in this section, see Oration for Manilian Law. 163 14 natura et regione, hendiadys. 163 17 eiusdem, i.e. LucuUus. 163 19 nostra, as oias (predicate), agreeing with pugna. Cicero means that these exploits, since they have been immortalized by Archias, will always remain the glory of the Roman people. 164 3 quae, these things (just mentioned) ; quorum limits ingeniis and refers to eis. 164 4 (Sect. 22.) Africano superior! : the conqueror of Hannibal. 164 5 in sepulcro Scipionum : this tomb on the Appian Way has been discovered, and in it a bust of peperino (not marble), which has by some been supposed to be that here referred to. It now stands upon the sarcophagus of Scipio in the Vatican museum (Fig. 42). Oration for ArcJiias Fig. 42 367 rvf 1,.,../ a..., ^^ 4 .ffiiii Fig. 43 164 8 huius : M, Porcius Cato, later called Uticensis, from his killing himself at Utica after Caesar's victory. Cato the Censor was his great- grandfather. 164 10 Maximi, etc. : Q. Fabius Maximus, " the shield of Rome," in the Second Punic War; M. Marcellus, " the sword of Rome " (see note on p. 48, 1. 5) ; Q. Fulvius Flaccus, a distinguished ofificer in the same war. 164 11 ilium, i.e. Ennius. 164 13 Heracliensem : Heraclia (see note on p. 157, 1. ii), as being an important city, is here contrasted with the insignificant Rudiie. — civitatibus : § 232, « ( ); G. 354; H. 388, I (431, 2); H. & B. 164 18 (Sect. 23.) Graeca leguntur, Crt'^,^ /5 r^^7^/. Greek was, in the ancient world, almost the universal language of polite society; cf. the use of French in modern times. 164 21 quo {i.vhither') relates to eodem {thither^ ; cupere governs the clause quo . . . penetrare. 165 1 populis, dat. after ampla, a noble thing for them. Coin of Cato Uticensis 368 Notes 165 2 eis, i.e. the individuals by whom these exploits are performed as contrasted with their peoples as a whole. 165 10 (Sect. 24.) Magnus, i.e. Pumpey. Sects. 25-30. Many would have been glad to give Archias the citizenship if he had not already possessed it. All men thirst for glory, which he can confer. Literature is the most enduring of monuments, 165 17 (Sect. 25.) asset: § 308, a ( ); B. 304, 2; G. 597, r.i ; H. 510, N.'- (579, i); H. & B. . — civitate donaretur: § 225, d ( ); B. 187, i, a ; G. 348; H. 384, ii, 2 (426, 6); H. & B. 165 18 donaret, so. civitate. 165 13 repudiasset: the protasis is implied in petentem. — quem, sub), of iubere, below. 165 20 de populo, of the people, i.e. of low birth. — quod . . . fecisset, which he had made as an epigram (poetical address) to hi/n ; for gender, see§i95, rt'( ); B. 250, 3 ; cf. G. 2ir, R.^ ; H. 445, 4 (396, 2); H. & B. 165 21 tantummodo . . . longiusculis, merely ivith the alternate verses a little longer, i.e. it was written in some metre in which (as in elegiac verse) long and short lines alternated ; tantummodO implies that this was its only merit. 165 22 eis rebus : i.e. confiscated goods. Apparently a commander could take out from the booty anything he desired to bestow upon a sol- dier as a reward; and here the confiscated goods are treated in the same manner. 165 30 (Sect. 26.) pingue atque peregrinum, cognate accusatives; § 240, a ( ) ; B. 176, 2, h, N.; G. 333, 2, X.6 ; H. 37 1, ii (409 and i); H. & B. 166 2 prae nobis ferendum, a thing to be proud of. 166 3 optimus quisque : § 93, <: ( ) ; B. 252, 5, c ; G. 318, 2 ; H. 458, I (515.2); H.&B. 166 5 in eo ipso, in the very act. 166 6 praedicari, impersonal. 166 7 (Sect. 27.) Brutus: D. Junius Brutus (cos. B.C. 138) conquered the Lusitanians (of Portugal). 166 8 Acci : L. Accitis (less properly Attius), a tragic poet (born B.C. 170); distinguished for vigor and sublimity; he lived long enough for Cicero in his youth to converse with him. 166 10 Fulvius: M. Fulvius Nobilior (cos. B.C. 189) subdued ^tolia. Oration for Archias 369 He was distinguished as a friend of Greek literature, and built, from the spoils of war, a temple to Hercules and the Muses. 166 12 prope armati, having scarce laid aside their arms. 166 14 tOgati: see note on p. 125, 1. 17. 166 18 (Sect. 28.) quas res, i.e. the suppression of Catiline's con- spiracy. 166 23 adornavi, I supplied him with materials (i.e. facts). 166 25 quid est quod, etc.: § 317, 2 ( ); B. 282, 2 ; G. 631, 2 ; H. 497, i (590); H. &B. 166 30 (Sect. 29.) nee tantis, etc. : here the apod, begins. 167 5 (Sect. 30.) parvi animi, mean-spirited : § 215 ( ) ; B. 203, i; G. 365; H. 396, V (440,3); H.&B. 167 9 imagines, busts. Whoever held any curule office (dictator, con- sul, interrex, praetor, curule aedile) thereby secured to his posterity the ius imaginum, i.e. the right to place in their halls and carry in funeral pro- cessions a wax mask of him as well as of any other deceased members of the family of curule rank. Since this right was a distinguishing mark of the Roman nobility, it was naturally highly prized. IV. Peroratio (§31) Sect. 31. Archias the poet should be protected in the rights of citizenship, which are legally his. 167 20 (Sect. 31.) pudore eo, of such high character (i.e. sense of honor and self-respect, as contrasted with the unprincipled Greek hangers- on with whom Roman society was infested). 167 22 vetustate, i.e. long-continued friendship (see sect. 5). — id existimari depends on convenit, it is fitting. 167 24 videatis, subjunctive of integral part. 167 25 municipi, i.e. Heraclia. 167 26 comprobetur, subjunc. of characteristic. 167 28 ut, with accipiatis, p. 168, 1. 2. 168 I ex eo numero, i.e. of poets. 168 9 ab eo qui, etc.: Q. Cicero (see Introd., p. 154 of text). LETTERS The customs of the Romans in regard to letter-writing were much Hke our own : we have long letters and short letters to familiar friends, business letters, formal communications, and letters to known enemies. But in the details there was considerable difference, 370 Notes There were two forms of material, — the tabellae (" tablets," whence we have tabellarius, " letter-carrier "), and the papyrus, or roll made from the pith of the papyrus reed. The tabellae were made of two or more very thin boards {tabu- lae) fastened together like a double slate, and covered on the inside with a thin coating of wax. The writing was done by scratching with a sharp-pointed metal instrument (the stilus) , and erased, when necessary, with the other end of the same, which was left fiat for the purpose. The rolls were made of the solid pith of the papyrus reed, sliced longitudinally, about a foot long, a quarter of an inch thick, and, in proportion to the diameter of the reed, an inch or two inches in width. This reed formerly grew abundantly in Eg\pt, but now is extinct there. It still survives in a wild state in Sicily, on the White Nile, and elsewhere. The slices were laid down as we lay down boards to make a floor, close together in two layers at right angles to each other, and pressed, dried, and polished so as to make a coarse kind of paper in squares, which were glued together in strips of convenient length. The ancient writing shows all forms of capital letters, from the more than printed regularity of an ofificial inscription to the almost illegible rudeness of school-boy scrawls and business documents, but no current hand of joined letters is anywhere found. If the tabellae were used, they were closed with a string {limun) ; if the -"-^pyrus was used, it was rolled up and tied with a string. In either case the ultimate closure, as well as the authentication, was made by the sender's seal, in gypsum or wax, attached to the knot of the string. The letter was addressed to the receiver on the outside in the dative (perhaps also in the accusative with ad). There was no public post-ofifice, but the administration had slaves provided beforehand as letter-carriers {fabellarii), and large business interests might have the same arrangement. Less frequent correspondents used chance facili- ties, or sent private slaves. It would appear also that persons whose special business it was to act as managers or cojnmissionaires could be hired in the Forum. The formal part of the letter was always in the third person, containing the name of the writer (in the nominative) and that of the recipient (in the dative). Usually there was added a formal expression of good will : " Salutem plurimam dicit " (or salutem dicit, or merely salutem i) , frequently abbreviated to S. P. D. (S. D. orS.). Of course a signature was unnecessary. If the letter was dictated, the seal was the only authentication. It was customary to close the letter with Vale (" farewell"). If the date was given, it was in the form of the ablative or locative of the place, and the day of the month (according to Roman reckoning), preceded by the word data (sc. epistola), i.e. "given" (to the messenger from the place mentioned). 1 The indirect expression of the common greeting Salve. Letters 371 3/2 Notes When Cicero's letters were written, this form of composition was hardly recognized as literature. Still, great care was often used in letter-writing, and copies may have been kept for publication. Tiro, Cicero's favorite freedman and private secretary, is thought to have collected his master's letters and given them to the world. Somewhat later, however, epistolary writing became more or less a literary genre (as in the case of Pliny the younger) ; and in modern times the publication of correspondence has become very common. 169 1 ames, approve. For omission of ut, see § 331, /, R. ( ); B. 296, \,a; G. 546, R."^; H. 499, 2 (565, 2); H. & B. . — ludos: to visit the games was fashionable with the Romans, like "going to the Derby " (races) in England. Hence to stay away was strength of ?nind (constantiam). 169 2 vTroabXoLxov, sotnething of a solecisvi (an absurd or inconsistent action) ; see the etymology and meanings of soleeist?i in any large English dictionary. Greek was the " polite language " of ancient times, as French is to-day. All cultivated Romans could speak and write Greek, and it was the fashion to use Greek phrases in society and in letter-writing, as we use savoir faire, comnie il fatit, preciser, and the like. 169 3 dvacpaiveadaL (inf., subject of est), to appear, to let myself be seen. The participial construction (peregrinantem) is in accord with the Greek, which takes a participle after di/a^atVo/xat; but the case of peregrinantem accords with the Latin idiom (ace, agreeing with the implied subject me). — delicate . . . inepte : the common jest about the freedom which re- spectable men allow themselves when away from home explains this pas- sage. Cicero says that if he were to visit the Antian games, he might appear not merely to be self-indulgent (delicate), but even to be making a fool of himself (inepte) on his tour. Cf. Henry V in Shakspere's play (act i, scene 2) : " We never valued this poor seat of England ; And therefore, living hence, did give ourself To barbarous license, as 'tis ever common That men are merriest when they are from home." 170 2 ab : the Romans often dated from (rather than c?/) a place. Appii Forum and Tres Tabernae were villages on the Appian Way (see Acts yc^\\\\. 15). x\tticus was at Rome. Cicero has written one letter at Tres Tabernae, and now despatches a second from his next stopping-place, Appii Forum. — dederam, / have written : on the epistolary tense, see § 282 ( ); B. 265; G. 252; H. 472, I (539, I); H. & B. Letters 373 II 170 4 re publica, //^£' condition of the state. — ego : the verb (scribam) is omitted; such ellipses are especially common in the epistolary style. — subtiliter, in detail. 170 5 hoc (degree of difference) . . , miserior, it is the more ivretchea. 170 G dominatio, tyranny : especially used of unconstitutional rule, usurpation of power in a free state. 170 7 bonis, i.e. the aristocracy (as opposed to the rabble, who were not regarded as "good"), the conservatives (Cicero's party). — ita . . . ut tamen, though . . . still. 170 8 nunc . . . omnibus, is noio, of a sudden, so hateful to all (both to the conservatives and the populace) ; omnibus is in the dat. with tanto in odio, which is equiv. to tam odiosa : § 234, a { ); B. 192, i; G. 359; H. 391, I (434,2);.H.&B. 000, o. — erup- tura sit : indir. quest.; for tense, see § 334, a and N.( ); cf. B. 269, 3; G. 515; H. 529, ii, 4(649,11, I); H. &B. 170 9 horrea- mus, 7i}v. Horace uses de tenero ungui. 175 14 hominum iniuria, the injustice that men do you. Letters 379 VI 176 5 utrumque laetor, I am glad of two things. — et, both. 176 7 modo ut COnstiterit, etc., provided only you have derived some advantage from your leisure. 176 8 in ista amoenitate : Marius was at his villa near Stabise on the Campanian shore. To enjoy the prospect of Misenum (see illustra- tion, Greenough and Kittredge's Virgil, p. 161), he had opened a window looking out on the Bay of Cumae. Stabianum perforasti seems to be corrupt. 176 12 \ecii\xnz\x\\s, pleasant little readittgs. — cum (temporal), w/^z7^. 176 13 istic, in that place of yours. 176 16 Sp. Maecius : Sp. Mtecius Tarpa, licenser of plays. 176 17 probavisset (subj. of characteristic), such plays as ALvcius had approved. 176 18 tui stomachi, to your taste. — meo, sc. stomacho. 177 1 in scaenam, etc. : i.e. certain famous actors who were past their prime had been induced to appear on this occasion, not to the advantage (Cicero thinks) of their reputation. The pun on honoris causa is obvious. 177 2 decesse = decessisse: § 128, /;( ) ; B. 116, 4, <;; G. 131, 4,4; H. 235, 3 (238,3); H.&B. • . 177 3 Aesopus : Claudius (or Clodius) /Esopus, the most celebrated tragic actor at Rome and a friend of Cicero's. He had retired from the stage, and was now very old, but he appeared (for the last time) on this occasion. 177 4 iurare, i.e. to recite some oath taken by a character in the play. 177 7 adparatus, etc. : the lavish display offended Cicero's taste, or so he says. The same criticism is often passed on modern performances. 177 9 carueris, got along without, dispensed with. \11 10 sescentis : used in Latin for any large number, as we say " a thousand." — Clytaemnestra, a lost tragedy of L. Attius, the celebrated Roman dramatist. Its subject was the murder of Agamemnon by his wife Clytemnestra on his return from the Trojan War. This is also the plot of the Agamemnon of yEschylus. The mules probably carried Trojan booty, for we know that the play included Agamemnon's return from Troy. Equo Troiano : a tragedy by Livius Andronicus, the earliest of Roman dramatists (third century, B.C.). 177 11 creterrarum {craterarum is the common form) : these differed from the " properties " in the modern theatre in that they were real. 177 14 Protogeni : cultivated Romans employed highly trained slaves (usually Greeks) to read to them. 38o Notes 177 15 ne, adv., ivithout doubt. \11 17 Oscos ludos, Oscan plays : rustic farces {fabulae Atellanae), said to have come originally from the Oscan town of Atella. They were very popular at Rome. 177 18 vel in senatu vestro : the local senate of the town, probably Stabiiis. Cicero jestingly insinuates that their delil)erations must be farcical enough. 178 1 ita non ames, j'^« are so far from liking. 178 2 via Graeca : this road is said to have been out of repair. At all events, the jest at Marius' dislike of things Greek is obvious enough. — athletas, apparently Greek athletes, imported to give eclat to the show, but less successful in pleasing the spectators than ordinary gladiators would have been. 178 3 gladiatores contempse- ris : perhaps an allusion to assist- ance rendered to Cicero against Clodius' band of roughs. 178 4 operam et oleum perdi- disse, has 7vasted his pains and his money (lit. pains and oil) : a pro- verbial expression for fruitless labor. Apparently it comes from the waste of " midnight oil " over plans that come to naught. Ilere, however, there is probably a punning allu- sion to the oil used by the athletes. — Pompeius : the giver of the games (see p. 176). 178 9 neque nos, not e-'en I. 178 11 volgi atque turbae, the vulgar rabble, the coiujuon herd: hendiadys ; § 385 ( ) ; B. 374, 4; G. 698; H. 636, iii, 2 (751, 3, x.i); H.&B. 178 12 misericordia : Pliny the Elder {^Hist. Nat. viii. 7) tells an extraordinary story which illustrates the excitability of the Roman crowd. So far were they from being pleased with the slaughter of the elephants that when the beasts trumpeted with /Edile opening the Games Letters 381 terror, and seemed " by a gesture impossible to describe " to beg mercy of the spectators, the beholders burst into tears, and, springing to their feet, called down curses on Pompey's head. 178 17 Canini : L. Caninius Gallus. Nothing is known of this case. — facilem, ready to spare me, or imhilgent. 178 I'O cum, noi only (correlative with turn in 1. 22). 178 22 non defendere, to refuse to defend (i.e. to take only such cases as I chose). — vita nulla est, this is no life for me. 178 26 quaero . . . arbitratu, / am seeking every possible pretext for living finally as I should like to live (arbitratu meo, lit. according to my oivn wishes), i.e. for getting rid of court business and devoting myself to literature and philosophy ; aliquando implies that Cicero thinks it is high time to rest from his toilsome profession. His friend Marius was a man of leisure, apparently, — partly from choice and partly because of ill health. 178 28 quod-que, etc, and that yon, etc.: the clause is in apposition with hoc, object of fero. 178 31 plane exsolvam, get rid of them entirely. Cicero does not affect a wish to leave public life altogether ; he wishes for more leisure and greater independence. 178 33 commentaris, have been studying. — humaniter vivere, to live as a man of culture should. 179 2 mecum lecticula . . . concursare, run about (i.e. make excur- sions) -vith me in my litter ; lecticula is literally abl. of means. VII 179 11 L. filios, i.e. Luci (gen.) filios. 179 12 familiarissime utor, I am on very friendly terms. — maiorem in vcvO^xwa., particularly (suggesting that this is not a mere formal recom- mendation). 179 15 multas, many [of my letters of introduction] have had much influence with you. 179 17-18 gratissimos . . . gratissimum : cf. § 344, w ( ) ; B. 350, 10 ; G. 681 ; H. 563 (667) ; H. & B. VIII 180 3 Britanniam : Trebatius had declined to accompany Ctesar in his First Invasion of Britain. Cicero, doubtless somewhat disappointed, here suggests in a jocose way that it would have been for the interest of Trebatius to take part in the expedition. 382 Notes 180 5 verum tamen, but to be seriotis. 180 6 ultro, of his ozcji acco?-d, without anybody's asking him (Caesar). 180 7 eo, Coesar. — ad quern, to ivhose compajiionship. 180 9 in ista epistula, in that letter of yours. 180 10 curae : § 233, a{ ) ; B. 191 ; G. 356; H. 390, i (433) ; H. tS: B. . Cicero was always generous and painstaking in assisting young men of talent like Trebatius. 180 11 frigeas, take cold. Some have seen here a suggestion of a double meaning : " I fear you have not consulted your own interests in stay- ing in winter quarters in Gaul instead of going to Britain." But the passage seems merely jocose, Trebatius was longing for the comforts of the city. 180 12 Mucio, etc. : Q. Mucius ScKvola and M. Manilius, famous jurists of the previous century, whose "professional opinion" on the sub- ject of keeping up a good fire in winter Cicero pretends to quote. — idem placebat, this was also the opinion of 180 13 qui . . . abundares, since you had no great supply, etc. (when you left Rome). There is a jocose suggestion that Trebatius was not very well off when he set out on this campaign, and hence that he ought to look out for his own interests now. Perhaps there is a suggestion that Trebatius went away from Rome to mend his fortunes. Cicero is con- stantly reminding him that his campaign ought to make him well off. 180 14 calere : the Gauls were " making things warm " for the Romans. 180 16 natare : Trebatius was fond of swimming ; yet, says Cicero, he would not go to Britain, even for the sake of sea baths. 180 17 essedarios : the war chariots of the Britons, which Trebatius, who was fond of sports, might have been supposed likely to find worth seeing. There is a pun on essedarii, a kind of gladiators. 180 18 andabata, gladiators of the lowest class, who fought blindfold. To care for them was a sign of passionate devotion to such sports. The suggestion is that surely a British chariot ought to have been an attraction to a man who never missed seeing the andabatae. 180 24 quid profecerim, how far I succeeded (in advancing your for- tunes by the letter referred to). 180 25 facias (object of velim, sc. ut), etc., / should like to have you let me know. 181 2 id, i.e. your absence. 181 3 sin autem, etc. : again the suggestion that Trebatius is neglect- ing his opportunities. 181 4 qui (causal) . . . attraham, that I do not, etc. 181 6 pluris : see § 252, a (^ ) ; B. 203, 4 ; G. 379, 380 ; H. Letters 383 405 (448, 4) ; H. & B. . — fratres, etc.: the Haedui had been for- mally addressed as fratres coiisanguineique by the Roman Senate (see Caesar, B. G. i. t^t,). 181 9 aut COnsolando, etc. : a line from one of Terence's comedies, Hautontimorumenos ("The Self-Tormentor"), i. 34; quoted as we might quote Shakspere. •IX 181 10 quantae curae tibi fuerit, how zealous you have been for: for the two datives, see § 233, a { ) ; B. 191- ; G. 356 ; H. 390, i (433) ; H. & B. . — honos, the supplicatio, which Cato had opposed, but which had finally been decreed, after much wrangling. — quam . . . fueras, and how, as consul, you have shown the same disposition to honor me and increase my reputation that you and your parents and your whole family had always shozvn (lit. you have stood out as the sa?}ie that you had always been, etc.) ; fuerit and exstiterit are indirect questions dependent on cog- novi below. 181 14 quod . . . debeam, that I ought not to do it for your sake. 181 15 magni interest, it makes a great difference. 181 IG debeas, are indebted. 181 19 ita rem publicam, etc. : it cannot be said that Marcellus showed any great ability in his administration ; but he was of Cicero's party. 181 20 ut . . . non recusem : clause of result after ita geris, etc. ; quo minus . . . debeam (1. 21) depends on recusem. 181 22 exitus : the result of the agitation of Marcellus was the actual breaking out of the great Civil War and the destruction of the party to which he belonged. He was attached to the Pom- peian party, and is best known for the vigor with which he opposed Ccesar at this time. After the Civil War he made , . . 1 ^ TT- Coin of Mark; Antony and his Brother his peace with Caesar. His t ^ _ Lucius wife was Octavia, afterwards married to Mark Antony (see coin of Antony and Octavia, p. 183). 182 1 si . . . morabitur, unless I am obliged to postpone my voyage (lit. unless my voyage shall keep me waiting^. 182 2 incurrebat, falls in with; for epistolary imperf., cf. note on p. 170, 1. 2. 384 Notes 182 (address) Q. Q., i.e. the two Quintuses, — Cicero's brother Quiutus and the latter's son. 182 4 opportunitatem operae tuae, the advantage of your devotioji. 182 c. quartanam : the disease appears, then, to be not a malignant fever, as had been feared, but a quartan ague. 182 7 Curius : M. Curius, a banker at Patris, who was keeping Cicero informed of Tiro's condition. 182 8 id quod . . . tuae, as befits your refined ctdture. Cicero jest- ingly tells Tiro that so highly cultivated a man ought to have the wisdom to attend to nothing but recovery. He is anxious lest Tiro's devotion may lead him to resume his journey before he is strong enough. 182 13 ad urbem : he could not enter the city since he was still a military commander. — obviam . . . proditum : such a procession came out to meet me. 182 14 incidi, etc : though Caesar did not cross the Rubicon until July, B.C. 49, — more than six months after Cicero's arrival at the walls of the city, — yet the Civil War had virtually begun when this letter was written. 183 1 mederi : Cicero tried to mediate between Caesar and Pompey. Apparently he did not perceive how inevitable the struggle was. Indeed, no contemporary could understand the signihcance of the great Civil War. To most of them it must have appeared merely a political struggle of unusual proportions. They could not see that the victory of Caesar meant a new era in human civilization. Probably Caesar himself was the only man then alive who had any conception of the true nature of the crisis. — Ctrto^Vim., particular perso7is (whom I could name). 183 3 omnino, in a word. 183 4 amicus : Cicero was at this time on good terms with the leaders of both parties. — minacis . . , litteras : Caesar was proconsul in Gaul, and was candidate for the consulship, — an office which insured con- tinuance of his military authority. His enemies wished him to disband his army, which, unless Pompey had done the same thing, would have been madness. His ultimatum (the letter here referred to) was received by the Senate Jan. i, B.C. 49. Caesar says that it made very easy demands (^B.C. i. 5), and it certainly offered great concessions. But the Pompeians carried the day. The Senate voted that Caesar must disband his army before a fixed date (probably Feb. i) or be declared a public enemy. The tribunes interposed their veto, but were forced to flee from the city and Letters 385 take refuge with Caesar at Ravenna. The Senate appointed Pompey dictator only a few days before this letter was written. 183 5 miserat, has sent ; erat, is ; incitabat (1. 6), is egging him on ; profecti erant (1. 8), have gone (a colorless word — not taken refuge or the like); the tenses are "epistolary" (see note on p. 170, 1. 2). 183 u Curio meus : C. Scribonius Curio, a friend of Cicero's (as his father had been), was tribune B.C. 50. He was a man of talent, but notoriously profligate, and owed immense sums (33,000,000, it is said). Caesar paid these debts and thus won him over from the Pompeians, to whose party he naturally belonged. In the disputes that preceded the crossing of the Rubicon, Curio acted with great adroitness. It was he who proposed that both Ccesar and Pompey should give up their military commands, — a proposition which put Pinipey completely in the wrong, since he had no intention of becoming a private citizen, even for a moment. Curio fought on Caesar's side in the Civil War, and fell in Africa. 183 7 Antonius . . . Q. Cassius : the tribunes for B.C. 49, both parti- sans of Caesar. — nulla vi expulsi : this is literally true ; yet Antony and C'assius had certainly been threatened, and they fled from Rome disguised as slaves. Caesar was at Ravenna, where they joined him. 183 9 nobis, us, i.e. Pompey and Cicero. Ordinarily the proconsuls were not included, but the whole object of the vote was to make Pompey practically dictator. 183 10 ne quid, etc. : the regular formula for proclaiming martial law (see note on p. 100, 1. 12). It "had been a signal of death to the Gracchi, to Saturninus, to the Catilinarian conspirators." But Caesar was ready for the struggle, and the Pompeians, in whose hands the con- stitutional authority now technically rested, were absolutely unprepared for action. 183 13 ex hac quoque parte, on our side as 7vell. 183 15 sero : Pompey was madly self-confident. His famous boast that he had but to stamp his foot to raise up soldiers was not justified by the event. 183 17 Lentulus : L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, consul (with C. Claudius Marcellus) for B.c 49 ; a violent Pompeian. He was friendly to Cicero, and had assisted him against Clodius, but he thought the application for a triumph inopportune when the state was in danger. Cicero suggests that he is delaying to make his services to Cicero seem the greater when he does bring forward the motion. But the passage is intentionally rather vague. 386 Notes 183 18 expedisset ( = expedivisset : see note on p. 177, 1. 2), etc., had made the necessary arrangements for the safety of the state (lit. had set in order [the things] which were necessary, etc.) ; expedisset is subord. clause in indir. disc, (for fut. perf. of the direct). 183 19 relaturum : it was the consul's business to bring such a matter before the Senate. 183 20 cupide : a just remark. Cicero was less actuated by selfish ambitions and low greed than almost any public man of his time. — pluris : gen. of price (see note on p. 181, 1. 6); both parties were anxious to secui;e Cicero. 183 21 quisque, i.e. each of the officers mentioned in the decree spoken of above. — tuereter : indirect question. 183 22 Capuam : Cicero soon withdrew to Capua, which had thus been put in his charge. For his further movements, see pp. 185-186. XI 184 (address) Tullius Terentiae, etc. : the address includes a greeting from Cicero to his wife Terentia and his daughter Tullia, and from Cicero's son Marcus (here called simply Cicero') to the same (matri, sorori). For S. P. D., see greeting in Letter X. 184 1 si vos valetis, etc.: a regular formula; cf. the old-fashioned " I write these few lines to inform you that I am in good health," etc. — vestrum (emphatic), it is for you to consider. The special question was, whether they should remain at Rome, whither Caesar was advancing rapidly. 184 2 ille, i.e. Caesar. 184 4 diripiendam, to be plundered : § 294, d{ ) ; B. 337, 7, ^, 2; G. 430 ; H. 544, 2, N.- (622) ; H. & B. . Ccesar's moderation in the moment of victory was contrary to all Roman precedent in civil wars ; quite different from what was to be expected of the Pompeians. But Cicero could not foresee this. No one then knew that Caesar's plans were constructive, not merely revolutionary. — ut, that . . . not. 184 5 Dolabella : the husband of Cicero's daughter Tullia. He was a profligate and unscrupulous man, but high in Caesar's favor, and likely to be influential in protecting Cicero's family. See p. 194. 184 8 vestri similes, ajiy ladies of your station; both Terentia and Tullia are meant. For case of vestri, see § 234 d, 2 (^ ) ; B. 204, 3; G. 359, R.i and N.*; H. 391, ii. 4 (435, 4); H. & B. .— ne, whether. 184 9 ut, hozv (indirect question). Lettei's 387 184 10 modo ut, provided only. — haec . . . loca, i.e. the Capuan territory, to which Cicero had been assigned as governor. 184 14: Camillo : C. Camillas, a lawyer, whom Cicero elsewhere speaks of as his close friend ; Camillus was then at Rome. — videbitur, seem best. 184 15 rem meliorem fecit, has followed the better cause. Labienus, Ceesar's legatus in Gaul, had joined the Pompeian party. 184 IG Piso: L. Calpurnius Piso Csesoninus, Caesar's father-in-law, who had accompanied Pompey. He had once been a bitter enemy of Cicero. — sceleris : gen. of the charge; § 220 ( ) ; B. 208; G. 378; H. 409, ii (456) ; H. & B. 184 18 istic, where yotc are. 184 19 Rufus : probably Mescinius Rufus, who had been one of Cicero's quaestors in his Cilician province. 184 L'O Kal., i.e. of February. XII 185 1 S. V. b. e., i.e. j'z vales bejie est (see note on p. 184, 1. i). — lit- teras, i.e. Cicero's letter of Feb. 15. — recognovi, i.e. in the letter. 185 2 consules : C. Marcellus and L. Lentulus, partisans of Pompey. 185 4 pro, in accordance iviih. 185 5 ut conferas : obj. of hortor ; ut feramus : dep. on conferas. 185 7 facias : obj. of censeo; for the omission of ut, see § 331, f. R. ( ) ; B. 295, 8 ; G. 546, R.^ ; H. 499, 2 (565, 4) ; H. & B. XIII 186 1 litteras, i.e. Cicero's letter of Feb. 15 (see introduction to Letter XVI) . — Canusi, at Caiitisiwn in Apulia, where Pompey halted on hi^ way from Luceria to Brundisium. 186 2 rei publicae causa : Pompey was the representative of lawful authority, being a proconsul with dictatorial power and having both con- suls on his side. Csesar was technically a rebel ; Cicero elsewhere calls him a " tyrant " and a " Pisistratus." 186 3 fore ut . . . possemus : periphrasis for the fut. inf. ; § 288 ( ) ; B. 270, 3 ; G. 248 ; H. 537, 3 (619, 2) ; H. & B. 186 4 concordiam : to the very last Cicero had hoped for a peaceful settlement of the quarrel (see note on p. 183, 1. i) ; but Pompey's flight had left Ccesar master of Italy. 186 5 dignitate : Pompey's conduct in abandoning Corfinium and fleeing from Italy was extremely mortifying to Cicero. He speaks of it in some of his letters to Atticus in terms of unmeasured contempt. 388 Notes 186 7 ad consules, for the consuls (i.e. to be carried to them). — consili : Fompey had sent orders by D. Laelius that one consul should join him at Luceria in ApuHa and that the other should go to Sicily with such troops as had been collected about Capua. These orders he subsequently rescinded, on learning of the siege of Corfinium (see Att. viii. 12. a). 186 8 non exspectavi, etc, / did not ivait for you to reply to my letter (i.e. the letter of March 15). — redderentur: § 328 ( ); B. 293 ; G. 572; H. 519 (603) ; H. &B. 186 9 -que, but. — in Apuliam : Pompey had written on Feb. 10, advising Cicero to join him at Luceria. 186 12 Caesarem . . . Aeserniae : a false rum )r. Caesar was still be- sieging Corfinium. 186 14 si ita esset : subjunc. in subord. clause in ind. disc; Cicero's thought was, — si ita est, iter meuin interclusmn est. 186 15 exceptum, caught. 186 16 certum, trustworthy information. — ab Aesernia : ab is used because the news would come from the neighborhood of the town, not from within its walls; § 258, a, N.i ( ) ; B. 229, 2; G. 391, R.i ; H. 412, ii, 3, N. (462, 3) ; H. & B. 186 19 misisses : subjunc. in informal ind. disc. ; § 341 ( ) ; B. 323 ; G. 508, 3 ; H. 528, I (649, i) ; H. cK: B. 187 1 litteras, etc. : here follows Pompey's letter reported in ind. disc. ; compare the same in the direct discourse as inclutled by Cicero in a letter to Atticus (viii. 6) : Litterae mihi a L. Domitio ad. Xiii Kalend. PiG_ 4g Mart, adlatae sunt: earu7n exemplum infra scripsi. Nunc, ut [i.e. although] ego non scribam, tua sponte te intellegere scio, quanti rei publicae intersit omnis copias in unum locum primo quoque tempore convenire. Tu, si tibi videbitur, dabis operam quai7i primum ad nos veuias, praesidi Capuae qtiantum constitueris satis esse, relinquas. — L. Domitio : the commander at Cor- finium. His letter informed Pompey that Caesar had encamped before the town. (See Fig. 49 : head of L. Domitius Aheno- barbus, from a coin.) 187 2 earumque . . . subscripseras, you appended a copy of this letter; subscripseras is in the indie because (though the statement actually stood in Pompey's letter : see note on 1. i) Cicero asserts the fact on his own authority and does not make it a part of the indir. disc. For the epistolary tense, see note on p. 1 70, 1. 2. — exemplum, copy. 187 3 magni : see note on pluris, p. 181, 1 6. — rei publicae : § 222 Letters 389 ( ) ; B. 211 ; G. 381 ; H. 406, iii (449, i) ; H. & B. . — primo quoque tempore, at the earliest possible nionienl (quoque, abl. of quisque). 187 4 ut . . . relinqueret : dependent on the idea of command im- plied in what pn-cedes and in the general tone of the letter. 187 4 in unum locum : Cicero and " everybody else " (reliqui Omnes) were wrong in supposing this mustering place was to be Cor- finiiiJii. Pompey had no intention of trying to raise the siege of that town. lie had determined to collect all his troops at Brundisitun, there to embark for Dyrrhacium in Illyria, 187 6 qua : translate by as. 187 7 ad Corfinium: § 258, h, ^? ( ) ; B. 182, 3; G. ^^2>1, R-t ; H. 380, ii, I (418, 4) ; H. & B. . Cf. ab Aesernia (p. u^ 1. 17). 187 9 cum . . . esset, while we zoej'e awaiting res tilts witl ie most intense anxiety. — utrumque simul, tivo things at the same timl The first of these two pieces of news is expressed in the form of an indir. question (quae . . . acta assent); the second in indir. disc, (te . . . COepisse). Both clauses are in apposition with utrumque. 187 10 quae . . . acta essent : Domitius concealed the truth from the garrison, pretending that he still expected Pompey to come to the rescue. But "his looks belied his words" (C^s, B.C. i. 19); the facts transpired ; the soldiers arrested their commander, delivered up the town to Caesar, and enlisted in his service. 187 11 cum, although. — nee . . . contenderemus, neither I nor my brother felt any hesitation about hastening forivard to Brundisium (to join Pompey) ; § 332, g, N.- ( ) ; B. 298, b; G. 555, 3; H. & B. 187 13 ut caveremus: § 331 ( ); B. 295, 296; G. 546; H. 498, i (565); H. &B. 187 14 in eadem loca: Cresar left Corfinium immediately, and was now in close pursuit of Pompey. 187 14-1 G quod . . . venturus esset, because . . . he was sure to reach his destination (Brundisium) even sooner than 7ue could. For mood of venturus esset, see § 321 ( ); B. 286; G. 541 ; H. 516, ii (588, ii) ; H. & B. : the reason is given on the authority of those who dis- suaded Cicero from the attempt. 187 15 possemus . . . intenderet : for mood, see § 342 ( ) ; B. 324; G. 663; H. 529, ii, N.i I (652, i); H. & B. . The informants said : Caesar celeriiis etiam quam vos poteritis eo quo contendit venturus est (or veniet'). 187 17 committere ut . . . noceret, to injure by our rashness not only ourselves, but the stale as well : § 332 and e { ); B. 297, l; (i. 390 Notes 553, I ; H. 498, ii (564, i); H. & B. . To allow themselves to be captured by Caesar would do Pompey no good, and would be an injury to the commonwealth. 187 10 quin . . . possemus: § 332, ^ and r. ( ) ; B. 298; G. 555, 2 ; H. 504, 3, 2 (595, i); H. & B. . — si . . . fuisset : § 342 ( ) ; B. 324 ; G. 663 ; H. 529, ii, N.i, i (652) ; H. & B. . Their thought was : si etiam tutiii7i nobis iter fuerit, Ponipeium ia?He/i iain con- sequi 7ion poteriinus {ox possumiis'). 187 21 tuas litteras : this is the letter immediately preceding in this edition (No, XII). 187 26 qui . . . fuissent: § 336, 2 ( ); B. 314, i ; G. 650; H. 524 (643) ; H. «& B. .A number of important members of the Pom- peian party had fallen into Caesar's hands on the surrender of Corfinium, all of whom he released, in accordance with his custom. 187 28 regionibus (abl. of separation) exclusi, shut out from (certain) regio7is (as Cicero now was from Apulia). 187 29 arma aliena, the armed hands of another (i.e. a hostile or opposed) party. 187 30 maxime vellem primum, viy first and most earnest zvish is; vellem implies that the wish is now unfulfilled: § 311, ^ ( ) ; cf. B. 280, 2; G. 258, N. I ; H. 486, i (556); H. & B. . — vellem . . . fuissem: § 267, ery means in my poiver. 193 16 reliquum est ut . . . petam : § 332, a { ) ; B. 297, 2 ; Letters 397 G. 553, 4; H. 501, i, I (571, 0; H. & B. , — cum cognorim, ^z;/*:^ / knoiv (lit. hav^ perceived). 193 17 pluribus, many. — quid . . . sentias (indir. quest.), ivhat your sentiments arc. — \iQvaQi\xva., good citizens, i.e. the optiinates. 193 IS nisi, except. 193 is-21 ut ad earn voluntatem, etc., t/iat to the good will which you are sure to feel toivard Ccecina of your own accord, you add, by reason of my recommendation, an amount proportionate to the regard in which I kno-w I am held by yoii. 193 1*0 quanti (correl. with tantus) : gen. of indefinite value with fieri; § 252, .z ( ); B. 211,3, .z; G. 379; H. 405(448, 4); H.&B. XIX 194 1 etsi . . . eram . . . capiebam : for mood, see § 313, <: ( ) ; cf. B. 309 ; G. 604 ; H. 515, ii (586, ii) ; H. & B. 194 2 non possum non confiteri, I must confess. 194 (1 valetudinis causa : the region of Pompeii was a favorite " health resort " ; Baise was especially noted for its salubrious air. 194 7 praeterea, etc , and besides, my friends from the free towns in great numbers. Yox: inunicipium, see Introduction, pp. liii-liv. 194 8 quin . . . agant : § 319, d ( ) ; B. 284, 3; G. 632; H. 504, I (595, 4) ; H. & B. . — cum . . , extulerunt : § 323, i, 325 ( ) ; G. 580; H. 521, i (600) ; H. & B. 195 1 te . . . -prdiehQaiS, ai-e sho-wing yourself 195 3 quae facias . . . facere, do ivhat you are doing. — nee . . . con- silio, and need nobodfs advice. 195 5 omnis, altogether, entirely. — profecta, to have sprung from. 195 G valde, emphatically. 195 8 Agamemnoni : Agamemnon was commander of the Greeks at Troy ; Nestor, the oldest of the Grecians, was their counsellor. Cicero takes pleasure in thinking of himself as a veteran consul, who has saved the state on a former occasion and now sees one of his pupils saving it in his turn. The exaggeration of this passage is not more remarkable than its easy and finished eloquence. 195 !)-io te . . . florere : subject of est, understood after gloriosum. — iuvenem : Dolabella was under the legal age (see p. lix) and had never been praetor. — quasi, as it were. 195 12 L. Caesar : L. Julius Caesar, a relative of the great Caesar and one of his legati in Gaul. After Caesar's death he joined the Senatorial party. 398 Notes 195 11' ad eum . . . Neapolim, to him at N'aples : observe the difference of idiom, and cf. § 259, // ( ) ; B. 182, 2, h ; G. 337,,6 ; H. (418, i) ; H. & B. 195 15 cum tantum vales, etc., thai you are so strong with Dolabella. For mood, see § 326, a{ ) ; cf. B. 290, i ; G. 582 ; H. 517, 2 (599) ; H. & B. . — quantum si ego . . . valerem, and if I had as much (influence), etc. 195 16 sororis filium : Antony, who was the son of L. Caesar's sister Julia. For the pohtical position of Antony, see p. 197. 195 1(3 possemus : apod, of a present condition contrary to fact ; for mood, see § 308, c, N.i ( ) ; B. 304, 3, x. ; G. 597, r. 3, (b); H. & B. 196 2 post te consulem, since your consulship. Cicero had reason to be proud of his own consular administration. 196 3 deinde multa (sc. dixit), etc., next he had much to say of what you had done and of your management of the affair, and then (he added) that nothing, etc. This alludes to Dolabella's act in demolishing a column erected in the Forum " to C^sar, Father of his Country," and in punishing with death those who had set it up. The figure on p. 195 shows what is thought to be the base of this column. It is taken from Lanciani's ' New Tales of Old Rome,' where an interesting account of excavations in and near the Forum may be found. 196 4 actum [esse] : indir. disc. ; the subject is nihil. 196 7 alienae gloriae, of another's glory. — cernere, to accept; cernere was the technical term for entering upon an inheritance. — aliqua ex parte, to some extent. 196 8 quamquam, and yet : § 313,/ ( ) ; B. 309, 5; G. 605, R. 2 ; H. 515, N. 2 (5S6, 4) ; H. & B. 196 9 haec enim iocatus sum, for in all this I have merely been jesting (i.e. in what he has said about having a share in Dolabella's glory) ; haec is cogn. ace. with iocatus sum ; § 238, b (^ ) ; cf. B. 176, 2; G. 333; H. 375 (412) ; H, & B. . — si modo sunt aliquae meae, if, to be sure, I have any. 196 10 transfuderim . . . exhauserim : § 311, rt; ( ) ; B. 280; G. 257, 2; H. 486, i (556); H. &B. 196 11 cum . . . tum, not only . . . but also; cum is also causal here (hence the subjunctive). The passage cannot well be literally rendered. We may translate : while I have always loved you, I afn noiv, in addition (tum) so fired by your actions that no love (lit. nothing in affection) ivas ever more ardent. Letters 399 196 15 amabilius, more worthy of love, 196 16 M. Brutum : the conspirator. 196 18 constantiam, strength of character. — Idibus Martiis (abl. of time) : the date of Caesar's murder. The conspirators were regarded by Cicero and by themselves as tyrannicides, as assertors of their country's freedom. "The Ides of March " became the watchword of the Senatorial party. See Fig. on p. 196, the famous coin of Brutus, struck in commemo- ration of the deed. The reverse shows a cap of liberty between two daggers and the legend EID-MAR ("the Ides of March "). — tantum accessit, so much was added. 196 10 locum f uisse augendi, that there was room for increase. 196 20 quiputaret: § 320, ^? ( ); B. 283, 2 ; G. 631,2; 11.503,! (591,1); H.&B. 196 22 nunc denique, 71070 for the first time (lit. now at length, i.e. now and not before). 196 23 dilexisse, merely to have had a liking for you (a weaker word than amare). 196 24 quid est quod, etc., ^uhy should I, etc. : see note on p. 102, 1. i. 196 25 servias, devote yourself to. — proponam, shall I set before you (as examples)? § 268 ( ) ; B. 277; G. 465; H. 484, v (559,4); H. & B. ; see note on p. 193, 1. 19. — quod . . . solent, as those are wont to do ; the unexpressed subject of solent is the antecedent of qui. 196 27 te (emphatic) imitere, etc., you must i>nitate yourself (your own example), j(?//; must vie zuith yourself. — imitere . . . certes : § 331, ?', and N.i ( ); B. 295, 6; G. 535, R.- ; H. 502, i (564, ii, i); H. & B. 197 2 utendum est : § 294, c and n. ( ) ; B. 337, 7, l> ; G. 251, 2, 427, N.4; H. & B. 197 3 contigit . . . tibi, it has been your happy lot. — quod . . . nemini, so/nething that I rather think has never happened to any one else (anticipat- ing the substantive clause ut . . . esset). 197 4 se Veritas animadversionis, j/^rw;?^^^ ijithe infliction of punish- 'i.ient. Dolabella had caused some of the persons concerned in setting up the column in Caesar's memory to be thrown from the Tarpeian Rock and had crucified others. Cicero regards his action as necessary and laudable. — invidiosa, a cause of oditim. 197 5 popularis, a source of popularity. — cum . . . tum, not only . . . but also, both . . . and (so in 1. 8, below). — bonis, i.e. (as usual) the opti mates. 197 8 magnitudine : abl. of cause. 400 Notes 197 9 contionem : an address at a public meeting of citizens held fot debate or address only (see p. 273). 197 10 accessus {approaches) . . . recessus {jvithdraivals) : nom. pi., subj. of facti [sunt]. Translate: so cazitioiisly and gradually did you (in your speech) now make your approaches to the case, and then again drazv hack fr 0771 the subject, that the facts the 771 selves, by com 771011 conse7it, gave ripe occasio7i for the punish77ie/it (which you inflicted) : i.e. all agreed that it was high time for such severe measures as those you took. 197 12 liberasti, etc. : the column in Caesar's honor had been a rally- ing place for disorderly Caesarians. There had been much rioting, and a general e77ieute was feared. Dolabella's sharp measures (characteristic of Roman cruelty) cowed the populace for a time. 197 13 ad tempus, y^'v- the preseiit crisis. 197 1-4 ad exemplum,/^raw^jfrt?;///^ (to posterity); cf. p. 196, 11. 26-27. 197 15 in te positam, etc., the safety of the state depends on you. — tibi : dat. of agent. 197 16 tuendos : Dolabella had protected the conspirators — the " liberators," as Cicero calls them — from mob violence. — illos viros, i e. Brutus and his associates. 197 18 coram,/? (ft- to face. — plura, sc. dicain. 197 19 conservas : note the tense ; the state is not yet safe, but Dola- bella is saving it. — fac ut: § 269,^'- ( ) ; G. 271, i ; H. & B. XX 199 1 sententiam et orationem, i.e. the opiniuns expressed by Cicero in the First Philippic, and the form in which he expressed them. 199 2 qua . . . liceret, if I zoere free to express myself in that zcay oftener ; the antecedent of qua is sententiam et orationem. — nihil esset negoti, there would be no difficulty. — libertatem . . . reciperare : Cicero found that the death of Caesar had not restored the constitution. Antony had become in his eyes a worse tyrant than Caesar himself. He more than once gave utterance to his regret that Antony had not been murdered too. 199 3 homo amens, i.e. Antony. 199 4 ille ipse, i.e. Caesar. — quem tu, etc., whom you have said to be the greatest cri77ii7ial that zvas ever p7it to death. 199 5 caedis, a 7nassacre. 200 1 auctorem, instigator. This charge was brought against Cicero by Antony in his reply to the First Philippic. 200 2 veterani, i.e. Caesar's veterans. 200 3 modo, // ofily. — facti, i.e. the assassination of Caesar. Letters 401 200 4 communicet : §3i4( ); B. 310, ii; G. 573 ; 11.513,1(587); H. cS: B. . — Pisoni : Csssar's father-in-law, L. Calpurnius Piso (see note on p. 184, 1. 16. — invectus est: Piso's speech against Antony was delivered in the Senate, August i, ]?.C. 44. 200 5 tricensimo die : i.e. in the F"irst Philippic. 200 I! P. Servilio : P. vServilius Vatia, Qiesar's colleague in the consul- ship in B.C. 48. He was now a member of the Senatorial party, and had spoken against Antony on Sept. 2. — est COnsecutus, follozved in my footsteps. 200 7 caedem (emphatic), for a massacre is what the cut- throat is striving for. Gladiator is one of Cicero's epithets for Antony. 200 8 a. d. XIII. Kal. Octobr., on the nineteenth of September (the date of Antony's reply to the First Philippic). — a me, with tne (lit. from me). — ad quern, on 7vhich (flay). 200 ;• venerat, i.e. into the Senate. — Metelli, i.e. L. Metellus Scipio, Pompey's father-in-law. He had commanded the Pompeian forces in Africa, and had committed suicide (B.C. 46) after Caesar's victory at Thapsus. His villa at Tibur was now in Antony's possession, and it was there that he prepared the speech in question. — COmmentatus esset, had prepared his speech. 200 13 quod scribis, etc., as to your luriting that, etc. 200 1.") ut in tantis malis, considering the desperate circumstances (lit. as in so great evils'). 200 16 tris . . . consulares : Piso, Cicero, and Servilius. — quae . . . senserint, i.e. their patriotic sentiments. 200 1!> nee est, etc., and there is no reason ivhy you should expect any- thing further (to be accomplished), i.e. anything beyond what has just been mentioned. 200 20 necessarius : M. Lepidus, afterwards the triumvir (see Fig. 50). He and Cassius had married half- sisters of Brutus. — adfinitate, alli- ance (by marriage). Lepidus' son had recently married Antony's daughter. 200 21 ludorum : the ///(// Apol- linares (in honor of Apollo), held June 5, had been paid for by Brutus, though he was unable to be present. The favor with which they were received was a tribute to the liberator, and therefore unpleasant to Lepidus. Cicero says, jestingly, that Lepidus has Coin of Lepidus and Oct.- Triumvirs 402 Notes lost his taste for sports. — fratris tui (obj. gen,): probably L. Cassius. The applause referred to may have been at the ludi Apollinaj-es, or on some other public occasion. It was construed as a compliment to C. Cassius, who was not in the city. — dirumpitur, i.e. with envy. 200 22 alter . . . adfinis : some connection of Cassius, whom Antony has conciliated by means of bribery; it is not known who is meant. — novis commentariis, by means of a new instalment of Ccesar''s com?}ientaries. Antony had got possession of Caesar's papers, and professed to be acting in accordance with instructions and plans which they contained. Many of the documents which he produced were, however, forged grants of money, etc., in which he and his wife, Fulvia, drove a thriving trade. Caesar's writings on the Gallic and the Civil War were called commentarii (i.e. notes), and Cicero is here punning on the word. 200 23 quod est qui, that there is a man who ; § 333 ( ) ; B. 299, i, b\ G. 540; H. 540, iv, N. (588, i); H. & B. . It is not known who this was. — vestro anno : observe the plural possessive, applying to Brutus as well as Cassius. They w^ere now praetors, and were not eligible for the consulship until B.C. 41 (see note on the cursus honorum, Introduction, p. lix). Before this year had come, both of the "liberators" were dead (the Battle of Philippi took place in B.C. 42). 200 25 huic latroni, i.e. Antony. — prae se f erat, declares. — Cotta : L. Aurelius Cotta (consul B.C. 65) ; an old friend of Cicero's. It was he who proposed the supplicatio for the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, and he was instrumental in Cicero's recall from exile (B.C. 57). — nam: Cicero is giving the reasons why Cassius has little to expect from any of his friends at Rome. He began with enim, in 1. 19, and now^ continues with nam, after a kind of parenthesis (sed haec . . . ferat, 11. 23-25). 200 27 L. Caesar: see p. 195, 1. 12 and note. 200 28 Sulpicius: Cicero's friend, the eminent lawyer, Servius Sul- picius Rufus (see introduction to Letter XV, p. 190). — summa auctori- tate, a man of the greatest influence. 200 29 non adest, ?>^z//^//^«^«. 200 30 designatis, the consuls elect. These were Aulus Hirtius and C. Vibius Pansa (see p. 199). 200 31 consularis, as men of consular rank (i.e. they were not worthy of the name). — habes, etc., here you have (i.e. in the enumera- tion just given). Fig Coin of Pansa Letters 403 200 32 etiam bonis rebus, even if the condition of public affairs were good ; an informal protasis, contrary to fact, of which the apodosis is esset. — perditis (belongs to rebus), %ohen ?V (i.e. the condition of affairs) is desperate. 200 33 qui si, but if you. — abestis, i.e. from Rome. — idcirco : § 317, « ( ); G. 545, i; H. 497, ii, i (568, 3) ; H. & B. . — ut sitis in \.Vi\.0,for the sake of your own safety. 200 34 aliquid, some measure (or movement'). 201 1 velim salvis nobis, / wish (it may take place) while I am alive. This sounds Hke a presentiment of Cicero's fate. See Introd., p. xxvi. — sin id minus, but if that is not to be, i.e. if I do not live to see you restore the state. 201 2 ego : emphatic. — tuis, your friends. 201 3 ad me referent, apply to me (or consult me). 201 10 adiungeris XXI feceris: cf. p. 179, 1. 18, and note. Fig. 52 Coin of Q Cassius VOCABULARY SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS a., act. . active. lit literal{ly). abs. . . . absolutcijy). loc locative. adv. . . adverb., adverbially. M., masc. . . masculine. borr. . . borrowed. n neuter (intransitive). c. . . . coviDion gender. N., neut. . . neuter. cf. . . coinpare. neg negatively). cog. . . cognate. num numeral. comm. . . commonly. opp opposed. comp. . . composition. orig originally. compar. comparative. p present participle. conn. connection. part particle. decl. . . declined. pass passive. def. . . definite., defective. perf perfect. dem. . . demonstrative. perh perhaps. dep. . . deponent. pi., plur. . . plural. dim., dimin . dimijtiitive. poss possibly, possessive. distrib. . distributive. p.p perfect participle. emph. . emphatic. prob probably. Eng. . . English. pron pro7toun, pronominal. esp. . . especially. prop properly. et seq. . and following. q.v. {quod vide) which see. etym. . etymology. reduced . . . indicates the loss of a F., fem. . feminine. syllable in derivation f. p., fut. p f tit lire participle. or composition. fig. . . Jignrativeijy). redupl. . . . reduplicated. form, . formation. reflex. . . . refiexive{ly). fr. . . from. rel relative. freq. . . frequentative. sc supply. Gr. . . Greek. sing singular. imp., impel imperative. Sk Sanskrit. impers. . impersonal. subj. .... subjtinctive, subject. increased indicates the addition subst. . . . substantiveijy). of a letter or letters. superl. . . . superlative. ind. . . indicative. tech technically). indecl. . indeclitiable. term termination. indef. . indefitiitc. transf. . . . transferred (i.e. from indep. . indcpcndcnt{ly). a proper to a forced insep. . inseparable. meaning). instr. instrumental. unc uncertain. intens. . intensive. V verb. interr. . interrogative. weakened . . indicates a change of irr. . . irregtilar. vowel. Other common abbreviations will be 'eadily understood. A hyphen (-) at the end of a word means that the word is a stem ; between two words it means composition. A plus sign ( + ) indicates derivation Dy means of a- derivative suffix following the sign. A root is generally given in small c \PITALS. A dagger (j) denotes a word not actu ally found, but assumed as having once existed. A query (?) denotes a doubtful etymo logy or meaning. Full-faced type in parentheses denote s other spellings or forms. h 2, 3, 4 re fer to conjugations of verb s. VOCABULARY A A., abbreviation for Aulus. a. d., ante diem, see ante. a, see ab. ab (a, abs) [reduced case of unc. stem, akin to Gr. dwo, Eng. oj^, of], adv. (only in comp.), and prep, with abl., away from, fr 0771 (cf. ex, oiit of, and de, dow7t fro77i, off fro77i). — Of place, with idea of motion, fro77i : rediens a cena. — With expressions of measure, off, away, at a distance of: procul a nobis ; a senatorio gradu longe abesse. — Of time, /rtw/, since: a kal. Ian. — Fig., frotn (with more or less idea of motion as in Eng.) : ab hoste defendere ; ab auro manus cohibere; urbs ab armis conqui- escere ; ab eo metuere ; seceme te a bonis ; are publica deficere. — When the idea is slightly different in Eng. : vacuus ab, destitute of ; quaere a vobis, /ask you ; a scelere abhorrere {be i7ico7isiste7tt with) ; postulare ab, ask of ; a vobis con- tendere {urge upo7t) ; ab isto poenas repetere (see poena). — Esp. with passives and words of similar import, by (cf. accidere a Caesare, at the hands of, showing the origin of this meaning). — Esp. also (prob. as the place whence the impression comes), 071 the side of, 07i, at, 07i the part of: a tergo interclusus (m the rear). — In comp., away, off, apart. — Also with negative force, 7lOt, U71-. . abalieno, -are, -avl, -atus [ab- alieno], i. v. a., {piit away to a)i- othci-), alie7tate. abdico, -are, -avT, -atus [ab- dico], I. v. a., {assig7i away). — With reflex., abdicate: se praetura {resign the prcctorship). abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ab-do {put)'\, 3. V. a., put away, re77iove, hide. — With reflex., co7iceal 07ie^s self, hide, bury 07ie's self (litteris) ; sol {hide its face at sunset). — With in and ace. or abl., hide in, with- di'aw to {take refuge a77i07ig), with- draw and hide away. — abditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., hidden, re77iotc, secluded. abduco, -diicere, -duxT, -ductus [ab-duco], 3. v. 2i., lead aiuay, draw away, take away, lead off, carry away (of persons or things which move of themselves). abeo, -ire, -il, -iturus [ab-eo], irr. V. Vi.,go away, go off, retire, go (out of sight or away) : abiit, he is gone aberro abstine5 (without regard to cause or man- ner). — Fig., f ass, £-0 by: abiit ille annus [passed away). aberro, -are, -avi, -aturus [ab- erro], I. V. n., {wander away or off), go astray, wander away. — Fig., go astray, deviate from : studia aberrantia a communi utilitate (at variance with, not in harmony luith). abhorred, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [ab- horreo], 2. v. n., shrink from. — Less exactly and fig., be at variance tvith, be inconsistent with, be averse from, be indisposed to : a tuo sce- lere ; a meis moribus ; a Musarum honore ; animi a causa (be estrangea from). abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ab- iacio], 3. V. a., throw away, throw down, throw (away from one's self). — Lit., cadaver in publicum {cast forth). — Esp., at one's feet as a suppliant, prostrate, throw {one's self). — Fig., cast aside : humanita- tem. — abiectus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj., downcast, overwhelmed, abject, broken, worthless, fallen. abiectus, see abicio. abies, -ietis [.''], w, fir ox spruce (tree or wood), prob. including all short-leaved coniferae. abiudico, -are, -avi, -atus [ab- iudico], I. V. a., adjudge away, take away (by legal decision). abiungo,-iungere, -iunxi, -iunctus [ab-iungo], 3. v. a., disjoitt, detach. abnuo, -nuere, -nul, -nutus, -nui- turus [ab-nuo], 3. v. a. and n., {refuse by a nod). — Less exactly, refuse, declifie. abripio, -ripere, -ripuT, -reptus [ab-rapio], 3. v. a., carry off {w\\.\\ \iolence), drag away, drag off. abrogo, -are, -avi, -atus [ab-rogo, in its political sense], i. v. z.., pass a vote to annul or take away : colle- gae magistratum {deprive of). abrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- tus [ab-rumpo], 3. v. a., break off. — With reflex., break away, with- draw (with violence). abs, see ab. abscido, -cTdere, -cIdT, -cisus [abs-caedo], 3. v. a., cut off, lop off, tear off, tear away. abscondo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [abs-condo], 3. v. a., hide away. — absconditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., hidden, obscure, far to seek. absens, see absum. absimilis, -e [ab-similis], adj., unlike. absisto, -sistere, -stiti, no p.p. [ab-sisto], 3. v. n., stajtd away, withdraw. — Fig., leave off, keep aloof. absoliitio, -onis [ab-solutio ; cf . absolve], F., {a setting free), an acquittal. — Also, a completion. absolve, -vere, -vT, -utus [ab- solve], 3. v. a., {loosen), acquit. — Also, co7nplete, pe7fect. abstergeo, -tergere, -tersT, -ter- sus [abs-tergeo], 2. v. a., wipe off, wipe away : fletum. abstinentia, -ae [abstinent- -f ia], F., self-restraint (abstaining from gratifying one's passions) : innocentia et abstinentia. abstineo, -tinere, -tinuT, -tentus, [abs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold abstraho 5 accusator off: manus animosque {keep, wit/i- hold). abstraho, -trahere, -tiaxT, -trac- tus [abs-traho], 3. v. a., drag off, drag away. — Fig., draw a7vay. absum, -esse, -fuT (afui), -futu- rus [ab-sum], irr. v. n., he away, be absent, he off (at a distance).— Fig. : tantum abes a perfectione ; flagitium a corpora {)iot be foiDid on); haec a meo sensu {be unper- ceived hy). — Esp. impersonally, be so far from, etc. : tantum abest ut videar, so far am I frovi seeming. — absens, -entis, p. as adj., /'// one's absence. abundantia, -ae [abundant- + ia], F., abundance. abundo, -are, -avi, -aturus [tab- undo-], I. V. n., overflow. — Fig., abound. — Transf. (of the place, etc., containing the thing), be strong in, he rich in, abound in. abutor, -iiti, -usus [ab-utor], 3. V. dep., misuse, abuse, take advan- tage of (by misuse). ac, shorter form for atque. accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessu- rus [ad-cedo], 3. v. \\.,move towards, draw near, approach, come up, come near, come {io), advance to, advaiice. — Fig., come to : huic causae {take up) ; litterarum lumen {shine upo/i). — Esp., be added, where often an explanatory word is necessary in Eng. : illud nobis {we shall have also this advantage) ; so with quod, there is also the fact that, there is also the reason that, or simply, moreover, then again. accelcro (adc-), -are, -avI, -atus [ad-celero], i. v. a. and n., hasten (towards something). accessus, -iis [ad-tcessus ; cf. accedo], m., a)i approach. accido, -cidere, -cidi, no p.p. [ad-cado], 3. v. n., fall tipon,fall : tela gravius {strike). — Fig., hap- pen, occur, present itself turn out, arise. — Often euphemistically for death, defeat, etc' : si quid ipsi (of conviction). accido, -cidere, -cIdT, -clsus [ad- caedo], 3. v. a., cut into, partly ctit. accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [ad-capio], 3. v. a., take, receive: bellum {take up). — Less exactly, receii:e, suff'er, meet with, experi- ence: iniurias ; dolorem. — Fig., accept, learn, hear, get, take. Accius (Attius), -I [.^], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., L. Accius, 3. tragic poet, born B.C. 170. accommodo, -are, -avI, -atus [ac- commodo-, or ad-commodo-], i. v. a., ft on, fit, put on, adjtist. — Fig., adapt, suit, coniform, accommodate (testis ad crimen). — accommoda- tus, -a, -um, p.p., fitted, adapted, zvell suited. accubo, -are, no perf., no p.p. [ad-cubo], I. V. n., lie at, lie near. — Esp., recline (at table). accurate [old abl. of accuratus], a Iv., with care, carefully. accusatio, -onis [accusa- + tio], F., an accusation, a prosecution, an arraig)iment (speech of prose- cutor). accusator, -oris [accusa- + tor], M., a prosecutor, an accuser, a con- ductor of a prosecutiofi. actio accuse, -are, -avT, -atus [ad- tcauso (cf. causor)], i. v. a., accuse, blame, find fatdt with. — Esp., coti- duct a proseciction against, p7'oseciite, accuse, arraign, be prosecutor. acer, -cris, -ere [ac (cf. acus), + lis (cf. -rus in purus)], adj., sharp. — Fig., keen, active, violent, energetic, spirited, severe, harsh : homo ; duces ; familia ; sententiae ; supplicia ; acri auimo, zoitk great spirit: in f erro (juith the sword). acerbe [old abl. of acerbus], adv., bitterly. — Fig. (of the mind), with bitterness, severely : ferre {s7if- fer severely from, etc.). acerbitas, -atis [acerbo- -f tas], F., bitterness. — Fig., harshness, severity, bitter feeling. — Concrete in plur. (with change of point of view in Eng.), sufferijigs. acerbus, -a, -um [acer (treated as stem) -f bus ; cf. superbus], adj., bitter (to the taste). — Fig. (to the mind), bitter, hard to bear, cruel, harsh, grievous : res ; supplicium. — Transf. to the feeling subject, bitter, 7'iolent: adversarius; animus; imploratio. acerrime (acerrume), superl. of acriter. acervus, -T [acer (as stem) + vus ; cf. torvus], m., {pointed?), a heap, a pile. Achaicus, -a, -um ['Axai'/cos], adj., of Achcva, Achcean, Grecian. Achaius (Achaius), -a, -um ['Axaia], adj., Achcean. — Fem. as subst., Achcea, a province of Greece. — Later, Greece, as a Ro- man province. Achilles, -is (-eT,-ei, -I) [ AxtXXei/s] , M., Achilles, the hero of the Tro- jan war. Achradina, -ae ['AxpaStm], f., a part of the city of Syracuse. acies, -ei [ac -f ies ; cf. series], F., point, sharp edge, edge, sharp- ness of the edge, keen glance, glare : auctoritatis {.edge, fig.). — Esp., li)te, battle line, array, army (as in battle array; cf. agmen), rajik (of an army in several ranks) : in acie cadere {in battle array) ; Pharsalica {battle). Acilius, -i [unc. stem + ius, prop, adj.], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., 71/'. Acilius Glabrio, who, as tribune of the people, carried a severe law against of- ficial extortion. — Hence, as adj., Acilian (lex). acquiesce, -escere, -evi, no p.p. [ad-quiesco], 3. v. n., acquiesce. acquire, see adquiro. acrim5nia, -ae [aero- -f monia], F., {sharpness). — Fig., severity, acrimony, energy : ad resistendum, acriter [aero- + ter (prob. neut. of -terus reduced)], adv., sharply. — Fig., actively, sharply, violently, with spirit. acroama, -atis \a.Kpoaixa\, n., an entertainment (musical or dra- matic). actio, -onis [as if ag -f tio, prob. tacti- + 0], F., a doing (including all the performances expressed by ago). — Y.