MC-NRLF ^B 5i.5 10=^ 10( REPUBLICAN CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE, 1906. ^ OP^FICERS. Rep. James S. Sherman, New Youk Chairman. Rep. James A. Tawney, Minnesota Vice-chairman. -Rep. Henry C. Loudenslager, New Jersey Hecretary. Rep. William R. M(^Kinley, Illinois. Treasurer. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Rep. Charles H. Burke, South Dakota. Sen. George S. Nixon, Nevada. Rep. Nicholas Longworth, Ohio. Rep. Sydney E. Mudd, Maryland, Rep. James R. Mann, Illinois. Rep. James H. Davidson, Wisconsin. Rep. James M. Miller, Kansas. Rep, Richard Bartholdt, Missouri. Rep. Herschel M. Hogg, Colorado, Rep, John W. Weeks, Massachusetts. Rep. H. BtJRD Cassel, Pennsylvania, STATK. name. POSTOFFICE. California Rep. James C. Needham Modesto. Colorado Rep, Herschel M. Hogg Teluride. Connecticut Rep. George L. Lilly Waterbury. Delaware Rep. Hiram R, .Burton Lewes. Idaho Rep. Burton L. French Moscow. Illinois Rep. James R. Mann Chicago. Indiana Rep. Charles B. Landis Delphi. Iowa Rep. Albert F. Dawson Preston. Kansas Rep. James M. Miller Council Grovv Kentucky Rep. Joseph B. Bennett Greenup. Maine Rop. Edwin C, Burleigh Augusta. Maryland Rep. Sidney E. Mudd Laplata. Massachusetts Rep. John W. Weeks Newton. Michigan Rep. Joseph W. Fordney Saginaw. Minnesota Rep. James A. Tawney Winona. Missouri Rep. Richard Bartholdt St, Louis. Montana Rep. Joseph M. Dixon Missoula. Nebraska Rep. John J. McCarthy Ponca. New Hampshire Rep. Cyrus A, Sulloway Manchester. New Jersey Rep. H. C. Loudenslager Paulsboro. New York Rep. James S. Sherman TJtica. Nevada Sen. George S. Nixon Winnemucca. North Carolina Rep. E. Spencer Blackburn Wilkesboro. North Dakota Rep. Asle J. Gronna Lakota. Ohio Rep. Nicholas Longwort!i Cincinnati. Oregon Sen. C. W. Fulton Astoria. Pennsylvania Rep. H. Burd Casspl Marrletta. Rhode Island Rep. Adin B. Capron Stillwater. South Dakota Rep. Charles H. Burke Pierre. Tennessee Rep. Nathan W. Hale Knoxville. Utah Rep. Joseph Howell Logan. Vermont Rep. Kittridge Haskins Brattleboro. Virginia Rep. Campbell Slemp Big stone Gap. Washington Rep. Francis W, Cushinan Tacoma. West Virginia Rep, Blackburn B. Dovener Wheeling. Wisconsin Rep. James H. Davidson .... .Oshkosh. Wyoming Rep. Frank W. Mondell New Castle TERRITORY. NAME. POSTOFFICE, Hawaii Del. J. K. KalanianaoJe Honolulu. New Mexico Del. William H. Andrews Santa Fe. Oklahoma Del. Bird S. McGuire. . Guthrie, REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK 1906 aesl^y^'^ncoiiNCiLy UJ ISSUED BY THE REPUBLICAN CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE! 1906 *VWe ask that tlieir promises and ours be judged by what has been done in the immediate past. We ask that sober and sensible men compare the work- ings of the present tariff law, and the conditions which obtain under it, with the workings of the pre- ceding tariff law of 1894 and the conditions which that tariff of 1894 helped to bring about." — Presi- dent Roosevelt's Speech of Acceptance, July 26, 1904. ''Let us all consider the history and declarations cf the great parties, and thoughtfully conclude which is the more likely to promote the general interests of our people." — Benjamin Harrison. ' ' The Republican Party was dedicated to freedom. It has been the party of liberty and emancipation from that hour; not of profession, but of perform- ance." — William McKinley. ''No session of Congress has, in my judgment, for thirty years accomplished so much that is valuable in legislation for the best interests of all the people I as has been enacted during the present session. I believe that this will be the verdict of history." — Speaker Cannon in speech of thanks at close of ses- sion June 30, 1906. 1 Ml443J2i FOREWORD. A Republican campaign text-book does not aim so much at an argumentative discussion as it does a presentation of facts and figures for reference by editors, speakers and writers. The members of a progressive and healthful political organiza- tion, representing, as does the Republican Party, a large ma- jority of our 85,000,000 people, and having in its ranks over 8,000,000 voters, may have slight differences of opinion owing to geographical and industrial conditions. And yet on the great national issues of the day the Republican Party is har- monious and united as never before. All of its representatives believe in equal rights and equal opportunity to all. They believe in upholding the Constitution and the Statutes. They believe in maintaining the honor and integrity of the nation. They believe in protecting our labor and industries, and they are satisfied in pointing to the party's record of effort and achievement in the past in both legislation and administra- tion as an evidence of what may be expected of it in the future if continued in control of the government. Republi- cans are never concerned about radicalism or conservatism. They never theorize or hypothesize. They are content with practical and progressive ideas and the maturing of those ideas into positive performance. To chronicle such performances briefly and to present compactly and comprehensibly the party record with a review of the nation's progress and the people's prosperity under the operation of Republican laws and execution, is the object of this work. Every statement made and all figures presented are official or authoritative. Tho truth is the highest exemplification of Republican doctrines and policies and party record the best plea that can be mada for continuation in power. Campaign and Issues of 1906. On the 6th of next November the members of the House of Representatives of the Sixtieth Congress will be elected. Since the termination of the Fifty-third Congress, March 4, 1895, the House of Representatives has been Republican and there is every reason to expect that a substantial working Republican majority will be elected next November. On the 4th of next March the Republican Party will have been in complete control of the government for ten continuous years, and during those j^ears we have made a greater advance as a nation and a people than was ever made before in a generation and in many respects greater than during our whole previous history. There cannot then be the least doubt of Republican success if the voters study carefully the record of the two parties. There will be thousands and hundreds of thousands who will vote for the first time in November, who were mere children when the Democrats last had a majority in the House of Rep- resentatives, and they do not all vividly remember the awful times and conditions brought on the country by that Congress. They were not born when the only Democratic President since the Civil War was first elected. They were babes in arms when Grover Cleveland sent his famous or infamous Free Trade Mes- sage to Congress, and when, a year after, the iniquitous Mills Bill was framed and passed by the Democratic House of Repre- sentatives of the Fiftieth Congress, But fortunately there was then a Republican Senate to prevent the enactment of a Free Trade law, and disaster and calamity was for the time averted. But in 1893 the Democrats had the Presidency as well as both Senate and House of Representatives, and the work of that single Fifty-third Democratic Congress cost the industries and people of the country many billions of dollars and incalculable suffering. These facts should be weighed with the record of the Republican Party before and since, and especially should the record of the present Congress be studied, for though its work is not yet finished, more has already been done in one session than by any previous Congress since the War of the Rebellion. The fiscal year which closed June 30th, and the calendar year so far, gave and is giving us new records in every phase of our industrial life, and only Democratic success can prevent in any way its continuance. Never before in the history of nations have such industrial conditions or such material welfare existed as are to-day pos- sessed by our progressive nation and our prosperous people. For nearly half a century, year after year and decade after decade, we have advanced by amazing strides in production and consump- tion, the twin indices of substantial success. The unparalleled wealth and po\ver and credit and standard of living which have come to our people since 1861 have been under and largely be- cause of the wisdom and the courage of the chosen leaders of the Republican Party. Our splendid natural advantages and our vast resources have been developed by patriotic, judicious and effective legislation, without which our ore might have lain un- mined, our trees unfelled, our farms uncultivated, and our fac- 5 C • r^MPUBIsiek^ feXAft>AiGN TEXT-BOOK. torieg itjijjijiit. ^f^cJi-'-neirly ft glcinSrMion, under the Republican Party, wl'tli dbb 'anil flow, -bit* ^*Wre or loss constant swelling of the tide of progress, our nation grew in power and wealth, and our people expanded materially, till suddenly In 1893 the Republican Party was displaced by a Democratic President, Senate and House of Representatives. The change lasted but four years, yet by what industrial and financial havoc was it ac- companied, what distress, and ruin came with the anticipation and realization of the work of that Fifty-third Congress! The people were quick to see their mistake, and at the first oppor- tunity restored the Republican Party to full power, and no party change has been made since during a period of ten years. During these ten years we have made such wonderful progress and have attained to such substantial prosperity as to make us the envy of the whole civilized world, and our shores the Mecca of annual millions eager to share our opportunities and blessings. Year after year during this last Republican decade we have gone on breaking all previous records. We have passed other nation^ at first singly, and then other nations combined. We have wel- comed all who have come, absorbed them, and yet to-day we have a dearth of laborers and are unable to produce enough to meet the demands of our people for the necessaries and luxuries of life. It is a situation unparalleled in the annals of nations. Our volume of employment, our rewards of labor, our enjoyments of life were never before equaled, and, best of all, there is no sign of abatement or signal of retreat. There is pros- pect of still greater and grander results and only the rankest pessimist can see a cloud on our national material horizon. Republicans have a right to claim that our financial, commer- cial and industrial advancement is due to the laws enacted and executed by their party leaders. The party came into power when the Government and the people were practically bankrupt and without credit. A disrupted Union was restored, the vast expenses of war provided, specie payments resumed, a protective tariff amended from time to time and the development of the country continued till the Democratic check came in 1893. Since 1897, when William McKinley was inaugurated and the Fifty-fifth Congress began its work, the Gold Standard has been adopted, the Dingley Law enacted and the culmination of bene- ficial Republican legislation has come with the present Congress and its splendid work of legislating for the people and their best interests. Two years ago, in July, 1904, the fiftieth anniversary of the birth of the Republican Party was celebrated at Jackson, Mich. On June 21st, at Chicago, had been held the thirteenth national convention of the party, at which were nominated Roosevelt and Fairbanks, and where was adopted the last national platform of the party, which will be found on other pages. On June 17th to 20th of this year, 1906, the National Republican League in its biennial convention, held at Philadelphia, cele- brated the Golden Jubilee or fiftieth anniversary of the Republi- can Party as a national organization. This Golden Jubilee was held in Musical Fund Hall, where fifty years before was held the first National Convention of the party, at which time were nominated for its candidates for President and Vice-President, Fremont and Dayton, and its first platform adopted. Although, after a spirited campaign, the party was not successful in elect- ing its candidates, it polled a popular vote of 1,341,264, and its nEPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 7 candidates received an electoral vote of 114. As early as 1855 the Republican Party had a large representation in the House of Representatives, and so strong had it become in the Thirty- fourth Congress, which met December, 1855, that N. P. Banks, Jr., of Massachusetts, was elected Speaker. In the Thirty-sixth Con- gress, which met December 5, 1859, there was a large Republican majority in the House of Representatives, and William Penning- ton of New Jersey was elected Speaker. In 1860, the Republican Party, with Abraham Lincoln as its standard-bearer, was vic- torious, and when inaugurated on March 4, 1861, owing to with- drawals of Southern members in both -Senate and House of Representatives, the Republican Party was in full control of the government. For only two years since that time has the Demo- cratic Party been in full control of the Government, and its only measure of any importance was the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894, which caused such widespread business disaster and general distress, this being repealed and succeeded by the Dingley Law of 1897, which has since been in operation. The great progress, therefore, which we have made since the close of the Civil War has been under the legislation and administration of the Repub- lican Party. Not only has it been under the Republican Party, but largely it has been due to its measures. Elsewhere will be found more in detail some of the laws enacted by the party and under which our great progress and prosperity has been brought about. It is not necessary to repeat in detail the history of the party's laws or its achievements. We may, however, briefly allude to the most important phases of this nearly half century of work: the abolition of slavery, the restoration of the Union, the resumption of specie payment, the extension of our mail service, the adop- tion of the gold standard and always, since the Morrill Tariff of 1861, the protection of our labor and industries. We have in- creased in wealth, under the Republican Party, from $7,000,000,000 to more than $100,000,000,000. We have increased our railway mileage from 30,000 to 220,000 miles. Our farm property has in- creased in value from $8,000,000,000 to over $25,000,000,000, and the annual value of our farm products from $1,000,000,000 to $7,000,000,000. During this period, while the Republican Party has been in power, the value of our manufactures has increased from less than $2,000,000,000 to $18,000,000,000. Our total exports have increased from $333,000,000 to nearly $2,000,000,000. In 1860, we produced about 800,000 tons of pig iron, while in 1905 the amount was 22,000,000 tons. We produced no steel whatever in 1860, while in 1905 the amount exceeded 20,000,000 tons. In 1860, the amount of cotton consumed by our mills was less than 1,000,000 bales, while in 1905 the amount was over 4,500,000 bales. Our total bank clearings in 1860 were less than $20,000,000,000, while at present they exceed $150,000,000,000. The 693,000 depositors in our savings banks in 1860 had deposits of less than $150,000,000, while in 1905 the 7,700,000 depositors had deposits of over $3,000,- 000,000. In 1860, our post-office receipts amounted to $8,500,000, and had increased in 1905 to $152,800,000. Four thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight patents were issued in 1860, while in 1905 the number had increased to 30,399. In 1860, the amount of liabilities of failures was $S0,000,00D, while in 1905, with more than ten times the amount of business carried on, the amount of liabilities ai-nminied to only $102,000,000, ^ucJi comparisons COllld 8 REPUBLICAN CA^IPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. be conlinued indefinitely, and will be found more in detail in a table presented elsewhere, but before leaving the subject one comparison should be made and particularly emphasized as to the progress made during the reign of the Republican Party since 1860. Because of the various financial and tariff measures of that party which have brought about competition in manufactures, we have built up a home market in this country of such mag- nitude that for several years we have given full employment to labor at wages about .double those paid when the Republican Party came into power. In some cases these wages are treble and quadruple what they were in 1860. in other cases, perhaps only 25 per cent, and 50 per cent, more; but in the aggregate and average they are fully double, and with these high wages we find that the prices of most manufactured articles have been reduced fully 50 per cent, or have been made twice as durable and ser- viceable as in 1860. This full employment and these high wages have given us a standard of living among our people not equaled elsewhere the world over. Our citizenship has been exalted far beyond that of the avierage of any other nation. Our consumption of not only the necessaries but comforts and luxuries of life is far in excess of that found anywhere else, with the result that American manhood and American homes are so far in advance of those found elsewhere throughout the world that we are the envy of all civilization, and more than a million foreigners seek our shores annually to share in our great opportunities and advantages. It is not claimed for the Republican Party that all the benefi- cent results of the past forty-five years are due wholly to its wisdom and judgment in legislation and administration, and yet, with all our vast resources and our splendid natural advantages, we could not have arrived at our present state or made the progress we have without artificial assistance. The sunshine and rain which contribute to our harvests also contribute to the harvests abroad. The same ore and coal that are found in our mines, and the forests which abound throughout our country, are found to a greater or less degree abroad; but it has been the principle of Protection to American labor and American industry which has given uc our great home market, which has given profitable prices as the result of industry on the farm anc in the factory, and which has made our progress more wonderful, not only than has ever before been known in all history, but has enabled us, year after year and decade after decade, to make great advances upon all our own previous records. Some of the principal acts of legislation of the Republican Party follow, and they can be supplemented by hundreds of less important acts which have contributed to the welfare of the nation and of the people. In the ensuing campaign, however, voters will be more apt to consider the recent acts of the party rather than those of preceding decades. We shall, therefore, confine ourselves largely to the deeds of the present Congress, and shall give as fully as possible both completed and pending legislation so that all may understand fully and precisely what has been done and is liable to be done if the Republican Party is continued in power in all branches of the Government. For two years longer Theodore Roosevelt will be President, and will have with him a Republican majority in the United States Senate. He should also have a Republican majority in the House of Representatives ir Tot the remai REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. the remainder of his term to carry out such recommendations as will, in his judgment, be for the best good of all the people. It is believed that an examination of the record of the Republican Party through its whole history, and particularly during the past few years, will prove that it is entitled to the continued confidence of the people and result in a majority in the Sixtieth Congress. REPUBLICAN LEGISLATION. The following are some of the principal acts of legislation by the Republican Party: 1. The Homestead Law, passed by a Republican Congress and signed by Abraham Lincoln. 2. The acts for the issuance of legal tenders and national bank notes, which gave the people a currency of equal and stable value in all parts of the country. 3. The system of internal revenue taxation, by which approxi- mately one-half of the ordinary expenses of the Government have been visited upon malt and spirituous liquors, tobacco and cigars. 4. The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution, which abol- ished slavery. 5. The fourteenth amendment, which created citizenship of the United States as distinguished from citizenship of the several States, and provided that no State should abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. 6. The fifteenth amendment, which established equality of suf- frage. 7. The Civil Rights Act, which extended to all persons the equal protection of the laws. 8. All existing laws for the payment of pensions to veterans of the Civil War and their surviving relatives. 9. The liberal legislation respecting mineral lands, wh:ch built up the mining industry, added enormously to the wealth of the country in the precious and semi-precious metals, and made it possible to resume specie payments. 10. The resumption of specie payments. 11. The reduction of postage, the money-order system, the es- tablishment of the Railway Mail Service, free delivery. Rural free delivery, and other improvements that make the Post-Office Establishment of the United States the most efficient agency of that character that can be found on the globe. 12. The Life-Saving Service. 13. The artificial propagation and distribution of fish. 14. The distribution of seeds and other measures of vast im- portance in the promotion of agriculture. 15. The endowment of public schools, agricultural colleges, etc., by grants of land from the public domain. 16. The Administrative Customs Act, which insures justice and equality in the collection of duties. 17. The International Copyright Law, which respects the rights of authors in the product of their brains, but at the same time protects our publishing industry by requiring that books shall be printed in this country to entitle them to copyright. 18. The establishment of the Circuit Court of Appeals, to re- lieve the Supreme Court and no longer require litigants to suffer a delay of three or four years in securing a decision on appeal. 19. The admission of the States of Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, 10 ftE?U6LlCAM CAMPAIGN O'fiXT-BOOK. Colorado, North antl South Dakota, Washington, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, and provision for Statehood in Oklahoma. 20. The Anti-Trust Act. (This was drawn by Senators Sher- man and Edmunds, and introduced by the former. In the House its passage was secured by William McKinley against an attempt to have it sidetracked in behalf of a bill for the free coinage of silver, which received the vote of every Democratic member with one exception. So it may be said that the law was placed upon the statute books over the united opposition of the Democratic Party as represented in the House.) 21. The National Bankruptcy Acts of 1867 and 1898, which re- lieved many thousands of unfortunate men from their burdens of debt and restored them to commercial or industrial activity. 22. The establishment of the Gold Standard, which placed our monetary system on a stable basis and in harmony with the great nations of the world. 23. Every schedule of duties on imports adopted within the past fifty years, in which the policy of protection to American labor has been distinctly recognized and efficiently applied, has been the product of a Republican Congress. THE PARTY WHICH HAS MET EVE^Y CRISIS. From Leslie's Wecklj/, June 14, 1906. In every crisis which has presented itself during the half-century of its existence the Republican party has risen promptly and grandly to the demands of the occasion. Now that radicalism and socialism in vari- ous shapes are making a powerful appeal for popular support, a resume of the Republican Party's achievements in protecting vested interests of all sorts against demagogic assaults is timely. When the greenback inflattonists of a third of a century ago de- manded that all government and private debts be paid in depreciated cur- rency, excej)t in the cases in which specie was expressly named in the contract, the Republican I'arty, by an act passed against the solid oppo- sition of the Democracy, and signed by President Grant on January 14, 187.5, brought all the country's currency up to the gold line. And the party has held the currency up to that level ever since, despite the assaults which have been made by radicalism in various guises, supported by the Democratic I'arty. The resumption act of 1875, by warding oft' greenback inflation, saved billions of dollars to the property and business interests of the country. I'opulism in 1800-92, by its renewal of the war in favor of unlimited national currency and its demand for the issue of notes against the de- posit of agricultural products, attempted to resuscitate- the greenbackism of two decades earlier, plus the addition of a few new fads and follies. The Republican Party ultimately overthrew populism. The war against pi'operty, business, and financial sanity was renewed in another form in 1800, when the Chicago convention, in July, with its fifty-cent silver-dollar propaganda, assailed the Republican demand at the St. Louis convention in June for a gold dollar worth 100 cents. Again the Republican Party was triumphant. By the Republican victory at the polls in 1806, by the Republican gold-standard act of March 14, 1900, and by the Republican triumph in the election in November of that year, the 100-cent dollar was written in the statutes so firmly and so decisively that Alton B. Parker, the Democratic candidate in 1904, declared that Republican legislation had protected business and property against fur- ther danger from the currency dilutionists. Radicalism took a peculiarly menacing shape in the attacks made on the propert.y-owners and the business interests by the greenbackers, the populists, and the silveritcs. The success of the silverite crusade of 1806 would have cut the .$100.0!)0.00(),000 of property of the country down to $.50,000,000,000. From this policy of wholesale robbery the people were saved by the Republican I'arty. A new and particularly dangerous sort of radicalism presents itself to-day in the Government ownership of the great private and corporate interests which is being urged by elements that are reasonably sure to be powerful enough to control the Democratic party as firmly in 1008 as the silverite fiftv-cent-doliar champions swayed that party in 1806 and 1900. Against this policy of confiscation the Republicans will do battle. The Republican party headed off slavery extension into the Terri- tories, presei-yed the J..ion, abolished slavery, put the eleven Confederate States safely back in their old places among the Commonwealths, pro- tected property against assault by greenback, populist, and silver infla- tionists, made the United States the wealthiest country on the globe, and marked up United States credit higher than that of any other nation on the world's bourses. . - ^. For protection against spoliation by radical and socialistic fanatics and demagogues in 1006 and 1008, the business and property interests of the United States will once more have to rely on the Republican Party. Fifty-Ninth Congress. FIRST SESSION, DECEMBER 4, 1905, TO JUNE 30, 1906. President Roosevelt's Statement. "In the session that has just closed the Congress has done more substantial work for good than any Congress has done at any session since I became familiar "with public affairs. The legisla- tion has been along the lines of real constructive statesmanship of the most practical and efficient type, and bill after bill has been enacted into law which was of an importance so great that it is fair to say that the enactment of any one of them alone would have made the session memorable; such, for instance, as the railroad rate bill, the meat inspection measure, the pure food bill, the bill for free alcohol in the arts, the consular reform bill, Panama Canal legislation, the joint Statehood bill, and the naturalization bill. "I certainly have no disposition to blink at what there is of evil in our social, industrial or political life of to-day, but it seems to me that the men of genuine patriotism who genuinely wish well to their country have the right to feel a profound satisfaction in the entire course of this Congress. I would not be afraid to compare its record with that of any previous Con- gress in our history, not alone for the wisdom, but for the dis- interested high-mindedness which has controlled its action. It is noteworthy that not a single measure which the closest scrutiny could warrant us in calling of doubtful propriety has been en- acted; and, on the other hand, no influence of any kind has availed to prevent the enactment of the laws most vitally neces- sary to the nation at this time." Speaker Cannon's Statement. "In my judgment, the work done and the legislation enacted in the session just closed exceeds in importance, for the best inter- ests of all the people of the Republic, the work of any session during my thirty years of public life. I have not time to make a complete review of all the legislation. Suffice it to' say that the legislation covering appropriations and authorization of pub- lic expenditures has been most carefully considered and wisely enacted. The legislation commonly referred to as the rate legis- lation, the pure food bill, the inspection feature of the agricul- tural bill, are all measures that affect the interests of all the people, and while nothing perfect can be enacted, I am satisfied that the operation of these laws will demonstrate their wisdom. And I believe if nothing else had been accomplished than the en- actment of these three measures, they alone would be sufficient to make the first session of the Fifty-ninth Congress a memorable one in the history of the Republic." 11 12 REPUBLICAN CAxMPAICJN TEXT-BOOK. SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT LAWS ENACTED. Fifty-ninth CQngress, First Session, December 4, 1905, to June 30, 1906. The achievements of the Fifty-ninth Congress in its first ses- sion, lasting seven months, constitute a remarkable record. To the people this session must have clearly demonstrated the signal advantage to the nation of party unity in the executive and both legislative branches of the Government. Among the principal laws enacted are the following: Railway rates to be fixed by enlarged Interstate Commerce Commission; rebates and other discriminations penalized; sleep- ing cars, express companies and pipe lines made common car- riers; railway passes prohibited. Panama Canal to have 85-foot level, with locks; Panama Canal bonds to enjoy same privileges as all other United States bonds; Panama Canal supplies to be domestic products. Pure Food: Label must tell the truth, especially on popular remedies. Meat inspection, "from hoof to can," at Government expense. Free alcohol, denatured, for use in the arts. Oklahoma (including Indian Territory) admitted to the Union, and Arizona (with New Mexico) if they agree to union. Consular service reorganized on merit basis. Quarantine against yellow fever nationalized. Niagara Falls to be preserved. Alaska allowed a Delegate in the House. Alaska liquor revenue devoted to schools and road building. Prohibition of aliens fish- ing in Alaskan waters. Naturalization safeguarded and made more difficult. Steamboat inspection made more rigid, due to General Slocum loss. Motor boats operated for profit required to have federal licenses. The Philippines: Application of Coastwise law postponed uiitil April 11, 1909. Minor tariff modifications made, and ratio of gold and silver in insular coinage changed. Batan coal mines to belong to Government. Tariff duties collected before 1902 legal- ized. Naval vessel for Philippine Naval Militia. Gold bullion reserve in excess of $50,000,000 to be coined. National* bank liabilities limited to 30 per cent, of capital. Employers' Liability Statute: Negligent common carriers within United States jurisdiction liable for damages to employes. Federal donations to State Agricultural Experiment stations increased so that within ten years they shall each receive $30,000 annually. President's travelling expenses defrayed to the extent of $25,000 annually. American representative at Constantinople made Ambassador, and $150,000 appropriated to purchase Legation property. Production of pure domestic sweet wines encouraged by re- duced taxation. Immunity of witnesses in criminal cases limited (Anti-"Immun- ity Bath"). United States District judge and court officers for China, and additional judge for New York, Southern District, provided. Destruction of antiquities on United States -ands forbidden and the President authorized to acquire lands v/Lich have his- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 13 toric value. Mariposa big tree grove accepted from. California. National park established in Oklahoma and named for Orville Hitchcock Piatt. Battle Mountain sanitarium reserve in South Dakota established for disabled soldiers. Trade-mark law amended. Militia efficiency to be promoted by aid of $2,000,000 annually. Final disposition of affairs of the five civilized tribes of Indians. Secretary of Interior authorized to establish town sites of not more than 160 acres each in irrigated areas. Unlawful wearing of insignia of G. A. R. and other soldier organizations forbidden. Secretary of the Navy given greater discretion in suppressing hazing at Annapolis. Falsely marked articles of gold or silver or their alloys not to be imported, exported or carried. Sponge growing in American waters protected. San Francisco sufferers aided; $2,500,000 appropriated. Extending period for continuous shipment of cattle to thirty- six hours. To destroy derelicts, $250,000 steam vessel authorized. Numerous lighthouses and beacons authorized. Census Office directed to collect and publish vital, social and other statistics. Waste in public printing cut down one-third. For District of Columbia, a Juvenile Court, compulsory educa- tion, sale of poisons restricted. Grave of Andrew Jackson, with fifteen acres of land, made a national cemetery. Marking graves of Confederate soldiers. Jamestown Exposition, 1907, given aid. Monuments Authorized: King's Mountain battleground, South Carolina, $30,000; landing of the Pilgrims, at Provincetown, Mass., $40,000; Princeton battleground. New Jersey, $30,000; John- Paul Jones, in Washington, $50,000; Commodore John Barry, in Washington, $50,000; H. W. Longfellow, in Washington, $4,000 for pedestal. Incorporations: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Learning; Archaeological Institute of America, and Ohio and Lake Erie Canal Company. Thanks of Congress extended to General Horace Porter for recovering body of John Paul Jones. Restrictions on Cabinet Officers to prevent deficiencies of ap- propriation. Sixty-nine laws enacted authorizing bridges or dams across navigable rivers. Forty-three acts for the government of the District of Columbia. Three hundred and twenty public acts altogether. Three thousand six hundred and ninety Civil War pension acts. Six hundred and ninety-six private pension acts. Bills Introduced: House, 20,475; Senate, 6,551. Number of pages of Congressional Record, over 10,000 — a new record. Measures Left Over to Next Session. Santo Domingo Treaty. Isle of Pines Treaty. Morocco Treaty to be voted December 12. Immigration restriction (in conference). Senator Smoot's right to seat. Publicity of campaign affairs. 14 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TKXT-IU)()K. Prohibiting corporation campaign contributions. Shipping Bill. To make Porto Ricans United States citizens. Reduction of tariff on products of Philippines. United States to own its Embassies and Legations abroad. To build Government powder factory. Appalachian and White Mountain forest reserves. Copyright- revision. Modification of Chinese exclusion law. Prescribing punishments on high seas. Codification of Revised Statutes. Navy to have biggest battleship afloat. Removal of customs duty on works of arV. Swamp reclamation similar to irrigation statute. Cable to Guantanamo and canal zone. Anti-injunction bill. Eight-hour law. Army and Navy Dental Surgeon Corps. Increase of Artillery Corps. To punish improper use of the Stars and Stripes. Retirement of superannuated federal clerks. To establish postal savings banks and parcels post. Limiting working hours of railway employes. WHAT CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT HAVE DONE. It is a record of great achievement which the first session of the Fifty-ninth Congress leaves behind it. We may question, indeed, whether there has been a Congress session since the Civil War that has more closely held the public attention or dealt aflftrmatively with so many matters of vital public interest. Let us catalog the more important enactments of the session: The power of the Government Commission to fix maximum rail- road rates within the limits of reasonableness has been restored in the interstate commerce law, and Government control of rail- roads otherwise greatly extended. Federal inspection of foods at the sources of interstate supply, with restrictions in regard to adulterations, has been enacted after years of fruitless agitation in Congress. The meat-packing industry has been brought under far closer federal inspection and restriction. There has been enacted, also after years of fruitless effort, a provision freeing from prohibitive internal revenue taxes alco- hol for use in manufactures, the arts, and as a source of energy for heating, lighting and motor purposes — a provision of incal- culable importance for many industries. Oklahoma and Indian Territory have been admitted to the Union of the States, and a conditional admission of Arizona and New Mexico provided. A national employers' liability act, affecting railroads chiefly, has been passed, modifying radically in the interests of employes the loose common-law rules regarding the same. Measures have also been passed restricting within what are deemed constitutional bounds the immunity privilege in trust and railroad prosecutions; permitting national banks to lend 10 per cent, of capital and surplus to a single borrower, instead of 10 per cent, of capital alone, the loan in no case to exceed 30 per cent, of capital; and providing for an enlargement in the circulation of money of small denominations. As against these acts of commission there have been acts of omission. But of great matters before Congress what was left un- done is insignificant compared with what has been done, — i^pring- flelfl Republican. iiEPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. 15 SPEECH OF REPBESENTATIVE CHABLES E. TOWNSEND, OF MICHIGAN, JUNE 26, 1906, CONCERNING WORK OF FIFTY-NINTH COlxGRESS. Mr. Townsend said: Mr. Chairman, the wise business man at the end of the year or on the completion of an enterprise stops and talies account of stock and considers results. It seems to me not unwise during the last days of this session to pause a moment and review the records of what has been done. This I believe will be recorded as one of the most important sessions, measured by real benefit to all of the people, that has ever been held by the American Congress. It has not only en- acted wise and beneficial legislation, but it has established prin- ciples of great and lasting importance. (Applause.) Republican Credit. The Government has been Republican in all of its branches. That party must stand and answer for whatever of good or bad has been accomplished. The minority in Congress may claim credit if it chooses for helping or hindering; but the majority has been sufficient to accomplish what has been done, and every great law has been enacted by votes enough in number to have carried the measure had every Democrat in each House voted against it. It is due the minority to say it has demonstrated unusual and unexpected statesmanship and patriotism by going with the ma- jority and making some of the votes unanimous, but the result would have been the same had it seen fit to do otherwise. When the fifty-ninth Congress assembled in December, 1905, it was presented with some of the most important problems ever offered to the National Legislature. Panama Canal. The Panama Canal, the largest enterprise in the world's his- tory, had been determined upon, but the organization of the ways and means for its construction had not been accomplished. This stupendous undertaking had no precedent in history upon which the Administration could rely for guidance. The great problems of sanitation, labor, and type of canal were not solved when this Congress convened. The President and the Fifty- ninth Congress have solved them now, and the canal is an as- sured fact and already under construction. The expenses to date have been paid, and provisions have been made for the ensuing year. The money will be expended under laws insuring honesty and economy. Railroads. Responding to its duty to promote the general welfare, the Congress under authority of the commerce clause of the Con- stitution has established by enactment into law the great and all-important principle that public service corporations are corpo- rations for public service, and while sanely and wisely recogniz- ing the necessity of these organizations and the importance of their success, it has served notice upon greedy, avaricious, and unconscionable corporate wealth and power that this is to be a government of law and order, administered for the benefit of all the people. (Applause.) The bill will, in my judgment, secure to a large degree equality and justice to all. Do not understand me as saying that the measure will be all that some of its advocates desire or think. But so great and important is the subject, so complex in its nature, and so great a departure in many respects from past methods that it is best to administer the law as enacted, in order to determine what, if any, change shall be made hereafter. Conceded evils of transportation have existed for many years. Other Congresses, Democratic and Republican, have had oppor- tunities to deal with them. Several Congresses have passed laws regulating carriers, all of which were beneficial, but none of them sufficient to meet the crying needs of the present. It became the privilege of certain Republicans of the Fifty-eighth Congress to press the proposition for regulating interstate car- IG REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. riers upon the Committee of Interstate and Foreign Commerce until that committee was a unit for it. The President at the l)eginning of the third session of the Fifty-eighth Congress, ad- vocated the legislation. A bill was prepared and passed a Re- publican House. It failed of consideration by the Senate. The Fifty-ninth Congress, overwhelmingly Republican, prepared through its committee another bill, more far-reaching in its pro- visions than its predecessor, and this has become to all intents the law of the land. (Applause.) The Sherman anti-trust law, a Republican 'measure, has been enforced by a Republican Executive until illegal combinations are in great fear and trembling, while some of their constitu- ents are either on the road to the penitentiary or hiding from the officers of justice. Under the leadership of an incorrupti- ble, fearless, and patriotic Republican President, supported by an equally patriotic Republican Congress, a campaign has been made against fraud and corruption in what hitherto has been called "high places," which has given hope and courage to hon- est men and placed the crown of honor where it belongs, upon the brow of true American manhood. (Applause.) Corruption and fraud have been no more prevalent during the last few years than they have been for many years there- tofore. Higher Standard. Indeed, I believe that they have been less. The world has been growing better in spite of all the yellow fellows to the contrary. (Applause.) One of the best indications of improve- ment is the fact that the criminal is no longer respectable, whether he steals millions or dimes; whether he corners money or directs a mob; whether he sells tainted meats or gives re- bates; whether he misappropriates public funds or filches from the individual; whether he be corrupt Senator or defaulting clerk, he is amenable to the law and is brought to justice and branded with his crime. Never in all United States history was the public service cleaner or of a higher standard than now, and this largely because of the awakening of the public con- science to the full realization of the necessity for cleaner public life. (Applause.) This Administration has not only been featless in its work and high in its ideals, but it has added to the general pros- perity of the people, until this day is bigger and brighter and more glorious in prospect than any other in the world's his- tory. (Applause.) Free Alcohol. The work of the present is only limited by the power with which to do it, and this session of Congress has placed within the reach of enterprise a new force. It has handed over to the farmer and the small manufacturer 'denatured alcohol, and they can use it to perform their work. I am not intoxicated with the illusion of all the benefits which some enthusiasts claim for this new force, but I do believe it will unlock the jaws of the Standard Oil monopoly and relieve industry from its throttling grip. Alcohol sleeps in the refuse of a thousand products, which at present but contaminates the air. The farmer and manufacturer may now awaken the giant, harness it to their machinery, and compel it to serve them. (Applause.) Immigration. But these are not all. The House has passed bills in refer- ence to immigration and naturalization. Our country has opened its arms in welcome to the worthy of all nations, but into them have rushed some from across the waters who never can be, and never expect to be, true citizens of the United States. They become the willing tools of designing and corrupt politicians and menace the high standard of American citizenship. This is a country for which hundreds of thousands of patriotic citizens have died. It should be kept for those only, of whatever race or color, who are willing to- become wedded to it so long as life shall last and, forsaking all others, shall live and, if need be, die for it. (Applause.) REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. 17 Naturalization. We are to hav3 a uniform naturalization law, and only those shall be trusted with the sacred rights of citizenship who have proven themselves worthy of it. The wicked, depraved, and dependent, "who have left their country for their country's good," must be denied an entrance to a land already burdened by too many of their ilk. Pure Food. For years fruitless attempts have been made in the American Congress to curb the selfish and vicious practices of manufac- turers and venders of unwholesome and deleterious foods and drugs. This Congress has enacted a law which I verily believe will contribute more to health and happiness than any other act within the last quarter of a century. The nostrum con- cocter may see his nefarious business vanish, but health will increase, and the people will be stronger in body and purse. The manufacturer of unwholesome food products may be denied his accustomed dividend, but legitimate business will flourish more abundantly, and the people will call their law- makers blessed. Oklahoma. A new star has been added to Old Glory and its light will shed an increased luster upon the Republic. Oklahoma has per- haps waited long, but her admission at the end of this session has not delayed her entrance into the sisterhood of States. She could not have taken her place any sooner had the act of ad- mission passed last December. She will assume all of the re- sponsibilities and receive all of the blessings of statehood, but she is well prepared, and the Sixtieth Congress will warmly wel- come her Senators and Representatives, for they will be wise and patriotic Americans, eminently fitted to aid in shaping the destiny of our common country. (Applause.) I have not mentioned all that has been done by this Repub- lican Administration. Time forbids that I should do so. I cannot tell in detail all of the acts of wisdom and economy which have characterized the proceedings of the last seven months. I am profoundly thankful that I have been permitted to perform my humble part in that splendid work. What has been written has been written, and all of the frantic efforts of men hungry for place and power to belittle or appropriate it will come to naught. The President. Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, needs no encomium from me. He has already written his name high upon that illustrioi]s roll of fame, along v;ith those of Washington and Lincoln. Washington established the Republic; Lincoln pre- served it; Roosevelt has dedicated it aTiew to the cause of justice and equality. (Applause.) The first two escaped not the calumni- ator and detractor. No man who has been strong and courageous for the right ever did, but the people, they who make the repub- lics, have crowned him benefactor. Some there have been who have sought to belittle our great President, and have been au- dacious enough to attack him, but they only bear scars, and 80,000,000 American people have awarded him the victory. He at times may have been impulsive, but the impulse was born of love for the people; he has been strenuous, but the exigencies of the times have demanded it, and it has been the strenuosity of public service. He has done things, and who is there so reck- less as to rise here or elsewhere and condemn what he has ac- complished? "By his fruits ye shall know him." The Speaker. I cannot close without paying ray humble yet sincere tribute of respect and esteem to that distinguished Republican states- man and patriot, the Speaker of this House. (Apnlause.) He has not only presided with impartial ability over the Congress, but he has been wise in counsel, profound in statesmanship, and is devotedly loved by every Mem.ber of this body. Arduous and sometimes difficult and exacting duties have not disturbed his mental or physical powers, and he stands to-day younger than IS ,1' .\.\ ( AAirAKiA ri-;;\ 1 - iiu(n\. ihe youngest jidiI Miu-'si, •■'I'li. i.oi.i Roman of us {lii." ■ n. ."i. iw !,,-^ mo , iierior in the u ■ Nsiio kuuw linii. 'I'lnii (ioil may i ulflll the prom ;iiore years of (ixalled service to his V ountry is the ulnuhl inuyvf of the American people for Joaeph G. Cannon. (Applause.) 'J'lie country, listening to t'le sweet music of humming spindles iid I evolving wheels, gazing on the happy and contented laces ' 11. s prosperous people, will recall that all of its prosperity dm ing the last forty years has been under a Republican admin- istration, and that all of its financial, industrial, and commer- cial distress and suffering have been under a Democratic ad- ministration, and with these memories fresh in mind it will say to the Republican party, "well done, good and faithful ser- vant, continue ye in power." (Prolonged applause.) BEPUBLICANS EVADE NO ISSUES. Assuredly it is unwise to change the policies which have worked so well and which are now working so well. Pros- perity has come at home. The national honor and interest have been upheld abroad. We have placed the finances of the nation upon a sound gold basis. We have done this with the aid of many who were formerly our opponents, but who would neither openly support nor silently acquiescs in the heresy of unsound finance; and we have done it against the convinced, the violent opposition of the mass of our present opponents who still refuse to recant the unsound opinions which for the moment they think it inexpedient to assert. We know what we mean when we speak of an honest and stcible currency. We mean the same thing from year to year. We do not have to avoid a definite and conclusive committal on the most im- portant issue which has recently been before the people, and which may at any tiriie in the near future ba before them again. Upon the principles which underlie this issue the con- victions of half of our number do not clash with those of the other half. So long as the Republican Party is in power the gold standard is settled, not as a matter of temporary political expediency, not because of shifting conditions in the produc- tion of gold in certain mining centers, but in accordance with what we regard as the fundamental principles of national morality and wisdom. — President Boosevelt's Speech of Ac- ceptance, 1904. As far as your interests be, in the direction of national ques- tions, the principles have not changed, and you stand here to-day just exactly where you stood years ago in this State, when, under the leadership of the gallant man who believed in the protective policy and in safe money, you followed him to the polls. It is a serious thought that I want you to take home. Republican or Democrat, take it home to-night and think it over. Compare the conditions by your fireside to-day w^ith those which existed under the Cleveland administration, and then make up your minds, and when you have reached a decision, ''STAND PAT."— Hon. Marcus A. Hanna, Chilli- cothe, Sept., 1903. There is left on the statute book no trace of any Democratic legislation during this whole period of thirty-two years ex- cept the repeal of the laws intended to secure honest elections. The two administrations of President Cleveland are remem- bered by the business men and the laboring men of the coun- try only as terrible nightmares. Whatever has been accom- plished in this period, which seems to me the most brilliant period in legislative history of any country in the world, has been accomplished by the Republican Party over Democratic opposition. — U. S. Senator George P. Hoar. *'It is better to trust those who are tried, than those who pretend." — John A. Logan, 1878. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 19 APPBOPBIATIONS OF FIRST SESSION, FIFTY-NINTH CONGRESS. Statement of Hon. James A. Tawney, of Minnesota, Chairman of the Appropriations Committee in the House of Representatives, Saturday, June 30, 1906. The House having under consideration the bill (H. R. 20511) making appropriations for certain public buildings authorized by the act ap- proved June 30, 1906, and for other purposes — Mr. Tawney said: Mr. Speaker: With the passage of this bill the first session of the Fifty-ninth Congress will practically close. Viewed from any legislative standpoint, whether in the enactment of impor- tant, wise, and beneficial laws, or the careful and economical ap- propriation of public funds for the public service, or in the aggregate number of public and private acts, it surpasses any preceding session of Congress since the adoption of the Consti- tution. It is doubtful if ever in the history of the Republic we have had a session of Congress that responded more promptly, more efficiently, and more fully to the legislative needs of the people, as expressed through public opinion, than the first ses- sion of the Fifty-ninth Congress has done. Next to the duty of enacting laws for the collection of gov- ernmental revenues, there is no duty devolving upon Congress that is comparable with that of appropriating and distributing these revenues for the purpose of defraying governmental ex- penses. Therefore, in order that the country may know how faithfully this duty has been performed, it has long since been the established custom at the end of each session to review the work of Congress in respect to appropriations, and also to com- pare the same with the appropriations of previous years, to- gether with the estimated revenues for the fiscal year for which the appropriations are made. Comparison of Appropriations. The expenditures of the Government authorized by appropria- tions made during the first session of the Fifty-ninth Congress, include: Sums carried in the regular annual supply bills, $672,987,734.70; Permanent appropriations made by laws enacted by previous Congresses and for which subsequent Congresses are not re- sponsible, except in so far as acquiescence in their existence creates responsibility therefor, $140,076,320; Deficiencies, which cover expenditures for the current and prior fiscal years, on account of inadequate appropriations by previous Congresses, or made necessary by unbusinesslike methods of administration, $39,119,246.62; and Miscellaneous appropriations in special acts carrying sums of money outside of amounts in the regular appropriation acts, estimated at $28,000,000; making a grand total of $880,183,301.32. To ascertain the amount of the last-named sum appropriated for the conduct of the Government during the fiscal year begin- ning July 1, 1906, to be met out of the revenues collected that year, the following deductions must be made: From the regular annual appropriations the sum of $25,456,415 for construction of the Isthmian Canal, which sum will be paid from or reimbursed to the general Treasury out of the proceeds of the sale of bonds authorized by the original canal act of 1902, to be issued for that purpose. From permanent annual appropriations $57,000,000, which is the sum of the statutory maximum annual requirements of the sinking fund payable in the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury from surplus revenues, and the further sum of $22,000,- 000 for redemption of national-bank notes out of deposits by banks for that purpose; in all, $79,000,000. From deficiencies all amounts, except those expressly provid- ing for service of the Government during the fiscal year 1907, aggregating about $35,000,000. The total of the sums mentioned, amounting to $139,456,415, deducted from the total apparent appropriations leaves an aggre- 20 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. gate sum for all purposes, including the postal service for 1907, of $740,726,886.32. The ordinary revenues of the Government from customs, inter- nal revenue, and miscellaneous sources for the fiscal year 1906 amount to nearly $595,000,000, a gain of more than $51,000,000 over ihe like revenues for 1905. This satisfactory growth of our revenues for the year just closed over the revenues of the preceding year is not only indic- ative of the industrial and commercial prosperity of the nation, but gives assurance, if these conditions are not disturbed by agitation or other causes, of such continued increase as to make it practically certain we will have a total of not less than $600,- 000,000 of ordinary revenues for 1907, which added to the esti- mated postal revenues will produce a grand total of revenue of $781,573,364, or a surplus of $40,846,477.68 over the total ex- penditures for 1907 authorized by the appropriations of this session. This surplus will be available, in the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury, for application to the sinking fund, together with a considerable further sum that will arise in the nature of excess of appropriations over actual expenditures. This difference between total appropriations and total expendi- tures varies, one year with another, in sums equal to not less than 2 per cent., and in some years to as much as 5 per cent, of all of the annual appropriations. Regular Annual Appropriations. The appropriations for the regular annual expenses of the Government are made in twelve separate acts, and in comparison with the appropriations for the fiscal year 1906 they show in- creases for the fiscal year 1907 as follows: The Agricultural bill appropriates $9,932,940, being an in- crease of $3,050,250 over the act for 1906; this apparent large excess is chiefly on account of the requirements for inspection of packing-house products. The Army appropriation act carries $71,817,165.08, being an increase of $1,420,533.44 over 1906. The Army is now main- tained at substantially its minimum strength under the law, and the moderate increase which is indicated will doubtless avert deficiencies that otherwise would have to be provided for at the next session. The Diplomatic and Consular appropriation act carries $3,091,- 094.17, an increase of $968,046.45. During the present session of Congress a carefully prepared law has been passed, on the recommendation of Secretary of State Root, radically reorganiz- ing our entire consular service in the direction of applying busi- ness methods to the promotion of our commercial interests with other countries. The District of Columbia appropriation act appropriates for 1907 $10,138,692.16, an increase of $337,494.54 over 1906. This act provides for the entire governmental expenses of the Federal District within which is located the capital city of Washington. The expenses covered by this act includes what in the States would constitute Federal, State, county, and municipal expenses. The legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation act car- ries for 1907 $29,741,019.30, being an increase of $604,267.24 over 1906. This act carries the appropriation for the entire ex- penses of Congress, the Executive Departments at Washington, and for the judiciary. The principal increases included in the total apparent excess of 1907 over 1906 are as follows: For expenses of collecting internal revenue, $85,000; for skilled services in the Supervising Architect's Ofnce, previously paid from public building appropriations, $72,460; for salaries, office Of Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, previously paid from permanent appropriations, $41,380; for salaries of clerical force in certain bureaus of the War Department, previously paid from general appropriations, $141,920; for temporary force for reproducing records for the land ofl^ce at San Francisco, $60,000; and additional clerical force for the Patent Office, $66,480. The Military Academy act appropriates for 1907 $1,664,707.67, an increase of $990,994.29 over the appropriations for 1906, all of which sum is substantially for reconstruction of this educa- tional institution. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 21 The Naval appropriation act carries $102,071,651.27 for the fiscal year 1907, and shows an increase of $1,734,970.33. This branch of the military side of our Government has been showing considerable increase year by year since the work of rehabilitat- ing the Navy began more than twenty years ago. The action of Congress at this session with reference to the proposed great battleship indicates that the maximum has at least been reached, and that without considerable future increase in actual expenses the country may feel assured we have a Navy equal to any emer- gency and sufficiently powerful to maintain the prestige of the United States among the nations of the world. The Pension appropriation act appropriates $140,245,500, an increase of $1,995,400 over the appropriations carried in the pension act for 1906, as required to meet the obligations of the pension laws as they actually exist. It is proper in this connection to call especial attention to the fact that the Pension appropriation act enacts into per- manent law the following provision: That the age of 62 years and over shall be considered a permanent specific disability within the meaning of the pension laws. The effect of this will be to exempt all old soldiers from the necessity of undergoing the expense of medical examinations for increase of pensions on account of increased age The Post-Office appropriation act appropriates for 1907 $191,- 695,998.75, an increase of $10,673,905 over 1906. The postal ser- vice represents what is essentially the purely business side of our Government, and to the extent that the country is pros- perous the service grows; its expenses are substantially borne by the revenue which it produces. Of the total increase for the postal service, $3,030,000 is on account of free rural delivery. The Sundry Civil appropriation act carries for 1907 $98,274,- 574.32, or an apparent increase of $31,461,123.66 over the total sum carried by the act for 1906. The Sundry Civil is the one ap- propriation act of the whole list with which it is not possible to make an intelligent comparison, because of the fact that it is made the vehicle to carry all expenses of the Government not directly belonging to some one of the other eleven regular appro- priation bills. It provides for the things that arise in one year and are consummated and disappear from our national expense account. For instance, of the total apparent increase for this year over the last fiscal year, $25,456,415.08 is for the Panama Canal, an item of expense that has never before appeared in any Sundry Civil appropriation act. The act for 1907 also carries for con- tinuing work on rivers and harbors throughout the country, authorized by the River and Harbor act passed at the last session and in acts passed at previous sessions of Congress, amounting to $17,318,976.14, or an increase of $6,774,844.14 over the appro- priations for the like purposes for the fiscal year 1906, the two amounts mentioned more than offsetting the whole apparent ex- cess of the act for 1907 over 1906, notwithstanding increases were made of $289,185 for the National Soldiers' Home, $75,000 for aid to State Soldiers' Homes, and $150,000 for pay and bounty of soldiers of the Civil War and the war with Spain. For printing and binding for all of the Departments of the Gov- ernment the annual appropriation is reduced in the aggregate $90,000 for the fiscal year 1907. This satisfactory reduction in a most important branch of the public service is made possi- ble because of legislation passed at this session of Congress and improvements and reforms in administration instituted by the present incumbent of the Government Printing Office. Sinking Tund. The amount authorized by a law enacted February 25, 1862, to be applied annually to the sinking fund out of customs reve- nues is 1 per cent, of the entire debt of the United States, together with a further sum equal to the interest on all bonds belonging to the sinking fund, and, as stated, is estimated at $57,000,000 for the fiscal year 1907. The total debt of the United States, less cash in the Treasury, has been reduced since August 31, 1865, when it reached its - REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. greatest sura, $2,756,431,571.43, to $981,954,692.84 on the 1st of June of this year, the actual reduction being $1,774,476,878.59, or $106,855,947.61 in excess of statutory requirements of the sinking fund, the excess redemptions having been made under a law first enacted in 1881, authorizing the purchase or redemplion of bonds in addition to sinking-fund requirements, out of any surplus money in the Treasury. It is not uninteresting to mention here that the total reduc- tion of the public debt during the eight years of Democratic Administration of Mr. Cleveland amounted to $341,448,449.20, all of vi'hich was during his first term, when the fiscal policy of the Government was that of the Republican Party, and that additional bonds were issued during the last four years of that unhappy period, ostensibly for the purpose of maintaining the gold standard, but in fact to raise money with which to meet the current expenses of the Government, amounting to $262,155,- 956.77, thus making a net reduction of only $79,292,492.43 in the national debt during the whole period of eight years of Demo- cratic Administration since the close of the Civil War. In contrast with this record it is shown that during the nine fiscal years (1897-1905) of administration of the Government under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt the national indebtedness has been reduced by the application of $241,325,- 081.29 to the sinking fund, and, in addition, $50,000,000 has been paid for the right of way of the Panama Canal, $10,000,000 of the original appropriation has been expended toward construction, and $42,447,201.08 more has been appropriated at this session toward that greatest of all public works, without the necessity of issuing the bonds authorized by law to raise funds for its construction. Estimates and Appropriations. The estimates submitted to Congress by the Executive Depart- ments at the beginning of this session in the Book of Estimates for 1907 amounted to $804,296,415.47; subsequently, in supple- mental estimates for the fiscal year 1907, other amounts were recommended aggregating $30,000,000, while for deficiency esti- mates there were considered sums aggregating not less than $46,500,000. Appropriations made during this session for which no cor- responding estimates were submitted, and which were made necessary chiefly by legislation enacted during the session, in- clude $10,250,000 carried in the Statehood act, $1,000,000 for arming and equipping the militia, $2,500,000 on account of the earthquake and fire at San Francisco, $3,000,000 on account of meat inspection, $500,000 on account of the new quarantine law, $10,321,600 on account of public buildings, and other less con- spicuous sums, aggregating in all about $31,000,000. Deducting this amount from the total appropriations of the session, namely, $880,083,301.32, and comparing the balance of the aggregate appropriations of the session with the total esti- mates, it is shown that Congress has appropriated for the public service nearly $32,000,000 less than the estimates submitted by the Executive Departments for the public service for the fiscal year 1907. So large a reduction in the estimates submitted to Congress indicates either extravagance in administration or careless con- sideration of the requisitions made upon Congress for appro- priations. The latter is the fault most likely to exist, and en- tails upon the committees of Congress much, if not the greater part, of the labor they have to perform in considering and formulating appropriation bills, in order that they may deter- mine the amounts necessary for a wise and proper administra- tion of government, as distinguished from those which are based upon extravagance and the self-interest of subordinate and irre- sponsible officials or the desire of others to magnify and enlarge the importance of bureaus and divisions over which they preside. Deficiencies. The Urgent Deficiency and General Deficiency appropriation acts passed at this session carry in the aggregate $39,119,246.62. From this amount, however, there must be deducted $16,990,786 for the Isthmian Canal, wliich sum, though carried in deficiency RfiPUBLlCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. 23 acts, in no sense belongs in the category of deficiencies, in that it is not an annual appropriation, but is for a spv3cific object or public work without reference to the limitations of fiscal years,, and is reimbursable to the Treasury out of proceeds of bonds authorized to be sold for that purpose. Also there should be de- ducted sums not appropriated for indebtedness incurred for 1906, such as judgments and audited accounts; amounts for restora- tion of public buildings in San Francisco and replacement of military stores destroyed in that city by earthquake and fire; $3,000,000 for expenses of collecting customs during the fiscal year 1907 to meet an insufficiency in the permanent annual ap- propriations of $5,500,000 made for this object in an act passed in 1871, when our total customs receipts amounted to $206,000,000 as against more than $300,000,000 collected during the current fiscal year 1906, the whole aggregating a sum indicating that not more than the sum of $8,500,000 of the whole $39,119,246.62 was for actual deficiencies in appropriations for conduct of the Government during 1906. And in this sum there is included for payment of pensions $3,500,000, or nearly one-half of the whole amount. Prior to the Fifty-eighth Congress deficiencies in appropria- tions made for the public service had become so common and had increased to such an extent that that Congress deemed it essential to enact legislation to prevent such deficiencies. There- tofore many of the Executive Departments proceeded on the theory that they, and not Congress, should fix the standard of public expenditure, and if the amount appropriated for the ser- vice under their jurisdiction was not in their judgment adequate, they proceeded to expend the appropriation upon the basis of their estimates and then at the next session of Congress would submit deficiency estimates which, if not allowed, would necessi- tate the suspension of the service. It was this practice which prompted a distinguished Cabinet oflScer during this session to state before the Committee on Appropriations that this policy was the policy of coercive appro- priations and should be stopped. In view of these increasing deficiency estimates the chairman of the Committee on Appro- priations, the Hon, James A. Hemenway, now serving in tha United States Senate, reported in one of the general appropria- tion bills at the last session of the Fifty-eighth Congress a pro- vision requiring the heads of the Departments at the beginning of each fiscal year to apportion appropriations, by monthly allot- ment, or otherwise, so as to prevent a deficiency, and that such apportionment when made could not be waived except by the head of the department. The waiver was required to be in writing, stating the reasons therefor. At the beginning of this session, when the deficiency estimates were presented, it was discovered that this act was defective in that it did not restrict the waiver of the apportionment beyond the giving of a reason. This enabled the head of the Depart- ment to waive the apportionment for any reason, and proceed to expend the appropriation regardless of whether such expendi- ture would create a deficiency or not. In some instances it was stated as a reason for waiving the apportionment that Corigress had failed to appropriate the amount estimated by the Depart- ment to be necessary for a specific service, and the amount appro- priated for the entire year having been practically all expended at the end of the third qurrter. Congress was obliged to appro- priate the remaining quarter or suspend the service. To correct this, and to prevent the Departments from deter- mining how much should be expended for the public service re- gardless of the a?iiount appropriated, the first appropriation bill reported at this session of Congress amended this so-called anti- deficiency law by expressly providing that the apportionment, when made, shall not be waived except upon the happening of some emergency or unusual circumstance which could not be reasonably anticipated at the time of making the apportionment. While the law as it was enacted by the Fifty-eighth Congresn had a very salutary. effect in preventing deficiencies, as it enabled this Congress to reject many deficiencies that otherwise might bave been appropriated for, nevertheless it is believed that th's law as amended at this session will practically wipe out all de- Zi REPUBLICAN CAMPAIUN TKXT-lJOOK. ficiencies in annual appropriations that must be apportioned, ex- cept in case of an emergency or other unusual circumstance whiCh could not be anticipated either by the Department or by Congress. The penalties which are imposed by this law on account of the failure to comply with it are such that it is believed that those who are charged with the responsibility of expending appropria- tions will so administer the service under their jurisdiction as to keep their expenditures within the amounts appropriated for the entire year. There have been reported in other appropriation bills many legislative provisions, many of which have been enacted into law, restrictive in their character and imposing limitations upon departmental officers that will tend to improve administrative methods and effect economy in the public expenditures. One provision reported in the legislative, executive, and judi- cial appropriation bill is worthy of special mention. It is the provision enacted to put a stop to the practice of the several Executive Departments of the Government competing with each other for clerical services. It will have the effect also of pre- venting the demoralization which now happens as a result of clerks, as soon as they are appointed in one Department, seeking positions in another Department where the compensation is greater than that in the Department in which they are employed. This provision prohibits the transfer of any clerk from one De- partment to another until he has served in the Department from which he desires to be transferred at least three years. Another, and still more important provision, as viewed by the Committee on Appropriations, is the one which is now a law as a part of the Sundry Civil appropriation act, requiring the heads of each Department in the future to report to the Secretary of the Treasury, within thirty days after the close of every fiscal year, a statement of all money received by them during the previous fiscal year for or on account of the public service or in any other manner in the discharge of their official duties, other than as salaries or compensation, which was not paid into the general Treasury of the United States, together with a de- tailed account of all payments, if any made from such funds during said year. It was ascertained by the Committee on Appropriations in the course of its investigations that in some fiscal years many millions of dollars, representing proceeds of public property or money derived from some source on account of the public service, was being handled by Department officials without any account of the same being taken as a part of the receipts or expendi- tures of the Government. The fact that no dishonesty or irregu- larity has occurred because of this unbusinesslike method in the public service did not argue, in the opinion of the committee, that this effective precaution should not be taken against the possibility of breach of trust encouraged, or at least not guarded against, by the law. While the expenditures of our Government are constantly increasing, and while the appropriations made therefor by Con- gress are in the aggregate very large, yet when we take into consideration the marvelous growth of the country, the extent to which the people demand that the Federal Government sTiall per- form services that should be paid by the States, none but the unthinking or misguided who do not stop to consider the care with which the estimates for appropriations for the public ser- vice are scrutinized by the several committees having juris- diction of appropriation bills can find any reason to criticise appropriations made during this session of Congress. During the seven months of this session the Committee on Ap- propriations has spent practically all of the ti^:3fce in endeavoring to ascertain what appropriations can be elimiBated without det- riment to the public service, and what changes in administration should be made to reduce expenditures. The hearings on the several appropriation bills reported from the general Committee on Appropriations during this session cover nearly 4,000 printed pages, and comprise three large volumes. These hearings have been more extensive during this session than in any previous Congress — all for the purpose of avoiding unnecessary or ex- travagant appropriations. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 25 Notwithstanding the aggregate amount of our public expendi- tures and the aggregate amount of the appropriations therefor, the per capita cost of Government in the United States, including Federal and State, is less than that in any European country, as shown by figures derived from authentic sources. The following table gives a succinct' history of the appropria- tion bills for the session, showing the estimates submitted, the bills as reported and passed by the House, as reported to and passed by the Senate, and as finally enacted, together with the amounts of the lav/s for the previous fiscal year: A TWO BILLION CONGRESS? From New York Times (Democratic), June 30, 1906. Are we a "two-billion-dollar country?" That is the question suggested by the dispatches from Washington as to the appropria- tions for the Fifty-ninth Congress and the recollection of the remark of the late Speaker Reed when the public mind was ex- cited over appropriations of half that amount. The answer to The question is that we have not really reached the two-billion mark by a very considerable margin, but that the growth and pros- perity of the country do pretty fairly correspond to the actual increase in expenditure. The figures that have so far been made as a basis for the cal- culation of two billions for the two sessions of the present Con- gress include nearly $200,000,000 for each year for the Post Office Department, almost the whole of which is returned to the Treas- ury. Making this deduction, we find that while the appropria- tions may amount to some $1,839,000,000, the expenditures will be less than $1,500,000,000. Frankly, we do not ihink that such a sum is out of proportion to the general condition and the needs of the country. It is co siderably less than $10 a head for the population each year. AMERICA BECOMES FIRST. Goes Ahead of Great Britain as Leading Export Nation. The calendar year 1905 witnessed wonderful strides in the com- mercial transactions of the leading nations. Most noteworthy was the revelation that the United States, which, in 1904, ranked second as an export nation, last year took first rank, and again stands, as in 1903, with the record of selling more goods than any other country in the world. The total imports and exports of merchandise of the principal countries from which they are available, with comparative figures for the pr-'vious year, have been tabulated by the British Board of Trade, and are here pre- sented. These figures do not include re-exports: , Imports ^ , Exports v Countries. 1904. 1905. 1904. 1905. Germany $1,548,549,000 $1,637,577,000 $1,270,799,000 $1,359,077,000 Belgium 520,170,000 561,643,000 403,725,000 425,600,000 France 876,423,000 909,817,000 866,422,000 926,917,000 Switzerland 234,740,000 256,752,000 171,559,000 186,460,000 Spain 162,380,000 190,523,000 164,794,000 170,848,000 Italy 372,526,000 404,576,000 310,916,000 332,358,000 Austria-Hungary... 415,254,000 437,557,000 423,522,000 439,625,000 Egypt 102,659,000 107,676,000 103,914,000 101,661,000 United States.*..... 1,050,259,000 1,195,470,000 1,445.462.000 1,621,581,000 Japan 184,212,000 242,269,000 156,852,000 158,122,000 British India 309,811.000 323,836,000 510,934,000 499,546,000 Canada 245,179,000 261,462,000 188,723,000 210,875,000 United Kingdom... 2,339,492,000 2,372,326,000 1,463,410,000 1,606,057,000 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-DO®K la 12; o H B M P^ P^ § Ph ^ < P ^ 1^ »ft ^ ^ § S M '-' ■*j la 5 a a M H h; Pi o M S 3 1/2 fu O w r: K •a c ^ H cS 8 P5 w g n en g «> 5 ^ 2 3 H o o a .2 CO "u p. 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Q< CD Q N u S O OS ^ ^ 3 i5 o 1 w w a < 3 >^ o Ph a p -t-> to > .a H >. £ ■^ O £! +j P OJ rt o< [^ o 3 2 !"j CS o > ft £3 O. a o OS rt^- ? 11 -s "SO .2^ 5 03 i2 a 3 S 6B o cs •w tn :::3 +JXI 5.9 -DCi S I. fl ♦^ .S n-l O "^ 08 Go 3 CQ ■w CJ OT J3 3 a; - m o (O ^ rS| ^ o •^^ 3 3 o s -a 3 ^11 c: o^ 4i ;2; s;- jS. a S OO as VI p. O ffl _B s ^ a 0/ 3 3 O C3 a fl Q> q; o ,3 -^amed as parties. "Every common carrier subject U this Act shall also file with said Commission copies of all contrtcts, agreements, or arrange- ments with other common carriers ii. relation to any traffic af- fected by the provisions of this Act to which it may be a party. "The Commission may determine and prescribe the form in Which the schedules required by this section to be kept open to ^ REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 31 public inspection shall be prepared and arranged and may change the form from time to time as shall be found expedient. "No carrier, unless otherwise provided by this Act, shall en- gage or participate in the transportation of passengers or prop- erty, as defined in this Act, unless the rates, fares, and charges upon which the same are transported by said carrier have been filed and published in accordance with the provisions of this Act; nor shall any carrier charge or demand or collect or receive a greater or less or different compensation for such transporta- tion of passengers or property, or for any service in connection therewith, between the points named in such tariffs than the rates, fares, and charges which are specified in the tariff filed and in effect at the time; nor shall any carrier refund or remit in any manner or by any device any portion of the rates, fares, and charges so specified, nor extend to any shipper or person any privileges or facilities in the transportation of passengers or property, except such as are specified in such tariffs: Provided, That wherever the word 'carrier' occurs in this Act it shall be held to mean 'common carrier.' "That in time of war or threatened war preference and prece- dence shall, upon the demand of the President of the United States, be given, over all other traffic, to the transportation of troops and material of war, and carriers shall adopt every means within their control to facilitate and expedite the military traffic." That section one of the Act entitled "An act to further regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the States," approved February nineteenth, nineteen hundred and three, be amended so as to read as follows: "That anything done or omitted to be done by a corporation common carrier, subject to the Act to regulate commerce and the Acts amendatory thereof, which, if done or omitted to be done by any director or officer thereof, or any receiver, trustee, lessee, agent, or person acting for or employed by such corporation, would constitute a misdemeanor unaer said Acts or under this Act, shall also be held to be a misdemeanor committed by such corporation, and upon conviction thereof it shall be' subject to like penalties as are prescribed in said Acts or by this Act with reference to such persons,, except as such penalties are herein changed. The willful failure upon the part of any carrier subject to said Acts to file and publish the tariffs or rates and charges as required by said Acts, or strictly to observe such tariffs until changed according to law, shall be a misdemeanor, and upon con- viction thereof the corporation offending shall be subject to a fine of not less than one thousand dollars nor more than twenty thousand dollars for each offense; and it shall be unlawful for any person, persons, or corporation to offer, grant, or give, or to solicit, accept, or receive any rebate, concession, or discrimination in respect to the transportation of any property in interstate or foreign commerce by any common carrier subject to said Act to regulate commerce and the Acts amendatory thereof whereby any such property shall by any device whatever be transporred at a less rate than that named in t-ie tariffs published and filed by such carrier, as is required by said Act to regulate commerce and the Acts amendatory thereof, or whereby any other advantage is given or discrimination is practiced. Every person or corpora- tion, whether carrier or shipper, who shall, knowingly, offer, grant, or give, or solicit, accept, or receive any such rebates, con- cession, or discrimination shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than one thousand dollars nor more than twenty thousand dollars. Provided, That any person, or any officer or director of any corporation subject to the provisions of this Act, or the Act to regulate commerce and the Acts amendatory there- of, or any receiver, trustee, lessee, agent, or person acting for or employed by any such corporation, who shall be convicted as aforesaid, shall, in addition to the fine herein provided for, be liable to imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of not ex- ceeding two years, or both siich fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Ev-ery violation of this section shall be prosecuted in any court of the United States having jurisdiction of crimes within the disti^ict in which such violation was com- mittec^ or through whicV the transportation may have been con- / 82 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. ducted; and whenever the offense Is begun in one jurisdiction and completed in another it may be dealt with, inquired of, tried* determined, and punished in either jurisdiction in the same man- ner as if the ofCense had been actually and wholly committed therein. "In construing and enforcing the provisions of this section, the act, omission, or failure of any officer, agent, or other person act- ing for or employed by any common carrier, or shipper, acting within the scope of his employment, shall in every case be also deemed to be the act, omission, or failure of such carrier or ship- per, as well as that of the person. Whenever any carrier lilea with the Interstate Commerce Commission or publishes a particu- lar rate under the provisions of the Act to regulate commerce or Acts amendatory thereof, or participates in any rates so filed or published, that rate as against such carrier, its officers or agents, in any prosecution begun under this Act shall be conclusively deemed to be the legal rate, and any departure from such rate, or any offer to depart therefrom, shall be deemed to be an ofCense under this section of this Act. "Any person, corporation, or company who shall deliver prop- erty for interstate transportation to any common carrier, subject to the provisions of this Act, or for whom as consignor or con- signee, any such carrier shall transport property from one State, Territory, or the District of Columbia to any other State, Terri- tory, or the District of Columbia or foreign country, who shall knowingly by employee, agent, officer, or otherwise, directly or indirectly, by or through any means or device whatsoever, re- ceive or accept from such common carrier any sum of money or any other valuable consideration as a rebate or offset against the regular charges for transportation of such property, as fixed by the schedules of rate provided for in this Act, shall in addi- tion to any penalty provided by this Act forfeit to the United States a sura of money three times the amount of money so re- ceived or accepted and three times the value of any other con- sideration feo received or accepted, to be ascertained by the trial court; and the Attorney-General of the United States is author- ized and directed, whenever' he has reasonable grounds to be- lieve that any such person, corporation, or company has know- ingly received or accepted from any such common carrier any sum of money or other valuable consideration as a rebate or off- set as aforesaid, to institute in any court of the United States of competent jurisdiction, a civil action to collect the said sum or sums so forfeited as aforesaid; and in the trial of said action all such rebates or other considerations so received or accepted for a period of six years prior to the commencement of the action, may be included therein, and the amount recovered shall be three times the total amount of money, or three times the total value of such consideration, so received or accepted, or both, as the case may be." Sec. 3. That section fourteen of said Act, as amended March second, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, be amended so as to read as follows: "Sec. 14. That whenever an investigation shall be made by said Commission, it shall be its duty to make a report in writ- ing in respect thereto, which shall state the conclusions of the Commission, together with its decision, order or requirement in the premises; and in case damages are awarded such report shall include the findings of fact on which the award is made. "All reports of investigations made by the Commission shall be entered of record, and a copy thereof shall be furnished to the party who may have complained, and to any common carrier that may have been complained of. "The Commission may provide for the publication of its re- ports and decisions in such form and manner as may be best adapted for public information and use, and such authorized pub- lications shall be competent evidence of the reports and decisions of the Commission therein contained in all courts of the United States and of the several States \\ithout any further proof or authenticity thereof. The CommisMon may also cause to be printed for early distribution its anni.al reports." Sec. 4. That section fifteen of said Act be amended so as to read as follows: REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 33 "Sec. 15. That the Commission is authorized and empowered, and it shall be its auty, whenever, alter lull hearing upon a com- plaint made as provided in secUon thirteen of this Act, or upon complaint of any common carrier, it snail be of the opinion that any of the rates, or charges whatsoever, demanded, charged, or collected by any common carrier or carriers, subject to the pro- visions of this Act, lor the transporlalion of persons or property as defined in the first section of this Act, or that any regulations or practices whatsoever of such carrier or carriers affecting such rates, are unjust and unreasonable, or unjustly discriminatory, or unduly preferential or prejudicial, or otherwise in violation of any of the provisions of this x\ct, to determine and prescribe what will be the just and reasonable rate or rates, charge or charges, to be thereafter observed in such case as the maximum to be charged; and what regulation or practice in respect to such transportation is just, fair, and reasonable to be thereafter fol- lowed; and to make an order that the carrier shall cease and desist from such violation, to the extent to which the Commission find the same to exist, and shall not thereafter publish, demand, or collect any rate or charge for such transportation in excess of the maximum rate or charge so prescribed. All shall conform to the regulation or practice so prescribed. All orders of the Commission, except orders for the payment of money, shall take effect within such reasonable tim-ei, not less than thirty days, .and shall continue in force tor such 'period of +>me, not exceeding two years, as shall be prescribed in the order of the Commission unless the same shall be suspended or m^odifled or set aside by the Commission or be suspended or set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction, \Vhenever the carrier or carriers, in obedience to such order of the Commission or otherwise, in respect to joint rates, fares, or charges, shall fail to agree among themselves upon the apportionment or division thereof, the Commission may after hearing make a supplemental order prescribing the just and rea- sonable proportion of such joint rate to be received by each car- rier party thereto, which order shall take effect as a part of the original order. "The Commission may also, after hearing on a complaint, estab- lish through routes and joint rates as the maximum to be charged and prescribe the division of such rates as hereinbefore provided, and the terms and conditions under which such through routes shall be operated, when that may be necessary to give effect to any provision of this Act, and the carriers complained of have re- fused or neglected to voluntarily establish such through routes and joint rates, provided no reasonable or satisfactory through route exists, and this provision shall apply when one of the con- necting carriers is a water line. "If the owner of property transported under this Act directly or indirectly renders any service connected with such transporta- tion, or furnishes any instrumentality used therein, the charge and allowance therefor shall be no more than is just and reason- able, and the Commission may, after a hearing on a complaint, determine what is a reasonable charge as the maximum to be paid by the carrier or carriers for the service so rendered or for the use of the instrumentality so furnished, and fix the same by ap- propriate order, which order shall have the same force and effect and be enforced in like manner as the orders above provided for in this section. "The foregoing enumeration of powers shall not exclude any power which the Commission would otherwise have in the making of an order under the provisions of this Act." Sec. 5. That section sixteen of said Act, as amended March second, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, be amended so as to read as follows: "Sec. 16. That, if after hearing on a complaint made as pro- vided in section thirteen of this Act, the Commission shall de- termine that any party complainant is entitled to an award of damages under the provisions of this Act for a violation thereof, the Commission shall make an order directing the carrier to pay to the complainant the sum to v/hich he is entitled on or before a day nam.ed. "If a carrier does not comply with an order for the payment of money withiii the time limit in such order, the complainant, or, 34 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. any person for whose benefit such order was made, may file in the circuit court of the United States for the district in which he resides or in which is located the principal operating office of the carrier, or through which the road of the carrier runs, a petition setting forth briefly the causes for which he claims damages, and the order of the Commission in the premises. Such suit shall proceed in all respect like other civil suit damages, except that on the trial of such suit the findings and order of the Commis- sion shall be prima tacie evidence of the facts therein stated, and except that the petitioner shall not be liable for costs in the cir- cuit court nor for costs at any subsequent stage of the proceed- ings unless they accrue upon his appeal. If the petitioner shall finally prevail he shall be allowed a reasonable attorney's fee, to be taxed and collected as a part of the costs of the suit. All com- plaints for the recovery of damages shall be filed with the Comv mission within two years from the time the cause of action ac- crues, and not after, and a petition for the enforcement of an or- der for the payment of money shall be filed in the circuit court within one year from the date of the order, and not after: Pro- vided, That claims accrued prior to the passage of this Act may be presented within one year. "In such suits all parties in whose favor the Commission may have made an award for damages by a single order may be joined as plaintiffs, and all the carriers parties to such order awarding such damages may be joined as defendants, and such suit may be maintained by such joint plaintitfs and against such joint de- fendants in any district where any one of such joint plaintiffs could maintain such suit against any one of such joint defend- ants; and service of process against any one of such defendants as may not be found in the district where the suit is brought may be made in any district where such defendant carrier has its principal operating ot&ce. In case of such joint suit the recovery, if any, may be by judgment in favor of any one of such plaintiffs, against the defendant found to be liable to such plaintiff. "Every order of the Commission shall be forthwith served by mailing to any one or" the principal officers or agents of the car- rier at his usual place of business a copy thereof; and the registry mail receipt shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt of such order by the carrier in due course of mail. "The Commission shall be authorized to suspend or modify its orders upon such notice and in such manner as it shall deem proper. "It shall be the duty of every common carrier, its agents and employees, to observe and comply with such orders so long as the same shall remain in effect. "Any carrier, any officer, representative, or agent of a carrier, or any receiver, trustee, lessee, or agent of either of them, who knowingly fails or neglects to obey any order made under the pro- visions of section fifteen of this Act, shall forfeit to the United States the sum of five thousand dollars for each offense. Every distinct violation shall be a separate offense, and in case of a continuing violation each day shall be deemed a separate offense. "The forfeiture provided for in this Act shall be payable into the Treasury of the United States, and shall be recoverable in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where the carrier has its princ^'pal operating office, or in any dis- trict through which the road of the carrier runs. "It shall be the duty of the various district attorneys, under the direction of the Attorney-General of the United States, to prose- cute for the recovery of forfeitures. The costs and expenses of such prosecution shall be paid out of the appropriation for the expenses of the courts of the United States. The CommiFsion may, with the consent of the Attorney-General, employ special counsel in any proceeding under this Act, paying the expenses of such employment out of its own appropriation. "If any carrier fails or neglects to obey any order of the Com- mission, other than for the payment of money, while the same is in effect, any party injured thereby, or the Commission in its own name, may apply to the circuit court in the district where such carrier has its principal operating office, or in which the viola- tion or disobedience of such order shall happen, for an enforce- ment of such order, Such application shall be b^ petition, which ftEl^UBLlOAlSf CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 35 ^£ate the substance of the order and the respect in which the carrier has failed of obedience, and shall be served upon the carrier in such manner as the court may direct, and the court shall prosecute such inquiries and make such investigations, through such means as it shall deem needful in the ascertainment of the facts at issue or which may arise upon the hearing of such petition. If, upon such hearing as tue court may determine to be necessary, it appears that the order was regularly made and duly served, and that the carrier is in disobedience of the same, the court shall enforce obedience to such order by a writ of injunc- tion, or other proper process, mandatory or otherwise, to restrain such carrier, its officers, agents, or representatives, from further disobedience of such order, or to enjoin upon it, or th«m, obedi- ence to the same; and in the enforcement of such process the court shall have those powers ordinarily exercised by it in com- pelling obedience to its writs of injunction and mandamus. "From any action upon such petition an appeal shall lie by either party to the Supreme Court of the United States, and in such court the case shall have priority in hearing and determina- tion over all other causes except criminal causes, but such appeal shall not vacate or suspend the order appealed from. "The venue of suits brought in any of the circuit courts of the United States against the Commission to enjoin, set aside, annul, or suspend any order or requirement of the Commission shall be in the district where the carrier against whom such order or re- quirement may have been made has its principal operating office, and may be brought at any time after such order is promulgated. And if the order of requirement has been made against two or more carriers then in the district where any one of said carriers has its principal operating office, and. if the carrier has its prin- cipal operating office in the District of Columbia, then the venue shall be in the district where said carrier has its principal office; and jurisdiction to hear and determine such suits is hereby vested in such courts. The provisions of 'An Act to expedite the hearing and determination of suits in equity, and so forth,' ap- proved February eleventh, nineteen hundred and three, shall be, and are hereby, made applicable to all such suits, including the hearing on an application for a preliminary injunction, and are also made applicable to any proceeding in equity to enforce any order or requirement of the Commission, or any of the provisions of the Act to regulate commerce approved February fourth, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, and all Acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto. It shall be the duty of the At- torney-General in every such case to file the certificate provided for in said expediting Act of February eleventh, nineteen hun- dred and three, as necessary to the application of the provisions thereof, and upon appeal as therein authorized to the Supreme Court of the United States, the case shall have in such court priority in hearing and determination over all other causes ex- cept criminal causes: Provided, That no injunction, interlocutory order or decree suspending or restraining the enforcement of an order of the Commission shall be granted except on hearing after not less than five days' notice to the Commission. An appeal may be taken from any interlocutory order or decree granting or con- tinuing an injunction in any suit, but shall lie only to the Su- preme Court of the United States: Provided further, That the appeal must be taken within thirty days from the entry of such order or decree and it shall take precedence in the appellate court over all otker causes, except causes of like character and crim- inal causes. "The copies of schedules and tariff of rates, fares, and charges, and of all contracts, agreements, or arrangements between com- mon carriers filed with the Commission as herein provided, and the statistics, tables and figures contained in the annual reports of carriers made to the Commission, as required by the provi- sions of this Act, shall be preserved as public record in the cus- tody of the secretary of the Commission, and shall be received as prima facie evidence of what they purport to be for the pur- pose of investigations by the Commission and in all judicial pro- ceedings; and copies of or extracts from any of said schedules, tariffs, contracts, agreements, arrangements, or reports made pub- lic records as. aforesaid, certified by the secretary under its no REPUBLICAN CAMl'AI(i\ 'illX r-lU)OK. seiil shall bo received in evidence witli like effect as the origi- luils." Sec. 6. That a new sedii.ii in' ;; ,\c( imniodiatcly uftei* section sixteen, to be numutiwa ..