s gl&AavaaiH^^ ^lUBRARYQ^ -^lllBRARYQ^ ^^WEUNIVER% ^lOS ANGElfX;> '^(!/0jnV3J0V o K IV /^^ \ o "^^AaviaiH^ "^^Aavaaii-i^ o '^/5a3AIN^•3\\^^ ,^\^EUNIVER% ^lOSANCElfj-^ o '^/ja]AiNa-3\\v ,^WE•UNIVERS•/A ^VlOSANCElfx^ ^HIBRARYO^^ ^illBRARYQ^ ^J'ilJDNVSOl^ %il3AINai\\V^ ^d/OJIlVDJO^ '%OJIlV>jO^ ^^WEUNIVERJ/^ ^lOSANCElfx^ ^.^OFrALIF0% ,^OFCALIF0/?4^ ^llIBRARYa(^ ^OJIWDJO^ ^OFCAllFOiP/j^ ^OJITVDJO^ AWEUNIVERVa ^J'ilJONVSOl^^^ ^•lOSANCElfj>. O S :5 "^/sajAiNn-jwv^ ^OFCAIIFO% ^\MEUNIVER% ^lOSANCElfX^ CO ^M Digitized by tlie Internet Arcliive in 2007 witli funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/completeplionograOOmunsiala THE COMPLETE PHONOGRAPHER. AND REPORTER'S GUIDE j^N iisrDXJCTivii: EXPOSiTioisr of PHONOGRAPHY, WITH ITS APPLICATION TO ALL BRAXCHES OP REPORTING, AND AFFORDING THE FULLEST INSTRUCTION TO THOSE WHO HAVE NOT THE ASSISTANCE OF AN ORAL TEACHER; ALSO INTENDED AS A SCHOOL-BOOK. REVISED EDITION. By JAMES E. MUNSOK, . OFFICIAL STENOGRAPHER, N. T. SUPERIOR COCRT; LAW AXD CEXEUAL VERBATIM REPORT - EB si>'CE 1857; AtrriioR op the "dictioxary op practical phoxogra- PHY," ETC., AXD editor OP " ilUSSOX'S PUOXOCRAPHIC NEWS." NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, F R A IT K L I N SQUARE. ■J 8 T 7. Copyright, 1877, by James E. Mcnson. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S6C, by James E. M u n s o n, In the Office of the Libriiriiin of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. The first edition of the Complete Phonographer was published in December, 1866. During the ten years that it has been before the public many old phonographers have been converted to the new sys- tem of Practical Phonography, attracted by the simplicity of its fun- damental principles and the completeness of its practical adaptation to the requirements of the verbatim reporter. And the number of new phonographers who have acquired their first and only knowledge of shorthand from this source is legion. In fact, the system has ad- vanced so rapidly in public favor that it is now the most popular in n America. u As was naturally to be expected, however, further experience, in- cluding the preparation of a Phonographic Dictionary, has added to e the author's knowledge of the application of phonography to the writ- is ing of the language ; and from time to time changes of a minor char- — acter have been made in the details of the system, until the old edition ceased to be a perfect exponent of it. To remove this defect in the text-book, and to render it a much more efficient instructor than ever P before, a thorough revision has been made, so that it corresponds in ^ every respect with the system as it is now best written, z The chief changes that have been made, and to which special at- ~> tention is invited, are the following: 1. The order of the Alphabet of Consonant Signs, on page 18, is restored to that originally used in the early editions of Phonography, uj namely, />ee, hee, tee, dee, ch.ay,jay, hay, gay, ef, vee, ith, dhee (pro- t nounced the), ess, zee, ish, zhee, lee, er, ree, em, en, ing, way, yay, P hay. Several changes in the text have been made, that were neces- sitated by this change in the order of the consonant arrangement. 2. The list of Word-signs has been perfected, and the arrangement made to correspond with the changed order of the Alphabet of Con- sonants. 3. The chapter on Prefixes and SuflSxes has been entirely rewrit- ten, and some new and important features added. 4. Two lists of Word-signs and Contractions are given, one ar- 1 IV PEEFACE TO THE KEVISED EDITION. ranged in the order of tlie A, B, C Alphabet, and the other in the order of the Alphabet of Phonographic Consonant Signs — the first as used while writing phonography, and the other while reading it. These lists have been kept within small compass by confining them to the abbreviated outlines of primitive words only ; and they are to be thoroughly memorized so that they can be written and read without any hesitation. When this has been done, the outlines of the words derived from them will be readily formed by general rules. But for the sake of ready reference, and to prevent possible error, a third list, comprising the outlines of derivatives, has been also added. This mode of presenting the Word-signs and Contractions will render their acquisition much easier than ever before. 5. The chapter on Phrase-writing has been rewritten, new matter added, and the List of Phrases considerably extended. 6. The chapter on Reporting has been enlarged, and a great num- ber of forms for the use of the reporter introduced. In this depart- ment will be found a fund of information as to the details of reporting that is to be obtained in no other work on shorthand writing. 7. The Reading Exercises are entirely new, and consist of forty instead of thirty-two pages, as in the former editions. They are given in a plain, bold style of phonographic outlines, that are much more legible than those in the old exercises, or than are usually given in phonographic books. 8. The " Lessons" are also new, and greatly improved. These, together with the Reading Exercises, have been compiled and ar- ranged with special reference to their efficiency in school instruction. 9. The book closes with extended Writing Exercises for the use of the teacher and the advanced learner, and a complete set of Ques- tions on the entire course. The author wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to Mr. C, A. Walworth for suggestions and assistance during the prepara- tion of these revisions. Mr. Walworth's experience as a teacher of phonography for many years, and especially during the past six years in the College of the City of New York, and at the New York Institute of Phonography, have given him a commanding position as an instructor in the Art of Shorthand. The new Reading Exercises and " Lessons" are the result of his individual labor. The drafting of the forty pages of Reading Exercises was done by Mrs. Amalia Berrian, a lady whose enthusiasm for the " beautiful art" is only equalled by the wonderful speed and skill that she has been able to attain in writing it. J. E. M. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The use of Phonography by shorthand wi-iters has become so gen- eral, and the superiority of the system over all other kinds of i-te nography so universally acknowledged, that it is now unnecessary to say anything of its comparative merits, or to press its claims upon the public, for no one about to commence the study of shorthand would think for a moment of taking up any other. The principles, too, of the Science of Phonetics, upon which Phonography is based, are, in a sort of general way, so commonly understood, that an extended ex- plajiation of them seems to be no longer necessary. It is, however, highly proper, on presenting this new phonographic instruction-hook to the public, that I should state my reasons for so doing, and more es- pecially as it introduces several important modifications of. the system. The leading features of Phonography are the result of the labors of Mr. Isaac Pitman of England, who for nearly thirty years has devoted much of his time to its development and propagation ; but the high degree of perfection to which it has been brought, is owing in great measure to the suggestions of thousands of practical phonographers, both in England and the United States. This mode of development has its merits and demerits. Coming as it has from the brains of such a vast number and variety of people, Phonography possesses a richness of material which could hardly have been obtained in any other way ; but, on the other hand, this kind of growth has had a tendency to render the system less uniform and consistent in matters of detail than it would have been had it emanated from a single mind. Now, my first aim has been to restore, as far as possible, simplicity and harmony, by adhering to general principles and discarding all imnecessajy expedients ; and my second, to more completely adapt the system to the requirements of the reporter. Mr. Pitman, in his very laudable desire and efforts to bring the benefits of Phonography within reach of the masses of England, has seriously, and as I thin unnecessarily, impaired it as a mere system of stenography. Thi work, however, has been prepared expressly in the interest of report ing, and hence everything that would tend to hinder the learner in acquiring a kno»»lodge of the ait for that purpose, has been omitt««L VI PKEFACE. With this end in view, what is termed the " CorrespouJing Style'' tif Phonography has been entirely discarded, because its tendency was to foster a disconnected and lengthy style of writing wholly incom- patible with reporting habits ; for, as it is a principle of the human mind that first impressions are the most lasting, it often takes years of practice to fully acquire the "Keporting Style'' when the writer has once indulged himself for any considerable time in the use of the "Corresponding." In fact, I have often heard many of the oldest reporters say (and I will add that it also accords with my own expe- rience) that in very rapid reporting they were still troulled with a tendency to use long and disconnected forms ; or, in other words, to return to the forms and style of writing that they used while learning. Therefore, instead of dividing Phonography into two distinct styles, one to be used as a stepping-stone to the other, I have treated it as one unbroken system, and have endeavored to furnish a series of les- sons that will conduct the learner as rapidly as possible, and withoui any intermediate halting, directly to a knowledge of the principlei and practice of the art in its highest development. The other most important changes that I have made are those of simplification ; and in this respect I have merely adhered or returned to established rules and principles where other authors have departed from them. And this has been done at an occasional sacrifice of apparent brevity, though not of real or practical brevity ; for it must bo born« in mind that swift writing is quite as much a mental as a man ujd process, and consequently any attempt to shorten the outlines of words by exceptional expedients, or by deviations from general rules, is only transferring the labor from the fingers to the brain, and should never be done unless the gain in brevity is very marked, as the hesitation caused by the anomalous form is apt to more than con- sume the time saved by the relief to the hand. These seemingly obvious principles have heretofore been but little understood by writ- ers on the subject of Phonography, and the system has in consequence become so complicated by exceptional forms and expedients that it has as yet failed to exhibit its full powers. In one of the earliest Ameri- can phonographic books^ this tendency to complication is noticed and deprecated. The writer says, " Who does not know that % few hun- dred words subject to exceptional or particular rules throw doubt and uncertainty over every word in the language." Tliis remark must not, however, be construed as condemning the use of contractions, *or, to use the words of the same writer, "imperfect skeletons create ao confusion, inasmuch as if the contraction happens to be unknown * ITie PhoDographic Word-Book No. 1, by Andrews & Bojlc. 1S19. PEEFACE. Vll to the writei, he merely writes the word in full, and no breach of any rule is committed ; while, when known, they contribute to brevity, and seldom, in any case, cause any difficulty in reading. They ought, therefore, to be provided for, and are not to be considered as falling under the condemnation of exceptional and particular rules." The chief material phonographic change introduced in this work, because it is the one upon which most of the other modifications de pend, is the adoption of the vowel-scale of Isaac Pitman's Tenth Edi- tion. This scale differs from the old one in the inversion of the order »f the dot-vowels (the dash- vowels remaining the same as before), a* shown in the following arrangements : OLD SCALE. NEW SCALE. e, i — aw, o ah, a — aw, o a, e — 6, ii &, e — 6, u. ah, a — 00, 65 e, i — oo, 65 So radical a change as this would not be adopted by me except for what I consider to be good, and, indeed, imperative reasons ; in fact, nothing would justify it unless it can be shown that the new scale offers some very considerable advantages over the old. This, how- ever, I think I shall have no difficulty in fully demonstrating. But, as no gains can ever be secured in Phonography by introducing changes, without some corresponding losses, and as such losses are always sure to present themselves to the casuai observer a great deal sooner, and with much more force, than the gains, it will be necessary for me to state this matter somewhat in detail. The most important fundamental principle of Phonetics is what is termed the "Second Law" of Dr. Latham, which requires "that sounds within a determined degree of likeness be represented by signs within a determined degree of likeness ; while sounds beyond a certain degree of likeness be represented by distinct and different signs, and that uniformly." The observance of this law in the arrangement of the various details of the phonographic system has made it the most perfect and scientific method of shorthand writing ever devised. In the representation of the consonant-sounds the rule has been strictly carried out, and, although a few exceptions occur, they are only such as could not possibly be avoided. Thus, we see the four Gutturals kay, gay, ing, and hay represented by four of the horizontal signs ; the six Palatals chay, jay, ish, zhce, ree, and yay by signs inclined to the right ; the six Dentals tee, dee, ees, zee, ith, and dhee by perpendicular signs ; and the five Labials^, hee, ef, vee, and way by signs inclined to the left. Again, the distinction between the breath-consonants and the sub vocals is very appropriately marked by a mere difference in Vlll fEEFACE. the Blia4ling. Bat when we come to the vowels, a vei f material d» viation is seen, for in the old vowel-scale this important law seensi to have been in a measure ignored or violated, and that without tlie excuse of a real or even apparent necessity. By examining into the nature of the vowel-sounds it will be found that they are susceptible of three different and distinct classifications ; namely, into long and short vowels, palatals and labials, and into open and close vowels. Now, in the old vowel-scale the first two of these classifications are very appropriately and fully shown ; the first by employing heavy signs for long, and light signs for short vowels ; and the second, by writing the palatals with dot-signs, and the labials with dashes. But the tliird, and the most important classification practically, and the one that should have been indicated by the marked distinction of dif- ference of position, is entirely overlooked. In the new vowel-scale this glaring defect is removed, and the consistency and harmony of the system completely restored. Still, if the innovation had not carried along with it great practical benefit, as well as the mere mental satis- faction of being right in principle, I should probably never have felt justified in making it. Indeed, it was the practical gain to be derived from the