%^., political action, official conduct : Lentuli consulis. — Also, a civil action, a prosecution : per- duellionis. — Also, a pleading (of actor adduco a case), a hearing (changing the point of view). actor, -oris [ag + tor], m., a doer (cf. actio). — Esp., a pleader (of a case, on the side of the plaintiff), a prosecutor, an advocate (of the plaintiff), an attorney : actor hie defensorque causae meae. actum, -1 [n. p.p. of ago], n., a proceeding (official), an act. actus, -lis [ag -f tus], m., a driving, a doing. — Esp., an act (of a play). acuo, -uere, -ui, -utus [acu-, stem of acus], 3. V. a., sharpen. — Fig., irritate, excite, spur on. — aciitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., sharpened, sharp, acute. acus, -us [AC -f us], F., a needle. a. d., see ante. ad [?], adv. (only in comp.), and prep, with ace. With idea of motion, to, towards, against. — Where the idea of motion is more or less obliterated, to, towards, for, at, on, against, iji, in regard to. — Of time, till, at, or on : ad ves- peram ; quam ad diem {up to, as a limit). — Esp., of place, at (not exactly in wox 071), around, near: ad Achillis tumulum {by) ; ad rhe- dam {aroujid) ; ad curiam ; quam ad summam, at the summit of which (city) ; ad inferos, /;/ the world beloxo ; ad urbem, near the city (of a commander with the imperium, who could not enter the walls) ; ad populum, before the people (of official action) ; ad senatorem ilium {at the house of, etc.). — Also fig., to, tozvards, for : fatale ad perni- ciem {fated for) ; ad quietem ; ad iudicandum severus (/'«) ; momen- tum ad suspicionem {cause for, etc.) ; ad laudem contendere {strive for). — Esp., with gerund to denote purpose or tendency, to : audax ad conandum {in). — Also, in respect to, in accordance with, at : praecla- rus ad adspectum (/// appearance) ; ad severitatem lenius {in respect to) ; ad libidinem {at) ; ad nutum ; ad arbitrium. — In comp. as adv., to, in, by, towards. adaequo, -are, -avT, -atus [ad- aequo], i . v. a., make equal to : cum virtute fortunam (match). — More commonly neuter, become equal to, equal. adamo, -are, -avT, -atus [ad-amo], I . V. a., fall in love with, take a fancy to, covet. adauge5, -augere, -auxi, -auctus [ad-augeo], 2. v. 2^., add to, increase. ado-, see ace-. addico, -dicere, -dlxi, -dictus [ad- dico], 3. v. a., adjudge, assign (by legal decision). — addictus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj. and subst., assigned (to one in satisfaction of a debt), bound, given over to, devoted. addictio, -onis [ad-dictio ; cf. addico], F., an adjtidging, a)i assign- 7nent (by legal decision). addo, -dere, -did!, -ditus [ad-do {put and give)^ 3. v. a., give to. — Also, put to, add. adduco, -ducere, -duxT, -ductus [ad-duco], 3. V. a., lead to, draw to, bring in (of persons), bring, draw in (towards one), drive, force: in eas oras exercitum ; in iudicium ; adeo 8 adfligo in invidiam {bring, expose) ; in ob- livionem {consign) ; in spem {raise) ; pretio adducta civitas ; amore ad- ducti {fascinated). — Fig., induce, persuade, drive, lead. ^adeo, -ire, -ii, -itiirus [ad-eo], irr. V. a. and n., go to, visit, get at, come to, come up, go to (a place), get in (to a place), advance (some- where), attack, approach (speak with) : with or without ad, visit. — Fig., encounter, incur, go into, take : periculum ; ad rem publicam {take part in); hereditates {take). "adeo [ad-eo], adv., to that point. — Less exactly, to that degree, so tnuch, so: usque adeo {to that degree). — Weakened, in fact, at all, exactly. — Esp., atque adeo, atid in fact, and even, or rather. adeps, -ipis [.^], c, fat. — Plur., corpulence (of men). adfabre (aff-) [old abl. of adfa- ber], adv., skilfully. adfecto (aff-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-tfacto; cf. adficio], i. v. a., {make for ; cf. proficiscor), aim at, pursue : iter {run a course). adfero (aff-), -ferre, -tidl, -latus [ad-fero], irr. v. a., bring to, bring. — Fig., cause, produce, bring forth, bring forward, allege, report, an- nounce, bring about : moram ; facul- tatis tantum {produce) ; lucem {cause to shine, bring) ; vim {apply, use) ; salutem ; rei publicae mo- tum ; medicinam {apply) ; vim {of- fer) ; manus {lay tipon). adficio (aff-), -ficere, -feci, -fectus [ad-facio], 3. v. a., do to, affect: quonam modo vos {treat). — With ace. and abl., affect with, inflict upon, produce in, cause to, visit with, fill with : praemiis {confer upon, honor with) ; populum laeti- tia {fill with). — In passive, suffer, receive, be in (a condition), be af- flicted by, suffer from : calamitate ; honore {receive) ; dolore {suffer) ; beneficiis {receive) ; turpitudine {in- cur) ; supplicio {be visited with) ; aetate adfectus {wor}i) ; vitiis ad- fectus {possessed by). adfigo (aff-), -figere, -fixl, -fixus [ad-figo], 3. V. 2i., fasten to, crucify. adfingo (aff-), -fingere, -finxl, -fictus [ad-fingo], 3. v. a., make up in addition, invent more, coiinter- feit besides. adfinis (aff-), -e [ad-finis], adj., borderijig 071. — Fig., akin to (by marriage). — Also, implicated (in anything) : culpae. — As subst., kinsman (by marriage). adfinitas (aff-), -atis [adfini- + tas], F., 7iearness. — Esp., of rela- tion by marriage, relationship, alli- ance, connection. adfirmo, -are, -avI, -atus [ad- firmo]. I. v. a., c on firyn, strengthen, corroborate. — Hence, declare, as- sert. adflicto (aff-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-flicto; cf adfligo], i. v. a., rt'^Kf// against, dash upon, dash to the i^rojind. — Hence, overthrow, oz'er- whelm, wreck. — Fig., afflict (with disease), prostrate. adfligo (aff-), -fligere, -flixi, -fllc- tus [ad-fligo], 3. V. a., dash upon. — Hence, overthrow, wreck, over- turn : equestrem ordinem {ruin) ; adfluo administer consulate nomen ; causam suscep- tam ; Catilinam. — adflictus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., cast down, broken, disheartened, laid prostrate, riiinea (fortunae), overwhelmed. adfluo (afQ-), -fluere, -fluxl, no p.p. [ad-fluo], 3. V. Vi., flow to. — Hence, with change of relation, floiv (with anything), abound in. — adfluens, -entis, p. as adj., abound- ing in, full of, replete with : urbs studiis ; unguentis (Gabinius). adgrego (agg-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-tgrego], i. v. a., laiite together, assemble, gather together. adhaeresco, -ere, no perf., no p.p. [ad-haeresco ; cf. adhaereo], 3. v. n., adhere to, cling to. adhibed, -ere, -ui, -itus [ad- habeo], 2. v. a., have /;/. — Hence, call in, adi?rit, bring with (one). — Fig., employ, use: vim {ofl'er, use, employ) ; studium atque aures {af- ford, lend, fir nish) ; orationem. adhuc [ad-huc], adv., hitherto (of place). — Of time, up to this time, till iww, to this day, thus far, hitherto, so far. adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [ad- emo {take)\, 3. v. a., take away (the action regarded as done to some- body), take from, deprive of rob of, remove from (a person). adipiscor, -ipTscT, -eptus [ad- apiscor], 3. v. dep., obtain, secure, attain: gloriam [win, gain). aditus, -lis [ad-itus ; cf. ladeo], M., approach, arrival, coming, com- ing forward, access. — Concretely, an avenue (of approach), access (excuse for approaching), vieans of approach, means of access, way of approach (in military sense), entrance : laudis {road to glory) ; faciles aditus ad eum privatorum {access) ; omnium aditus tenebat. adiumentum, -I [ad-tiumentum; cf. adiuvo], n., aid, assistance : adiu- mento esse, be of assistance. — Concretely, an aid, a means (of assistance). adiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iiinc- tus [ad-iungo], 3. v. a., Join to, unite to, attic h, unite zvith, add: divinitus adiuncta fortuna, with the addition of fortune from above. adiiitor, -oris [ad-tiutor; cf. ad- iuvo], M., helper, assistant, abettor. adiutrix, -Tcis [ad-tiutrix ; cf. adiuvo], F., a helper (female, or conceived as such in gender), an assistant, an abettor, accoinplice. adiuvo, -iuvare, -iuvl, -iutus [ad- iuvo], I. v. a., assist, help, help on, aid, be of advantage, be an assistance to, give assistance : causam {sup- tort). adlego (all-), -are, -avI, -atus [ad-lego], I. V. a., commission (for some purpose), despatch, send (as agents). adlicio (all-), -licere, -lexi, -lectus [ad-lacio], 3. v. a., entice, allure, draw, persuade : ad misericordiam. adlino (all-), -linere, -levT, -litus [ad-lino], 3. v. a., besmear, smear on. adluo (all-), -luere, -uT, no p.p. [ad-luo], 3. V. a., 7vash (as of the sea, etc.). administer, -trl [ad-minister], M., a sercuint, an assistant, an abet- tor, a tool (of persons) : scelerum. administra lO adpello administra, -ae [ad-ministra] , F., (7 serzant (female), ati assistant, a handmaid : virtutis. administro, -are, -avi, -atus [ad- ministro-], i. v. a. and n., serve. — Also, manage, administer, carry on, conduct: bellum ; rem publicam. admirabilis, -e [ad-mirabilis ; cf. admiror], adj., admirable, ?nar- vellous, astonishing. admiratio, -onis [ad-miratio ; cf. admiror], F., admiration, wonder, surprise, astonishment : ipsius ad- ventus admiratioque, his arj'ival and the ?narvel at the man himself. admiror, -arl, -atus [ad-miror], I. V. dep., be surprised, wonder at, admire. — admirandus, -a, -um, as adj., surprising. — admiratus, -a. -um, p.p. in pres. sense, beijig sur- prised. admitto, -mittere, -misl, -missus [ad-mitto], 3. v. a., let go to, admit, let go : in Tusculanum ; ad con- silium admittitur casus. — Fig., allow (cf. com- and per-mitto) : in se facinus {commit a crime) ; dede- cus [permit to be incurred). — Also, without in se, comtnit. admodum [ad modum], adv., to a degree. — Hence, veiy, very ?nuch, greatly, exceedingly, so (very) tnuch. admoneo, -ere, -uT, -itus [ad- moneo], 2. v. a., warn, urge, remind. admonitus, -us [ad-monitus ; cf. admoneo], m., a reminder, a warn- i)ig, a sjiggestion. admoveo, -movere, -m5vl, -motus [ad-moveo], 2. v. a., move to, ap- proach. — Less exactly, apply: ignis ceterosque cruciatus. admurmuratio, -onis [ad-mur- muratio], f., a viurmur (at some- thing), murmurs of intelligence (or approval or displeasure). adnumero (ann-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-numero], i. v. a., cou7it out to. adnuo (ann-), -nuere, -nul, no p.p. [ad-nuo], 3. v. n., nod to, nod assent. — Less exactly, assent. adolescens, see adulescens. adolescentia, see adulescentia. adolesco, -olescere, -olevi, -ultus [ad-olesco], 3. v. n., grow up (to maturity), mature. — adultus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., grown up, mature. — Fig., full grown, fill developed. See also adulescens. adorior, -orirl, -ortus [ad-orior], 3. and 4. v. dep., {rise tip against), attack, assail. adorno, -are, -avi, -atus [ad-omo], I. V. a., adorn, furnish, provide, fit out : maria classibus ; hunc ad per- ficiendum {furjiish with material, etc.). adparatus (app-), -us [ad-pa- ratus ; cf. adparo], lA., preparation. — Concretely, preparations, equip- ments, furnishings. adpareo (app-), -ere, -uT, -iturus [ad-pareo], 2. v. n., appear. See pareo. adparo (app-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-paro], i. v. a., {get for some purpose ? ), prepare, arrange, make preparations for (with a conception of the object from Eng.) : bellum ; iter. — adparatus, -a, -um, p.p. as 2.^]., prepared (with effort), splen- did, magnificent, elaborate. adpello (app-), -are, -avi, -atus adpendo 11 adsequor [tadpello- (ad-pello-, akin to pello)], I. V. a.; accost, address, call to, appt^al to, call upoi : te nunc ap- pello. — Also, call, name: quae appellatur Insula ; sanctos poetas. adpendo (app-),-pendere, -pendT, -pensus [ad-pendo], 3. v. a., weigh out to. adpeto (app-), -ere, -IvI, -Itus [ad- peto], 3. V. a. and n., seek to gain, de- sire, ai^n at : plus ornatus; regnum; inimicitias (I'oluntarily incur) ; vita ferro adpetita {attempted). — adpetens, -entis, p. as adj., desirous, eager for, covetous : gloriae. adpono (app-), -ponere, -posui, -positus [ad-pono], 3. v. a., place near, put to, fit. — appositus, -a, -uni, p.p. as adj., stiited, fitted. adporto (app-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-porto], i. v. a., bring in, bring (to some place). adprobo (app-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-probo], i. v. a., approve of , agree with (an opinion or action). adpromitto (app-), -mittere, -misl, -missus [ad-promitto] , 3. v. a. and n.,pro?nise in addition, promise as surety. adpropero (app-), -are, -avT, -atus [ad-propero], i. v. a. and n., hasten towards, hasten in, hurry up, hasten (to something). adpropinquo (app-), -are, -avi, no p.p. [ad-propinquo], i. v. n., approach, come nearer, come near, be at hand. adquiro (acq-), -quirere, -quisTvT, -quisitus [ad-quaero], 3. v. a. and n., {get in addition), acquire, gain : adquirere ad fidem, gain in credit. adripio (arr-), -ripere, -ripul, -reptus [ad-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch up, seize, catch. adroganter (arr-) [adrogant- (stem of p. of adrogo) -f ter], adv., with presumption, preszini- ingly, with ifisolence. adrogo (arr-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-rogo], i. v. a., {ask in addi- tion), claim, dernand. — adrogans, -antis, p. as adj., arrogajit, pre- suming. adscendo (asc-), -seen de re, -scendl, -scensus [ad-scando], 3. v. a. and n., climb tip, climb, ascend, mount, rise : ad caelum. adscensus (asc-), -iis [ad-tscan- sus ; cf. adscendo], m., a climbing up, an ascent, a going up. — Con- cretely, a way up, a means of ascent. adscisco (asc-), -sclscere, -scivT, -scitus [ad-scisco], 3. v. a., attach (by formal decree), adopt. — Less exactly, attach to (one's self), unite with (one's self). adscribo (asc-), -scrlbere, -scrips!, -scrlptus [ad-scribo], 3. v. a., write dozvn (somewhere), eti- roll, assign (by enrollment) : civita- tibus {enroll as citizens of). adsensio (ass-), -onis [ad-sensio; cf. adsentior], f., assent. — Con- cretely, a>i expression of assent. adsentio, -sentire, -sensT, -sensus, also dep., adsentior (ass-), -sentlrl, -sensus [ad-sentio], 4. v. dep., as- sent, give assent : voluntatibus {de- fer tl). adsequor (ass-), -sequl, -secutus [ad-sequor], 3. v. dep., follow after, overtake. — Fig., attain, secure. adservo adventus ^aitiy accomplish (as an end). — Also, cotnpi-eheud, understand. adservo (ass-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-servo], i . v. a., guaj-d, keep, keep under guard : hominem ; tabulas. adsido (ass-), -sidere, -sedl, -ses- surus [ad-sido], 3. v. n. and a., sit down (near or by something). adsidue (ass-) [old abl. of adsi- duus], adv., diligently, constantly. adsiduitas (ass-), -atis [adsi- duo- + tas], F., diligeftce, assiduity, constancy, unremitting effort: mo- lestiarum {constant pressure). adsiduus (ass-), -a, -um [ad- tsiduus (SED + uus ; cf. residuus)], adj., {sitting by), constant, con- tinued, incessant, untiring, inde- fatigable : adversarius ; adsiduus in praediis {coistantiy ejnployed). adsigno (ass-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-signo], \.\.2i., assign, attribute. adspectus (asp-), -us [ad-lspec- tus ; cf . adspicio] , m , ^r looking at, a sight, a view. — Transf., a7Z appear- ajice, an aspect, a vietu (objectively). adspernor, see aspernor. adspicio (asp-), -spicere, -spexl, -.spectus [ad-tspecio], 3. v. a. and n., look tip on, look at, look, see : altius {look, aim). adspiro (asp-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-spiro], 1. v. n., {breathe upon). — Fig., strive to reach, aspire. adsto (ast-), -stare, -stiti, no p.p. [ad-sto], I. V. n., stand by, stand near, stand (by or near). adsuefacio (ass-), -facere, -feci, factus [tadsue- (unc. case, akin to suesco) facio], 3. v. a., accustom, train. — Pass., be accusto?ned. adsum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus [ad- sum], irr. V. n., be near, be by, he present, be at hand, be there {here), appear, attend (at a place) : propter {be near by) ; animis {be attentive). — Esp., be by to assist, assist, defend. — Also, be close by, impend. adtendd, see attendo. adtineo, see attineo. adtingo, see attingo. adtribuo, see attribuo. adulescens, -entis [p. of ado- lesco], adj., young. — As subst., a youth, young man. — With proper names, the younger {Jr., to distin- guish one from his father). adulescentia, -ae [adulescent- -f ia], F., youth. adulescentulus, -I [adulescent- (as if adulescento-) + lus], m. (often as adj.), a ??iere boy, very yoting. adulter, -erl [ad-tulter (cf. ulte- rior, ultra), ^;/^ who roams abroad .^] , M., an aditlterer, a paramour. adulterium, -i [adulter- -f ium], N., adultery. advena, -ae [ad-tvena (vex -f a)], M., a chance comer (as op- posed to a native), a stranger, a visitor. advenio, -venire, -venT, -venturus [ad-venio], 4. v. n., come to, come, arrive : Verri advenienti {on his arrival). adventicius, -a, -um [tadven- tico- (adventu- or 6- -f cus) + ius], adj., coming by chance (cf. advena), foreign, exterjml, additional (to one's own resources). adventus, -lis [ad-tventus ; cf. adversarius 13 aegre advenio and eventus], m., a co7?i- ing, ait arrival, an advent. adversarius, -a, -um [adverso- (reduced) + arius ; cf. onerarius], adj., {turned toivards), opposed. — As noun, aii opponent., an adversary. adversio, -onis [ad-tversio- ; cf. adverto], f., a turning: animi {occtipation, einploynient). See animadversio. adversus, prep., see adverto. adverts, -vertere, -vertT, -versus [ad-verto], 3. v. a., turn towards: animum {turn the attention., notice ; see animadverto), tiirn against, turn (to anything). — adversus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., iii froiit, opposed, opposite, in opposition, adverse : proelium {unsjiccessftil); res adver- sae, adversity, zua/it of success. — adversi, those in front. — adversus [petrified as adv. and prep, with ace; cf. versus], against. advesperascit, -ere, no perf., no p.p. [ad-vesperascit], 3. v. impers., grow dark, approach evening. advocatio, -onis [advoca- + tio], F., a summoning (for legal assist- ance), a legal consultation : in advocationibus, as an advocate. advoco, -are, -avi, -atus [ad-voco], I. V. a., call (to one), summon. — advocatus, -I, p.p. as subst., a wit- ness (called in to some transaction as witness and adviser), a sup- porter, a counsel (assisting one in a suit but not a pleader; cf. patronus). advolo, -are, -avT, -aturus [ad- volo], I. V. n.,fly to, fly at. — Also, fig.,_/7j', rush. aedes, -is [idh (cf. aestas) -f es (cf. honos) and -is (cf. orbis)], f., {a fireplace?), a te?nple (a regular edifice ; cf. templum, a consecrated spot, andfanum, a shrine, generally ancient). — Also (only in plur.), a house, a dwelling. aedificatio, -onis [aedifica- -f tio], f., building: portus in aedifi- catione aspectuque urbis inclusi {the plan, the site). aedificium, -T [taedific- (cf. artifex) + ium], n., ^ building. aedifico, -are, -avi, -atus [taedific-; cf. artifex], i. v. a., build (of houses), erect, construct. — Less exactly, of ships. aedilis, -is [aedi- (as stem of aedes) -f lis], m., {belonging to a tefnple ?), an cedile, an officer at Rome. There were two classes of these officers, — the curule, who had charge of the public games and were important civil magistrates, and the plebeian, who had the duties of police commis- sioners. aedilitas, -atis [aedili- -f tas], f., cedileship (the office of asdile). Aiegaeus, -a, -um [At7aros], adj., yEgcEan (of the .^gaean Sea) : mare {the ALgcean). aeger, -gra, -grum [unc. root ( } IG, shake) -f rus], adj., sick, dis- abled. — A\so,fig.,suffering,afi^icted, enfeebled. aegerrime, superl. of aegre. aegre [old abl. of aeger], adv., feebly. — Jlence, zvith difficulty, hardly, scarcely, unwillingly (suffer from doing something). aegrotus aestas aegrdtus, -a, -um [aegro- + tus], adj., sick, diseased. Aegyptus, -I [At'7i'7rTos], f., Egypt. Aelius, -1 [?], M., a Roman gen- tile name (strictly an adj.). — Esp., Q. ^liiis, consul B.C. 148. — Plur., the yElii (members of the gens). Aelius, -a, -um [properly same word as last], adj., ALlian (belong- ing to the yElian gens). — Esp., ^lian (belonging to Q. ALlius) : lex (a law regulating the auspi- ces of the comitia). Aemilius, -I [.^aemul6- (reduced) + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., JMarcus Ainiilius Scauriis., consul B.C. 115. aemulus, -a, -um [.^ cf. aequus ?], adj., envious, rivalling, emtdons. — Masc. and fern, as subst., a rival. aequabiliter [aequabili- -f ter], adv., tiniforjnly, zoithoiit distinction. aequalis, -e [aequo- + alls], adj., eqtial, nnifortn. aequalitas, -atis [aequali- -f tas], F., equality. aequaliter [aequali- -f ter; cf. acriter], adv., evenly, iinifornily, equally, on an equality. aeque [old abl. of aequus], adv., equally, evenly, in the same way, as viiich,just (as). aequitas, -atis [aequo- + tas], F., evenness. — Hence (cf. aequus), fairness, justice. — Esp., aequitas animi, evenness of ?nind, content- ment, resignation, equanimity. aequus, -a, -um [i*, perh. akin to unus (toenos)], adj., even, level, equal. — Hence, /^?/r, just, eqtiitable. right: civitas aequissimo lure {on a pel feet equality as to rights^. — Esp., aequus animus, equanimity, contentment, resignatiott ; aequo animo, zoith co7nposure ; with verb, be resigned to, be satisfied to, be con- tent to ; aequus animus est, / am content, resigned ; aequo animo paratoque, with resignation and composure ; aequo animo esse, be iijidisturbed. aerarius, -a, -um [aer- (as stem of aes) -f arius ; cf. onerarius], adj., {having to do with copper). — tribuni (see that word). — Neut. as subst., the treasury (cf. aes). aerumna, -ae [?], f., hardship, trouble, toil, suffering. aerumnosus, -a, -um [aerumna- -f osus], adj., toilsome, painful, full of suffering, wretched. aes, aeris [perh. akin to Eng. iron^ N., copper (for the arts, or as money). — Hence, jnoney. — Esp., alienum {debt, another man's money). — Also, bronze (of which copper is a chief ingredient), a tablet (of bronze, used for perpetu- ating ollicial documents). Aesculapius, -1 ['Ao-zcX'^Trtos], m., the god of medicine among the ancients. Aesernia, -ae [.^], p., a town of Samnium on the river Volturnus, now Iserfiia. Aesopus, -I [At'o-wTTos], M., a tragic actor, friend of Cicero. aestas, -atis [stem akin to aedes -f tas, or perh. aesta- (cf. iuventa) -f tis(cf. virtus)], F., {heat), summer (the season for military operations). aestimo 5 ager aestimo, -are, -avi, -atus [aesti- mo- (aes-tumus, tu- in tueor? + mus ; cf. aeditumus)], i. v. a., value, estimate^ assess (of damages, by a process regular in Roman law). aestus, -us [root of aedes -f tus], M., heat (plur. in same sense) : aestu f ebrique, by the burning heat of fever. — Hence, boiling, tide. aetas, -atis [aevo- (stem of aevum) -f tas], f., age (of old or young), 7C7«///, old age, life : aetata a.^iQCt\is,oppressedwithyears; aetas atque robur, youth and strength ; aetatem degere, pass one^s life; nervos aetatis, sinews of youth ; ab ineunte aetate, from early man- hood ; aetatis tempus, time of life. — Also, age (time, generation). aetatula, -ae [aetat- + ula (as if aetato- + la)], f., youthful age, early years (as a period of life). aeternitas, -atis [aeterno- -f tas], F., eternity, never-ending time, ever- lasting ages. aeternus, -a, -um [aevo- (stem of aevum) + temus ; cf . hester- nus], adj., eternal, lasting, never- en ding, ever I a sting. Aetolia, -ae [Aetola- -f ia (fern, of -ius)], F., a region of Greece north of the Gulf of Corinth, conquered by M. Fulvius Nobilior in B.C. 189. Aetolus, -a, -um [Ai'rajXos], adj., /Etolian (of ^tolia). — Plur., the Aitolians (the people of the coun- try). aff-, see adf-. Africanus, -a, -um [Africa- + nus], adj., of Africa, African : hel- ium (of various wars, esp. one fought by Pompey against Do- mitius, a partisan of Marius, in B.C. 81). — Esp., as surname of various Scipios, Africanus. — So, i . P. Cornelius Scipio Africajms the elder, proconsul B.C. 210, the con- queror of Hannibal ; and 2. his adopted grandson (son of /Emilius Paullus) consul B.C. 147, the de- stroyer of Carthage and Numantia. Africus, -a, -um [Afro- (stem of Afer) + cus], adj., of Africa. — Africa, f. as subst., the country of Africa. — Esp., in a limited sense, the Roman province of that name, including the territory of Carthage and the regions to the west. afuisse, afutiirus, see absum. Agamemnon, -onis ['kyaij.^iji- vuv], M., king of Mycenae, and commander-in-chief of the Grecian forces at Troy. Agathocles, -is ['A7a^o/cX?7s], m., a tyrant of Syracuse (born B.C. 361) who long waged an active warfare against Carthage. age, see ago. ager, agri [ag {drive ?) + rus ; cf. Gr. dypos, Eng. acre], M., land (cultivated), fields, country (op- posed to city), territory (country), cultivated lands, fields (as opposed to woods) : fusi per agros (of rude men) ; ubertas agrorum {of the land, of the soil). — Esp., of the possession of a particular city, land, territory, country. A state in ancient times consisted of a fortified city or town (urbs, oppi- dum), the dwelling-place or refuge agito 16 agricola of all the citizens, and the lands cultivated by them around. Farms in the modern fashion were not common. — Cf. per agios atque oppida civium Romanorum ; agar Tauromenitanus ; ager Picenus et Gallicus. agito, -are, -avi, -atus [agito- (as if stem of p.p. of ago)], i. v. a., drive, chase. — Hence, rouse., stir up, excite, vex, trouble. — Fig., turn over (in mind), propose, discuss, purpose. agnoscd, -noscere, -novl, -nitus [ad-(g)nosco], 3. v. a., recognize (in some relation to one's self; cf. cognosco), recogftize as otters own, claim, acknowledge. ago, agere, egl, actus [ag], 3. v. a. and n., drive (apparently from behind; cf. duco, lead). — With a wide range of meaning, do (esp. of official business ; cf. conduct and carry on), act, treat, disctiss, plead, manage, conduct, carry on, take part (in any business), deal with, take up, handle, take action. — In many phrases : cum aliquo bene [male] agere, treat ojte well or /'// ; secum praeclare agi {that he is lucky) ; mecum male agitur, I fare hard ; agam cum populo, lay before the people, (of magistrates, who had this right) ; agam in magistratu {take up, deal with) ; non agam ob- scure (/ will not treat the matter, etc.) ; sic tecum agam {address, deal with, plead with) ; ita quidam agebat {represent, urge, argue) ; agere causam {plead) ; ad agen- dum, to plead the case ; res agetur {be treated) ; locus amplissimus ad agendum {for public business) ; ali- quid agere, aim at sotncthing, work for something : id actum est, this is what was accomplished, this was the end and aim ; quid agis ? what are you doing ? what are you about ? what are you aiming at ? quid gla- dius agebat ? {ivhat was it doing ?) ; nihil agere, accomplish nothijig, also, be idle, do nothing purposely ; magnae res aguntur, great interests are at stake ; quid agitur, what is the question ? res agitur, the ques- tion is, also, the case is tried, the cause is heard ; de quo nunc agi- mus {is now in question) ; si mori- bus ageret, if he should make it a question of 771 orals ; actum est, // is all over with us ; de vectigalibus agitur, the revoiues are at stake ; quid potest agi severius ? {how caji the case be conducted, etc.) ; quae turn agerentur, which were the7t 7i7ider discussion, goi/ig 07i ; nego- tium meum ago, atte7id to my ow7i interests ; festos dies {celebrate) ; triumphum {e/ij'oy, celebrate); fun- damenta {lay) ; gratias {f-eftder, pay, express ; cf. habeo and refero) : in crucem {drag, 7iail) ; age, age vero, co77ie, cotne now, see, well. agrarii, -orum [agro-], m. plur., agraria7i partisa7is. agrestis, -e [unc. stem (from agrS-) + tis ; cf. caelestis], adj., of the fields, 7-ustic. — Plur., rustics, fa7'77iers. — Hence, barbarous, 7'ude, clow7iish, boorish. agricola, -ae [agio- + cola ; cf . incola], m., a farmer. agricultura 17 aliquis agricultura (often as separate words), -ae [agro-cultura or agri cultura], F., land tillage, fartning. Ahala, -ae [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., C. Servilius Ahala, who, in B.C. 439, killed Sp. Maelius on account of his popular- ity and his good will to the lower classes, shown by gifts of grain. Aiax, -acis [Afas], m., Ajax, the name of two heroes of the Trojan war. — Esp., the more famous one, son of Oileus, who contended with Ulysses for the arms of Achilles, and was the subject of many liter- ary and artistic works. — Hence, of a statue of him, as we say, " Pow- ers' ' Eve.' " aio [.''], 3- def. v. n., say, assert : aiunt, they say, they tell its. alacer, -cris, -ere [?], 2id]., active, eagej; enej'getic, spirited. Alba, -ae[fem. of albus {the white town)], ¥., the name of several cities in Italy. — Esp.: i. All>a Fucensis, a city of the Marsi ; 2. Alba Longa, the supposed mother city of Rome. Albanus, -a, -um [Alba- + nus], adj.. of Alba, Albaft. — Neut. sing., Albanum, -1, an estate near Alba (in which region many Romans had country-seats), a7i Alban villa. I alea, -ae [.^], f., a die (for play- ing). — Also, dice (as a game). I aleator, -oris [alea- + tor ; cf. viator], m., a dicer, a gamester. Alexander, -dri ['AXe'laj^Spos], M., a common Greek name. — Esp., Alexander the Great, son of Philip of Macedon. Alexandria (-ea), -ae [ AXe^av- bpeta], v., any one of several towns named after Alexander the Great. — Esp., the famous city built by Alexander on the coast of Egypt. alienigena, -ae [alieno-tgena (gen- -fa; cf. incola)], m., a for- eigner, foreign-borji. alieno, -are, -avi, -atus [alieno-], I. V. a., make anothe7'''s. — Also, make strange, estrange, alienate. alienus, -a, -um [unc. stem akin to alius (prob. imitated from verb- stems of second conjugation) + nus; cf. egenus], adj., another'' s, of others, others\ other people's : pecuniae ; misericordia ; in alieno, on another's land. — Hence, strange, foreign, estranged, unfavorable (cf. suus), foreign to the purpose : tem- pus ; eiectus ad alienos (strangers) ; iter [out of one's way). — Superb as subst., a perfect strajiger. alio [abl. of alius], adv., else- whither, elsewhere (of end of motion). aliquando [unc. form; cf. quando and aliquis], adv., at some time. — Emphatically, at last (at some time, though not before). aliquanto, see aliquantus. aliquantus, -a, -um [ali- (re- duced stem of alius) quantus (cf. aliquis)], adj., considerable. — Neut. as subst., a good deal, a considerable part. — aliquanto (as abl. of meas- ure), by cofisiderable, considerably. aliquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (quod), [ali- (reduced stem of alius) quis], pron. (more forcible than quis ; not aliquo 8 alter definite, like quidam ; not univer- sal, like quisquam), some, some or other, any. — Emphatic, some (con- siderable), a)ty (important). — As subst., some one, any one, some- thing, anything. — Also, rarely, almost if not quite equal to quis alius (cf. derivation), so7ne other ; abire in aliquas terras, Cat. 1. 8, 20. aliquo [abl. of aliquis], adv., somewhither, someivhere (in sense of whither). aliquot [ali- (reduced stem of alius) quot], pron. indecl., several, some (more than one, but not con- ceived as many), several persons. aliquotiens [ali- (reduced stem of alius) quotiens], adv., several times, a member of times. aliter [ali- (reduced stem of alius) + ter; cf. acriter], adv., otherwise, differently : longe aliter est, the case is far otherwise. aliunde [ali-unde; cf. aliquis], adv., from another quarter, from elsewhere, from some other quarter. alius, -a, -ud, gen. -lus [unc. root (cf. else) + ius (va)], pron. adj., attother (any one, not all), other, different, else, another (of the sec- ond of three or more). — Repeated (either in separate clauses or in S2ime), one . . . another, one another, one one {thing) . . . another another, some . . . others : alius alia causa inlata, alleging different reasons ; alius ex alio, from different, etc., one from one, another from att- other ; alius atque, see atque. allatus, see adfero. allego, see adlego. allicio, see adlicio. allino, see adlino. Allobrox, -ogis [Celtic], m., one of the Allobroges. — Plur., the Al- lobroges, the tribe of Gauls living in Dauphiny or Savoy, about the upper waters of the Rhone, subdued in B.C. 121 by Fabius Maximus. alluo, see adluo. alo, alere, aluT, altus [al ; cf. adolesco], 3. v. a., cause to grow, feed, nurse, support (supply with food), foster, raise (of animals). — Fig., foster, fo77ient, feed, increase : haec studia adulescentiam {are the food of). Alpes, -ium [alp (Celtic form of albh; cf. albus) -f is], f. plur., the Alps, more or less loosely used of the whole mass of mountains between Italy (Cisalpine Gaul), Gaul, and Germany. Alsiensis, -e [Alsio- + ensis], adj., of Alsium. — As sul)st., a villa near Alsium, a town on the coast of Etruria. altaria, -ium [? alto- -f aris], n. plur., the temporary structure on the altar for burning the victim (?). — Less exactly, an altar. alte [old abl. of altus], adv., high, deeply, deep : altius adspicere, look higher, look farther. alter, -era, -erum, gen. -lus [al- (in alius) -f ter (for -terus, com- par. suffix)], pron. adj., the other (of two), one (of two) : alter ambove, one or both. — Plur., the other party. — Repeated (cf. alius), one the other, one another (of two), 07te . . . the other. — Plur., one alternus 19 Amisus party . . . the other. — Also, the second, another (the second of three): centesima et altera, ////;/- dred and second. — Also (esp. with negatives), a ji other (besides one's self, where all are conceived as two parties, one's self and all the rest). alternus, -a, -um [alter- (as stem) + nus], adj., alternate, reciprocal, mutual, alteriiating : versus {every second). alteniter [alter-uter; cf. ali- quis], -tra, -trum, gen. -trius, pron. adj., one of the two, one or the other. alius, -a, -um [p.p. of alo as adj.], high. — From another point of view, deep. — Neut. as subst., the sea, the deep : in alto, in deep 7vater, on the sea. alumnus, -T [alo- (stem of alo) + mnus (cf. -ixevos}), the fostered^, M., rt foster child, a nursling. alveolus, -T [alveo- + lus], m., a little basiji. — Esp., a dice box, the dice box (as a symbol of gaming). amabilis, -e [ama- 4- bills], adj., loxutble, attractive. amans, see amo. amb- [akin to ambo, a.[i.(p'C\, prep, only in comp., about. ambitio, -on is [amb-titio ; cf. ambio], f., {a going round). — Esp., to canvass for office, a canvassing. — Hence, ambition. ambitus, -us [amb-itus ; cf. am- bio], M., {a going round). — Esp., to canvass (cf. ambitio), but only of illegal means of canvassing, bribery (at elections), iinlawful canvas si?ig : de ambitu, on a charge of this crime. ambo, -ae, -o, -orum [akin to amb-], num. adj., both (together; cf. uterque, both separately). amburo, -urere, -ussT, -ustus [amb-uro], 3. v. a., burn around, scorch, half burn. amens, -entis [ab-mens], adj., , {having the fnind away), mad, crazy, insane : audacissimus atque amentissimus, of the greatest reck- lessness and madness. amentia, -ae [ament- -\- ia], f., madness, frenzy, (mad) folly, in- sanity. Ameria, -ae [}], v., an old city of Umbria, about fifty miles up the Tiber from Rome, now Amelia, but only a ruin. Amerinus, -a, -um [Ameria- (re- duced) + inus], adj., of Ameria.- — Masc. plur., the people of' Ameria. amicio, -icTre, -icuT (-ixi), -ictus [amb-iacio], 4. v. a., throtv round (of clothing), wrap about. — Also, with object of the person, wrap, throw around, clothe (with outside garments) : velis amicti non togis. amicitia, -ae [amico- + tia], f., friendship, friendly relations, alli- ance (opposed to hospitium, which see), personal friendship. amicus, -a, -um [unc. stem from AM (in amo) -f cus ; cf. pudicus, po- sticus], ■A.fS.]., friendly, well-disposed. — Masc, as subst., a friend, an ally. amissus, see amitto. Amisus, -1 [.''], F., an important commercial city of Pontus, on the Sinus Amisenus, a bay of the Euxine. 20 Ancharius amitto, -mittere, -misl, -missus [ab-mitto], 3. v. a., let go (away), let slip, let pass. — Hence, lose (esp. of military losses) : classes amissae et perditae {lost, by negli- gence, and ricified, by misdoing). am5, -are, -avi, -atus [?], i. v. a. and n., love. — amans, -antis, p. as 2id].,foncl. amoenitas, -atis [amoeno- -f tas], F., beauty (as of scenery and the like), beautiful scenery, loveliness (only of things pleasant to the eye). amor, -oris [am (in amo) + or (for -os)], iM., love, affection. — Also, toward \}Li\\\^%, fondness f 07-, delight in. ample [old abl. of amplus], adv., widely, largely. — amplius,compar., farther, more, longer : quid vis am- plius (in such cases it may be re- garded either as adj. or adv., see amplus). amplector, -plecti, -plexus [amb- plecto], 3. V. dep., {twine around). * — Hence, embrace, hold in one's arms. — Fig., include, contain. — P^'io, favor, court the favor of. amplexor, -arl, -atus [amplexo-, stem of p.p. of amplector], i. v. dep., embrace. amplifico, -are, -avT, -atus [am- plifies-), I. V. a., increase, enlarge, extend, heighten, niag)iify. amplitude, -inis [amplo- -f tudo], F., size, extent, great^iess. — Esp., of station or fame, greatness, dig?iity, position, prominence. amplus, -a, -um [.', perh. amb -f stem akin to plus, planus], adj. Of size and extent, lit and fig., large, wide, great, grand : curia. — Esp., prominetit, of consequence, splendid, noble, distinguished, glo- rious : praemia {lavish, valuable) ; fortunae ; patrui amplissimi {most distinguished) ; homo {great) ; am- plum et praeclarum, a great and glorious thifig ; munus {noble); locus ad agendum {honorable) ; fruc- tus {splendid, valuable) ; magnum aut amplum cogitare, have a great or noble thought ; beneficia amplis- sima {highest) ; verba amplissima, strongest tertn s ; laus amplior {higher). — amplius, neut. compar. as subst. or adv. (see ample) (cf. plus), more, a greater number, further, besides. an [.'], conj. introducing the sec- ond member of a double question, or, or rather: ab eone an ab eis qui, etc. ; Gabinio anne Pompeio {or). — Often with the first member only implied, or, (is it not so .-* ) or, (as an impossible alternative) or: utrum ... an, whether . . . or. — Esp., baud scio an,nescio an, I know not but, I a?n inclined to think, it may be, probably, perhaps, very likely. — an vero, see vero. anceps, -cipitis [amb-caput], adj., {having a head on both sides), double-headed. — Less exactly, two- fold, double : contentio (i.e. with two foes). — Hence, doubtful : for- tuna (as looking both ways, and hence undecided). Ancharius, -1 [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., Q. Ancharius, a friend of Cicero. ancilla 21 ancilla, -ae [anculo- (anco- + lus) + la], F., a 7naid-scrva}it, a hand- 77 1 aid. andabata, -ae [?], m., a hlijid- folded gladiator, whose helmet was without holes for the eyes. angiportus, -iis (and -i) [tango- (ang + us) + portus], M., a la7ie, a 7tarrow alley. ango, angere, anxi, no p.p. [ang ; cf. anxius, angustus], 3. v. a., thi-ot- tU. — Fig., distress, 7nake a7ixioiis : V3hementer angebar, / was 771 ucA distressed; tot curis vigiliisque angi (distress 07ie's self). anguis, -is [ang (cf. ango) + is], M. and F., a serpent. angulus, -T [tango- (cf. angi- portus) + lus], jM., a cor7ier, an angle. angustiae, -arum [angusto- -f ia], F. plur., 7ia7'rows, stratts : Ponti (i.e. the Dardanelles). — Fig., straits (cf. " in a tight place "), 7iarrow bounds. angustus, -a, -um [angor (for angos) + tus], adj., narrozv, con- fi)ied : angustiora castra {less ex- tensive) ; montes {eo7tJitti7ig, by 7vhieh 07ie is he77i7)ied /«). — Fig., animus {iiarrozv, S77iall). anhelo, -are, -avi, -atus [amb(?)- halo], I. V. a. and n., pant, breathe heavily, breathe (with force). anima, -ae [ani- (treated as root, fr. an, blow) + ma (fern, of -mus) ; cf. animus], f., breath. — Hence, soul, life : liberorum anima {the lives); as term of endearment, darli7tg. — Plur., the soul (of man, abstractly). animadversio, -onis [animo- (?) adversio ; cf. animadverto] , F., a 7totici7ig, attentio7t (to a thing). — Hence, pU7tish7nent. animadverto, -vertere, -vertT, -versus (also animum adverto un- contracted) [animum adverto], 3. V. a., tur7i the nmid to, atte7td to: in aliquem {puiiish, cf. the domes- tic " attend to " ). — - Less exactly, observe, 7iotice, I ear 71. animosus, -a, -um [animo- -f osus], adj., spirited, courageous. animus, -1 [ani- (stem as root, fr. an, blow) -f mus ; cf. dve/xos, wi/id], M., breath, life, soul (vital). — Usually (the above meanings being appropriated to anima, which see), soul (as thinking, feeling), heart, 77ii7id, feeli7igs, feeli7ig, intel- lect (but cf. mens), spirit, passio7i, desire: concitatio animorum {feel- ings) ; animi ad causam excitati ; animum vincere {passio7is) ; ani- morum motus, the activity of the i/itellect ; magnus animus, a great soul, a man of great soul ; animo meliore, better disposed ; quo ani- mum intendit, at what is he aimi7ig? animis providere, a7iticipate, provide in thought ; cerno animo (/'« 7ny mi7td''s eye) ; bono animo, with good i7ite7tt ; virtutes animi, moral vir- tues. — Also (in a good sense, often in plur.), spirit, co7ista7icy, courage, resolutio7i : opes animique, re- sources and spirit. — Also : animus magnus, courage, 7nag7ianimity, lofty spirit : animi magnitudo, lofty spirit. — Esp. (as directly opposed to mens, which see), the t/ioral po7vers. annalis 22 Antiochia will, desires, affections, etc., the heart, the feelings, the disposition : animus et mens, heart and mind ; ex animi mei sensu {the feelings of my heart). — Also, fig., of a person beloved, dear one, darling : duabus animis suis. For animus aequus, see aequus ; for animum advertere, see animadverto. annalis, -e [anno- + alis], adj., yearly. — As subst. (sc. libri), an- nals (books of history arranged in years), history. Annius, -T [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : i. T. An- nius Milo, a supporter of Cicero, defended by him in the oration pro Alilone ; 2. Q. Annius Chilo, a fellow-conspirator with Cati- line, anniversarius, -a, -urn [anni- verso- + arius], 2id]., yearly, rettirn- ing every year. annona, -ae [stem akin to annus -f na ; cf. colonus, Pomona], f., grain crop (of the year). — Hence, grain market, price of grain : vili- tas annonae, cheapness of grain ; annonam levare, relieve the 7narket, loiver the price of grain. annus, -T [?], m., a year (as a point of time, or as the course of the year, or as a period). ansa, -ae [?], f., a handle. — Also, fig., sermones ansas dabant {handles, to get hold of). ante [old antid, abl. of tanti- (cf. post and postis)], adv., before (of place and time), /;/ front, in advance, beforehand, first (before something else) : ante quam, earlier than, before, zintil, etc. ; paulo ante, a little while ago ; multis ante annis, many years ago ; iam ante, already before, already. — Prep, with ace, before (of place or time), /// advance of, iji frofit of. — In dates: ante diem (a. d.) {on such a day before) ; ante diem xii Kal. Nov., Oct. 2ist. — In comp., before (of place, time, and succession). antea [ante ea (prob. abl. or instr. ; cf. ea, qua)], adv. (of time), before, previously, once, formerly, hitherto, ofice. antecello, -ere, no perf., no p.p. [ante-cello], 3. v. n., surpass, excel. antefero, -ferre, -tulT, -latus [ante-fero], irr, v, a., place in ad- vance, prefer. — Pass., b>e preferred, be t lie first, have the superiority. antelticanus, -a, -um [ante-luc /' + anus], adj., before the light: ' cenae [late, prolonged till dawn). antepono, -ponere, -posuT, -posi- tus [ante-pono], 3. v. a., place -in advajice (cf, antefero), think of viore importance, prefer, place be- fore, value more highly. antequam, see ante. antestor, -arl, -at us [amb (.^) -testor], I. V. dtp., call to witness, appeal to. anteverto, -vertere, -vertl, -versus [ante-verto] , 3. v. a., turn in front (cf, antepono), prefer. — Also, aji- ticipate, get in advance of. Antiochia (-ea),-ae ['Airioxeta], F., the name of several ancient cities of the East. — Esp., Antioch, a city of Syria founded by the son of- Antiochus, Antiochus 23 Appius Antiochus, -I ['AutIoxos], m., the name of several Eastern poten- tates. — Esp., Anfioc/ius the Gi-eat, king of Syria, who had a long con- test with the Romans and their allies for supremacy in the East, but was conquered in B.C. 190 by the Scipios. antiquitas, -atis [antique- + tas], F., antiquity, ancient times. antiquus, -a, -um [tanti- (cf. ante) + cus (cf. posticus)], adj., old (existing from early times, not so much in reference to present age as to former origin ; cf. vetus), ancient. — Less exactly, foi'}?ier : status (of a state that had existed only three years before, but was of great antiquity previous to that) ; ilia antiqua, those ancient examples ; antiqui, the ancients. — Hence, of the old stamp, old fashioned : homi- nes (of men still living). Antium, -I \^'kvrLov\, n., an ancient town of Latium, not far from the coast, now Porto d'' Anzio. Antonius, -I \)\ im., a Roman family name. — Esp.: i. Marcus (Mark Antony), the famous trium- vir ; also, 2. his brother, Lucius, consul B.C. 41. anulus (ann-), T [ano- + lus], M., a ring. Ap., al)breviation for Appius. Apelles, -is ['ATreXX^s], M., a famous Greek painter in the time of Alexander the Great. Apenninus, -I [Celtic], m., the Apennines, the great range of mountains which forms the back- bone of Italv. aperi5, -perire, -peruT, -pertus [ab-pario {get off) ; cf. operio, cover'], 4. v. a., uncover, open. — Fig., dis- close, open, lay bare, lay open. — apertus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., open, exposed, uncovered, nnobstrticted, jinprotected, without concealment. aperte [old abl. of apertus], adv., openly, unreservedly, rvithcut concealment, plainly, clearly. Apinius, -1 [?], m., a Romcri gentile name. — Esp., P. Apinius, a young man robbed by Claudius. Apollo, -inis [?], M., the son of Ju- piter and Latona and twin brother of Diana, god of the sun, of divi- nation, of poetry and music, and president of the Muses. He was also god of archery, of pestilence, and, on the other hand, of heal- ing. He is identified by Casarwith some Celtic divinity. apparatus, see adparatus. appareo, see adpareo. apparo, see adparo. appello, see adpello. appendo, see adpendo. appeto, see adpeto. Appius, -a -um [Appius deck as adj.], adj., Appian, of Appius. — Esp., referring to Appius Claudius Civcus : via (the road from Ron e to Capua made by him); App'a (without via), in same sense. — Appi Forum, a small market-town in Latium on the Via Appia, now Poro Appio. Appius, -I [.^ prop, adj.], M., a Roman first name. — Esp.: i. Appius Claudijis, consul T5.C. 54 ; 2. Appius Claudius, nephew of applied Archilochius P. Clodius, and one of Milo's accusers ; 3. a brother of Clodius. applico, see adplico. appono, see adpono. apport5, see adporto. approbo, see adprobo. appromitto, see adpromitto. appropero, see adpropero. appropinquo, see adpropinquo. aptus, -a, -um [ap (in apiscor) + tus], adj., {fitted to), suited, adapted, fit, apt. apud [akin to ab and airo], prep, with ace, at, among, with, before, on one^s part, in relation to (a person), in one^s house {covipany, possession), ajHOjig: apud Tenedum ; adversa- rios (i.e. in their ranks); inlustre apud omnis nomen (i.vith, among); apud vos in honore {-with, a7nong); populum Romanum et exteras nati- ones ; apud Laecam {at the house of). Apuleius, -i [Apulo- + eius?], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., P. Apuleius, a tribune of the people who supported the cause of the senate against x^ntony. Apulia, -ae [Apulo- + la (fern, of -ius)], F., that part of Italy east of Campania and Samnium and north of Lucania, famous chiefly for its pastures. aqua, -ae [.^], f., water, a water- course : aqua atque igni interdicere (a form of banishment among the Romans). aquila, -ae [fern, of aquilus, darh gray, perh. remotely akin to aqua], F., an eagle. — Esp., the standard of the Roman legion, consisting of an eagle on a staff. ara, -ae [?], F., an altar. arator, -oris [ara- -f tor], m., a ploughmati. — Also, a latidholder (a person who cultivated the pub- lic lands, paying tithes for the privilege). arbiter, -tri [ad-tbiter (bi, in bito, -f trus ; cf. -trum)], m., a wit- ness. — Less exactly, a referee, an arbitrator. arbitratus, -us [arbitra- + tus], M., a decision: arbitratu eius, at his bidding. — Also, will, pleasure, choice : arbitratu meo. arbitrium, -T [arbitro- + ium ; cf. iudicium], N., judginent, will, bidding, pleastire (what one sees fit to do or have done) : ad arbitrium. arbitror, -arl, -atus [arbitro-], I. V. dep., fudge, think, suppose (judge). arbor, -oris [?], f., a tree. area, -ae [arc- (in arceo) + a], F., a chest, a box, a cell. arceo, arce re, arcuT,arctus [tarco- (stem akin to area)], 2. v. a., con- fine. — Hence, by a change of the point of view, keep off, prevent, drive azoay : a templis homines {defend from). arcesso, -ere, -TvT, -Ttus [akin to accedo, but the exact relation uncertain], 3. v. a., siimmon, invite, sold for (persons), call in. Archias, -ae ['Apxt'as], m., a poet of Greek extraction, whose claim to citizenship Cicero defended in a famous oration. Archilochius, -a, -um [Archilocho- -f ius], adj., of Archilochus, Archi- lochian. — Fig., severe, acrimonious. Archimedes 25 Armenius Archimedes, -is ['Apx'M^S'?^]) M., the famous mathematician of Syracuse, by whose assistance that city was long defended against the Romans. architectus, -I [prob. corruption of dpx'-'reKTLbi'], M., an architect, a builder. arcus, -us [?], M., a Innv. ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus [prob. arido-j cf. ardifer], 2. v. n., he hot, be in a blaze, be on fire. — Fig., be excited, he in a blaze, hum, flash fire (of the eyes). — ardens, -entis, p. as adj., red hot, blazing, flash- ing. ardor, -oris [ard (in ardeo) -f or], M., « blaze, heat, flre : caeli {a blaz- ing sky). — Yig., fire, fijiry : animo- rumet armorum {fire of passion ajid fury of arms); animi {excitement). Arethiisa, -ae [^kpedovaa], f., a celebrated fountain near Syracuse. argentarius, -a, -um [argento- + arius], adj. Fem. as subst. (sc. res), money business, banking busi- ness. — Masc. as subst., a banker, a m oney -changer. argenteus, -a, -um [argento- + eus], adj., of silver, silver (as adj.). argentum, -1 [akin to arguo], n., {the shining metal), silver (the metal). — Also, of things made of the metal, silverware, silver. argumentor, -arl, -atus [argu- mento-], i. v. dep., argue, reason. argumentum, -I [argu- (as if stem of arguo) + mentum], n., an argument, a proof (drawn from rea- soning, as opposed to witnesses), an iftferettce, a subject (in art). arguo, arguere, arguT, argutus [prob. targu- (stem akin to Argus and argentum) -f io (.'')], 3. v. a., make clear, prove. — Esp., accuse (prove guilty), charge. Aricia, -ae [.-*], f., a town of Latium on the Appian Way, at the foot of the x^lban Mount, now Ric- cia. Near l)y was a famous temple of Diana. aridus, -a, -um [taro- (cf. areo) + dus], adj., dry. — Less exactly, meagre : victus. Ariobarzanes, -is [Persian], m., a name of several Persian mon- archs. — ^ Esp., a king of Cappa- docia, established on his throne by the Romans, several times driven out by Mithridates and Tigranes, and finally restored by Pompey, B.C. 65. Aristaeus, -T [ 'Apto-raTos], m., an old divinity of Greece, patron of pasturage, bee-keeping, and oil-cul- ture; cf. Virg. Georg. iv. 315 et seq. arma, -5rum [ar, fit (cf. armus, the shoulder-joint) -f mus], N. plur., tools, esp. arfus, equipmetit. — Fig., arms (as symbol of war), war, conflict, forces : isdem in armis fui {oti the safue side, in a civil war); tua quid arma voluerunt {your ar?)i ed ca7?ipaig)i ) . armattira, -ae [arma- (stem of armo) + tura], v.,armor,equipment. armatus, -a, -um, see armo. Armenius, -a, -um [jXpixevLa treated as adj.], di.d]., of Armenia (the whole country south of Pon- tus and Colchis, west of the river Araxes and the Caspian mountains. 26 Atilius east of Cappadocia, north of the Niphates mountains). — Also, used of Lesser Armenia, the part west of the Euphrates. — Masc. plur. as subst., the Armenians^ inhabitants of the countiy. armo, -are, -avT, -at us [anno-, stem of arma], i. v. a., eqicip, fur- nish with weapons, arm. — Pass., in middle sense, arm (one's self). ^armatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., armed, in arms, equipped ; masc. plur. as subst., armed ?nen. arripio, see adripio. Arrius, -i [.-'], m., a Roman gen- tile name. — Esp., Q. Arriiis, a friend of Cicero. arroganter, see adroganter. arrogo, see adrogo. ars, artis [ar -f tis (reduced)], F., skill, art. — Also, a quality (especially a good one). — Plur., the arts, the useful arts, branches of learnijig, branches (of learning, implied). artifex, -icis [arti-tfex (fac as stem)], M. and F., an artist. artificium, -T [artific- (stem of artifex) + ium], n., workmanship, skill (of an artist), a skilful contriv- ance, an artifice, a trick. — Also, a trade (opposed to ars, a higher art). — Concretely, a work of art : opera atque artificia. arx, arcis [arc (in arceo, area) -f is (reduced)], f., a stronghold, a fortress, a citadel. ascendo, see adscendo. ascensus, see adscensus. ascisco, see adscisco. ascribo, see adscribo. Asia, -ae ['Ao-t'a], f., the country now called Asia Minor. — Esp., the Roman province of Asia, em- bracing Phrygia, Caria, Mysia, and Lydia. Asiaticus, -a, -um [Asia- + ti- cus], adj., of Asia, Asiatic: pecu- niae {in Asia, i.e. invested there). aspectus, see adspectus. aspere [old abl. of asper], adv., roughly. aspernor, -arl, -atus [tasperno-, stem akin to ab-spemo], i. v. dep., spur/i. aspicio, see adspicio. asporto, -are, -avi, -atus [abs- porto], I . V. a., carry off", carry away. assidue, see adsidue. assiduitas, see adsiduitas. assiduus, see adsiduus. assuefacio, see adsuefacio. astrum, -T [aarpovl, X., a star, a constellation. — Less exactly (in plur.), heaven, the skies, on high : deciderat ex astris. astutus, -a, -um [astu- + tus ; cf. barbatus], adj., cunning, crafty, astute. at [prob. form of ad], conj., but, at least. — See also enim and vero. Athenae, -arum ['A^-^j^at], f. plur.. Athens. Atheniensis, -e [Athena- -f en- sis], adj., of Athens, Athenian.— Plur., the Athenians. athleta, -ae {aQX-qr -}]%], m., a wrestler, an athlete. Atilius, -1 [.'], M., a Roman gen- tile name. — Esp.: i. M. Atilius, a Roman who, as iudex, was found guilty of receiving bribes; atque 27 auctionarius 2. Atilins CiaviiDiiis, a tribune of the people at the time of Cicero's recall. atque (ac) [ad-que], conj., and (generally introducing some more important idea), and even, andespc- liiilly, and further, and ?noreover, and Jioiv. — Also, as, than : par atque, the same as ; simul atque, as soon as ; similis atque,/« j-^ like ; aliter ac, otherwise than, di/feretit from what, etc. ; contra atque, dif- ferent from, etc. ; atque adeo, and even, and in fact, or rather ; pro eo ac, according as; perinde ac, just as. atqui [at-qui (old abl. or instr.)], conj., {di/t somehow F), but yet, but, still, now. atrium, -T [?, atro- + ium], n., the atrium [the hall of a Roman house). — Also, a hall (of a temple, prob. made in the fashion of a house). atrocitas, -atis [atroci- (as if stem of atrox) + tas], f., cruelty : animi [savage disposition). — Also, of things, atrocity, enormity. atrociter [atroci- + ter], adv.; savagely, cruelly: aliquid atrociter fieri {some atrocious crueltyi); nimis atrociter minitans {too violently) ; atrociter ferre {pass a cruel larv). atrox, -ocis [stem akin to ater -|- cus ; cf. colonus, aegrotus, and ve- rax], adj., savage, cruel. — Also, of things, atrocious, cruel, inhu- man, monstrous. attendo (adt-), -tendere, -tend!, -tentus [ad-tendo], 3. v. a. and n., {stretch towards). — Esd., with ani- mum, tur}i the attention to, attend to, attend. — Also, without animum, attend, notice : ecquid attendis, (// c- you paying any attention ? me tarn diligenter {listen to) ; parum atten- ditis, you are too careless. — atten- tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., attentive. attenuo (adt-), -are, -avi, -atus [ad-tenuo], i. v. a., thin out. — Fig., lessen, diminish, reduce. attineo (adt-), -tinere, -tinuT, -tentus [ad-teneo], z. v. a. and n., hold out towards. — Esp., reach, touch, have to do with, make a dif- ference, be of importance : nihil attinet, it is useless, unnecessary. attingo [adt-], -tingere, -tigi, -tactus [ad-tango], 3. v. a. and n., touch, reach, affect, set foot on, have to do with, come in contact with : auctoritatem {aspire to) ; Cimbricas res {touch upon in literary compo- sition). Attius, -T [Atto- -f ius], m.,' a Roman gentile name. — Esp., P. Attius Vartis, praetor in Africa in the war between Caesar and Pompey. attraho (adt-), -trahere, -traxT, -tractus [ad-traho], 3. v. a., dratv to, attract. — Fig., draw, allure : te Romam. attribuo (adt-), -tribuere, -tribuT, -tributus [ad-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign, appropriate. attuli, see adfero. auctio, -onis [aug (as root) -f tio], F., an ijtcrease. — Hence, {a raising of bids), ati auction. auctionarius, -a, -um [auction- + arius], adj , of an auction, by auctor 28 Aurelius auction : tabulae novae {liquidation by forced sale). auctor, -oris [aug (in augeo) + tor], M., a voucher (for any act or statement), an authority, an ad- viser : sceleris {leader') ; auctor esse, approve, advise; auctore populo {jvith the approval of, sup- ported />y) ; pads (counsellors). auctoritas, -atis [auctor- (as if i-stem) + tas], f., infljiejice, pres- tige, authority (not political nor military, cf. imperium and potestas, but proceeding from official char- acter). — Concretely, an expres- sion of opinion (as an authority): cum publicis auctoritatibus, jvith official expressions of opinion, on the authority of the state or city; summa cum auctoritate, with the greatest effect : circumstant te summae auctoritates {the strong- est influences) ; auctoritates con- trarias {weighty opinions, etc.) ; auctoritas et gratia, prestige from official character, and infltioice from private friendship and the like. — In technical phrase, sena- tus {the expressed opinion, having no legal binding force, but car- rying weight from its official char- acter). aucupor, -ari, -atus [aucup-], i. V. dep., hunt birds. — Fig., search out, hunt for, watch for. audacia, -ae [audac- -f ia], f., daring, boldness, effrontery, reck- lessness, reckless daring, deeds of daring, desperate undertaking. audax, -acis [auda- (as if stem of audeo) -\- cus (reduced)], adj.. daring (in a bad sense), reckless, bold, desperate. audeo, audere, ausus sum [prob. avido-, stem of avidus], 2. v. a. and n., dare, venture, risk, dare to try (or do). — ausus, -a, -um, p.p. in pres. sense, daring. audio, -ire, -ivi, -Ttus [prob. akin to aurisj, 4. v. a., hear, hear of, listen to : audita dico {what I have heard)', multis audientibus {in the hearing of, etc.). aufer5, auferre, abstull, ablatus [ab-fero], irr. v. a., carry off, carry azvay, renioz'e, take aivay. augeo, augere, auxl, auctus [AUG (causative or fr. unc. noun- stem)], 2. V. a., increase, viagfiify, enhance, add to (something). — Pass., be increased, increase. augur, -uris [?, avi- + unc. term.], M., an augur (one of the official soothsayers of the Roman state. They formed a college which de- cided all matters connected with the pul^lic auspices, and these auspices were very closely connected with the Roman polity ; in fact, no im- portant matter was ever begun without first consulting them). augustus, -a, -um [.?, perh. taugor- (aug -f or) 4- tus, but the meaning is somewhat inconsistent with this etym.], adj., cojisecrated (either by augury or perhaps with the same sense that lies in auctor, auctoritas), venerable, august. Aulus, -T [?], M., a Roman prae- nomen. Aurelius, -T [for Auselius, akin to aurum, Aurora, and uro], m., Aurelius 29 a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Lucius and Cams, friends of Cicero. Aurelius, -a, -um [same word as preceding, declined as adj.], adj., of Aurelius, Aurclian : Forum Aure- lium, a market town on the Aurc- lian Waym. Etruria, about 50 miles from Rome ; via (the old Aurclian Way, the great military road lead- ing from Rome along the coast of Etruria); tribunal (a raised judg- ment-seat near the east end of the Forum). aureus, -a, -um [auro- -f eus], adj., of gold, golden, gold: nomen {gilded, the name Chrysogonus, gold-born'). auris, -is [akin to Eng. ear, stem tauri-; cf. audio], f., an ear: adhi- bere, dare {listening ears, attention). aurum, -i [akin to uro], n., gold. auspicium, -1 [auspic- + ium (neut. of -ius)], N., an augury (an observation of the omens), auspices (in the plural). aut [?, but cf. autem], conj., or (regularly exclusive ; cf. vel). — Re- peated, either . . . or. autem [?, akin to aut], conj., lut (the weakest degree of opposi- tion ; cf. sed), on the other hand, however, then again, now (explana- tory), again, whereas (in slight op- position to something preceding), and evoi (where not only has been implied before). auxilium, -T [tauxili- (akin to augeo ; cf. fusilis) -f ium], n., assist- ance, aid, remedy, relief, help: ferre {to assist, to aid, to render assist- ance) ; adventicia auxilia {reinforce- fttents, etc.); omnium auxilia, the aid of all ; summum omnium gen- tium {source of help) ; auxilia soci- orum, auxiliaries, reinforcements, as opposed to the regular troops of the Romans. avaritia, -ae [avaro- + tia], f., greed, avarice, love of mojicy, greed of gain. avarus, -a, -um [tava- (stem akin to aveo) + rus ; cf. gnarus], 3.(\]., greedy of gain, miserly, avari- cious: homo avarissimus, a man of the greatest greed, of the greatest az'arice. aveo, -ere, no peif., no p.p. [prob. tavo- (av + us)], 2. v. a., desire, be eager. aversus, -a, -um, see averto. averto, -vertere, -verti, -versus [ab-verto], 3. v. a., turn aside, divert, turn away, avert: mentem alicuius {deter). — aversus, -a, -um, p.p.. as adj., averse to, ifidisposed to. avide [old abl. of avidus], adv., greedily, eagerly, with eagerness, 7vith avidity. avidus, -a; -um [tavo- (cf. aveo and avarus) -f dus], adj., eager, desirous. avitus, -a, -um [avo- (as if avi-) -f tus], adj., of one^s grandfather, of one's aiicestors, ancestral. avoco, -are, -avT, -atus [ab-voco], I. V. a., call a7vay, call off. avunculus, -I [avo- (as if avon-, or perh. through it as intermediate stem) + cuius], m., an uncle (on the mother's side ; cf. patruus). avus, -T [perh. akin to aveo], m., a grandfather. bacchor 30 benignitas B bacchor, -an, -atus [Baccha-], i. V. dep., join in a bacchanal 07'gy. — Less exactly, rave, mn riot, revel. Baliaricus (Bale-), -a, -um [Bale- ari- + cus], adj., of the Balearic isles. — Y.<.