^ .c^.Lion sixteen a, as follows: "Sec. 16a. That after a decision, order, or requirement has been made by the Commission in any proceeding any party thereto may at any time make application for rehearing of the same, or any matter determined therein, and it shall be lawful for the Commission in its discretion to grant such a rehearing if suffi- cient reason therefor'be made to appear. Applications for rehear- ing shall be governed by such general rules as the Commission may establish. No such application shall excuse any carrier from complying with or obeying any decision, order, or requirement of the Commission, or operate in any manner to stay or postpone the enforcement thereof, without the special order of the Commis- sion. In case a rehearing is granted the proceedings thereupon shall conform as nearly as may be to the proceedings in an orig- inal hearing, except as the Commission may otherwise direct; and if, in its judgment, after such rehearing and the considera- tion of all facts, including those arising since the former hearing, it shall appear that the original decision, order, or requirement is in any respect unjust or unwarranted, the Commission may reverse, change, or modify the same accordingly. Any decision, order, or requirement made after such rehearing, reversing, changing, or modifying the original determination shall be sub- ject to the same provisions as an ong.nal order." Sec. 7. That section twenty of said Act be amended so as to read as follows: "Sec. 20. That the Commission is hereby authorized to require annual reports from all common carriers subject to the provi- sions of this Act, and from the owners of all railroads engaged in interstate commerce as defined in this Act, to prescribe the" manner in which such reports shall be made, and to require from such carriers specific answers to all questions upon which the Commission may need information. Such annual reports shall show in detail the amount of capital stock issued, the amounts paid therefor and the manner of payment for the same; the divi- dends paid, the surplus fund, if any, and the number of stock- holders; the funded and floating debts and the interest paid there- on; the cost and value of the carrier's property, franchises, and equipments; the number of employees and the salaries paid each class; the accidents to passengers, employees, and other persons, and causes thereof; the amounts expended for improvements each year, how expenses, and the character of such improvements; the earnings and receipts from each branch of business and from all sources; the operating and other expenses; the balances of profit and loss; and a complete exhibit of the financal operations of the carrier each year, including an annual balance sheet. Such re- ports shall also contain such information in relation to rates or regulations concerning fares or freights, or agreements, ar- rangements, or contracts affecting the same, as the Commission may require; and the Commission may, in its discretion, for the purpose of enabling it the better to carry out the purposes of this Act, prescribe a period of time within v/bich all common carriers subject to the provisions of this Act shall have, as near as may be, a uniform system of accounts, and the manner in which such accounts shall be kept. "Said detailed reports shall contain all the required statistics for the period of twelve months ending on the thirtieth day of June in each year, and shall be made out under oath and filed with the Commission, at its ofiice in Washington, on or before the thirtieth day of September then next following, unless addi- tional time be granted in any case by the Commission; and if any carrier, person, or corporation subject to the provisions of this Act shall fail to make and file said annual reports within the time above specified, or within the time extended by the Commis- sion for making and filing the same, or shall fail to make specific answer to any question authorized by the provisions of this sec- tion within thirty days from the time it is lawfully required to do so, such parties shall forfeit to the United States the sum of one hundred dollar for each and every day it shall continue to REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 37 e in default with respect thereto. The Commission sliall also ave authority to require said carriers to file monthly reports of arnings and expenses or special reports within a specified period, nd if any such carrier shall fail to file such reports within the ime fixed by the Commission it shall be subject to the forfeitures 1st above provided. "Said forfeitures shall be recovered in the manner provded for he recovery of forfeitures under the provisions of this Act. "The oath required by this section may be taken before any »erson authorized to administer an oath by the laws of the State a which the same is taken. "The Commission may, in its discretion, prescribe the forms )f any and all accounts, records, and memoranda to be kept by jarriers subject to the provisions of this Act, including the ac- ;ounts, records, and memoranda of the movement of traffic as well IS the receipts and expenditures of moneys. The Commission shall at all times have access to all accounts, records, and memo- randa kept I " carriers subject to this Act, and it shall be unlaw- ful for such carriers to keep any other accounts, records, or cnemoranda than those prescribed or approved by the Commis- sion, and it may employ special agents or examiners, who shall bave authority under the order of the Commission to inspect and examine any and all accounts, records, and memoranda kept by such carriers. This provision shall apply to receivers of carriers and operating trustees. Tn case of failure or refusal on the part of any such carriers, receiver, or trustee to keep such accounts, records, and mem- oranda on the books and in the manner prescribed by the Com- mission, or to submit such accounts, record, and memoranda as are kept to the inspection of the Commission or any of its au- thorized agents or examiners, such carrier, receiver, or trustee ;shall forfeit to the United States the sum of five hundred dollars for each such offense and for each and every day of the con- tinuance of such offense, such forfeitures to be recoverable in the same manner as other forfeitures provided for in this Act. "Any person who shall willfully make any false entry in the accounts of any book of accounts or in any record or memoranda kept by a carrier, or who shall wilfully destroy, muiilate, alter, or by any other means or device falsify the record of any such ac- count, record, or memoranda, or who shall wilfully neglect or fail to make full, true, and correct entries in such accounts, records, or memoranda of all facts and transactions appertaining to the car- rier's business, or shall keep any other accounts, record, or mem- oranda than those precribed or approved by the Com^mision, shall be deemed guilty of a. misdemeanor and shall be subject, upon conviction in any court of the United States of competent juris- diction, to a fine of not less than one thousand dollars nor more than five thousand dollars, or imprisonment for a term not less than one year nor more than three years, or both such fine and imprisonment. "Any examiner who divulges any fact or information which may come to his knowledge during the course of such examina- tion, except in so far as he may be directed by the Commission, or by a court or judge thereof, shall be subject, upon conviction in any court of the United States of competent jurisdiction, to a fine of not more than five thousand dollars or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or both. "That the circuit and district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction, upon the application ol the Attorney-General of the United States at the request of the Commission, alleging a failure to comply with or a violation of any of the provisions of said Act to regulate commerce or of any Act supplementary thereto or am.endatory thereof -by any common carrier, to issue a writ or writs of mandamus commanding such common carrier to comply with the provisions of said A.cts, or any of them. "And to carry and give effect to the provisions of said Acts, or any of them, the Commission is hereby authorized to employ special agents or examiners who shall have power to administer oaths, examine witnesses, and receive evidence. "That any common carrier, railroad, or transportation company receiving property for transportation from a point in one State to a point in another State shall issue a receipt or bill of lading 38 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. therefor and shall be liable to tne lawful holder thereof for any i loss, damage, or injury to such property caused by it or by any i common carrier, railroad, or transportation company to which such property may be delivered or over whose line or lines such property may pass, and no contract, receipt, rule, or regulation shall exempt such common carrier, railroad, or transportation ( ompany from the liabilty hereby imposed. Provided, That noth- : lug in this section shall deprive any holder of such receipt or bill l of lading of any remedy or right of action which he has under existing law. "That the common carrier, railroad, or transportation com- | pany issuiiig such receipt or bill of lading shall be entitled to recover from the common carrier, railroad, or transportation I company, on whose line the loss, damage, or injury shall have been sustained the amount of such loss, damage, or injury as it ^ may be required to pay to the owners of such property, as may! be evidenced by any receipt, judgment, or transcript thereof." Sec. 8. That a new section be added to said Act at the end thereof, to be numbered as section twenty-four, as follows: "Sec. 24. That the Interstate Commerce Commission is hereby enlarged so as to consist of seven members with terms of seven years, and each shall receive ten thousand dollars compensation annually. The qualifications of the Commissioners and the man- ner of the payment of their salaries shall be as already provided by law. Such enlargement of the Commission shall be accom- plished through appointment by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, of two additional Interstate Commerce Commissioners, one for a term expiring December thirty-first, nineteen hundred and eleven, one for a term expiring December thirty-first, nineteen hundred and twelve. The terras of the present Commissioners, or of any successor appointed to fill a vacancy caused by the death or resignation of any of the present Commissioners, shall expire as heretofore provided by law. Their successors and the successors of the additional Commissioners herein provided for shall be appointed for the full term of seven years, except that any person appointed to fill a vacancy shall be appointed only for the unexpired term of the Commissioner whom he shall succeed. Not more than four Commissioners shall be appointed from the same political party." Sec. 9. That all existing laws relating to the attendance of wit- nesses and the production of evidence and the compelling of tes- timony under the Act to regulate commerce and all Acts amend- atory thereof shall apply to any and au proceedings and hear- ings under this Act. Sec. 10. That all laws and parts of laws in conflict v/ith the provisions of this Act are Lereby repealed, but the amendments herein provided for shall not affect causes now pending in courts of the United States, but such causes shall be prosecuted to a conclusion in the manner heretofore provided by law. Sec. 11. That this Act shall take effect and,l3e in force from and after its passage. Approved, June 29, 1906. Pure Food Act. An Act For preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adul- terated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That it shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture within any Territory or the District of Columoia any article of food or drug which is adulterated or misbranded, within the meaning of this Act; and any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for each offense shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not to exceed five hundred dollars or shall be sentenced to one year's imprisonment, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court, and for each subsequent offense and conviction thereof shall be fined not less than one thousand dollars or sentenced to one year's imprison- ment, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. 39 Sec. 2. That the introduction into any State or Territory or ' the District of Columbia from any other btate or Territory or the District of Columbia, or from any foreign country, or shipment to any foreign country of any article of food or drugs which is adulterated or misbranded, within the meaning of this Act, is hereby prohibited; and any person who shall ship or deliver 'for shipment from any State or Territory or the District- of Columbia, to any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia from any other State or Territory or the District of Columba, or foreign country, and having so received, shall deliver, in original un- broken packages, for pay or otherwise, or offer to deliver to any person, any such article so adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, or any person who shall sell or offer for sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories of the United States any such adulterated or misbranded foods or drugs, or ex- port or offer to export the same to any foreign coun^.ry, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for such offense be fined not ex- ceeding two hundred dollars for the first offense, and upon con- viction for each subsequent offense not exceeding three hundred dollars or be imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court. Provided, That no article shall be deemed misbranded or adulterated within the provisions of this Act when intended for export to any foreign country and prepared or packed according to the specifications or directions of the foreign purchaser when no substance is used in the preparation or packing thereof in conflict with the laws of the foreign country to which said article is intended to be shipped ; but if said article shall be in fact sold or offered for sale for domestic use or con- sumption, then this proviso shall not exempt said article from the operation of any of the other provisions of this Act. Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Commerce and Labor shall make uniform rules and regulations for carrying out the provis- ions of this Act, including the collection and examination of specimens of food and drugs manufactured or offered for sale in the District of Columbia, or in any Territory of the United States, or which shall be offered for sale in unbroken packages in any State other than that in which they shall have been respec- tively manufactured or produced, or which shall be received from any foreign country, or intended for shipment to any foreign country, or which may be submitted for examination by the chief health, food, or drug officer of any State, Territory, or tho Dis- trict of Columbia, or at any domestic or foreign port through which such product is offered for interstate commerce, or for ex- port or import between the United States and any foreign port or country. Sec. 4. That the examinations of specimens of foods and drugs shall be maae in the Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of Agriculture, or under the direction and supervision of such Bu- reau, for the purpose of determining from such examinations w^hether such articles are adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act; and if it shall appear from any such exami- nation that any such specimens is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, the Secretary of Agriculture shall cause notice thereof to be given to the party from w^hom such sample was obtained. Any party so notified shall be given an opportunity to ba heard, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed as aforesaid, and if it appears that any of the pro- visions of this Act have been violated by such party, then the Secretary of Agriculture shall at once certify the facts to the proper United States District Attorney, with a copy of the results of the analysis or the examination of such article duly authenti- cated by the analyst or officer making such examination, under the oath of such officer. After judgment of the court, notice shall be given by publication in such manner as may be prescribed by the rules and regulations aforesaid. Sec. 5. That it shall be the duty of each district attorney to whom the Secretary of Agriculture shall report any violation of this Act, or to whom any health or food or drug olficer or agent of any State,. Territory, or the District of Columbia shall present satisfactory evidence of any such violation, to cause appropriate proceedings to be comnienced and prosecuted in the proper courts 40 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BCOK. of tho United States, without delay, for the enforcement of the penalties as in such case herein provided. Sec. 6. That the term "drug," as used in this Act, shall include all medicines and preparations recognized in the United States PliarmacopcKia or National Formulary for internal or external use, and any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used for the cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease of either man or other animals. The term "food," as used herein, shall include all articles used for food, drink, confectionery, or condi- ment by man or other animals, whether simple, mixed, or com- pound. Sec. 7. That for the purposes of this Act an article shall be deemed to be adulterated: In case of drugs: First. If, when a drug is sold under or by a name recognized in the United States Pharmacopceia or National Formulary, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity, as deter- mined by the test laid down in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National It'ormulary official at the time of investigation: Provided, That no drug defined in the United States Pharma- copoeia or National Formulary shall be deemed to be adulterated under this provision ir the standard of strength, quality, or purity be plainly stated upon the bottle, box, or other container thereof although the standard may differ from that determined by the test laid down in the United States Pharacopoeia or National Formulary. Second. If this strengh or purity fall below the professed standard or quality under which it is sold. In the case of confectionery: If it contain terra alba, barytes, talc, chrome yellow, or other mineral substance or poisonous color or flavor, or other ingredient deleterious or detrimental to health, or any vinous, malt or spirit- uous liquor or compound or narcotic drug. In the case of food: First. If any substance has been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength. Second. If any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the article. Third. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part extracted. Fourth. If it be mixed, colored, powdered, coated, or stained in a manner whereby damage or inferiority is concealed. Fifth, If it contain any added poisonous or other added dele- terious ingredient which may render such article injurious to health: Provided, That when in the preparation of food products for shipment they are preserved by any external application ap- plied in such manner that the preservative is necessarily removed mechanically, or by maceration in water, or otherwise, and direc- tions for the removal of said preservative shall be printed on the covering of the package, the provisions of thia Act shall be con- strued as applying only v/hen said products are ready for con- sumption. Sixth. If it consists in whole or in part of a filthy, decom- posed, or putrid animal or vegetable substance, or any portion of an animal unfit for food, whether manufactured or not, or if it is the product of a diseased animal, or one that has died otherwise than by slaughter. Sec. 8. That the term "misbranded," as used herein, shall apply to all drugs, or articles of food, or articles which enter into the composition of food, the package or label of which shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding such article, or the ingredients or substances contained therein which shall be false or misleading in any particular, and to any food or drug product; which is falsely branded as to the State, Territory, or country | in which it is manufactured or produced. That for the purposes of this Act, an article shall also be deemed to be misbranded: In case of drugs: First. If it be an imitation of or offered for sale under the name of another article. Second. If the contents of the package as originally put up shall have been removed, in whole or in part, and other contents REiPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 41 shall have been placed in such package, or if the package fail to bear a statement on the label of the quaniity or proportion of any alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta eucaine, chloroform, cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilide, or any derivative or preparation of any such substances contained therein. In the case of food : First. If it be an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name of another article. Second. If it be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser, or purport to be a foreign product when not so, or if the contents of the package as originally put up shall have been removed in v/hole or in part and other contents shall have been placed in such package, or if it fail to bear a statement on the label of the quantity or proportion of any morphine, opium, co- caine, heroin, alpha or beta eucaine, chloroform, cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilide, or any derivative or preparation of any such substances contained therein. Third. If in package form, and the coptents are stated in terms of weight or measure, they are not plainly and correctly stated on the outside of the package. Fourth. If the package containing it or its label shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding the ingredients or the substances contained therein, which statement, design, or device shall be false or misleading in any i^articular: Provided, That an article of food which does not contain any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded in the following cases: First. In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now or from time to time hereafter known as articles of food, under their own distinctive names, and not an imitation of or of- fered for sale under the distinctive name of another article, if the name be accompanied on the same label or brand with a state- ment of the place where said article has been manufactured or produced. Second. In the case of articles labeled, branded, or tagged so as to plainly indicate tnat they are compounds, imitations, or blends, and the word "compound," "imitation," or "blend," as the case may be, is plainly stated on the package in which it is offered for sale:, Provided, That the term blend as used herein shall be construed to mean a mixture of like substances, not ex- \ eluding harmless coloring or flavoring ingredients used for the purpose of coloring and flavoring only: And provided, further. That nothing in this Act shall be construed as requiring or com- pelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary foods v/hich contain no unwholesome added ingredients to disclose their trade formulas, except in so far as the provisions of this Act may require to secure freedom from adulteration or misbranding. Sec. 9. That no dealer shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this Act when he can establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler, jobber, manufacturer, or other party residing in the United States, from whom he purchases such articles, to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, designating it. Said guaranty, to afford pro- tection, shall contain the name and address of the party or par- ties making the sale of such articles to such dealer, and in such case said party or parties shall be amenable to the prosecutions, fines, and other penalties which would attach, in due course, to the dealer under the provisions of this Act. Sec. 10. That any article of food, drug, or liquor that is adul- terated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, -and is being transported from one State, Territory, District, or insular possession to another for sale, or, having been transported, re- mains unloaded, unsold, or in original unbroken packages, or if it be sold or offered for sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories, or insular possessions of the United States, or if it be imported from a foreign country for sale, or if it is , intended for export to a foreign country, shall be liable to be pro- ceeded against in any district court of the United States within the district where the same is found, and seized for confiscation by a process of Jibel for condemnation. And if such article is condemned as being adulterated or misbranded, or of a poisonous 42 REPUBLICAN ( '.\ M I'A lex TlOX F-HOOK. or (lok'tiTious character, \silhiii the iiu'aniui; <>!' lliis Art, the a me shall be disposed of by destructiou or sale, as the said (Durt may direct, and the proceeds thereof, if sold, less the legal cost and charges, shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States, but such goods shall not be sold in any jurisdiction con- trary to the provisions of this Act or the laws of that jurisdiction: Provided, however, That upon the payment of the costs of such libel proceedings and the execution and delivery of a good and suf- ficient bond to the effect that such articles shall not be sold or otherwise disposed of contrary to the provisions of this Act, or the laws of any State, Territory, District, or insular possession, the court may by order direct that such articles be delivered to the owner thereof. The proceedings of such libel cases shall conform, as near as may be, to the proceedings in admiralty, except that either party may demand trial by jury of any issue of fact joined in any such case, and all such proceedings shall be at the suit of and in the name of the United States. Sec. 11. Ihe Secretary of the Treasury shall deliver to the Secretary of Agriculture, upon his request from time to time, samples of foods and drugs which are being imported into the United States or offered for import, giving notice thereof to the owner or consignee, who may appear before the Secretary of Agri- culture, and have the right to introduce testimony, and if it ap- pear from the examination of such samples that any article of food or drug offered to be imported into the United States is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, or is otherwise dangerous to the health of the people of the United States, or is of a kind forbidden entry into, or forbidden to be sold or restricted in sale in the country in which it is made or from which it is exported, or is otherwise falsely labeled in any respect, the said article shall be refused admission, and the Secretary of tne Treasury shall refuse delivery to the consignee and shall cause the destruction of any goods refused aelivery which shall not to be exported by the consignee within three months from the date of notice of such refusal under such regulations as the Sec- retary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That the Sec- retary of the Treasury may deliver to the consignee such goods pending examination and decision in the matter on execution of a penal bond for the amount of the full invoice value of such goods, together with the duty thereon, and on refusal to return such goods for any cause to the custody of the Secretary of the Treasury, when demanded, for the purpose of excluding them from the country, or for any other purpose, said consignee shall forfeit the full amount of the bond : And, provided further. That all charges for storage, cartage, and labor on goods which are refused admission or delivery shall be paid by the owner or con- signee, and in default of such payment shall constitute a lien against any future importation made by such owner or consignee. Sec. 12. That the term "Territory," as used in this Act shall include the insular possessions of the United States. The word "person" as used in this Act shall be construed to import both the plural and the singular, as the case demands, and shall in- clude corporations, companies, societies, and associations. When construing and enforcing the provisions of this Act, the act, omission, or failure of any officer, agent, or other person acting for or employed by any corporation, company, society, or associa- tion, within the scope of his employment or office, shall in every case be also deemed to be the act, omission, or failure of such corporation, company, society, or association as well as that of the person. Sec. 13. That this Act shall be in force and effect from and after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and seven. Approved, June 30, 1906. FBEE ALCOHOL ACT. An Act For the withdrawal from bond, tax free, of domestic alcohol when rendered unfit for beverage or liquid medicinal uses by mixture with suitable denaturing materials. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after January first, nineteen hundred and seven, domestic alcohol of such degree of proof as may be prescribed by the Commis- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 43 iier of Internal Revenue, and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, may be withdrawn from bond without the pay- ment of internal-revenue tax, for use in the arts and industries, and for fuel, light, and power, provided said alcohol shall have been mixed in the presence and under the direction of an author- ized Government officer, after withdrawal from the distillery ware- house, with methyl alcohol or other denaturing material or ma- terials, or admixture of the same, suitable to the use for which the alcohol is withdrawn, but which destroys its character a& a beverage and renders it unfit for liqn-'d medicinal purposes; such denaturing to be done upon the application of any registered distillery in denaturing bonded warehouses specially designated or set apart for denaturing purposes only, and under conditions prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue with the ap- proval of the Secretary of the Treasury. The character and quantity of the said denaturing material and the conditions upon which said alcohol may be withdrawn free of tax shall be prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who shall, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, make all necessary regulations for carrying into effect the pro- visions of this Act, Distillers, manufacturers, dealers and all other persons furnish- ing, handling or using alcohol w^ithdrawn from bond under the provisions of this Act shall keep such books and records, execute such bonds and render such returns as the Commissioner of Inter- nal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, may by regulation require. Such books and records shall be open at all times to the inspection of any internal revenue officer or agent. Sec. 2. That any person who withdraws alcohol free of tax under the provisions of this Act and regulations made in pursu- ance thereof, and who removes or conceals same, or is concerned in removing, depositing or concealing same for the purpose of preventing the same from being denatured under governmental supervision, and any person who uses alcohol withdrawn from bond under the provisions of section one of this Act for manu- facturing any beverage or liquid medicinal preparation, or know- ingly sells any beverage or liquid medicinal preparation made in whole or in part from such alcohol, or knowingly violates any of the provisions of this Act, or who shall recover or attempt to recover by redistillaton or by any other process or means, any alcohol rendered unfit for beverage or liquid medicinal purposes under the provisions of this Act, or who knowingly uses, sells, con- ceals, or otherwise disposes of alcohol so recovered or redistilled, shall on conviction of each offense be fined not more than five tnousand dollars, or be imprisoned not more than five years, or both, and shall, in addition, forfeit to the United States all per- sonal property used in connection with its business, together with the buildings and lots or parcels of ground constituting the premises on which said unlawful acts are performed or permitted to be performed: Provided, That manufacturers employing pro- cesses in which alcohol, used free of tax under the provisions of this Act, is expressed or evaporated from the articles manu- factured, shall be permitted to recover such alcohol and to have such alcohol restored to a condition suitable solely for reuse in manufacturing processes under such regulations as the Commis- sioner of Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall prescribe. Sec. 3. That for the employment of such additional force of chemists, internal-revenue agents, inspectors, deputy collectors, clerks, laborers, and other assistants as the Commissioner of In- ternal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treas- ury may deem proper and necessary to the prompt and efficient op- eration and enforcement of this law, and. for the purchase of locks, seals, weighing beams, gauging instruments, and for all necessary expenses incident to the proper execution of this law, the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be required, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, said appropriation to be immediately available. For a period of two years from and after the passage of this Act the force authorized by this section of this Act shall be ap- 44 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. pointed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, wKli the ap- proval of the Secretary of the Treasury, and without compliaii with the conditions prescribed by the Act entitled "An Act to r- ulate and improve the civil service," approved January sixteeniii, eighteen hundred and eighty-three and amendments thereof and with such compensation as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may fix with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. Sec. 4. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall make full report to Congress at its next session of all appointments mado under the provisions of this Act, and the compensation paid thereunder, and of all regulations prescribed under the provis- ions hereof, and shall further report what, if any, additional legis- lation is necessary, in his opinion, to fully safeguard the reveuue and to secure a proper enforcement of tnis Act Approved, June 7, 1906. EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY ACT. An Act Relating to liability of commAi carriers in the District of Colum- bia and Territories and common carriers engaged in commerce between tlio States and between the States and foreign nations to their employees. Be it enacted by the Seriate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That every common carrier engaged in trade or commerce in the District of Columbia, or in any Territory of the United States, or between the several States, or between any Territory and another, or be- tween any Territory or Territories and any State or States, or the District of Columbia, or with foreign nrtions, or between the District of Columbia and any State or States or foreign na- tions, shall be liable to any of its employees, or, in the case of his death, to his personal representative for the benefit of his widow and children, if any, if none, then for his parents, if none, then for his next of kin dependent upon him, for all damages which may result from the negligence of any of its officers, agents, or employees, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency due to its negligence in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, road- bed, ways, or works. Sec. 2. That in all actions hereafter brought against any common carriers to recover damages for personal injuries to an employee, or where such injuries have resulted in his death, the fact that the employee may have been guilty of contributory negli- gence shall not bar a recovery where his contributory negligence was slight and that of the employer was gross in comparison, but the damages shall be diminished by the jury in proportion to the amount of negligence attributable to such employee. All questions of negligence and contributory negligence shall be for the jury. Sec. 3. That no contract of employment, insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity for injury or death entered into by or on be- half of any employee, nor the acceptance of any such insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity by the person entitled thereto, shall constitute any bar or defense to any action brought to recoveil damages for personal injuries to or death of such employee:! Provided, however. That upon the trial of such action against any common carrier the defendant may set off therein any sum it has contributed toward any such insurance, relief benefit, or in- demnity that may have been paid to the injured employee, or, in case of his death, to his personal representative. Sec. 4. That no action shall be m-aintained under this Act, un- less commenced within one year from the time the cause of action accrued. Sec. 5. That nothing in this Act shall be held to limit the dutj of common carriers by railroads or impair the rights of their emi ployees under the safety-appliance Act of March second, eighteei hundred and ninety-three, as amended April first, eighteen hun- dred and ninety-six, and March second, nineteen huiidred and three. )^ Approved, June 11, 1906. r REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK, 45 MEAT INSPECTION ACT— A PART OF An Act Making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seven. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the fol- lowing sums be, and they are hereby, appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury of the United States net otherwise appro- priated, in full compensation for the fiscs year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seven, for the purposes and ob- jects hereinafter expressed, namely: That for the purpose of preventing the use in interstate or for- eign commerce, as hereinafter provided, of meat and meat food products which are unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or other- wise unfit for human food, the Secretary of Agriculture, at his discretion, may cause to be made, by inspectors appointed for that purpose, an examination and inspection of all cattle, sheep, swine, and goats before they shaii be allowed to enter into any slaughtering, packing, meat-canning, rendering, or similar estab- lishments, in which they are to be slaughtered and the meat and meat food products thereof are to be used in interstate or for- eign commerce; and all cattle, swine, sheep, and goats found on such inspection to show symptoms of disease shall be set apart and slaughtered separately from all other cattle, sheep, swine, or goats, and when so slaughtered the carcasses of said cattle, sheep, swine, or goats shall be subject to a careful examination and inspection, all as provided by the rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture as herein provided for. That for the purposes hereinbefore set forth the Secretary of Agriculture shall cause to be made by inspectors appointed for that purpose, as hereinafter provided, a post-mortem examination and inspection of the carcasses and parts thereof of all cattle, sheep, swine, and goats to be prepared for human consumption at any slaughtering, meat-canning, salting, packing, rendering, or similar establishment in any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia for transportation or sale as articles of interstate or foreign commerce; and the carcasses and parts thereof of all such animals found to be sound, healthful, wholesome, and ft for human food shall be marked, stamped, tagged, or labeled as "Inspected and passed;" and said inspectors shall label, mark, stamp, or tag as "Inspected and condemned," all carcasses and parts thereof of animals found to be unsound, unhealthful, un- wholesome, or otherwise unfit for human food; and all carcasses and parts thereof thus inspected and condemned shall be de- stroyed for food purposes by the said establishment in the pres- ence of an inspector, and the Secretary of Agriculture may re- move inspectors from any such establishment which fails to so destroy any such condemned carcass or part thereof, and said in- spectors, after said first inspection shall, when they deem it necessary, reinspect said carcasses or parts thereof to determine whether since the first inspection the same have become unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or in any way unfit for human food, and if any carcass or any part thereof shall, upon examination and inspection subsequent to the first examination and inspec- tion, be found to be unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or other- wise unfit for human food, it shall be destroyed for food purposes by the said establishment in the presence of an inspector, and the Secretary of Agriculture may remove inspectors from any estab- lishment which fails to so destroy any such condemned carcass or part thereof. The foregoing provisions shall apply to all carcasses or parts of carcasses of cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, or the meat or meat products thereof which may be brought into any slaughtering, meat-canning, salting, packing, rendering, or similar establish- ment, and such examination and inspection shall be had before the said carcasses or parts thereof shall be allowed to enter into any department wherein the same are to be treated and prepared for meat food products; and the foregoing provisions shall also apply to all such products which, after having been issued from any slaughtering, meat-canning, salting, packing, rendering, or 46 RKi'L'lU.JCAN CAMPAlCiN TEXT-BOOK. similar establishment, shall be returned to the same or lo any similar establishment where such inspection is maintained. That for the purposes hereinbefore set forth the Secretary of Agriculture shall cause to be made by inspectors appointed for that purpose an examination and inspection of all meat food products prepared for interstate or foreign commerce in any slaughtering, meat-canning, salting, packing, rendering, or sim- ilar establishment, and for. the purposes of any examination and inspection said inspectors shall have access at all times, by day or night, whether the establishment be operated or not, to every part of said establishment; and said inspectors shall mark, stamp, tag, or label as "Inspected and passed" all such products found to be sound, healthful, and wholesome, and which contain no dyes, chemicals, preservatives, or ingredients which render such meat or meat food products unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or un- fit for human food; and said inspectors shall label, mark, stamp, or tag as "Inspected and condemned" all such products found un- sound, unhealthful, and unwholesome, or which contain dyes, chemicals, preservatives, or ingredients which render such meat or meat food products unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or un- fit for human food, and all such condemned meat food products shall be destroyed for food purposes, as hereinbefore provided, and the Secretary of Agriculture may remove inspectors from any establishment which fails to so destfroy such condemned meat food products: Provided, That, subject to the rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture, the provisions hereof in regard to preservatives sliall not apply to meat food products for export to any foreign country and which are prepared or packed according to the specifications or directions of the foreign purchaser, when no substance is used in the preparation or packing thereof in conflict with the laws of the foreign country to which said article is to be exported; but if said article shall be in fact sold or offered for sale for domestic use or consumption then this proviso shall not exempt said article from the operation of all the other provi- sions of this Act. That when any meat or meat food product prepared for inter- state or foreign commerce which has been inspected as hereinbe- fore provided and marked "Inspected and passed" shall be placed or packed in any can, pot, tin, canvas, or other receptacle or cov- ering in any establishment where inspection under the provisions of this Act is maintained, the person, firm, or corporation prepar- ing said product shall cause a label to be attached to said can, pot, tin, canvas, or other receptacle or covering, under the super- vision of an inspector, which label shall state that the contents thereof have been "inspected and passed" under the provisions of this Act; and no inspection and examination of meat or meat food products deposited or inclosed in cans, tins, pots, canvas, or other receptacle or covering in any establishment where inspec- tion under the provisions of this Act is maintained shall be deemed to be complete until such meat or meat food products have been sealed or inclosed in said can, tin, pot, canvas, or other receptacle or covering under the supervision of an in- spector, and no such meat or meat food products shall be sold or offered for sale by any person, firm, or corporation in interstate or foreign commerce under any false or deceptive name; but es- tablished trade name or names which are usual to such products and which are not false and deceptive and which shall be ap- proved by the Secretary of Agriculture are permitted. ^The Secretary of Agriculture shall cause to be made, by experts in sanitation or by other competent inspectors, such inspection of all slaughtering, meat-canning, salting, packing, rendering, or similar establishments in which cattle, sheep, swine, and goals are slaughtered and the meat and meat food products thereof are prepared for interstate or foreign commerce as may be necessary to inform himself concerning the sanitary conditions of the same, and to prescribe the rules and regulations of sanitation under W'hich such establishments shall be maintained; and where the sanitary conditions of any such establishment are such that the meat or meat food products are rendered unclean, unsound, un- healthful, unwholesome, or otherwise unfit for human food, he shall refuse to allow said meat or meat food products to hv labeled, marked, stamped, or tagged as "inspected and passed." REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 47 That the Secretary of Agriculture shall cause an examination and inspection of all cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, and the food products thereof, slaughtered and prepared in the esiablishments hereinbefore described for the purposes of interstate or foreign commerce to be made during the nighttime as well as during the daytime w^hen the slaughtering of said cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, or the preparation of said food products is conducted dur- ing the nighttime. That on and after October first, nineteen hundred and six, no person, firm or corporation shall transport or offer for transporta- tion, and no carrier of interstate or foreign commerce shall trans- port or receive for transportation from one State or Territory or the District of Columbia to any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia, or to any place under the jurisdiction of the United States, or to any foreign country, any carcasses or parts thereof, meat, or meat food products thereof which have not been inspected, examined, and marked as "inspected and passed," in accordance with the terms of this Act and with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture: Provided,, That all meat and meat food products on hand on October first,, nineteen hundred and six, at establishments where inspection has; not been maintained, or which have been inspected under existing law, shall be examined and labeled under such rules anJ regula- tions as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and then shall be allowed to be sold in interstate or foreign commerce. That no person, firm, or corporation, or ofiicer, agent, or em- ployee thereof, shall forge, counterfeit, simulate, or falsely repre- sent, or shall without proper authority use, fail to use, or detach, or shall knowingly or wrongfully alter, deface, or destroy, or fail to deface or destroy, any of the marks, stamps, tags, labels, or other identification devices provided for in this Act, or in and as directed by the rules and regulations prescribed hereunder by the Secretary of Agriculture, on any carcasses, parts of carcasses, or the food product, or containers thereof, subject to the provi- sions of this Act, or any certificate in relation thereto, authorized or required by this Act or by the said rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture. That the Secretavy of Agriculture shall cause to be made a careful inspection of all cattle, sheep, swine, and goats intended and offered for export to foreign countries at such times and places, and in such manner as he may deem proper, to ascertain whether such cattle, sheep, swine, and goats are free from disease. And for this purpose he may appoint inspectors who shall be authorized to give an official certificate clearly stating the condi- tion in which such cattle, sheep, swine, and goats are found. And no clearance shall be given any vessel having on board cattle, sheep, swine, or goats for export to a foreign country until the owner or shipper of such cattle, sheep, sv/ine, or goats has a certificate from the inspector herein authorized to be appointed, stating that the said cattle, sheep, swine, or goats are sound and healthy, or unless the Secretary of Agriculture shall have waived the requirement of such certificate for export to the particular country in which such cattle, sheep, swine, or goats are to be exported. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall also cause to be made a careful inspection of the carcasses and parts thereof of all cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, the meat of which, fresh, salted, canned, corned, packed, cured, or otherwise prepared, is intended and offered for export to any foreign country, at such times and places and in such manner as he may deem proper. And for this purpose he may appoint inspectors who shall be authorized to give an oflicial certificate stating the condition in which said cattle, sheep, swine, or goats, and the meat thereof,, are found. And no clearance shall be given to any vessel having on board any fresh, salted, canned, corned, or packed beef, mutton, pork,, or goat meat, being the meat of animals killed after the passage of this Act, or except as hereinbefore provided for export to and sale in a foreign country from any port in the United States, un- til the owner or shipper thereof shall obtain from an inspector appointed under the provisions of this Act a certificate that the said cattle, sheep, swine, and goats were sound and healthy at 48 HEPUBLiOAN CA^rpATn^' ti^xt-p.ook. the time'of inspection ^"wi i: i m, , ,,, ,i ,, , > ,•.,, v iiole- some, unless the S( ilie requirements of suii I i . , , . ,, rut- tie, sheep, swine, and goats or meats are to be e. i r That the inspectors provided for herein shall u^ uuiiioiizod to give official certificates of the sound and wholesome condition of the cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, their carcasses and products as herein described, and one copy of every certificate granted un- der the provisions of this Act shall be filed in the Departmr ,[ of Agriculture, another copy shall be delivered to the owner or shippt^r, and when the cattle, sheep, swine, and goats or their carcasses and products are sent abroad, a third copy shall be de- li verec" to the chief officer of the vessel on which the shipment shall be made. That no person, firm, or corporation engaged in the interstate commerce of meat or meat food products shall transport or offer for transportation, sell or offer to sell any such meat or meat food products in any State or Territory or in the District of Co- lumbia or any place under the jurisdiction of the United States, other than in the State or Territory or in the District of Colum- bia or any place under the jurisdiction of the United States in which the slaughtering, packing, canning, rendering, or other similar establishment owned, leased, operated by said firm, per- son, or corporation is located unless and until said person, firm, or corporation shall have complied with all of the provisions of this Act. That any person, firm, or corporation, or any officer or agent of any such person, firm, or corporation, who shall violate any of the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor and shall be punished on conviction thereof by a fine of not exceeding ten thousand dollars or imprisonment for a period not more than two years, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall appoint from time to time inspectors to make examination and inspection of all cattle, sheep, swine, and goats, the inspection of which is hereby pro- vided for, and of all carcasses and parts thereof, and of all meats and meat food products thereof, and of the sanitary conditions of all establishments in v/hich such meat and meat food products hereinbefore described are prepared; and said inspectors shall refuse to stamp, mark, tag, or label any carcass or any part there- of, or meat food product therefrom, prepared in any establish- ment hereinbefore mentioned, until the same shall have actually been inspected and found to be sound, healthful, wholesome, and fit for human food, and to contain no dyes, chemicals, preserva- tives, or ingredients which render such meat food product un- sound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or unfit for human food; and to have been prepared under proper sanitary conditions, herein- before provided for; and shall perform such other d.ties as are provided by this Act and by the rules and regulations to be pre- scribed by said Secretary of Agriculture; and said Secretary of Agriculture shall, from time to time, make such rules and regu- lations as are necessary for the efficient execution of the provi- sions of this Act, and all inspections and examinations made un- der this Act shall be such and made in such manner as described in the rules and regulations prescribed by said Secretary of Agri- , culture not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act. • That any person, firm, or corporation, or any agent or employee 'ifty-sixth Congress (Republican) passed a law requiring common carriers to make monthly reports of accidents to the Interstate Commerce Commission. (Approved by President McKinley March 3, 1901.) Eight-Hour Laiu. — The first eight-hour law in this country was enacted by the Fortieth Congress and approved by President Grant in 1868. It applied to all artisans and laborers employed by the Government. In the Fiftieth Congress (1888) the eight-hour day was estab- lished for letter carriers. The bill passed the Senate, which was Republican, without division. In President Harrison's administration the eight-hour law was extended to include persons employed by contractors on pub- lic works. (Chap. 352 of the Acts of 1892.) Department of Labor. — The Act creating the United States Bu- reau of Labor was passed by the Forty-eighth Congress (1884) and signed by President Arthur. In the Fiftieth Congress (1888) the Bureau was removed from the Department of the Interior and made an independent Department of Labor, all the votes cast against the bill being Democratic. In 1903 a Republican Congress established the Department of Commerce and Labor and made its head a Cabinet officer. Boards of Arbitration. — Act passed at the Fifty-fifth Congress (Republican) and signed by President McKinley June 1, 1898. Incorporation of National Trades Unions. — Provided for by Act of Congress in 1886. Labor Legislation in Republican and Democratic States. There is no better way of judging the merits of a political party than by the laws which are passed by the legislators who are elected to office from its ranks. With regard to legislation for the protection of the workers much remains to be done before they receive their full measure of protection and justice, but as can be shown by the statistics of the different States, nearly all protec- tive labor legislation in the United States was first enacted by Republican States, and then adopted by way of imitation by the Democratic States. The proportion of Republican States having protective labor legislation is much greater than that of Demo- x'ratic Slates. This is plainly shown in the table following. 52 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. The table shows the number and per cent, of Republican and Democratic States which have enacted the legislation explained: Legislation in Force. ^-Republican States-^ ^Demcratic StatPs-~( Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Creating labor bureaus 25 86 8 50 Creating factory Inspection services. 22 76 5 31 Providing for free employment bu- reaus 11 38 2 12V^ Providing for boards of conciliation and arbitration 16 55 5 31 Establishing an eight-hour day for labor on public works 1-1 48 3 19 Prohibiting employment of children under 12 years of age in factories. 19 66 9 66 Limiting hours of labor of children. 13 66 8 50 Restricting employment of children of school age and of illiterate children 22 76 6 371^ Prohibiting employment of children in bar-rooms 9 31 4 25 Prohibiting employment of children in "operating or cleaning dangerous machinery 11 38 2 12'/2 xiegulating woman labor 27 93 11 69 Requiring seats for females in shops and stores - 22 76 9 56 Regulating sweatshops 10 34 2 12^^ Requiring wages to be paid weekly, fortnightly or monthly 15 52 6 37^^ Protecting members of labor organi- zations 13 62 2 121^ Protecting the union label 27 93 11 69 An examination of this table presents an interesting lesson in practical politics. We shall take up in rotation each of the more important subjects of labor legislation, and see which States have done the most for the workingman. Labor Bureaus. — There are few agencies which have done more toward giving a clear insight into the problems of labor and capi- tal, that have brought employer and employee nearer together, or that have furnished the laboring people with facts for arguments in favor of protective legislation, than bureaus of labor and labor statistics. The above table shows that at present there are 33 State labor bureaus in the United States. Of these, 25 are Re- publican States and 8 are in Democratic States. Reducing these figures to a proportionate basis, we find that 25 out of 29 Repub- lican States, or 86 per cent., have labor bureaus; 8 out of 16 Dem- ocratic States, or 50 per cent., have labor bureaus. Factory Inspection Service. — It is well known to all working people that protective labor laws are practically a dead letter in any State unless there is a factory inspection service organized for the purpose of searching out and bringing to justice persons, who violate such laws. It is easy enough to enact protective leg- islation, but it is another thing to enforce it. If a State, there- fore, enacts such laws and fails to organize a service for their en- forcement, it is deceiving those whom it pretends to favor. Let us again observe the tables. We find t^ai 22 out of 29 Republican States, or 76 per cent., have laws creating factory inspection ser- vices. We also find that 5 out of 16 Democratic States, or 31 per cent., have factory inspection services. In examining the other subjects of labor legislation which follow we must not lose sight of the fact that only 5 of the Democratic States have made pro- vision, for factory inspection services for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the labor laws which will be under consid- eration. Inspection of Mines. — Public inspection of mines is required on the same grounds as inspection of factories. The tables show that fifteen of the twenty-eight Republican States and nine of the seventeen Democratic States have established this service. Child Labor. — Ever since the introduction of the factory sys- tem, over a century ago, the greatest sufferers from the greed of Inconsiderate and cruel employers have been the helpless children, who often at a tender age are placed in factories. It is a prin- ciple recognized in all civilized countries that children under 12 years of age should not be employed in factories, and nearly all civilized countries have laws placing a minimum age limit of 12 or 14 years upon such child labor. In our country 28 States abso- lutely prohibit the emploj^ment of children uucler 12 years o£ REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 53 age in factories. Of these, 19 are Republican and 9 are Demo- cratic States. Of these 19 Republican States, 17 have factory in- spection services to see that the laws are enforced, while only 4 of these 9 Democratic States make provision for such inspection. Many States have enacted laws placing certain restrictions upon the employment of children, usually under 16 years of age, and in some cases even upon the employment of all minors. Of this class are laws limiting the hours of labor of children in fac- tories or stores, which have been enacted in 27 States. Of these 19 are Republican and 8 are Democratic States. Twenty-eight States have placed restrictions upon the employ- ment of children of school age or of illiterate children, of which 22 are Republican and 6 are Democratic. Thirteen States prohibit the employment of children or minors in places where intoxicants are sold or handled. Of these 9 are Republican and 4 are Democratic. Thirteen States prohibit the employment of children in operat- ing dangerous machinery or cleaning machinery in mot-ion. Of these 11 are Republican and 2 are Democratic States.. Woman Labor. — Next to the children the greatest victims of abuse by greedy employers when unrestrained by law are women. Investigations have shown that their condition is sometimes piti- ful where employers are given free scope in their employment. Their protection, in the interest of humanity and morals, has also been the subject of legislation in nearly all civilized countries. In the United States 38 States have legislated upon this subject. Of these 38 States, 27 are Republican and 11 are Democratic. Again it is interesting to notice that of the 27 Republican States regulating woman labor 21 provide for factory inspection, while of the 11 Democratic States mentioned, only 4 make such provision. Seats for FewMles in Shops. — Legislation on this subject needs no comment. Any man who has a daughter or sister employed in a shop or store, and every physician knows what a hardship it is to a woman to be compelled to stand all day at a bench or be- hind a counter. Fortunately in 31 States legislation has been enacted requiring employers to provide seats for females. Of these 31 States, 22 are Republican and 9 are Democratic. Sweatshop Legislation. — There is no greater menace to the health of the working people, and nothing which tends more to lower and degrade human beings, than to crowd them together in small, filthy workshops, where they are often compelled to work, eat and sleep without regard to health or morals, and where the hours of labor are often so long that the victims, who are usually foreigners unacquainted with our language, are shut out from all opportunities for education or betterment of any kind. The scenes observed in these shops by official investigators have been revolting beyond description. Long ago efforts have been made to regulate these so-called "sweatshops," and 12 States have enacted laws looking to this end. Of these 12 States 10 are Re- publican and 2 are Democratic. Nothing more need be said on this point. Wage Payments. — In order to insure the prompt payment of workingmen's wages in cash when due, 21 States have enacted laws requiring employers to pay wages weekly or fortnightly, and in some instances prohibiting a longer interval than one month between pay-days. Of these States 15 are Republican and 6 are Democratic. Protection of Members of Labor Organizations. — Fifteen States have enacted laws, that are now in force, prohibiting employers from discharging persons on account of membership in labor or- ganizations, or from compelling persons to agree not to become members of labor organizations as a condition of securing employ- ment or continuing in their employ. Of these 13 are Republican and 2 are Democratic States. Protection of the Union Label. — Thirty-eight States have adopt- ed laws allowing trade unions to adopt labels or trade-marks to be used to designate the products of the labor of their members, and prohibiting the counterfeiting or the use of such labels or trademarks by unauthorized persons.. Of thesQ States 27 are Re- publicaa and 11 are Democratic. 54 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. Truck 8ystem.--ThiB legislation prohibits employers from pay- ing their employees in scrip or orders on their company stores and which are not redeemable in cash. At present twenty-three States have such laws in force, of which fourteen are Republican and nine are Democratic, or 61 per cent, of all the Republican and 39 per cent, of all the Democratic States. Mediation and Arbitration. — State boards of mediation and arbi- tration have been established in fifteen States to aid in the ad- justment of industrial disputes. Of the fifteen boards eleven are in Republican States and only four in Democratic States. Free Employment Bureaus. — One of the great needs of wage- workers who are engaged for only a week or a day at a time is some agency that will assist them in obtaining a situation when they are out of work. Private agehcies have so frequently ex- ploited their poverty by extorting registration fees for situations that are never procured, that churches and charitable societies new support free employment agencies in many leading cities. A few years ago State and municipal Governments also entered the field and now there are public employment bureaus (free) . in fourteen States, of which twelve are Republican and only two Democratic. Employers' Liahility Laws. — Since the introduction of steam and machinery workmgmen are exposed to such great risks of death and injury that enlightened States have enacted legislation which requires employers to furnish safe work places and appli- ances, and makes them responsible, in damages, for any injury that may befall an employee through their ne ligence.Twenty- seven States now have employers' liability laws, most of them relating to railways. Of the twenty-seven Slates fifteen were Republican and twelve Democratic in the last National election. Eight-Hour Laio. — For many years labor organizations have been endeavoring to secure legislation prohibiting labor on Gov- ernment works or public contracts for over eight hours per day. They have succeeded thus far in securing such legislation in twenty-one of the forty-five States of the Union. Of these twenty- one States, sixteen are Republican and five are Democratic. In other words, of the twenty-eight Republican States, 60 per cent, have enacted the eight-hour law, and of the seventeen Democratic States, only five, or 29 per cent., have yielded to the demands of the labor organizations in this regard. Difiiculty in Framing Labor Laws. The difficulty in legislating for Labor is well illustrated in the hearings before the Committee of the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session, in relation to the anti-injunction and restraining orders. To give clearness to the matter, the following two bills are printed, the first known as the "Little Bill," the other as the "Gilbert," or "Administration Bill." ANTI-INJUNCTION AND BESTRAINING ORDERS. ''Little Bill." (H. R. 4445, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session.) A BILL to limit tlie meaning of the word "conspiracy," and the use of injunctions and restraining orders in certain cases. Tie it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That no agreement, combination, or contract by or between two or more persons to do or procure to be done, or not to do or procure not to be done, any act in contemplation or fur- therance of any trade dispute between employers and employees in the Dis- trict of Columbia or in any Territory of the United States, or between em- ployers and employees who may be engaged in trade or commerce between the several States, or between any Territory and another, or between any Territory or Territories and any State or States or the District of Colum- bia, or with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia and any State or States or foreign nations, shall be deemed criminal, nor shall those engaged therein be indictable or otherwise punishable for the crime of conspiracy, if such act committed by one person would not be punishable as a crime, nor shall such agreement, combination, or contract be considered as in restraint of trade or commerce, nor shall any restraining order or injunction be issued with relation thereto. Nothing in this act shall ex- empt from punishment, otherwise than as herein excepted, any persons REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK:. 55 guilty of conspiracy for which puuishinent is now provided by any act of Congress, but such act of Congress shall, as to the agreements, combina- tions, and contracts hereinbefore referred to, be construed as if this act were therein contained. "Administration Bill." (H. R. 9328, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session.) A BILL to regulate the granting of restraining orders in certain caseS. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of Ameriea in Congress assembled, That in cases involving or grow- ing out of labor disputes neither an injunction nor a temporary restraining order shall be granted except upon due notice to the opposite party by the court in term, or by a judge thereof in vacation, after hearing, which may be ex parte if the adverse party does not appear at the time and place or- dered: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be held to authorize the issuing of a restraining order or an injunction in any case in which the same is not authorized by existing law. Mr, H. R. Fuller, legislative representative of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Order of Railroad Conductors, and Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, first addressed the Committee, favoring the "Administration Bill." The following colloquy ensued: Mr. Fuller: I am only suggesting that if in the minds of the committee they thought it was not proper in its present form we would have no objection to its applying to interstate commerce. I say that it is no more class legislation than acts previously passed by Congress. I might as well say — and I am violating no secret or confidence — that this bill is an Administration bill. It was recommended by the President in his recent message to Congress, and it is my understanding it has had the scrutiny of the Administration. Mr. Gillett: Has the President had before him this particular bill? Mr. Fuller: Now, I do not care to get too much into detail; the President's message speaks for itself. The President's mes- sage is an indorsement of this bill identically as it is before you. Mr. Gillett: Has the President expressed himself as being in favor of this bill? Mr. Fuller: He has; it is an Administration bill. Mr. Littlefield: Have you the language of the President's mes- sage at hand? Mr. Fuller: Yes, sir. Mr. Henry: I would like to know what the Atcorney-General thinks of it before we get to that. Has he examined it? Mr. Fuller: I understand so. I understand it has had the scrutiny of the Administration, with all its resources in regard to such matters, and I think there are ocners here who know the same thing. Mr .Gillett: Do you know the language of the President in relation to it? I thought that I had his message here, but I have not. Mr. Fuller: Yes, sir; he goes on and speaks of injunctions and then uses the following language: "The remedy is to regulate the procedure by requiring the judge to give due notice to the adverse parties before granting the writ, the hearing to be ex parte if the adverse party does not appear at the time and place ordered." Following Mr. Fuller, the Committee was addressed by Mr. Andrew Furuseth, representing the Seamen's Union. Among other things, Mr. Furuseth said: "Gentlemen, you have before you two bills dealing in different ways with injunctions. H. R. 4445, by Mr. Little, of Arkansas. You have had this bill before you during several Congresses. You have had hearings on it, and, so far as has appeared at those hear- ings, this bill would, if enacted into law, put a stop to the use of injunctions in labor disputes. That the relations between labor- ers and their employers are personal relations as distinct from property relations; that the rights of either party are personal rights, as distinct from property rights, will hardly be seriously disputed. If these are the true relations, then there is no occa- sion for the equity power to step in. We maintain that it is pure 66 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. usurpation on part of the judge to so extend the powers granted to him as to cover labor dibputes. We believe that by passing this bill you stop the usurpation and bring the law and the judges back to where it and they belong. Labor will be content with nothing less. Anything short of this robs the laborer, be- ( uuse he is a laborer, of his rights as a citizen. "You have also before you H. R. 9328, *a bill to regulate the granting of restraining orders in certan cases,' by Mr. Gilbert, of Indiana. This bill, supposed to have had its origin in the White House, and drawn in the Bureau of Corporations, confers upon the courts sitting in equity absolute jurisdiction in all cases involving or growing out of labor disputes.' The judge is to give the defendant a hearing, but may, as in any other suits at law, proceed if the defendant shall fail to appear. We have com- plained that the use made of the equity process in labor disputes is usurpation of a sovereignty not granted to the courts. It seems to us that in this bill the grant is about to be made. "Why can you not trust the judges? somebody asks. We do trust them. They are to use this power to stop strikes. When they have to choose between giving the award in favor of the em- ployer who seeks to reduce wages or to have him stop, as he threatens, the business which gives employment to thousands, and thereby throw them out of work, his very hu- manity, as he feels it, will decide the award. It will be down- ward, downward, and downward, as under the law of the quarter sessions. It is said that this bill has the endorsement of the President. That can not be. If he understands this bill and then gives to it his endorsement, he is an enemy to honest labor strug- gling under adverse conditions for a better life — nay, he would be an enemy to human liberty. We do not believe, will not be- lieve it. "In the labor movement, as well as in all walks of life, there are differences of opinion, divergent perspectives. "Organized labor demands an puti-injunction law that will abso- lutely limit the power of judges when they deal with contro- versies growing out of labor disputes; not a law that will be used as a compulsory arbitration act. "We want H. R. 4445. "We don't want H. R. 9328." Mr. Emile Tryeffo^t, representing the Merchant Tailors' Nation- al Protective Association, addressed the Committee making a strong plea for continuing the present laws and existing condi- tions, concluding as follows: "I appear for those who have enjoyed the benefits of this law, both employers and employees, and I ask you gentlemen not to be carried away by this wave which every once in a while seems to carry everything before it, but is often like some of our winds — it comes up and it goes dqjvn, and it very often shows destruction in its wake. I appeal to you, gentlemen, to uphold the law-abiding citizen in his desire in this country to work unmolested when he has the right to work, and I appeal to you to give him the right to appeal to the law for the protection which is his due, and which he receives under present condi- tions." Mr. Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor, followed Mr. Tryeffort, when the following colloquy en- sued: Mr. Gompers: Before Mr. Tryeffort leaves I would like to make some reference to the remarks that he has submited to the committee. Mr. Littlefield: Is that the gentleman who has just left? Mr. Gompers: Yes, sir. That is the reason that I mentioned his name, in the effort to attract his attention. The Chairman: He has just gone out. We have not any power to keep him. Mr. Gompers: I thought that I might attract his attention by mentioning his name rather loudly. The burden of his state- ment and appeal to this committee was to maintain existing con- ditions. I think that all through history you can find that same appeal and plea made by everyone who profited by the un- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 57 just conditions which obtained at that time. Those who profit by injustice, those who profit by mal-administraiion, those who profit by unjust laws, hose who profited by human slavery, in all cases and in all ages have urged those in whose power it was to make a change, to "maintain the existing conditions." It has been the repudiation of such claims that has made for the prog- ress of the world, and that has established even the Republic of our country. I should have liked very much to have had the opportunity of asking Mr. Iryeffort to which law he referred when he asked this committee to maintain the present law, which he said "has not been found wanting," and which has been tound to accom- plish so much. You will readily understand, Mr. Chairman, that as the propo- nents of the bill, of the propositions before you, and having been required to advance our reasons for the enactment of an anti- injunction law, we must anticipate that which will be urged against our contention, and we have good reason to assume that, largely, that which will be said has already been said in some other way and time, and I doubt whether, except that we may find the statements couched in different language, they will not all have their basis upon that which has been said before, that which has been presented before. The essence of the question has been very amply set forth in the discussion of the question by Mr. Furuseth, who has addressed you this morning. I should say now that we — and I speak as a representative of the American Federation of Labor — are not in favor of that which Mr. Fuller has called the Administration bill. Mr. Littlefield: By the way, Mr. Gompers, what organizations do you yourself represent at this hearing, and for whom do you speak? Mr, Gompers: The American Federation of Labor, the federa- tion of the organized workmen in the national and international trades unions other than those represented by Mr, Fuller, Mr. Littlefield: Mr. Fuller's organizations are not federated with yours? Mr. Gompers: They are not. There is a joint, common policy, but they are not alSiliated to the American Federation of Labor, as are nearly all the other international trades unions. Mr, Littlefield : That is, in a legal sense they are not a part of your body? Mr, Gompers: Yes; so far as we are a law unto ourselves. Mr, Littlefield: Yes, of course, Mr, Gompers: But it is not a law of the country, Mr, Littlefield: Of course. But is the organization repre- sented by Mr. Furuseth federated with your organization? Mr. Gompers: Yes, sir. Mr. Littlefield: They all oppose H. R. 9328? Mr. Gompers: Yes; and are in favor of the Little bill, Mr, Littlefield: I simply ask this as a general question. Do your organizations indorse the severe restrictions placed upon H. R. 9328 by Mr. Furuseth? Mr. Gompers: We are opposed to the bill; whether in the ex- act language of Mr. Furuseth or not is not the question. Mr. Littlefield: Yes. Mr. Gompers: But we are apprehensive — yes, sir— of that bill, and we have grave reasons for being apprehensive. Mr. Littlefield: Mr. Furuseth had some very vigorous opin- ions. I did not know whether you entertained or shared with him in those. Mr, Gompers: I share them very largely. Mr, Littlefield: Yes. Mr. Gompers: I only had the opportunity of casually hearing them, and hence I am not in a position to say whether every word In what Mr. Furuseth said meets my indorsement. Mr. Littlefield: Oh, yes; of course not. Mr. Gompers: But the essence of it meets my indorsement. Mr. Littlefield: Very well. After being addressed by several representatives of employers' associations, Mr. T. C. Spelling addressed the committee, the fol- lowing colloquy ensuing: J 58 REl'UBJ.lCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Mr. Spelling: Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, in the first place I desire to offer a substitute for House resolu- tions 4445 and 9328, and it may be considered a substitute for all the other bills before the committee on this subject. At any rate, 1 propose submitting it to-day and making an argument in-eup- port of it before the committee as a definite proposition and programme for the interests which I represent — the American Federation of Labor, The Chairman: Let me ask you if in your argument you in- tend to include the bills introduced by Mr. Gilbert, of Indiana, and Mr. Henry, of Texas, those bills requiring notice before the injunction is issued? Do you intend to touch upon those meas- ures? Mr. Spelling: I shall speaK upon what the Federation of Labor demands and seeks in legislation before Congress, and it is all embodied in the bill which I have here. Mr. Gillett: This, then, is a substitute for the Gilbert bill and the Little bill or any other bill which may be pending here re- ferring to the question of injunction? Mr. Spelling: Yes, sir; for everything. And to save time I might as well read it. Mr. Spelling here read the substitute bill referred to. On a subsequent day Mr, Fuller addressed the committee as follows : The Chairman: It may be a little irregular for us to go ahead until the other side has closed, but, as I have expressed myself before, I would like to see this hearing closed, so I will proceed, Mr, Fuller: I wish to firsc say a few words with regard to the arguments of Brothers Furuseth and Gompers against the Gilbert bill, and I regret that they are not present, Mr. Furuseth says it is an arbitration bill, and, as I under- stood him, will make the judge the arbitrator in all labor dis- pute in which an injunction is asked. I do not agree with him in this opinion, neither am I able to strike any line of reasoning whereby such a conclusion is justified. This bill does nothing more and nothing less than to require that hereafter in labor disputes an injunction or a restraining order shall not be issued without giving the adverse party an opportunity to be heard, instead of issuing them ex parte as heretofore. It gives no new authority to issue such writs, for it is expressly provided in the bill that nothing in it shall be held to authorize the issuing of a restraining order or an injunction where the same is not au- thorized by existing law. If it makes a judge an arbitrator of all questions in a labor dispute simply because he is required to give notice before he can issue an injunction, then from 1793 to 1872 the judges were arbitrators of all questions in every dispute in which either a temporary or permanent injunction was sought, for during that period of seventy-nine years neither a temporary nor a perma- nent injunction could be issued without notice. If the judge is to be the arbitrator because the bill applies only to labor disputes, then he must now be the arbitrator of all ques- tions in patent cases, for there is a law giving the courts the power to issue injunctions in patent cases in any way they may think proper. If he is to be the arbitrator because the bill ap- plies only to labor disputes, then how about the Little bill, or the Hoar-Grosvenor bill, which we all favored. They apply only to labor disputes. It has been said if the President knew the effect of this bill and advocated it, he was no friend of labor. I think we can well pre- sume that the President of the United States knows, or at least contemplates the effect of legislation which he recommends to Congress; and I do not think it will be seriously contended that he did not recommend this bill in his last message. As to the friendship of Theodore Roosevelt for labor, I think his past actions speak louder than words. While Police Commis- sioner of the city of New York he not only made the police per- mit striking workmen to picket, but he also required them to protect them in that right. As Governor of the State of New York he recommended labor legislation to the Legislature of that REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN Tfi3tT-B00K. 60 State. He was the first and only President to indorse labor or- ganizations in a message to Congress, and recommendations Cor labor legislation have occupied prominent places and filled many pages in his annual messages to Congress from the first one down to the present session. And since he has been President of the United States the White House doors have swung as freely to the repi-esentatives of labor as they have to Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan or Mr. A. J. Cassatt. Mr. Spelling: Will you allow me to ask you — I want to get the record straight — whom you represent? Do you represent the Administration? Mr. Fuller: What Administration do you have reference to? Mr. Spelling: The present one. Whom do you represent? Mr. Fuller: I represent the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, the Order of Railway Conductors, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, or, 1 might say, I am trying to represent them. Mr. Spelling: Who are the ofiicers of the trainmen? Mr. Fuller: Do you question my authority? Mr. Spelling: Well, please Mr. Fuller: If you question my authority, I will be glad to give you the names. The Chairman: -If you do not desire to answer the question you need not get into any controversj^ Mr. Fuller: Mr. Chairman, I will, for the sake of making the record right, submit here a copy of my credential and I will be glad to have Mr. Spelling examine this paper. It bears the sig- natures of the executive officers of the organizations I represent. As to representing the Administration, I say no, I represent no one except these men whom I am authorized to represent. The credential referred to was submitted by Mr. Fuller, as follows: (Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Order of Railway Conductors, Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen.) December 1, 1905. To iDhom these presents may concern, greeting: This is to certify that the bearer hereof, Mr. H. R. Fuller, whose signature appears below has been duly chosen to serve as the representative of the above-named organization at Washing- ton, D. C, during the first session of the Fifty-ninth Congress, in matters pertaining to national legislation. W. S. Stone, Grand Chief Engineer, B. of L. E. John J. Hannahan, Grand Master, B. of L. F. E. E. Clark, Grand Chief Conductor, 0. of R. C. O. H. MORRISSEY, Grand Master, B. of R. T. H. R. Fuller, Representative. Mr. Spelling: What is the date of that? Mr. Fuller: I am simply answering the statement made here with regard to President Roosevelt, in reference to the action he has taken in regard to this bill. Mr. Spelling: What is the date of your credential? Mr. Fuller: December 1, 1905. The Chairman: Go ahead with your argument. No attempt at giving any argument for or against any bill is intended in the presentation of the foregoing statements. They simply show the wide divergence of views among labor leaders and emphasize the difficulty of framing a law that will be ac- ceptable to all. "Labor has that in it which cannot be bought and sold. The labor of man is civilization; it is advancement; it is the up- ward trend of humanity. ... In whatever field labor may- be exercised, it is, and must be, the grandest material, human force."— Senator O. H. Piatt, 1888. 6* REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. THE PRESIDENT AND HALF HOLIDAYS— THE EIGHT- HOUR LAW. Rtgarding the recent executive orders concerning half-holidays the following explanation is given by Secretary Loeb: The President directed that half-holidays should be given to all mechanics and laborers in the public service. There was a question whether this could be done under the law; but as it was open to either construction the President directed that it should be done, feeling very strongly that laborers and mechanics who are paid per diem wages should receive holidays just as the clerks and others who receive an annual salary, and the Presi- dent accordingly went as far as under the law he could go in giving these holidays. From time to time the President has received complaints as to the non-observance of the eight-hour law; but the complaints were usually very indefinite; and moreover there was utter confusion as to where the responsibility for securing the observance of the law really rested. On March 21st last a number of the labor men called upon the President and reiterated these complaints. The President then asked them to give specifications at their earliest convenience in detail. Some time elapsed before he se- cured these specifications. He then turned the matter over to Commissioner of Labor Neill and intrusted him to examine into the charges and report if they were true and what steps if any he should take to secure the thorough enforcement of the law. This was not, strictly speaking, in the line of Commissioner Neill's duties, but the President has determined that it was neces- sary to take some outside man who was in sympathy with the law and practically request him to supervise its execution. On Commissioner Neill's report the President not only directed action to be taken by the District Attorney in a case upon which most stress was laid — that of the Charleston Navy Yard; but also instructed all the Departments to see to it that the law was ob- served in spirit as well as in letter. Most of the complaints re- lated to the observance of the law in the War and Navy Depart- ments; and under the President's instructions the following proclamations were issued in these two Departments. This law it is now being absolutely enforce^. Executive Order. It is hereby ordered that on Saturdays during July, August and September, until further notice, four hours, exclusive of time for luncheon, shall constitute a day's work for skilled mechanics, laborers, and employees in the Classified Civil Service at the Government Printing Office, Washington: Provided, that if any skilled mechanic, laborer or employee in the Classified Civil Ser- vice shall work more than four hours on any Saturday during the months aforesaid, he shall be paid for such extra work at the rate of fifty per centum more than his regular and normal com- pensation and no more. Theodore Roosevelt. The White House, June 23, 1906. Executive Order. It is hereby ordered that on Saturdays during July, August and September, until further notice, four hours, exclusive of time for luncheon, shall constitute a day's work for skilled mechanics and laborers, and employees in the classified civil service, at all navy yards and naval stations of the United States: Provided, that if any skilled mechanic or laborer shall work more than four hours on any Saturday during the months aforesaid, he shall be paid for such extra v/ork at the rate of fifty per centum in addition to his regular and normal compensation and no more. TiiEODOKE Roosevelt. The White House, June 25, 1906. nKPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 61 Executive Order. It is hereby ordered that on Saturdays during July, August and September, until further notice, four hours, exclusive of time for luncheon, shall constitute a day's work for mechanics, laborers and other employees in the civil service at the manufacturing and supply arsenals and depots under the War Department, and in the offices of the division and department commanders and of the various staff officers at military divisions and department headquarters of the army in the United States. Theodore Roosevelt. The White House, June 29, 1906. Executive Order. It is hereby ordered that on Saturdays during July, August and September, until further notice, four hours, exclusive of time for luncheon, shall constitute a day's work for mechanics, laborers and other employees in the service of the Engineer Department at Large of the War Department. Theodore Roosfvelt. The White House, July 24, 1906. Executive Order. Hereafter all employees of the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, except the Park Police, shall be entitled to the usual half holiday on Saturday during the months of July, August and September, for which all the annual employees shall be paid. The temporary employees shall be paid for the half holidays in each month provided they have worked continuously during that month since their employment or have been laid off through no fault of their own. Theodore Roosevelt. The White House, July 24, 190G. July 14, 1906. Memorandum for the Chief of Engineers: It has been brought to the attention of the Secretary of War that, under an opinion of the Attorney-General, in which it was held that it was the duty of contractors with the Government to obey the law with reference to the eight-hour a day provision, and that it was not the peculiar responsibility of the War De- partment to see to it that contractors obey the law, it has been customary for the officers of the engineer department and sub- ordinate engineers to ignore altogether the question whether Government contractors are obeying the law in this respect or not. No matter what the opinion of the Attorney-General is in regard to the question where the technical responsibility for the violation of the law falls, it is the opinion of the President, In which I concur, that it is the duty of the officers of this Depart- ment, in respect to Government contracts which are performed under their supervision, and for the performance of which they are responsible, to use the powers they have to prevent viola- tions of law, and especially the federal law, by the contractors in the v/ork which comes under their supervision. The Chief of Engineers is, therefore, directed to require his subordinates to report to him the cases in which laborers and mechanics upon Government work have been within the last two years required to work more than eight hours a day, and, if so, under what emergency, if any, this work was performed. It is of course unnecessary to say that a personal opinion as to th3 wis- dom of the law can have no bearing at all upon the question of its enforcement, or of the duty of those who come into contact with its violation being officers of the Government, to make a full report of such violations to their superiors for such action as may be deemed wise. The Chief of Engineers will report to the Secretary of War the result of his investigations from time to time as they are returned. 