change which first attracted my attention. But I have found in this instance, as on many other occasions while preparing this work, that it was impossible to separate principle from practice, and that the more implicitly I obeyed general and fundamental rules, and the more closely I adhered tc correct principles, rejecting as much as possible all expedients and compromises, the less difficulty I had with my practice. In the early part of my experience as a shorthand reporter, some eight or nine years ago, I found, and I had also heard it remarked by others, that in swift writing a great deal of uncertainty waa oftentimes caused by the indistinctness of the tick or dash word-signs, arising from the liability, on the one hand, of mistaking them for half- length signs, and on the other, of confounding them with the dot word- signs. This difficulty I conceived the idea of remedying, by substi- tuting for these ticks, full-length stem signs, which would not only oflfer the great advantage of being always distinct, but, as a compen- sation for loss of brevity owing to the increased length, and sometimes the curvature of the new signs, would furnish much greater facility in phrase writing, from the application to them of the various principles of abbreviation and consonant modification, which was not possible with the tick-signs. But at the very outset of my attempt I encoun- tered a serious obstacle, and one which for a time seemed insurmount able. I found that as the vowels were then arranged it would be imoossible to effect anything but a i)artial reform in this respect, ex PREFACE. IX cept by throwing a great many words out of their proper posit(on8. and thus, while removing one defect, introduce or augment anothei perhaps equally undesirable. However, after a long series of experi- ments, in which Mr. Charles E. Wilbour gave me very valuable as- sistance, I discovered that by reversing the order of the dot-vowela of the old scale, the difficulty of position would also disappear ; and I immediately adopted the new scale, introduced the proposed change in rngard to tlie word -signs, and have continued to use these improve- ments ever since. There are also other advantages that have arisen from the use of the new scale, one of the most important and practical of which is the in- creased legibility it gives to Phonography. Formerly,- when broad, open vowels were paired with close ones, if by accident, in writing vocalized Phonography, a first-place vowel was a sort of "neutral,'' that is, neither a proper dot nor a proper dash, we had to choose be- tween the dissimilar sounds e and aw, — the one not being at all sug- gestive of the other. In the new scale we have to choose between ah and aw, two sounds so similar that the one would, in all probability, immediately suggest the other. Thus, an occasional stumbling in the reading of phonographic writing, owing to uncertainty as to the in- tended character or length of a vowel-sign, is rendered much less likely to occur in the new scale than in the old. It is also properly claimed by the advocates of the new scale that it is an improvement upon the old one, because in practice it renders the process of writing the vowel-signs much briefer and more simple than it was before. For instance, as the short vowel a (the sound of a in mad) is much oftener used than the vowel t (the sound of i in pin) as the initial sound of words, and as it is the common practice of phonographers, although in deviation from the general rule, to write the signs of initial vowels before commencing to write the consonant outline, it follows that a is more conveniently, as well as most appropriately, written in the first position. Again, the sound t is best written in the third position, because that vowel (which is often represented in the common spelling by the letter y) occurs much more frequently than any other at the end of words, and immediately preceding the last consonant or syllable of a word. By writing first according to the old scale, and then according to the rew, such words as pity, city. At- laniic, ability, aptly, fossil, many, etc., the gain will be very apparent. Then, too, the third position for final t comes more easily to the writer's hand than does the first, because there is an analogy between Iho position which it now occupies in a phonographic outline, and its {(osition in the common spelling of the word, — being in both cases at the end. X PRfiFACE. The grea,lc6t practical benefit, however, that comes from the WM of the new arrangement of the vowels, is the increased legibility ii gives to unvocalized Phonography, by more generally throwing worda that contain the same or similar consonants into different positions The reason of this is, that as in the case of such words the consonants cease to be a means of distinction, there is a natural tendency to make it by a marked difference between the sounds of the vowels, and espe- cially those upon which the accent falls ; and, hence, as in the new scale those vowels that differ most in sound are represented by signs that differ most in position, and as words are written in the position of their accented vowels, it follows that words of similar outlines will be more likely to take positions distinct from each other, than If the old scale were used. It was this very peculiarity of the ncM scale that so readily and completely solved the problem— of which mention has already been made — of replacing the tick-signs by simple stems, without detriment to the system. It has been a common fault with writers of stenographic books, from the beginning of shorthand down to the present day, to plagiarize to an unlimited extent from other authors, trusting no doubt to the almost universal ignorance of the public in regard to the art, or to its mystery, to screen their wholesale piracies from detection. To the honor of authors of phonographic works, however, it should be said, that they have very generally been exceptions to this rule. In emula- tion of the more honorable of these writers, and also by way of a per- sonal acknowledgment on my part to those who have so kindly and freely assisted me in preparing this work, I propose, as briefly as pos- sible, to give the credit of the more unportant changes now intro- duced, to whom it rightfully belongs. There is probably no one phonographer who has contributed more to the later improvements of Phonography than Mr. Wilbour. It was he, I believe, who first suggested the plan of distinguishing on all curves the ^hook from the r-hook by making the former large and the latter small ; thus removing the necessity for the inconsistency of changing the forms of/, v, Vt, dh, m, and n, when the r-hook was attached, and of making exceptions to the r and Z-hook principle, of the letters s, z, I, ng, n, m, h, w, y, and downward and upward r. We are also indebted to him for the — Order of Writing- Order of Reading— Camion : The Circle Joined to Up-Stroke Stems— Vocalization when the Ciuole Oocues in the Middle OF A WouD— Uses of the Circle— Exceptions— When the Stem-Sign should be Used instead of the Circle 40-43 THE LARGE CIRCLE. Kame and Use of the Large Circle— The Large Circle Joined to Consonant-Stems —Vocalization of Stems with the Laege Cikole Attached — Vocalization of the Large Circle— Ess and Zee Sounds Distinguished— Loops for ST or ZD, AND CTR— Small Loop, ST or ZD— Large Loop, STR— Names of the Loops— Vocalization of Stems with Loops Attached— Small Loop Shaded for ZD— The Small Circle Added to SIS, ST, and STR 43-45 RULES FOR THE USE OF ISO, SDEE, EL, LEE, ER, AND REE. Uses of Ish— Uses of Shee— Either Ish or Shee— Uses of El— Uses of Lee— Either El or Lee— Uses of Er— Uses of Ree— Either Er of Ree 45-4T GROUP CONSONANTS AND THEIR SIGNS-INITIAL HOOKa The Liquids L and R— The El-Hooks— The Er-Hooks— Names of the El and Er Hook Combinations — Caution— Mnemonic Assistance in Learning the El and Er Hook Signs — ^Vocalization of Double Consonant-Signs — Order of Read- ing Vocalized Double Consonant-Signs — Uses of the El and Er Hook Signs- El or Er Hook Signs Joined to Precedinsr Stems— Exception, Rel— Special Vocalization— Two Forms for SL, SR, ZL, ZR— Their Uses at the Com- mencement of Words — The Ess-Circle Prefixed to the El and ErHook Signs — The Circles and ST Loop Prefixed to the Straight Er-Hook Signs— Order of Reading Vocalized Spel and Sper Signs — The Wat Hook— The Yay Hook — Hook fob En, In, or Un— Name and Use of the Initial En-Hook 47-53 FINAL HOOK AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS. Ef and Vee Hooks — Names of the Ef-Hook Compounds — Vocalization — Rule for Writing— Rule for Reading— Ef and Vee Distingnished— Ef and Vee Hook on Curves— En;Hook— Names of the En-Hook Compounds — Vocalization — When an Ef or En Hook should Not be Used — Suun Hooks— Names of the Shnn- Hook Compounds — Vocalization — Shen Used instead of Shnn— Small Hook for Shun— Its Name— Hook foe TR, THR, or DHR— Names of the Tr-Hook and its Compounds— Ter and Der Distingnished— Special Vocalization of the Ter- Hook — Circles and Loops Added to the Final Hook Signs — Ess-Circle Added to the Ef, Shnn, Ter, and Curved En-Hook Signs— Circles and Loops Added to the Straight En-IIook Signs— Names of the Combinations of Stems, TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV Final Hooks, aud Circles or Loops — Caution : The En-Hook Circles Seldom Ueed in the Middle of Words— Ess-Circle Used for Eus— The Ess-Circle aud Ishuu Added to the En-Hook Circles aud Loops— The Ess-Circle Added to Ishuu— Final Hooks Used in the Middle of Words— Circle Inside of Hooks— Lengtuening — Double -Length Curved Signs — Names of Double-Length Curves— Positions of Lengthened Stems— Positions of Horizontal Stems- Positions of Downward Lengthened Curves— Positions of Up ward Lengthened Curves— Vocalization of Lengthened Curves— Final Hooks Read Before the Added Consonants— Lengtheuing of Straight Stems with Final Hooks— Final Circle or Loop to be Read After the Added Consonants— Special Vocalization —Halving— Half- Length Stems— Names of the Half-Length Signs- Caution : Halving of Stems with Final Circles or Loops Attached— Positions of Half- Lenotu Stems— Horizontal Stems— Perpendicular and Inclined Stems— Vo- calized Half-Length Signs— Order of Reading— Dee and Tee Distinguished— Special Remarks upon tub Half-Lengtus — Improper Joinings— Sbt After Ef or Vee— Straight Half-Lengths in Same Direction Not Allowed— Syllables Ted and Ded— Half-Lengths Disjoined— Est Struck Upward— Medial Vowel After Half-Length— Stem-Signs for Tee or Dee Before a Final Vowel— Am- biguous Outlines, How Avoided— Half-Length Lee for Lt— The Stems Lee-Dee for Ld— Half-Length Ree for Rt, etc.— Two Vowels before Final Tee or Dee- Final Dee Preceded by El, Ree, or En, etc.— Upward and Downward Stems Halved Page 53-C3 GROUP VOWELS AND THEIR SIGNS— IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. General Remarks — Coalescence of the Double -Vowels — Composition of the Double-Vowels— Remarks on the Double-Vowel Signs — Table of Double- Vowel Sighs — Simple Signs instead of Double Allowable — Treble Vowel- SiGNS- Same Sign Used for Other Double or Treble Vowels— License as to Direction of the Group-Vowel Signs 64-<56 ADDITIONAL CONSONANT-SIGNS. Dot-Sign for H— Tick or Dot-Sign with Wh— Brief Signs for W and Y— The Nom- inal Consonant ^^ STENOTYPY, Consonants- 'Shee,' 'Lee,' 'Re,' and 'Ess'— Stenotypes of Stems and of Cir- cles, Hooks, etc.. Distinguished— Stenotypes of Shaded Circles, etc.— Steno- types of Outlines Containing More than One Stem— Ess -Circle Between Stems— Vowels 6T-70 GENERAL REMARKS ON OUTLINES OF WORDS. Bpkoial Dikeotions as to Certain Outlines- Initial Letters— Final Syllables _'.Ly'— '-Ry'— '-Ty'— 'In' and ' On '— ' -Ture '— The Past Tense TO-73 ABBREVIATION. Omission of Vowels- Vowels to be Omitted— Vowels to be Inserted— Woeds Distinguisued by Diffeeenoe of Outline, Position, etc.— Words Com- mencing with 'II,' 'Im,' 'In,' 'Ir,' 'Un,' 'En'— List of Words Distinguished by Difference of Outline, Position, or Vocalization— Omission of Conso- nants— Woeo- Signs— List of Word -Signs— 'Now' and ♦ New '— Conteao- TioNS— Prefixes and Suffixes— Prefixes— Suffixes— Omission of Certain Conso- nants—Words Ending in ' -ntial-ly '—Omission of Hooks— List of Word-Signs and Contractions— A, B, C Order— Phonographic Order- Remakks on tue WoEii-SiGNs AND CoNTKAOTioNs— Same Sign for Present and Past Tenses— The Plural of Nouns- The Possessive Case of Nouns— Third Person Singular of Verbs— Same Sign for Adjective and Adverb "4-18 XYl TABLE OF CONTENTS. PHKASEOGRAPHY. Two Kinds of Phrases— Cieoles and Loops — 'As,' 'Has,' 'Is,' 'His,' or 'Us- Added by the Ess-Circle— Caution in Regard to 'Us'— 'To,' 'It,' or 'The' Added by Changing the Circle to a Small Loop— 'There," Their,' or 'They are' Add- ed by Changing the Circle to a Large Loop— Tub Hooks — ' All' or ' Will' Add» cdby the El-Hook— ' Are," Our,' or 'Or' Added by the Er-Hook— ' We' Adde4 by the Way-Hook—' You' or 'Your' Added by the Yay-Hook— ' In' Added by the In-Hook— ' Have' or 'Of Added by the Ef-Hook— ' And,' 'An,' 'Own,' •Been,' or 'Thau' Added by the En-Hook— ' There,' 'Their,' 'They are,' or 'Other' Added by the Ter-Hook, and by Lengthening— 'The,"It," Had,' or 'To' Added by Halving— 'After' Added by the Ef-Hook and Lengthening Principle— 'Another' Added by the En-Hook and Lengthening Principle— •Its' Added by the Halving Principle and Ess-Circle— 'Not' Added by the En-t Hook and Halving Principle— Combination of Foregoing Principles— Words Written by an Initial and Final Modification of the Preceding Stem— Position OF Phrase-Siqus, etc. — Exceptions — Certain Words Distinguished— ' Ever' and 'Have' Distinguished— Ticks for 'I,' 'A,* 'An,' and 'And'— Hooks on Ticks— 'I,' 'A,' or 'And' followed by 'Com' or 'Con'— Tick for 'The' and 'He'— Joining of Ticks with Circles, Loops, etc. — '-Ing The' and '-Ing A-n'— Brief Signs for 'We,' •Would,' and 'You*— 'Of Omitted— 'Of Followed by • Com' or • Con' — ' To' or ' Too' Omitted and Indicated by a Fourth Position— 'From— To' Omitted— 'And' Omitted— Rules fok Pubase-Wbitino— General Rule — Special Rules — List of Pubases — Special Phbase and Woed Conteao- TioNS Page 99-lU PUNCTUATION AND OTHER MARKS. Geneeai. Remaeks o:f PimcTtiATroN— The Period— Exclamation and Interroga- tion Points— ParenthflfECs andBrackels— Dash— Accent— Emphasis — Capitals — Initials of Peopee Names, etc Consonant Initials — Caution — ^Vowel In- itials — Initials of Titles— Numbees, etc.- Phonographic Figures 112-115 Fobms Modified by Motion 116 'on PREPARING COPY AND READING PROOF. Pkepaeation of Copt — Peoof- Reading — Specimen of a Coeeeoted Peoof- Sheet— Speoimen on Oppositb Page Cobbkoted — The Crowning of Pe- trarch 117-121 REPORTING. Genebal Remabks— Speed of Phonography— Speed Required of Amanuenses and Reporters— Legibility of Phonography— Time Necessary to Acquire Speed- Materials Used in Writing Phonography— Law Repoeting — Form of Law- Reports— Poems — First Page, Forms 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5— On Taking Notes in Law Repoeting— Name of Witness, etc.— Question and Anfewer Distinguished —Passages Marked for Correction— Cases Cited— Hints on Transcribing— Newspapee Repoeting— Appendix 122-140 Phonographic Reading Lessons 149 Course of Lessons 191 Trip Throusrh the Land of Contractions 203 Additional Writing Exercises. 