^., Baliaricus, as a Roman surname applied to Ca^cilius Metel- lus, who conquered these islands ; cf. Africanus. balneum, -I (plur., -ae or -a) [corruption of BaXai/etoj^], N. and F., a hath. — Plur., public baths. barbaria, -ae [barbaro- + ia], f., savagenes's. — Also, a barbarous nation ; cf. heathendom. barbanis, -a, -um [prob. from the inarticulate sound of foreign speech], adj., strange, foreign, out- landish. — Also, savage, uncivilized, rude, barbarous, cruel. — Plur. as subst., barbarians, barbarous people. barbatus, -a, -um [barba- -f tus, as if p.p. of denom. verb tbarbo ; zi. bearded\ adj., bearded. — Esp. oftheoldRomans,^,?araV;//j-, unshaveJi old 7voi-thies. basis, -is (-eos) [/Sdcrts], f., a pedestal. beatus, -a, -um [p.p. of beo], adj., blessed, happy, fortunate. — I'^sp. (in wealth), rich, well-to-do. belle [old abl. of bellus], adv., prettily, neatly, finely, well, well off. bellicosus, -a, -um [bellico- + osus], adj., warlike. bellicus, -a, -um [bello- -f cus], adj., of war, in war. bello, -are, -avi, -atus [bello-], I. V. w., fight, make war: bellandi virtus, excellence in war. bellum, -I [old duellum, from duo ; (/ strife betweeti two], N., 7var (as declared and regular ; cf. latro- cinium), a 7var : bellum inferre, j:iake war (offensive) ; parare bel- lum, make zvarlike preparatiotts. belua, -ae [.'], f., a wild beast. — Fig., a brute, a monster, a wild beast. bene [old abl. of bonus], adv., well : bene gerere rem {be successful in, etc. ; see gero) ; ad res bene geren- das, for success in great exploits ; bene sanum, thoroughly soicnd ; bene sperare, have good hope. beneficium, -1 [benefico- (re- duced) -f ium (but perh. bene- ificium ; cf. officium)], n., well- doitig, a service, a favor, often rendered by Eng. plur., services, favors shown, services rendered: meo beneficio, thanks to me; in beneficiis, among the beneficiaries. — Esp., of the favors of the people as shown by election to office : vestrum ius beneficiumque, your rights and favors conferred ; hoc beneficium populi Romani, this favor showji me by the Rotnan people. beneficus, -a, -um [bene- + ficus (fac + us)], adj., beneficent. benevolentia, -ae [benevolent- + ia], v., good-will, kindness. benevolus, -a, -um [bene-tvolus (vol + us)], adj., well-wishing, kindly. benignitas, -atis [benigno- 4- tas], F., kindness, favor. bestia 31 bustum bestia, -ae [?], f., a brute (as- opposed to man ; cf. belua, a jnoii- ster ox ferocious beast), a beast. bibo, bibere, bibl, bibitus [?, pa reduplicated], 3. v. a. and n., drink. Bibulus, -1 [tbibo- + lus], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., Mar- cus Calpurnius Bibuhis, consul with Cassar u.c. 59. 1 biduum, -T [tdvi-duum (akin to dies)], N.,t7vo days^ time, tzvo days. bini, -ae, -a [tdvi + nus], adj. plur., two each, two sets of, two (of things in pairs or sets). bipartito [abl. of bipartitus], adv., in tzuo diTisions. bis [for dvis, unc. case-form of duo; cf. cis, uls], adv., twice. Bithynia, -ae [^lOvvLo], v., Bi- thynia, part of Asia Minor on the Propontis. blandus, -a, -um [?], adj., coax- ing, persuasive, fascinating. bonitas, -atis [tbono- + tas], F., goodness, kindness : praediorum {ferti/ity). bonus, -a, -um [?], adj., good : bona ratio cum perdita, sound rea- son with desperate counsels ; bono animo esse, to be well disposed ; optimum est, it is best; optimum iudicium facere, express so high an opinion ; Bona Dea (a goddess of Rome worshipped by women in secret); Optimus Maximus, official title of Jupiter. — Neut. as subst., good, advantage : tantum boni, such an advantage. — Plur., goods, prop- erty, estate. — Masc. plur., good men (esp. of the better class of citizens), honest men, good citizens. Bosporanus, -a, -um [Bosporo- -f anus], adj., of Bosporus. — Plur., the people of Bosporus. brevis, -e [for tbregus, iiRA(;ii + us], adj., short (of space or time), brief. brevitas, -atis [tbrevi- -f tas], F., shortness. breviter [tbrevi- -f ter], adv., briejly. Brocchus, -I [?], m., Roman name. — Esp., Titus Brocchus, an uncle of Ligarius. BrundUsinus, -a, -um [Brundu- sio- -f inus], adj., of Brundusiufn. — Plur., the people of Brundusiufu. Brundusium (Brundis-), -I [.^], N., a port of Apulia, now Brindisi. Brutus, -I [brutus, heavy^ m., a family name at Rome. — Esp. : 1. Marcus Junius Brutus, one of Csesar's assassins ; see below. 2. Decimus Junius Brutus Albi- nus, a legatus of Ceesar. He dis- tinguished himself in command of C Cesar's fleet off the coast of Gaul, and afterwards in the civil war on the side of Caesar. But he joined the conspiracy against Cassar with Marcus Brutus, and was one of Caesar's assassins. He was after- wards killed in Gaul by order of Antony. 3. Decim2is Junius Brti- tus, consul B.C. 138, conqueror of Lusitania. bucula, -ae [bovi- -f cula], p., a heifer. bulla, -ae [?], p., a bubble. — Also, a knob, a boss. bustum, -i [.^ perh. neut. p.p. of buro (cf. comburo)], n., a totnb. 32 Caesonius C, numeral for lOO. C., abbreviation for Gaius, usu- ally called in Eng. Cains. cadaver, -eris [?, unc. form., akin to cado], N., a corpse, a body (dead). cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus [cad], 3. V. n., fall, be killed. — • Fig., happen, turn out, come to be. — Also, fail, cease, come to tiojight. Caecilia, -ae [fem. of following word], F., the name of several women of the gens Cacilia (see following word). — Esp. : i. Circilia Metella, a daughter of Q. Caecilius Metellus Baliaricus, and wife of Appius Claudius Pulcher. Caecilius, -T [?, caeculo- + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : I. L. Cc€ciliiis Rtifiis, prastor B.C. 57, who was instrumental in pro- curing the return of Cicero. Caecina, -ae [Etruscan], m., a family name. — Esp., A. Lici/iius CcEcina, an intimate friend of Cicero. caecus, -a, -um [?], adj., blind (also fig.). — Also, dark. — Esp., Ca!C2is as a Roman name ; see Claudius. caedes, -is [tcaed (as root of caedo) + is], ¥., murder, massacre, slaughter, assassination, butchery, a deadly affray : maximam f acere {co?nmit wholesale murder^. caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesus [prob. causative of cado ; cf. fall, fell\ 3. v. a., strike, strike down, beat (as with rods), beat (as of an army), fell (of trees), cut down, slay. Caelius, -i [.'], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : i . yl/. Ccrlius, a tribune of the people B.C. 52, and a protege of Cicero, who exerted himself in behalf of ]\Iilo ; 2. Q. Ciclius Latiniensis, a tribune of the people ; 3. T. Ccslius, a gentle- man of Terracina, mysteriously assassinated. caelum, -i [?], x., the sky, the atmosphere, the air, the heavens, heaven (as the abode of the gods) : in caelum tollere, extol to the skies. caementum, -1 [caed- (as root of caedo) -f mentum], N., loose stones, rubble. caenum, -1 [?], n., tnud. — Ap- plied to persons, matt of filth. caerimonia, -ae [?], f., a cere- mony, a rite. Caesar, -aris [.^], m., a family name in the gens Julia. — Esp. : i, C. Julius CcEsar, the conqueror of Gaul; 2. L. Juliics Ccesar, a kins- man of the former, acting as his legatus in Gaul ; 3. C Ccvsar, a name given to Octavius (Augustus) as adopted son of No. i. Caesetius, -i [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., C. Ccrsetiits, a friend of Ligarius. Caesius, -I [akin to caeruleus], M., a Roman family name. — Esp., P. Ccvsius. Caesonius, -I [?, cf. Caesar], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. Ccesonius, a colleague of Cicero in Caieta 33 capesso the aedileship, and one of the indices in the case of Verres. Caieta, -ae [?], f., a port on the coast of Italy, now Gaeta. Caius, see Gaius. Cal., see Calendae. calamistratus, -a, -um [calamis- tro- (as if verb-stem in a- ; cf . barbatus) + tus], adj., ivith curled hair., cri»ipcd. calamitas, -atis [?], f., disaster (orig. to crops ?), defeat, misforttme (also euphemistically for death), mill. calamitosus, -a, -um [calamita- (ti ?) -f osus], adj., unfortunate: res calamitosa est {a matter of 7nisfortnne). calceus, -I [calc- + eus], m., a shoe. Calendae, see Kalendae. caleo, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [ I calo-, cf. calidus], 2. v. n., be zvarni or hot, glow. Cales, -ium [/caXr^o-ta] , F. plur., a town in Campania, now Calvi. Calidius, -I [.^ calido- -f ius], m., a Roman gentile name. — P2sp., Q. Calidius, a Roman ex-prastor, condemned for extortion. callidus, -a, -um [tcallo- (cf. cal- lum) + dus], adj., {tough ?), shrewd, cznuiing, skilful. calor, -oris [cal- (as root of caleo) -f or], m., heat. calumnia, -ae [.^ icalumno- (cf. alumnus) -f ia], F., trickery (orig. in an diCCnsdition), falsity. calx, -cis [?, cf. calculus], f., (m. ?), a stone. — Esp., lime. Camillus, -T [camillus, a young religious servaiit, prob. akin to ca- no, carmen, Camena], M., a Roman family name. — Esp., Camillus, a friend of Cicero. caminus, -I [/cd/itj'os], m., a fur- nace (for forging or for warming). — Fig., a fire (for warming). campus, -T [.''], M., a plain. — Esp., the Catnpus Martins (the meeting-place of the Roman comi- tia, just outside the city proper, in the region now occupied by mod- ern Rome). — Fig., a field (of activity). candidatus, -a, -\m\ [candido- (as if verb-stem in -a) + tus ; cf. barbatus], adj., clad in zvhite. — Hence, a candidate (because these appeared in newly whitened togas). Caninius, -T [)^, m., a Roman gentile name.- — Esp., L. Caninius Callus, tribune of the plebs, B.C. 56. canis, canis [.?], m. and f., a dog, a hound. cano, canere, cecinl, cantus [can], 3. V. a. and n., sitig, sound (with voice or instrument). — Hence (because oracles and most prophecies were in \&vse), prophesy, foretell, predict, give warning be- forehand. canto, -are, -avT, -atus [canto-], I. V. a. and n., sing, play (on an instrument). cantus, -us [can -f tus], m., a song, a tune, singing, playing, tnusic. Canusium, -T [.^], n., an ancient town of Apulia, now Canosa. capesso, -ere, -ivT, -itus [akin tt^ capio with unc. form.], 3. v. a., capillus 34 Cassianus seize, take hold of: rem publicam {engage in politics) . capillus, -i [adj. form, akin to caput], M., the hair (collective). capi5,capere,cepi, captus [cap], 3. V. a., take, capture, take possession of, get, acquire, seize : arma {take up); urbes, legates {take captive); consilium {adopt) ; magistratum {etiter upon) ; vim {take up, adopt); fructus {reap); somnum {take, en- joy); dolorem {feel) ; mens aliquid {conceive) ; career aliquos {hold, con- tain) ; amentiam civitas {endure) ; vos oblivio {possess); captus eques- ter ordo {taken captive) ; mente cap- tus, stricken in fnind, insane. capitalis, -e [capit- + alls], adj., {relating to the head), chief, prin- cipal : hostis {deadly; cf. arch enemy). Capito, -onis [capit- + 0], m., a Roman family name; cf. Naso, Cicero. — Esp., T. Roscius Capito, an enemy of Sex. Roscius. Capitolinus, -a, -um [Capitolio- + inus], adj., of the Capitol : clivus {the hill of the Capitol, the road leading up from the Forum to the top of the Capitoline Hill) : cohortes {the guards of the Capitol). Capitolium, -i [capit- (with unc. terminations and connection)], N., the Capitoline Hill. — Also, the Capitol, the temple of Jupiter on this hill. Cappadocia, -ae [KaTTTraSo/cta], F., one of the districts of Asia Minor, south of Pontus, west of the Euphrates, north of the Taurus range, and east of Phrygia. Capua, -ae [?], f., the chief city of Campania, famed for its wealth and luxury. caput, capitis [.?], N., the head. — Hence, life, existence (as a citi- zen), civil rights: iudicium de capite, capital trial. — Also, chief point, sour ce , fountain-head, highest point, climax : caput urbis {centre, the senate-house). Carb5, -onis [.'], m., {coal). — Also, as a Roman family name. — Esp.: I. C. Papirius Carbo, cowsxA B.C. 82, the last leader of the Marian faction ; 2. C Papirius Carbo, tribune of the people B.C. 89, one of the proposers of the Lex Plautia Papiria in regard to Roman citizenship ; 3. C. Papirius Carbo, tribune B.C. 128, father of 2. and uncle of i., a demagogue attached to the party of the Gracchi, but afterwards opposed to them. career, -eris [prob. borrowed fr. Gr. KapKapov], M., a prison, a gaol. careo, -ere, -uT, -iturus [.?], 2. v. n., be without, go withotit, be de- prived of lose, deprive one^s self of : aegrius {suffer from the want of) ; foro {stay away from). caritas, -atis [caro- -f tas], f., dearness, preciousness, high pj'ice. — Also, with change of point of view, affection, fondness. carmen, -inis [.', akin to cano], N., a song, a verse (of poetry), poetry. carus, -a, -um [?], adj., dear, precious, valuable. Cassianus, -a, -um [tCassiS- (reduced) + anus ; cf. Romanus], Cassius 35 Catulus adj., of Cassius: illud Cassianum, that saying of Cassius. Cassius, -T [?], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : i . Z. Cassius Longimis Ravilla, consul B.C. 127 (see Cassianus); 2. L. Cassius Lon- gtjizis, one of the jurors in the case of Verres ; 3. C. Cassius Longinus, another of the same family, who voted in favor of the Manilian law; 4. L. Cassius, one of the associates of Catiline ; 5. C. Cassius Longinus, one of the assassins of Caesar, to whom Cicero wrote several let- ters. caste [old abl. of castus], adv., with piirity, purely, virtuously. Castor, -oris [Kdo-rwp], m., the brother of Pollux, son of Jupiter and Leda, worshipped by the Greeks and Romans, with his brother, as a divinity. Their tem- ple was in the forum : ad Castoris, to the temple of Castor. castrensis, -e [castro- -f ensis], adj., of the camp: latrocinium {armed, open, as by a pitched camp instead of hidden crime). castrum, -1 [skad .^ {cover) + trum], N., a fortress. — Plur., a camp (fortified, as was the manner of the Romans) : annis et castris dissidebamus, we were at variance in arms and in pitched battle. casus, -lis [cad + tus], m., (what befalls), an accident, a chance (good or bad), a mischance, a misfortune : casus temporum, the exigencies of the times ; casus humani, vicissi- tudes ; casu, by chance, by accident, accidentally, as it happened. Catilina, -ae [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., L. Sergius Catilina, who was charged by Cicero with an attempt to burn the city and overthrow the gov- ernment (see Orations against Cati- line). Catilinarius, -a, -um [Catilina- -f arius], adj., of Catiline. Cato, -onis [prob. cato- (stem of catus ; cf. Catulus) -f 0], m., a Roman family name. — Esp.: \.M. Porcius Cato, called the Censor (also Sapiens, Major, and Orator), of plebeian origin and a noz-us homo, but a violent supporter of the old Roman aristocracy. He began his military service as early as B.C. 217, and only ended his po- litical career at his death in B.C. 149, having been one of the most promi- nent men in the state during the whole of that interval. 2. 31. Porcius Cato, grandson of the pre- ceding, a friend of Sulla, and father of Cato U tic ensis. 3. M. Porcius Cato Utic ensis, son of the preced- ing, and nephew of M. Livius Drusus, famous for the constancy (perhaps obstinacy) of his charac- ter and for his death at Utica, which he sought with his own hands rather than submit to Caesar. He was one of the indices in the case of Milo. Catulus, -T [cato- -f lus; cf. Cato], M., {little hound?), a Roman family name. — Esp. \ \. Q. Luta- tius Catulus, consul B.C. 78, one of the best and most eminent men of the aristocracy in the times 36 following the retirement of Sulla. He was one of the opposers of the Manilian law. 2. Q. LiUatius Cattihis, father of the preceding, consul B.C. 102 with Marius. causa, -ae [prob. akin to caveo], F., a case (at law), a cause. — Hence, a side (in a dispute), a party, a case, a situation, a claim, a reason, a motive, a purpose. — Esp., abl. causa, following a noun, for the sake of, for: sua causa, for his sake ; monumenti causa, for a 7fionu?nent. Causinius, -i [?], m., a Roman name. — Esp., C. Causitiius Schola, a man of Interamna, a witness in the case of Milo. caute [old abl. of cautus], adv., cajitiously, ivith cautio)i, carefully. cautio, -5nis [cavi- (as if stem of caveo) + tio], f., taking care, caution, a security (a means of taking care). cautor, -oris [cavi- + tor], m., one who takes care, one who guards against, a security (a person acting as such). caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus [?], 2. V. a. and n., take security (perh. orig. a legal word), he on one's guard, guard against, take care, be- ware, look out for (something so as to prevent it). — Esp., cave with subj. in prohibitions with or with- out ne, do not, take care not to, see that you do not. — cautus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., cautious, oji one's guard. cedo, cedere, cessl, cessurus [?], 3. V. n., niake way (giving place). — Esp., give way, retreat, retire i possessione {yield the possession). — Fig., yield, give 7vay, retire, alloT^v, permit : temporibus rei pub- licae. celeber, -bris, -bre [.^], adj., crowded, frequent, m uch frequented: locus {public); urbs {populous); gratulatio {j'cry general). — Hence, famous. celebritas, -atis [celebri- -f tas], F., nicmbers, freqiiency, a crowd, populousness, publicity. — Hence (cf. celeber), celebrity: famae {widely extended fame); supremi diei {public cerem.onies, etc.). celebro, -are, -avi, -atus [cele- bri-], I. V. a., crowd, throjig, fre- quent. — Hence, celebrate, talk of, spread abroad, fioise abroad, extol, praise : festos dies ; adventus ; gloriam. celer, -eris, -ere [cel (in cello) + ris], adj., sivift, quick, speedy, fast. celeritas, -atis [celeri- -f tas] , f., swiftness, activity, speed, prompt- ness : quae celeritas reditus, how speedy a return. celeriter [celeri- + ter], adv., quickly, speedily, rapidly, in hasie, very soon, soon. celo, -are, -avi, -atus [?, akin to clam and caligo], i. v. a., conceal, hide. — Pass., pass unnoticed. cena (coe-), -ae [?], F., a dinner (the principal meal of the day, eaten at various times in the after- noon). ceno, -are, -avi, -atus [cena-], I. v. n., dine. — cenatus, -a, -um, p.p. in active sense, having dined, after dinner. censeo 37 censeo, censere, censui, census [?], 2. V. a., {perh. yi/n'), review (of the censor), assess, enroll (as a citizen), reckon^ estimate. — Less exactly, give one''s opinion, advise, decree (of the Senate), determine, think : censendi causa, /or tJie cejtstis (to be reviewed by the censor). censor, -oris [cen- or cent- (as root of censeo) + tor], M., t/ie censor (the officer at Rome who enrolled and taxed the citizens) : proximis censoribus, at the last census. census, -us [akin to censeo], m., a numbering, a census, an enrol- ment (of citizens by the censor). centesimus, -a, -um [cento- + esimus], num. adj., the hiindredth. centum [?], indecl. num. adj., one hundred. centuria, -ae [cento- (or centu-) -f line, term.], F.,^! hundred. — Esp., a century (a division of the Roman people in their elective capacity as originally organized in an army, in which a century was half of a maniple). centuriatus, -us [centuria- + tus], M., office of ceiiturion, a coitu- rionship. centurio, -are, -avi, -atus [cen- turia-], I. v. a., divide into ce7ituries. — centuriatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., divided into centuries. — Esp., of the people : comitia centuriata (the chief election of the Roman people), see comitia. centurio, -5nis [centuria- (or kindred stem) -f o], m., a centu- rion (a commander of one-half a maniple, answering nearly to a modern sergeant). Ceparius (Cae-), -I [cepa- -f arius, onion-seller\ M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. Ceparitcs, one of the Catilinarian conspirators. Ceres, -eris \}, unc. root + es, the beneficent ?\ F., the goddess of grain among the Romans. cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus [cer], 3. V. a., separate. — Hence, distinguish, see, behold, descry, per- ceive, discer7i: hereditatem {accept). certamen, -inis [carta- (in certo) + men], N., « struggle, a contest, rivalry. certatim [certa- -f tim (as if ace. of tcertatis ; cf. partim)], adv., (/// a rivalry), eagerly. certe [old abl. of certns], adv., certainly, sjirely, no doubt, at least (surely what is mentioned, if noth- ing more). certo [abl. of certus], adv., xuith certainty: certo scio, / am per- fectly sure, I a7n co}ivinced, I am certain, I am well aivare. certo, -are, -avT, -atus [certo-], I. v. n. (and a.), contend, struggle, vie (with one in doing anything). certus, -a, -um, p.p. of cerno as adj., deto-mined, fixed, certain (of the thing as well as the person), sure, established, tried, trtistzuorthy, trusty, certain (in its indefinite use as a pronoun), some, a particular, a special, a certain: ratio {sound); mihi certum est, I a>n determined. cervix, -Tcis [prob. akin to cere- brum, cornu, cervus], f., the back of the fzech, the neck, the shoulders ceterus 38 circumcludo (the back just below the neck, esp. in plur.) : molem a cervicibus de- pellere, tJn-ow off a weight frot?i tJie shoulders; cervices diaxe, offer one's throat to be eiit (properly, lean for- ward to have one's head struck off, esp. in fig. sense); furores a cervi- cibus repellere, repel a mad attack frorn one's throat. (ceterus), -a, -um [ce (in ecce, hie) -f terus (cf. alter)], adj., the other, the rest of (cf. alius, other, not including all). — Plur., the rest, the remaining, the others, every one else, everythifig else, others (mean- ing all others) : ad ceteras res, in every other respect ; ceteris {the rest) opitulari et alios {others, not all) servare ; cetera tua, your other deeds. Cethegus, -T [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., C. Cethegus, one of the Catilinarian conspira- tors. Chil5, -5nis [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., Q. Annins Chilo, one of the Catilinarian con- spirators. Chius,-a,-um[X?os],adj.,^C/^/(?j- (an island in the .Egean). — Masc. plur. as siibst., the Chians. Chrysogonus, -T [Xpuour around. — Pass, (as reflexive), /^^wr in, rush around, rush in oji all sides. — Also (cf. circumdo), su?-- ronnd : copiis circumfusus. circumscribo, -scrlbere, -scrlpsT, -scrlptus [circum-scribo], 3. v. a., write aro7ind, drazu around. — Hence, hold i 71 check, limit, confine, cheat, defraud. circumscriptor, -oris [circum- scriptor], m., a cheat. circumsedeo, -sedere, -sedT, -ses- sus [circum-sedeo], 2. v. a., sit around, surround. — Hence, block- ade, besiege. circunispici5, -spicere, -spexT, -spectus [circum-specio], 3. v. a., look about for. — Fig., think over, consider, cast about for, survey. circumsto, -stare, -stetl, no p.p. [circum-sto], i. v. a., swround. circus, -T [prob. for tcicrus (unc. root -f rus) ; cf./cu/cXos], M., {round?), a circus (a building orig. oval, for races, etc.) : Flaminius {the Flam if i- ian circus, one of the most famous of these buildings, situated by the Campus Martius, near the Capito- line and the river; used for meet- ings of the peoplt') ; maximus {the Circus Maximus, the largest and most important of these buildings, between the Palatini and the river). cisium, -T [.^ prob. a foreign word], N., a chaise (a light two- wheeled vehicle, something like a chaise without a top). Cispius, -I [.'], M., a Roman gen- tile name. — Esp., AT. Cispius, a tribune of the people at the time of Cicero's return from exile. cito [abl. of citus, p.p. of cieo], adv., quickly. — citius, compar., sooner, rather. cito, -are, -avT, -atus [cito-], i. v. a., urge on, hurry, set in motion. — Also, sum??ion, cite. citro [dat. of citer (ci- -f ter)J, adv., {to this side) : ultro citroque, this way and that, back and forth. civilis, -e [civi- -f lis] , adj., of a citizen (or citizens), civil, internal (in reference to the state), intes- tine: bellum {civil); causa {politi- cal); odium {partisan, political); ius {civil, as opposed to natural). civis, -is [ci (in quies) -f vis (weakening of -vus)], c, a citizen, a fellow-citizen. civitas, -atis [civi- + tas], v., the state of being a citizen, citiztn- ship. — Esp., Roman citizenship, the Roman franchise. — Less ex- actly, a body of fellow-citizens, the citizens (as a body), one's fellotv- citizens, a state (composed of citi- zens) a city (abstractly ; cf. urbs, a city, locally), a nation, a tribe (politically) : nomen civitatis, the clades 40 Clodius nat)ic of citizen ; fortunam huius civitatis {0/ citizenship in this city). clades, -is [?, perh. akin to /cXctw], F., a da7nage, a disaster, loss, dc- stricctio7i, ruin. — Esp., in war, defeat, disaster. clam [case of stem akin to caligo, etc.], adv. and prep., secretly. clamito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of clamo, perh. tclamita- (cf. nauta)], I. V. a., keep ciying out, vociferate, cry ojit. clamo, -are, -avI, -atus [stem akin to KaXeoj, perh. tclama- (cf. fama)], I. V. a. and n., cry out, exclai?n. clamor, -oris [clam (as if root of clamo) + or], M., a shouting, a shout, a cry, aji outcry, clamor, shouts (as if plur.). clarus, -a, -um [cla (in clamo) + rus], adj., loud, distinct, bright, clea r. — Fig. , fam ous, distingu ish ed, eminent, glorious. classis, -is [cla (in clamo) + tis], F., (a su??imoning). — Less exactly, the army (called out ; cf. legio, a levy). — Esp., an army (called out for duty at sea), a fleet (the most common later meaning), naval forces. Claudius, -1 [claudo- -f ius (prop. adj.)], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : I. Appius Claudius Ccecus, consul in B.C. 54 ; 2. C. Claudius, aedile B.C. 99. claudo, claudere, clausT, clausus [of unc. formation, akin to clavis], 3. V. a., close, shut, fasten, shut up (of a prisoner), confne. clavus, -1 [prob. klu (in claudo, increased) -f us], M., a nail. — Also (cf. clava), a tiller, a rjidder, the helm. Clemens, -entis [perh. cla (in clarus) + mens ; cf. vehemens], adj., {bright ?), gentle (of weather). — Fig., gentle, kind, merciful, humane, gracious, kindly, clement. clementer [clement- -f ter], adv., mercifully, graciously. dementia, -ae [clement- + ia], F., ki?idness, gentleness, humanity, cle?nency. cliens, -entis [pres. p. of clueo], C, {a hearej-), a dependent, a vas- sal, a retainer. It was the cus- tom at Rome for persons of humble origin to attach themselves to some prominent Roman in a kind of vassalage. clientela, -ae [client- -f ela (imi- tating suadela, etc.)], f., vassalage (as condition of a cliens). — Also, a relation of clientage, a cojinection "with a client: pro clientelis, in place of clients. clivus, -T [cLi (in clino) -f vus], RL, a slope, a declivity, an acclivity : Capitolinus {the road to the Capitol, the street in Rome which ascended from the Forum to the Capitol). cloaca, -ae [akin to cluo, cleanse^ F., a se7uer. Clodianus, -a, -um [Clodio- -f anus], adj., of Clodius: crim.en (made by him) ; leges (passed by him). C15dius, -1 [the popular form of Claudius], M., a Roman gentile name, belonging to the plebeian branch of the gens Claudia. — Esp. : \. P. Clodius, a most bitter Clytaemnestra 41 cognitio enemy of Cicero. He was killed in a fray by T. Annius Milo'. 2. C. Clodius, another of the same family. Clytaemnestra, -ae [KX^rat/iyeV- rpa\, F., Clytenuiestra, wife of Agamemnon and mother of Ores- tes, Iphigenia, and Electra. — Also, a tragedy of that name by Accius. Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus ; cf. C. and Caius. Cnaeus, see Gnaeus. Cnidius (Gn-), -a, -um [Kj/i5ios], adj., of Ciiidiis. — Masc. plur. as subst., the people of Cnidus. Cnidus (Gni-), -I [KytSos], f., a city of Caria, famous for a statue of Venus. coactus, -a, -um, see cogo. coaedifico, -are, -avT, -atus [con- aedifico], i. v. a., build togethej-, join (in building), build audjoiti. C0argu5, -arguere, -arguT, -argu- tus [con-arguo],3. v. 2i., prove, prove guilty, acciise. COemo, -emere, -emi, -emptus [con-emo], 3. v. a., buy up. coeo, -ire, -Ivi, no p.p. [con-eo], irr. V. n., conie together, tinite,forni (by uniting). coepi, -isse [con-tapi (perf. of tapo, cf. apiscor)], def. v. a., (Jiave taken hold of), began, undertook, started: perge quo coepisti {have started). — coeptus, -a, -um, p.p., used in the same sense as active with passive infinitives. coerceo, -ercere, -ercuT, -ercitus [con-arceo] , 2. v. a., confijie, keep in check, put down, crush, coerce, re- press. coetus, -us [con-itus], m., a meeting, aji assembly (not regularly convened ; cf. contio), a}L assemblage, a concourse. c5gitate [old abl. of cogitatus], adv., thoughtfully, purposely, de- signedly. cogitatio, -onis [cogita- + tio], F., thought, a design, a plan, an expectation, imagifiation, an idea. cogito, -are, -avi, -atus [con-agito (in sense of revolve, discuss)'], i. v. a., consider, think over, thi7ik of — Esp. (as to some plan of action), think about, discuss (what to do), have an idea of, intend, consider (that something may happen), ex- pect (contemplate the possibility) : cogitate ne, see that not, think how not, plan to prevent ; nihil cogitate, have no thought, think of nothiiig; nihil cogitasse, Jieverhada thought ; hoc cogitat, has this idea ; magnum aut amplum cogitate, have any great or noble idea ; nihil cogitas, medi- tate nothing ; cogitate de, think of meditate, plan ; ut exsilium cogites, dream of any exile ; nihil esse a me nisi optime cogitatum, that I had had none Init the best designs ; cogi- tati futotes {meditated, intended) ; cogitatum f acinus (^premeditated). cognatio, -onis [con-(g)natio], F., connection by birth, kinship, kin- dred, relationship : non gtatia non cognatione, not by influejice of per- sonal friends or powerful relations. cognitio, -onis [con-(g)notio ; cf. cognosco] , F., I caroling, study, be coin- ing ac(]uai)ited with, examination, acquaintance. cognitor 42 col5nia cognitor, oris [con-t(g)notor ; cf. cognosce], M., {one who investi- gates ?), an attorney. — Less exactly, a defender, a supporter, an advo- cate. — Also, one who is acquainted with (a person), a voucher, sponsor. cognomen, -inis [con-{g)nomen], N., a }iame. — Esp., the personal or family last nafne, a sobriquet, a nickfiatne. COgnosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, -gni- tus [con-(g)nosco], 3. v. a., learn, find out, Jind, become aware, becovie acquainted with, recognize, hear (a thing read). — Esp., investigate, inquire into, learn about, study, consider. — In perfect tenses (cf. nosco), know, be aware, be ac- quainted with : cognitum est {zvas known) ; causa cognita, tipon a full investigation, after trial ; specta- tus et cognitus, tried and proved ; cognoscendi consuetude {of investi- gation). COgO, cogere, coegT, coactus [con-ago], 3. V. a., bring together, collect, assemble, get together. — Esp., of money, collect, exact — Hence, /<7;r^, compel, oblige : sena- tum {assemble, of the consul, who could enforce attendance). COhaereo, -h^terere, -haesT, -hae- surus [con-haereo] , 2. v. n., clifig together, cohere, be closely connected. cohibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitus [con-habeo], 2. v. 2.., hold together, hold in check, restrain, keep (from anything), control. COhors, -hortis [con-thortis (re- duced), akin to hortus], F., an enclosure, — Hence, a body of troops, a coho7-t (the tenth part of a legion, corresponding as a unit of formation to the company of modern tactics, and containing from 300 to 600 men). — Loosely, soldiers, infantry, armed men. — Also, any body of infantry or per- sons conceived as such, a troop, a company, a band : praetoria {a body- guard, attending the commander, originally praetor). cohortatio, -onis [con-hortatio ; cf. cohortor], F., an exhortation, an encouraging, encouragevient. — Esp. (to soldiers), a7i address (almost invariably a preliminary to an engagement). cohortor, -arl, -atus [con-hortor] , - I. V. dep., encourage, rally, exhort, address (esp. of a commander). coUaudo, see conlaudo. collectio, see conlectio. collega, see conlega. collegium, see conlegium. colligo, see conligo. collinus, -a, -um [colli- -f nus], adj., of the hill. — Esp., of the tribe of that name, the Collina (a name of great antiquity and un- certain meaning). colloco, see conloco. colloquor, see conloquor. CoUuvio, see conluvio. COlo, colere, colul, cultus [col; cf. inquilinus], 3. v. a., ////, culti- vate : agrum ; studia. — Also, wor- ship, reverence, court, show respect to, observe : delubra {zvorship at). colonia, -ae [colono- + ia], f., \ {state of a colojtist). — Concretely, I a colony (both of the establishment colonus 43 commemoratio and the persons sent). The Roman colonists were and continued to be Roman citizens, and served as armed occupants of the soil where they were sent in the interests of the mother country ; cf. munici- pium, a conquered city, partially incorporated into the Roman state. colonus, -T [verb-stem akin to colo- + nus ; cf. patronus, aegro- tus], M., a fanner. — Esp., a colo- nist (a Roman citizen to whom lands were granted away from the city), a citizen of a colony. Coloph5n, -5nis [KoXo^wi/], m., a town of Lydia, one of the seven that claimed Homer as their citizen. Colophonius, -a, -um [Colophon- + ius], adj., of Colophon. — Plur., the people of Colophon. color, -5ris [prob. akin to caligo, as opposed to white'], m., color, cojnplexion. COlumen, -inis [stem akin to columna, incolumis (.''), cello (.^ cf. excelsus) + nien (cf. crimen)], N., a pillar, a prop, a stay : rei publicae (as in Eng.). columna, -ae [stem akin to colu- men + mna ; cf. alumnus], F., a column u, a pillar. — Esp., the Col- n/nn (moenia, a pillar in the Forum on which notices of insolvency were posted). com- (con-, co-) [the same as cum], adv. in comp., zvith, together, up. Often intensifying the mean- ing without definite translation. coma, -ae [/c6yu.r;], F., hair (on the head), locks (hair arranged or ornamented). combiiro, -urere, -ussl, -ustus [con-tburo (.-*), relation to uro very uncertain; cf. bustum], 3. v. a., l>iir}i np, consume. comes, -itis [con-tmitis (ma (in meo) -f tis ; cf. semita)], c, a com- panion (esp., an inferior as attend- ant or follower), a follower, an adherent, an associate, an attoidant. c5missatio, -onis [comissa- + / tio], F., a revel (in the streets after a debauch). comitatus, -us [comita- + tus], M., an accompanying, a company, a train, a following, followers, an escort. comitium, -T [?, perh. comit- (see comes) + ium, the assemblage of followers ; cf. servitium], n., a part of the Forum at Rome. — Plur., the assembly (of the people for voting), an election. comitor, -arl, -atus [comij;-], I. v. dep., accotnpany. — comitatus, -a, -um, p.p. in pres. sense, accom- panying ; pass, sense, accojnpanied. commeatus, -us [con-meatus ; cf. commeo], M., a going to and fro, an expedition (back and forth), a trip. — Hence, commnnicatiotis (of an army), com7minication (gen- erally). — So also, supplies (of an army), provisions. commemorabilis, -e [con-memo- rabilis ; cf. commemoro], adj., }iotc- worthy, notable, praiseworthy, remarkable. commemoratio, -onis [con-memo- ratio ; cf. commemoro], F., a calling to mind, mention, cotnm em oration (calling to mind with respect), a commemoro 44 communico reminder^ rcnievihrance (putting in Eng. the result for the process). commemoro, -are, -av!, -atus [con-memoro], i. v. a., remind one of. — Hence, speak of, mention, state (in a narrative) : iudicia commemo- randa {noteworthy'). commendatio, -onis [con-tman- datio ; cf. commando], f., a reco7n- mendatiofi. commends, -are, -avi, -atus [con- mando], i. v. a., intrust, reco7nmend, surrender, commend (for help or protection). commentarius, -I [commento- + arius ; orig. adj., sc. liber], m., a notebook, a commentary. commentatio, -onis [commenta- + tio], F., a diligent i?ieditation (upon something), a careful prepa- ration. commentor, -arl, -atus [com- ments- ; cf. comminiscor], i. v. dep., consider thoroughly , meditate, study, 7nake careful preparation. comme5, -are, -avI, -aturus [con- meo], I. V. n.,^^ back and forth.- — With ad, "visit, resort to. commercium, -I [tcommerc- + ium ; cf. commercor], y>.,co7nmercial intercourse, trade, comtnerce, deal- ings (in the way of trade). commisce5, -miscere, -miscul, -mixtus (-stus) [con-misceo], 2. v. a., mijigle, mix. committo, -mittere, -misi, -missus [con-mitto], 3. v. a., {let go (send) together or altogethej-). — Hence, Join, tmite, attach : proelium {eii- gage, begin the engagement). — Also, entrust, trust : tabulas committere {put into the hands of etc.) ; nihil his committere {place no confidence in, etc.). — Also, admit, allow (to happen), commit (suffer to be done ; cf. admitto), peipetrate, do : committere ut posset, leave it pos- sible ; nihil committere, do nothing wrong. commode [old abl. of commo- dus], adv., conveniently, fitly, duly, completely. commodo, -are, -avi, -atus [con- modo-], I. V. a., adapt. — Also (cf. commodus), loan, letid. commodum, see commodus. commodus, -a, -um [con-modus, see A. & G., 168^], adj., {having the saf?ie measure with), fitting, suitable, cofivenient, advantageous : commodissimum est, it is the best thing, most advantageous. — Neut. as subst., conve7tie}ice, comfort, ad- va7itage, i7iterest : commodo nostro, at our co7ive7iie7ice ; commoda qui- bus utimur {blessings). commoneo, -monere, -monuT, -monitus [con-moneo], 2. v. a., remi7id. commoror, -arl, -atus [con-mo- ror], I. V. dep., delay, stay, wait. commoveo, -movere, -inovi, -mo- tus [con-moveo], 2. v. a., 7nove, stir, agitate. — With reflex, or in pass., be 7noved, move (intrans.), stir. — Fig., disturb, agitate, affect, ala7'7n, i7iflue7ice (with idea of violent feel- ing), move, tro7cble. communico, -are, -avi, -atus [tcommunico- (communi- + cus)],' I. V. a., {77iake co7n7>i07t), share, com- municate, consult (with a person communio • 45 comprehends about a thing, and so make it com- mon), add (a thing to another),/?// in along with (something else) : causam {confound with that of an- other) ; ratio cum illo communi- catur {shared by hifn). communio, -onis [communi- + o ; cf. legio], F., /participation (in common), sharing: sanguinis {the ties of blood). commiinis, -e [con-munis (cf. munia, d('?//zk'j-)], adj., {having shares together), conimojt, general, in com- mon : ex communi consensu, by general agreement ; consilium {gen- eral flan, concerted action); iura {ttniversal, nattcral) ; quid tam commune {imiversal). — Neut. as subst., a co7Ji7niinity, an association : a Cretensium communi, from the Cretans in common. communiter [communi- + ter], adv., /// co»i7non, in general. commutabilis, -e [commuta- -f bilis], adj., changeable. commiitatio, -onis [con-muta + tio ; cf. commuto], f., change. commuto, -are, -avi, -atus [con- muto], I. V. a., change, exchange. comparatio, -onis [con-paratio ; cf. comparo], F., a co?nparison, a preparatioji. comparo, -are, -avi, -atus [con- paro], I. V. a., get ready, prepare, win, secure, procure, gain, .get to- gether, prepare for (with a different view of the object in Eng.), ar- range, establish, ordain {oi institu- tions): insidias {lay); uxor se {get ready). — Also (cf. confero), com- pare (possibly a different word). compello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus [con-pello], 3. V. a., drive together (or altogether), dri7>e iti, force, drive. comperendino, -are, -avi, -atus [conperendino-], i. v. a. and n., ad- journ (of a court). — Also, of one of the parties, close the case (so as to be ready for adjournment). comperio, -perlre, -perl, -pertus [con-pario], 4. v. a., {get together), find out (by inquiry), discover. competitor, -oris [con-petitor], M., a co7npetitor, a rival. complector, -plecti, -plexus [con- plector], 3. V. dep., embrace, in- chide, enclose.- — Less exactly, love, cherish : sententia {express con- cisely) . comple5, -plere, -plevT, -pletus [con-pleo], 2. V. a., fill up, fill. — With a different conception of the action from Eng., cover, man (of walls). complexus, -us [con-tplexus ; cf. complector], m., an ejnbrace. compliires, -plura (-ia) [con-plus], adj. plur., very many, a great many, a great number of. compono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tus [con-pono], 3. v. a., put together. — Also, settle, ?nake a settlement. — compositus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., settled, composed, arranged. comporto, -are, -avI, -atus [con- porto], I. V. a., bring together. compos, -Otis [con-potis], adj., i?t possession of, participating in : huius urbis {a citizen). comprehends, -hendere, -hendi, -hensus [con-prehendo], 3. v. a., compnmo 46 Concordia seize, catch, take into custody, arrest, capture, grasp (one by the hand or clothing). — Fig., take, catch (of fire), Jirmly grasp (of facts). comprimo, -primere, -press!, -pressus [con-premo], 3. v. 2i., press closely, crjish, repress, foil, put do7vn. comprobo, -are, -avi, -atus [con- probo], I. V. a., approve, sanction, prove. conatus, -us [cona- (stem of Conor) -f tus], m., an attempt, an effort, an undertaki)ig. concedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessus [con-cedo], 3. v. a. and n., retire, go out of the way. — Also, give up (a thing to one), allow, grant, as- sign (leave, where the rest is taken away), permit, yield the palm (to a superior), yield, admit, concede. concelebr5, -are, -avI, -atus [con- celebro] , i . v. a., celebrate, attend in th rongs. concertatio, -onis [con-certa- + tio], F., rivalry, contention. concerto, -are, -avi, -aturus [con- certo], I. V. n , contend. concessus, -us [con-tcessus ; cf. concedo], M., a concession, a per- m.ission. concido, -cidere, -cidi, -casurus [con-cado], 3. v. n., fall down, fall. — Fig., fail, be i77ipaired, col- lapse. concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [con- caedo], 3. v. a., cut to pieces, cut down (kill), cut up, t?i angle. conciliatricula, -ae [concilia- trie- -f ula], F., a little conciliator (female or conceived as such), an insinuatiiig charmer, a faltering commendation. concilio, -are, -avi, -atus [con- cilio- (stem of concilium)], i. v. a., bring together (cf. concilium). — Hence, win over (originally by per- suasion in council ?), secure (even by force), win, gain : feras inter sese {attach to each other). concilium, -i [con-tcilium(cAL + ium ; cf. Calendae)], n., o,fise, 7nelt. — Hence (fig.), get together, gather, fuse : iniuria novo scelere conflata (^^^61/ up, devised). confluo, -ere, -fluxT, no p.p. [con- fluo], 3. V. n.,fiozv together. — Less exactly (of persons), y?^i familiar terms. coniunctio, -onis [con-iunctio ; cf. coniungo], f., a tiniting, a tmion, a connection. coniungo, -iungere, -iunxT, -iunc- tus [con-iungo], 3. v. a., unite, con- nect, fasten together. — In pass, or with reflex., luiite (neut.), connect one's self, join. — coniunctus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., united, closely connected, in conjunction with : cum his (ludis) plebeios esse coniunctos {follow immediately)', quod (hel- ium) reges {unite to wage). coniiinx, -iugis [con-tiux (jug, as stem, with intrusive n from iungo)], c, a spouse. — Esp., fem., a wife. coniuratio, -onis [con-iuratio ; cf. coniuro], f., a conspiracy, a confederacy. coniiiratus, see coniuro. coniiiro, -are, -avT, -atus [con- iuro], I. V. n., swear together, take an oath (together), swear mutual oaths. — Hence, conspire. — coniii- ratus, -T, masc. p.p. as subst., a conspirator. coniveo (conn-), -nlvere, -nivi / (-nlxT), ho p.p. [con-niveo], 2. v. n., wink (also fig. as in Eng.), shut the eyes, connive. conlatus (coll-), -a, -um, see confero. ^' conlaudo (coll-), -are, -avT, -atus [con-laudo], i. v. a., praise (in set terms). conlectio (coll-), -onis [con-lec- tio], F., a collecting, a gathering. conlega (coll-), -ae [con-tlega (leg -f a)], M., a 'Colleague (one of two or more persons holding an office with equal powers). conlegium (coll-), -1 [con-legium (?) or conlega- + ium], n., « body of colleagues, a body (composed of such persons). — Also, a corpora- tion, an organized body, a chcb, a guild. conligo (coll-), -ligere, -leg!, -Iec- tus [con-lego], 3. v. a., gather, col- lect, acquire (by accumulation). ■ — With reflex., collect one''s self, recover, gather: naufragi conlecti {picked up). conloco (coll-), -are, -avT, -atus [con-loco], I. V. a., place, set, station (of troops, etc.), set up, lay : insi- dias. — Esp. (with or without nup- tum), give in marriage, fnarry (of a father or guardian). — Fig., settle, place (spem), invest (pecunias), locate (sedem). conloquor 50 considero conloquor (coll-), -loquT, -locutus [con-loquor], 3. v. dep., confer^ hold an intervicio (or parley), far ley, converse. conluvio, -onis [con-tluvio (akin to luo)], F., wash, dregs. conniveo, see coniveo. Conor, -ari, -atus [?, con- + stem akin to onus], i. v. dep., attempt, try, endeavor. — conatum, -I, neut. p.p. as subst., a)i attempt. conqueror, -querl, -questus [con- queror], 3. V. dep., complain, make complaint. C0nquiesc5, -quiescere, -quievT, -quieturus [con-quiesco], 3. v. n., rest, repose, find rest, be quiet, be idle. conquisitor, oris [con-quaesitor], M., an investigator, a searcher, a detective. Consanus (Comps-), -a, -um [Consa- + anus], adj., of Consa (a city of the Hirpini). — Masc. plur. as subst., the people of Consa. consceleratus, -a, -um [con-scele- ratus], adj., accused, criminal. conscientia, -ae [con-scientia ; cf. consciens], f., consciousness, p7'ivity, conscience, consciousness of guilt. conscius, -a, -um [con-tscius (sci, in scio, + us)], adj., knowing (v\ath one's self or another), con- scious, privy, a witness, a confi- dant. c5nscribo, -scrlbere, -scripsi, -scrlptus [con-scribo], 3. v. a., write down. — Esp., enroll, cofi- scribe, levy. — Esp. : patres con- scripti, Senators, the Senate. consecro, -are, -avT, -atus [con- sacro], I. V. a., hallow, consecrate. — consecratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., consecrated, sacred, hallozved : Aristaeus in tempio (worshipped); viri ad immortalitatis et religionem et memoriam consecrantur {are held in r eve roue). consensio, -onis [con-tsensio ; cf. consentio], P., agreement, una- nimity, conspiracy. consensus, -us [con-sensus ; cf. consentio], M., agreetnoit, consent, harjnonious (or concerted) action, J I na Ji im ous a ctio n . consentio, -sentlre, -sensi, -sen- surus [con-sentio], 4. v. n., agree, conspire, tnake connnon cause, act with (some one). consequor, -sequl, -secutus [con- sequor], 3. v. dep., follow up, fol- low, overtake. — Hence, obtain, se- cure, attain, succeed in (some pur- pose), arrive at. — A\so, follow close upon, succeed, ensue, result : quaes- tum {get); fructum {reap). conservatio, -onis [con-serva- -f tio ; cf. conserve], f., preservation. conservator, -oris [con-serva- + tor; cf. conservo], m., a preserver, a saviour. conserve, -are, -avi, -atus [con- servo], I. V. a., save, preserve, spare, keep. — Also, observe (law, right), regard. consessus, -us [con-sessus ; cf. consedeo], m., a sitting together, a session, a body (sitting together), a bench (of judges). considers, -are, -avi, -atus \), poss. tconsiderS- (from adj. stem of Considius conspiro which sidus is neut. ; cf. deside- rium)], I. V. a., dwell u^ofi, con- sider, contemplate. Considius, -I [con-tsidius (akin to sedeo)], m., a Roman name. — Esp., C Considius Longtis,\n Africa as propraetor B.C. 50. consido, -sTdere, -sedl, -sessurus [con-sido], 3. v. n., sit down (in a place). — Less exactly, take a posi- tion, halt, encamp, settle. consilium, -1 [con-tsilium; cf. consul (akin to salio, in some earlier unc. meaning)], N., deliberation. — Esp., wise counsel, advice, wis- do7n,p7'udence, discretion. — Hence, a plan, a cotinsel, design, purpose, eoinse (as design carried out), measure, conduct, a policy, a strata- gem. — Esp., a deliberative body (more abstract and with more ref- erence to the act or function of deliberating than concilium, which see), a council, a body of counsel- lors, a bench (of judges), a panel (of a jury), a court (consisting of a body of indices) : casus ad con- silium admittitur, chance is not ad?nitted to council ; privato con- silio non publico, as a private not a public measure, by private and not by official action ; partim consiliis partim studiis, partly 7vith policy, partly with political feeling ; pub- lico consilio factum {as a state fneasure); uno consilio, with one co72ti7tuous purpose or policy ; con- silium publicum, council of state (of the Senate) ; ad consilium publicum rem deferre {the established couucil of state) ; nou dccst rei publicae consilium {a plan of action settled by the council of state) ; erat ei con- silium ad f acinus aptum {power of plannifig) ; consilio malitiae occur- rere {with ivise measures) ; aliquod commune consilium, any consjdting body. c5nsistO, -sistere, -stitT, no p.p. [con-sisto], 3. V. n., take a stand, take a position, stand, keep one''s position, form (of troops). — In perf. tenses, have a position, stand. — Hence, stand still, stop, halt, make a stand, hold one''s groufid, run aground (of ships), remain, stay. — With in, occupy, rest on. — Fig., depend on, rest 07i. consobrinus, -i [con-sobrinus], M., fi'st cousin (on the mother's side). — Less exactly, (any) cousin german. consolatio, -onis [con-solatio ; cf. consolor], f., consolation, solace. — Also, as in Eng., a means of co7isolation. consolor, -ari, -atus [con-solor], I. V. dep., console. — c5nsolatus, -a, -um, p.p. as pres., coitsoling. consors, -sortis [con-sors], adj., associating, sharing, a sharer. conspectus, -us [con-spectus ; cf. conspicio], m., sight, a view. conspicio, -spicere, -spexT, -spec- tus [con-tspecio], 3. v. a., look tip 0)1, see. conspiratio, -onis [con-spiratio ; cf. conspiro], v., a co>ispiracy, a combi>iation (not in a bad sense). conspiro, -are, -avT, -atus [con- spiro], I. V. n., sound together, — I'^ig., haniicnizc. — Also, conspire, c5nstans 52 cdnsulo league together : consensus conspi- rans, a l>le?ided harmo7iy. constans, -antis, see consto. constanter [constant- + ter], adv., consistently, ttniformly, stead- ily, with constancy, Jirtnly. constantia, -ae [constant- + ia], F., firmness, constancy, iindannted courage, strength of character. constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- tutus [con-statuo], 3. v. a. and n., erect, set tip, raise, put together, ?nakenp. — Plence, establish, station, arrange, form, draw up. — Fig., determine, appoint, agree tipon, determine upon, ordain, fix, decide upon, establish a principle that, etc. : lupiter constitutus [conse- crated) ; colonias [plant) ; rationem salutis {base, found) ; spem {repose) ; suspicionem {make otit); supplicium {decide upon, infiict) ; imperatorem {create, appoint') ; exercitum {set on foot ) ; consulates ad caedem {destine, 7nark out). consto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus [con-sto], I. V. n., stand together. — Fig., agree, be cojtsistent (esp. of accounts). — Hence, be established, appear, be agreed upon, be evident : modo ut tibi constiterit fructus, pro- vided you have derived some real advantage. — Also (from accounts), cost. — Also, depend upon, consist, be composed. — constans, -antis, p. as adj., consisteftt, steady, firm, stead- fast. C0nstring5, -stringere, -strlnxi, -strictus [con-stringo], 3. v. a., bind fast, hold fast bound, bind hajtd and foot, hold in check, restrain. — In many fig. uses, the figure is retained in Latin where it can hardly be kept in Eng. consuesco, -suescere,-suevl, -sue- tus [con-suesco], 3. v. n., become accjisto7ned. — In perf. tenses, be accustomed, be wont. — consuetus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., acctistomcd, tvont, used. consuetudo, -inis [con-tsuetudo (prob. tsuetu + do, as in gravedo, libido); cf. consuesco], f., habit, custom, habits (collectively), man- ners, customs, precedejtt, ordinary method, habittial ijitercourse, inter- course : victus {customary mode of living) ; incommodorum {the habit of enduring, etc.). consul, -ulis [con-sul (cf. prae- sul, exsul), root of salio in some earlier unc. meaning], m., a consul (the title of the chief magistrate of Rome; cf. consilium). — \Yith proper names in abl., the usual way of indicating dates : M. Mes- sala et M. Pisone consulibus (/;/ the consulship of, etc.) ; se consule, ut his constdship (as a date or occa- sion) ; pro consule, see proconsul. consularis, -e [consul- -f aris], adj., of a consid, of the consuls, constdar. — Esp. with homo, etc., or as subst., ati ex-consul. consulatus, -iis [tconsula- (cf. exsulo) + tus], M., cofisulship (cf. consul), the office of cojtsul. consuls, -sulere, -sului, -sultus [prob. consul, though poss. a kin- dred or independent verb], 3. v. a. and n., deliberate, constdt, take coun- sel, decide. — With ace, constdt. consults 53 contineo take one's advice, ask the advice of. — With dat., take counsel f 07-, consult the interests of, consult for the welfare of look out for, do a service to. — See also consulto and other participial forms. c5nsultO [prob. like abl. absolute p.p. used impersonally ; cf. auspi- cate], adv., with deliberation, pitr- posely, designedly. consultum, -I [n. p.p. of consulo], N., « decision, an order, a decree. — Esp., senatus consultum, a7t order of the senate. consultus, -a, -um [p.p. of con- sulo], adj., skilful, well-practised, learned (esp. in th e law) . — iure con- sultus, masc. as adj. or subst., {one) learned in the law, a lawyer, a jurist. consumo, -siimere, -siimpsi, -sumptus [con-sumo], 3. v. a., {take out of the general store). — Hence, waste, consume, destroy, s/end, ex- haiist, use up. contamino, -are, -avT, -atus [con- tamin- (stem of con-ttamen, i.e. TAG + men)], i. v. a., bring info contact, unite. — Esp. with notion of contagion (cf. contagio), contami- nate. — Hence, defile, disJionor, dis- grace. contego, -tegere, -texl, -tectus [con-tego], 3. V. a., cover up, cover, bury. contemno, -temnere, -tempsT, -temptus [con-temno], 3. v. a., de- spise, disregard, hold in contempt. — contemptus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., despicable, contemptible. COntendo, -tendere, -tend!, -ten- tus [con-tendo], 3. v. n., strain, struggle, strive, try, endeavor, exert ■• one^s self, attempt, be zealous. — 1 Esp., -with verbs of motion,/r^.fj-^«, / hasten. — A\so, fight, contend, wage 7uar. — With ad and in like con- structions, press towards, hasten, march, start to go (in haste). — With ab, urge upon one, persuade, induce. — Also, compare, contrast. — Absolutely, maintain {that, etc.), contend (in same sense). contentio, -onis [con-ttentio- ; cf. contends], F., a strain, struggle, efforts. — Esp., cofitest, fighting. — Also, coinparison (cf. contendo). contentus, -a, -um, see contendo and contineo. conticesc5, -ticescere, -ticul, no p.p. [con-ttacesco], 3. v. n., be- come silent, cease to speak, be hushed. continens, -entis, see contineo. continenter [continent- + ter], adv., co7itinually, without stopping, contifzuously. continentia, -ae [continent- + la], F., self-restraint. contineo, -tinere, -tinuT, -tentus [con-teneo], 2. v. a., hold together, connect, contain, hold in. — Hence, in many fig. meanings, restrain, hold in check, keep (within bounds), hem in, retain (in something). — Pass, or with reflex., keep within, remain, be included in, be bounded, consist in (be contained in), depend upon. — continens, -entis, p. as adj., {holding together), contifuial, con- tiguous, continuous. — As subst., the continuotis la?id, the conti7iefit. — Also, restraining ofie's self contingo 54 cojitinent. — contentus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., contented, co>ite?it, satisfied. contingo, -tingere, -tigl, -tactus [con-tango], 3. v. a. and n., touch, reach, join. — With dat. (expressed or implied), happen, have the good fortufie (of the person). — Rarely in a general sense, occur, be the case. continue [abl. of continuus], adv., immediately, straightzuay, forthwith. continuus, -a, -um [con-ttenuus (ten, in teneo, + uus)], adj., con- tinuous, successive, in succession. contio, -onis [prob. for conven- tio], F., ati assembly. — Esp., the as- sembly of the people convened by a magistrate for di-scussing any pub- lic matter, but not for voting (cf. comitia), or a like assembly of sol- diers before their commander. — Less exactly, a harangue (on such an occasion), lcice, a bed, a lair. cub5, -are, -uT, -itum [cu]>], I. V. n., lie down, lie, lie asleep: cubitum ire, go to bed. culeus (cull-), -1 [\-6Xeos], M., a sack. culpa, -ae [?], v., a fault, blajfte, guilt. cultiira, -ae [cultu- + ra (fern, of -rus; cf. figura)], f., cultivation, culture : agri cultura or agricultura, the cultivation of the soil. cum [.'', another form of con-], prep. w. abl., with, along with, in company with, armed with. cum (quom) [case-form (prob. ace.) of qui], conj., when, while, whenever. — Often rendered by a different construction in Eng. : cum mulier esset, being a wojnan. — Of logical relations (usually with subjv.), when, while, since, inas- much as, though, although. — cum . . . turn, while . . . so also, not only . . . but especially, while . . . besides, not only . . . but also, not only . . . but as well, while . . . as well, while . . . so (in particular), both . . . and, as well . . . as ; cum primum, as soon as, the first time. cumulate [old abl. of cumula- tus], adv., in full measure, fully. cumulo, -are, -avi, -atus [cumu- 16-], I. V. a., heap up, fill full, add to : alio scelere hoc scelus {add to this, etc., another, etc.) ; ea quae promisimus studiose cumulata red- demus {in the fullest measure). cumulus, -T [tcumo- (akin to Kviia) 4- lus], M., {the swelling heap), a heap. — Hence, the last stroke, the last touch (added to something already complete), an extra weight, an increase. cunctus, -a, -um [for coniunc- tus?], adj., all (together, in a mass) : Italia {the whole of, etc.) ; urbs {the entire). cupide [old abl. of cupidus], adv., eagerly, zealously, earnestly. cupiditas, -atis [cupido- -f tas], F., desire, eagerness, greed, cupidity, greed of gain, selfish desire. cupido, -inis [unc. form akin to cupio], F., desire. — Masc. (personi- fied), Cupid (the god of desire). cupidus, -a, -um [noun stem akin to cupio -f dus], adj., eager, desirous, longing {for), fotid of, ambitious {for), with a passion {for), overzealous, greedy. cupio, -ere, -Ivi (-il), -Itus [partly root verb, partly from tcupi- ; cf. cupidus], 3. (and 4) v. a. and n., be eager {for), be anxious, desire (stronger than volo). — With dat., wish ivell to, be zealotis for : quid cupiebas, quid optabas {desire, as a passive longing, wish for, as an active prayer or wish). ciir (quor) [perh. for qua re]. adv., rel. and interr., why. cura, -ae [for tcavira, akin to caveo], F., care, anxiety, attention. curia, -ae [prob. akin to Quiris], F., the meeting-place of the old aristocracy of Rome. — Hence, a senate-house. — Esp., the Cu7'ia Ifostilia on the Forum. Curio 59 de Curio, -onis [curia- + o {priest of a curid)\ M., a Roman family name. — Esp., C. Scriboiiits Curio, a friend of Cicero. ciiriosus, -a, -um [tcuria (cf. in- curia) +osus], adj., curious, pryini^. Curius, -T [cf. curis, spea?-], .\i., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., A/\ Ctirius, a banker of Patrse. euro, -are, -avT, -atus [cura], i. V. a. and n., take care (of), treat (medically). — With gerundive, cause (to be done), have (done). curriculum, -i [from unc. stem akin to curro and currus ; cf. ve- hiculum], N., a course, a ru7uiing. curro, currere, cucurrT, cursurus [? for tcurso], 3. v. n., run. currus, -us [cur (?) + us ; cf. curro], M., a chariot. — Esp., a tri- umphal chariot. curso, -are, -avi, no p.p. [curso-], I. V. n., run, rush, hurry. cursus, -us [cuR (?) + tus ; cf. curro], M., a runnijig, runnivg, speed, a run, a course, a voy- age, a career: celeritas et cursus {activity, as a quality, speedy pas- sage, as the result accomplished); cursus sceleris (fig., as in Eng.) ; quemcunque fortuna dederit {what- ever wanderings); orationis {flow). curulis, -e [prob. curru- -f lis], adj., {of a chariot ?). — Esp., sella curulis, the curtile chair (the ivory chair of magistrates at Rome). custodia, -ae [custod- + ia], v., custody, guard (state of being guarded). — Plur. (concretely), guards, keepers. custodio, -Ire, -Tvi (-il), -itus [cus- tod-, as if custodi-], 4. v. a. and abs. (as if x\.), guard, do guard duty. custos, -odis [unc. stem -f dis (cf. merces, palus)], c, a guard, a xvatchman, a keeper, a guardian. Cyrus, -I [KOpos], m., a common name among the Greeks. — Esp., an architect or builder employed by Clodius. Cyzicenus, -a, -um \\s.v<;iKr\vo%\, adj., of Cyzicum, a city of Mysia, on the Propontis. — Plur., the people of the city, Cyzicenes. D d., see a. d. D [half of *, CID = M], 500. D., abbrev. for Decimus. damnatio, -onis [damna- + tio], F., a finding guilty, a conviction. damno, -are, -avT, -atus [damno-], I . V. a., {fine), find guilty, conde?nn, convict. de [unc. case-form of pron. stem DA (in idem, dum)], prep, with abl., {down, only in comp. as adv.), down from, off from, f)om, aiuay from. — Hence, qua de causa, for ivhich reason ; de aliquo mereor {deserve well or /'// of, properly win from); de consilio {/>y, cf. ex); multa de nocte, late at night. — Esp. in partitive sense, out of of: pauci de nostris. — Also (cf. P^ng. of), about, ty" (about), /;/ regard to, co>icer)ii)ig, for: de regno despe- rare ; nihil de bello timere, Jiave dea 60 declino 710 fear of war ; contendere, dimi- care {about, fo?-) ; triumphare {tri- umph over, triumph for a victory over) ; quid de te futurum est, 7c>hat will becof/ie of you ; de maies- tate {for) ; de improviso, of a sud- den ; de industria, on purpose. — In comp., down, off, away, through (and be done with). dea, -ae [fern, of deus], f., a god- dess. — Esp., Bona Dea, see bona. debe5, -ere, -ul, -itus [de-habeo], 2. V. a., {have off from one''s posses- sions), owe, be bound, ought, cannot help, should, be under obligation. — Pass., be due, be ozving : non debeo, have no right; omnia de- bere, be bound to do everything. — debitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., due, deserved. debilis, -e [de-habilis] , adj ., T^tvz/', feeble, helpless, eifeebled. debilito, -are, -avT, -atus [debili- (through intermediate stem)], i. V. a., cripple, weaken, ejifeeble, break down (in health, etc.). — Fig., overcome, paralyze. deced5, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus [de-cedo], 3. v. n., {make way off ; cf. cede), retire, withdraw (de scaena), withdraw from, shun. — Esp. (from life), die : de officio {sacrifice, abandon) ; de iure {yield, give up). decern [?], indecl. num. adj., ten. December, -bris, -bre [decern + unc. term.; cf. saluber], adj., {tenth ?). — Esp., of December. decempeda, -ae [decem-tpeda (fern, of tpedus?)], F., a ten-foot pole, a measure (of ten feet). decerno, -cernere, -crevT, -cretus [de-cerno], 3. v. a. and n., {decide off, so as to clear away), decide, determijie, decree, order (as a result of determination), vote (of a consulting body, or of a single member of it). decerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, -cerp- tus [de-carpo], 3. v. -a.., phick off. — Fig., detract, take away. decerto, -are, -avT, -atus [de- certo], I. V. a. and n., contend (so as to close the contest), decide the issue, try the issue (of war), car^y 071 war, fight (a general engage- ment) : de fortunis decertari, 07ie''s fortu7ies are at stake. decessus, -us [de-tcessus ; cf. decedo and incessus], m., with- dratval, departure. decet, -ere, -uit, no p.p. [?, cf. decus], 2. V. impers., // is fitti7ig, it is beco7ning, it becomes. decido, -cidere, -cidT, no p.p. [de-cado], 3. v. n., fall down, fall. decimus (decu-), -a, -um [stem of decern -fmus], adj., the tenth. — Esp., Decimus, as a Roman praeno- men. — decuraa, -ae (sc. pars), f., a tithe (of the produce of land let by the state on shares). declar5, -are, -avi, -atus [de- claro], I. V. a., {clear off), 7nake plai7i, declare, shozu. declinatio, -onis [declina- + tio] , F., a Iea7ii7ig, a side 77iove77ie7it. declin5, -are, -avi, -atus [de- clino], I. V. a. and n., move aside, avoid (as if by a deviation of the body), elude, fii7zch. decoctor defetigo decoctor, -oris [de-coctor ; cf. decoquo], m., {one who boils down), a speyidthrift. decoro, -are, -avT, -at us [decor-], I. V. a., adorn, embellish. — Fig., honor, praise. decretum, -I [prop. neut. of de- cretus], N., a decree, a decision, resolution. decuma, see decimus. decuria, -ae [decern + unc. term. ; cf. centuria], f., a decnry (a divi- sion of ten men of the original Roman heads of families, also more generally of cavalry and other bodies). decurio, -onis [decuria- + o], m., a president of a decury, a decnrion. — Also, a member of the senate in a provincial town, a provincial senator. decurio, -are, -avi, -atus [decu- ria-], I. V. a., divide into de cu- ries. decus, -oris [dec- (as root of decet) + us], n., an ornament, an embellishment. — Fig., a7i honor. dedecus, -oris [de-decus], x., a disgrace, dishonor, a stain. dedico, -are, -avI, -atus [de-dico], I. V. a., dedicate, devote. deditio, -onis [de-datio ; cf. dedo], F., surrender : spes dedi- tionis, hope that one''s surrender would be received. dedo, -dere, -did!, -ditus [de-do], 3. V. a., give over, surrender, give up. — In pass, or with reflex., sur- render one''s self, submit: aures {listen to). deduco, -ducere, -duxT, -ductus [de-duco], 3. V. a., lead down or off, lead away, withdraw, draw off (praesidia), take away (of men), bring away, lead (from one place to another), bring (into a situa- tion). — Fig., induce, bring, lead. — Esp. of ships, launch (draw down) ; of women, marry (used of the man) ; of things, bring, draw, turn. So, raise (a man to fortune) : rem hue {bring) ; de fide {seduce) ; de sententia {dissuade) ; de lenitate {drive) ; coloniam {plant) ; servos ex Apennino {bring do7vn). defatigatio, see defetigatio. defatigo, see defetigo. defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensus [de-fendo], 3. v. a., ward off, de- fend one 'j- self against. — Also, with changed relation, defend, protect, maintain (a C2i\xse), fight for. defensio, -onis [de-tfensio ; cf. defendo], f., a defence. defensor, -oris [de-tfensor ; cf. defendo], m., a defender: necis {a preventer). defero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [de- fero], irr. v. a., carry dow7i, carry away, bring, land (of ships). — Pass., be borne dozvn or on, drift (of ships), t2irn aside: delati in scrobes {falling). — Fig., confer upon, put in one\ hands, report, lay before, devote : nomen alicuius {accuse one)-, studium {tender). defessus, -a, -um, see defetiscor. defetigatio (defat-), -onis [de- fatigatio], F., exhaustion. defetigo (defat-), -are, -avi, -atus [de-fatigo], i. v. a., wear out, ex- haust, worrv, tire out. defetiscor 62 delicatus defetiscor, -fetlsci, -f ess us [de- fatiscor], 3. v. dep., crack open. — Fig., become exhausted. — defessus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., exhausted, 7uorn out, wearied : accusatio {grouni stale). defici5, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [de- facio], 3. V. a. and n., fail, fall azuay, revolt, fall off, almudon (with ab). defigo, -figere, -flxl, -fixus [de- figo]' 3- V- ^M y^-^ (^^' or down), plant, set, fasten, drive down : in oculis flagitia {set before) ; curas {devote). definio, -Ire, -Tvi, -itus [de-finio], 4. V. a., set limits to, fix, appoint, liviit, bring to a close, mark out. deflagro, -are, -avi, -atus [de- flagro], I. V. n., burn up, be con- sumed : imperium deflagratum {burned to the ground). defluo, -fluere, -fluxT, -fluxurus [de-fluo], 3. V. n., flow do-wn, ffnv apart, divide (of a river), fall a7uay. defore, see desum. deformo, -are, -avT, -atus [de- formo], I. V. a., deform, disfigjire. defraudo, -are, -avi, -atus [de- fraud-], I. V. a., defraud, overreach, cheat. defungor, -fungi, -fiinctus [de- fungor], 3. V. de\)., perform, f7tish, be done 7vith, get I'id of. dego, degere, degl, no p.p. [de- ago], 3. V. 2i., pass, spend. deicio (deiicio), -icere, -iecl, -iectus [de-iacio], 3. v. a., throxv down, keep off, ivard off, deprive, keep out (one from a thing), repel, eject, oust. dein [de-in ; cf. deinde], adv., theji, next. deinde [de-inde], adv., from thence, then, after that, then again. delabor, -labl, -lapsus [de-labor], 3. V. dep., slip down, slip away : de caelo {fall, descend, come down). delectati5, -onis [delecta- -f tio], I"., delight, pleasure, enjoymefit. delecto, -are, -avi, -atus [de- tlecto; cf. deiicio and allecto], I. V. a. and n., {allure), delight, please, give pleasure to. — Pass., take delight, delight (in a thing) : Graecos delectat, the Greeks take pleasure. delectus (di-), -lis [de-lectus ; cf. deligo], M., a choosing, an enrol- ment, a levy, a conscription. delenio, -Ire, -IvI (-il), -Itus [de- lenio], 4. V. a., soothe, soften, pacify. deleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [de-tleo (akin to lino)], 2. v. a., {smear out), blot out, wipe out (of a disgrace). — Fig., annihilate, destroy. deliberatio, -onis [delibera- + tio], F., a deliberation, a discussion, a decision (through deliberation). deliberator, -oris [delibera- + tor], M., a deliberator. — Used sar- castically of one who reserves his decision in order to be bribed. delibero, -are, -avi, -atus [de- libero], i . v. a. and n., {disetitangle ?), decide. — Also, discuss, deliberate, xveigh . delicate [old abl. of delicatus]. adv., delicately, luxuriously. — Also, at ojie's ease, slowly. delicatus, -a, -um [?, perh. p.p. of tdelico, 7vean (or abandon) ; cf. deliciae 63 demum delicus, deliculus], adj., (' cos- seted'" ?), fat?i/^ereJy luxurious. deliciae, -arum [delico- (cf. de- liculus) + ia], F. plur., {cosset- ing .