02 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOI^. In all specifications hereafter the especial attention of ihe con- tractors must be called to the eight-hour act, in or-.ler that they may be advised toat should they fail to comply they v>'ill be re- ported by the otru-ers of this Department for such action as the Department of Justice may deem it proper to take. Wm. H. Taft, Secretary of War. NAVY DEPARTMENT, Washiisoton, July 17, 1906. {Memorandum.) To the Chiefs of all Bureaus, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the Superintendent of the Naval Academy: It has been customary for the naval inspectors of work done under public contracts, acting in accordance with the Depart- ment's instructions or approval, to ignore altogether the ques- tion whether Government contractors were obeying the law with reference to the eight-hour a day provision, it being the Depart- ment's attitude that it was the duty of contractors with the Gov- ernment to obey the law and not the peculiar responsibility of the Department to see to it that they did so. The Attorney- General rendered an opinion to the Secretary of War on this general subject in which a similar view was held, but, without regard to previous holdings as to where the technical responsi- bility of the violation of the law fails, it is the opinion of the President, in which the Department concurs, that it is the duty of the officers of the Government, with respect to public contracts that are performed under their supervision and for the per- formance of which they are responsible, to use the powers they have to prevent violations of the law, and especially the Federal law, by the contractors in the work that comes under their super- vision. The Chiefs of Bureaus, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the Superintendent of the Naval Academy are, therefore, directed to require their inspectors to report the cases in which laborers and mechanics upon any Government work within the purview of the act of August 1, 1892, have been, within the last two years, required to work more than eight hours a day, and if so, under what emergency, if any, this work was performed. It is of course unnecessary to say that a personal opinion as to the wisdom of this law can have no bearing at all upon the question of its enforcement, or of the duty of those who come in contact with its violation, being officers of the Government, to make full report of such violations to their superiors for such action as may be deemed wise. The Chiefs of the Bureaus will report to the Department the result of their investigations from time to time, as they are returned. In all specifications hereafter for work within the purview of that act, the especial attention of the contractors must be called to the eight-hour act, in order that they may be advised that should they fail to comply they will be reported by the officers of this Department for such action as the Department of Justice may deem proper to take. (Signed) Truman H. Newberry, Acting Secretary. If I were to name the order in which the different classes are interested in the maintenance of a protective tariff, I would say, first, the laborers everywhere, in whatever field they wipe the sweat fr.m their brow — more than any manufacturers are the wage-receiving men of this country interested in its preservation. The blow hits them first, and it may as well be understood, and they are coming* to understand it all over the land. First, the men who work in manufactories, the artisans, are hit; next, agriculturists and the men who work on farms; next, manufacturers in other sections of the country where they are not as well established and where the industries may indeed be said even now to be infant industries; next, those engaged in transportation; next, those engaged in mer-j chandise.— O. H. Piatt, U. S. Senate, Feb. 6, 1888. ■ REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 63 REMARKS OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT TO THE EXECU- TIVE COUNCIL OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR AND THE REPRESENTATIVES OF LABOR AS- SOCIATED WITH THEM, AT THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE, MARCH 21, 1906. Mr. Gompers: If your body objects to the passage of the pro- posed anti-injunction bill I have no question that you can stop it, for there is not a capitalist concerned who simply as a capitalist is not against it; though I believe that a goodly number both of capitalists and wageworkers who are concerned primarily as citi- zens, favor it. The law was worked over and substantially Avhipped into its present shape at a number of conferences be- tween representatives of the railroad organizations, of the De- partment of Justice, and of the Bureau of Corporations, with me. It goes as far as I personally think it should go, in limit- ing the right of injunction; at any rate no arguments have hith- erto been advanced which make me think it should go farther. I do not believe it has any chance of passing because there has been great criticism in both houses of Congress against the at- titude of the administration in going so far as we have gone; and if you think it is not far enough, why you will have no earthly difficulty in killing the bill. Personally, I think the pro- posed law, a most admirable one, and I very sincerely wish it would be put through. As for the right of injunction, it is ab- solutely necessary to have this power lodged in the courts; though of course any abuse of the power is strongly to be repro- bated. During the four and a half years that I have been President I do not remember an instance where the Government has invoked the right of injunction against a combination of laborers. We have invoked it certainly a score of times against combinations of capital; I think possibly oftener. Thus, though we have secured the issuance of injunctions in a number of cases against capitalistic combinations, it has happened that we have never tried to secure an injunction against a combination of labor. But, understand me, gentleinen, if I ever thought it necessary, if I thought a combination of laborers were doing wrong, I would apply for an injunction against them just as quick as against so many capitalists. Now I come to the general subject of your petition. I wish in the first place to state my regret that you did not divorce so much of the petition as refers to the action of the executive from so much as refers to the action of the legislative branch, be- cause I cannot consider any petition that you make that reflects upon the co-ordinate branch of the Government, or that makes any charges whatever against it. I would not even receive it save for the fact that in part it affects the executive. Therefore in what I have to say I shall limit myself solely to what you assert in reference to the acts of the executive. You speak of the eight-hour law. Your criticism, so far as it relates to the executive, bears upon the signature of the ap- propriation bill containing the money for expenditures of the Panam.a Canal, with the proviso that the eight-hour law shall not there apply. If your statem.ent is intended to mean that no op- portunity was given for a hearing before me, then the statement is not in accordance with the facts. There was ample oppor- tunity that any one could, but not a single request for such a hearing came to me. I received, however, some hundreds of tele- grams and letters requesting the veto of the entire appropriation bill, because it contained that proviso. Frankly, I found it diffi- cult to believe that you were writing and telegraphing with any kind of knowledge of the conditions in the case. I believe em- phatically in the eight-hour law for our own people in our own country. But the conditions of labor, such as we have to work with in the tropics, are so absolutely different, that there is no pos- sible analogy between them and an eight-hour law for the Panama Canal is an absurdity. Every one of you knows that we cannot get white labor, cannot get labor of the United States, to go down to Panama and work. We are driven to extremities in the effort to get any kind of labor at all. Just at the moment we are working chiefly with negro labor from the West Indies. The usual result in the employment of those men is that Monday and 6^ REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Tuesday they work fairly well, Wednesday and Thursday there is a marked lallmg ofl, and by Friday and Saturday not more than a half, sometimes less than a fourth, of the laborers will be at work. The conditions tnat make the eight-hour law proper here have no possible reference to the conditions that make the eight- hour law entirely improper there. Tne conditions are so utterly difiLerent on the Isthmus as compared to here, that it is impos- sible to try to draw conclusions affecting the one from what is true about the other. You hamper me in the effort to get for you what I think you ought to have in connection with the eight-hour law, when you make a request that is indefensible, and to grant which would mean indefinite delay and injury to the work on the Isthmus. As to the violations of the eight-hour law, Mr. Morrison, you give me no specifications. At your earliest convenience please lay before me in detail any complaints you have of violations of the eight-hour law. Where I have power I will see that the law is obeyed. All I ask is that you give me the cases. I will take them up, and if they prove to be sustained by the facts, I shall see that the law is enforced. Now, about the Chinese exclusion. The number of Chinese now in this country is, if I remember aright, some sixty or sev- enty thousand. So far from there being a great influx of Chinese, the fact is that the number has steadily decreased. There are fewer Chinese than there were ten years ago, fewer than there were twenty years ago, fewer than there were thirty years ago. Unquestionably some scores of cases occur each year where Chi- nese laborers get in either by being smuggled over the Mexican and Canadian borders, or by coming in under false certificates; but the steps that we have taken, the changes in the consuls that have been made wnthin the last few years in the Orient, and the effort to conduct examinations in China before the immigrants are allowed to come here, are materially reducing even the small number of cases that do occur. But even as it is, the number of these cases is insignificant. There is no appreciable influx of Chinese laborers, and there is not the slightest or most remote danger of any; the whole scare that has been worked up on the subject is a pure chimera. It is my deep conviction that we must keep out of this country every Chinese laborer, skilled or un- skilled — every Chinaman of the coolie class. This is what the proposed law will do; it will be done as effectively as under the present law; and the present law is being handled with the ut- most efficiency. But I will do everything m my power to make it easy and desirable for the Chinese of the business and profes- sional classes, the Chinese travelers and students, to come here, and I will do all I can to secure tneir good treatment when they come; and no laboring man has anything whatever to fear from that policy. I have a right to challenge you as good American citizens to support that policy; and in any event I shall stand unflinchingly for it; and no man can say with sincerity that on this, or indeed on any other point, he has any excuse for misun- derstanding my policy. You have spoken of the immigration laws, I believe not merely that all possible steps should be taken to prevent the importa- tion of laborers under any form, but I believe further that this country ought to make a resolute effort from now on to prevent the coming to the country of men with a standard of living so low that they tend, by entering into unfair competition with, to reduce the standard of living of our own people. Not one of you can go further than I will go in the effort steadily to raise the status of the American wage worker, so long as, while doing it, I can retain a clear conscience and the certainty that I am doing what is right. I will do all in my power for the laboring man except to do what is wrong; and I will not do that for him or for any one else. We must not let our natural sentiment for succoring the o}>- pressed and unfortunate of other lands lead us into that warped moral and mental attitude of trying to succor them at the ex- pense of pulling down our own people. Laws should be enacted to keep out all immigrants who do not show that they have the right stuff In them to enter into our life on terms of decent equality with our own citizens. This is needed first in the in- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 65 ;erest of the laboring man, but furthermore in the interests of ill of us as American citizens; for, gentlemen, the bonds that mite all good American citizens are stronger by far than the dif- ferences, which I think you accentuate altogether too much, be- :ween the men who do one kind of labor and the men who do mother. As for immigrants, we cannot have too many of the right kind; and we should have none at all of the wrong kind; md they are of the right kind if we can be fairly sure that their 3hildren and grandchildren can meet on terms of equality our 2hildren and grandchildren, so as to try to be decent citizens together and to work together for the uplifting of the Republic. Now a word as to the petitioning of employees to Congress. That stands in no shape or way on a par with the petitioning of men not employed by the Government. I cannot have and will Qot have when I can prevent it men who are concerned in the administration of Government affairs going to Conp-ress and ask- ing for increased pay, without the permission of the heads of the Departments. Their business is to come througn the heads of Departments. This applies to postmasters, to army and navy officers, to clerks in the Government departments, to laborers; it applies to each and all, and must apply, as a matter of simple discipline. WAGES, THE DOLLAB LEFT OVER. Out of our 85,000,000 of population, 35,000,000 are wage earners. If they should receive the compensation of ^1 per day, the money thus earned would add to the daily circula- tion of our country ^35,000,000. If, by reason of protective leg'islation, they should receive $2 per day, then we have $70,000,000 in circulation instead of $35,000,000, and a like ratio of increase in wages will increase the amount of money placed daily in circulation, for money is the basis upon which !all wealth is accumulated. The margin of each day's busi- ness is the possibility of gain. The greater the volume the greater the possibility of a margin. Truly, Wendell Phillips [Uttered something worthy of more than passing notice when he said: ''It is the dollar left on Saturday evening, after all the bills are paid, that means education, independence, self- respect, manhood. It increases the value of every acre nearby, fills the town with dwellings, opens public libraries and crowds them, dots the continent with cities and cobwebs it with rail- ways. The one remaining dollar insures progress and guaran- tees millions to its owner.'' SMITTEN WITH THE LOVE OF PEACE. (San Francisco, May 1, 1892, Chamber Commerce Reception.) We will pursue the paths of peace; we are not a warlike nation; all our instincts, all our history is in the lines of peace. Only intolerable aggression, only the peril of our in- stitutions — of the flag — can thoroughly arouse us. With capa- bility for war on land and on sea unexcelled by any nation in the world, we are smitten with the love of peace. We would promote the peace of this hemisphere by placing judiciously some large guns about the Golden Gate — simply for saluting purposes, and yet they should be of the best modern type.— Benjamin Harrison. IMMIGRATION. (From President McKinley's Letter of Acceptance.) "While we adhere to the public policy under which our country has received great bodies of honest, industrious citi- zens, who have added to the wealth, progress and power of the country, and while we welcome to our shores the well- disposed and industrious immigrant, who contributes by his energy and intelligence to the cause of free government, we v/ant no immigrants who do not seek our shpres to become citizens." Anti-Trust Proceedings. Speech of Hon. James E. Watson, of Indiana, in House of Bepresentatives, June 27, 1906. Mr. Watson: Mr. Chairman, I desire to speak of the beef-trust proceedings. In general interest these proceedings are of the most importance. They were concerned with obtaining for the people an article of prime necessity at a reasonable price. The proceedings were begun by bill in equity, the object being to have the defendants. Swift & Co., Armour & Co., and a number of corporations, firms, and individuals, restrained by order of the court from continuing their illegal combination. The following characterization of the means used by the de- fendants in carrying out and making effective their alleged un- lawful practices is found in the Attorney-General's argument in the Supreme Court: Controlling 60 i>er cent of the fresh-meat industry of this country, they sit down in their pacliing houses and counting rooms, and, with the aid of the telegraph and telephone, through the instrumentality of countless agents and attorneys spread throughout the country, clothing their transactions and scattering their misconduct by ciphers and secret codes, lower and raise prices at will, and when lowered or raised flx and maintain absolutely the price of every potind of one of the great necessities of life as it comes to our households. In the bill it was alleged, in eiTect, that the defendants by means of an illegal combination were perpetrating fraud on all the people by exercising their power to unduly raise the price of dressed beef; that they were oppressing and grievously injuring the farmer by forcing him to sell his live stock at prices un- profitable to him; by issuing instructions to their agents not to compete in bidding after prices had been unduly bid up at various points and the owners of live stock had been induced to make large shipments to those points, and that independent pack- ers were being forced to the wall by the lowering of prices where competition was keen, the losses there being recouped by arbi- trarily raising prices where the field had been conquered. These statements have never been denied in court by the pack- ers. They refused to file a sworn answer to the bill after the lower court had overruled points of law raised by demurrer and appeal to the Supreme Court on those questions and after an in- junction had issued against them in that court. They were rep- resented by able counsel and the Government by the Attorney- General. Twenty-three days after the argument was concluded the court unanimously sustained the Government's contentions, and the defendants were directed to cease their unlawful practices. Thereafter it came to the Attorney-General's attention that the mandate of the court was not being obeyed. An investigation was ordered, the evidence collected. It was placed before the Federal grand jury, and after a patient and a fair examination an indictment was presented at Chicago charging Armour & Co., Swift, and a number of individuals and corporations engaged in the packing business with violations of the anti-trust law. Meantime the Bureau of Corporations had been making an in- vestigation, by direction of the House of Representatives, con- tained in the so-called "Martin resolution," into "the unusually large margins between the price of beef cattle and the selling price of fresh beef." The Commissioner of Corporations made, the investigation and a report, which was published. In so, doing he was furnished information by packers and was given, access to their books, except that no information was given to him as to the existence of rebates, the affairs of the National Packing Company, or the results of the selling and shipping business. He summoned no witnesses by subpoena or otherwise, and at the argument it was admitted that he made no promises of immunity. The packers, although they plead not guilty, were strangely averse (as they had been in the proceeding by a bill in equity) 66 I REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 67 D any hearing upon the merits. They filed pleas attacking the onstitution of the grand jury, the jurisdiction of the court, and I emurrers to the indictments, which were severally overruled, rhen they filed what have been called "immunity pleas." In ther words, they claimed that they had received a pardon by , irtue of the provision of law which gave to them all the im- lunities conferred by the act of 1893, amending the interstate ommerce act, which amendment applied to all witnesses sum- loned in pursuance of the law under which the proceedings were ndertaken. They contended that although they had not been subjected to estimonial compulsion — that is, brought before the Commissioner y subpoena and placed under oath — and had not furnished any Qcriminating evidence, and although the Department of Justice ad not used any of the evidence collected by the Commissioner f Corporations, yet they acted under compulsion in law, be- ause the Commissioner had been directed to investigate them nd had authority, under the foregoing law, to compel them to estify and produce documentary evidence. The "immunity pleas" were sustained as to the individual lackers, and they were discharged. The pleas were overruled s to the defendant corporations on the authority of very recent ecisions by the Supreme Court in the Paper Trust and Tobacco rrust cases hereafter noticed. The Government also brought suits against several packing ompanies of Kansas City, the Burlington Railroad Company, nd two individual defendants for making and accepting rebates, i^'he outcome of the litigation was the imposition of a fine of 15,000 each against the packing and railroad companies and 16,000 and $4,000, together with imprisonment for four and three aonths, respectively. The Paper Trust Case. This was a bill in equity against the General Paper Company md some two score independent paper manufacturing companies, ocated in the States of Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan, vhere they manufactured substantially the sole supply of news )rint and fiber paper for the district west of Chicago and east jf the Rocky Mountains. The defendants raised, in the lower •ourt. some very important questions relative to the rights of vitnesses under the constitutional provision that "no person < * * * shall be compelled * * * to be a witness against limself." The point and force of the decision of these questions will be 5tated in the reference to the Tobacco Trust case, next succeed- ng, for these cases were argued together and the latter contains ill the important points decided in this. The Supreme Court overruled the defendants' contentions, rhis decision practically disposed of the Paper Trust's defense, or there was none on the merits, and it submitted without fur- her proceedings. The trust is now dissolved; the benefits of ree competition are being received, and it is reported, on relia- )le authority, that news print and fiber paper are now being ;upplied to the consumer at the substantial reduction of 30 per !ent. The Tobacco Trust Cases. These grew out of an investigation by a Federal grand jury, itting for the southern district of New York, of the American tobacco Company and the MacAndrews & Forbes Company. Wit- lesses were summoned to testify to their knowledge of any facts ending to show that these companies were violating the anti- rust laws. Subpoena duces tecum were served upon officers of ach company, directing them to produce papers and other docu- Itientary evidence belonging to the corporations, and those officers jefused. They were adjudged in contempt of court, and they ap- lealed to the Supreme Court. The questions taken to th6 Su- •reme Court and decided in favor of the Government were: G8 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. First. That a corporation which could not testify, or as a wit nosa produce papers, is not within tlie terms of the immunity act of iyo3, which is In almost tlie exact language of the immunity utt under which the packers claimed immunity. Second. That a corporation engaged in. interstate commerce is not entitled to withhold its Dooks and papers from the scrutiny oi the properly authorized officers of the Federal Government, and iliat the fifth amendment of the Constitution does not grant tc such a corporation the right which an individual would have tc withhold the same evidence upon the ground that it might tend to incriminate him. The investigation was again taken up and resulted, on June 18, 1906, iBi the finding of an indictment against the MacAndrews & Forbes Company and Karl Jungbluth, its president, and against the J. S. Young Company and Howard E. Young, its president charging them with violating section 1 of the Sherman anti- trust law by engaging in a combination in restraint of the trade in licorice paste, that being an indispensable ingredient in the manufacture of plug tobacco and some kinds of smoking to bacco, cigars, and snuff. This trade was restrained in the usual way — that is to say, competition was destroyed, arbitrary prices A ere fixed, the volume of business was apportioned, and terms ol ale and discounts were made uniform. A feature of the com- bination was that the MacAndrews & Forbes Company, in the division of customers, was allotted the trade with the tobaccc manufacturers who were members of the so-called "tobacco trust,'' while the J. S. Young Company was given the independent trade, the latter company having by its advertisements made special claims for recognition by the independent trade before the date of the combination in question. This indictment also charged the same defendants with en- gaging in a conspiracy in restraint of the same trade, and at- tempting to monopolize that trade ( Sec. 2 of the act), in and by the acts specified in connection with the charge of engaging in a combination. This case will be brought to trial at the earliest possible moment. The Drug Trust. May 9, 1906, suit for an injunction was filed against the drug trust. The principal parties defendant are the Proprietary Asso elation of America, the National Wholesale Druggists' Associa- tion, and the National Association of Retail Druggists. The bill charged, in substance, that these associations, their officers^ delegates, and members are all engaged in the business or manufacturing, buying, and selling patent medicines, drugs, and proprietary articles throughout the United States; that they have entered into a conspiracy to arbitrarily fix and regulate the prices at which such articles shall be sold to the consumer, and that they have established rules and regulations to enforce such an unlawful agreement by restricting the purchase and sale of such commodities to those members of the several associations who shall live up to and observe the rules and regulations thus arbitrarily prescribed by the respective associations. The ultimate object of the alleged conspiracy is to fix the prices which shall be observed by the retail druggists in selling to the consumer the various commodities manufactured by the several members of the Proprietary Association. The plan by which such object is effected is, in brief, as follows: No retail druggist can obtain goods from a wholesale druggist or the manufacturer of a proprietary medicine unless such re- tail druggist becomes a member of the National Association of Retail Druggists, and in order to become such member he must agree to observe the established price at which such proprietary medicines shall be sold to the consumer. If he cuts prices, he is blacklisted and is unable to obtain from any manufacturer or any wholesale druggist, who is a member of the association, any of their medicines. In a case brought by a Philadelphia druggist under the Federal anti-trust act the plaintiff obtamed a substantial victory. For several months prior to the trial of this case the Department of .Justice had been engaged in the investigation of the conspiracy, and the Attorney-General, having reached the conclusion that REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 69 lie combination is one prohibited by the terms of the Sherman anii-triist act, has directed the district-attorney for the district ot Indiana to file this bill. An injunction is prayed prohibiting these associations from acting in concert for the purpose of main- taining prices and the individuals, firms, and corporations who are members of the respective associations from acting together for the purpose of maintaining uniform prices to the consumers fluoughout the United States. The Elevator Trust. March 7, 190.6, suit was brought against some thirty companies manufacturing passenger elevators for buildings, the bill alleging an illegal combination which had obtained a practical monopoly in the manufacture and sale of elevators. The Government's case was complete; the defendants have ad- mitted their guilt and have dissolved their combination. Coal Investigation. The Attorney-General has recently appointed special counsel to make a full and complete investigation into the alleged com- bination of railroads and coal operators in the anthracite and bituminous coal regions, and the investigation is now proceed- ing. It promises to be one of the most important steps taken by the Government to break up combinations that are hurtful to the consumers of the country. Already astounding revelations have been made, and even before a report has been made reforms are in progress. When final report is submitted to the Attorney- General, if there is shown to be any ground for criminal prose- cution, the Government will take active steps. Nome Retail Grocers' Association. The Government's prosecution of the trusts has extended even to far-away Alaska. Complaint was made that there was a combination known as the "Nome Retail Grocers' Association," which had fixed prices and suppressed competition. The Gov- ernment took action, won a decree in its favor against the com- .bination, and the Attorney-General is advised that the effect |has been very salutary. Hawaiian Beef Trust and Lumber Trust. The Government went to the relief of the citizens of Hawaii, iifcvho complained against a meat and a lumber trust, and entered [ several suits. The mere beginning of the suits resulted in the owering of prices, although the cases have not been decided. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis. In Missouri- suit has been brought against the Terminal Rail- cad Association of St. liouis, the St. Louis Merchants' Bridge Terminal Railroad Company, the Wiggins Perry Company, and ►thers, in which it is sought to free interstate traffic from an lleged combination to operate to the Eads Bridge and the Mer- hants' Bridge as a common agency of interstate cx)mmerce and K suppress competition between these bridges and the ferries. is alleged that the defendants are monopolizing the interstate ransportation across the Mississippi River and into St. Louis. e Government is prosecuting these cases vigorously. Jacksonville Wholesale Grocers' Association. In Florida the Government is seeking an injunction against [6 Jacksonville Wholesale Grocers' Association. Complaint was Lde by consumers, and the Department has taken up the case :h vigor. 70 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. The Fertilizer Trust. A Federal grand jury sitting in Tennessee has returned an indictment against tne Fertilizer Trust, comprising tliirty-one corporations and twenty-four individuals. The fifty-five defend- ants controlled the field in nine Southern States for the sale of fertilizers indispensable to all engaged in raising cotton. Their combination was so effective that the price of different grades was raised on an average of $2.50 a ton. These cases have taxed the resources of the Department to the utmost. 'I'he great com- binations conduct their business secretly, with the aid of skilled legal advice, and their operations cover an extensive field. The Sugar Rebate Cases. In New York, recently, indictments were returned against the American Sugar Refining Company, New York Central and Hud- son River Railroad Company, and several individuals. The charge was made that rebates amounting to hundreds of thou- sands of dollars have been often given to the sugar company to aid it in its fight with the farmers who are conducting the strug- gling industry of producing sugar from beets. When the sugar trust wanted to overcome the competition of the farmer, wanted to lay such stress upon him that he would give up the contest in despair and dispose of his property to the monopoly, it went to the railroads and borrowed a club with which it clubbed the farmer to death. The grand jury did not complete its investiga- tion, but when it adjourned published a recommendation to its successor that it take up the work. Coal Carriers' Cases. Proceedings were instituted in 1903 in behalf of the Interstate Commerce Commission against the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company. The Chesapeake and Ohio was engaged in the carriage of coal between West Virginia and Newport News, Va., for de- livery to the New York, New Haven and Hartford in Connecticut, and the traffic was being moved at less than the published rates, and in such a way as to produce a discrimination in favor of the New Haven road and against others. The Chesapeake and Ohio made a verbal agreement with the New Haven road to sell to the latter 60,000 tons of coal, to be carried to tide water and thence by water to Connecticut, for delivery to the buyer, at $2.75 per ton. The price of the coal at the mines where the Chesapeake and Ohio bought it and the cost of transportation from Newport News to Connecticut aggregated $2.47 per ton, thus leaving to the Chesapeake and Ohio only about 28 cents per ton for carrying the coal from the mines to tide water, while the pub- lished tariff for like carriage for private shippers was $1.45 per ton. The court held that the contracts amounted to undue dis- crimination and enjoined the Chesapeake and Ohio from con- tinuing the contract. Afterwards the Interstate Commerce Com- mission requested that the injunction be expanded to command the Chesapeake and Ohio perpetually to observe, in the future, all published rates. From the decision of the trial court an appeal was taken to the United States Supreme Court, and Feb ruary 19, 1906, the latter court held that the injunction shoulc he enlarged by perpetually enjoining the Chesapeake and Ohi( from taking less than the rates fixed in Its published tariff o freight rates for the carriage of coal. This is a very important decision. Under it a railroad cannot^ by choosing to be a dealer, favor one customer over another The intent of the law is to secure equal rates to all in a liki situation, and to destroy favoritism. Unjust Classification. Proceedings were instituted in Ohio in July, 1904, in behalf ol the Interstate Commerce Commission against the Cincinnati REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 71 riamilton and Dayton Railway Company, the Pittsburg, Cincin- lati, Chicago and St. Louis, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Cleve- and, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, the Lake Shore and Vlichigan Southern, the New York Central and Hudson River» md the Baltimore and Ohio. The court, on November 25, 1905, enjoined the defendants from violating the order of the Interstate Commerce Commission with, •espect to unjust classification of the commodity involved. Discriminatory and Unjust Rates. June 17, 1905, a bill in equity was filed in Louisville against he Illinois Central and several other railroads for discrimina- ion and unreasonable rates. The case is still pending. July 15, 1905, a bill in equity was filed in the northern dls- rict of Mississippi against the Mobile and Ohio Railway for he purpose of preventing discrimination in freight rates. This ase is still pending. " M^ Accepting Rebates. ^Mi. indictment was returned in October, 1905, in the western istrict of Kentucky against Szorn & Co. for accepting rebates; n violation of the Elkins law. The defendants pleaded guilty nd were fined $3,075. October 13, 1905, two indictments were returned in the west- rn district of Kentucky against Charles Wells and Hollis H. rice, charged with conspiring to make false weights and reports f weights of articles of interstate commerce. Price was fined 1,025. The case against Wells was continued. Evading" Published Rates. November 13, 1905, a petition was filed in the eastern dis- rict of Wisconsin against the Milwaukee Refrigerator Ttansit iompany, the Pere Marquette Railway Company, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Company, the Erie Railway, the ihicago. Rock Island and Pacific Railway Company, the St. iouis and San Francisco Railway Company, the Wisconsin Cen- al, the Chicago and Alton, and the Pabst Brewing Company. It is alleged that the Pabst Brewing Company is a large ship- |er of beer and the Milwaukee Refrigerator Transit Company is transportation company owning and operating private cars, to hich was given the control of the shipments of the brewing jmpany by contract; that some of the principal stockholders ! the brewing company were the controlling owners of the •ansportation company, and that while the full published rate as paid to the railroads, they returned to the transportation )mpany, by way of commissions, 12 per cent, of the gross freight ites. ' The Government claims that this transaction was in effect \ device whereby the property was transported for less than e published rates. A demurrer was overruled and, therefore, e Government's legal action sustained. Since then a decree favor of the Government has been entered, after full argument. Indictments for Rate Cutting-. July 1, 1905, indictments were returned in the northern dis- ict of Illinois against three officials of the packing house of e Schwarzchild & Sulzberger Company (believed now to be an dependent concern, not in the beef trust), charging a con- iracy to obtain freight traffic at less than the published rates. To these indictments the defendants severally pleaded guilty, d were sentenced to pay fines aggregating $25,000, with which, ntence they have complied. Rebates and Refunding* Passenger Fares. December 18, 1905, an indictment was returned in the northern jptrict of Illinois against the Chicago and Alton Railway Com- iny, John N. Fairthorn, and Fred. A. Wann, for giving rebates 72 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. on dressed meats and packing-house products shipped from Kan- sas City, Kans., to Chicago and eastern points by the Schwarz- child & Sulzberger Company and for refunding passenger fares paid by the officials of that company for traveling over the Alton road. Special pleas in bar to the indictment were filed, to which the Government interposed demurrers, which were sustained. This case is now pending. Indictments for Rebating. December 15, 1905, indictments were returned in the eastern district of Missouri against a number of railroad companies and individuals, charging them with violations of the Elkins law in the demanding and receipt of rebates. Some companies in the beef trust were made defendants in these cases. Several indict- ments were found and convictions ensued in the cases of several individuals. The Uniteyfl States will ask the court to impose a sentence of imprisonment against the individuals and fines against the corporations. December 29, 1905, an indictment was returned in the northern district of Illinois against the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railway Company, D. Miller, and Claude G. Burnham for giving rebates in violation of the Elkins law. To this indictment the defendants entered pleas of guilty, and fines aggregating $60,000 were imposed by the court. Three other important cases in this same category have been brought, one against the Suffolk and Carolina Railway Com- pany, another against the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, and another against the Delaware and Hudson Company for giving rebates, and are now pending. Sustaining the Colored Man's Bights and Protecting the Colored Man's Liberties. Under the present Republican Administration the Government, through the Department of Justice, has taken action in the Fed- eral courts, winning out at last in the United States Supreme Court, which will go further toward protecting the rights and liberties of the colored people in the Southern States than any- thing that has happened since the Civil War. Complaint was made to the Federal authorities that through- out the South a practice existed under what is known as the "peonage statutes," by which men were held to labor for a debt. In almost all the cases the victims were colored men. Practi- cally they were held in slavery, for means were found to keep them from getting free of debt, and as long as they remained in^ debt, they were virtually in bondage to their creditors. Investi- ^ gation of the complaints revealed some most atrocious and hearty rending cases of cruelty and practical slavery that almost rivaled ■ the days before the war. The Government took quick action. The first case which was tried was argued in March, 1905, although prior thereto several hundreds of indictments had been returned. Action on these in- dictments was suspended awaiting the determination of the case of Clyatt V. The United States, brought under the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution. The state of peonage, in which many persons were held, con- sisted in holding a man by compulsion to labor for a master to whom the peon owed a debt. Creditors coihpelled debtors- usually colored men — to work out their debts. The custom was very prevalent, and had its origin in the United States when the Territory of New Mexico was acquired. The Government contended that compulsory service of this kind was, in fact, a form of involuntary servitude and there- fore forbidden by the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution, which was passed, under the auspices of the Republican party, to give the negro his rights. It was also insisted that the amend- ment gave Congress the power to enact laws which should punish individuals who, not acting under State authority, attempted, with particular reference to this case, to hold or return persons into a state of peonage. The Supreme Court held that the Gov- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 73 einment's contentions, which were personally argued by the Attorney-General, were well founded; and, though the particular offenders in this special case escaped because the court held that the record did not contain sufficient evidence to justify their con- viction, the effect has been most salutary. An authoritative exposition of the law was obtained, and no person within the jurisdiction of the United States can be here- after compelled by individuals to w^ork out a debt as a peon. -Following this decision the other indictments were pressed, and the result is that this form of involuntary servitude is being ■stamped out. After this decision the Attorney-General personally argued another case Involving the interpretation of the same amend- ment. In this it was found that a number of men had con- spired to prevent some colored men, who were at work at a lumber mill, from performing their contract. The colored men were driven away from their work by armed force and intimi- dation, and these acts of violence were committed against them because of their race. The Government contended that to deprive a man of any measure of his right to work solely for the reason iof race prejudice is an interference with the right of freedom guaranteed by the Constitution. • The court decided that the Government could not punish, but undoubtedly the States may punish such intimidation. Two jus- tices of the Supreme Court, Mr. Justice Harlan and Mr. Justice Day, were of the opinion that the Government ought to punish. Government Helps Railroad Men. One of the most important cases which the Government of the United States, under the Republican Administration, has fought Successfully in the courts was the case of Johnson, an employe of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, against that company for dam.ages under the safety-appliance law. Johnson fought his case through the lower courts and was getting the worst of it, when his money gave out. An appeal was made to the Govern- ment, and the Department of Justice took up the case and car- ried it to successful issue in favor of Johnson before the Supreme Court of the United States. The decision set a hard and fast rule in certain cases of per- sonal injury, from which there can be no appeal, and which should operate in the future to enable every railroad man who receives injuries under the peculiar circumstances which pre- vailed in this case to make an appeal successfully for damages. This was an action for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff Johnson while engaged in coupling an engine to a dining car. The railway company is an interstate carrier and v/as alleged to be liable for damages under the safety-appliance law passed by Congress, which provides, in substance, that inter- state carriers must equip their cars with automatic couplers which shall couple by impact. The engine and car were each fitted with automatic couplers, but, being of different makes, they failed to couple, and when the plaintiff went between the engine and the car to couple them he received his injuries. Johnson was unsuccessful in the circuit court, and also in the circuit court of appeals, whereupon he filed a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court, which was granted. Owing to the great importance of the case to railway em- ployes, the Government took an almost unprecedented step and 'Obtained leave to intervene to argue the question relating to the proper construction of the remedial legislation of Congress, The Government contended that an engine is a car within the meaning of the law, and that the law is not satisfied unless the aiitomatic couplers couple by impact. An amendment to the law has passed since this case arose, making it clear that engines must have automatic couplers. This act, the Government con- tended, was merely declaratory of the intent of the first act. There was a further question in the case as to what constituted an interstate car, which the Government argued. The defendant contended that the dining car, because it was not en route, but was upon a siding, r^though ready for use and about to be used, was not an interstate car. The Government, on the other hand, 74 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. contendod that a car regularly employed on interstate journeys does not lose its character because it is temporarily delayed. The Government's contention received the unanimous approval of the court, and Johnson won his case. Not content with this, the Government went further, and the Attorney-General issued a letter of instruction to all United States attorneys, in which he said: It does not appear that any question onn now arise as to the proper Interpretation of the law, since this decision apparently settles every 'disputed point. And the United States attorneys were informed that "the Oovernment is determined upon the strict enforcement of these statutes," and they were instructed to pay particular attention to all cases of their violation brought to their attention by the Inter- state Commerce Commission or its inspectors or by other persons. Later, in the case of The United States v. The Southern Rail- way Company, the law was still more clearly interpreted and further strengthened. A strong point of this decision was that the exercise of reasonable caf^ or due diligence on the part of the railway company is no defense to an action brought to re- cover the penalty for violation of the safety-appliance laws of 1893 and 1896. In both of these decisions it was strongly emphasized that the purpose of the law was to protect the lives and limbs of men, and that it will be so construed by the courts as to accomplish that purpose. What law plainly requires is the equipment of cars with cou;»Icrs which will automatically couple with each other, so as to render it unnecessary for men to go between the cars either to couple or uncouple. These decisions have enabled the Government to obtain an effective enforcement of the law in practically all cases, and have brought about a vast improvement in conditions through- out the country. Since the decision against the Southern Rail- way Company no case has been contested in the courts. The carriers prefer to confess judgment and pay the penalty in cases of violation rather than to stand the chance of adverse judgment on a trial. As a result the Interstate Commerce Commission have been able to secure the observance of a rule, practically in operation throughout the country, whereby the different carriers are re- quired to refuse to accept interstate cars in exchange unless the safety appliances are in proper condition. Another beneficent phase in this case for the railroad men is that the intervention of the Government and the decision of the court is warning to the railroad companies that the Gov- ernment is looking out for the interests of the employes under this law. Some National-Bank Cases. The Government has been very vigilant in enforcing the na- tional banking laws. Under this Administration several im- portant cases have been tried. In the eastern district of Pennsylvania Henry Lear was in- dicted, charged with misapplication of the funds of the Doyles- town National Bank, and was sentenced to five years in the penitentiary. He sued out a writ of error, and the case is now pending. In Wisconsin Frank G. Bigelow was charged with misapply- ing the funds of a national bank at Milwaukee, and was sen- tenced to ten years in the penitentiary. M. C. Palmer, of New York, was charged with the misap- plication of funds of a national bank while acting as its presi- dent, and was sentenced to five years at Albany. The celebrated Cassie Chadwick case in Ohio was prosecute d by the Government, and the defendant was sentenced to a term of ten years in the Ohio penitentiary for conspiracy in the mis- appropriation of the funds of the Citizens' National Bank of Oberlin. Ohio. Arthur B. Speer was jointly indicted with Cassie Chadwick and was sentenced to seven years in the penitentiary. In the northern district of Iowa, W. E. Brown, a national-bank official, was indicted for violation of the national-bank law.s. He was sentenced to five years in the penitentiary. r The Tariff. Since that 4th of July, 1789, when George Washington signed our first tariff law, a tariff "for the support of the Government, for the discharge of the debts of the United States, and for the pro- tection and encouragement of manufactures," we have enacted between forty and fifty tariff laws culminating in what has been known as the Dingley law, approved July 24, 1897, and under which we have been operating to the present time. During a large portion of our history the tariff has been made a political issue. It is the only issue by which the' Democratic Party has been completely victorious in the nation in the single instance when it gained the Presidency and both Senate and House since the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861. The victory of the Democratic Party in 1892, like the victory of the same party in 1844, was due to questionable methods of present- ing certain phases of our industrial situation to the voters of the country. Up to that time we had never been so prosperous as we were during the year 1892, at the close of which a free-trade President and Congress were elected. The people were deceived during that campaign as they were deceived during the campaign of 1844, which resulted in the election of Polk and Dallas and a free-trade Congress. It will be well, then, for the voters of 1906 to study carefully, first, the effect of our tariff laws in general, and to study in particular the comparison between the operation of the so-called Wilson-Gorman law, which was in effect from 1894 to 1897, and the Dingley law, which has been in effect since. Tables showing the various phases of our industrial and com- mercial life will be presented on the following pages in which these comparisons can be seen. Even Free-Traders do not and cannot deny that the Dingley law has been the most successful tariff law that we have ever had. They do not and cannot deny the wonderful strides of progress and prosperity that we have tnade and the advancement that has come year after year under the operation of our present tariff. Protectionists are content to let the present law stand without change or amendment so long as present conditions prevail. When there is a substantial sur- plus of revenue; when there is a balance of trade exceeding over $500,000,000; when every man and woman in the country who wants work and is worthy of it can find employment at high wages; when we are able to absorb a million immigrants a year without displacing any home labor; when our annual output of manufactures, even reaching the enormous values that have been attained during recent years, are insufficient to meet the demands of our prosperous people; when our consumption of the necessa- ries of life are not only greater in the aggregate and per capita than is known elsewhere on earth, but greater than at any pre- vious time in our own history; when our savings and investments and enjoyments of luxuries in addition to the necessaries of life reach, year after year, record-breaking figures; when our bank clearings exceed annually $150,000,000,000, three times the amount attained in 1896 under the Wilson-Gorman tariff, then it is that Protectionists say: "Let well enough alone and leave revision till 75 7(] REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. siK'h a time as the conditions of our finances, commerce and in- dustry demand." On tlie other hand, our free-traders or, as they prefer to call themselves, reformers and revisionists, maintain that the time has come when our industries no longer need pro- tection and that the tariff is simply a method of robbery and a condition which enables our manufacturers to form monopolies and control prices. It will be well, therefore, to study this ques- tion most carefully, both in the light of past history and with an investigation of more recent and present figures and conditions, I'^or that purpose it seems best, on the following pages, to present ihe various phases of this question in order that we may reach ri honest conclusion as to whether it is advisable, under pres- iit circumstances, to think of changing our tariff in the least tlegree. The fact that we are importing $500,000,000 or $600,000,- 000 worth of manufactures yearly shows that even with the pro- tection which we now enjoy we are not able to keep out the wares of foreign competitors, A slight reduction in many of our schedules would result in the dumping into our market of per- haps a billion dollars' worth of manufactures annually more than we now import. That would mean a resort to one of two things: We would have to close our mills or reduce wages. There is possibly no other alternative. Protectionists do not claim that schedules are sacred and never to be altered. They do claim, however, that the so-called American system of protection as exemplified by the operation of the Dingley law for nine years is sacred and must be main- tained. We do not have to theorize in the least degree on this subject; we do not have to resort to guesswork; we do not have to base our conclusions upon supposition. We have tried and tried thoroughly both high and low tariffs and we have experi- ence as an example to guide us in reaching the truth. We need go back no further in our history than a decade to learn that a low tariff means insufficient revenue, means a closing of our manufactories, means idleness for millions of our laborers and low wages for other millions and unprofitable prices for our farmers. Three years was quite sufficient time, for in- stance, to test the value of free wool. It did not help our manu- facturers, but it came near ruining the industry because of the inability of the people to pay profitable prices for woolens, Whea it is understood that a considerable more than half of the value of our products in manufacturing is made up of the value of so- called raw material, and that fully two men are employed upon the preparation of that raw material where one man works in turning it into the finished product, it will be seen what a de- lusion is the free-trade cry for free raw material or even cheap raw material. We have free cotton, and yet we buy $50,000,000 worth of cotton goods from abroad, England has free raw ma- terial and cheap labor and yet we have passed her in the posses- sion of foreign markets. There is no example in all history where free or cheap raw material and cheap labor has any ad- vantage whatever over our own system of Protection to all our labor and all our industries. In every section of the country, for- tunately for our people, the predominant party to-day is har- monious and united upon the central idea of maintaining a pro- tective tariff. A mere handful, however, of the Republican Party have been asking that the duty be removed or reduced upon certain materials entering into the products of their own locality. It is believed that this demand has been made more for political REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TFJXT-BOOK. 77 than economical results. We have heard perhaps more of free hides than of anything else, though some have asked for free lumber, free wood pulp and free coal. It is not claimed by those who asked for free hides that consumers would get their boots and shoes for a single cent less in price. It is not promised that the laborers in that industry would get a cent more in wages. There is but one inference, then, and that is that if any one gained any advantage it would go wholly into the pockets of the manufacturers, and yet it can readily be shown that even that could not be true, for the demand for their wares would fall off from the consumers, who would lose the benefit of the moderate •tariff now imposed upon the material which they sell. It is designed to present every phase of the tariff question in the following pages, through the tables presented and the various extracts from speeches, documents and other data which is given. It is the purpose of the editor of this work to present the subject simply as it exists to-day without any idea whatever of presenting any extreme view, or anything but a rational and absolutely fair picture of present-day conditions added to historical facts and experience. Protection and Free-Trade. As it has been agreed by our economists that a tariff for revenue only is also practical free-trade, it may be well to define and explain clearly just what is meant by the terms Protection and Free-trade. There is probably no better definition of the term Protection than that given by Senator George F. Hoar, as follows: Protection, as used in our political and economic discussions, is the im- posing of such duties on the importation' of foreign products as will pre- vent a domestic producer of the same article from having his business destroyed by the competition of the foreign import, while he establishes it ; or will enable him to maintain the production, without its being de- stroyed or rendered unprofitable by the competition of the foreign article after it is established, when he could not otherwise so" establish or main- tain it ; or the enabling him to pay larger wages in such production than he C0UI4 pay if he were subject to the foreign competition. The term Free-Trade has never had a better explanation than that given by its foremost apostle and advocate in this country, Professor W. G. Sumner: Free-Trade : The term "Free-Trade," although much discussed, is sel- dom rightly defined. It does not mean the abolition of custom houses, nor does it mean the substitution of direct for indirect taxation, as a few American disciples of the school have supposed. It means such an ad- justment of taxes on imports as will cause no diversion of capital from any channel into which it would otherwise flow, into any channel opened or favored by the legislation which enacts the customs. A country may collect its entire revenue by duties on imports and yet be an entirely Free-Trade country, so long as it does not lay those duties in such a way as to lead any one to undertake any employment or make any investment he would avoid in the absence of such duties ; thus the customs duties ipvied by England, with a very few exceptions, are not inconsistent witli her profession of bein,f!j a country which believes in Free-Trade. They either are duties on articles not produced in England, or they are exactly equivalent to the excise duties levied on the same articles if made at home. They do not lead any one to put his money into tlie home production of an article, because they do not discriminate in favor of the home pro- ducer. It therefore follows that duties which are not Protective, in other words duties which are not fully equal to the difference in the cost of labor in the United States and the cost of the same or similar labor on the same article abroad, are Free-Trade duties, in fact, and in effect, just as much as if there were no duties whatever upon the commodity so far as affects our ability to pro- duce that commodity at a prevailing labor cost. If, for instance, a duty of thirty cents is necessary upon a yard of cloth to keep out a yard of similar foreign-niade material, and the duty is then low- ered to twenty-five cents a yard, thereby enabling the foreign 78 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. producer to pay the duty and enter our markets at the same or a lower price than is quoted on our own production, then the duty of twenty-five cents results in Free-Trade in that commodity. When, therefore, Free-traders are shy of using the term and re- sort to the terms of Tariff Reform, Tariff Reduction, Tariff Re- vision, etc., they are begging the question and deceiving both themselves and their followers. Our duties must be either Pro- tective duties or Free-Trade duties, and the' moment they cease to be Protective they result in Free-Trade. The terms Protection and Free-Trade will, therefore, be used, and used honestly and fairly throughout this work. History of Our Tariffs and Various Revisions. From the time of the landing of the Pilgrims in 1620 to the formation of our Government under a constitution in 1789 there were in this country no general duties upon imports; in short, we were living under Free-Trade, and foreign nations were able to place in our market without restraint every article which we were liable to buy. After we had secured independence and were united as a confederacy during the years from 1783 to 1789, when we existed as a union of colonies, this Free-Trade was ac- companied by most disastrous results. The wares of foreign countries, and particularly of Great Britain, were dumped upon our shores, for which our money went abroad until we were drained of all our specie and had not even a dollar left as a cir- culating medium. Because of the goods which came from abroad our own laborers were idle, and nothing but debt and ruin stared us in the face. This state of affairs was one of the principal causes which led to the adoption of a Constitution and a uniform Government throughout the States in 1789. It is not surprising, then, that the first law placed upon our statute books affecting the peo.ole was a Tariff law intended not only as a means of revenue, but for the encouragement and Protection of manufactures. The effect was at once seen in the industrial progress which we made in both agriculture and manufactures, in spite of the attempts of the mother country to crush our every industry in the States. No material and complete revision of our first tariff of 1789 was made until 1812, when it was enacted: "That an additional duty of 100 per cent, upon the permanent duties now imposed by law upon goods, wares, and merchandise imported into the United States shall be levied and collected upon all goods, wares, and merchandise which shall, from and after the passing of this act, be imported into the United States from any foreign port or place." And it was further enacted: "That this act shall continue In force so long as the United States shall be engaged in war with Great Britain and until the expiration of one year after the conclusion of peace, and no longer: Provided, however, That the additional duties laid by this act shall be collected on all such goods, wares, and merchan- dise as shall have been prf^viously imported." This was the only complete revision of the tariff that has taken place in our history on account of war. The increase in tariff rates, coupled with the prohibitions of non-intercourse, threw us on our resources and resulted in the establishment of many new industries, which, in spite of the ravages of war, brought im- mense increase of national wealth and business activity. In a special message to Congress, February 20, 1815, President Madi* son asked: "Deliberate consideration of the means to preserve and pro- mote the manufactures which have sprung into existence and at- tained an unparalleled maturity throughout the United States during the period of the European wars," Tariff Act of 1812. The tariff act of 1812 provided for Its own termination, which would have come without any legislation on February 17, 1816, REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 79 one year after the treaty of Ghent was ratified. It was feared that the duties existing before the war would not afford sufficient protection to our newly established industries, and it was pretty well agreed on all sides that those duties should be increased. First, the act of 1812 was continued until June 30, 1816. It was undoubtedly the purpose of the Members of the Four- teenth Congress to give us in the law of 1816 a thoroughly pro- tective tariff, and yet it proved a failure, not because the princi- ple upon which it was based was not protective in character, but because the spirit of industrialism which then prevailed in the mother country was such as to overcome with an inundation of goods the effects of protection which were not protective, simply because duties were not made high enough. In other words, moderate protection was no protection at all, and when England resolved to flood our country with her great accumulation of goods of all kinds, our tariff did not prove a sufficient barrier. Our present revisionists would do well to study with great care the conditions and the results of that period of our history. For eight years we suffered as only a nation can suffer when she buys her goods from abroad and her own artisans are idle and un- productive. It was during this period that the tariff question as a great national policy came to the front in our politics and was most thoroughly debated, not only in both Houses of Congress but by the press and on the platform and through numberless pamphlets and speeches made throughout the country. The result was a new tariff in 1824, which was intended to be, and which proved to be, thoroughly protective in character, and in the words of President McKinley: "The nation was quickened into new life, and the entire country under the tariff moved on to higher triumphs in industrial progress, and to a higher and bet- ter destiny for all of its people." Revision in 1828. So satisfactory was this tariff that it was still further revised in 1828, and higher duties substituted to such a degree that by its enemies it was called the "tariff of abominations," and its en- actment marked the beginning of the secession spirit at the South, which led to nullification in 1832 and rebellion in 1861. In fact, it was the tariff of 1828 which brought about a sectional division which has not since been eradicated. Daniel Webster, the free- trader of the early part of the century, seeing the benefits which accrued from the protective tariff in 1824, became himself one of the stanchest advocates of protection, because he saw that it was a benefit to the whole country, while John C. Calhoun, who had been a protectionist while Webster was a free-trader, now be- lieving that free trade would be better for his State and section, and jealous of the growing power of the North because of pro- tection, became an ardent free-trader. The time spent in revising the tariff into the law of 1816 was thirty-nine days of actual consideration by both Houses of Con- gress and the President. A considerable portion of the Sixteenth Congress, which began in December, 1819, was given up to a tariff controversy, but without legislation. The discussion was, however, productive of good. Failure to Revise Upward. As the country was now aroused to the necessity of a tariff which would put an end to foreign competition, the failure to re- vise the tariff in 1820 was a most severe disappointment to the protectionists throughout the country. Mr. Niles cites the case of a paper in Kentucky, the Lexington Public Inquirer, which at the failure of the bill came out with a black border and column rules, saying: "Mourn, O ye sons and daughters of Kentucky.! O ye inhabit- ants of the United States, put on sackcloth and ashes, for the great enemy of your independence has prevailed. You must still remain prostrate. Your agricultural productions must lie and rot on your hands." Meetings were now held in various parts of the country, and 80 REPUBUCAN CAMt*AIGN tEXt-BOOK. memorials from all sides were presented to Congress. The Sev enteenth Congress contented itself with resolutions, but no tarifl legislation followed. The Eighteenth Congress, however, whicli met in December, 1823, took the matter up almost immediately A bill was reported on January 9, 1824, and a discussion began on February 10. It passed on the 16th of April. The Senate began its consideration on the 28th of April and passed it on the 13tl: of May, it being signed by the President on May 25, having beer debated and passed and approved in less than five months. The Twentieth Congress met in December, 1827, and the ne-w tariff bill was brought in on the last day of January following It occupied the time of the House and the Senate about foui '.months. The so-called modified tariff of 1832 was not by any means £ thorough revision, but simply contained amendments to the ad of 1828. The compromise tariff of 1833 was, however, an entirelj new measure, and was the result of conciliation to meet the de mands of Southern leaders. The enactment of the amendments to the tariff of 1828, v/hich became known as the tariff of 1832 occupied but a few months, and was immediately followed b} nullification. Compromise Tariff of 1832. On the assembling of the Twenty-second Congress in December 1832, the questions of nullification and the tariff were, of course uppermost. A bill was reported on the 27th of December and dis cussion began on the 5th of January. On the 11th of Februarj Mr. Clay gave notice in the Senate that he should on the nexi day ask leave to introduce a bill to modify the various acts im posing duties on imports. It was then that the basis of the com promise tariff was presented, and it must be remembered that il was presented by the father and founder of the American systen: of protection, as exemplified in the acts of 1824 and 1828. Bu1 Mr. Clay loved his country better than a section, and he believed that through compromise and conciliation he might save the Union, expecting that there would be found a way to protect oui industries after the Union had been saved. In the House of Representatives the so-called "Verplanck" bil had been for several weeks under debate, but the House was evi dently waiting to see what the Senate would do, and the debates dragged along most wearily. On February 25, two days after the bill had passed the Senate, it was substituted in the House foi the bill there pending, and it was approved by the President on March 21. But a few weeks had transpired in its discussion and enactment. In fact, up to this time three or four months at the longest was required for the framing and discussion and passage of a tariff law. Moreover, at no time could the tariff itself up tc this period be called a paramount issue. Since 1820 the slavery question had been at the front, and the tariff question was al ways secondary. Even in the debate over the compromise ol 1833 it was felt that the compromise itself was but a means to- ward an end — namely, the adjustment of the slavery question for the time being, if not for several years to come. The pro- tectionists of the North preferred peace before all things and sacrificed the material interests of the country in order that peace might prevail. The fiscal year 1834 then was entered upon with the prospect of constantly decreasing duties until all should be wiped out but 20 per cent; by 1842. The crash came in 1837, and the worst panic and business depression which the country had yet known fol- lowed. Tariff of 1842. In 1840 the Democrats, in their platform, condemned protection and indorsed practical free trade, while the WTiigs, although they adopted no platform, presented as their candidate William Henry .Harrison, who was a strong protectionist. Mr. Harrison was elected, and with him John Tyler as Vice-President. Not only were these candidates successful, but a decided protectionist ma- jority was elected to the next Congress. This Congress did not REPUBJLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 81 meet till December, 1841. Several attempts had been made to change the tariff of 1833, but none had been successful, and when the Twenty-seventh Congress was called together by President Harrison to meet in extraordinary session, May 31, 1841, although Mr. Harrison had been succeeded by Mr. Tyler, the condition of the Treasury was such as to require immediate attention. The last reduction under the tariff of 1833 had not yet taken place. Mr. Tyler, who had been professedly a protectionist while he was a candidate, now became hostile to his party interest and gave warning that the compromise act should not be altered except under urgent necessity. The new tariff bill was not taken up in the House until the 24th of July and was debated less than a week. It was delayed in the Senate until the 27th of August and was passed almost immediately on the 31st. Here it will be seen that it required but little more than a month to enact a tariff law which was really a complete revision, and which took the place of a tariff then in operation. This law, although hastily constructed and passed, was by far the most elaborate bill which the country had known up to that time. It was made up of schedules consistently arranged and the specific duties were equitably imposed on both_ raw material and finished product. Tariff of 1846. The tariff of 1846 was framed by the Secretary, Robert J. Walker of Mississippi. Mr. Walker was a pronounced free-trader, and took the very first opportunity which his new position al- lowed him to start the machinery for the repeal of the tariff of 1842. Under that tariff the country had been exceedingly pros- perous since its adoption. Hope revived and industry through- out the country felt a new impulse. The prosperity of the coun- try continued, and in addition to the increased business activity, the act of 1842 was also a good revenue raiser; in fact, the law was successful in every respect, and there was no reason whatever for its repeal on- the ground of helping either industry or labor or the revenue. The reason lay far back of that, and was much the same as the reason for nullification in 1832. The President, who had received the votes of Pennsylvania, and therefore had been elected because he was thought to be a protec- tionist, at once fell in with the Southern leaders, whose tool he became, and in his message to Congress advocated a change in the existing tariff laws. His Secretary of the Treasury went much further, and in his annual report, dated December 3, 1845, gave to Congress one of the most famous tariff documents ever promul- gated in this country. All students of the tariff should read this paper of Secretary Walker, although it can only be referred to here. The Congress which met in December, 1845, organized in the House by the election of John W. Davis, of Indiana, a free-trader, as Speaker, who appointed a Committee of Ways and Means con- sisting of six Democrats, five of whom were free-traders, and three Whigs. A bill was not reported for some time, in fact, not until the middle of April, and it was not considered in Com- mittee of tne W^hole until the middle of June. The bill was passed by the House on July 3, was placed before the Senate on July 13 and passed on July 28. The final vote on its passage in the Senate is one of historical interest, resulting in a tie, when the Vice-President, Mr. Dallas, elected because he was sup- posed to be a protectionist, cast the deciding vote with the free- traders, making the passage of the bill a possibility. Eleven Years of Free-Trade. This tariff of 1846, or the Walker tariff, as it was called, re- mauied practically unchanged for eleven years. A discussion of the merits of the bill, of the changes brought about by its adoption, and the result upon the industries of the country would require volumes and must not be attempted here. It may simply 82 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. be stated that, abandoning all academic discussion upon the subject, accepting no editorial utterances, but confining ourselves to the news columns of the periodicals of the time, it brought idleness and poverty such as has seldom been known during any business depression of this country; and yet, in spite of this re- sult, made especially apparent during the last few years of the life of the law, in 1857 the tariff was still further reduced, bringing a panic and further destruction of very many of our industries. It has been said that the vote in favor of the tariff of 1857 in- cluded many New England Members of Congress and many other- wise known as "protectionists." This is true, for the one reason that the President and Senate were absolutely against the North, :uid that even the House was Democratic on every issue except the slavery question. The northern manufacturers were not able to get protection for their finished product, and, in despair, they voted for a removal of the duty from the raw material of their goods, which in itself would give them a small measure of protec- tion. The bill was debated from August, 1856, until its adoption on the last of February, 1857, again over six months being occu- pied in the passage of a bill which was not really a complete re- vision, but only amendments to another law. The tariff of 1846, together with its offspring, the tariff of 1857, were in operation for a longer period of time than any other tariff in our history. It was also the longest continuous period of free trade which we have experienced since the foundation of the Government. Its trial was lengthy and thorough, and the result was disaster and ruin. The tariff question, however, was at the time a secondary question in politics and general interest throughout the country. The slavery question was paramount, and became so acute in 1854, that a new party was born, resolved to check the further extension of the slave power beyond the ter- ritory of the South. This party, known as the Republican party, did not at first make any attempt at an impossible solution of the tariif question. In fact, it was not until the Thirty-sixth Con- gress, which met in December, 1859, that they had a controlling number of members in either House of Congress. In the House, after eight weeks balloting, William Pennington, of New Jersey, a Republican, was chosen Speaker. First Fvepublican Tariff Law. Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont, was selected as chairman of the "Ways and Means Committee, which at once framed a tariff upon thorough protection lines, both for the purpose of raising revenue to meet the necessary expenses of the Government and to protect our labor and industries. This bill passed the House of Represen- tatives by a vote of 105 to 64 on May 11, 1860. When it reached the Democratic Senate, however, it was held up, and would never have been heard of again in that Congress had not several South- ern Senators resigned their seats in the early part of 1861. After some debate the bill was passed by the Senate on February 20 of that year by a vote of 25 to 14, and it was signed by President Buchanan on March 2. Of this bill and its eflect the Annual En- cyclopedia for 1861 said: "A revenue law affording uncommon protection to manufactures was enacted. This was proposed not for the purpose of husband- ing the resources of the country in anticipation of approaching strife, but chiefly as a great party measure, and to secure an in- crease of prosperity to this great national interest. It has proved to be the wisest measure adopted durmg the S3Ssion. It immediately checked the importation of foreign manufactures, secured the re- duction of the debt of the country to other nations, caused a large importation of specie in payment of exports, and thereby enabled the citizens to advance loans to the Government in its most press- ing hour." This was the first measure enacted by the Republican Party, and since the enactment of the Morrill law in 1861, which was framed and enacted solely for the purpose of revenue and protection, the Republican Party has steadfastly and continuously advocated and adopted tariffs that have given protection to our labor and indus- tries, and sufficient revenue, together with the internal revenue, to meet the necessary expenses of the Government. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 83 Tariff Becomes Paramount. With perhaps the exception of the tariff of 1824, there was no time in the history of the country previous to 1880 when the tari f could be called the paramount issue in any election or discussion. Even in 1833, when the compromise tariff was enacted, it was but a portion of the greater issue of disunion. From that time until 1861 slavery and its extension, secession and rebellion so far overshadowed all other questions that, although at times most acrimoniously debated, none ever rose to the dignity of a para- mount issue. Following the enactment of the Morrill tariff, and along with the several amendments made necessary by the war and by the condition of the country following the war, the war itself and reconstruction succeeded by our financial adjustments far overshadowed the tariff question. In 1867 attention was given to the wool and woolen interests, and the increased duty resulted most favorably to those indus- tries. The same was true of the amendments of 1870, which gave great impetus to our iron and steel industries, and especially to the manufacture of steel rails, upon which a specific duty of $28 per ton was placed. Downward Revision of 1872. In 1872, however, the reformTs and revisionists thought it time for a general reduction, and to appease their clamor a horizontal cut of 10 per cent, was made. The panic of 1873 followed, due in part to this reduction. The 10 per cent, reduction was repealed in 1875, to the benefit of all industries. Protection from 1861 up to 1880 had produced sufficient revenue not only to carry on the necessary expense of the Government, but to enable us to year after year reduce the great debt which had piled up during the Civil War. Our industries were fiourish- ing, our country was developing both in manufactures and agricul- ture, our great railroads were being built, and our coast and lake commerce increased at rapid strides; and, yet, in spite of this great prosperity, in spite of the greatest industrial advance and increase of wealth which ever came to any nation in the same space of time, it was found in the campaign of 1880 and the years following that there was a desire on the part of a large number of our people to revise the tariff, and revision then meant, as it does now, reduction. ''Friendly" Revision in 1883. This question was an issue of the campaign of 1880, and al- though the Republicans and Protectionists won, the desire for re- vision would not down, and in 1882 so general was the cry that President Arthur, in response, appointed the famous tariff com- mission, whose recommendations were largely adopted by Con- gress, and the so-called "Commission law" of j.883 was framed and adopted. The report of the Commission was presented to the Forty-sev- enth Congress at its second session, in December, 1882, and the law reached the President for his signature on March 3, 1883. If we include the time spent by the commission in its hearings and preparation of its report, we may charge nearly a whole year of time to the preparation and enactment of the tariff law of 1883. This law remained unchanged until the McKinley tariff of 1890, although during the years intervening the tariff question could be called not only the paramount question in politics and general discussion, but practically the only question. The election of Mr. Cleveland in 1884 gave new hopes to the so- called "reformers" of the United States, now being encouraged by the free-traders of Great Britain, and in 1887 Mr. Cleveland in his message to Congress of that year devoted himself solely to the tariff question, advocating the doctrines set forth by the Cobden Club and the various free trade and reform elements of the United States. The result was the introduction of the Mills bill, a most iniquitous measure, which- consumed months of debate S4 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TBXT-BOOK. in both House and Senate, although it was known that the bill lould not possibly become a law. But the message of Mr. Cleve- land and the debate upon the Mills bill again lead to the tariff discussion during the Presidential campaign of 1888, when Mr Cleveland was defeated by Mr. Harrison, and a Republican and protectionist House of Representatives was elected to join with the Republican Senate in framing an entirely new tariff law to supercede the one then in operation. Upward Revision in 1890. The Fifty-First Congress met on December 2, 1889, and the House organized by the election of Thomas B. Reed as Speaker, who a week aft,er appointed William McKinley, of Ohio, as chair- man of the Ways and Means Committee, President Harrison in his message had recommended a revision of the tariff law, and the Ways and Means Committee entered at once upon the prepa- ration of a complete and comprehensive bill. Even with a good working majority in both Houses of Congress, and with a desire lo have a new law at the earliest possible day, the McKinley bill did not reach the President until October 1, upon which day it also went into operation. Nearly ten months were spent in its construction, debate, and enactment. But this law was apparent- ly condemned by the people two years afterwards, when they again elected Mr. Cleveland to the Presidency, in 1892, and with him a Congress Democratic in both branches. Although the plat- form and candidates were pledged to an immediate reform of the tariff and to the enactment of a free-trade law, yet it was Aug. 27", 3 894, before the tariff bill became a law, and then without the President's signature. It took the Democratic party nearly a year and a half to prepare and agree upon a tariff law, which when framed and amended and finally passed was not satisfactory to a single Member of either House of Congress, nor to the President, who would neither veto nor sign it. The effect of this law is too recent and too well-known to be more than alluded to here. Free Trade Revision in 1894. Never before, perhaps, in the history of our country was the an- ticipation of legislation so keen as in the case of the Democratic tariff law of 1894. . Immediately after the election of Mr. Cleve- land in 1892, and with him the assurance that both Houses of Congress would be Democratic, the country awoke to the situation and began at once to prepare for it. It was not known what kind of a tariff law would be put on our statute books, but it was known that duties would be reduced all along the line, and that we would have practical free trade for many. If not all of our industries. The panic which had accompanied previous reduc- tions of the tariff did not wait for the actual occurrence of the reduction of duties. Capitalists, manufacturers, and merchants all knew from previous experience what was to be expected, and so the panic came at once, and continued as long as the tariff continued. Return to Protection in 1897. Fortunately, the people came to the rescue again in the next election, and gave us a Republican House of Representatives, while in 1896 Mr. McKinley was elected, and with him a good majority in both branches of the National Legislature. Again an- ticipation acted before realization, and just as soon as the com- mercial and financial interests of the country were assured of protection being restored hope returned and the busy wheels commenced to revolve and employment gave place to idleness, so that when the Dingley law went into operation, on July 24, 1897, after six months spent in its preparation, debate, and enactment, the country was prepared for the busy and prosperous years which followed, and which have continued until the present time. Average Time Spejit jn Tariff Revision Our tariff history shows, in the first place, that on an average from six to twelve months are required for the preparation, he^r- REPUBLICAN (A.M I'AKiN TKXT-BOOK. 85 ing debate and enactment of a tariff law. We have also spent many months of hearings and debates on bills which have not been enacted into law. It is always a period of the greatest suspense to all industrial and commercial interests, and this suspense has affected business in the past according as to whether the tariff under ''debate was to be revised upward or downward. We need not go back to our early history for illustrations of this effect, as they were not so keen during the first half of our history when the tariff question was not the uppermonst subject of discus- sion, and when industrial development constituted but a small fraction of its present tremendous proportions, as has been the case during the last generation. A knowledge that the tariff will be reduced or increased has much the same effect as does the actual reduction or increase itself. This has been notably the case with regard to our last two laws, the so-called "Wilson- Gorman law" of 1894 aod the "Dingley law" of 1897, both of which repealed the tariff then in operation. Till the enact- ment of the law of 1890 we have had no instance since 1861 of one law entirely replacing another. The various laws during and immediately after that law, the laws of 1867, 1870 and 1872, ahd even the Commission law of 1883, were amendatory rather than repealing, and so the entire country was not so much con- cerned as those engaged in industries which were known to be under consideration. But in 1892 and 1893, when it was known that our whole protective principle would be overturned and sub- stituted by a law having for its basis free trade, our people were naturally apprehensive and prepared for the worst; in other words, they prepared for an inundation of foreign goods which would replace our own manufactures. In 1896 the feeling was exactly the reverse. It was then known that the period of free trade would soon be followed by the enact- ment of a protective law, and that our own industries and labor would soon have sufficient protection against the competition of foreign mills in Europe and throughout the world. Disaster Has Invariably Attended Reductions. The history of our tariff laws shows, too, that in every in- stance without exception since the foundation of the Government where the existing tariff or any part of it has been reduced there have followed disastrous consequences in all or a part of our industries. There has not been a single exception — not one. On the other hand, it can be said that in eveiT instance where the tariff has been increased as a whole or upon single industries those industries and the commercial prosperity of the country at large have been increased and continued so long as that higher tariff itself continued. This, too, can be laid down as a rule without a single exception. It must be admitted that during our history there have been reasons for a change in our tariff laws unconnected with the wants of our labor and industries. This has been the question of revenue. Here, again, we have never been in agreement, a portion of our people believing that low duties would bring large revenues. The opposite, however, has been the case. For a time, it is true, low duties might mean a large increase of impor- tations and consequent increase in duties, but as our own idleness and low wages meant a loss of purchasing power, then importa- tions must fall off and duties as well. It was said that the reason for the lowering of the duties in 1857 was because of our redundant Treasury, and yet our redundant Treasury was not due to the receipt of customs under the Walker tariff, but to the receipts from the sales of public lands; but under the reduced duties of 1857 the revenue fell, as it did before and has since, under purely revenue laws, while on the contrary, under our protective tariffs our revenues have almost invariably been more than sufficient to meet the necessary expenses of the Gov- ernment and to decrease our national debt. In fact, one of the reasons for the propaganda of the reformers from 1880 to 1890 was because our revenues were so large as to become almost a menace to good government. Our history, then, shows wherever we have reduced the tariff, whether reduction has been brought about by our free-traders or 86 REPUBLICAN CA.MPAKJN TEXT-BOOK. by protectionists, it has been more or less disastrous. This was the case in 1816, 1872, and 1883, when the tariff was supposed to be revised by its friends. In 1890, on the contrary, when it was revised by its friends, but when the rates we: 3 increased, I he results were beneficial, and the years 1891 and 1892, under the operation of this law, were the most prosperous in our history up to that time, the assertions of Democratic orators and free- traders to the contrary notwithstanding. IMPORTANT TARIFF REVISIONS. J. aw of-- 1812 1810 1824 1828 1832 1833 1842 184t> 1857 1861 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1867 1870 1872 1875 1883 1890 1804 1897 Reason for revision. War To provide new rates after repeal of war duties. Ruinous condition of indus- tries. To increase prosperity Conciliation Compromise to save the Union. To save our industries To satisfy the Southern free traders. To decrease the revenue and still further satisfy the South First Republican tariff for revenue and protection. Time con- sumed.* To meet requirements of To help wool and woolen in- dustries. To establish new industries, especially iron and steel. To conciliate "reformers.".. To correct act of 1872 To conciliate revisionists. . . No debate. 39 days. . . ^Vz months 4 months . . 6 months. .. 2 months. . 5 months. . 3V^ months 6 months. . 11 months. I* a s s e d promptly 7 months. 4 months. 3 months. . 1 month . . . 2 months. . To meet existing conditions . ' 5% months To try free trade 8 months. To provide revenue and to 5 months. . protect our failing indus- tries. ' Nature of cliange Result. Rates doublod.. T'.oneficlal. Moderate pr()l(>c- Disastrous tion. Substantial in crease. Further increase Decrease . . . ....Do Increase Free trade and ad valorem dutips. Further decrease Increase. Beneficial. Ruinous. Bankrupt'' Beneficial. General increase. Upward changes. $28 per ton on steel rails. 10 per cent re- duction. Repeal of 10 per cent reduction. Reduction and increased free list. Increase and spe- cific rates. I Large reduction, Ruinous, free wool, etc. Substantial in- Beneficial, ci-ease. Beneficial. Do. Injurious. Disastrous Do. Do. Do. Injurious. Beneficial. Injurious. Beneficial. passage, exclusive of time spc * This is the time of actual debate and in agitation, hearings, and preparation. BISMARCK'S TRIBUTE TO PROTECTION. (From a Speech in the Reichstag- by Prince Bismarck, May 12, 1882.) The success of the United States in material development is the most illustrious of modern times. The American nation has not only successfully borne and suppressed the most gigantic and expensive war of all history, but immediately afterward disbanded its army, found work for its soldiers and marines, paid off most of its debt, given labor and homes to all the un- employed of Europe as fast as they could arrive within the territory, and still by a system of taxation so indirect as not to be perceived, much less felt. Because it is my deliberate judg- ment that the prosperity of America is mainly due to its sys- tem of protective laws, I urge that Germany has now reached that point where it is necessary to imitate the tariff system of the United States. Better run our home industries full blast all the year every year, and give away the surplus product in free-trade coun- tries, than to be idle and buy foreign wares cheap or even accept them as a free gift. — Hon. M. N. Johnson. Silent factories, vacant workshops, capital without return, workmen out of employ, children and women seeking the necessaries of life, will make little impression upon Democratic statesmanship.— Senator Geo. F. Hoar. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 87 TARIFF PLANKS IN NATIONAL PLATFORMS. 1856. REPUBLICAN— None. DEMOCRATIC— Reaffirmed; and this plank also adopted: That there are questions connected with the foreign policy of this country which are inferior to no domestic question what- ever. The time has come for the people of the United States to declare themselves in favor of free seas and progressive Free Trade throughout the world, and, by solemn manifestations, to place their moral influence at the side of their successful example. 1860. REPUBLICAN. — That, while providing revenue for the support of the general Government by duties upon imports, sound policy requires such an adjustment of these imposts as to encourage the development of the industrial interests of the whole coun- try; and we commend that policy of national exchanges which secures to the workingmen liberal wages, to agriculture re- munerative prices, to mechanics and manufacturers and ade- quate reward for their skill, labor and enterprise, and to the nation commercial prosperity and independence. DEMOCRATIC— Reaffirmed. (The eighth section of the Confederate Constitution con- tained these words: Sec. 8. Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises for revenue necessary to pay the debts, provide for the common defense, and carry on the Gov- ernment of the Confederate States; but no bounty shall be granted from the Treasury, nor shall any duty or tax on im- portations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry.) 1864. REPUBLICAN.— None. DEMOCRATIC— None 1868. REPUBLICAN.— None. DEMOCRATIC—. . . A Tariff for revenue upon foreign imports, and such equal taxation under the internal revenue laws as will afford incidental Protection to domestic manufactures, and as will, without impairing the revenue, impose the least burden upon and best promote and encourage the great industrial in- tierests of the country. 1872. REPUBLICAN.— Revenue, except so much as may be derived from a tax upon tobacco and liquors, should be raised by duties upon importations, the details of which should be so adjusted as to aid in securing remunerative wages to labor, and promote the industries, prosperity and growth of the whole country. DEMOCRATIC—. . . Recognizing that there are in our midst honest but irreconcilable differences of opinion with regard to the respective systems of Protection and Free Trade, we remit the discussion of the subject to the people in their Congressional districts, and to the decision of the Congress thereon, wholly free from executive interference or dictation. 1876. REPUBLICAN. — The revenue necessary for current expenditures and the obligations of the public debt must be largely derived from duties upon importations, which, so far as possible, should be adjusted to promote the interests of American labor and ad- vance the prosperity of the whole country. DEMOCRATIC— We demand that all custom house taxation shall be only for revenue. 