205 Key to Miscellaneous Articles 215 Questions on the Complete Phonographer 224 New Classification and Arrangement of Consonant-Signs 239 EXPLANATION OF TERMS. Pno-NET'ics, Pho-nol'o-gt, or Phon'ics (from cpuvr;, a sound, tone). The science which treats of the different sounds of the human voice and their modifications. The style of spelling in accordance with this science is called Phonetic ; the common style, such as is used in this book, being called Romajjic, because the alphabet employed was de- rived from that which was used by the Romans. Pho-not't-py (from (puvrj, and Tuiros, a type). The art of repre- senting sounds by distinct characters or types ; also, the style of printing in accordance with this art. Pho'no-type. a type or character indicating a sound or modifica- tion of sound, used in phonotypic printing. Pho-nog'ea-puy (from (pwvr;, and ypaqjsiv, to vmte). A method of writing in which each sound has a distinct letter or character ; also, a system of shorthand invented by Isaac Pitman. Pno'NO-GRArn. A type or character for representing a sound; a character used in Phonography. Pho-no-graph'ic. Relating to Phonography. Ste-nog'ka-puy (from tfTSvo'cr, narrow, close, and ypcKpsiv). The art of writing by means of brief signs which represent single sounds, groups of sounds, whole words, or groups of words. Note. — Stenography is a generic term, embracing all systems of short- hand or brief writing. Phonography included ; while Phonography is a specific name for a single system. In the arrangement and classification of the consonants at § 10, only the names of the sounds are given. The following table is the same, except that the phonographic signs are shown instead. Frtot-Mouth. Middle-Mouth. Back-Montb. \ 1 / \ 1 / ..i. ^v- ( ) J «<. ( ) J r -^ r TABLE OF COXSOXANTS. Phonographs. Name. Sound represented by the Phonograph. ' \ pee TP in copper. and P i n />ay. \ bee hh " ebb. b ' ' iay. 1 tee ed " lookec/, t ' ' tame. 1 ' 1 dee chay ed ich " loved, " match. d ' ch ' ' c/ame. ' chest. / jay 9 " <7em, J ' ' jest. kay c " can, k ' ' iilt. '^ gay ffue " lea^rae, 9 ' ' 5/ilt. V_ ef ph " phase, / ' ' /an. <<_ vee f " of, V ' ' ran. 42 ( ith ♦ a * ih ' ' thigh. 1 . ( dhee the " breathe. th ' ' thy. 1 ) ess c " 5'T. s ' ' «cal. ) zee s " was, z ' ' seal. J ish, shoe s " sure, sh ' ' slum. L -J zhee z " asure, s ' ' vision. i J - era en ing mb hi n " la;«6, " know, " finger, n ' ' hawi. ' «o. ' singer. •^ ^ r. el, lee In " ki/n. I • ' /ay. i- ^ er rr " burr. r ' ' fur. ^ ^ ree wr " write, r ' ' right. Hi . r way yay u e " persuade, " euchre. w ' ' wade. ' yon. Atpir j/e.^s hay wh " tp^ole, h ' ' /iole. 1 THE COMPLETE PHONOGRAPHER GENEEAL EEMAEKS. — PHONOGRAPHT DEFlNEi». § 1. Phonography, in the widest sense of the word, is the art of ex- pressing the sounds of a language by chaFacters or S3Tnhols, one charactei being appropriated exclusively to each sound. As usually understood, however, the term is applied to the system of Phonetic Short-hand, invented by Isaac Pitman, of Bath, England. CONSONANTS PEESENTED FIEST. § 2. In wi-iting according to the common long-hand method, all the letters of a word, both consonants and vowels, are written one after another, in the order in which they are pronounced. In writing pho- nographically this is not the case, but, as will be more fully explained hereafter, the consonant-signs and vowel-signs are wiitten separately, the consonant-signs being first written, and the vowel-signs afterward placed to them. Hence the more natural order of presentation, and the one adopted in this book, is to treat of the consonants first, and afterward of the vowels. SBIPLE CONSON"ANT SIGNS. CONSONANT DEFINED. ^ 8. A consonant is a sound made by either a complete or a partial contact of the organs of speech obstructing the sounding breath, in some degree varying from an entire break or stoppage of it, as ^ in rap, b in rob, etc., to a simple roughness or aspiration impressed upon a vowel sound, as h in heat, hate. NUMBER OF CONSONANTS. § 4. In the English language there are twenty- two simple consonant •ounds. This number does not include ch and j, which are considered compounds, as they are susceptible of being analyzed into simpler el©- ments ; ch seeming to be composed of t and sh, and j of d and z/t. 20 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEE. REMARKS OS THE TABLE OF CONSONANTS. § 5. Tlie table on page 18 exhibits all the characters used ia Phonog- ruphy to represent each and every simple consonant sound in our lan- guage, as well as the double sounds of ch and/. The first column con- tains the phonographic signs or letters, called phonographs ; the sec- ond, their names; and the third column furnishes examples of the power of each phonograph in the common spelling. In every case but one, two words are given ; the first in an unphondic or forced orthogra« phy, tending more to conceal than to indicate the true consonant sound, which must always be determined before it can be expressed by its proper phonographic sign ; while in the second the orthogra- phy is more natural, and the consonant sound less difficult to be ascertained. § 6. The object in thus presenting the irregular example first is to impress on the learner's mind at the very outset, the fact that the common spelling of words is no reliable guide to the phonographic ; for the sooner he learns not to associate the phonographic signs with the letters of the common alphabet, the more rapid will be his progress. § 7. If the attention be again directed to the column of phono- graphs in the table, it will be observed that the first sixteen are ar- ranged in pairs, one of each pair being a thin or light line, and the other a corresponding thick or heavy line. The reason of this arrangement is Important, and should be thoroughly understood. By comparing the sounds of any two signs thus classed together, it will be found that one is but a slight modification of the other ; that they are produced at the same point and by the same contact of the organs of speech in almost precisely the same manner, the only difference being that, in one case, the action of the organs is accompanied by a slight sound — a sound of the breath simply, and in the other, the same action is ac- c»mpanied by a partially suppressed vocal sound. This undertone or sub- vocal constitutes the only difference between the words 7>a^ and bee, tame and dame, chest and jest, kilt and gilt, fan and van, thigh and thg, seal and zeal, and shun and -sion in vision, given in the last column of examples. § 8. To follow nature, therefore, and preserve a correspondence be- tween signs and sounds, and to show their resemblance as well as difference, the light or breath consonants are represented by light or thin lines, and their corresponding heavy sounds by the same lines sha^,- payee, ^__y Noah. DIPHTHONG I JOINED TO CONSONANTS. § 58. When convenient, initial diphthong i is joined to the consonant ; thus, -^--- idea, I eyed, ^^ Iowa. COXSOXAXT POSITIONS. § 59. Each of the consonant-signs is written, with respect to the line of writing, in three different positions, corresponding with the three vow- el-positions, and, like them, respectively called Jirst, second, and third. § 60. In the following illustrations, the dot-line running under, over, or through the consonant-stem serves to indicate the line of writing. POSITIONS OF PERPENDICULAR AND INCLINED STEMS. § 6L The positions of perpendicular and inclined stems are as follows : First Position. — Above the line, one half the length of a tee; thus, \ pee, ~^ way, I tee, C yay. Second Position. — Resting on the line; thus, V^. ef, ...1... dee, .J...chay. Third Position. — Written through the line, so as to extend one half below ; thus, .\^. pee, ..L. dee. POSITIONS OF HORIZONTAL STEMS. ^ 62. The positions of the horizontal stems are as follows : First Position. — Above the line, the highest part of the stem distant from it the length of a tee ; thus, ''~~' em, ^^-^ ing, kay. Second Position. — The lower part of the stem resting on the line ; thus, ^.-v^ hay, ,^^ en, gay. Third Position. — A little below the line, but not touching it; thus, em, ing. JOINING TUE CONSONANT-STEMS. 33 JOINING THE CONSONANT STEMS. § 63. In writing a word phonographically, the first thing for the learner to do is, to analyze it into its elementary sounds. Having done this, the consonant-signs are then all to he written first, without taking off the pen ; the second sign commencing where the first ends, tiie third at the end of the second, and so on ; thiis, the consonantii of the words became and hiave are respectively V^.,'^ hee-hay-em and ^-^ en-vee. This is called the outline or skeleton of the word ; and no matter how many consonant-stems it may contain, they must all be writ- ten before any of the vowel-signs are inserted. The only exception to this is that when initial diphthong i is joined (^ 58), it must be written first. CONSONANT-STEMS EEPEATED. § 64. A straight consonant-stem is repeated by doubling its length ; thus, Q^iy-gcy, dee-dee, \^ bee-bee. § 65. Curved consonant-stems are repeated thus : ^'—y-^ em-em, ^^ vee-vee. MODE OF JOININa CERTAIN STEMS. § 60. There should always be an angle between the stems of the fol« lowing combinations : V^.-v.-' ef-en, L.v_^ vee-m, L-v_y vee-ing, (^""'"^ Ice-em, '^\ liay-ess. § 6t. "When two stems are joined that do not form a distinct angle, if one or both be heavy, they should be so blended that the precise point of junction shall not be discernible, as in the following exam- ples : ^v pee-bee, dee-tee, K ef-gay, K^ vee-hay, I dee-vce, V vet-gay, \^ bee-ing, (^^ dhee-ing, '^ hay-zee. § 68. There should be no angle between the stems of the combina- ticns \_^ pee-en, {^ ef-Jcay, (^_^iihen,\ dee-ef, (^~^ lee-er, (^ lee-ess, ^ — ^ lee-shee, (O lee^h, ^ em-ess. ORDER OP READIxa CONSONANT-STEMS. § 69. Tlie consonant-signs aie read in the same order that they are written. It will sometimes happen that a sign which is further along than another in the line of writing, must be read first ; thus, p-^ is read ish-dce, and not dee-shee ; for, by the rule, dee is written down- vrard, and as the signs must be made without taking off the pen, ife ia ob^'ious that the ^ was written first, and downward, and the j writ- ten lust. 34 THE COMPLETE PHONOGKAPHEE. METHOD OF WKiriNG YOWELS BETWEEN consona:nt signs. § 70. Vowels and diphthongs occnrring between two consonants^ are written according to the following BirUB. 1. All first-place, and all long second-place vowels are written to the stem which precedes them ; thus, "V-^ balm, \ — . back, ,,>■__ file, \ bake. 2. All short second-place, and all third-place vowels are written to the stem which follows them ; thus, \ • beek, l\ dumb, -l^- tomb, '^" pull, ...rr" rick. EXCEPTIONS. (a) The rule as to first and third place vowel-signs may be violated where its observance would throw a vowel into an angle, and thus oc- casion ambiguity. The vocalization in — --.— t— is better than in "vll/""""v3"""" ^'''^ nick-nack. (5) When two simple vowel-sounds, or a simple vowel and a diphthong, occur between two consonant-stems, and both, according to the rule, would be written to the same consonant, write one to each stem If convenient ; thus, ••j::^^- cooing, '■■J>- duel. Sometimes it is prefer- able to write both to the same stem ; thus, •\^.. puerile. POSITION OF WORDS. § 71. There are three positions, with respect to the line of writing, (n which the consonant outlines of words may be written. These po- sitions correspond with the three vowel-positions, and, like them, are called first, second, and third respectively. A w^ord is assigned to one of these positions according as it has in its accented syllable a vowel which would be represented by a first, second, or third place vowel-sign. If a word be a monosyllable, the position to which it should be as fiigned, is determined by the place of its only vowel. WHEN A WOKD IS WKITTEN IN POSITION. § 72 A word is said to occupy a particular position when its first perpemUculcr or inclined consonant-stem is written in it, in accordance with §§ 59, 61, and 62. If, however, the consonant outline consists entirely of horizontal stems, the position of the first determiaes the PHONOGKAPHIO AJSALYSIS. 35 pocdtioii of the word, as all of the stems must necessarily fall in the same line. Throughout this work, the line of writing is indicated, in connection with words of the first and third positions, by the dot-line. All words that occur without the line of writing being so represented are to be regarded as belonging to the secmid position. EXAMPLES. First Position : ^ \ cap, %-_ fowl, . >-. foil, .fTTiC?. '^^"'> ?--" ^^ C_ cdihe. Second Position : ^ pail, pale, /\ rope, ~Y gale, 'p Kelly, ^-s make. Third Position: '"S^" fad, ■■^" fed, "^^^-coop, -^ king, -^^-me, \^):. bushy. MENTAL AND MANUAL PROCESS IN'WRITrNO PHONOGRAPHY. § 73. Before commencing to write a word phonographically, the Writer must determine what are its consonant-sounds, and also its ac- cented vowel. Then its consonant outline is written in the proper word-position, as directed at §§ 71 and 72 ; and lastly, the vowel-signs are written to the consonant-stems in accordance with §§ 41 and 70. But, as the beginner will find it difficult to carry the consonant outline of a long word in his memory while his attention is directed to ascertaining the accented vowel and its position, it will be well for him, in his early practice, first to write the outline without regard to position, and then, when he has determined what is its accented vowel, to rewrite it ra its proper position. PHONOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS. GENERAL RULE. § 74. It may be stated, as a general rule, that before the learner is pre- pared to write a word with its proper phonographic signs, he must first analyze it into its elementary sounds, observing to carefully distinguish the consonants from the vowels. § 75. If the common orthography of our language were phonetic,— that is, if each sound had a letter of its own, which always represented it wherever it occurred, the student of Phonography would need no other instruction in analysis than the general rule given in the last section. But unfortunately this is not the case. An alphabet of twenty-six letters, three of which (c, q, and x) have no sounds of their 2* SG THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPBEE. own, thus practically reducing the number to twenty-three, is com- pelled to attempt the service of representing some forty different and distinct sounds. This disparity between the number of sounds and tha number of signs to represent them, is the source of so many defects in our written language, and has caused the adoption of such an irregular and whimsical orthography, that the analysis of words into their true elements, to one who is unaccustomed to it, is rendered exceedingly fUfficult. It therefore becomes necessary to furnish assistance to the earner in overcoming these difficulties which beset him at the very ommencement of his course. THE EAB MISLED BY TUB EYE. § 76. The principal cause of embarrassment is the liability of the ear, in the comparison of sounds, to be misled by the eye, which is itself deceived from seeing frequently the same sound, in different words, represented by different letters, or different sounds represented by the same letter. Thus, the sounds of ph and of / in Fhilip and fillip, differ in their representation to the eye, but to the ear they are identical. The sounds of th in thigh, and of th in thj, differ to the ear, but to the eye seem the same. In Phonography, the sign ef would be used to represent the sound of both ph and /, while the two soundg of th would be represented by the two signs Uh and ihee. WORDS SPELLED ALIKE BUT PRONOUNCED DIFFERENTLY. § 77. Sometimes words that are written alike in the common spell- ing, are pronounced differently ; as bow, an instrument for shooting arrows, and bow, an act of respect ; Job, a piece of work, and Jb6, a man's name ; tow, a number ranged in line, and row, a tumult. In all such cases the phonographic spelling changes to correspond with the change of sound or pronunciation. WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE BUT SPELLED DIFEERENTLY. ^ 78. In some cases where a sound is used for the expression of sev- eral ideas, a difference is made in the common spelling corresponding to a difference in signification ; thus, ak, ail ; ark, arc; aught, ouglit, etc. As such words are alike in sound, they are written alike in Phonography. CAUTION RESPECTING CH, SH, TH, AND NO. § 79. The sounds of ch in chest, sh in she, th in thigh or thg, and t^f in iiig, are not the natural sounds of the combinations c and h, s and h, and h, and n and g, but they are simple single sounds, for which titp combinations ch, sh, th, and ng are conventional modes of expression. The learner must be careful to reoresent them resnectivelv with the PHONOGKAPHIO ANALYSIS. 