^), delights, allurements, luxu- rious pleasures ; also, in sing, sense, darling, pet, favorite. delictum, -i [n. p.p. of delinquo], N., {something left undone), a fail- ure, a fault, a wrottg-doing, an offence. deligo, -are, -avi, -atus [de-ligo], I. V. a., bind down, fastoi, bind, tie up (to a stake). ' deligo, -ligere, -leg!, -lectus [de- lego], 3. V. a., select,pick ottt, choose. delinquo, -linquere, -iTquT, -lictus [de-linquo], 3. v. w., fail (in one's duty), do wrong : quid deliqui, what ivrong have I do7ie (cognate ace). Delos, -1 [A^Xos], F., an island in the /Egean. Delphicus, -a, -um [AeX0t/c6s], adj., of Delphi (the seat of the most famous worship of Apollo), Delphic: mensa (a table made in the form of a tripod). delubrum, -i [de-tlubrum (lu -f brum)], N., an expiatory shrine, a shri/ie (cf. aedes, a temple gener- ally ; templum, a place consecrated by augury; fanum, an oracular (.'') shrine). deliido, -ludere, -liisT, -lusus [de-ludo], 3. V. a. and n., deceive, prevaricate. demens, -entis [de-mens ; cf. amens], adj., mad, crazy, insane: scelere demens {^naddened, etc.). dementer [dement- -f ter], adv., madly, crazily, senselessly. dementia, -ae [dement- + ia], f., 7Hadness, idiocy, utter folly. demerge, -mergere, -mersi, -mer- sus [de-mergo], 3. v. a., sink, drown, submerge, plunge. demigro, -are, -avi, -aturus [de- migro], I. V. n., move away (change residence), tnove one^s effects, move over. deminuo, -uere, -uT, -utus [de- minuo], 3. v. a. and n., dimi)iish, curtail, lessen, detract front : ne quid de summa re publica deminue- retur, that the supreme power in the state should suffer no diminu- tion. deminutio, -onis [de-tminutio ; cf. deminuo], F., a diminution, a loss, a sacrifice (of lives, etc.). demitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus [de-mitto], 3. v. a., let go down (cf. mitto), let down, stick down. — In pass, or with reflex., let one^s self down, descend, set one's self down. — Fig., despo)id (se animo), be dis- couraged. — demissus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., low-hanging {bowed, of the head), downcast (of a person). dem5nstratio, -onis [demonstra- + tio], F., a pointing out, a show- ing, a manner of showing. demonstro, -are, -avi, -atus [de- monstro], i. v. a., point out, show, state, indicate, mention. demove5, -movere, -movl, -m5tus [de-moveo], 2. v. a., remove, dis- lodge: de sententia {shake one in, etc.). demum [ace. of tdemus (superl. of de), nethermost, last], adv., at last, at length (not before). — denegd 64 deprehendS Hence, only (not till a certain point is reached), not tifitii. denego, -are, -avl,-atus [de-nego], I. V. a. and n., deny, refuse, say not. deni, -ae, -a [for decni, decern reduced + nus], num. adj. plur., ten each, ten (on each side), ten (in sets of ten). denique [tdeno- (de + nus, cf. demum) que], adv., at last. — Of order, finally. — Of preference, at any rate (if no better, etc.): turn denique, not till then, then and then only; hora decima denique {not until, etc.). denoto, -are, -avi, -atus [de-noto], I. V. a., mark out, mark, appoint. deniintio, -are, -avi, -atus [de- nuntio], i. v. a., annoujice (with notion of threat), declare, ivarn, order, command, give to u?ider- stand, threaten one with. depeculator, -oris [depecula- + tor; cf. depeculor], m., an embez- zler, a plunderer. depeculor, -arl, -atus [de-pecu- lor], I. V. dep., embezzle, plunder, pillage, rifle. depello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus [de-pello], 3. V. a., d7'ive off, drive out, drive (away), dislodge, avert, repel, remove, ward off, save 07te''s self from : molem {throw off) ; ali- quem de spe {force) ; simulacra {throw down). dependo, -pendere, -pendl, -pen- sus [de-pendo], 3. v. a. and n., weigh out. — Hence, pay. depingo, -pingere, -pinxi, -pictus [de-pingo], 3. v. a., paint (so as to make something), depict, represent. deploro, -are, -avi, -atus [de- ploro], I. V. a., lament, bewail the loss of, 7nour}i for. deponOj -ponere, -posui, -positus [de-pono], 3. v. a., lay down, lay aside, deposit. — Fig., lose, abandoji (hope), blot out (memory), resigti. depopulatio, -onis [de-populatio ; cf. depopulor], f., a ravaging, a plundei-itig. depopulor, -ari, -atus [de-popu- lor], I. V. dep., ravage, lay waste, plunder. deporto, -are, -avi, -atus [de- porto], I. V. a., carry off, carry away., re?}iove, bring off, bring home. deposco, -poscere, -poposci, no \j p.p. [de-posco], 3. V. a., demand, call for, claim, ask for. depravo, -are, -avi, -atus [de- pravo], I. V. a., distort. — Fig., co7'- rupt, lead astray, pervert, ta77iper with. deprecator, -oris [de-precator ; cf. deprecor], m., a 7nediator (to beg off something for somebody). ' deprecor, -ari, -atus [de-precor], I. V. dep., pray to avert so77iethi7ig, pray (with accessory notion of re- lief), beg, beg off, pray for pardon, pray to be spared, resort to prayers, save 07ie^s self from by prayers, re- 7nove by prayers : quo deprecante, by whose 77iediation ; ad deprecan- dum valebat, had the force of eft- treaties. deprehendo, -hendere, -hendl, -hensus [de-prehendo], 3. v. a., capture, catch, seize, take possessiofi of — As in Eng., catch {co7ne upo7i)y deprimo 65 despero surprise, find, detect, discover : fac- tum {find, in the sense of catch one at something). — Fig., grasp, comprehend, tmderstand. deprimo, -primere, -press!, -pres- sus [de-premo], 3. v. a., press down, sink. depromo, -promere, -prompsi, -promptus [de-promo], 3. v. a., draw out, appropriate. depugno, -are, -avi, -atus [de- pugno], I. V. n., fight ont (deci- sively), resist with arms (so as to decide the issue). , derelinquo, -linquere, -liquT, -lic- tus [de-relinquo], 3. v. a., leave behind, abandon. derivo, -are, -avi, -atus [perh. immediately fr. de-rivus, prob. through adj. -stem], i. v. a., draw ofi" (water), divert: crimen {shift upon another). derogo, -are, -avi, -atus [de-rogo, in its political sense], i. v. a., take awav, withdra7v. descends, -scendere, -scendl, -scensurus [de-scando], 3. v. n., climb dozvn, descend. — Fig., resort to, have recourse to, adopt: ad accusandum {resort to a prosecu- tion). — Fsp., cof?ie doxun to the Foricm (from the hills on which the Romans lived ; of. " go down town "). \ describo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, -scrlp- tus [de-scribo], 3. v. a., write down, set down (in writing), mark out, map out, describe, drazu up (ius), reduce to a system. desero, -severe, -semi, -sertus [de-sero], 3. v. a., disunite. — Ivsp., abandon, forsake, desert, give up, leave in the lurch. — desertus, -a, -um, p.p. as ^dc]., deserted, solitary : vadimonia {forj'eit). deservio, -servire, no. perf., no p.p. [de-servio], i. v. n., serve zeal- ously, be devoted to. desiderium, !- [?, perh. tdesidero- + ium ; cf. desidero], n., lo^iging for, desire (of som.ething lost), grief for loss (of anything). desidero, -are, -avi, -atus [?, tde- sidero-, out of place ; cf. considero], I. v. a., feel the want of, desire, miss, need, regret the loss of, lose (of soldiers). — Pass., be fnissing {be lost) : desiderat neminem, has 71 ot lost a 7nan. desidia, -ae [desid- (stem of deses, de- sed) -j- ia], f., idleness, sloth. designo, -are, -av!, -atus [de- signo], I. V. a., mark out, indicate, ?nean, designate. — designatus, p.p. as adj., elected, elect (of officers not yet in office). desilid, -silire, -silu!, -sultus [de- salio], 4. v. n., leap do7vn, leap (down). Jump overboard: de rheda {Jump out, spring out). desino, -sinere, -s!v! (-si!), -situs [de-sino], 3. v. a. and n., leave off, desist, cease. desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stiturus [de-sisto], 3. V. n., stand off, cease, stop, desist from, abandon. desperatio, -onis [de-tsperatio ; cf. despero], f., despair, desperation. despero, -ilre, -av!, -atus [de- spero], r. v. a. and n., cease to hope, despair, despair of. — desperatus, desperandus 66 dexter -a, -um, as pass., despaired of. — Also as adj., {hopeless ?, perh. orig. despaired of), hence desperate. — desperandus, -a, -um, gerundive, to be despaired of. despicio, -spicere, -spexT, -spec- tus [de-specio], 3. v. a. and n., look down, look down upon, look away. — Fig. (cf. Eng. equivalent), look down upon, despise, express one''s contempt for. despicor, -ari, -atus [despico-], I. V. A&^., despise. — despicatus, -a, -um, p.p. as pass., despised, despi- cable. destringo, -stringere, -strinxl, -strictus [de-stringo], 3. v. a., strip off. — Also (cf. despolio), strip, draw (of swords, stripping them of their scabbards). desum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus [de- sum], irr. V. n., {be away), be want- ing, be lacking, fail. — Esp., fail to do one''s duty by, etc. — Often, lack (changing relation of subj., and fol- lowing dat.), be without, not have. deterreo, -terrere, -terruT, -terri- tus [de-terreo], 2. v. a., frighten off, deter, prevent (esp. by threats, but also generally). . detestor, -arl, -atus [de-testor], I. V. a., {call the gods to witness to prevent something), entreat (from a thing), remove by protest (call the gods to witness to avoid). detracts (-trecto), -are, -avi, -atus [de-tracto], i. v. a., {hold off from one''s self), avoid, shun. detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus [de-traho], 3. v. a., drag off, tear off, snatch (away). — With less violence, take away, take off, with- draw (with no violence at all). detrecto, see detracto, detrimentum, -I [de-ttrimentum (tri- in tero -f mentum) ; cf. detero], N., {a riibbing off), loss, harm, injury. — Esp., defeat, disaster. deus, -I [akin to divus, lovis, dies], M., a god. — Also, in accord- ance with ancient ideas, of a statue, in adjurations: di boni, good heav- ens! per deos im.vcioita.\is, for heav- en 'j- sake ! heaven help us ! deveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus [de-veho], 3. v. a., ca?'7y away, bring (away, e.g. on horseback), bring doxvn (esp. by vessel). devert5, -vertere, -verti, -versus [de-verto], 3. v. a. and n., turn away, turn aside, turn off (the road to stop by the way), stop (turning aside from the way). devincio, -vincire, -vinxl, -vinctus [de-vincio], 4. v. a., bind down, bind, attach , firm ly attach . devinco, -vincere, -vIcT, -victus [de-vinco], 3. v. a., conquer (so as to prostrate), subdue (entirely). devito, -are, -avT, -atus [de-vito], I. v. a., avoid, shun, escape. devoco, -are, -avi, -atus [de-voco], I. V. a., call down (or away). — Esp., fig., invite, bring. devord, -are, -avi, -atus [de-voro], I. V. a., swallow tip, devour, gulp down: verbum {eagerly devour). devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -v5tus [de-voveo], 2. v. a., vow (away). — Less exactly, devote, consecrate. dexter, -tera(-tra), -terum (-trum) [unc.stem (perh. akin to digitus?) Diana 6y dignitas + terus], adj., right (on the right hand). — dextra, -ae, F., (sc. ma- nus), the right hand (esp. used as a pledge of faith, as with us). Diana, -ae [prob. fern, of lanus ; cf. Atwi'T;], P\, a divinity of the Romans entirely identified with the Greek Artemis, the goddess of the chase and patroness of celi- bacy. dico, dicere, dIxT, dictus [dic, in dico and -dicus], 3. v. a. and n., {point out ? ; cf. 5€lkuv/xl), say, tell, speak, name, speak of, inention. — Esp., with authority, name, ap- poi)it, fix: ius {administer; cf. dico) ; sententiam {give, express). — Special uses : dicunt, they say ; causam dicere, plead one^s cause, hence be tried, be brought to trial ; facultas dicendi, po7ver of oratory ; dixi, / have done ; incredibile dictu, incredible ; quid dicam ? ivhat shall I call it ? why should I speak ? TV hat shall I say ? ad dicendum, for addressing the people ; diem dicere, bring a charge (liefore the people) ; salutem dic, greet, re- member ?ne to, give my regards to. dictator, -oris [dicta- -f tor], m., a dictator (a Roman magistrate appointed in times of danger by the highest existing officer, and possessing absolute power). — Also, a similar officer in a munici- pal town. dictatura, -ae [dicta- + tura (i.e. tdictatu -f ra ; cf. figura)], F., the office of dictator, a dictatorship. dictio, -onis [dic (as root of dico) + tio]. P., a speaking, a plead- ing (cf. dico) : causae {pleading one''s cause, trial) ; iuris {adminis- tration). dictito, -are, -avT, no p.p. [akin to dicto, form unc, perh. tdictita- (dicto- + ta)], I. V. a., repeat, keep saying. dictum, [n. p.p. of dico as subst.], N., a sayi)ig, an expression, words. dies, -el [prob. for dives, uyu + as], M. (rarely f. in some uses), a day (in all Eng. senses). — Also, time : in dies, from day to day (with idea of increase or diminu- tion) ; illis ipsis diebus, at that very time ; noctes diesque, night and day ; diem dicere (see dico). differo, differre, distulT, dilatus [dis-fero], irr. v. a. and n., bear apart, spread. — Also, postpone, de- fer, put off, differ. difficilis, -e [dis-facilis], adj., }tot easy, difficult. difiicultas, -atis [difficili- (weak- ened) + tas], F., difficulty, trouble, diffictdt circuffistances. diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum [dis- fido], 3. V. n., distrust, not have con- fidencc {in). difflu5, -fluere, -fluxl, no p.p. [dis-fluo], 3. V. n., flow apart, be- come loose, become lax, run wild. digitus, -T [.^], M., a finger. dignitas, -atis [digno- + tas], F., zvorthiness, zaorth, dignity, pres- tige, position (superior), claims (founded on worth), advaticement (as the consequence of worthi- ness), self-respect, the dignity of one^s position. dignus 68 discedo dignus, -a, -urn [?, perh. root of dico + nus], adj., worthy, de- ser7'i>ig. diiudico, -are, -avT, -atus [dis- iudico], I. V. a. and n., decide (Ije- tweeii two). diiunctio, -onis [dis-iunctio ; cf. diiungo], F., a sepiu-atioji. diiungo (dis-), -iungere, -iunxT, -iunctus [dis-iungo], 3. v. a., dis- join, separate, divide. dilabor, -labl, -lapsus [dis-labor], 3. V. dep., glide apart, slip a^vay, fall away. dilacero, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- lacero], l. v. a., tear asunder, tear ift pieces. dilanio, -are, -avT, -atus [dis- lanio], I. V. a., tear in pieces. dilatio, -onis [dis-latio], f., a postponcjuent, aji adjournment. dilectus (de-), -us [dis-tlectus ; cf. diligo], M., a choosijig, a levy, a co7tscription. diligens, -entis, p. of diligo, as adj., diligent, pai)i staking, careful. diligenter [diligent- -f ter], adv., carefiilly, with care, with exactness, exactly, with pains, scrnpnlonsly. diligentia, -ae [diligent- -f ia], F., care, pains, paitistaking, dili- gence : remittere {cease to take pains, take less care). dilig5, -ligere, -lexT, -lectus [dis- lego], 3. V. a., {choose out), love, be fond of. — See also diligens. diliicesco, -lucescere, -luxl, no p.p. [dis-lucesco], 3. v. n., gro7v light, daivn. — Usuallyimpersonal. diluculum, -T [dis-tluculum (lu- cu- -f lus)], N., daybreak, dawn. diluo, -lucre, -lul, -lutus [dis-luo], 3. V. a. and n., dissolve away, dis- solve. — Fig., refute (tech. term). dimicatio, -5nis [dimica- -f tio], v., fighting, a c 071 test, a struggle. dimico, -are, -avT, -aturus [dis- mico], I. V. n., {brandish swords to decide a contest '^), figlit (a decisive battle), risk an engagement, co7i- tend. diminu5, see deminuo. dimitto, -niittere, -mlsl, -missus [dis-mitto], 3. v. a., let go away, let slip, let pass, let go, give up, relin- quish, abafidon : oppugnationem {raise) ; victoriam {let go, on pur- pose). — Also, send in different di- rectio7is, seJid about, despatch, detail, disband, disfniss, adjourn, dis- charge. direptio, -onis [dis-traptio ; cf. diripio], f., plundering, plunder. direptor, -oris [dis-raptor; cf. diripio], m., a robber, a plu7iderer. diripio, -ripere, -ripuT, -reptus [dis-rapio], 3. v. a., seize (in differ- ent directions), plu7ider, pillage. dirumpo, -rumpere, -rupT, -rup- tus [dis-rumpo], 3. v. a., break to pieces, break, shatter, burst : dirupi me paene, / ca77ie near bursting. dis-, di- (dir-) [akin to duo?], insep. prep, (adv.), in comp., asu7i- der, ill differ ejit directio7is. Cf. discedo, discemo, dirimo, diffundo. Dis, Ditis [akin to dives, as the earth is the source of riches], M., Pluto (the god of the underworld, and so of death). discedo, -cedere, -cessT, -ces- siirus [dis-cedo], 3. v. n., withdraw, disceptatio 69 dissensid depart, retire, leave (with ab), go away. disceptatio, -onis [discepta- + tio], F., a contest, a coiitejitio)!, a discussion. disceptator, -oris [discepta- (stem of discepto) + tor], m., a Judge, an arbiter. disceptd, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- capto], I. V. a., discuss, consider and decide, decide. discerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretus [dis-cerno], 3. v. a., separate, dis- tingicish. discessio, -onis [dis-cessio ; cf. discedo], F., a departure, a with- drawal, a division (as in Parlia- ment), a vote: contionis {a division of opinion in, etc.) ; discessionem facere, take a vote. discessus, -us [dis-fcessus ; cf. discedo], M., a departure, a with- drawal, absence. discidium, -1 [dis-tscidium (scin -f ium)], N., a separation, a dis- sension. disciplina, -ae [discipulo- (re- duced) -f ina ; cf. rapina], f., {pu- pilage?), discipline, instruction, trainifig, a system (of doctrine, etc.), a course of instruction, edu- cation, a school (fig. as in Eng.) : pueritiae disciplinae, the studies of childhood ; navalis {skill, as the result of discipline) ; maiorum (strict conduct). discipulus, T [?, akin to disco], M., a pupil. discliido, -cludere. -clusT, -clusus [dis-claudo], 3. v. a., shut apart, keep apart, separate, divide. disco, discere, didicT, disciturus [for tdicsco (dig + sco)], 3. v. a. and n., learn. discolor, -oris [dis-color], adj., parti-colored, differ e7it-colored. discordia, -ae [discord- + ia ; cf. concors], f., dissension, discord, disagreement. discribo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, -scrip- tus [dis-scribo], 3. v. a., distribute, apportion, assign. discrimen, -inis [dis-crimen ; cf. discerno], n., a separation, a de- cision. Hence, a moment of de- cision, a crisis, critical cotidition, danger, peril, a critical moment, a turjiing-point of one'' s fortunes. disiungo, -iungere, -iunxT, -iunc- tus [dis-iungo], 3. v. a., disunite, sep- arate : disiunctissimus, -a, -um, very far distant, very widely separated. dispergo, -spergere, -spersT, -sper- sus [dis-spargo], 3. v. a., scatter, disperse, separate. disperse [old abl. of dispersus], adv., in different places, separately. dispertid, -ire, -IvI (-ii), -Itus, also dispertior, as dep. [dis-partio], 4. V. a. and dep., divide, distribute. displiceo, -ere, -uT, -itus [dis- placeo], 2. V. n., displease, be unsat- isfactory, be disliked by. disputo, -are, -avT, -atus [dis- puto], I. V. n. and a., discuss (cf. puto), argue. dissemino, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- semino], i. v. a., scatter, sotv ividely, spread, disseminate. dissensio, -onis [dis-tsensio ; cf. dissentio], f., difference of opinion, disas^recfnent, dissensio7i. dissentio 70 dives dissentio, -sentlre, -sensi, -sen- surus [dis-sentio], 4. v. n., diffe7- in opinion., dissent, differ, be at vari- ance. disside5, -sidere, -sedT, no p.p. [dis-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit apart. — Hence, disaj^ree, have a dissension. dissimilis, -e [dis-similis], adj., tinlike, different, various. dissimilitudo, -inis [dissimili- + tudo], F., unlikeness, unlike iiatiire, differcjit jiitture. dissimulo, -are, -avT, -atus [dis- simulo], I. V. a. and n., {pretend something is not), conceal (what is), dissemble, conceal the fact that, pre- tend not to. dissipo, -are, -avT, -atus [dis- Isupo, throiiP^, I. V. a., scatter, dis- perse, strew, spread abroad : dissi- pates congregarunt {the scattered people). dissolutio, -onis [dis-solutio ; cf. dissolve], 1'., a dissolving, abolition. dissolve, -solvere, -solvI,-solritus [dis-solvo], 3. V. a., unloose, relax, separate. — dissolutus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., lax, iDirestrained, arbitrary (as unrestrained by considerations of policy or mercy). distineo, -tinere, -tinuT, -tentus [dis-teneo], 2. v. a., keep apai-t, hold asunder, keep from uniting, cut off (in military sense), isolate, distract. distraho, -trahere, -traxi,-tractus [dis-traho], 3. v. a., d7-ag asunder, tear asunder, separate. — Hence, distract, divide: distractae senten- tiae {zvidely divergent). distribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, -tri- -butus [dis-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign (to several), distribute, divide. distringo, -stringere, -strlnxl, -strictus [dis-stringo], 3. v. a., stretch apart, distract, engage, occupy. disturbo, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- turbo], I. V. a., drive away in con- fttsion : contionem {break up). ditissimus, -a, -um, superb of dives. diti [prob. ace. of stem akin to dies], 2idv., for a time, a long time, for some time, long: tarn diu, so long; quam diu, how long, as long: diutius, atty longer. diurnus, -a, -um [tdius- (akin to diu and dies) -f nus], adj., of the day, daily (as opposed to nightly): fur {by night). dius [akin to divus], M., onl^ in nom., in phrase me dius fidius, hea7'en help me, as sure as / live, good heavens ! diuturnitas, -atis [diuturno- -f tas], F., length of time, long con- tinua7ice, length (in time). diuturnus, -a, -um [diu + tur- nus ; cf. hestemus], adj., lotig con- tinued, long (in time) ; minus diu- tuma vita {shorter). divello, -vellere, -velll, -volsus [dis-vello], 3. v. a., tear apart, rend asunder, tear (from). diversus, -a, -um, see diverto. divertd, -vertere, -verti, -ver- sus [dis-verto], 3. v. a. and n., ttirji aside (or apart), separate. — diversus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., separate, distant, diverse, different, various. dives, -itis [?], adj., rich. divido 71 domicilium divido, -videre, -visT, -visas [dis- tvido, viDH (?), cf. viduus], 3. v. a., divide, separate, distribute. — divi- SUS, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., divided. divinitus [divino- + tus ; cf . cae- litus], didw., from heaven, divinely, providentialiy, by the gods. — Less exactly, admirably, excelletitly. divino, -are, -avi, -atus [divino-], I. V. 2.., propJiesy, coijeetiire, foresee, imagine (as likely to happen). divinus, -a, -um [divo- (as if diyi) + nus], adj., of the gods, di- vine, providential, superhuman, more than human, t?'anseendent, godlike: res divinae, religious in- stitutions. divisor, -oris [dis-tvisor; cf. divido], M., a distributer, a dis- tributing agent, an agent (for bri- bery). divitiae, -arum [divit- -f ia], i". plur., wealth, riches. ^do, dare, dedi, datus [da ; cf. 5t'5aj/it], I. V. a., give, bestow, grant, furnish, vouchsafe, present, offer : excusationem {afford) ; cognitorem {furnish, bring fo7'7vard); literas, epistulam (write). — See also opera. -do [dha, place; cf. riQt]ixi\, confounded with ^ do, but appear- ing in comp., place, put. doceo, docere, docul, doctus [unc. formation akin to dico and disco], 2. V. a., teach, show, inform, represent, state. — dOCtus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., learned, educated, cul- tivated, skilful. docilitas, -atis [docili- -f tas], f., teachableness, aptness, capability (i>f learning). doctrina, -ae [doctor- -f ina ; cf . medicina], f., teaching, systematic instruction, education, training, study, learning. documentum, -I [docu- (?) (as stem of doceo) -f mentum], n., a means of teaching, a proof a warn- ing, an exafnple. Dolabella, -ae [dolabra- + la, ''little hatchet''\ M. (orig. F.), a Roman family name. — Esp. : i. Cn. Dolabella, in command of Cilicia in B.C. 80, under whom Verres was legatus : 2. P. Cornelius Dolabella, Cicero's son-in-law, who was An- tony's colleague in the consulship, B.C. 44. doleo, dolere, doluT, doliturus [perh. dolo- (stem of dolus)], 2. v. n., feel pain, suffer. — Esp. mentally, be pained, grieved. dolor, -oris [dol- (as root of doleo) -f or], m., pain (physical or mental), suffering, distress, indig- nation, chagrin, I'exation, sense of injury : magno dolore ferre, be very indignant, feel much chagrin ; magno esse dolori, to be a great annoyance or sorrozv ; dolor et crepitus plagarum {cries of pain, etc.). domesticus, -a, -um [domo- (as if domes-; cf. modestus) + ticus], adj., {of the house), of one^s home, one^s ozvn, at home. — Hence, domestic, internal, intestine, within the state or city, private : dolor {personal) ; usus {at ofie''s house). domicilium, -I [perh. domo- + tcilium (fr. root of colo)], n., an abode, a house, a dwelling-place, a domina 72 dudum house (as a permanent home), rz resi- dence (in a legal sense) : imperi {seat). domina, -ae [f. of dominus], f., a viistress. dominatio, -5nis [domina- + tio], F., ifiastery, control, tyranny, poxver (illegal or abnormal). dominor, -arl, -atus [domino-], 1. V. dep., be master, rule, lord it 02>er, tyrannize, dominate. dominus, -T [tdomo- {ruling ; cf. -5a/ios) + nus], M., a master, a?t owner : esse {have control). Domitius, -1 [domito- (reduced) -f ius], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Lucius Domitius Aheno- barbus, consul in B.C. 54. domitor, -oris [domi- (as stem of domo) + tor], m., a ta7ner, a queller. domo, -are, -uT, -itus [tdomo-, cf. dominus], i. v. a., tajne, quell, subdue, master. domus, -us (-T) [noM {build?) + us (-OS and -us)], f., a house, a home, a house {a family) : domi, at home ; domum, home, to one'' s home ; domo, from home ; domo exire, go away, emigrate. donatio, -onis [dona- -f tio], F., a gift, a donatio9i, a giving away. dono, -are, -avi, -atus [dono-], I. V. a., present, give (as a gift). — Also, honor with a gift, present (one with a thing) ; civitate aliquem donare, honor one with, etc., give one the rights of^citizenship. donum, -I [da -f nus], n., a gift. dormio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum (supine) [prob. from noun-stem], 4. V. n., sleep. DrQsus, -i [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., M. Livius Drusus, tribune B.C. 91, who attempted some reform in favor of the Italians. He was assassi- nated by his opponents. dubitatio, -onis [dubita- (stem of dubito) + tio], F., doubt, hesita- tion, question. dubito, -are, -avi, -atiirus [t du- bito- (p. of lost verb dubo ? cf. du- bius)], I. V. n., doubt, have doubt, be in doubt, feel doubtful.— hX'&o (abso- lutely, or with inf., rarely (\yi\Vi), hesi- tate, feel hesitation, vacillate. dubius, -a, -um [tdubo- (duo + bus ; cf. superbus and dubito) -\- ius], adj., doubtful: est dubium, there is doubt, it is doubtful. ducenti, -ae, -a [duo-centi (plur. of centum)], num. adj., twohicndred. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus [dug (in dux)], 3. V. a., lead, draw, bring (of living things), conduct, drag. — Esp. of a general, lead, march. — With (or without) in matrimonium, marry (of the man). • — Fig., pro- long, drag out, attract. — As mer- cantile word, and so fig., reckon, consider, regard: rationem {take account, also in fig. sense); spiri- tum {draw breath); causa ducitur {springs) ; pueros {have with one) ; parietem {make, carry, run). ductus, -us [dug -f tus], M., lead, co7nmand : suo ductu, in ac- tual co?7i?naJid (opposed to acting by a subordinate). dudum, see iamdudum. duint 73 edoceo duint, see do. dulced5, -dinis [dulci- + edo], F., sweetness, charm. dulcis, -e [?], adj., sweet (also fig.): aqua {fres/i). dum [pron. da, prob. ace. ; cf. turn] , conj . (orig. adv.) , at that twie. — Also, while, so long as. — Hence, //■//, until : dummodo (or separate), only so long, provided. — With negatives, yet, as yet: tarn diu dum, so hvig as. dummodo, see dum, dumtaxat [dum taxat], adv., ojily, merely, at any rate. duo, -ae, -o [dual, of stem tdvo- ; cf. bis], num. adj., tzvo. duodecim [duo-decem], indecl. num. adj., twelve. duodecimus, -a, -um [duo-de- cimus], num. adj , tzvelfth. duplico, -are, -avT,-atus [duplic-], I. V. a., double, increase twofold. dUre [old abl. of durus], adv., hardly, harshly. durus, -a, -um [?], adj., hard. — Fig., hard, severe, difficult, harsh, rough. duumviratus, -iis [duumvir- + atus ; cf. senatus], m., the office of duumvir (a magistrate of provin- cial towns, corresponding to the consuls). dux, ducis [dug as stem], M. and F., a leader, a guide, a co?nfnander : Pompeio duce, ihi- der the command of Pompey ; ducibus dis, under the guidafice of the gods. Dyrrachium (Dyrrha-), T [Avp- pdx'-ov'], N., a town in Illyria nearly opposite Brundisium in Italy. e, see ex. ea [instr. or abl. of is], adv., this way, that way, thus, there. ebriosus, -a, -um [ebrio- + osus], adj., given to drinking, a toper. ebrius, -a, -um [?], adj., drunk. ebur, -oris [prob. Phoenician?], N., ivory. ecce [en-ce ; cf. hie], interj., lo! behold! ecf-, see eff-. ecquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod) [en-quis], interrog. pron., is {does, etc.) any one ? any (in an interrog. sentence). — Esp., ecquid, neut. ace. as adv., at all. eculeus (equu-), -T [equo- -f leus], M., a little horse. — Esp., as an in- strument of torture, the horse. edico, -dieere, -dixT, -dictus [ex- dico], 3. V. a., issue an edict, pro- claim, order. edictum, -I [neut. p.p. of edico], N., edict, an order, a proclatjiation : edictum praetoris, aft order of court, an execution. edo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ex-do], 3. V. a., put forth, give forth, pub- lish. — Also, raise up. — editus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., elevated, raised, high, lofty. edoceo, -docere, -docuT, -doctus [ex-doceo], 2. v. a., show forth, ex- plain, inform. educatid 74 egredior educatio, -onis [educa- + tio], F., rearing, trahiing, education. educo, -are, -avT, -atus [teduc- (cf. redux)], i . v. a., rear, train, bring np. educo, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus [ex-duco], 3. V. a., lead out, lead forth, draw (a sword), bring out, march out (an army), take out. effemino (ecf-), -are, -avT, -atus [ex-tfemino, or perh. teffemino- (or -i), in either case from femina], I. V. a., make into a woman. — Less exactly, {make like awotnan), enervate, zueaken. — effeminatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., effeminate, untnanly- effero (ecf-), efferre, extull, ela- tus [ex-fero], irr. v. a., carry out, bring out, carry away. — Less ex- actly and fig., spread abroad, make known, publish abroad, puff up, elate (cf. Eng. "carried away"). — Also (cf. edo), raise up, extol, praise. efficio (ecf-), -ficere, -fed, -fectus [ex-facio], 3. v. a., make out, make, enable, accomplish, cause, produce, cause to be, make into, make out, bring about. — Esp. with ut or ne, bring it about that, cause (to be or not to be^, make (a thing to be, etc.). effigies (ecf-), -el [ex-tfigies (fig ■\- ies)], F., an image, a statue, a portrait, a representation, a coun- terfeit presentrnent. effingo (ecf-)r -fingere, -finxl, -fictus [ex-fingo], 3. v. a., %vipe up, mould, form. efflagito (ecf-), -are, -avl, -atus [ex-flagito] , i. v. a., demand ear- nestly, clamor for, importunately demand. efQo (ecf-), -flare, -flavi, -flatus [ex-flo], I. V. a. and n., blow out, breathe forth : animam efflans, drawing the last breath, breathing one V last. effrenate [old ahl. of effrenatus], adv., "without restraint. effrenatio (ecf-), -onis [effrena- -f tio], F., unbridled impulse. effreno (ecf-), -are, -avi, -atus [effreno-], i. v. a., unbridle, let loose. — Esp., effrenatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., unbridled, U7irestrained. effugio (ecf-), -fugere, -fugi, -fugi- turus [ex-fugio], 3. v. a. and n., escape, flee (absolutely), fly from, get rid of, avoid. effugium (ecf-), -I [ex-tfugium ; cf. effugio and refugium], N.,(/ way of escape, an escape. effundo (ecf-), -fundere, -fudi, -fusus [ex-fundo], 3. v. 2^., pour out, shed : spiritum {breathe out). effuse (ecf-) [old abl. of effusus], adv., profusely. egens, -entis, see egeo. egeo, egere, eguT, no p.p. [tego- (cf. indigus)], 2. v. n., want, need, lack, be in 7vant. — egens, -entis, p. as adj., needy, destitute, beggarly. egestas, -atis [unc. stem (perh. agent-) + tas], v., pin'erty, destitu- tion, want, need. ego, mei [cf. Eng. /], pers. pron., / {me, etc.). — Plur., nos, we, zis, etc. — Often of one person, /. — egomet, see -met. egredior, -gredi, -gressus [ex- gradior], 3. v. dep., march out, go out, VI ore beyond. egregie 75 emitto egregie [old abl. of egregius], adv., remarkably, finely, extremely 7vell. egregius, -a, -um [egrege- (cf. exlex) + ius], adj., oitt of the com- mon, remarkable, superior, excel- le)it, uncommon, special, noble, very fine. eicio, -icere, -iecT, -iectus [ex- iacio], 3. V. a., cast out, drive out, expel, cast up (cf. edo). — With re- flex., rush out, rush, hasten azvay. — Fig., disperse, oust, turn out. — eiectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., cast up 071 shore, cast away, shipwrecked. eiectus, -a, -um, see eicio. eiusmodi (often written sepa- rately) [eius modi], as adj. phrase, of this kind, of such a kind, such, of a kind, of such a nature, in stick a state. elabor, -labT, -lapsus [ex-labor], 3. V. dep., slip out, escape, slip. elaboro, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- laboro], i. v. a. and n., accomplish by toil, 7vork out, effect, strive dili- gently, spend one 'j- efforts. — elabo- ratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wrought out, highly wrought. elegans, -antis [p. of telego (cf. relego)], adj., fastidious, choice, dainty, nice. — Transf.,yf;/^, choice, elegant. elephantus, -T [Gr. ace. eXecpavra, declined], m., an elephant. elicio, -lice re, -licuT, -licit us [ex- lacio], 3. V. a., entice out, drazv out. eligo, -ligere, -leg!, -Iectus [ex- lego], 3. V. a., pick out, select, choose. — eiectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., picked (troops). eloquentia, -ae [eloquent- + ia], v., eloquence. eliido, -ludere, -lusT, -lusus [ex- ludo], 3. V. a. and w., play out, end (one's play). — Also, ''play off," party (a thrust), avoid, elude. — Fig., mock, befool, fool, deceive, make sport of, baffle. — Absolutely, play one's game freely (dodging all opposition). eluo, -luere, -lul, -lutus [ex-luo], 3. V. a., wash azvay, wash out, ivash off-- emano, -are, -avi, -aturus [ex- mano], i. v. n., flow 02it. — Fig., spread abroad, leak out, get abroad. ementior, -mentirl, -mentltus [ex-mentior], 4. v. dep., get up a falsehood, forge a lie. emerge, -mergere, -mersT, -mer- sus [ex-mergo], 3. v. a. and n., rise {from tinder watej-). — Fig. (of analogous situations), rise,come otit of, emerge, get one's head aboi'e water. — emersus, '-a, -um, p.p. in active sense, emerging, having emerged. emigre, -are, -avT, -aturus [ex- migro], I. V. n., remove (perma- nently), emigrate. — With domo (in same sense). emineo, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [ex- mineo], 2. v. n., statid out, project. — Fig., radiate (from), appear (in) : ex ore crudelitas (cf. the vulgar " stick out "). emitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus [ex-mitto], 3. v. a., let go, drop, send out, throw, hurl, discharge. — Pass., or with reflex., rjish out : ex urbe vel eiecimus {expel, as by 76 equidem force) vel emisimus {se7td out, as by a mere order). emo, emere, emi, emptus [em ?, orig. take\ 3. v. a., {take, only in compounds). — Esp., buy (cf. Eng. sell, orig. give), pier chase : interces- sio empta {bribed). emolumentum, -1 [ex-moli- mentum ; cf. emolior?], N., gain, advantage. emorior, -mori (-moriri), -mor- tuus [ex-morior], 3. (cf. inf.), v. dep., die off, die. emptio, -onis [em + tio], f., a buying, a purchase. emptor, -oris [em + tor], m., a buyer. enarr5, -are, -avT, -atus [ex-nar- ro], I. V. a., tell, relate, recount. enim [prob. e (in en, ecce) -f nam], adv., really. — Esp., as ex- planatory, for, but, now: neque enim, for of course . . . not ; at enim, but you say (of an objection) ; et enim, y^T . . . you see, for natu- rally, for you knozv. enitor, -niti, -nisus (-nixus) [ex- nitor], 3. V. dep., struggle out (or up), struggle, strive, exert one'' s self. Ennius, -1 [?], m., a Roman gen- tile name. — Only of Q. Ennius, the father of Roman poetry, born B.C. 240. enumero, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- numero], i. v. a., count up. eo, Ire, ivi (il), itum [i ; cf. eiixi, for AYAMi], irr. v. n., go, pass, inarch : ad saga ire, put on the garb of war (cf. " go into mourn- ing ") : ad Bibulum {go to his house, with hostile intent). 60 [old dat. of is], adv., thither, there (in sense of thither). — Often translated by more definite expres- sions in Eng., to the place (where, etc.), on theffi {it, hifn, etc.). 60 (abl.), see is. 60dem [old dat. of idem; cf. eo, thither'], adv., to the sa?ne place, in the same place (cf. eo), there also: eodem convenire {to the same place) ; eodem penetrate {there also). Ephesius, -a, -um ['E^eVios], adj., of Ephesus, a famous city of Asia Minor, famous for its temple of Artemis (Diana). — Masc. plur. as subst., the Ephesians. epigramma, -atis [e7rt7pa/xyaa], N., a7i epigram. epistula (epistola), -ae {ktvLG- ro\y]\, F., a letter. epulor, -an, -atus [epulo-], i. v. di^^., feast, banquet, revel. epulum, -T (-ae, -arum) [?], n. and F., a feast, a banquet. eques, -itis [equo- + tis (re- duced)], M., a horseman, a rider. — Plur., cavalry. — Esp. (as orig. serving on horseback), a knight (one of the moneyed class at Rome, next in rank to the Senate). equester, -tris, -tre [equit- -f tris], adj., of knights, of cavalry, equestrian. equidem [e (in en, ecce), qui- dem], adv., (particle of assevera- tion), surely, at least, to be sure. — Often untranslatable in Eng. except by emphasis, change of order of words, or some similar device. — Usually only with the first person, / for my part, I equitatus n Etruria certainly : dixi equidem modo, 7vJiy ! Isaidjustno7v ; laudabam equidem, I praised, to be sure. equitatus, -us [equita- + tus], M., cavalry, horse (troops serving on horseback). equito, -are, -avi, -atum [equit-], I. V. n., ride, serve in the cavalry. equus, -1 [ak {s7vift) -f vus],m., a horse : Equus Troianus, The Tro- jan Horse, the title of a play by Livius Andronicus. erga [prob. instr. of same stem as ergo], prep., towards (of feeling and conduct), in behalf of : benevo- lentia erga aliquem. ergo (-6 rarely) [unc. form, perh. dat. ; cf. erga], adv. with ^ow., for the sake of. — Alone, therefore, then. erigo, -rigeie, -rexl, -rectus [ex- rego], 3. V. a., set up straight (cf. rego), raise up. — Fig., rouse tip, restore. — With reflex., get up. — erectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., high, high and straight, roused. ^ eripi5, -ripere, -ripuT, -reptus [ex- (/ rapio], 3. V. a., snatch away, tear, wrest (a thing from), deprive (one of a thing, changing the relation in Eng.), relieve, rescue, save, ex- tort, rob, take from : ereptam vitam negligetis (the taking of life) ; pudi- citiam {violate) ; se eripere ne, etc., save one^s self from, etc. erratum, -1 [n. p.p. of erro], n., an error, a mistake. erro, -are, -avi, -aturus [?], i. v. n., wander, go astray, err, be mistakcji, make a mistake. error, -oris [terr- (as if root of erro) + or], n., ati error, a mistake. Erucius, -1 [eruca (?) -f ius], m., a Roman gentile name. — Only of the prosecutor against Sex. Roscius. eruct5, -are, -avT, -atus [e-ructo], I. V. a., belch forth (lit. and fig.). erudio, -Ire, -IvT (-ii), -Itus [ex- rudio (rudi-, from training in fenc- ing ; cf. rudimentum)], 4. v. a., train, instruct, educate. — eruditUS, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., learned, highly educated : homo {man of learftittg). erumpo, -rumpere, -rupT, -ruptus [ex-rumpo], 3. v. a. and n., btirst out, sally out, fuake a sally, break forth (with violence), break out (of unexpected events). escendo, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- sus [ex-scando], 3. v. n. (and a.), climb up, ascend, go tip. essedarius, -I [essedo- (-a) (re- duced) + arius], m., a charioteer (a warrior fighting from an essedum) ; also, a kind of gladiator. et [akin to en], conj., ajid, even, also .• et . , . et, both . . . and. etenim, see enim. etesiae, -arum [iT-qaiai], f. plur., etesian winds (that blow annually during the dog days for forty days), trade winds. etiam [et iam], conj., even now, still, even yet, even, also : quin etiam, nay even ; etiam atque etiam, again and again ; etiam si, even if, althotigh. etiam si, see etiam. Etriiria, -ae [tEtrus- + ia ; cf. Etruscus], F., the country of cen- tral Italy north of the Tiber and west of the Apennines. Etruscus 78 excello Etruscus, -a, -um [tEtrus- + cus ; cf. Etruria], adj., of Etrnria, Etruscan, Etrurian. — Masc. plur. as subst., the Etruscans. etsi [et si], conj., even if, al- though, though. evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasurus [ex-vado], 3. v. n., escape, get away. evell5, -vellere, -velll (-volsi), -volsus [ex-vello], 3. v. a., tear out. evenio, -venire, -venl, -ventum [ex-venio], 4. v. n., come out. — Fig., turn out, happen. — eventum, p.p. as subst., outcome, result. eventus, -us [cf. evenio], m., an event, an accident. eversor, -oris [ex-versor ; cf . everto], m., a7i overturner. everto, -vertere, -vertT, -versus [ex-verto], 3. v. a., overturn, over- throw, utterly destroy, cut down. evocator, -oris [ex-vocator], m., one who calls forth, a rallier. evoco, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-voco], I. v. a., call out, call forth, suvi7no}i, challenge, carry away, ifivite. — evocatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj. and subst., veteran (of soldiers who have served their time and are called out only in emergencies). evolo, -are, -avi, -aturus [ex- volo], I. V. w., fly out, rush out. evomo, -vomere, -vomuT, -vo- mitus [ex-vomo], 3. v. a., vomit out, vent, throw off, throzv out. ex (e) [?], adv. (in comp.) and prep., out of (cf. ab, away from), out. — Less exactly, from (lit. and fig.), of (made of) : ex alacri erat humilis {from being, etc.). — Hence, after. — Also, on accoicnt of by means of, in pursuance of in ac- cordance with, according to. — Also, above (raised from). — Also (cf. ab), in, on : una ex parte, 07i one side ; e re publica, for the advantage of the state ; ex caede vivunt {on, upon); ex aliqua parte, in some measure. exaggero, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- aggero], i. v. a., heap zip, enlarge. examino, -are, -avT, -atus [ex- amin- (stem of examen, tongue of the balance)'], i. v. a., weigh. exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- animo-], i. v. a., deprive of breath {life), kill. — Less exactly, half kill, prostrate (with grief, etc.). — exa- nimatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., out of breath, exhausted, half dead (with fright, etc.), overwhelmed. exardesco, -ardescere, -arsi, no p.p. [ex-ardesco], 3. v. n., blaze up. — Fig., become iitflamed, become en- raged, become excited, burst forth. exaudio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itus [ex- audio], 4. V. a., hear (from a dis- tance), overhear. excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus [ex-cedo], 3. v. n., go out, leave (with abl.), withdraw, retire, depart: ex pueris {outgrow one^s boyhood). excellens, -entis, see excello. excello, -cellere (-cellul), -celsus [ex-tcello], 3. v. a. and n., raise. — Also, rise, be superior, excel. — excellens, -entis, p. as adj., supe- rior, prominent, remarkable. — excelsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., high, elevated, lofty, commanding : in excelso, in a lofty position, hizh up. excido 79 exigo excido, -cidere, -cidT, no p.p. [ex- cado], 3. V. n., fall out, fall. excido, -cidere, -cidT, -cTsus [ex- caedo], 3. v. a., cut out, cut off, break dowfi, razf. excipio, -cipere, -cepT, -ceptus[ex- capio], 3. V. a., take off, take up, pick up, receive, catch, take in. — Hence, follow, come after, come next. — Also, take out, reserve, except. excito, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-cito ; cf. excieo], i. v. a., call out, roiise, stimulate, induce. — Also, call up (esp. from the dead), raise, stir tip, kindle, set ifi motion. exclamo, -are, -avI, -atus [ex- clamo], I. V. a. and n., cry out. exclude, -cludere, -clusT, -clusus [ex-claudo], 3. v. a., shut out, cut off (from doing a thing), prevent. excogito, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- cogito], I. V. a., think out, devise, invent. excolo, -colere, -colul, -cultus [ex-colo], 3. V. a., cultivate (to some effect), trai7i. excruci5, -are, -avT, -atus [ex- crucio], I. V. a., torture, torfnent. excubiae, -arum [texcubo- +ia], F. plur., a watch, sentinels, watch- men, pickets. excursio, -onis [ex-cursio; cf. excurro], f., a sally, a raid, an incursioti. excusati5, -onis [ex-tcausatio ; cf. excuse], F., an excuse. exciiso, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- tcauso], I. V. a. and n., give as an excuse, make an excuse, excuse one V self. — Also (with change of rela- tion), excuse, exculpate. exemplum, -T [ex-templum, E\f (in emo) -f lus (cf. querulus), with parasitic p], N., {something taken out), a sample, a copy, a specimett, a precedent, an example, an illus- tration : crudelissimis exemplis, in the most cruel manner. exeo, -ire, -il, -itum [ex-eo], irr. v. n., go forth, go out, emigrate, march out, remove, depart, come out, get abroad, be drawn (of lots), exerceo, -ercere, -ercuT, -ercitus [ex-arceo], 2. v. a., traifi, practise, exercise, harass, fatigue : vectigalia {collect); iudicium {preside over). exercitatio, -5nis [exercita- (stem of exercito) + tio], f., pi-act ice, exer- cise, training : virtutis {opportuiiity for the practice of, etc.). exercito, -are, -avT, -atus [exer- cito- ; cf. exerceo], i. v. 3.., train, practise. — exercitatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., trained. — Superl., very well trained. exercitus, -us [as if ex-tarcitus ; cf. exerceo], m., {a training). — Concretely, {a body trained or /;/ training), an army (large or small, acting independently), a force. exhaurio, -haurlre, -hausT, -haus- tus [ex-haurio], 4. v. a., drain off. — Less exactly, carry off, get rid of, exhaust, bring to an end. exhibe5, -hibere, -hibuT, -hibitus [ex-habeo], 2. v. a., hold out, show, exhibit. exigo, -igere, -egT, -actus [ex- ^go]» 3- V. a., {lead otit), pass, spend, finish, complete. — Also, collect, ex- act. — Esp., exacta vigilia, etc. {at the end of). exiguus 80 expeto exiguus, -a, -um [ex-iaguus (ag + uus); cf. exigo], adj., {exact?)., tiarrotv, scanty, sffiall, jneagre. eximie [old abl. of eximius], adv., especially, peculiarly, pa?-- tiailarly. eximius, -a, -um [ex-temius (em + ius); cf. eximo], adj., {taken otit), exceptional, remarkable, very high, very great, most admirable, very valuable. eximo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [ex- emo], 3. V. a., take out {off), take off. existimati5, -5nis [ex-aestima- tio ; cf. existimo], f., estimate, opinion, public opinion. — Less ex- actly, expectation. — From the other side, repjitation, rep7ite. existimator, -oris [ex-aestima- tor ; cf. existimo], m., an appraiser, a judge : iniustus existimator re- rum, unjust in his opinion of affairs. existimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- aestimo], i. v. a. and n., estimate, believe, think, suppose, imagine, re- gard, esteem, deem,' judge : male {think ill of, have a poor opinion of). exitiosus, -a, -um [exitio- + osus], adj., destructive, j-uinous, pernicious. exitium, -T [exitu- + ium, perh. ex + titium (cf. officium)], N., ex- tinction, destruction, 7'uitt, 77iischief. exitus, -us [ex-itus ; cf. exec], M., {a going out), a passage (out, concretely). — Hence, an end, the last part: quem habere exitum {what is the result of, etc.). — Fig., a result, a turn (of fortune), an issue, an event. exoletus, -a, -um [p.p. of exo- lesco, as adj.], adult. — As subst., a creature of lust. exopto, -are, -avT, -atus [ex-opto], I. V. a., desire earnestly, long for. exorior, -orlrl, -ortus [ex-orior], 3. (and 4.) V. dep., rise up. exorno, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-omo], I. V. a., array, adorn, fit out, etnbellish. exoro, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-oro], I. V. a. and n., entreat (and prevail). exorsus, -us [ex-torsus ; cf. ex- ordior], M., a beginning. expecto and compounds of ex with S-, see exs-. expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [prob. texpedi- (stem of adj. from ex- pes)], 4. V. a. and n., disentangle, diseficumber, set free (cf. im- pedio). — Less exactly and fig., set in order, get ready, arraitge, station (of troops): salutem {se- cure). — Also, be of advantage. — expeditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., etictanbered, easy (iter), not diffi- cult, quick, active. expello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus [ex-pello], 3. V. a., drive out, bajiish, expel. experior, -perlri, -pertus [ex- tperior, pass, of pario ; cf. opperior], 4. V. dep., {get for one ''s self ? ), ex- perience, try, find {by experiejice). expers, -pertis [ex-pars], adj., without a share, without, destitute : sensus {out of sympathy with). expet5, -ere, -IvI (-il), -itus [ex- peto], 3. V. a., seek for, desire, ear- tie stly ask for, try to secure : poenas {inflict). expilo 8i exspectatio expilo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-pilo], I. V. a., rob. — i\lso, plunder, steal. expio, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-pio], I. V. a., purify, expiate. — Tiansf. to the signs of divine viX2^^\, expiate. expleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletus [ex-pleo], 2. V. a., fill out, fill up, make up, satisfy, satiate, fill the measure of. explico, -are, -ui (-avi), -itus (-atus) [ex-plico], i. v. a., unfold, set forth.- — Also (unfold something out of entanglement), disentangle, set free. — So esp. in argument. explore, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-ploro, prob. search by calling or crying], I. V. a., investigate, explore, search, examine, reconnoitre. — explora- tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., assured, certain : exploratum habere, be assured, feel certain. expon5, -ponere, -posul, -positus [ex-pono], 3. V. a., place out, set out: exercitum {disembark ; also, draw up, array). — Fig., set forth (in speech), expose. exporto, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- porto], I. V. a., carry out, carry away, export. exposco, -poscere, -poposci, no p.p. [ex-posco], 3. V. a., demand (with eagerness). exprimo, -primere, -press!, -pres- sus [ex-premo], 3. v. a., press out, force out, elicit, get out (of any- thing). — Hence, represent: ves- tigia expressa {well ?fiarked). expr5mo, -prSmere, -pr5mpsT, -promptus [ex-promo], 3. v. a., deal out, bring out, display. expiignatio, -onis [ex-pugnatio ; cf. expugno], F., a stortning (of a city), taking (of a city by storm). expiigno, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- pugno], I. v. a., take (by storm), capture (by storming a city, also %)• exquiro, -quirere, -quislvi (-il), -quisltus [ex-quaero], 3. v. a., search out. exsanguis, -e [ex-sanguis], adj., (with the blood out), bloodless, nerve- less, feeble, lifeless. exscind5, -scindere, -scidi, -scis- sus [ex-scindo], 3. v. a., cut down, tear down, break down, destroy, overt hrozv. exsecratio, -onis [ex-sacra tio], F., a curse, an oath (ratified by an imprecation), an imprecation. exsequiae, -arum [texsequo- -f ia ; cf. pedisequus], f. plur., {a fol- lowing out). — Esp. to the grave, a funeral, funeral rites. exsiliS, -silire, -silui, no p.p. [ex- salio], 4. V. n., spring zip, Jump up. exsilium (exil-), -I [exsul- + '' ium], N., exile. exsist5, -sistere, -stitT, -stitu- |f rus (?) [ex-sisto], 3. v. n., stand out, rise up, cofne out, ensue, break out, grow out, arise, cotne forward, show itself, be shown, appear, be performed {perpetrated, committed), turn out, be the result, be, exist. exsolv5, -solvere, -solvi, -solutus [ex-sol vo], 3. V. a., unloose, acquit, explain, tnake clear. exspectatio (exp-), -onis [ex- spectatio; cf. exspecto], f., a waiting for, expectatiofi, afitici- pation. exspecto 82 exspecto (exp-), -are, -avi, -atus [ex-specto], i. v. a. and n., look out for, wait for, wait, wait to see (si, whether, etc.), expect, antici- pate, be in expectation. exspolio, -are, -avI, -atus [ex- spolio], I. V. a., strip off. — Also, strip of (cf. despolio). — Fig., de- prive, rob [of, abl.). exstlnctor (extinc-), -oris [ex- stinctor ; cf. exstinguo], M., a de- stroyer, a siippresser. exstinguo (ext-), -stinguere -stlnxl, -stinctus [ex-stinguo] , 3. v. a., {punch out, as a fire in the woods }), extinguish (lit. and fig.), destroy, put an end to, stamp out, blot out. exsto, -stare, no perf., no p.p. [ex- sto], I. V. n., stand out, be preserved. exstructi5, -onis [ex-structio ; cf. exstruo], f., a building up, a strticture. exstruo, -struere, -struxT, -struc- tus [ex-struo], 3. v. a., heap up, build up, pile tip, construct, erect. exsul (exul), -ulis [cx-sal (root of salio ; cf. praesul) as stem, with some lost connection of meaning ; cf. consul], c, an exile. exsulo (exulo), -are, -avi, no p.p. [exsul], I. V. n., be an exile, be in exile. exsulto (exult-), -are, -avi, no p.p. [ex-salto; cf. exsilio], i.v. n., {dance with Joy, as in a war dance trampling on a prostrate foe ; cf. Mil. 21), exult, rejoice. extenuo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- tenuo], I. V. a., extenuate, dispar- age, diminish, belittle. exter, -tera, -terum [ex 4- terus (reduced)], adj., outer, outside, for- eign. — extremus, -a, -um, superl., farthest, extreme, last : in extrema oratione {at the end of etc., and often in this sense) ; ad extremum, till the last, at last, finally ; in ex- trema India, in farthest India ; in extremis atque ultimis gentibus {farthest in distance, and last in reckoning) ; extremum summumque supplicium, the utmost and most extreme severity of ptmishment ; fuit illud extremum {the last thing to be thoicght of) ; comites {farthest behind). extermino, -are, -avT, -atus [ex- termino-], i. v. a., drive beyond the bounds, banish, get out of the way, expel, drive into exile. externus, -a, -um [exter- (as stem of exter) -f nus], adj., outside, external, foreign, abroad. extimesco, -timescere, -timul, no p.p. [ex-timesco], 3. v. a., dread, fear : voltu {show terror). extollo, -tollere, no perf., no p.p. [ex-tollo], 3. V. a., raise Jip. extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tor- tus [ex-torqueo] , 2. v. a., wrench from , wrest from , force from . extra [abl. or instr. (?) of exter; cf. supra], adv. and prep., outside, out of, outside of. extraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus [ex-traho], 3. v. a., drag out, draw out, draw (from). exturbo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- turbo], I. V. a., dj-ive out, thrust out. exuo, -uere, -ui, -utus [ex-tuo (of unc. meaning; cf. induo)]. 83 facio 3. V. a., throw off\ strip off] cast aside. exuro, -lirere, -ussi, -ustus [ex- uro], 3. V. a., btirn ///, burji down, burn to the ground. exuviae, -arum [exuo- (cf. exu5) + ia], F. plur., spoils, cast-off clothes, trophies (as beaks of ships stripped off). Fabianus, -a, -um [Fabio- + anus], adj., of Fabius. — Esp., for- nix Fabianus, the arch of Fabius (which stood at the easterly end of the Forum). Fabricius, -i [tfabrico- + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Q. Fabricius, a tribune of the people the year of Cicero's recall. fabula, -ae [fa (as stem of for) + bula (f. of bulum)], f., a myth, a story, a play. facete [old abl. of facetus], adv., wittily, facetiously, humorously, cunttingly, neatly. facilis, -e [tfaco- (cf. benefi- cus) -f lis], adj., easy (to do ; cf. habilis), convenient, without diffi- culty, easy (generally). — facile, neut. as adv., easily, conveniently, without diffictUty, plainly, readily : facile primus {without question, etc.). facilitas, -atis [facili- + tas], f., facility, ease, easy manners, cour- tesy. facinorosus, -a, -um [facinor- + osus], adj., criminal. facinus, -oris [ffacin- (as if root of tfacino, longer form of facio ; cf. prodino) -f us], n., a deed (of any kind), an action. — Esp. (as in Eng.), a deed (of crime), a misdeed, a crime, guilt (referring to some particular act), criminal conduct ; aliud {degree of guilt). facio, facere, feci, factus [fac (DHA -f k) + io (ya)], 3. V. a. and n., make, do, act, commit; of persons, value, esteem. — Used in a great variety of senses, as in Eng., and in many where we use a more special word : insidias {lay) ; consulem {elect); verbum {speak, titter) ; gratulationem {offer) ; vota {offer); ludos {celebrate, hold); manu factus {wrought, etc.) ; ita factus {formed, fashioned, of such a character) ; sumptum {incur) ; iudicia {hold, as trials of courts, express, give, render, as decisions) ; auctoritatem {give) ; fidem {pro- duce, gain) ; potestatem {giz'e, offer) ; reliquum facere {leave) ; proelium {fight) ; missa facere {let go) ; co- mitia {hold) ; strepitum {7-aise). — Esp. with clause of result, cause (to), do (omitting in Eng. the con- nective that, and expressing the thing done in the indicative), see to it that, take care that. — So : facit ut videamini, makes you appear ; facio ut deferrem {allow myself to, etc.); fac veniat {let, etc.); fac va- \QdiB,farexuell, take care of yoxirself. factum 84 familiaris — So in pass., be done, be caused, happen, result, ensue, occur, turn out, be, become : aliquid atrocitatis fieri, some atrocity be committed ; fit obviam, come to meet, 7neet, happen to jueet ; si quid eo factum esset, if anything should happen to him ; ut fit, as usually happens; fit dominus, makes himself master. — Often with two aces, (or with adj. corresponding to second ace), make, render. — factum, -T, N. of p.p., half noun and half participle, and to be translated by either, act, thing done, action, etc. — fio, fieri, as pass, in all senses. factum, see facio. facultas, -atis [facul- (for facil- ; cf. simul) + tas], f., ease, facility. — So, chance, power, opportunity, privilege: facultas ingeni, intel- lectual power, form of genius ; ora- tio et facultas, poiver of oratory ; manendi nulla facultas {no possi- bility). faenerator (fen-), -oris [faenera- + tor], M., a usurer. Faesulae, -arum [prob. Etruscan, though the foiTn is Roman], F. plur., an old Etruscan city north of the Arno, colonized by Sulla, now Fie sole. Faesulanus, -a, -um [Faesula- + nus], adj., of Fiesole. falcarius, -a, -um [falc- -f arius], adj., belonging to a scythe or sickle. — Masc. as subst., a scythemaker : inter falcarios, /;/ the scythemakcrs' quarter (cutlers' street). Falridius, -i [?, tfalcido- (falc -f dus) + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. — Only, C. Falcidius, a trib una of the people. fallax, -acis [fall- (as if root of fallo) + ax], adj., deceitful, treach- erous, fallacious. fallo, fallere, fefelll, falsus [? SPHAL, trip up\ 3. V. a. and n., deceive, escape {one''s notice), dis- appoint: num me fefellit, was I mistaken in, etc., and often in that sense. — falsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., deceived.— A\so (transf. to things), false, unfounded : laus {unde- served). — falso, abl. as 2l^\., falsely. falso, see fallo. falsus, see fallo. falx, -Icis [?], F., a scythe, sickle, or billhook (including many instru- ments with curved blades), a knife (with a curved blade, used by gladiators). fama, -ae [fa (in for) + ma], Y., speech, common talk, reptitation, fame. — Concretely, a rumor, a story. fames, -is [.