88 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 1880. REl' LI JJLU^AN— Reaffirmed. DEMOCRATIC.—A Tariff for revenue only. ■ 1884. REPUBLICAN. — It is the first duty of a good Government to pro- tect the rights and promote the interests of its own people; the largest diversity of industry is most productive of general pros- perity and of the comfort and independence of the people. We therefore demand that the imposition of duties on foreign imports shall be made, not for "revenue only," but that, in rais- ing the requisite revenue for the Government, such duties shall be so levied as to afford security to our diversified industries and Protection to the rights and wages of the laborer, to the end that active and intelligent labor, as well as capital, may have its just reward and the laboring man his full share in the national prosperity. Against the so-called economical system of the Democratic Party, which would degrade our labor to the foreign standard, we enter our earnest protest; the Democratic Party has failed completely to relieve the people of the burden of unnecessary taxation by a wise reduction of the surplus. The Republican Party pledges itself to correct the inequalities of the Tariff, and to reduce the surplus, not by the vicious and indiscriminate process of horizontal reduction, but by such methods as will relieve the taxpayer without injuring the la- borer or the great productive interests of the country. We recognize the importance of sheep husbandry in the United States, the serious depression which it is now experienc- ing, and the danger threatening its future prosperity; and we therefore respect the demands of the representatives of this im- portant agricultural interest for a readjustment of duty upon foreign wool, in order that such industry shall have full and adequate Protection. DEMOCRATIC— The Democracy pledges itself to . . . reduce taxation to the lowest limit consistent with due regard to the preservation of the faith of the nation to its creditors and pen- sioners. Knowing full well, however, that legislation affecting the oc- cupations of the people should be cautious and conservative in method, not in advance of public opinion, but responsive to its demands, the Democratic Party is pledged to revise the Tariff in a spirit of fairness to all interests. But in making reduction in taxes it is not proposed to in- jure any domestic industries, but rather to promote t|aeir healthy growth. From the foundation of this Government taxes collected at the custom house have been the chief source of Federal revenue. Such they must continue to be. Moreover, many industries have come to rely upon legislation for suc- cessful continuance, so that any change of law must at every step be regardful of the labor and capital thus involved. The process of reform must be subject to the execution of this plain dictate of justice. All taxation shall be limited to the requirements of economi- cal government. The necessary reduction in taxation can and must be effected without depriving American labor of the abil- ity to compete successfully with foreign labor, and without im- posing lower rates of duty than will be ample to cover any in- creased cost of production which may exist in consequence of the higher rate of wages prevailing in this country. Sufficient revenue to pay all the expenses of the Federal Government, economically administered, including pensions, interest and principal of the public debt, can be got, under our present system of taxation, from custom house taxes on fewer imported articles, bearing heaviest on articles of luxury, and bearing lightest on articles of necessity. We therefore denounce the abuses of the existing Tariff, and, subject to the preceding limitations, we demand that Federal taxation shall be exclusively for public purpose, and shall not exceed the needs of the Government economically administered. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 89 1888. REPUBLICAN. — We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of Protection; we protest against its de- struction as proposed by the President and his party. They serve the interests of Europe; we will support the interests of America. We accept the issue, and confidently appeal to the people for their judgment. The Protective system must be maintained. Its abandonment has always been followed by general disaster to all interests, except those of the usurer and the sheriff. We denounce the Mills bill as destructive to the general business, the labor and the farming interests of the country, and we heartily indorse the consistent and patri- otic action of the Republican Representatives in Coijgress in opposing its passage. We condemn the proposition of the Democratic Party to place wool on the free list, and we insist that the duties thereon shall be adjusted and maintained so as to furnish full and adequate Protection to that industry throughout the United States. The Republican Party would effect all needed reduction of the national revenue by repealing the taxes upon tobacco, which are an annoyance and burden to agriculture, and the tax upon spirits used in the arts and for mechanical purposes; and by such revision of the Tariff laws as will tend to check im- ports of such articles as are produced by our people, the pro- duction of which gives employment to our labor, and release from import duties those articles of foreign production (except luxuries), the like of which cannot be produced at home. If there shall still remain a larger revenue than is requisite for the wants of the Government, we favor the entire repeal of internal taxes rather than the surrender of any part of our Protective system at the joint behest of the whiskey trusts and the agents of foreign manufacturers. DEMOCRATIC— Reaffirmed. The Democratic Party of the United States, in national con- vention assembled, re-renews the pledge of its fidelity to Demo- cratic faith, and reaffirms the platform adopted by its representatives in the convention of 1884, and indorses the views expressed by President Cleveland in his last earnest message to Congress as the correct interpretation of that platform upon the question of Tariff reduction, and also in- dorses the efforts of our Democratic representatives in Con- gress to secure a reduction of excessive taxation. The Republican Party controlling the Senate and resisting in both Houses of Congress a reformation of unjust and unequal tax laws, which laws, outlasted the necessities of war and are now undermining the abundance of a long peace, deny to the people equality before the law, and the fairness and the jus- tice which are their right. Then the cry of American labor for a better share in the rewards of industry is stifled with false pretense, enterprise is fettered and bound down to home markets, capital is discouraged with doubt, and unequal, un- just laws can neither be properly amended nor repealed. The Democratic Party will continue with all the power con- fided to it the struggle to reform these laws in accordance with the pledges of its last platform, indorsed at the ballot-box by the suffrages of the people. Of all the industrious freemen of our land the immense majority, including every tiller of the soil, gain no advantage from excessive tax laws, but the price of nearly everything they buy is increased by the favoritism of an unequal system of tax legislation. All unnecessary tax- ation is unjust taxation. It is repugnant to the creed of Democracy that by such tax- ation the cost of the necessaries of life should be unjustifiably increased to all our people. Judged by Democratic principles, the interests of the people are betrayed when, by unnecessary taxation, trusts and combinations are permitted to exist, which, while unduly enriching the few that combine, rob the body of our citizens by depriving them of the benefits of natural com- petition. Every Democratic rule of governmental action is violated when through unnecessary taxation a vast sum of money, far beyond the needs of an economical administration, is drawn from the people and the channels of trade, and ac- 90 RBPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. cumulated as a demoralizing surplus in the national Treasury. The money now lying idle in the federal Treasury, resulting from superfluous taxation, amounts to more than one hundred and twenty-five millions, and the surplus collected is reaching the sum of more than sixty millions annually. Debauched by this immense temptation, the remedy of the Republican Party is to meet and exhaust, by extravagant appropriations and ex- penses, whether constitutional or not, the accumulation of ex- travagant taxation. The Democratic policy is to enforce frugal- ity in public expense, and abolish unnecessary taxation. Our established domestic industries and enterprises should not, and need not, be endangered by the reduction and correction of the burdens of taxation. On the contrary, a fair and care- hil revision of our tax laws, with due allowance for the differ- ence between the wages of American and foreign labor, must promote and encourage every branch of such industries and enterprises by giving them assurances of an extended market and steady and continuous operations in the interests of American labor, which should in no event be neglected. Re- vision of our tax laws, contemplated by the Democratic Party, should promote the advantage of such labor by cheapening the cost of necessaries of life in the home of every workingman and at the same time securing to him steady, remunerative em- ployment. Upon this question of Tariff reform, so closely con- cerning every phase of our national life, and upon every ques- tion involved in the problem of good government, the Demo- cratic Party submits its principles and professions to the in-, telligent suffrages of the American people. (Additional Resolution.)— That this convention hereby in- dorses and recommends the early passage of the bill (Mills bill) for the reduction of the revenue, now pending in the House of Representatives. 1892. REPUBLICAN.— We reaffirm the American doctrine of Protec- tion. We call attention to its growth abroad. We maintain that the prosperous condition of our country is largely due to the wise revenue legislation of the Republican Congress. We believe that all articles which cannot be produced in the United States, except luxuries, should be admitted free of duty, and that on all imports coming into competition with the products of American labor there should be levied duties equal to the difference between wages abroad and at home. We assert that the prices of manufactured articles of gen- eral consumption have been reduced under the operations of the Tariff act of 1890. We denounce the efforts of the Democratic majority of the House of Representatives to destroy our Tariff laws piecemeal, as is manifested by their attacks upon wool, lead and lead ores, the chief products of a number of States, and we ask the peo- ple for their judgment thereon. We point to the success of the Republican policy of reciproc- ity, under which our export trade has vastly increased and new and enlarged markets have been opened for the products of our farms and workshops. We remind the people of the bitter opposition of the Demo- cratic Party to this practical business measure, and claim that, executed by a Republican administration, our present laws will eventually give us control of the trade of the world. DEMOCRATIC— We denounce the Republican Protection as a fraud, a robbery of the great majority of the American people for the benefit of the few. We declare it to be a fundamental principle of the Democratic Party that the Federal Govern- ment has no constitutional power to impose and collect Tariff duties, except for the purpose of revenue only, and we demand that the collection of such taxes shall be limited to the neces- sities of the Government when honestly and economically ad- ministered. We denounce the McKinley Tariff law enacted by the Fifty- first Congress as the culminating atrocity of class legislation; we indorse the efforts made by the Democrats of the present Congress to modify its most oppressive features in the direc- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 91 lion of free raw materials and cheaper manufactured r'^ods tliat enter into general consumption, and we promise its re- peal as one of the beneficent results that will follow the action of the people in intrusting power to the Democratic Party, Since the McKinley Tariff went into operation there have been ten reductions of the wages of laboring men to one increase. We deny that there has been any increase of prosperity to the country since that Tariff went into operation, and we point to the dullness and distress, the wage reductions and strikes in the iron trade, as the best possible evidence that no such pros- perity has resulted from the McKinley act. 1896. REPUBLICAN. — We renew and emphasize our allegiance to the policy of Protection as the bulwark of American industrial in- dependence and the foundation of American development and prosperity. This true American policy taxes foreign products and encourages home industry; it puts the burden of revenue on foreign goods; it secures the American market for the American producer; it upholds the American standard of wages for the American workingman; it puts the factory by the side of the farm, and makes the American farmer less dependent on foreign demand and price; it diffuses general thrift, and founds the strength of all on the strength of each. In its reasonable application it is just, fair, and impartial, equally opposed to foreign control and domestic monopoly, to sectional discrimination and individual favoritism. We denounce the present Democratic Tariff as sectional, in- jurious to the public credit, and destructive to business enter- prise. We demand such an equitable Tariff on foreign imports which come into competition with American prodiicts as will not only furnish adequate revenue for the necessary expenses of the Government, but will Protect American labor from degra- dation to the wage level of other lands. We are not pledged to any particular schedules. The question of rates is a practi- cal question, to be governed by the conditions of the time and of production; the ruling and uncompromising principle is the Protection and development of American labor and industry. The country demands a right settlement, and then it wants rest. We believe the repeal of the reciprocity arrangements ne- gotiated by the last Republican administration was a national calamity, and we demand their renewal and extension on such terms as will equalize our trade with other nations, remove the restrictions which now obstruct the sale of American products in the ports of other countries, and secure enlarged markets for our farms, forests and factories. Protection and reciprocity are twin measures of Republican policy and go hand-in-hand. Democratic rule has recklessly struck down both, and both must be re-established. Protection for what we produce; free admission for the necessaries of life which we do not produce; reciprocity agreements of mutual in- terests, which gain open markets for us in return for our open market to others. Protection builds up domestic indus- try and trade and secures our own market for ourselves; reciprocity builds up foreign trade and finds an outlet for our surplus. We condemn the present administration for not keeping faith with the sugar products of this country. The Republican Party favors such Protection as will lead to the production on American soil of all the sugar which the American people use, and for which they pay other countries more than $100,000,000 annually. To all our products — to those of the mine and the fields, as well as those of the shop and factory; to hemp, to wool, the product of the great industry of sheep husbandry, as well as to the finished woolens of the mills — we promise the most ample Protection, DEMOCRATIC— We hold that Tariff duties should be levied for purposes of revenue, such duties to be so adjusted as to oper- ate equally throughout the country, and not discriminate be- 92 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. tween class or section, and that taxation should be limited by the needs of the Government, honestly and economically ad- mi nistorod. Wo denounce as disturbing to business the Republican thre to restore the McKinley law, which has twice been condemntu by the people in national elections, and which, enacted und'er tlie false plea of Protection to home industry, proved a prolific breeder of trusts and monopolies, enriched the few at the ex- pense of the many, restricted trade, and deprived the produc- ers of the great American staples of access toi their natural markets. Until the money question is settled we are opposed to any agitation for further changes in our Tariff laws, except such as are necessary to meet the deficit in revenue caused by the adverse decision of the Supreme Court on the income tax. But for this decision by the Supreme Court there would be no deficit in the revenue under the law passed by a Democratic Congress in strict pursuance of the uniform decisions of that court for nearly one hundred years, that court having in that decision sustained constitutional olDJections to its enactment, which had previously been overruled by the ablest judges who have ever sat on that bench. We declare that it is the duty of Congress to use all the constitutional power which remains after that decision, or which may come from its reversal by the court as it may hereafter be constituted, so that the burdens of taxation may be equally and impartially laid, to the end that wealth may bear its due proportion of the expenses of the Government. We hold that the most efficient way of Protecting American labor is to preyent the importation of foreign pauper labor to compete with it in the home market, and that the value of the home market to our American farmers and artisans is greatly reduced by a vicious monetary system, which depresses the prices of their products below the cost of production, and thus deprives them of the means of purchasing the products of our home manufactories; and, as labor creates the wealth of the country, we demand the passage of such laws as may be necessary to Protect it in all its rights. 1900. REPUBLICAN. — We renew our faith in the policy of Protection to American labor; in that policy our industries have been es- tablished, diversified and maintained. By Protecting the home market competition has been stimulated and production cheap- ened. Opportunity to the inventive genius of our people has been secured and wages in every department of labor main- tained at high rates, higher than ever before, and always dis- tinguishing our working people in their better condition of life from those of any competing country. Enjoying the bless- ings of the American common school, secure in the right of self-government, and Protected in the occupancy of their own markets, their constantly increasing knowledge and skill have enabled them to finally enter the markets of the world. We favor the associated policy of reciprocity so directed as to open our markets on favorable terms for what we do not our- selves produce, in return for fr^e foreign markets. . . . The Dingley act, amended to provide sufficient revenue for the conduct of the war, has so well performed its work that it has been possible to reduce the war debt in the sum of $40,000,000. So ample are the Government's revenues and so sreat is the public confidence in the integrity of its obliga- tions that its newly funded 2 per cent, bonds sell at a premium. The country is now justified in expecting, and it will be the policy of tlie Republican Party, to bring about a reduction of the war taxes. . DEMOCRATIC— We condemn the Dingley Tariff law as a trust- breeding measure, skillfully devised to give the few favors which they do not deserve and to place upon the many burdens which they should not bear. • Republican campaign text-book. 93 1904. REPUBLICAN. — Protection which guards and dovelops our in- dustries is a cardinal policy of the Republican Party. The measure of Protection should always at least equal the differ- ence in the cost of production at home and abroad. We insist upon the maintenaftce of the principle of protection, and, therefore, rates of duty should be readjusted only when con- ditions have so changed that the public interest demands their alteration, but this work cannot safely be committed to any other hands than those of the Republican Party. To intrust it to the Democratic Party is to invite disaster. Whether, as in 1892, the Democratic Party declares the protective tariff un- constitutional, or whether it demands tariff reform or tariff revision, its real object is always the destruction of the pro- tective system. However specious the name, the purpose is ever the same. A Democratic tariff has always been followed by business adversity; a Republican tariff by business pros- perity. To a Republican Congress and a Republican President this great question can be safely intrusted. When the only free-trade country among the great nations agitates a return to Protection the chief protective country should not falter in maintaining it. We have extended widely our foreign markets, and we be- lieve in the adoption of all practicable methods for their fur- ther extension, including commercial reciprocity wherever reciprocal arrangements can be effected consistent with the principles of Protection and without injury to American agri- culture, American labor, or any American industry. DEMOCRATIC— The Democratic Party has been, and will con- tinue to be, the consistent opponent of that class of tariff legis- lation by which certain interests have been permitted, through Congressional favor, to draw a heavy tribute from the Ameri- can people. This monstrous perversion of those equal oppor- tunities which our political institutions were established to secure has caused what may once have been infant industries to become the greatest combinations of capital that the world has ever known. These especial favorites of the Government have, through trust methods, been converted into monopolies, thus bringing to an end domestic competition, which was the only alleged check upon the extravagant profits made possible by the protective system. These industrial combinations, by the financial assistance they can give, now control the policy of the Republican Pai-ty. We denounce Protectionism as a robbery of the many to enrich the few, and we favor a tariff limited to the needs of the Government, economically, effectively, and constitutionally administered, and so levied as not to discriminate against any industry, class, or section to the end that the burdens of taxa- tion shall be distributed as equally as possible. We favor a revision and a gradual reduction of the tariff by the friends of the masses and for the common weal, and not by the friends of its abuses, its extortions,, and its dis- criminations, keeping in view the ultimate end of "equality of burdens and equality of opportunities" and the constitutional purpose of raising a revenue by taxation, to wit, the support of the Federal government in all its integrity and virility, but in simplicit5\ I believe that the protective system, which has now for something more than thirty years continuously prevailed in our legislation, has been a mighty instrument for the develop- ment of our national wealth and a most powerful agency in protecting the homes of our workingmen from the invasion of want. It cannot be a perversion of the Constitution to so legislate as to preserve in the homes of our working people the comfort, independence, loyalty and sense of interest in the Government which are so essential to good citizenship in peace and which will bring this stalwart throng, as in 1861, to the defence of the flag when it is assailed.— President Benjamin Harrison, Message to Congress, 1892. 94 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. OUR PRINCIPAL TARIFF LAWS. Date of such act. Character of the bill and other remarks. 1789, July 4 Specific and ad valorem riit«s, latter Ironi H to 15 per cent, 1790, August 10.. Specific and ad valorem rates, latter from 3 to 15 1/1. per cent. 1791, March 3.... This act only affected "spirits" paying specific duties. 1792, May 2 Specific and ad valorem rates, latter from IVj to 15 per cent. 1794, June 7 Specific and ad valorem rates, latter from 10 to 20 per cent. 1795, January 29. This act affected but few articles paying specific and ad valorem rates. 1797, March 3 This act affected but few articles paying specific and ad valorem rates. 1 797, July 8 This act only affected salt paying a specific duty. 1800, May 13 This act affected but few articles paying specific and ad valorem rates. 1804, March 26.. This act, commonly called "Mediterranean fund," imposing an additional duty of 2^2 per cent, in addition to the duties now im- posed by law, 1804, March 27. .This act affected but few articles paying specific rates. 1812, July 1 This act imposed DOUBLE DUTIES, known as WAR DUTIES. 1813, July 29 This act only affected salt paying a specific duty. 1816, February 5.. This act continued the double duties to 30th of June, 1817. 1816, April 27 Specific minimum and ad valorem rates, latter from 7% to 30 per cent, 1818, April 20 This act affected but few articles paying specific rates. 1819, March 3.... This act only affected "wines" paying specific rates. 1824, May 22. .. .Specific, minimum, compound and ad valorem, latter from 12 to 50 per cent., the first really Protective Tariff. Results were most bene- ficial. 1828, May 19. . . .Known as the Tariff of Abominations. Specific, minimum, compound and ad valorem, lat- ter from 20 to 50 per cent, 1828, May 24 This act only affected "wines" paying specific rates. 1830, May 20 This act only affected "coffee, tea and cocoa," paying specific rates, and reducing the rates. 1830, May 29.... This act only affected "molasses" paying spe- cific rates. 1830, May 29 This act only affected "salt" paying specific rates. 1832, July 13 This act only affected "wines of France" paying specific rates, 1832, July 14. .. .Specific, minimum, compound and ad valorem, the latter from 5 to 50 per cent, 1833, March 2.. . .Compromise act — looking to a reduction of du- ties to 20 per cent. 1841, Sept. 11 Specific and ad valorem, latter from 121/2 to 20 per cent, 1842, August 30.. Specific, minimum, compound and ad valorem, the latter from 1 to 50 per cent, 1846, July 30 The rates of duty imposed by this act were ex- clusively ad valorem, and arranged by schedules. 1857, March 3 A further reduction of rates which were exclu- sively ad valorem, arranged by schedules. 1861, March 2 Went into effect April 12, 1861, Intended to raise the necessary revenue for the Govern- ment expenditures and afford Protection to our labor and industries. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 95 1861, August 5. . .First of the war Tariffs, large increase in dutie:. 1861, Dec. 24 Duties increased on sugar, tea and coffee. 1862, July 14 Went into effect August 2, 1862. Further in- crease of rates. 1863, March 3; 1864, April 20, June 30; 1865, March 5; 1866, March 15, July 28 Bills changing and generally increasing duties. 1867, March 2... Rates increased on wool and woolens, giving great benefit to those industries. 1870, July 14, De- cember 20 General changes. Free list largely reduced. Duty of $28 per ton on steel rails. 1872, May 1 Tea and coffee made free. 1872, June 6 Went into effect August 1, 1872. Reduction of 10 per cent. Increased free list. 1874, June 22 Revised statute, with slight and unimportant changes. 1875, February 8. Known as the "Little Tariff Bill." General changes. 1875, March 3 Rates increased on sugar. Repeal of 10 per cent, reduction of act of June 6, 1872. 1879, July 1 Quinine made free. 1880, July 14 A few unimportant changes. 1882, May 6 and December 3 Repeals discriminating duty. 1883, March 3 Went into effect July 1, 1883. Known as thft Tariff Commission Bill. General revision, reduction and increased free list. Severe blow to wool industry. 1890, October L.Went into effect October 6, 1890. Known as the McKinley Bill. Changes from ad valorem to specific rates. Enlarged free list. Su- t gar made free, a bounty being substituted. I Reciprocity law. 1894, August 27.. Known as the Gorman-Wilson Bill. Became a law without the President's signature. Gen- eral reduction of duties. Wool put on free list. Results, both anticipatory and actual, were disastrous to all industry and labor. 1897, July 24..... Known as the Dingley Law and is still in oper- ation unchanged. The most perfect and successful Tariff law ever enacted. Has brought and still maintains unprecedented prosperity. CUSTOMS REVENUE. Prominent free-traders who a few years ago were advocating the abolishment of all custom houses, now repudiate those decla- rations and insist that they are in favor of a Tariff for revenue only, and, yet under no low Tariff in our history, framed primar- ily for revenue purposes, have we had a surplus in our national treasury due to the operation of such law. On the other hand, protective Tariffs have always given us sufficient revenue to meet all necessary and normal expenditures. Our first really protective Tariff was the law of 1824, supple- mented by the law of 1828. From 1825 till 1836 we had an excess of receipts every year, but in 1836 our revenue felt the influence of the so-called compromise Tariff of 1833, and with but one exception, we had an excess of expenditures till 1844. During 1844-45-46, under the operation of the protective Tariff of 1842, we again had excess receipts, but for the three years [following the Tariff of 1846 there came an excess of expenditures. Then for several years, due to large sales of public lands, our receipts were slightly in excess of our expenditures, but as soon 96 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. as the law of 1857 went into operation the excess of expendi- tures were very large till the outbreak of the Civil War. Im- mediately at the close of the war, however, under the operation of the Morrill Tariff and supplementary laws, we enjoyed an ex- cess of receipts with the exception of a single year till 1890, our excess that year being $105,000,000. The McKinley law was framed with a view to reduce this large surplus, and the fol- lowing year the excess receipts were only $37,000,000, dropping in 1892 to $10,000,000, and in 1893 to but a little more than $2,000,000. In 1894, owing to the anticipation of the Free Trade l;i\v which was to be enacted that year, our excess of expenditures amounted to $70,000,000, and every year under the operation of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff our expenditures largely exceeded our receipts. In 1898-99 the excess of expenditures was, of course, due to the Spanish War; but in 1900 we again had an excess of receipts amounting to $80,000,000, and for the three following years our excess of receipts amounting respectively to $78,000,- 000, $91,000,000 and $54,000,000. In 1904, we would have had a surplus except for the Panama payments of $54,000,000, which gave us an excess of expenditure amounting to $42,000,000. In 1905, the excess of expenditure was $23,000,000, due in part to the large appropriations made on account of the rural free de- livery service, and the loss of revenue from the Cuban Treaty and other abnormal excesses. For the fiscal year just closed, however, we have gained an excess of receipts amounting to $25,693,459. The excess of re- ceipts therefore under the Dingley law since the close of the Spanish War has amounted to over $250,000,000. This is a com- plete vindication of a protective Tariff in general, and the Ding- ley law in particular. A large surplus is no more desirable than a deficit, but a small, substantial excess of receipts over nor- mal and ordinary expenditures is just what a successful Tariff^ law is supposed to produce. The increase of receipts since the enactment of the Dingley law has been some $200,000,000 in spite of large reduction in internal revenue taxation, and has fully met our increased expenditures, which have increased in keepirg with our progress as a great nation. Since the begin- ning of the Government in 1789, our receipts and expenditures have each aggregated about $20,000,000,000, and considerably more than half of these receipts have been from customs duties, a large part of which have been paid by foreigners for the privi- lege of placing their goods in our markets. The expenditures have all gone into the hands of the people and been used to purchase the necessaries and luxuries of life. On the next four pages will be found a table showing our receipts and expendi- tures since the foundation of the Government. It will be seen, that our excess of receipts correspond to the period of protec- tive Tariffs, while our excess of expenditures correspond to the periods of low Tariffs. In other words, protective Tariffs have proved to be much better revenue-raisers than so-called revenue Tariffs. The reason is not hard to explain. Under protective Tariffs the people are prosperous and can buy largely of lux- uries, increasing not only the internal revenue but the customs duties and imports. During low Tariffs or revenue Tariffs, or, what is the same thing, practically free trade, the people aro compelled to be economical. The result is seen in the decreasoa • internal revenue and decreased imports, principally of luxui- Which bear the highest duties. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 97 ^00 o i| '^3 . t3> 050 O/TS 05 ■io IS 1-1 ira i-i 'M -^ 00 <>j o -t< i~ 1- o f^ ^ a ^ o c^ «-! 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Again, during the fiscal year, 190G, both our exports and im- Orts exceeded all previous records. The total amount of our Dreign trade aggregated $2,970,378,991. This is $334,000,000 in alue more than our total exports and imports of 1905. It is a lost marvelous showing, particularly as regards exports for a ountry whose foreign trade is an incidental feature of its in- ustrial life. With the highest-priced labor on earth, with dearer aw materials than are used by any other manufacturing nation, et we to-day sell more of our wares abroad than any other ountry on earth. It is true that these foreign sales are largely lade up of agricultural products, and yet our exports of manu- actures are increasing at a relatively greater rate than our gricultural products. On the import side, in spite of the high rices of commodities which rule not only at home but abroad re are increasing our imports at such a rate that we are buying lore of foreign goods than any other nation, with the excep- [on of two. The volume of our imports testify most emphati- ally to the prosperity of our people, and prove most conclusively hat our Tariff wall is none too high if we would shut out aillions of dollars worth of foreign wares which should be made (y our own workmen, i During the past three years our excess exports of silver has !mounted each year to between $21,000,000 and $22,000,000, aug- menting our exports of commodities by that amount. On the ther hand, while the excess of gold imports of 1904 amounted to 17,600,000, and in 1906 to $57,600,000, yet this must be offset by excess of exports in gold in 1905 amountiijg to $39,000,000, aving a net balance of imports of gold amounting to some 5,000,000 for the three years. This shows that our favorable lance of trade which has averaged some $500,000,000 for the St six or seven years is almost all needed to meet the invisible ligations abroad which accrue year after year on account of ■eight bills, interest payments, tourists' expenditures and money nt abroad by those who have come from foreign shores and ho return to those left behind a portion of their earnings. Our inual foreign freight obligations are variously estimated at om $100,000,000 to $200,00' 000. It is thought that our tourists end abroad annually fully $75,000,000, and it may be twice at amount. Perhaps from $25,000,000 to $50,000,000 are sent road every year by relatives and friends here to those at >ii,e. This would leave some $200,000,000, then, as dividends d interests upon foreign investments placed in this country. may be that in addition to the liquidation of these annual ligations that some considerable foreign credits may be ac- ninlating abroad, but it is not likely that these are of very St amounts. The situation is certainly a most satisfactory one. Without 'iving particularly for foreign trade, we possess more of the ►rld's markets than any other nation. With what is consid- 3d very adequate protection for all industries, we yet import er $1,200,000,000 worth of merchandise, about one-half of which irs a duty averaging somewhat less than 50 per cent., and nng us a revenue of nearly a quarter billion of dollars to- rds paying the expenses of the Government. We never before d a law on our statute books under the operation of which 102 RKrUMI.'C^.N (' AM I'AICN TEXT-BOOK. we even approached s u ii jut is factory results. Our so-called Ya'*i*fs for revenue Ikivc i -swlted in a lack of revenue of a deficit. On following pages will hi; shown comparative figures or exports and Imports since the foundation of the Government, with ac- companying columns showing the excess of imports and exports and our annual balance of trade. It will be noticed that since the foundation of the Government we have sold abroad more than we have purchased to the amount of $5,000,000,000, and yet up to 1875, with but few exceptions, we imported every year more than we exported. This remarkable advance in our exports of late years, which have increased faster than our imports, ig due, in the first place, to the fact that American goods have come to be known as the best goods made throughout the world, With but very small exception, American goods in foreign mar kets are higher than the goods with which they come into com petition, and yet Europeans in particular have learned to knov, that American wares at any price are cheaper than any othei goods made by any other nation, for the reason that they are better, more durable, more serviceable in every way. The higt standard of living possessed by the American workingman, th( opportunity and ambition which always lies before him, th( possibilities which are in store for the inventive and diligent an( the ingenious, results in better workmanship and better make o: almost every article produced from its very crudest form to it: most finished shape. American locomotives are stronger ant make better time than those made in any other country. TIk American pin and needle cannot be equalled throughout th( world, and so it is that in the mechanism of every article whether it be a great bridge built to span a foreign chasm, { locomotive to climb foreign mountains or a needle to sew witl on foreign fabrics, every machine, every implement, every arti cle made in America means that it is the best made to be founc anywhere on earth. An American mower or reaper, which wil last twice as long or will do twice as much work in a given time is worth more even if it does cost 50 per cent, to 75 per cent more than the European machine. This, then, is why even ai our higher prices we have passed every other nation in oul total exports, and why we are fast gaining upon Germany an( England in the sales of manufactured products. This is whj we are not only competing with these manufacturing nations ii neutral markets, but are competing with them right in thel: home markets. It is possible that some of these markets hav( been gained in the first place through a resort to lower prices that is, a selling of an article at a lower price abroad than a home, a practice resorted to by every other manufacturing na tion with whom we must come into competition. If this hai been done, it is to the glory and honor of every Amerioai manufacturer who has done it that he has increased the salei of his wares abroad, thereby increasing the volume of his output the employ of labor, and the wages of his men, for be it under stood that American workingmen get precisely the same wagef for any goods that may be sold abroad at a lower price as thej do for those sold in the home market. We must approach a matter of such prime economic im portance as the tariff from the standpoint of our businesi needs.— President Roosevelt at Minneapolis, April 4, 1903. 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" I CO mo5-^t- .C005 i )f£>tOV t-t-0000 in o 00 o -»< CI O 00 00 00 00 00 in CO o oo in co__co_o CO CJ" CO CO Oi OOC^ 00 iH -H OS "< «C> IM O O I- t «C tH 0> •^^^ ■» IM_^ «D «e ■»l''oj r-<'t-^rH Co' «C r-l 'J" C^ to «5 i^ t~ i-i 00 in t-_^ t-^r-ToOOOCo" 00 00 CM O rH ■«)" 'a- CO ■* ■» m t- 1^ m CO t- «Cl iH 05 ■ moot- r-l 1 O ■^ CO t- I TH05_e^l_CO_^0^< o'oioorH ego"(ri t— 'co'in CO •3' •«tl ■*< b- 53 r-l 00 rl r-l t-Oi-io> THeot-oin<» cocoini-Tt-'^f >00 O0( ^ CS ^ « ooooc gj .2 oo 00 00 t r«fc rHrHrl, » 00 05 iMco^intg ' oooo o ' Oi Oi OS OJ Oi •s ^ a s -a U U p. <-' xo. O p, HP. o p, X o, H w H ffl W $25.00 $24.00 $1.60 $1.35 33.00 24.00 27.00 $20.00 1.50 1.25 25.r>0 27.00 20.50 1.65 1.45 25.50 27.00 22.00 1.50 1.35 1.35 24.00 27.00 19.50 1.55 to 1.40 25.00 24.00 1.60 1.40 to to 21.00 to to 26.60 27.00 1.70 1.50 Country. Bt, o p. a Great Britain $31. .50 .Canada 33.00 Germany 30.00 France 31.00 Austria-Hungary 31.00 Belgium 30.00 United States 28.00 Mr. Chairman, the practice of selling cheaper in the export market than in the home market is in conformity with that of every nation which malvcs goods to sell. The gentleman from Iowa [Mr. Hepburn] the other day put into the Record proofs of this fact from standard publications. I do not propose to add to that character of testimony, but I do submit to you testimony from recognized industrial journals of the world upon that subject. I have here — and I am not going to stop to read them at length, because I am occupying much more time than I wanted to — extracts from leading trades journals giv- ing the home and export prices of foreign countries for basic steel bars, joists, and Bessemer steel rails, and other things, showing the wide difference between the home and the export prices. Now, I have shown you by competent testimony, by testimony that would be admissible in any court, and unless rebutted would be conclusive, that this is a universal business custom indulged in by all trading nations, free trade nations or protective. The custom prevails in England, as I have shown you. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 125 I say this is a wise policy. In the great commercial war in whjcli all nations are now engaged, if we would gain a toolhold in foreign markets we must compete with foreign prices. 1 recall vividly an instance in point, ^nd 1 have no doubt many of you do also. A few years ago we had in this House discussion over tlie question of the price of armor plate. It turned out in that discussion that the Bethlehem Steel Com- pany, of Pennsylvania, conceded that it had sold a lot of armor abroad at a less price than it was asking the United States for it. And it defended its action upon two grounds. First and foremost, upon the ground that it was necessary if they would keep their works in operation and their men at work, and, secondly, on the ground that they were desirous oi securing a market for their armor plate abroad. Now, what has been the result? The re- sult has been that we are getting armor plate in the United States to-day at a less price than any other country in the world, and that within the last ten years we have constructed no small number of Russian and Japanese battle shipL, all of which have been covered with armor made by the Bethlehem Steel Company, in Pennsylvania, and sold to Russia and Japan at a higher price than the same article is sold for to the United States. [Applause on the Republican side.] It is the workingmen who have been the benfficiaries of that policy, and it is only necessary that you should take the statistics of our exports to ascertain to what extent in the line of various manufactures in the pursuit of this policy we have already estab- lished ourselves in foreign markets. It is not only a wise policy, but it is a necessary one. In this same commercial contest to which I have referred we go out to meet foreign tariffs, foreign syndicates, cartels, bounties, all of which were made for the purpose of excluding us irom the for- eign markets. I am not going to weary you by reading to you all of the proof. I will put it in the Recoid. I say no evidence has been offered, and none can be, that it costs the American consumer anything because we sell abroad at a lower price than we do at home. In proof of that proposition I am going to confine myself to a single article, and I will do so simply because it seems to be the chief object of attack, and that is steel rails. England is a free-trade country. A comparison of the prices of steel rails in that country and in our own country in the last ten years does not, however, show that, because we have protected our steel-rail industry or for any other reason, American railroad managers have paid any more for steel rails made at home than the managers of English railroads have paid for English rails. In the following table the prices for the United States are given upon the authority of the American Iron and Steel Association and for England upon the authority of Mr. J. S. Jeans, the secre- tary of the British Iron Trade Association. English prices have been reduced to theif equivalents in American currency. Average Years. United Statog. prices. 1S95 , «'U P5 Years. 1895 . . . England. Average prices. $21.89 1S96 28 GO 189C 21.69 1897 18 75 1897 23.35 189S 1899 17.62 28 12 1898 1S99 23.49 26.80 1900 32 29 1900 36.01 1901 . . 27 33 1901 .... 29.45 1002 28 00 1902 .... 27.37 1903 28.00 1903 27.97 1904 28.00 1904 22.48 Average for ten years. $26.04 Average for ten years. $26.05 In 1904 the steel-rail industry in England was depressed and prices fell. In 1905 the demand for steel rails improved. On October 6, 1905, the London Iron and Coal Trades Review re- ported the price at Middlesbrough to be £5 7s. 6d., whch is the equivalent of $26.15. 126 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. So that so far as that particular item of laiU; is < Diuoinod. it Is manifest that there have been no uiik wsonahlc pii(mpetition. The success of the capitalist, and especially of the banker, conditioned upon the prosperity of both workingman and irmer.— President Roosevelt, on the Law of Civilization and ecay— American Ideals, p. 367. 132 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. remained unchanged, wages per hour increased 1.6 per cent, weekly earnings per employee increased l.G per cent., the tola weekly earnings of all employees increased 8.0 per cent, retai prices of food increased 0.6 per cent., the wages of one hour wouk purchase 1.0 per cent, more food, and the earnings per employe< in a week would purchase 1.0 per cent, more food. ADVANCING PBICES. German Hotels Forced to Charge Higher Prices. Consul Joseph I. Brittain advises from Kehl that a joint meet ing of the Hotel Proprietors' Association and Restaurant Keep ers' Union in Strassburg all prices on the bills-of-fare were ad vanced from 10 to 20 per cent, from May 1. One restaurant proprietor who was interviewed said they wer< obliged to increase their prices to customers in consequence o the continual advance in the prices of meat, vegetables, and othe: food products in Strassburg. He stated that they were als< obliged to pay higher prices for labor; this advance, he claimed was in some cases equal to 50 per cent., and cited as an exampL his cook who now receives 120 marks (mark equals 23.8 cents; per month whose former wages were but 80 marks. He als( stated there had been an advance in the prices for cooking uten sils. It is said similar advances have been made by hotels anc restaurants in various parts of Germany. There appears to b< a decided upward tendency in prices in Germany, which wii doubtless make it more difficult for German exporters to com pete with other countries in foreign markets. These advance; pertain to raw materials, manufactured products, and labor. LOW WAGES IN GERMANY. Questions relating to the improvement of the conditions con nected with home industries in Germany are being eagerly dis cussed. A commission of inquiry, appointed by the King o Saxony, has recently published its report. The industries ii which the conditions are the worst are passementerie, lace, arti ficial flowers, and toys. Among the passementerie workers th< highest possible earnings seem to be 8 cents an hour, and th< average only 4 cents in American money. The lace workers, wh( earn 10 pfennigs (100 pfennigs are equal to 25 cents), considei that good, but 2 and 3 pfennigs are not unusual. In the towi of Pirna women are making artificial flowers for 4% pfennigs an hour, and in the toy industry an hour's work is paid witl 5 Ms pfennigs. In a vast number of cases the workroom servej as kitchen and bedroom as well, and the low rate of pay obliges parents to insist on their children's assistance. Ninety hours £ week are not unusual for adults, and for children sixty to sixty six hours. CHILD LABOR IN GERMANY. Another Home Industry exposition is to be held in Germany writes Consul Brittain, of Kehl. It will cover the provinces o Alsace-Lorraine and open at Strassburg in the near future witl a similar exhibit to that now in progress at Berlin. Mr. Brittaii, states that it is yet the custom in Germany for factory product; to be made in the home, where entire families join in the work even the three-year-old child having its share. It is claimet that there are upward of 350,000 German children employed a this home work, and of these 79,183 are spinning and weaving 40,000 in the woodwork industry, 26,190 at bead work, 12,160 a knitting, 11,000 at sewing and needlework. Children help mak toys at three-fourths to one cent per hour, working fifty-t*vo t sixtj'^-five hours per week, with similar pay in other lines. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 133 f PROOFS OF PROSPERITY. Average Wages and Earnings Largely Increased. The official figures of the New York State Department of Labor give the average earnings in three months of the present year of 333,000 workmen, which were $2.3^ a day each, or $212 for the quarter. These figures are said to be considerably above the average earning:- of wage-earners generally, because they relate chieflS' to skilled work. No women, and few minors, are included in the report. The average wage for a day's work in this period was $3. Last year the average daily wage, calculated by the same period, was $2.85. A year ago the average quarterly earn- ings of organized wage-workers were only $187 as compared with the present figure of $212. Wage-workers have shared with all others in the general prosperity of the nation. Records of banks, railroads, real estate, and other interests, according to a Chicago dispatch, have, for the half year ending June 30, confirmed predictions from week to week that the year 1906 in the West will prove to be the greatest year of prosperity in the history of the country. Clearings of Chicago banks for June show an increase of $77,100,000, or 9.4 per cent., over the clearings in the same month last year. The June figures raise the total clearings for six months to $5,433,000,000, an increase of $540,000,000, or 11 per cent, as compared with the clearings for the first half of 1905, and the railroad statenuents for the period, it is said, will show the largest earnings ever reported by Ameri- can railroads. Foreign Wages and Industrial Competition. {^New York Journal of Commerce.) A recent bulletin of the Bureau of Labor presents a series of statements exhibiting the rates of wages paid in the United States, Great Britain, Germany and Belgium which is full of sug- gestive interest. The comparisons extend over each of the thir- teen years from 1890 to 1903, inclusive, and are expressed in rates per hour, so as to avoid inequality in factors arising from differences in the period of work covered by the wage quotation and thereby simplify statistical processes and evade occasion for needless cavil. It may seem unfortunate that the statistics cover only thirteen branches of labor and they not the most prominent; but there is quite a possibility of undue prolixity in Government exhibits intended for popular information, and so long as the lim- ited number of trades selected fairly reflect the course of move- ments common to the industries at large, little is lost to trust- worthiness of data in limiting the number of employments cited. The following tabulation shows the wages per hour paid, in the three leading industrial nations, in twelve common employ- ments, during the year 1903, the figures expressing decimals of a dollar per one hour's work: Ger- Employment. many. Blacksmiths $0.1237 1 '.oiler makers 1123 Bricklayers 1328 Carpenters 1301 Compositors 1411 Hod carriers 0849 Iron molders 1140 General laborers 0797 Machinists 131i> Painters 1194 Plumbers 1148 Stone masons 1328 Great United Britain. States. $0.1740 $0.2951 .1719 .2848 .2060 .5472 .2028 .3594 .1795 .4487 .1250 .2863 .1787 .3036 .1019 .1675 .1677 .2707 .1774 .3450 .2027 .4429 .2078 .4579 Total wages per hour for 12 classes of labor. .$1.4166 $2.0954 $4.2071 It will be seen from these data that, in the case of Germany, I on an average of the twelve trades cited, one hour's work repre- sents approximately 12 cents of earnings; in the case of Great Britain liy^ cents per hour; and, in the United States, 35 cents per hour. Or, to express the same ratios in percentages, the x^ritish employer has to pay, on the average of these trades, 46 132 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. remained unchanged, wages per hour increased 1.6 per cent., weekly earnings per employee increased 1.6 per cent, the total weekly earnings of all employees increased 8.0 per cent., retail prices of food increased 0.6 per cent, the wages of one hour would purchase 1.0 per cent, more food, and the earnings per employee in a week would purchase 1.0 per cent, more food. ADVANCING PRICES. German Hotels Forced to Charge Higher Prices. Consul Joseph I. Brittain advises from Kehl that a joint meet- ing of the Hotel Proprietors' Association and Restaurant Keep- ers' Union In Strassburg all prices on the bills-of-fare were ad- vanced from 10 to 20 per cent from May 1. One restaurant proprietor who was interviewed said they were obliged to increase their prices to customers in consequence of the continual advance in the prices of meat, vegetables, and other food products in Strassburg. He stated that they were also obliged to pay higher prices for labor; this advance, he claimed, was in some cases equal to 50 per cent., and cited as an example his cook who now receives 120 marks (mark equals 23.8 cents) per month whose former wages were but 80 marks. He also stated there had been an advance in the prices for cooking uten- sils. It is said similar advances have been made by hotels and restaurants in various parts of Germany. There appears to be a decided upward tendency in prices in Germany, which will doubtless make it more difficult for German exporters to com- pete with other countries in foreign markets. These advances pertain to raw materials, manufactured products, and labor. LOW WAGES IN GERMANY. Questions relating to the improvement of the conditions con- nected with home industries in Germany are being eagerly dis- cussed. A commission of inquiry, appointed by the King of Saxony, has recently published its report. The industries in which the conditions are the worst are passementerie, lace, arti- ficial flowers, and toys. Among the passementerie workers the highest possible earnings seem to be 8 cents an hour, and the average only 4 cents in American money. The lace workers, who earn 10 pfennigs (100 pfennigs are equal to 25 cents), consider that good, but 2 and 3 pfennigs are not unusual. In the town of Pirna women are making artificial flowers for 4^2 pfennigs an hour, and in the toy industry an hour's work is paid with 5i/{5 pfennigs. In a vast number of cases the workroom serves as kitchen and bedroom as well, and the low rate of pay obliges parents to insist on their children's assistance. Ninety hours a week are not unusual for adults, and for children sixty to sixty- six hours. CHILD LABOR IN GERMANY. i Another Home Industry exposition is to be held in Germany, writes Consul Brittain, of Kehl. It will cover the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine and open at Strassburg in the near future with a similar exhibit to that now in progress at Berlin. Mr. Brittain states that it is yet the custom in Germany for factory products to be made in the home, where entire families join in the work, even the three-year-old child having its share. It is claimed that there are upward of 350,000 German children employed at this home work, and of these 79,183 are spinning and weaving, 40,000 in the woodwork industry, 26,190 at bead work, 12,160 at knitting, 11,000 at sewing and needlework. Children help make toys at three-fourths to one cent per hour, working fifty-t*vo tc sixty-five hours per week, with similar pay in other lines. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 133 PROOFS OF PROSPERITY. Average Wages and Earnings Largely Increased. The official figures of the New York State Department of Labor give the average earnings in three months of the present year of 333,000 workmen, which were $2. 3a a day each, or $212 for the quarter. These figures are said to be considerably above the average earnings of wage-earners generally, because they relate chieflj' to skilled work. No women, and few minors, are included in the report. The average wage for a day's work in this period was $3. Last year the average daily wage, calculated by the same period, was $2.85. A year ago the average quarterly earn- ings of organized wage-workers were only $187 as compared with the present figure of $212. Wage-workers have shared with all others in the general prosperity of the nation. Records of banks, railroads, real estate, and other interests, according to a Chicago dispatch, have, for the half year ending June 30, confirmed predictions from week to week that the year 1906 in the West will prove to be the greatest year of prosperity in the history of the country. Clearings of Chicago banks for June show an increase of $77,100,000, or 9.4 per cent., over the clearings in the same month last year. The June figures raise the total clearings for six months to $5,433,000,000, an increase of $540,000,000, or 11 per cent, as compared with the clearings for the first half of 1905, and the railroad statenuents for the period, it is said, will show the largest earnings ever reported by Ameri- can railroads. Foreign Wages and Industrial Competition. (New York Journal of Commerce.) istatements exhibiting the rates of wages paid in the United States, Great Britain, Germany and Belgium which is full of sug- gestive interest. The comparisons extend over each of the thir- teen years from 1890 to 1903, inclusive, and are expressed in rates per hour, so as to avoid inequality in factors arising from differences in the period of work covered by the wage quotation and thereby simplify statistical processes and evade occasion for needless cavil. It may seem unfortunate that the statistics cover only thirteen branches of labor and they not the most prominent; but there is quite a possibility of undue prolixity in Government exhibits intended for popular information, and so long as the lim- ited number of trades selected fairly reflect the course of move- ments common to the industries at large, little is lost to trust- worthiness of data in limiting the number of employments cited. The following tabulation shows the wages per hour paid, in the three leading industrial nations, in twelve common employ- ments, during the year 1903, the figures expressing decimals of a dollar per one hour's work: Ger- Great United Employment. many. Britain. States. Blacksmiths $0.1237 $0.1740 $0.2951 Boiler makers 1123 .1719 .2848 Bricklayers 1328 .2060 .5472 Carpenters 1301 .2028 .3594 Compositors 1411 .1795 .4487 Hod carriers 0849 .1250 .2863 Iron molders 1140 .1787 .3036 General laborers 0797 .1019 .1675 Machinists 131a .1677 .2707 Painters 1194 .1774 .3450 Plumbers 1148 .2027 .4429 Stone masons 1328 .2078 .4579 Total wages per hour for 12 classes of labor. .$1.4166 $2.0954 $4.2071 It will be seen from these data that, in the case of Germany, on an average of the twelve trades cited, one hour's work repre- I sents approximately 12 cents of earnings; in the case of Great I Britain 17l^ cents per hour; and, in the United States, 35 cents per hour. Or, to express the same ratios in percentages, the i-.ritish employer has to pay, on the average of these trades, 46 134 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. per cent, more for labor than the German employer pays, while the difference as against the American employer is 191 per cent. Such was the condition of the comparative rates of wages in these largest industrial countries, in 1903. The following tabula- tion compares the wage conditions for that year with those of 1890, and at the same time shows the advances in rates during the thirteen years' interval: Ger- Great United ^. , many. Britain. 6tatGs. Blacksmiths— 1890 $0.1175 $0.1652 $0.2677 1903 1237 .1740 .2951 Advance 0062 .0088 .0274 Boiler makers— 1890 0986 .1595 .2594 1903 1123 .1719 .2848 Advance 0137 .0124 .0254 Bricklayers— 1890 1103 .1757 .4316 1903 1328 .2060 .5474 Advance 0225 .0303 .1158 Carpenters— 1890 1025 .1690 .2713 1903 1301 .2028 .3594 Advance 0276 .0338 .0881 Compositors— 1890 1065 .1572 .3980 1903 1411 ,1795 .4467 Advance 0346 .0223 .0487 Hod carriers— 1890 0675 .1217 .2259 1903 0849 .1250 .2863 Advance 0174 .0033 .0604 Iron molders— 1890 1009 .1678 .2540 1903 1140 .1787 .3036 Advance 0131 .0109 .0496 General laborers— 1890 - 0641 .0948 .1507 1903 0797 .1019 .1675 Advance 0156 .0071 .0168 Machinists— 1890 0973 .1534 .2409 1903 1310 .1677 .27(i7 Advance 0337 .0143 .0298 Painters— 1890 0934 .1554 .2680 1903 1194 .1774 .3450 Advance 0260 .0220 .0770 Plumbers— 1890 •. 0946 .1757 .3464 1903 1148 .2027 .4429 Advance 0202 .0270 .0965 Stone masons— 1890 1103 .1774 .3722 1903 1328 .2078 .4597 Advance 0225 .0304 .0875 The total wages per hour for the twelve industries compare as follows, for the three countries, in 1890 and 1903, respectively: 1890. 1903. Inc. Germany $1.1635 $1.4166 $0.2531 Great Britain 1.8728 2.0954 .2226 United States 3.4861 4.2071 .7210: This comparison shows that wages have risen during the thir- ; teen years, on the average of 21.8 per cent, in Germany, 11.9 per | cent, in Great Britain and 20.7 per cent, in the United States. In \ each country there have been conspicuous cases of industries in • which the rise of wages has been considerably higher than the ■ foregoing figures indicate; but nevertheless the trades selected ; may be assumed to approximate the general average course of ' prices. It is to be noted that the rise has been in an almost equal : ratio of percentage in Germany and the United States. In Great ; Britain the rate of advance has been only a little over one-half '■ that which has occurred in the two other nations; which indicates ;| a mild tendency on the part of Germany towards an assimilation] in its wages towards the British standard. | ''The more work there is to do in this country, the higher? the wages that will be paid for doing it. That policy which secures the largest amount of work to be done at home is the policy which will secure to our laboring men steady employ- ment at the best wages. A policy which will transfer work from our mines and factories to foreign mines and foreign fac- tories inevitably tends to the depression of wages here." — Benjamin Harrison, 1888. -oa .£3 B -o o c3 a -^ 11 t, O aj ll S^ a> o a a Si 5o C3« M.2 3^ a 2 a3 3^1 "3 3-> 3.Q-M U « s" s'-3 fe u fe § iJ O K S < 112.4 113.5 104.7 119.2 111.8 110.2 111.1 110.3 112.9 115.7 111.3 102.7 111.7 108.4 103.6 110.2 109.4 111.7 103.6 109.0 101.1 106.0 102.8 102.9 106.5 106.2 106.1 110.2 107.2 100.0 100.7 101.9 100.5 104.9 105.9 105.6 99.8 96.1 92.4 90.7 96.3 89.8 100.1 99.8 96.1 94.6 92.7 98.1 92.0 94.1 87.9 96.5 94.5 93.6 83.8 91.3 104.3 . 93.7 93.4 92.6 94.0 91.4 90.4 87.7 91.1 96.4 86.6 90.4 94.4 89.8 92.1 89.7 94.4 93.4 95.4 86.4 95.8 106.6 92.0 92.4 93.4 98.3 96.7 105.0 114.7 105.8 111.3 95.1 97.7 101.7 104.2 106.8 120.9 120.5 115.7 115.7 106.1 109.8 110.5 105.9 101.0 119.5 111.9 116.7 115.2 110.9 107.4 108.5 111.3 102.0 134.3 117.2 118.8 114.2 112.2 114.1 112.9 107.1 106.6 149.3 117.6 121.4 112.6 113.0 113.6 113.6 107.2 109.8 132.6 109.6 122.7 110.0 111.7 111.7 113.0 108.7 112.0 128.8 122.5 127.8 109.1 109.1 112.8 115.9 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 135 I COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, 1890 TO 1905. Summary of Relative Prices of Comm.odities, 1890 to 1905, by Groups. (Average price for 1890-1899=:100.) to y 1890 110.0 1891 121.5 1892 111.7 1893 107.9 1894 95.9 1895 93.3 1896 78.3 1897 85.2 1898 96.1 1899 100.0 19;j0 109.5 1901 116.9 1902 130.5 1893 118.8 1904 126.2 1905 124.2 In this table the average relative prices of farm products are based on 16 articles; of food, etc., on 53 articles from 1890 to 1892 and 1904 and 1905, and 54 from 1893 to 1903; of cloths and cloth- ing, on 70 articles in 1890 and 1891, 72 in 1892, 73 in 1893 and 1894, 75 in 1895 and 1896, and 76 from 1897 to 1905; of fuel and lighting, on 13 articles; of metals and implements, on 37 articles from 1890 to 1893, 38 in 1894 and 1895 and from 1899 to 1905, and 39 from 1896 to 1898; of lumber and building ma- terials, on 26 articles from 1890 to 1894, and 27 from 1895 to 1905; of drugs and chemicals, oji 9 articles; of house furnishing goods, on 14 articles, and of miscellaneous, on 13 articles. The average relative prices of all commodities are based on 251 articles in 1890 and 1891, on 253 in 1892, on 255 in 1893, on 256 in 1894, on 259 in 1895, 1904 and 1905, on 260 in 1896 and from 1899 to 1903, and on 261 in 1897 and 1898. A study of the table shows that the group of farm products reached the lowest average in 1896 and the highest in 1902; that of food, etc., the lowest in 1896 and the highest in 1891; that of cloths and clothing, the lowest in 1897 and the highest in 1890; that of fuel and lighting, the lowest in 1894 and the highest in 1903; that of metals and implements, the lowest in 1898 and the highest in 1905; that of lumber and building materials, the low- est in 1897 and the highest in 1905; that of drugs and chemicals, the lowest in 1895 and the highest in 1900; that of house furnish- ing goods, the lowest in 1897 and the highest in 1903, while in the miscellaneous group the lowest average was reached in 1896 and the highest in 1902. The average for all commodities com- bined was the lowest in 1897 and the highest in 1905. Of the nine groups it is seen that one reached its lowest point in 1894, one in 1895, three in 1896, three in 1897, and one in 1898. The highest point was reached by one group in 1890, by one in 1891, by one in 1900, by two in 1902, by two in 1903, and by two in 1905. "The Western farmer's instinct is wiser than Mr. Glad- stone's philosophy. The farmer knows that the larger the home market the better are his prices, and that as the home market is narrowed his prices fall." — James G. Blaine. The present phenomenal prosperity has been won under a tariff which was made to protect the interests of the American producer, business man, wage-worker and farmer alike. — President Roosevelt at Minneapolis, April 4, 1903. 136 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Course of Wholesale Prices, 1890 to 1905. (Prom Bulletin of th« Bureau of Labor, March, 1906.) To assist In making easy a comparison of 1905 prices of the general groups and of all commodities with prices of the other years the opposite table has been prepared, showing the per cent. of increase of 1905 prices over the prices of each year from 1890 to 1904: From this table it is seen that the group farm products in 1905 was 12.9 per cent, higher than in 1890, 2.2 per cent, higher than in 1891, 11.2 per cent, higher than in 1892, 15.1 per cent, higher than in 1893, 29.5 per cent, higher than in 1894, 33.1 per cent, higher than in 1895, 58.6 per cent, higher than in 1896, 45.8 per cent, higher than in 1897, 29.2 per cent, higher than in 1898, 24.2 per cent, higher than in 1899, 13.4 per cent, higher than in 1900, 6.2 per cent, higher than 1901, 4.8 per cent, lower than in 1902, 4.5 per cent, higher than in 1903, and 1.6 per cent, lower than in 1904. The average for all commodities combined in 1905 was 2.7 per cent, higher than in 1890, 3.8 per cent, higher than in 1891, 9.2 per cent, higher than in 1892, 9.8 per cent, higher than in 1893, 20.6 per cent, higher than 1894, 23.8 per cent, higher than in 1895, 28.2 per cent, higher than in 1896, 29.2 per cent, higher than in 1897, 24.1 per cent, higher than in 1898, 14 per cent, higher than in 1899, 4,9 per cent, higher than in 1900, 6.8 per cent, higher than in 1901, 2.7 per cent, higher than in 1902, 2 per cent, higher than in 1903, and 2.6 per cent, higher than in 1904. PRICE OF SILVER AND RATIO TO GOLD. Annual Price of Silver in London, Per Ounce, and Commercial Ratio of Silver to Gold: 1833 to 1905. (From the Report of the Director of th*e Mint on the Production of Precious Metals in the United States.) d * MCI •3 d c3§Sfl !i o a a rt n! h 11 le of e ou: aver otati (4 a 3 n s le of e ou; aver otati « OJ . 41 3 5 =3-^ g. S"S » >, a §s li >• > o* «s« a c 0^ u O > a < > Pence. Dollars. Pence. Dollars. 1833... 59t^ 1.297 15.93 1870.... 60 A 1.328 15.57 1834... 59}§ 1.313 15.73 1871.... 60% 1.326 15.57 1835... 591g 1.308 15.80 1872.... 60A 1.322 15.63 1836... 60 1.315 15.72 1873.... 59j% 1.29769 15.93 1837... 59 1% 1.305 15.83 1874.... 58 1% 1.27883 16.16 1838... 591^ 1.304 15.85 1875.... 56H 1.24233 16.64 1839... 60% 1.323 15.62 1876.... 53% 1.16414 17.75 1840... 60% 1.323 15.62 1877.... 54ig 1.20189 17.20 1841... mie 1.316 15.70 1878.... 52% 1.1.5358 17.92 1842... 59/5 1.303 15.87 1879.... 51% 1.12392 18.39 1843... 59^ 1.297 15.93 1880.... 52% 1.14507 18.05 1844... 59% 1.304 15.85 1881.... 51% 1.13229 18.2,-, 1845... 59y4 1.298 15.92 1882.... 51H 1.13562 18.20 1846... 59ftj 1.30 15.90 1883.... 50 H 1.10874 18.(14 1847... 59|J 1.308 15.80 1884.... 1.11068 18.61 1848... 59y2 1.304 15.85 1885.... 'ISt^ 1.06.510 19.41 1849... 59% 1.309 15.78 1886.... 45% .99467 20.78 1850... 61A 1.316 15.70 1887.... 44 H .97946 21.10 1851... 61 1.337 15.46 1888.... 42% .93974 22.00 1852... 60M! 1.326 15.59 1889.... 42U .93511 22.10 1853... 61% 1.348 15.33 1890.... ml 1.04634 19.75 18.54... 61% 1.348 15.33 1891.... tip. .98800 20.92 , 1855... 61^5 1..344 15.38 1892.... .87145 23.72 1856... 61 T^ 61% 1.344 15.38 1893.... 25 j% .78030 26.49 s 18.57... 1.353 15.27 1894.... 28- 1 .63479 32.56 J 18.58... 61^ l.?,U 15.38 1895.... 29 i .65406 31.60 j 18.59... 62t»b 1.36 15.19 1896.... 30 .67565 30.. 59 5 1860... 61 H 1..352 . 15.29 1897.... 27 i .60483 34.20. 1861... 6013 1.333 15.50 1898.... 26- 3 .59010 35.03 1862... 61i^ 1.346 15.35 1899.... 27^ .60154 34.36 1863... 61% 1.345 15.37 1900.... 28^ .62007 33.. 33 1864... 61% 1.345 15.37 1901.... 27S .59595 34.68 1865... 6lT»ft 1.338 15.44 1902.... 24r's 24% .52795 .39.15 1866... 61% 1.339 15.43 1903.... .54257 38.10 1867... ss 1.328 15.57 1904.... 26M .57876 35.70 1868... 1.326 15.59 1905... 27U .61027 33.87 1869... 60^ 1.325 15.60 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 137 «o Tti o 05 CO c-i rH rH C^l C^i rH -qJ CO 'H lO t- in CO CO * 1^- O oo 00 CO 00 ^ lO CD lO 00 iH * i* OJ 7 •^ l~- 7 CI JT^ c^ «£> Ol 00 lO lO CO «5 o to cq o l- CTj Oi W" 5r* lO ^ CO 05 lO t- ira c- 00 t- s TP ^ «o '"' o * M M CI ^ OJ o 00 ^ CO <£> ^ <31 t3 05 il? ■^ ?2 C<1 00 o 00 C5 05 o xa ^ o lO ira ira ?? O^l ■?? T-l ^' lO ,-( Cl rt CJ CI H en ^ «D o >o -5 tH 'I* s cl ^ OO ^ to i CO CO o 00 fo o oo CO Q. 3 a o fa 5 a ^! « w s 138 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. PRICES PROPORTIONED TO CONSUMPTION. Leading Classes of Necessary Articles of Daily Consumption: Prices, in New York City, from July 1, 1860, to January 1, 1906. (Index Number, from Dun's Review.)* Date. o>iH «w July 1— Dol's. 1860 20.530 1861 15.749 1862 18.057 1863 26.154 •1864 45.616 1865 25.404 1866 31.471 1867. 36.537 1868 38.416 1869 29.116 1870 25.322 1871 24.809 1872 22.171 1873 20.460 1874 25.657 1875 24.848 1876 18.777 1877 21.812 1878 15.672 1879 17.054 1880 17.461 1881 20.369 18S2 25.494 1883 19.018 1884 17.871 1885 16.370 1886 15.311 1887 15.156 1888 , 16.984 1889 14.351 1890 14.867 1891 19.782 1892 17.426 1893 14.963 1894 15.115 1895 14.765 1896 10.504 1897— Jan. 1 11.729 July 1 (low).. 10.587 1898— Jan. 1 13.511 July 1 12.783 1899— Jan. 1 13.816 July 1 13.483 1900— Jan. 1 13.254 July 1 14.898 1901— Jan. 1 14.486 July 1 14.904 1902— Jan. 1 20.002 July 1 20.534 1903— Jan. 1 17.104 July 1 17.473 1904— Jan. 1 17.102 July 1 18.244 1905— Jan. 1 18.278 July 1 18.831 X906— Jan. 1 16.554 Feb. 1 16.058 Mar.l 15.715 Apr. 1 16.294 Mayl 17.050 Junel 17.379 Julyl 17.923 Aug.l 16,434 Note. — In the above table the course of prices of commodities is show and in each case the price is multiplied by the annual per capita consumptiii which precludes any one commodity having more than its proper weight the aggregate. Breadstuffs include many quotations of wheat, corn, oai rye, barley, beans, and pease; meats include live hogs, beef, sheep, and mai provisions, lard, tallow, etc.; dairy and garden products embrace eggs, ve;: tables, fruits, milk, butter, cheese, etc.; other food includes- fish, liquor condiments, sugar, rice, tobacco, etc. ; clothing covers the raw material < each industry, and many quotations of woOlen, cotton, silk, and rubbrr good as well as hides, leather, boots, and shoes; metals include various quotation of pig iron and partially manufactured and finished products, as well as the minor metals, tin, lead, copper, etc., and coal and petroleum; miscellaneous includes many grades of hard and soft lumber, laths, brick, lime, glass, tur- pentine, hemp, linseed oil, paints, fertilizers, and drugs. The third decimal' is given for accuracy of comparison. z 2 o i 01 w o s oa O ^. Dol's. Dol's. Dol's. Dol's. Dol's. Dol's. 8.973 12.662 8.894 22.439 25.851 15.842 7.485 10.813 7.653 21.147 22.500 16.573 7.150 13.406 10.987 28.413 23.207 17.290 10.115 13.530 16.359 45.679 37.079 24.264 15.685 26.053 27.303 73.485 59.192 31.{i53 16.112 18.049 21.057 49.307 38.956 25.551 17.153 23.472 20.821 45.377 41.762 27.922 14.278 18.418 20.167 38.169 35.426 25.529 13.210 23.614 19.720 35.694 27.385 24.786 13.181 18.121 16.347 35.309 28.355 24.201 14.161 16.112 13.308 31.480 26.612 21.786 12.177 20.799 13.823 30.624 27.371 21.907 11.055 16.019 14.845 32.427 32.643 21.. 319 10.114 15.629 13.625 29.411 32.298 21.552 11.. 560 19.142 13.678 27.260 25.254 19.582 13.287 14.918 14.418 25.318 23.515 18.398 10.726 15.912 12.914 21.747 20.452 15.951 10.0:^6 11.790 13.321 21.850 15.578 15.160 8.181 10.608 11.346 19.836 15.789 14.836 8.239 10.253 9.884 20.420 15.149 16.286 9.230 12.594 11.539 21.984 18.708 17.139 11.381 11.311 11.663 20.982 19.295 16.900 13.740 14.685 11.627 21.202 19.832 16.650 11.210 12.250 10.726 20.209 18.071 15.764 11.172 11.369 9.323 19.014 16.272 14.685 9.205 10.872 8.712 17.740 14.132 13.666 8.906 10.241 8.570 18.063 14.466 13.669 8.667 11.188 9.252 18.174 16.035 15.153 9.416 11.849 9.917 17.447 15.366 14.155 8.244 9.695 10.912 17.107 14.782 14.600 8.036 10.711 9.749 17.264 15.506 15.416 9.217 12.455 9.339 16.501 15.107 13.691 8.700 10.403 8.733 15.648 14.827 14.252 10.135 11.710 9.188 15.871 14.030 14.716 9.389 10.394 8.478 13.860 15.315 12.015 14.041 8.622 9.874 8.689 11.021 13.233 7.058 7.872 8.529 13.602 13.232 13.520 7.327 10.456 8.170 12.407 13.014 12.399 7.529 8.714 7.887 13.808 11.642 12.288 7.336 12.371 8.312 14.654 11.572 12.184 7.694 9.437 8.826 14.663 11.843 12.522 7.520 11.458 9.096 14.150 11.843 12.540 7.988 10.974 9.157 15.021 15.635 12.969 7.258 12.702 9.200 17.484 18.085 16.312 8.906 10.901 9.482 16.324 14.834 16.070 8.407 15.556 9.504 16.024 15.810 15.881 9.430 11.030 9.086 15.098 15.344 16.617 9.670 15.248 8.952 15.547 15.375 16.793 11.628 12.557 8.748 15.533 16.084 16.826 9.522 14.613 9.418 15.938 17.185 16.578 9.269 13.083 9.186 17.136 16.544 16.765 8.138 15.287 9.653 17.316 15.887 16.759 9.033 10.648 10.406 16.514 15.428 16.919 7.950 13.948 10.699 16.319 16.188 16.936 8.614 9.982 9.922 17.986 15.916 17.061 8.426 14.399 9.822 19.313 17.141 18.809 8.690 13.977 9.688 19.139 17.042 19.417 9.152 13.644 9.626 19.015 16.973 20.079 9.335 14.738 9.419 19.125 16.927 20.228 9.295 13.842 9.464 19.192 16.948 20.268 9.452 14.350 9.477 19.128 16.. 591 20.417 9.677 12.590 9.645 19.177 16.649 19.5.55 9.712 11.968 9.760 18.970 16.786 19.355 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. THE TARIFF AND PRICES. 139 Those Free-Traders who are so much concerned over the higher prices of commodities should read the speech of Representative Hill of Connecticut, delivered in the House February 18, 1904. In this speech Mr. Hill presents the two tables below as showing the difference in the prices of certain commodities July, 1896, and since. He takes a certain number of articles on the free list and a certain number of the dutiable list in order to show what effect the Tariff may have had upon the change in prices. The two tables are as follows: Items on Free List. July, 1S96. Anthracite stove coal (f.o.b. N. Y.), ton $3,881 Anthracite broken coal (f.o.b. N. Y.), ton 3.228 Copper, lake, ingot (New York), per pound.. 115 Flax, Kentucky, per pound.. Jute, spot, per pound .08 .035 Petroleum, crude (at v/ell), per barrel 1.0825 Petroleum, refined, per gal- lon 0G9 Petroleum, ref. (150 p. c. test, for exp.), per gallon 1087 Rubber, island, per pound... .84 Sisal, spot, per pound 0362 Binder twine, per pound 0675 July, 1901. $4,236 3.509 .17 .10 .035 1.1337 .069 .1075 .86 .0562 .0975 July, 1902. $0.1225 .095 .0325 1.22 .074 .11 .77 .095 .1425 July, 1903. $4.80 4.55 .1425 .045 1.50 .14 .1005 .87 .0762 .145 January, 1904. $4.75 5.00 .125 .045 L.85 .15 .1405 .94 .075 .145 Items on Dutiable List. July, 1896. Alcohol (94 p. c), per gallon $2.31 Brick, per thousand 5.25 Bread, Boston crackers, pound 065 Cotton flannels, per yard 065 Cement, Rosendale, per barrel 85 Fish, canned salmon, per , dozen 1.65 Ginghams, per yard 0425 Glassware, pitchers, per dozen 1.25 Wire nails, per keg.... 3.15 Cut nails, per keg...... 2.90 Fresh beef sides, per pound 075 i Salt beef, per barrel 16.00 Salt pork, per barrel... 8.25 Hams, smoked, per bar- rel 10 Pig iron, foundry, Philadelphia, ton 12.75 Rice, per pound 0525 Sugar, centrifugal, per pound 035 Sugar, granulated, per pound 046 Steel rails, Pittsburg, per ton 28.00 Ashton salt, per bushel. 2.10 Tin plate, per cwt 3.45 July, 1901. $2.43 5.75 .08 .0625 1.00 1.70 .0475 1.30 2.40 2.10 .09 21.50 16.75 .115 15.87 .0537 .0425 .0524 28.00 2.25 4.19 July, 1902. $2.51 6.25 .95 July, January, 1904. 1903. $2.48 5.25 .08 .08 .90 1.65 .08 $2.40 .05 1.65 2.10 2.05 22.50 19.75 .125 22.75 .0575 .0337 .0475 28.00 2.25 4.19 2. 05 2.20 .125 11.50 17.75 .1375 18.50 .55 .0356 .047 28.00 2.25 4.00 2.00 1.95 .125 11.00 13.50 .12 Duty. $2.25 per gall. 25 p. c. 20 p. c. 50 p. c. & up. 8c. per lb. 30 p. c. 45 p. c. 40 p. c. V2C. per lb. 6-lOc. per lb. 2c. per lb. 5c. per lb. 25 p. c. 15.00 .04 5c. per lb. $4 per ton. 2c. per lb. .0347 $1,825 per cwt. .0436 $1.95 per cwt. 28.00 $7.84 per ton. 2.25 12c. pe» lb. 3.80 IVaC. per lb. Of the eleven items on the free list, every one of them has greatly ad- vi'ioed in price since 1896, the average advance on all being 53.54 per cent. Of the twenty-one Items on the dutiable list twelve have advanced in pn-e, three are the same now as then, and six have been reduced. The average advance on the dutiable list is 8.6 per cent., as against 53.54 per cent, on the free list. The articles are all taken from the list of articles controlled by trusts, found m the Democratic campaign text-book, beginning on page 369, and mcludes every article named therein as free and twenty-one dutiable ones. The prices from 1896 to 1902 are as therein given, and the 1903 ajad 1904 ; prices are from the Bureau of Statistics. 140 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. BELATIVE WAGES, PRICES, ETC. The accompanying diagram shows at a glance the movement from 1890 to 1905 of wages, hours of work, number of employees and retail prices of food, as compared with the average for 1890- 1899. The lines show most vividly the remarkable increase in work and wages— both much in excess of the increase in price of food, while the hours per week show a substantial decline. The lines also show how employment fell off in 1893-1897, as well as wages, to more than offset the decline in prices of food. The diagram is based on a similar one just issued by the Bureau of Labor of the Department of Commerce and Labor, after an in- vestigation covering 349 occupations, 4,121 establishments and 314,009 employees. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 141 Middling Cotton and Staple Manufactures of Cotton in the New York Market: Average Prices, 1858 to 1905. (Prepared by Mr. Joshua Reece, Jr., to 1892; since then by Mr. Alfred B. Shepperson, of New York.) Calendar year. a ^ o d Cents. bo -a Cents. 1858 12.23 8.25 1859 12.08 8.50 1860 11.00 8.73 1861 13.01 10.00 1862 31.29 18.55 1863 67.21 36.04 1864 101.50 52.07 1865 83.38 38.04 1866 43.20 24.31 1867 31.59 18.28 1868 24.85 16.79 1869 29.01 16.19 1870 23.98 14.58 1871 16.95 13.00 1872 22.19 14.27 1873 20.14 13.31 1874 17.95 11.42 1875 15.46 10.41 1876 12.98 8.85 1877... 11.82 8.46 1878 11.22 7.80 1879 10.84 7.97 1880 11.51 8.51 1881 12.03 8.51 1882 11.56 8.45 1883 11.88 8.32 1884 10.88 7.28 1885 10.45 6.75 1886 9.28 6.75 1887 10.21 7.15 1888 10.03 7.25 1889 10.65 7.00 1890 11.07 7.00 1891 8.60 6.83 1892 7.71 6.50 1893 8.56 5.90 1894 6.94 5.11 1895 7.44 5.74 1896 7.93 5.45 1897 7.0Q 4.73 1898 5.94 4.20 1899 6.88 5.28 1900 9.25 6.05 1901 8.75 5.54 1902 9.00 5.48 1903 11.18 6.25 1904 11.75 7.13 1905 9.80 7.00 ♦Including 1881 and since, the prices of cotton prices are also net for the entire bo's lit. W fcH Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents. 8.70 15.00 9.50 5.60 5.67 8.82 15.42 9.50 8.92 15.50 9.50 5.44 9.58 15.33 9.71 5.33 18.94 21.00 14.40 9.81 33.41 35.33 21.24 15.20 53.02 48.35 33.25 23.42 37.33 49.58 29.00 20.24 25.14 45.90 21.15 14.13 18.79 35.21 16.58 9.12 16.49 26.65 13.83 8.18 16.49 24.79 14.00 8.30 14.98 22.50 12.41 7.14 13.64 20.83 11.62 7.41 15.14 20.66 12.00 ll.§7 7.88 14.13 19.41 6.69 11.75 18.04 9.75 5.57 11.12 15.12 8.71 5.33 8.71 13.. 58 7.06 4.10 8.46 12.46 6.77 4.38 7.65 11.00 6.09 3.44 7.57 11.62 6.25 3.93 8.51 12.74 7.41 4.51 8.06 12.74 7.00 3.95 8.25 12.95 6.50 3.76 7.11 12.93 6.00 3.60 6.86 10.46 6.00 3.36 6.36 10.S7 6.00 3.12 6.25 10.65 6.00 3.31 6.58 10.88 6.00 3.33 6.75 10.94 6.50 3.81 6.75 10.50 6.50 3.81 6.75 10.90 6.00 3.34 6.41 10.64 6.00 2.95 5.60 10.25 6.25 3.39 5.72 9.75 5.25 3.30 5.07 9.50 4.90 2.75 5.09 9.85 5.25 2.86 5.48 9.50 4.66 2.60 4.75 9.25 4.70 2.48 4.10 8.00 3.96 2.06 5.13 9.50 4.25 2.69 5.95 10.75 5.00 3.21 5.48 10.25 4.62 2.84 5.52 10.50 5.00 3.11 6.37 10.75 5.00 3.25 7.31 10.50 5.00, 3.44 7.00 9.00 4.75 3.13 standard period. drillings are net; raw Free trade will offer free raw materials without power to use them, which is no more than to give a man rufH.es who wants a shirt. — Senator Justin S. Morrill. When I talk about wages I use the word in its broadest sense, as the price and value of service, whether of brain or muscle. — Hon. Thomas B. Reed. Under our policy of free trade we have lost that commercial and industrial superiority we acquired under the policy of strict protection. Our policy of direct taxation bears heavily upon our industries and reacts on the working classes in re- duction of wages and employment. Our agriculture has been ruined and our industries are struggling hard for existence. Other nations, under a policy of strict protection, are beating us in the race of competition, not only in neutral, but in our own markets.— Sir Guilford L. Molesworth on Free Trade ia England, 142 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. FBICES OF FLEECE WOOL. Fine, Medium and Coarse Washed Clothing Ohio Fleece Wool in the Eastern Markets: Prices at the Beginning of January, April, July and October, 1860 to 1905. (Data furnished by Messrs. Mauger & Avery, New York.) f — January — , , April ^ , July » , — October — ^ a 6 a a aj a 6 Year. i 1 U 3 i s 3 9 Cts. cts. Cts. Cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. Cts. I860.... 60 60 42 52 45 40 55 50 40 50 45 40 1861.... 45 40 37 45 37 32 38 30 22 47 48 50 1862.... 48 50 50 46 46 43 48 47 45 60 60 63 1863.... 75 68 70 80 85 80 75 70 65 85 80 76 18644... 80 78 76 78 77 72 100 100 90 103 95 100 1865.... 102 100 96 80 80 75 75 73 65 75 75 65 1866.... 70 65 50 65 60 48 70 67 60 63 60 56 1867.... 68 63 50 60 65 50 65 49 45 48 46 40 1868.... 48 43 38 50 48 45 46 45 43 48 48 45 1869.... 50 50 48 50 50 48 48 48 47 48 48 46 1870.... 48 46 44 48 47 46 46 45 43 48 48 44 187] 47 46 43 50 52 47 62 60 55 63 62 58 1873.... 70 72 66 80 80 76 72 70 65 66 60 57 1873.... 70 68 65 56 53 48 50 48 44 54 53 47 1874.... 68 54 47 56 56 47 53 53 46 54 54 47 1875.... 55 56 47 54 52 46 52 49 46 48 50 42 1876.... 48 63 42 46 49 40 38 35 31 45 40 33 1877.... 46 43 36 45 40 33 50 44 37 48 44 36 1878.... t 45 38 40 43 35 36 36 32 35 37 32 1879.... 35 32 34 34 31 37 38 34 41 43 38 1880.... 60 55 48 55 60 52 46 48 42 46 48 42 1881.... 47 49 43 40 44 37 42 44 36 43 46 36 1882.... 44 46 37 42 45 34 42 45 34 42 45 34 1883.... 40 43 33 44 44 37 39 41 33 39 40 34 1S84.... 40 40 34 38 38 34 35 34 30 35 34 30 1885... 34 33 29 32 32 28 32 31 28 33 35 32 1886.... 26 36 32 33 34 30 33 33 29 35 38 34 1887.... 33 38 34 33 37 33 34 37 34 32 36 34 1888.... 31 35 33 31 34 33 29 33 31 31 34 31 1889.... 34 33 33 33 37 31 35 39 32 33 37 31 1890.... 33 37 29 32 36 29 33 37 29 33 37 31 1891.... 33 37 31 32 37 31 31 35 29 31 35 30 1892... 30 35 31 29 34 31 28 34 30 29 33 29 1893... 29 33 29 30 32 31 24 26 25 23 24 21 1894... 23 24 21 21 23 20 20 21 18 19 21 19 1S95... 17% 20 19 16% 20 18 18 21 19 18 21 19 1896... 19 21% 19 19 21 18 17 18 17 18 19 18 1897... 19 21 19 21 22% 20 21% 23% 21 27 29 25 1898... 29 30 26 29 29% 25% 28 29 24% 28% 30 24% 1899... 26% 29 24 25% 28 24 29 31% 27 31 33% 29 1900... 35 36% 31% 32% 35% 30% 28% 31% 271/2 26% 28% 26% 1901... 27 29 26 25 27 24% 25 26 22 25 26% 23 1902... 25% 26% 24 25 26% 24 26 26% 25 28 28% 25% lOO.'^... 30 31 27 29% 30% 26 31% 31% 27 32 31% 28 1904... 33% 32% 29% 33% 32% 29% 32% 32% 30% 32% 33% 31% 1905... 34 35 36 34 36 36 36 39 86 35 35 34 Note by Messrs. Mauger & Avery.— This table exhibits in a concise form the prices of the three grades of a standard domestic fleece wool in the sea- Ijoard markets at the beginning of each quarter. In its present shape it is deemed to be intelligible to all interested in wool. In the special features of character and condition, "washed Ohio fleece wool" is less subject to variation than any other description, and thus is more a basis pf value than any other class. Wool, owing to its wide variety, difference in character and condition, and liability to shrink in cleaning, is precluded from specula- tive operations which apply to products which may be dealt in as "futures." For these reasons the prices of wool are not liable to the same changes as cotton, wheat, etc. Commerce of the Lakes. The commerce on the Great Lakes during April and the first four months of this year exceeded that of like periods in any earlier years, and suggests a new record for lake tonnage for 1906, and that notwithstanding the labor troubles affecting that trade. For the month of April shipments from all points on these great bodies of water, according to the Railway World, amounted to 4,365,505 net tons, while for the year 1906 to April 30 they ag- gregated 5,418,481 tons, a gain for the month of 1,275,042, and for the four months of 1,592,656 net tons, as compared with the OOrresnoildiug movoments of 1905. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK PRICES OF DOMESTIC IRON. Pig Iron, Rolled Bar Iron, Iron and Steel Rails, Steel Billets, Per Ton, and Cut and Wire Nails, Per Keg of 100 Pounds: Prices, 1858 to 1905. (Furnished by the American Iron and Steel Association.) Bar iron, , Pig iron ^ , rolled ^ ^Rails (d)-,, r-Nails-^ Calen- dar year. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861, 1862. 18G3. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878, 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. Ii83. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902; 1903. 1904. 1905. 22.60 19.33 17.71 15.58 16.40 17.79 16.21 15.48 15.82 14.52 13.54 12.73 10.73 11.49 11.09 10.48 10.23 16.60 16.49 14.08 19.20 17.13 13.67 15.58 0.5 Dol. Dol. Dol 22.19 23.33 22.70 20.26 23.92 35.24 59.22 46.08 46.84 44.08 39.25 40.61 33.23 35.08 48.94 42.79 30.19 25.53 22.19 18.92 17.67 21.72 28.48 25.17 25.77 22.42 19.81 17.99 18.71 20.93 18.88 17.76 18.41 17.52 15.75 14.52 12.66 13.10 12.95 12.10 11.66 19.36 19.98 15.87 22.19 19.92 15.57 17.88 Dol. 35.80 27.16 23.67 21,74 20.60 18.09 22.15 27.98 22.94 23,84 19.04 17.17 15.27 16.58 19.02 15.99 15.35 15.78 14.06 12.81 11.77 9.75 10.94 10.39 9.03 9.18 16.72 16.90 14.20 19.49 17.52 12.89 15.62 18.96 21.37 17.38 18.00 18.87 15.95 14.37 12.87 11.88 12.72 12.14 10.13 10.33 19.03 19.49 15.93 20.67 18.98 13.76 16.36 Ptpl Dol. Dol. 62.29 60.00 ..... 58.75 60.83 70.42 91.04 146.46 106.46 98.13 87.08 85.63 81.67 78.96 78.54 97.63 86.43 67.95 60.85 52.08 45.55 44.24 51.85 62.04 58.05 61.41 50.31 44.05 40.32 43.12 49.37 44.99 43.40 45.83 42.56 41.81 29.96 32.29 31.36 29.40 28.65 46.29 44.00 41.16 47.79 44.83 38.49 42.97 54.51 44.24 38.45 36.59 38.08 43.59 39.67 38.30 41.25 38.38 36.79 33.53 26.88 28.09 27.22 24.73 23.93 43.75 48.12 40.38 43.53 39.59 33.17 41.89 Dol 31.75 32.55 28.78 29.45 30.32 25.33 23.63 20.44 16.58 18.48 18.83 15.08 15.31 31.12 25.06 24.13 30.57 27.91 22.18 24.03 Dol. 50.00 49.38 48.00 42.38 41.75 76.88 126.00 98.63 86.75 83.13 78.88 77.25 72.25 ?0.38 85.13 76.67 58.75 47.75 41.25 35.25 33.75 41.25 49.25 47.13 45.50 (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (b) (h) (li) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) ih) (b) (h) (h) (h) (H) a o Dol. 166.00 158.46 132.19 106.79 102.52 111.94 120.58 94.28 68.75 59.25 45.58 42.21 48.21 67.52 61.08 48.50 37.75 30.75 28.52 34.52 37.08 29.83 29.25 31.78 29.92 30.00 28.12 24.00 24.33 28.00 18.75 17.62 28.12 32.29 27.33 28.00 28.00 28.00 28.00 5 ^ Dol. Dol. 3.53 3.13 2.75 3.47 5.13 7.85 7.08 6.97 5.92 5.17 4.85 4.40 4.52 5.46 4.90 3.99 3.42 2.98 2.57 2.31 2.69 3.68 3.09 3.47 3.06 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.30 2.03 2.00 2.00 1,86 1.83 il.44 il.08 il.56 12.36 11.47 11.31 2.21 2.46 2.29 2.29 2.36 2.01 2.00 3.15 2.55 2.49 2.51 2.04 1.70 1.49 1.11 1.69 2.54 1.46 1.45 2.60 2.76 2.41 2.15 2.13 1.96 1.93 (a) At Philadelphia. (b)At Pittsburg. (c)Net price from store at Phila- delphia, (d) At mills in Pennsylvania. (e)Pirst made in commercial quantities in the United States in 1867. (f) Wholesale base prices at store, Philadelphia. (g)Base prices from factory, f.o.b. Chicago, in carload lots, (h) Superseded by the manufacture of steel rails. (i)Prices based on a new classification adopted in 1893, the base price and scltedule of extras being changed ta correspond with the wire-nail schedule. In December, 1896, the schedule for cut and wire nails was again changed. The tariff affects trusts only as it affects all other interests. It makes all these interests, large or small, profitable; and its benefits can be taken from the large only under penalty of taking them from tlio small also. — President Roosevelt at Minneapolis, Minn,, April 7, 1903. We ought to let tile tariff alone; we ought to defend it against all come..s fcx the good of the nation. We are doing more than well and need not hunt for disaster. That will come in due time. — Eon. Thos. B. Reed, in the North American Review for December, 1902. 144 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. LUXURIES AND NECESSITIES. (From Dun's Review.) Many erroneous statements appear regarding the course of prices and economic conditions bearing on this point. It Is be- yond the limits of this paper to controvert all the inaccuracies, or even to straighten out those who are honestly mistaken through misplaced confidence in distorted versions of trustworthy statis- tics. But there are times when the extravagance of an error at- tains such magnitude that prompt correction is needed lest unin- formed readers be deceived. Recently a prominent metropolitan daily newspaper commented editorially on a letter it had received, but, unfortunately, only quoted a few sentences from its correspondent. It dwelt upon the mysterious inaccuracies of elaborate computations, showing that the cost of living had steadily declined during recent years, and proceeded to explain why the statistics failed to coincide with the general impession that prices had actually advanced during the past decade. Dun's Index Number of prices proportioned to consumption has not only received oiRcial endorsement by reproduction each month in the report of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Depart- ment at Washingtoa, but was awarded a silver medal in the De- partment of Social Economy at the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- tion, and is therefore entitled to consideration in a matter of this nature. Its figures do not show that the "cost of living has decreased in recent years," although it has furnished "elaborate computations" on the subject. Taking the last ten years, which is the period under discussion, it is found that wholesale prices of all the ordinary necessaries of life have risen from $74.31 to $104.20, or almost exactly 40 per cent. These figures cover the same quantities of the same articles on both dates, and each one of many hundred articles is included to the extent of its annual per capita consumption during a period of normal prosperity. In other words, each commodity is given its proper relative propor- tion. These are the exact statistics for the last decade. It is also implied, if not stated directly in the editorial, that the upward tendency of prices has proved a hardship to the con- sumer, but this position is by no means established. Granting that the cost of living has risen materially, on the other hand, wages have not remained stationary. Nothing like complete fig- ures are available on this point, but one official comparison shows that during the thirteen years ending with 1903, the average ad- vance in wages in thirteen different occupations amounted to 20.7 per cent. This proportion would be greatly increased were it possible to secure figures for the last decade, because wages have risen still further since 1903, and, moreover, there was a sharp decline from 1890 to 1906, owing to less prosperous conditions throughout the nation at the latter date. Furthermore, the ratio should include an allowance for the millions who were unable to obtain work of any kind ten years ago, whereas, at the present time, no one need be idle who is will- ing to work, especially among those possessed of any mechanical training. One important sociological truth was presented by the corre- spondent, whose letter was only quoted briefly, when he referred to the tendency of recent years to transfer items from the cate- gory of luxuries to the list of necessities. This is an economic fact, and not a theory, as stated by the editorial. Increasing prosperity throughout this nation has brought an almost uni- versal demand for commodities formerly only consumed by the fortunate few, and improved methods of manufacture and trans- portation have brought many things within the reach of the masses that a few years ago were of restricted consumption. The whole standard of living has risen materially, and this country is to that extent ahead of all other nations on earth. It is pos- sible to demonstrate this point by a few comparisons of imports last year and in 1898, which is the nearest that figures for a decade can fairly be presented, owing to the changes in tariffs that became effective July 1, 1897. The list embraces fifteen REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 145 articles that were formerly luxuries and are now of general con- sumption, as shown by the phenomenal increase of more than one hundred per cent, in only seven years. These articles all pay duty, except raw silks, and part of the books, fruits, furs and jewelry: 1905. 1898. Art works $4,634,464 $2,014,193 Books 5,268,207 2,961,763 Watches 2,565,853 902,990 Laces and Embroideries 28,636,043 12,954,894 China and Porcelain 12,199,605 7,273,471 Linens 30,940,743 7,091,411 Fruits 19,824,581 12,922,060 Furs 20,180,791 8,768,330 Jewelry '. 38,732,737 11,979,364 Silk, raw 56,239.380 27,187,989 Silk, manufactured 33,591,144 25,287,419 Liquors 18,472,430 10,202,507 Tobacco 22,713,706 10,370,911 Toys 5,465,822 2,365,636 Wool, manufactured 21,373,742 15,207,738 Total ■ $323,839,248 $157,481,676 Increase $166,357,572 Conservative students of national problems recognize the fact that this habit of living more luxuriously may easily be carried to excess, and that a season of reaction will bring greater hard- ship if all the nation's surplus is expended, but it is also capable of statistical demonstration that deposits in savings banks and other preparations for rainy days are beyond precedent. Most Prosperous Workmen in the World. From Leslie's Weekly. June 14, 1906. American workmen have long held pre-eminence among the workers of the world as the best paid and most prosperous. A recent bulletin of the Department of Labor adds official weight to the general statements to this effect, and shows by how much the wage-earner of the United States is better off than his European fellows in the two countries which are America's chief industrial rivals. The following table gives the wages in twelve common employments during the year 1903, the figures expressing in deci- mals of a dollar the rate for one hour's work: Ger- Great United Employments. many. Britain. States. Blacksmiths $0.1237 $0.1740 $0.2951 Boiler makers 1123 .1719 .2848 Bricklayers 1328 .2060 .5472 Carpenters 1301 .2028 .3594 Compositors 1411 .1795 .4487 Hod carriers 0849 .1250 .2863 Iron moulders 1140 .1787 .3036 General laborers 0797 1019 .1675 Machinists 1310 1677 .2707 Painters 1194 .1774 .3450 Plumbers 1148 .2027 .4429 Stonemasons 1328 .2078 .4579 Total wages per hour for 12 classes. .. .$1.4166 $2.0954 $4.2071 It will thus be seen that in the case of Germany, taking the average of the twelve trades cited, one hour's work represents, approximately, 12 cents,of earnings; in Great Britain, 17 1-2 cents, and in the United States, 35 cents. The British employer pays 46 per cent, more for labor than the German, and 191 per cent, less than the American. In the thirteen years from 1890 to 1903, wages rose on an average 21.8 per cent, m Germany, 11.9 per cent, in Great Britain, and 20.7 per cent, in the United States. Those pessimists who are continually crying out about the in- creased cost of living in America and trying to show that the prosperity of the workingman is more apparent than real, might profitably study the report of the consul at Zittau, Saxony. Mr. Pike says that the worst form of German industrial misery ex- ists in the district of the Erzgebirge, in the trimming, lace and flower trades. While up to 7 cents an hour may be earned in the trimming industry, a wage of 2i/^ cents an hour is considered high 148 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. Liverpool. So the price of wheat at Pembina and thronghoiil the United States is fixed almost wholly in the American market and is practically independent of the Liverpool market. As to many other farm products we have long been thus independent. In concluding his consideration of this question Congressman Mc- Cleary says: "And, sir, one of the prominent purposes of the protective tariff is to render our American farmers independent of the uncertain and fluctuating foreign markets, where they have to meet the competition of all the other countries of the world, and give them at home the best market on earth." The question whether or not the price of American farm products is fixed in Liverpool has never been more logically con- sidered or more ably answered than by Minnesota's member of the House Committee on Ways and Means. The answer is one that will appeal to every American farmer. It tells him precisely what the protective tariff on competitive imports of farm products does for him. It completely demolishes the free trade contention that the American farmer would be better off if there was no pro- tective tariff. — From the "American Economist," Friday, June 8. 