37 signs chay, ish, ith or thee, and ing, and not to write ess-hay for ch or sh, tee-hay for th, or en-gay for ng. It should also be noted, that the com- bination ng has two sounds, — that of ing, as heard in sing, singer, ftatifer, and that of ing gay, in the words linger, hunger, etc. W AND Y AT THE E^■D OF SYLLABLES. § 80. TFand y, at the end of syllables, are never sounded as conso- nai'its. One of the most common errors of beginners is to write the strokes yjy and way at the end of such words as gay, day, pay, they, may, way, boy, toy, buy, cow, dew, caw, etc. In each of these words there is but one ■wnsonant-sound, and that is initial. In gay, day, they, etc., the com- pounds ay and cy, which are pronounced alike, have a pure simple vowel-sound, represented by the second-place heavy dot vowel-sign. lu boy, the soimd of oy is that of the diphthong oi. In buy, the sound of uy is that of the diphthong i. In cmo, ow has the sound of the diph- thong ow. In dew, the sound of ew is that of the diphthong ew. In eaw, aw has a pure simple vowel-sound which is represented by the first-place heavy dash vowel-sign. DOUBLE CONSONANT-SOUNDS KARB. § 81. It can not be too clearly understood that in words like pitted^ stabbing, massy, etc., there is no real reduplication of the sounds t, b, and s, respectively. The reduplication of the consonant is a conventional mode of expressing in the common orthography the shortness of the vowel preceding, an expedient which would be entirely unnecessary if each sound had a letter of its own, as is the case in Phonography. § 82. Real reduplications of consonant-sounds are extremely rare. In English they occur only in compound and derived words, where the original root either begins with the same consonant-sound as the final one of the prefix, or ends with the same that commences the suffix. § 83. In the following words we have true specimens of doubled consonant-sounds. Kay is doubled in book-case ; en in unnatural, unneces- sary, etc. ; em in immortal, immaterial, etc. § 84. A consonant-sound can never bo reduplicated in the same syllable ; hence, in Phonography, a single sign should be used to rep- resent all such double letters as are found in the vforda fagged, whipped, ibb,fuss, whizz, off , planned, programme, call, burr, etc. DISPAUITY IN NUMBER BETWEEN LETTERS AND SOUNDS. § 85. Another source of confusion is the frequent use of a larger num- ber of letters than there are sounds in a word. Thus, the word though has six letters and but two sounds ; through, seven letters and but tbre« A/lQJJ^.i 38 THE compij:te phonographee. sounds ; tcene, fire letters and three sounds ; day, dey, and a large num- ber of similar words, three letters and two sounds. C, Q, AND X. § 86. The letters c, q, and x of the old alphabet, have no sound* of their own. C sounds like k in can, like s in cell, like z in suffice, and like jA in comnercial. Q always has the sound of A; and x sounds like is in exercise, like ffz in exert, and like z in Xenophon. These letters, of voursc, hare nothing corresponding to them in Phonography, except that each of their different sounds has its appropriate sign, — c, in its dif- ferent uses, being represented by either kay, ess, zee, or ish ; q by hay, and X by kay-ess, gay-zee, or zee. N BEFORE THE SOUNDS OF KAT AND GAT. § 87. Before the sounds of kay and gay, n has generally the sound of ing instead of en ; as in ink, zinc, distinct, distinguish, anguish, etc. Its proper sign in such cases is ing. SILENT 1ETTEE3 OMITTED. § 88. All silent letters, such as 5 in debt, c in scene, ch in drachm, h in hour, k in know, etc., are, of course, omitted in Phonography, as signs are provided only for the sounds actually heard. § 89. It is not unfrequently the case that a letter is sounded in cer- tain words, while in others of similar orthography it is silent ; thus, I is sounded in bulk, bilk, elk, etc., but silent in balk, talk, chalk, etc. EINAt E GENEBAIXT SILENT. § 90. At the end of a large class of words the letter e is silent, being placed there simply as a conventional mode of indicating that the preced- ing vowel has its long sound ; as in the words fate, mete, ripe, tone, tune. The final e in these words represents no vowel-sound, its only office being to inform the reader that the preceding vowel is long, for by dropping this final letter, we have the words fat, met, rip, ton, tun. ' EW' NOT USED AFTER K. § 91. The diphthong ew is never heard after the consonant r. In the early editions of Webster's Dictionary the vowel « in such words as rude, rule is marked as if it were pronounced like u in tube ; but in later editions tliis sound is considered as that of oo in food. %Yorcester also says, "When « is preceded by r in the same syUable, it has the sound of 00 infool." Dr. Kussell, the elocutionist, says, "The vowel u, imme- diately preceded by the letter r, takes properly the sound of oo in rood. Or of 00 in roof," giving as examples the words rule, rude, fruit, true, etc. PHONOGEAPHIC ANALYSIS. 39 Walker also gives the same pronanciation. It therefore follows that the proper siga for the sound of u after r is the third-place heavy dash, and not the diphthong sign ew; thus, write -^--, and not —/\-, for the word rude. UXACCESTED VOWELS. GENIIRAX BTJL£. § 92. It is often difficult to determine satisfactorily the quality and quantity of vowel-sounds in unaccented syllables. That the learner may not be without some guide in this respect, it may be stated that in a majority of cases, when the precise quality can not be readily de^ termined, the vowel should be regarded as the short sound of the letter used to represent it in the common spelling ; thus, again, tenable, mental, metal, travel, refer, prefer, peruse, receipt, reform, peril, idol. And, gen- erally, when the quaUty is clear, but the quantity is in doubt, the short vowel is preferred to the long ; thus, e represents better than a, the sound of at in certain, captain. EXCEPTIOXS. § 93. Sometimes, however, unaccented vowels retain their proper long sound, and should be so written ; as a in the final syllable -ate, in carbonate, sulphate, vacate, mandate, etc. ; 5 in obey ; e in reseat, re-form (to form again), etoi And some writers always regard these obscure sounds as long in quantity and quality, except in cases where they clearly appear to be short ; thus, they would write e^ain, tenable, refer, etc. ; but mental, metal, etc. PHONOGRAPHIC SPELLING. ^ 94:. Although in Phonography there is, strictly speaking, no such thing as spelling, in the usual sense of the term, yet there is a process of analyzing words into their elements, and pronouncing the names Df those elements, very analogous to spelling, and which the learner will find to be an excellent practice for the purpose of training his ear and judgment to habits of accuracy and quickness in the discernment of sounds. In this phonographic spelling, the consonants should first be analyzed and named, afterward the vowels, then the consonants and vowels iu the order that they are spoken, and lastly, the complete word should be pronounced. An illustration of this process may be had by pronouncing the following words and syllables : ought, tee, aw, ttw-tee, ought ; own, en, o, o-en, own; me, em, e, etn-e, me; take, tee, hay, a, tee-a-kay, take; orb, er, bee, aw, aw-er-bee, orb ; elbow, lee, bee,e,o,e-le0-be6-o dbow The words and syllables separated by commas should be spoken deliberately, with considerable pause between, while those connected by hyphens are to be pronounced in rapid succession, with little orno paosa 40 THE COMPLETE PIIONOGKAPHEE. ESS AND ZEE CIRCLE. § 95. The s and z are consonant elements of such frequent recur- rence, that it has been found convenient to furnish them with an ad ■ ditional and briefer means of representation . The full or stem fonns are given in the Table of Consonants ; the other form is a small circle ; thus, o ess, zee. ^ 96. The circle is extremely useful because it affords great facility t>r joining the consonant-stems, and also because it compresses the writing into smaller space, thus tending to preserve its lineality. NAME OF THE S-CIRCLE. ^ 97. The s-circle, when not named in conjunction with a stroke-con- sonant, is called circle-ess. In this way a distinction is secured between its name and that of the stem or alphabetic sign. When joined to a stem, the circle is named with it. [See ^ 99.] METHOD OF JODnNO THE CIECLE TO CONSONANT-STEMS. § 98. The circle is joined to consonant-stems as follows : I. To single straight stems, by a motion from the right over to the left; thus, (^—o s-kay-s, f s-tee-s, \^ s-pee-s. II. To simple curved stems, by writing it on the inaide of the curve • t^^» qJ s-ishrs, (^ t-iih-s, ^ s-ess-s, ^-^ s-em-s, ^^ s-en-s, ^ s-lec-s. KAMES OF THE ESS-CIBCLE COMPOUNDS. § 99. These compounds may be named by inserting the short vowel- sound S between the sounds represented by the circle and the stem to which the circle is attached ; thus, s-pee is called sep ; pee-s, ^jess ; s-pee-s, seps or spess ; s-bee, seb ; bee-s, Less; s-tee, set; tee-s, tess; s-tee-s, sets or stess; s-dee, sed ; dee-s, dess; s-dee-s, seds; s-chay, sech; chay-s, chess ; s-chaj-s, sc/iess or seches ; s-kay, seZ; ; kay-s, Z:6ss; s-kay-s, sets or s^-ess ; s-gnj, seff ; gays, gess ; s-ith, set h ; iih-s, tliess ; s-ith-s, sethess ; er-s, erss ; s-em, sem ; era-s, mess ; s-em-s, sems or stness; s-en, sen; en-s, ens or ness ; s-en-s, sens or sness. ^ 100. "When the circle is joined to stems that are written upward, the names of the compounds should be foimed by using the long sound e or ee instead of S; thus, s-shee, seesh ; shee-s, shees; s-shee-s, seshees ; s-lee, slee; s-ree, sree or seres, ree-s, rees; s-ree-s, screes; lee-s, lees; s-lee-s, slees. The compound s-way should be represented by sway; but way-s by icess. When it is ditlicult or impossible to form syllabic names in the manner just described, the full names of the circle and stems should be given ; thus, s-hay, ess-circle-hay ; s-yay, ess-circle- ESS AND ZEE CIKCLE. 41 yny. The compounds s-el and s-er are named ess-circle-el and ess- circle-er. SAME SiaU USED FOR ESS AND ZEE. § 101. Except iu rare cases, no confusion results from employing tho fame sign for both ess and zee, because we are accustomed in the corn- icon print to the frequent use of the single letter s for both, of those sounds ; as in the words, base, bays, lease, lees, rise (noun), rise (verb) jvij, has, etc. ESS AND ZEE DISTINGtIISIIED. § 102. If, however, it should sometimes be necessary to make a dis- tinction, the circle may be made a little heavier on one side for the sound of zee; thus, g z; as in the sentence, " I said the fC laws of the state, not the /C loss of the state." But in rapid writing this distino tion can not easily be made, and therefore sbould not be attempted METHOD OF WEITING THE CIRCLE BETWEEN TWO CONSONANT-STEMS. § 103. The circle is written between consonant-stems as follows : *I. Between two straight stems, both of which are written in the game direction, — by writing it to the first the same as if it were not followed by another stem ; thus, n kess-kay, b dess-tee, ^) eris used in the following cases: I. When r is the first or only consonant-sound in a word that com- mences with a vowel ; thus, '""^ ark, arc, ^ array, \X^. orb. For exceptions, see § 136, heading ill. GROUP CONSONANTS AND THEIR SIGNS. 