^], f., hunger, starva- tion, famine: famenecatus, starved to death. familia, -ae (-as) [famulo- (re- duced ; cf. famul) -f ia], f., a col- lcctio7t of attoidants, a household (including children), slaves, a gang of slaves. — Also, a family (in our sense). — mater familias, see mater. familiaris, -e [prob. familia- + ris, but treated as famili- + aris ; cf. alaris, animalis], adj., of the household, friendly, intimate : res {estate, property ; also , domestic life, household affairs). — Esp. as subst. familiaritas H5 felix (though compared), a friend, an intimate friend. familiaritas, -atis [familiari- + tas], F., intimacy [zvit/i, genitive), a relation of intimacy. familiariter [familiari- + ter], adv., familiarly, intimately. fanum, -T [?, fa + nus, perh. orig. consecrated ; cf. effatus], N., a shrine (cf. aedes), a temple (esp. a foreign one, templum being a word of Roman augury). fas [fa (in for) + as], n., indecl., right (in conscience, or by divine law), permitted, allowed. — Esp. with negatives expressed or implied. fascis, -is [} ; cf. fascia], m., a bundle. — Esp., in plur., the fasces, the bundle of rods with an axe, carried by the lictor before the higher magistrates. fastidio, -Ire, -ivi (-il), -Itus [tfas- tidi-; cf. fastiditas], 4. v. a. and n., disdain, be disgusted, take offence. fastus, -a, -urn [fas- + tus], adj., secular (of days when the courts, etc., could rightly be held). — Masc. plur. as subst., the fasti (the list of such days), the calendar. — Also, the list of consuls (orig. kept in the calendar). fatalis, -e [fato- + alls], adj., fated, fatal, designed hy fate. fateor, faterl, fassus [prob. fat5-], 2. V. dep., confess, acknowl- edge, admit. fatum, -I [neut. of fatus, p.p. of for], N., {what is spoken ; cf. fas), destiny, fate, lot, a fatality. — Hence, ruin, death, destruction : fata Sibyl- lina, the Sihvllinc books. fauces, -ium [?], f. plur. (also fauce, sing.), the gullet, the throat. — Hence, of animals, the jaws (with a slightly different fig. from the Eng.). — So of any narrow entrance, a pass : fauces Etruriae {the gates). fautor, -oris [fav- (as if root of faveo) + tor], "M., a favorer, a par- tisan, a supporter. faux, see fauces. faveo, favere, favl, fauturus [?], 2. V. u., favor, be well disposed towards. Favonius, -i [tfavono- (cf. colo- nus) -f ius], M., the west zuind. — Also, a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. Favonius, a friend of Cato of Utica, and a violent opponent of Clodius. He was afterwards one of the assassins of Caesar. fax, facis [?], F., a torch, a fire- brand, fire, a blazing fire (in the sky): omnes faces invidiae subi- cere, use every means to kindle the flame of hatred. febris, -is [for tfervris (poss. tfervis), ferv- -f ris (or -is)], f., fever. Februarius, -a, -um [februo- + arius], adj., of February. felicitas, -atis [felic- (as if felici-) -f tas], F., good fortune, good luck, lucky star. — Plur. in same sense. — Esp., Good Fortune, worshipped as a divinity by the Romans. feliciter [felic- (as if felici-) + ter], adv., happily, success filly. felix, -Tcis [akin to fee], adj., fruitful, fortunate. femina 86 fiducia femina, -ae [fe (stem of feo) + mina], v., a wotnaii, a female. fenerator, see faen-. fera, see ferus. fere [? ; abl. of stem tfre5- (akin to fero ; cf. Lucifer)], adv., almost, about. — Also, almost always, gene?- ally, tisually, for the most part. — With negatives, hardly : nemo fere, hardly anybody. feritas, -atis [fero- + tas], f., wildness, barbarous condition. fero, ferre, tulT, latus (for tlatus) [bhar, bear, and tol (tla) in tollo] , irr. V. a. and n., bear, carry, bring, endtire, tolerate, stand, withstatid, carry off, take, receive, win. — Often in a loose sense, translated by vari- ous special words in Eng., co7ntnit, offer, etc. — With reflex, or in pass., rush, pass, proceed, roll {pi 2. river). — With advs. indicating manner of receiving anything, suffer, bear, take it, feel: indigne {feel indignant); moleste (take it hard, be annoyed by, etc.) ; graviter {be annoyed, be vexed, take it ill). — Esp., of report, say, report. — Also, of laws, propose (to the people), carry, decide, propose a law, pass a law, bring an accusation (before the people): vestra voluntas {decide, turn that way); quaestionem {vote); ita natura rerum {decree). — Also, prae se ferre, avow, declare, boast of, vaunt (facinus, etc.). ferScitas, -atis [feroc- (as if feroci-) + tas], f., fierceness, sav- age cruelty. ferramentum, -i [as if ferra- (stem of verb from ferrum) + men- turn], N., « tool (of iron), a weapon. ferrous, -a, -um [ferro- + eus (-YAs)], adj., of iron, iron (made of iron). — Fig., iron-hearted. ferrum, -I [?], n., iron, steel, the sword (as a symbol of war): acer in ferro, see acer. fertilis, -e [prob. tfert5- (fer + tus, cf. fero) + lis], adj., fertile, fruitful, productive. ferus, -a, -um [fer (dhvar, rush) + us; cf. deer^ adj., wild, cruel, ferocious. — fera, -ae, fem. as subst., a wild beast, gafne. • festinatio, -onis [festina- -ftio], p., haste. festino, -are,-avT, -atus [tfestino-, perh. akin to festus], i. v. a. and n., make haste, hasten. festus, -a, -um [unc. root (cf. feriae) -f tus], did]., festive, festival. fidelis, -e [fide- (stem of fides) + lis], adj., faithful. fides, -ei [fid (bhid, bind) -f es], F., a promise, a pledge. — Also, good faith, fidelity, hottesty. — Transf., confidence, faith (in), credit ; fidem facere, gain credence, produce confidence. — Esp., of prom- ised protection, protection, depend- ence, alliance. — Also, credit (in a mercantile sense). fidius (but only in nom.) [i", fido + ius], M., {of good faith ?). — Only in me dius fidius (sc. adiuvet), on my faith, as sttre as I live, by heaven. fido, fidere, fisus sum [fid, increased], 3. v. n., trtist, have confidence. fiducia, -ae [tfiduc- (tfidu--f cus) -f ia ; cf. audacia], f., cofifidence, fidus 87 Flamininus confident reliance. — Also, ground of confidence. fidus, -a, -um [fid (in fido) + us], 2,^]., faithful. figo, figere, flxT, fixus [fig?], 3. V. a., fasten (by insertion in something), fix, nail: crucem {plant) \ mucronem {plunge). — Also fig., memoria mentibus fixa. figura, -ae [tfigu- (fig, in fingo, + us) + ra (fern, of -rus)], f., shape, form. filia, -ae [fern, of filius], f., a daughter. filius, -1 [?], M., a son. fingo, fingere, finxl, fictus [fig ; cf. figura], 3. V. a., mould. — Fig., invent, contrive, pretend, imagine, devise: fingite animis, imagine. — fictus, -a, -um, p.p. as did]., false, trumped up, fictitious, imaginary. finis, -is [.-'], m., a limit, an end : quem ad finem, how far ; usque ad eum finem dum, even up to the very moment when. — Plur., lim- its, boundaries, borders, territories, country. ■ finitimus (-tumus), -a, -um [fini- -f timus ; cf. maritimus], adj., on the borders, rieighboring, adjacejit, neighbors {of). — Plur. as subst., neighbors. fio, see facio. firmamentum, -I [firma- + men- tum], x., support. — Fig., a bul- 7C'arh, a corjier-stone : ceterorum ordinum. firmo, -are, -avi, -atus [firmo-], I. V. a., make strong, strengthen, fortify, put in a state of defence. firmus, -a, -um [dhar -f mus]. adj., strong (for resistance), firm, steady. fiscus, -I [.''], M., a wicker basket (used for carrying money), a money- bag (\.o imitate the figure in Eng.). Flaccus, -T [flaccus, flabby^ m., a Roman family name. — Esp., L. Valerius Flaccus, consul with Marius B.C. 100, and afterwards killed by Fimbria in the East. flagitiose [old abl. of flagitio- sus], adv., shamefully, disgrace- fully (with the added idea of criminality). flagitiosus, -a, -um [flagitio- + osus], adj., shamefully criminal, iftfamous, disgraceful, scandalous. flagitium, -I [tflagito- + ium ; cf. flagito], N., {a crime of pas- sion ?), a disgraceful crime, a burbl- ing shame, an enormity. flagito, -are, -avi, -atus [as if tflagito-, p.p. of tflago, burn ? (cf. 0Xe'7aj), akin to flagrum], i. v. a., ask (in heat ?), demand earnestly, importune, insist upon, call for : severitatem {cry for) ; flagitans senatus {importutiate) ; pacem fla- gitans {being importunate for). flagro, -are, -avi, -aturus [flagro-, in an earlier sense of a burn ?'], I. V. n., burn, blaze, consume, be on fire. — Also fig. as in Eng., be in a blaze of, be consumed in a fire of : invidia ; infamia. flamen, -inis [prob. flag (cf. flagro) + men], m., {the kindler of sacrificial fires .-*), a priest (of a par- ticular divinity). Flamininus, -I [Flamini5- -f inusl, M., a Roman fam.ilv name Flaminius forensis — Esp., T. Qiiincthts Flamiftmtts, who defeated Philip of Macedonia at Cynoscephala;, B.C. 197. Flaminius, -I [flamin- + ius], al, a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Q. FhifniniiiSy consul B.C. 223. — Also, as adj., Flamijiian (of this Fla- minius) : circus (the circus built by him as censor, B.C. 220). flamma, -ae [flag + ma], f., JlaJtie, Jire, conflagration. flecto, flectere, flexl, flexus [.^], 3. V. a., bend, turn. — Fig., change, afl'ect, draw (from a course), chajige the minds of, etc. fleo, flere, flevi, fietus [?], 2. v. a. and n., weep : flens, /;/ tears. fietus, -us [fie- (stem of fleo as root) -f tus], M., iveeping, lafnen- tation, tears. flexibilis, -e [flexo- (as stem of flexus) + bills], adj., flexible, changeable. florens, -entis, see floreo. floreo, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [flor-], 2. V. n., blosso7n, bloom. — Fig., be prosperous, flourish, be in power, be distinguished : accessus {be bril- liant). — florens, -entis, p. as adj., flourishing, prosperotis, brilliajit, highly favored, eminent (for wealth and the like), successful. floresco, fl5rescere, floruT, no p.p. [flore- (as stem of floreo) -f sco], 3. V. n., flourish, grow bright. flos, floris [?], M., a flower. — Fig., the flo7ver (of troops). fluctuo, -are, -avi, no p.p. [fluc- tu-], I. V. n., floaty d7-ift, be tossed on the waves. fluctus, -lis [flu(g) (in flue, cf. fluxi) + tus], M., a wave (also fig.), 7vaves (collectively). fluito, -are, -avI, no p.p. [tfluito- (as if stem of p.p. of fluo ; cf. agito)], I. V. \\., float, drift. flumen, -inis [fli(g) (in fluo; cf. frumentum) + men], N., a river. — Y\g.,flow. fluo, fluere, fiuxl, fluxus (fluxu- rus, flucturus, fluiturus) [flu(g), cf. fruor], 3. V. x\.., flow. focus, -I [fov (as root of foveo) -f cus], M., a brazier (a fixed -or movable hearth, with coals foi heating or cooking), a hearth. — Fig. (as a symbol of home), hearth, fireside. foederatus, -a, -um [p.p. of foe- dero], adj., federate, allied (by treaty on equal terms). — Masc. plur. as subst., allies. foedus, -eris [fid (in fides; cf. fidus) -|- us], ^., a treaty, an alliance, a bond (of any similar kind), cojidi- tions (of a treaty), a compact, an agreefnent (of a serious or solemn sort). foedus, -a, -um [?], adj., foul, unseemly, ho7'rible, vile, dreadful. fons, fontis [?], m., a fountain, a spring. — Fig., a source, a foun- tain. foras [ace. plur. of tfora], adv., {to the doors), outdoors, abroad (as end of motion). — Fig., forth, out, away. fore, see sum. forensis, -e [foro- -f ensis], adj., of the Foriim, in the Forutn (cf. various meanings of forum). — foris frater Also, eveiy day, ordiitary, of daily life. foris [abl. plur. of ffora; cf. foras], adv., out of doors (as place where), abroad, outside. forma, -ae [dhar (in firmus) + ma], F., shape, form, features, the person, an effigy, a likeness, an image. Formianus, -a, -um [Formia- + nus], adj., of or belonging to Formiae, Fonnian. — Neut. as subst., a villa in For?niae. formido, -inis [prob. formido- (cf. formid5) + o (cf. cupido), akin to formus ? (from the hot flash of fear)], Y.,fear, dread, terror, alarm. formidolosus, -a, -um [fformi- dolo- (formido- + lus ? ) + osus] , ad j . , formidable, alarmiiig. formosus, -a, -um [forma- (re- duced) -f osus], adj., beatitifnl, lovely. fornix, -icis [fomo- (cf. fornax) + cus (? reduced)], M., {the arch of an oven ?), an arch. fors, fortis [FER-f tis (reduced)], F., chance. — forte, abl. as adv., by chance, perchance, accidentally, as it happened, perhaps. forsitan [fors sit an, it may be a chance whethe7'~\, adv., perhaps, it may be, possibly. fortasse [.'', forte -f unc. form, perh. sis (si vis)], adv., perhaps, possibly, it may be. forte, see fors. fortis, e . [for tforctis, akin to firmus], adj., strong, sturdy, gal- lant, staunch, brave, dauntless, undaunted, able : vir (a 7?ian of courage, a man of constancy, and the like); sententia {firm). fortiter [forti- + ter], adv., bravely, stoutly, undauntedly, with courage, xvith constancy, with fi mi- nes s. fortitudo, -inis [f orti- + tudo] , f., strength, courage, bravery, fortitude, steadiness, firmness. fortiina, -ae [tfortu- (for -f tu ; cf. fors) + na (fern, of -nus)], f., fortune, chance, fate. — Esp., good fortune. — l^lur., fortunes, prop- erty, fortjine, wealth. — Esp., For- tune (worshipped as a goddess by the Romans). fortunatus, -a, -um [p.p. of for- tuno], 2id]., fortunate, blessed. forum, -I [akin to foras and foro], N., {an open place), a for inn, a market-place. — Esp., the Forinn (the great market-place of Rome, used also for all public purposes). — Esp., as a symbol of law and justice, the forum. — See also Aurelius. fragilis, -e [tfrago- (cf. foederi- fragus) -f lis], adj., brittle. — Fig., delicate, sensitive, tender. fragilitas, -atis [fragili- -f tas], F., brittleness, frailty. fragmentum, -i [frag (infrango) + mentum], N., a broken piece, a fragment. frango, frangere, fregi, fractus [frag], 3. V. a., break (as a solid body). — Esp. of ships, wreck. — Fig., break down, crush, break the force of, exhaust. frater, -tris [prob. fer -f ter ; cf. pater], y\., a brother. fraterne 90 Fufius fraterne [old abl. of fraternus], adv., like a brother, fraternally . fraternus, -a, -um [f rater- + nus] , adj., of a brother, frateriial. fraudatio, -onis [frauda- + tio], F., cheat ifig. fraudo, -are, -avi, -atus [fraud-], I. V. a., cheat, defraud. fraus, fraudis [?, akin to frus- tra], F., loss. — Hence, treachery, deceit, wickedness. fremitus, -us [fremi- (stem of fremo) + tus], M., a murmur, a confused noise, a din. freno (frae-), -are, -avi, -atus [freno-], i. v. a., bridle, curb. — Also fig. frenum (frae-), -I [root or verb- stem akin to firmus -f nam], N., a bridle. frequens, -entis [orig. p. akin to farcio], adj., crowded, numerous, in great numbers: conspectus vester {your crowded assejnblage); sena- tus {full). — Also of time, as if adv., frequently. frequenter [frequent- + ter], adv., in great numbers, populously. — Also, of time, frequently. f requentia, -ae [frequent- -f ia] , F., a throng, a crozvd, a multitude, fiumbers (as great numbers); sena- tus {a full meeting of, etc.). frequento, -are, -avT, -atus [fre- quent-], I. v. a. and n., assemble i>i great Jiumbers, celebrate, resort to, visit. fretus, -a, -um [root akin to firmus + tus], adj., relying on, confident in (on account of). fretus, -us [.'], M., and fretum, -I [.''], N., rt strait. — Esp., the Strait (of Messina, between Sicily and the mainland). frigeo, frigere, frixl, no p.p. [tfrigo- ; cf. frigidus], 2. v. n., be cold. frigus, -oris [frig (in frigeo, etc.) + us], N., cold. — Plur., cold (cold "snaps," frosts). frons, frontis [?, akin to brow^ F., brow, face, forehead. fructu5sus, -a, -um [fructu- -f- osus], adj., fruitful, fei-tile. friictus, -us [fru(g) -f tus], m., enjoymejit, fruition. — Hence, (w/za/ one enjoys), fruit (of the earth, or of any kind of labor), produce, crops, ificome, advantages, emolument, re- ward : fructui esse, to be an advan- tage, to be beneficial, to be profitable. friigalitas, -at is [frugali- + tas], F., ecoJto7ny , frugality . frumentarius, -a, -um [frumento- (reduced) + arius], adj., of grain : res [grain supply, provisions, grain); inopia {scarcity of grain). — See also subsidia. frumentum, -I [fru(g) -f men- tum], N., grain (cf. fructus). fruor, fruT, friictus (fruitiirus) [fru(g); cf. fruges], 3. v. dep., enjoy, reap the benefit {fruit) of. frustra [abl. or instr. of stem akin to fraus], adv., to no purpose, without effect, vainly. frux, friigis [fru(g) in fruor, as stem], F., fruit (not only in the modern sense, but also all " fruits of the earth " ), grain, crops. Fufius, -a, -um [.^], adj.— Masc, as a Roman gentile name. — Also, fuga 91 furiosus as adj., Fujian (belonging to one of that gens). — Esp., lex Fufia (a law in regard to the auspices at elec- tions, giving power to certain magis- trates to stop the proceedings). fuga, -ae [fug -f a], f., flight. fugio, fugere, fugl, fugiturus [fug (in fuga)], 3. v. a. and n., fly, fly from. — Fig., s/iun, avoid. — Also, escape t/ie notict' of, escape (in saip.e sense). fugitivus, -a, -um [fugi- (stem of fugio ?) + tivus], adj., runaway. — As subst., a ritiiaivay slave. fugito, -are, -avT,-aturus [fugi- (as stem of fugio) + to, but cf. agito], I. V. a. and w., fly, flee from, avoid. fulgeo, fulgere, falsi, no p.p. [.?], 2. V. n., shine (also fig.). fulmen, -inis [fulg- (in fulgeo) -|- men], n., ii\, adj., dark, tawny. fustis, -is [?], M., a club. Gabinius, -1 [Gabino- (cf. Gabii) -f ius], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : I. Aulus Gabinius, consul with Lucius Piso in B.C. 58, the proposer of the two laws giving Pompey command in the East ; 2. Cimber Gabinius, one of the conspirators with Catiline. Gabinius, -a, -um [preceding word as adj.], adj., of Gabijiius (esp. the one first mentioned), Gabinian. Gaius (Caius, C), -I [?], m., a Roman prcenomen. Galba, -ae [Celtic, meaningy^?/], M., a Gallic and Roman family name. Gallia, -ae [fern, of adj. in -ius, Gallo- -f ius], F., Gaul, in- cluding all the country bounded by the Po, the Alps, the Rhine, the ocean, the Pyrenees, and the Mediterranean, thus occupying all northern Italy, France, and Belgium. Gallicanus, -a, -um [Gallico- + anus], adj., Gallic. Gallicus, -a, -um [Gallo- + cus], adj., of the Gauls, Gallic: agar Gallicus, the Gallic territory (in Cisalpine Gaul, taken from the Gauls by the Romans). Gallus, -a, -um [Celtic], adj., of Gaul, Gallic. — As subst., a Gaul, the Gauls. — Also, as a Roman family name. See Sergius and Caninius. ganea, -ae [?], f., a low tavern, a brothel. ganeo, -onis [prob. ganea- -f 0], M., a profligate, a spendthrift. gaudeo, gaudere, gavTsus sum [tgavido- (.', cf. audeo)], 2. v. n., be delighted, rejoice. gaudium, -I [tgavido- -f ium ; cf. gaudeo], n., joy (expressed), rejoicing, an expression of joy. (Cf. laetitia, inward joy, but see ]\Iilo xxviii. 77.) Gavianus, -a, -um [Gavio- + anus], adj., of Gavius. — Esp., Ga- vianus as a Roman family name, see Atilius. gavisus, see gaudeo. Gavius, -1 [?, cf. gaudium], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., P. Gavius, a Roman citizen cruci- fied bv Verres. gaza 93 Glaucia gaza, -ae [Pers. through yd^a], F., treasiu'e. gelidus, -a, -um [gelu- + dus], adj., icy, cold. gemitus, -us [gemi- (as stem of gemo) + tus], M., a groan, groan- ing, an outcry. gemo, -ere, -uT, no p.p. [.^ cf. 76/110;], 3. V. a. and n., groan, cry ont (in pain). gener, -eri \}\ m., « son-iji-hno. gens, gentis [gen + tis (re- duced)], F., a tribe, a clan, a people, a nation : ius gentium, the law of nations, iiJiiversal law (as opposed to the ius civile of any one nation); ubinam gentium? where in the world? genus, -eris [gen -f us], n., a generation, a race, a family {stock), a nation, a tribe. — Less exactly, a kind, a sort, a class. — Also, ab- stractly, kijid, character, fiatnre, fnethod, way, manner, sort of things, class of things. Germania, -ae [fern, of adj. in -ius; cf. Gallia], F., Germany, the whole country between the Rhine, the Danube, the Vistula, and the sea. germanitas, -atis [germano- + tas], F., brotherhood. Germanus, -a, -um [?], adj., Ger- ?nan (of the country of Germany or its people). — Masc. plur. as subst., the Germans. germanus, -a, -um [?], adj., of fill blood, ozun (brother or sister, etc.). gero, gerere, gessT, gestus [gks, of unc. kin], 3. v. a., carry (indicat- ing a more lively action than fero), caj-ry on, manage, wage (war), hold (a magistracy), do (any business). — Pass., be done, go on (of opera- tions) : rem {operate siiccessfnlly or otherwise, carry on operations, suc- ceed well or ill); res gestae, ex- ploits, operations, a campaign ; se gerere, conduct one 's self, act ; rem publicam {manage affairs of state) ; magistratum {perform the duties of, act as a magistrate or the like) ; in rebus gerendis, in action, in the management of affairs ; in ipsa re gerenda {while engaged in, etc.) ; in gestis rebus, /'// exploits actiuilly performed ; gesta, acts. % gestio, -ire, -TvT (-il), no p.p. [tgesti- (ges -f- tis); cf. gestus], 4. V. a. and n. (express joy or long- ing h^z.z'iiow), exult, rejoice. — Also, yearn, long. gigno, gignere, genui, genitus [gen, redupl.], 3. v. a., beget, pro- duce. Glabrio, -onis [tglabrio- -f 0], M., a Roman family name. — Esp., M. Glabrio, the prsetor who pre- sided at the trial of Verres. gladiator, -5ris [gladia- -f tor], M., {a szuordsman), a gladiator. — Less exactly, a ruffian, a cut-throat. gladiatorius, -a, -um [gladiator- -f ius], adj., gladiatorial. gladius, -T [.'], m., a sword. glaeba (gle-), -ae [?], f., a clod (of earth), a lu?np. Glaucia, -ae [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., C. Servilius Glaucia, a demagogue killed by Marius, B.C. 100. gloria 94 gratus gloria, -ae [?, for tclovosia ; cf. inclutus], F., fatne, glory. glorior, -arl, -atus [gloria-], i. v. dep., glory in, boast of. gloriose [old abl. of gloriosus], adv., boastfully, exultingly. gloriosus, -a, -um [gloria- + osus] , adj., glorious. — Also, boastful. Gnaeus (Cneius, Cn.), -i [akin to gnavus], M., a Roman prcenomen. gnavus, -a, -um [gna, in nosco], adj., (wise), active, ettcrgetic, dili- gent. Gorgon, -onis [r6/)7aj], f., a Gorgon (a fabulous monster, whose sight turned everything to stone). Gracchus, -i [.^], m., a Roman family name. — Esp. : i. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, the great popular reformer, tribixne B.C. 133; 2. C. Sempronius Gracchtis,'hxo\h.QX of the preceding, tribune B.C. 121. gradatim [as if ace. of tgradatis ; cf. gradus and partim], adv., step by step, by degrees, gradually. gradus, -iis [grad- + us], m., a step, a grade (in a series), rank, position. Graecia, -ae [Graeco- -f ia (fem. of -ius)], F., Greece. Graeculus, -T [Graeco- -f Ius], M., an affected Greek, a petty Greek, a Greekling. Graecus, -a, -um [rpai/c6s], adj., of the Greeks, Greek, Greciafi, of Greece. — As subst., a Greek, the Greeks. Cf. Germanus for relation to Graecia. gramineus, -a, -um [gramin- + eus], adj., of grass: hasta {a spear of grass, probably bamboo or cane of great size, kept in a temple in the hands of a divinity). grandis, -e [?], adj., tall, large (by growth ; cf . magnus, generally) : pecunia {a large sum of etc.). gratia, -ae [grato- -f- ia], f., {gratefulness, in all Eng. senses). — On one side (feeling grateful), gratitude, thanks (esp. in plur.). — On the other side (the being agreeable), influence (cf. auctoritas, official prestige), favor, popularity. — Phrases : agere gratias, return thanks, render thanks ; habere gra- tiam (or gxait\3is), feel thankful, feel gratitude, be grateful ; ref erre gra- tiam, make a grateful return, repay a favor, reqtdte reward ; auctoritate et gxatidi, political and personal in- fluence. — gratia, abl. following a genitive, yi^r the sake of, to. gratiosus, -a, -um [gratia- -f osus], adj., influential, poptilar. Gratius, -T [grato- -f ius], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., the accuser against Archias. gratuito [abl. of gratuitus], adv., gratjiitously, voluntarily. gratulatio, -onis [gratula-4- tio], F., a congratulation (of others or one's self), rejoicing, a vote of thanks. gratulor, -ari, -atus [tgratulo- (grat6--f Ius)], i. v. dep., cojigratu- late: felicitati {congratulate one's self for, etc.). gratus, -a, -um [p.p. of lost verb], adj., pleasing, grateful, agreeable: gratum (gratissimum) facere, do a {great) favor. — Also, gravis 95 habitus pleased, grateful (cf. gratia), ap- preciative. gravis, -e [for tgarvis, for tga- rus; cf. jSapiJs], adj., heavy. — Fig., serious., severe, hard, weighty, of weight, dignified, strong, deep, potent, grave : legatio ; infamia ; vir ; bellum ; opinio ; offensio ; auc- tor ; senatus ; consultum ; consi- lium ; iudicium ; morbus. gravitas, -atis [gravi- + tas], F., weight. - — Fig., itnp ortance, power, tveight, force, force of char- acter, seriousness. graviter [gravi- + ter], adv., heavily, rvith great weight, forcibly, with force. — Fig., severely, seri- ously : graviter ferre {tahe to heart, be indignant at, suffer front) ; de- siderata {ea rttestly) ; suspectus {grievously). gravo, -are, -avi, -atus [gravi-], I. V. a., weigh down, burden. — Pass, as dep., be vexed, be indig- nant, be reluctant. grex, gregis [?], m. (and f.), a herd, a flock. — Less exactly, a horde, a crowd, a band, a throng, a train, a troop. gubernaculum (-clum), -T [gu- berna- + culum], N., the helm, the rudder. — Often in plur., because anciently there were two. gubernatio, -onis [gubema- + tio], F., steering, nai'igation. gubernator, -oris [guberna- + tor], M., a pilot, a helmsman. guberno, -are, -avT, -atus \kv- jSepvQ], I. V. a. and n., steer, pilot, manage, direct. - — Esp., of the " ship of state." gust5, -are, -avI, -atus [tgust6- (stem akin to gustus, Gr. yevo), Eng. choose)], I. v. a., taste, eat. gymnasium, -T \yv\xv6.(SLov\, n., a gymnasiitm. H H., see H. S. habeo, habere, habui, habitus [>, thabo- (cf. habilis)], 2. v. a. and n., have, hold, keep, occupy, possess. — In various uses where we have a somewhat different con- ception : senatum {hold) ; comitia {hold); contionem {hold an assem- bly, make an address) ; honores (render); coniurationem {form); hominem clausum {keep); dilectum {hold, make) ; sic habetote, think thus ; quid aliud habet in se (rvhat else is there in, etc.) ; alienum ani- mura {have); ita se res habet, this is the case ; Italiam tutam {possess in safety, keep safe). — Esp. with p.p. as a sort of con- tinued perfect (whence the perf. of modern languages), have, hold, keep. — Esp., rationem habere, keep ati account, take an account of, have regard for, cofisider, regard, act in view of ; satis habere, be satisfied, be content. habito, -are, -avi, -atus [habito-], I. V. a. and n., live, dwell, inhabit, have one V abode. habitus, -us [habi- (as stem of habeo) -f tus], m., {the act of Haeduus 96 hie Jiolding), condition, chayacter ^way of holding one's self), nature. Haeduus (Aed-), -a, -um [Celtic], adj., of the Hcediii, a powerful Gallic tribe between the Loire and the Saone. — Masc. plur. as subst., the Hcrdui. haereo, haerere, haesi, haesurus [?, for haeseo], 2. v. n., get caught, stick, cling fast, cling, hang about or upon, be fastened. haesito, -are, -avl, -aturus [thae- sito- ; cf. agito], i. v. \\.,be caught, hesitate. Hannibal, -alis [Phoenician], m., the great general of the Cartha- ginians in the Second Punic war. haruspex, -icis [unc. stem -f tspex; cf. auspex], m. and f., a soothsayer, a diviner. hasta, -ae [.', perh. akin to pre- hendo], F., a spear, a shaft. — See also gramineus. haud [?], adv., not (modifying a single word ; cf . non) ; haud dubi- tans, 7vithout hesitation. haurio, haurire, hausi, haustus [? for hausio], 4. v. a., drain, draw, drink, imbibe. hebesco, -ere, no perf., no p.p. [hebe- + sco], 3. v. n., groiu dull, be blunted. Heraclia (-clea),-ae ['HpdKXeta], p., the name of several ancient cities {city of Hercules). — Esp., Heraclea, a Greek city of Lu- cania. Heracliensis, -e [Heraclia- + ensis], adj., of Heraclea. — Masc. plur. as subst., the people of Hera- clea. Hercules, -is ['Hpa/cXT^s], m., the great divinity, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, originally of Phoenician origin, who presided especially over journeys and adventures. — Voc, heavens ! hereditas, -atis [hered- (as if heridi-) -f tas], f., inheritance, an inheritance. Herennius, -I [.?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., C. Herennius, a senator convicted of embezzle- ment. heres, -edis [.'], m. and f., aji heir, an heiress. hesternus, -a, -um [hesi- (heri-) -f ternus; cf. diuturnus], adj., of yesterday, yesterday's, yesterday (as if adv.) ; hesterno die, yesterday. heus [.''], interj., look you I here! ho! hiberno, -are, -avl, -aturus [hi- berno-], i. v. n., pass the ivinter, zvinter : quern ad modum milites (conduct themselves in winter quarters). hibernus, -a, -um [hiem- -f emus ; cf. nocturnus], adj., of winter, wi7i- ter (as adj.). — Neut. plur. (sc. castra), winter quarters, a winter enca77ipment. hie [thi- (loc. of hi-c) ce], adv., here (cf. hie), in this place, there (of a place just mentioned), on this occasion, now, on this point. hie, haec, hoc [hi- (pron. stem) + ce ; cf. ecce, cetera], dem. pron. (pointing to something near the speaker in place, time, ox interest) ^ this, these, he, they, this man{T.voman or thing), the present, like this. — - hicine 97 honestus Referring to things before men- tioned (but with more emphasis than is), this, these, etc. — Less commonly, of what follows, the fol- lowing, as follows, these. — Often with a gesture, tliis, this here pres- ent, the one before me, ?ny client: horum omnium, of all these here present; pater huiusce {of the one here, of 771 y client). — Esp., hoc est, that is to say ; huic imperio {this of ours); per hosce annos, these last years ; his paucis diebus, within a few (lays. — hoc, neut. abl., used adverbially, in this respect, on this account, by so mnch : hoc magis, all the more. — Often hie . . . ille, the one . . . the other, this (near by) . . . the other (farther off), this last (nearer on the page) . . . the other, the latter . . . the former. — huius modi, see modus. hicine [hie- (hice) ne], adv., here (in emphatic question). hiemps (-ems), -emis [akin to Xet/x'«'^]? F-) winter. Hiero, -onis ['lepw;/], M.,the name of several kings of Syracuse. — Esp., Hiero II., the son of Hiero- cles, in the third century B.C., just before the Second Punic war. hilaritas, -atis [hilari- + tas], cheerfulness, joyousness, merri- meitt, hilarity. hinc [thim (loc. of hie, cf. in- terim) +ce], adv., from here, hence. — Also (cf. ab and ex), 071 this side, here : hinc , . . bine, on this side . . . 071 that. Hirtius, -I [hirto- + ius], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Atihis Hirtius, consul \\.t enemy (of the state ; cf. inimicus), a public enemy. — Collectively, the enemy. — Rarely, an enemy (in a general sense), a bitter enemy. H S. [prob. for lis (duo semis, 2\ asses)], a sign for sestertii, ses- tertium, or sestertia. hiic [ho- (dat. of hi-c) + ce],adv., hither, here (in sense of hither), to this {place, and the like; cf. eo), to this poi fit. hucine [thoce (cf. hue) -ne], adv., hither, etc., as interrogative. huius modi, see modus. hiimanitas, -atis [humano- + tas], F., humanity (as opposed to brutishness), civilization, cultiva- tion, refinement, courtesy, human feeling, culture. hiimaniter [humano- + ter], adv., humanly, like a man, as becomes a fnan ; also, in a civilized or refined 7i'ay, elegantly. hiimanus, -a, -um [stem akin to homo and humus (?) + nus], adj., human, of man, civilized, culti- vated, refined. humerus, see umerus. humilis, -e [humo- + lis], adj., low, shallow (cf. altus, deep). — Fig., low, hujnble, poor, humbled, abased, of low origiti, obscure, mean. humilitas, -atis [humili- -f tas], F., lowness, shallowness. — Fig., humble position. humus, -i [?, cf. x«/"a'']. I'm ^■^'^ ground: humi, on the ground. iacchuSj-T ["la/cxos], yi., Bacchus. iaceo, -ere,-ui, -itiirus [tiaco-; cf. iaculum], 2. v. n., lie, lie dead, lie low, lie prostrate, be overthrown, fall to the ground. iaci5, iacere, iecT, iactus [.\ cf. iaceo], 3. v. a., throw, hurl, cast, throw about, bandy about. — Esp. of foundations, lay. iacto, -are, -avi, -atus [iacto-], I. V. a., (freq. of iacio), toss, toss about, baftdy about (of talk) ; se lactate, insolently display itself, swagger, show one^s arrogaiice or insolence, show one''s self of . iactura, -ae [iactu- + ra (fern, of -rus)], F., a throwing away, a loss, a sacrifice (of men in vv^ar), expense, largess, lavish expenditure. iactus, -us [lAc -f- tus], m., a throw: fulminum (hurling, flash, stroke) . lalysus, -1 ['IdXfo-os], m., the eponymous divinity of the city of lalysus in Rhodes. — Also, a fa- mous picture of him by Protogenes. iam [ace. of pron. ya], adv., now (of progressive time; cf. nunc, emphatic and instantaneous), by this time, at last, already, at laniculum lOO ignoratio length, still: non iam, no longer, not any more, etc. ; numquam iam, never viore, never agai7i ; iam nemo, at last no one ; iam ante, iam antea, already before, already, before, also before, even before. — Of future time, presently, by and by. — Phrases : iam vero, now fur- thermore, then again, but, or com- mon particle of transition ; iam dudum, iam pridem, now for sofne ti?ne, long ago : nunc iam, now at last, now. laniculum, -T [lano- + culum], N., the Janictdine Hill. ianua, -ae [?, akin to lanus], f., a door. — Fig., gate. lanuarius, -a, -um [?, ianua- + arius], adj., ofjamiary. ibi [old case-form of is ; cf. tibi], adv., there (in place before mentioned or indicated by a rela- tive), thereupon, then. ibidem [ibi-dem ; cf. idem], adv., in the same place, there also. ic5, Icere, TcT, ictus [.'], 3. v. a., strike. — Esp. of treaties (prob. from the killing of a sacrificial victim), strike, viake, solemnize. ictus, -lis [ic -f tus], M., a blow, a stroke, a thrust. idcirc5 [id (neut. ace. of is) -f circo (case-form of same stem as circa, circum)], adv., for that reasoti, therefore, on this account. " idem, eadem, idem (is-dem ; cf. dum], dem. pron., the same. — Often as subst., the same thing {things), the same man, the same. — Often represented by an adverb, at the same tifne, also, as xvell. identidem [prob. idem-ttadem (case-form of ta, in tam -f dem)], adv., repeatedly, again and again. ideo [id eo, this for this reason\ adv., therefore, for this reason. idoneus, -a, -um [.^ akin to idem?], adj., fit, suitable, adapted, deser7'i?ig. idus, -uum [?, perh. akin to aestus], F. plur., the Ides (a day of the lunar month falling at the full moon, conventionally on the 15th of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months, and used by the Romans to reckon dates). ieiunus, -a, -um [}'], adj., fast- ing. — Fig., ni eagre, poor, humble. igitur [prob. for agitur, the point aimed at />], conj., therefore, then, now, you see. ignarus, -a, -um [Mn-gnarus], adj., ignorant, not knowing, without knowledge : ignarus rerum, without knowledge of affairs, inexperienced. ignavia, -ae [ignavo- + ia], f., shiftlcssness, cowardice. ignavus, -a, -um [iin-(g)navus], adj., shiftless, cowardly. ignis, -is [?, same word as Sk. agnis, the god of fire'], M., fire, flame. ignobilis, -e [iin-(g)nobilis], adj., jiot famous, obscure. ignominia, -ae [tignomin- (in- (g)nomen) + ia], f., want of fame, disgrace. — Almost concretely, a disgraceful defeat, a disgraceful ble}?iish. ignoratio, -onis [ignora- -f tio], F., ignorance. Ignore OI immanitas ignoro, -are, -avT, -atus [igna- ro], I. V. 2.., fail to notice, Jiot Joioiv, be ignorant of. — Pass., be unob- served, be tinknown. : non ignorans, not unaware of. ignosco, -noscere, -novl, -notus [in- (unc. which meaning)-(g)uos- co], 3. V. n. and 2i., fardoji. ignotus, -a, -urn [iin-(g)notus], adj., nji known, strange. Ilias, -ados ["IXtas], v., the Iliad. Hiatus, see inlatus. ille, -a, -ud [old oUus, fr. an -f lus(?)],dem.pron., ///^z/ (of some- thing remote; cf. hie). — Often as subst. (opposed to some other em- phatic, Avord), he, she, it, they: hie . . . ille, this . . . that, the other, the latter . . . the former, he ... the other. — Often of what follows (cf . hie), this, these, etc. — Of what is famous or well known, the, the great, the famous, etc. — Phrases : hie ille est, he is the one ; ille ferreus {such a, etc.); ille eonsul, that kind of a consul. — Sometimes untranslatable, appended merely for emphasis, and accompanied by quidem. illecebra, see inlecebra. illinc [illim-ce], adv., thence, from there. — Also (cf. ex and ab), on that side, there, on 07ie side. illiic [illo-ce], adv., thither, there (in the sense of thither). illticesco, see inlucesco. illustris, see inlustris. illiistro, see inlustro. Illyricus, -a, -um [Illyrio- + cus], adj., of Illyria, Illyrian : mare (a part of the Adriatic). imago, -inis [akin to imitor], F., an image, ati effigy, a statue, a por- trait, a representation, a picture (in the imagination), an ideal picture. — Esp. of the wax masks kept by the Romans of their dead ancestors, and used in funeral processions. imbecillitas (inb-), -atis [im- becillo- -f tas], f., weakness, feeble- 7iess : animi {feebleness of purpose, p iisilla n iin ity) . imbecillus (inb-), -a, -um [?, in- bacillum, leaning on a staff ?'\, adj., weak, feeble. imber, imbris [.\ cf. 6/x/3pos], m., a rain-storju, a rain. imberbis (inb-), -e [Un-barba], adj., beardless. imbibo, -bibere, -bil^i, no p.p. [in-bibo], 3. v. a., drink in. — Less exactly, take in, imbibe. imbuo (inb-), -buere, -bui, -butus [.^ in-tbuo ; cf. bibo], 3. v. a., moisten, stain (also fig.) ; non in- stituti sed imbuti, not having learned, but drtinkoi in. imitatio, -onis [imita- -f tio], f., an imitation. imitator, -oris [imita- -f tor], m., a7i imitator, a copier. imitor, -ari, -atus [timito-, p.p. of timo (cf. imago)], i. v. dep., iinitate, copy. immanis (inm-), -e [lin-tmanus {good')}'\, adj., (" uncanny " ?), ?7ion- stroiis, huge, enormous, wild, sav- age. — Also, barbarous, inhuman, brutal. immanitas, -atis [immani- + tas], F., barbarity, ferocity, brutal- ity, 7?i onstrosity. immaturus 02 impero immaturus, -a, -um [Mn-matu- rus], adj., unripe, immature, pre- mature. immineo (inm-), -minere, no perf., no p.p. [in-mineo], 2. v. n., overhang, project. — Fig., threaten, impend. imminuo (inm-), -uere, -uT, -utus [in-minuo], 3. v. a., diminish, im- pair, i)ifringe, reduce, weaken. immitto (inm-), -mittere, -ml^i, -missus [in-mitto], 3. v. a., let in, let down (into), insert, throw (up- on), let loose, set on (gladiatores). immo (imo) [?, abl. of timmus (in -1- mus ; cf. summus, demum)], adv., {in the lowest degree?), nay, nay rather, nay more. — Phrase : immo vero, nay on the contrary, nay rather, nay even. immoderatus (inm-), -a, -um [lin-moderatus], adj., unrestrained, excessive, beyond bounds, violent. immortalis (inm-), -e [4n-mor- talis], adj., ifn?ftortal, eternal. — As equivalent to an adv., eternally. immortalitas (inm-), -atis [im- mortali- -f tas], f., i?nfnortality. imparatus (inp-), -a, -um [Mn- paratus], adj., unprepared, not ready. impedimentum (inp-), -i [im- pedi- + mentum], x., a hindrance : esse impedimento, be a hindrattce, hinder. — Esp. in plur., baggage, a baggage traifi, a heavy train. impedio (inp-), -Ire, -IvI, -itus [limped- (in-pes, as if impedi-)], 4. V. a., entangle, hamper, inter- fere with. — Fig., hinder, embar- rass, impede, hi?ider in the exercise of: nuUo impediente, with no one to hinder. — impeditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., hampered, etitangled, occupied, difficult, itnpassable. impello (inp-), -pellere, -puli, -pulsus [in-pello], 3. v. a., drive on. — Fig., instigate, urge on, force, drive. impendeo (inp-), -ere, no perf., no p.p. [in-pendeo], 2. v. n., over- hang, hang over, threaten, impend. imperator, -oris [impera- -f tor], M., a coniinander (in chief), a gen- eral : lupiter Imperator, Jupiter, the Supreme Ruler ; dux et impe- rator, leader (in actual command) and commander (in chief). imperatorius, -a, -um [impera- tor- 4- ius], adj., of a commattder, of a general. imperitus (inp-), -a, -um [^in- peritus], adj., igfiorant, unacqicaint- ed with, unversed in, inexperienced. imperium, -i [timpero- (whence impero; cf. opiparus) -|- ium], n., command, supreme authority, con- trol, supremacy, supreme power, power (military), rule, sway (both sing, and plur.), domiJiion, empire, rule, sway. — Concretely, an order, orders, a command, a posi- tion of cof?imand : imperium et potestas, military and civil power, power and authority . impero, -are, -avT, -atus [tim- per5- (in-tparus ; cf. opiparus)], I. V. a. and n., demand {make requi- sition for, prob. orig. meaning), re- quire (in same sense). — Hence, order (in military sense), rule, com- mand, give orders : me imperante, impertio 103 imprudens at my command ; Lucullo impe- rante, it.nder L.^s command. impertio (inp-), -ire, -IvT (-il), -itus [in-partio ; cf. partior], 4. v. a., impart, share (with qx\.€), give, con- fer, attribute, assign, bestow. impetro, -are, -avT, -atus [in- patro], I. V. a., accomplish (any- thing by a request), succeed in (obtaining), obtain {a request), se- cure (a thing) ; impetro a, prevail upon, persuade ; impetro ut, etc., obtain a request, be allowed to, etc., succeed in having. impetus, -us [in-tpetus (pet -f us); cf. impeto], m., a rush, an attack, an onset, a charge, an assault, violence, vehemence, fury : facere {make an inroad, charge, or inva- sion, invade) ; is impetus, such fury, etc. ; gladiorum {armed onset). impietas, -atis [Un-pietas], f., it?ipiety. impius, -a, -um [^in-pius], adj., impious (offending divine law). impleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [in- tpleo], 2. V. 2,., fill. implico, -are, -avi (-uT), -atus (-itus) [in-plico], i. v. a., entangle, interweave, entwine, bind up, closely connect. imploratio, -onis [implora- + tio], F., an entreaty. imploro, -are, -avI, -atus [in- ploro], I. V. a. and n., iT?iplore, be- seech. impon5, -ponere, -posuT, -posi- tus [in-pono], 3. v, a., place upon, 7nount (men on horses), place, i?n- pose (fig.), saddle upon, fasten tipon. importo, -are, -avT, -atus [in- porto], I. V. a., bring upon, itnport. importiinus, -a, -um [Mn-tpor- tunus {without a harbor? cf. Por- tunus)], adj., unsuitable, untir7iely. — Also (cf. incommodus), cruel, unrelenting, unfeeling, reckless, in- human. imprimis [in primis, and often separate], adv., among the first, especially, particularly {more than anything else). imprimo, -primere, -pressT, -pressus [in-premo], 3. v. a., press into, press upon, impress. improbe [old abl. of improbus], adv., wickedly. improbitas, -atis [improbo- -f tas ; cf. probitas], f., wickedness, want of integrity , improbity, want of honesty, rascality, watit of principle. improb5, -are, -avI, -atus [im- probo-], I. V. a., {hold as bad? ; cf. probo), disapprove, blame, censiire. improbus, -a, -um [^in-probus], adj., inferior. — Hence, bad, un- principled, wicked, rascally, dis- honest. — As subst., a rascal, etc. improvidus, -a -um [Un-provi- dus], adj., improvidoit, imprudoit, though tless , ufi th in king. improvisus, -a, -um [Un-pro- visus], adj., unforeseen : improviso (de improviso), 071 a sudden, unex- pectedly, unawares. imprudens, -entis [^in-prudens], adj., not expectiitg, incautious, un- suspecting, off one^s guard, un- guarded, 7iot beitig aware: aliquo imprudente, without one^s knowl edse. imprudenter 104 incendium imprudenter [imprudent- + ter], adv., i)icaiitioiisly, rashly, iniprii- dcutly. imprudentia, -ae [imprudent- + ia], ¥., ig}iorance, want of consider- ation, want of fo7-ethought, thought- lessness, ifiattoition. impubes, -eris (-is) [Un-pubes], adj., beardless, immature, a mere boy. impudens, -entis [lin-tpudens], adj., shameless, impudent. impudenter [impudent- + ter], adv., shamelessly, with imp2ide)ice. impudentia, -ae [impudent- -f ia], F., shamelessness, impudence, leant of shame. impudicus, -a, -um [^in-pudi- cus], adj., shameless, indecent, un- chaste, immodest. impune [neut. of impunis (^in- poena, weakened and decl. as adj.)], adv., with impunity. impiinitas, -atis [impuni- + tas], F., freedom from punishment, im- piinity. impunitus, -a, -um [Un-puni- tus], adj., unpunished, unchecked (by punishment). impurus, -a, -um [^in-purus], adj., impure, rascally, vile, dis- h onest, u np rincipled. imus, -a, -um, superl. of inferus. lin- [cf. Gr. a-, av-, Eng. z/;/-], neg. particle, only in comp. with nouns and adjs., not verbs. 2 in [?, cf. Gr. ava, Eng. on; cf. also inde], adv. (only in comp.) and prep. a. With ace, of motion, having its terminus within or on (cf. ad, with terminus at or near). into, upon, within, to, against, among. — Of time, fo)-, to, till. — Fig., without actual motion, but only direction, to, towards, against, upon, over. — Often where Eng. has a different conception, /;/, on : in locum alicuius, /« one 'j- place. — In adverbial expressions where no motion appears, in, according to, tvith, to : mirum in modum (cf. quern ad modum); in earn sententiam, to this purport; in speciem, with the appearance ; in altitudinem, in heigh t{cL to the height of). — Esp., in potestatem esse (/;/ the power, etc., a confusion of two constructions). — b. With abl., of rest (lit. and fig.), in, on, amotig, within, at: in tanta propinquitate {under circum- stances of, in a case of). — Often, i)i the case of, in the matter of, i)i respect to: in eo, in his case, in re- gard to him, on that point, at that. — Esp., in odio esse, be hated, and the like. — In comp. as ad-v., in, icpon, towards, and the like. inanis, -e [?], adj., empty, tmoc- c up led. — Fig., empty, vain, idle. inauditus, -a, -um [^in-auditus], adj., unheard of. » inauratus, -a, -um [p.p. of in- I auro], adj., gilded. incautus, -a, -um [Mn-cautus], adj., incautious, off one^s guard, i?nprudent, thoughtless. incedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessiirus [in-cedo], 3. v. n., proceed, walk: quam taeter incedebat, what a vil- lainous spectacle as he walked! incendium, -1 [in-tcandium ; cf. j incendo], n., a burning, a fire, a incendo 105 incorrupte conflagration. — In plur., the burn- ing, etc., of buildings, each one being conceived as a separate burn- ing, as is usual in Latin. incendo, -cendere, -cendl, -census [in-tcando ; cf. candeo], 3. v. a., set fire to, hum. — Fig., rouse, excite, fire, inflame. incensio, -5nis [in-tcensio ; cf. incendo], F., a burning. inceptum, -I [p.p. of incipio], N., an undertaking. incertus, -a, -urn [Mn-certus], adj., ujicertain, dubious, u?itrust- w or thy : itinera {obscure, blind). incessus, -us [in-tcessus ; cf. in- cedo], U.,a walk, a gait, the bearing (of one in walking). incestus, -a, -um [Un-castus], adj., unchaste, impure, incestuous. incestus, -us [in-tcastus, noun akin to castus], m., incest. inchoo, see incoho. incido, -cidere, -cidi, -casurus [in-cado], 3. v. n., fall upon, fall (in any direction). — Less exactly and fig., fall in with, fall into, happen upon, meet, occur, happe7i. incido, -cidere, -cTdl, -cTsus [in- caedo], 3. v. a., cjit into, cut, en- grave : leges (i.e. engrave for publication). incipio, -cipere, -cepT, -ceptus [in-capio], 3. v. a. and n., begin, undertake. incitamentum, -T [incita- -f men- turn], N., an incentive. incito, -are, -avT, -at us [in-cito], I. V. a., set lit motion (in some par- ticular direction) (lit. ar.d fig.), urge on, drive, impel, excite, incite, rouse. inclinatio, -onis [inclina- -f tio], F., a leaning, an inclination, a tendency. incline, -are, -avi, -atus [in- clino], I. V. a. and n., lea>i, turn, bend. incliido, -cludere, -clusi, -cliisus [in-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, enclose, include. — incliisus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., secret, hidden. incognitus, -a, -um [lin-cogni- tus], adj., unexamined, unheard, tinknown. incoho (inchoo), -are, -avi, -atus [?], I. V. a., begin, commence. incola, -ae [in-tcola ; cf. agri- cola], M. and F., an inhabitant, a resident (not a citizen). incolo, -colere, -coluT, no p.p. [in-colo], 3. V. a. and n., inhabit, live, dzuell. incolumis, -e [?, akin to columna] , adj., safe, unhurt, uninjured, un- harmed, preserved (in the posses- sion of one's power) : quibus inco- lumibus, zvith whose preservation ; quamdiu incolumis fuit, as long as he 7uas in good fortune. incommodus, -a, -um [Mn-com- modus], adj., inconvenient, iDifortu- nate. — Esp., incommodum, -T, neut. as subst., disadva/itage, misfortune, euphemism for defeat, loss, disaster, harm. inconsideratus, -a, -um [Hn- consideratus], adj., ill-considered, inconsiderate. inconstans, -antis [i in-constans], adj., changeable, fickle, capricious. incorrupte [old abl. of incorrup- tusl, adv., without bias. incorruptus 1 06 indignus incorruptus, -a, -um [Un-cor- ruptus], adj., unspoiled^ unbribed, free frotn bias. increbresco (-besco), -brescere (-bescere), -brui (-bin) [in-cre- bresco], 3. v. n., thicken, groiu frequejit : consuetude {spread, be- come commo/i). incredibilis, -e [lin-credibilis], adj., incredible, marvellous, extra- ordinary. incredibiliter [incredibili- + ter], adv., beyond belief, jnarvellously, extraordina rily. increpo, -crepare, -crepui (-avT), -crepitus [in-crepo], i.v. n. (and a.), make a noise, sound, rattle : quicquid increpuerit, tuhatever tioise is heard. incultus, -a, -um [Un-cultus], adj., uncidttvated, uncouth. incumbo, -cumbere, -cubul, no p.p. [in-cumbo], 3. v. n. (and a.), lie upon. — Hence, beJid one 's energies. incunabula, -orum [in-cunabula], N. plur., swaddling clothes (in which anciently the infant was wound up into a tight little bundle. — Hence, the cradle (as a symbol of infancy). incurro, -currere, -cucurrl (-currl), -cursus [in-curro], 3. v. a. and n., run upon, rush at, make an assault: in navem [assail). indago, -are, -avi, -atus [tin- dagS- ; cf. indago (-inis)], i. v. a., track, chase, pursue, trace out, investigate. inde [tim (loc. of is ; cf. interim, hinc) -de (form akin to -dem, dum ; cf. indu, old form of in)], adv., from there, thence, from the place (which, etc.), from that point. indemnatus, -a, -um [Hn-dam- natus], adj., uncondemned. index, -icis [in-tdex (dig as stem; cf. iudex)], M. or F., an informer, an accuser (appearing as witness). India, -ae ['Ij/Sm], f., all the country, vaguely conceived, be- yond Sogdiana, Bactriana, and Asia, including modern India. indicium, -I [indie- -fium], n., in- 1 formation, ^zvV/^;/^^ (making known a crime), an indication, a proof: per indicium, through an informer. indico, -are, -avi, -atus [indie-], I. v. a., point out, inform, make known, show, discover (as an in- former), betray, disclose, give infor- 7nation, inform against. indic5, -dicere, -dixT, -dictus [in- / dico], 3. v. a., order, proclaim, appoint: bellum {declare). 1 indictus, -a, -um, p.p. of indico. -indictus, -a, -um [Hn-dictus], adj., impleaded, untried, unheard: indieta eausa, without a trial. indidem [inde-dem ; cf. idem], z.^\.,from the same place : indidem Ameria, there from Ameria. indigeo, -ere, -uT, no p.p. [in- digo-], 2. V. n., need, want, require, stand in need of. indigne [old abl. of indignus], adv., unworthily, shamefilly (un- worthy of one's self or of the cir- cumstances) : indigne fero, take it as a shame. indignus, -a, -um [^in-dignus], adj., uftworthy, shameful, unde- served. — Neut. as subst., a shame, an outrage. indomitus 107 infitiator indomitus, -a, -um [i in-domitus] , adj., uncotiqiiered, indomitable. induce, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus [in-duco], 3. V. a., draw on, bring in, introduce. — Also, lead on. — Hence, induce, instigate, itnpel. induo,-uere, -uT, -utus [?, cf. exuo], 3. V. 2i.,pnt on. — Esp. in pass., clothe one^s self with, tie one''s self up in. industria, -ae [?], f., diligence, painstaking, industry : de indus- tria, on purpose. industrius, -a, -um [?], adj., industrious, diligent, painstaking. ineo, -ire, -il, -itus [in-eo], irr. V. a., enter upon, go into. — Fig., adopt, make, begin, gain, secure. — Esp. : iniens aetas or adulescentia, early youth ; ineunte vere, at the beginning of spring. inepte [old abl. of ineptus], adv., foolishly, absurdly. inermis, -e (-us, etc.) [lin-arma], adj., unarmed, defenceless. iners, -ertis [^in-ars], 2.A\., shift- less, cowardly, sluggish, unmanly. inertia, -ae [inert- -f ia], f., shift- lessness, cowardice, slothfulness. inexpiabilis, -e [^in-expiabilis], adj., inexpiable, irreconcilable. infamia, -ae [infami- + ia], f., dishonor, disgrace. infamis, -e [Mn-fama, inflected as adj.], adj., infafnous. infans, -antis [^in-fans], m. and p., a7t infant, a child. infelix, -Tcis [^in-felix], adj., unfortunate, unlucky, utihappy, wretched, boding ill, ill-otnened, ill- fated, ill-starred. infero, -ferre, -tulT, -latus [in- fero], irr. v. a., bring in, import, carry in, introduce, put upon : bel- lum {make, declare, of offensive war) ; signa {advance). — Fig., cause, inflict, commit, create : spem {in- spire) ; causam {adduce, allege, assign, fasten upon); vim et manus {lay iipon); ignes {set); vim {use); signis inferendis, by a hostile attack. inferus, -a, -um [unc. stem (akin to Sk. adhas, down) + rus ; cf. superus], adj., lo7v. — infimus (-umus), imus, superl., lowest, the bottom of at the bottom : infimi, drum, masc. plur. as subst., the lozvest, the meanest. — Esp. : ab in- feris, from the world below; ad (apud) inferos, in the world below. infestus, -a, -um [^in-festus (fr. fendo)], adj., hostile, in hostile array, pernicious. — Also, in danger. infidelis, -e [Mn-fidelis], adj., unfaithful, wavering in faith, faithless. infidelitas, -atis [infideli- -f tas], f., unfaithfulness, infidelity, treachery. infimus, see inferus. infinitus, -a, -um [Mn-finitus], adj., unbotinded, coufitless, endless, numberless, i)ifinite, unli77iited. infirmitas, -atis [infirmo- -f tas]. F., feebleness, itttsteadiness, incon- stancy. infirmo, -are, -a vl,-atus [infirmS-], I. V. a., zveaken, invalidate. infirmus, -a, -um [^in-firmus], adj., weak, feeble, helpless. infitiator, -oris [infitia- -f tor], M., a denier. — Esp. of debts, a slow debtor. infitior 1 08 iniquus infitior (infic-), -ari, -atus [in- fitia-, stem of infitiae (in + stem akin to fateor)], i. v. dep., deiiy. inflammo, -are, -avT, -atus [in- flammo], i. v. a., set on fire. — Fig., fire., i)ifia//ie, t?u-ense, kindle, infuriate. inflo, -are, -avi, -atus [in-flo], I. V. a., l)lo7v .ufou, blow 71 p. — Fig., inspire, piifi' zip. informo, -are, -avI, -atus [in- formo], I. V. a., forjn, train. infringe, -fringere, -fregi, -frac- tus [in-frango], 3. v. a., break down, destroy. infumus, see inferus. ingemisc5, -gemiscere, -gemuT, no p.p. [in-gemisco] , 3. v. n., groan. ingenero, -are, -avT, -atus [in- genero], i. v. a., implant. — ingene- ratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., ifiborn. ingenium, -i [in-tgenium ; cf. genius], N., inborn nature, charac- ter, nature. — Hence, jnental power, genius, intellect. ingens, -entis [lin-gens, not be- longing to the kind (?)], adj., huge, enormous, very large. ingenuus, -a, -um [in-tgenuus; cf. genuinus], adj., {born in the state or fani ily, native ? ) , freeborn. — As subst., a firee person. ingratus, -a, -um [lin-gratus], adj., Jtugrateful (in both Eng. senses), unpleasing. ingravesco, -escere, no perf., no p.p. [in-gravesco], 3. v. n., be- come heavier, grow serious, grow worse. ingredior, -gredi, -gressus [in- gradior], 3. v. dep., march i/ito, enter, ?narch in, go icpon, go, enter up 0)1 : navem (go on board). ingressus, -us [in-gressus ; cf. ingredior], M., an entrance. inhaereo, -haerere, -haesi, -hae- surus [in-haereo], 2. v. n., fasten it- self to, cling to, be fastened upon. inhibeo, -hibere, -hibul, -hibitus [in-habeo], 2. v. a., hold in, restrain. inhi5, -are, -avI, no p.p. [in-hio], I. V. n. and a., gape at: uberibus {hold the open mouth to). inhiimanus, -a, -um [lin-huma- nus], adj., inhufnan, cruel. inhumatus, -a, -um [lin-huma- tus], adj., unburied. inibi [in-ibi], adv., therein. — Less exactly, 7>/ J-/ there, just on the poi)it of being done. inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [in- iacio], 3. V. a., throw into, throw iipoti. — Less exactly, place ijz, pict on, bring 2ipo7i. — Y\g.,inspire, cause. inimicitia, -ae [inimico- -f tia], F., enmity, hatred, a grudge, a feud, a q It arret, a cause of en77iity. inimicus, -a, -um [lin-amicus], 2iivestigator, a detective. inrepo (irr-), -repere, -repsT, -repturus [in-repo], 3. v. n., creep in,findone''s 7vay in, get in (surrep- titiously). inretio (irr-), -ire, -IvI (-il), -itus [tinreti- (in-rete)], 4. v. a., ensnare., entans'le. inrito no insidiosus inrito (irr-), -are, -avT, -atus [tin-rito- (of unc. kin)], i. v. a., irritate, excite, provoke, arouse : vi (wantonly assail). inrogo (irr-), -are, -avi, -atus [in-rogo], i. v. a., (^propose a law against), propose (a law or fine against any one) : multam {move, propose, of an accusation before the people for a fine). inrumpo (irr-), -rumpere, -rupT, -ruptus [in-rumpo], 3. v. a. and n., break in, break down, break in upon, burst in : in nostrum fletum {break in upon and interrupt). inruo (irr-), -ruere, -ruT, no p.p. [in-ruo], 3. v. n., rush in, rush upon : in aliquem {assail) ; in odium {force one^s self needlessly). inrupti5 (irr-), -onis [in-trup- tio ; of. inrumpo], f., an inroad, an attack, an invasion, an incursion, a raid. insania, -ae [insano- -f ia], f., insanity, madness, a craze: popu- lares insaniae, mad outbreaks of the people. insanio, -Ire, -IvI (-il), no p.p. [insano-, as if insani-], 4. v. n., rave, be ins a tie, be mad. insanus, -a, -um [^in-sanus], adj., {unsound). — Esp. in mind, in- sane, crazy, mad. — Also of things, crazy : substructiones (as indicat- ing a craze). insciens, -entis [^in-sciens], adj., not knowing, ignorant. — Often rendered by adv.7 etc., unawares, without otie's ktiowledge. inscientia, -ae [inscient- -f ia], F., ignorance, want of knozvledge. inscitia, -ae [inscito- -f ia], p., ignorance, stupidity. inscribo, -scrlbere, -scrlpsi, -scrlp- tus [in-scribo], 3. v. a., write upon, inscribe. insector, -arl, -atus [in-sector], I. V. dep., pursue, follow up, in- veigh against. insepultus, -a, -um [^in-sepul- tus], adj., unburied : cuius furiae insepulti {of whose utiburied corpse). insequor, -sequi, -secutus [in- sequor], 3. v. de^.,folloT.v up, pur- sjie, attack, assail, harass, hunt down. — Also, follow, ensue. inservio, -ire, -ivi (-il), no p.p. [in-servio], 4. v. n., be a slave to, yield to, follow the dictates of, devote one''s self to. insideo, -sidere, -sedl, -sessus [in-sedeo], 2. v. n. (and a.), sit upon, clifig to, lie, reside, lurk in. insidiae, -arum [tinsid- (cf. praeses) -f- ia], f. plur., an ambush, an ambuscade, a stratagem, a trick, a plot, a trap, treachery: per in- sidias, with deception, treacher- ously ; see per. insidiator, -oris [insidia- -f tor], ^i., a plotter, a secret assassin, one in ambush, a Her in wait, a treach- erous assailant : nuUus insidiator viae, no one in ambush on the way. insidior, -ari, -atus [insidia-], I \ I . V. dep., lie in wait, make treach- erous attacks, plot against, treacher- ously assail. insidiose [old abl. of insidio- sus], adv., treacherously. insidiosus, -a, -um [insidia- -f osus], adj., treacherous. insido III integer insido, -sldere, -sedi, no p.p. [in-sido], 3. v. n. (and a.), sit upon, seat one^s self, sink ijt, settle upon, fasten itself upon, become settled in : macula {sink in, become fixed in). insignis, -e [insigno-, decl. as adj.], adj., marked, fnernorable, con- spicuous, signal. — insigne, neut. as subst., signal, sign, decoration (of soldiers) , a mark, a symbol, insignia. insimul5, -are, -avT, -atus [in- simulo], I. V. a., charge, accuse. insolens, -entis [^in-solens], adj., uftwonted, arrogant, insolent. — Also, ujiacciistomed to. insolenter [insolent- + ter], adv., in an unusual manjier, insultingly. insolentia, -ae [insolent- + ia], F., insolence, arrogance. insolitus, -a, -um [lin-solitus], adj., unwonted, ttnaccustomed. inspecto, -are, -avi, -atus [in- specto], I. V. a. and n., look upon, look on : inspectantibus nobis, be- fore our eyes. insperans, -antis [-in-sperans], adj., unexpecting, not hoping, con- trary to 07ie''s expectations. insperatus, -a, -um [^in-spera- tus], adj., unhoped for, unexpected, unlooked for. instauro, -are, -avi, -atus [in- tstauro; cf. restauro], i. v. a., re- new, restore, repeat. institu5, -uere, -uT, -utus [in- statuo], 3. V, a. and n., set up, set in order, array. — Also, provide, procure, get ready, plan. — Also, set about, undertake, instruct, begin to practise, start, set out, begin. adopt (a plan, etc.), resolve, dete7'- mine, set on foot. — Also, teach, train, habituate, instruct. — Esp., ab institute cursu, from one's in- tended course. institutum, -T [n. p.p. of in- stituo], N., a habit, a practice, an institution, a custom.. insto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus [in- sto], I. V. n., be at hand, be close at hand, press on, be pressing. — Fig., threaten, impend, menace. instriimentum, -T [instru- + mentum], "S.., furniture, equipment, tools and stores (of soldiers), a means, stock (of a shopkeeper), stock in trade, means of subsistence : tribunatus {means of carrying on). instruo, -struere, -struxl, -struc- tus [in-struo], 3. v. a., build, fit up, array, draza up (of X-XOO'^s), furnish, equip. insuetus, -a, -um [^in-suetus], adj., ztfiaccustomed to. insula, -ae [akin to in-salio ?], F., an island. — Esp., the Island (a part of Syracuse). insulto, -are, -avi, -aturus [in- salto], I. V. n., leap upon, dance upon, trample on, trample under foot, insult, com f nit outrages, run riot, outrage, insult. insum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus [in- sum], irr. v. n., be in, exist in, be present, be found. insuo, -suere, -sui, -siitus [in- suo], 3. V. a., sew up in, sew up. integer, -gra, -grum [^in-tteger (tag, in tango, -f rus)], adj., U7i- totuhed, unimpaired, unwearied, undiminished, uninjured, unbroken, integre 112 interficio entire, pure., fresh (as subst.,y)vj-// troops), inviolate. — Esp., undecided, not entered upon (of business) : re Integra, aneiu, afresh, before any- thingis done, before being committed to any course of action ; id inte- grum, an open question. — Also, {untainted), upright, ho?iest, ho7ior- able, unimpeachable. integre [old abl. of integer], adv., honestly, honorably. integritas, -atis [integro- + tas], F., honesty, integrity, blameless con- duct, uprightness. intellego (-ligo), -legere, -lexT, -lectus [inter-lego], 3. v. a. and n., {pick out \_distinguish'] between), learn, know, tiotice, observe, find out, discover, see plainly, be aware, observe, understatid, be able to see, have intelligence, be a co)utoisseur. intemperantia, -ae [intemper- ant- + ia], F., want of moderation, extravagance, excess. intendo, -tendere, -tendl, -tentus [in-tendo], 3. v. a. and n., stretch, strain, direct, aim (both active and neuter) : arcum {aim) ; actionem {bring) ; animum {have in fuitid, direct one''s thoughts). intento, -are, -avi, -atus [in- tento], I. V. a., strain, brandish. inter [in + ter ; cf. alter], adv. in comp., and prep, with ace, between, among: inter falcarios {in the street of); constat inter omnis(/n'(^?