1906. Pauperism in the United Kingdom. t England and Wales. The rise in the total number of paupers which took place in each of the three years 1901-1903 was followed by a much larger increase during 1904, the numbers relieved on .January 1, 1905, being 7.3 per cent, greater than for the corresponding time in 1904. The average rate of increase in the previous three years was^only 2.8 per cent. The mean number, including casual and insane paupers, receiving indoor relief in 1905 was 222,217, while 542,891 persons received outdoor relief. The total mean number relieved during 1905, including casual and insane, aggregated 884,365. In 1904 the number receiving indoor relief was 211,019, and the number of outdoor relief 511,441 (both these classes in- cluding casual and insane), while all classes relieved during 1904 (including casual) numbered 837,680. The aggregate expenditure of poor relief and the rate per head of the population were higher in 1903-04 than in any previous year. The total expenditure for the year ending March 25, 1904, amounted to over thirteen and one-third million pounds (about $65,000,000), each pauper accounting for nearly £16 (77.86) on the average, which amounted to 8s ($1.95) per head of the popu- lation. Scotland. The total number of paupers of all classes in Scotland on May 15, 1904, was 105,624, an increase of 2,608 over the corresponding figure for the previous year. The numbvjr of indoor ordinary poor was 12,827, outdoor poor 78,413, lunatic poor 14,384; total poor, 105,624. The total expenditure on poor relief in the year ending May 15. 1904, was £1,300,743 ($6,329,415), equivalent to 5s. 7y2d. ($1.37) per head of the population, or £12 6s. 3i^d. ($59.92) per person relieved. Ireland. The daily average number of all persons in receipt of relief in Ireland for the year ending April 1, 1905, was 101,251, represent- ing nearly 23 per 1,000 of the population. For the year ending March, 1904, the indoor relief included 43,561 persons, the out- door 56,672, showing a total of 100,233 persons relieved. The number was slightly increased in 1905. The indoor poor num- bered 43,586, the outdoor poor 57,665, the aggregate being 101,251 persons. The total expenditure of poor relief in Ireland in the year ending September 30, 1904, was £1,012,970 ($4,929,112), giv- ing £10 2s. 7i4d. ($49.29) per person relieved, or 4s. IV^d. ($1.12) per head of the population,— Board of Trade Labor Gazette, De- cember, 1905. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 149 RECIPROCITY. In the McKinley law or tariff of 1890 provision was made for the negotiation of so-called reciprocity treaties with certain coun- tries, particularly those south of us. These reciprocity treaties were entered into and carried out entirely upon a basis of non- competing products, and the result of such treaties proved largely advantageous to our exporting classes. The law of 1894, known as the Gorman-Wilson Tariff, repealed the reciprocity features of the McKinley law, the Democratic platform of 1892 having denounced them and demanded their re- peal, and most of the treaties which had been entered into under the reciprocity section of the McKinley law were soon abrogated. The Dingley law again made provision for certain so-called reciprocity treaties, if such should be entered into within two years, but as that time expired before any treaties were ratified, there has been no reciprocity legislation except the so-called Cuban reciprocity treaty. The free-trade press, however, despair- ing of any immediate change in the tariff, have sought most vig- orously during the past two or three years to foster a sentiment toward reciprocity treaties with other countries, and particularly with Canada. The American Free-Trade League frankly acknowl- edges that such reciprocity treaties would be a long step toward free trade, and has even said that reciprocity is free trade, and in this case Protectionists are quite willing for once to concede that free-traders are frank and honest. The reciprocity, however, which is advocated to-day by free- traders looks to an exchange in natural products as well as manu- factured products, and would have us open our market of 80,- 000,000 people to the products of Canada in exchange for that market of 6,000,000 people to such of our products as they may wish to buy. The wage earners of the United States are more fully employed and much more highly remunerated than are the wage earners of Canada, giving us much greater comparative purchasing power, and a reciprocity treaty with that country in natural and com- peting products, even though the number of people were the same in both countries, would place us at a most decided disadvantage. When, therefore, it is considered that the purchasing power of the United States is fully twenty times that of the purchasing power of Canada, it will be seen what a decided advantage that country would have, and what a very one-sided arrangement would result. So it would be with other countries, and a single example will serve to illustrate the whole. A treaty has been negotiated with France, but not ratified, pro- viding for a twenty per cent, reduction upon certain lines of goods, among others of which we may mention hosiery and knit goods. The average tariff now upon these goods is fifty-five per cent., and a reduction of twenty per cent, would mean that our manufac- turers must reduce their selling price by about eleven per cent. Such a reduction would necessitate a considerable lowering of wages, or a shutting up of our factories altogether. We have thirteen hundred such factories, employing seventy-five thousand people, earning on an average six hundred dollars a year each. The closing of these factories and the idleness of these employees would therefore reduce our purchasing power by fully $45,000,000 annually, and this is but a small part of the price that we would have to pay for reciprpcity with France in competing products. 150 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK As, however, the entire argument which has been promulgated by certain idealists is for reciprocity with Canada, it will suffice to giv< ill I his connection the statistics connected with our trade with that country. First, the following table is offered, showing the trade between the United States and Canada from 1852 to 1868, which includes the two years preceding and the two years following the operation of a former reciprocity treaty, which ex- isted from September 11, 1854, to March 17, 1866: Imports into United States. Fiscal year. from Canada. 1852 $5,469,445 isr.:^ 6,527,559 Ik.-,! 8,784,412 IJsr.r, 15,118,289 1856 21,276,614 If 57 22,108,916 ISr.S 15,784,836 ir-:' , . 19,287,565 m'M 23,572,796 !Sv:u ..i lu.: .-,..1..^- iactory that if this tariff is removed the price of the raw material necessary to make the finished product will be decreased and the result will be that he will get an in- crease in his wages. Naturally that interests him. But they ilo not stop there; they go to the retail dealer in leather goods imd tell him that his p ofits as a retailer will be increased if the duly is removed from raw cattle hides. But that is not all. Thiy take another step aown the line, and they tell the consumer ol these commodities that he will be able to buy them at a largely re- duced price if this small duty is removed I have shown you that this duty is so small that it can not appreciably affect the retail price of commodities that are manufactured from leather. Sup- pose it is 5 cents per pair on brogans, this small amount can not be given to the wage-earner and the manufacturer and the re- tail dealer and the consumer. If you give it to one of them mani- festly you can not give it to the other three; and if it is to be diviaed among these four classes it becomes a matter so trivial that it is not worthy of consideration; it becomes absolutey noth- ing to them. The inconsistency of the position of these agitators on this subject is so apparent in this regard it is not worth while to continue the discussion of it further. [Loud applause on the Republican side.] In 1900 there was invested in the manufacture of leather in this country $173,977,421. The value of the product for the year was $204,038,127. The sum of $22,591,091 was paid for wages. In the same year there was invested in the boot and shoe industry $101,- 795,233. The value of the product was $261,028,580, and the amount of the wages paid was $59,175,883. To get free raw cattle hides we must bring these industries and the men employed in them into competition with the industrial conditions prevailing in foreign countries. The proposition is to compel our labor to compete with foreign labor inadequately paid and denied the equal opportunities en- joyed by the American mechanic. It is not the creed of the Re- publican party to do that, and this position of the Democratic party only furnishes an additional reason why districts in which there are industries engaged in manufacturing leather or the articles made therefrom should return Republican Representa- tives to the Sixtieth Congress. [Applause.] The policies of the Democratic rarty would destroy the protection thus afforded to the farmer, to the man^ifacturer of all articles made from leather, and to the tens of thousands of American wage-earners now em- ployed in these industries. The policies of the Republican party will continue to protect them against the cheap labor of foreign countries and will maintain the prosperity now so generally en- joyed by our people. [Loud applause on the Republican side.] FrLx.. Speech of Hon, Francis E. Warren, United States Senate, June 27, 1906. In considering this question of free hides from the standpoint of protectionism — and that, I frankly confess, is my standpoint — it is essential to inquire, first. Is the present reasonable duty on hides of benefit to the stock grower? Second, Do the farmers of the United States derive benefit from the retention of that duty? Both of these questions must be answered in the affirmative. It has already been shown that the value to the farmer of every beef hide he produces is increased by the tariff. It must then appear that this duty is valuable to the farmer and would be reluctantly relinquished by the farmer. Mr. Gallinger: Mr. President The Vice-President: Does the Senator from Wyoming yield to the Senator from New Hampshire? Mr. Warren: Certainly. Mr. Gallinger: I am attracted by the remark the Senator has just made that the duty on hides benefits the farmer, the cattle raiser. I contended for a good many years that that was true, but there are people in my section of the country who insist that REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 157 the duty goes absolutely to the beef packers and to those who handle the cattle after they have left the ranges and the farms. If I understand the Senator correctly, speaking with expert knowledge, he says that the farmer does benefit because of that protection? Mr. Warren: The stock raisers and farmers do benefit very directly by the duty on hides. • I will call attention to one condi- tion I know of which will answer that question. For a few years preceding the time when the duty was put upon hides cattle raisers in certain States in the interior, like, for instance, the State of Wyoming, could not get enough for cattle hides to pay the shipping expenses alone from the ranches to market, and bus- iness concerns in which I happened to have some interest at the time never shipped a hide for many, many months. The hides from cattle killed for home consumption were taken off and thrown away, because the freight to market amounted to more than the total sum we would receive for the hides. In fact, the junk piles around the ranches, and even the prairies, were strewn for a long season with these valueless hides. Since that time the price of hides to the farmer has ranged all the way, net, from, perhaps, $1 to $8 apiece. I do not say that the entire increase is due to the duty. Some part of it is no doubt due to changes in business. But I do say when we had no duty hides in our country for a good space of time were worth absolutely nothing, and ever since the imposition of the tariff on hides they have been a valuable and quick asset. Permaneiicy of Tariff Rests with the Farmer. The permanency of protection as a national policy rests largely with the American farmer. When he arrives at the conviction that protection is being withheld from him in order that the profits of manufacturers may be swelled, then the end of protec- tion will swiftly come. Mr. President, our tariff laws when framed by protectionists have never been made to favor one State, one section of the country, or one industry. They never will be. We are all so in- terdependent that an injury to one industry or to one part of the country is an injury to all, and a benefit to one is a benefit to all. Under a universal protective tariff our freight cars are loaded going both ways — from East to West, from West to East; from North to South, from South to North. The farmer is pros- perous, as is the manufacturer, and employee of both. A protec- tive tariff is a compensating tariff and always must be, else it would not give protection at all, and unless it is given to all, it is given fully to none. Protection cannot be sectional and self- ish. It must be general and adequate. Such protection is now in force under the operation of the present law. It is the most perfect law we have known. We shall, as a matter of course, have to revise it some time, but not to-day. We are too busy, too well employed, too well paid for our labor, too prosperous to think seriously of •tariff' revision in the year of our Lord 1906. Comifterce of Cuba. Consul-General Prank Steinhart, of Habana, furnishes the an- nexed statement, showing importations into and exportations from Cuba during the fiscal year 1904-5, by countries: Countries. Imports. Exports. United States $37,825,352 $85,8C8,9in Spain 10,413,250 1,145,682 France 12,919,552 1,311,469 Germany 5,107,789 3,782,849 United Kingdom 12,500,184 6,189,802 Other countries of America 10,887,101 1,656,059 Other countnes of Europe 2,594,231 ' 626,702 All other countries 709,598 584,513 Total $92,957,057 $101,165,992 158 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. MASSACHUSETTS. Wonderful Progress of Her Industries and Prosperity of Her People Under the Operation of the Dingley Tariff. In connection with the tendency in Massachusetts to ask for an immediate revision of the tariff and for a repeal of the duty on certain raw material it will be interesting to note what indus- trial progress that State has made under the operation of the Dingley Tariff law. The following is from the address of Gov. Curtis Guild to the Legislature of Massachusetts, Jan. 4, 1906 : We are met in no mean city. The real Boston is the Greater Boston that includes the homes as well as the workshops and counting houses of this community. It is a great metropolis — a greater metropolis than its own citizens perhaps appreciate. It should be developed as such. The combined exports and imports of Boston are exceeded only by those of New York. This is the second seaport in the United States. It must not retrograde. Both exports and imports ex- ceed those of last year. The total excess over last year of foreign •commerce in the eleven months for which the figures are at hand shows a gain in these eleven months of nearly thirty millions 'Of dollars. One-twentieth of the wealth of the United States, one- thirtieth of the population of the country,' is within an hour's ride of this historic building. In this area are the homes of a larger population than in any equal area but one in the country. The capital of Massachusetts is the second center of population in the United States. We have to legislate for no decadent Commonwealth. Of all the States and Territories on this continent, only four contain a smaller area. Because of geographical limitation, as well as from a notable lack of mineral deposits, forests and rich arable soil, a slow rate of gain in material prosperity might log- ically be expected of Massachusetts, in comparison with many States possessing greater natural advantages. Yet, on the con- trary, at the last taking of our national census it was found that Massachusetts, fifth from the foot in area, is seventh from the top in population, fifth from the top in the annual value of her manufactures, and third from the top in the annual amount paid In wages. Measured by assessed valuation of the property in her borders, Massachusetts is exceeded by but two States. Fifth from the foot in area, Massachusetts is third from the top in wealth. Nor is this prosperity the dwindling legacy of earlier genera- tions. The past year has seen huge additions to our industrial plants, notably to those producing manufactures of leather and of wool. Marked advances have taken place in the wages of Miose engaged in textile manufacture; and, as noted by my pre- decessor, statistics of abandoned farms no longer figure in our State papers. Measured by the value of farm products, Massa- chusetts is first among the New England States, and shows by a steady increase that attention is wisely given to the extension of the work of the farmers' institutes and of our Agricultural College. Our Massachusetts census, just taken, tells a wonderful story. Immigration does not swarm to hopeless fields. In the decade between 1895 and 1905 Massachusetts added over half a million to her population. It is extraordinary that this great increase, which is. within less than fifty thousand, the same increase that was shown between 1885 and 1895, should have been possible in what was and is, with one exception, the most densely populated :State in the Union. It is more extraordinary that this half million of increase, largely immigrants, should be not merely vast in proportion to -area, but, with four exceptons only, larger in actual numbers than the increase shown by any other State or Territory in the whole United States. The annual value of the manufactured products of Massachu- -netts increased by but $175,173,033 between 1885 and 1895. It lyreased by $300,267,558 between 1895 and 1905. The total value cDf goods made in Massachusetts was $1,150,074,860 in 1905. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 159! The increase in the value of the annual product of cotton goods from 1885 to 1895 was $32,190,463. From 1895 to 1905, in spite of southern competition, it was $38,949,280. The increase in our wool and worsted products between 1885 and 1895 was $7,400,533:. Between 1895 and 1905 it was $50,581,514. The increase^ in our shoe product between 1885 and 1895 was $7,405,548. Between 1895 and i:05 it was $70,271,966. On October 31 the total amount on deposit in our savings banks; was, in 1885, $274,998,412; in 1895, $439,269,861, and in 1905, $662,- 808,312. The increase in the last decade was greater by over fifty- eight millions of dollars than in the decade that preceded it. In 1885 the average deposit for each person of population was $141.64; in 1895, $175.69; and in 1905, $220.67. The gain in de- posits per capita in the last decade was greater by nearly a. thirdi than the gain in the preceding decade. "Wealth From Waste. One aspect of the value of protection in building up home* manufactures, rather than buying them in foreign countries at a cheaper rate, is seldom sufficiently considered. A removal of the duties on coal, iron ore, and wool is advocated in order to supply manufacturers with cheaper "raw material." But is it consid- ered what enters into the production of this raw material? The consumption of air, water, grass, and herbage, which enters into the production of a sheep and its wool, could not be exported or otherwise utilized, and converting this otherwise waste into* wealth is no small consideration. And so, a country which packs its meat before shipment abroad,, not only saves the loss of life which would take place on the: way, and the cost of transportation to the bulky and more perish- able material, but converts into use salt, sawdust, wood, ice, etc.,, which would otherwise not be utilized; and also the hair, bones, blood, etc., which are converted into other forms of wealth. Paper making gives value to rags, straw, wood, cornstalks, water, etc.. And so different manufacturers employ bark, sumack, berries,, clay, sand, and scores of other things which were otherwise waste. So, also, barren land, rocky hills, and other waste spaces are utilized. Besides the consumption of fuel, ores and forests which might be exported at a loss, the use of what is otherwise incapable of removal and utility, is the point kept in view. It Is safe to say that more waste is thus converted into wealth in the United States than the value of all our imported goods. Shall we utilize this waste or not is a serious question for the free trader. In 1850 Great Britain produced nearly all the food it consumed. This, probably, could be done now if the stress of foreign competi- tion should be relieved by a protective tariff; but the experiment must be hazardous because at this time Great Britain is compelled to import 75 per cent, of the food needed by its people. Slowly, but continuously, under the glorious policy of free trade, the British farmer has had his business strangled, his property de- preciated and his markets gorged by the products of foreign lands. In 1876 the British wheat crop was worth $225,000,000; in 1901 it was worth but $45,000,000. Within twenty years the area devoted to what we called green crops has decreased by a million acres. It is said that from 1872 to 1903, the shrinkage of the value of farm owners' property in Great Britain amounted to $4,866,000,000; of farm operators' property, $487,000,000; of far- mers' profits, -$2,433,000,000. The loss to labor cannot be esti- mated. — Nortn American. A professional pauper is the inevitable product of a system which paralyzes or annihilates industry. It is said that of the 47,000,000 of people in the United Kingdoms, 8,000,000 are con- stantly on the verge of starvation, and at least 10,000.000 are not in condition that an American would consider comfortable. It will be remembered that only last winter a London paper declared that 20,000 people in that city were menaced by death from famine, A fine country, indeed, for Americans to turn to that they may learn lessons in economics! — North American, 160 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Bepublicanism and Protection. From "The Republican Party." The general impression in recent years has always been that the Morrill Tariff was a war measure. This point should be dis- tinctly understood. The Morrill bill was introduced early in 1860, some time prior not only to the Presidential election of that year, but even to the nominating convention. It was framed and passed the House of Representatives by Republican votes, be- cause the country needed such a measure to check importations of commodities and the exportation of gold; to restore confidence to the financial interests of the country; to build up our manu- factures, and restore prosperity to the agricultural interests of the country. Even though the slavery question, with the attendant Kansas crime, the John Brown raid, and the heated controversy over "The Impending Crisis," augmented by the provocation caused daily by the workings of the Fugitive Slave law, overshadowed all else, in spite of all these the Republican plurality framed this law and passed it through the House of Representatives. A great part of the credit of this work, from sub-committee to the final passage of the law, is due to Justin S. Morrill, a Representative from Vermont, and afterwards a most honored United States Senator. The ad valorem features of the law of 1857 were to a large ex- tent substituted by specific duties, and not only was the question of revenue fully considered, but it was intended to give a consid-. erable, if not ample, protection to American labor and industry. There was no thought whatever of providing for war in the Mor- rill Tariff. There was no thought of doing anything except to correct the existing tariff, and credit must be given to the Repub- lican Party, then having only a plurality in one branch of the Na- tional Legislature, for framing and presenting a law that was a purely protective measure. It had not been done before, simply for the reason that there had been no opportunity. The National platform of 1856 con- tained no allusion whatever to the Tariff question, and while its leaders knew that the party would stand for a protective tariff at the first opportunity, still it was thought wise to devote its whole attention to the great paramount question of the day, the non-extension of slavery. Perhaps the first adoption of a protective tariff plank in any Republican platform was that found in the resolution of the Ver- mont State convention, which met on July 13, 1854, in which the demand was made for "a tariff for revenue, with proper discrimi- nation in favor of American industry." This, it will be seen, was adopted just one week after the date which we give as the formal birth of the party at Jackson, Mich. It is well to Identify the Republican party with the great principles of a protective tariff from the start as second only to the one great purpose for which the party was formed. From the first its devotion and adherence, for the most part unqualified and uncompromising, have been given to the protection of American labor and industry. It was fitting that Mr. Morrill's name should be attached to the first Re- publican tariff law, even though it was signed by a Democratic President, when we find that the first allusion made to protection in any Republican platform was that given by the little Repub- lican band in Vermont, the home of Mr. Morrill, only seven days after the party was born in the far West. If necessary for our welfare, then, of course, Congress must consider the question of changing the laws as a whole or changing any given rates of duty, but we must remember that whenever even a single schedule is considered some interests will appear to demand a change in almost every schedule in the law; and when it comes to upsetting the schedules generally the effect upon the business interests of the country would be ruinous— President Roosevelt at Minneapolis, April 4, 1903. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 161 THE PRESIDENT AND ADMINISTRATION. It would be supererogation to give in detail the work of Presi- dent Roosevelt and his Cabinet during recent years. Not only the President, but each member of the Cabinet, and under them the force of each department, have attempted more and accomplished )^ore in the way of practical service to the people than any previ- f i^s administration. The people of the United States are familiar ^"}{h the record, and only such work as will be of value as refer- ence because of statements and statistics will be presented in any detail, and these in the briefest manner ppssible. There will be no idea of emphasizing the work of one department over another, only as the subject may be of especial present interest to the people. The proceedings of the Department of Justice alone or in con- nection with the Department of Commerce and Labor, for in- stance, is of great interest to manj- who may not be especially interested in the equally important work of the State and Treas- ury departments. The Panama Canal will in the immediate future be of absorbing interest. But no text book can add to the place occupied by the President in the esteem of the American people for the splendid work he has done both alone and aided by his Cabinet officers and Congress. Always with one idea uppermost, namely, the greatest good for the greatest number, with fairness for all, Theodore Roosevelt has since his succession to the Presidency, and since his election, been indefatigable in his efforts to give the people of every section and every class an administration that only growlers and croakers can criticise. His recommendations have been carried out by Congress to an unprecedented degree, and much remains for the second session of the Fifty-ninth Congress and the Sixtieth Congress, which should be in both branches Re- publican, in order that the desires of the President may be car- ried out to the full. THE PANAMA CANAL. With the acquisition of the Canal Zone strip, and the entering into, and ratification, of the necessary treaties between the United States and the Republic of Panama on February 26, 1904, it devolved upon the Administration to assume the stupendous task of constructing a ship canal between the Atlantic and Pa- cific oceans, capable of accommodating the largest vessels afioat, or that might reasonably be expected to be constructed. To this end, and in accordance with an Act of Congress, the President appointed a Commission of seven members, to secure : the active prosecution of the work of construction of the canal I and its auxiliary works, and, in connection with such work, and '- in aid thereof, to organize and conduct a temporary Government : of the Canal Zone, so as to maintain and protect the inhabitants thereof in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property and free- dom. The President directed that all the work of the Commission, by virtue of the power vested in him by the Act of Congress author- izing the construction of the Isthmian Canal, should be carried on Udder the supervision of the Secretary of War, William H. Taft. Since its original appointment changes have been made in the personnel of the Commission, and in the instructions for its guidance. 162 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOCK. Organization. The Commission as at prese -t constituted consists of Hon. Theodore P. Shonts, as Chairman, and Hon. Charles E. Magoon, Mr. John F. Stevens, Civil Engineer Mordecai T. Ep'^ U. S. N.; Brigadier-General Peter C. Hains, U. S. A. (r-** Mr. Benjamin M. Harrod, C. E., as members. Hon. Charles E. Magoon, in addition to his duties as of the Commission, is also Governor of the Canal Zone, . ^. % John F. Stevens, in addition to his duties as a member dl*-* Commission, is also Chief Engineer. , . Government of the Canal Zone. It Is gratifying to state that there has been developed in the Canal Zone a Government which has the confidence and respect not only of the inhabitants of the Zone, but also of the people and officials of the Republic of Panama. Private and public rights have been recognized, and protected, and constant efforts have been made to show that the Govern- ment of the Zone is one of law, fixed and definite. The Judicial System consists of the Supreme Court, of three Judges, and three Courts of First Instance in the three Judicial Districts into which the Zone is divided. Each member of the Supreme Court sits as a Judge in a Court of First Instance, and appeals are taken from his decrees to the Supreme Court en banc. Law and order are maintained to a degree that would be re- markable under any conditions, and especially so when the char- acter of the population of the Zone is considered, with its vast army of 27,000 employees gathered from all parts of the world. Serious crime is almost unknown, and arrests are mainly for petty offences and violations of the sanitaj-y laws. A complete postal service has been established throughout the entire Canal Zone, through which communications may be for- warded and received to and from all parts of the world, prompt- ly and safely, and money orders may be purchased and cashed. Rates of postage, and for the purchase of postal money orders, are the same as in the United States. A public school system has been established with schoolhouses and competent teachers throughout the Canal Zone. Taxes have been honestly collected, and honestly expended. Practical Work of Canal Construction. j The work of 'canal construction divides itself properly into two parts, one of which must precede the other. First: thorough preparation. This includes the creation of an effective organization; the sanitation of the Isthmus; providing suitable quarters and food for employees; constructing proper terminal, yard and railway track facilities and intermediate yards for the handling of the vast quantities of supplies and materials to enter into the construction of the Canal, as well as the vast quantity of excavated material from the prism of the Canal; the installation of a system of tracks through the cuts; the work- ing out of all engineering problems, and the formulation of a comprehensive plan for carrying forward the work in each de^ partment. Second, the actual construction of a given type of canal. The administration of Canal affairs is now organized on bug ness principles, and is efficient and effective. Following an investigation by the Committee on Interoceanic Canals of the United States Senate, covering a period of six months, during wnich time every detail of the work, and every action of the officials in charge, was thoroughly investigated, that Committee in a majority report relating to type of canal stated: "The work authorized by the Spooner Act has been initiated, and extm- sive preparations for a rapid prosecution of it have been made. The Canal Zone has been placed in a satisfactory sanitary condition, adequate shelter for the workmen has been provided, hospitals of a very large capacity havei been made ready, as is evidenced by the opinions of experts who testified be- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 163 are the Committee, and we are, fortunately, now in possession of a vast ar- ay of facts and figures affecting the prosecution of the undertaking that have ot, until now, been available. This i^due to the fact that the preparatory ork has, for two years, been prosecuted with patient, intelligent judgment nd earnest effoi-t by those intrusted with the direction and supervision of ae work." In regard to sanitation: When the United States began this vorlc there were on the Isthmus no systems of water works or if sewerage and drainage. Central reservoirs have now been es- ablished at five different points in the Canal Zone, and facilities lave been created for the distribution of an adequate supply of lotable water at all points. A modern sewerage system for the City of Panama is nearing ompletion, and means for the sanitary disposition of garbage at ither points have been provided. As a necessary sanitary measure the paving of the streets of he City of Panama is nearing completion. During the past year over 4,000 men have been employed in anitary undertakings. A complete hospital system, which in- ludes a large hospital at Ancon, and another at Colon, with a lumber of smaller hospitals at different points along the line, las been established. The management and service of the hos- )ital3 are on a par with the natural advantages and beauty of ocation, and are administered by a staff of doctors and nurses or which it would be difficult to find a superior anywhere. So iffective has been the work that yellow fever, which has been ionsidered endemic on the Isthmus, has been extirpated, and here has been no authentic case since November, 1905. The mortality and hospital statistics bear striking witness to he success of the sanitary and hospital work. During the montn of April, 1906, with a force on the payrolls it the beginning of the month of 27,219 men, an average of 420 vere constantly sick in hospital. This gives a sick rate of 15.42 >er thousand. During the preceding month, with a force of over 15,000 men, an average of 491 were constantly sick in hospital, iving a rate of 19.65 per thousand. The general health of the force during May, 1906, is shown by ;he fact that the sick in hospital averaged daily slightly under 15 3er thousand. The deaths among the white employees during May were less :han 12 per thousand. The work of properly housing employees has been brought to I successful conclusion, and ample quarters are now not only available for the existing force, but there is a reserve sufficient ;o accommodate several thousand additional laborers. Suitable quarters for all American employees have also been provided. This work involved either the repair of dilapidated buildings inherited from the French, or the new construction of a vast lumber of barracks and buildings. Owing to the fact that the Isthmus of Panama has not produced cnore than sufficient food to meet its normal requirements, the bringing in of the vast number of laborers for work on the Canal prought the Government face to face with the problem of feeding its thousands of employees, with the base of supplies 2,000 miles iway. Local commissary stores have been established at all im- portant labor camps, for the sale of necessary food-stuffs, and Dther essentials, to employees, practically at cost. Mess kitchens have been created at the different labor camps where wholesome and nourishing meals may be obtained by such \^^,,rerQ at a cost of ten cents each, and at this price a small -.inal balance in favor of the Commission is left, rge mess houses or hotels are maintained at many different points along the line where nourishing meals are served in clean surroundings, at a cost to the American employees of 30 cents each. Refrigerator cars of the most improved type have been placed in operation on the line of the Panama Railroad. A cold-storage plant has been established and placed in successful operation at Colon, and refrigerating plants have been installed on the steam- ers of the Panama Railroad, operating between New York and 164 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Colon. A line of refrigeration has, therefore, been estnl)lishea be- tween all points in the United States and the various di-hicts within the Canal Zone, thus placing within the rcu li ot all classes of employees perishable and other food-stuffs of the char- acter to be found in the United States. The Working Force on the Isthmus. The working force of the Isthmian Canal Commission as of date April 1 was distributed broadly among the different departments, as follows: Government nnd sanitation 2,845 Materials and supplies 1.670 Auditing and disbursing »" Engineering and construction: Administration (including care of quarters) 460 Municipal engineering (in charge of construction of water supply, sew- erage, roads, etc.) 3,295 Master builder (in charge of construction and repair of houses and quarters) 2,946 Motive power, shops, etc 1 .•^>^T- Culebra Division, Canal «5.1"'5 La Boca Division, Canal '^84 Cristobal Division, Canal 433 Chagres Division, Canal 134 The mere laborers and workmen are in the main negroes re- cruited from the West Indies and other nearby countries, al- though recently a small number of natives of the North of Spain have been brought in for work of this character, and having proven satisfactory it is contemplated to increase the number of laborers of this class. All employees of a higher grade, such as Foremen, Superin- tendents, and Supervisors, the clerical staff, and all employments in the mechanical and building trades, are filled by Americans. There are at this time on the Isthmus in the service of the Canal Commission and of the Panama Railroad, approximately 3,500 Americans. The salaries paid are from 20 to 25 per cent, higher than for similai: employments in the United States, and, in addition, all employees are allowed free quarters and free hospital and medical attendance. Appropriate places of worship have been provided for the em- ployees, and the Commission has authorized the construction of buildings for club purposes at various centers, to be operated subject to rules and regulations to be approved by the Commis- sion. Means for providing suitable recreation for the employees, aside from properly caring for their physical needs, is receiving earnest attention. The headquarters of the various departments, and their clerical staffs, are being rapidly transferred from the City of Panama to more sanitary and healthful points along the line, and nearer to the work. A suflftcient number of quarters and buildings will be completed so that the entire force will be transferred under this policy by October 1st. Employees are permitted to take their families to the Isthmus as fast as the Building Department can construct adequate quar- ters for them, which are furnished free. The Government fur- ther encourages this in extending a very much reduced rate of transportation to them. All appointments to the positions of clerk (of all kinds), book- keeper, stenographer and typewriter, surgeon, physician, interne, trained nurse, and draughtsmen, are filled through competitive Civil Service examinations conducted by the United States Civil Service Commission. Persons to fill employments in outdoor railroad positions, and employments in the building and mechanical trades, are selected strictly upon merit, based upon age, experience, and physical condition, by duly designated officers representing the Canal Com- mission. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 165 Fiscal Affairs. moneys appropriated by Congress for Canal purposes have been honestly expended and properly accounted for, under an effi- cient and effective system of audits and checks. Amounts appropriated, receipts from miscellaneous sources, disbursements, and the financial status of the affairs relating to the Panama Canal from the date of acquisition by the American Government to and including June 30, 1906, are completely set forth in the following table: Statement of Beceipts and Disbursements by the Isthmian Canal Commission to May 31, 1906. . RECEIPTS. Appropriations by Congress: For purchase of Canal rights, June 28, 1902 $40,000,000.00 For purchase of Canal Zone, June 28, 1902, and April 28, 1904 10,000,000.00 For construction of Canal, June 28. 1902 10,000,000.00 For construction of Canal, Dec. 21, 1905 11,000,000.00 For construction of Canal, Feb. 27, 1906 5,990,786.00 Revenues of the Canal Zone: Postal i-evenues $27,322.14 Internal revenues 10,585.21 Court fees and fines 2,495.25 Police fines 726.05 Customs fines and penalties 450.00 Miscellaneous 1,049.65 $76,990,786.00 Miscellaneous receipts of United States funds: Sales of Isthmian Canal property .$284,128.11 Rentals of Isthmian Canal property 141,878.35 Labor furnished 53,432.80 Telegraph and telephone service 1,307.88 Receipts from operation of hotels and mess kitchens 232,507.04 Miscellaneous ' 7,790.49 : 721,044.67 Total receipts from all sources $77,760,458.97 DISBURSEMENTS. For rights-of-way, franchises, property and Panama Railroad stock purchased from the New Panama Canal Co $40,000,000.00 For Panama Railroad stock purchased from other holders 157,118.24 For territorial rights in the Canal Zone 10,000,000.00 For material and supplies, except such as have been issued by the Division of Material and Supplies, and charged to ex- penditures account to March 31, 1906 4,728,177.77 For purchase of land from private holders 55,114.96 For public works and permanent improvements 1,023,445.14 For permanent plant, including rolling-stock, excavating ma- chinery, floating equipment, buildings, tracks, etc 5,900,925.76 For general administration 851,855.10 For the government of the Canal Zone, including sanitation, hospitals and asylums, police and fire protection 2,462,594.96 For administration in the Department of Construction and En- gineering 441,541.02 For Canal construction 4,328,087.60 Amount advanced to Panama Railroad Co., on account of in- debtedness for supplies and services 1,590,271.05 Expended for account of individuals and companies, to be repaid to the Isthmian Canal Commission and deposited in the United States Treasury as miscellaneous receipts 204,622.35 Total disbursements $71,743,754.49 Material and Supplies. All purchases of materials and supplies entering into the con- struction of the Canal are made after due public advertisement in newspapers of general circulation, from the lowest responsible bidders; bids to include cost of delivery on the Isthmus. Bids are, therefore, made up of the original selling price at place of manufacture or production, plus the cost of transportation to the Isthmus. The object of this is to place all sections of the coun- try, and all ports, on an equal footing in the furnishing of the vast amount of materials and supplies necessary for Canal pur- poses. On .June 25, 1906, Congress passed the following law relative to the purchase of material and equipment for use in the construc- tion of the Canal: 166 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Joint Resolution providing for the purchase of material and equipment for use in the construction of the Panama Canal: "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That purchases of material and equipment for use in the construction of the Panama Canal shall be restricted to articles of domestic produc- tion and manufacture, from the lowest responsible bidder, unless the President shall, in any case, deem the bids or tenders there- for to be extortionate or unreasonable." Approved June 25, 1906. An up-to-date system of receiving, caring for, and distributing materials and supplies is now in effect on the Isthmus, a General Storehouse having been established at the Atlantic end of the Canal, with division storehouses at various points, each carrying the character of supplies needed at such point. Inventories are taken at regular intervals, and a careful record kept at all times of the material and supplies on hand. Invoices for materials are being promptly checked on arrival of the material on the Isthmus, and they are being promptly cer- tified and returned to the United States for payment. Requisitions for supplies made on the Purchasing Division in the United States are being filled as promptly as the demand for materials here will permit. Type of Canal. During the progress of the important work of preparation as already set forth, and as a necessary collateral feature of the work of installation of plant and the creation of an organization, much work of actual Canal construction has been accomplished. This work, however, prior to the action of Congress on June 29, 1906, at which time the type of Canal was specifically and def- initely fixed by law, was of a character applicable to any type of Canal which might be ultimately decided upon. Another of the chief benefits was the accumulation of knowl- edge as to the nature of the material to be handled, and the cost of handling it, which served a useful purpose in reaching a de- termination as to type of Canal, and which will also serve as a basis to determine what fair contract prices would be if it should be considered desirable to have the work done by contract. As an evidence of the volume of work accomplished in actual Canal construction ; during the month of March, without making any special effort, but following the general policy of concentrat- ing upon the first division of the work, i. e., that of preparation, 240,000 cubic yards of material were removed from Culebra Cut, with an average of 10.7 steam shovels working. The actual cost for material handled, figuring in contractor's expenses, was 53i/^ cents a cubic yard. The "Spooner Act," approved June 28, 1906, authorizing the President, through the Isthmian Canal Commission, "to cause to be excavated, constructed, and completed, utilizing to that end as far as practicable the work heretofore done by the New Panama Canal Company of France, and its predecessor company, a ship Canal from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean," not only gave him authority to fix the type of the Canal which is to be con- structed, but unquestionably when that Act was passed it was the Intention of Congress that a Lock Canal should be constructed. It was deemed best, however, that a Board of Consulting En- gineers, composed of the most eminent men of that profession, be called In session for the purpose of considering the various plans proposed to and by the Isthmian Canal Commission for the construction of a Canal across the Isthmus of Panama. The reports of this Board, and the reports of the Isthmian Canal Commission, with the recommendation of the Secretary of War, were submitted to Congress by the President, advocating the con- struction of the type of Canal which it is believed the people of this country want — that is, the one which will provide adequate and safe passage for the largest vessels now on the seas or which can be reasonably anticipated, and which can be constructed in the quickest time and at the least cost REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 167 Following an exhaustive investigation of the various types of Canal, both houses of Congress concurred in the recommendation of the President for the construction of an 85-foot level Lock Canal, for the reason that: First, it can be completed for about half the cost, and in about half the time, of the so-called sea-level canal; Second, because it will be adequate for all the commerce which can reasonably be expected to seek that route during the next hundred and fifty years; Third, because if the tonnage should increase beyond such ex- pectation, it can be enlarged more cheaply and more quickly than the so-called sea-level canal; Fourth, because from the operating point of view, large ships can be put through more safely and more quickly than through the sea-level; Fifth, because, when the interest on the difference in the esti- mated cost of construction is added to the estimated cost of opera- tion, the saving to the Government every year will be $2,340,000; Sixth, because, when built, it will be a completed canal — com- pleted in every appointment, for all requirements for generations to come. WHAT HAS BEEN DONE IN THE PHILIPPINES. Conditions as to Peace and Order. Peace now prevails in the Philippine Islands to a greater extent than ever before in their history. True, there have been dis- turbances in Cavite, Batangas, Samar and the Moro Province, but none of these had for its object the expulsion of the sover- eignty of the United States from the archipelago. Cavite has ever been the hotbed of ladronism, or gang-robbery, as it is known in the Federated Malay States; but as stated by the Hon. F. A. Swettenham, British resident of the Federated Malay States, "this is a condition peculiar to, and chronic in, all Malay com- munities, and can not be charged to the Government." The Mount Dajo affair was the culminating incident of six months of peaceful effort to induce a band of Malay pirates to de- sist from their raids upon a peaceful community. These efforts were interpreted as cowardice, and the outlaws finally sent a chal- lenge to the government forces to come out and fight them. In the encounter that followed the troops were assisted by the re- spectable Moro element of the island where the disturbance oc- curred. The disturbances have been overcome, and it can truly be said that save for the occasional raids of religious fanatics, the arch- ipelago enjoys greater and a more general peace than at any time since its discovery. Bailroads. The conditions in the Philippines with respect to railroads have been deplorable. Until 1892 there was no commercial rail- road in the Islands. The first duty, therefore, of the government of the United States in the development of the Islands and in the uplifting of their people, after order was restored and a govern- ment established, was the construction of railroads. In February, 1905, Congress passed an act which Authorized the Philippine Government to aid the construction of railroads by guaranteeing interest not exceeding four per cent, for thirty years on railroad bonds, the proceeds of which were to be used to build railroads under franchises to be granted by the Philippine Government. Two hundred and five miles of railroad in the Island of Luzon were then either under operation or nearing coni' pletion. There was no railway in any of the other Islands. Upon the completion of the lines under two concessions, thO; will be in operation in the Islands 920 miles of road, of whicu about 800 will have been constructed under the auspices of the American Government. No step more important has been taken in the development of the Islands. 168 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Wagon-Road Building. During 1904, 252 miles of new roads were constructed and 1,662 miles of roads repaired, and during 1905 there were constructed 115 miles of new roads and 992 miles of road repaired; also dur- ing 1904 there were 582 bridges and culverts constructed and 496 repaired. In 1894, $1,623,023.35 were expended for this purpose, and in 1905, 11,596,718.10. This will give an idea of the atten- tion given this work. Surveys have been made and there is now under way of construction 543 miles of roadway with an esti- mated cost of $2,301,420. With the exception of the Benguet road these roads have been built for the purpose of opening up the agricultural resources of the islands and make it easier for the inhabitants to bring their produce to the markets. The Benguet road was completed and opened in March, 1905. Benguet is about 5,000 feet above sea level, which makes it an excellent location for a sanitarium and summer headquarters and avoids the neces- sity of sending patients to Japan or the United States with the accompanying delay and expense incident thereto. At the same time it opens up a fertile country which is being rapidly built up under the impetus of good transportation facilities. Port Works. During the fiscal year 1904 contracts were let by the Commis- sion involving about $500,000 for the improvement of the port of Cebu, and about $250,000 for the port of Iloilo, while the port works of Manila were then being continued under appropriations already made. During the fiscal year 1905, $610,760 were appro- priated for Cebu and $241,500 for Iloilo. Contracts have been made for these works, and work has already begun at both places. That in Iloilo 11 about 25 per cent completed. During the fiscal year 1905, $1,723,000 were appropriated for the port of Manila and expended upon the improvements. Public Health. The quarantine work of the Philippine Islands Is performed by the Public Health and Marine Hospital service of the United States Treasury Department, but the entire expense of the service is charged to the insular treasury. The results of the quarantine service for the past two years indicate a great improvement in the health of the Islands. Only one case of plague was detected on an interisland vessel during the fiscal year 1905. During the fiscal year 1905, 1,064,192 persons, or more than one-eighth of the entire population, were vaccinated. Small-pox has almost en- tirely disappeared. There were only 39 cases and 12 deaths in Manila during the year 1905. There were only half as many cases of bubonic plague in the islands this year as last. An in- sane hospital and a leper colony have been established. Cholera reappeared during 1905 and was successfully stamped out shortly after making its appearance. An educational campaign is being carried on among the people to teach them how to combat this disease, and good results are being shown from it. The people now co-operate with the authorities, and as a result the disease makes little or no headway. This is in pleasant contrast to the epidemic of 1902, when many of the natives believed that the au- thorities were poisoning them, and that there was no cholera at all. Speaking conservatively, it must be said that the general health of the Islands was never at any time better than at present, and the present organization is certainly calculated to keep up this high standard. Civil Service. ^J^ 1904 there were 3,228 American officers and employees in the ^^*^hilippine civil service, and 3,377 Filipinos; in 1905 the Ameri- cans numbered 3,307 and the Filipinos 4,023. During the fiscal year 1905 the number of applicants entering examinations in Manila and in the provinces was 8,232 as against 5,911 for the REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 169! previous year. The number of Filipinos entering and passing ex- aminations conducted in the English language has steadily in- creased since the organization of the board. During the past twelve months, however, there was a much greater increase than during any previous year. Of the 4,185 applicants entering ex- aminations in English during the year 1905, 2,917, or 70 per cent., were Filipinos; while of the 2,443 entering English examina- tions during the previous year, 1,063, or 44 per cent, were Fili- pinos. Of these, 22 per cent, passed in 1904 and 27 per cent, in 1905. The chairman of the civil service board, speaking of this point, says: "It may be stated that the needs of the service for appointees having the knowledge called for by the second- and third-grade English and the Fili- pino teacher examinations are now being fully met by the number of Fili- pinos who qualify in these examinations." Friar Lands. The "Friar Lands" problem, one of the most fruitful sources of unrest in the whole Philippine situation, has finally been dis- posed of by purchasing some 410,000 acres of land at about $7,- 000,000. The Governor-General in his report for the year 1904 says: "Whether any ultimate loss will be incurred in these large transactions can only be a matter of conjecture, but, however this may be, it must be a subject of real congratulation that what had threatened to become a cancerous sore on the body politic has been extirpated." Currency. A new currency has been established in the Philippine Islands under authority of the Act of Congress dated March 2, 1902, en- titled "An Act to establish a standard of value and to provide for a coinage system in the Philippine Islands." This new sys- tem in effect established in the Islands the gold standard with a silver circulating medium, and has practically taken the place of the old and fluctuating Mexican, Spanish-Filipino, Chinese and other foreign coins previously circulating in the Islands. The old currency has already been eliminated from circulation. The people, notwithstanding their early misgivings, now transact all their business in the new currency and generally perceive the beneficial results derived from a stable currency as compared with one generally fluctuating with the rise and fall of silver bullion. Banking. Of no less importance to the development of the Philippine Islands than the establishment of a stable currency was that of establishing banking facilities in the Islands. Heretofore the in- habitants of the Islands away from Manila have had no place in which they could secure their savings and no place from which they could borrow, on reasonable terms, money necessary in their agricultural or other industries. The current rate of interest in the Islands on loans to farmers varies from one to ten rer cen^. per month, and there was abso- lutely no place in which money could be deposited with safety. To meet these conditions the Philippine Commission has estab- lished as a part of the postal service of the Islands a postal sav- ings bank. This will immediately enable persons to deposit with the government small sums of money on which they will receive interest of 2 1-2 per cent., to be increased later if the operation of the postal savings bank shows that it can be successfully done without loss to the government. To meet the second necessity, that of enabling the agricultur- p ^ists to borrow money at a reasonable rate of interest, the Philip- pine Commission has caused the various agricultural banking systems of the world to be investigated and has recommended to Congress the passage of the act which authorizes the Philippine , ! Government to establish an agricultural bank with headquarters at Manila and branches throughout the Islands, from which, at a 170 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TErT-BOOK. rate fixed by the government, farmers may borrow money, at a reasonable rate of interest, on their land and other security ap- proved by the government. As it is impossible without some guaranty to induce private capital to invest in such bank the Philippine Government has requested Congress to authorize it to guarantee four per cent interest on capital invested in such bank. This is the so-called Agricultural Bank Bill which is referred to under the headings of "The Phiippines" and "The Fifty-ninth Congress." Industrial Conditions. Notwithstanding the disturbances in the provinces of Cavite, Batangas, and Samar, and in the More Province, already referred to, there is now more land under cultivation than at any time since the year 1896. Slowly but surely the ravages of war and pestilence are being repaired, and the material condition of the people improved. As evidence of this it is pertinent to state that exports, exclusive of currency, during the fiscal year 1904 amounted to $30,226,127, and for the fiscal year 1905 to $32,355,865, an increase of $2,139,738. This is a creditable showing, especially when it is remembered that there was considerable disturbance in Cavite, Batangas and Samar, where hemp, sugar and copra are produced on a consider- able scale. The imports for the fiscal year 1905 were $30,879,048, as com- pared with $33,221,251 for the preceding year, a net decrease of $2,342,203. Upon investigation, however, it is disclosed that this decrease is entirely due to the falling off in the importations of rice, which is the principal article of food of the people of the Islands. It is significant that in the fiscal year 1904 there were imported into these Islands 727,124,332 piculs of rice, valued at $11,548,814, and for the fiscal year 1905 only 563,285,346 piculs, valued at $7,456,738. In other words, more than $4,000,000 less was sent out of the Islands last year for rice than during the preceding year. This simple statement tells its own story. More land is sown in rice this year than last, and crop prospects are unusually good. The Secretary of the Interior for the Philippine Islands says in his report for the fiscal year 1905: "The use of modern farm machinery upon the Government rice farm at Murcia has attracted wide attention, and many hundreds of persons have gone there to see the steam-plow and thrasher, the reapers, and other ma- chines in operation. These exhibitions have resulted in the placing of large orders for farm machinery in America." (P. I. Report for 1905, part 2, page 49.) Philippine Assembly. On September 11, 1902, the Philippine Commissioa certified to the President that the insurrection in the Philippine Islands had ceased and a condition of general and complete peace had been established therein, and on September 25, 1902, the President ordered that a census of the Philippine Islands be taken. Accordingly said census was taken at a cost of $636,931.32. This is the first census which has been taken in the Philippine Islands. A proclamation was issued by the Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, and the Philippine Commission is at present considering the details of an act governing the election of mem- bers of the first Philippine Assembly, and alloting the number of delegates to the various provinces. This Assembly will, in all probability, have its first session in the coming year. Education. The spread of education throughout the Philippines is truly marvelous. Practically no change has been made in the original organization of the educational system in the Islands, none hav- ing been proven necessary. There have been a few minor changes tending towards a higher degree of perfection from time to time such as experience demonstrates to be desirable. But the swam of students that have swept down upon the Department have REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. 171 completely overtaxed its possibilities. Of this the Director of Education in his report for the fiscal year 1905 says: "This enormous increase taxed the Bureau of Education beyond its powers and it became evident that, with the number of American and native teach ers available, it was practically impossible to give proper instruction to any such number of students. In consequence, at the opening of the present school year (1906) division superintendents were instructed to limit the en- rollment, as far as possible, to one-third of the school population of their respective divisions." At the close of the school year 1905 there was a total enroll- ment of 514,631 students. At the opening of the school year in July, 1904, there was an enrollment of 251,475 students; this shows an increase during one school year of 263,156 students. These figures tell their own story. The average attendance for the fiscal year 1905 was 311,843. There were actually employed on November 1, 1905, 792 perma- nent American teachers and 63 temporary; this makes a total of 855 American teachers. . At that time there were 861 positions provided for by law for American teachers, and since then the bureau has appointed 81 American teachers from the United States, so it is safe to assume that at the present time there are 850 or more American teachers in the Philippines. On the same date there were 4,036 Filipino teachers, of whom 2,820 were men and 1,216 women. About 365 of these were teachers under the Spanish Government — that is to say, about 10 per cent, of the teaching force under the American Government. Speaking of the Filipino teacher the Superintendent of Educa- tion says: "The success of the school system in the Philippines rests ultimately upon the success of the Filipino teacher, but the question of his competency is no longer in doubt." And finally, in closing his report: "The people have shown a disposition to give willingly of their time and money to these ends, but the fact remains that the regular revenues of the Bureau of Education are altogether inadequate to decently and permanently house the public schools of the islands." The Philippines and the Fifty-ninth Congress. At the end of its report for the year 1905 the Philippine Com- mission summarized the recommendations which it felt should be urged before Congress, and to carry out which required Con- gressional action. The two most important of these recommenda- tions were the following: First — Legislation which shall reduce the duties on sugar and tobacco exported from the Philippine Islands into the United States to not more than 25 per cent, of the present rates fixed by what is known as the Dingley tariff law; and. Second — That sections 1 and 2 of the Act of Congress approved April 15, 1904, entitled "An Act to regulate shipping in trade be- tween ports of the United States and ports or places in the Philip- pine Archipelago, and for other purposes," be repealed, or at least that the operation of said sections be suspended until July 1, 1909. These two measures were taken up at the opening of the ses- sion of Congress, and an act intended to accomplish the first pur- pose was among the first introduced in the House of Representa- tives, being H. R. No. 3. It passed the House quite promptly on January 16, 1906. It is still in the hands of the Committee on the Philippines in the Senate, and it is expected that favorable action will be taken at the next session. With reference to the second proposition, an act to regulate shipping, this item was at first embodied in the so-called Ship Subsidy Bill, which passed the Senate early in the session. For fear that the Ship Subsidy Bill would not be acted upon by the House, which in fact proved to be the case, it was introduced as a separate bill and passed both Houses, and was approved April 30, 1906. It postpones until April 11, 1909, the extension of prac- tically the coastwise laws of the United States to voyages be- tween the United States and the Philippine Islands. Next in importance was the necessity for amendment of the Philippine coinage bill, and the one authorizing the establish- ment of an agricultural bank in the Philippine Islands, The 172 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. PhtUpplne coinage bill passed both houses very promptly on its introduction and was approved by the President. It authorizes the Philippine Commission, with the approval of the United States, to reduce the weight and fineness of the Philippine silver coins. This was rendered necessary by the increase in value of silver which had made the intrinsic value of the Philippine peso above its face value as currency. It also authorizes the Philip- pine Government to use as reserve against which to issue cur- rency gold coin of the United States. This was necessary in or- der to give elasticity to the currency issue of the Philippine Islands, which must otherwise wait on the coinage of silver, as the law to which this was an amendment provided that only Philippine silver coin could be used as such reserve. The bill authorizing the establishment of an agricultural bank in the Philippine Islands was not passed, although introduced in both Houses. It was introduced so late in the session that it was necessarily crowded out by more important legislation affecting the whole of the United States. There is every reason to believe that this legislation will be promptly acted upon by the next session of Congress. In addition to those matters which were specifically recom- mended in the report of the Philippine Commission, a bill was introduced providing for the loan to the Philippine Government of a naval vessel for use of the Nautical School in the Islands. This bill was passed and approved by the President; a bill was introduced providing for the distribution of public documents to the library of the Philippine Government at Manila. This bill passed the House of Representatives promptly, but too late to be considered by the Senate; a bill was submitted providing for an amendment to section 2844 of the Revised Statutes of the United States — this in order to prevent the anomaly of American ship- pers of goods from the Philippine Islands to the United States having to authenticate their invoices before a foreign consul. The amendment authorizes such invoices to be authenticated be- fore a collector or a deputy collector of customs of the Islands." This bill passed both Houses and was approved June 28, 1906. Another bill was passed authorizing the Secretary of War to purchase the coal claims of certain Spaniards on the Island of Batan, Philippine Islands. This bill passed and was approved February 26, 1906. A further bill authorizing the Secretary of War to lease to the highest bidder these coal mines, including in the con(|itions of the lease a provision that the contractor should furnish at a low and definitely determined price coal desired by the United States or Philippine governments, was introduced, but did not pass. This was due to the fact that the matter came up for consideration too late in the session. Careful analysis of the results of the legislation shows that a great deal was accomplished. The legislation as to shipping and coinage was all that was desired. The failure of the agricultural bank bill, and some of the minor bills, is wholly due, it is thought, to the great number of very important measures considered by this Congress referring to the whole of the United States. NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Dates of Acquisition and Organization, and Population and Area. Area Date of ac- , — Population — ., (square Possession. quisition. Date of organization. Year. Numbor. miles). Alaska June 20, 1867 (District) July 27, 1868* 1900 63,592 590,884 Guam Apr. 11, 1899 1900 t9,000 tl50 Hawaii July 7,1898 June 14, 1900 J J^OO 154,0011 6,499 Philippine f ' 1 IslanV ... Apr. 11, 1899 |,1|03 W35,^ }_ 11B.«20 Porto Rloo.. Apr. 11,1899 May 1, 1900 /I'S ,^5^1 '•®"' •«.... .1 -t, ^ ^^^^ I J1904 1,000,000 j Tutuila Mar. 8,1900 1902 3,750 64 *Civil government established I.Iay i?, 1884. fEstimated. JEstimated bv Actuary of the Treasury for June 30. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 173 CAMPAIGN ISSUES ANALYZED. Speech of Hon. J. G. Cannon at Danville, 111., August 16, 1906. Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention: I thank you for this expression of confidence and I congratulate you on the prosperous condition of the country under Republican adminis- tration. The Republican Party has followed the teachings in the parable of the wise servant, who returned to his master the talent entrusted to his care multiplied ten-fold. Clothed with responsibility for the administration of the Government of 80,- 000,000 people, we have sought to make a return that will benefit those who entrusted the taient to our care. We have succeeded in making two blades of grass grow luxuriantly under Republican administration, where one grew feebly before under the Demo- cratic administration. » Since the election of William McKinley as President, the busi- ness of the country has doubled, and the material interests of all the people have become better than ever before in our history; aye, better than the condition of any people anywhere on earth in any time since history began. This is under the policies of the Republican Party as enacted into law by Congress and exe- cuted bj^ the President. Attribute this condition to what cause you may, speculate about it as you will, call it confidence in men or measures, the fact remains that it exists and that there never has been recorded anywhere such industrial development and such a wave of prosperity as has swept over the United States in the last decade. Under the administration of the Dingley tariff law there has been a greater development in all forms of industry than has ever been reached under any other revenue law since the Gov- ernment was organized. The schedules of the law are not sacred, but the principle there embodied is fundamental. Since the enactment of the first revenue law under Washingon down to the present time the periods of prosperity have been under pro- tection, and the periods of adversity have been under the policy of free trade or tariff for revenue only. Prosperity for All. This remarkable prosperity under the Dingley law has not been for one class, but for all the people. It has touched the artisan, the farmer, the manufacturer, and the common labor of the coun- try. All have felt its beneficent influence, and I measure my words when I say that the production from all kinds of busi- ness enterprise has doubled since that memorable year of 1896, when the country in its .distress turned to William McKinley, the champion of protection, as the advance agent of prosperity. The capital employed in our industries has doubled; the total wages paid for labor have more than doubled in these ten years; t^.e farmers have lifted their mortgages aj d are enjoying the embarrassments of a surplus in the savings banks; and laborers have ceased to hunt for jobs and have become the hunted by the jobs; in spite of large immigration from other lands, there is more work than workers in this country to-day. Capital is cheaper than ever before, and money can be had at less interest than anywhere else in the world, The sun of prosperity is shin- ing on every part of our immense stretch of territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf and the Rio Grande. We are at peace with all the world, and our in- fluence for peace, whether it be between two great powers in the Orient or among the small Republics on the American conti- nent, is felt ihroughout the world. The record of the servant is his best and only certificate for continuous employment, and the Republican Party, as a servant of the people, stands to-day in this campaign squarely on its record. We have no pensus figures as to business conditions in 1896, but we have them for 1890, 1900, and 1905, and to supplement these we have the official message of President Cleveland, com- plaining that unparallelled business distress and lack of confi- 174 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. dence marked the greater part of his administration. We also have the official statement of Samuel Gompers, as president of the American Federation of Labor, that more than 3,000,000 workingmen were without work in 1894 and 1895, and th^t work did not return to them until 1897. • Capital and Wages. According to the census of 1890, there were $6,525,000,759 capi- tal invested in manufacturing industries in the United States, whereas, according to the official figures, there were in 1905^ 113,122,607,090 so invested. The average number of wage earners I in 1890, as given by the census, was 4,251,535, (and Mr Gompers j said 3,000,000 more were without work in 1894 and 1895.) Ini 1905 the number was 5,492,178, not including those in the hand; trades The total wages paid in 1890 amounted to $1,891,209,696, and' in Ib^b to $2,661,409,858. 1 The value of the output of our manufacures in 1890 was $9,-j 372,378,843, and in 1905, $14,873,818,425, not including that fromj the hand trades. ■ Taking the testimony of President Cleveland and Samuel Gomp- ers as to the deplorable condition in 1894, 1895, and 1896, it will be readily seen that the industrial development of the country, both as affecting labor and capital, has been at the rate of 100 per cent, in the ten years. There has been much discussion and no little confusion over the effort to compare the relative increase in wages and cost of living in the last few years. The Labor Bureau of the United States in its last bulletin on this question made a very careful analysis for the fourteen years from 1890 to 1904. In that comparison and analysis it was shown that the weekly earnings of all empoyees had increased 53.4 per cent, from 1894 to 1904, and that the re- tail prices for food products had increased in the same time only 12 per cent. This, I believe, is the only careful and scientific in- vestigation that has been made of the subject Plant the Factory by the Farm. The Republican Party has always followed the maxim, "Plant the factory by the Farm," that there may be the closest possible exchange between the two great bodies of producers. One of the complaints here in the West was that the manufacturing was principally in the East; but the continuation of a settled policy of protection has gradually extended the industrial development to the West and the South, bringing agriculture and manufac- ture closer together. The new statistics of manufactures com- piled by the United States Census Office last year show more clearly than any previous census the general benefit of the pro- tective policy. The prosperity that has come to the country under the Dingley law has not been spasmodic nor sectional, except that it has produced greater extension of manufacturing into the Central, Western, and Southern States. This new census shows first, that there has been a larger per cent, of increase in the capi- tal put into manufacturing plants in the last five years than there has been in the product of these industries. The actual increase in capital was $3,700,000,000, or 41 per cent, greater than the capital invested in 1900. The actual increase in output was $3,384,000,000, or about 30 per cent, over that of 1900. Capital has grown confident of its investment and has turned back into the plant a larger share of its earnings, to increase the demand for labor and ultimately increase the output. This census also shows that in five years from 1900 to 1905 the increase in the number of wage-earners employed was 16 per cent, over the number in 1900, and the total wages paid 30 per cent greater; in other words, the increase in the total wages paid was almost twice the ratio of the increase in employment. To my mind there could be no more complete answer to the com- plaint that wages have not advanced since 1900. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 175 The West and South. The most significant figures in this new census are those which show where the greatest increase in industrial plants, capital, employment, wages, and output took place. It was in the Cen- tral, Western, and Southern States, which a few years ago were designated simply as agricultural sections of the country. Of the three billion and a half dollars of new capital put into indus- trial plants in these five years more than one-half of it was in the Central, Western, and Southern States. New England in- creased her industrial capital $264,000,000; the Middle Alantic States $1,384,000,000; the Southern States, $575,000,000; the Cen- tral States, 1,114,000,000, and the far Western States, $271,000,- 000. The percentages of increase were: New England, 24 per cent.; Middle Atlantic, 37.5 per cent; Southern, 72 per cent; Central, 42 per cent, and Western 73 per cent While the in- crease in the old manufacturing centers of the East was normal and healthy, the increase in the Central, Western and Southern States was in the nature of a great boom in industrial develop- ment. The comparative increases in labor and wages also were much greater in the West and South than in the old manufacturing centers of the East. The increase in wage-earners in New England in the five years were little more than 10 per cent., and the total wages paid, 19.4 per cent.; in the Middle Atlantic States the in- creases were, wage-earners 16 per cent, total wages 25.8 per cent.; Southern States, wage-earners 22 per cent., total wages 49.4 per cent; Central States, wage-earners 15.7 per cent., wages 32 per cent.; Western States, wage-earners 29 per cent, wages 59 per cent. More than this, the wonderful development of manufacturing industry in the South and West has already moved the indus- trial center of the country nearer to its geographical center, and it is safe to say that to-day fully one-half of the capital, wage- earners, wages paid, and output from our manufacturers is in the Central, Southern, and Western States. The industrial cen- sus of 1905 shows this and demonstrates that under the economic policy of the Republcan Party, with its steady and prosperous development, our manufacuring has steadily advanced into the great agricultural sections, placing the factory beside the farm, to make the exchange between the two great bodies of producers the more direct and equitable and make them more dependent upon each other. Prosperity on the Tarm. Not alone in manufacturing has there been this doubling up process in prosperity under Republican administration. The farmers have doubled their crops and the money they have re- ceived in exchange. The farm value of those three great staple crops of the West, corn, wheat, and oats, in 1896 amounted to $934,000,000, and last year it aggregated $1,912,000,000, or more than double tne value in the last year of Democratic administra- tion. The value of farm animals also doubled in the same period, increasing from $1,728,000,000 in 1896 to $3,675,000,000 in 1906. This prosperity to the farmer was not confined to the corn and wheat belt of the country. Like the rain which falls on the just and unjust alike, it descended upon our friends in the South, who still refuse to believe that prosperity can exist under Republican policies. The value of the cotton crop went from $319,000,000 in 1896 to more than $600,000,000 in 1904, the last year for which we have statistics. The miners doubled their output of coal and iron, and in every line of industrial development the last ten years have been in harmony with the scriptural injunction to make two blades of grass grow where one grew before. Our foreign trade has been along the same double-track lines, our imports increasing from $780,000,000 in 1896 to $1,227,000,000 in 1906, and our exports from $883,000,000 in 1896 to $1,744,000,000 in 1906. The total volume of our foreign trade in 1896 amounted to $1,662,000,000, and in 1906 to $2,970,000,000. Add to that our trade with Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines, which 176 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. amounted to $75,000,000, and we have in the last year a grand total of 13,045,000,000 as the amount of business done between the people of the United States and the rest of the world. This is greater than the foreign commerce of any other nation, Great Britain alone excepted, and that because that nation imports her food products, her imports being almost double her exports, while our exports exceed our imports by half a billion dollars. Under the policy of protection the United States produces one- third of the manufactured and agricultural products of the civil- ized world. Our labor receives double the compensation that labor receives in Great Britain, and three times the compensa- tion paid to labor on the continent of Europe. Ninety-three per cent, of this product is consumed by our own people, and the com- paratively small surplus that goes abroad makes us the greatest exporting nation on the earth. In the rapid development of the country, we not only live better than any other people, but from the savings of production we have become the wealthiest nation on earth. The Steel Trust. While this unprecedented prosperity has come in less than a decade of Republican administration, and the Dingley tariff law has demonstrated that it is a revenue producer both for the peo- ple and the Government, we occasionally hear the old wail that the tariff is the mother of trusts and the shelter of monopoly. The tariff revisionists are, however, answering their own com- plaints. I find in the 'New York Times,' one of the ablest and most uncompromising organs of tariff revision, an editorial show- ing that the giant steel trust is no longer looked upon by free tracers as a monopoly and that it has steadily declined in its proportion of the steel produced since its organization. The 'Times' says: "Steel Trade." "The widest interest in the Steel Corporation report attaches to what is least discussed — that is, the conditions in the trade as reflected by the first-hand facts now available. It is true that the Steel Corporation is not the steel trade. Big as it is, it is neither the majority interest, nor even the controlling interest. In fact, its proportion of the trade is relatively declining, while con- currently it is breaking its own records of production and earn- ings. Its production of pig has fluctuated since its organization within a narrow range, and without decided trend, standing now at 44 per cent, of the country's total. Its production of open hearth and Bessemer castings has fallen by about 3 per cent, to 47 per cent. Its dominance is gre test in the wire nail product, which, although declining, remains at 66 per cent. In short, the trust is not by any means a monopoly, and yet it is impossible that the trust should prosper and the trade languish." All legislation, and especially revenue legislation, is the result of compromise. It must inevitably be so in order to command, as of course, is necessary, a majority vote in both House and senate It is, therefore, impossible to secure perfection in each schedule of a tariff bill; but I have no hesitation in saying that the present revenue law. known as the Dingley law, all things considered is the most perfect and just customs revenue law ever enacted. The general distress and industrial conditions prevail- ing throughout the country at the time of its enactment helped to make it so, because it brought all the people together. In times Of prosperity when it is attempted to enact tariff legislation the selfishness of the people is appealed to, but when there is in- dustrial depression different interests are more inclined to get together for the general good. tv,JoH ^^°^,^®y .b^" was substantially the first legislation under tlie administration of William McKinley. It was enacted at a time when the revenues of the Government were short, when all our people, on farm in mine, and in factory, were unable to realize reasonable profits upon their respective products, and when con- p REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 177 sumption was at a minimum for the want of steady employment by our people at fair wages. In its operations that law has spread more evenly and justly over all production in the United States than any tariff law previously enacted. Under its work- ings there came hope, contidence, employment, profitable pro- duction, and universal prosperity, which has grown and increased from year to year up to the present time. Under it the people worked out their own salvation. It did not, and does not, please the Democratic Party, That party denounces the policy of protection as robbery and de- clares for a tariff for revenue only. This has been tne position of the Democratic Party for many years; it is its position to-day and the position of all its leaders, including William J. Bryan ?nd John Sharp Williams, the leader of the minority in the House of Representatives, who time and again during the late session of Congress proclaimed the policy of his party to be, if clothed with power, not to destroy protection absolutely at one fell swoop — over night, as he expressed it — but to journey to- wards a tariff for revenue only. He would not kill the patient outright at one stroke, but would grcvdually starve it to death. Such policy means less wages for labor, both skilled and un- skilled, in every avenue of production; and, with decrease of wages and slack employment, the great mass of the people would become less valuable customers to all other producers. Such a policy would act and react upon all our people who are custom- ers for each ther, and we would have the "nightmare" of 1893 to 1897 repeated. When to Revise the Tariff. Tariff revision in time of prosperity always has halted and al- ways will halt business activity, production and commerce. The manufacturer will lessen his output, for he fears to pile up his product unless there is reasonable certainty of realizing its cost and a fair profit. The farmer halts in making improvements and consumes less, because there is a shortened demand for his prod- ucts. The decrease in the wages of labor alone pending revision would amount to many hundred million dollars. Where there is confidence and prosperity without precedent, there would be doubt and destruction of confidence. I heartily endorse the platform lately adopted by the Republi- cans of Indiana, which, in substance, says that the Republican Party will revise the tariff when it will do more good than harm to the great mass of the people. It is vital that the Republican Party should remain in power for the coming two years in order that the legislative and exec- utive departments of the Government should continue in harmo- ny. If our friends, the enemy, should be successful in electing a House of Representatives in November next, that oody in the Six- tieth Congress would not be in harmony with the Senate or with the President. There would be a "tie-up," so to speak, in legisla- tion. Furthermore, their success would be claimed by our Dem- ocratic friends to be an evidence of dissatisfaction upon the part of the people with the legislation enacted by the Republican Congress, as well as an evidence of dissatisfaction with the Pres- ident, and an assurance of complete power to be given to them in 1908 to enable them to carry out their policies. Their suc- cess, conservatively speaking, would halt production and con- sumption, and, necessarily, business and commerce, at least one- tenth. Instead of forging ahead, as we are now doing, in every producing and business avenue, we would halt, aye, more, we would retrograde. ' Labor. Education, business, capital and labor have struck hands. The forces of nature are utilized in production for the benefit of both producer and consumer. This condition necessarily required the combined activities of employer and employee. Naturally, differ- ences arise between the two as to what is a proper wage, or, in 178 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Other words, as to a fair division of the profits of the business. Laborers found it necessary to co-operate with each other antl act together in determining from time to time what was due them in the division of the profits. According to the last census, 30,000,000 of our people are em- ployed in gainful occupations, and 3,000,000, according to the statement of Mr. Gompers, are organized in what is popularly known as "unions." I feel quite sure that such organizations of labor have, as a rule, been useful, not only to the laborer, but to the employer as well, and to the whole citizenship of the Re- public. If 1 were engaged in such occupation, I have no doul)L that I would be a member of the organization. But it is absolutely necessary before there can be a contest about a division of profits that there should be profits to divide. There was but little profit to divide under the last administration of Grover Cleveland. There was much profit to divide under the administration of William McKinley, and there is much profit to divide ui;aer the administration of Theodore Roosevelt, and labor on the average has been receiving a larger share of the profits in increasing wages every year since the election of Mc- Kinley. The first thing for each citizen to do is to see to it that the economic and financial policies which enable the people to create a profit shall be continued. The conferences and contests touch- ing the division of the profits from time to time will be regulated by the contending parties. Capital must get its fair share or it will not continue in business;, labor must get its fair share, or it will suffer. Neither can permanently prosper at the expense ol the other. The very life of the Republic depends upon the in- tegrity, the wisdom, the patriotism, and the vigilance of the people who make the Republic. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi- ness are inalienable rights guaranteed by the Constitution to each citizen, whether he be rich or poor, great or small. "The liberty of one man ceases where the liberty of another man begins." In the contest between employer and employee from time to time where differences could not be adjusted, the employer on the one hand has resorted to the lockout, and the employee, on the other hand, to the strike. While both are to be deplored, consid- ering the volume of production and the increase of population, they are becoming less frequent. In my judgment, the time will come When all such differences will be settled amicably be- tween the contending forces; but in all contests employer and em- ployee alike must obey the law which governs all and protects all. The boycott and the blacklist will pass away. ^'Government by Injunction." There has been much criticism and much denunciation against alleged "Government by Injunction," and violent attacks have been made upon the judiciary of the United States. During the late session of Congress labor leaders differed as to the legisla- tion that was desired. Mr. Gompers, professing to speak for the American Federation of Labor, denounced the so-called Fuller bill, pending before the House Committee On the Judiciary and ad- vocated by Mr. H. R. Fuller, the representative of the railway la- bor unions, in the most bitter terms as being opposed to human liberty and the rights of labor. Mr. Gompers, with Mr. Spelling, his attorney, advocated a bill introduced by request by Represen- tative Pearre, and pending before the same committee, which, in substance, prohibited United States courts from issuing injunc- tions in any case between employer and employee, unless neces- sary to prevent irreparable injury to property or to a property right of the party making the application, for which injury there is no adequate remedy at law, and in the next sentence pro- vided, ''and for the purposes of this act no right to can-y on bus- iness of any particular kind or at any particular place, or at all, shall he construed, held, considered, or treated as property or as constituting a property right." Mr. Spelling, speaking for Mr. Gompers and himself, claimed that such" legislation ought to be enacted. It being near the end of the session further consider- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 179 ation of the proposed legislation by the House Judiciary Com- mittee was postponed until the next session of Congress. Speaking for myself, I am not in favor of this legislation de- manded by Mr. Gompers. The power of the courts to issue writs of injunction to prevent irreparable injury to property or to a property right for which there is no adequate remedy at law, is older than the Constitution and as well established as any other principle of law or equity. The inalienable right of each citizen, be he weak or strong, is to come and go to and from his property without molestation, and to carry on business thereon, and, in the exercise of such right, he is entitled to call upon the Govern- ment for protection through the courts. Mr. Gompers claims that in contests growing out of strikes or lock-outs he is opposed to violence on the part of any one con- nected with the controversy. I will not question the good faith of the claim, but I do say that if the legislation he demands were enacted destruction of property by irresponsible persons in such controversies would increase. Again, if such legislation were enacted, under its cover vicious and irresponsible persons be- longing to the criminal class, not engaged in labor or seeking to labor, would avail themselves of the opportunity, as they have in many instances, in the name of contesting Jabor, of destroying property, and the owner thereof would be without remedy. The legislation that Mr. Gompers demands would turn loose in times of trouble the criminally disposed. In charity for him, I do not be- lieve that he realizes the consequences that would result from that which he advocates, and, in justice to all the citizenship of the Republic, in justice to every man who lives in the sweat of his face by honest endeavor, I am now, and will be at all times, opposed to this legislation which he demands. For thirty years I have represented a district where nearly all the constituency have lived, and are living, by their labor. They and those like unto them stand for law and order, for protection of property, and the inalienable rights of every citizen. Those who labor have trod, and are treading, no path that I have not trod and that my descendants will not tread. The organized labor that Mr. Gompers claims to represent is composed of people who have the right to organize. They are of all churches and of na church; they are skilled and unskilled; they belong to all the different parties; they are as intelligent and as patriotic as any other equal number of citizens of the Republic. In the transactions of the. business of their organization I have no doubt but they will co-operate with those who from time to time they place in authority, but in their party affiliations, in choosing the policies of the Republic, I am ready to take my chances with them, and this too without regard to the demands of Mr. Gompers when he seeks to control their action at the ballot box. The President and Congress. In the executive departments of the Government the record of the party has been brilliant, courageous, and honest, and the name of "Roosevelt" has become a synonym for all those quali- ties throughput the realms of civilization. He has been the Pres- ident of all the people, and he has been tireless in his efforts to serve the people by wise, just, and fearless administration of the law. He has been particularly zealous in administering the law against the trusts and combinations of capital which have ignored the old adage of live and let live. The beef trust, the paper trust, the tobacco trust, the drug trust, the coal combination, and various combinations of railroads and shippers have felt the heavy hand of the law and learned that it is strong- enough to compel them to give all a square deal. The record of trust prose- cutions and investigations into their practices is too long to here recite, but it is acknowledged to be most creditable even by our political opponents. The Congress has worked in harmony with the President and embodied into law more of his recommendations than has fallen to the lot of most Chief Executives. I believe the record of the Fifty-ninth Congress made in its first session will go into history 180 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. S8 one of the best records of legislation for the benefit of all the people that has ever been made. The railroad rate law, the pure- food law, the meat inspection amendment to the agricultural ap- propriation act, the free alcohol law, the consular reform legis- lation, the employers' liability law, all enacted at one session of Congress, make a record of legislation which has not been paral- leled in many years. The amendment to the interstate commerce law known as the Elkins law of 1902, and the rate legislation just enacted, coupled with many decisions by the Supreme Court of the United Spates, render it reasonably certain that practices which had grown up by large shippers of commodities demanding and receiving from common carriers exceptional ^ates for transportation not eHjoyed by others is prohibited by law and penalized both as to the rail- way or other common carrier and the shipper. So that it is safe to say that each citizen in the United States will be treated the same as every other citizen. With equal privileges to all, there is no reason to doubt that by enterprise, industry, and com- petition under equal conditions monopoly is decreasing and will finally cease and a square deal afforded to every competing citizen. We are willing to stand by the record and trust lo the intelli- gence of the people as to whether they will continue this record of prosperity and wise regulation of abuses, or accept the preach- ings and promises of the demagogue. WORLD'S IRON INDUSTRY. The Question as to Supply Lasting a Century. Consul J. C. McNally sends a report from Liege on the inter- national iron and steel industry and the outlook for the future, based on trade journal statements. It follows: it is estimated that the iron ore used to date aggregates 3,300 million tons, and that the consumption of raw iron has multiplied twenty-five times. In 1800 the world absorbed 2,000,000 tons, while at the end of the century the figures were 50,000,000 tons. The following table will show the rapid increase of cast iron since 1800, in millions of tons: Country. 