47 n. When r is the final element of a word ; thus, X-^ bore, •■■V:— • /itrr, '^ soar, sore, ^ store. III. Always for r, before the stems em and hay, whether an initial vowel precede it or not ; thus, ^\^v arm, ~^v— ^ Bcmie, roam, T^Q. re- hash. USES as BEE. (j 136. The up-stroke stem ^ ree is used in the following cases . I. When r commences a word ; thus, Xj road, /\ rope, y^ riuh. For exceptions, see § 135, heading in. II. When r is the last consonant-sound of a word the final element of which is a vowel ; thus, \/- berry, VC' sorrow, ^- dory. Ill Always for r, before the stemsitt, dhee, chay, and jay, whether it ia. preceded by an initial vowel or not ; thus, /^ earth, /C wrath, -/i arch. EITHEK EK OR EEE. § 137. In the middle of words, either a or ree may be used ; but ree is generally preferred, being more convenient. GROUP CONSONANTS AND THEIR SIGNS. § 138. If the learner has carefully studied and mastered the princi- ples thus far explained, he has acquired the means of writing phono- graphically, and with tolerable brevity, any word in the language But tliere yet remains unemployed much stenographic material, with- out which no system of short-hand can justly claim to be complete. If we were obliged to write all the consonants with their full stem- signs, there are many words in which they are so grouped together and pronounced with such rapidity that the pen would find it difficult, if no^ impossible, to lieep pace with the tongue. To obviate this difficulty. Phonography adopts the very natural plan of modifying the simple stem of some one of the consonants to provide a sign for the entire group. There are four difierent ways of modifying or altering simple stems into group-eigns, namely : 1. By an initial hook ; 2. By a fina hook ; 3. By lengthening ; and 4. By halving. INITIAL HOOKS. THE LIQUIDS 1 AXD R. § 139. Tlio liquids I and r, in a large nimiber of words, are fouod immediately following other consonants, and blending with them so A3 to fonn double consonant-soimds somewhat analogous to the doiibl« 48 THE COMPLETE PnONOGEArHEE. vovrcl-souiids*r diphthongs. Thus, in the words day, flay, gray, friy the first consonant of each of the combmations cl,fl, gr,fr, glides CJ quickly and imperceptibly into the second, or liquid, that the two seem to become actually one sound. In Phonography, such compounds r.ro represented by the stem of the consonant that precedes the liquid, modified by an initial hook. THE EL-HOOKS. § 140. A small hook at the beginning and on the circle side of any straight stem, and a large hook at the beginning and on the concave side of any curved stem, indicates that such consonant is immediately followed by the liquid I; thus, Straight stems: \ pee-l, \ bee-I, \ tee-l, [ dee-1, / chay-1, / jay-i, e formed ; thus, td n pfi kelC And if the right hand be held up and turned in the same way, the outlines of kcr, per, ter, and cher will be formed ; thus, cf^er kcrC Observe that the Left hand (which word commences with L) is asso- ciated with the cZ-hook, and the Eight hand (which commences with \B. with the er-hook. VOCALIZATION OF DOUBLE CONSONANT-SIGNS. § 147. The double consonant-signs of the d and er hook series are vocalized the same as if they were simple stems ; thus, -I ode, -I odor. 50 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEB. O&DEa OF EEADIXa VOCAUZED DODBLB CONSONA>->SIGNg. § 148. K a vowel be placed to the left of a perpendicular or inclined double consonant-sign of the dor er hook series, or above a horizon- tal, it is read before both elements of the compound ; thus, ^ oval, --.,. •ogle; if it be placed to the right of a perpendicular or inclined sign, or under a horizontal, it is read after both elements ; thus, 'X pray =■ — glow. § 149. A vowel may be placed on each side of a double consonant BJgn ; thus, q^ only. § 150. If a distinct vowel-sound is heard between the liquid and tho preceding consonant, each must be written by its stem-sign ; thus, > pail, --y-" f^, "V ■ fool, v-x hore. rSES OF THE EL AND ER HOOK SIGNS. ^151. The double signs of the d and er hook series are used princi- pally for such close combinations of the liquids with other consonants as occur at the commencement of the words day, grow, flow, pry, brow, etc. ; but they are also generally used where there is a slight unac- cented vowel separating the liquid from the preceding consonant, as in ■\ apple, -^- evil, ^ every. EL OR ER HOOK SIGNS JOINED TO PRECEDINa STEMS. § 152. An eZ or cr hook sign may be joined to a preceding stem •with- out raising the pen from the paper; thus, ^_ ^ ' hnucMe, "^■er, ' — o — kay-iker, \^ Ue-sker, /.chay-sper, \ pee-sker, \. pee-yxr, q dee-sis-ier. § 161. The classes of signs treated of at §§ 158 and 160 may b« called respectively the " sjiel series" and the ^^ sper series." ORDER OF BEADING VOCALIZED SPEL AND SPER SIGNS. § 162. When signs of the spel and sper series are vocalized, the con- sonants and vowels are read in the following order : firstly, the initial circle or loop ; secondly, all vowels written before the stem ; thirdly, the stem with its hook, and the intervening vowel, if there be one ; and, fourthly, any vowel written after the stem ; thus, ^ sable, '\ saber, '\ ^ay, 5\ supply, ^ suspire, •/ stager, ^ disclosed, \_o disgrace, ^V . prosper, q ■ disaster. § 163. Sometimes, in the middle of words, it is more convenient to express both the circle and the er-hook distinctly ; thus, ^ express, "^^^^l^:^ extreme. § 164. Tlic consonant r may generally be omitted from the syllables scribe and scrip, in such words as describe, prescribe, proscribe, description, etc. ; ihvLB, . .J^rrx . . describe. THE WAY HOOK. § 165. The semi-consonant sound tcay, when preceded by several of the consonants, also coalesces with them in a manner similar to the liquids I and r, as in the words tivist, request, etc. To represent these combinations, a large initial hook is used on the eZ-hook side of any straight consonant *, thus, c kay-w, c gay-w, P fee-w. § 166 . These signs may be named kwee, gwee, twee, etc. They are \o- calized the same as the kd and ker series ; and the ess-circle is prefixed to them the same as to the kd signs. Examples : [" tvnce, ^^ — ^ acquire, • ^-— -.■ quick, *?" squaw, /^-^ ^tque^A THE YAY HOOK. § 167. For stenographic reasons, the consonant yay is expressed Sy at larffe hook on the cr-hook side of the straight stems ; thus, c— kuuy, GKOUP CONSONANTS AKD THEIR SIGNS. 53 '^ tee-y, 'X hce-y. The use of this hook will be fully explained here- after, it being seldom employed, except in phrase writing. HOOK FOR EN, IN, OR UN. § 168. The syllables en, in, and un may be prefixed to the straight treble signs of the ^'^ sper series," by turning a small backward hook on the e/-hook side of the stem ; and to curved stems with initial circles, by turning a similar hook on the outside of the curve ; thus, v \ in- scribe, 1^_^ unstrung, ,(\^ enslave, hy, 'l^t^'-)^^ NAME AND USE OF THE INITIAL EN-HOOK. § 169. This hook may be called either the in, en, or un hook, accord- ing to which of those syllables it represents. It is used before any Btralght stem of the " sper series," and before any curved stem that ia the arc of a circle struck in the direction opposite to that of the stem en. FINAL HOOKS. EF AND VEE HOOKS. § 170. ^or vee may be added to any straight stem (whether it be simple, or have an initial hook, circle, or loop) by a small final hook on the circle side ; thus, ^kay-foxv, [^ tee-fox v, / chay-f or v,\^ bee-fot "> c-^ 9^-f or V, a_^ sek-f ovv, \^ step-f or v. NAMES OF THE EF-HOOK COMPOUNDS. § 171. These compounds may be named respectively kef, tef, chef, hef, gref, skef, stepef. TOLCALIZATION. — RULE FOE WBITINa. § 172. When a vowel occurs between the consonant represented by the stem-sign and the ef or vee indicated by the hook, the vowel-sign is written to the stem as if no hook were affixed ; thus, \ pay,\^ pave. EUtE FOB BEADING. § 173. A vowel-sign written to a stem that has an ef or vee hook, ia jilways read before the hook ; thus, [■ deaf, __3 cave. EF AND VEE DISTINGUISHED. § 174 When great exactness is required, the hook may be mada heavy for vee; thus, -^^-i- prove, instead of .rN™ proof. But generally ao confusion will result from using the light-hook for both ef and vu. 64: I'HE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEB. Sr AND VKB HOOK ON CDBVES. § 175. A long narrow hook may be written to the curved stems for e/ocvee; thus, ^ dhef, ^-^ mef. This hook should, however, be used very sparingly by inexperienced phonographers. It is principally used by re- porters in phrase writing. EN HOOK. § 176. The consonant en may be joined to any straight stem (whether simple, or compounded with an initial hook, circle, or locy>) by a small final hook on the side opposite the e/"-hook ; and to any curved consonant, by a small final hook on the concave side ; thus, , kay-n, J tee-n, ^ ef-n, (^ lee-n. NAMES OF THE EN-HOOK COMPOUNDS. § 177. The kay-shun, \^ ef-shun. NAHEB OF THE SHUN-HOOK COMI'DCNIM. § 181. The «Awn-hook signs are named as foUows: kay-shun is called fos^uu; ef-shun, /esAuw; el-shun, e&Aun; lee-shun, kshun;em' shiui, meshun, etc. VOCALIZATION. § 162. The »&m-hook signs are vocalized the same as the tf and en book signs ; thus, 7~^ caution, i_^ occasion, f^maUon, ^^jy nation, ^/as/won. § 183. If it sbouid be necessary to distinguish between shun and GEOUP CONSONANTS AND THEIE SIGNS. 55 ihun, the liook may be thickened for the latter ; thus, (^ evasion, in stead of V:^ ovation, which words, in unvocalized phonography, might in rare instances be confounded. § 184. In the common orthography, the two sounds represented by this hook are indicated by a variety of spelling, as tion in notion, cean in ocean, ssion in mission, sion iaftcsion, shion in fashion, dan in logician, sian in Persian, etc. SHEN USED INSTEAD OP SHUN. § 185. When ish and en final are the only consonant-sounds in a word, the sign ^ shen must be used ; thus, ^' ocean. Shen should also be used when the only other consonants in the word are repre- sented by an initial small or large circle; thus, ^' session,^' se- cession. ij 186. The word ocean, and any similar word, may, however, be repre- sented by the sAwn-hook by joining it to the preceding word; thus, "'XLf> Pacific Ocean. SMALL HOOK FOK SHUN — ITS NAME. § 187. The syllable shun or zhun may be added to any stem that has a final circle or loop, by turning a small hook on the back of the stem ; thus, e kess-shun, (^ f ess-shun, etc. This may be called the ishun- hook. It may be vocalized by writing a first or second place vowel he- fore the hook, and a third-place vowel after it ; thus, i_^ accession, ■■^- physician. But ishun may generally be left unvocalized without endan- gering the legibility of the writing ; thus, J' cessation. HOOK FOR TR, THE, OR DHR. ^ 188. The compounds tr, thr, and dhr, with any intervening vowel, may be added to any straight sign by a large final hook on the m-hook iSide; thus, — -, kay-tr, \ iee-tr; and such combinations are vocalized the same as those of the other final hooks ; thus, -td cater, '^ actor, ^^^ datfer, c_^ equator, ^~^ gather, /^ rather. NAMES OF THE TK-HOOK AND ITS COMPOUNDS. § 189. This hook may be called ter, ther, or dher ; and its compounds may be named like those of the ess-circle, or those of the en and cf hooka ; thus kay-ter or -dher is called ketter or kedher ; gay-ter or -dher, getter or gedher ; ree-ter or -dher, retter or redher, etc. TEK AND DER DISTINQUISHED. ^ 190. This hook is used for tr or dhr, the combination dr being writ- ten with the stem ] der. 66 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEE. SPECIAL VOCALIZATION OF THE TEE-HOOK. § 191. Whenever it is necessary to express a vowel or diphthong that occurs between the tee and er sounds represented by the ter-hook, it may be done in accordance with the rule for " special vocalization" at § 156, or, if it belong to the third position, by writing it within the hook ; thus, i^" creature. CIRCLES AND LOOPS ADDED TO THE FINAL HOOK SIGNS. ESS-CIRCLE ADDED TO THE EF, SHUN, TEE, AND CUEVED EN HOOK SIGNS. § 192. The ess-circle (but not the loops or large circle) may be added to an ef, shun, or ter hook, and to an ew-hook on a curved sign, by writing it inside the hook ; thus, s caves, l_2> occasions, ^ fashions, CIECLES AND LOOPS ADDED TO THE STEAIGHT EN-HOOK SIGNS. § 193. All the circles and loops may be added to the straight ew-hook signs by simply writing them on the cn-hook side, without attempting to show the form of the hook ; thus, X !>""> \ ^uns, \^ punster, J- dunce, J- dunces, :-.=, against. NAMES OF THE COMBINATIOX.S OF STEMS, PTNAL HOOKS, AND CIECLES OE LOOK. § 194. These compounds are named by adding the sound of the circle or loop to the name of the sign to which it is affixed ; thus, kef-s is called kefs; keshun-s, Ar«s7mras ; ketter-s, AreWers; ven-s, vens; kens, kens; ken-ss, kensis ; ken-st, kenst ; ken-str, kenster. The circles and loops on the en-hook side and end of straight stems are also called the ens and msis circles, and the enst and enster loops. CAUTION. — EN-HOOK CIECLES SELDOM USED IN THE MIDDLE OF WORDS. § 195. The era-hook circles and loops should never be used in the middle of words, except that ens may in a few instances be written, when the direction of the stems between which it occurs permits both the circle and hook to be distinctly formed ; thus, /r~^ ransom, ~^ gainsaid. Therefore, such outlines as J dess-kay, — ^ kessis-ree, 6< pee-sper, — „ kay-sker, etc., must not be read respectively dens-kay, Tpensis-ree, penspee, kens-lcay, etc. ESS-CIECLK USED FOE ENS. § 196. In the middle of a few words the simple ess-circle may be used for ms without endangering the legibility of the writing, the en being GROUP C02^ SONANTS AND THEIE SIGNS. 57 omitted from the word ; thus, X^ transpose. And, in a few instances, the ess-circle may be so used in connection with a succeeding straight sign from which an r-hook is omitted in accordance with § 164 ; thus, 2l_D transgress. But the CTs-circle may sometimes be distinctly written when it can be turned on the back of a succeeding curve ; thus, cL_;. dancintj. niK ESS-CIRCLE AND ISHCN ADDED TO THE EN-HOOK CIRCLES AND LOOPS. § 197. The ess-circle and ishun may be added to the en-hook circles and loops by turning them on the opposite side of the stem ; thus, \' punsters, --^- transition. THE ESS-CIRCLE ADDED TO ISHUN. § 198. The ess-circle may be added to ishun by turning it inside the hook ; thus, --U- physicians, -X- tramiiions. FINAL HOOKS USED IN THE MIDDLE OF WORDS. § 199. When more convenient, the final hooks may be used in thu middle of words instead of the stem-signs ; thus, <^ cover, —pi__^ cunning, s-3 national, ^ processional, --J/^-- transitional. CIRCLE INSIDE OF HOOKS. § 200. When the ess-circle is written inside of the hooks, it may be made a little smaller than usual, and it is not essential that it should be a perfect circle, as there is no danger of its being confused with the loops, which are never so used. LENGTHENING. /- DOUBLE-LENGTH CURVED SMNS. '^'1^ § 201. Doubling the length of any curved .sign adds either tr(dr, thr, or dhr; thus, v en-tr, etc. NAMES OF DOUBLE-LENGTH CURVES. § 202. The double-length curved signs, like the fe/-hook combina- tions, are named generally by inserting the vowel sound e between the sound of the simple stem and the added consonants or syllable ; thus, ef-tr is called /eiter; e{-dT,fedder;ei-dhT,fedher; em-tr, meiler; way-dhr, tvcdher ; hay-tr, hetter ; en-dr, nedder. But ish-tr, shee -tr, el-tr, lee-tr, er-tr, and ing-tr are named respectively ishter, sheeter, elter, leeter, erter, and ingter. POSITIONS OF LENGTHENED STEMS. § 203. Some phonographic writers indicate any given position of a 58 THE COMPLETE PHONOGKAPHEK. lengthened curve by commencfng it at the same point in relation to the line of writing that the single length of the same stem is commenced at for the same position. But the following rule is found to give greater distinctness and increased legibility to these signs. POSinOXS OF HORIZONTAL STEMS. § 204. The positions of horizontal double-length curves are neccBBa- rily the same as those of single lengths ; thus, FiEST posmoN : "^TIT^ ""fi^er, ^^777^. ndUr. Second position : ..j^t^;::^ melier, ^ ^ ingter. Thibd position : --^^^^ hOier, .^....^. Tietter. poamoNS OF downwaed lengthened cuevis. § 205. Tlie positions of downward double-length curves are ui follows : FiBST Position,^— The lower end resting on the line ; thus, ^ vetUr, J ishter. Second Position. — Divided by the line into two equal parts ; thus, '(■■ dhetier. Thikd Position. — About two thirds of the sign below the line ; thus, " Vl f^e'', ' (" thetter, --J)-- ishter. positions of xtpward lengthened cueves. § 206. The positions of upward double-length curves are as foUowg : First Position. — Commencing about one third the length of a fed above the line ; thus, f leeier. Second Position. — Commencing at the line ; thus, f^^ leder. Third Position. — Commencing about one third the length of a L.:,^ adventure. HALVING. HALF-LENGTH STEMS. § 212. Either tee or dee may be added by halving to any consonant- sign, whether simple or compounded with an initial circle or loop, or with any hook, final as well as initial ; thus, _ kay-t, ^ sek-t, .