//); inter latera {about). — Of time, within, for: inter decern annos, withi>i ten years, for the last ten years. — Often in a reciprocal sense : inter se, among themselves, with, to, from, at, etc., each other ; diversi inter se {different ) ; coniligunt inter se {against each other). Interamna, -ae [inter-amnis (or stem akin)], F., a town in Umbria ninety miles from Rome {Terni). Interamnas, -atis [Interamna- + tis], adj., of Interamna. intercede, -cedere, -cessi, -cessu- rus [inter-cedo] , 3. v. n., conie be- tween, go between, lie betzvee?i, in- tervene, exist between, occur between, be, pass (of time). — Esp. of the tribunes, veto, stay proceedings. intercessio, -onis [inter-cessio ; cf. intercede], f., a veto (cf. inter- cedo). intercessor, -oris [inter-cessor] , M., {ofiewho comes between), a surety. — Esp., a vetoing tribune (cf . inter- cedo). intercliido, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- sus [inter-claudo], 3. v. a., cut off, shut off, block (roads), put a stop to. interdum [inter dum (orig. ace.)], adv.,_/6'r a time, sometimes. interea [inter ea (prob. abl.)], adv., meanwhile, in the -mean ti?ne, 7neantime. ■ intereo, -Ire, -ii, -iturus [inter-eo {go into pieces? cf. interficio)], irr. v. n., perish, die, be killed, be destroyed. interfatio, -onis [inter-tfatio (fa- -j- tio)], F., an interruption. interfector,-6ris [inter-factor; cf. interficio], M., a slayer, a inurderer. interficiS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [inter-f acio] , 3. v. a., {cut to pieces ; cf. intereo), slay, kill, put to death, destroy. intericio 113 interventus intericio, -icere, -iecl, -iectus [inter-iacio] , 3. v. a., throw in (between). — Pass., lie betweeti, intei'vene : tempore interiecto, a/ter an interval. interim [perh. loc. of tinterus (cf. inter, interior), but cf. interea, interibi], adv., 7neanivhile, in the mean time. interims, -imere, -emi, -emptus [inter-emo], 3. v. a., kill (cf. inter- ficio), slay, destroy, put to death. — Less exactly, overwhelm. interior, -us [compar. of tinterus (in-terus ; cf. alter)], adj., i7i?ier, interior, farther in, more inland. — intimus (-tumus), -a, -um [in + ti- mus],superl., inmost, most secret. — Masc. as subst., an intimate friend. interitus, -lis [inter-itus ; cf. intereo], m., death, murder (chang- ing the point of view), destruction, overthrow. intermitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sus [inter-mitto], 3. v. n., {let go between^, leave off, discontinue, stop, cease. intermortuus, -a, -um [inter- mortuus], adj., faint, half dead, lifeless, still-born. internecinus, see internecivus. internecio, -onis [inter-tnecio, same root as neco], f., extermina- tion, annihilation. internecivus (-cinus), -a, -um [inter-tnecivus], adj., jitter ly de- structive : bellum {of extermina- tion). — Also, internicivus. interpello, -are, -avl, -atus [inter- tpello; cf. appello, -are], i. v. a., inter riipt, interfere with. interpono, -ponere, -posuT, -posi- tus [inter-pono], 3. v. a., place in between (lit. and fig.), interpose, in- troduce, allege (an excuse to break off something), thrust in, force in, put in : diebus interpositis, after an interval, etc. ; se {act as go- between) . interpres, -pretis [inter-tpres (akin to pretium?)], c, a middle- man, a mediator, an interpreter, an agent (for bribery). interrogo, -are, -avT, -atus [inter- rogo] , I . V. a., {ask at intervals), ques- tion, interrogate, ask, put questions. intersum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus [inter-sum], irr. v. n., be between, be ajnong, be in, be engaged in, be present: nox interest, there is an interval of a night ; rei {be ejigaged in, take part in). — Esp. in third person, it is of importance, it iti- terests, it concerns : nihil interest, there is no difference; also, /'/ makes no differe7ice, it is of no importance ; hoc interest, there is this difference ; quid mea interest ? what is for my ijiterest ? quid interest ? tohat is the difference ? non magni interest, it does 7iot make much difference ; magni mea interest, it is of great importance to me. intervallum, -I [inter-vallus, distance between stakes in a ram- part], N., distance (between two things), distance apart, ijiterval (of space or time), space, time: longo intervallo, after a long ititerval, after a considerable ti?ne. interventus, -us [inter-tventus ; cf. eventus and intervenio], m., a interviso 114 invidia coming (to interrupt something), a coming in, an intervention. interviso, -ere, no perf., no p.p. [inter- viso], 3. v. a., visit at inter- vals. intestinus, -a, -um [.', perh. in- tus + tinus], adj., internal, intes- tine : pemicies (i.e. within the vitals of the state). intimus, see interior. intolerabilis, -e [lin-tolerabilis], adj., ifitolerahle, unendurable, not to be borne. intolerandus, -a, -um [lin-tol- erandus], adj., not to be borne, un- etidurable. intra [instr. (?) of tinterus; cf. inter and extra], adv., and prep, with ace, into, within, inside. introdiico, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- tus [intro-duco] , 3. v. a., lead in, bring in, march in (troops), ititro- duce. introitus, -us [intro-itus] , m., ati entrance, att approach (means of entrance), a way of entrance: Ponti {mouth, i.e. the straits). — Fig., a door (as a way of entrance), an openijig. intueor, -tuerT, -tuitus (-tutus) [in-tueor], 2. v. dep., gaze upon, gaze at, cast one''s eyes upon, look upon, behold, look at, contemplate, study. intus [in + tus (an abl. ending ; cf. divinitus)], adv., within. inultus, -a, -um [^in-ultus], adj., unavenged, unpunished. iniiro, -iirere, -ussi, -iistus [in- uro], 3. V. a., burn in, brand. — Fig., fix indelibly. iniisitatus,-a,-um [Mn-usitatus], adj., unwo7ited, Jinaccustomed, un- usual. inutilis, -e [Mn-utilis], adj., of no use, unserviceable. — In a preg- nant sense, unfavorable (positively disadvantageous), //'(f/wfl'/Wa/. invado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasurus [in-vado], 3. v. n., rush in, attack, assail, make an attack, make a rush, make a charge. inveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus [in-veho], 3. v. a., carry in, carry against. — Pass, as dep., be borne, ride, sail in, assail (ride against), inveigh. inveni5, -venire, -venT, -ventus [in-venio], 4. v. a.,y?;z originally used for 50, and retained in the later notation], a sign iox fifty. labefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus [unc. stem (akin to labor) -facio], 3. V. a., shake., cause to totter. labefacto, -are, -avi, -atus [labe- (cf. labefacio) -facto], i. v. a., shake, cause to totter, iveakeii, icndeiniine, overthrow, shatter, atnutt, invali- date, disturb. labes, -is [lab (in labor) -f es], F., a fall, ruin, a plague (fig.)» ^^ fest. — Also, a disgrace, a shame. Labienus, -I [?, perh. labia {lips) + enus], M., a Roman family name. — Esp., T. Alius Labienus, a violent partisan of Csesar, a legatus, under him in Gaul, but afterwards in the civil war on the side of Pompey. labo, -are, -avI, no p.p. [?, akin to labor], i. v. n., totter, xuaver, give way. labor, labi, lapsus [?, akin to labo], 3. V. dep., slide, fall, slip, err, be imprudent. labor, -oris [rabh -f or (for os)], M., toil, exertion (in its disagree- able aspect), labor (as painful), trouble. laboriosus, -a, -um [labor- + osus], adj., toilsome, laborious. Iab5r5, -are, -avi, -atus [labor-], I. V. n., toil, exert ofie's self. — Also, suffer, labor, be hard pressed, be in trouble, trouble o?te's self care. — With neut. pron., labor about, attend to, busy one^s self with. lacero, -are, -avI, -atus [lacero-], I. V. a., mangle, lacerate, tear. lacesso, -cessere, -cessTvT (il), -cessTtus [stem akin to lacio -f unc. term.], 3. v. a., irritate, provoke. — Esp., attack, harass, assail, skir- viish with. lacrima, -ae [tdakru- (cf. 8dKpv) -f ma], F., a tear. lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atus [lacri- ma], I. v. n. and a., weep, weep for. Iacte5, -ere, no perf., no p.p. [lact-], 2. V. n., suck. — Esp., lac- tens, -entis, p., sucking, ttursing, a suckling, a mirsling. lacus, -us [}, cf. lacer, lacuna], M., a reservoir, a lake. Laeca, -ae [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., M. Laeca, a partisan of Catiline. laedo, laedere, laesl, laesus [perh. for lavido, lu (increased) + do (cf. tendo)], 3. v. a., wound, injure. — Fig., esp., break (one's word, etc.), violate, hurt, disparage, thwart, injure. Laelius, -T [?], m., a Roman gen- tile name. — Esp.: i. C. Ltrlius, the friend of the younger Africa- nus ; 2. D. La;lius, an adherent of Pompey. Laenius, -I [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. Lcznius Flaccus, a knight of Brundisium, a friend of Cicero, and one of his supporters in his exile. laetitia 119 Latium laetitia, -ae [laetS- + tia], f., joy, gladness (cf. laetus). ' laetor, -arl, -atus [laeto-], i. v. dep., rejoice (cf. laetus), be glad, take delight: illud laetandum est, this is a cause of rejoicing. laetus, -a, -um [unc. root (perh. akin to glad) + tus], adj., joyful (of the inner feeling), rejoicing: me domus laetissima accepit {with the greatest joy). lamentatio, -onis [lamenta- + tio], F., lamentation. lamentor, -arl, -atus [lamento-], I. V. dep., lament, bewail. lamentum, -T [?, perh. LU+meu- tum ; cf. laedo], n., a lametitation. lamina, -ae [?, perh. lu -f mina], F., a scale (of metal), a plate (esp. heated, used for torture). languidus, -a, -um [tlanguo- (whence langueo) -f dus] , ad j ., spirit- less, listless, languid, stupid, sleepy, dozy : languidior, less active. lanista, -ae \j\ m., a trainer (of gladiators). Lanuvinus, -a, -um [Lanuvio- -f inus], adj., of Laimvium. — Masc. plur. as subst., the people of Lanu- vium. Lanuvium, -T [?], n., a town of Latium, twenty miles from Rome on the Appian Way, famous for its worship of Juno Sospita. lapidatio, -onis [lapida- + tio], F., a stoning, throwing stones. lapis, -idis [.''], m., a stone. laqueus, -I [l.\c (in lacio) -f eus (.'' -AYAS)], M., a slip-noose, a snare. — Fig., the meshes (of the law, etc.). Lar, Laris [.'], m., a household divinity : Lar familiaris, household gods (as a symbol of home), home, hearth and home. large [old abl. of largus], adv., copiously, generously, lavishly. largior, -Irl, -Itus [largo-], 4. v. dep., give lavishly, bestotu upon, supply with, lavish upon, grant. — Also, give bribes, give presents. largitio, -onis [largi- (stem of largior) -f tio], f., lavish giving, bribery. largitor, -oris [largi- + tor], m., a lavish giver, a briber, a spend- thrift. late [old abl. of latus], adv., ividely, broadly : longe lateque, far and wide. latebra, -ae [late- -f bra], F., a hiding-place. lateo, latere, latuT, no p.p. [.'], 2. V. n., lie concealed, lurk, be con- cealed, pass unnoticed, lie hid, work secretly. Latiaris (-alis), -e [Lati6- + aris], adj., of Latium : lupiter Latiaris (the Jupiter worshipped on the Alban Mount as the tutelar divin- ity of the old Latin union). Latiniensis, -e [LatinS- (?)-f en- sis], adj., of Latium, Latin. — Esp. as Roman proper name, Q. Ccelius Latiniensis, a tribune of the people. Latinus, -a, -um [Latio- -f inus], adj., Latin. Latium, -I [prob. lato- -f ium (neut. of -ius), the fiat land f], the country between the Apennines, the Tiber, and the Tuscan Sea, now the Campagna. lator I 20 lego lator, -oris [(t)la- + tor], m., a bearer, a proposer (of a law ; cf . f ero) . latro, -onis [prob. stem borrowed fr. Greek + 0], m., a mercenary (?), a robber, a marauder. latrocinium, -I [tlatrocino- + ium ; cf . ratiocinor] , n ., freebooting, robbery, brigandage, marauding, a band of marauders, a ?naranding ex- pedition (opposed to bellum, q. v.). latrocinor, -arl, -atus [tlatro- cino-; cf. latrocinium], i. v. dep., be a freebooter, act as a marauder : latrocinans, as a marauder. latus, -a, -um [prob. for tpla- tus ; cf. TrXarus], adj., broad, wide, extensive. latus, lateris [prob. lato- + rus (reduced)], n., the side (of the body). — Also, generally, a side, a flank, an end (of a hill). latus, -a, -um [for tlatus, tla (cf . tollo, tuli) -f tus], p.p. of fero. laudatio, -onis [lauda- + tio], f., a eulogy, a funeral oration. laudator, -oris [lauda- -f tor], m., a eulogizer, an extoller. Iaud5, -are, -avi, -atus [laud-], I. V. a., praise, com 7n end, approve, eulogize, applaud. laureatus, -a, -um [laurea- -f tus; cf. robustus], adj., laurelled, crowned with laurel. laus, laudis [.-*], Y., praise, credit, renown, reputation, glory, merit (thing deserving praise), excellence : in hac laude industriae {in gaining this credit by, etc.) ; fructum istum laudis, the gaining of that credit. lautumiae (lato-, latu-), -arum [Xaro/Uta], F. plur., a stone-quarry. lecticula, -ae [lectica- + ula (fern, of -ulus), F., a small litter, a sedan chair. lectiiincula, -ae [lection- -f cula (fern, of -cuius)], F., a short read- ing, desultory reading. lectulus, -I [lecto- -f lus], m., a couch, a sofa, a bed. lectus, -I [.^], M., a bed, a couch. lectus, -a, -um, p.p. of lego. legatio, -onis [lega- -f tio], f., [a sending or commissioti), an em- bassy (message of ambassadors), the office of legatus : qua in lega- tione, in zvhich office ; ius legationis, the rights of ambassadors. legatus, -I [prop. p.p. of lego], M., an ambassador. — Also, a lieu- te7iant, a legatus. To a Roman commander were assigned (legare) one or more subordinate officers capable of taking command in his absence or engaging in independent operations under his general direc- tion. These were the legati, and with the quaestor composed a kind of staff. legio, -onis [leg -f io], f., {a levy); hence, a legion (originally the whole levy, later the unit of army organization, numberingfrom 3000 to 6000 men, divided into ten cohorts). legitimus, -a, -um [leg- (as if legi) -\- timus], adj., lawful, legal, of laxv, according to law, at law. lego, -are, -avi, -atus [tlega- ; cf. collega], I. V. a., despatch, commis- sion, cojumission as legatus, choose as legatus, assign (as legatus). lego 121 liber lego, legere, legl, lectus [cf. Xe7w], 3. V. a. and n., choose, col- lect, pick ojtt. — Hence, j-ead, I'ead of. — lectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., choice, esteetned, sniper to?: lenio, -ire, -ivl (-ii), -itus [leni-], 4. V. a., soothe, niitigate. lenis, -e [?], 2.^]., gentle, lenient, viild. lenitas, -atis [leni- + tas], f., gentleness, leniency. leniter [leni- + ter], z.(S.\., gently. leno, -onis [?, leni- + 0], m., a pander, a pimp, a go-betiveoi. lenocinium, -I [tlenocino- (cf. lenocinor) + ium], N., pandering. lente [old abl. of lentus], adv., sloiuly. Lentulus, -1 [lento- + lus], m., a Roman family name. — Esp. : I. Cn. Cor?ielius Lentulus Clodia- iiiis, consul B.C. 72 ; 2. P. Cornelins Lotttiliis Sura, consul B.C. 71, one of the Catilinarian conspirators ; 3. L. Lenticlns, an unknown pr£e- tor ; 4. P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, consul B.C. 57, a sup- porter of Cicero ; 5. The son of No. 4, of the same name. lentus, -a, -um [len (cf. lenis) + tus], adj., flexible. — Also, slow. * lepidus, -a, -um [flepo- (cf. lepor) + dus], m., graceful. — As a Roman family name. — Esp. : I. M\ Ai.7nilius Lepidus, consul B.C. 66; 2. M. yEviilius Lepidus, consul B.C. 78, killed in a quarrel with his colleague, Q. Catulus ; 3. Son of the preceding, of the same name, the famous triumvir whose house was robbed by the partisans of Clodius. lepor (-Os), -oris [unc. root -f or; cf. honor], m., attractive- ness, charm ; pleasantry, wit, humor. levis, -e [for tleghvis, lagh + us (with inserted i ; cf. brevis), cf. fXaxi^s, Eng. light'], adj., light, slight, trivial, unimportant, of no zveight. — Also (cf. giacvis), incon- stant, fickle, wajiting in character, worthless, unprincipled. levitas, -atis [levi- + tas], f., lightness. — Also (cf. levis), incon- stancy, fickleness, zvant of principle, unsteadiness. leviter [levi- -f ter] , adv., lightly, slightly : ut levissime dicam, to say the least. levo, -are, -avi, -atus [levi- (as if levo-)], I. V. 3.., lighten. — Hence, free from a burden, relieve, allevi- ate, lesseji : annonam [relieve the market, lessen the price of graiii). lex, legis [leg (in lego)], f., a statute, a law, a condition. libellus, -1 [libro- + lus], m., a little book, a list, a paper. libens (lub-), see libet. libenter [libent- -f ter], adv., ■ze////- ingly, gladly, with pleasure. — With verb, be glad to, etc. : libentissime audire, most like to hear. liber, libiT [.^], m., bark (of a tree). — Hence, a book. ^ liber, -era, -erum [tlib6-( whence libet) -f rus (reduced)], adj., free ■ (of persons and things), unre- stricted, undisturbed, Ufiincufn- bered, independetit. Liber 122 lignum - Liber, -eri [same word as ^ liber, connection uncertain], M., an Italian deity of agriculture. — Hence identified with Bacchus. Libera, -ae [fern, of preceding word], F., an Italian goddess iden- tified with Prose7-pine (cf. Kopr?). liberalis, -e [i liber- + alls], adj., of a freeman, generous, liberal, noble (studia). liberalitas, -atis [liberali- + tas], F., generosity. liberaliter [liberali- + ter], adv., generously, kindly (respondit). Iiberati5, -onis [libera- + tio], f., a setting free, a freeing, acquittal. liberator, -oris [libera- + tor], m., a deliverer, a liberator. libere [old abl. of liber], adv., freely, without restraint, with freedom . liberi, -orum [prob. masc. plur. of liber, the free members of the household^ M. plur., children. — Sometimes even of one. libero, -are, -avl, -atus [libero-], I. V. a., free, set free, relieve (from some bond), absolve, acqtiit : libe- ratur Milo non profectus esse {is acquitted of having, etc.). libertas, -atis [libero- (reduced) + tas], F., liberty, freedom, inde- pendence. — Hence, Liberty (per- sonified and worshipped as a divinity). libertinus, -T [liberto- -f inus], m., a freedman (as a member of a class; cf. libertus). Also as adj. libertus, -I [libero- (reduced) + tus], M., afreedfnafi (in reference to his former master ; cf. libertinus). libet (lub-), -ere, -uit (libitum est) [?, cf. liber], 2. v. impers., it pleases, one desires, one is pleased to. — libens, -entis, p. as adj., glad, pleased, gladly, with pleasure, with good will. libidinose (lub-) [old abl. of libidinosus], adv., arbitrarily, law- lessly, licentiously. libidinosus (lub-), -a, -um [libi- din- -f osus], adj., arbitrary, law- less, licentious. libido (lub-), -inis [akin to li- bet; cf. cupido], F., lawlessness, lice7itiousness, caprice, lust, desire, laxvless fancy, arbitrary conduct, watitonness. librarium, -I [libro- + arium] (neut. of librarius), n., a bookcase. licentia, -ae [licent- -f ia], f., liccfise, lawlessness. licet, licere, licuit (licitum est) [tlico- ; cf. delicus, reliquus], 2. v. impers., // is lawful, it is allowed, one may, one is allowed, one is per- mitted. — licet, although, though. Licinius, -i [licino- -f- ius], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : I. A. Licinius Archias, the poet defended by Cicero; 2. Licinius, an obscure restaurant-keeper. See LucuUus. lictor, -oris [?, perh. lac 4- tor], M., a lictor (the attendant of the higher Roman magistrates). Ligarius, -I [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Q. Ligarius, an officer in Pompey's army in Africa, defended by Cicero before Cjesar. lignum, -i [?], N., wood, a log. limen 123 luceo limen, -inis [akin to limus, obli- quus], N., (a c}-osspiece), a threshold, a luitel : omnis aditus et limen, all approach and entrance. lingua, -ae [?], f., a tongue. — Hence, a language. linter (lunt-), -tris [?], f. (and M.), a skiff. linum, -1 [prob. borr. fr. Gr. \l.vov\, n., Jlax. — Hence, a thread. liquefacio, -facere, -fed, -factus [lique- (stem akin to liqueo) -facio], 3. V. a., liquefy, melt. liquido [abl. of liquidus], as adv., clearly, plainly, with truth, with a clear conscience. lis, litis [for tstlis, stla + tis (reduced)?; cf. locus and Eng. strife^ F., a suit at hnv, a latv- suit. — Also, the aniount iti dis- pute, damages. littera (litera), -ae [?, akin to lino], F., a letter {pi the alphabet). — Plur., letters, writing, afi alphabet, a letter (an epistle), literature, a document. litteratus (lit-), -a, -um [litera- + tus], adj., educated, cultij'ated. litiira, -ae [tlitu- (li in lino -f tu) + ra], F,, an erasure. litus, -oris [?], N., a shore, a beach. loco, -are, -avT, -at us [loco-], I. V. a., place, station.- — Hence, let, 77iake a contract, c'otitract for. Locrensis, -e [Locri- + ensis], adj., of Locri (a Greek city of Italy near Rhegium). — Masc. plur. as subst., the people of Locri, Locrians. locuples, -pletis [?, loco-pies (pie -f tus, reduced)], adj., {with full coffers ?), rich, wealthy, responsible. locupleto, -are, -avi, -atus [locu- plet-], I. V. a., enrich. locus, -T [for tstlocus, stla -f cus], M. (sing.), N. (generally plur.), a place, a spot, a position, a region (esp. in plur.), a point, the ground (in military language), space, extent (of space), room, a passage. — Fig., position, a station, rank, a point, place {light, position, charade}-), an opportunity, a chance, coiidition, state of things, an occasion, point (in argument). longe [old abl. of longus], adv., far, too far, absent, far away, distant. longinquitas, -atis [longinquo- + tas], F., distance. longinquus, -a, -um [case-form of longus (perh. loc.)-f cus], adj., long (of time and space), distant, long-continued. longiusculus, -a, -um [longior- + cuius], adj., rather long, a little longer. longus, -a, -um [.'], adj., long (of space and time), far, distant: longum est commemorare (// is too long to, etc., it would take too long to, etc.); ne longum sit, Jtot to be too long. loquor, loqul, locutus [?], 3. v. dep., speak, talk, converse, express one''s self, say (with neuter pron.): auctoritas loquentium {in words). lubet, see libet. lubido, see libido. Lucceius, -i [?], m., an Italian gentile name. — PIsp., Q. Lucceius, a banker at Rhegium. liiceo, liicere, liixT, no. p.p. [luc- (stem of lux)], 2. v. n., shine, beam. Lucius 124 Macedonicus — Fig., be clear, be obvious, be cott- spicuous. Lucius, -i [luc- (in lux)+ius], M., a Roman praenomen. luctuosus, -a, -um [luctu- + osus], adj., full of grief sorrow- ful, distressing. luctus, -us [lug- 4-tus], M., grief sorrozv, mourning. luculentus, -a, -um [lucu- (old form of lux) -f lentus], adj., fill of light, bright: caminus {brightly burning). Lucullus, -i [?], M., a Roman family name. — Esp. : i . Z. Licinins Lncullus, the able general of the third Mithridatic war; 2. M. Li- cinius Lucullus, brother of the pre- ceding. The whole family was rich and cultivated. liicus, -I [prob. luc (in lux) -f us], M., {ati open groz'e, as opposed to the forest), a grove (commonly sacred). ludificatio, -onis [ludifica- +tio], F., derision, mockery. ludus, -T [.'], M., play, sport. — Also, a school, a training-school. — Plur., games (Roman festivals). Iiige5, lugere, luxT, luxurus [tlugo-; cf. \v'^pb{\, 2. V. a. and n., mourn, bewail, lajnent. liimen, -inis [luc + men], n., a light (also fig.): ipsa lamina, the brightest lights. lunter, see linter. luo, luere, lul, luiturus [lu ; cf. \vu)~\, 3. V. a., loose. — Esp., pay, suffer (a penalty), atone for (a fault). lupa, -ae [.^ cf. Xukos], f., a she- wolf — Also, a prostitute. lupinus, -a, -um [lupo- + inus], adj., of a wolf, of the wolf (the nurse of Romulus and Remus). lustro, -are, -avi, -atus [lustro-], I. V. a., purify. — Hence, go over (for purification), pass over. lustrum, -T [unc. form from lu + trum; cf. monstrum], n., a slough. — Hence, a brothel. — Hence in plur., debauchery. lutum, -i [lu + turn (neut. of -tus)], N. i^" the wash"), mud, mire. lux, lucis [luc (in luceo) as stem], F., light, light of the smi, sunlight, open light, daylight : ante lucem, before daybreak. luxuria, -ae (also -ies, -iel) [tlux- uro- (luxu -f rus) -f ia], f., luxuty, 7'iototis living, fast livers (cf. inven- tus, the youth). liixuries, -el, see luxuria. M M., abbreviation of Marcus. M [corruption of CI3 (orig. $) through influence of mille], 1000. M'., abbreviation for Manius. Macedonia, -ae [Ma/ceSoi^m], f., the country originally bounded by Thessaly and Epirus, Thrace, Paeonia, and Illyria ; finally con- quered by T. Quinctius Flamininus, B.C. 197. Macedonicus, -a, -um [Ma^ce- So^tKOs], adj., Macedoniati. machinator 125 magnus machinator, -oris [machina- -f tor], M., a contriver, a inanager. machinor, -arl, -atus [machina-], I. V. dep., contrive, invent, engineer, plot. macto, -are, -avi, -atus [macto-], 1. V. a., sacrifice, slaughter, punish, pursue (with punishment). macula, -ae [?], f., a spot, a stain. maculo, -are, -avi, -atus [macu- la-], I. V. a., stain, pollute. madefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus [made- (stem akin to madeo) + facio], 3. V. a., moisten, wet. Maecius, -i [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Sp. Ma;cius {Tarpa), who had charge of the games in Pompey's theatre. Maelius (Melius), -I [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Sp. Mcelius, a Roman, killed, B.C. 439, by Servilius Ahala, on the charge of aiming at regal power. maereo (moer-), -ere, no perf., no p.p. [tmaero-; cf. maestus], 2. V. a. and n., mourn, grieve, be in sorrow, grieve for, mourn for. \ maeror (moe-), -oris [maes- (cf. maestus) -f or], m., grief, sorrow, sadness. maestitia (moes-), -ae [maesto- -f tia], F., sadness, sorrow. maestus (moe-), -a, -um [mis ? (in miser) -+- tus], p.p. of maereo as adj., sad, sorrowful. magis [mag (in magnus) + ius (n. compar. sufifix)], adv., more, rather, more than usual, better. — See also maxima. magister, -tri [magis -f ter ; cf. alter], M., a master, a ft instructor, a teacher. magistra, -ae [f em. of preceding], F., a mistress, a teacher (female, or conceived as such). magistratus, -us [magistra- (as if stem of tmagistro) -f tus], M., a ynagistracy (office of a magis- trate). — Concretely, a magistrate (cf. " the powers that be "). magnifice [old abl. of magni- ficus], adv., magnificently, hand- somely, finely. magnificentior, see magnificus. magnificus,-a,-um [magno-tficus (fac -f us)], adj., splendid, grand, magnificent. — Compar., magnifi- centior, -ius. magnitude, -inis [magno- + tudo], v., greatness, great size, size, extent, stature, great extent, enor- mity, great amount, iftiportatice : animi magnitude, lofty spirit, no- bleness of soul. magnopere, see opus. magnus, -a, -um [mag (in- crease) + nus ; cf. magis], adj., great (in any sense, of size, quan- tity, or degree), large, extensive, important, serious, deep (ignominia), violent (minas), loud (clamor), 7'ich (fructus), powerfil (subsidium) : magni habere, to value highly, make much account of ; magni interest, it is of great importatice ; magnum et sanctum, a great and sacred thing; magnum et amplum co- gitare, have great and lofty ideas. — See also Magnus. — maior, -ius, compar., in usual sense. — Also, Magnus 126 manifestus maior (with or without natu), elder ^ older. — In plur. as subst., elders, ancestors : pecunia maior, a ^^rcater amount 0/ money. — maximus, -a, -um, superl., largest, very large, greatest, very great, very loud, most important, etc. — See also Maximus. Magnus, -T [magnus], m., a Roman name. maiestas, -atis [maios- (orig. .stem of maior) + tas], F., (superi- ority), majesty, dignity. — Esp. (for maiestas deminuta), treason. maior, compar. of magnus. Maius, -a, -um [Mata], adj., of May. male [old abl. of malus], adv., badly, ill, not well, hardly : loqui {abusively) ; existimare {ill, evil). maledictum, -T [male dictum], N., an insult (in words), abuse. maleficium, -T [malefico- + ium], N., harm, mischief, a crime, a misdeed. malitia, -ae [malo- + tia], f., wickedness, trickery. malitiose [old abl. of malitio- sus], adv., by trickery. malleolus, -I [malleo- + lus], m., {a hammer), a grenade, afire-dart. Mallius, -i [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Mallius Glaucia, a friend of T. Roscius. — See also Manlius. malo, malle, maluT, no p.p. [mage- (for magis) volo], irr. v. a. and n., wish more, wish rather, prefer, will (etc.) rather, choose rather. malus, -a, -um [?], adj., bad (in all senses), ///, wretched. — peior, -us, compar. — pessimus, -a, -um, superl. — malum, -i, neut. as subst., mischief, evil, har7n, misfortune, trouble : malus civis (dangerous, pernicious). Mamertinus, -a, -um [Mamert- + inus, of Mar s^ adj., Mamertine (belonging to a body of mercenary troops who seized the city of Mes- sina). — Masc. plur. as subst., the Mamertities (the inhabitants of the city captured by these adventurers). manceps, -ipis [manu-tceps ; cf. princeps], m., a purchaser. mancus, -a,-um [?], adj., maimed, crippled. mandatum, -i [neut. p.p. of man- do], N., a trust (given to one), in- structions (given), <7 message (given). mando, -are, -avT, -atus [?, tman- ' do- (manu-do)], i. v. a., put into ofie^s hands, entrust, instruct (give instructions to), commit, consign, confer (honores, imperia), order, command : eaanimis (let sink, etc.). mane [abl. of tmanis (.'', ma + nis ; cf. matuta, maturus)], adv-, /« the morning, early in the morning. maneo, manere, mansi, mansu- rus [unc. stem akin to fihuj], 2. v. n., stay, remain, stay at home, continue, last, persist in, abide by. manicatus, -a, -um [manica- -f / tus], adj., long-sleeved, with sleeves. manifesto [abl. of manifestus], adv., iji the act, red-handed, clearly, obviously. manifestus, -a, -um [manu- festus (cf. iniQstns), caught by lay- ing on the hand?"], adj., caught Manilius 127 Marius itt the act, pj-oved by direct evi- dence (as opposed to circumstantial evidence), overt, clear, ma7iifest, audacious, rampant: audacia {iin- hlushing, as not attempting con- cealment). Manilius, -I [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : i. C. Ma- nilius, a tribune of the people, B.C. 66, who proposed the law giving Pompey command in the East ; 2. M\ Alanilius, an eminent legal authority. Manius, -1 [mane (?) -f ius], m., a Roman praenomen. Manlianus, -a, -um [Manlio- + anus], adj., of Manlius. Manlius, -i [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : i. Q. Man- lius, a juror in the case of Verres ; 2. C. Manlius {Mallius), one of Catiline's accomplices. man5, -are, -avi, no p.p. [}'], I. v. n., Jlow, spread. mansuete [old abl. of mansue- tus], adv., mildly, kindly. mansuetudo, -inis [manu-tsue- tudo], F., 7nildness, gentleness. mansuetus, -a, -um [manu-sue- tus], adj., (wotited to the hand), tarne, gentle, kind. manubiae, -arum [?, akin to manus], F. plur., money derived from booty, booty. manumitto (also separate), -mit- tere, -misT, -missus [manu-mitto], 3. V. a., {let go from Okie's hand), manumit, free. manus, -us [?], F., the hand, violence. — Also (cf. manipulus), a company, a band, a troop. — Also, handwriting : in manibus habere, have on hand, have ; manu factum, 7vrought by art. — Cf . also manu- mittere. Marcellus, -I [Marculo- (Marco- -f lus)-f Ius], M., (the little ham- mer?), a Roman family name. — Esp. : I . M. Claudius Marcellus, the conqueror of Syracuse, B.C. 212; 2. M. Claudius Marcellus, an unworthy member of the same great family; 3. M. Claudius Mar- cellus, consul B.C. 51, defended by Cicero before Ca;sar; 4. C. Clau- dius Marcellus, consul B.C. 50, cousin of the preceding. Marcius (Martius ?), -1 [.^ Mart- + ius ?], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., C. Marcius, a Roman knight. Marcus, -i [.^ mar (in morior, etc.) -f cus, the hammer?, the war- rior?'], M., a Roman praenomen. mare, -is [?], n., the sea, a sea: terra marique, 071 land and sea. maritimus (-tumus), -a, -um [marl- -f timus ; cf. finitimus], adj., of the sea, sea-, maritime, naval, on the sea. maritus, -1 [stem akin to mas [male) -f tus], M., a husband. Marius, -1 [.'], m., a Roman gen- tile name. Esp. : i. C. Marius, the opponent of Sulla and the champion of the popular against the aristocratic party. He con- quered the Cimbri and Teutones, B.C. loi, and freed Rome from the fear of a Northern invasion. In his sixth consulship, B.C. 100, he killed the demagogues Saturninus 128 meditor and Glaucia : Mario consule et Catulo (B.C. 102); 2. J/. Marius, a friend of Cicero. marmor, -oris \_\ perh. mar reduplicated], N., marble. marmoreus, -a, -um [marmor- + eus], adj., of marble, viarble. Mars, Martis [.^ perh. mar (in morior) + tis, the slayer, but more probably of wolves than of men in battle], M., Mars, originally prob- ably a god of husbandry defending the sheep, but afterwards identified with the Greek "ApT^s and wor- shipped as the god of war: Mars communis {the favor of the god of war) ; Martis vis, the violence of war. Martius, -a, -um [Mart- -\- ius], adj., of Mars, of March. — Martia, the title of a legion active in the struggle against Antony. Massilia, -ae [?], f., Marseilles. Massiliensis, -e [Massilia- -f ensis], adj., of Marseilles. — Masc. plur. as subst., the people of Mar- seilles. mater, -tris [?, prob. ma {create) -f ter], F., a mother, a matron. mater familias [see the words], F., a matron. materia, -ae (-es, -el) [?, prob. mater- -f la (fern, of -ius)], f., wood (cut, for material), timber (cf. lignum, wood for fuel). — Fig., source, instrument. maternus, -a, -um [mater- -fnus], adj., 7naternal, of one'' s mother. matiire [old abl. of maturus], adv., early, speedily. matiiritas, -atis [mature- + tas], F., maturity, full development. matur5, -are, -avi, -atus [ma- ture-], I. V. a. and n., hasten, make haste, anticipate, forestall. matiirus, -a, -um [fmatu- (ma (in mane)-f tus)-(- rus], adj., early. — Also (by unc. connection of ideas), ripe, mature. matutinus, -a, -um [matuta (cf. mane, maturus) -f inus], of the morjiing, mor7iing-, early : tempora {tnorning hotirs). maxime [old abl. of maximus], adv., in the greatest degree, most, very, especially, very much. maximus, superl. of magnus. Maximus, -I [superl. of magnus, as subst.], M., a Roman family name. Medea, -ae [MT75eta], f., the daughter of ^etes, king of Colchis, who eloped with Jason. Sheis often represented in works of art. medeor, -eri, no p.p. [medo- ( whence medicus, remedium), root unc; cf. /j.ap9du(jo, but also meditor], 2. V. dep., attend (as a physician), heal. — Fig., remedy, relieve, cure, treat, apply a remedy. medicinus, -a, -um [medico- + inus], 2i.dc]., medical. — Esp., medi- cina (sc. ars), juedicine, the art of healing, a remedy. mediocris, -ere [medio- -f cris ; cf. ludicer], adj., middling, mod- erate, ordinary, tolerable, within hounds, small, trifling, slight. mediocriter [mediocri- -f ter], adv., moderately, slightly, somewhat. meditor, -arl, -atus [tmedito- (as if p.p. of medeor)], i. v. dep., {practise ?), dwell upo)i (in thought), medius 129 think of, meditate. — meditatus, -a, -um, p.p. in pass, sense, practised. medius, -a, -um [ivied (cf. Eng. mid^ + ius], adj., the middle of (as noun in Eng.), mid-: in medio and in medium, abroad, in piildic, to puidic notice, to light, before the world, before you, etc. ; ex media morte, from the Jazus of death, from instant death ; de medio, oitt of the luay. mehercule (mehercle, meher- cules, also separate) [me hercules (iuvet)], adverbial exclamation, bless y oil! bless me! upon my word, good heavens! as snre as I live, as I live, and the like. melior, -ius, compar. of bonus. membrum, -i [.^ prob. formed with suffix -rum (neut. of -rus)], N., a limb, a part of tlie body. memini, -isse [perf. of man, in mens, etc.], def. v. a., rei7iember, bear in mind, keep in mind. Memmius, -I [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., C. Mem7?iins, a worthy Roman murdered at the instigation of Saturninus and Glaucia. memor, -oris [prob. smar redu- plicated], adj., remembering, mind- ful. memoria, -ae [memor- + ia], f., {7?zindfHlness), memory, recollection, remembrance, power of memory: memoria retinere, remember ; me- moriam prodere, hand dowii the 7nemory, of something; memoriam deponere, cease to reijiember ; me- moriae proditum, handed down by tradition ; dignum memoria, worthy of remeinbrance ; post hominum memoriam, since the memory of man, zvithin the, etc.; litterarum {testimoJiy); publica {record). mendacium, -I [mendac- + ium], N., falsehood, a falsehood. mendicitas, -atis [mendico- -f tas], F., beggary. mens, mentis [man -f- tis (re- duced)], ¥., a thought, t/ie intellect (as opposed to the moral powers, cf. animus), the mind, a state of mind, a chaJige of mind, a pur- pose : mentes animique, minds and hearts : oculismentibusque, eyesajid thoughts ; venit in mentem, it occurs to one. mensa, -ae [?], f., a table. mensis, -is [unc. form fr. ma (cf. Gr. jxrjv, Eng. moo7i, tfionth)'], M., a m 071th. mentio, -onis [as if man (in memini) + tio (prob. menti- (stem of mens) -h 0)], f., mei:tio7i. mentior, -Irl, -Itus [menti- (stem of mens)], 4. v. dep., lie, speak falsely. mercator, -oris [tmerca- -f tor], M., a t7'ader (who carries his own wares abroad). mercenarius (mercennarius), -a, -um [stem akin to merces -f arius], adj., hired, merce7ia7y, hireli7ig, paid. merces, -edis [tmerce- (akin to merx) + dus (reduced)], F., hire, pay, wages, reward. mereor, -erl, -itus (also mereo, active) [tmero- (akin to /xelpofjiai)], 2. V. dep., wi7i, dese7've, gai7i. — — Also (from earning pay), serve: meretricius 130 militia quid merere ut, etc. {take to, etc.) ; bene meriti cives {deserving); bene mereri de, etc., deserve well of, etc., serve well. — meritus, -a, -urn, p.p. in pass, sense, deserved. meretricius, -a, -um [meretric- + ius], adj., of a harlot, rneretriciotis. merito, see meritum. meritum, -I [neut. of p.p. of mereo], n., desert, service. — merito, abl. as adv., deservedly. merx, mercis [merc + is ; cf. merces], f., merchandise, zvares. Messala, -ae [.^], m., a Roman family name. — Esp.: i. M. Vale- rius Messala, consul B.C. 61, with Marcus Piso ; 2. Another of the same name, consul B.C. 53. Messana, -ae [Mecr 0-77 1/77], f., a city on the east coast of Sicily, opposite the extremity of Italy {Messina). Messienus, -i [.-"J, m., a Roman family name. — Esp., M. Messienus, a friend of Cicero. Messius, -T [?], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., C. Messins, a friend of Pompey. -met [unc. form of pron. ma], intens. pron., self (appended to pronoun for emphasis), often un- translatable. metator, -oris [meta- + tor], m., a measurer, a surveyor. Metellus, -T [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp.: i. Q. Ccecilius Metellus Nepos, brother of Cascilia (which see) and father of Celer No. 5 and Nepos ; 2. M. Metellus, prae- tor B.C. 69, the brother of Q. Metel- lus Creticus No. 3 ; 3. (?. Metellus Cretic7is, consul B.C. 69 ; 4. L. Metel- lus, propraetor in Sicily, B.C. 70; 5. Q. Metellus Celer, praetor B.C. 63, consul B.C. 60, son of No. i ; 6. (). Metellus Baliaricus, consul B.C. 123; 7. Q. Metellus Ahimidicics, consul B.C. 109, cousin of No. 6 ; 8. ^. Me- tellus Pius, praetor B.C. 89, son of No. 7 ; 9. ^. Metellus Nepos, consul B.C. 98, son of No. 6. meto, metere, messul, messus [.'], 3. V. a., cut, reap, gather. metuo, -uere, -ul, -utus [metu-], 3. V. a. and w., fear : aliquid {have any fear). metus, -us [unc. root (perh. ma, think) -f tus], M., fear, anxiety (about). — Often superfluous with other words of fearing : metu ter- ritare, terrify. — Esp. : hoc metu, fear of this. meus, -a, -um [ma (in me) + ius], adj. pron., my, mine, my own : meo iure, 7vith perfect right. miles, -itis [unc. stem akin to mille as root + tis (reduced)], m. and F., a soldier, a common soldier (as opposed to officers), a legion- ary soldier {heavy infa^itry, as opposed to other arms of the serv- ice). — Collectively, the soldiers, the soldiery. militaris, -e [milit--f aris], adj., of the soldiers, T7iilitary : signa {bat- tle-standards); res militaris, mili- tary affairs, war, the art of war ; usus militaris, experience in war ; virtus {of a soldier, soldierly). militia, -ae [milit- + ia], p., military service, service (in the army). mille I ^I mille (indecl.), milia, -ium [akin to miles], adj. (rarely sul^st. in sing., subst. in plur.), a thousand : mille passuum, a thousa)id paces, a mile. millies (miliens) [mille- + iens], adv., a thousand times. Milo, -onis [MiXwj/], m., a famous athlete of Crotona. — Also used as a family name by T. Annius ; see Annius. mimus, -T [/xr/>ios], m., a mimic play, a farce. minae, -arum [min + a], f. plur., {p7'ojections .^), threats, threatening words. minax, -acis [mina- + cus (re- duced)], adj., threatening, metiac- ing. Minerva, -ae [prob. man (in mens) + unc. term.], F., the goddess of intelligence and skill among the Romans. — Also identified with Pallas Athene, and so more or less associated with war. minime [old abl. of minimus], adv., in the smallest degree, least, very little, not at all, by no means : minime vero, not in the least. minimus, -a, -um [lost stem (whence minuo) -fimus; cf. infimus], adj., superb of parvus, smallest, least. — Neut. as subst. and adv., the least, least, very little. minister, -tri [minos (minor) -f ter], M., a servant, an assistant, a minister, a tool, an instrument. minitor, -ari, -at us [tminitS-, as if p.p. of minor; cf. agito], i. v. dep., threaten, threaten vengeance. threaten danger : quam illi mini- tantur, with which they threaten him. minor, -arl, -atus [mina (stem of minae)], i. v. dep., threaten, threaten with danger. minor, -us [lost stem (cf. mini- mus) -f ior (compar. ending)], adj., smaller, less, younger. — Neut. as subst. and adv., less, not much, not very, not so ?nuch, not so: quo minus, the less, that . . . not ; si minus, if not so much, if not. — See also minimus and minime. Minturnae, -arum [?, cf. lutur- na], F. plur., a city on the borders of Latium and Campania. Minucius (Minut-), -T [perh. akin to minus], M., a Roman gen- tile name. — One of the gens^ of unknown praenomen, is character- ized by Cicero as a profligate. minuo, -uere, -uT, -iitus [tminu- (cf. minus)], 3. v. a. and n., lessen, weaken, diminish. minus, see minor. mirifice [old abl. of mirificus], adv., marvellously, prodigiously. miror, -ari, -atus [miro-], i. v. dep., wonder, wonder at, be sur- prised, admire. — miratus, -a, -um, p.p. in pres. sense, surprised. — mirandus, -a, -um, gerundive as adj., marvellous. minis, -a, -um [?, smi (cf. smile) -f rus], adj., surprising, marvel- lous, wo7iderful. — See also nimi- rum. misceS, miscere, miscuT, mixtus (mistus) [tmiscS- (cf. promiscus, miscellus)], 2. v. a., mix, mingle. Misenum 32 modus compose of (a mixture), get up (a disturbance), plan or make a dis- turbance, make confusion. — mix- tus (mistus), -a, -um, p.p., made up of, a mixture of, heterogeneous. Misenum, -I \)<\iith institutions (good or bad) : bene {well regu- lated). morbus, -T [mar (in morior) + bus (cf. turba)], m., sickness, ill- ness. morior, morl (morlrl), mortuus (moriturus) [mar (cf. mors), but prob. in part denominative], 3. v. dep., die. — mortuus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., dead, in one's grave. 134 multus moror, -arl, -atus [mora-], i. v. dep., retard, hinder, delay. mors, mortis [mar + tis], f., death. — Also, a dead body. mortalis, -e [morti- (reduced) + alls], adj., ffiortal, of viortals. mortuus, -a, -um, p.p. of morior. mos, m5ris [.''], m., a custom, customs, a practice, a usage, a way (of acting), an institutioft, a prece- dent. — Plur., customs, habits, char- acter (as consisting of habits ; cf. ingenium and indoles, of native qualities) ; imperitus morum {of the ways of meti); mos maiorum, the custom, institutio?is, or prece- dents of oitr ancestors ; mores ! what a state of things ! motus, -a, -um, p.p. of moveo. mStus, -us [movi- (as stem of moveo) -f tus], m., a mo7'ement, a disturbaiice, a?i uprising, coni?no- tion, acti7)ity, change : terrae motus, ati earthquake. moveo, movere, movT, m5tus [}, prob. denominative], 2. v. a., set in motion, ?noz'e, stir, influence, affect, have an effect upon, dislodge (in military language), cause eniotioji in, shake. Miicius, -1 [?], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Q. Mucins Sccevola, an eminent jurist. mucro, -5nis [.^], M., a point of a sword, a point, a blade, a dagger. mulco, -are, -avi, -atus [?, cf. mulceo ?], I . V. a., {soften ?), roughly handle, maltreat. mulcta, see multa. mulcto, see multo. muliebris, -e [mulier- + bris ; cf. salubris], adj., womanly, a %voman''s, effefninate. mulier, -eris [?],?.,« woman. — Of an effeminate man, a mere zvoman. muliercula, -ae [mulier- + cula], F., a little woman. — Hence with notion of affection, compassion, or contempt, a favorite wofuan, a mis- tress, a helpless 2iJo??ian, a poor woman. multa (mulcta), -ae [prob. mule (in mulceo) + ta (fem. of -tus)], F., a fine. multitudo, -inis [multo- + tudo], F., a great mwiber, great numbers, nutnber (generally). — Esp., the multitude, the common people, a mob, a crowd: tanta multitudo, so great numbers, this great juultitude. mult5, see multus. multo (mulcto), -are, -avI, -atus [multa-, for mulcto, freq. of mul- ceo], I. V. di., punish (by fine), de- prive (one of a thing as a punish- ment), /««/j-/z (generally). multum, see multus. multus, -a, -um [?, perh. root of mille, miles, -f tus], adj., much, many, numerous : multo die, late in the day ; ad multam noctem, //// late at night ; multa de nocte, early in the morning, lo7ig before day ; satis multa verba facere {a sufficient 7iumber of, etc., enough); multa committere, com?}iit ?nany crimes. — multum, neut. as subst. and adv., much. — Also, plur., multa, much. — multo, abl. as adv., much, far, by far : multo facilius. — pliis, pluris, compar., N. subst. and adv., mulus 135 muto more; plur. as adj., more, much, very. — As subst., more, many, sev- eral, ?nany things, 7nuch : pluris, 0/ greater va/ue, zvorth more. — plurimus, -a, -uni, superl., most, very many, very much : quam plurimi, as many as possible; plurimum posse, have most power, be very strong or injluential, have great ability ; plurimum valere, have very great ivcight. mulus, -1 [?], M., a mule. Mulvius (Mil-), -I [?], M. of adj., Mulvian : pons (a bridge across the Tiber near Rome). municeps, -cipis [muni- (cf. moenia), -ceps (cap as stem)], M. and F., {one who takes his share of picblic duties^, a citizen of a municipal town, a fellozv-citizen (of such a town). miinicipium, -I [municip- + ium], N., {a collection of citizens ; cf. municeps). — Esp., a free town (of citizens enjoying civil rights, though not always full Roman citizens), a jnunicipality (perhaps including several towns, but under one government). munio, -ire, -Ivi (-il), -it us [muni- (stem of moenia)], 4. v. a. and n., fortify. — Less exactly, protect, defend, furnish (by way of pro- tection). — Esp. (prob. original meaning), make (by embankment), build, pave : castra ; iter. muniti5, -onis [muni- + tio], f., fortification (abstractly). — Con- cretely, a fortification, works, forti- fications, defences, engineering (of a dam). mtinlto, -are, -avT, -atus [muni- to-], I. v. 2i., fortify, make (a way), pave (fig.): quam viam munitet, IV hither he is paving the way. munitus, -a, -um [p.p. of munio], as adj., well fortified, strongly fortified, strong, well defended, well protected. miinus, -eris [mun (as if root of moenia) + us, orig. share (cf. moenia)], N., a duty, a service, a functioji, a task, an office. — Also, {a contribution), a tribute, a gift, a presejit. — Esp., a show (of gladia- tors, in a manner a gift of the pre- siding officer). Murena, -ae [murena, lamprey^, M., a Roman family name. — Esp., L. Liciniiis Murena, who acted as propraetor against Mithridates without success, and was recalled by Sulla. murus, -I [.^], M., a wall (of de- fence in itself considered; cf. moenia, defences, and paries, a house wall). Miisa, -ae [MoOo-a], f., a muse. — Plur., the Muses (as patrons of literature). mutatio, -onis [muta- + tio], F., a change : vestis {ptcttingonmourn- ing). Mutina, -ae [.^], f., a town in Cisalpine Gaul, famous in the war between Antony and the senatorial party in B.C. 43, now Modena. miit5, -are, -avi, -atus [prob. same as moto, for tmovito-], i. v. a., change, change for the better (remedy), alter: vestem (//<■/ on mourning): veste mutata esse, appear in moicrnijig. mutus 136 nauta mutus, -a, -um [?, cf. musso], adj., dumb, mute, voiceless, silent. myoparo, -onis \_ixvoirdpwv], m., a cutter (?, a light piratical vessel). Myron (Myro), -onis [Greek], M., a celebrated Attic sculptor of the fifth century B.C. mystagOgUS, -I [/xvcrraYWYos], M., a hierophant, a aistodiati (one who shows sacred objects in a temple). Mytilenaeus, -a, -um [MitiXt?- voLos], adj., of Alytilene. Mytilene, -es (-ae, -arum) [Gr.], F., a famous city of Lesbos. N nae, see ^ne. nam [case-form of na ; cf. tam, quam], conj., now (introducing ex- planatory matter), /fr. nanciscor, -cisci, nactus (nanc- tus) [nac ; cf. nactus], 3. v. dep., find, get, procure, light upon, get hold of, obtain. narro, -are, -avi, -atus [for gna- rigo, fr. tgnarigo- (gnaro-tagus ; cf. navigo)], i. v. a., make known, tell, relate, recount. — Absolutely, tell the story. nascor, nascT, natus [gna ; cf. gigno], 3 V. dep., be born, arise, be produced, spring up, be raised : non scripta sed nata lex {imtural, born with us) ; ei qui nascentur, those who shall come hereafter : Africa nata ad, etc., {made by nature); con- iuratio nascens (at its birth). — Par- ticiple sometimes spelled gnatus. Nasica, -ae [naso- -f ica (fern, of -icus)], M., a Roman family name. — Esp., P. Cornelius Scipio A'asica Serapio, consul B.C. 138, who led the attack by which Tiberius Gracchus was killed. natalis, -e [natu- (or nato-) -f alis], adj., of one''s birth : dies (birthday). natio, -onis [gna + tio, perh. through noun-stem ; cf. ratio], F., (a birth), a race, a nation, a tribe, a clan. nato, -are, -avi, -atus [tnato- (p.p. of no)], I. V. n., swim.. natura, -ae [natu- -f ra (fem. of -rus)], F., {birth), nature, natu- ral character, character : naturam explere {the dejnands of nature) ; habitus naturae, natural endow- ments ; natura rerum, jVature, as ruler of the world, the universe ; natura, by nature, naturally. natiiralis, -e [natura- -f lis (perh. -alis)], adj., tmtural, of natiire : ius naturale, luxttiral law, the law of nature (as opposed to civil law). natus, -us [gna + tus], m., birth : maiores natu, elders. naufragium, -I [naufrago- + ium], N , a shipzvreck. naufragus, -a, -um [navi-tfra- gus (frag + us)], adj., shipwrecked, of brokcfi fortunes, ruined ; wrecked and ruined man, castaway. nausea (-ia), -ae {yavaia], f., seasicktiess. nauta, -ae [perh. vai)Tr]%\, m,, a sailor, a boat??ian. nauticus 137 nauticus, -a, -um [nauta- + cus], adj., of a sailor (or sailors), naval. navalis, -e [navi- (reduced) + alls], adj., of ships, naval, fuari- tinie. navicularius, -i [navicula- + arius], m., a shipmaster. navigatio, -onis [naviga- + tio], F., a sailing, a voyage, travelling by sea, a trip (by sea) : mercatorum {(voyages) . navigium, -1 [inavigo- (.^ navi + tagus) + ium], n., a vessel {gen- erally), "a cra/t," a boat. navigo, -are, -avT, -atus [tnavi- go- (see navigium)], i. v. n., sail, make voyages, take a voyage, sail the sea. navis, -is [(s)nu (increased), with added i; cf. vav'f\, F., a ship, a vessel, a boat, a galley. ine (nae) [na, of unc. relation to the others], adv., surely, I am sure, most assuredly. ^ne [na, unc. case-form], conj., lest, that . . . 7iot, not to (do zwy- \\\\x\^, from (doing anything), so that . . . not, for fear that, from (doing anything). — .After expres- sions of fear and danger, that, lest. With indep. subj. as a prohibition, do not, let not, etc. — With quidem, not evefi, Jiot . . . either, nor . . . either. — Esp., videre ne, see to it that 7iot, take care lest, see zvhcther . . . not. See also nequis. -ne (enclitic) [prob. same as ne, orig. = nonne], conj., 7iot? (as a question ; cf. nonne), whether, did (as question in Eng.), do, etc. — See also necne. Neapolis, -is [XedTroXts], f., a part of the city of Syracuse. — Also, other cities of Italy and Greece. Neapolitanus, -a, -um [Neapoli- -f tanus], adj., of N'eapolis, in Campania, iVeapolitan. — Masc. plur. as subst., the Neapolitans. nebulo, -onis [nebula- + 0], m., {a ?na?i of no substance), a worth- less fellow, a scamp, a trickster, a kfiave. nec, see neque. necessarius, -a, -um [tnecesso- (reduced) + arius], adj., {closely bound?), necessary, pressitig, una- voidable, absolutely necessary, need- fd,indispensable. — Also, as subst., a connection (a person bound by any tie), a close friend, a friend.— ■ necessario, abl. as aAv., of necessity, n ecessa rily, u 7ia void a bly . necesse [?, ne-cess6-], indecl. ^.^i]., necessary, unavoidable. — With est, it is jiecessary, it is unavoidable, one must, 07te cannot but, 07te must inevitably. necessitas, -atis [tnecesso- -f tas], F., 7iecessity, C07istrai7it, com- pulsio7i, exige7icy. necessitiido, -inis [tnecesso- + tudo], F., close co7i7tectio7i (cf. neces- sarius), i7itimacy (close relatio7is), a bond, a relatio7i (which creates a bond of union). necne [nec ne], conj., or 7iot (in double questions). neco, -are, -avi (-uT), -atus (-tus) / [nec- (stem of nex)], i. v. a., //// to death, kill, 7nurdcr (in cold blood): fame {starve to death). nefandus 138 nequitia nefandus, -a, -um [ne-f andus] , adj., tifispcakable, infamous, detest- able, abominable. nefarie [old abl. of nefarius], adv., infajnously, wickedly, abominably . nefarius, -a, -um [nefas- -f ius], z.dJ]., wicked, infamous, abominable. nefas [ne-fas], n. indecl., a crifne (against divine law), an irnpiety, a sacrilege. neglegenter (necle-, negli-) [neglegent- -f ter], adv., carelessly, negligently. neglego (necleg5, negligo), -legere, -lexT, -lectus [nee (= ne) -lego], 3. V. a., not regard, disregard, neglect, leave unavenged, leave iin- punished, care nothingfor, abandon, sacrifice. nego, -are, -avi, -atus [?, poss. ne-aio], i. v. a. and n., say 710, say . . . not, refuse. negotiator, -oris [negotia- -f tor], M., a merchant. — Esp., a money- lender, a capitalist. Cf. mercator, a trader who goes with his wares. negotior, -arl, -atus [negotio-], I. V. dep., do business. — Esp., be a merchant, be a banker (cf. nego- tium). negotium, -I [nec-otium] , n., busitiess, occupation, undertaking. — Less definitely, a matter, a thing, an affair, a business (as in Eng.), an enterprise, one^s affairs ; meum negotium agere, attend to my own interests. — Also, difficulty, trouble. nemo, tneminis [ne-homo], c, no otie, nobody. — Almost as adj., no. — Esp., non nemo, one and another, one or two, one or more. nempe [nam-tpe; cf. quippe], con j ., to wit, namely, precisely, why ! now, you see, you knozv, of course. nemus, -oris [nem -f us ; cf. vefio}^, N., [pasture .^), agrove (prob. open, affording pasture). — Esp., a sacred grove. nepos, -Otis [.^], M., a grandson. — Also, a spendthrift (orig. a spoiled pet of his grandfather). Nepos, -Otis [same word as pre- ceding], M., a Roman family name, see Metellus. nequam [prob. ne-quam {Jiow)\ cf. nequaquam], indecl. adj., worth- less (opposed to frugi), good for f tot king, shiftless. nequando, see ne and quando. nequaquam [ne-quaquam (cf. ea, qua)], adv., in no way, by no ?neans, not at all. neque (nee) [ne-que], adv., and not, nor : neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor. — See also enim. nequeo, -quire, -quivl, -quitus [ne-queo], 4. v. n. def., cannot, be unable. ne . . . quidem, see ne. nequi(d)quam (nequic-) [ne . . . qui(d)quam], adv., to no purpose, in vain, not without reason. nequior, nequissimus, compar. and superl. of nequam. nequis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod) [ne-quis], indef. pron., that no one, etc., and in all the dependent uses of ne : ut nequis, that 7to one. nequitia, -ae [nequi- (as if stem of nequam or nequis) -f tia], f., zvorthlessfiess, shiftlessness, feeble- ness (in action). 39 noctu nervus, -i [prob. for tnevrus ; cf. peupov], M., a Sinew. — Fig., in plur., strength, vigor, sinews (as in Eng.). nescio, -scire, -scivi (-il), -scTtus [ne-scio], 4. v. a., not knozu, be una- ware.— VhxdiSQS : nescio an, I knozv not but, I am inclined to think, very likely; nescio quis, etc., some one, I know not who (almost as indef. pron.), some, some iificertain, some obsctire ; illud nescio quid praecla- rum, that inexplicable something preeminent, etc. ; nescio quo modo, sotnehow or other, I know not hoiv (parenthetical), ?nysterionsly, curi- ously enough. Nestor, -oris \j^^(Tr{op\, m., a king of Pylos. In his old age he was prominent in the Trojan war as a wise counsellor. neuter, -tra, -trum, gen. -trius [ne-uter], adj. pron., neither. — Plur., neither party, neither side. neve (neu) [ne-ve], con]., or 7iot, and not, nor. nex, necis [?], y., death, murder, assassination. nihil, see nihilum. nihilum, -T [ne-hilum?], n. and nihil, indecl., nothing, no>ie : ni- hil respondere, jnake tio answer. — nihil5, abl. as adv., none, no. — nihil, ace. as adv., not at all, no, not : nihil valet, has no weight, etc. ; nihil interest, it makes no differ- ence ; nonnihil, somewhat, a little. Nilus, -I [NetXos], M., the iVile, the great river of Egypt. nimirum [ni (= ne) -mirum], adv., {no wonder), dotibtless, of course, that is to say, unquestio>iablv. no doubt (half ironical), / suppose, forsootJi . nimis [prob. compar.], adv., too, too much, over much : nimis urgeo {too closely). nimius, -a, -um [nimi- (?, stem of positive of nimis) + ius], adj., too much, too great, excessive. — nimium, n. as adv., too, too much. Ninnius, -I [.'], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., a tribune of the people, who proposed the law for Cicero's return. nisi [ne-si], conj., {not . . . if), unless, except: nisi si, except in case, unless. niteo, -ere, no perf., no p.p. [prob. tnito; cf. nitidus], 2. v. n., shine, glistoi. nitidus, -a, -um [tnito- + dus], adj., shining, glistening, sleek. nitor, nltl, nisus (nixus) [prob. genu], 3. V. dep., {strain with the knee against something), struggle, strive, exert one''s self, rely Jipon, depend, rest. nix, nivis [?], f., sjiozv. nobilis, -e [as if (g)no (root of nosco)-|- bills], adj., famous, noble, well-born (cf. "notable"). nobilitas, -atis [nobili- + tas], F., nobility, fame. — Concretely,///^ nobility, the ?wbles. nocens, p. of noceo. noceo,nocere,-uT, nociturus [akin to nex], 2. v. n., do hartn to, injjire, harm, harass. — nocens, -entis, p. as adj., hurtful, guilty (of some harm). noctii [abl. of tnoctus (noc (cf. noceo?) -f tus)], as adv., by night, ifi the niirht. nocturnus 140 nocturnus, -a, -urn [perh. noctu- + urnus; cf. diuturnus], adj., of the night, nightly, nocturnal, in the night, by night: nocturno tempore, /'« the night. nol5, nolle, ndluT [ne-volo], irr. V. a. and n., not wish, be taiwilling, wish not, not like to have, will not {would not, etc.). — Esp. with inf. as (polite) imperative, do not, do not think of (doing, etc.). — Also, nollem, / should hope not, I should be so7'ry. nomen, -inis [(g)no (root of nosco) + men], n., a name (what one is known by), name (fame, prestige). — As a name represents an account, ait account {a co7npte), an item (of an account) : meo no- mine, on niy account ; eo nomine, on that account; classium nomine {under pretence, etc.). nominatim [ace. of real or supposed tnominatis (nomina- + tis)], adv., by name (individually), especially. n5mino, -are, -avi, -atus [nomin-], I. V. a., navie, mention, call by name, call: nominari volunt {to have their names metitioned). non [ne-oenum (unum)], adv., 710, not: non est dubium, there is no doubt ; non mediocriter, iti no small degree; non poteram non, / could not but, etc. N5nae, see nonus. nondum, see dum. n5nne [non ne], adv., is not? does not? etc. nonnemo, see nemo. nonnihil, see nihil. nonnuUus, see nuUus. nonnumquam, see numquam. nonus, -a, -um [novem- + nus], num. adj. ,///(? ninth. — Esp., Nonae, -arum, F. plur. as subst., the Agones (the ninth day, according to Ro- man reckoning, before the Ides, falling either on the fifth or seventh, see Idus). nos, see ego. nosco, noscere, novT, notus / [(g)no], 3. V. a., learn, become ac- quainted with. — In perfect tenses, know, be acquainted with : sciunt ei qui me norunt, they know who are acquaijited with me ; nee novi nee scio, / don''t know (the law before mentioned), nor do I know (the fact). — notus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., known, familiar, well- kno7U)i. nosmet, see -met. noster, -tra, -trum [prob. nos (nom. plur.)+ ter], adj. pron., oztr, ours, of ours, of us. — Often of one person, my, mine, of mine. nota, -ae [gxo -f ta (fem. of -tus ?], F., a mark, a brand, a stain. noto, -are, -avi, -atus [nota-], I. V. a., mark, designate, bra7td, stigmatize. novem [?], indecl. num. adj., ni)ie. Novembris, -e [novem- + bris ; cf. salubris], adj., of A^ovember. novicius, -a, -um [novo- + icius], did]., fresh, raw, untrained. novus, -a, -um [?, cf. Eng. 7teu<\, adj., new, Jiovel, fresh, unprece- dented, strange : res novae, a cha7ige of government, revolution. 141 nuper nox, noctis [akin to noceo], f., night. noxia, -ae [noc (in noceo) + unc. term.], f., crime, guilt. nudius [num (?) -dius (dies)], only in nom. with tertius, now the third day, three days ago. nudo, -are, -avi, -at us [nudo-], I . V. a., lay bare, strip, expose. — Less exactly, clear, rob, despoil, strip (as in Eng.): nudavit se, stripped off his clothing. nudus, -a, -um [?, root (akin to Eng. naked) + ^\xs\, adj., naked, bare, unprotected, exposed. — Hence, stripped, robbed, destitute. nugae, -arum \T\, f. plur., trifles, follies. — Esp. of persons, a man of follies, a frivolous person. nullus, -a, -um [ne-uUus], adj., not . . . any, not any, no, none of : quae nulla, none of which. — Often equivalent to an adverb, not, not at iXi7r7roj], M., a common Greek and Roman proper name. — Esp.: i. Philip V., king of Macedonia, defeated at Cyno- scephalae, B.C. 197 ; 2. L. Philippus, consul B.C. 91. philosophia, -ae [0tXo(ro0ia], f., philosophy, philosophical principles. philosophus, -T \(^L\b(TO(t)oi\, m., a philosopher. Picenus, -a, -um [tpice- (as a kindred stem to picus) + nus],adj., {of the woodpecker .^). — Also, of Picenum (a region in eastern Italy, north of Rome). — Picenum, -i, N., the region itself. pictor, -oris [pig -\- tor], m., a painter. pictura, -ae [tpictu (pig -f- tus) -f ra; cf. figura], f., painting, a painting. pie [old abl. of pius], adv., duti- fully, religiously, with dutiful affec- tivn. pietas, -atis [pio- + tas], f., fllial affectioti, affection (for the gods or one's country, etc.), pa- triotism, religion (as a sentiment), piety, dutiful affection. pignero 59 plebeius pignero, -are, -avi, -at us [pig- ner-], i. v. 3.., pledge. — Pass, as dep., take as a pledge, clami as one's own. pignus, -oris (eris) [tpign- (as stem of pango or tpagino) + us ; cf. f acinus], n., (^z pledge, a security. — Fig., a Jwstage (rei publicae). pila, -ae [?, but cf. pello], f., a ball, hall (as a game). pilum, -T \J\ N., a pestle. — Also, a javelin (the peculiar weapon of the Roman legion, with a heavy shaft 2 or 3 in. thick and 4 ft. long, and an iron head, making a missile more than 6 ft. long, and weighing over 10 lbs.). pingo, pingere, pTnxI, pictus [pig, cf. TToktXos], 3. V. n., {daub with a greasy substance ?), paint. pinguis, -e \), possibly ping- (as root of pingo) + us (with inserted i as in levis; cf. the early meth- ods of painting with wax)], adj., fat. — Hence, stupid, clumsy, coarse. pirata, -ae [TreipaTijs, an ad- vent}irer'\, M., a sea-roz>er (perhaps like the ancient Northmen ; cf. praedo, a pirate, more in the modern sense), a corsair, a free- booter, a pi7-ate (without the above distinction). piscis, -is [.?], M., afish. — Qo\- lectively,y?j-/z. Pis5, -onis [piso- + 0], m., (a man with a wart like a pea .? cf. Cicero), a Roman family name. — Esp., L. Calpurnius Piso Caso- nius, father-in-law of Caesar, consul B.C. 58 with Gabinius. Pius, -T [pius], M., a name of Q. Metellus, given him for his dutiful conduct to his father. placeo, -ere, -uT, -itus [tplaco- (cf. Viriplaca, placo, and placidus)], 2. V. n., please, be agreeable. — Esp. in third person, it pleases (one), one likes, ojie approves, it is thoiight best, one thinks best, one determines, it is otters pleasure, one''s vote is. placo, -are, -avi, -atus [tplaca- (cf. Viriplaca) .'', or placo- (cf. pla- cidus)], T. V. a., pacify, appease, reconcile, win ojie's favor. plaga, -ae [flag (in plango) -f a], F., a blow, a stroke, a lash, a stripe. Plancius, -I [Planco- -f ius], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Cn. Plancius, a friend of Cicero and defended by him in a charge of bribery. plane [old abl. of planus], adv., flatly, clearly, plainly, distinctly, utterly, absolutely. planus, -a, -um [unc. root + nus], adj.,7?oiJ'i«:eos], adj., Carthaginian. — Masc. plur. as subst., the Carthaginians. poeta, -ae [ttoit^t'^s], m., a poet. polio, -ire, -ivi (-il), -Itus [.''], 4. V. a., smooth, polish (also fig.). — Also, adorn, beautify. — politus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., acco7nplished, cultivated, refined. polliceor, -licen, -licitus [tpor- (= 7r/)6s ; cf. portendo) -liceor], 2. v. dep., offer, promise (voluntarily ; cf. promitto, by request, etc.), make an offer, propose. PoUio, -onis [?], M., a Roman family name. • — Esp., C. Asinius Pollio, a distinguished orator, statesman, and author. pollu5, -uere, -uT, -utus [tpor- luo], 3. V. a., {stain as by water ?)^ pollute, defile, desecrate, violate. pompa, -ae [tto/xtt??], f., a pro- cession (esp. of a funeral). Pompeius, -1 [tpompe- (dia- lectic form of quinque) + ius], M., a Roman gentile or family name. — Esp., Cneius Pompeius, the great rival of Caesar. Pompeius, -a, -um [same word as preceding], as adj., of Pof?ipey : via Pompeia (a street at Syracuse). Pomptinus (Pont-), -1 [cf. Pom- peius], M., a Roman family name. — - Esp., C. Pomptinus, praetor B.C. 63. pondus, -eris [pend (in pendo) -f us], N., weight. pono, ponere, posuT, positus [prob. tpor-sino (cf. polliceor)], 3. V. a., lay down, place, put, set, class, set before, station, lay. — Fig., place, lay, tnake depend on, base, rest, found. — positus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., situated, lying, depending on, dependent upon. pons, pontis [?], m., a bridge. pontifex i6i portus pontifex, -icis [in form ponti- (stem of pons) tfex (fac as stem) ; connection uncertain, but perhaps from railings in temples, etc.], M., a pontifex (a kind of high priest, of which several formed a board, having in charge most religious matters) : maximus (the chief of these). Pontus, -i [IToi'Tos], M., the ancient name of the Black Sea. — Less exactly, of the region around. — Esp., Pontics, the kingdom of Mithridates, on the south-eastern shore of the sea. popa, -ae [.^], M., aji inferior priest. Popilius, -I [?, cf. popa], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., C. Popilius, a senator, convicted of receiving money illegally. popina, -ae [popa- -f ina (fem. of -inus), butcher's shop .?], F., a tavern (of a low order), a cooks hop, a brothel. popularis, -e [populo- -f aris], adj., of the (a) people, of the popu- lace, popular. — Esp., popular (favoring the people), democratic. — Also, agreeable to the people. populor, -ari,-atus [populo-], i. v. dep., {strip of people } cf. Eng. skin, shell, bark a tree), ravage, devastate. — populatus, -a, -um, p.p. as pass., ravaged, devastated. populus, -I [PAL.^ (in pleo), redu- plicated -f us], M., {the full mmiber, the mass), a people (in its collective capacity), the people (the state), a jtation, a tribe (as opposed to individuals) : populus Romanus (the official designation of the Roman state). — Esp., the people (as dis- tinguished from the higher classes, no longer opposed to plebs), the citizens (including all). Porcius, -T [tPorco- (porous) + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : I. M. Porcius Cato, the Censor, a;dile B.C. 199; 2. M. Porcius Lceca, tribune B.C. 199. Porcius, -a, -um [same word as preceding], adj., of Porcitis (one of the two above mentioned), Por- cian : lex {a law by one of the above, securing the freedom of Roman citizens from stripes and death except by judgment of their peers). porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [tpor- (cf. poUiceor) -rego], 3. v. a., stretch forth, hold out to 07ie,put in one's hajid. porro [.