1800—1825. 1825—1850. 1850—1875. 1875—1904. Total. United States 2 9 31 245 287 England .; 8 40 120 230 398 France 3 10 25 56 94 Germany 2 7 23 145 177 Others 5 14 31 94 144 Total 20 80 230 770 1,100 The following table shows the great increase in the average an- nual output of the individual blast furnaces of each country: Country. 1870. 1903. Tons. Tons. United States 6,344 95,000 Germany 6,400 41,000 England 9,120 26,100 France 4,400 24,800 Belgium 13,380 34,745 The manufacture of cast iron for the years 1904-5 is estimated as follows: Country. 1904. 1905. „ , Tons. Tons. United States 16,497,033 25,000,000 Germany 10,103,941 11,000,000 Jjne'and 8,562,658 9,000,n00 J^rancc 2,800,000 3,000,000 S'Jssia 2,300,000 3,000,000 Belgium 1,300,000 1,350,000 Other countries 3,000,000 3,000,000 Total 44,563,632 55,350,000 President Hadfield, of the Iron and Steel Institute of England, said in May last that the aemands of the century in cast iron, taking as a basis the production of the last thirty years, would amount to about 54,000,000,000 tons of ore. If this hypothesis is granted, which is considered arbitrary, the stocK or supply on earth would be exhausted before the twenty-first century. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 181 Samuel Gompers on Labor. Extracts from remarks of Hon. CHARLES DICK of Ohio, in daily Congressional Record, June 9, 1900. 1893. "Since August of this year we have been in the greatest industrial depres- sion this country has ever experienced. It is no exaggeration to say that more than 3,000,000 of our fellow-toilers throughout the country are without employment and have been so since the time named. This lamentable indus- trial condition is attributed by many to various causes, and it seems to me that the accurate statement of them here is both requisite and appropriate, so that we may be better enabled to so frame our legislation that it may tend to a proper solution of the problem dependent upon the wage-workers for solution. Never in the history of the world has so large a number of 'people vainly sought for an opportunity to earn a livelihood and contribute to the support of their fellows. In a society where such abnormal conditions prevail there must of necessity be something wrong at the basic foundation." 1897. "That terrible period for the wage-earners of this country which began in 1893 and which has left behind it such a record of horror, hunger, and misery practically ended with the dawn of the year 1897. Wages had been steadily forced down from 1893 till toward the end of 1895, and it was variously estimated that between two million and two and a half million wage-earners were unemployed. It is agreed by all that the wagf^-oarners are the principal consumers of American products, and it necessarily follows that a reduction in wages involves a diminution in the power of consumption, and consequently a proportionate decrease in production, and, naturally, also in the force of labor required for the production. A reduction of wages, therefore, results in an increase in the army of the unemployed, and any circumstance or combination of circumstances that will check reductions in wages, and hence the diminution of consumption by the masses, is a humane act, based on the soundest laws of economics and of progress." 1899. "The revival of industry which we have witnessed within the past year is one for general congratulation, and it should be our purpose to endeavor to prolong this era of more general employment and industrial activity. In this effort no power is so potent as organized labor, if we but follow a right and practical course. It is beyond question that the wages of the organized workers have been increased, and in many instances the hours of labor either reduced or at least maintained. The report which your officers are enabled to submit to this convention, so far as the growth and progress of our movement during the past year are concerned, is of a most gratifying character. At last we are realizing some of the fruits of the years of unceasing sacrifice, devotion, and uninterrupted work of our fellow-union- ists." The first of these quotations by Samuel Gompers is taken from page 11 of the Proceedings of the American Federation of Labor Convention held on December 11, ISjjS, during the last Demo- cratic administration of our national affairs. The second statement, that of 1897, is taken from a signed article by Samuel Gompers, presiden of the American Federa- tion of Labor, published in New York on January 1, 1898. I would draw your attention, Mr. Speaker, to the difference noticed by the president of the American Federation of Labor within less than a year of the inauguration of President McKinley and the present Republican Administration. The third quotation is from the report of President Gompers of the convention of the American Federation of Labor held at De- troit on December 11, 1899. It is a standing memorial to the benefits derived by American labor under a Republican adminis- tration and Republican laws that are designed to protect our wage-tearners and enable them to secure the highest possible rate of wages in return for the labor which they have to sell. It is but right to state here that Mr. Samuel Gompers, the presi- dent of the American Federation of Labor, is now, and always has been, an uncompromising Democrat. His frank and unsolicited testimony to the better conditions of labor unaer a Republican administration should, therefore, have some infiuence with our friends on the other side. "That some may be rich shows that others may become rich, and hence is just encouragement to industry and enterprise. Let not him who is homeless pull down the house of another, but let him lab6r diligently and build one for himself; thus, by example, assuring that his own ghall be safe from violence when built."— Abraham Lincoln. Agriculture, Nothing cnn give a more comprehensive view of our present PKiU ultuial (onditions than the following extracts from the lasi report of the Secretary of Agriculture, December, 1905. To (he President: I li ;onor to submit herewith my ninth annual repor* Secit Agriculture. The well-being of the American farmer is a matter of profoinid interest to the entire country. It is, therefore, in the highest degree gratifying to present for your consideration the following evidences of the unprecedented prosperity which has in this and recent years rewarded the diligence of the farmer and the efforts of this Department on his behalf. Farmers' Wealth and Well-Being. Another year of unsurpassed prosperity to the farmers of this country has been added to the most remarkable series of similar years that has come to the farmers of any country in the annals of the world's agriculture. Production has been unequaled; its value has reached the highest figure yet attained; the value of the farmers' National surplus still maintains the magnitude that has built up the balance of trade by successive additions for many years suflBcient to change the Nation from a borrower into | a lender; there is a continuation of the unprecedented savings ; that have embarrassed local banks with their riches and have ' troubled farmers to find investments; and, as if all of these mani- ; festations of a high degree of well-being were not enough, the ■ farms themselves have increased in value to a fabulous extent. j Farm crops have never before been harvested at such a high ; general level of production and value. The partial failure of two | or three second-class crops makes no apparent impression upon] the great aggregate of all crops. j After much laborious collection of information an estimate of the value of the crops of 1905 and of all other farm products hasi been made, as was done last year. The census's detailed state- ment of the value of all farm products was taken as the basis, and the various items have been brought down from year to year in their quantities and values. For such crops as will later receive a final estimate by the Bureau of Statistics of this Department, the figures herein used are subject to small correc- tion. All values adopted for the various products are farm values, and are in no wise to be mistaken for exchange, middle- man's, or consumer's values. High Crop Values. | Corn has reached its highest production with 2,708,000,000 bush- els, a gain of 42,000,000 over the net lower year, 1899. In value, ; also, the corn crop of this year is higher than that of the next i lower year, 1904, by $128,000,000, and the total value may be $1,- 216,000,000. No other crop is worth more than half as much. Hay. — Second in order of value among all kinds of crops is the hay crop, which takes the second place back from the cotton crop, which held it for the two preceding years. Many hay crops have exceeded in tons the product of this year, but because of high prices the crop reaches a value of $605,000,000, which is higher by $34,000,000 than the value of the crop of 1893 Cotton, including seed, stands third in value among the leading crops of the year, although some uncertainty still remains con- cerning its quantity and value. It can only be said that its value, including seed, is expected to rise well toward $575,000,000, and will be nearer to that figure, or above it, in proportion as the expectations of cotton planters are realized with regard to higher prices. 183 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 183 Wheat. — Fears last year that the United States had fallen to the level of its consumption in the production of wheat were ill- founded. The short crop of that year is followed this year by the second wheat crop in size that this country has ever produced, 684,000,000 bushels, and the value of this crop, $525,000,000, over- tops the highest value before reached, in 1891, by $11,000,000. Oats. — Fifth in order of value among the crops of the year is the oat crop, with 939,000,000 bushels, or 50,000,000 bushels under the highest production, in 1902. In value as well as yield the oat crop of this year has been exceeded in only two previous years, amounting to $282,000,000, only $22,000,000 under that of 1902. Potatoes.— Next after oats comes the potato crop, which has been a partial failure and falls below the highest production of preceding years, that of 1904, by 72,000,000 bushels; but in value the crop has done better since it occupies the fourth place from the highest, and is valued at $138,000,000, or only $13,000,000 be- low the highest preceding value, that tor 1903. Barley. — The high price of barley during the last three years has much increased the size and value of this crop, so that it now occupies seventh place among the leading agricultural crops. In quantity the crop of this year, 133,000,000 bushels, is third among annual barley crops, though only 7,000,000 bushels under the highest crop, that of 1904, and has a value of $58,000,000, or only $4,000,000 under the most valuable crop of this cereal, that of 1902. Tobacco, like potatoes, is an undersized crop this year, as it was last year, and, considering the difficulties in the way of placing a value upon it at this time, an estimate of $52,000,000 may be too low. At any rate, because of high prices, the entire crop al- most exceeds the highest value yet reached, that of 1899. Su^ar Cane and Sugar Beets. — Although unrelated in culture, the common purpose of growing sugar beets and sugar cane per- mits their combination in a statement that their united value this year is estimated to be in the neighborhood of $50,000,000. This is a farm value for the raw material from which sugar, sirup, molasses, and feeding stuffs are derived in processes of manu- facture. Rice. — The rice crop is not available as some other crops which are not mentioned here, yet its remarkable position entitles it to notice. Its production increased from 250,000,000 pounds of rough rice in 1899 to 517,000,000 pounds in 1903 and to 928,000,000 pounds in 1904; but the extraordinary production of 1904 fell to 637,000,000 pounds this year, and, although second in quantity, this year's crop is probably worth more than the crop of 1904, which was valued at $13,892,000. Exceptional General Level.— While it may be observed that only one crop — corn — reached its highest production this year, four crops reached their highest value — namely, corn, hay, wheat, and rice. The general level of production was high and that of prices still higher, so that no crops for which separate estimates can be made fall below third place in total value compared with the crops of preceding years, except potatoes, barley, tobacco, rye, and buckwheat. The cereals, including rice, more than maintained their previous strong position in production, and their aggregate yield is 4,521,000,000 bushels, with a farm value of $2,123,000,000, or $145,000,000 over last year. Dairy and Poultry Products. Butter and Milk. — Both butter and milk have higher prices in 1905 than in 1904, and these, combined with increased production, permit an estimate of the value of dairy products at $665,000,000, or $54,000,000 above the estimate for last year. No crop but corn produces the income that the dairy cow does. The farmer's hen is becoming a worthy companion to his cow. The annual production of eggs is now a score of billions, and, after supplying the needs of factories, tanneries, bakeries, and other trades, they are becoming a substitute for high-priced meats, besides entering more generally into the every-day food of the people. Poultry products have now climbed to a place of more 184 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. than half a billion dollars In value; and so the farmer's hen com- petes with wheat for precedence. Total Wealth Production on Farms. Dreams of wealth production could hardly equal the preceding figures into which various items of the farmer's industry have been translated; and yet the story is not done. When other items, which can not find place here, are included, it appears that the wealth production on farms in 1905 reached the highest amount ever attained by the farmer of this or any other country, a stupendous aggregate of results of brain and muscle and ma- chine, amounting in value to $6,415,000,000. The deduction from wealth produced, made in the report of last year on account of products fed to live stock, is not continued this year because the duplication of produced wealth in the con- sumption of products by farm animals is much less than has been assumed and is undoubtedly more than offset by the amount of wealth produced on farms which can not be estimated or even as- certained practically by census enumerators. It might reasonably have been supposed in 1904 that the wealth produced by farmers had reached a value which would not be equaled perhaps for some years to follow, and yet that value is exceeded by the value for this year by $26,000,000, just as the value for that year exceeded that for 1903 by $242,000,000. The grand aggregate of wealth produced on farms in 1905 ex- ceeds that of 1904 by 4 per cent; it is greater than that of 1903 by 8 per cent; and transcends the census figures for 1899 by 36 per cent., and this after a lapse of only six years. If there is no relapse from this high position that the farmer now holds as a wealth producer, three years hence he ma;^ look back over the preceding decade, and, if he will add the annual figures of his wealth production, he will find that the farming element, or about 35 per cent, of the population, has produceQ an amount of wealth within these ten years equal to one-half of the entire National wealth produced by the toil and composed of the surplus and savings of three centuries. Domestic Animals. Horses. — In the last annual estimate made by this Department of the number and value of domestic animals on farms, nearly a year ago, it appears that the farmers' horses had never before been so numerous nor in the aggregate so valuable. First threatened by the bicycle, and later by the electric trolley car and the auto- mobile, neither one of these, nor all combined^ have scared the farmers' horses into diminished numbers or lower prices. On the contrary, horses on farms last winter were worth $1,200,000,000, or nearly as much as the corn crop of this year, and their number was over 17,000,000. Mules also are steadily increasing, and are worth $252,000,000. Cattle. — Milch cows also are advancing in numbers and have reached a total of 17,570,000, worth $482,000,000. Other cattle, however, have not participated in this advance, and in recent years have declined in number and total value so that last winter they numbered 43,669,000, worth $662,000,000. Sheep and Swine. — Sheep, too, are declining in number and in total value, but swine are holding their previous position of many years, the number being 47,321,000, valued at $283,25*5,000 Aggregate Increase. — In the aggregate, the value of farm ani- mals of all sorts has increased a few million dollars within a year and has increased $249,000,000 since the census of 1900, or 9 per Features of Foreign Trade. Unparalleled Agricultural Surplus.— Out of the enormous pro- ductions of the farms of this country the wants of 83,000,000 people have been supplied, and there remains a surplus large enough to become a generous contribution to the other nations of REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 185 the earth and unparalleled among them as a National agricultural surplus The relative position of farm products in domestic exports is a declining one on account of the gain in exports of manufactures, so that, while the exports of the former averaged 62.6 per cent, of all domestic exports for the five years 1900-1904, the percentage for 1905 was only 55.4 per cent. During the last sixteen years the domestic exports of farm products have amounted to $12,000,000,000, or $1,000,000,000 more than enough to buy all the railroads of the country at their com- mercial valuation, and this with a mere surplus for which there was no demand at home. Imports Mostly Noncompetitive. — In the matter of imports of farm products the total of the last fiscal year was $554,000,000, or $125,000,000 more than the annual average of the preceding five years. Over 1904 the gain was $92,000,000, which is ac- counted for by large increases in the imports of silk, wool, hides, and skins, coffee, sugar, and molasses, against which there were relatively small decreases in imports of feathers, rice, tea, and vegetables. The imports of farm products in 1905 were 49.6 per cent, of all imports, as compared with 46.7 per cent, during the preceding five years. Apparent Balance of Trade. — While the farmer has been a pro- ducer and trader, he has also been an international paymaster. In his foreign trade of 1905 he had a net balance in his favor amounting to $285,000,000; in the preceding five years this favor- able balance averaged $461,000,000; during the five years 1895- 1899 it averaged $338,000,000, and in the five years preceding that the average was $271,000,000. During the sixteen years past the farmer has secured a balance of $5,635,000,000 to himself in his international bookkeeping, and out of this he has offset an adverse balance of $543,000,000 in the foreign trade in products other than agricultural, and turned over to the Nation from his account with other nations $5,092,- 000,000. Earmers' Support of Manufacturing. Not content with his other achievements, the farmer lends his strong shoulder to the support of the manufactures of the country by furnishing raw materials. Computations based upon census information disclose the fact that farm products, to some extent obtained from other countries, constitute 56.4 per cent, of the total products, and 86.8 per cent, cf the total materials, of the indus- tries utilizing agricultural products as materials, and these indus- tries produce 36.3 per cent, of all manufactured products and use 42 per cent, of all materials employed in manufacturing. At the same time these industries using agricultural materials employed 37.8 per cent, of all persons engaged in manufacturing and the capital of these industries is 42.1 per cent, of the capital of all manufacturing establishments. Restated in absolute terms, during the last census year the farm products employed in certain manufactures were valued at $2,- 679,000,000; the value of all materials, including the preceding amount, was $3,087,000,000; and the products of the. industries using these materials were valued at $4,720,000,000. These indus- tries employed 2,154,000 persons and had a capital of $4,132,- 000,000. Such are the enormous interests, not engaged in agriculture, but in industries that could not maintain themselves without the farmer and his extraordinary productive ability. Farmers Becoming Bankers. Naturally such a large class of the population as the farmers, producing wealth and surpluses to the extent that they are, have savings which they invest in various ways, since in this country the stocking and its hiding place are not the savings bank. One of the most notable outgrowths of savings by farmers is the very great multiplication of small national banks in recent years. 186 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Under the amendment to the national banking act, permitting tho organization of banlcs with a capital of less than $50,000, as many as 1,754 of these banks were organized from March 14, 1900 to October 31, 1905, excluding those organized in the noncontigu- ous possessions. These banks are distributed mostly throughout the South and the North Central States in rural regions, where thev depend for their business primarily and directly upon the farmers' prosperity, and secondarily, upon the village merchants and persons of other employment, who themselves are dependent upon the prosperity of the farmers. In the Southern States 633 of these banks were organized, rep- resenting 36.1 per cent, of the total number; in the North Cen- tral States the number was 792, or 45.2 per cent, of the total. To one who Is familiar with State and regional conditions it is sig- nificant to notice that in the North Central States west of the Mississippi River, 513 of these banks were organized, representing 29.3 per cent, of the total number, and that in the Southwestern legion, embracing Texas, Indian Territory, and Oklahoma, 397 new small banks stand for 26.2 per cent, of the total. If the capital of these banks had been sent from Boston and New York it would have been such a proceeding as was common fifteen years ago; but, instead of coming from such an origin, the capital of these banks has come from the farmers. The State bank commissioner of Kansas, in his report for 1904, states that "it has been an area of small banks in isolated communities, and so many have been started that to-day every hamlet in the State where any considerable business is done has a bank. This in- crease in the number of small banks arises, first, from the fact that farmers and business men in these communities had idle money that they desired to invest and banking appealed to them," etc. The same cause for the establishment of these banks is reported from the South and North Central and Western groups of States. Depositors in Banks. In the North Central States farmers have been depositing money in the banks until the rate of interest on deposits has fal- len so low that they have diverted a large portion of their savings to permanent investments. In spite of the fact that the banks do not receive and keep all or most of the farmers' savings, the in- crease of bank deposits in agricultural States and larger regions is most extraordinary. The following are some examples of the increase of the deposits in all banks in the agricultural States during the year ending June 30, 1905: In Iowa and South Da- kota, the increase was 14.9 per cent. ; in Nebraska, 13.5 per cent. ; in Kansas, 9.7 per cent; in North Dakota, 25. During the same time bank deposits in the great capital State of Massachusetts increased 9.1 per cent. Still more remarkable is the bank statement for the South Cen- tral States. During the past year the deposits increased 18.1 per cent, in Texas, 21.4 in Oklahoma, 24.1 per cent, in Arkansas, and 45.7 per cent, in the Indian Territory, while throughout the whole area of that geographic division the increase was 22.8 per cent. The general average increase for the United States was 13.5 per cent. If a comparison is made with 1896, within the latest pro- longed financial depression, the comparisons are still more strik- ing. During the ten years from that year to June 30, 1905, the bank deposits of the United States, aU banks included, increased 129.2 per cent. In comparison with this is the increase of the South Atlantic States, 167.4 per cent.; of the Western or Rocky Mountain and Pacific States, 169.8 per cent. ; of the North Central States, 185.5 per cent.; and still more striking is the percentage of the South Central States, 255.7 per cent.; while during the same time the deposits in the North Atlantic States increased only 102.3 per cent. For individual States there are such increases during the ten years as 190.9 per cent, for Iowa, 239.3 per cent, for Kansas, 294 per cent, for North Dakota, and 355.7 per cent, for South Dakota. The progress of the South Central States was still more rapid. r REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 187 as evidenced in particular by Mississippi, with an increase of 347.1 per cent, in bank deposits; by Texas, 248 per cent.; by Ok- lahoma, 172.6 per cent.; and by Arkansas, with 503.8 per cent. li'or the first time in the financial history of the South, deposits in the banks of that region now exceed $1,000,000,000. The foregoing remarkable increases in bank deposits in agricul- tural States, as well as the increase in the number of small coun- try banks, are directly and indirectly because of the profits that have come to the farmers from the operation of their farms. The man with the hoe has become the man with the harvester and the depositor and shareholder of the bank. Decadence of the Crop Lien. Nothing has been of greater financial moment to the cotton planters than the profitable price of cotton during the past three years. It has been the means of lifting them out of a rut that at times filled them with despair. The crop lien, which was a neces- sity immediately after the Civil War, is disappearing where it has not already gone and released the planters from its bondage. For the first time in nearly half a century the cotton planter's unsecured note is now good at the bank, and his land is a safe security and is salable. Increase in Farm Values. Such an account of the farms of the United States as is given in the foregoing matter may seem too optimistic in tone and too extravagant in expression. With the expectation that the story of .the year would present this appearance, and to verify or dis- credit it, the Department undertook and has just completed an investigation of the changes in the values per acre of medium farms since the census of 1900. The net result of these changes is an enormous increase in the values, which increase is entirely consonant with the period of high prosperity that the farmers have enjoyed since 1900, the only considerable blot upon an other- wise clean record of these years being the very deficient corn crop of 1901. Inquiries were addressed to 45,000 correspondents, representing almost every agricultural neighborhood in the United States, and the returns of these correspondents warrant the statements that follow. The values asked for and reported include the buildings and all improvements, but no personal property. Percentage of Gain. — During the five years past the value of the real estate of medium farms of this country has increased 33.5 per cent, as compared with the census increase of 25 per cent, for the real estate of all farms from 1890 to 1900. The high- est percentage of increase — 40.3 per cent. — is found in the South Central group of States. Next to this is 40.2 for the Western group, which includes the Rocky Mountain and Pacific States. Third in order is the South Atlantic group, with 36 per cent, of increase. The North Central States, containing most of the great cereal and live-stock surplus region, increased 35.3 per cent., and lowest of all was the increase of the North Atlantic States — 13.5 per cent. Thus it appears that the medium farms of the South have increased in value in a greater degree than the medium farms of the entire North as far west as the Rocky Mountains. Farms are classified according to their principal sources of in- come, conforming substantially to the census classification for 1900. With this understanding, correspondents report an in- crease of 48.2 per cent, in value per acre for the medium cotton farms during the five years, 35 per cent, for the hay and grain farms, 34.3 per cent, for the live-stock farms, and 33.2 per cent, for the farms devoted principally to sugar cane and sugar beets. Rice farming follows with an increase of 32.2 per cent, in value per acre, while close to this is 32.1 per cent, for tobacco farms. Next in order are the farms devoted to general farming, with an increase in value per acre amounting to 30.1 per cent., after which are the fruit farms, with an increase of 27.9 per cent.; vegetable 188 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. farms, 26.7 per cent; and, lowest of all, the dairy farms, with an Increase of 25.8 per cent. Dollars of Gain Per Acre. — When a comparison is made among the various regions of the country and among the various classes of farms with regard to the number of dollars of increase rather than the percentage of increase, the results are very different from the preceding. The medium farms of the North Central di- vision increased on the average $11.25 per acre during the five years. In the Western division of States the increase was $5.33; in the North Atlantic States, $5.26; while the increases were low- est in the South, where in the South Atlantic division the gain was $4.93, and in the South Central, $4.66. The average increase per acre of medium farms in the United States> all classes com- bined, was $7.31. Although the rate of increase for cotton farms was highest of all specialized farms, the amount of increase per acre was lowest, or $5.21. Next above this is rice, with $5.97; live stock, with $6.40; and general farming, $6.78. Rising considerably above this was the increase for dairy farms, $8.53; tobacco farms, $9.13; and hay and grain farms, $9.43. The highest increases are for vegetable farms, $11.10; sugar farms, $12.34; and fruit farms, $15.29. Causes of Increase. — While some decreased values were found in a few places, due to local causes, the general fact of large increases in farm values was explained by correspondents with much particularity. The increase is chiefly due to better prices and more profitable results of farm operations, leading to a higher capitalization of land on account of increased net profit. But this by no means fully accounts for the marked increase dis- covered in farm values, when secondary causes are considered. Everywhere is revealed a more intelligent agriculture; the farm- ers are improving their cultural methods and are changing from less profitable to more profitable crops. They are discovering that high cost of production attends extensive agriculture, and that, on the contrary, intensive culture and intensive crops in- crease the net profits per acre. As disclosed in the preceding increases of average acre values, the farms of the less intensive culture and crops have increased in value less than the farms having the more valuable crops receiving high culture. Other causes for higher values are the erection of new build- ings, the keeping of buildings in better repair, better fences, tile draining of land that has been too wet, and a general improve- ment in farm thrift. New facilities for transportation, where existing, are everywhere reported as at once raising the value of farm lands, whether new railroads or wagon roads that will per- mit the hauling of larger loads and for longer distances. Another cause for increase which has had a distinct effect by itself is the growing desire and ability of farmers, and towns- people also, to invest in farm lands as affording a safe invest- ment, even though the rate of interest, as values now are, is not high. Many minor causes have co-operated with the foregoing to bring about the wonderful increase in farm values during the past five years that the Department has discovered. Grand Aggregate Increase of Value. — The correspondents re- porting with regard to this matter were requested to state in- creases and decreases for medium farms. There are reasons for believing that the increases for this class of farms may be ex- tended to farms below and above the medium without a material distortion of the fact as representing all farms. While the in- creases reported for medium farms are higher than for the more poorly kept and less productive farms, on the other hand they are lower than for the better kept and more productive farms of the highest class, which are not covered in the reports of cor- respondents. Accepting, then, the increased average acre values of the va- rious classes of medium specialized and general farms as appli- cable to all farms, including those above and below medium, with such pertinent qualifications as may be made, these increases are applied to the total number of farms of the various classes with results, which, it is believed, are approximately correct. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 189 With this understanding it is found that the cotton farms liave increased in value $460,000,000, the most prominent increase jimong the States being Texas, with $115,000,000, while Georgia stands second with $77,000,000, and Mississippi third with $62,- 000,000. Therefore, it may be said that during the last five years the cotton plantations have had six crops of cotton, one of these crops being a permanent investment and promising to pay a good return year by year. Sugar farms have increased in value $20,000,000, more than half of which is found in Louisiana and one-sixth in California, Hay and grain farms have such an immense acreage that the increase for them amounts to $2,000,000,000, three-fourths of which is in the North Central States; and an even greater gain, or $2,263,000,000, was made by the live-stock farms, nearly three- fourths of this also being in the North Central States. In the case of farms having dairying as a specialty the increased value was $369,000,000; tobacco farms increased $57,000,000; rice farms, $3,300,000; fruit, $94,000,000; vegetable farms, $113,000,000; and farms devoted to general and miscellaneous purposes $768,- 000,000. In the grand aggregate of all farms of all classes the increased value equaled the enormous total of $6,131,000,000. Every sunset during the past five years has registered an in- crease of $3,400,000 in the value of the farms of this country; every month has piled this value upon value until it has reached $101,000,000; that portion of the National debt bearing interest is equaled by the increased value of farms in nine months, and this increase for a little over a year balances the entire interest and non-interest bearing debt of the United States. This increased value that has come to farms is invested better than in bank deposits or even in the gilt-edged bonds of private corporations. Economic Position of Tarmers. If the farmers' economic position in the United States is to be condensed to a short paragraph, it may be said that their farms produced this year wealth valued at $6,415,000,000; that farm products are yearly exported with a port value of $875,000,000; that farmers have reversed an adverse international balance, of trade, and have been building up one favorable to this country by sending to foreign nations a surplus which in sixteen years has aggregated $12,000,000,000, leaving an apparent net balance of trade during that time amounting to $5,092,000,000 after an ad- verse balance against manufactures and o^her products not agri- cultural, amounting to $543,000,000, has been offset. The manu- facturing industries that depend upon farm products for raw ma- terials employed 2,154,000 persons in 1900 and used a capital of $4,132,000,000. Within a decade farmers have become prominent as bankers and as money lenders throughout large areas; and during the past five years prosperous conditions and the better- directed efforts of the farmers themselves have increased the value of their farms 33.5 per cent, or an amount approximately equal to $6,131,000,000. NUMBER AND ACREAGE OF FARMS AND NUMBER OF . ACRES IMPROVED AND UNIMPROVED: 1850 TO 1900. (From reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor.) Average Per cent of farm Number ^Number of acres In farms.->, number , land , Census of Un- of acres Im- Unim- year. farms. Improved, improved. Total, to a farm, proved proved. 1850 1,449,073 113,032,614 180,528,000 293,560,614 202.6 38.5 61.5 I860 2,044,077- 163,110,720 244,101,818 407,212,538 199.2 40.1 59.9 1870* 2,659,985 188,921,099 218,813,942 407,735,041 153.3 46.3 53.7 1880* 4,008,907 284,771,042 251,310,793 536,081,835 133.7 53.1 46.9 1890* 4,564,641 357,616,755 265,601,864 623,218,619 136.5 57.4 42 6 1900 5,737,372 414,498,487 434,093,287 838,591,774 146.2 49.4 5o!6 *Not including farms of less than 3 acres, which reported the sale of less than $500 worth of products in. the census year. IHO REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. VALUE or FABM PROPERTY: 1850 TO 1900. (From reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor.) Per cent of value of all farm f — property in ^ Farm land, , Value of -> with Farm land with im- Implements Census All farm provements, and year. property. including machinery, buildings. Dollars. 1850.. 1860. . 1870b. 1890., 1900.. Dollars. 3.967.343,580 7.980.493,063 11.124.958.747 12,180,501,538 16,082,267.689 13,279,2iS2,649 improve- ments. Live stock, includ- ing build- ings. Dollars, a 544,180,516 Dollars. 3,271,575,426 151,587.638 a 544,180,516 82.5 3.8 lr',.7 6,645,045,007 240,118.141 al, 089, 329,915 83.3 3.1 ]:;.*; 9,262,803,861 336,878.429 al,525,276,457 83.3 3.0 13.7 10,197,096,776 406,520,055 cl,576,884,707 83.7 3.3 13.0 494,247,467 c2,308, 767,573 82.6 3.1 14.3 20.439,901,164 dl6,614,647,491 749.775,970 e3,075,477,703 81.3 3.7 15.0 a Including only the reported value of live stock on farms. b Values for 1870 were reported in depreciated currency. To reduce to specie basis of other years they must be diminished one-fifth. c Including estimated value of live stock on ranges. d value of land, with improvements, except buildings, $13,058,007,995; value of buildings, 13,556,639,496. The Twelfth Census was the first to collect sepa- rate statistics of buildings on farms. e Including value of live stock on ranges as well as on farms. Value of do- mestic animals, $2,979,197,586. This figure is more nearly comparable than that in the table with the returns for value of live stock at earlier censuses. COTTON CROP IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1850 TO 1904. Estimated Acreage, Product, and Value. -Total- Ypor Area. ^^^^- Acres. 1850* I860* 1870* 1880 15,475,300 1885 18,300,865 1886 18,454,603 1887 18,641,067 1888 19, 058,591 1890* 20,175,270 1893 19,525,000 1894 23, 687,950 1895 20, 184,808 1S96 23,273,209 15>97 24,319,584 1898 24,967,295 1899 23,403,497 1900 25.758,139 1901 27,220,414 1902 27, 114,103 1903 28,016,893 1904t ♦The crop of the preceding year. tPounds. Product, Value, Bales. Dollars. 2.469.093 5,387,052 3,011,996 12,854,471,100 280,266,242 6,575,300 269,989,812 13,127,230,233 257,295,327 7,020,209 291,045,346 6,940,898 292,139,209 7,472,511 7,493,000 9,476,435 259,164,640 7.161.094 293,358,852 8,532,705 291,811,564 10,897,857 319,491,412 11,189,205 305,467,041 9,142,838 334,847,868 10,401,453 511,098,111 10,662,995 418,358,366 10,725,422 458,051,005 10,061,289 600,288,626 13,679,954 $Cotton ginned. TOBACCO CROP IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1893 TO 1905. Estimated Acreage, Product, and Value.* Area. Product, Value, Year. Acres, Pounds. Dollars. 1893 , 702,952 483,023,963 39,155,442 1894 523,103 406,678,385 27,760,739 1895 633,950 491,544,000 35,574,220 1896 594,749 403,004,320 24,258,070 1899t $1,101,460 $868,112,865 $56,987,902 1900 1,046,427 814,345,341 53,661,132 1901 1,039,199 818,953,373 58,283,108 1902 1,030,734 821,823,963 80,472,506 1903 1,037,735 815,972,425 55,514,627 1904 806,409 660,460,739 53,382,959 1905 776,112 633,033,719 53,519,068 ♦The value given is for December 1. fCensus figures. $Exclusive of Hawaii. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 191 CEREAL CROPS. Estimated Production and Value, 1890 to 1905. (From annual reports of the Department of Agriculture.) CORN. , Total ^ , Average- < Acres. 71,970,763 76,204,515 70,626,658 72,036,465 62,582,269 82,075,830 81,027,156 80,095,051 77,721,781 82,108,587 83,320,872 91,349,928 94,043,613 88,091,993 92.231,581 94,011,369 g Bushels. 1,489,970,000 2,060,154.000 1,628,464,000 1,619,496,131 1,212,770,052 2,151,138,580 2,283,875,165 1,902,967,933 1,924,184,660 2,078,143,933 2,105,102,516 1,522,519,891 2,523,648,312 2,244,176,925 2,467,480,934 2,707,993,540 as Dollars. 754,433,451 836,439,228 642,146,630 591,025,627 554,719,162 544,985,534 491,006,967 501,072,952 552,023,428 629,210,110 751,220,034 921,555,768 1,017,017,349 952,868,801 1,087,461,440 1,116,696,738 13.50 > Cts. 50.6 40.6 39.4 36.5 45.7 25.3 21.5 26.3 28.7 Bush. 20.7 27.0 23.1 22.5 19.4 26.2 28.2 23.8 24.8 25.3 25.3 16.7 26.8 25.5 > Doll. 10.48 10.98 9.09 8.21 8.86 6.64 6.06 6.26 7.10 7.66 9.02 10.09 10.81 10.82 11.79 11.88 36,087,154 39,916,897 38,554,430 84,629,418 34,882,436 34,047,332 34,618,646 39,465,066, 44,055,278 44,592,516 42,495,385 49,895,514 46,202,424 49,464,967 44,074,875 47,854,079 WHEAT. 399,262,000 611,780,000 515,949,000 396,131.725 460,267,416 467,102,947 427,684,346 530,149,168 675,148,705 547,303,846 522,229,505 748,460,218 670,063,008 637,821,835 552,399,517 692,979,489 334,773,678 513,472,711 322,111,881 213,171,381 2'>5, 902,025 237,938,998 310,602,539 428,547,121 392,770,320 319,545,259 323,525,177 467,350,156 422,224,117 443,024,826 510,489,874 518,372,727 62.4 53.8 49.1 50.9 72.6 80.8 58.2 58.4 61.9 62.4 63.0 9214 74.8 11.1 15.3 13.4 11.4 13.2 13.7 12.4 13.4 15.3 12.3 12.3 15.0 14.5 12.9 12.5 14.5 9.28 12.86 8.35 6.16 6.48 6.99 8.97 10.86 8.92 7.17 7.61 9.37 9.14 8.96 11.58 10.83 26,431,369 25,581,861 27,063,835 27,273,033 27,023,553 27,878,406 27,565,985 25,730,375 25,777,110 26,341,380 27,364,795 28,541,476 28,653,144 27,638,126 27,842,669 28,046,746 OATS. 523,621,000 738,394,000 661,035,000 638,854,850 662,036,928 824,443,537 707,346,404 698,767,809 730,906,643 796,177,713 809,125,989 736,808,724 987,842,712 784.094,199 894,595,552 953,216,197 222,048,486 232,312,267 209,253,611 187,576,092 214,816,920 163,655,068 132,485,033 147,974,719 186,405,364 198,167,975 208,669,233 293,658,777 303,584,852 267,661,665 279,900,013 277,047,537 42.4 31.5 31.7 29.4 32.4 19.9 18.7 21.2 25.5 24.9 25.8 39.9 30.7 34.1 31.3 29.1 19.8 28.9 24.4 23.4 24.5 29.6 25.7 27.2 28.4 30.2 29.6 25.8 34.5 28.4 32.1 34.0 8.40 9.08 7.73 6.88 7.95 5.87 4.81 5.75 7.23 7.52 7.63 10.29 10.60 9.68 10.05 2,141,853 2,176,466 2,163,657 2,038,485 1,944,780 1,890,345 1,831,201 1,703,561 1,643,207 1,659,308 .1,591,362 1,987,505 1,978,548 1,906,894 1,792,673 1,662,508 RYE. 25,807,472 31,751,868 27,978,824 26,555,446 26,727,615 27.210,070 24,369,047 27,363,324 25,657,522 23,961,741 23,995,927 30,344,830 33,630,592 29,363,416 27,241,515 27,616,045 16,229,992 24,589,217 15,160,056 13,612,222 13,395,476 11,964,826 9,960,769 12,239,697 11,875,350 12,214,118 12,295,417 16,909,742 17,080,793 15,993,871 18,748,323 16,754,657 62.9 77.4 54.2 51.3 50.1 44.0 40.9 44.7 46.3 51.0 51.2 55.7 50.8 54.5 68.8 60.7 12.0 14.6 12.9 13.0 13.7 14.4 13.3 16.1 15.6 14.4 15.1 15.3 17.0 15.4 15.2 16.6 7.58 11.30 7.01 6.33 5.44 7.18 7.23 7.36 7.73 8.51 10. < 10.{ 192 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. CEREAL CBOPS. Estimated Production and Value, BARLEY. , Total 1890 to 1905— Continued. -Average Calendar year. t Acres. 1890 3, 1891 3. 1892 3, 1893 3, 1894 3. 1X95 3 1,S9fi 2, 1897 2, 1898 2, 1899 2, 1900 2, 1901 4, ]<» Cts. 62.7 52.4 47.5 41.1 44.2 33.7 32.3 37.7 41.3 40.3 40.8 45.2 45.9 45.6 42.0 40.3 Bush. 21.4 25.9 2S.6 21.7 19.4 26.4 23.6 24.5 21.6 25.5 20.4 25.6 29.0 26.4 27.2 26.8 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1S95. l>?9r.. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 844 849. 861, 815, 789, 763, 754, 717, 678, 670, 637, 811, 804, 804, 793, 760, 579 364 451 614 232 277 898 836 332 148 930 164 889 393 625 118 BUCKWHEAT. 12,432,831 12,760,932 12,143,185 12,122,311 12,668,200 15,341,399 14,089,783 14,997,451 11,721,927 11,094,473 9,566,966 15,125,939 14,529,770 14,243,644 15,008,336 14,585,082 7,132,872 7,271,506 6,295,643 7,074,450 7,040,238 6,936,325 5.522,339 6,319,188 5,271,462 6,183,675 5,341,413 8,523,317 8,654,704 8,650,733 9,330,768 8,565,499 57.4 .57.0 51.8 58.4 55.6 45.2 39.2 42.1 45.0 55.7 55.8 56.3 .59.6 60.7 62.2 58.7 14.7 15.0 14.1 14.9 16.1 20.1 18.7 20.9 17.3 16.6 15.0 18.6 18.1 17.7 18.9 19.2 Year, POTATO CROP 1900 TO 1905. Acreage, Production, and Value.* (From reports of the Department of Agriculture.) Yield Price Acreage. per acre. Production, per ton. Acres. Tons. Tons. Dollars. 1905 2,996,757 87.0 260,741,294 61.7 1904 3,015,675 110.4 332,830,300 45.3 1903 2,916,855 84.7 247,127,880 61.4 1902 2,965,587 96.0 284,632,787 47.1 1901 2,864,335 65.5 187,598,087 76.7 1900 2,611,054 80.8 210,926,897 43.1 ♦Does not include swe«t potatoes. HAY CROP 1900 TO 1905. Acreage, Production, and Value. (From reports of the Department of Agriculture.) Yield Price Acreage. per acre. Production, per ton. Acres. Tons. Tons. Dollars. Year, 19(K5 ^9,361,960 1.54 60,531,611 8.52 1904 :i9,998,602 1.52 60,696,028 8.72 1903 39,933,759 1.54 61,305,940 9.08 1902 39,825,227 1.50 59.857,576 9.06 1901 39,390,508 1.28 50,590,877 10.01 1900 39,132,890 1.28 50,110,906 8.89 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 193 PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIAL MOVEMENT OF SUGAR. Quantity of Sugar Consumed in the United States from 1877 to 1905. (Data furnished by Messrs. Willett & . Gray, of New York.) » bug •o a 3 ^ o k 1§ gc.- 1"V . /• pomostic product-> , incl le SOI from orted asses II 30 Is as .Q otal mai and imp mol §^ o Pi % o O H Tons. Tons, Tons. Tons. Pounds. 1877 606,750 89,000 446 745,250 36 1878 649,872 663,196 71,000 112,000 223 357 773,472 831,896 36.2 1879 38.1 1880 805,045 88,822 357 956,784 42.7 1881 835,261 127,367 629 1,012,206 44.2 1882 973,720 76,372 446 1,134,994 48.4 18S3 1,021,956. 142,297 536 1,224,011 51.1 1884 1,098,090 135,243 737 1,309,383 53.4 1885 1,122,345 100,876 600 1,298,380 51.8 1886 1,232,755 135,158 754 1,459,280 56.9 1887 1,213,791 85,394 255 1,381,714 52.7 1888 1,270,629 167,814 1,640 1,519,283 56.7 1SS9 1,193,761 153,909 2,400 1,416,474 51.8 1?90 1,25V,292 136,503 2,800 1,476,377 52.8 1891 1,614,580 221,951 5,400 1,888,851 66.3 1S92 1,597,306 204,064 12,000 1.853.370 63.8 1893 1,623,872 235,886 16,000 1,906.758 64.4 1894...- 1,700,635 271,336 20,443 2,012,714 «6.7 1S95 1,572,438 324,506 30,000 1,949,744 63.4 1896 1,670,963 243,220 40,000 1,960,086 62.5 1897 1,715,607 310,537 39,684 2,070,978 64.8 1898 1,708,937 252,812 34,453 2,002,902 61.. n 1S99 1,844,642 160,400 62,826 2,078,068 62.6 1900 1,950,014 174,450 82,736 2.219,847 65.2 1901 tl,932,330 292,150 124,859 2,372,316 6S.7 1902 t2,092,657 296,000 148,526 2,566,108 72.8 1903 §1,982,605 292,800 247,563 2,549,643 70.9 1904 112 246,068 32?,, 649 170,135 2,767,162 75.3 1905 **2,056,092 334,522 220,722 2,632,216 70.5 ♦Leading refiners state that little or no sugar is manufactured from domestic molasses. Messrs. Willett & Gray, New York, state that of the sugar consumed in 1902 only about 44,749 tons were unrefined. flncludes 309,070 tons Hawaiian, 66,279 tons Porto Rican, and 5,100 tons Philippine. Jlncludes 311,139 tons Hawaiian, 84,827 tons Porto Rican, and 2,550 tons Philippine. §Includes 357,850 tons Hawaiian, 85,989 tons Porto Rican, and 29,947 tons Philippine. ^Includes 330,745 tons Hawaiian, 116,942 tons Porto Rican, and 22,100 tons Philippine. ♦♦Includes 376,497 tons Hawaiian, 124,928 tons Porto Rican, and 14,673 tons Philippine. Quantity of Beet Sugar Produced in the United States, 1891-92 to 1904-5. (From reports of the Department of Agriculture.) Average extraction of , raw sugar ^ ^* 3 e! *1 u 3 03 'O 2^ i^ « >» bop u ''-' t, Q 5 fe <^ ra m^ 0^ fl^ fl. Num- Short ber. Acres. tons. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 1891-92. . . 6 7,155 72,530 12,004,838 184 9.20 1,864 1892-93... 6 13,128 128,887 27,083,288 233 11.67 2,292 1893-94... 6 19,645 194,896 45,191,296 256 12.82 2,556 1894-95... 5 19,538 (t) 45,006,000 (t) (t) 2,559 1895-96... 6 22,948 (t) 65,453,000 (t) (t) 3,169 1896-97... 7 57,239 (t) 84,081,000 (t) (t) 1,632 1897-98... 9 41,272 389,635 90,491,670 258 12.98 2,436 1898-99... 15 37,400 (t) 72,735,000 (t) (t) 2,161 1899-1900. 31 135,305 794,658 163,458,075 229 11.43 1,342 1900-1901. 34 132,000 811,654 172,164,000 236 11.78 1,449 1901-2.... 39 194,725 1,704,595 365,402,000 . 238 11.91 2,085 1902-3.... 44 259,513 1,888,665 437,837,000 258 12.88 1,875 1903-4.... 53 292,295 2,022,839 466,222,000 256 12.80 1,772 1904-5.... 51- 252,100 2,024,558 469,777,000 258 12.89 2,071 *The bulk of the sugar produced is refined. For calculating the average extraction the- figures here given have been reduced to terms of raw sugar on the assumption that 90 pounds of refined is equivalent to 100 pounds of raw. tNot stated. 194 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. SUGAR CONSUMPTION. Per Capita in Europe and in This Country. The per capita consumption of sugar in the United States in 1904 was 75.3 pounds, an increase of 4.2 pounds, as compared with 1903. There was a further increase in 1905 so that the per capita consumption of sugar in this country is now practically equal to that of Great Britain and more than double that of Germany or France. F. 0. Licht, in his "Monthly Report," dated Madgeburg, February 16, 1906, gives the per capita consumption of sugar in Europe last year as follows: I . I .. Country. -gw -o^ Country. 9g "Sg Germany 60;131,000 32.9 Spain 19,100,n00 12.1 Austria 48,592,000 20.5 Portugal & Madeira. 5,574,000 14.7 Prance 39,102,000 34.4 England 43,307,000 81.3 Russia 110,000,000 19.5 Bulgaria 3,753,000 6.5 Holland 5,546,000 35.6 Greece : 2,490,000 8.2 Belgum 6,985,000 25.6 Servia 2,624,000 5.5 Denmark 2,585,000 60.6 Turkey 24,640,000 8.5 Sweden and Nor^^y 7,514,000 42.6 Switzerland 3,450,000 44.1 Italy 33,218,000 7.2 — - Roumania 6,292,000 7.4 All Europe 424.903,000 27.9 OUR WOOL INDUSTRY. A glance at our production and imports of wool during recent years, at our sheep census, and at the various prices of wool, will show more clearly than any explanation can convey, the benefits of protection to this great industry of our country. Free wool has been made one of the rallying cries of Free-Traders for many years, and finally after various attempts we were given a tariff in 1894 that carried in its schedules free wool to our manufacturers. The result was most disastrous. Our sheep were killed, our far- mers could not get profitable prices for their wool; and during the operation of that tariff we imported from abroad over 800,- 000,000 pounds, displacing, of course, to that extent the American production. Our manufacturers had free raw material indeed, and yet their mills were closed and their hands were idle and their dividends were passed. "We are only beginning to recover fully from the blow which was dealt to both manufacturers and sheep raisers by the free wool tariff, which was in operation from 1894 to 1897, and yet in the face of that experience our Free-Traders would again, if they had the opportunity, place wool upon the free list. Wool Statistics. June 30— 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Production, Imports, Pounds. Pounds. 276,000,000 105,431,285 285,000,000 129,303.648 294,000,000 148,670,652 303,153,000 172,433,838 298,057,384 55,152,585 309,748,000 206,033,906 272,474,708 230,911,473 259,153,251 350,852,026 266,720,684 132,795,202 272,191,330 76,736,209 288,636,621 155,928,455 302,502,328 103,583,505 316,341,032 166,576,966 287,450,000 177,137,796 291,783,032 173,742,834 295,488,438 249,135,746 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGiN TEXT-BOOK. 195 OOrJ'J<(MlOC--^«COC.05t-(M t- 135 CO 00_O5 -ntH^O 0_fr^«0 O C- CO 0_«C 0S_-»)<_r-i_O_T--l '^_'*,t--_-««^ rl a 2 S rH 50 M !.-: r' M< lO «5 00 L-r O iH M< C5 .-( UJ T-i M 1'- t- rH •* OO 00 CdOO M • in — 5 5 -ic 00 1^ cr> lr^ o OS t- 00 05 1 '- C^ Q OfOCOlit'-^OOOOrHC-Jt ei ^ oico^'i " c4 1-1 tH tH tH T-H C^f Ct' SCOTtCOt-eO«*lrt05t-ClOCOOi«>eOiHCO(MO-»ft-iHt- ooooiio-^coMOT-xJOi-iocrsr-ii-ot-oscoin-^cftc^icei-i-^f" K1000;OOOOiOlOt-T-IOOO-^t-C-C<103«OCOi-IOOC01i500 IvJ O O (rg* C^J C^" <» iH C^ lO OO" -* CD' U5 Cq O (35* rH 03" 0^*" OO* iri C35' o c4' !Mt-0-*iC5r-l'^OOCq05(330«0-*Oiniftt:~OC03C^JOC^O iH(M p $2; - C5 10 05 10 -^ )_00 a5__C0 C- -5<^O^C-_^0 00 rH »-i lO'^CvJOCOesiOSOOSt-iHC nj i33COO^'*C-t--«*'-3<'!3rc^CC'OC^C-4 00^ oT tH oT «<) Co' r-T I 1 •*'Cvl.-IC^C?0-:iXlOC~OCOOO OT 10 1-1 O 03 C 1-; tt ■*_ CO iH CSI^O 0^i33_^tH CO_^t- b (33"i33"crroq O t^^O CDinir- O3c4"(33'l33'od (33'«o''t-^c^^■ CS 50 TP rg 00 in CO m CO c 10 C^ O -^^ O' t>^ O C< r 00" t-" C^f t-^ (33' «0 133 '!<' e-^t^-^C000OOr--iX!t- I CO «o _ Q 03 ■* 10 Lnc^t>-C0-^O'X>CjTH7HCM-«t<'*TH(MOC CO in rH 00" c^" s in tH ■^"' 00" ■>^'' in" oc" ■^'" ■** o" o" t-^ 03" 03* 05' t-" coi:-rHi:-co3;t-ininocDoooco<33iHOcqinc t>in ■^•>s<'^r*co t— CO . ino3cocoo3cocoeo IO-*(33iMOOC-E-CO I rl<^CO O^in in rHCO_lH r 1 n co" CO in (33" c «>» in iH C3 in < >COOOCDC V i>-' 1-T o" o cCOC^in03in.-lTHC^(»OCO-^->*<(33(33CO<330T-(L~i35 CO tH in(S3 C<1 in00Cq^O3 0^-«l<_--'(35^ i>- 03 1* 05 05 CO ^ (iH^OO-iHr-lTtit-OCOi 2 cs ln'^^■<*c-1^l- 3 _; -^COrHO300in O ~r~ r ■^ CO O 06 ■* CO 00 < >coco t- t-l (33 ^ CO 03 CO 1 CD t- Ci<'crTj<''t-ooi>oo^ - -_ -. . __. .coincot-iH(33COcjcDincvjinoocr> 03 03 0> r-l T-l C'TH00in(rvlCDrHt-inTHC0^00'r^lHi-l05C^O(33 C" in in CO e<> O rH CO (N 00 iH t> C<1 03 CD O Cq 130 1-H CO in 00 O CO (r> o T-|CDCOlOCOO'*OOt-rt<003COt-0 in t-iHOOOCOcOC>3 (=>--( CDt-00 0000O3O5Oi''iOi O 03 t- m in '*-^inC0 00(33O_rH ^a>_c^_oo_t-^iH 00 iH co_^o cD_i33_^eo_in t-_^esi^co_^o t> m •2 i-roo"o3M<*l— CDc-"^^ i ; ; i M ; i ; M i i i ; i i i i i i i i : i i rt cj,co-^incD£-ooo30i--i0(^(r!0 « 00 >0 00 OOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOO^ pqO M Eh WW t^ sss 0> lOOl 0) >00 00 I I'' I 8!i» ioi«eo55io (^ Ji O US «£ tH C» Oi" T-Tioc^ft^c^f t-TrH e^i'iH t-T toeocyTcvf O5OJl<'"Ttr OOt^S^tOUS OJOSOlOt— OOOOOIO iou3ioio25 lotfit^ooco co«e«ot- 00O5 lf5«r> t»t-(X> t- l« M 05 10 e»3e '-if2"^"?oo I o eo. 000 c--< 010 i-H< IC 05* 00*1 ioicr-«i<'ioifl in"'ioco'"co''co ■«c"V'^"eo t- e^ t- CO e-1 iT-ICOt- CJit-OJCO lOOtDCO t-«DO00 t^oot-t-oo C5oot~m«> ■^ •<*«mi:~«o ( ••-> <0 I- tH O CO O (MCvj^uSlO fc< cococieoeo 5 , . <3je2ooM<<3s I 3i2 2? 5: '-^^ <=>"«>" r-. ;5 05 ^ CVl 00 CO ca o iM00_c.3,oco •^ >Q o'^'t-'ici'oo' " T-t rH r-t IM (M •l-IC03 cooieococo coeococ -^tH t-Tojin t-^t-T Oi t- iH 10 ^^^ co_^cvi^cq CO o'cDOOOl" 05 00 c- e<) o c io"inco*THt- eO(» ini-.<» iffl'"eg"'^"co''o" T-i t- in t- ;3| eoi-i cji o 00 co''o"-«i<'co'"o CO eo 00 NO us lorMnin in t-os 000 t-Ti^T^'ei-o "tf<05 m oscg O SM o_co o cj'oq'eqoo 1-1 eg eg eg cl Cioj in -gi ■>3<_ino_^oo o'oo'o'o «viiHegeq < 01 o us 00 CO «ooo-* CO eg -.j^ CO -5t< co_^co 00 ,h''cc'co''o SSaS^ 22^22 «SSS§§ SSJ^^ gS§§ §g§§ REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 197 OCCUPATIONS OF OUR WAGE EABNERS. Population at Least 10 Years of Age Engaged in Gainful Oc- cupations, Classified by Sex and Specified Occupations, 1890 and 1900. 1890. , 1900 s OCCUPATION. Total. Male. Female. Total. Agricultural Pursuits. Agricultural laborers 3,004,061 3,747,668 663,209 4,410,877 Dairymen and dairywomen 17,895 9,983 892 10,875 Farmers, planters and overseers.... 5,281,557 5,367,169 307,706 5,674,875 Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, etc. 72,601 58,928 2,861 61,788 Lumbermen and raftsmen 65,866 71,920 100 72,020 Stock raisers, herders and drovers. 70,729 83,056 1,932 84,988 Turpentine farmers and laborers.... * 24,456 281 24 737 Woodchoppers 33,697 35,962 113 36,07"i Other agricultural pursuits *19,520 5,287 243 5,530 Totals 8,565,926 9,404,429 977,336 10,381,765 Professional Service. Actors, professional showmen, etc.. 27,783 27,903 6,857 34,760 Architects, designers, draftsmen, etc 17,461 28,483 1,041 29,524 Artists and teachers of art 22,496 13,852 11,021 24,873 Clergymen 88,203 108,265 3,873 111,638 Dentists 17,498 28,858 786 29,644 Electricians t 50,308 409 50,717 Engineers (civil, etc.) and survey- ors t43,239 43,155 84 43,239 Journalists 21,849 27,845 2,193 30,038 Lawyers 89,630 113.450 1.010 114,460 Literary and scientific persons 11,217 13,082 5,984 19,066 Musicians and teachers of music... 62,155 39,815 52,359 92,174 Officials (Government) 82,590 78,488 8,119 86,607 Physicians and surgeons 104,805 124,615 7,387 132,002 Teachers and college professors, etc. 347,344 118,519 327,614 446,133 Other professional service 8,063 11,525 2,339 13,864 Totals 944,333 828,163 430,576 1,258,739 Domestic and Personal Service. Barbers and hairdressers 84,982 125,542 5,574 131,116 Bartenders 55,806 88,377 440 88,817 Boarding- and lodging-house keep- ers 44,349 11,826 59,455 71,281 Hotelkeepers 44,076 46,264 8,533 54,797 Housekeepers and stewards 92,036 8,224 146,929 155,153 Janitors and sextons 26,538 48,544 8,033 56,577 Laborers (not specified) 1,913,373 2,505,287 123,975 2,629,262 Launderers and laundresses 248,462 50,683 335,282 385,965 Nurses and midwives 47,586 12,265 108,691 120,956 Restaurant-keepers 19,283 28,999 4,845 33,844 Saloon-keepers 71,385 81,660 2,086 83,746 Servants and waiters 1,454,791 276,958 1,283,763 1,560,721 Soldiers, sailors and marines (U.S.).. 27,919 43,235 43,235 Watchmen, policemen, firemen, etc. 74,629 129,711 879 130,590 Other domestic and personal service 15,597 27,633 6,964 34,597 Totals 4,220,812 3,485,208 2,095,449 5,580,657 Trade and Transportation. Agents 174,582 230,606 10,656 241,162 Bankers and brokers 35,968 72,984 293 73,277 Boatmen and sailors 76,874 78,253 153 78,406 Bookkeepers and accountants 159,374 180,727 74,153 254,880 Clerks and copyists 557,358 544,881 85,246 630,127 Commercial travelers 58,691 91,973 946 92,919 Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc. 368,499 538,029 904 538,933 Foremen and overseers 36,084 54,032 1,418 55,450 Hostlers 54,036 64,850 79 64,929 Hucksters and peddlers 59,083 73,734 2,915 76,649 Livery stable keepers 26,757 33.466 190 33,656 Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) 660,239 756,802 34,084 790,886 Merchants and dealers (wholesale)... 31.086 42,032 261 42,293 Messengers and errand and office boys 51,355 64,959 6,663 71,622 Officials of banks and companies.... t39,900 72,801 1.271 74,072 Packers and shippers 24,946 39,557 19,988 59,545 Porters and helpers (in stores, etc.) 24,356 53,625 566 54,191 Salesmen and saleswomen 264,394 461,909 149,230 611,139 Steam railroad employees 462,213 580,462 1,688 582,150 Stenographers and typewriters 33,418 26,246 86,118 112,364 Street railway employees 37,434 68,873 46 68,919 Telegraph and telephone linemen... $11,134 14,757 14,757 *Turpentine farniers and laborers included in other agricultural pursQits. tElectricians included in engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors. tincludes officials of mining and quarrying companies (number not stated), classified in 1900 with manufacturers and officials under "Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits." ^Includes electric light and power company employees (number not stated), classified in 1900 under "Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits." •Mi RKPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TKXT-BOOK. Male. Female. Total. 52.459 15,8(J6 22.556 323 75.015 16,189 49.734 4,263,617 3,700 503.347 53.434 4,766,964 OCCUPATIONS OF OUR WAGE EARNERS.— Continued. 1890. OCCUPATION. Total. Trade and TraMportntton.^ConHivued. Telegraph and telephone, operators. 52,214 Undertakers 9,891 Other persons in trade and trans- portation 16,236 Totals 3,326,122 Manufacturing ami Mechanical Pursuits. Building Trades. Carpenters and joiners 618.242 Masons (brick and stone) 160,845 Painters, glaziers and varnishers. . 222,233 Paper hangers 12.369 Plasterers 39,002 Plumbers and gas and steam fitters. 61.231 Hoofers and slaters 7,043 .Mechanics (not otherwise specified) 15,485 Chemicals and allied products. Oil-well and oil-works employees.. 14,771 Other chemical workers 8,256 Clay, glass and stone products. Brick and tile makers, etc 60,214 Glassworkers 34,282 Marble and stone cutters 61.070 Potters 14,928 Fishing and mining. Fishermen and oystermen 60,162 Miners and quarrymen 387,248 Food and kindred products. Bakers 60.197 Butchers 105.456 Butter and cheese makers 11.211 Confectioners 23,251 Millers 52,841 Other food preparers 9,725 Iron and steel and their products. Blacksmiths 209,581 Iron and steel workers 220,428 Machinists 186,828 Steam boiler makers 21,339 Stove, furnace and grate makers... 8.932 Tool and cutlery makers 17.985 Wheelwrights 12,856 Wire workers 12,319 Leather and its finished products. Boot and shoe makers and repairers 214,575 169,393 39,519 208,912 Harness and saddle makers and re- pairers 43,480 39.506 595 40,101 Leather curriers and tanners 39,753 40,917 1,754 42.671 Trunk and leather case makers, etc. 6,279 5,472 1,579 7,051 Liquors and beverages. Bottlers, soda water makers, etc.. 7,230 9,725 794 10.519 Brewers and maltsters 20.362 20,687 275 20,962 Distillers and rectifiers 3,314 3,114 30 3,144 Lumber and its remanufactures. Cabinet makers 35,915 35,552 67 Coopers 47,486 37,087 113 Saw and planing-mill employees.. tl38,678 161,251 373 Other woodworkers $98,151 104,468 6,805 Metals and metal products other than iron and steel. Brass workers §17,265 25,870 890 Clock and watchmakers and re- pairers 25.252 19,305 4,815 Gold and silver workers 20.263 19,732 6,380 Tin plate and tinware makers 57,525 68,730 1,775 Other metal workers 1137,512 54,282 2,320 Paper and printing. Bookbinders 23,858 14,646 15,632 Boxmakers (paper) 17,757 3,796 17,302 Engravers 8,320 10,698 453 Paper and pulp mill operatives.... 27,817 26,904 9,424 Printers, lithographers and press- men 123,059 139,166 15,981 tincludes door, sssh and blind makers. ^Includes piano and organ tuners (number not stated), classified under "Other miscellaneous industries." §Bras8 molders included under "Iron and steel workers." UMolders (metals) included under "Iron and steel workers." 599,707 545 600,252 160,638 167 160,805 275,782 1,759 277,541 21.749 241 21,99f 35.649 45 35,694 97,659 126 97.78." 9,065 2 9,06' 9,351 41 9,392 24,573 53 24,620 12,035 2,779 14,814 49,455 478 49,933 47.377 2,621 49,99t .^)4,317 143 54,46f 13,200 2,940 16,14( 67,715 462 68,17' 562,501 1,365 563, see 74.860 4,328 79,18? 113.578 378 113,95' 18,593 648 19,24 21,980 9,214 31.19 40,362 186 40,54 23.640 5,142 28.78 226,284 193 226,47 287,241 3,370 290,61 282,574 ' 571 283.14 33,038 8 33,04 12,430 43 12,47 27,376 746 28.12 13,495 10 13.50 16,701 1,786 18,48 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 199 OCCUPATIONS OF OUR WAGE EARNERS.— Continued. ISOO. , 1900 , OCCUPATION. Total. Male. Female. Total. Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits— (continued) . Textiles. Eleachery an(J dye works operatives 14,210 20,493 1,785 22,278 Carpet factory operatives $22,302 10,371 9,017 19,388 Cotton mill operatives 173,142 125,788 120,216 246,004 Hosiery and knitting mill opera- tives 29,555 12,630 84,490 47,120 Silk Mill operatives 34,855 22,023 32,437 54,460 Woolen mill operatives 84,109 42,566 30,630 73,196 Other textile mill operatives §108,298 53,437 51,182 104,619 Dressmakers 293,504 2,090 344,794 346,884 Hat and cap makers 24,013 15,110 7,623 22,733 Milliners 61,686 1,739 86,120 87,859 Seamstresses 150,044 4,837 146,105 150,942 Shirt, collar and cuff makers 21,107 8,491 30,941 39,432 Tailors and tailoresses 188,025 160,714 68,935 229,649 Other textile workers 1|15,639 8,925 21,042 29,967 Miscellaneous industries. Broom and brush makers 10,115 8,643 1,577 10,220 Charcoal, coke and lime burners., 8,704 14,405 43 14,448 Engineers and firemen (not loco- motive) 139,765 223,318 177 223,495 Glove makers 6,416 4,503 7,768 12,271 Manufacturers and officials, etc 1[153,882 239,649 3,433 243,082 Model and pattern makers 10,300 14,869 204 15,073 Photographers 20,040 23,361 3,580 26,941 Rubber factory operatives 16,162 14,492 7,374 21,866 Tobacco and cigar factory opera- tives 111,625 87,955 43,497 131,452 Upholsterers 25,666 28,663 2,158 30,821 Other miscellaneous industries •*211,123 380,490 90,810 471,300 Totals 5,678,468 5,772,788 1,313,204 7,085,992 Grand totals 22,735,661 23,754,205 5,319,812 29,074,117 ^Includes carpet (rag) makers. ilncludes textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified), and also mill and factory hands for whom the specific branch of industry was not reported. il Carpet (rag) makers included with factory operatives. ifOfficials of mining and quarrying companies included with officials of banks and companies under "Trade and transportation." **Blectric light and power company employees included with telegraph and telephone linemen under "Trade and transportation," and piano and organ tuners included with piano and organ makers, classified in 1900 under "Other woodworkers." No nation has ever prospered as we are prospering now, and we must see to it that by our folly we do not mar this prosperity. — President Roosevelt at Union League banquet, Philadelphia, Pa., November 23, 1902. The nation has appreciated the valor and patriotism of the black men of the United States. They not only fought in Cuba, but in the Philippines, and they are still carrying the flag as the symbol of liberty and hope to an oppressed people. — President McKinley to colored citizens, at Chicago, Oct. 8, 1899. At all hazards, and no matter what else is sought for or accomplished by changes of the tariff, the American working- man must be protected in his standard of wages — that is, in his standard of living — and must be secured the fullest op- portunity of employment. — President Roosevelt at Logansport, Ind., September, 1902. This is not and never shall be a government of a plutoc- racy; it is not and never shall be a government by a mob. It is, as it has been and as it will be, a government in which every honest man, every decent man, be he employer or em- ployed, wage-worker, mechanic, banker, lawyer, farmer, be he v/ho he may, if he acts squarely and fairly, if he does his duty by his neighbor and the State, receives the full protec- tion of the law and is given amplest chance to exercise the ability that there is within him, alone or in combination with his fellows, as he desires. — President Roosevelt at Butte, Mont., May 27, 1903. 200 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. s5 £ iiiesis^Ssissg H s^5is^i*ii§iii§is □ T-4TH r-t^H tH t— i rHiH iHiHiH a t- ■<»< ( — — - ,H iH t-- 'J'^ IrHOO C~ — 00 lO o rt Mjj fc £2 S "^ ® 53 '-• rj J£ «* *^ g «* <=> ^^ ^ (h-^ 00iaiAr-ICOO)00C^r-IAO>O>^lA COIA I S a ooeo w"«o"eo^i"oo o"'^"r-re ^ CO ■v ev) CO CO ■»f< ?5 o «c M M to CO ot- ^^ «j; 2 tHiH tH T-itH »Hi-l I CV1 t- < ooeoT-< P^ < ^ ^ t3 03 t-ooeou5NOfi^05oocooo'^aiT-(irteoi>. 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UBk P.^ PJ P.S PJ I^J o^g-Css 2?8 S{2 g5 d| 52 |^i = ^ 5^ M ift t* SIS S5S s^l woo s§ gg §S ti' %i S3S" sss ss 'ii r4rH* ^ bO CO •l-H ? •s a rd M rt a) • 5© OS lo U-^ MOO a> O cow »lr^P a c^VT 2 S 00 ■» ooooo y-tO-^ MCJ -^ -«> • 00 00 t-«Dt^ 3 ll" ii o. MI>j' t-^c^q- 'OS W-^ -»"Oi O «•■ tH o.«!3 . Pi CD en 11" oo"* (U-j-w lis eoeo" j2j« iii ii 1-1 -^ «^ §s ^ [::{§ ie<5 T- ^ Ph t? (^ ■^oo OjOOTf OOIO (MMt- «Ct-t- 55 ^S ^.^.§ 'l^.^ *.^-S (M"e<5 eocj Oo'lM* «COtH ooeooi oo-^to oot- ccit-t- «'.'-lf2 ooo.g "•l.-*^ '-' ^ CON Wr-I ■«1<0 loco • O IC lO ItHtH 05 05CD OS ^ rn CO CO fH -*-' 5 £3 a o X CO .1-1 03 ^ CQ (U o rt. ° '^^ .1:3 X2 o ;-! O) d y:5 O) d ^d^ cs -^ ^ - ^ OJ iij .^ TO 03 ^ ca Si o ^ o) > a d fe «« 1=5 ^ o REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. 209 STATISTICS OF THE AMEHICAN lEON TBADE EOR 1905. General Statistical Summary. The following table gives the shipments in 1904 and 1905 of Lake Suptrior iron ore, the shipments of coke and of anthracite coal, the total production of all kinds of iron and steel, the im- ports and exports of iron and steel, etc. The statistics of the production of iron ore, coal, and coke in 1905 have not been re- ceived from the Geological Survey in time for this report. Articles— Gross tons, except for coke and nails. 1904. 1905. Shipments of iron ore from Lake Superior 21,822,839 34,353,456 Total production of iron ore 27,644,330 Shipments of Pennsylvania anthracite coal 57,492,522 61,410,2(11 Total production of all kinds of coal 314,562,881 Total production of coke, in net tons 23,621,520 Shipments of Connellsville coke, in net tons 12,427,468 17,896,528 Shipments of Pocahontas Flat Top coke, in net tons.. 1,617,801 2,156,805 Production of pig iron, including spiegel and ferro... 16,497,033 22,992,380 Production of spiegel, ferro-mang., ferro-phos., etc.. 220,392 293,976 Production of Bessemer steel ingots and castings 7,859,140 10,941,375 Production of open-hearth steel ingots and castings.. 5,908,166 8,971,376 Production of all kinds of steel ingots and castings.. 13,859,887 20,023,947 Production of structural shapes, not including plates. 949,146 1,660,519 Production of plates and sheets, except nail plate 2,421,398 3,532,230 Production of iron and steel wire rods 1,699,028 1,808,688 Production of all rolled iron and steel, except rails.. 9,728,670 13,464,086 Production of Bessemer steel rails 2,137,957 3,192,347 ProducUon of all kinds of rails 2,284,711 3,375,929 Production of all rolled iron and steel, including rails. 12,013,381 16,8t0,015 Production of iron and steel cut nails, in kegs 1,283,362 1,357,549 Production of iron and steel wire nails, in kegs 11,926,661 10,854,892 Imports of iron ore 487,613 845,651 Exports of iron ore 213,865 m,()5S Imports of iron and steel, foreign value $21,621,970 $26,392,728 Exports of iron and steel, home value $128,553,613 $142,928,513 Miles of new railroad built (estimated for 1905) 5,003 5,000 Tonnage of steel vessels built in the calendar year. . 160,809 248,766 The table shows that the increase in the production of pig iron in 1905 over 1904 was 6,495,347 tons; in Bessemer steel ingots and castings, 3,082,235 tons; in open-hearth steel ingots and cast- ings, 3,063,210 tons; and in all kinds of steel ingots and castings, 6,164,060 tons. In all kinds of rails there was an increase of 1,091,218 tons; in structural shapes, 711,373 tons; in plates and sheets, 1,110,832 tons; in wire rods, 109,660 tons; and in cut nails and cut spikes, 74,187 kegs. The- increase in all forms of finished rolled iron and steel amounted to 4,826,634 tons. The present phenomenal prosperity has been won under a tariff which was made to protect the interests of the Ameri- can producer, business man, wage-worker, and farmer alike. — President Roosevelt at Minneapolis, April 4, 1903. We freely extend the hand of welcome and of good-fellow- ship to every man, no matter what his creed or birthplace, who comes here honestly intent on becoming a good United States citizen like the rest of us. — President B-oosevelt, on "True Americanism," in his book on American Ideals, p. 45. Corporations that are handled honestly and fairly, so far from being an evil, are a natural business evolutioix and make for the general prosperity of our land. We do not wish to destroy corporations, but we do wish to make them subserve the public good. — President Roosevelt at Cincinnati, Ohio, September 20, 1902. During the seven years that have just passed there is no duty, domestic or foreign, which we have shirked; no neces- sary task which we have feared to undertake, or which we have not performed with reasonable eflB.ciency. We have never pleaded impotence. "We have never sought refuge in criticism and complaint instead of action. We face the future with our past and our present as guarantors of our promises; and we are content to stand or to fall by tlie record which we have made and are making. — President Roosevelt's speech accepting 1904 nomination. i:io Hfvi I MulvAN CAMl'AiGN TICXT-BOOK. Production and Prices of Bessemer Steel Rails in the United States. The following table gives the annual production of gross ions of Bessemer steel rails In the United States from 1867 to 1905, together with their average annual price at the works in Penn- sylvania and the rates of duty imposed by our Government at various periods on foreign steel rails. Prices are given in cur- rency : Years. Gross isr,7 2, 1S6S 6, 18«9 8, 1870 30. ISri 34. 1872 83, 1^3 115. 1574 129. 1875 259. 1876 368, 1877 385, 1878 491. 1879 610, 1880 852, 1881 1.187. 1882 1,284. 1883 1.148. 1884 996, 1885 959. 1886 1.574. 1887... 2,101, 1888 1,386, 1889 1,510, 1890 1.867. 1891 1,293, 1892 1,537. 1893 1.129, 1894. 1,016, 189r 1,299. 18?6 1,116. 18)7 1,644 18)8 1,976. K99 2,270, 1900 2.383, 1901 2,870, 1902 2.935, 1903 2.946, 1904 2,137, 1905 ^ 8,192. tons. 277 451 616 357 152 991 192 414 Price. 1166.00 "^ IRS Kn I .25 .75 J .50 1 158.50 ^ 132.25 '' 106.^ 102. 112.00 120.50 94.25 68.75 59.25 45.50 42.25 48.25 67.50 61.13 48.50 4 37.75 30.75 28.50 34.50 37.08 29.83 29.25 31.75 29.92 30.00 28.12 24.00 24.33 28.00 18.75 17.62 28.12 32.29 27.33 28.00 28.00 28.00 28.00 -' 45 per cent. 1, 1871. Duty, ad valorem to January $28 per ton from January 1, 1871, to August 1, 1872; $25.20 from August 1, 1872, to March 3, 1875; $28 from March 3, 1875, to July 1, 1883. $17 per ton from July 1. 1883, to Oc- tober 6, 1890. $13.44 per ton from October G, 1890, to August 28, 1894. $7.84 per ton from August 28, 1894. Our Foreign Trade. An analysis of the exports and imports of the United States for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906, shows that compared with the previous year the exports of agricultural products increased ?148,382,867, and of manufactured articles $59,607,593. Of the im- ports, food products alone of the various classes show a decrease, the amount of loss being $18,466,376. The totals under the several clauses and the gains and losses compared with the year 1904-05 are: EXPORTS. Agricultural products $969,457,306 ^Manufactured articles 603,227,836 ^Tineral products ii5,055.261 Forestry products 75,512,511 Miscellaneous 16,700,668 Re-exports 25,911,118 Total $1,743,864,309 IMPORTS. Food products $2''5,1 57,969 Unmanufactured articles 4l6'856'l56 Partly manufactured 175 445 385 WTiolly manufactured 206 457043 Luxuries, etc 175!o46!290 Total $1,220,063,843 •Decrease. Increase. $148,382,867 59.607,593 52,408,814 15413,412 2,396 055 ♦1.805,907 $225,302,834 *$16,466,376 29,394.735 32,293,340 40,576.961 25,282,053 $109.0f^0 772 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 211 Tin Plate Industry. — Wire Nails. Perhaps there is no single American industry which lias been so much considered during the past few years as the tin plate industry. This is not due so much to the importance of that in- dustry as compared with other industries of our country, but more because of the assault made upon the imposition of a duty by the McKinley bill, and the most emphatic example of the im- mediate and substantial workings of a Protective Tariff, which has been afforded by the rapid and successful establishment of that industry. Going back to 1864 we find that in that year a duty of 2 1-2 cents per pound was fixed on tin plate, the wording being as fol- lows: "On the tin plate, and iron galvanized or coated with any metal by electric batteries or otherwise, two and one-half cents per pound." On July 22 of that year, William Pitt Fessendon, the Secretary of the Treasury, rendered a decision which is embraced in the following letter to Hiram Barney, Collector of the Port of New York. "It would appear that an error of punctuation v/as made by some one; most probably a clerk who engrossed that part of the act. If the comma which ' inserted after the word "plate" be omitted, and a comma be placed after the word "iron," the true sense will be had, which unquestionably is, that tin plates, as well as iron, must be galvanized or coated with any metal by electric batteries or otherwise, in order to bring them within the provision." The same Tariff law contained a clause which read as follows: "Tin in sheets or plates, terne and taggers' tin, 25 per cent, ad valorem." Tin plate consequently was made subject to an ad valorem duty of twenty-five per cent, instead of two and one-half cents per pound. No attempt, therefore, was made to manufacture tin plates in this country, until 1873, when four mills were started and an attempt to establish the industry developed the fact that we could make just as good tin plate in this country as we had been importing. At that time the price of tin plate was from $11 to $12 per box of one hundred pounds. The American man- ufacture was, however, no sooner found to be a success than the Welsh manufacturers reduced their price from $12 a box to $4.50 a box. The result was that our mills were closed, and that as soon as this happened the foreigners again put up their price, and for nearly twenty years we paid whatever they chose to de- mand. The McKinley law of 1890, however, imposed a duty of 2.2 cents per pound, although that clause of the bill did not go into effect till July 1, 1891. The result of that duty is most clearly seen in the following tables: First, let us see about these thousands of concerns which it has interfered with or ruined; let us find out how many canning factories were compelled to reduce wages, and discharge hands, and pay lower prices for vegetables and fruits. Let us look into this enormous loss to the farmers. It must be remembered that in 1890 we had no tin plate industry in this country; that we were importing all we used. Let it be remembered also that ten years later the industry was firmly established in this country, and that we were making almost our entire consumption. The following from the Census of 1900 shows the condition of our canning and preserving industry in fruits and vegetables in 1890 and 1900: 1900. 1890. Number of establishments 1,808 886 Wages $8,050,793 $4,651,317 Cost of material 37,527,297 18,665,163 Value of products 56,668,313 29,862,416 In 1905 the increases over 1900 were: Per cent. gain. Capital 63 Wj^jges ., 26 "WllUre of product ... 10 ...^mjfvmii. of producM- 22 212 RBPUBLICAK CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. The following shows the canning and preserving industry as re- gards fish for the two dates 1890 and 1900: 1900. 1890. Number of establishments ;•••:••:;:;.;::::: $4.229S $i.i2s,r.?. SSSf maieriais"-.::;:::::::.::;::::.::..: ^^'^ j.^ji^^^ Vaiue of product 22,^u3,749 u,\i'l^.^u The following shows our exports of fish, fruit and vegetables, canned or preserved, in 1890 and 1900: 1900. 1890. Prulta ?5,438,577 $l,2(J7,4Sl pSh .!..!:.!.. 4,019,450 3,593,r,22 Vegetebies*'.*.'.'*.'.".*.*' ■..■.■.■.■.■.. ..'. • 1.099.830 46G,^9l $10,557,857 $5.21., Surely these figures do not sustain the assertion that our can- ning industries have been interfered with and ruined. The fact of the matter is, that few industries in this or any other country can show the great progress and advance which is shown by our canning factories since we began to make our own tin plate. Now, as to the tin plate industry itself. The following table will give at a glance its whole history: Production and Importation of Tin Plate. § is f|- a .S 11 ^'2 >> 3 o SO P u •g >> ti P li t.2 o a a" 1890.... .. 329,425 None. 3 1898.... .. 66,775 326,915 2.2 1891.... . . 327,882 999 3 1899.... .. 58,915 360,875 2.3 1892.... .. 268.472 18,803 2.9 1900.... .. 66,055 302,665 3.2 1893.... .. 253,155 55,182 2.8 1901 .. 52,625 399,291 3.2 1894.... .. 215,068 74,260 2.6 1902.... .. 88,837 360,000 3 1895.... .. 219,545 113,666 2.4 1903.... .. 48,931 480,000 2.9 1896.... . . 119,171 160,362 2.3 1904.... . . 56,f56 458,000 2.7 1897.... . . 83,851 256.598 2.3 1905.... .. 71,904 493,500 2.8 McKinley law dutj', 2 2-10 cents per pound, went into effect .Tuly 1, 1891. Wilson-Gorman law duty, 1 1-5 cents; Dingley law duty, l^^ cent... .Tust why Free-Traders in the United States have alv 3 had such an aversion to American tin plate has never bet .i detei- mined, unless it is such a perfect example of the benefit of a Protective Tariff that it has been assailed for that reasor. It will be remembered how, in 1893, when Mr. Lascelle,; Carr, editor of the Cardiff, Wales "Western Mail," visited this c untry for the purpose of looking into our tin plate works. President Cleveland said to him: "Well, Mr. Carr, when you find them be sure and let me know their exact locality, for we have been searching for these tin plate works for some years and have failed to find them." Although the industry had not then been fully established, yet we were actually turning out more than a million boxes annually, and the prices had already dropped considerably. It may be said in conclusion, that we have not only established this industry in the United States sufficiently to meet all our own requirements, but we are now making goods for export trade; that we are paying wages to American workingmen in excess of $20,000,000 a year, because of this industry; that these worKingmen are in- dividually earning $2.00 and $3.00 a day, against less than half this amount in Wales for the same work, and that we are paying no more for our tin, either for roofing, canning or for any other purpose, than we would have been paying had we been at the mercy of foreign trusts instead of our own. The peculiarities of the industry are such that it is confined for the most part to one locality, and there is a community of interest between the different establishments which conserves to both economy in production, to better material and to higher wages of work- ingmen, without any increase of prices, excepting as the pric^ of material may fluctuate. frp I REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 213 pm Speech of Hon. Charles B. Landis in House of Represen- tatives May 23, 1906. Abraham Lincoln made the best tariff speech ever recorded wnen he said: "I do not know much about the tariff, but I know this much, when we buy manufactured goods abroad we get the goods and the foreigner gets the money. When we buy the manufactured goods at home we get both the goods and the money." That is the whole protective theory in a nutshell. Up to the enactment of the McKinley law we sent $20,000,000 abroad each year for tin plate. We got the tin plate and Great Britain got the $20,000,000. Last year, and indeed for several years, we made in our own factories all the tin plate we consumed. In other words, under our policy, Lincoln's policy and McKinley's policy, we got both the tin plate and the money — the American consumer got the tin plate and the American laborer and American manufacturer got the money. And the price of tin plate did not advance. The draining of this country of money, which is the case under low-tariff laws, is what makes it poor and weak. The gold and silver of a nation is its lifeblood. Take it away by the mil- lion to pay for goods manufactured abroad and you sap our na- tions' strength, just as you sap an individual's strength if you tap an artery. Under a low Democratic tariff we send away our money— our blood. Under a Republican protective tariff we are getting new blood all the time, because, as a rule, the balance of trade is in our favor. Read the messages of our Presidents back in the fifties and you will see that they tell how, under the low Walker tariff, the millions of gold mined in California went in one ceaseless current abroad to pay for manufactured goods. W^e are now keeping that gold, the nation's lifeblood, at home where it belongs. In speaking of having both the tin plate and the money that went into its manufacture under the policy of protection, I called attention to the fact that the price of tin plate was, at the same time, no higher to the consumer. American inventive skill and genius and competition always come to the rescue when the American manufacturer and American laborer are given a chance by the protective tariff. The gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. Williams] contends that the price of the article that is manufac- tured, if protected by the tariff, is always higher. This assertion is absolutely without foundation. Inventive genius and competi- tion almost invariably reduce the price. Our experience with wire nails shows how it works and explodes absolutely Mr. Williams's theory. In 1883 there were no wire nails produced in this country. They were then selling at $6 a keg. We manufac- tured that year 50,000 kegs, when a tariff of $4 a keg was placed upon wire nails. In 1884 we manufactured 75,000 kegs, and the price dropped to $5 a keg. In 1885 we manufactured 200,000 kegs, and the price dropped to $4 a keg, which was exactly the tariff duty. In 1886 we manufactured 500,000 kegs, and the price dropped to $3.40 a keg. In 1887 we manufactured 700,000 kegs, and the price dropped to $3.30 a keg. In 1888 we manufactured 2,000,000 kegs, and the price dropped to $2.60 a keg. In 1888 we made over 2,800,000 kegs, and the price dropped to $2.10 a keg. And all this time the duty was $4 per keg. The average price in 1905, the last available report was $1.93. That is an excellent illustration of the way Republican protec- tion works. It is exactly the same as the working of the McKiu- ley tariff on tin plate, which built up the tin-plate industry from nothin?-? to an aggregate value of $20,000,000 a year. Republican protection not only protects, it builds up. It gives employ to American workmen. It secured to Americans the con- trol of the markets of their own country. It affords to American labor a standard of wages far above the wages of any other people under the sun. But, you ask, why keep the tariff on if wire nails are sellin;? for less than the tariff? I answer you that we must keep the tariff on to protect this ::14 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN Ti:\ l-BOOK. country from being made a dumping ground for the surplu products of the nail mflls of all the other countries on earth. We needed the protective tariff, first, to enable us to build th factory. Now that we have the factory running, we need a pre tective tariff to protect the American market and the laborer wh is working in this American factory; and we will continue t unril the American laborer is willing to work for the lo^ . p.; id the foreign laborer. To my mind nothing is clearer. IRON AND STEEL COMPARISONS. From Report of the British Tariff Commission, 1904. (1) At the end of the seventies, the total amount of pig iroi produced in the United Kingdom was nearly six and three-quai ter million tons, that is, as much as the total production of th five iron-producing countries next in importance, and no less thai 45 per cent, of the total production of the world. (2) At the end of the eighties, the total amount of pig iro] produced in all countries had increased by 59 per cent., but tha of the United Kingdom by only 17 per cent. Germany and th United States, on the other hand, had increased their productioi by 93 per cent, and 175 per cent, respectively. (3) Early in the nineties, the United Kingdom lost the pr€ eminence it had enjoyed for more than 100 years, and the Unite* States took the first place. Since then, the United Kingdom ha been overtaken by Germany and has now fallen to the thir< place, while the total production of the United States is only jus less than that of the United Kingdom and Germany together. (4) In the United Kingdom, the production of pig iron has jus kept pace with the increase of population. In Germany and th' United States, the increase in production has been continuous am much more rapid than the increase of population. Of the si: periods of years under review, three show a diminution of pre duction as compared with the immediately preceding period iij ■the case of the United Kingdom, while in the case of the Unite*; States and Germany each period has marked a considerable ac| vance on the preceding period. (5) If we turn to the consumption of pig iron, we find that th United Kingdom is now third among the iron-consuming cour tries.' (6) Thus, whatever test we apply, we find that the pig iron ir dustry of the United Kingdom is almost stationary, and all thi principal districts of the United Kingdom where it is carried o: are alike affected. The results in the case of steel are, if possible, even mor striking than in the case of pig iron: — (1) In the period of 1876-80, the quantity of steel annually pre duced in the United Kingdom was one-third of the total quantity produced by all countries; it is now less than one-seventh. Th United States on the other hand has increased its share of total production of steel from about one-quarter to two-fifths and Germany from one-sixth to more than one-fifth. (2) If we take consumption o.; steel per head of the populatior the increase in the case of the United Kingdom is from 64 pound to 253 pounds, but in the case of the United States, the increas is from 37 pounds to 404 pounds, and in Germany, from 25 pound to 282 pounds. (3) While the steel requirements of the world are rapidly ii creasing, the steel industry of the United Kingdm is almost stj tionary, and the steel industry, both of the United States an. Germany, is rapidly progressing, Protection secures to the American workman at least on market— the market of the greatest consuming nation o: earth. Protection secures to the American farmer at least on market— the market of the greatest manufacturing nation o earth. Free trade secures no market either to manufactui or agriculture.— Senator Geo. F. Hoar. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 215 Protection to Woolen Industry. One of the witnesses who testified before the Industrial Com- mission was William G. Steel of Philadelphia. His experience is that of many of our manufacturers who have been compelled to close their mills, even to moving to England and moving back, according as free trade or protection prevailed in this country. The following portion of his testimony, given verbatim, will be found not only interesting, but instructive: Q. How long have you been engaged in the manufacture in this country? A. Since 1892. Q, Were you engaged in it in any other country previous to that time? A. Yes, in England. I went over there for that pur- pose. I am an American — born in this city. Q. How long did you manufacture in England? A. About eight years. Q. Were most of your English made goods exported? A. Vv'ith very few exceptions they were sent to this country. Q. What induced you to give up the manufacture there and es- t^;')lish it in this country? A. The change in the tariff. The in- . creased duties on imported goods compelled us to abandon our J operations over there and transfer them back to this country. Q. Did you bring over any of your machinery or your help? A. Brought a large portion of the machinery which was operated for our account over there. We brought none of the help. Some few of them followed us and came over here and got employment after we were established, or partially established. Previous to 1884 we were importers of foreign goods, and we handled largely goods made of American manufacture. That was by far the larger part of our business— goods made by American mills. We used to make contracts with those mills for certain lines of their product, sometimes for the whole product of their mill, and have the exclusive control of them. The proposed changes of the tariff in 1883 were made under the operation of the commission that traveled through the country taking evidence. That took so much time that people engaged in the business were forwarned of what w'ls going to take place, and I immediately watched the proceed- ings very closely as related to the goods that we were handling. As I say, we were importers of foreign goods, and we knew the '• iRtive cost of laying those down compared with the products Vmerican mills that we handled. That change was not a very ! .vy change, but it was so great as to entirely destroy our busi- ness in American woolens. After that tariff went into effect we never ordered one piece of American woolens. As we had been importers, we knew the localities to obtain such goods as we used from American mills, and I went over with that purpose in view. Tt resulted in our building up quite a large business in foreign (Is to take the place entirely of the American goods we had u using. We never ordered another piece of American goods T that time; the whole business was in the foreign markets. > continued that operation until there was a change the other \vrdy in the tariff,' which entirely blocked our operations over Uhere; and then I made a purchase of machinery and transferred hi to this country, and located it in Bristol, Pa., where we still I run it. A few of the hands that had been employed by us fol- ji lowed us over here, particularly weavers. Quite a portion of the I hands that we employed were minors; of course, they could not ^^ come without their parents, so we had practically to open a school i in our mill to teach that class of labor. And we have since car- I ried on our business, only interrupted by the change to low tariff again. Owning mills here, we could not very easily transfer them back to England, although under that tariff we could have done -^ better by so doing. iji Q. Do you refer now to the Wilson Tariff? A. Yes. i,j Q. How did that affect your business? A. It compelled us to 'i stop our mills for a while and to discharge our employees. We ^] could not compete with the importation of the class of goods we i:| made. Ill Q. Was that on account of its reduction of the duties on piece i goods? A. Yes; entirely. Q. You were speaking of the class of persons largely employed 21G REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. in your works In England. How would that class compare wuh the class you employ here as to age and capability? A. The ago is about the same. I think the capabinLy of the English work peo- ple in the textile trade, in my branch of it, is superior to that of the American. That is owing largely, though, to the more rigor- ous conditions under which they work over there. They are not so independent as our people. In fact, there is a surplus of good labor over there, and the employers can be more exacting and, compel them to pei-form their work carefully and properly. Her<^ that is scarcely possible. ' ] Q. How do the wages compare? A. The wages are much higher here than there. 1 will give you an instance showing that in one department of the business— that is, the weaving department— the weavers over there, as a rule, are highly skilled weavers; they can only get work as learners unless they are skilled and capable. I just speak of this one instance, although it is a good comparison of the great number of workers — there was one woman — and thei weavers in England are mostly wom^n; here they are largely; men. This woman was a very good weaver, but the highest wages | that I remember of her making were about $5 a week. She came to our mill and she worked on the same loom and on the samej class of goods precisely — not made out of the same wools, but the character of the goods was similar — and she made $14 in our mill — and we have people now — men — that earn as high as $18 a week ; but I never knew of a man weaver over there making over $7.50. Q. Have you looked up the comparative expense oi living so as to be able to make a comparative statement of the real wages? A. To a certain extent. I was quite familiar with many of those work people. One thing about them, they retain their places. They seem to be contented if they are making a living, and they are pretty sure of retaining their places. I took an interest in some of them, and they were really an excellent class of people — good type of English work people. My conclusions were that the cost of living is something lower there, generally, but among work people it is almost as high as it is here. The prices of food, if anything, are higher there than they are here, which is an essential factor in the cost of living. As I lived over there and kept house, that was a question I looked into somewhat. The only article that I ever discovered over there that was cheaper than in this country was potatoes. That in some sections is a very important article of diet. But they live fairly well over there; they do not consume a great deal of meat; their food is more of the character of cere; Is-bread, and things of that kind. Over there, instead of living in houses as they do here, they live in rooms. We have work people in our town living in houses by themselves that have all the necessary conveniences, such as bathroom, heater and gas. Q. Is it not an advantage to the American people — American labor — to reduce the scale of wages to the foreign level? A. No, we cannot do that. I think that the purchasing power of the peo- ple in this country, owing to the higher wages, is one great cause of the prosperity of the country. The work people, the common class of people in Europe, have no purchasing power practically. They confine themselves perforce entirely to necessities, mostly food. Their clothing, while it is good enough, they make last a long time, and they do not consume much in the way of anything but food and shelter. Q. Given the proposition that the tariff shuts out the foreign importations, what is your competition in this country? Is it close? Is it severe? A. It is among our own people. Q. What are your average dividends in fairly good years in your business? A. If we can clear 5 per cent, we think we have done very well. * * * You asked me something about the price of goods on the other side. I just think now of clothing. There is no country in the world that I know of, no civilized coun- try, where ihe ready-made clothing business has developed to such an extent as it has in this country, nor v/here the garments are so well made, not only in point of workmanship, but style, and the general character of the garment. Those goods are sold to consumers, I think, quite as cheaply as the production of the ordi- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 217 nary class of tailors in England. Germany I do not know so much about. I never bought any clothing there, but I presume about the same conditions prevail. Q. With the tariff on wool, with the tariff on machinery, with double the wages in this country, yet you say ready-made clothing is sold at equal prices over here. How do you account for it as a business proposition? A. I think it is largely owing to the ex- tent of the business, the magnitude of the manufacture of cloth- ing in this country, the methods that are carried on by clothing manufacturers to obtain their work cheaply. MANUFACTUHING PROGRESS. Southern States Make Gratifying Exhibit. The Manufacturers' Record, of Baltimore, has prepared from figures of the Census Burea« a statement showing remarkable progress made in manufacturing by the Southern States the past five years: Factories of the South are now producing goods to the value of about $2,000,000,000 annually. Between 1900 and 1905 the capital invested in them increased from $967,701,865 to $1,597,513,217, or by $629,811,352, an average of $1^6,000,000 a year, and the value of their products increased from $1,237,589,667 to $1,787,776,794, or by $550,187,127, an average of $110,000,000 a year. Their cap- ital increased 65 per cent., and the value of their products 44.4 per cent., while for the country at large the increases are estimated at a little more than 4 per cent, in capital and just about 3 per cent, in value of products. Bearing in mind that the 1905 figures, or, correctly, the figures as of the year ended December 31, 1904, deal with factories proper, and that they are compared with fig- ures for factories proper in 1900, less, therefore, than the figures for manufacturing of the Twelfth Census, which included neigh- borhood industries and hand trades in the statistics, one may make comparison for five years of capital invested and of the value of products by States in the following table compiled by the Manufacturers' Record from figures of the Census Bureau: Capital invested. Value of products. State. 