^ ttek-t, <^ sis-pee-t, ,^ sker-t, ^_ kd-t, ^ ker-t, c_ kwee-t, \^ pef-t, \ pen-t, \j peshun-t, \j petter-t, \ plen-t, ■n^ pren-t, \ spen-t. NAMES OF THE HALF-LENGTH SIGNS. § 213 The half-length compounds are named by pronouncing the vowel e with the consonants represented by the sign, the vowel being placed where it will make the most easily uttered name; thus, the half lengths at § 212 are respectively called ket, sekt or skei, stekt, sis-pel, skrei or skert, Met or kelt, Jcert or kret, kwet, peft, pent, peshunt, petterd, plent, prent, spent. But the stems ess, ish, shee, el, lee, er, and ree, when halved are named, respectively, est, isht, sheet, elt, leet, ert, and reet. C ACTION. — HALVING OF STEMS WITH FINAL CIRCLES OR LOOPS ATTACHED. § 214. It will be observed that when a stem with any final hook is halved, the added tee or dee is read after both stem and hook ; but when a stem with a final circle or loop is haired, the added iee or dee must be 60 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEE. read immediately before the circle or loop. In other words, final cir- cles and loops are added to the half-length signs in the same manner as to the full-length stems ; thus, __^ kay-s (km), _^ kay-t-s (A^), 1, dcr-f-s {drefs), ^ deif-t-s {dre/ls), _„ kay-n-s {kens), _, kay-n-t-s (*enfa), ,_^ em 6t {mest), ^ em-t-st {metst or medst). POSITIONS OF H^\XF-LEXGTH STEMS. HOEIZOSTAL STEMS. § 215. The positions of haK-length horizontals are, of course, the name as the positions of the full-length horizontals (see § 61) ; thus, FiKsr POSITION : TT. '"^t t^. ^^> .™ ^*"^- Second position : ^ net, _, gent, ^ ingt. Third position : .^- ingt, -^ sent, ._. gd. PEUPENDICULAB AND INCLINED STEMS. § 216. The positions of perpendicular and inclined stems are tm follows : FiKST PosmoN. — Above the line, the lower end of the stem distant from it about one half the length of a tee; thus, J id, ^ brent, J^ _ left, -^ reels, f stand, -^-^ approved, r-- efficient. DEE AND TEE DISTINGUISHED. ^ 219. When a stem with an en-hook is halved, if it be deemed de- sirable ever to distinguish whether the added sound be dee or tee, it may GROUP CONSONANTS AND TIIEIE SIGNS. 61 be done by shading the hook for dee; thus, "^ pained, instead of ^ paint. This distinction is, however, seldom necessary in practice, the context being generally a sufficient guide. § 220. The half-length signs may he joined with other signs, whether of the same or different lengths, or whether simple or compound ; and they may be used either at the beginning, in the iniddle, or at the end of words. Examples : V^ bottom, ^ fortified, -W. affidavit, ,^^^^ sentiment, / \ reputable, \) puzzled, ^^_^^. named, '"^ muzzled. SPECIAL EEMAEKS UPON THE HALF-LENGTHS. IMPROPER JOININGa. § 221. A full-length and a half-length stem must not be joined, if one or both be straight, or if both be curved, but are arcs of circles struck in the same direction, except they form an angle at the point of junction ; for instance, kay and kei, lee and ket, efand ket, etc. , are not allowable combinations, because it is difficult to distinguish such signs, on the one hand, from a full-length stem, and on the other hand, from two full-length stems. Thus, A:a?/-7f enjoined, might be supposed to be kay made a little too long, or kay-kay made too short. Li these cases the full-length stems should be used ; thus, write '" | not ^ :_ fur corred, C I not C, for liked, -^-^ not ■ L_l. for effect. SHT AFTER EF OR VEE. § 222. When the combination sM is immediately preceded by ef or vee, it must be represented either by the full-length stems shee-tee, or by the downwai-d half-length isht; thus, f^\-A lavished, '^fished. STRAIGHT HALF-LENGTHS IN SA5IE DIRECTION NOT ALLOWED. ^ 223. Two straight half-lengths running in the same direction can not of course be joined, because they would appear the same as one full- length stem ; thus, | is dee, not ded-ded. To avoid the inconvenience of disjoining in such cases, the first compound should be written with full-length stems, and the other with a half-length, as in the word L catgut. SYLLABLES -TED AND -DED. § 224. The syllables -ted and -ded, terminating adjectives and the perfect participle and preterit of regular verbs, are generally written with the signs ted and ded, without regard to the manner of writing Ihe primitive word; thus, write '~~ act, but 1- not ^ for acted; — go<2d, but -7-]. not "i] ior goaded. 62 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEE. HAXF-LENQTHS DISJOINED. § 225 . Sometimes it is necessary to detacli a half-length from the preceding stem, or else to write its equivalent full-length stems ; thus "^y waited, \\ dreaded. EST STRUCK UPWAED. § 226. Occasionally, when it is difficult or inconvenient to join the flalf-length es< to a final shun or en hook, it is allowable to strike it up- ward; thus, V 2? fadionist, •-'/^•'V- elocidionid. MEDIAL VOWEL AFTER HALF-LENGTH. § 227. When a vowel occurs immediately after tee or dee added bv halving, if the next succeeding consonant-sign be a circle or loop, there is no position in which to write the vowel-sign, and it must be omit- ted ; as the first i in Oj.' anticipate. But if the next consonant after a lee OT dee sound be written with a stem-sign, the vowel may be written to that; thus, y ■■■ esteem. STEM-SIGNS FOE TEE OK DEE BEFOEB A FINAL VOWEL. ^ 228. "When either tee or dee is the last consonant-sound in a word, of which the final element is a vowel, it should be written with the stem- sign, because, if the halving principle were used, no vowel-position would be provided for the sign of the final vowel ; thus, ."^..inio. The same is also true when a word ends with a circle or loop preceded by tee or dee, with an intervening vowel ; thus, ^^- induce. This rule gives a distinction by outline between such words as ■■^■" pity and •^" jnt, ^~r\. notice and v_p notes, etc. AMBIGUOUS OUTLINES. — HOW AVOIDED. § 229. The use of the halving principle to indicate both tee and dee will sometimes give the same form for two difierent words ; thus, ~ may be either got or God, ^ either bat or bad; but, in the great ma- jority of cases, the context will show which word is intended. If, how- ever, it should ever be deemed desirable to distinguish between such words, the consonant tee may be indicated by halving, and dee written with the full stem-sign ; thus, v^ pate, as distinguished from ^ paid; though, generally, no ambiguity would arise from writing paid the same as pate, and so with most other words of the same class. GEOUP CONSONANTS AND THEIK SIGNS. 63 HALF-LENGTH LEE FOR LT. § 230. Half-length lee, when standing alone, is used for It, and not for Id — as in the words light, late, let, etc. THE STEMS LE#-DEE FOR Lt). ^ 231. In words containing only the consonants Id — as lad, lady, old, etc. — the stem signs lee-dee are used. HALF-LENGTH REE FOR RT, ETC. ^ 232. Half-length ree, when standing alone, is used for rt, and not for rd, the latter being written with the stem-signs ree-dee ; thus, ^ rate, X] raid. But after another consonant-stem, ree may be halved to add eitlier a tee or dee sound ; thus, <~V mart or inarred, \y Jired. TWO VOWELS BEFORE FINAL TEE OR DEE. § 288. "When the sound of tee or dee is immediately preceded by two vowels, the stem-sign should be used ; thus, ^ poet. This rule, and the one given at § 232, secures a distinction by outline between such words as < right, <^ ride, and ^ riot. FINAL DEE PRECEDED BT EL, REE^ OR EN, ETC. § 234. "When the sound of dee is final, and is preceded by either lee, ree, or era, which is itself both preceded and followed by a vowel, the s 1 5-1(1) vj e-t, viH(i) hurroAtng, Baying, seeing, /, hygeist, T. 8. 9. 10. 11. 14 ^i t-ah, a! l-a. a! t-«. "i l-a, aJ t-e, J «. /ago, opiate, hygiene, maniac, DASH-VOWEIS. carrier, carrying 18. 14. 15. 16. IT. 18. *i aw-X, <; o-i, ^: OO-t, "! 0-1(01 ),: z-o, ^: t-00 (ew), "1 t-o. >: t-M, j i-oo (ew) carry-all, olio. duly. idiom, various, rescue F-XAin-LES *> opiate, ••^^• officiate, ^-7^^__^ * mamae ^^ AraUi ^~^lyi Oniario, -[^- idiom 66 THE COilPLETE PHONOGEAPHEE. § 241. In a similar manner, another series of double signs might also be provided for double vowels having as their basic component the other short close vowel do ; but it would be of little practical value in writing English, as we have only one instance of such a combina- tion that does not fall within the series given in the above table, namely, the proper diphthong '"j o-oo (ow). SIMPLE SIGXa INSTE.U) OF DOUBLE ALLOWABLE, § 242. It is not imperative that the double signs should be used : the double vowels may be correctly represented by the simple signs of their elements, written to the consonants in accordance with the principles laid down at §§ 35 and 57 ; thus, we may write -.i^i— ^ or •in;^- for cooing, a or cl__ for dayey. TREBLE VOWEL-SIGNS. § 243. When the vowel-sound i precedes the proper diphthongs i, 01. and ow, it may be represented by an initial tick ; thus, '^i 5-1, ^: t-oi, '^i t-ow. Examples : 'x^- germ, '^^ Boneoye. § 244. When the vowel-sound t follows one of the four proper diph- thongs, it may be represented by a final tick ; thus, ^; i-i, *j oi-t, ^i ow-t, ^; EW-t. Examples : ^^^^_^ vidng, 4-^— ' ariTwying, ^^^_^ avowing, ..Arrr:^f. renewing, --I., dewy. SAME SIGNS USED FOB OTHER DOTTBLB OK TREBLE VOWELS. § 245. No confusion will result in reading if the above series of signs »tre also sometimes used to represent such double or treble vowels as are composed of an accented long-vowel or diphthong, and any short- vowel, except 66 ; thus, sign No. 14 may be employed for o-e in ^*^ Owen. In like manner, sign No. 8 may be used for ea in creator. No. 22 for io in theology, etc. LICENSE AS TO DIBECTION OF THE GROUP- VOWEL SIGNS. § 246. When more convenient, the signs opening to the right and left may be inclined a little from the horizontal ; thus, i 01, ''i 16, '^l oi-», as in the words ^ void, 1^ draicing, _^ shotoy, \^jT folio, ^.. loyish. Care must be taken, however, not to incline them so much that they will be liable to be mistaken for those opening upward and downward STENOTYPY. 67 ADDITIONAL CONSONANT-SIGNS. DOT-SIGN FOR H. § 247. The consonant h is usually written with the stem hay ; but be- fore pee and iee, with simple beginning (that is, without initial hooks, circles, or loops) and in the middle of words, when the outline can be shortened or improved thereby, the h is either omitted or else written by a dot placed before the following vowel. Examples: -\- heap, X ^"^ .^.'. hahit, ^\^ perhaps, .(^r:f\..-A.l- hamhra. TICK OH DOT SIGN WITH WH, ^ 248. In the compound wh generally the h need not be written. When, however, it is necessary to distinguish between words or names, such as White and Wight, the h may be indicated by prefixing an up- right tick to the stem ivay, or by writing a dot between the stem and the following vowel ; thus, '~S( whey {way), "> White {Wight), BRIEF SIGNS FOR W AND Y. § 249. Owing to the difficulty of joining a number of the stems to a preceding way or yay, in the case of a few words a small semicircle is employed as an additional sign for these letters. For w it opens to the right ( c ), and for y upward ( >^ ) ; thus, s^ waived, ^ wash. These signs are seldom used before any stems but tee, dee, chay,jay, ef, vee, ith, dhee, ish, and zhee. See ^ 333. THE NOMINAL CONSONANT. § 250. When a word contains only vowel-sounds, it may be written by placing the vowel-signs to a cancelled tee stem ('[ -[' J,) ; thus, .X Eah, ''Jj- lo. This sign is called the Nominal Consonant, and it is used by some in correspondence in writing initials of names. STENOTYPY. § 251. Phonographic outlines may be indicated by the letters of the ordinary printing alphabet in the following manner : Each consonant- sign is represented by the letter or letters of the common alphabet by which it is most readily and naturally suggested. In the following list 68 THE COilPLETE PHONOGEAPHEB. the phonographic name of each consonant-stem is placed directly nndei its stenotype. CONSONANTS. p B T D CH J K pee bee tee dee chay jay kay G F V TH Dn s Z gay ef vee ith dhee ess zee SH SIT ZH L L R R ish shee zhee el lee er ree M N KG W Y H em en ing way yay hay 'SHEE,' 'tEE,' 'ree,' ASD ' ESS.' § 252. The stenotjrpes of the upstroke stems shee, lee, and ree, are dis- tinguished from ish, d, and er respectively, by being printed in italics. The stenotype of ess, when struck upward, as in -■^— docutionUt, V 2> facUonisl, etc., should also be printed in italics. 8TKN0TTPK3 OF STEMS AND OF CIECLES, HOOKS, ETC., DISTINGUISHED. § 253. The stenotypes of the stem-signs are distinguished from the gtenotypes of consonants represented by the circles, loops, and hook modifications, and the dot and tick signs for Aay, by printing the former in capitals and the latter in small letters ; thus, K, | D, V^ F ; [ sTte, ^ sSs ; Q_ BsK; _o Kss, (^ Fss ; ^^ stK, _^ Kstr ; =_ Kl, / Jl, _9 ZHl, ^-s HI ; ,_ Kr, / CHr, ( THr, ^ Wr ; \ sPl, ($_ bFI, ^ sFr, X sPr, 0\ gsPr, ^^ stPr ; ,^_ Kw, p Tw ; c— Ky, «\ By; 3 nsKr ; _^ Kf , ( DHf; _, Kn, *^ Fn ; _d Kshn, Vo Fshn ; _-,Ktr ; _s Kfe ; \ Pns, \ Pnstr ; .^^ ^ Ntr, ^ Fltr, f^ Lit, I Dt, ^ Phit, ^ sKt, ^ sKrt, ^ Pmt, ^^ Drfts. § 254. When a stem modification may be employed to write more than one consonant, or group of consonants, its stenograph may vary accordingly ; thus, \, sPs or sPz, ,^_p sNs or sNz, o Kss, Ksz, or Kzz, yf Rsi or .Rzd ; ,^ Mf or Mv, ^^ Grf or Grv, <,_, sKf or sKv J Ttr, Tdr, orTdhr,,, — ^ Mtr, Mdr, or Mdhr ;\ sPnt.or sPnd. STEX0TTPE3 OF SHADED CIRCLES, ETC. ^ 265. The phonotype of a consonant written with a shaded circle, STENOTYPY. 60 loop, or hook, may be printed in full-faced type ; thus, (C_^ Lz (laws) ^ Rzd (raised), ^ Rzz (raises), -5\^i. Prv (prove), /^ ^dr (rider). The stenotype of the ishun-hooh is printed in italics when it occurs after the «ss-circle ; thus, g Ksshn, (^ Fzshn. STENOTTPES OF OUTLINES CONTAININQ MORE XHAN ONE STEM. § 256. A hyphen is printed between two stenographs (whether of single or group stems) to indicate that the signs they represent are joined ; an inverted semicolon, to indicate that they are disjoined and written near each other ; a colon, to indicate that they are disjoined, and the second sign written close to, but a little under the first ; an inverted period, to indicate that they are disjoined, and the second sign lapped over the first ; and a cross (-f ), to indicate that they are dis- joined, and the second sign written through the first. A simple space marks the ordinary separation between words. A numeral just after and generally near the upper part of a stenotype, whether of a simple or compound sign, indicates the position of its phonograph. When no numeral is given , the second position is understood. A stenotype should be named according to the phonographic nomenclature already given. Examples : M^ N-V, \^-^ B-K-M, G-G, L,s_^ F-N, \^ P-B, l^_ V-G, ^ H-Z, Q i-SH, o Ks-K, J_ Ds-K, X. Ps-V, J_ SH-K, J— SH-K, C^ L-M, C^ i-M, ^ F-E, Sy V-E, —\ K-Pr, \/ -P-Rl, ^~\ nsKr-B, /V nsJ>V, =^X_ Gr-V, 3i^ Trs-Ps, 1_^ Trs-Gs, L^ Dns-NG, "^ Trsshn-L, "^ Kltr-L, /\ iZ-Pt-Bl, \ P-Zld, ~1_ K-T-Gt, ^ P-Ld, V P-Zt ; ~IK: Dshn ; |, DTd ; Hf^ Nn-fD-Ktr ; ^ M', ..