^ akin to tpor (cf. por- rigo)], adv., furthermore, further, moreover, then again. porta, -ae [for (cf. 7r6/3os)+ ta], F., {way of traffic ?), a gate. portentum, -i [p.p. of portendo], N., a portent. — Hence, a monster, a prodigy (of crime or the like). porticus, -us [porta- + cus, the declension prob. a blunder ; cf. senati, etc.], F., a colonnade, a por- tico, ail arcade. porto, -are, -avi, -atus [porta-?], I. V. a., carjy (perh. orig. by way of traffic), bring. portus, -us [for (cf. porta) -f tus], M., {a place of access), a har- bor, a haven, a port: ex portu, froffi customs. posco 162 potentia posco, poscere, poposci, no p.p. [perh. akin to prex], 3. v. a., de- mand (with some idea of claim, stronger than peto, weaker than flagito), require, claim, call for, ask for. possessi5, -onis [tpor-tsessio; cf. obsessio], F., possession, occupa- tion. — Concretely (as in Eng.), possessions, lands (possessed), es- tates : de possessione detrahere {lands in possession) ; libertatis {enjoyment). posside5, -sidere, -sedl, -sessus [tpor-sedeo], 2. v. a., {settle farther on ?), occupy, possess, hold posses- sion of, enjoy. possum, posse, potui [pote, no p.p.(forpotis)-sum],irr.v.n.,(5i'rt^/^, can {eic), be strong, have power, have weight, can do, etc. : plurimum po- test, is very strong, is very able, has the greatest advantage ; si fieri potest, if it is possible ; neque po- test is, etc., it is impossible that he (changing construction to keep emphasis) ; supra potest, go be- yond, surpass, be superior. post [?, prob. abl. of stem akin to postis (cf. ante, antes, rows, and antae, pilasters)'], adv., and prep, with ace, behind, after, later than, afterwards, later, since : post diem tertium, three days after ; post me- moriam hominum {since); post condi- tam Messanam {since the btiildingof etc.). — post quam, see postquam. postea [post ea (prob. abl. or instr.)], adv., afterwards, later, hereafter, by and by. — pOStea quam, see posteaquam. posteaquam (often separate) [postea quam], conjunctive adv., {later than), after (only with clause). posteritas, -atis [poster6- + tas], F., aftertijnes,ficture ages : in pos- teritatem, for the future, in the future, hereafter. posterus, -a, -um [post- (or stem akin) + rus (orig. compar. ; cf. superus)], adj., the next, later: posteri, posterity ; postero die, the next day ; in posterum, for the future. — postremus, -a, -um, superl., last, the lowest. — pos- tremo, abl. as adv., lastly, finally. posthac [post hac (prob. abl. or instr.)], adv., hereafter. postquam [post quam], con- junctive adv., {later than), after. postremo, see posterus. postremus, superl. of posterus. postridie [t posteri- (loc. of pos- terus) -die], adv., the Jiext day. postulatio, -onis [postula- + tio], F., a demaiid, a request. postulo, -are, -avi, -atus [?], I. V. a., claim (with idea of right, less urgent than posco), ask, request, require, call for, detnand, expect : postulante nescio quo, at somebody or other^s request ; nuUo postulante, 7vithout any one's asking it. potens, -entis [p. of possum as adj.], adj., powerful, influential, of influence : potentiores, compar. masc. as subst., fnen of influetice. potentia, -ae [potent- + ia], f., power (political influence), ^z////^r- ity (not official or legal), domina- tion, domineering. potestas i6 praecurro potestas, -atis [potent- + tas], F.,/^7f(?r (official, cf. potentia; and civil, not military, cf. imperium), office, authority, power (generally), control, ability, opportunity, chance, permission (from a different point of view), privilege: imperium et potestas, military and civil po7vcr, power and authority ; praedonum {the power, the hands). potior, potirl, potTtus [poti-, cf. potis], 4. V. dep., become master of, possess one''s self of, get the control of: return {gain supretne control). potior, -us, -oris [compar. of potis], adj., preferable. — potius, neut. ace. as adv., rather. — potissi- mum, neut. ace. of superl. as adv., rather than any one {anything) else, particularly, especially, most of all, by preference (over all others), better than any other, best. potus, -a, -urn [p.p. of fpoo ; cf. potio], p.p., having drunken, full of wine. prae [unc. case-form of same stem as pro], adv. (in comp.), and prep, v^'ith abl., before, in compari- son with. — Esp. with words im- plying hindrance, for, on account of (some obstacle). — In comp., before others, very, before, at the head of. praebeo, praebere, praebuT, prae- bitus [prae-habeo], 2. v. a., {hold before one), offer, present, furnish, afford: crudelitati sanguis prae- bitus {sacrificed). — ^ With reflex., show, display, act (in any manner). praeceps, -cipitis [prae-caput], adj., headfirst, headlong, in haste, hasty., inconsiderate, driven head- long. praeceptumi, -I [p.p. of prae- cipio], N., an instruction, an order, a precept, instruction (in plur.). praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus ^ [prae-capio], 3. v. a. and n., take beforehand, anticipate. — Also, 01'- der, give instructions, give direc- tions. praecipue [old. abl. of praeci- puus], adv., especially. praecipuus, -a, -um [prae- tcapuus (cap -f vus)], adj., {tak- ing the first place)\ special, particu- larly great: hoc praecipuum, this special advantage. praeclare [old abl. of praecla- rus], adv., nobly, gloriously, finely, in a fine condition, handsomely, very well. » praeclarus, -a, -um [prae-cla- rus], adj., very noble, glorious, very famous, excellent, magnificent, preeminent, very fine, very beauti- ful, very striking, splendid : omnia praeclara sentire, have all the noblest sentimejits. praecludo, -cludere, -clusT, -clu- sus [prae-claudo], 3. v. a., {close some one or something in front), shut off, barricade, cut off". praeco, -onis [.''], m., a herald. praeconius, -a, -um [praecon- -f ius], adj., of a herald. — Neut. as subst., heralding. praecurro, -currere, -cucurrT (-currT), -cursurus [prae-curro], 3. V. n. and a., run o>t before, has- ten on before, hasten in advance, hurry on before, outrun, outstrip. praeda 164 praepono praeda, -ae [prob. prae-thida (root of -hendo + a)], f., booty, prey, plunder. praedator, -oris [praeda- -f tor], M., a plunderer, a robber. praedicatio, -onis [praedica- + tio], Y., a proclaiming, aji assertion, a statement, commendation, celebrity (talk of people about one). praedico, -dicere, -dlxi, -dictus [prae-dico], 3. v. -3.., foretell, proph- esy, tell beforehand, state first. praedico, -are, -avi, -atus [tprae- dico- (or similar stem from prae with Die, tell before the world or one's self ; cf. praedico, tell before the event)], i. v. a. and n., make known (before one), proclaim, describe, boast, vaunt one''s self, celebrate, report, say, tell tis, state, declare : praedicari^de se volunt {to be talked abont). praeditus, -a, -um [prae-datus ; cf. praebeo], p.p., endowed, fur- nished, supplied, possessing, etijoy- ing. praedium, -i [praed- (praes) + ium], N., an estate (orig. as a security). praedo, -onis [praeda- + 0], m., a robber, a freebooter, a pirate (cf. pirata). praeeo, -Ire, -il, no p.p. [prae- eo], irr. v. n. and a., go before, pre- cede. — Esp., of foiTnulas, dictate. — Hence, prescribe, dictate (gen- erally) . praefectiira, -ae [praefec- (as stem of praeficio) + tura ; cf . pic- tura], F., the office of prcefectus (see next word), « prefecture (?). — Also, the city governed by a prefect, ^? prefecture (as opposed to muni- cipium and colonia, which see). praefectus, -I [p.p. of prae- ficio, as subst.], M., a captain (of auxiliary troops). — Also, a gov- ernor (sent from Rome to govern a city of the allies). praef ero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [prae- fero], irr. v. a., place before, hand to, place in one's hands, esteem above, prefer to (with dat. or quam). praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [prae-facio], 3. v. a., put before, place in command of, set over. praefinio, -Ire, -Ivi (il), -Itus [prae-finio], 4. v. a., {set a limit before), limit, fix (as a limit). praemitto, -mittere, -misl, -mis- sus [prae-mitto] , 3. v. a., send for- zuard, send on. praemium, -I [.^ perh. prae- temium (em, in emo, + ium)], (taken before the general distribu- tion or disposal of booty .'), N., a reward, a prize. praemoneo, -ere, -ul, -itus [prae- moneo], 2. v. a., waj-n beforehand, forewarn. Praeneste, -is \]\ n. and f., a city of Latium about twenty miles from Rome, strongly fortified, now Palestrina. praeparo, -are, -avI, -atus [prae- paro], I. v. 2i., prepare beforehand, provide for, provide, prepare. praepono, -ponere, -posul, -posi- tus [prae-pono], 3. v. a., piit in command, put in charge, place over: praepositus est, presides over. praenpio 165 praeterea praeripio, -ripere, -ripuT, -reptus [prae-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away, seize in advance, forestall. praerogativus, -a, -um [prae- roga- + tivus], adj., (asked first), voting first. — Fem. as subst., the first century (in voting). — Hence, a decisive vote (given first and so an omen of the result), an indica- tion, an earnest. praescribo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, -scriptus [prae-scribo], 3. v. a., (write doivn beforehand), prescribe, order, direct, ordaifi : hoc beluis natura {im/>ress iipon). praesens, -entis, p. of praesum. praesentia, -ae [praesent- + ia], F., presence, the present momeiit : in praesentia, for the moment, at the moment, at present. praesenti5, -sentlre, -sensT, -sen- sus [prae-sentio], 4. v. a., see be- forehand, find out in time, find out (beforehand), look forward to. praesertim [as if ace. of tprae- sertis (ser, in sero, + tis)], adv., (at the head of til e row ?), especially, particularly. praesideo, -sidere, -sedT, no p.p. [prae-sedeo], 2. v. n. (and a.), (sit i)i front of), preside over, gnard. praesidium, -T [prae-tsidium (SED + ium) ; cf. obsidium], N., (a sitting down before), a guard, a garrison, a force (detached for oc- cupation or guard), rt!« armed force, a defence. — Fig., protection, assist- ance, support, a defence, a safeguard, a bulwark, a stronghold, a reliance. praestabilis, -e [praesta- + bilis], adj., excellent, desirable. praestans, -antis, p. of praesto. praesto [.^ perh. " praesto," / am here (as if quoted)], adv., on hand, ready, waiting for : praesto esse, be waiting for, meet. praesto, -stare, -stitT, -status (-stitus) [prae-sto], i. v. a. and n., stand before, be at the head, excel, be superior ' praestat, it is better. — Also, causatively, (bring before), furnish, display, give assurance of, vouch for, maintain, assure, make good, show. — Esp. \vith predicate ace, guarajitee, insure, maintain. — praestans, -antis, p. as adj., excellent, superior, suj-- passing. praestolor, -arl, -atus [?, but cf. ; stolidus and stolo], i. v. dep., %vait for, attend upon. praesum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus [prae-sum],irr. v.n., be in front, be at the head of, be in command, preside over, comtnajid (an army, etc.). — praesens, -entis, p. as 2id]., present, immediate, itt person, here present, present in person, with immediate action, acting directly, direct (of the interposition of the gods): ani- mus (ready, or together, presence of mind). praeter [compar. of prae (cf. inter)], adv., and prep, with ace, along by, past, beyond. — Fig., ex- cept, beside, contrary to, more than, beyond. praeterea [praeter-ea (abl. .')], adv., furthermore, besides, and be- sides, and also : nemo praeterea, 710 one else ; neque praeterea quic- quam, a/id nothing else. praetereo 66 Prilius praetereo, -Ire, -ii, -itus [praeter- eo], irr. V. a. and n., go by, pass by, pass over, overlook. — praeteritus, -a, -um, p.p. as zA]., past. — Esp. : praeterita, -orum, n. plur. as subst., the past (cf. " bygones "). praetermitto, -mittere, -misT, -missus [praeter-mitto], 3. v. a., let go by, let slip, omit, neglect, pass over. praeterquam [praeter-quam], conjunctive adv., except, further than. praetervecti5, -onis [praeter- vectio], F., a sailing by, a course (where one sails by). praetextatus, -a, -um [praetex- ta- + tus], adj., clad in the prce- texta, in one''s childhood. praetextus, -a, -um [p.p. of praetexo], p.p., bordered : in prae- texta (the bordered toga worn by children and magistrates, a sym- bol for childhood). praetor, -oris [prae-titor (i -f tor)], M., {a leader), a commander. — Esp., a prcetor, one of a class of magistrates at Rome. In early times two had judicial powers, and the others regular commands abroad. Later, all, during their year of office, had judicial powers, but, like the consuls (who were originally called praetors), they had a year abroad as propraetors : urbanus (the judge of the court for cases between citizens). praetdrius, -a, -um [praetor- -f ius], adj., of a prcetor (in all its senses): praetoria cohors, the body guard (of the commander, see praetor) ; comitia {for the election of prcetors) ; homo {an exprcetor). — praetorium, -I, neut. as subst., the generaPs tent, headquarters, the prcetor''s house. praetura, -ae [prae-titura ? (itu -f ra ; cf. pictura)], f., {agoing before), the office ofprcstor, the prce- tors hip. prandeo, prandere, prandi, pran- sus [?], 2. V. n., breakfast. — Esp., pransus, -a, -um, p.p. as pass., satiated. pravitas, -atis [pravo- -f tas], F., {crookedness). — Hence, wicked- ness, depravity, evil intent. pravus, -a, -um [?], adj., crooked. — Yienc&, perverse, vicious. precor, -arl, -atus [prec-], i. v. dep-./r^^y, supplicate, entreat. premo, premere, pressi, pres- sus [.'], 3. V. a., press, burden, press hard, harass, overwhelm, oppress. pretium, -I [?, cf. irpiaixaL], ti., a price, tnoney, value, a bribe : in pretio esse, to be highly esteemed ; operae pretium, worth one's while. tprex, tprecis [?], f., a prayer. pridem [prae- (or stem akin) -dem ; cf. idem], adv., for some time: iam pridem, lofig ago, for j some time, for a long time. pridie [pri- (prae or case of same stem) die (loc. of dies)], adv., the day before. — Esp. in dates, pridie Kalendas, the day before the Calends, etc. Prilius (Pre-), -T [?, masc. of adj.], M., with lacus, a lake in Etruria {Castiglione). pnmanus 167 probo primarius, -a, -um [primS- + anus], adj., of the firsts superior, excellent, of the first class. primus, -a, -um, see prior. princeps, -ipis [primo-ceps (cap as stem; cf. manceps)], adj., m. and F., first, chief, a man of the first rank, a chief, a chief man, a principal man, a leader, a prime mover : princeps esse and the like (take the lead). principatus, -us [princip- -f atus ; cf. senatus], m., the first place, the positio)i of leader, the pre- eminence. principium, -I [princip- + ium], N., ^ begi^ming : ^xmcvQXQ, in the first place. prior, -us [stem akin to pro + ior], compar., former, before : nox [last night, night before last). — - Ace. neut. as adv., before, earlier, first. — Esp. with quam, before, first . . . before, sooner . . . than. — primus, -a, -um [prae (.'') -f mus (cf. summus)], superl., first, of the first class, superior : decern primi ; the ten select men (a board of ten magistrates in many ancient cities) ; inprimis (see imprimis). — primum, neut. ace, as adv., in the first place (opposed to turn, deinde), first, the first time : cum primum, when first, as soon as ; ut primum, as soon as. — primo, neut. abl. as adv., at first (opposed to postea, etc.). pristinus, -a, -um [prius-tinus ; cf. diutinus], adj., forrner (previ- ously existing), old, of old, old- time, time-honored. prius, see prior. priusquam, see prior. privo, -are, -avi, -atus [priv5-], I. v. a., {set apart?), deprive. — Esp. : privatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., [set apart from the general com- munity^, private, separate, indi- vidual, domestic (as opposed to public). — Masc. as subst., a pri- vate citizen, a private individual, an individual, a private person. pr5 [for prod, abl. of stem akin to prae, prior, etc.], adv. (in comp.), and prep, with abl., in front of, be- fore (in place, time, or circum- stance). — Hence, in place of, for, on behalf of, in reticrn for, in view of, on account of, in proportion to, in accordance with, according to. — Esp. with names of officers, as, acting as, ex-. — Often rendered by transference, proconsul, proprietor. — In comp. as adv., before, forth, away, for, down (as falling for- ward). pro [.^], inter]., oh! (of sur- prise, grief, or indignation). proavus, -T [pro-avus], m., a great-gra>idfather. probe [old abl. of probus], adv., ho7testly, virtuously, with integrity, well, very zuell. probitas, -atis [probo- + tas], f., honesty, integrity. probo, -are, -avT, -atus [probo-], I. V. a., make good, find good, approve, prove, show, make clear, be satisfied with, make acceptable (pass., be acceptable). — Esp.: pro- batus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., ap- proved, acceptable, esteemed. probus i68 profiteer probus, -a, -urn [pro + bus ; cf. morbus], adj., superioj- (perh. mercantile word), cxceileiit, good, honest. procella, -ae [pro-tcella, akin to I cello], F., a tearing, rushing storm, a tempest, a storm, a hurriaine. pr5cessio, -onis [pro-cessio ; cf. procedo], F., an advance. proclino, -are, -avT, -atus [pro- clino], I. V. a., {bend forward), throw down : res proclinata {fall- ing, ruined). procrastino, -are, -avi, -atus [procrastino- (as if, perh. really, pro-crastino)], i. v. a., put off till to-morrozu, postpone, procrastinate. procreo, -are, -avi, -atus [pro- creo], I. V. a., generate, prodicce, give birth to : procreatus, bor)i. procul [.^ tproco- (pro -f cus, cf. reciprocus) + lus (reduced ; cf. simul)], adv., at a distatice (not necessarily great), away, far away. procuratio, -onis [procura- -f tio], F., a caring for, managejfient, superintendence. procurator, -oris [procura- f tor], M., a manager, a steward. prodeo, -Ire, -il, -iturus [prod-eo], irr. V. n., go forth, appear abroad, appear (in the streets) : proditum est (impers.),/^^/'/^ came out. prodigium, -I [tprodigo- (pro- dicus ?) -f ium], x., an omen, a portent. — Hence, a prodigy, a monster. prodigus, -a, -urn [prod-tagus (ag + us ; cf. agilis and Aoxa- 76s)], adj., wasteful (cf. prodigo), prodigal, a spendthrift. proditor, -oris [pro-dator; cf. prodo], M., a betrayer, a traitor. prodo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [pro- do], 3. V. a., give or put forth, give away, betray. — Also, publish, ap- point, hand down, transmit. produce, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus [pro-duco], 3. V. a., lead forth, bring out, prodiice, bring forward, introduce. proelium, -1 [.^], n., a battle, a fight. profanus, -a, -um [pro-fanum, decl. as adj ], adj., (outside the te7?iple), not sacred, secular, com- mon. profectio, -onis [pro-factio ; cf. proficiscor], f., a departure, a start- ing, a setting out. profect5 [pro-facto], adv., {for a fact), certainly, surely, doubtless, nndozibtedly, no doubt, I'm sure. profero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [pro- fero], irr. v. a., bring forth, carry forward, bring out, publish, bring forward, introduce, produce, ad- duce. professi5, -onis [pro-tfassio ; cf. profiteer], F., a declaratio>i. proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus (or -urus) (N.)[pro-facio], 3. v. n. and a., go forivard, gain, make progress. — Fig., eff'ect, accomplish. proficiscor, -ficlsci, -fectus [pro- tfaciscor (facio)], 3. v. dep., set out, start, depart, proceed, begin, arise: ratio profecta {proceeding) . profiteor, -fiteiT, -fessus [pro- fateor], 2. v. dep., profess, declare, offer , proffer, promise, make a decla- ration. profllgo 69 propero profllgo, -are, -avi, -atus [pro- fligo], I. V. a., dash down, cver- zv/icim, lay prostrate, prostrate. — Esp.: profligatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., abandojied, corrttpt, unprin- cipled, profligate. profugio, -fugere, -fugl, -fugi- turus [pro-fugio], 3. v. n., flee away, escape, flee, take to flight. profundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus [pro-fundo], 3. v. a., poicr forth, pour out, shed, waste. profundus, -a, -um [pro-fun- dus], adj., deep. — Neut. as subst., an abyss. progredior, -gredl, -gressus [pro- gradior], 3. v. dep., advance, pro- ceed, go : nihil progreditur. takes no step : quo tandem progressurus, hoiv far he would go ; quern in locum progressus, how far yon have gone, how much you are implicated. progressus, -us [pro-gressus ; cf. progredior], M., a going forward, an advance. prohibeo, -ere, -uT, -itus [pro- habeo], 2. v. a., hold off, hi>ider, forbid, preveftt, shut out, cut off . — ■ With a change of relation, keep (from some calamity, etc.), protect, guard. proicio, -icere, -iecT, -iectus [pro- iacio], 3. V. a., cast forth, thro7v away, expose: foras {throw 021 1, get rid of) ; insula proiecta est {projects, runs out). proinde [pro-inde], adv., {and so on ?), Just the same, just. — Also, therefore, hence : proinde quasi, yz/.r^ as if forsooth (ironical). prolato, -are, -avT, -atus [pro- late-], I. V. a. and n., extend, put off, shillyshally, procrastinate. promissum, -1 [p.p. of promitto], N., c/ projnise. promitto, -mittere, -misT, -missus [pro-mitto], 3. v. a., set in view, hold out, give hope of, promise. promptus, -a, -um [p.p. of pro- mo], as adj., {taken out of the gett- er al store), on hand, ready, active. promulgo, -are, -avi, -atus [?, prob. promulgo- (pro-mulgus, akin to mulgeo, multo)], i. v. a. and n., {post a flne '/), give notice of (as a law), publish. — Absolutely, give notice of a bill. pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [pro- nuntio], i. v. 2i., proclaim, publish, declare, speak out. propago, -are, -avT, -atus [pro- pago- (stem of propagus), or kin- dred stem], I. V. a., {peg down, of ^\q.v\\.s, propagate by layers), propa- gate, extend, prolong, preserve : subolem {reai-). prope [pro-tpe ; cf. quippe], adv., and prep, with ace, near, nearly, almost. — Compar. propius, superl. proxime, as prep.: proxime deos, very near the gods. propediem [prope diem], adv., at an early day, 7'ery soon. propemodum [prope modum], adv., (often separate), nearly, very nearly, pretty tiearly : prope modum errare, come neartnakitiga tnistake. propero, -are, -avT, -atus [pro- pero-], T. V. a. and n., hasten : pro- perato opus est, there is need of haste. propinquus 70 prospicio propinquus, -a, -um [case of prope + cus ; cf. longinquus], adj., near. — Esp., tiearly related, related. — As subst., a relative, a kinsman. propior, -ius [compar. of stem of prope], adj., nearer, closer. — proximus, -a, -um [t proco- + timus ; cf. reciprocus], superl., nearest, very near, last, next, following. — As subst., a relative. — In plur., those nearest one, one V kindred. propono, -ponere, -posuT,-positus [pro-pono], 3. V. a., place before, set before, set forth, set tip, propose, purpose, imagine, conceive, set be- fore as a model, offer, offer for sale, threaten, determine tipon, present, bring forward : mihi erat proposi- tum, my purpose was. propraetor, -oris [pro-praetor (corrupted from pro praetore and declined)], M., a propmior (one holding over in a prpvince after the year of his praetorship). proprie [old abl. of proprius], adv., properly, peculiarly, strictly, solely. proprius, -a, -um [?, perh. akin to prope], z.^\.,one^s own, peculiar, characteristic, indefeasible, perma- nent, approp7-iate, proper. — Often rendered by an adv., peculiarly: proprius est, peculiarly belongs ; noster proprius, peculiarly ours; populi Romani {the peculiar chat-ac- teristic of, etc.). propter [prope + ter ; cf. aliter], adv., and prep, with ace, near, near at hand. — Hence, 07i account of , on behalf of, for the sake of, by means of, through (the agency of). propterea [propter ea (abl.i*)], adv., on this account. propudium, -1 [pro-tpudium (tpudo-, cf. pudet, -f ium) ; cf. re- pudium], N., sha7neful conduct, a disgrace. — Also, of persons, a dis- grace (one who causes shame). propugnaculum, -I [propugna- + culum], N., a defejice, a bulwark, outworks. propugnator, -oris [pro-pug- nator], m., a champion. propulso, -are, -avT, -atus [pro- pulso ; cf. propello], i. v. a., repel, ward off, avert : vim a vita {defoid one V life against, etc.). proripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [pro-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away, drag forth, drag off. proscribo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, -scrTptus [pro-scribo], 3. v. a., ad- vertise, publish (in writing). — Esp., proscribe (in a list of per- sons forfeiting their estates), out- law. proscriptio, -onis [pro-scriptio ; cf. proscribo], f., aji advertising, a sale (on execution). — Hence, a proscription, outlawfy, forfeiture of goods. prosequor, -sequl, -secutus [pro- j sequor], 3. v. dep., follow forth, accotnpatiy out, escort, honor, pay respect. prospere [old abl. of prospe- rus], adv., successfully, prospe?-- ously, with success. prospicio, -spicere, -spexT, -spec- tus [pro-tspecio], 3. v. a. and n., look forward, see afar, look out for, provide for. prosterno 171 publico prosterno, -stemere, -stra vT, -stra- tus [pro-stemo], 3. v. a., lay loio, overwhelm, destroy, overt hroio, lay prostrate, prostrate. prosum, prodesse, profui, profu- turus [pro-sum], irr. v. n., be of advantage, profit, do good, avail, benefit. Protogenes, -is [npwT07^j'?;s], m. : 1. a celebrated Greek painter; 2. a slave who read aloud to Marius. protraho, -trahere, -traxT, -trac- tus [pro-traho], 3. v. a., drag forth, drag out. pr5videntia, -ae [provident- -f ia], F., foresight. — Hence, fore- thought, precautions. provideo, -videre, -vTdl, -vTsus [pro-video], 2. v. a. and n., provide for, foresee, see beforehand, take care, ?nake provision, provide, arrange be- forehand, use precaution, take pains (to acconnplish something), guard against, provide for the future. provincia, -ae [t province- (pro- vincus, vino- as root of vinco -f us)+ ia], F., (office of one extend- ing the frontier by conquest in the field), ofiice (of a commander or governor), a province (in general), a function. — Trans., a province (governed by a Roman magistrate). provincialis, -e [provincia- -f lis], adj., of a province, intheproz'- tjices, in a province, provincial. provOCO, -are, -avT, -atus [pro- voco], I. v. a. and n., call forth, rouse, provoke. proxime, snperl. of prope. proximus, superl. of propior. prudens, -entis [providens], adj., far-seeing, wise, prudent: parum prudens, too indiscreet, too careless ; prudens atque sciens, knowingly and with one''s eyes open (an old formula). prudentia, -ae [prudent- + ia], F., foresight, discretion, tvisdojn, prudence. pruina, -ae [.?], f., hoarfrost, frost. ^ Prytaneum (-ium), -T \J\pvra.- veLQv\, N., a city-hall (a public building in a Greek city, where the magistrates (irpvYaveii) met and lived at the public expense, and where public guests were entertained. piibes (puber), -eris [?], adj., adult. — As subst., adults (collec- tively), grown ?nen, young men of age, able-bodied men. piiblicanus, -a, -um [publico- + anus], adj., connected with the reve- nue (publicum). — Esp. as subst., masc, a fartner of the revenue. publicatio, -onis [publica- + tio], F., a confiscation (taking private property into the publicum). publice [old abl. of publicus], adv., publicly, in the name of the state, as a state, on behalf of the state, ofiicially : tumultus (of the people, general). Publicius, -T [publico- + ius], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., an obscure Roman in the Catilinarian conspiracy. publico, -are, -avT, -atus [publi- co-], I. v. a., {make belong to the public), confiscate. publicus 172 Punicus publicus, -a, -um [populo- + z\xs\,2idi]., of the people (as a state), of the state, public, official (as op- posed to individual). — In many phrases, esp. res publica, the com- vionwealth, the public bvsifiess, politics, control of the state, fo?-?n of governvient, the affairs of state, the interests of the state; consilium {a state measure, the council of state, the official coicncil) ; publico consilio, officially, as a state measure ; con- sensus {the general agreement, the ujiited voice of the people) ; litte- rae {official communications, de- spatches) ; tabulae {public or offi- cial records). — piiblicum, -I, neut. as subst., the public revemie. — Also, the streets, public appear- ance (going abroad, as opposed to seclusion), the sight of the people. Publius, -I [prob. populo- + ius ; cf. publicus], M., a Roman prae- nomen. pudet, pudere, puduit (pudi- tum est) [?, cf. propudium], 2. v. impers., (// shames), one is (etc.) ashamed (translating the accusa- tive as subject). pudicitia, -ae [pudico- -|- tia], F., chastity, modesty (as a quality ; cf. pudor, modesty in general or as a feeling). pudor, -oris [pud (in pudet) -f or], M., shame, a sense of shajne, sense of honor, 77iodesty , self-respect. puer, -eri [?], m., a boy. — Plur., boys, childreft (of either sex): ex pueris, from childhood. — Also, a slave. puerilis, -e [puero- (reduced) -f ilis], adj., of a child : aetas {of childhood). pueritia, -ae [puero- + tia], v., boyhood, childhood. pugna, -ae [pug (in pugno) + na], F., a fght (less formal than proelium). piigno, -are, -avT, -atus [pugna-], I. V. y\., fight, engage. — Fig., fight, contend. — Often impers. in pass., pugnatum est, etc., a7t efigagement took place, they fought, the fighting cofitinued, the battle was fought: hostes pugnantes (while fighting, in battle); pugnari videre, to see a fight going on. pulcher, -chra, -chrum [?], adj., beautiful, hajidsome, fine, atti-ac- tive. — Less exactly, glorious, noble. pulchre [old abl. of pulcher], adv., beautifully, honorably, success- fully. pulchritude, -inis [pulchro- + tudo], F., beauty: haec pulchritudo, all this beauty. pulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of pello. pulvinar, -aris [pulvino- + aris], N., a couch of the gods (where the images of the gods were feasted on solemn occasions). piinctum, -i [p.p. of pungo], n., a prick, a poijit. — Hence, afi instant (temporis). pungo, pungere, pupugl, punctus [pug, cf. pugnus], 3. V. a., piinch, stab, pierce, prick. Piinicus, -a, -um [Poeno- + cus], adj., Carthaginian, Ptinic : bellum (of the wars with Carthage). punio 17. quaestio punio (poenio), -Ire, -Ivl (-il), -Itus [poena- or kindred i-stem ; cf. im- punis], 4. V. 2i., punish. — Also pass, as deponent in same sense. punitor (poen-), -oris [puni- + tor], M., a piinisher, an avetiger. purgo, -are, -avi, -atus [tpurigo- (puro + tagus ; cf. prodigus)], i. v. a., clean, cleanse, clear. — Fig., exctise, exonerate, free from suspi- cion, exculpate, absolve. purpura, -ae [7rop0u/)a], y., purple (the dye, really a dark red). — hX^o, purple cloth , purple garni cuts, purple (in the same sense). purpuratus, -a, -um [purpura- + tus], adj., clad in ptirple. — Masc. as subst., a courtier, a pri?ne mitiister. purus, -a, -um [pu {clean) -f rus ; cf. plerus], adj., clean, pure, unsullied, ufistaifted. — Also fig. : mens {lionest, pure, unselfish). puteal, -alis [puteo- + alls], n., a well-curb. — Esp., the Puteal Li- bonis, an enclosure in the P'orum like a well-curb. The vicinity served as a kind of Exchange. puto, -are, -avI, -atus [puto- (stem of putus, clean)'], i. v. a., clean up, clear tip. — Esp. : rationes {clear up accounts). — Hence, reckon, think, suppose, ifnagiiie. Pyrrhus, -1 [ITiy/spos], m., a com- mon Greek name. — Esp., the king of Epirus, who invaded Italy in B.C. 280. Q., abbreviation for Quintus. qua [abl. or instr. (?) of qui], rel. adv., by which (way), zvhere. quadraginta [quadra (akin to quattuor) + ginta (?)], indecl. num. did]., forty. quadriduum, -I [quadra-tduum (akin to dies)], y.., four days^ titne. quadringenti, -ae, -a [unc. form (akin to quattuor) + genti (for centi)], num. ?iA].,foiir hundred. quadringentiens (-ies) [cf. to- tiens], num. adv., four hundred times. — Hence (sc. centena millia), forty tnillion. quaero, quaerere, quaesIvT (-il), quaesitus \f., with r for original s] , 3. v. a. and n., search for, seek for, look for, inquire about, inquire, ask, try to get, get, fi)id, deare, investigate. conduct investigations, preside over trials, hold aft investigation, be president of a court: ex eis quaeritur, they are examined ; quid quaeris amplius ? what more do you want ? invidia quaeritur, one tries to ex- cite odium ; in quaerendo, in or on investigation. quaesitor, oris [quaesi- (as stem of quaero, in fourth con j.)-)- tor], M., an investigator. — Esp., a president (of a court, who conducted the trial). quaeso (orig. form of quaero, petrified in a particular sense), only pres. stem, 3. v. a. and n., beg, pray : quaeso, I beg you, pray tell me. quaestio, -onis [quaes (as root of quaero) -f tio], f., an investiga- tion, an examination (of a case, or quaestor 174 quantus of witnesses, especially by torture), a trial, a court, a question (on trial). quaestor, -oris [quaes- (as root of quaero) + tor], m., {investigator, or acquirer, perh. both), a quiFstor, a class of officers at Rome or on the staff of a commander, who had charge of money affairs and public records. They also had charge of some investigations, and perhaps originally collected fines and the like : '^xoQ^Q.&stQiQ,actingqucEstor. quaestorius, -a, -um [quaestor- + ius], adj., of a quccstor, of one's quicstorship. quaestuosus, -a, -um [quaestu- -f osus], adj., lucrative. quaestura, -ae [quaestu- + ra ; cf. figura], F., [investigation or ac- quisition ; cf. quaestor), a qua^stor- ship, the office of qucrstor. quaestus, -lis [quaes (as root of quaero) -f tus], m., acquisition, gain, profit, business (for profit), earnings : pecuniam in quaestu re- linquere {profitably employed, at interest or used in business). quails, -e [quo- (stem of quis) -f alls], a. Interr. adj., of what sort? of what nature ? what kind of a? what sort of? quae qualia sint, the character of which, etc. — b. Rel. adj., of which sort, as (correlative with talis), such as (with talis omitted). quam [case-form of quis and qui; cf. tarn, nam], adv. and conj. a. Interr., how ? how inttch '; — h. Rel., as, as . . . as, than : malle quam (rather than). — Often with superlatives, as much as possible, the utmost: quam maximas, the greatest possible ; quam maxime, very much. — See also postquam, priusquam, which are often sepa- rated, but are best represented in Eng. together. quamdiu [quam diu], adv. (see the parts), hoiv long, as lo7ig, as long as. quam ob rem (often foimd to- gether), adv. phrase: a. Interr., why ? — b. Rel., 071 which account, for which reason. quamquam (quanquam) [quam quam; cf. quisquis], rel. adv., {how- ever), although, though. — Often corrective, though, yet (where Eng. takes a different view), yet after all. quamvis [quam vis], adv., as you please, however, no matter how. — Also, hotvever much, although. quando [quam -f unc. case-form akin to de], adv. a. \xiA^i., at any time: si quando, if ever, whenever. ■ — b. Interr., when? — c. Rel.,w//^«, quandoquidem (often separate) [quando quidem], phrase as adv., {when at least ?), since. quanto, see quantus. quantopere, see opus. quantus, -a, -um [prob. for ka- (root of qua) -f vant + us], adj. a. Interr., how great? how 7nuch? what? — b. Rel., as great, as much, as (correlative to tantus), as great . . . as (with tantus omitted), such . . . as, however great, however 7nuch. — quantum, neut. ace. as adv., hoT.v 771 uch (see above), as. — quanto, neut. abl., as, as much . . . as. quantuscumque 75 quidam quantuscumque, quanta-, quan- tum- [quantus-cumque], rel. adj., hozveve?' great. quapropter [qua (abl. or instr. of qui) -propter], adv., on which account, wherefore, therefore. quare (often separate) [qua-re], adv., rel. and interr., by which thing, wherefore, therefore, on ac- count of which (circumstance, etc.), why. — The relative and interrog- ative senses are not always dis- tinguishable. quartanus, -a, -um [quarto- -f anus], adj., recurring on the fourth day. — Fem. as subst. (sc. febris), the quartan ague. quartus, -a, -um [quattuor- (re- duced) + tus], 2i(S]., fourth : quar- tus ^QZ\va.\x%, fourteenth. quasi [quam (or qua) -si], conj., as if: quasi vero, as if forsooth (ironical). — Also, about, say, a kind of, as it were, like. quasso,-are, -avi, -atus [quasso-], I. v. a., shake violently, shatter. quatenus [qua tonus], adv., hojv far, how long. quattuor [?, reduced plur.], in- decl. num. adj. ,_/\ and again, then again ; quid tibi obsto (wherein); quid oppugnas (why) ; quid si, what if, ho7u if — b. Indef., one, any one, any thing, so?ne,some one. — See nequis, num- quis, acquis. quisnam (qui-), quae-, quid- (quod-), cuius- [quis-nam], interr. pron., who, pray ? xvho ? (with em- phasis), what (in the world)? what? quispiam, quae-, quid- (quod-), cuius- [quis-piam (pe-iam ; cf. quippe, nempe)], indef. pron., any, any one, any thing, some one (perhaps). quisquam, no fem., quid- (quic-), ciuus- [quis-quam], indef. pron. used substantively (cf. ullus), only with negatives and words imply- ing a negative, making a universal negative, any one, any thing, any man : taetrior qua'm quisquam, etc., (than, etc., implying a negative idea); quam diu quisquam, as long as any one (i.e. until nobody); neque servus quisquam neque liber, no one, either slave or freeman ; neque vir bonus quisquam, no honest man. quisque, quae-, quid- (quod-), ciiius- [quis-que], indef. pron. (dis- tributive universal), each, each one. each ?nan, every, all (individually). — Esp. with superlatives, implying that things are taken in the order of their quality : nobilissimus quis- que, all the noblest (one after the other in the order of their nobility) ; primo quoque tempore, the very first opportunity. — With two superla- tives, often with ut and ita, a pro- portion is indicated, in proportion as . . . so, the more . . . the more, most . . . the most, the most . . . most. — Esp. with unus, each one, each. quisquis, quaequae, quidquid (quicquid), cuiuscuius [quis, dou- bled], indef. rel. pron., whoever, whatever, every one who, all who : quoquo modo, however, in any case. quivis, quae-, quid- (quod-), cu- ius- [qui-vis], indef. pron., who you please, any one, any whatever (affirmative), any (whatever), any possible, any man (no matter who). iquo, abl. of degree of differ- ence, see qui. 2qu5 [abl. of cause, etc.], as conj., by which, on which account, wherefore. — Esp. with negatives, not that, not as if — Also, in order that (esp. with comparatives), that. — Esp. : quominus, that not, so that not. 3 quo [old dat. of qui], adv. a. Interr., whither ? how far ? quo usque, how long? how far? to what extent ? — b. Rel., whither, -where (in sense of whither), into which, as far as (i.e. to what end) : quo intendit, what he is aiming at ; habere quo, have a place to go to (or the like). — vSee also quoad. quoad 78 rapio quoad [quo ad], conj., {up to which point), as far as, untit, as long as : quoad longissime, just as far as. quocumque (-cunque) [quo-cum- que], adv., 'uhit her soever, wJiereve)-, whichever way. quod [ace. neut. of qui], conj., {as to which), because, inasmuch as, in that, as for the fact that, the fact that, that, as for (with clause ex- pressing the action) : quod si, now if but if; quod sciam, so far as I kftow. quom, see cum. quominus, see 1 quo. quomodo, see quis and modus. quondam [quom (cum) -dam (da ; cf. tarn)], adv., once, formerly. quoniam [quom (cum) -iam], conj., {when now), i?iasmuch as, since, as. quoque [?], conj., following the word it affects, {by all means ?), also, too, as well, even. Cf. etiam (usually preceding). quorsus (quorsum) [quo- versus], interr.adv.,/^ what place ? whither ? quot [quo- + ti (unc. form from TA; cf. tarn?)], pron. indecl. a. Intern, how many? — b. Rel., as many, as many as (with implied antecedent). quotannis, often separate [quot- annis], adv., {as many years as there are), every year, yearly. quotidianus (ootid-), -a, -um [quotidie (reduced) + anus], adj., daily. quotidie (ootid-) [quot dies (in unc. form)], adv., daily. quotiens (quoties) [quot + iens ; cf. quinquiens], adv. a. Interr., how often? how many times? — b. Rel., as often, as often as (with implied antecedent). quotiensoumque (quotiesoun- que) [quotiens-cumque], adv., how- ever often, just as often as, every time that. quotus, -a, -um [quo- (stem of qui)+tus ; cf. quintus], interr. adj., zvhich in number (cf. fifth) ? — Esp., quotus quisque, how tnany ? {eveiy " how manieth "), what pro- portion (of men) ? quousque, see ^quo and usque. quovis [^quo vis], adv., whither you please, anywhere (cf. quivis). radix, -Icis [?], F., a root. — Plur., the roots (of a tree), the foot (of a mountain). — Fig., stock, stem. Raecius, -I [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Only L. Rcscius, a knight in business at Palermo. raeda, -arius, see rhe-. rapina, -ae [trapi- (stem akin to rapio) -f na (fem. of -nus)], f., plunder, robbery, rapine. rapi5, rapere, rapuT, raptus [cf. rapidus, apTrdfo;], 3. v. a. and n., seize, drag off, drag. — Less ex- actly, hurry on, hurry. — Pass., hurjy. raptd 179 recipio rapto, -are, -avi, -atus [rapto-], I. V. a., drag away, drag as a cap- tive, abuse, maltreat. raro [abl. of rarus],adv., rarely. ratio, -onis [trati- (ra, in reor, + ti) -f 0], F., a reckoning, an ac- coiint. — A mercantile word shad- ing off in many directions like Eng. business and affair. — Esp. with habeo or duco (cf. account), take account of, have regard to, take into consideration. — Less ex- actly, a calculation, a plan, a design, a plan of action, a jnetkod, an arrangemetit, a way, a course, a means, business, business relations, a consideration (a thing to be con- sidered), matiner ; qua ratione, 07i what principle, in what way, how ; salutis {plaft, hope); criminum {nature)', omni ratione, in every way, by every means ; eadem ra- tione, of the same tenor ; fori et iudici {the business, what is to be done there) ; ratio pecuniarum, money affairs, state of the finajices ; vitae rationes {plans, plan) ; studi- orum {course) ; ratio honorum, the course of ambition; commoda ac rationes, plans of life, ititerests ; in dissimili ratione, in different direc- tio7ts. — More remotely, science, art, a system, reason, a course of reasoning, sound reasoti, a vieiv, theoretical knowledge : bona ratio, sound principles ; facti et consili {rationale, principles). ratiocinor, -arl, -atus [tratio- cino- {ration- 4- cinus ; cf. sermo- cinor)], i. v. dep., reckon, reason, calculate. re-, red- [abl. of unc. stem, perh. akin to -rus], insep. prep., back, again, away, out, un-. — Esp. im- plying a giving or taking some- thing which is due, or which creates an obligation by the tak- ing ; see recipio. rea, -ae [fem. of reus], f., a de- fendant (female, or conceived as such). Reatinus, -a,-um [Reati- -f nus], adj ., of Reate, a town of the Sa- bines about forty miles northeast of Rome. recedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus [re-cedo], 3. v. n.. make way back, retire, withdraw : recessum est (re- cessimus) ab armis, the war ceased, 7ve laid doiun our arms. recens, -entis [prob. p. of lost verb treceo (formed from reco- ; cf. recipero)], adj., (?, Just coming back?), new, fresh, late, still fresh, still recent. recensio, -onis [re-censio ; cf. recenseo], f., the census (as taken and recorded). receptor, -oris [re-captor ; cf . re- cipio], M., a }-eceiver. — Fig., a haunt. receptrix, -icis [fem. of preced- ing], F., a receiver (female). recessus, -us [re-tcessus ; cf . recedo], m., a retreat, a recess (a place that withdraws). recido, -cidere, -cidl, -casurus [re-c^do], 3. v. n., fall again, fall back, fall upon, fall away, fall, be 1- educed. recipero, see recupero. recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [re-capio], 3. v. a., take back, get recito I 80 reddo back^ recover, take in, 'receive, admit, take upon (one's self), take up, un- dertake, promise. — With reflexive, retreat, fly, return, retire, get off, "withdraw, resort. recito, -are, -avi, -atus [re-cito], I. V. a., read (aloud). reclamito, -are, no perf., no p.p. [re-clamito], i. v. n., cry out agai?ist. reclamo, -are, -avT, -atus (im- pers.) [re-clamo], i. v. n. (and a.), cfy out against (a thing). recognosco, -noscere, -novl, -nitus [re-cognosco] , 3. v. a., review, go over again, recognize. recolo, -colere, -colui, -cultus [re-colo], 3. V. a., cultivate again. — Less exactly, renew, review. reconciliatio, -5nis [reconcilia- -f tio], F., reconciliation, renewal (concordiae). reconcilio, -are, -avT, -atus [re- concilio], i. v. a., reconcile, regain, will anew, restore (gratiam). recond5, -dere, -didi, -ditus [re- condo], 3. V. a., put away again, put away, sheathe (a sword). — re- conditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., con- cealed, laid away, hidden, secret. recordatio, -onis [recorda-+ tio], F., d recalling to 7nind, a recollec- tion. recorder, -ari, -atus [trecord- (cf. concors), but perhaps made immediately from re and cor on analogy of concors], i. v. dep., recall to mind (cor), recollect, re- ynember (of a single act of memory ; cf. memini, which is more perma- nent), rm?//. recreo, -are, -avI, -atus [re-creo], I. V. a., re-create. — Hence, revive, restore, refresh, recover (esp. with reflex, or in pass.). recte [old abl. of rectus], adv., rightly, properly, truly, with jus- tice: recte factum, a right action, a good deed, a noble action. rectus, see rego. recuperd (-cipero), -are, -avi, -atus [trecipero-, from reco- (cf. recens, reciprocus) -f parus (cf. opiparus)], l. v. ■3.., get back, recover, regain. recurro, -currere, -curri, no p.p. [re-curro], 3. v. n., run back. — Fig., rcturji, revert. recusatio, -onis [recusa- -f tio], F., a refusal. recus5, -are, -avI, -atus [re- tcauso; cf. excuso], i. v. a. and n., {give an excuse for drawing back), refuse, reject, repudiate, ob- ject, object to : de transf erendis iu- diciis {object to, etc.) ; quin {refuse to) ; quominus {refuse to) ; peri- culum {refuse to incur) ; non fuit recusandum, it was to be expected, it was not to be avoided. redactus, -a, -um [p.p. of redi- go], as adj., brought back, redticed. redarguo, -uere, -ul, -iitus [red- arguo], 3. V. a. and n., disprove. reddo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [re- (red-)do], 3. v. a., give back, restore, repay, pay (something due ; cf. re), 7-ender, returti : bene reddita vita, a life nobly lost. — Hence (as tak- ing a thing and restoring in an- other condition), render, make, cause to be. redemptio 8i regie redemptio, -6nis [red-emptio ; cf. redimo], F., a buying ///, a purchase, a ba7'gain for, a contract for. redemptus, -a, -um, p.p. of re- dimo. redeo, -Ire, -ii, -iturus [re- (red-) eo], irr. v. x\., go back, return, conie back, be returned, be entered (in a record), be restored. redimio, -ire, -IvI (-ii), -itus [?, prob. denom.], 4. v. a., bind up, wreathe. redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [re- (red-) emo], 3. v. a., buy back, redeem, purchase, buy. — Esp., con- tract for, bid for (on contract), farjfi, lease. reditus, -us [re- (red-) t itus ; cf. redeo], m., a j-eturti. redoleo, -olere, -olul, no p.p. [red-oleo], 2. v. a. and n., smell, smell of, be exhaled (of the odor itself). rediico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [re-duco], 3. v. a., lead back, bring back, draw back, escort back. redundo, -are, -avi, -atus [red- undo], I. V. w., flow back, overflow. — Also, overflow with, flow (with), reek (with blood) : acervis et san- guine {be filled with). — Fig., spring tip, flow, cover (as with a flood). reduvia, -ae [red + unc. stem; cf. exuviae], F., a hang-nail. redux, -ucis [re-dux], adj., lead- ing back. — Also passive, return- ing, restored (to one's city, etc.). refello, -fellere, -fell!, no p.p. [re-fallo], 3. v. a., refute. refercio, -fercire, -fersT, -fertus [re-farcio], 4. v. a., stuff up, stuff, cram full, cram, crowd full, crowd. refero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [re- fer©], irr. V. a., bring back, returft, bring (where something belongs), report, record (as an account), set down (in a record or to an account). — Esp. : ad senatum (or absolutely), lay before (the Senate for action), consult {the Senate'), propose ; de re publica {consult the Senate in regard to, etc.) ; gratiam {make a return, repay, show 07ie''s gratitude). refert, -ferre, -tulit, no p.p. [res or re(.'^)fert], irr. v. impers. (cf. e re and natura fert), it is ojte's interest, it is important, it makes a differ- ence, it is of account. reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [re- facio], irr. v. a., repair, refresh, re- cruit, relieve, revive. reformido, -are, no perf., no p.p. [re-formido], i. v. a. and n., dread, shrink from : non reformido {be free from alarm). refrigero, -are, -avI, -atus [re- frigero], r. v. a., chill, cool down. refugio, -fugere, -fugl, -fugitraus [re-fugio], 3. v. n. and a., run away, escape, avoid. — Fig., recoil, shrink from. refuto, -are, -avi, -atus [re-tfuto ; cf. confute], I. V. a., check, repel. — Hence, refute, disprove. regalis, -e [reg- -f alis], adj., of or like a king: nomen {of king). regia, see regius. regie [old abl. of regius], adv., royally, in a regal maimer, tyran- nically (like a rex). regio relinquo regio, -onis [reg + io, but cf. ratio], F., direction. — Hence, a direction, a line, position, place, a part {pi the country, etc.), a bound- ary, a region, a country, a district (esp. in plur.): regio atque ora maritima, maritime region and coast. — In plur., boiuids, bounda- ries, limits, regions, a country, a quarter. Regium, Regini, see Rhe-. regius, -a, -um [reg- + ius], adj., of a king, regal, royal, of the king. — Esp.: regia (sc. domus), a palace, the palace {the J^egia, the ancient house of Numa, on the Forum, kept for religious purposes). regno, -are, -avi, -aturus [regno-], I. V. n., rule, be in power, be a king, hold a regal power. regnum, -T [REO + num (neut. of -nus)], N'., a kingdom, royal power, regal power, a throne, tyranny. — Plur., the royal power (of several cases), thrones. rego, regere, rexT, rectus [same root as rex], 3. v. a., direct, matiage, ride, have control of, control. — Esp. : rectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., {directed), straight, right, just: recta {straightway), directly. regredior, -gredl, -gressus [re- gradior], 3. v. dep., go back, return. reicio, -icere, -iecl, -iectus [re- iacio], 3. V. a., throw back, hurl back, drive back, throw off, throiu away, drive off, repel, spurn. — Fig., repel, i-eject, put away : indices {challenge). reiecti5, -onis [re-iactio ; cf. re- icio], F., a throwing away. — Esp., a challenge (of jurymen), etnfanel- ling. relaxo, -are, -avi, -atus [re-laxo], I. V. a., relax : me relaxare, take a respite. relego, -are, -avT, -atus [re-lego], I. V. a., remove, separate, banish, exile. relevo, -are, -avT, -atus [re-levo], I. V. a., raise up again, lift up. — Fig., relieve. religio, -onis [?, re-legio, cf. relego], f., (the original meaning uncertain, see Cic. N. D., 2, 28), a religious scruple, a religious observ- a7ice, the service of the gods, a super- stition, a superstitious terror, reli- gion, sacredness, sanctity (changing the point of view), religious rever- ence, religious duty. — Esp., regard for an oath, conscientiousness, the sanctity of an oath. — Plur., sacred objects, sanctuaries, affairs of reli- gion, religion (abstractly). religiose [old abl. of religiosus], adv., scrupulously, co7iscientiously, with regard to one's oath. religiosus, -a, -um [perh. reli- gion- (more prob. treligio-) + osus], adj., religious (with much religio in its several senses), cotiscientious (with regard for an oath). — Also (in the other sense of religio), sacred, holy, revered, held in reli- gious reverence, venerated, vener- able. relinquo, -linquere, -liquT, -lictus [re-linquo], 3. v. a., leave behind, leave, abandon, leave out, omit, leave alone, leave undone, leave un- avenged, disregard. reliquus 183 repeto reliquus, -a, -um [re-tliquus (LKj + us)], adj., left, rcmainitig, the rest of, the rest, the other, other (meaning all other), the others, all other, future (of time remaining), subsequent, after, intervening (be- fore some other time) : res (which remain for the future, future); reli- quus est {is left, remains, etc.) ; reliqua, the future ; nihil reliqui, nothing left; nihil reliqui (reli- quum) facere, leave ?iothing. remaneo, -manere, -mansi, -man- surus [re-maneo], 2. v. n., remain behind, remain, stay, reside, be, con- tinue, last. remansio, -onis [re-mansio; cf. remaneo], F., a retnaining. remex, -igis [remo- with unc. term. (perh. tagus)], M., ati. oars- man, a rozver. reminiscor, -minlsci [re-tminis- cor (man, in memini, + isco)], 3. v. dep., remember, bear in mind. remissio, -onis [re-missio; cf. remitto], f., a sending back, a relaxation, a diminution, a remis- sion. remitto, -mittere, -misT, -missus [re-mitto], 3. v. a., let go back, send back, throw back. — Fig., relax, re- mit, give up. — remissus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., slack, lax, remiss. remoror, -arl, -atus [re-moror], I. V. dep., stay behind, delay (trans, and intrans.), retard : aliquem poena ifieep one waiting, give one a res- pite). removeo, -movere, -movi, -motus [re-moveo], 2. v. a., move back, move away, send away, remove, draw away, get out of the way, separate, leave out of the question : poenam {set aside, take off, remove) ; remote Catilina, ^vith C. out of the 7vay; remotus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., re- mote, far removed, apart. remus, -i [?], m., a7t oar. renov5, -are, -avi, -atus [re-novo], I. V. a., renew. reniintio, -are, -avT, -atus [re- nuntio], i. v. a., bring back word, bring news, report, proclaim. — Also, renounce, abandon. repello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus [re-pello], 3. v. a., drive back, repel, repulse, ward off, avert : te a con- sulatu (foil your attempt to gain, etc.); furores a cervicibus {defend one^s throat fro77i, etc., rescue onc''s life from, etc.). repente [abl. of repens?], adv., {creeping on so as to appear sud- denly.''), stiddenly. repentino, see repentinus. repentinus, -a, -um [repent- + inus], adj., sudden, hasty, unex- pected: speculator {transient, non- resident); pecuniae {suddenly ac- quired). — repentino, abl. as adv., suddenly. reperio, reperire, repperi, reper- tus [re-(red-)pario], 4. v. a., fi)id out, discover, find (by inquiry ; cf. invenio, accidentally, and compe- rio, in reference to the complete result), learn. repeto, -petere, -petivi (-il), -peti- tus [re-peto], 3. v. a., try to get back, demand back, ask for, try again, look back (at something past), claim (as one's due): poenam, poenas repleo 184 res {demand a penalty, inflict punish- ment, wreak vengeance). — Esp. of money got by extortion, demand (restitution). — Hence, repetundae (with or without pecuniae), the suit for extortion(2i process used against any official for property unlawfully acquired in his office), extortion (where the suit is implied in other words). repleo, -plere, -plevT, -pletus [re- pleo], 2. V. 2.., fill up, supply. — re- pletus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., full, croivdtd. reporto, -are, -avi, -atus [re- porto], I. V. a., carry back, bring back. reposco, -poscere, no perf., no p.p. [re-posco], 3. v. a., demand back, dema7id (something due). reprehendo, -hendere, -hendl, -hensus [re-prehendo] , 3. v. a. and n., drag back, seize hold of, find faiilt with, blame, censure, find faidt, object. reprehensio, -onis [re-prehen- sio ; cf. reprehendo], f., a finding faulty censure, criticism. repressor, -5ris [re-pressor; cf. reprimo], m., a restrainer. reprimo, -primere, -pressT, -pres- sus [re-premo], 3. v. a., check, thwart, foil : reprimi sed non com- primi, put back but not put down. repudio, -are, -avi, -atus [re- pudio-], I. V. a., {sptirn with a stroke ; cf. tripudium), spurti, re- fuse, reject. repugno, -are, -avi, -atus [re- pugno], I. V. n., resist. — Fig., be in opposition. reputo, -are, -avi, -atus [re-puto], I. V. a., reckon tip, thittk over. requies, -etis (-el) [re-quies], f., rest, repose. requiesco, -escere, -evi, -etus [re- quiesco], 3. v. n., rest, repose. requiro, -quire re, -quisTvI (-11), -quisitus [re-quaero], 3. v. a. and n., search out, enquire for. — Hence, ask, ask for, request, re- quire, demajid, need, miss, be in want of. res, rei [akin to reor], F., prop- erty{?), business, an affair, a matter, a thing (i\\ the most general sense). — Hence determined by the con- text, a fact, an occurrence, an event, a case, an action, an act, a measure, an object (aimed at), one''s interest, an art, a science, a point, a lawsuit, a case (at law). — Esp. where no word corresponding to the English idea exists in Latin : res quae ex- portantur, exports. — Often where a pronoun is avoided : qua in re, ill what, in which ; eam in rem, for that ; ei quoque \Q,\.,for this also. — Esp. of public matters, with pub- lica (also without), see publicus : res maximae, power, glory, career ; novae res, revolution, a change of government ; summa potestas om- nium rerum (of the whole state). — Also, rem, res gerere, perform ex- ploits, carry 07i war, act, operate, conduct affairs ; res populi Romani (deeds, exploits, history, career)', res gestae, exploits, acts ; ipsa res, the case itself, the circumstances of the case, the facts ; re vera, in fact ; re, by actions (as opposed to rescinds 185 reticentia words), in fact ; in suam rem con- vertit {to his own use); haec acta res est, this ivas the object aimed at, this is what %vas accomplished ; res omnis tecum erit, all my business will ^^-j etc., I shall have only to deal with you, etc.; in rebus iudicandis, in trials; ob rem iudicandam, /i?;- deciding a case ; res magnae agun- tur [great interests, etc.); multa- rum rerum societas, many asso- ciations ; res militaris, the a?-t of war, war ; privatarum rerum de- decus {private conduct) ; ita se res habet, the case is such, it is so ; e re, to the point, tifnely, worth while. rescinds, -scindere, -scidl, -scis- sus [re-scindo], 3. v. a., cut away, tear down, break down, destroy. — Hence, rescind, annul. reseco, -are, -ui, -tus [re-seco], I . V. a., cut off, cut away. reserve, -are, -avi, -atus [re- servo], I. V. a., keep back, rese^'ve, hold in reserve, keep. resideo, -sidere, -sedT, no p.p. [re-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit back, sit down, remain behind, remain, rest, stop. resigns, -are, -avT, -atus [re- signo], I. V. a., unseal, anmil, de- stroy. resists, -sistere, -stiti, no p.p. [re-sisto], 3. v. n , stand back, stop, remaitj, survive, withstand, make a stand, resist. respicio, -spicere, -spexT, -spectus [re-tspecio], 3. v. a. and n., look back, look back at, look behind one, see behind one, review. respiro, -are, -avT, -atus [re- spire], I. V. a. and n., breathe out, exhale, breathe again, breathe, draw one''s breath. respondeo, -spondere, -.spondi, -sponsurus [re-spondeo], 2. v. n., reply, answer, make an answerifig argumcjit or reply; esp. of an oracle or seer. — Fig., correspond, match. responsum, -1 [neut. p.p. of re- spondeo], N., a reply, a response. ■ — Plur., a reply (of several parts), advice. respublica, see res and publicus. respuo, -spuere, -spul, no p.p. [re-spuo], 3. V. a., spit out. — Fig., spurn, reject. restinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi, -stinctus [re-stinguo] , 3. v. a., extinguish. — Less exactly, destroy, annihilate. restituo,-stituere,-stituT,-stitiJtus [re-statuo], 3. v. a., set up again, replace, restore, make anew, reestab- lish, revive, recall (one from exile). restitiitor, -5ris [restitu- (as stem of restituo) -f tor], M., a re- storer. resto, -stare, -stiti (in common with resisto), no p.p. [re-sto], i. v. n., remain, be left. retards, -are, -avT, -atus [re- tardo], I. V. a. and n., retard, check, delay, keep back : non sopita sed retardata consuetude {not put to sleep but dozing, or not lost but re- laxed, abandoning the figure of dullness; cf. tardus). reticentia, -ae [reticent- -f ia], F., silence. reticeo 1 86 robur reticeo, -ere, -uT, no p.p. [re- taceo], 2. V. n. and a., keep sile^ice, be silent, say nothinf;. retineo, -tinere, -tinuT, -tentus [re-teneo], 2. v. a., hold back, re- strain (quin, fro7n doing some- thing), detain, retain, preserve, keep, fnaintain (by not losing) : iura {observe, tnaintain) ; id memoria {keep, bear in mind). retorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tor- tus [re-torqueo] , 2. v. a., twist back, hurl back, roll back, turn back. retractatio, -on is [retracta- + tio], F., a drawing back: sine ulla retractatione, without any shrink- ing or hesitation. retraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus [re-traho], 3. v. a., drag back, bring back (a person), draw away. retundo, -tundere, -tudi, -tusus [re-tundo], 3. v. a., beat back, blunt, turn the edge of. reus, -i [re (as stem of res) -f ius], M., (with a case in court), a party (to a case). — Esp., a de-' fendant, an accused person, the ac- cused. — Often to be rendered by a phrase, under accusatioti : reum facere, bring to trial. revello, -vellere, -velll, -volsus [re-vello], 3. v. a., tear away, pull away, pull off. reverto, -vertere, -vertT, -versus [re-verto], 3. v. n., act. in perf. tenses, return (turn about and go back ; cf. xe^QO^get back, come back). — Pass, as deponent in pres. tenses, return, go back, revert. revinco, -vincere, -vicl, -victus [re-vinco], 3. v. a. and n., subdue. — Fig., refute, confute, put in the wrotig. revivisc5 (-esco), -vivlscere, -vTxI, no p.p. [re-vivisco], 3. v. n., come to life again, revive. revoco, -are, -avi, -atus [re-voco], I. V. a., call back (either from or to something), call away, call off, re- call, draw back, withdraw, try to withdraw, restore (call back to). rex, regis [reg as stem], m., a ki)ig (esp. in a bad sense, as a ty- rant). rheda (raeda, reda), -ae [perh. Celtic or Oscan form akin to rota], F., a wagon (with four wheels). rhedarius (red-, raed-), -I [rhe- da- -f arius], m., driver of rheda. Rhegini (Reg-), -orum [Rhegio- + inus] , M. pi wx., people of Rhegium . Rhegium (Reg-), -I ['PrjyLov], n,, a city of Bruttium, now Reggio. Rhenus, -I [?], m., the Rhine. Rhodius, -a, -um [Rhod6- + ius], adj., of Rhodes. — Masc. plur. as subst., the Rhodians, the people of Rhodes. Rhodus, -1 ['P65os], f., Rhodes, an island off the coast of Asia Minor, famous for its commerce and navigation. ridiculus,-a,-um [trido- (whence rideo) -f cuius ; cf. molliculus], adj., laughable, ridiculous, absurd. ripa, -ae [?], f., a bank. rivus, -T [akin to peui], M., a brook, a stream (not so large as flumen). robur, -oris [.'], n., oak, tojigh 2uood. — Fig., strength (as resisting ; cf. vis), vigor, endurance, vitality. — Esp., the flower, the strength. robustus 187 rumpo r5bustus, -a, -um [robos- (orig. stem of robur) + tus], adj., endowed with strength, vigorous, strong. rogatio, -onis [roga- + tio], f., ajt asking, a request. — Esp., [an asking of the people in asse??ibly), a hill, a law (as proposed but not yet enacted). rogatus, -us [roga- + tus], M.,a request. rogo, -are, -avT, -atus [.''], i. v. a. and n., ask, request, ask for. — Esp., ask of the people, propose (a law, &\.c)), pass (a bill, as the result of the askmg). Roma, -ae [?, perh. akin to pew, tlie river city^ v., Rome. Romanus, -a, -um [Roma- -f nus], adj., Roman. — As subst., a Roma7i : ludi Romani (also magni ? a great festival of the Romans, beginning September 4 and last- ing some fifteen days). Romilius (also Romuleus), -a, -um [Romulo- + ius],adj., of Romu- lus, Romilian. — Esp. : Romilia, -ae, F., as the name of one of the tribes of Rome, Romilian (sc. tribe). Romulus, -1 [prob. manufactured from Roma], M., the eponymous hero, the founder of Rome. — Also of a statue of him as an infant. Roscius, -I [?], M., a Roman family name. — Esp. : i. Sex. Ros- cius of Ameria, killed in the Sullan proscription; 2. Another of the same name, the person defended against the charge of this murder in one of Cicero's orations; 3. Q. Roscius Gallus, a famous actor and friend of Cicero, also defended by him in an extant oration ; 4. 7'. Roscius Capito, a kinsman of Sex. Roscius ; 5. T. Roscius Magnus, another kinsman of the same. rostrum, -I [rod- (in rodo) + trum], N., a beak. — Esp. of a ship, the beak, the ram (used as in mod- ern naval fighting). — Esp. : rostra, plur., the rostra or rostj^um, a stage in the Forum from which the peo- ple were addressed, ornamented with the beaks of ships. Rudiae, -arum [?], f. plur., a town of Calabria, where the poet Ennius was born. Rudinus, -a, -um [Rudia- + inus], adj., of Rudict. rudis, -e [.''], adj., rude, rough. — Fig., tineducated, unpolished, ignora/it. Rufio, -onis [tRufiS- -f 0], m., a slave's name. Rufus, -1 [prob. dialectic form of rubus, red], M., a Roman sur- name. — Esp., L. Mescinius Rufus, a friend of Cicero, and one of his quaestors in his Cilician province. ruina, -ae [prob. truo- (RU in ruo) + na (fem. of -nus) ; cf. rues, ruidus], F., a falling, an iinder- mining. — Fig., a downfall, a crash, a ruin. rumor, -oris [rum (cf. rumito), as if root + or], M., a rumor, a story (confused report), report, reputation (talk about one). rump5, rumpere, rupl, ruptus [rup (in rupes?)], 3. v. a., break (as a door; cf. frango, as a stick), burst. 