1900. 1905. 1900. 1905. Alabama $60,110,360 $105,382,S59 $72,082,621 -$109,169 922 Arkansas 24,275.158 46,306,116 38,481678 53,8n4,'i94 District of Columbia.... 17,960,498 20 199,783 16,426,408 18.359,159 Florida 25,682,171 32 958.482 34,193,509 50.241,078 Georgia 79,303.316 135,?11,551 94,532.368 151.040 455 iKentucky 87.995.822 147 282 478 126,508.660 159,753,9"8 Louisiana 100.S74.729 1-50,810,608 111,?97.919 186,379,592 Maryland 149,555,593 201.877,966 210.343.559 243,375 9P6 » Mississippi 22.712,186 50,250,309 33,718..517 57,451,445 ^North Carolina 68.283,005 141.000,639 85,274,083 142,520,776 South Carolina 62,7.50,027 113,422,224 53,335.811 79.376.2''2 Tennessee 63,140,657 102,439,481 92,749,129 137,960,476 Texas 63.655,616 115,664,871 92,^94.433 150,528,?S9 Virginia 92,299,589 147,989,182 108,644,150 148,856,525 West Virginia 49,103,138 86,716,668 67,006,822 98,898,3.57 Total $967,701,865 $1,597,513,217 $1,237,589,667 $1,787,776,794 According to a preliminary report of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the gross earnings of the railroads of the Unit^'^^ States, covering approximately 219,000 miles of road, will prob- ably show for the fiscal year ended .Tune 30 an increase of 10 per cent, over the $2,073,000,000 earned in 1905. This will prove a banner year for American railroads. The official fi.gures will not be available for all the roads for some months yet. but the in- creases that have been shown month after mopth ;s:ive reason to oxpect the 10 per cent, increase. There have been heavy ex- penditures for improving the roads, but the net earnings will lie --Pry favorable. No section of the country has failed to profit by ■^he favorable conditions which existed this past year. 218 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Our Vast Industrial Energy. From th« CommtMlal luU«tlB (Boston), May 12, 1906. V A well-known contributor to the press, writing recently in a New York weekly, makes the astounding assertion that "our ma- chinery is speeded so that it racks itself and spoils material. Speed of that sort is economic waste, and the product could not compete with importations except for the tariff, which is another way of development." As the writer makes no attempt to substan- tiate his statement by facts or theory, his contention would not be deserving of the slightest notice if it were not that it appeared in a journal of the highest standing. Only this fact entitles the statement to serious consideration. Assuming, then, the truth of the foregoing dictum, it would naturally follow that our exports of manufactured commodities would be of trifling dimensions, for if the industries of the United States could not successfully compete at home with imported manufactures, it is idle to presume that they could do so in for- eign markets. But what are the facts in the case? The sub- joined table, showing the value of our exports of manufactures, together with their precentage of our total exports for various years since 1880, will probably be as eloquent a reply as any that could be made: Ex. (Domestic) Per cent, of Manufactures. Exports. 1800 $2,493,755 7.83 1810 3,951,154 8.32 1820 3,945,793 7.62 1830 6,641,016 11.3E 1840 11,149,621 9.9J 1850 17,580.456 13.0J 1860 40,345,892 12.7( 1870 68,279.764 15.0( 1880 102,856,015 12.4? 1885 147,187,527 20.25 1890 151,102,376 17.8^ 1895 183,595,743 23.1^ 1900 433,851,756 31.6? 1905 543.607,975 36.44 From the above table it will be seen that each ten years have witnessed a material increase in tne value of domestic manufac- tures, and, furthermore, that between 3 800 and 1905 these exports increased from 7.83 per cent, to 36.44 per cent, of our total exports. To be more specific we present a few statistics covering the period from 1890 to the end of the last fiscal year. Exports of wool manufactures increased from $437,479 in 1890 to $2,035,054 in 1905; wood manufactures, from $6,509,645 to $12,563,630; tobacco, from $3,876,045 to $5,690,- 203; paraffin and wax, from $2,408,709 to $7,789,160; paper and manufacturers of from $1,226,686 to $8,238,088; paints and pig- ments, from $578,103 to $3,126,317; musical instruments, from $1,105,134 to $3,144,787; scientific instruments, from $1,429,785 to $8,172,980; india rubber manufactures, from $1,090,307 to $5,508,- 664; gunpowder and other '^xnlosives, from $868,728 to $2,559,837; glass and glassware, from $882,677 to $2,252,799; books, maps, en- gravings, etc., from $1,886,094 to $4,844,160; brass and manufac- tures of, from $467,313 to $3,025,764; cars and carriages, from $4,746,678 to $10,610,437; chemicals, drugs and dyes, from $5,424,- 279 to $14,450,490; agricultural implements from $3,859,184 to $20,721,741; cotton manufactures, from $9,997,277 to $49,660,080; leather and manufactures of, from $12,438,847 to $37,936,745; cop- per and manufactures of, from $2,349,392 to $86,225,291; iron and steel manufactures, from $25,542,208 to $134,728,363. Here, then is an outline of the marvelous growth in the exports of domestic manufactures during the past fifteen years. Does it indicate, as the writer quoted would have us believe, that behind the Dingley Tariff there is an industrial body with muscles so flaccid from government protection that it would be quickly over- whelmed if that protection were removed? The facts speak for themselves. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK 219 FINANCES or RAILROADS. i of Construction, Traffic Earnings, Interest and Dividends, I and Passengers and Freight Carried, 1876 to 1904. f (Prepared by John P. Meany, editor of Poor's Railroad Manual.) LENGTH OF LINES AND COST OF CONSTRUCTION. ^ Cost of construction ^ Total liabilities. Length Capital Funded Floating except current Year. of lines. stock, debt. debt. accounts and sinking funds. Miles. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1876 76,808 2,248,358,375 2,220,233,560 a4,468,591,935 1877 79,208 2,313,278,598 2,255,318,650 237,604,774 4,806,202,0_>2 1878... . 80,832 2,292,257,877 2,297,790,916 182,248,556 4,772,297,349 1879 . 84,393 2,395,647,293 2,319,'i89,172 156,881,052 4,872,017,517 1880 :... 92,147 2,708,673,375 2,530,874,943 162,4&9,939 5,402,038,257 1881 103,530 3,177,375,179 2,878,423,606 222,766,267 6,278,565,052 1882 114,428 3,478,914,224 3,214,084,323 267,650,730 6,960,649,277 1883 120,519 3,675,793,383 3,479,411,914 267,834,906 7,423,040,203 1884 125,119 3,726,655,041 3,647,312,772 244,018,597 7,617,986,410 1885 127,689 3,778,609,737 3,740,255,066 256,993,391 7,775,858,194 1886 133,565 3,956,377,498 3,853,748,330 279,142,013 8,089,268,441 1887... 147,953 4,146,958,214 4,1.55,628,116 292,455,121 8,595,041,451 1888 154,222 4,392,287,224 4,585,471,523 304,155,858 9,281,914,6C5 1889 159,934 4,447,103,600 4,784,173,271 345,662,983 9,576,939,854 1890 163,359 4,590,471,560 5,055,225,025 375,228,630 10,020,925,215 1891 167,846 4,751,750,498 5,180,227,024 345,051,807 10,277,029,329 1892 171,805 4,863,119,073 5,406,955.004 285,212,887 10,555,286,964 1893 175,442 5,021,576,551 5,510,225,528 409,909,043 10,941,711,122 1894 178,054 5,027,604,717 5,605.775,764 382,927,834 11,016,308,315 1895 179,821 5,181,373,599 5,648,659,436 418,536,623 11,248,569,658 189G ■ 181,394 5,373,187,619 5,461,856,798 344,499,969 11,179,544 386 1897 183,547 5,602,964,449 5,534,432,492 380,669,705 11,518,066,646 1898 184,849 5,581,522,858 5,635,363,594 368,182,584 11,585,069 036 1899 187,781 5,742,181,181 5,644,858,027 305,777,858 11,692,817,066 .1900 192,162 5,804,346,250 5,758,592,754 328,963,335 11,891,902,339 1901 195,887 5,978,796,249 6,035,469,741 312,225,536 12,326,491,526 1902 199,685 6,078,290,596 6,465,290,839 310,345,867 12,853,927,302 1903 206,886 6,355,207,335 6,722,216,517 448,199,448 13,525,623,300 1904 211,074 6,447,045,374 c7,475,840,203 172,619,537 14,095,505,114 a Total capital stock and funded debt. c Including real estate mortgages, equipment trust obligations, etc., pre- viously included in itenr "Unfunded debt." Traffic Earnings. Year. ^'"^'^ passengers. Dollars. 1876 136,120,583 1877 • 130,050,050 1878 124,637,290 1879 142,336,191 1880 147,653,003 1881 173,356,642 1882 196,213,220 1883 206,837,256 1884 206,790,701 1885 200,883,911 1886 211,929,857 1887 240,542,876 1888 251,356,167 1889 259,439,231 1890 272,320,961 1891 290,799,696 1892 293,557,476 1893 310,442,870 1894 275,352,190 1895 260,929,741 1898 265,313,258 1897 -253,557,936 1898 272,589,591 1899 297,559,712 1900 331,402,816 1901 360,702,686 1902 396,513,412 1903 429,705,287 1904 456,342,380 a Included in foregoing, —Gross traffic earnings- From Miscella- ' freight. neous. Dollars. Dollars. 361,137,376 (a) 342.859.222 (a) 365,466,061 (a) 386,676,108 (a) 467,748,928 (a) 551,968,477 (a) 506,367,247 61,650,932 549,756,695 60,782,625 506,925,375 56,952,816 519,690,992 44,735.616 550,359,054 59,903.038 636.666.223 54,176,055 639,200,723 60,065,118 665,962,331 66,664,757 734,821,733 71,692,645 754,185,910 80,549,209 794,526,500 80,952,864 808,494,668 88,168.488 700,477,409 91,113,759 743,784,451 87,681,245 770,424,013 89,894,754 780,351,939 98,956,751 868,924,526 108,044,607 922,436,314 116,100,353 1,052,835,811 117,456,751 1,126,267,652 125,478.488 1,197,212,452 127,089,036 1,344,150,719 135,001,820 1,374,102,275 147,194,058 Total gross receipts. Dollars. 497,257,939 472,909,272 490,103,351 525,620,577 613,733,610 701,780,982 764,231,399 817,376,576 770,668,892 765,493,309 822,182,381 931,373,488 950,519,764 991,935,331 1,086,039,735 1,125,381,994 1,169,036,840 1,207,106,026 1,066,943,358 1,092,395,437 1,125,632,025 1,1.32.866,626 1,249,558,724 1,336.096,379 1,501,695,378 1.612,448,826 1,720,814,900 1,9081857,826 1,977,638,713 Net traffic earnings. Dollars. 186,452,7.52 170,976,697 187,575,167 216,544,999 255,557,555 272,406,787 278,009,565 295,737,078 268,060,557 266,615,933 297,372,559 331,174,183 297,306,541 317,866,883 342,071,296 350,748,483 352,817,405 358,648,918 317,757,399 323,196,454 332,766,979 342,792,030 389,666,474 447,741,014 483,247,526 520,294,727 560,026,277 592,508,512 639,240,027 All I ask is a square deal for every man. Give him a fair chance. Do not let him wrong any one, and do not let him be wronged.— President Roosevelt at Grand Canyon, Ariz., May 6, 1903. 220 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. ItiLEAQE OF RAILROADS IN OPERATION AND ANNUAL INCREASE OF MILEAGE: 1832 TO 1904. (From Poor's Railroad Manual.) ■is It II Is U pi Is il §?.^ 1832 229 134 1857 24,503 2,487 1882 114.677 S3 380 151 1858 26968 2.465 1883 121,422 S34 633 253 1859 28,789 1,821 1884 125,345 \m 1.098 465 1860 30.626 1,837 1885 128.320 1.S36 1.273 175 1861 31.286 660 188b l^b.338 1S37 1497 224 1862 32,120 834 1887 149,214 isns 1913 416 1863 33.170 1.050 1888 156,114 m9 2.302 389 1864 33 908 738 1889 161.276 1,S40 2818 516 1865 35.t85 1,177 189J 166.703 1841 3535 717 1866 36.801 1,716 1891 170,729 1K42 4.026 491 1867 39.050 2,249 1892 17^.170 1543 4185 159 1868 42.229 2,979 1893 177,516 1544 4 377 192 1869 46,844 4,615 1894 179,415 1545 4.633 256 1870 52.922 6,078 1895 181,115 1846 4930 297 1871 60,301 7,379 1896 182.769 1847 5.598 668 1872 66,171 5,878 1897 184,591 1848 5996 398 1873 70.268 4,097 1898 186,810 1849 7.365 1.369 1874 72,385 2,117 1899 190,818 1850 9,021 1.656 1875 74,096 1,711 1900 194,262 1851 10,982 1,961 1876 76,808 2,712 1901 198,743 1S52 12,908 1.926 1877 79,082 2,274 1902 202,938 1853 15,360 2.452 1878 81,747 2,665 1903 207,335 1854 16,720 1,360 1879 86,556 4.809 1904 212,349 1855 18,374 1.654 1880 93,267 6,711 1856 22,016 3,642 1881 103.108 9,846 Passengers and Freight Carried.* Average Passengers receipts per Freight Year. curried. passenger carried. mile. Cents. Tons. 1882 375,391,812 1.85 .360,490,375 1883 312,686,641 2.42 400,453,439 1884 :m.570,766 2.30 399,074,749 .1885 351,427,688 2.20 437,010,099 1886 382,284,972 2.19 482,245,254 1887 428,225,513 2.28 552,074,752 1888 451,353,655 2.25 590,857,353 1889 494,808,421 2.17 619,165,630 1890 520,439,082 2.17 691,344,437 1891 556.015,802 2.18 704,39S,609 1892 575,769,678 2.17 730,605,011 1893 597,056,539 2.07 757,464,480 1894 569,660,216 2.03 674,714,747 1895 529,756,259 2.07 755,799,8S3 1896 535,120,756 2.03 773,868,716 1897 504.106,525 2.03 78S,385,448 1898 514,982,888 1.99 912,973,833 1899 537,977,301 2.00 975,789,941 1900 584,695,935 2.03 1,071,431,919 1901 000,485,790 2.03 1,084,066.451 1902 (555,130,236 2.05 1,192,136,510 1903 (.96,908,994 2.05 1,299,684,081 1904 719,654,951 2.05 1,275,321,607 •Statistics for this table for years previous to 1882 are not compiled. Railway Car Construction. Locomotives and cars approx.mating the value of $260,000,000 were built in the locomotive and car shops of the United States in 1905, according to figures collected by the Railroad Gazette. These returns, do not include locomotives and cars built by the railroads in their own shops, of which an exceptionally large number were constructed during the year, nor do they include street and inter- urban electric cars. The number of locomotives built was 5.491, as against 3,441 in 1904. The number built exceeds the total for any previous year. The car output, subject to the limitations noted, was 168,006, the largest car output in any one year. Protection has vindicated itself. It cannot be helped by eulogy or hurt by defamation; it has worked its own demon- stration and presents in the sight of the whole world its match- less trophies. — Major McKinley at Beatrice, Neb., August 2, 1892. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 221 ■ ^^BAILKOAD INTEREST AISTD DIVIDENDS 1 1^ m c <- 1-< O. =4-1 42 m .'3 0) o Earnings per mile o2 J^ -oS ta-o "« fl of rai road m S ft£ ^ V. '^•^ >% ^S§ :hs , operation ., a; iJ :^ s s I 55 oi H Dollars. Dollars. 1866 37,380 75,686 2.250 -v/AA; 1867 46,270 85,291 2,565 5,879.282 6,568.925 3,944.006 1868 50,183 97,594 3,219 6,404,595 7,004,560 4,362,849 1869 52,099 104.5S4 3,607 7,934,933 7,316,918 4.568,117 1S70 54.109 112,191 3,972 9,157,646 7,138,738 4,910,772 1871 56,032 121,151 4,606 10,646,077 7,637,449 5,104,787 1}<72 62,033 137,190 5,237 12,444,499 8,457,096 5,666,8H3 1873 65,757 154,472 5,740 14,456,832 9,333,019 6,575.056 1874 71,585 175,735 6,188 16,329,256 9,262,654 6,755,734 1875 72,833 179,496 6,565 17,153,710 9,564,575 6.335,415 1876 73,532 183,832 7,072 18,729,567 10,034,984 6.635,474 1877 76,955 194,323 7,500 21,158,941 9,812,353 6,672,225 1878 81,002 206,202 8,014 23,918,894 9,861,355 6,309,813 1879 82,987 211,566 8,534 25.070,106 10.960,640 6,160,200 1880 85,645 233,534 9,077 29,215,509 12,782,895 6,948,957 1881 110,340 327,171 10,737 32,500,000 14,393,544 8,485,264 1882 131,060 374,368 12,068 38.842,247 17,114.166 9.996.096 1883 144.294 432.726 12,917 41,181.177 19,454,903 11.794.553 1884 145.037 450.571 13,761 42,076,226 19,632,940 13,022,.')04 1885 147,500 462,283 14,184 42,096,583 17,706.834 12,005,910 1886 151,832 489,607 15,142 43,289,807 16,298,639 12,378.783 1887 156,814 524,641 15,658 47,394,530 17,191,910 13,1.54,629 1888 171,375 616,248 17,241 51,463,955 19,711,164 14,640,592 1889 178,754 647,697 18,470 54,108,326 20,783,194 14,565,153 1890 183,917 678,997 19.382 55.878,762 22,387,029 15,074,304 1S91 187,981 715,591 20,098 59,148,343 23,034,327 16,428.742 1892 189,576 739,105 20,700 62,387,298 23,706,405 16,307,857 1893 189,936 769,201 21,078 66,591,858 24,978,443 17,482,406 1894 190,303 790,792 21,166 58,632,237 21,852,655 16,060,170 1895 189,714 802,651 21,360 58,307,315 22,218,019 16,076,630 1896 189,918 826,929 21,725 58,760,444 22,612,736 16,714,756 1897 190,614 841,002 21,769 58,151,684 22,638,859 16,906,656 1898 189,847 874,420 22,210 62,173,749 23,915,733 17,825,582 1899 189,856 904,633 22,285 61,308,157 23,954,312 18,085,579 1900 192,705 933,153 22,900 63,167,783 24,758,570 18,593,206 1901 193,589 972,766 23,238 65,657,049 26,354,151 19,668,903 1902 196,115 1,029,984 23,567 69,374,883 28,073,095 20,780,766 1903 196,517 1,089,212 23,120 *69,790,866 29,167,687 20,953,215 1904 199,350 1,155,405 23,458 *67,903,973 29,249,390 21,361,915 1905 200,224 1,184,557 23,814 *67,477,320 29,033,635 21,845,570 •Not including messages sent over leased wires or under railroad contracts. Note.— The greatly increased mileage since 1880 is principally due to the fact that in 1881 the Western Union Telegraph Company absorbed by pur- chase all the lines of the American Union and the Atlantic and Pacific Tele- graph companies, the former having previously in operation over 12,000 miles of line and the latter 8,706 miles. Capital stock of the Western Union, $100,000,000. The Western Union has exclusive contracts with several international cable companies, operating eight Atlantic cables, and guarantees 5 per cent, annual dividends on the stock of the American Telegraph and Cable Com- pany; amount, $14,000,000. Besides the above, there are new lines of telegraph which have complied with the United States telegraph act of 1866, and are operating wires with or without connection with railway companies. General Harrison, in his speech to the visiting coj?imercial travelers at Indianapolis, Aug. 18, 1888, said: "Do not allow any one to persuade you that this great con- test as to our tariff policy is one between schedules. It is not a question of seven per cent, reduction. (Applause.) It is a question between wide-apart principles. (Cries of "That's right.") The principle of protection; the intelligent recognition in the framing of our tariff laws of the duty to protect our American industries and maintain the American scale of wages by adequate discriminating duties (cries of "That's right!") on the one hand, and on the other a denial of the constit\*tional right to make our customs duties protective, on the assertion of the doctrine that free competition with foreign products is the ideal condition to v/hich all our legislation should tend." (Applause.) REPUBLICAN' CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 223 Postal Telegraph Cable Company; Mileage of Lines and Wires, Number of Oflaces, and Messages Sent, 1885 to 1905. 1885. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 11 .„ CS o <= ^rt o q_i . s ^ —I M »* s s ^ IS 5Sg|S|gggg| rt to o> t- »o a» t~ .H lO f 00 «£> CC O CO 5h S:^ S 2 2 o o «© 5 t- o M O r-l CO S§ ?? g t^ i ^ O C- fH s ^ Si «o 3 e^ ^- e^ 00 «0 CO t- 5S S S cfl o © in Lo — r}< cvl T)< CV) 00 t^ to o lO 4 i i i 1 05 in 1 1 i 1 o 1 05 eO «C> iM bO IM 00 -H c>< O -^ CO ^ C»3 OS CD 00 Oi lO 00 -^ M 1-1 to in la s^ i5 § _ CO lO o to" I- o" t-^ OO 00 t^ CM 00 to a o -je •z; tts t- 0^ C '^P O ^. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOO? 225 INSURANCE STATISTICS. Life Insurance: Number of Policies and Amount of Insurance in Force in Ordinary and Industrial Companies (Census Years 1850 to 1880; Annually from 1884), and Income, Pay- ments, Assets, Liabilities and Surplus in 1880 and from 1884 to 1904. (Prepared by Frederick L. Hoffman, Insurance Statistician, Newark, N. J.) INSURANCE IN FORCE FROM 1850 TO 1904. , Ordinary- Year ended No. of Ammint Dec. 31— policies, amount. Dollars. -Industrial ^ pS'?cI°e's. Amount. Dollars. No. of policies. -Total- Amount. Dollars. IS.'SO. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1S84. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1000. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 29,407 60,000 839,226 679,690 819,264 890,924 926,497 992,987 1,091.357 1,218,008 1,319,561 1,465,459 1,531,231 1,754,303 1,868,954 1,940.945 2,024,927 2,201,193 2,419,850 2,820,950 3,176,051 3,693,702 4,160,088 4,694,021 5,507,759 68,614,189 180,000,000 2,262,847,000 1,564,183,532 1,984,694,854 2,155,330,627 2,365.696,617 2,599,576,117 2,896,099,365 3,291,828,258 3,620,057,439 3,964,491,593 4,314,204,343 4,629,774,861 4,765,220,494 4,917,694 131 5,054,800,908 5,329,980,648 5,714,964,251 6,481,154,483 7,093,152,380 7,952,989,395 8,701,587,912 9,593,008,148 10,412,078,338 236,674 1,092,529 1,377,150 1,¥80,372 2,310,003 2,797,521 3,365,461 3,883,529 4,319,817 5.200,777 5,751,514 6,833,439 6,9.52,757 7.388,119 8,005,384 8,798,480 10,050,847 11,219,296 12,337,022 13,448,124 14,603,694 15,674,384 20,533,469 111,115,252 145,938,241 198,431,170 255,533,472 305,155,182 365,841,518 429,521,128 481,919,116 583,527,016 662,0.50.129 800,946,170 820,740,641 888,266,586 996,1?'9,424 1,110,073,519 1,293,125,522 1,468,986,366 1,640,857,553 1,806,890,864 1,977,599,397 2,135,859,103 916,364 1,911,793 2,268,074 2,706,869 3,302,990 3,888,878 4,583,469 5,203,090 5,785,276 6,732,008 7,505,817 8,702,,^93 8,893,702 9,413,046 10,206,577 11,21 8,.330 12,871,797 14,395,347 16,030,724 17,608,212 19,297.715 21,182,143 1,584,717,001 2,095,810,106 2,301,268,868 2,564,127,787 2,855,109,589 3,20l,254,iS47 3,6.57,669,776 4,049,578,567 4,446,410,709 4,897.731,359 5,291,824,990 5,566,166,664 5,738,434,772 5,943.067.492 6 326,120,072 6,825,037,770 7.774,280,005 8,.562,138,746 9,593.846,948 10,508,478,776 11,570,607,545 12,547,937,441 Year ended Dec. 31- INCOME, PAYMENTS, ASSETS, ETC., FROM 1880 TO Total Total payments _ income. to policy holders. Assets. Liabilities. 1880. 1884. 1885. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1S91. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. Dollars. 80,537,990 101,938,900 111,122,174 123,614,000 137,913,159 155,477,074 177,607,718 196,938,069 213,444,589 227,622,957 241,727,503 261,959.111 271,928,709 283,726,855 304.945,675 325,452,134 365,368,062 400,603,257 457,965,754 504,527,705 553,639,900 599,081,882 Dollars. 55,881,794 61,216,783 64,306,995 64,029,451 71,231,568 77,542,039 83,031,083 90,007,820 97,026,344 104,506,882 112,648,941 118,423,246 125,136,443 136,179,008 139,405,708 146,804,522 159,987,686 168,687,601 192,398,489 199,883,721 225,842,072 247,052,831 Dollars. 452,680,651 519,786,617 551,828,336 585,201,199 619,137,675 668,196,883 720.237,645 770,972,061 840,579,127 919,342,031 987,946,922 1,073,156,679 1,159,873,889 1,243,561,111 1,344,903,198 1,462,651,318 1,595,208,408 1,742,414,173 1,910,784,985 2,091,822,851 2,265,221,193 2,498,960.968 Dollars. 678,681.309 740,226,450 802,677,076 868,600,298 930,937,755 997,668,526 1,066,541,285 1,157,010,946 1,245,788,245 1,365,873,943 1,493,378,709 1,640,289,306 1,798,136,861 1,978,823,571 2,168,468,541 1904. Surplus. Dollars. 92,290,752 100,352,677 116,664,955 119,346,624 142,218,924 162,205,363 177,019,826 187.892,252 216,868,073 229,334,465 249,035,464 270,495.679 293,685.990 286,397,622 330,492,427 There are many qualities which we need alike in private citizen and in public man, but three above all — three for the lack of which no brilliancy and no genius can atone — and those three are courage, honesty, and common sense. — Presi- dent Boosevelt at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1903. The United States has not the slightest wish to establish a universal protectorate over other American States, or to become responsible for their misdeeds. — From President Roose- velt's The Monroe Doctrine, American Ideals, p. 248. 226 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. INSURANCE STATISTICS— Continued. Fire and Marine and Casualty and Miscellaneous Insurance the United States, 1890 to 1904: Total Income of Coi panies and Payments to Policy-holders. (Data of the Spectator Company, New York, N. Y.) FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE. -Stock and mutual companies- Calendar year. 1893. 1894. 1S95. 1896. 1897. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. Number of companies. 580 523 491 489 558 683 541 530 504 475 493 482 489 546 515 Total income. Dollars. 157,857,983 163.672.514 179,044,675 178,971,022 176,364.638 176,300,042 172,945,625 176,751.124 178,320,217 184,142,217 198,312,577 216,452,381 242,819,167 258,658,915 278,669,500 -Payments to policy Losses. Dividends. Dollars, 75.334.517 89,375,105 98.874,089 108,873,368 94,870,896 89,673,663 83,355,538 79,440,595 90,051,512 ■ 106,726,658 108,307,171 112,007,219 113,147,727 112,818,928 150,955,197 Lloyd's and Interinsurance , associations ^ Calendar Number of Total Losses year. associations, income. paid. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 5,433,495 5,038,022 5,990,813 5,779,257 6,048,238 7,705,363 6,547,922 7,724,657 7,923,170 7,892,714 8,446,110 9,011,926 10,184,285 11,559,470 12,827,674 -Total- holders Total Dollai 80,768,( 94,413,] 104,864,' 114,652, ( 100,919,] 97,379.( 89.903.4 87,165,^ 97,974,( 114,619,2 116,753,2 121,019,1 123,302,C 124,378,3 163,782,8 Number of Total companies, income. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 2,972,800 2,888,366 1,057,238 1,538,505 580 523 491 489 558 583 541 530 504 475 493 482 489 583 550 Dollars. 157,857,983 163,672,514 179,044,675 178,971,022 176,364,638 176,300,042 172,945,625 176,751,124 178,320,217 184,142,217 198,312,577 216,452,381 242,819,167 261,6,'31,715 281,557,866 Paymen to polic holders Dollars 80,768,0 94,413,1 104,864,9 114,652,6 100,919,1 97,379,0 89,903,4 87,165,2 97,974,6 114,619,3 116,753,2 121,019,1' 123,332,0 125,435,6 165,321,3' CASUALTY AND MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE (STOCK COMPANIES Calendar year. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. Number of companies. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. Total income. Dollars. ,758,413 ,891,707 ,727,576 140,830 238,564 077,146 154,235 859,866 478,642 117,449 309,619 844,427 980,061 716,644 685,447 Paymen to polic; holders Dollar 2,933,31 3,492,8! 4,063,3' 4,815,2! 4,601,2( 5,430,6( 6,494,9'; 7,113,8] 7,o83,5'; 8,802,71 10,166,7f 12,966,1-^ 14,952,,5e 16,679,9'i 19,332,55 It would be hard to find in modern times a better exampL of successful constructive statesmanship than the America] representatives have given to the Philippine Islands.— Presi dent Roosevelt at Providence, R. I., August 23, 1902. "Uncle Joe Cannon's new platform: made cake in the pantry." 'Put none but home Our policy is one of fair and equal justice to all men, pay ing no heed -to whether he is rich or poor, nor heeding his race, his creed or his birthplace.— Prom President Roosevelt'i speech of acceptance. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 227 - MERCHANT MARINE. Merchant Marine of the United States: Tonnage of Sailing- and Steam Vessels, 1877 to 1905. (From the repopts of the Bureau of Navigation, Department of Commerce and Labor.) -g I r-Sailing vessels*-^ r-Steam vessels-^ t Total ^ §05 _g % % uS, P) » "fl « %, «o «5 S fl S fl g fl ^"-i 5 o 2 o 2 o > Iz; E^ ^ H ^ Eh 1877 20,991 3,071,403 4,395 1,171,197 25,386 4,242,600 1878 20,792 3,045,087 4,472 1,167,678 25,264 4,212,765 1879 20,642 2,993,429 4,569 1,176,172 25,211 4,169,601 1880 19,995 2,856,476 4,717 1,211,558 24,712 4,068,034 1881 19,205 2,792,736 4,860 1,264,998 24,065 4,057,734 1882 19,177 2,810,107 5,191 1,355,826 24,368 4,165,9-3 1883 18,968 2,822,293 5,249 1,413,194 24,217 4,235,487 1884 18,681 2,805,320 5,401 1,465,909 24,082 4, 271,2^9 1885 18,564 2,771,017 5,399 1,494,917 23,963 4,265,934 1886 18,C67 2,608,152 5,467 1,522,984 23,534 4,131,136 1887 17,582 2,563,128 5,481 1,542,717 23,063 4,105,845 1888 17,587 2,543,846 5,694 1,648,070 23,281 4,ir)l 916 1889 17,699 -2,541,924 5,924 1,765,551 23,623 4,307,475 1890 17,502 2,565,409 5,965 1,859, OSS 23,467 4,424,497 1891 17,683 2,668,495 6,216 2,016,264 23,899 4,684,759 1892 17,991 2,690,504 6,392 2,074,417 24,383 4,764 921 1893 17,951 2,641,799 6,561 2,183,272 24,512 4,825,071 1894 17,060 2,494,599 6,526 2,189,430 23,586 4,684,029 1895 16,686 2,423,159 6,554 2,212,801 23,240 4,635,960 1896 16,313 2,396,672 6,595 2,307,208 22,908 4,703,880 1897 16,034 2,410,462 6,599 2,358,558 22,633 4,769,020 1898 15,993 2,377,815 6,712 2,371,923 22,705 4,749,738 1899..... 15,891 2,388,227 6,837 2,476,011 22,728 4,864,238 1900 16,280 2,507,042 7,053 2,657,797 23,333 5,164,839 1901 16,643 2,603,265 7,414 2,920.953 24,057 5,524,218 1902 16,546 2,621,028 7,727 3,176,874 24,273 5,797,902 1903 16,371 2,679,257 8,054 3,408,088 24,425 6,087,345 1904 16,095 2,696,117 8,463 3,595,418 24,558 6,291,535 1905 15,784 2,715,049 8,897 3,741,494 24,081 6,456,543 ♦Including canal-boats and barges. Tonnage Owned on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, the Pacific Coast, and the Northern Lakes and Western Rivers: 1887 to 1905. ( From the reports of the Bureau of Navigation, Department of Commerce and Labor.) Year ended Atlantic r>r.^ifi« Northern Western rpotoi June 30— and Gulf. i^acmc. \2,\q^, rivers. ^°^^- Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1SS7 2,638,273 356,445 783,722 327,405 4,105,845 )NS8 2,612,841 399,889 874,103 305,083 4,191,916 iNN9 2,599,504 436,273 972,271 299,427 4,307,475 I^SH) 2,638,595 428,392 1,063,064 294,446 4,424,497 V-'^\ 2,780,683 440,858 1,154,870 308,348 4,684,759 IMt2 2,805,916 464,619 1,183,583 310,803 4,764,921 \^y-\ 2,807,690 457,422 1,261,067 298,892 4,825,071 IM'l 2,712,944 456,359 1,227,401 287,325 4,684,029 1 :tr, 2,679,779 433,502 1,241,459 281,220 4,635,960 '•■'■ 2,667,314 437,972 1,324,067 274,527 4,703,880 : 2,647,796 439,012 1,410,103 272,109 4,769,020 ^ 2,553,739 496,767 1,437,500 261,732 4,749,738 y 2,614,869 539,937 1,446,348 263,084 4,864,238 ii'OO 2,727,892 *612,904 1,565,587 258,456 5,164,839 WW t2,854,639 *713,831 1,706,294 249,454 5,524,218 nt'i2 t2,985,05G *774,211 1,816,511 222,124 5,797,9 J2 r.'ii;^ 13.157,373 *812,179 1,902,698 215,095 6,087,345 llii4 t3, 252,366 *806,577 2,019,208 213,384 6,291,535 J'.hT, 13,398,367 821,710 2,062,147 174,319 6,456,543 *ilncluding Hawaii. jlncluding Porto Rico. President Roosevelt said in his speech at Minneapolis, April 4, 1903: This country has and this country needs better paid, better educated, better fed and better clothed workingmen, of a higher type than are to be found in any foreign country. It has and it needs a higher, more vigorous and more prosperous type of tillers of the soil than is possessed by any other country. The business men, the merchants and manufacturers and the managers of the tranportation interests show the same superiority when compared with men of their type abroad. 128 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK PENSION LEGISLATION. Our splendid pension system, which has no precedent in the world's history, and no peer in Justice and generosity among the nations of the earth, is a distinctively Republican institution, not one feature of which is due to or has ever been claimed by the Democratic Party. The total disbursements for pensions from July 1, 1790, to June 30, 1865, was $96,445,444. Since that time the disbursements have exceeded $3,450,000,000. In addition to caring for the disabled soldier the Republican Party has also provided for his widow and children. One pro- vision of the well-known Act of May 9, 1900, is deserving ol" special consideration. It provides for the well-being of insane, idiotic, or otherwise helpless children, physically or mentally, of the deceased soldiers, by pensioning them during life, unless they recover from such disability. Such a provision for the helpless children of soldiers is elsewhere unknown in the world. Of the recent enactments for the benefit of the Republic's de- fenders the Republican Party has pride in referring to these generous provisions: Act of January 15, 1903, providing a pension of $40 per month for total loss of hearing. Act of February 28, 1903, providing for restoration to the rolls of a pensioned widow who had remarried and whose second hus- band has died or from whom she has been divorced without fault upon her part. Act of March 2, 1903, providing generous increase of pension to those who have lost limbs in the service, the rates running from $40 to $100 per month, according to the disability. Act of March 3. 1903, providing an increase of pension to $12 per month to all Mexican War survivors. The survivors of all the Indian wars and disturbances were provided for by the Act of June 27, 1902, as well as their widows. (Wars, etc., up to 1856.) Order 78. No single act of this Administration has aroused such deter- mined opposition from the Democratic minority in Congress as the order of the Commissioner of Pensions, cordially approved by the Secretary of the Interior and the President, bringing within the benefits of the pension laws all veterans who have reached the age of 62 years and over, in these terms: "(1) In the adjudication of pension claims under said act of June 27, 1890, as amended, it shall be taken and considered as an evidential fact, if the contrary does not appear, and if all other legal requirements are properly met, that when a claimant has passed the age of 62 years he is disabled one-half in ability to perform manual labor and is entitled to be rated at six dollars per month; after 65 years at eight dollars per month; after 68 years at ten dollars per month, and after 70 years at twelve dollars per month. "(2) Allowances at higher rate, not exceeding twelve dollars per month, will continue to be made as heretofore, where disabilities other than age show a condition of Inability to perform manual labor. "(3) This order shall take effect April 13, 1904, and shall not be deemed retroactive. The former rules of the office fixing the minimum and maximum at 65 and 75 years, respectively, are hereby modified as above." As will be noticed, this is not new legislation, as opponents ol the system contend, but a construction of the Act, which is with- in the always acknowledged competency of the Department. The following statutory confirmation of the above order is found in the Pension Appropriation Bill passed at the last ses- sion of Congress and approved April 24, 1906: And provided further. That the age of 62 years and over shall be considered a permanent specific disability within the meaning of the pension laws. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 229 PENSIONS. Pensioners: Number on the Rolls, First Payments and Amounts of Disbursements for Pensions, 1861 to 1905. Year ended June 30— 1861. 1863. 1864. 3865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 18G9. 1870. 1S71. 1872. 1873. 1874. •1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884 .• 1885. 1886. 1887. 1S88. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. Number Invalids. of pensioners rolls Widows, etc. on the Total. Total disburse- ments for pensions. Dollars. Cost, main- tenance, and expenses. Dollars. 4,337 4,341 7,821 23.479 35,880 4,299 3,818 6,970 27,656 50,106 8,636 8,159 14,791 51,135 85,986 1,072,461.55 790,384.76 1,025,139.91 4,504,616.92 8,525,153.11 55,652 71,070 126,722 15,450,549.88 407,165.66 71,856 83,618 155,474 20,784,789.69 490,977.35 75,957 93,686 169,643 23,101,509.36 553,020.34 82,859 105,104 187,963 28,513,247.27 564,526.81 87,521 111,165 198,686 29,351,488.78 600,997.86 93,394 114,101 207,495 28,518,792.62 863,079.00 113,954 118,275 232,229 29,752,746.81 951,253.00 119,500 118,911 238,411 26,982,063.89 1,003,200.64 121,628 114,613 236,241 30,206,778.99 966,794.13 122,989 111,832 234,821 29,270,404.76 982,695.35 124,239 107,898 232,137 27,936,209.53 1,015,078.81 123,723 103,381 232,104 28,182,821.72 1,034,459.33 131,649 92,349 223,998 26,786,009.44 1,032,500.09 138,615 104,140 242,755 33,664,428.92 837,734.14 145,410 105,392 250,802 56,689,229.08 935,027.28 164,110 104,720 268,830 50,583,405.35 1,072,059.64 182,633 103,064 285,697 54,313,172.05 1,466,236.01 206,042 97,616 303,658 60,427,573.81 2,591,648.29 225,470 97,286 322,756 57,912,387.47 2,835,181.00 247,146 97,979 345,125 65,171,937.12 3,392,576.34 270,346 95,437 365,783 64,091,142.90 3,245,016.61 506,298 99,709 406,007 73,752,997.08 3,753,400.91 343,701 108,856 452,557 78,950,501.67 3,515,057.27 373,699 116,026 489,725 88,842,720.58 3,466,968.40 415,654 122,290 537,944 106,093,850.39 3,526,382.13 536,821 139,339 676,160 117,312,690.50 4,700,636.44 703,242 172,826 876,068 139,394,147.11 4,898,665.80 759,706 206,306 966,012 156,906,637.94 4,867,734.42 754,382 215,162 969,544 139,986,726.17 3,963,976.31 751,456 219,068 970,524 139,812,294.30 4,338,020.21 748,514 222,164 970,678 138,220,704.46 3,991,375.61 747,492 228,522 976,014 139,949,717.35 3,987,783.07 758,511 235,203 993,714 144,651,879.80 4,114,091.46 754,104 237,415 991,519 138,355,052.95 4,147,517.73 752,510 241,019 993,529 138,462,130.65 3,841,700.74 748,649 249,086 997,735 138,531,483.84 3,868,795.44 739,443 260,003 999,446 137,504,267.99 3,831,378.96 729,356 267,189 996,545 137,759,653.71 3,993,216.79 720,921 273,841 994,762 141,093,571.49 3,849,366.25 717,761 280,680 998,441 141,142,861.33 3,721,832.82 The following amounts have been paid soldiers, their widows, minor children, and dependent relatives on account of military and naval service during the wars in which the United States has been engaged: War of the Revolution (estimated) $70,000,000.00 War of 1812 (on account of service, without regard to disability) 45,443,790.97 Indian wars (on account of service, without regard to dis- ability) 7,637,268.53 War with Mexico (on account of service, without regard to disability) 36,682,848.87 War of the rebellion 3,144,395,405.26 War with Spain 11,996,198.63 Regular establishment 4,707,510.72 Actual total disbursements in pensions $3,320,860,022.98 "The gates of Castle Garden swing inward. . . . Thesa men who have toiled at wages in other lands that barely sus- tained life, and opened no avenue of promise to them or their children, know the good land of hope, as well as the swallow knows the land of summer. They testify that here there are better conditions, wider and more hopeful prospects for work- men than in any other land." — Benjamin Harrison, 1888. "The Bepublican Party stands for honest money and the chance to earn it by honest toil." — ^William McKinley. UKPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. GOLD IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Gold Coin and Bullion Imported and Exported and Annual Excess of Imports or Exports: Values, 1856 to 1905. , Excess of- , Exports Imports N .^ar eudfd June 30— 1861. 1862. 1864. 1867. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 18S3. 1884. 1887. 1S90. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. Domestic.* Dollars. 44,148,279 60.078,352 42,407,246 57,502.305 56.946,851 23.799.870 31,044,651 55.993,562 97.134,624 56,558.706 70,127,466 36.229,676 68,231,158 28,442,776 28,580,609 64,581,678 48.377,502 44.472,0.38 32,645,486 61,543,545 29.431,757 22,359,101 6,632,570 4.115,085 1.775,039 1,826,307 31.403,625 8 920,909 35.294.204 2.741.559 32.766,066 5.705.304 12.560,084 54,930.332 13,403,632 84.939,551 43,321,351 102,068,153 64,487,354 56,218,307 106,934,336 39,152,522 10,470,371 27,478,412 '46,693,893 52,635,309 46,761,438 44.584,640 79,195.987 86,146,743 Exports. - Forelgna. Dollars. 852,698 5,154,301 7,595,558 3,605,748 l,49!t,188 . 3,624,103 4,395,252 6,169,276 3,527,010 1,822,327 1,069,843 2,796,951 4,165,186 7,560,722 5,055,353 2,104,530 1,171,258 384,677 1,396,934 5,437.432 1,745,293 4,231,273 2,571,885 442,529 1,863,986 738,825 1,184,255 2,679.979 5,787.753 5.736.333 10,186,125 3,995,883 5,816,150 5.021,953 3,870.859 1,423,103 6,873,976 6,612,691 12,490,707 10,250.174 5,475,611 1,209,058 4,936,020 10,043,674 1,572,866 549,868 1.807,512 2,505,955 2,263,999 6,447,281 Total. Dollars. 100,661,634 58,381,033 71,197,309 39,026,627 72,396,344 36,003,498 33,635,962 66,686,208 49,548,760 44,856,715 34,042,420 66,980,977 31,177,050 26,590,374 9,204.455 4.587,614 3,639,025 2,565.132 32,587,880 11,600,888 41,081,957 8,477,892 42,952.191 9,701,187 18,376,234 59,952,285 17.274,491 86.362,654 50,195,327 108,680,844 76,978,061 66,468,481 112,409.947 40,361,580 15,406,391 37,522,086 48.266,759 53,185,177 48.568,950 47,090,595 81,459,986 92,594,024 Imports, Dollars. 990,305 6,654,636 11.566,068 2,125,397 2,508,786 42,291,930 13,9U7,011 5,530,538 11,176,769 6,498,228 8,196,261 17,024,866 8,737,443 14,132,568 12,056 950 6,883,561 8,717,458 8,682,447 19,503,137 13,696,793 7,992,709 20,246,234 13,330,215 5,624,948 80,758,396 100,031,259 34,377,054 17,734,149 22,831,317 26,691,696 20,743,349 42,910,601 43,934,317 10,2«4,858 12,943,342 18,232,567 49,699.454 21.174.381 72,449,119 36,384,760 33,525,065 85,014,780 120,391,674 88,954,603 44,573,184 66,051,187 52,021,254 44,982,027 99,055,368 53,648,961 over Imports. Dollars. OVtT exports. Dollars. 89,484,865 51,882,805 63,001,048 22,001,761 63,658,901 21,870,930 21,579,012 59,802,647 40,831,302 36,174,268 14,539,283 53,284,184 23.184,341 344,140 18,250,(1,0 "22,'208',842 49,667,427 4,331,149 68,130,087 495,873 87,506,463 4,528,942 30,083,721 78,884,882 3,693,575 ,108,568 ,945,063 4,125,760 1,037,334 77,119,371 9/,466,127 1,789,174 6,133,261 'isi 213^864 '33.'269',4i4 25,558,083 44,653.20» 104.985,288 51,432,517 '12,866,016 3,452.304 'i7,"595,382 •Gold and silver cannot be separately stated prior to 1864, but it is prob- able tliat the greater portion of the exports was gold. If necessary for our welfare, then, of course, Congress must consider the question of changing the laws as a whole or changing any given rates of duty, but we must remember that I whenever even a single schedule is considered some interests will appear to demand a change in almost every schedule in the law; and when it comes to upsetting the schedules generally the effect upon the business interests of the country would be ruinous.— President Roosevelt at Minneapolis, April 4, 1903. This is not and never shall be a government of a plutoc- racy; it is not and never shall be a government by a mob. It is, as it has been and as it will be, a government in which every honest man, every decent man, be he employer or em- ployed, wage-worker, mechanic, banker, lawyer, farmer, be he who he may, if he acts squarely and fairly, if he does his duty by his neighbor and the State, receives the full protec- tion of the law and is given amplest chance to exercise the ability that there is within him, alone or in combination with his fellows, as he desires.— President Roosevelt at Butte, Mont., May 27, 1903. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 231. SILVER IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Silver Coin and Bullion Imported and Exported and Annual Excess of Exports Over Imports: Values, 1856 to 1905. Year ended June 30— 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1887... 1888..'. 1889... 1890. . . 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894**. 1895**. 1896** . 1897**. 1898**. 1899**. 1900**. 1901**. 1902**. 1903**. 1904**. 1905**. Excess of exports over Domestic* Foreign. Total. Imports. imports. Dollars. Dollars. 744,508 3,904,269 Dollars. • Dollars. 3,217,327 5,807,163 Dollars. 2,630,343 2,779,358 7 708 428 ■ * ■ * * 5,309,392 8,100,200 6,041,349 2,367,107 1 447 737 4,047,681 2,508,041 1 993 773 4.053,567 3,a3S,938 1,395,969 4,734,907 1,938,843 2,796,064 8,059,418 1,202,775 9,262,193 3,311,844 5,950,349 12,515,908 2,330,854 14,846,762 2,503,831 12,342,931 18,746,520 3,095,225 21,841,745 5,045,609 16,796,136 15,514,817 5,872,941 21,387,758 5,450,925 15,936,833 14,473,190 6,661,692 21,134,882 5,675,308 15,459,574 15,303,193 9,216,511 24,519,704 14,362,229 10,157,475 19,821,681 11,934,099 31,755,780 14,386,463 17,369,317 24,420,738 5,908,036 30,328,774 5,026,231 25,302,543 ,29,433,508 10,318,351 39,751,859 12,798,490 26,953,369 27,054,200 5,533,785 32,587,985 8,951,769 23,636,216 22,313,584 2,837,581 25,151,165 7,203,924 17,947,241 20,606,934 4,722,318 25,329,252 7,943,972 17,385,280 20,775,637 8,796,226 29,571,863 14,528,180 15,043,683 20,429,315 4,106,355 24,535,670 16,491,099 8,044,571 13,409,950 6,999,877 20,409,827 14,671,052 5,738,775 7,572,854 5,931,040 13,503,894 12,275,914 1,227,980 12,400,637 4,441,078 16,841,715 10,544,238 6,297,477 12,076,646 4,752,953 16,829,599 8,095,336 8,734,263 12,702,272 7,517,173 20,219,445 10,755,242 9,464,203 14,931,431 11,119,995 26,051,426 14,594,945 11,456,481 21,634,551 12,119,082 33,753,633 16,550,627 17,203,006 19,158,051 10,353,168 29,511,219 17,850,307 11,660,912 17,005,036 9,291,468 26,296,504 17,260,191 9,036,313 20,635,420 7,402,529 28,037,949 15,403,669 12,634,280 25,284,662 11,404,586 36,689,248 18,678,215 18,011,033 22,378,557 12.495,372 34,873,929 21,032,984 13,840,945 14,033,714 8,557,274 22,590,988 18,026,880 4,564,108 16,765,067 16,045,492 32,810,559 19,955,086 12,855,473 23,559,254 17,178,065 40,737,319 23,193,252 17,544,067 39,069,087 11,382,178 50,451,265 13,286,552 37,164,713 40,119,428 7,175,858 47,295,286 20,211,179 27,084,107 53,196,559 7,345,111 60,541,670 28,777,186 31,764.484 56,541,823 5,404,815 61,946,638 30,533,227 31,413,411 47,829,645 7,275,594 55,105,239 30,927,781 24,177,458 51,168,770 5,150,285 56,319,055 30,675,056 25,643,999 52,464,345 4,247,930 56.712,275 35,256,302 21,455,973 58,778,779 5,506,401 64,285,180 36,386,521 27,898,659 45,971,249 3,761,141 49,732,390 28,232,254 21,410,136 40,121,497 4,128,762 44,250,259 24,163,491 20,086,768 37,986,864 11,485,838 49,472,702 27,768.814 21,703,888 36,764,431 12,084,381 48,848,812 27,484,865 21,363,947 ♦Gold and silver cannot be separately stated prior to 1864, but it is prob- able that the greater portion of the exports was gold. ♦♦Includes silver in ore. THE YEAR'S TRADE STATISTICS. "All new records" was the triumphant caption over the records of for- eign trade at this time last year. Now we put upon record facts making last year's seem almost paltry. The increase in exports is $225,201,946, and in imports $109,102,308. Truly a good growth. The first billion-dollar mark in our exports was reached in 1892. Four lean years followed, but the bil- lions have been unbroken since 1897. Soon it will be two billions, but last year it was only $1,743,763,612. It was in 1903 that we reached the billion standard in our imports, and when we reached it we did not hold it. The year just closed, however, shows that then it was handsomely exceeded, the aggregate being $1,226,615,379. The total falls just a trifle short of the sen- timental three billions upon which all lovers of records and big things had set their hearts. The aggregate is only $2,970,378,991, but the lacking $30,000,- 000 will hardly prevent this year going into the three-billion class in popu- lar phrase. The biggest total trade, however, does not yield the biggest' excess of exports, $517,148,233, comparing with $664,592,826 in the famous year of 1901. The excess upon merchandise movement brings us only one- tenth its face in excess of imports of gold, or precisely $57,653,320. It is rather surprising that it brought us ao much, for it is recognized that the movement of gold is related rather to banking and financial considerations than to trade. These are figures to be proud of, and yet they are good but for a single twelvemonth. If promise is any index to performance, the year now a fortnight old will enable us, next July, to repeat the words with which these remarks began.— New York Times (Democratic), July 18. 1906. .2 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. irOBEIGN CARBYINQ TBADE IN AMERICAN VESSELS, ETC. Foreign Carrying Trade of the United States in American and Foreign Vessels: Values, 1859 to 1905. (Merchandise and specie to 1879, inclusive; merchandise only after i879.) TOTAL UNITED STATES IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. -By sea- 1^ 9S i9 ■H.-.2-i' thS g-^ ^> fl> o fc^^ >.> o^s >< 5 5 Eh P^ a H Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1859 465.741,381 229.816,211 695,557,592 66.9 695,557,592 ISeO 507.247.757 255,040,793 762,288,550 66.5 762,288,550 1861 381,516.788 203.478,278 584,995,066 65,2 584,995,066 1862 217.695.418 218,015,296 435,710,714 50.0 435,710,714 1863 241,872,471 343,056,031 584,928.502 41.4 584,928,502 1864 184,061,486 485,'i93,548 669,855,034 27.5 669,855,034 1865 167,402,872 437,010,124 604,412,996 27.7 604,412,996 1866 325,711.861 685,226,691 1,010,938,552 32.2 1,010,938,552 1867 297,834,904 581,330,403 879,165,307 33.9 879,165,307 1868 297,981,573 550,540,074 848,527.647 35.1 848,527,647 1869 289,956,772 586.492,012 876,448,784 33.2 876,448,784 1870 352.969,401 638,927.488 991,896,889 35.6 991,896,889 1871 353,664,172 755,822,576 1,109,486,748 31.9 22.985,510 1.132.472,258 1872 345,3.31,101 839,346,362 1,184,677,463 29.2 27,650,770 1,212,328,233 1873 346,306,592 966,722,651 1,313,029,243 26.4 27,869,978 1,340,899,221 1874 350,4.51,994 939,206,106 1,289,658,100 27.2 23,022,540 1,312,680,640 2875 314,257,792 884,788,517 1,199,046,309 26.2 20,388,^35 1,219,434,544 1876 311,076,171 813,354,987 1,124,431,158 27.7 18,473,154 1,142,904,312 1877 316,660,281 859,920,536 1,176,580,817 26.9 17,464,810 1,194,045,627 1878 313,050,906 876,991,129 1,190,042,035 26.3 20,477,364 1,210,519,399 1879 272,015,692 911,269,232 1,183,284,924 23.0 19,423,685 1,202,708,6 9 1880 258.346,577 1,224,265,434 1,482,612,011 17.4 20,981,393 1,503,593,404 1881 250.586,470 1,269,002,983 1,519,589,453 16.5 25,452,521 1,545,041.974 1882 227,229.745 1,212.978,769 1.440.208,514 15.8 34,973.317 1,475,181,831 1883 240.420.500 1,258,506,924 1,498,927,424 16.0 48,092,892 1.547,020,316 1884 233,69.^,035 1,127,798,199 1,361,497,234 17.2 46,714,068 1,408,211,302 1885 194,865,743 1,079,518,566 1,274,384,309 15.3 45,332,775 1,319,717,084 1886 197,349,503 1,073.911,113 1,271,260,616 15.5 43,700,350 1,314,960,966 1877 194,356,746 1,165,194,508 1,359,551,254 14.3 48,951,725 1,408,502,979 1888 190,857,473 1,174,697,321 1,365,554,794 14.0 54,356,827 1,419,911,621 1889 ,203,805,108 1,217.063,-541 1,420,868,649 14.3 66,664,378 1,487,533,027 1890 202,451,086 1,371,116,744 1,573,567,830 12,9 73,571,263 1,647,139,C93 1891 206,459,725 1,450,081,087 1,656,540,812 12.5 72,856,194 1,729,397,006 1892 220,173,735 1.564,559,651 1,784,733,386 12.3 72,947,224 1,857,680,610 1893 897,76.5,507 1,428,316,568 1,626,082,075 12.2 87,984,041 1,714,066,116 1894 195,268,216 1,273,022,456 1,468,290,672 13.3 78,844,522 1,547.135,194 1895 170,507,196 1,285,896,192 1,456,403,388 11.7 83,104,742 1,539,508,130 1896 187,691,887 1,377,973,521 1,565,665,408 12.0 96,666,204 1,662,331,612 1897 189,075,277 1,525,753,766 1,714,829,043 11.0 100,894,925 1,815,723 968 1898 ■. 161,328,017 1,582,492,479 1,743,820,496 9.3 103,711,488 1.847,531,984 1899 160,612,206 1,646,263.857 1,806,876,063 8.9 117,295,728. 1,924,171,791 1900 195,084,192 1,894,444,424 2,089,528,616 9.3 154,895,650 2,244,424,266 1901 177,398,615 1,974.536,796 2,151,935,411 8.2 159.001,745 2,310.9*^7,156 1902 185,819,987 1.919.029.314 2,104,849,301 8.8 180,191,048 2,285,040.349 1903 214,695,032 2,026,106,388 2,240,801,420 9.6 205,059,496 2,445,860,916 1904 229,735,119 2,001,203.514 2,230,938,633 10.3 220,976,009 2,451,914,642 1905 290,607,946 2,103,201,462 2,393,809,408 12.1 242,265,329 2,636,074,737 The American Merchant Marine. It is doubtful if the fact is generally known that in the year 1905 a larger volume of the imports and exports of the United States was carried in American vessels than in any other year since 1879. In the latter year the total value of the merchandise transported in American bottoms was $272,015,692, as compared with $290,607,946 last year. It is only proper to remark, how- ever, that in this respect 1905 was an extraordinary year, for in no other year during the past quarter of a century has the foreign carrying trade in American vessels exceeded, or even closely approximated, that for the year 1879. At the same time it is highly important to note that American vessels carried 23 per cent, of our imports and exports in 1879 and only 12.1 per rent, in 1905. Indeed, from 1879 to 1901 the decline in the pro- portionate amount carried by American vessels was almost unin- terrupted, reaching 8.2 per cent, in the latter year. Since then (here has been a fairly steady and substantial recovery. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-B( OK. 233 la view of the energetic efforts of the shipping interests to secure the passage of the ship subsidy bill it may be instrueave to inquire more in detail as to the extent of the decline ind cdted above. For this purpose we present the following taule, sLowing the total value of the imports and exports carried by American and foreign vessels for various years since 1860. 1860 Years. In American Vessels. $507,247,757 In Foreign Vessels. $255,040,793 638,927,488 884,788,517 1,224,265,434 1,079,518,566 1,371,116,744 1,285,896,192 1,894,444,424 2,103,201,462 Per cent. American. 66.5 1870.... 352,969,401 35.6 1875.... 314,257,792 26.2 1880.... 1885.... 1890.... 1895.... 1900.... 1905.... 258,346,577 194,865,743 202,451,086 170,507,196 195,084,192 290,607,946 17.4 15.3 12.9 11.7 9.3 12.1 The deplorable condition of the American merchant marine is graphically set forth in the foregoing table. The fact that this steady deterioration has been accompanied by an unparalleled in- crease in all forms of material prosperity throughout the country is the source of considerable mystification. Whatever the cause may be, however, there can be no question about the desirability of obtaining for American ships a much larger share of our tre- mendous foreign-carrying trade. Thousands of our industries are now so strongly established that the country can well afford to drop many other projects for the time being in order to devote itself to the rehabilitation of our merchant marine. The subject is of such vast importance that every effort should be made to keep it before the attention of Congress until an adequate remedy is provided. — Boston Commercial Bulletin. IMPORTS AND RECEIPTS, PER CAPITA. Internal Reve- ,■ nue V o -Customs Revenue- o a ft o Aver, ad valorem / — rate of duty — ^ i^o Dolls. 1871 3.62 1872 3.22 1873 2.75 1874 2.39 1875 3.52 1876 2.59 1877 2.56 1878 2.32 1879 2.32 1880 2.47 1881 2.64 1882 2.79 1883 2.69 1884 2.21 1885 2.00 1886 2.03 1887 2.02 1888 2.07 1889 2.13 1890 2,28 1891 2.28 1892 2.36 1893 2.43 1894 2.17 1895 2.08 1896 2.09 1897 2.05 1898 > 2.34 1899 3.68 1900 ' 3.87 1901 3.96 1902 3.44 1903 2.87 1904 2.85 1905 2.82 ll «l'l 1^ fl.2 ^ « « ^ tH «;« >>^ « w 3 ft W S Q P.cent. 5.30 4.36 4.69 4.40 3.89 3.38 2.99 2.96 3.10 2.95 3.20 2.80 3.06 3.47 3.42 3.06 3.22 2.92 2.88 2.65 2.75 2.52 2.57 2.55 2.62 2.62 2.46 2.17 1.59 1.51 1.43 1.60 1.94 1.94 1.85 Dolls. Dolls. 12.65 13.80 15.91 13.26 11.97 10.29 9.49 9.21 8.99 12.51 12.68 13.64 13.05 12.16 10.32 10.89 11.65 11.88 12.10 12.35 13.38 12.50 12.73 9.41 10.61 10.81 11.02 8.05 9.22 10.88 10.58 11.39 12.54 12.01 13.08 5.12 5.23 4.44 3.75 S.51 3.22 2.77 2.67 2.73 3.64 3.78 4.12 3.92 3.47 3.17 3.30 3.65 3.60 3.60 3.62 3.40 2.68 3.00 1.92 2.17 2.23 2.41 1.99 2.72 3.01 3.01 3.17 3.48 3.16 3.11 d =3 O P.cent. 43.95 41.35 38.07 38.53 40.62 44.74 42.89 42.75 44.87 43.48 43.20 42.66 42.45 41.61 45.86 45.55 47.10 45.63 45.13 44.41 46.28 48.71 49.58 50.06 41.75 39.95 42.17 48.80 52.07 49.24 49.64 49.78 49.03 48.78 45.24 O P.cent. 38.94 37.00 26.95 26.88 28.20 30.19 26.68 27.13 28.97 29.07 29.75 30.11 29.92 28.44 30.59 30.13 31.02 29.99 29.50 29.12 25.25 21.26 23.49 20.25 20.23 20.67 21.89 24.77 29.48 27.62 28.91 27.95 27.85 26.30 23.77 S MS 2 a fl Si o > ft QJ 01 m p.cent. 3.18 3.21 3.76 4.49 4.4Z 4.53 4.96 4.47 3.96 3.23 3.22 2.95 3.07 3.44 3.58 3.33 3.16 3.27 3.14 2.98 3.17 3.74 3.32 5.15 4.43 4.52 4.01 4.78 3.57 3.20 3.23 3.13 2.98 3.32 3.48 . I RBPUBLICAN r a.\I I'A Ki.N TIOXT-BOOK. PRICE OF SILVER BULLION. Bullion Value of 371 1-4 Grains of Pure Silver at the Annual Average Price of Silver Each Year: 1850 to 1905. (Prepared by the Director of the Mint.) Bullion CaliMular yciP. value. Dollars. 1850 1.018 1861 1.034 1852 1.025 1853 1.042 1854 1.042 1866 1.039 1856 1.039 1857 1.046 1858 1.039 1859 1.052 1860 1.045 1861 1.031 1862 1.041 1868 1.040 1864 1.040 1885 1.035 1886 1.036 1867 1.027 1868 1.035 1869 1.024 1870 1.027 1871 1.025 1872 1.022 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 Bullion Calendar year. value. Dollars. 1878 0.89222 1879 86928 1880 88564 1881 87575 1882 87833 1883 85754 1884 85904 1885 82379 1886 76931 1887 75755 1888 72683 1889 72325 1890 80927 1891 76416 1892 67401 1893 60351 1894 49097 1895 50587 1896 52257 1897 46745 1898 45640 1899 46525 1900 47958 1901 46093 1902 40835 1903 41960 1904 44763 1905 47200 EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC MERCHANDISE Dolls. 1871 10.83 1872 10.55 1873 12.12 1874 13.31 1876 11.36 1876 11.64 1877 12.72 1878 14.30 1879 14.29 1880 16.43 1881 17.23 1882 13.97 1883 14.98 1884 13.20 1885 12.94 1886 11.60 1887 11.98 1SS8 11.40 '""' 11.92 13.50 13.66 15.61 12.98 12.85 11.51 ■ 12.29 '■ 14.42 ^"^'■^^ 16.59 1S99 16.20 I960 17.96 1901 18.81 1902 17.16 1903 17.32 i^^^ 17.56 ■ 17.94 o o ■ O .35 67. v4 76.07 60.13 57.77 63.30 53.09 43.80 37.3.-1 45.10 53.26 50.76 47.44 44.78 47.17 45.73 45.13 43.83 42.63 28.32 25.84 24.53 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 235 POST-OFriCES AND POST BOUTES. Number of Post-Offices, Extent of Post Routes, and Revenue and Expenditures of the Post-Office Department, Including Amounts Paid for Transportation of the Mails, 1879 to 1905. Expended for trans- ,- portatlcn of ^ Number. 1879 40,855 1880 42,989 1881 44,512 1882 46,231 1883 47,858 1884 50,017 1885 51,252 1886 53,614 1887 55,157 1888 57,376 1889 58,999 1890 62,401 1891 64,329 1892 67,119 1893 68,403 1894 69,805 1895 70,064 1896 70,360 1897 71,022 1898 73,570 1899 75,000 1900 76,688 1901 76,945 1902 75,924 1903 74,169 1904..... 71,131 1905 68,131 X ft Miles. 316,711 343,888 344,006 343,618 353,166 359,530 365,251 368,660 373,142 403,977 416,159 427,990 439,027 447,591 453,833 454,746 456,026 463,313 470,032 480,461 496,949 500,990 511,808 507,540 506,268 496,818 486,805 CM <» St: Pi Dollars. 30,041,983 33,315,479 36,785,398 41,876,410 45,508,693 43,325,959 42,560,844 43,948,423 48,837,609 52,695,177 56,175,611 60,882,098 65,931,786 70,930,476 75,896,933 75,080,479 76,983,128 82,499,208 82,665,463 89,012,619 95,021,384 102,354,579 111,631,193 121,848,047 134,224,443 143,582.624 152,826,485 Q Dollars. 18,953,219 20,857,802 22,812,429 22,460,473 23,874,394 25,014,478 27,035,543 27,614,540 27,892,646 29,347,959 32,361,697 34,116,243 37,547,405 39,082,919 41,179,555 45,375,359 46,336,326 47,993,067 48,028,094 50,444,291 52,027,901 54,135,930 56,002,576 58,589,968 62,606,015 67,027.776 69,927,689 Dollars. 200,026 199,809 240,067 280,501 316,358 332,221 331,903 391,856 402,523 547,395 541,212 563,631 620,987 774,016 1,097,867 1,239,363 1,173,561 1,-530,864 1,890,099 1,760,091 1,769,851 2,100,266 2,148,635 2,410,473 2,580,700 2,697,077 2,828,703 Art oi > Dollars. 33,449,899 36,542,804 39,592,566 40,482,021 43,282,944 47,224,560 50,046.235 51,004,744 53,006,194 56,468,315 62,317,119 66,259,548 73,059,519 76,980,846 81,581,681 84,994,112 87,179,551 90,932,670 94,077,242 98,033,524 101,632,161 107,740,268 115,554,921 124,785,697 138,784,488 152,362,117 167,399,169 RAILWAY-MAIL SERVICE. Railroad Mileage upon which Mail was Carried, Annual Cost and Average Cost per Mile of Railroad Mail Transportation, and Expenditure for Railway-Mail Service Employees, 1879 to 1905. to u — ' Railroad mail trans- Railway-Mail "S 1 O.'-S otal railroadi operation in United State Dec. 31. 111 nnual ! cost. "g verage an- s nual cost per mile. umber of employees. ^ nnual ex- penditure. >^ H tf A ift rH rH M N e t- »h 00 t- lO to 1-1 •^ t- " ©_ CO ■»)<__ ■«»<_ CO t-T o" T-T t-" oo" ■^ t- ■* lO »« •-"t.5 t-rMoTcoootototDr-roofirao M in in to t~ t^ I— tOCOt- r-l ■> 3 CO C3 (1> « 5 y-"*" e>4»4e<|CaJOiOi05COC o- g? IG lO cS t: h? t- 1~ to .r "" J3 <1 Pi 5 13 H P^ 9 II 3 3 Pi £ C<5 i^" - i .2 s « .ss 8S888888i 8 g 8 g 8g 88& g£ i § q3 o 8 1 '88SSoSo8c 1 = c ^ s g §8 s 03 ' 8" 8" S S{ 8 ^" S S'g " g i5 ?: t3 ^ ,0 U5 " S 14,0 14,0 318,2 238,6 208,1 158,0 33,7 14,0 14 "S" oc ot "g "S5 ap S8888888888888g ^ooooooooooooo* o o o o o o <=> o o ira m lo irj lo iffliomioiouoioiocot-t-iHOOJ •^•rtC^5oOdOOO to" LO co" i-T 00 ■*'" o" -si' oT e^" ■>s<' cd 05" c^T -* -*"■ ■r-IO>CT5rH-*iOOOt>'OOC^T}CT>C^ tH Oq" CO ^^ Cd" t-" 00 oT tH C^" CO >0 <0 t^ oo" o" t- 10 Tf (U CO f- tH ^ 00 00 So Q t3 CQ ^ f0i0C0W>l-0 0Si-4->+iC^C0«<0> a)"'^>^fn-ini>^-^'ieo •Oxaf-s-O-^iOt—c^as-^jf-^i-oiLOt-inect-oosoio ■~gJ5Oit-rH-*00OT-*00CO00t-C0__t--*__-*C0O5e^__ Artw.— . -^cDOcoT-4'c0C^'X)-*10'^«0OC000THCM?C>rHC~ --t— l0C0r-lT-IO03t^0il0CTJC-5«3 ij M r*^ Q «3 05' oT 10 00 00" liO ci ira* CO IC Q ^"^ rH 00" 01 tH Oi 00 O IC -rf ^ T-l l» t- O CO t- Oi Cq 10 t-l 01 T-i t-- CO T-i CT>COL3i-l-*iO0t-t^ ■*cjc^jT-(cqtDt-t- " t-' T-T T-T 10 ■ -- t- -^ t* ^ Oi 10 t^ OJ o 2< to c 00 tH O Ci C5 Oi Oi OiinOOCM-rHCOlOT-l j-Hookrtooe^iooeo'^i-iiCT-i © OOOCOt-OJTlCJCOC^OOO fl 5 S n '^. 'n. '-I <=i -HtO~OOOC005c35 ^rto goo .0 00 00 o ^5 CO 00 eo 1-H ■^ Oi i-HO«D»-w OtOtDOJoicOTHCOCO-^-^'iHrH-T r-(lf5iHtj3t-OfCOtHO-<*iiH052 C^ r-l 00 Cc:>oocot*JC£?c^oi T-IC0k0rHl000C0T-|-»f<-*<-^»-l-rfr 03" co" i-T ^'' co" t-T c^- .^■' .^" r-T oi~ eo oT oo* 05 t-^ — -----tf03-^oeot-i-le to Oi in CO tr> in no III cr) 00 ^1 ■^ ii s ^ ■^ to t-> r~ C<1 00 ri ■<»< tH ■^ ti) 1^- 00 to CO S-HO SS§3 ^?S •^" tT 00 ryi" 00 M<" to to rn pq Q ^ (u '^^ 00 OJ 05 OJ OJ ^- !h* ". U) c H c <-, r-> to to" tH co"" o" T-T to" 0" t"" 10 Ti<" 10 ^" i-J' 5" to )^- 00 to" ira" <-r '^ <^ <-r H^ in ■^ Xi*i up a ^H t, t- to to t- 05 -* as to '"' '"* r-l c^ CM T-t " " '"' '"' ^ rH ^ " ^ *"• '"' 3 < . . . . . j, i M i • M M M: i ::::!: i : M-i: ; X ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::• ■-5 : e»®T-JMCOS|LOtOt-000>OT-ie^CO->*5-5>fL'D t-00000000000000000000050J0>0»0J05a0S0S0JOOOOOO oqoo^'*'*°°°*°o°ooooo°o°o°o°o<*°092oo°°°o^*>2*^«><'> 238 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. CONGRESSIONAL BEPRESENTATION. Apportionment of Congressional Representation : Ratios Under the Constitution and at Each Census, 1790 to 1900, by States. ,. —Ratios uud«r Coustitution and censuses ^ 8"tu- g| iiiiiiiill y-i 1(5 »-I »-H ,4 ^^^' ®. » * * ® ^- ^. T t- rH rH M « l^5^^e<5 fC-«<-ver $111,000,000. 240 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. PRESIDENTS, PARTIES AND TARIFFS. Table Showing Presidents, Political Complexion of Congresses and Tariffs Since Birth of the Republican Party. Year President. Senate. Con- gress. House of Representatives. Tariff, 1853 1854 -1855 1856 rierce. Democratic. Democratic. 33d. 34th. Democratic. Anti-Nebraska. Act of 1840. 1857 1858 1859 1860 , Buchanan. Democratic- Democratic. 35th. 36th. Democratic. Republican. * March li, 1857, Act of 1857. 1861 1862 186:i 1864 Lincoln, Republican. Republican. 37tlv 38th. Republican. Republican. March 2 and Aug. 5, 1861. 1865 1866 1867 1868 Lincoln. Johnson. Republican. Republican. 39th. 40th. Republican. Republican. Morrill 1869 1870 1871 1872 Grant. Republican. Republican. 41st. 42d. Republican. Republican. Tariff 1873 1874 1875 1876 Grant Republican. Republican. 43d. 44th. Republican, Democratic. and 1877 1878 1879 1880 Hayes. Republican. Democratic. 45th. 46th. Democratic. Democratic. Republican. Democratic. Supplementary. 1881 1882 1883 1884 Garfield. Arthur. Cleveland. Harrison. Republican. Republican. 47th. 48th. 1885 1886 1887 1888 Republican, Republican. 49th. 50th. Democratic. Democratic. 1889 1890 1891 1892 Republican. Republican. 51st. 52d. Republican. Democratic. October 6, 1890, McKinley Tariff. 1893 1894 1895 1896 Cleveland. Democratic. No party majority. 53d. 54th. Democratic. Republican. August 28, 1894, Wilson-Gorman Tariff. 1897 1898 1899 1900 McKinley. Republican. Republican, 55th. 56th. Republican. Republican, July 24, 1897, 1901 1902 1903 1904 McKinley. Roosevelt. Republican. Republican. 57th. 58th. Republican, Republican, Dingley 1905 1906 Roosevelt. Republican. 59th. Republican, Tariff. * No party majority, but a Republican was elected Speaker. POPULAR VOTE IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. Year. 18.56. 1860. 18P.4. 1868. 1872. 1876. 1880. 1884. 1888. 1892. 1896. 1900. 1904. Republican. Democratic. Other. 1,341.264 1,838,169 874.538 1.866.352 2,220,920 589,581 2,216.067 1,808.725 3,015,a71 2,709,615 3,597,070 29,408 2,839 687 4,03.3,950 4.284,885 93.808 4,449.053 4,442.035 318 318 4.848,334 4,911.017 28.^).684 5.440,216 5,538.2.S3 402.411 5,176.108 5,556,918 1,326,325 7,104.779 6,502.925 315.208 7,207,923 6,358,133 393,597 7,623,486 5,077,971 809,251 REPUBi^lCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 555qS :S^l3 ■ S ^s ;PIII - a aj d a co.-^ »3 ?■ i! ^'iTl.r if 04; "So rt c ci o o = S3 0.2 C5 CS w .— ._ .^ .f^t^,^ = 11^ .ii o be R.2.2 ^ .?5^:<^ ■ CO Q, . tn CCk-( ..a >W :^ :5?; ifl-a , w .^ a> a " • CC&4P5 -02 : g .0) • •= i=i o : § .0) . •- o) a 2 ,,£3 Lh cV,£] •OOPntf .OOrttfoS da :■ S?,;^^;2;J5;2; i^^OO^tf -oi -P! t> :pj ^ a^ 00 a . es CO ^ TO .'0-- 5 .03 . -r 2 '^ cs !» ~ d Ok id 2 '^ ' bo 05 : ..=? . •- . » o idlgfa . •- Qj c 2 3 • C3 0, • !w c^a ^ . d'O 03 . . In c3h-i . . 0^ a> • . C3 . P-f . . . O „• ^ w :^ : :.2^g^ 1^; -^ . -oofetf so: :s .>H : . • . « . 5 Id :fl|5 o .xJ . a)X3 o ^ .0 .P^O^M a : -^ REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES IN ITS AREA, POP- ULATION, AND MATERIAL INDUSTRIES. Items. 1860. 1900. 1905. Area. aq. miles 3,025.600 3', 026.600 3.025.600 Population 31,443.321 76.303.387 *84.545.0()0 Populatlo.1. sq. mile 10.39 25.22 *27.94 Wealth ^16,159,616,000 **|94,300,000,000 ♦$120,OO0.0C0,OOii Wealth per capita 513.93 1,235.86 *1. 420.00 Debt, less cash In Treas.... 59,964,402 1,107.711,258 *964,435.687 Debt per capita 1.91 14.52 *11.41 Interest-bearing debt 64.640,838 1,023,478,860 ♦895,159.140 Annual Interest charge 3.443.687 33,545,130 *23,248.064 Interest per capita .11 .44 .27 Gold coined 23,473.654 99,272.943 49,638.441 Silver coined 2,259,390 36,345,321 6,332.1cSl Gold In circulation » +990 ^ru 77- 610,806,472 ♦673,327,60!» Sliver In circulation f T^'^.J"*.''^ 142,050,334 *188.474.995 Gold certs. In circulation.... 200,733,019 485,210,749 Silver certs. In circulation 408,465,574 454,864.708 U. S. notes outstanding 313,971,545 332,420,697 Nat. bk. notes outstanding 300,115,112 480,028,849 Circulation of money 435,407,252 2,055,150,998 *2,744,483,830 Per capita 13.85 26.94 *32.42 National banks 3,732 5,668 Capital 621,536.461 791.567,231 Total Bank Clearings 84,582,450,081 140,501,841,957 Deposits In nat. banks 2,458,092,758 *4,055,873,637 Savings banks 149,277,504 2,389,719.954 3,093,077,357 No. of depositors, sav. bks. 693,870 6,107,083 7,696,229 Farms and farm property.. $7,980,493,060 $20,514,001,838 $26,645,001,838 Farm products, value **1, 200,000,000 3,764,177,706 6,415,000,000 Value of manufactures 1,885,861,676 13,039,279,566 *17,000,000,000 Receipts— Net ordinary 50,054,600 567,240,852 *594,914,715 Customs 53,187,512 233,164,871 *300,657 413 Internal revenue 295,327,927 *249,063,868 Expenditures— Net ordinary. 60,056,7-55 447,553,458 *544,417,239 War 16,472,203 134,774,768 *93,659,462 Navy 11,514,650 55,953,078 *110,9o6,167 Pensions 1,100,802 140,877,316 *141,034,08l Int. on public debt 3,144,121 40,160,333 *24,310,526 Imports of merchandise .... 353,616,119 849,941,184 *1,226,615,379 Per capita 11.25 10.88 *14.51 Exports of merchandise .... 333,576,057 1,394,483,082 *1,743,763,612 Per capita 10.61 17.96 *20.32 Domestic exports — Iron, steel, and manufactures of 5.870.114 121.913,548 134.728,363 Agricultural products .... 256,560,972 835,858,123 820,863,405 Manufactures 40,345,892 433,851,756 543,607,975 Farm animals— Value 1,089,329,915 2,228,123,134 3,675,389,442 No. of cattle 25,616,019 43,902,414 61.241.907 No. of horses 6,249,174 13,537,-524 17,057,702 No. of sheep 22,471,275 41,883,065 45,170,823 No. of mules 1,151,148 2,086,027 2,888,710 No. of swine 33,512,867 37,079,356 47.320,511 Production of gold $46,000,000 $79,171,000 $86,337,700 Silver 150,000 74,533,495 76,203,100 Coal, tonst 8,513,123 240,789,309 §314,562,881 Petroleum, gallons 21,000,000 2,661,233,568 §4,916,663,682 Pig-iron, tons 821,223 13,789,242 22,992,380 Steel, tons 10,188,329 20,000,000 Copper, tons 7,200 270,588 §362,740 Wool, lbs 60,264,913 288,636,621 295,488,438 Wheat, bushels 173,104,924 522,229,505 692,979,489 Corn, bushels 838,792,740 2,105,102,516 2,707,993,540 Cotton, bales 4,861,292 9,436,416 13,565,885 Cotton taken by mills, bales 979,000 3,644,000 4,562,000 Domestic cotton exptd, lbs. 1,767,686,338 3,100,583,188 4,304,848,903 Railways operated, miles.... 30,626 194,262 §212,349 No. of passengers carried 584,695,935 §719,654,951 Freight carried 1 mile, tons 141,162,109,413 §173,613,762,130 Rates, ton per mile, cts .75 §.79 No. of passenger cars 26,786 §31,034 No. of freight cars 1,358,467 §1,728,903 American vessels: Built, ^tons 214,797 393,790 330,316 Trading domestic, etc., „tons 2,546,237 826,694 5,502,030 Trading foreign, tons 2,807,631 4,338,145 954,513 On Great Lakes, tons 467,774 1,565,587 2.062,147 Vessels passing through Sault Ste. Marie Canal. „ tons 403,657 22,315,834 36,617,699 No. of commercial failures. 3,676 10,774 11 520 Amount of liabilities $79,807,000 $138,495,673 $102,676!l72 Receipts, P. O. Dept 8,518,067 102,354,579 152,826,585 No. of newspapers, etc 4,0.51 20,806 23 146 No. of patents issued 4,778 26,499 30,399 No. of immigrants arrived.. 150,237 448,572 1,026,499 •1906. **Bstimated. toU°*^* specie in circulation. Gold and silver not separately stated prior to 1876. ^Pennsylvania anthracite shipments, 1860; entire coal product since. I REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 213 REPUBLICAN PLATFORM. Adopted by National Convention at Chicago, June 22, 1904. Fifty years ago the Republican party came into existence dedicated among other purposes to the great task of arresting the extension of human slavery. In 1860 it elected its first President. During 24 of the 44 years which have elapsed since the election of Lincoln the Republican Party has held complete control of the government. For IS more of the 44 years it has held partial control through the possession of one or two branches of the government, while the Democratic Party during the same period has had complete control for only two years. This long tenure of power by the Republican Party is not due to chance. It is a demonstration that the Republican Party has commanded the confidence of the American people for nearly two generations to a degree never equaled in our history, and has displayed a high capacity for rule and government which has been made even more conspicuous by the incapacity and infirmity of purpose shown by its opponents. Conditions in 1897. The Republican Party entered upon its present period of com- plete supremacy in 1897. We have every right to congratulate ourselves upon the work since then accomplished for it has added luster even to the traditions of the party which carried the Government through the storms of civil war. We then found the country after four years of Democratic rule in evil plight, oppressed with misfortune and doubtful of the future. Public credit had been lowered, the revenues were de- clining, the debt was growing, the Administration's attitude to- ward Spain was feeble and mortifying, the standard of values was threatened and uncertain, labor was unemployed, business was sunk in the depression which had succeeded the panic of 1893, hope was faint and confidence gone. We met these unhappy conditions vigorously, effectively, and at once. The Tariff Law. We replaced a Democratic tariff law based on free trade prin- ciples and garnished with sectional protection by a consistent protective tariff, and industry, freed from oppression and stimu- lated by the encouragement of wise, laws, has expanded to a degree never before known, has conquered new markets, and has created a volume of exports which has surpassed imaginatioh. Under the Dingley tariff, labor has been fully employed, wages have risen, and all industries have revived and prospered. We firmly established the gold standard which was then men- aced with destruction. Confidence returned to business, and with confidence an unexampled prosperity. Revenues. For deficient revenues, supplemented by improvident issues of bonds, we gave the country an income which produced a large surplus and which enabled us only four years after the Spanish War had closed to remove over $100,000,000 of annual war taxes, reduce the public debt, and lower the interest charges of the Government. The Public Credit Restored. The public credit, which had teen so lowered that in time of peace a Democratic Administration made large loans at extrava- gant rates of interest in order to pay current expenditures, rose under Republican Administration to its highest point and en- abled us to borrow at 2 per cent, even in time of war. Cuba. We refused to palter longer with the miseries of Cuba. We fought a quick and victorious war with Spain. We set Cuba free, 244 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. Roverned the Island for three years, and then gave it to the Cuban people with order restored, with ample revenues, with education and public health established, free from debt, and con- nected with the United States by wise provisions for our mutual Interests. Porto Bico. We have organized the government of Porto Rico, and its people now enjoy peace, freedom, order, and prosperity. The Philippines. In the Philippines we have suppressed insurrection, estab- lished order, and given to life and property a security never known there before. We have organized civil government, made it effective and strong in administration, and have conferred upon the people of those islands the largest civil liberty they have ever enjoyed. By our possession of the Philippines we were enabled to take prompt and effective action in the relief of the legations at Peking and a decisive part in preventing the partition and pre- serving the integrity of China. The Isthmian Canal. The possession of a route for an isthmian canal, so long the dream of American statesmanship, is now an accomplished fact. The great work of connecting the Pacific and Atlantic by a canal is at last begun, and it is due to the Republican Party. The Arid Lands. We have passed the laws which will bring the arid lanrls of the United States within the area of cultivation. The Army and Navy. We have reorganized the army and put it in the highest state of eflaciency. We have passed laws for the improvement and support of the militia. We have pushed forward the building of the navy, the defense and protection of our honor ana our interests. Our administration of the great departments of the government has been honest and efficient, and wherever wrongdoing has been discovered the Republican Administration has not hesitated to probe the evil and bring offenders to justice without regard to party or political ties. The Great Corporations. T^aws enacted by the Republican Party which the Democratic Party failed to enforce and which were intended for the protec- tion of the public against the unjust discrimination or the illegal encroachment of vast aggregations of capital, have been fearlessly enforced by a Republican President and new laws insuring rea- sonable publicity as to the operations of great corporations, and providing additional remedies for the prevention of discrimina- tion in freight rates, have been passed by a Republican Congress. In this record of achievement during the past eight years may be read the pledges which thfe Republican Party has fulfilled. We promise to continue these policies, and we declare our con- stant adherence to the following principles: Protection to American Industries. Protection which guards and develops our industries, is a car- dinal policy of the Republican Party. The measure of protection should always at least equal the difference in the cost of pro- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 245 duction at home and abroad. We insist upon the maintenance of the principle of protection, and, therefore, rates of duty should be readjusted only when conditions have so changed that the public interest demands their alteration, but this work cannot safely be committed to any other hands than those of the Re- publican Party. To intrust it to the Democratic Party is to in- vite disaster. "Whether, as in 1892, the Democratic Party de- clares the protective tariff unconstitutional, or whether it de- mands tariff reform or tariff revision, its real object is always the destruction of the protective system. However specious the name the purpose is ever the same. A Democratic tariff has always been followed by business adversity; a Republican tariff by business prosperity. To a Republican Congress and a Repub- lican President this great question can be safely intrusted. When the only free-trade country among the great nations agitates a return to protection the chief protective country should not falter in maintaining it. Foreign Markets Extended. We have extended widely our foreign markets, and we believe in the adoption of all practicabl methods for their further ex- tension, including commercial reciprocity wherever reciprocal arrangements can be effected consistent with the principles of protection and without injury to American agriculture, American labor, or any American industry. The Gold Standard. We believe it to be the duty of the Republican Party to uphold the gold standard and the integrity and value of our national currency. The maintenance of the gold standard, established by the Republican Party, cannot safely be committed to the Demo- cratic Party, which resisted its adoption and has never given any proof since that time of belief in it or fidelity to it. American Shipping. While every other industry has prospered under the fostering aid of Republican legislation, American shipping engaged in foreign trade in competition with the low cost of construction, low wages, and heavy subsidies of foreign governments, has not for many years received from the Government of the United States adequate encouragement of any kind. We therefore favor legislation which will encourage and build up the American mer- chant marine, and we cordially approve the legislation of the last Congress which created the Merchant Marine Commission to investigate and report upon this subject. A navy powerful enough to defend the United States against any attack, to uphold the Monroe doctrine, and watch over our commerce, is essential for the safety and the welfare of the American people. To maintain such a navy is the fixed policy of the Republican Party. Chinese Labor. We cordially approve the attitude of. President Roosevelt and Congress in regard to the exclusion of Chinese labor, and promise a continuance of the Republican policy in that direction. Civil Service. The Civil Service law was placed on the statute books by the Republican Party, which has always sustained it, and we renew our former declarations that it shall be thoroughly and honestly enforced. The Soldiers and Sailors. We are always mindful of the country's debt to the soldiers and sailors of the United States, and w^e believe in making ample provision for them and in the liberal administration of the pen- sion laws. 246 REPUBLICAN CAMl'AUJN TEXT-BUOK. Arbitration. We favor the peaceful settlement of international different by arbitration. Protection of Citizens Abroad. We commend the vigorous effort made by the Administrate to protect American citizens In foreign lands, and pledge o selves to insist upon the Just and equal protection of all o citizens abroad. It is the unquestioned duty of the GovernuK to procure for all our citizens, without distinction, the rights travel and sojourn in friendly countries, and we declare o selves in favor of all proper efforts tending to that end. The Orient. Our great interests and our growing commerce in the Orient render the condition of China of high importance to the United States. We cordially commend the policy pursued in that di- rection by the administrations of President McKinley and Presi- f'^int Roosevelt. The Elective Franchise. We favor such Congressional action as shall determine whether by special discriminations the elective franchise in any State has been unconstitutionally limited, and, if such is the case, we demand that representation in Congress and in the electoral col- leges shall be proportionally reduced as directed by the Constitu- tion of the United States. Combinations of Capital and of Labor. Combinations of capital and of labor are the results of the i economic movement of the age, but neither must be permitted to infringe upon the rights and interests of the people. Such combinations, when lawfully formed for lawful purposes, are alike entitled to the protection of the laws, but both are subject to the laws and neither can be permitted to break them. Our Lamented President. The great statesman and patriotic American, William Mc- Kinley, who was re-elected by the Republican Party to the Presi- dency four years ago, was assassinated just at the threshold of his second term. The entire nation mourned his untimely death and did that justice to his great qualities of mind and char- acter which history will confirm and repeat. President Roosevelt. The American people were fortunate in his successor, to whom they turned with a trust and confidence which have been fully justified. President Roosevelt brought to the great responsi- bilities thus sadly forced upon him a clear head, a brave heart, an earnest patriotism, and high ideals of public duty and public service. True to the principles of the Republican Party and to the policies which that party had declared, he has also shown himself ready for every emergency and has met new and vital questions with ability and with success. The confidence of the people in his justice, inspired by his public career, enabled him to render personally an inestimable service to the country by bringing about a settlement of the coal strike, which threatened such disastrous results at the opening of winter in 1902. Our foreign policy under his administration has not only be:!n able, vigorous, and dignified, but in the highest degree successful. The complicated questions which arose in Venezuel^i vere settled in such a way by President Roosevelt that tliQ Mo:?5roe doctrine was signally vindicated and the cause of giaace ;j.Sid arbitration greatly advanced. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. 247 His prompt and vigorous action in Panama, which we com- mend in the highest terms, not only secured to us the canal route, 3ut avoided foreign complications which might have been of a v^ery serious character. He has continued the policy of President McKinley in the Orient, and our position in Chma, signalized by our recent com- mercial treaty with that empire, has never been so high. He secured the tribunal by wh^-^h the vexed and perilous ques- tion of the Alaskan boundary was finally settled. Whenever crimes against humanity have been perpetrated which have shocked our people, his protest has been made, and our good offices have been tendered, but always with due regard to international obligations. Under his guidance we find ourselves at peace with all the world, and never were we more respected or our wishes more regarded by foreign nations. Pre-eminently successful in regard to our foreign relations, he has been equally fortunate in dealing with domestic questions. The country has known that the public credit and the national currency were absolutely safe in the hands of his administration. In the enforcement of the laws he has shown not only courage, but the wisdom which understands that to permit laws to be vio- lated or disregarded opens the door to anarchy, while the just enforcement of the law is the soundest conservatism. He has held firmly to the fundamental American doctrine that all men must obey the law; that there must be no distinction between rich and poor, between strong and weak, but that justice and equal protection under the law must be secured to every citizen without regard to race, creed or condition. His administration has been thoughtful, vigorous and hon- orable, high-minded and patriotic. We commend it without reservation to the considerate judgment of the American people. STATEHOOD. In his last annual message to Congress the President said: 'I recommend that Indian Territory and Oklahoma be admitted as one State and that New Mexico and Arizona be admitted as one State. There is no obligation upon us to treat territorial subdi- visions, which are matters of convenience only, as binding us on the question of admission to Statehood. Nothing has taken up more time in the Congress during the past few years than the question as to the Statehood to be granted to the four Territories above mentioned, and after careful consideration of all that has been developed in the discussions of the question I recommend that they be immediately admitted as two States. There is no justification for further delay; and the advisability of making the four Territories into two States has been clearly established." Legislation of the first session of the Fifty-ninth Congress pro- vided for the admission of Oklahoma and Indian Territory as one State to be called Oklahoma, and the option offered to Arizona and New Mexico. In connection with the latter the following ab- stract from a letter written by President Roosevelt to Dr. Mark A. Rodgers, Secretary of the Arizona Statehood Association, will )e found interesting: The White House. Washington, June 27, 1906. Dr. Mark A. Rodgers, Secretary Arizona Statehood Association, Tucson, Arizona: , Dear Sir: — It is * * * my earnest hope that the people of ■he Territory of Arizona in their wisdom will decide to enter the mnion as part of the great State of Arizona. No man can foretell what will happen in future; but it is my belief that if the people of Arizona let this chance go by they will have to wait very many I years before the chance again offers itself, and even then it will very probably be only upon the present terms — that is, upon the condition of being joined with New Mexico. If the people of Arizona come in now they will achieve what every self-respecting ifc 248 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. American ought to wish to achieve; tliat Is, the right of self- government. If they refuse what is proffered them — and what in my opinion is proffered upon the only proper and permissible terms—they condemn themselves to an indefinite continuance of a condition of tutelage. I hare a peculiar affection for the people of the four Territories which, under the Act of Congress I have just signed, now have the opportunity to enter as two States Into our Federal Union. These Territories are filled with men and women of the stamp for which I grew to feel so hearty a regard and respect during the years that I myself lived and worked on the great plains and in the Rocky Mountains. It was from these four Territories that I raised the regiment with which I took part in the Cuban cam- paign. Assuredly I would under no circumstances advise the people of these Territories to do anything that I considered to be against either their moral or their material well-being. I feel that for them now to refuse to come into the Union as States would be at the best mere folly. Very wisely, the people of Ok- lahoma and Indian Territory, and I believe the people of New Mexico also, have abandoned an attitude which forbade their thus assuming the great privileges and responsibilities of full Ameri- can citizenship. I cannot too heartily express my hope that the people of Arizona, exercising their sober second thought, will come to look at the matter in the same light. Sincerely yours, Theodore Roosevelt. The area in square miles of the two Territories is: New Mexico 122,5S0 Arizona 113,0J0 Total 235,000 The acreage is: New Mexico 78.451,200 Arizona 72,332,000 Total 151,783,200 On condition of accepting joint Statehood, $5,000,000 in money and 20,000,000 acres will be granted by the Federal Government to the new State for school funds, penal and other purposes. THE SOUTH'S AMAZING PROGRESS. What Protection has done and is doing for the South can be seen from the following table from an article written by Richard H. Edmonds, editor of the Manufacturers' Record, for February issue of the American Monthly Review of Reviews, and reprinted by permission: Facts in Figures About the South. 1880. 1890. 1905. Capital invested in cotton mills $21,000,000 $60,000,000 $225,000,000 Number of spindles in cot«-on mills 667,000 1,712,000 9,205,000 Cotton bales used 225,000 546,000 2,163,000 Value of cotton crop $313,696,000 $390,000,0(Jt) $680,000,000 Pig-iron made, tons 397,000 2,600,000 3,100,000 Coal rained, tons 6.000,000 21,200,000 70,000,000 Lumber products, value $39,000,000 $90,700,000 $250,000,000 Capital invested in manufacturing $2.')7,000,000 $659,000,000 $1,500,000,000 Value of manufactured products $457,000,000 $917,589,000 $1,750,000,000 Value of exports $261,000,000 $306,000,000 $555,480,000 Railroad mileage 20,600 42,900 60,000 Farm products, value $660,000,000 $773,000,000 $1,750,000,000 Property, assessed $3,051,175,000 $4,510,92.5.000 $6,500,000,000 Capital invested in cotton-oil mills.... $3,800,000 $12,800,000 $54,600,000 Number of cotton-oil mills 45 119 780 Phosphate mined, tons 211,377 510,499 1,874,428 Coke production, tons 397,776 2,535,470 6,244,185 Petroleum, barrels 179,000 498,632 42,495,802 In a few cases in the table above figures for 1904 are given in the 1905 column, the exact figures for the latter year not being available at the time this is written. UBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 249 OUR COLORED CITIZENS. r f No more striking contrast as to the attitude of the two great parties touching their adherence to the principle that "all men are created equal" can be made than that afforded by the course of events North and South during the past quarter of a century. In the North, where Republicanism is strongest, colored citizens, although a minority of the population, are given participation in the control of municipalities, counties, and states, and are fre- quently elected to public office in these respective units of our governmental system; in the South, the stronghold of Democracy, the colored citizen is being systematically disfranchised and barred from effective participation in the conduct of public af- I fairs, and each year witnesses a narrowing of his political and ' civil rights. The mere mention of the facts well known to every I observer of the times will suffice to indicate the relative attitude , of the two great political parties toward the colored citizen. The r Republican Party believes in the political equality of all men I without reference to race or nationality, and this belief it has ^ supported by the most costly and sanguinary war in our national I history. The Democratic Party believes in restricting the privi- i lege of citizenship to a particular class, and has written her j opinions into the statutes, constitutions, and practices of nearly ' -every Southern State where that party is dominant. The Repub- lican Party believes in the doctrine so tersely expressed by Presi- dent Roosevelt — "All men up rather than some men down" — and it has always encouraged the colored citizen in his efforts and ' ambition to rise higher in the scale of civilization. The Demo- [ cratic Party would deny to the negro the incentive to high aspira- tions, and boasts through its representatives of its purpose to exclude colored men from any voice in the control of local affairs. Senator Gorman, high in the Democratic counsels of his party, clearly stated the manifest intention of the Democracy to de- citizenize, as far as possible, the colored voters of the country, and in a recent speech declared: "The South has passed through ; scenes of turbulence and disorder and rape and riot. By amend- ments to State constitutions and by legislation the whites (of the South ) have secured control, for the time being, of their own local governments, and the colored race is no longer a political factor in any State south of the Potomac." Here is a frank ad- mission that Democracy no longer respects the time-honored maxim that "governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed," and that only a portion of the citizenry ar», in the opinion of its leaders, entitled to a voice in public affairs. The Republican Party encourages the highest character in the negro; the Democratic Party seeks to degrade it. No Republican Legislature has ever enacted laws inimical to the progress, happi- ness, and comfort of any class of citizens; numerous Democratic Legislatures, on the other hand, have enacted laws which make it impossible for a colored person of refinement to travel in decency or comfort from one part of a State to another. No Republican Governor would dare veto a measure for the educa- tion of any class of citizens in the rudiments of knowledge. Yet that is just what has recently been done by the chief executive of Mississippi. The Republican Party is on record as being in favor of the most liberal policies with respect to negro education, be- lieving that fio other position is consistent with the preservation of popular institutions. The present liberal policy of the Republican Party is in keeping with the broad statesmanship which has characterized it from the beginning. Prior to the accession of the Republican Party to power a race of 4,000,000 souls had suffered the wrongs and cruelties of human slavery, with no redress either in the courts, in Congress, or at the bar of public opinion. In all the years from 1619, when the first cargo of slaves was landed at James- town, Va., to 1856, when the Republican Party had its birth, both organic and statutory law formed an impassable bar to negro hopes and ambitions. But with the birth of that party a marked change occurred. It is unnecessary to recount the causes which led up to the War of the Rebellion. Suffice it to say, as a result of that war, under the leadership of a Republican President, 250 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. supported by a Republican Congress, 4,000,000 negroes were emat clpated from slavery, Invested with citizenship, and made an ii tegral part of this great Republic, to share in its glories and oj portunities, bound only by the limitations of individual capacit and work. Unwilling, however, to rest the insecurity of th negro's rights upon mere legislative enactment, the Republica Party, through the co-operation of Republican States, gave t negro citizenship the supreme sanction of Constitutional gua anty. It was only then that the Declaration of Independence, no so ostentatiously quoted by the Democracy as the embodiment < their party principles, but which for nearly 100 years had bee ignored and repudiated by their party practices, first became tfc true expression of our national policy. Following this change in the political status of the colore population came a period of preparation for citizenship. Tho^ sands of Northern men and women, schooled under the tutela§ of Republican environment in the works of philanthropy and ju tice, dedicated their money, their time, and even their lives 1 the education and elevation of those emancipated millions. Hem Ihe colored school and the colored church under the guidance ^ white philanthropists sprang into existence, only to be follows by similar institutions organized and controlled by colored cil zens. But this leaven of intelligence could never have been ii parted to the black masses of the South but for the opportun ties first opened as a direct result of Republican principles at policies. The outbreak of hostilities between the United States and Spai afforded another opportunity for the Republican Party i demonstrate its loyalty to the broad principles set forth in tl Declaration of Independence and given legal sanction by tl XlVth and XVth Amendments to the Constitution. In that w£ over 15,000 black soldiers were called into service, among the: nearly 300 colored officers, a fact without precedent in all oi national history. Their service was characterized by gallanti and bravery which aroused the admiration of the world, tl valor of the black troops at San Juan Hill contributing large! to the victory achieved on that occasion. As a mark of reco; nition of the heroic service rendered by black soldiers, Presidei McKinley, in 1899, issued an order for the organization of tw infantry regiments of colored men. Despite the protests of tt Democrats this was done and the regiments have been desi; nated respectively the Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth Volunte( Infantry, with headquarters at Fort Thomas, Ky., and Jefferso Barracks, Mo. Thus the war with Spain, in addition to its primary objec served a two-fold purpose. It emphasized the policy of the R publican Party in honoring the colored citizen both in war an peace; and the black soldier in that war, by patriotism and vale proved to the world that citizenship had not been unworthil bestowed. In face of the foregoing facts, the colored voter and othei doubtful of the wisdom of continuing the control of the presei Administration may well be asked whether or not the rights the American negro at home and the destinies of the inhabitani of those islands now belonging to the United States are not saf( with the Republican Party, which by tradition and legislation hi identified itself with the cause of human freedom and univers; opportunity, than with the Democracy. Upon the record of ii treatment of American citizens of whatever race, color, or nati^ ity, the Republican Party rests its claim upon the confidence ( the country as to its intentions in the islands recently adde to the domain of the United States. Neither the speciousness Democratic platform deliverances, the eloquence of Democrat oratory, nor the idle generosity of Democratic promises can o scure the Democracy's unenviable record upon every question th? pertains to human rights. "Charity begins at home," and unt that party accords justice to all the inhabitants of the Stat< under its control it cannot claim the suffrages of the colore people of this country who seek amelioration of their civil ar political status nor of that greater body of American citizei whose only interest in the issue of the present struggle is tt REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 251 lonor and stability of our own nation, and the welfare and ad- •ancement of those peoples who have recently become the wards »f the American nation. The following table, compiled from official data, shows the lumber of colored employees in the service of the Government, ixclusive of the United States Capitol and the judiciary: Colored Officers, Clerks, and Other Employees in the Service of the United States Government, 1904. No. Salaries. )iplomatic and consular servico 13 $32,000 )epartmental service: State 10 7,600 Treasury 596 391,834 War 122 94,910 Navy 42 29,736 Post-Office 103 66,840 Interior 219 167,26(1 Justice 17 13,520 Agriculture 100 53,272 Commerce and labor 125 78,856 Government Printing Office 320 210,874 Interstate Commerce Commission 4 2,280 District government, Washington, D. C 1,891 847,055 Recorder of deeds 22 14,050 Service at large: Customs and interna! revenue 258 205,047 Post office at large 750 611,140 Land office. New Orleans 3 7,800 Miscellaneous 5 2,400 Army officers 10 17,260 Total ....r 4,610 $2,853,734 Lecapitulation by localities: At foreign stations 13 $32,000 At Washington, D. C 3,663 2,056,727 At New York, N. Y 188 153,982 At New Orleans, La 18 96,740 At Atlanta, Ga , 94 65,780 At Savannah, Ga ' 42 32,766 At Augusta, Ga 12 8,120 At Baltimore, Md 4a 31,444 At Richmond, Va 50 37,820 At miscellaneous points 390 321,095 Army officers 10 , Jotal 4,610 $2,853,734 The fact that nearly 5,000 colored citizens are in the public grvice and receiving salaries aggregating about three million ollars furnishes further evidence of the broad and liberal policy f the Republican Party, while the further fact that the colored Employees are proverbially faithful, courteous, and efficient is imple justification of the attitude of the party toward the freed- tien of the nation. REPUBLICAN AND DEMOCRATIC BONDS. Panama Bond Issue. I The recent issue of bonds in aid of the construction of the 'anama Canal draws 2 per cent, interest and sold at a premium »f practically 4 per cent. The actual average price realized was .04.03. These bonds were sold under sealed bids. The bids ag- fregated $446,371,000 — nearly fifteen times the amount to be sold. n 1895, during Mr. Cleveland's administration, $62,315,400 Gov- jirriment bonds bearing 4 per cent, interest were sold at private (ale at a premium of only 4.495. Assuming these bonds to run jheir entire term, they will net the purchaser 3.75 per cent, on (lis investment. The recent sale will net the purchaser only 1.56 »er cent, on his investment if the bonds are redeemed in ten 'ears, and only 1.82 per cent, if the bonds run until maturity. r^'his gives a fair illustration of the relative sKill, care and fore- right of Republican and Democratic administrations in managing hp financial affairs of the Government. l.'r,2 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. PUBLIC LANDS. President Boosevelt^s Public Land Policy. President Roosevelt, more than any of his predecessors, has mr.nl rested an active interest and exercised a potent influence in endeavoring to establish and put into execution a wise public land policy, modified to meet existing conditions. Much of the unparalleled development of the material resources of the United States in the past has been due to its liberal public land laws, chief among which is the homestead law, which was signed by President Lincoln in 1862. Under its beneficent pro- visions millions of settlers have established homes upon the public domain, and as a result the great West is to-day teeming with the industry of a thrifty people of good citizenship and many new stars have been added to the fiag. But what was once a vast public domain— then thought to be almost inexhaustible— em- bracing an area of over eighteen hundred million acres, through the operation of the homestead and other land laws, enacted to meet conditions prevailing at a time when cultivable lands as well as timbered and grazing areas were abundant, was materially decreased until the remaining public domain, exclusive of Alaska, now embraces less than five hundred million acres, a compara- tively small portion of which is susceptible of cultivation without irrigation. New conditions thus arose: the extravagant denuding of the timbered areas, the rapidly diminishing extent of the remaining public lands available for settlement, together with the increased demand for cultivable lands, accentuated by increased population, satisfactory industrial conditions, and revival of business in the last few years, rendered necessary and of the utmost importance, new legislation affecting the public lands, in order that the re- maining forests and necessary timber supply might be duly pro- tected, the necessary sources of water supply need 3d for the re- clamation of the arid regions properly conserved, and the re- maining public land available for settlement saved for disposal to the bona fide home-builder, under such circumstances and con- ditions as would enable the same to be reclaimed and thereby rendered capable of its largest beneficial use. In recognition of this, the Congress passed the act of March 3, 1891, authorizing the creation of forest reserves, under which there have since been created fifty-six reserves, aggregating over 63,000,000 acres of land. The establishment of necessary forest reserves having become a well-fixed part of our national policy, the aid of the Government in reclaiming the arid lands of the West and render- ing the same available for settlement and cultivation was essen- tial, as a necessary complement to this policy. Irrigation. Although there had been more or less discussion for years as to the necessity for national aid in irrigation, nothing effective was accomplished until Theodore Roosevelt became President. He was quick to recognize not only the necessity, but also the national importance of such policy, together with the benefits to accrue to the people therefrom. President Roosevelt, in his first message to Congress, took a strong advanced position in favor of great storage works to save the fiood waters and to equalize the flow of streams, maintaining that this work should be carried on by the National Government and not by private efforts. He declared that it was as right for the National Government to make the streams and rivers of the arid region useful by engineering works for water storage as to make useful the rivers and harbors of the humid region by engi- neering works of another kind. He took the position that the Government should construct and maintain these reservoirs as It does other public works, and that the lands reclaimed by aid of irrigation should be reserved by the Government for actual settlers. The cost of construction should, so far as possible, be repaid by the land reclaimed. He declared that the reclamation and settlement of the arid lands will enrich every portion of our REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 25S country, as the settlement of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys brought prosperity to the Atlantic States. National Reclamation Law. Congress enacted the national reclamation law June 17, 1902, and it is considered the most beneficent public land law passed since the enactment of the homestead law. The passage of this law was due largely to the previous recommendation of the President after he had lent the weight of his influence to the per- fecting of its provisions in the interest of the actual settler and to the exclusion of the speculator. Realizing that the passage of the reclamation act emphasized the importance of saving the public lands for the home-builder, the President devoted particular attention thereto in his second message, declaring that "so far as they are available for agricul- ture, and to whatever extent they may be reclaimed under the national irrigation law, the remaining public lands should be held rigidly for the home-builder, the settler who lives on his land, and for no one else." The President in this message also directed attention as to the best manner of using public lands in the West which are suitable chiefly, or only, for grazing, and he commended this mat- ter to the earnest consideration of Congress, recommending, if the Iptter experienced any difficulty in dealing with the subject from lack of knowledge, that provision he made for a commis- sion of experts specially to investigate and report upon the same. Subsequently, a commission was appointed by the President, which has already submitted a partial report, making sundry recommendations for the modification of existing land laws in the interest of actual settlers. This report the President submitted to the favorable consideration of Congress. Under the provisions of the reclamation act over $20,000,000 have already been covered into the Treasury of the United States to the credit of the reclamation fund, derived from the sales of public lands and fees and commissions in the several States and Territories affected by that act, and more than 33,000,000 acres of public land have been withdrawn for reclamation purposes with a view to determining the feasibility of contemplated pro- jects. Sixty-seven projects in fourteen different States and Ter- ritories have been under consideration and examination, and the work of actual construction has been commenced on eight of these. President Roosevelt, by reason of his intimate association with Western people, his actual experience in that section of the coun- try, and accurate knowledge of the prevailing conditions in the public land States, is exceptionally well q-ualifled to properly judge of the requisite needs of that part of the country and has exercised a forceful influence toward the perfecting of a wise, dis- criminating, up-to-date public land policy, and when so perfected will see to it that the same is carefully and properly administered. Such a policy, perhaps, more than any other single considera- tion, is essential to the prosperity of the West and the happiness of its people, will add to the material wealth and development of the whole country, and should commend itself to every thought- ful citizen. Irrigation for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. Irrigation for'the arid and semi-arid lands of the United States has never had a firmer and more vigorous supporter in public life than President Roosevelt. During the decade before he became President the subject of national irrigation had been under dis- cussion and there was growing throughout the country a senti- ment in favor of national action of some character upon this sub- ject. There was, however, wide diversity of opinion as to the method to be employed, and this very condition of diverse opinions reduced the probability of national action. When Mr. Roosevelt became President, however, knowing conditions in the great West as he did, and knowing the benefits which would accrue to it from systematic work in behalf of irrigation, he consulted with the men who had been working for national irrigation, discussed con- ditions with them and told them of his belief in action by the National Government and his intention to make irrigation one of L-)4 REPU3UCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-UOOK. the topics of his first message to Congress. No President of the United States had ever before mentioned irrigation in a message. The direct result of his action was the passage of the reclama- tion act. The reclamation act sets aside the proceeds of the disposal of public lands in thirteen Western States and three Territories for national irrigation. The fund thus created is placed at the dis- posal of the Secretary of the Interior for surveys, examination, and construction of works. It is not a donation, but the money must ultimately be returned to the Treasury by the persons bene- fited, to be used over again in the construction of other works. General Irrigation Statistics. The following table, prepared by the Census Office, gives, by regions, the number of farms on which irrigation was reported, the number of acres irrigated, the construction cost of the irriga- tion systems, the average construction cost per irrigated acre, and the number of miles of main canals and ditches for continental United States in 1902: Table I. — General irrigation statistics of the United States, 1902. Length of Number Number /—Cost of construction-^ ditches Regions. of farms of acres Per acre main irrigated, irrigated. Total. irrigated. In miles. The United States.,.. 