[.. D', /I i2'-T, ■■^■' P»-T. § 257. When one of the signs mentioned in the last section ia printed before a stenograph standing alone, it indicates how its out- line- is to be written in relation to any outline that may precede it ; thus, '.Tin- denotes the outline of complain, and also that it should btt written near the next preceding word. See the prefix com, § 284. ESS-CIRCLE BETWEEN STEMS. § 258. A circle between two stems may be considered as joined U either ; thus, ^-,5-N Ms-M or M-sM, ^— ^ Ms-L or M-sL. Generally, however, the circle should be represented in connection with the stem that precedes it, except in cases where the phonographic outline would be best suggested by attacliing it to the succeeding stem ; thus, -/ Ks-J, y Bs-J, 7— Rs-K ; but j^ T-sL, (^ F-si^, ^^ N-sL. 70 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEK. VOWELS. § 259. The vowel-signs, both single and double, though seldom used in advanced Phonography, may, when necessary, be indicated ac follows : A, a, e, a, 6, g, a, e, i, 6, u, o, I or I, 01, ow, EW or u, 61, ai, ai, 01, etc. <; etc. § 260. Tlie stenotypes of the vowels may be written in with tho consonant stenotypes in the order of their occurrence in the word. A hyphen between the stenotype of a vowel or diphthong commencing or ending a word, and the stenotype of the nearest stem, indicates that they are to be joined in writing. The stenotypes of vowels to be writ- ten according to the rule for " special vocalization" at § 156, are in parentheses. Examples: .| aD, .^ oN,. __ Go, V-^ Ba'-M, ..^.. Fi'-L, B-eK, .[^-. T3-oM ; 1 I-D' ; ^i_ K(a)r, ..].. D(e)r3, [.. T(e)l, K(a)lS -3_- D(u)r», \ ssP(I)r'. GENERAL REIVIARKS ON OUTLINES OF WORDS. § 261. One of the peculiarities of Phonography is its variety of con- sonant forms, it often being possible to represent the consonants of a single word with several different, and sometimes very unlike, out- lines. This variety results from the employment of more than one means of representing certain of the consonants, some of them having both an upward and a downward sign, and others being sometimes written with a stem, and sometimes included in a group sign. This is frequently the source of not a little perplexity to the beginner, who is embarrassed at having to select outlines before he has become familiar with the principles that should control such choice. This is a diffi- culty, however, which a little practice, in both reading and writing, soon overcomes. The general rule in regard to such words is, that they should be vrritten with the briefest outlines that are consistent with legibility and ease of vocalization ; care being taken to observe Anal • ogy of Form, which requires, without regard to their derivation or meaning, that words of similar construction, as regards the consonants and vowels and their arrangement, be written in a similar man GENERAL KEMAKKS ON OUTLINES OF WORDS. "71 Ber ; thiis, ^f suddenly, (^\-^ lovingly, -.^^^jy'- nearly, -7-]. goaded, C^ likeimse, C^~^ dackwater; their primitives, or components, being written -J- sudden, (0<_,^_> loving, ..■■„■ naar, — goad, 2/'-K like and Wz' wise, sZ('-K slack and Wtr* water. § 262. There are occasional exceptions to the rule given in the last section, as where uncommon, rarely used, or peculiai'ly formed words, for the sake of increased legibility, are written according to what may be called Analogy of Derivation or Composition, which requires that the derivative be written like its primitive, the signs for the addi- tional sounds being simply joined on, or that a compound word should be written by merely joining together the ordinary outlines of its com- ponents, even in violation of the requirements of Form Analogy. But when both analogies agree in requiring a word to be written with a particular outline, but which can not easily be made without taking off the pen, it is better to disjoin than to change the outline ; thus, vrrite F^-KshniT, instead of F^-K-SH-Nt, for affectionate. SPECIAL DIRECnONS AS TO CERTAIN OUTLINES. § 263. Speed in writing Phonography depends chiefly upon tho ability of the writer to make the various outlines of words without hesi- tation. This facility can be more readily attained by becoming thor- oughly familiar with the best modes of writing those syllables, or small groups of consonants, that are common to classes of words, than by attempting to learn the outline of each word of the language sep- arately. The following tables and rules will be found useful in thia cormection. INITIAL LETTEKS. Examples, antagonist, antedate, antidote caligraphy, calumny, calvinistic carbon, caricature, carpet catalogue, category, catenation centage, centennial, centiped, centage chirography, chironomy, chirurgeon Christmas, chromatic, chronic circuit, circus, Circassian circle, circulate collateral, collect, colloquy cork, correct, coroner counterfeit, countersign cuticle, cutlet, cutting delicate, deliver J Frefix. Sign. ant, by Nt cal, Kl car. Kr cat, Kt cent, sNt chir, ■(( Kr chr, <( cir, , sE <( sR col, Kl cor, Kr counter, Kntr cat, Kt del, Di 72 THE COMPLETE PHONOGKAPHEE. Prefls. Sign. Examples. enter, by Ktr in entertain, enterprise fer, Fr a ferment, feiTid, fervor fur, (< it furniture, furtive, further hydra. H-Dr" hydrant, hydraulic hydro. Hdr hydrogen, liydrometer, hydropathist hyp, P hypocrite, hypothesis int, Nt intent, intense, intention inter, Istr intercede, interdict, interline jar, Jr jurisdiction, jurisprudence met, Mt metal, metaphor, meteoric oct. Kt octave, October par, Pr paragraph, parchment, parliament per. >t percolate, perfect, person phil, Fl philology, Philadelphia qua, Kw quadrant, quadruped, quadruple rel, El relation, relevant, relief retro, Rtr retroaction, retrograde, retrospect sept. sPt September, Septuagint super. sPr superb, supercargo, supei-fine supr, (C supramundane, supreme sis, sys, sus," ss sister, system, sustain under. Ndr underdone, undersign val, VI value, valve ver, Vr verbal, verge, version vol, VI volcano, volume, voluptuous TUl, <( vulgar, \-ulnerablej vulture FIXAL SYLLABLES. ^ 274:. The following are some of the principal final syllables that are Examples. precise, criticise, exercise ostracism, criticism, solecism childhood, sisterhood, boyhood relative, native, active radical, periodical, ethical solstitial, nuptial, martial * stockholder, upholder thermometer, barometer, hydrometer register, cloister, minister basis, thesis, crisis, colossus quietude, solicitude, latitude liable to trouble the learner Suffix. Sign. cise. by SS in cism. ssM " hood, Hd " ive. V " cal, Kl " tial, SHI " holder, Hldr " onieter. Mtr " ster. str " sis, sus, ss " tude. Td " GENERAX REMAKES ON OUTLINES OF WORDS. T3 § 2G5. When the final syllable -ly is preceded by a consonant written with a stem-sign, and there is no distinct vowel intervening, it ia generally expressed by the eZ-hook on such preceding stem ; thus \y- pearly, '\c^-- officiaUy, r-^^^~^ calmly. In all other cases it should be written, if possible, with the upstroke lee; thus, T' KtUy, Grs-i grossly, Mt-I^ mutely, Fthr'-i fatherly. But when Ue can not conveniently be written, tl may be used instead, or else a disjoined lu ; thus, Jnti-L, or '.LjoiMly, J-sNt-L, or IL adjacently. ' -KT.' § 266. The final syllable -ry is sometimes expressed by the er-hook and sometimes by the stems ree and er, being governed by the same rule as -ly ; thus, \:^- fishery, X drudgery ; but ^\/- henry, ^- story, J&s-R* misery, Et*-J? artery. '-TT.' ^ 2G7. The final syllable ty may sometimes be expressed by halving the preceding consonant-stem ; thus, "r' utility, ^ activity. This ex- ception is only allowed for the purpose of improving or shortening cer- tain outHnes. 'in' akd *on.' ^ 268. In and on are never written with the n-hook except in the words ••.(^.. ej/. 4 76 THE COiirLETE rilONOGKAniEE. WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY DIFFERENCE CF OUTLINE, POSITION, ETC. § 275. The general omission of the vowel-signs, as we have seen, renders it necessary to make distinctions between certain words by ar hitrary differences of outline, position, or vocalization. WOEDS COMMENCING WITH 'iL,' ' IM,' ' IN,' ' IE,' 'UN,' 'EN.' § 276. When negatives are formed by prefixing the particle in to positive words that begin with I, m, or r, for the sake of euphony, the particle is changed respectively to il, im, or ir, so that the first conso- nant of the negative becomes doubled, as in the words illegal, immate- rial, irregular, etc. This doubling of the first consonant also occurs, of course, in negatives made by prefixing in or un to positive words be- ginning with n, as in innoxious, unnerve, etc. Now, in ordinary speech, we frequently hear but one of these consonants spoken, the negative being distinguished from its corresponding positive word only by the sound of its initial vowel. In unvocalized Phonograpliy, however, this distinction would not appear, and therefore both consonants should be written, even in those cases where only one is heard ; thus, write --j^^^rr legal, --(^^rr. illegal, ^^ moderate, C?^.. immoderate, y^ resdvle, y^ irresolute, ^""^y noxious, ^~^'^~^^J innoxioiis, \_r^ necessary, «^_>>^_o^ unnecessary. But if a negative so formed have no corresponding positive in use, only one of the consonants should be written, unless both are actually heard ; thus, innocence. The preceding remarks are also applicable to those similarly formed, though not negative, words that begin with the prepositional, or in- tensive particle in or en ; thus, N-Nt innate, N-Nr-V innerve, N-N-Bl annoble, M-Mnt-i' emmantle. ^ 277. LIST OP WORDS DISTIXGHISHED BT DIFFERENCE OF OUTLINE, rOSITION, OK VOCALIZATION. Kst', cost — Kz-D', caused . K-Jl', cudgel— K-J^-L, cajole KzsAn', causation — Ksshn", accession — Kzshn^, accusation Ks-T'-N-SHn, extenuation — Ks-T^-Nshn, extension Klzhn\ collision — K-ishn', coalition — K-Zuzhn^, collusion K-sZ2sz, exercise — K-sR-Sz, exorcise Kr-Pr'-L, corporal — Kr-P*-/?1, corporeal GdS God— G-D>, guide Grd'-N, garden — Gr-Dn% guardian T'-iZtr, tartar— Trtr% traitor— Tr'-Dr, trader ABBKEVIAnON. 77 Tra", traia— T'-iJn, turn Tr', truth— Tr', true Tn^-B(-L), attainable— T'-N-Bl, tenable Dtr', daugliter, dpubjec — Dt'-K, auditor — Dt'-/2, auditory Dtr% debtor— Dt=-li, editor W-Lt-R, adultery— i-D'-Z-Tr, idolatry— i-D'-Ztr, idolater Dss', decease — D'-sZ, disease Dss^-T, deceased, desist — D^-sZd, diseased I-D'-L-Ns, idleness — D"''-L-Ns, dullness D'-M-Ns-Tsbn, administration — D'-Mns-Tshn, demonstration D'-M-Nshn, damnation — D*-M-Nshn, dimension — 'D'-M-Nshn, con- demnation — D6'-SI-Nshn, domination D'-jRshn, adoration — Drshn*, duration Jnt^, gentleman — J'-Nt, giant Jnt", gentlemen — J^-Nt, agent Jnt' iZ,, gentlemanly — Jnt^'-L, gentle — Jnt'-L, genteel P'-R, poor— P^-T?, pure Pt»-/?n, pattern— P^-Trn, patron Pshnt*, patient — Pslm'-T, passionate P'-i?-Ps, purpose — Pr'-Ps, propose Pr'-P-^-T, property— Pr'-Pr-T, propriety Pr^-Prshn, appropriation— Pr^-Pshn, proportion— Pr^'-P-TJshn, prepa- ration Pr'-Pshn-D, proportioned — Pr'-Pshn-aT, proportionate Pr'-Bshn, approbation — Pr'^-Bshn, probation — Pr^-Bshn, prohibition Prt'-Kshn, protection— Pr'^-D-Kshn, production, predication Pr^-Tn, pertain — P^-i2-Tn, appertain Pr^-sKshn, prosecution — P'-i?s-Kshn, persecution Pr'-sK-B, proscribe — Pr'-sK-B, prescribe Pr'-sR, oppressor— P=-i2-S-R, pursuer— P=-i?-Zr, peruser Tr^-SH, Prussia— P'-7?-SH, Persia Prshn^, Prussian — P^-Kshn, Persian — P'-i?shn, Parisian P'-/?shn, apportion — P=-i?shn, portion Pr'-Fr, profler— Pif =-R, prefer Pr'-Ms, promise — Pr'-MIs, premise Pr'-Mn-Nt, permanent — Pr'-Mn-Nt, preeminent - Prt*-Nr, partner — P»-Nr, part-owner B'-sZet, obsolete — B'-sZt, absolute B-R-TU, birth— Br'-TH, breath Brt", bright— Br'-D, broad. Ef^ before— B^-V,' above Bn*-Dnd, abandoned — Bnd^'-Ist, abundant stD', steady— sTd^ staid 78 THE COMPLETE PUO^'OGR;iP^ER. stJ'', stage— ^T*-J, stowage sV-Rt, support— sPrt", separate— sPr'-D, spread sCIIshn', situation — sTsha', station aTHst% atheist— THstS theist aTHs»-T-K, atheistic— THs'-T-K, theistic aTH*-Z-M, atheism— TH*-zM, theism F^'-Vrd, favored— F^'-Vr-T, favorite F'-Ml, formal-ly— F>-Mr-L, formerly F'-Nr-L, funeral— F'-N-i^l, funereal F'-Rs, fierce — F'-i?s, furious F'-Wrd, forward — Fr^-Wrd, froward F^'-R-M, af -firm— F', form Vl'-Bl, valuable— V^'-L-Bl, available— V'-Z-Bl, voluble Vlshn", valuation — V°-Z,shn, violation Vi'-Znt, violent — V'-int, valiant V'-Kshn, avocation — V'-Kshn, vocation K^-Bd, nobod\- — N'-Bd, anybody NdMishn, indication — N-D^-Kshn, induction N-V^-zS/Zn, innovation — N-Vzhn*, invasion N-Vt='-Bl, inevitable— N-V'-D-Bl, unavoidable N-Df-Nt, indefinite— N-Df'-iNd, undefined Nd'-Ls, endless — Kd'-Zs, needless N-J'-Ns, ingenious — N-J*-N-S, ingenuous Ntrs-Td', interested — Ndrs-D', understood M-Pshn'-D^ impassioned — M-Pshn'-aT, impassionate — M-Pshnt', impatient * M-BP, amiable— II-M-Bl', or M-BP, humble Mn'^-Nt, eminent — Mn^-Nt, imminent Ms-S', Mrs. — Mss', Misses M-N-TH», month— Mn-T^ minute M'-Grt, migrate — M^-Grt, emigrate — 3\P-Grt, immigrate M'-Grshn, migration — M°-Grshn, emigration — M'-Grshn, immigra- tion Mshn^, mission — M-SHn', machine Mshn-22', missionary — ]M-SH'-Nr, machinery 7?^-Nd, ruined — 72'-Nd [tick for ew joined], renewed Ji^-Prshn, repression — i?^-P-7?shn, reparation T^'-Fr-Kshn, refraction — 7?f ^-Z-Kshn, reflection Rz'-M, resume — Z?'-S-M, reassume Zs', less — CZs", else Zt»-Td, latitude— L'-T-Td, altitude f-Znd', island— Znd', land < ^WMVIn, woman — W-SIn, women ABBEEVIATION. 