1 88 sagum ruo, ruere, rui, rutus (ruitiirus) [ru (cf. ruina)], 3. v. a. and n., cause to full, fall, go to ruin, be ruined, go to destruction. — Also (cf. fall upon), rush headlong, rush. rursus [for reversus, petrified as adv. ; cf . versus] , adv., back again, back, again, o?i the other hand. rus, ruris [?], x., t/ie country: ruri, in the cottntry. rusticor, -arl, -atus [rustico-], I. V. dep., go to the country. rusticus, -a, -um [rus- + ticus], adj., rural, rustic, coujitry. — Masc. as subst., a countryman, a rustic. Sabinus, -a, -um [unc. stem (cf. sabulum, sand)-\- inus], M., Sabine. — Masc. plur. as subst., ^/^^ Sabines. sacer, sacra, sacrum [sac (in sancio) + rus], adj., sacred. — Neut. plur. as subst., sacred rites, sacred objects, things sacred. sacerdos, -dotis [sacro-dos (da + tis)], M. and F., (arranger of sacred rites /), a priest. sacramentum, -T [sacra- + men- turn], N., a deposit (to secure an oath, orig. in a bargain), an oath. — Hence, a suit at law (of a peculiar form in use at Rome). sacrarium, -i [neut. of sacrarius (sacro- + arius)], n., a shrine. sacrificium, -I [tsacrifico- (sacro- tfacus ; cf. beneficus) + ium], N.,a sacrifice. sacr5, -are, -avi, -atus [sacro-], I. V. 2.., consecrate : leges sacratae {inviolable). sacrosanctus, -a, -um (sometimes separate) [sacro sanctus],adj., /^«/- lowed by religious rites, sacred, inviolable. saeculum (seculum, saeclum), -! [prob. seco- (or other stem akin to secus, sex) -f Ium (cf. Liicr. 4, 1223, no doubt SA in sero)], n,, a generation (orig. a family of off- spring), an age. — Esp. of future ages. saepe [neut. of tsaepis (perh. same as saepes)], adv., often: mi- nime saepe, 7nost rarely. — saepius, compar., 7nany times, repeatedly, again and again, so majiy times : semel et saepius, once and again ; iterum et saepius, many many times. saepio (sep-), -ire, -si (-il), -tus [saepi- (cf. saepes, saepe)], 4. v. a., hedge in, oiclose, surroutid, protect. saeptum (sep-), -I [neut. p.p. of saepio], N., an enclosure, a railifig (esp. of the voting places at Rome). sagatus, -a, -um [sago- + atus], adj., clad in the sagum, in the garb of war, in arms. sagax, -acis [sag (root of saglo) + ax], adj., keen-scented, acute. sagino, -are, -avi, -atus [sagina-], I . V. a., fatten, feed. — Pass., gorge one's self, fatten (one's self). sagum, -1 [prob. borrowed], x., a military cloak (of coarse wool): ad saga ire, put on the garb of war (as was done at Rome in times of Sal. 89 public danger); sumere saga (same meaning). Sal., see salus. Salaminii, -orum [Salamin- + ius], 'iA.'^\viX., the people 0/ Salami's (theislandoff Attica,famousforthe battle with the Persians, B.C. 480). saltern [?], adv., at least, at a7iy 7' ate. salto, -are, -avl, -atus [as if salto- after analogy of rapto, etc.], i. v. n., dance, leap. saltus, -us [?, perh. sal (in salio) + tus], 'Si., a wooded height, a glade, a pass (in the mountains), a pasture. saliis, -utis [salvo (?) + tis (cf. virtus, Carmentis)], f., health, well- being, welfare, safety, preservation, relief, deliverance, life (as saved or lost), escape (safety in danger), acquittal (on a trial, the regular word), restoratioft (to citizenship): ratio salutis, means of safety, chances of acquittal. — In the addresses of letters, abbreviated to sal. or s., greeting, salutatio7i. — As a divin- ity. Health (implying also deliver- ance), who had a temple at Rome. salutaris, -e [salut- -f aris], adj., healthful, wholeso7ne, beticficial, salutaiy, saving: civis {7'aluable, as aiding the welfare of the state); salutaribus rebus tuis {prosperous, not only for himself, but for the state). saluto, -are, -avi, -atus [salut-], I. V. a., salute (wishing salus to one; cf. salve). — Esp., visit, call upon, a regular morning custom among the Romans. salvus, -a, -um [sar (sal) + rus, cf. 6\os], adj., safe, whole, sound, saved, unharmed, uninjured. — In many phrases : nisi te salvo, etc., 71 n I ess all is well with you ; salvus esse, survive, avoid rui7i, floiwish ; salva urbe, so lo7ig as the city stands, in the city still standi7tg ; salva re- publica, without det7'ime7it to ; sal- vos 'pra.est3iTe,g7(a7'afztee the safety of. Samnium, -T [for Sabinium, Sabino- -f ium (neut. of -ius)], N., a country of central Italy east of Latium. Samos (-us), -i [Sd/^os], f., a famous city on an island of the same name off the coast of Ionia. sancio, sancTre, sanxi, sanctus (-itus) [sac (in sacer)], 4. v. a., bi7id (in some religious manner), make sacred, sole77i7ily establish (by law), ordaift. — sanctus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., holy, sacred, solemn, i7tviolable, pure, venerable, itivio- late, revered, cotiscientious. sancte [old abl. of sanctus], adv., piously, conscientiously. sanctitas, -atis [sancto- -f tas], F., sacred7iess, safictity^ inviolabil- ity. — Also, piety, purity, C07iscie7i- tiousness. sanctus, p.p. of sancio. sane [old abl. of sanus], adv., soiuidly, discreetly. — Usually, as weakened particle, no doubt, with- out qucstio7i, certainly. — Oftener giving a light tone to the idea, by all 7)iea7is, at a7iy rate, /'w sure, e7iough, if you I i he : sane ne haec quidem mihi res placebat {ve7y mucJi)\ sane benevolo animo (/'w sanguis 190 Saxa sure) ; Siculi sane liberi ( pretty independcut) ; dicatur sane {if he tikes) ; sane varius, motley enough ; pereant sane {for all me) ; fines exigui sane {none too wide) ; quae- sierit sane {if you like) ; augeamus sane {by all means). sanguis (-en), -inis [?], m., blood (as the vital fluid, generally in the body; cf. cruor), the life- blood (also as just shed). — So also, bloodshed., blood., murder. sanitas, -atis [sano- + tas], f., soundness, sound fnind, ordinary discretion . san5, -are, -avi, -atus [sano-], I. V. a., make sound, make good, repair, acre, heal. sanus, -a, -um [sa- (akin to salvus) + nus], adj., sound (in body or mind), satte, discreet : bene sanus, really wise. sapiens, -entis [p. of sapio], as adj., xuise, discreet, of discretion. — Esp. as subst., a philosopher. sapienter [sapient- + ter], adv., wisely, with wisdom. sapientia, -ae [sapient- -f ia], F., wisdom. sapio, -ere, -i\T (-ii), no p.p. [.^ SAP (akin to cro06s)], 3. v. a. and n., taste (actively or pas- sively). — Hence, be wise, have intelligence. Sappho, -us [SaTT^w], F., the famous poetess of Mytilene in Lesbos. — Of a famous statue of her at Syracuse, stolen by Verres. Sardinia, -ae [?], f., the island still called by that name in the Tuscan Fea, satelles, -itis [.-*], m. or F., an at- tendant, a tool, a minister, a minion. satietas, -atis [tsatio- (cf. satio) + tas; cf. pietas], f., satiety, ap- petite (as satisfied). satio, -are, -avT, -atus [tsatio- (akin to satis) ; cf. satietas], i. v. a., satiate, satisfy, sate, glut, feast. satis \f\, adv., enough, suffi- ciently, adequately. — Often with partitive, equivalent to a noun or adj., enough, sufficient : satis late, pretty widely ; satis habere, con- sider sufficient, be satisfied ; satis facere, see below. satisfacio, -facere, -feci, -factii- rus [satis facio], 3. v. n., do enough for, satisfy. satius [prob. compar. of satis], adj. and adv., better, preferable. Saturnalia, -ium and -iorum [Satumo- + alis], n. plur., the Sat- urnalia, the great feast of Saturn in December, beginning the 17th, during which the freedom of the golden age was imitated by all classes. Saturninus, -1 [prob. Satumio- + inus], M., a Roman family name. — Esp., L. Appuleius Saturninus, killed as a demagogue by Marius, B.C. 100. Satyrus, -i [Zdrvpos], M., a satyr, a half-human deity of the forests, personating thevitalforceof nature, a frequent subject for works of art. saucius, -a, -um [.^], adj., wounded. Saxa, -ae [.^], m., a Roman fam- ily name. — Esp., L. Dccidius Saxa, a friend of Antony. 191 scribo saxum, -i [?], N., a; rock. scaena (see-), -ae \(jKy\vi\\, f., {a bowet'), a stage (from the arched proscenium and background). scaenicus (see-), -a, -um [scae- na- + cus], adj., of the stage, scenic. Scaevola, -ae [scaevo- -f la, sc. manus], isi., a Roman family name. — Esp., P. Mucins Sccevola, consul B.C. 133. scalae, -arum [scad (in scan- do) + la], F. plur., a flight of stairs, stairs, steps. Scantia, -ae [.?], f., a Roman woman of the gens of that name, in some way wronged by Clodius. Scaurus, -1 [scaurus, " club- foot "], M., a Roman family name. — Esp., M. yEniilius Scaurus, consul B.C. 116, long famous as princeps senatus, consul a second time, and censor. He was father- in-law of M'. Glabrio. scelerate [old abl. of sceleratus], adv., criminally, wickedly, im- piously. sceleratus, -a, -um [as if (perh. really) p.p. of scelero {stain with crime .?)], adj., villainous, accursed. — As subst., a scoundrel, a villain. scelestus, -a, -um [scelus- + tus], adj., (of acts), criminal, im- pious, wicked (cf. sceleratus, of persons). seelus, -eris [.^ cf. (XKeXos, perh. orig. " crookedness " ; cf. pravus and wrong], N., crime, villany, wickedness, a heinous crime : tan- tum scelus, such monstrous wicked- ness. scena, see scaena. seenicus, see scaenicus. Schola, -ae [schola], m., a Ro- man name, see Causinius. scientia, -ae [scient- -f ia], f., knowledge, acquaintance with (thing in the genitive, or clause). seilicet [prob. sci (imperative) licet], adv., you may know, of course, that is to say, in fact. — Often ironical, /^rj^^M. seio, scire, scivi (-il), scitus [.?], 4. v. a., (separate ?), distinguish, know (a fact ; cf. nosco), be aware : certo scio, / am very stcre ; scitote, you must know, be assured, you may be sure. — sciens, -entis, p. as adj., having kttozvledge, well-informed, experienced, skilful: prudens et sciens, with full knowledge, and with one V eyes open ; nee imperante nee sciente nee praesente domino, without the order or knowledge or presence of, etc. Scipio, -5nis [scipio, staff], m., a Roman family name. — Esp.: I. See Africanus ; 2. See Nasica ; 3. P. {Come I ills) Scipio {Nasica), an influential, but not famous, member of the family, active on the side of Sex. Roscius. sciscitor, -arT, -atus [as if sci- scito-, p.p. of seisco], i. v. dep., learn, ask, examine, make enquiries. SCOrtum, -I [?], n., a hide. — Also, a harlot, a debauchee. seriba, -ae [scrib -f a], m., a clerk. seribo, scrlbere, scrips!, script us [.^], 3. v. a. and n., write, give an account (in writing), inscribe, set down, draw up (of a law), write scriptor 192 sedes about, compose, record, appoint (in a written instrument), 7nake (in writing). scriptor, -oris [scrib -f tor], m., a writer, an author. scriptura, -ae [scrib + tura, but cf. pictura], f., a writing. — Also (from the registering of the num- ber of cattle pastured on the public lands), the public pastures, the pasture tax. scrutor, -arl, -atus [scruta, rub- bis h\ I. V. dep., rtanmage, search, pry into. sciitum, -i [?], n., a shield, of the Roman legion, made of wood, convex, oblong (2^ by 4 ft.), cov- ered with leather. Scyllaeus, -a, -um [S/cuXXatos], adj., of Scylla (the famous rock in the Strait of Messina on the Italian side, corresponding to Charybdis on the side of Sicily, dangerous to mariners), Scyllcean. se- (sed-) [same word as sed (?)], insep. prep., apart, aside, away, etc. secedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum (impers.) [se-cedo], 3. v. n., with- draw, retire, go away. secerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretus [se-cemo], 3. v. a., separate. — Less exactly, distinguish. — Also, set aside, reject. secessio, -onis [se-cessio ; cf. se- cedo], F., a withdrawal, a secession (a withdrawal for political reasons). secius, see secus. seco, secare, secul, sectus [prob. causative of sec], i. v. a., cut, reap. — There is possibly another mean- ing, /(?//(37£/. sector, -oris [sec {follow or cut ? possibly two words) + tor], m., a cutter. — Also, a purchaser of con- fiscated estates (or of booty taken in war) : de manibus sectorum (of the confiscation, harpies) ; sectores ac sicarii {sharpers and cut-throats). sector, -arl, -atus [prob. secta- (sEQU + ta; cf. moneta)], i. v. ^&^., pursue, chase after, be in one ^s train. secundum, see secundus. secundus, -a, -um [p. in -dus, of sequor] , adj ., following. — Hence, second. — Also (as not opposing), favorable, success fil : res secundae, prosperity. — secundum, neut. ace. as prep.with ace, along, in the direc- tion of, in accordance with, after. securis, -is [sec + unc. term.],/ ¥.,afi axe. — Esp., the axe of the lictor (as a symbol of the power of life and death) : duodecim se- cures (i.e. two praetors). secus [seq (in sequor) + unc. term.], adv., {inferior), otherwise, less. — Compar., secius (setius), less : nihilo secius, none the less, nevertheless. sed [abl. of unc. stem; cf. re], conj., {apart) (cf. seditio and se- curus), but (stronger than autem or at). sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum (su- pine) [tsedo- (sed -f us ; cf. domi- seda and sedo)], 2. v. n.,sit, sit still, remain seated, sit (here, there, etc.), sit by: ad portas imperator {be in arms, be). sedes, -is [sed -f es (masc. and fem. term, corresponding to neut. seditio 193 senatorius -us)], F., a seat. — Hence, an abode (both in sing, and plur.), an abid- ing-place, a place 0/ abode, a Jumie, a seat (fig.). seditio, -onis [sed-titio (i + tio)], F., a secession, a mjitiny, an upris- ing, a civil disturbatice, an insur- rection, a riot. seditiose [old abl. of seditiosus], adv., treasonably, with seditious purpose, to excite a riot. seditiosus, -a, -urn [sedition- + osus (poss. as if t seditio + osus ; cf. initium)], adj., seditious, factious. sedo, -are, -avT, -atus [causative of SED, or perhaps denominative of sedo- ; cf. domiseda], i. v. a., set- tle, quiet, allay, appease, repress, check, stop. sedulitas, -atis [sedulo- + tas], F., assidtiity, diligent attention, zeal, earnest endeavor, paifistakiftg. seges, -etis [unc. stem (cf. seco?) + tis], Y.,a crop of grain (growing), a field (of grain) : segetem ac mate- riem gloriae {the fertile source and raw material). segnis, -e [?], adj., slow, inactive. — Compar., segnior {less active). segniter [segni- + ter], adv., slo'cvly, shiggishly: nihilo segnius, no less energetically. segrego, -are, -avi, -atus [segreg- (se-grex, apart from the herd)], I. v. a., separate, exclude. seiungo, -iungere, -iunxT, -iunc- tus [se-iungo], 3. v. a., disjoin, separate. sella, -ae [sed -f la; cf. eSpa], F., a seat, a bench, a stool, a work- bench (probably only a stool) ; curulis {the curule chair, a camp- stool with ivory legs, used by magistrates). semel [prob. neut. of adj., akin to similis], adv., ofice, once only: semel et saepius, more thaft once, again and again ; ut semel, when once, as soon as. semen, -inis [se (in sero)-f men], N., seed. — Also figuratively. seminarium, -I [semin- -f arius], N. (of adj.), a 7nirsery. — Also figu- ratively. semisomnus, -a, -um [semi-som- nus, decl. as adj.], adj., half asleep, drowsy, listless. semiustilatus (semiis-), -a, -um [p.p. of semiustilo], as adj., half bzirned. semper [tsemo- (i") (in semel) -per (cf. parumper)], adv., through all time, all the tij?ie, always, every time. sempiternus, -a, -um [semper (weakened, for a stem) -|- ternus ; cf. hesternus], adj., eternal, forever. Sempronius, -a, -um [.?], adj., of the gens Se7npronia (itself the fem. of the adj.). — Esp. of C. Sempro- nius Gracchus (see Gracchus): lex Sempronia, Sempronian law (of Gracchus, securing the rights of Roman citizens). senator, -oris [tsena- (as if verb- stem akin to senex, perh. really so; cf. senatus) + tor], m., {an elder). — Hence, a senator (esp. of Rome), a 7ne?}iber of the Senate. senatorius, -a, -um [senator- -f- ius], adj., of the senators, of the Senate, of a senator, senatorial. senatus 194 Seplasia senatus, -us [tsena- (as if, perh. really, verb-stem akin to senex)], "Si., a Senate (council of old men). — Y.?>^., the Senate (of Rome, the great l^ody of nobles acting as an admin- istrative council). The word ex- presses the body as an order in the state, or as a council, and also a meeting of the body, senectiis, -utis [senec- (as stem of senex) -f tus ; cf. virtus], f., age (advanced), old age, riper years (not necessarily age in Eng. sense). senex [seni- (stem of oblique cases) -f cus (reduced)], gen. senis [?, cf. seneschal\ adj. (only masc), old. — Esp. as subst., an old ?nan (above forty-five), the elder (of two of the same name), senior. senilis, -e [seni- (see senex) -f lis (or -ilis)], adj., of aii old man : corpus {aged). senium, -I [seni- (see senex) + ium], N., age (as a decline), senil- ity. — Less exactly, weakness, sad- ness, torpor. sensim [as if ace. of tsensis, verbal of sentio ; cf. partim], adv., {perceptibly). — Hence (cf. subito and repente, its opposites), gradu- ally, by degrees. sensus, -iis [sent- (as root of sentio) + tus], m., feeling (as be- longing to humanity, etc.), sensa- tion, a feeling, feelings (in both sing, and plur.), the senses (in both sing, and plur.), consciousjtess, the power of sense, a sentinient (a way of feeling). — Hence, a sense, a meaning. sententia, -ae [tsentent- (p. of simpler pres. of sentio) +ia], F., {feeling, thinkifig). — Hence, a way of thinking, an opinioti, a view, a deterf/tination, a sentiment, a feel- ing, a purpose, a design. — Esp., officially, a judgnient, an opinion, a sentence, a vote, a decision, an ex- pression of opinio7i, a ballot (a writ- ten expression of opinion). — Esp. : verba atque sententiae, words and ideas or expressions ; divisa est sententia, the vote was divided ; in eandem sententiam, to the satiie pur- port ; de sententia amicorum {by the advice, etc.); in eadem senten- tia, ^//^f same mind. — sententiae, plur., a verdict, votes of a jury. sentina, -ae [?], f., bilge water. — Fig., the dregs, a cesspool. sentio, sentlre, sens!, sensus [?], 4. v. a., perceive (by the senses), feel, know, see, think (of an opinion made up), learn about, learji, find (by experience). — Hence, hold an opinion, take sides, side, hold a vieiu (of some kind) : cf, sententia. — Also absolutely, possess setisation,feel. separo, -are, -avi, -atus [se- (sed-) paro], I. V. a., {get apart?), sepa- rate. — Esp.: separatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., separate. sepelio, -Ire, -ivT (-ii), sepultus [?], 4. V. a., bury. — Less exactly and fig., put to rest, destroy, end, ruin, bujy in ruins. sepes, see saepes. sepio, see saepio, Seplasia, -ae [?], f., a place in Capua where ointments (i.e. per- fumes) were sold. septem 195 septem [?, cf. seven], mdecl. num. adj., seven. Septimius, -1 [septimo- 4- ius], M., a Roman gentile name ; cf. Octavius, — Esp., /'. Septimius, an obscure senator, condemned for extortion. Septimus, -a, -um [septem + mus ; cf. primus], num. adj., t/ie seventh. septum, see saeptum. sepulcrum (sepulchrum), -I [tse- pul (as if root of sepelio, or a kin- dred stem)+ cram (cf. lavacrum)], N., a tojnb, a grave, a Inirial place. sepultura, -ae [tsepultu (sepel in sepelio, prob. compound, + tus) + ra (fern, of -rus)], f., burial, burying, burial rites, funeral rites (even in cremation). sequester, -tris [akin to sequor, l)rob. tsequit- (cf. comes, eques) + tris (cf. equester)], m., (a deposi- tary in a suit at law of the property in dispute). — Less exactly, a de- positary (of money for bribery). sequor, sequi, secutus [sequ], 3. V. dep., follow, accompany. — Fig., follow the dictates of, obey, be guided by, follow, adopt (an opin- ion), side with, aim at. Ser., abbreviation for Servius. Sergius, -I [perh. Sabine], m., a Roman gentile name, see Catilina. — Also, T. Sergius Callus (perh. Sextius or Sestius), an unknown person who had an estate at Bo villas. sermo, -onis [ser (in sero, twine) + mo (prob. -mo + 0)], m., [series?). — Hence, conversation (continuous series of speech), talk, intercourse, conversation with, com- mon talk, speech. — Also, language. sero [abl. of serus], adv., too late. — Compar. serius, later, too late. serpo, serpere, serpsi, no p.p. [SERP; cf. epTTw], 3. v. n., creep. — Fig., wind its zvay, spread. Sertorianus, -a, -um [Sertorio- -f anus], adj., of Seriorius, esp. the one mentioned below. Sertorius, -I [sertor (.?) + ius], M., {garland-f?iaker ?), a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Q. Sertorius, a partisan of Marius, who held a command in Spain against the party of Sulla from B.C. 80 to j.c. 72. sertum, -1 [p.p. of sero, twine], N., a garland, a wreath. serus, -a, -um [perh. akin to sero], adj., late, long delayed. servilis, -e [servi (as if stem of servus or akin; cf. servio) + lis], adj., of slaves, of a slave, servile: in servilem modum, like slaves; bellum {the servile war, the revolt of the slaves under Spartacus in B.C. n)- Servilius, -I [servili- + ius], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : I . P. Servilius Vatia Isanicus, con- sul B.C. 79; 2. C. Servilius Ahala, see Ahala ; 3. C Servilius Glaucia, see Glaucia ; 4. Z'. Servilius Vatia, son of No. I, consul B.C. 48 with Caesar; 5. P. Servilius Casca, one of Caesar's assassins. servi5, -Ire, -Ivi (-ii), -iturus [servi- (as if stem of servus or akin ; cf. servilis)], 4. v. n., be a servitium 96 slave (to some one or something), be ill subjection. — Less exactly, devote 07ie's self to, cater to, be influejiced by, consult for, be sub- servient to, do a service to. servitium, -I [servo- + tium (cf. amicitia)], n., {slavery). — Hence (cf. inventus), a body of slaves, slaves (esp. in plural). servitus, -utis [as if tservitu- (servo + tus) + tis ; cf. iuventus, sementis ; perh. immediately servo + tus, -tutis], F., slavery, servitude. Servius, -I [servo- + ius], m., a Roman praenomen. servo, -are, -avi, -atus [servo-], I. V. a., watch, guard, keep, preserve, maiiitai)i. — Esp. in language of 2M^\x\^, watch (for omens) : decaelo {see an omen, a process used to stop proceedings by one colleague against another). servolus(-ulus),-I [servo- + lus], M., a little slave, a slave (with a suggestion of disparagement). servus, -i [unc. root (ser. bind?) + vus], M., a slave. sescenti (sex-), -ae, -a [sex- centum], num. adj., six hundred. sese, see sui. sestertius, -1 [semis-tertius (two whole ones and) the third a half?'\, M. of adj., (with nummus), two and a half asses, a sesterce (a sum of money, about five cents). Sestius (Sext-), -I, m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,- P. Sestius, a Roman defended by Cicero in an oration still extant. setius, see secus. seu, see sive. severe [old abl. of severus], adv., with strictness, with severity, harshly. severitas, -atis [severo- 4- tas], F., strictness, harshness, severity. severus, -a, -urn [?], adj., stern, strict, severe, harsh. — Also, serious, sober, grave. Sex., abbreviation for Sextus. sexaginta [sex + unc. term. ; cf. e^rjKovTo], indecl. num. adj., sixty. sextilis, -e [sexto- + ills], adj., {of the sixth). — Hence, of August. Sextius, see Sestius. sextus, -a, -um [sex -f tus], num. adj., sixth. Sextus, -I [preceding word as proper name (orig. the sixthbcrn)\ M., a Roman praenomen. si [locative, prob. akin to se], conj., {in thiszvay, in this case, so ; cf. sic), if, in case, on condition that, suppositig ; si quando, if ever, whenever ; si quidem, if at least, in so far as, since ; si quis, if any. — Esp., to see if, whether. sibilus, -i (plur. -a, -orum) [perh. imitative], M. and N., a hissing, a hiss. Sibyllinus, -a, -um [Sibylla- -f inus], adj., of the Sibyl, Sibyllijie : fata {the Sibylline books, a collection of prophecies held in great venera- tion at Rome). sic [si-ce ; cf. hie], adv., so, in this manfter, in such a manner, in this way, thus: sic . . . ut, so . . . that, so well . . . that ; sic accepimus {this). — sicuti, sicut, as ZQ>xCy,just as, jicst as if as. 197 similitudo sica, -ae [prob. akin to seco], f., a dagger. sicarius, -i [sica- + arius], m., an assassin, a cut-throat, a hired riiffiaJi (one who commits murder for money). Sicilia, -ae [Zt/ceXt'a], f., Sicily. Siciliensis, -e [Sicilia- + ensis], adj., of Sicily, Sicilian. — Masc. as subst., a Sic ilia 71. Siculus, -a, -um [Si/ceXos], adj., Sicilian, of Sicily. — Masc. plur. as subst., the Sicilians. sicut (sicuti), see sic. Sicyonius, -a, -um \^iKVbivio{\, adj., of Sicyon (a city of Pelopon- nesus), .S/rj/^w/a//. — Masc. as subst., a Sicyonian. Sidicinus, -a, -um [.?], adj., Sidi- cinian, of the Sidicini, a people of Campania. Sigeum, -I {Zl-yeiov], n., a prom- ontory near Troy, where was the supposed tomb of Achilles. signifer, -erl [signo-fer (fer + us)], M., a standard-bearer. significatio, -onis [significa- -f tio], F., a making of signs, a signal, a sign, an intimation, a warning, an indication, signal. significo, -are, -avi, -atus [tsig- nifico- (signo-ficus)], i. v. n. and a., 7nake signs, indicate, make known, spread news, give an ifitiination, give information, intimate, hint at, give an ijidicatiojt, show signs of. signum, -T [unc. root + nam (neut. of -nus)], n., (orig. a cut tally- mark ? a device), a sign, a fnark, a signal. — Ksp., a standard (for mili- tary purposes, carried by each body of men, consisting of some devicein metal on a pole). — So often, signa militaria (to distinguish this mean- ing). — In phrases : conlatis signis, /';/ a regular battle ; signis inferen- dis, in battle array, with an armed force ; see military expressions in Vocab. to Caesar. — Also, a statue, a seal, a cojistellation. Silanion (-io), -onis [.^], m., a famous Greek sculptor of the time of Alexander the Great. Silanus, -i [?], m., a Roman family name. — Esp., D. Junius Silanus, consul B.C. 62, who voted in the Senate for the death of the Catilinarian conspirators. silentium, -i [silent- -f ium], n., silence, quiet. — silentio, abl. as adv., in silence, silently. sileo, -ere, -ui, no p.p. [?], 2. v. n. and a., be silent, say nothing, be silent abotit, pass over in silence. silva, -ae [?], f., a forest, woods, forests. — Plur. in same sense. Silvanus, -I [silva- -f nus], m., {of the woods). — A Roman family n ame. — Esp., M. Plautius Silvanus, tribune B.C. 89, author of the Plau- tian Papirian law, see Plotius. Silvester (-tris), -tris, -tre [silva- (as if silves- ; cf. palustris) + tris], adj., woody, wooded. similis, -e [tsimo- (cf. simplex, semper, simitu) + lis], adj., like, similar, almost eijual. similiter [simili- + ter], adv., in like manner, likewise, in like degree, in the same way. similitiido, -inis [simili- + tudo], V.,likeness,resembla)ice{to,'gi::.\\\\\.\Q.). simplex 198 simplex, -icis [sim- (in similis, etc.), -plex (PLic, as stem)], adj., simple, without complication. simpliciter [simplici- (as stem of simplex) + ter], adv., simply, 7uith simplicity. simul [neut. of similis ; cf. facul], adv., at the same tifne, as soon as : simul atque, as soon as. simulacrum, -I [simula- + crum], N., an ifnagc, a statue, a representa- tion, a likeness. simulatio, -onis [simula- + tio], F., a pretence, a show. simulo, -are, -avi, -atus [simili- (as if, peril, orig., tsimulo)], i- v. a., pretend, make a show of (some- thing). simultas, -atis [simili- (cf. simul) + tas], F., {likeness? eqziality f), rivalry. — Hence, agriidge, a quar- rel, an enmity. sin [si-ne], conj., (if not), but if . sincerus, -a, -um [.?], adj., pnre, un7nixed, uiiadulteratcd, uncon- taminated. sine [?], prep, with abl., without, free from. singularis, -e [singulo- -f aris], adj., solitary, single. — Hence, unique, peculiar, special, extra- ordinary, unparalleled, marvellojcs. singuli, -ae, -a [sim- (in similis) + unc. term.], adj., one at a time, single, each, one by 07te, several (severally), every, individually, separately. sino, sinere, sivi, situs [si (of unc. meaning)], 3. v. a., {lay down ; cf. pono), leave. — Hence, permit, allow, suffer. — In orig. meaning. situs, lying: quantum est situm in nobis, so far as in me lies. Sinope, -es [St/'ciTr?;], f., a city in Paphlagonia. sinus, -us [?], M., a fold. — Hence, a bay, an inlet. — Esp., a fold {pi the toga across the bosom), the bosom. sis [si vis], phrase, if you please, will you : cave sis, look out now. sisto, sistere, stiti, status [sta, redupUcated], 3. v. a. and n., place, set, stand, stop. — status, -a, -um, p.p., set, appointed. sitis, -is [.^], F., thirst. situs, -lis [si (in sino) + tus], M., {a laying, a leaving), sittiation, position. sive, seu [si-ve], conj., if either, or if : sive . . . sive, either . . . or, whether . . . or. Smyrnaeus, -a, -um [^ixvpvoLos'], adj., of Smyrna (a city of Ionia in Asia Minor). — Masc. plur. as subst., the people of Smyrna. s5brius, -a, -um [?, cf. ebrius], adj., sober. socer, -eri [?], M., afather-inda70. socia, -ae [fem. of socius], f., a sharer, aji associate. societas, -atis [socio- + tas], f., a sharing, an alliance, an associa- tion, a partnership. — Esp., a joint- stockcompany (for great enterprises, as in modern times), a co?npa?iy : multarum rerum societas {?nany associations); in societatem venire, se offerre {to share, etc.). — Also, fellowship. socius, -I [sEQu + ius], M., a companion, an ally, a sharer, an associate, a partner. sodalis 199 sordidatus sodalis, -is [?], m. and f., a cojn- panion, a comrade, a crony, a boon companion. sol, solis [?], M., the suji. — See also oriens, occidens, and ortus. solacium, see solatium. solatium (solac-), -1 [solato- + ium], N., a consolation, a solace. solennis, see sollemnis. soleo, solere, solitus sum [?], 2. V. n., l>e zvont, be acciistovied, do commonly {with Eng. verb, as in context), be in the habit, etc., use {to, etc.) : sic fieri solet, is commonly the case ; sicut poetae solent, as is the habit of poets. solitudo, -inis [solo- + tudo], f., lo7ieliness. — Hence, a wilderness, a desert, solitude, sechision, a lonely place. sollemnis {solen-, sollen-), -e [tsollus- (every) annus], adj., an- nual, yearly, stated, established. — Hence, (established by religious sanction), solemn, religious, sacred. sollicitatio, -onis [soUicita- + tio], F., (actively), a tampering with. — Also (passively), ajixiety. SOUicito, -are, -avT, -atus [solli- cito-], I. v. a. and n., stir up, rouse, instigate, make overtures to, tamper with, approach (with money, etc.), offer bribes to. — Also, disturb, make anxious, trouble. soUicitudo, -inis [as if, perh. really, tsoUicitu- (stem akin to sollicitus)+ do], F., anxiety, solici- tude. sollicitus, -a, -um [tsollo-citus, wholly roused'], adj., agitated, anx- ious, uneasy, troubled. solum, see solus. solum, -1 [?], N., the soil, the foundation. solus, -a, -um, gen. -!us.[?], adj., alone, only, the only. — solum, neut. ace. as adv., alone, only. solutio, -onis [solvi- (as stem of solvo) + tio; cf. solutus], f., a set- ting free. — Esp. (cf. solvo), a pay- ment, payment. soliitus, -a, -um, p.p. of solvo. solvo, solvere, solvl, solutus [prob. se-luo], 3. v. a., ujibind, loose. — Fig., set free, exempt, acquit, ab- solve. — Also, pay (release an obli- gation), perform (a due). — Esp.: solutus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., set free, unrestrained, unembarrassed, remiss. somnus, -I [somp- (as if root of sopio, etc., with intrusive n, as in pingo) + nus], m., sleep, shimber. sono, -are, -ui, -atiirus [partly sono-, partly root verb], i. v. n. and 2i., sound. — With cognate ace, jw^?/^ with, have a sound (of a certain character), sound : pingue quiddam [sound somewhat coarse). sonus, -1 [son -f us], m., a sound. sopio, -ire, -Tvl (-ii), -itus [causa- tive of SOP (cf. somnus), or denomi- native of kindred stem], 4. v. a., put to sleep : sopita consuetudo {put to sleep, asleep). sordes, -is [sord- (cf. swart) -f es], f., dirt, filth. — Fig., meati- ness, dirty tricks, mean dishoftesty. — Also, wretchediiess (of apparel in mourning), dust afid ashes (?). sordidatus, -a, -um [sordido- + atus ; cf. candidatus, perh. real 200 splendor p.p.], adj., filthy. — Esp. of clothes (in mourning and otherwise), clad in mourning (cf . " in sackcloth and ashes "). SOror, -oris [}, cf. sister'], F., a sis- ter : soror ex matre, a half-sister. sors, sortis [perh. ser (in sero) + tis, but the orig. sense is unc], F., a lot (for divination), a; designa- tion by lot, a choice by lot, a drawing (of a jury), afi allotment. sortior, -Irl, -Itus [sorti-], 4. v. dep., cast lots, draw lots, draw a jury (by lot). — Hence, obtain by lot. sortitio, -onis [sortI- + tio], f., a drazving by lot, an allotment, a division by lot, a drawing (of a jury by lot). sortitus, -us [sorti- + tus], m., an allotment, an assign}nent(by lot). Sp., abbreviation for Spurius. spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus [sparg], 3. V. a., scatter, filing about. — Fig., spread, extend. Spartacus, -I [?], m., a famous gladiator, who roused a servile war in Italy, B.C. 73. spatium, -! [.^], N., space, extent, a space, a distance. — Transf., time, space ofi time, lapse ofi time, a period. species, -ei [spec -f ies (akin to -ia)], f., {a sight, prob. both act. and pass.). — Passively, a sight, a show, an appearance, a spectacle, (a splendid actio7i). spectaculum, -1 [specta- -f cu- lum], N., a sight, a show, a spectacle. spectatio, -onis [specta- -f tio], F.. a looking, a sight, a view, a cortemplation. specto, -are, -avi, -atus [specto-], I. v. a. and n., look at, regard, gaze, upon, have regard to, look towards , aim at, be aimed at, tend. — spec- tatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., tried., proved, esteemed, estimable. specula, -ae [tspeca- (spec -f a ; cf. conspicor) -f la], F., a watch- tower, a lookout: in speculis, on the lookout. speculator, -oris [specula- + tor], M., a spy, a scout. speculor, -arl, -atus [speculo-], I. V. dep., spy, reconnoitre, watch: speculandi causa, as a spy. spero, -are, -avi, -atus [spes- (prob. orig. stem of spes) with r for s], I. V. a. and n., hope, hope fior, expect, have hope fior : bene sperare, have good hope. spes, -el [?], F., hope, expecta- tion, hopes. spiritus, -us [spin- (as stem of spiro) -f tus], M., breath, the air we breathe. — Also, spij'it, inspira- tion. — Hence in plur., pride, ar- rogatice. spiro, -are, -avi, -aturus [?], i. v. n. and a., breathe, blow : spirante republica {still breathing). — spi- rans, -antis, p. as adj., alive. splendidus, -a, -um [prob. tsplen- do- -f dus ; cf. splendeo, splendico], ad j . , brigh t, sh ining, brilliant: causa splendidior fiet {gain in lustre). — Esp. as epithet of the middle class, distinguished (by wealth and char- acter ; cf. amplus), conspicuous, prominent. splendor, -oris [splend (as if root of splendeo) + or (for -os)]. spoliatio 20I sterno M., brilliancy, lustre. — Hence, prominence, brilliant position, bril- liant character. spoliatio, -onis [spolia- + tio], F., a despoiling, a robbery, spolia- tion, unlawful deprivatioti. spolio, -are, -avi, -atus [spolio-], I . V. a. and n., despoil, strip. — Fig., rob, deprive, despoil, plunder. — Absolutely, despoil one''s enei7iy, take the spoil. spolium, -I [unc. ; cf. (tkv\ov\, n., {hide?). — Hence, spoil (of a slain enemy, also fig.). spondeo, spondere, spopondl, sponsus [prob. formed from hox- xo\], irr. v. n., be (exist). — Also, with weakened force, be (as a mere copula). — With many renderings according to the context : est de proscriptione {relates to); est in lege [is prescribed); est alicui, one has ; quid alicui cum aliquo est? what has one to do with ? etc.; quid de aliquo futurum est ? {what will become of?) ; qui nunc sunt {now living) ; quae est civium {co7isists of); est alicuius, it is one'' s part, it is 07ie''s place, it belo7igs to one, and the like ; meliore esse sensu {to have, etc.); esse veste mutata, to put on fnourning ; esse cum telo, to go ar77ied ; fuerat ille annus {had passed) ; esto, be it so, well ; fore uti, that the result will be. summa, -ae [fem. of summus as noun], F., {the top), the highest place, the sum, the total, the mai7t part : belli {the ge7ieral 7na)iagevie7it, the chief co7itrol) : ad unam summam referri, be set dozvii to 07ie accou7it ; ad summam, 07i the wJiole, i7i short, i7i a word. summus, see superus. sumo, siimere, sumpsi, siimptus [sub-emo {take)'], 3. v. a., take away. sumptuose 205 supplicatio take, get, assume : supplicium {in- flict ; cf. capere); laborem (j-Ztv/^/) ; arma {take np)\ mihi {take upon); exempla {draw) ; suscepto bello, when the war was begun ; saga (//// on)\ nullis armis sumptis, when there tvas no war. sumptuose [old abl. of sump- tuosus], adv., expensively, extrava- gantly: sumptuosius, w//// too much magnificence. sumptuosus, -a, -um [suinptu- + osus], adj., expensive, costly. sumptus, -us [sub-temptus ; cf. sumo], M., {a taking out of the stock on hand), expense: sumptibus, extravagant expenditure, extrava- gance. superbe [old abl. of superbus], adv., haughtily^ arrogantly, with arrogance, with insolence. superbia [superbo- + ia], -ae, f., pride, haughtiness, arrogatice, in- solence. superbus, -a, -um [super -f bus ; cf. morbus] , adj., arrogant, haztghty, proud, insolefit. supercilium, -i [super-cilium {eyelid)'], N., eyebrow, brow (as ex- pressing emotions). superior, see superus. supero, -are, -avT, -atus [supero-], I. V. a. and n., overtop. — Hence, get the upper hand of, overcome, conquer, defeat, be superior to, pre- vail., overmatch, survive (vita), sur- pass. supersum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus [super-sum], irr. v. n., be over and above, remain, survive : satietati {remain in excess of). superus, -a, -um [tsupe- (stem akin to sub, perh. same) + rus; cf. inferus], adj., higher, being above. — Compar., superior, -ius, higher, upper, precedittg (of time), past, be- fore, superior, earlier, fo7'mer, elder: superiora ilia, those former acts ; superior esse, have the advantage. — Superl.,supremus,-a,-um [supra-(?) + imus(.?)], highest, last: dies {last, of a funeral). — Also, summus [sup + mus], highest, the highest part of, the top of. — Fig., greatest, most important, very great, most perfect, perfect, supreme, most violent, pre- eminent, in the highest degree, most severe, of the tttfuost importance : summa omnia, all the highest quali- ties ; summa hieme, the depth of winter ; tempus {most critical) ; vir {very superior); quattuor aut summum quinque {at the most) ; summa res publica, the highest in- terests of the state, the general wel- fare of the state. suppedito, -are, -avi, -atus [.^ cf. suppeto], I. V. n. and a., suffice. — Also, supply. suppeto, -petere, -petlvl (-il), -pe- tlturus [sub-peto], 3. v. n., (?, but cf. sufficio and subvenio), be on hand, be supplied, be to be found : suppetit nobis, we have a store. supplex, -icis [sub-tplex (plic as stem; cf. duplex)], M. and F., a suppliant. supplicatio, -onis [supplica- -f tio], F., a stipplication. — Esp., a thanksgiving (prayer to the gods upon any signal success, decreed by the Senate). supplicium 206 Syria supplicium, -1 [supplic- (stem of supplex) + ium], n., {a kfieeling). — Hence, a supplication. — Also, a punishment (usually of death). supplico, -are, -avi, -atus [sup- plic-], I. V. a. and n., supplicate, entreat, pray for mercy. suppono, -ponere, -posuT, -posi- tus [sub-pono], 3. V. a., ptU under, fraudulently introduce, introduce under cover of something. supra [instr. (?) of superus], adv., and prep, with ace, above, before. See possum, supremus, see superus. surgO,surgere, surrexT,surrectus [sub-rego], 3. v. a. and n., raise. — Also, rise. surripi5 (subr-), -ripere, -ripul, -reptus [sub-rapio], 3. v. a. (and n.), snatch privately, steal, take by treachery. suscense5 (succ-), -censere, -cen- suT, -censiirus [subs-(sub-)censeo], 2. V. n., be incensed, be slightly angry, be offended. suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [subs-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take upon one's j-^//" (voluntarily; cf. re- cipio, as a duty), engage in, adopt, take in hand, undertake. — Also, undergo, suffer, experience (of feel- ings), bring upon one's self suspicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spectus [sub-tspecio], 3 v. a. and n., look up, look up at, look askance at. — Hence, suspect: suspectus, an object of suspicion. suspicio (-spitio), -on is [sub- tspecio; cf. suspicio, -ere], f., sus- picion. suspiciose (suspit-) [old abl. of suspiciosus], adv., in a way to excite suspicion. suspiciosus (suspit-), -a, -um [prob. tsuspicio- (sub-tspecium ; cf. extispicium) -f osus], adj., sus- picious. suspicor, -aiT, -atus [tsuspic- / (cf. auspex)], i. v. dep., suspect, ' have a suspicion. suspiro, -are, -avI, -atus [sub- spiro], I. V. n., sigh. sustento, -are, -avi, -atus [subs- tento (cf. sustineo)], i. v. a. and n., 77iaintain, sustain, hold out, endure, supp07't : sustentando, by patietice. sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus [subs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold z(p under, withstand, endure, hold out, sustaiji, sjipport, bear, stop. suus, -a, -um [sva (in se) -f ius], poss. pron. (referring back to subject), his, hers, its, theirs, etc. — Sometimes emphatic, his own, etc. — Often without subst., sui, M. plur., his {their') 7nen, countryynen, frie7ids, etc.; sua, neut. plur., his (their) possessiojis, property, etc. : omnia sua, all he had. symphoniacus,-a,-um [er, transfer, change the place of, take (and put somewhere else) : sese in proximum annum [transfer his can- vass, etc.). transfundo, -fundere, -fudi, no p.p. [trans-fundo], 3. v. s.., pour out from one vessel to another. — Hence, fig., transfer. transigo, -igere, -egi, -actus [trans-ago], 3. v. z.., carry tJirotigh, accomplish, manage, do, finish, carry out. transitus, -us [trans-itus; cf. transeo], "sl., a going over, a passage, a passing away (tempestatis). transmarinus, -a, -um [trans- mare + inus], adj., across the sea, foreign. transmitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sus [trans-mitto], 3. v. a., serid over, send across. — Fig., transfer, devote, give over, hand over, en- trust. transverbero, -are, -avT, -atus [trans-verbero], i. v. a., strike through, pierce through, transfix. transversus 213 triumpho transversus (-versus), -a, -um [p.p. of transverto], as adj., across, athwart, transverse, cross. Tremellius, -i [?], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Cn. Tremel- lius, one of the jury against Ver- res. trem5, -ere, -ui, no p.p. [trem ?, "cf. rp^inji\, 3. V. n., treinble, waver. tres, tria [stem tri-], num. aclj , three. tribiinal, -alis [tribuno- + alis], N., {place of a trilmne, in some early sense of the word), a tri- hinal (a raised platform where magistrates sat or generals ad- dressed their troops). tribunatus, -iis [tribuno- + atus ; cf. consulatus], m., a tribunes hip, the office of tribiDie. tribunicius (-itius), -a, -um [tribuno- + cius (-tius)], adj., of a tribune, of the tribunes (esp. of the people), tribunicial. tribunus, -I [tribu- + nus], m., {a chief of a tribe). — With or with- out plebis, a tribune (one of sev- eral magistrates elected in the assembly of the plebs voting by tribes, to watch over the interests of the commons). — With militum or militaris, a tribtme of the sol- diers,' a military tribune (one of six officers of each legion who had charge of the internal administra- tion of the legion, and were also employed in various staff duties by the commander). — With aerarius, a dean of a tribe (?, one of certain officers of the treasury, orig. no doubt presiding officers of the tribes at Rome), a treasury warden (?), a tribunus aerarius. tribuo, -uere, -ul, -iltus [tribu-], 3. V. a., {distribute by tribes), dis- tribute. — Hence, grant, render, pay, assign, attribute, pay a tribute (of respect, etc.), confer, give, bestozu. tribus, -us [tri (cf. tres) + unc. term. (perh. akin to fui?)], F., (a third part.''), a tribe (a division, originally local, of the Roman people), a ward (.''). tributum, -T [neut. p.p. of tribuo], N.,<7/r/(^«/^(astatedsum;cf.vectigal). tricensimus (-esimus), -a, -um [triginta + ensimus], num. adj., thirtieth. triciens (-ies) [triginta -f lens], num. adv., thirty times : H. S. tri- ciens (sc. centena milia), thj-ee 7?iillion sesterces. triduum, -T [tri- -f stem akin to dies; cf. biduum], n., three days' time, three days. triennium, -T [trienni- (triannus) + ium], N., three years' time, three years. tripudio, -are, -avi, no p.p. [tri- pudio-], I. v. n., dance (in a solemn rite). — Less exactly, dance for joy. tristis, -e [unc. root + tis], adj., sad, gloomy, dejected, stern. — Also as bringing sadness, melancholy, unfortuttate, sad (as in Eng.) : litera {dismal, crjiel, of the vote for conviction). triumpho, -are, -avT, -atus [tri- umpho-], I. v. n. and a., have a tri- jimph, enjoy a triumph, triumph (also fig.) : triumphans, in a tri- umphal frocession, in triumph. triumphus 214 turba triumphus, -T [prob. dpiafx^os, a hymn in honor of Bacchus, perh. a name of the god], m., a trhmiph (the entry of a general returning after a victory, celebrated with sacred rites). — Also, less exactly, almost as in Eng. even, but with a livelier figure. Troianus, -a, -um [Troia- + anus], adj., c?/ TV^j, Trojan. See equus. tropaeum (troph-), -I [rpoTratoi'], N., ^ trophy. trucid5, -are, -avi, -atus [?, akin to trux], I. v. a., butcher, slaugh- ter in cold blood, massacre, cut down without mercy, slay without fnercy. truculentus, -a, -um [true- (as if trucu-) + lentus], adj., grim, savage, morose, churlish. tu, tu! [tva], plur. vos [va], pron. 2d person, you (sing.), you {plur.), yourself. — Esp., tibi, in a loose connection with the sen- tence, /^r you (as in Eng.), often untranslatable. — tute, you your- self, you. tuba, -ae [?], f., a trumpet (a straight instrument for infantry). Tubero, -onis [tuber- -f 0], m., a Roman family name. — Esp.: i. L. ^lius Tubero, a distinguished jurist, a legatus of Q. Cicero in Asia; 2. Q. yElius Tubero, son of No. I, complainant against Ligarius. tueor, tueri, tutus (tuitus) [?], 2. v. dep., watch, guard, protect, defend. — AXso, preserve, maintain, keep, care for. TuUiola, -ae [Tullia- -f ola], f., little Tullia, Cicero's pet name for his daughter. Tullius, -1 [Tullo- -f ius], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. Tullius Cicero, see Cicero. Tullus, -T [.'], M.,a Roman fam- ily name. — Esp., L. Volcatius Tul- lus, consul B.C. 66. turn [prob. ace. of ta], adv., then (at a time indicated by the context), at that time, in that case : cum . . . turn, see cum; tum vero, thejt (with emphasis, of the de- cisive point of a narrative or of an important condition) ; tum maxime, just then, but especially ; tum . . . cum, at a time when, when : quid tum ? what then ? tumultus, -us [tumulo- (perh. reduced) -f tus], M., {a swelling, an uprising ?), an tip roar, confu- sion, a commotion. — Esp., an up- rising, a commotion (of a revolt, or a war not regularly declared) : servilis {the servile war ; see ser- vilis) . tumulus, -1 [ttumo- (whence tu- meo) -f Ius], M., {a swelling?), a hill, a motmd. — Hence, a to?nb. tunc [tum-ce ; cf. hie], adv., jtist then, then, by and by (with cum), in that case. tunica, -ae [?], f., a tunic (the Roman undergarment, like a loose shirt, but usually of wool). turba, -ae [tur (cf. turma and ^6/)i;j3os) -f ba(cf . morbus and Tvp^ri)], p., a throng (as in confused motion ; cf. turbo, -inis), a crowd, a mob, a riot. turbulentus 215 ultor turbulentus, -a, -urn [turba- (as if turbo-, perh. really) + lentus], adj., disorderly, disorganized, bois- terous, stormy. turma, -ae [tlir (cf. turba, turbo) + ma], f., {a throng?), a squadron (of horse, consisting of thirty men), a troop of cavalry. turpis, -e [?], adj., ugly (in ap- pearance). — Hence, 7inbeconmig, disgraceful, base, scandalous, vile. turpiter [turpi- + ter], adv., dis- honorably, with dishonor. turpitude, inis [turpi- + tudo], F., baseness, base conduct, turpitude. Hence, disgrace, dishonor, in- famy. Tusculanus, -a, -urn [Tusculo- + anus], adj., of Tusculum (a town of Latium). — Esp. neut. as subst., villa at Tusculum, a Tusculan villa. tute, see tu. tiito, see tutus. tutor, -ari, -atus [tut6-], i. v. dep., guard, defend, protect. tutus, -a, -urn [p.p. of tueor], as adj., protected, safe, secure, well fortified: victis nihil tutum, no safety for the conquered ; in tuto, in safety, safe.— tuio, abl. as adv., in safety, safely. tuus, -a, -um [tva + ius], poss. adj. pron., your, yotirs, of yours : omnes tui, all your friends. Tycha, -ae [Tux??], f., a part of the city of Syracuse, so called from a temple of Fortune in the neighborhood. tyrannus, -I [rvpawos], m., a tyrant (a usurping king), a ty- rant (generally, in the modern sense). u uber, -eris [perh. orig. subst. ; cf. oWap and vetus], ^^]., fertile, rich, productive. uber, -eris [?, cf. o60ap], n., a pap, a dug, a breast. ubertas, -atis [uber- + tas], f., fertility, productiveness. ubi [supposed to be quo- + bi, dat. of quo-], adv., interr. and rel., where, in which, wherein : ibi ubi, in the place where. — Also, of time, when: ubi primum, as soon as. — Without antecedent, a place where. ubinam [ubi-nam], interr. adv., where in the world? where? (em- phatic). ubique [ubi-que ; cf. quisque], adv., everywhere. ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus [?], 3. v. dep., punish (an injury, or the doer), avenge (an injury or the person wronged). ullus, -a, -um, gen. -Ius [uno- + Ius], 2id].,asitigle (with negatives), any. — As subst. (less common), afiybody. ulterior, -ius [compar. of tulterS-; cf. ultra], adj., farther. — Super!., ultimus, -a, -um [ul (cf. uls) + timus (cf. intinxns)'], farthest, most remote, last. ultor, -oris [ulc (in ulciscor) + tor], M., an avettger. ultra 2l6 urgeo ultra [unc. case, perh. instr., of fulter], adv. and prep., beyond. ultro [dat. of tulter(us)], adv., to the farther side, beyond: ultro citroque, this way and that, back and forth. — Esp. beyond what is expected or required, voluntarily, without provocation : bellum inferre {make an offensive war, make war with out provocation) . Umbrenus, -I [.^ akin to Umbria], M., a Roman family name. — Only P. U7nbrenus, a freedman in the Catilinarian conspiracy. umerus (humerus), -i [?, cf. Wyuos], M., the shoulder. umquam (un-) [supposed to be forcum-quam (cf. quisquam)], adv., (with negatives ; cf. quando, ali- quando), ^z/^r.- neque . . . umquam, aftd Jiever. una [instr. (or abl. }) of unus], adv., together, along, along with one, with (any one), also. unde [supposed to be for tcunde (cum, cf. umquam, + de, cf. inde)], rel. and interr. adv., whence, from which, where: unde dare {throngh whom, as a banker from whom money is drawn). undecimus, -a, -um [unus-deci- mus], num. adj., eleventh. undequinquagesimus, -a, -um [undequinquaginta + esimus], num. ad j . , the forty -n in th . undique [unde-que ; cf. quisque], adv., from every side, from all quarters. — Also (cf. ab), 07i every side. unguentum, -I [akin to ungo, exact form unc], n., an ointfnent. a perfiime (as the perfumes were used in oils instead of spirits). unguiculus, -1 [ungui- + cuius], M., a finger nail : a teneris ungui- zxi\\%,from infancy. iinice [old abl. of unicus], adv., especially. iinicus, -a,-um [uno- + cus], adj., sole, only, tiniqne. universus, -a, -um. [uno- versus], adj., all together, all (in a mass), entire, itt a body, in general, united, taken together. unquam, see umquam. unus, -a, -um, gen. -Tus \}, old oenus], adj., one, a single, the same, one only, only, alone : unus quisque, each one. urbanus, -a, -um [urbi- (reduced) + anus], adj., of a city. — -'Esp., of the city (Rome), in the city : praetor (the officer who had jurisdiction of suits between citizens) ; praetura {city prcetor ship, the office of this magistrate); praedo iuris urbani, the plunderer of the rights of citi- zens (of malfeasance in the above office); quaestor {city, as opposed to those who were on the staff of some commander) ; opes {domestic, in the city, as opposed to prov- inces) ; lites {qiiarrels between citi- zens, settled in courts of law). urbs, urbis [?], f., a city. — ^Esp., the city (Rome): ad urbem, near the city. urgeo (urgueo), urgere, ursi, no p.p. [VARG; cf. VOlgUs], 2. V. a. and n., press, press hard, urge, press closely, beset, burden, be urge7it. usitor 217 utilis usitor, -ari, -atus [tusito- (as if p.p. of tuso), freq. of utor ; cf. dic- tito], I. V. dep., practise. — usita- tus, -a, -um, p.p. ill pass, sense, used, practised^ ciistojuary, much practised., usual. usquam [unc. case of quo- (cf. usque)-quam], adv.,-). Ventidius, -i [.'], m., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., F. Ventidius Bassus, an otiicer and partisan of Antony. ventus, -T [?], M., the -vind. Venus, -eris [van {}) -f us ; cf. venustas, veneror], f., (perh. orig. r\eMt.),g7'ace(J). — Esp., personified, Vettus, as goddess of love, identi- fied with the Greek Aphrodite. venustas, -atis [venus- -f tas], F., grace. ver, veris [prob. vas, for tvasar ; cf. ia.p\, N., the spring. tverber, -eris [.?], x. (usually plur.), stripes, blows, lashes, flog- ging- verbero, -are, -avi, -atus [verber-], I. v. a., whip, scourge, beat, flog. verbum, -I [?, cf. morbus], n., a word, an expression. — Esp. : ver- bum, verba facere, say mtich or little, say anything, speak ; his ver- bis, in these words, in this form ; verbis amplissimis, iti the strongest terms ; verbo, in words, ift form ; verbi causa, for example. vere [old abl. of verus], adv., 7t>ith truth (cf. veto, in truth, etc.), truly, rightly, justly, honestly, really, with justice. verecundia, -ae [verecundo- + ia], F., 'modesty. vereor, -eri, -itus [prob. tvero- (akin to wary)'], 2. v. dep., fear, vensimilis 221 vespera be afraid, respect. — veritus, -a, -um, p.p. in pres. sense, fearing, verisimilis (often separate), -e, [veri similis], adj., {like tlie truth), probable, likely. Veritas, -atis [vero- + tas], f., truth. vero [abl. of verus], adv., /// truth, in fact. — With weakened force, but, however, on the other hand, noiv, and. — Often untrans- latable, expressing an intensive (emphatic) opposition, or pointing to the main time, circumstance, fact, or agent in a narrative ; turn vero, then ; nunc vero, but now, and now, now ; quasi vero, as if for- sooth ; an vero, or is it possible that? or tell me ; lam vero, nozv fnally, but further ; immo vero, nay in fact; deum vero nullum violavit {atid as to divinities, etc.); quid vero? and then filially, and further ; est vero, it is, you see, it is, in fact ; ego vero, why, I, in fact, for my part, I ; at vero, but then, but on the other hand, but ; minime vero, no, not in the least ; si vero, if hozvever, if notv. Verres, -is [verres, boar\ m., a Roman family name. — Only C. Coi-nelius Verres, propraetor in Sicily in B.C. 73 and after, accused of extortion in the famous orations against Verres, versiculus, -T [versu- -f cuius], M., a short line, a verse. verso, -are, -avi, -atus [verso-], I. V. a., turn (this way and that), deal with (some one or some thing). — Esp. in pass, as dep., tur>i one''s self, engage in, be busy, be, live, exist, be employed, show itself, appear, conduct one''s self, be found, find itself be used, be engaged, be at work, be concerned : in severitate {show, exhibit, act with); versatus, experienced, practised ; bellum in multa varietate versatum, war car- ried on in a great variety of cir- cui/istanees ; in laude versatus {accustomed to). versus, -a, -um, p.p. of verto. versus (versum) [orig. p.p. of verto], adv., and prep, after ace, toiuards, in the direction of. versus, -us [vert + tus], m., a turning. — Esp., a verse (of poetry, where the rhythm turns and begins anew), a line. — Plur., poetry, verse. verto, vertere, verti, versus [vert], 3. v. a. and n., turji. — Pass, and with reflex., tur^i, re- volve, depend. verum [neut. of verus], adv., but. verumtamen [verum tamen], adv., but still. verus, -a, -um [.^ ver (in vereor) -f us], adj., (?, seeti, visible), true, real, well groujided. ■ — Neut. as subst., the truth : repperit esse \QXdi, found the truth to be. — Also, just, right. — See also vero and verum. — verius, neut. compar., nearer the truth ; re vera, in fact, in reality, iii ti-uth ; sententia {sound). vesper, -erl(-eris) [?,cf."E(r7repos], M., the evening: vesperi (loc), /// the eve>ii}ig. vespera, -ae [.', cf. vesper], f., the evctiing : ad vesperam, at even- ifig, by evening. Vesta 222 vicinitas Vesta, -ae [vas (in uro) + ta ; cf. 'Earla], F., the goddess of the household fire, the same as Gr. 'Ecrrta. Vestalis, -e [Vesta- + lis], adj., o/ P^esia : virgines {the Vestal vir- gins, who preserved the sacred fire of Vesta, and were held in special reverence). vester, -tra, -trum [ves- + ter (us)], adj. pron., your, yours: conspectus {of you). vestibulum, -T [.^ prob. vestabu- lum (orig. farm-yard?)'], N., a ves- tibule (an open space in front of a house-door). — Fig., a gateway, a doorway, an entrance, the doors. vestigium, -I [tvestigo- (cf. ves- tigo) + ium], N., the footstep, the footprint, a track. — Esp. : e vesti- gio, forthwith (from one's tracks ?) ; eodem vestigio, /// the safne spot ; in illo vestigio temporis, at that in- stant of ti??ie. — Hence, fig., a trace, an indication. — Plur., ruins {traces where a thing once was), relics, remai?is. vestimentum, -I [vesti- + men- tum], N., clothing. vestio, -Tre, -Ivi (-il), -itus [vesti-], 4. V. a., clothe, cover. — Pass., clothe one^s self with (with thing in abl.), wear. vestis, -is [vas (iguish what we see ; plus videre, have a keener in- sight. vigeo, vigere, no perf., no p.p. [?, prob. tvigo- (viG + us, cf. vigil)], 2. V. n., be strong, be active, have life, flourish. vigilia, -ae [vigil- + ia], f., wak- ing, wakefulness, watching. — Esp., in plur., 7'igils, sleepless nights. — Also (in plur.), watches, sentinels, watchmen. — From military use, a watch (one of the four divisions into which the night was divided). vigilo, -are, -avi, -atus [vigil], I. V. n. (and a.), watch, lie awake, 7vatch by night, keep awake, be up {not sleep). — Fig., be on the tvatch, be watchful, be vigil a:it, watch, look out for. — Esp. : vigilans, -antis, p. as adj., wakeful, watchful, vigi- lant, on the watch, careful, active, wide awake. viginti [dvi- (stem of duo) + form akin to centum (perh. the same)], num. adj., indecl., twenty. vilis, -e [?], adj., cheap, of little value, worthless. vilitas 224 vitium vilitas, -atis [vili- + tas], f., cheapness, loxv price. villa, -ae [?], f., a f ami-house, a country house, a villa. vinci5, vincTre, \inxT, vinctus [perh. akin to vinco], 4. v. a., bind, fetter, piit i?i chains, restrain. vinclum, see vinculum. vinco, vincere, vTcT, victus [vie], 3. V. a. and n., conquer, defeat, pre- vail, he victoriotis, prevail over, overco?ne, surpass, outdo. vinculum (vinclum), -I [tvinco- (stem akin to vincio, perh. primi- tive of it) -f lum (neut. of -lus)], N., a chain. — Plur., chains, im- prisonment, p7'ison. — Fig., a botid, a connection. vindex, -icis [seme forms of vis and dico, perh. wrongly formed Hke iudex], m. and f., a claimant. — Hence, from technical use in law, a protector, a defender, an avenger. vindiciae, -arum [vindic- -f ia], F. plur., a claim (technical in law), an action (of a peculiar sort). vindico, -are,-avl, -atus [vindic-], I. V. a., claifn, claitn one''s rights against, defend (cf . Galliam in liber- tatem, establish the liberty of, a phrase derived from the formal de- fence of freedom in a Roman court), rescue. — Also, punish, avenge, seek redress for, seek redress. vinum, -I [?, cf. o\vo%\, n., wine. violo, -are, -avT, -atus [?], i. v. a., abuse, violate (a sacred object), profane, injure (a thing held sacred), outrage : si quid violatum est {any profafiation done). vir, viri [.!•], m., a man, a hus- band. vires, see vis. virga, -ae, f., a twig, a rod. — V\\xr.,floggi}ig, stripes. virgO, -inis [.''], f., a maiden, a maid, a virgin, a girl. — Esp., a vestal virgin (see Vestalis). virilis, -e [viro- -f ilis], adj., manly, of a man : toga (the garb of manhood, the pure white toga assumed by Romans as a sign of manhood and citizenship). virtiis, -iitis [viro- (reduced) -f tus], F., manliness, valor, prowess, courage. — Also, merit (generally), noble conduct, virtue. — Plur., vir- tues, merits, good qualities. — Also, a sense of virtue, a love of virtue. vis, vis (?) [?], F., force, fnight, power, violence, energy, vigor, se- verity, a quantity, a supply : vim et manus, violent hands. — Also, force, effect, validity. — Technic- ally, breach of the peace, violence (for which a special remedy at law was established). — Plur., strength, force, p02vers, bodily 7'igor. viscus, -eris, also plur. viscera, -um [?], N., the soft parts of the body, the flesh, the entrails. — Fig., the vitals, the bowels, the entrails. viso, visere, visi, visus [prob. old desiderative of vid.^o], 3. v. a. and n., {desire to see), go to see, visit, see (in reference to a sight or spectacle). vita, -ae [root of vivo + ta], f., life, the cotirse of life. vitium, -T [?], x., a flaw, a blem- ish, a defect, a fatilt, a vice. vito 225 Volusenus vito, -are, -avT, -atus [?, vita-], I. V. a., (escape with life, live through .?), escape, avoid, dodge, shun. vituperati5, -onis [vitupera- + tio], F,, abuse, fault-finding, an ac- cusation, a charge. vituper5, -are, -avi, -atus [tvitu- pero- (vitio- -f tparus ; cf. opipa- rus)], I. V. a., cetistire, find fault with. vivo, vivere, vTxI, victus [vig (vigor?); cf. victus], 3. v. n., live, pass one^s life. vivus, -a, -um [vig (?) -f us], adj., alive, livitig. vix [poss. VIC (in vinco)], adv., with dif/iculty, hardly, hardly ever. — Also, of time, hardly ( . . . when) : vixdum coetu dimisso (7vhen . . . scarcely yet, almost be- fore, etc.). VOCO, -are, -avi, -atus [voc- (stem of vox)], I. v. a., call by name, call, summon, invite. — With in, ad, summon to, invite to, bring {into), attempt to bring {into) : in integri- tatem spe {attribute virtue to one in hope). Volaterrae, -arum [?], f. plur., a town of Etruria, now Vol- terra. volgaris (vulg-), -e [volgo- + aris], adj., common, ordinary. volgo, see volgus. VOlgUS (vulgUS), -I [VOLG -f Us], N., the crowd, the common people, the mass: in volgus emanare, get abroad, spread abroad. — volgO, abl. as adv., commonly, ge7ierally, ordinarily, everywhere. volito, -are, -avT, no p.p. [as if volito-, p.p. of volo; cf. agito], I. V. n.,fiit about, hover about. volner5 (vul-), -are, -avT, -atus [volner-], i. v. a., wound, inflict a wound. — Also fig., wound, harm, offend. volnus (vulnus), -eris [prob. akin to vello], n., a wound. volo, velle, volui [vol],, irr. V. a. and n., wish, be willing, want, desire, choose to have, choose, would like, mean, signify. — With perf. partic, desire to have, desire to. Volturcius (Vult-), -T [.^], m., one of the conspirators with Catiline. voltus (vul-), -us [vol -f tus], M., expression (of countenance), the countenance, the look, the face, the expression of countenance, the mien. voliJbilis, -e [prob. volvi- (as stem of volvo) -f bilis], adj., whirl- ing. — Fig., changeable, incoiistant. voluntarius, -a, -um [volant- -f arius], adj., voluntary. — Masc. as subst., a volunteer. voluntas, -atis [volent- + tas], I-"., willingness, will, good-will, de- sire, approval, consent, an inclina- tion, a wish, a purpose, plans, desires, a disposition. voluptas, -atis [volup- (akin to volo) + tas], F., sensual pleasure, pleasure, {a sensation of pleasure), enjoy m ent, satisfactioji . t Volusenus, -T [?, cf. Volusius], M., a tribune of the soldiers in Caesar's army in Gaul. In Phil, xiv. 7, the reading is uncertain, and the passage is obscure. voluto 226 vultus voluto, -are, -avi, -atus [voluto-], I. V. a. and n., ;W/, grovel. vomo, -ere, -ui, -itus [vom, akin to ^/Li^w, Sk. yam], 3. V. a. and n., vofnit, throw up, belch forth, send forth, emit. v5smet [vos-met (akin to me)], intensive of vos, you yourselves, you (emphatic). votivus, -a, -urn [voto- -f ivus (cf. captivus)], adj., votive: ludi (a festival held in pursuance of some vow). votum, -I [n. p.p. of voveo], n., a vow, a prayer. voveo, vovere, vovT, votus [.^], 2. V. a. and n., vow, make a vow. VOX, vocis [voc as stem], f., a voice, a word, an expression, a shout. — Collectively, cries, words, talk. vulgaris, see volgaris. vulgo, see volgo. vulgus, see volgus. vulnero, see volnero. vulnus, see volnus. vultus, see voltus. inillSimilir'"^'^ LIBRARIES CDSEfll3^3fl ^ / %^^ 885988 V\J - * t ■ ■f- <•'• THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY m ii