134,036 9,487,077 $93,320,452 $9.84 59,243 Arid States and Terri- tories 122,156 8,471,641 77,430,212 9.14 54,243 Semi-arid States and Territories 7,021 403,449 5,105,390 12.65 3,472 Rice States 4,179 606,199 10,195,992 16.82 1,528 Humid States 680 5.788 588,858 101.74 The number of irrigated farms increased from 110,556 in 1890 to 154,036 in 1902, or 21.2 per cent. The irrigated area increased during the same period from 7,782,188 acres to 9,487,077 acres, or 21.9 per cent. For the three years this is an average annual in- crease in number of irrigated acres of 568,296 acres. In 1902 the total construction cost of the necessary head gates, dams, main canals, and ditches, wells, reservoirs, and pumping plants was $93,320,452, an increase since 1899 of $21,797,672, or 30.5 per cent. This is equivalent to an annual expenditure of more than seven and a quarter millions of dollars for the con- struction, extension, and improvement of irrigation systems. The average first cost of water for irrigation throughout the United States increased from $9.19 per irrigated acre in 1899 to $9.84 in 1902. This naturally follows because in many of the States prac- tically all of the easily available water supply was appropriated long ago, and methods required for its further development must be increasingly expensive. In 1902, the aggregate mileage of main canals and ditches would encircle the earth more than twice, the combined length being 59,243 miles. The Arid Region. Tahle II. — General irrigation statistics of the arid States and Territories, 1902. Length of Number Number r-Cost of construction-^ ditches States and Territories, of farms of acres Per acre main irrigated, irrigated. Total. irrigated, in miles. Arizona 3,867 247,250 $4,688,298 $18.96 1,783 California 30.404 1,708,720 23,772,157 13.91 7,010 Colorado 19,806 1,754,761 14,769,561 8.42 10,209 laaho 10,077 715,595 6,190,071 8.67 5,640 Montana 9,496 1,140,694 5,576,975 4.89 8,765 Nevada 2,260 570,001 1,706,212 2.99 3,054 New Mexico 9,285 254,9-15 4,301,915 16.37 2,846 Oregon 5,133 439,981 2,089,609 4.75 3,653 Utah 21,684 713,621 7,303,607 10.23 3,891 Washington 4,585 154,962 2,330,758 15.04 1,095 Wyoming 5,559 773,111 4,701,049 6.08 6,297 Total 122,156 8,471,641 $77,430,212 $9.14 54,245 While conditions in 1902 were somewhat below the average in many portions of the arid regions, in each of the nine States and REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 255 two Territories comprising it, irrigation made considerable prog- ress during the three years ending with 1902. In that year the irrigated area of the entire region aggregated 8,471,641 acres, an increase since 1899 of 1,208,368, or 16.6 per cent. In number of farms the increase is even greater, being from 102,819 farms in 1899 to 122,156 in 1902, or 18.8 per cent. The total construction cost of the irrigation systems was $77,430,212 as compared with $64,289,601 in 1899, an increase of $13,140,611, or 20.4 per cent. The average first cost or water per acre was $9.14 and the com- bined length of main canals and ditches, 54,243 miles. Of these States and Territories, California ranks first in num- ber of irrigated farms, Utah second, and Colorado third. In total irrigated area Colorado stands first, California second, and Montana third. Semi- Arid Region. Tahle III. — General irrigation statistics of the semi-arid States and Territories, 1902. Length of Number Number <— Cost of construction-^ ditches States and Territories, of farms of acres Per acre main irrigated, irrigated. Total. irrigated, in miles. Kansas 1,115 28,922 $599,098 $20.71 366 Nebraslta 2,952 245,910 2,463,748 30.02 1,861 North Dakota 102 10,384 45,087 4.34 66 Oklahoma '. 134 3,328 36,770 11.05 89 South Dakota 696 53,137 381,569 7.18 426 *Texas 2,022 61,768 1,579,118 25.57 664 Total 7,021 403,449 $5,105,390 $12.65 3,472 ♦Exclusive of rice irrigation. Portions of Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Okla- homa, and Texas extend into the semi-arid region which lies east- ward from the base of the Rocky Mountains. In 1902, the area to which water was artificially applied was 403,449 acres, repre- senting 7,021 farms. There were 2,946 irrigation systems in oper- ation, the construction cost of which was $5,105,390, an average first cost of water of $12.65 per irrigated acre. The increase since 1899 in the number of irrigated farms is 43.4 per cent.; in irri- gated area, 52.6 per cent, and in total construction cost, 7p.5 per cent. Of these six political divisions Nebraska, with 2,952 farms hav- ing an irrigated area of 245,910 acres and systems representing a construction outlay of $2,463,748, stands first, while Texas, with rice farms excluded, stands second, having 2,022 farms with an irrigated area of 61,768 acres and systems costing $1,579,118. WATCHES IN BRITAIN. Decline in English Production — Increased Imports. Consul-General "Wynne sends a cutting from the London Daily Telegraph concerning the decline in the manufacture of watches in Great Britain. The article, in part, is as follows: Among English industries which have suffered severely from foreign competition that of watchmaking occupies a prominent place. The cheap trade, of which Clerkenwell used to be the flourishing headquarters, has practically gone. It has been cap- tured outright by the enterprising foreigner, and though Clerken- well road and its purlieus are still the great market center for everything connected with clocks and watches, scarcely a single watch factory survives there. We give some remarkable figures bearing on the influx of foreign watches: Official Returns Showing the Number of Watches Made at Home and Abroad in the Last Four Decades. Year. Continental. American. English. 1862 2,500,000 50,000 164,000 i872 3,000,000 400,000 145,000 1882 3,500,000 1,250,000 227,000 1892 4,500,000 2,250,000 204,000 1902 6,000,000 2,750,000 226,000 256 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. THE UNITED STATES NAVY. Since 1904 the Navy Department has gone on with the work of creating an effective naval force for the United States, under a policy which has been maintained by Republican administra- tions, affording to the extensive coast line of the country an ade- quate protection from and guarantee against foreign aggression. Only if the coast line of the Empire of Great Britain is consid- ered, can the United States be said to be second among the nations of the world in point of vulnerable area subject to at- tack by sea. Accepting the result of the world's experience that effective coast defense of any country begins on the coast de- fense of an enemy, the Republican Party, through its majority In Congress, has made provision for addition to the naval fleet of the United States, and Republican administration have devel- oped and organized naval construction, so that in the past two years 10 new ships of over 125,000 tons' displacement have been added to the Navy of the United States. Seven more vessels of nearly 95,000 tons' displacement are, at this writing, within a few weeks of going into commission. Effective fleets are being organized from the new material thus added to the Navy, and a high state of excellence has been attained in marksmanship and in the general training of the officers and men who man the ships. At the same time, work is being carried on as fast as is practicable and economical in providing repair and building fa- cilities at the different navy yards of the country which had been, under other policies, allowed to fall into disuse. The fruition of a consistent plan of providing an adequate naval defense of the country by the Republican Party is now apparent. Instead of incoherent and scattered fragments of a naval force, the United States will be, by the close of the current year, in pos- session of a coherent and well organized naval force adequate for the duties of the moment, and which will be added to by a safe and conservative building program until the Navy of the United States is consonant with the needs and with the dignity of the country. During the past two years the foreign policy of the United States has been effectively sustained by the resources of the Navy placed at the disposition of the Executive and of the State Department acting under his orders, so that there has never been, at any point at which action on the part of the United States seemed wise, a lack of effective force to give weight and standing to any representations the administration felt called upon to make During tTie war between Japan and Russia, the dispositions of the Navy in the Far East were largely affected and the difficult international situations that were de- veloped when Russian ships sought the shelter of ports on the Pacific Coast and the Philippines were adequately handled. The growing importance of the West Indian waters in the affairs of the United States has been recognized by the additional atten- tion paid by the Navy to the policing of these waters and the development of points of defense. The assurance is given by the disposition of the Navy of permanent peace and freedom from foreign aggression in these waters. During the two years the work of the Navy in improving the science of navigation and in assisting in removing dangers to navigation, such as dere- licts and other obstacles, has been of material benefit. Active recruiting has been carried on through the United States and a policy of manning the Navy with citizens of the United States has been strictly adhered to. The enlisted men of the United States Navy come from all parts of the country, including all the States of the Great West, and the naval de- fenders of the country are not only almost wholly American citi- zens, but all but a very Email percentage are of American birth and representative of the bright, energetic and capable young manhood of the country. The Navy, in the quality of the ships that have been built and in the character of the men who have been recruited and trained to man these ships, is in every way deserving of the renewed confidence and awakened interest of the people of the United States, and it is not too much to say that the results which have been brought about have been al- most wholly due to the persistent policy which has marked the course of the Republican Party toward the naval defenses of the country. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 257 CHAMPAGNE IJMDUSTHY. Extent and Method of Manufacture — Miles of Cases and Mil- lions of Bottles— A Strong Reserve. The following extract from' the report of Consul Miller, of Rheims, on the manufacture of champagne in France, will be read with interest. The quantity made annually, details of manufacture, methods of preparation for market, countries to which shipped, and their relative consumption of the sparkling beverage are clearly described by Consul Miller. The extract follows: During the past five years the consumption of champagne wine in the United States has increased over 35 per cent., or an aver- age of about 7 per cent, a year. The United States imported 1,235,880 bottles (quarts) more from the champagne district in 1905 than in 1900. Nothing but the best quality of champagne is exported to the United States, the high tariff operating to keep out the low grades. The United States is now consuming about 4,500,000 quart bottles per annum., and the amount in cus- toms duties paid into the United States Treasury on account of this champagne, all of which is produced in what may be called the legal champagne district adjacent to Rheims, approximates $3,000,000 a year. AUTOMOBILES. Increased Exports Last Year. The American Exporter calls attention to the increased expot- tation of automobiles as a promising indication of a growing- foreign trade in that liile. The exports of American automobiles during the year 1905 were the greatest in the history of this industry, the grand total being $2,695,655, as compared with $1,897,510 in 1904, and $1,643,029 in 1903. During the year our best customer was in the United Kingdom, to which we exported $707,045 worth of automobiles. Canada bought automobiles to the value of $537,588; France, $269,703; Italy, $163,978; Germany, $105,457, and the rest of Europe, $239,379. To Mexico our automobile shipments repre- sented a value of $192,452; the West Indies, $151,859. Consider- able quantities were also shipped to British India, Australasia, South Africa, South America, and Oceania. That the present year will be a record-breaker in the matter of automobile exports is indicated by the figures shown in the statistical returns for the first two months of 1906 during which the shipments abroad amounted in value to $630,407, as compared with $456,281 dur- ing the first two months of 1905. In the line of American motor- boats the exports are also steadily and extensively increasing. In 1900 there were 109 concerns in the United States manufac- turing automobiles, with an investment of $5,000,000. In 1905 about $40,000,000 was the investment in plants. INDUSTRIAL JAPAN. The following comparative figures of the production of eight of the principal industries in Japan during the years 1891 and 1905, respectively, show to what extent they have developed dur- ing that interval: Articles. 1891. 1905. Yen. Yen. Cotton yarns 7,872 33,246,462 Habutaye 1,445,639 28,057,980 Cotton tissues 375,407 13,100,171 Matclies 1,843,636 10,360,752 Porcelain and pottery 1,577,190 5,324,344 Figured matting 656,122 5,086,987 Silk handkerchiefs 2,811,820 4,893,611 Straw plaits 37^,349 3,827,108 Total 9.096,035 103,897,415 268 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. POSTAL SERVICE AND RURAL FREE DELIVERY. The progress made in our postal service, the immense advan- tage given to our commercial interests, and the convenience and accommodations extended to individuals have kept pace fully with the rapid expansion of all public utilities, and the Republi- can Party has, from time to time, as conditions warranted it, not only extended the benefits of the service itself, but has re- duced rates of postage as rapidly as could be done consistent with the revenue derived from the operation of the system. While it has been the aim of the Department and of Congress to have the revenues of this service approximate the expendi- tures, yet this has not been absolutely insisted upon, and not since 1865 have the revenues equaled the expenditures. Prom the first Act of February 20, 1792, when the rates of postage on domestic letters ranged from 6 cents to 25 cents, according to the distance carried, the rates were successively reduced from time to time until 1863, when a uniform rate of 3 cents per let- ter was established not exceeding half an ounce in weight and without regard to distance. The free-delivery system was au- thorized by the Act of 1863, as also was the system of collect- ing mail-matter from the street-boxes. The money-order system was first established in 1864. On October 1, 1883, the general rate for letters was reduced to 2 cents, the only reduction since being a rate of 2 cents per ounce for first-class matter, instead of 2 cents per half ounce. The special-delivery system was author- ized by Act of Congress March 3, 1885. The development or the postal service, as regards both trans- portation and delivery, increased so amazingly as to warrant the establishing of a rural free-delivery system. The attempt was first made during the administration of President Cleveland. Postmaster-General Bissell, in his report for 1893, concurred in the opinion of the First Assistant Postmaster-General, Frank II. Jones, that "the Department would not be warranted in bur- dening the people with such a great expense." In his report of 1894 Postmaster-General Bissell declined to expend the small ap- propriation of $10,000 to test the feasibility of the scheme. In 1895 Congress increased the appropriation to $20,000, but Postmaster- General William L. Wilson declared that the plan of establishing rural free delivery was wholly impracticable. In 1896 Congress made $40,000 available for the purpose, and Postmaster-General Wilson, as the Postoffice Department reported it, "with many ex- pressed misgivings," put the service to the test, saying that he had taken care "to choose territory widely divergent in physical features, and in the occupation and density of its population." Under the administration of President McKinley and his most efficient Postmaster-General, Charles Emory Smith, the system was rapidly developed and has continued increasing under the administration of President Roosevelt and Postmaster-General Cortelyou. As has been mentioned, the appropriation made in 1897 was $40,000, and during that year forty-four routes were put into operation. The appropriation for 1906 was $25,828,000, and the routes in operation number fully 35,000. Nothing so well illustrates, perhaps, the character of the two predominant parties in the United States as does the develop- ment of this rural free-delivery system. Year after year it was "turned down" by a Democratic administration as being imprac- ticable, and yet, under the operation cf Republican administra- tions, it has developed in every way successfully and most ad- vantageously to the agriculturists of the country. Where, only a few years ago, most of our farmers were able to get their mail but once or twice a week, it is now daily brought to their very doors, giving them the advantage of the daily paper and of market and weather reports, enhancing not only labor, but the pleasure of living. The system itself needs no defence; the result of its workings is its own vindication, and the farmers of the country are in- debted wholly to the Republican Party, which had the courage, as well as the sense, to put the system into practical operation and constant development. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 259 Although the credit for the development of the system must be given to the Republican administrations of McKinley and Roosevelt, yet it is only fair to go back to the administration of Harrison, whose Postmaster-General, John Wanamaker, rec- ommended to Congress that an appropriation be made for experi- mental village free-delivery service. The plan worked well, and Postmaster-General Wanamaker was able to report to Congress, after a trial of two years, that the increased cost of the service was met nearly, if not quite, by the increased postal receipts, and that the slight additional expenditure was more than justified by the benefits conferred upon the people. It was Mr. Wana- maker who first recommended the idea, and put it, to a limited extent, into successful operation. During the administration of Cleveland its development was thwarted in every way possible, to be taken up again by President McKinley and his Postmaster- General, and made eminently successful by the present Repub- lican administration. Statement Showing, by Years, the Number of Rural Tree- Delivery Routes in Operation and the Total Amounts Ap- propriated and Expended Therefor. Total Total Number of amount amount routes in Year. appropriated. expended. operation 1898 $50,250.35 $50,241.06 148 1899 150,032.79 150,012.48 391 1900 450,000.00 420,433.17 1,276 1901 1,750,796.29 1,750,321.35 4,301 1902 4,089,075.20 4,089,041.71 8,466 1903 8,580,364.31 8,051,599.79 15,119 1904 12,926,905.44 12,645,275.79 24,566 1905 21,116,600.00 *20,874,618.75 32,055 1906 25,828,300.00 *Some small addition may be made to this total by reason of suspended items. CANADIAN TRADE. The larger increase of importations into Canada from the United States than from Great Britain, although the latter has a preferential tariff of 33 1-3 per cent., continues to arouse much discussion. The quick delivery that is obtained from the United States, as compared with England, makes it very difficult, even with a great preference in the rates, for Great Britain to com- pete satisfactorily in the trade with Canada. A Canadian buyer, in talking on the subject recently, as pub- lished in the London Times, said that he could telegraph an or- der to New York at a small expense and have the goods in his warehouse in three days, but he always had to allow about five weeks to get goods from Birmingham, England. GERMAN "DUMPING." Mr. J. Stephen Jeans, for nearly thirty years secretary of the British Iron Trade Association, has recently isued a volume on the iron trade of Great Britain. The question of "dumping" is discussed, and the author affirms that the agitation which has been carried on in Great Britain for some time against it has been partly founded on a more or less imperfect ascertainment of essential facts. An illustration of the conditions under which dumping is carried on is afforded by the experience of the Ger- man Wire Rod Syndicate, which comprises 82 works. In a re- cent six months they supplied 22,307 tons to home consumers, and on that made a profit of $293,280, while on the 19,524 tons exported there was a loss of $214,860. The German consumers were charged $62.40 per ton, whereas only $35 per ton was ob- tained for the quantity exported. In Germany there are at least 46 different syndicates in the coal and iron trades alone. 260 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. TEN YEARS AGO TO-DAY. Prom Boston Transcript, August 8, 190G. It was just ten years ago to-day — August 8, 1896 — that the panic reached Its climax so far as stock market discounting of liars of election results were concerned. That was the day that iho candidate of the silver cause started from Omaha to "invade the enemy's country," and sent a chill down the Wall Street spine. Wall Street in this panic representing- general business ap- prehension pretty thoroughly. It was tne turning point in the scare; after that the canvass turned more and more toward Re- publican victory, though upbuilding of industry did not fairly get under way for some time later. The country is doing more than 200 per cent, more business now, as represented by bank clearings, and its railroad and industrial corporations are pay- ing more than 300 per cent, more in dividends. Verily, a great contrast between Mr. Bryan's coming out of the East ten years after his imitation of young Lochinvar! The country found the error in his sovereign panacea for monetary ills; "gold" went into the law of the land and the metal has been pouring in on this favored land ever since. Now come new duties with new occasions; the leader of Democracy arrives at New York from the Orient instead of the Occident; he finds wonderful changes ac- crued in those ten years. New sources of unrest have arisen, new burdens have accompanied prosperity, new problems to solve, and Mr. Bryan has the solution ready for prescription. The old source of complaint — low commodity prices — is gone; prices are high enough now to suit the ordinary wage-earner, and incidentally wages are higher and pretty much everything else, even the commercial value of silver and the business prosperity of silver-mining States. Nevada, for instance, is turning out more gold than the mind easily can grasp; so is Colorado, and Kansas is troubled only with paucity of enough labor to get in its crops. Quite a contrast between 1906 and 1896, the dates of two "invasions of the enemy's country" — one from the East and one fiom the West. Yet Mr. Bryan's heart still beats true to his first and argentiferous love, and we stand on the border of another outbreak of half-informed oratory on economics, another period of agitation, based on undeniable flaws and faults in our currency and economics, but surely deserving better than quack nostrums in the treatment. In all America's crises, "God give us men!" Bryan More Radical Than in 1896, He Says. The following is from an interview with William J. Bryan, in London, July 12, 1906: "I notice that I am now described by some as conservative, and in order that there may be no misunderstanding on that subject permit me to say that in one sense I always have been a conserva- tive. The Democratic policies are conservative in that they em- body old principles applied to new conditions. There was nothing new in principle in either of the platforms on which I stood. "If, however, by the word conservative they mean that I have changed my position on any public question or moderated my op- position to corporate aggrandizement, they have a surprise wait- ing for them. I am more radical than I was in 1896, and have nothing to withdraw on economic questions which have been un- der discussion. The only question we discussed in 1896 upon which there has been any apparent change is the silver question, and that has not been a change in the advocates of bimetallism, but in conditions. "We contended for more money and urged the free coinage of silver as the only means then in sight of securing it. The in- creased production of gold has brought in part the benefit we ex- pected to secure from the restoration of silver. The per capita volume of money in the United States is almost 50 per cent, greater now than it was in 1896, and the benefits brought by this increase have not only vindicated the quantitative theory of money, but have proved the benefits of the lar,?jer amount of money. No advocate of the gold standard can claim the triumph of his logic. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 261 "I believe in bimetallism, and I believe that the restoration of silver would bring still further prosperity, besides restoring par in exchange between gold and silver-using countries; but I recog- nize, as do all other bimetallists whom I have met abroad, that the unexpected and unprecedented increase in gold production has for the present removed the silver question as an issue." From the New York World (Democratic). "I am more radical than I was in 1896," Bryan declares, "and have nothing to withdraw on economic questions which have been under discussion," He still believes in "bimetallism," and as in 1896 he proclaimed himself a bimetallist rather than a silver monometallist, it is inferred that he still believes in the heaven- born ratio and free coinage of silver at 16 to 1. He is con- fident that "the restoration of silver would bring still further prosperity," but admits that the increased production of gold "has for the present removed the silver question as an issue." The dismay produced in Democratic circles by Mr. Bryan's statement is hardly less noticeable than the delight manifested among Republicans. Nobody demanded that Mr. Bryan apologize for his former atti- tude on the money question or publicly recant or beat his breast and cry "Mea culpa!" All that anybody asked of him was a moderate recognition of the principle, much as he himself once laid down, that "changing conditions make new issues." Instead Mr. Bryan has seen fit to drag the corpse of free silver out of its grave and assure the country that it is not dead but sleeping. When he declares that he is in fact more radical than he was in 1896 it is to be presumed that he has changed in no way for the better and has learned nothing. It is perhaps unfair, but nevertheless possible, to assume that he will stand by all his is- sues of ten years ago, including the threat to "reorganize" the Supreme Court of the United States and the attack upon "govern- ment by injunction." It is needless to say that Mr. Bryan in mistaking stubborness for consistency is practically turning the Presidency over to the Republican party again, giving it a walk-over in 1908, as it had in 1896, 1900 and 1904. His statement has already distinctly clouded Democratic pros- pects in the Congressional campaign next fall. WATCHMAKING. Why the United States Leads Great Britain. The fact that the United States has forged ahead of Great Britain in the manufacture of watches is made the subject of an article in The Magazine of Commerce by T. P. Hev/itt, the managing director of the Lancashire Watch Company in Eng- land. Mr. Hewitt asserts that the watch trade of Great Britain is being gradually transferred to the United States. Forty years ago, he says, the best-known devices in the mod- ern watch were invented by English makers, and at that time only 50,000 watches were made in the United States and 164,000 in Great Britain. But in the course of these forty years the whole situation has been reversed, and while in Great Britain only 226,000 watches were made in the year 1902, in the United States the enormous number of 2,750,000 were turned out. Against the very nearly three millions of watches made in this country, somewhere about six millions are made on the conti- nent of Europe, but these do not seem to compete with the American watch. The American watch is rapidly superseding the Swiss and English watch. Mr. Hewitt attributes the decay of the watchmaking industry to what he calls the "obsolescent assay laws" of Great Britain and the strict enforcement of them, and also to what he calls the "fetich of free trade," which has hindered Parliament in its legislation. Birmingham is the great center of the watch indus- try in England, and that is referred to in. connection with the re-election of Mr. Chamberlain on a Protection platform. 262 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. A FOREIGN VIEW. From the Mosely Industrial Commission ileport. — By A. Mosely, Head of the English Commission Which Visited the United States in 1902. The United States is advancing by leaps aud bounds. She is beginning to leel tlie beneficial effects of the education of her masses, and an enormous territory teeming with natural re- sources as yet but meagrely developed. In the latter respect she has been more than blessed, and her natural advantages are bound to make her not only the leading manufacturing country in the world (a position she may already be said to have at- tained), but must place her in the same position relatively that England herself occupied some fifty years ago. It is more than necessary that both capital and labor should bear this point well in mind. At the present time the home market of the United Sates is so fully occupied with its own developments that the export trade has as yet been comparatively little thought of; but as time goes on and the numerous factories that are being erected all over the country come into full bearing, America is bound to become the keenest of competitors in the markets of the world. That already she has her eye on the export trade is plain to every one except the wilfully blind; but at present she is only getting ready. The acquisition of so large a proportion of the Atlantic carrying trade is in itself an object lesson. When America wishes to export goods she intends to dictate freights, which she could not do if she had no mercantile marine of her own. The profits of the shipping business are to her quite a sec- ondary consideration at present, compared with the ability to rule freights when it suits her to do so. It must be remembered that the American manufacturer and financier looks well ahead, and is prepared to make large present sacrifices for the sake of future gain. A cutting from an American paper has been sent to me, in re- gard to the system of payment of workmen by results. I give it for what it is worth, and do not vouch fo its accuracy; but it is a powerful illustration of the difference a little extra produc- tion will jnake both the profit of the manufacturer and the wages of tho men. It is from an article in a recent number of the Con- temporary, by Major C. C. Townsend. At a certain great steel works not far from New York, he says, the men are paid by re- sults, and if these results are above the normal, the pay rises abnormally. "The usual number of pourings obtainable from a furnace in each run is eleven, but by the closest attention to every detail, by incessant and scientific stoking and work of every kind, it is occasionally possible to obtain twelve pourings. The wages earned by the men at the furnace when eleven pourings are obtained are ?40, but if twelve pourings are obtained they are $80." Such a system is the .keynote of American success. I am not sure how far my delegates have realized that it is the extra speed at which machinery is run, the high specialization of work whereby each man becomes an expert in his particular branch, which in itself means efficiency and an increased output, the econ- omy of hands in attending machines, and the excellent organiza- tion of the factories whereby the smallest item of time and labor are saved, that make all the difference between large profits and none, and a high rate of wages for the men as against the comparatively low standard known in this country. How it is that the American manufacturer can afford to pay wages 50 per cent. 100 per cent, and even more in some instances, above ours, and yet be able to compete successfully in the mar- kets of the world? The answer is to be found in small econo- mies, which escape the ordinary eye. The instance given, of nor- mal wages being doubled for one extra pouring in a certain steel works beyond the usual eleven, is an illustration. The men earned twice the amount, and the manufacturer also makes a profit. In reality, the twelfth pouring costs him nothing except the bare price of the raw materials; and the same is true in all industries and under all conditions. That the American workman earns higher wages is beyond REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 263 question. As a consequence, the average married man owns the house he lives in, which not only gives him a stake in the country, but saves payment of rent, enabling him either to in- crease his savings or to purchase further comforts. B"'ood is as cheap (if not cheaper) in the United States as in England, whilst general necessaries may, I think, be put on the same level. Rent, clothes made to order, and a variety of things, including all luxuries, are considerably dearer. Luxuries, how- ever, do not enter very much into the every day consumption of the average working man in this country, and if in the United States he can get them at all (even though he have to pay a high price for them) that is surely an advantage by comparison. The American workman drinks but little, and his house is usually well furnishe'^i and fitted with luxuries in the way of bathrooms, laundries, hot water and heating systems, and other items mostly unknown to the British workman. One of the points the delegates were invited to investigate was whether or not the workman in the United States "wears out" faster than the Engishman. Personally, I think not. It is gen- erally admitted that the American workman, in consequence of labor-saving machines and the excellence of the factory organiza- tion, does not need to put forth any greater effort in his work than is the case here, if as much. He is infinitely better paid, therefore better housed, fed, clothed, and moreover, is much more sober. Under such conditions he must naturally be more healthy, a proposition that I think can not be denied. It follows, there- fore, that if his working life is shorter, other causes must be sought, outside the factory, to account for it. I give this as a broad hypothesis, and did space allow, I could go more closely into the reasons pro and con; but one reason in particular appears fro me to be that the American workman is able to leave his fac- tory at an eariier age, because by his temperate habits and the high rates of wages he receives whilst there, he is not under the same necessity of working up to the very end of his life, as is the case in England. In American factories, speaking generally, great attention is paid to the necessities and comfort of the work- ers. Separate lockers (of which the workman has the key) are provided for working clothing; consequently the man can arrive at and leave work well clad, changing at the factory. The shops are usually very well ventilated, although it is customary to keep them at a temperature many degrees above the average in this country; but this is liked or would not be done, and is in fact a national characteristic; and there is after all a good deal to be said in favor of being able to walk into a factory which is well warmed, and where the tools do not freeze the hands as soon as touched. Excellent lavatories with shower baths, etc., and many other comforts for the employees, are the rule rather than the exception in the large factories; and in fact the Amer- ican manufacturer has realized that if he wishes the best results from the hands he employs, he must provide for their comfort and cleanliness. It is not a question of philanthropy, but of prac- tical business. BRITISH COMMERCE. The United Kingdom is a free-trading country, the only im- ports on which customs duties are levied being chicory, cocoa, coffee, dried fruits, spirits, tea^ sugar, tobacco and wine — spirits, tobacco, tea and wine yielding the bulk of the entire levies. In 1904 the imports free of duty (exclusive of bullion and specie and diamonds) amounted to £500,993,130, and those subject to duty to £50,045,498, duty-free articles form- ing nearly 91 per cent, and articles subject to duty over 9 per cent, of the total imports. The only export duty is that on coal, imposed April 19, 1901. — Statesman's Year Book, 1906. We have prospered marvelously at home. As a nation we stand in the very forefront in the giant international compe- tition of the day. We cannot afford, by any freak or folly, to forfeit the position to which we have thus triumphantly at- tained. — President Roosevelt at Minneapolis, April 4, 1903. 234 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. PROSPERITY POSTSCRIPT. Treasury Statement. Washington, July 31, 1906.— The cash statement of the United States Treasury for July 31 shows: Reserve fund— •ironnnnnn Gold coin and bullion $150,000,000 Trust fund— ^ „,„ ^ro skq To redeem outstanding certificates i,U48,Sjj,»by General fund— ,„_ _„„ ^no Gold coin and bullion ^S^'v^^'mo Gold certificates Rilz'rm Silver dollars .....* liil'fd Silver certificates VnlTi, Silver bullion ; iJ'Sfi77 United States notes < wttrPM National bank notes I^'Xtq'o,., Subsidiary silver and minor coin i.yyov.zjA Total $185,116,385 In national banks v--- ^^'^^^'^^^ Awaiting reimbursement is,vo6 Total $274,638,293 Liabilities •' • 105.261,758 Cash balance $169,376,535 NEW YORK SAVINGS BANKS. Deposits Show Gain of $31,142,640 Over Those of 1905. Albany, July 30. — Supt. F. D. Kilburn of the State Banking Department to-day issued a statement showing the condition of the savings banks of the State for the year ended June 30, in- cluding the expenses for six months. The report shows that the total resources July 1, 1906, were $1,444,444,492.30; total resources July 1, 1905, $1,367,692,595.41; gain for year 1906, $76,751,806.89; gain for year 1905, $92,503,- 427.44. The amount due depositors July 1, 1906, was $1,335,093,- 053.62, a gain over the previous year of $82,164,753.80. The amount deposited during the year ended June 30, 1906, was $394,356,106.60, against $363,213,466.34 the previous year the gain being $31,142,640.26. Railroad's Banner Year. The fiscal year just closed has proved a banner year for Ameri- can railroads. While it will be many months before the official figures for all the railroads in the United States are available, the increases that have been shown month after month by the railroads making monthly returns, indicate a very large increase in both gross and net earnings over the figures for 1905. While it would be hazardous to estimate closely the actual increase for all the roads in the country, it seems probable from the figures already available that the gross earnings of the railroads of the United States, covering approximately 219,000 miles of road, will show for the fiscal year ended June 30 an increase of 10 per cent, over the $2,073,000,000 earned in 1905, according to the pre- liminary report of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. The showing in net earnings will also be very favorable. It is to be noted, however, that the majority of railroads, profiting by the exceptional prosperity of the past year, following as it did several previous years of prosperity, added heavily to their charges for improvements and betterments. Expense accounts were heavily charged with items representing permanent im- provements. No section of the country has failed to profit by the favorable conditions which existed this past year. Every group of roads shows its quota added to the increase in earnings, as might indeed be expected from the fact that practically every industry has had its fair share of prosperity. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 265 LOW BECORDS OF FAILURES. Favorable Statistical Showing for Six Months of 1906. The figures on commercial insolvencies in the United States in the first half of 1906 are on the whole favorable, according to the returns compiled by Bradstreet's, though the increased volume of business has its effect in the total number of failures and the amounts involved. Therefore, the totals for the first half of 1906, while better than in the last three years, are not as favorable on their face as in the years of corresponding prosperity in 1902-3. The figures for the six months just closed are 4,852 failures of individuals, firms, or corporations. This is a decrease of 7.4 per cent, from the corresponding period last year and an increase of only 1.3 per cent, from the low total of the first six months in 1903. Liabilities were $59,035,116, a decrease of 5.7 per cent, from 1905, and a gain of only 3.7 per cent, on the very favorable year 1902. The failure returns for June amply confirm the reports of excel- lent trade, active industry and general large volume of profitable business doing in this period in a total of suspensions and of lia- bilities the smallest reported for several years past. It is, in fact, necessary to go back to 1902 to find a monthly total of lia- bilities or of failures as small as that r6ported for June. Following are the statistics of business failures in the United States in the first half of each calendar year from 1896 to 1906, inclusive: Per cent, of No. of fail- Estimated Total lia- assets to ures. assets. bilities. liabilities. 1906 4,852 $29,369,777 $59,035,116 49.7 1905 5,241 33,224,858 62,686,427 53.0 1904 5,338 -45,878,407 83,235,171 55.1 1903 4,790 29,629,703 60,251,563 49.0 ir'02 5,262 27,018,862 56,927,688 47.4 1901 5,465 32,435,338 66,138,262 49.0 1900 4,880 27,475,514 60,064,208 45.7 1899 5,049 22,890,645 50,304,253 45.5 1898 6,429 36,606,918 72,120,341 50.0 1897 7,024 53,611,782 93,656,495 57.0 1896 7,602 60,495,568 105,535,936 57.0 Good Times Even in Midsummer. From Washington Post, August 7, 1906. Business activity throughout the United States is unprecedent- ed. Instead of midsummer dullness, there is a constant in- crease of energy. The gross earnings of the railroads were 14.27 per cent, greater for the first six months of 1906 than during the same period last year. Bank clearings for the seven months were 12 per cent, greater than last year. Bank deposits are larger than ever, in spite of the fact that enormous withdrawals have been made by people building their own homes. Building operations over the country are larger than ever before, and in some places are hampered by lack of structural steel and other material, as well as by scarcity of labor. ■ The iron and steel industry is more prosperous than ever. The United States Steel Corporation has resumed the payment of dividends upon its common stock, as a result of enormous busi- ness. The net profits for the June quarter were $10,000,000 more than the June quarter last year. The company has orders on its books for 7,000,000 tons of steel. The steel mills are making greater demands for pig iron than the furnaces can meet. There is an actual scarcity of various kinds of pig iron and crude steel, while the coke famine promises to become serious in curtailing steel production. Orders are pouring in for all kinds of bridge, structural, and railroad steel, and the pipe mills are receiving heavy orders. The assurance of immense crops of cotton, wheat, and corn has stimulated business and building. Merchants throughout the South and /West are putting in heavy orders, now that they are sure of the prosperity of the farmers. The market for cotton goods in China is beginning to mend, in addition to which the domestic conditions have made a strong cotton market. Prices have been steady, the decreased supply and increasing foreign 266 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. demand having offset reports of big crops. Wlieat prices have tended downward as the certainty of a big crop has become mani- fest. Immense exports of wheat and lower home prices of flour are expected. As the corn prospect. improved, prices went down- ward. It is now thought the corn crop will measure up with some of the largest yields in history. The American farmer will also profit by the diminished size of crops in foreign countries. For the first five weeks of the fiscal year the exports of bread- stuffs, including flour, were 9,900,000 bushels, as against 5,500,000 bushels in 1905. The demand for labor is one of the best proofs of good times. The scarcity Is greatest in the coke regions and in the West, where harvesting is hindered by lack of help. The building trades are actively employed at big wages, and railroads in various parts of the country are seeking laborers. The Midsummer, 1906, Business Outlook. Dun's Weekly Review of Trade of July 28, 1906, said: Comparisons of the volume of current business with results at the corresponding date in previous years are so uniformly favor- able that the outlook can only be regarded with confidence. Semi-annual statements are now sufficiently complete to make it certain that the flrst half of 1906 was tke most prosperous six months period in the nation's history, and unless heavy cancel- lations occur in the last half of the year will establish a still higher record. Contracts oome forward freely in the iron and steel industry, the only idleness being due to repairs necessitated by the vigor with which production has been pushed, and foot- wear factories are receiving orders for delivery next February, while even the textile mills report that purchasers have ceased efforts to secure more attractive terms. Complaints of inadequate labor supply are universal. Building operations are extensive and would be much greater if the cost of labor and materials had not caused the abandonment of many plans. The week's crop news is encouraging and grain will soon be out of danger. Buyers are arriving in the primary markets in large numbers, placing orders freely and often urging quick delivery, which substantiates the claim that stocks are low in all positions. Railway earnings in July thus far surpass corresponding re- ports for last year by 8.5 per cent., and foreign commerce at this port alone for the last week shows gains of $2,110,472 in exports and $1,589,518 in imports. Prices of securities advanced to the highest point in over a month, and monetary conditions were im- proved by the satisfactory placing of the Panama Canal loan: Bradstreet's of July 28, 1906, says: In the leading industries more than seasonable activity rules, with the iron and steel trades leading in volume of demand and output. Building continues active and materials move well, though ease in Southern yellow pme is expected to last until the autumn. The crop situation seems to lose nothing as the grow- ing season advances. Estimates of total wheat yield tend to grow as the spring wheat crop approaches maturity. A bumper yield in the Northwest is thought not impossible, and corn is doing well, with moisture needed in only a few States and a record Southern crop in sight. The heavy movement of winter wheat to market, while tending to some ease in prices, has a favorable side when the export business is considered. Reports are that a large future business in this direction has already been booked. An interesting side light on the pessimistic predictions current some time ago as to the meat trade is found in advices from Chi- cago that cattle and hog prices are at the highest point of the year. Railway traffic returns point to an unprecedentedly heavy volume of business offering. Export trade in iron and steel keeps up surprisingly well, this being made possible, probably, by ex- cellent trade in foreign markets. As regard the money situation, it might be observed that some authorities take a rather more optimistic view as to supplies for crop moving purposes; and the free marketing by farmers of the winter wheat crop, despite the lower prices obtained, is a matter for encouragement. President Roosevelt on the Campaign. A TRENCHANT ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUES. The following letter of the President to Representative Watson presents clearly the predominant national policies that would be jeopardized by the election of a Democratic House of Representa- tives next November: Oyster Bay, N. Y., August 18, 1906. My Dear Mr. Watson:— I hear, through Speaker Cannon and Representative Sherman, that you have volunteered to give your services to the Congressional Committee for the entire campaign, without regard to the effect it may have upon your canvass in your own district; and I feel like writing you a word of congratulation and of earnest hope for the success of your efforts. If there were only partisan issues involved in this contest I should hesitate to say anything publicly in reference thereto. But I do not feel that such is the case. On the contrary, I feel that all good citizens who have the wel- fare of America at heart should appreciate the immense amount that has been accomplished by the present Congress organized as it is, and the urgent need of keeping this organi- zation in power. With Mr. Cannon as Speaker, the House has accomplished a literally phenomenal amount of good work. It has shown a courage, good sense and pati'iotism such that it would be a real and serious misfortune for the country to fail to recognize. To change the leadership and organization of the House at this time means to bring confusion upon those who have been successfully engaged in the steady working out of a great and comprehensive scheme for the betterment of our social, industrial and civic conditions. Such a change, would substitute a purposeless confusion, a violent and hurt- ful oscillation between the positions of the extreme radical and the extreme reactionary, for the present orderly progress along the lines of a carefully thought-out policy. The interests of this nation are as varied as they are vast. Congress must take account, not of one national need, but of many and widely different national needs; and I speak with historic accuracy when I say that not in our time has any other Congress done so well in so many different fields of endeavor as the present Congress has done. No Congress can do everything. Still less can it, in one session, meet every need. At its first session the present Congress, in addition to the many tasks it actually completed, undertook several tasks which I firmly believe it will bring to completion in its seo- 267 268 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK, ond session next Winter. Among these I hope and believe that the bills* to prohibit political contributions by corpora- tions, and to lower the duties on imports from the Philippine Islands, each of which has been passed by one House, will be enacted into law. I hope, and I have reason to be- lieve, that favorable action will be taken on the bill limiting the number of hours of employment of railway employees. These and one or two other measures, the enactment of which I have reason to hope for, are important. But far more im- portant are the measures which have actually been passed, nud as to these measures I wish to reiterate that they are not important in a merely partisan sense, but are important be- cause they subserve the welfare of our people as a whole, of our nation as an entirety. They are important because those who enacted them into law thereby showed themselves to be fit representatives of all good Americans. In affairs outside of our own country our great work has been beginning to dig the Panama Canal. The acquisition of the Canal strip was due to the initiative of Congress; and the fact that the work thereon is now being done in the most thorough and satisfactory fashion is due to the action of the present Congress at the session just closed. Only this action rendered the work possible, and the heartiest acknowledg- ments are due to the far-seeing patriotism of those who thus made it possible. The digging of the Panama Canal is the colossal engineering feat of all the ages. No task as great of the kind has ever been undertaken by any other nation. The interests banded together to oppose it were and are nu- merous and bitter,, and most of them with a peculiarly sinister basis for their opposition. This sinister opposition rarely, in- deed, ventures openly to announce its antagonism to the Canal as such. Sometimes it takes the form of baseless accusation against the management, and of a demand for an investiga- tion under circumstances which would mean indefinite delay. Sometimes it takes the form of determined opposition to the adoption of plans which will enable the work to be done "not merely in the best but in the quickest possible way. Had Congress been either timid or corrupt, and had not the lead- ers of Congress shown the most far-sighted resolution in the matter, the work of building the Canal would never have been begun or, if begun, would now have halted. The oppo- sition to the adoption of the treaty by which our right to build the Panama Canal was secured; a part at least of the oppo- sition even now being made to the ratification of the Santo Domingo Treaty, which is one more step in the effort to make peaceful and secure the waters through which the route of the Canal leads; the constant effort to delay, on one pretext and another, the actual work on the Canal — all prove how essential REPUBLICAN CAMP/IGN TEXT-BOOK. 2G9 it is that if the American people desire the Panama Canal to be built in speedy and eflicient fashion they should uphold the hands of those who, in the present Congress, have so eifec- tively championed this work. No less praiseworthy has been the attitude of this Con- gress in continuing to build and maintain, on a high plane of efficiency, the United States Navy. This country is irre- vocably committed to the maintenance of the Monroe Doc- trine. It is irrevocably committed to the principle of defend- ing and policing the Canal route. But its championship of the Monroe Doctrine and. its announcement of its intentions as to the Canal route v/ould both be absurd on their face if tha nation failed to do its duty in maintaining a thoroughly ef- ficient Navy at as high a point of perfection as can possibly be attained. Our external affairs are important, but our internal affairs r.re even more important; and no other Congress for many a long year has, as regards the betterment of our internal af- fairs, so much and such excellent work to its credit. The tre- mendous social and industrial changes in our nation have rendered evident the need of a larger exercise by the National Government of its power to deal with the business us3 of wealth, and especially of corporate wealth, in interstate busi- ness. It is not too much to say that the course of Congress within the last few years, and the hearty agreement between the executive and legislative departments of the nation in taking the needed action each within its own sphere, have resulted in the nation for the first time definitely entering upon the career of proper performance of duty in these mat- ters. The task is peculiarly difficult, because it is one in which the fanatical or foolish extremist, and the reactionary, whether honest or dishonest, play into one another's hands; and they thereby render it especially hard to secure legisla- tive and executive action which shall be thorough-going and effective, and yet which shall not needlessly jeopardize the business prosperity which we all share, even though we do not all share it with as much equality as we are striving to secure. It is a very easy thing to play the demagogue in this matter, to confine one's self merely to denouncing the evils of wealth, and to advocate, often in vague language, meas- ures so sweeping that, while they would entirely fail to cor- rect the evils aimed at, they would undoubtedly succeed in bringing down the prosperity of the nation with a crash. It is also easy to play the part of the mere obstructionist; to decline to recognize the great evils of the present system, and to oppose any effort to deal with them in rational fashion — thereby strengthening immensely the hands of those who ad- vocate extreme and foolish measures. But it is not easy to J 70 REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. do as the present Congress and its immediate predecessors have done; that is, sternly to disregard alike the self-interest of those who have profited by the present evils, and the wild clamor of those who care less to do away with them than to make a reputation with the unthinking of standing in ex- treme opposition to them. But this is precisely what the pres- ent Congress has done. Instead of enacting anti-trust laws which were either so vague or so sweeping as completely to defeat their own objects, it has given us an interstate com- merce law which will enable us to exercise in thorough fash- ion a sui)ervision over the common-carriers of this country, so as, while scrupulously safeguarding their proper interests, to prevent them from charging excessive rates; to prevent their favoring one man at the expense of another, and espe- cially a strong man at the expense of a weak man; and re- •quire them to be fully accountable to the public for the service which, to their own profit, they render the public. The pre- vious Congress, by the enactment of the Elkins Law and by the creation of the Department of Commerce and Labor, in- cluding the Bureau of Corporations, had enabled us to make g^eat strides in advance along the path of thus bringing the use of wealth in business under the supervision and regula- tion of the National Government — for, in actual practice, it has proved a sham and pretense to say that the several States can thus supervise and regulate it. The strides taken by the present Congress have been even longer in the right direc- tion. The enactment of the Pure Food Bill and the passage of the bill which rendered effective the control of the Govern- ment over the meat-packing industries are really along the same general line as the passage of the Interstate Commerce Law, and are second only to it in importance. Perhaps the peculiar merit of these laws is best shown by the fact that while they have aroused the deepest anger of the reactionaries, of the men who make a fetish of wealth, they have not satisfied the unwise extremists; and the pres- ent Congress, in achieving this merit, has acted in the exact spirit of Abraham Lincoln, who was never to be frightened out of going forward by the cries of those who feared progress, nor yet to be hurried into a precipitate advance by the de- mands of the crude-thinking, though often well-meaning, men who are not accustomed soberly to distinguish between phrase- Xaaking and action. To the men who come in the latter cate- gory all we need say is to bid them possess their souls in peace. They have advocated action; but we have taken action; and the lact that this action has been sober and temperate has been 4ii ao small degree the cause of its far-reaching ef- ficiency. S-o the fOi'S^er class— to the reactionaries, who seem to ftar thrt.t to deal in proper faehioa with the abuses of prop- REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 271 erty is somehow an attack upon property— we would recall the words of Edmund Burke: "If wealth is obedient and laborious in the service of virtue and public honor, then wealth is in its place and has its use. But if this order is changed and honor is to be sacrificed to the conservation of riches, riches, which have neither eyes nor hands nor anything truly vital in them, cannot long survive the well-being of * * * their legitimate masters. * * * If we command our wealth we shall be rich and free. If our wealth commands us we are poor indeed." In addition to thus dealing with the proper control of capi- talistic wealth, Congress has also taken important steps in securing to the wage-workers certain great rights. At the session that has just closed, an employers' liability law was enacted which puts the National Government in its proper place as regards such legislation. An eight-hour law was al- ready on the statute books; but, as is almost inevitable with such laws, there was at first great confusion as to whose duty it was among the different public officials to enforce it. This confusion has now been remedied and the law is in process of thorough enforcement. If this enforcement demon- strates the need of additional legislation to make this eight- hour law effective, I shall ask for such legislation. I may add that next year I shall ask Congress to put in the perma- nent form of law the provision I have made by executive or- der for securing to the wage-workers under the Government half -holidays during the Summer months, just as regular holi- days are now secured by law for the salaried clerical workers in the classified service. No Congress has ever more clearly shown its practical appreciation of the fact that the welfare of the wage-workers, and the welfare of the tillers of the soil, make the real basis of the welfare of the nation as a whole. We will do everything that can be done to further the interests of the farmer and the wage-worker; and this declaration is subject only to one reservation — which is, that for no man, and no body of men, will we do anything that is wrong. Our constant aim is to do justice to every man, and to treat each man as by his own actions he shows that he deserves to be treated. We favor the organization of la- bor, as we favor the organization of capital; but on condition that organized labor and organized capital alike act in a spirit of justice and fair dealing, and with due regard to both the letter and the spirit of the law. We heartily favor trades unions, and we recognize in them, as in corporations, when prop- erly conducted, indispensable instruments in the economic life of the present day; but where either type of organization is guilty of abuse we do not propose to weaken the remedial pow- ers of the Government to deal with such abuse. We are anx- 72 REPUBUCAN CAMPAIGN TEXT- BOOK. ious to help, alike by law and by executive action, so far as in our power lies, every honest man, every right-dealing labor union, and, for the matter of that, every right-dealing cor- poration. But, as a corollary to this, we intend fearlessly and resolutely to uphold the law, and to strengthen it, so that we can put down wrong, whether done by rich or poor; if done by the most powerful corporation or the most influential labor union, just as much as if done by the humblest and least in- fluential individual in the land. The fact that we heartily recognize an organization or a kind of organization as useful will not prevent our taking action to control it or to prevent its committing abuses when it uses in wrong fashion the power which organization confers. The enactment into law of the bill removing the tax on alcohol used in the arts will ultimately be of marked benefit to us in more ways than one. It shows likewise the entire willingness of those responsible for the handling of the pres- ent Congress to alter our revenue system, whether derived by taxation on imports or internal taxation, whenever it is neces- sary so to do. "We stand unequivocally for a protective tariff, and we feel that the phenomenal industrial prosperity which we are now enjoying is not lightly to be jeopardized; for it would be to the last degree foolish to secure here and there a small bene- fit at the cost of general business depression. But whenever a given rate or schedule becomes evidently disadvantageous to the nation, because of the changes which go on from year to year in our conditions, and where it is feasible to change this rate or schedule without too much dislocation of the sys- tem, it will be done; while a general revision of the rates and schedules will be undertaken whenever it shall appear to the sober business sense of our iDeople that, on the whole, the benefits to be derived from making such changes will out- weigh the disadvantages; that is, when the revision will do more good than harm. Let me add one word of caution, how- ever. The question of revising the tariff stands wholly apart from the question of dealing with the so-called "trusts"— that is, with the control of monopolies and with the super- vision of great wealth in business, especially in corporate form. The only way in which it is possible to deal with those trusts and monopolies and this great corporate wealth is by action along the line of the laws enacted by the present Con- gress and its immediate predecessors. The cry that the prob- lem can be met by any changes in the tariff represents, whether consciously or unconsciously, an effort to divert the public attention from the only method of taking effective action. I shall not pr2tend to enumerate all the good measures of REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT-BOOK. 273 less importance which the present Congress has enacted into law, although some of these measures, as, for instance, the Consular Bill and the Naturalization Bill, are of wide-reaching effect. I have said enough to show why, in my judgment, you and your colleagues are entitled to the good wishes of all those American citizens who believe that there are real evils in our industrial and economic system, and that these evils can be effectively grappled with — not by loose declamation, but by resolute and intelligent legislation and executive ac- tion. Sincerely yours, (Signed) THEODORE BOOSEVELT. Hon. James E. Watson, M.C., Rushville, Ind. Uncle Joe Cannon's new platform: "Put none but home- made cake in the pantry." INDEX. A PAGES "Administration Bill" - 55 Agricultural Legislation 9 Agriculture 182 Agriculture, British, decline of 159 Agriculture, exports of 196 Alaska, statistics concerning '. 172 Alcohol, benefits of free.... 223 Allison, William B., quotation from, on trusts 49 Amendments, thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth 9 American Economist, on protection and the price of wheat 148 American manufactures, better than foreign 102 American Merchant Marine 232 American sales abroad 102 Animals, domestic, value of 184 Anti-injunction and restraining orders 54 Appropriations of Fifty-ninth Congress, first session. Table 28 Appropriations, statement of Representative Tawney 19 Area of United States 239 Arizona and New Mexico, Statehood of 247 Arizona, area and acreage of 248 Automobiles, production and exports of 257 B Balance of trade 101 Balance of trade due to agricultural exports '. 185 Bank deposits 242 Bank depositors among farmers 18S Bank clearings 107 Bankers, Farmers becoming 185 Banking in the Philippines 169 Bankruptcy acts 10 Banks, N. P., Jr., elected Speaker, 1855 7 Bannon, Henry T., speech on tariff on hides of cattle 152 Bai iron, prices of 143 Barley, production and value of 183, 191 Beet sugar, statistics concerning 193 Blacksmiths, wages of i 134 Blaine, James G., quotation from 135 iioard of Trade Labor Gazette, on pauperism in the U. K 148 Boilermakers, wages of 134 Boots and shoes, exports of 155 Bonds, Panama Issue 251 Bonds, Republican and Democratic 251 Boston Commercial Bulletin, on our vast industrial energies 218 Beaton Commereiai Bulletin^ oa the American Merchant Marine... 232 Boston Traniscript on thd edmihg of Bryan i^.n 26(^ S75 276 INDEX. PAGE BouteM. Henry S., on watch sales 120 Dradstreet'8 on midsummer business outlook 266 Breadstuffs. Dun's Index number of 138 Bricklayers, wages of 134 British commerce 263 British Tariff Commission, on iron and steel comparisons 211 Buckwheat, production and value of 192 Bryan, William J., Boston Transcript on 260 Bryan, William J., extract from London ijiterview 200 Bryan, William J., New York World, on views of 261 C Campaign and issues of 1906 5 Campaign issues analyzed by President Roosevelt 267 Campaign issues analyzed by Speaker Cannon 173 Canada, exports from, to United States 150 Canada, grain-producing possibilities 151 Canada, imports into, from United States 150 Cunada, reciprocity with 150 Canada, tariff preferential to Great Britain 150 Canadian trade 259 Cannon, J. G., Danville speech of August 16, 1906 173 Cannon, J. G., on work of Fifty-ninth Congress 3, 179 Cannon, J. G., statement concerning work of Fifty-ninth Congress. 11 Cannon, J. G., tribute by Representative Townsend '. .. 17 Cannon, J. G., tribute to President Roosevelt 179 Cannon's, "Uncle Joe," new platform 273 Capital and wages, increase of 174 Carpenters, wages of 134 Cesh in the Treasury 2.37 Cattle, hides of, tariff on 152 Cattle, value of 184-195 Cereal crops, production and value of 191 Cheap material and labor, no advantage in 76 Child Labor Legislation 52 Chinese Exclusion, President Roosevelt on 64 Civil Rights Act 9 Civil Service in the Philippines 168 Cleveland, Grover, 1887 Message.. » S3 Cleveland, Grover, on tin-plate industries 213 Clothing, Dun's index number of 138 Clothing, relative prices of 135 Coal carriers* cases 70 Coal Operators Investigation 69 Colored citizens, our 249 Colored Man's Rights, protecting the 72 Colored Officers, clerks and employees in Government Service 251 Colored troops in the Spanish War 250 Commerce of Cuba 157 Commerce of the Lakes 142 Commercial failures 223 Commission Tariff of 1883 S3 INDEX. 277 PAGE Compositors, wages of 134 Compromise Tariff *0 "Congress, a two-billion-dollar," editorial from New York Times.. 25 Congress, Fifty-ninth, measures left over to second session 13 Congress, Fifty-ninth, President Roosevelt's statement concerning. 11 Congress, Fifty-ninth, Representative Townsend on work of 15 Congress, Fifty-ninth, Speaker Cannon's statement concerning... 10 Congress, Fifty-ninth, summary of work of first session 12 Congress, Fifty-ninth, work of, from Springfield Republican 14 Congress, Fifty-third, result of 5 Congressional representation 238 Contract labor, legislation concerning 50 Coolie trade, legislation concerning 50 Copyright laws 9 Corn, production and value of 182, 191 Cost of living in England 146 Cotton crop, value of 175 Cotton crop and values 190 Cotton, prices of 141 Cotton, value of 1S2 Courts, legislation establishing 9 Crop lien, decadence of 187 Crop values 182, 191 Cows, number and value of 195 Cuba, commerce of 157 Currency and Banking Acts 9 Currency in the Philippines 169 Customs Acts 9 Customs revenue 95 D Dairy and garden products, Dun's index number of 138 Dairy products 183 Dalzell, John, on export discounts 124 Debt, per capita 1C8 Debt, public analysis of the principal of 236 Democratic Representative record ',.... 238 Depositors in savings banks 242 Dick, Charles, remarks of, concerning Samuel Gompers 181 Dingley Law, general results of 75 Dingley Tariff 84 Drawback paragraph of tariff laws 109 Drawbacks, amount of 109 Drillings, standard, prices of 141 Drugs and chemicals, relative prices of 135 Drug Trust, proceedings against 68 "Dumping" in Germany 259 Dun's index number of prices, analysis of 144 Dun's Review, concerning luxuries and necessities 144 Dun's Review, on midsummer business outlook 266 278 INDEX. PAQIS E Earnings, relative, 1890-1905 1«J0 Earnings, relative, weekly 131 Education In the Philippines liO Educational Legislation 9 Eight-Hour Law »4 Eight-Hour Law and Panama Canal, President Roosevelt on 63 Eight-Hour Law, legislation concerning 51 Elevator Trust, proceedings against C'J Employees, number of, relative 140 Employer and employee, contest between 178 Employment bureaus 54 Employers' Liability Act, text of 44 Employment, relative 131 England and Wales, pauperism in 14S England, cost of living in 146 England, free trade in, G. L. Molesworth on 141 England, labor conditions in 146 English watch production 255 Excess of exports 103 Excess of imports 103 Excess of receipts and expenditures 97 Expenditures and receipts since foundation of the Government 37 Expenditures, excess of 96 Exports and imports since the foundation of the Government 103 Exports, analysis of, 1906 210 Export discounts 109 Export discounts, a local illustration of 115 Export discounts given by various countries, comparison of Ill: Export discounts, proportion of HI Export discounts, reasons for HI Export discounts. Representative Dalzell on 124 Export discounts, Representative Landis on 112 Exports of Cuba 157 Exports of domestic merchandise per capita 234 Exports of boots and shoes lo5 Exports of domestic merchandise according to source of production. 196 Exports of gold 230 Exports of leather and manufactures of leather ir,5 Exports of silver 231 Exports to Canada IbO F Factory Inspection legislation 52 Failures, low records of 1906 265 Farm animals, number and value of 195 Farmer, American, permanency of tariff rests with 157 Farmers and reciprocity 151 Farmers and the tariff on hides 154 Farmers as bank depositors 1.86 Farmers becoming bankers 1S5 Farmers, economic position of ......,,.,,. 1^ INDEX. 279 PAGE Farmers' support of manufacturing 185 Farmers' wealth and well-being 182. Farm products,, relative prices of 135 Farm products, value of 107 Farm property, value of, 1850 to 1900 190 Farms, number and acreage of 189 Farms, prosperity on 175 Farm values, increase in 187 Farms, wealth production on 184 Fertilizer Trust, proceedings against 70 Finance, Government, per capita lOS Fisheries, exports of, products of 193 Fish, legislation concerning 9 Food, Dun's index number of 135 Food, relative prices of 135 Food, retail prices of, relative 131 Foodstuffs, prices of, in Germany 146 Foreign carrying trade in American vessels 232 Foreign laborers, importation of, prohibited 50 Foreign markets, value of 107 Foreign obligations 101 Foreign trade 101 Foreign trade, agricultural features of 184 Foreign trade, analysis of, 1906 210 Foreign trade, increase of 175 Foreign trade of 1906, New York Times on 231 Forest and fisheries, value of 107 Forestry products, exports of 196 France, treaty with 149 Free Alcohol Acts, text of 42 Free Alcohol, benefits of 223 Free Alcohol Legislation 16 Free Hides, speech of Representative Bannon on 152 Free Hides, speech of Senator Warren on 15G Free Hides, the cry for, misleading 152 Free Trade, definition of 77 Free Trade, illustration of 77 Free Trade in England, G. L. Molesworth on 141 Friar Lands in Philippines 169 Fuller, H. R. hearing before Judiciary Committee 55 Fuller, H. R., labor legislation advocated by 178 Furuseth, Andrew, hearing before the Judiciary Committee 55 O Garfield, James A., quotation from, on trusts 49 Gary, E. H., on iron and steel and prices for export 126 German "dumping" 259 Germany, horses and dogs for food 146 Germany, prices- of foodstuffs in 146 Germany, wages and prices in 132 ^ Germany, wages in 133 Gold, exports and imports of 101, 2S0 280 INDEX. PAGE Cold, silver ratio to 136 Gold standard 1^ Qumpers, Samuel, estimate of unemployed 171 Gumpers, Samuel, hearing before Judiciary Commit t.rl' r,(; Gompers, Samuel, on employment in 1893, 1897, and 1899 IS I Gompers, Samuel, on labor legislation ITS Gompers, Samuel, views opposed by Spealcer Cannon 17' Good times even in midsummer Government by injunction Great Britain, decline of agriculture in 1 ;i Great Britain, wages in il. Guam, statistics concerning j . :: Guild, Curtis, extract from address of, to Legislature 15i> H Half-holidays, President Roosevelt's orders concerning? GO Hanna, M. A., "stand pat" quotations 18 Harrison, Benjamin, Castle Garden quotation 229 Harrison, Benjamin, on our tariff policy 222 Harrison, Benjamin, on Peace G5 Harrison, Benjamin, quotation from 3 Hawaiian Beef and Lumber Trust, proceedings against 69 Hawaii, statistics concerning 172 Hay, value of 182, 191. Health in the Philippines 168 Hides of cattle, tariff on 152 Hides of cattle, value of 151 Hides, imports of 153 Hides, tariff on, history of 152 Hill, E. J., on tariff and prices 1S9 History of tariff on hides 152 Hoar, George F., definition of protection 77 Hoar, George F., quotation from, on marlcets 214 Hoar, George F., quotation from, concerning Democratic party 18 Hodcarriers, wages of 134 Home market and internal commerce 107 Homestead law 9 Horses, value of 181- lOo Hosiery and knit goods, employees and wages in manufacture of.. 1;9 Hosiery and knit goods, effect of reduction of duty on 149 Hours per week, relative 131, no Hunger parades in London , 146 I Immigration Laws, President Roosevelt on Immigration legislation y Immigration, William McKinley on 65 Imports, analysis of, 1906 21( Imports and exports since the foundation of the Government lOi Imports and receipts per capita 231 Imports from Canada 150 Imports of Cuba i5T INDEX. 281 PAGE Imports of farm products ISo Imports of gold 220 Imports of hides 152 Imports of luxuries, increase of 145 Imports of silver 231 Industrial commission, report of, on export discounts 110 ludustri-al conditions in the Philippines 170 Industrial energy, our vast 21S Industrial Japan 257 Injunction, government by 178 Insurance statistics 225-226 Interest charge, annual 23(5 Interest on public debt per capita 108 Interest per capita 237 Internal commerce 107 Internal Revenue taxation 'J Ireland, pauperism in 148 Irrigation 252 Irrigation for arid and semi-arid lands 253 Irrigation statistics 254 Iron and steel comparisons « . . 214 Iron and steel prices for export 120 Iron and steel trade, 1905, statistics of 209 Iron, domestic, prices of 143 Iron . industry of the world 180 Iron molders, wages of 134 J Japan, increase in industries of , 257 L Labor Bureau Legislation , r»2 Laborers, general, wages of 134 Labor Laws, difficulty in framing 54 Labor Legislation, by Republican Party 50 Labor Legislation in Republican and Democratic States 51 Labor, quotation from O. H. Piatt, concerning 59 Labor, Speaker Cannon on 177 Labor Unions 178 Lake commerce 142 Landis, Charles B., on tin plate and wire nails 213 Leather, amount of tariff in, made on cattle hides 153 Leather, exports of 155 Leather manufactures, statistics of 156 Leather manufactures, value of 154 Leather, price of and tariff on cattle hides 153 Leslie's Weekly, editorial from, concerning Republican legislation. 10 Leslie's Weekly on most prosperous workmen in the world 145 Life-saving service legislation 9 Lincoln, Abraham, on aliens and treaties 23S Lincoln, Abraham, on the rich I81 "Little Bill" 54 282 INDEX. PAQB Uverpool and the price of wheat 147 Locomotives and cars built in 1905, value of 220 Loeb, William, Jr., statement concerning Executive orders 60 I^gan, John A., quotation from 18 Lumber, relative prices of 135 Luxuries and necessities 144 Luxuries, imports of, comparison of 145 M Machinists, wages of 134 Manufactures, comparison of exports 218 Manufactures of leather, value of 154 Manufactures, 1905, advance summary of 203 Manufactures, output of 174 Manufacturers' Record, on Southern manufacturing progress 217 Manufactures, summary of principal, 1890 and 1900 200 Manufactures, value of 107 Manufacturing, farmers' support of 185 Manufacturing progress In Southern States 217 Markets of Canada and the United States, relative value of 149 Massachusetts, progress of her industries and prosperity 158 Material, foreign, entering Into domestic manufactures 109 Meats, Dun's Index number of 138 Mediation and Arbitration 54 Middle States, Industrial advance of 175 McCleary, J. T., on Protection and the price of wheat 147 McKinley, William, on immigration * 65 McKinley, William, on Republican Party 3 McKinley, William, on the vindication of Protection 220 McKinley, William, quotation from 127 McKinley Tariff 34 McNally, J. C, extracts from Consular Reports 180 Meat Inspection Act, text of 45 Meat Trust, proceedings against 66 Merchant Marine, American 232 Merchant Marine, statistics concerning 227 Metals, Dun's index number of 138 Metals, relative prices of 136 Midsummer business outlook 26G Mines, value of products of 107 Mineral Land Legislation 9 Mining products, exports of 196 Mississippi Bridge monopolies, proceedings against 69 Molesworth, Guilford L., on free trade in England 141 Money in circulation 239 Money In circulation per capita 108 Morrill, Justin S., credit for law of 1861 160 Morrill, Justin S., quotation from 141 Morrill Tariff 82 Mosely Industrial Commission Report, extract from 262 Mules, number and value of 195 INDEX. 283 PAGE N Nails, cut and wire, prices of 143 National Bank Cases 74 Naturalization Legislation 17 Navy, The United States 256 Necessities and luxuries 144 Newberry, Truman H., memorandum from, Eight Hour Law 62 New England States, industrial advance of 175 New Mexico, area and acreage of 24S New York Times, editorial from, concerning Fifty-ninth Congress. 25 New York Times on foreign trade of 1906 231 New York Tribune on Democratic record 238 New York World on views of William J. Bryan 261 Nome Retail Grocers' Association, prosecution of 69 North American, editorial from, on wealth from waste 159 Q Oats, production and value of 183, 191 Occupations of our wage-earners 197 Oklahoma, admitted as a State 17 Oklahoma and Indian Territories, Statehood of 247 P Painters, wages of T 134 Panama Bond Issue 251 Panama Canal 161 Panama Canal and Eight Hour Law, President Roosevelt on 63 Panama Canal, employees and wages 164 Panama Canal, government of the canal zone 162 Panama Canal, law relating to material and supplies 165 Panama Canal Legislation 15 Panama Canal, organization and commissioners 162 Panama Canal, practical work of construction 162 Panama Canal, receipts and disbursements to May 21, 1906 165 Panama Canal, report relating to type of canal 162 Par ama Canal, type of canal 166 Panama Canal, working force on the Isthmus 164 Paper Trust, proceedings against 67 Parties, Presidents, and tariffs 240 Pauperism in the United Kingdom 148 Pennington, William, elected Speaker 1859 7 Pension Acts .' 9 Pension Legislation 228 Pension Order 78 228 Pension statistics 229 Per capita statistics 233 Philippines and Fifty-ninth Congress 171 Philippine Assembly 170 Philippines, conditions in 167 Philippine Islands, statistics concerning 172 Pig iron, prices of 143 Plant the Factory by the Farm 174 284 INDEX. PAQH Piatt, O. H., quotation from, concerniug labor 50 Piatt, O. H., quotation from, concerning laborers 62 Platforms, tariff planks in National vS7 Plumbers, wa^es of 131 Popular vote in Presidential elections 240 Population lOS Porto Rico, statistics concerning 172 Postal Information 258 Post-offices ana Post Routes .\ ' 235 Potatoes, production and value of 183, 192 Poultry products 183 President, The, and administration 161 Presidential elections, popular vote in 240 Presidential elections, Republican States in 241 Presidents, Parties and Tariffs 240 Prices, advance in 128 Prices, course of wholesale 133 Prices, decline of 129 Prices in Germany 132 Prices of commodities 141 Prices of food, relative 140 Prices of food stuffs in Germany 14G Prices of free and dutiable articles 139 Price of leather and the tariff on cattle hides 153 Price of shoes as affected by tariff on hides 153 Price of silver bullion 234 Price of wheat and protection 147 Prices, general reduction since 1860 S Prices, proportion to consumption 138 Pi ices, wholesale, changes in 137 Prints, standard, prices of.. 141 Profits, division of 178 Progress of the United States in material industries 242 Postal Legislation 9 Prosperity of all classes 173 Prosperity Postscript 264 Protection and the price of wheat 147 Protection and Republicanism 160 Protection, definition of 77 Protection to woolen industries J15 Protection vindicated, quotation from MeKinley 220 Public Lands 252 Purchasing power of Canadians and people of the United States... 149 Pulp mills, product of, sold abroad 118 Purchasing power of wages, relative 131 Pure Food Acts, text of 38 Pure Pood Legislation 17 B Railroads' banner year 264 Railroads, freight carried 220 Railroads in the Philippines 167 INDEX. 285 PAGE Railroad interest and dividends 221 Railroad men, Government help to 73 Railroads, mileage of 220 Railroads, passengers carried 220 Railroads placed under receiverships and sold under foreclosure.. 221 Railroad Rate Legislation 15 Railroad Rate Acts, text of 28 Railroad statistics 219 Railroads, traffic earnings 219 Railway car construction 220 Railway mail service 235 Rate Cutting, indictments for 71 Rebating, indictments for 72 Receipts and expenditures since the foundation of the Government. 97 Receipts and expenditures, total 96 Reciprocity 149 Reciprocity and farmers 151 Reclamation Law 253 Reduction of the Tariff, invariably attended by disaster 85 Roed, Thomas B., on letting the Tariff alone 143 Reed, Thomas B., quotation from 141 Republican Party, brief history of 6 Republican and Democratic bonds 251 Republicans evade no issues, quotation from President Roosevelt.. 18 '•Republican Party, The," on Republicanism -and Protection 160 Republicans for Revision 7'3 Republican Legislation, editorial from Leslie's Weekly 10 Republican Legislation, principal acts of 9 Republican National Platform of 1904 243 Republicanism and Protection 160 Republican Party, Golden Jubilee of 6 Republican Party, results due to wisdom of its Icadors 5 Republican Record in Fifty-ninth Congress 15 Republican States in Presidential election 241 Revenue, excess of 96 Revision of the Tariff, average time spent in 84 Revision of the Tariff, history of 7S Revision of the Tariff, principal instances of 86 Rice, production and value of 183 Roosevelt, President, comparison of tariff law results 3 Roosevelt, President, letter from, concerning Statehood 247 Roosevelt, President, letter to Representative Watson 267 Roosevelt, President, on change of given rate of duty 146 Roosevelt, President, on changing schedules 160 Roosevelt, President, on national issues 209 Roosevelt, President, on our prosperity 263 Roosevelt, President, on our type of workingmen 227 Roosevelt, President, on the tariff and trusts 143 Roosevelt, President, on workingmen 199 Roosevelt, President, public land policy 252 Roosevelt, President, quotation from 102 Roosevelt, President, quotation from 135 286 INDEX. PAQIB Roosevelt, President, quotation from, concerning gold standard 18 Roosevelt, President, remarks of, to labor representatives (53 Roosevelt, President, Speaker Cannon's tribute to 179 Roosevelt, President, "Square Deal" quotation 219 Roosevelt, President, statement concerning Fifty-ninth Congress. 11 Roosevelt, President, tribute to work of 1(51 Roosevelt, President, tribute to, by Representative Townsend 17 Rural free delivery, history of 2.')8 Rural free delivery, statistics concerning 259 Rye, production and value of 15)1 S Savings Banks, New York, Increase in deposits of 264 Savings Banks, statistics 242 Scotland, pauperism in 148 Sheep and swine, value of 184-195 Sheetings, standard, prices of 141 Sherman Anti-trust Law, enforcement of 16 Shirtings, prices of 141 Silver Bullion, price of 234 Silver, exports and imports of 101 Silver imports and exports 231 Silver, price of, and ratio to gold 136 Southern progress ; 248 Southern States, Industrial advance of 174 Southern States, manufacturing progress In 217 Specie payments, resumption of 9 Spelling, T. C, hearing before Judiciary Committee 57 Spelling, T. C, labor legislation advocated by 178 Springfield Republican, on work of Fifty-ninth Congress 14 "Square Deal" quotation of President Roosevelt 219 "Stand Pat" quotation from M. A. Hanna IS States, the, admission of 9, 239 Statehood 247 Statesman's Year Book, concerning British commerce 263 Steel billets, prices of 143 Steel rails, duty on 210 Steel rails, prices of 143 Steel rails, prices of, In England, United States 125 Steel rails, production and^ prices of, 1867 to 1905 210 Steel trade 176 Steel Trust, The 176 Steel, William G., testimony on woolen Industries 215 Stone masons, wages of 134 Sugar and sugar beets, value of 183 Sugar consumption In Europe and this country 191 Sugar Rebate Cases 70 Sugar, production and movement of 193 Summary, advance, manufactures 1905 203 Summary of principal manufactures 1890 and 3900 200 Sumner, W. G., definition of Free-Trade 77 Surplus revenue 93 INDEX. 287 PAGE Sweat Shop Legislation 53 Swine, number and value of 195 T Taft, William H., memorandum concerning Eight Hour Law 61 Tariff Acts 10 Tariff and prices 139 Tariff Act of 1812 78 Tariff of 1816 79 Tariff of 1824 79 Tariff of 1828 79 Tariff of 1832-3 80 Tariff of 1842 80 Tariff of 1846 81 Tariff of 1872. 83 Tariff of 1894 84 Tariff laws, impartially framed. Senator Warren on 157 Tariff laws, our principal 94 Tariff, low, what it means 76 Tariff on hides, history of 152 Tariff on hides of cattle 152 Tariff Planks in National Platforms 87 Tariffs, history of 78 Tariffs, Presidents, and Parties 240 Tiiriff Revision, average time spent in 84 Tariff Revision, time consumed in 86 Tariff Reduction, disaster has invariably attended 85 Tariff Revision, results of 86 Tariff Revisions, table of important 8G Tariff, The, general reasons for letting it alone 76 Tariff, The, general statement concerning 75 Tariff, when to revise the 177 Tawney, James A., statement concerning appropriations 19 Telegraphs, statistics concerning 222-223 Telephones, statistics concerning 224 Tin Plate Industry 211 Tirrell, Chas. Q., on export discounts 116 Tobacco crop and values 190 Tobacco Trust, proceedings against 67 Tobacco, value of 183 Tonnage of coast, lake, and river vessels 227 Townsend, C. E., on work of Fifty-ninth Congress 15 Treasury statement July 31, 1906 264 Trusts, acts concerning 10 Trusts, proceedings against 66 Trusts, quotations from James A. Garfield and William B. Allison. 49 Tryeffort, Emile, hearing before Judiciary Committee 55 Tutuila, statistics concerning 172 U Union Label, protection of 53 United States Navy , 256 288 INDEX. PAGK Uulted States, non-contiguous possessions of 172 Uiilted States, progress of, in material industries 242 United States, statistics concerning 230 V "Verplank" Bill ^*^ Vote in Presidential elections 240 W Wages, advance in 129 Wages and earnings, increase of 13o Wages and prices 8, 128 Wages and prices in Germany 132 Wages, comparison of United States and Foreign Countries 133 Wages, the dollar left over ' 65 Wage-earners, increase of 175 Wage-earners, occupation of 197 Wages, increase of 174, 175 Wages per hour, relative 131, 140 Wages In watch factories 117 Wages In Germany, Great Britain and the United States 145 Walker Tariff 81 Waltham Watch Company, charge concerning 116 Warren, Francis E., extract from speech of, on free hides 156 Waste, wealth from 158 Watch Industry, women and children employed in 117 Watch Question, Representative Tirrell on 116 Watch Sales, Representative Boutell on 120 Washington Post on Good Times in Midsummer 265 Watch-making, why we lead Great Britain 261 Watches in Great Britain 255 Watches, number of, made at home and abroad 255 Watches, sold cheaper abroad than at home . : 118 Watch Trust, The 116 Watson, James E., speech of, concerning anti-trust proceedings....