79 OMISSION OF CONSONANTS. § 278. The omission of consonant-signs from the outline of words will be treated of under the general heads of " Word-Signs" and "Con- tractions." WOED-SIGNS. § 279. It has heeu ascertained by calculation that about a hundrea different words constitute more than one half of all the English that is spoken or written ; that is, in a sermon, newspaper, speech, or debate, in which say ten thousand words occur, full five thousand will be made up by the repetition of certain common words, not exceeding a hundred in number. Now one of the prime necessities of a practica- ble syKtem of shorthand, is a simple and brief means of writing these frequent words. Many of them are short words of but one consonant, which, being written by a single stroke of the pen, do not, of course, require abbreviation. But a considerable number contain several consonants, which, if written in full, would make outlines of incon- venient length ; therefore, as far as possible, they are contracted, and one, two, or three consonants, as the case may be, used to represent the entire word. Strictly speaking, all such abbreviations would come under the general designation of "Contractions;'' but, for the sake of convenience, such of them as are written with only one stem-sign, either simple or compound, are called "Word-Signs," and the use of the word " Contractions" restricted to those that contain two or more stems. The term Word-Sfgn is also applied to uncontracted outlines containing single stems, simple or compound, that are written out of the position to which their accented vowels would entitle them, as well as to the signs of a few words that are written with vowel or diph- thong signs not in connection with any consonant-stem. A word that is represented by a word-sign is called a " Sign- Word." § 280. The following is a list of the word-signs arranged in the order of the tables of consonants and vowels. Each consonant word' sign is represented by its phonotyi^e, and opposite it are its sign- words, printed in three lines and united by a brace The words in the upper line are written with the word-sign placed in the first position ; those in the second line with it in the second position ; and those in the third line with it in the third position. When several words of the same position are represented by the same sign, they are sucli words as from practical experience are found not to conflict when so written, the context always showing which is intended : and the word for which the sign is most frequently employed is given first. When a word-sign outline is used for sign-words of only one or two positions, 80 THE COMPLETE PHOXOGllAFiliiR. the vacant positions are filled by words tliat are fully and properly expressed by the outline and position. As such words, however, do not come within the definition of Sign- Words, they ai-e distinguished by being printed in italics. In case no word at all can be found to fill a place, a blank is left in the brace. A few signs hare opposite them words printed with more than one termination ; thus, kere-ar, difftr- ence-ent, give-n, to intimate that the corresponding signs represent here and hear, differ, difference and different, give and given. ^281. LIST OF -WORD SIGNS. \ \ % (part "^ ' ~ " - s plaintiff {opportunity ^ spoke, special-lv (speak (possible-y (opportunities {apply (people • (ppactice < pray, upper (principal-le .: f-- - >■■■ (practiced ^v« ■< oppressed (surprise - suppress (^spruce ■< sprains (experience \ \ \ \ \ {pine ■\open (opinion {span ■<. spoken {spin {pride •< prate (particular (object, hi/ •■■ but, object {be {sob ■^ subject \ I (belong -'able (belief-ve ' {brow - number {brew ^ before {beef ABBEEVIATION, \3 -; objection of ( (deliverance ( ( ,. . (Dr. (Doctor) ■Idray \) -' subjection 1 ( (during T (at, out, ought r -5 dwell i - ^ ( 1 -n' what (it, to I ( p ^society (differ-ence-ent 1 (system f'-y CH 1 •< truth i^true ("charge / -(which, change (town ■< attain i&ach J (between / \ ! ^circumstantial-ly f (children (citizen (satins •< circumstance (citizens J I (large / , •< advantage • D Thad, dollar ■< db, defendant r (largely -/angel 1 i (did (advertise / (larger L ■^does (dues (jr. (Junior) (advertised -' dust (join [ / ■< general-ly yJune v (distinct f f (gentleman v' < gentlemen < (deliver-y J 81 82 THE COMPLETE PIIO^'OGKAPIIEK. ^^ lean Kcome (could, kingdom ("because -< comes {^accuse (crown S crane ^Christian ^describe > -- succor i^screw -s ['] consecration (description -^ question ( Tquarter ■^ equator ( (called ■I cold (difficult-y Taccording •V court {accrued ("connty -(Kent (go ■^gave, together (give-n (sag (signify — —c' ■ >' < worth (think, youth DH (that ■< thera (with, thee (other, either [idhr] •< there, their (either [edhr] than then within S astonish-ed east J J r c y z was these SH shall show should ZH \ [nsual-ly (all -.'well (wiU ^ already R (or, are [middle or end < her [of phrases] (here-ar (swear < swore (seer R [mencing phrases] (our, are [alone or com- •< were, where, recollect (rue (arrive < refer-encc (roof 84 THE C03IPLETE PHOXOGKAPHEK. x^ : recollection ■<' world (jruled M (from, time, mi/ •< member, home (similarity - same (similar (almost ■< most (^amused (smite ■< somewhat (seemed ■Imore (Mr, (Mister) (mind ■Imend (movement N (own < know, no (any {^noise ■< knows (insurance (^honest < next (another, entire < under ( neither NG (long •< among (thing (song -i sung (singular amongst (longer "W ■^ (why ■< when (would, we . ^ (while -(wealth-y (weal ■^ (water ■< whether (whither Y r (beyond < yet, young (you-r, year r ( -! younger H - (how ■< he, him (who-m ABBEEVIATION. 85 as, has is, liis an, and a . the ah aye [meaning ' ever'] CIRCLE AND VOWEL SIGNS. .... the [emphatic] ' awe , O, oh, owe / owing V ■ lJ^o^, f owes ^ aye [meaning 'yes'] *NOW AND 'NEW. § 282. En is the only consorant-sound of so large a numlaer of words that it becomes necessary to increase their legibility by making a some- what arbitrary distinction in the case of the two words now and new ; the first being written with the first stroke of the sign ow joined finally to the stem, and the other with the last stroke of ew joined also at the end ; thus, "^ nofw, new. A CONTRACTIONS. PEEFIXES AND SUFFIXES. § 283. One of the most convenient modes of abbreviation is the use of contractions for certain initial or terminal syllables that are of fre- quent occurrence, called prefixes and suffixes. By this means a large number of words may sometimes be abbreviated without burdening the memory with more than a single sign. PREFIXES. § 284. The prefixes are written as follows : 1. Com, con, cusr, cog. — The syllables com, con, cum, whether at the commencement or in the middle of words, and cog in the middle of words, are generally not written, but indicated by proximity, that is, by writing the part of the outline that comes after the omitted syllable near the part that precedes it ; thus, (^^ they complained, '^^^ in complete, X^ rec- ommend, 1\, decompose, |\^ discompose, "^— '\ unrecompensed, ^^~^S' in- constant, /^ irreconciliation, "^—^ incumbent, ^~^t\ encumbered, Lj\ disencumber, ^~^- incognito. When, however, proximity can not be used, as at the beginning of a paragraph, sentence, or line, or when any indistinctness would be occa- 8Q THE COMTLETE PHONOGEAPHER. sioned by it, either of those syllables, except cog, may be written with a light dot, placed near the beginning of the succeeding part of the outline ; thus, ^ complain, j content, ^-^ cumbersome. The dot should also be inserted in words commencing with self-con- [see prefix for se//"]. . Initial cog- is always written K-G. Sometimes it is allowable to join the latter part of the word to the first, without taking oft" the pen ; thus, I- instead of \- iot accommodar tion, ■■<^p" inconsistent, --T-- inconsiderable, c/\^ circumference, Q ^ circumflex. But this should be done only in the case of a few words of frequent occurrence, and when the outline so formed is unlike that of any other word with which it might conflict. 2. For — sometimes by F joined to the remainder of the word ; thus, . v~_ forward, ^-. forever. 3. Magna, magne, magxi — by the stem M written partially over the remainder of the word ; thus, ''^^^-^r^ magnanimous, \\_ magnetic, ^ magnifi/. 4. Self — by the ess-circle placed invariably on the line. This prefix may be joined to the remainder of the outline if it com- mences with a down stroke, and if it does not need to be written in its proper position for the sake of legibility ; thus, ■■^■- selfish, -e^^.. self- evident. If the remainder of the outline commences with an up-stroke, a hori- zontal stem, a circle or loop, or an initial hook, the prefix should not be joined, but placed at the left and close to it ; thus, o{\., self-love, -q-;:;;-^- self-interest. In words commencing with self-con- the con-dot should be inserted ; thus, .jD.P.. self-conceit. Un is prefixed to self thas : ■■^■- unselfish. 6, "With — by the stem DH joined to the remainder of the word ; thus, V withdraw. SUFFIXES. § 285. The suffixes are written as follows : 1. Ble or BLT — by the stem B joined, when it can not conveniently be? written by Bl ; thus, *— ^ sensible-y, !^*\ profitable-y. 2. Bleness, fulness, iveness, and lessness — by detached Bs, Fs, Vs, and Ls respectively ; thus, ^No profitableness, ■\^-- doubtfulness, Tnt':Vs attent iveness, ^r° thoughtlessness. 3. Ever — by the u-hook ; thus, ^ whichever, ~^ whenever, IIv* how- ever. 4. Form — by F joined ; thus, Wv>X-l. ivyVU c\.m. ^\-\\vij\- OMISSION OF HOOKS. § 288. AVhen in the middle of a word we would naturally be disposed to write a consonant with a final hook, but find it impracticable, such consonant should be written with its stem-sign. But if the stem-sign also makes a bad or awkward joining, the consonant may be omitted. And if the outline is not then sufficiently legible, the sign of the vowel which occurs immediately before the omitted consonant may be inserted. Examples: J- attain, \^ attainment, J assign, )L, assignment, J trans, X' transpose, -C lord, (^ landlord. LIST OF WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. ^ 289. The following are complete lists of the word-signs and contrac- tions. In the first they are arranged in the order of the a, h, c alphabet, and in the second, in the order of the phonographic alphabet. Learners should consult the first while writing and the second while reading pho- nography. WORD-SIGNS AND ^ according, Krd' advantage, J' advertise, Dz* almost, Mst' already, Lv^ altogether, Gthr' among, NG* an-d, • angel, JP another, Nthr* ,^any. N^ archangel, R'-Jl arclibishop, i?=-CH-B architect-ure-al, R'-K-T are, R' aristocracy-atic, Rs'-T-K astonish-ed, St* awe, ' CONTRACTIONS — A, B, C ORDER. B bankruptcy, B'-NGr-S baptism, Bt'-zM because, Kz' become, B^-K before, Bf' began, Gn' begin, Gn^ begun, Gn' belief-ve. BP belong, BP between, Tn^ bevond, Y' bis'hopric, B=-SH-K brethren, Brn^ brother-in-law, Br'-Nl but, B" cabinet, K-B» can, K' ABBREVIATION. 89 capable, K-Bl'' captain, K-Pn' s^catholic, K-TII' certificate, sRt^-F change, CIP characteristic, Kr^-Ks-K charge, CH' children, CHP Christian, KrA' < — circumstance, sTns' citizen, sTn' collect, KP-K ^come, K* ^ correct, Kr'-K could, K- county, Knt* cross-examine, Kr'-sMn D December, D'-sM defendant, D* degree, Gr^ deliver-y, DP democracy-tic, D'-M democrat, D°-M - describe, sKr' - description, sKrshn' develop, Dv^-P did, D' dlffer-ence-ent, Df ^ ;^difficult-y, Kit' discriminate, Ds'-Kr-M distinct, Dst' do, D'' Dr. (Doctor), Dr> doctrine, D'-Trn dollar, D' domestic, D»-Ms-K during, Dr' dwell, Dw» E effect, r=-K endeavor, N-Dv* especial-ly, S*-P v^establish, St'-B ever, V* experience, sPrns' extraordinary, sTr'-i2 6 F fact, Ft' familiar, F'-M familiarity, F'-M February, F'-B first, Fst» "^ for, F" - , form, F' ^-«^ frequent, Frnt' from, M' G gave, G' general-ly, Jn"/ gentleman, Jnt* gentlemen, Jnt" give-n, G» ^ go, G* ' •*" govern, Gv' governor, G-V* Great Britain, Grt*-Brt H had, D* half, F' halve, V has, ° hath^TH' have, V he, H* health-y, TJ-TR hear-re, R^ heaven, Vn' help, L'-F her, R'* him, H'' his, --. ^ , ' home, M' I I. .: immediate, M'-Md importance-t, M-Prt' ^ indispensable-y, Nds-Pns' influence, N-Fs' insurance, Ns' ^ intelligence, Nt-Jns' is, ... 90 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEE. January, J'-N Jr. (Junior), Jr^ kingdom, K^ knew (same as new) knowledge, N-J' language, Gw' large, J' legislature, I?-i length-y, NG-TH* long, NG' M manufacture, M-N-F' Massachusetts, Ms-CH^ member, M' memoranda, M-M-D' -memorandum, M'-M mistake, Ms'-K ^ Mr. (Mister), Mr' movement, Mnt' N neglect, N^'-G never, N-V* new, -.^. New York, N-Y' ,next, Nst' no, sir, Ns* November, N-V now, ^^ number, Br' O O, oh, owe, , ob'ject, B' object', B' observation, B°-z^shn opinion, Pn' opportunity, P' other, DHr' our, B> over, Vr' own, N' part, P» particular, Prt' peculiar, P'-K peculiarity, P'-K^ people, Pi^ ' "^ performance, Pr'-Fs pei-pendicular-ity, Pr^ <"■ '-Pn-D phonography. Fa' plaintitf, P'' plenipotentiary, Pln'-P popuiar-ity, P'-P possible-y, Ps' practice, Pr* preliminary, Pr'-L-M principal-le, Pr^ privilege, Pr\'-J probable-y, Pr'-B probability, Pr'-B proportion, Pr°-Pshn public-sh, P^'-B qualify, Kw-F' quarter, Kwtr' question, Kw* R recollect, 7?" refer-ence, 7?f ' regular, B}-G regularity, 7i'-G religion, 'i?F- J remark, R'-M remember, R'-M represent-ative. B?-Y republic-sh, li^-V-^ responsible-}', i?s'-Pns responsibilitv, 7?s'-Pns Rev. (Reverend), i?='-V Roman Catholic, /i'-K-TH San Francisco, sNss'-K satisfactory, sT'-s/2 September, sPt'-M V ABBREVIATION. several, sV*^ shall, SlI' should, SH' signify, sG^ similar, sM^ similarity, sM' singular, sNG^ somewhat, sMt* southern, sDHn^ speak, sP^ / special-ly, sP^ subject, sB* suggestion, sJn*^ surprise, sPrz' swear, sR* swift, sFt' ^ "^ system, ssT' "^ T 91 -\j tf~> thank. TIP that, DU' the, ... them, DIl^* their, there, Dllr' the, catholic Kz', because K-BP, capable K-rn% captain KP-K, collect Klt^ difficult-y Km', Cln-istian Kr^-K, correct Kr'-Ks-K, characteristic Kr'-sMn, cross-examine Krd', according Kw^, question Kw-F', qualify Kwtr", quarter Knt', county sKr', describe sKrshn', description G G',go G', gave, together G', give-n G-V, governor Gr', degree Grt»-Brt, Great Britain Gw', language Gv^, govern Gn\ began Gn , begun Gn , begin Gthr', altogether sG^ signify F', form, half F', for F'-B, February ABBREVIATION. 93 F'-K, effect, F'-M, familiarity F'-M, familiar Fst% first Frnt^, frequent Fn', phonography Ft', fact sFi^, swift V V, have, halve V% ever Vr', over Vn^, heaven sV*, several TH TH>, thank, hath TIV, worth TH', think, youth Dn DH', that 1)H', them DH^ with DHr', other DHr', their, there sDHn^, southern wDH', without S'-P, especial-ly St', astonish-ed St'-B, establish Z', was Z', these Sir, shall SH', should sn ZII ZII', usual-ly L', well L\ will L'-V, help Z^-J, legislature Z'-TH, health-y Lr^, already K R=, her K^, hear-re R'-K-T, architect-ure-al li'-M, remark ll^-M, remember Rs'-T-K, aristocracy-atic R"-J1, archangel sR', swear E 72', are, our Ji', were, where, recollect iiL^-P, represent-ative iJ^-P-B, republic-sh 72^-CH-B, archbishop R'-K-TH, Roman Catholic TJ'-G, regularity R^-G, regular R^-Y, Rev. (Reverend) 7\'s'-Pns, responsible-y 7?s'-Pns, responsibility 7?l^-,r, religion 7?UP, world ^f ''j refer-ence 7?shn^, recollection s7?t'-F, certificate M M', from, time M^, home, member M'-M, memorandum M-M-D', memoranda M-N-F', manufacture Ms-CH^ Massachusetts Ms2-K, mistake Mst', almost M-Prt', importance-t M'-Md, immediate Mr^ Mr. (Mister) Mnt', movement sM', similarity sM^ similar sM'-NG, something sMt*, somewhat 94 THE COMPLETE PnONOGEAPIIEK. N N', own N', any , N' (with final perpendicular tick), now K' (with tick inclined like CH), new, knew N-J', knowledge H'-G, neglect N-V, never, November N-YS Kew York N-Dv', endeavor Ns^", no, sir Ns', insurance N-Fs', influence Nst", next Ndhr', another Kdrs-D", understood Nt-Jns*, intelligence Nds-Pns*, indispensable-y sNss'-K, San Francisco NG NG', long NG', among NG', thing NG-TH^ length-T sNG', singuhir W W, when \V=, would Wl", wealth-y Y', beyond Y», yet, young Y^ your, year Ys% United States Yss', yes, sir II', he, him 11*, whom H CiECLE AND Vowel Signs. ° as, has -is, his ' an, and .... the '.I '4 ' awe f 0, oh, owe § 291. In the foregoing lists of contractions only the forms of primi- tive words are given ; in the following list the forms of the derivatives will be found. Sometimes a word that in one of its parts is contracted, in others is best written in full. v^according — accordingly, Krd' '■•L advantage — advantageous, J''-S advertise — advertised, Dzd' ; advertising, Dz(")' ; advertisement, D'-zMnt among — amongst, KGst' angel — angelic, Jl^-K astonish — astonishing, St(")* ; astonishingly, St'-Z; astonishment, St'-Mnt - a-wre — awed, aD*; awing, same as avce with ing-i^Qi; awe-struck, 'awe':str'-K ; awful-ly, Fl' bankniptcy— bankmpt, B*-XGr-Pt, etc. become— becoming, B'-K(); became, B'-K-M ABBREVIATION. 96 begin — beginning, Gn(-)^ ; beginner, B'-G-Nr believe — believed, Bld^ ; believing, Bl(')^; believable, BP-Bl; be- liever, BP-Vr ; unbelief, N-Blf^ ; unbeliever, N-BP-Vr belong— belonged, Bid' ; belonging, Bl(")' C capable — capauilitv, K-BP-T ; capableness, K-BP-Ns ; incapable, N-K-BP change — changed, CHd' ; changing, CH(')''; changeable, CH'-Bl ; changer, CH'-Jr ; interchange, Ntr-CH'' ; unchanged, N-CHd* charge — charged, CHd' ; charging, CH(")' ; chargeable-y, CH'-Bl Christian — Christianity, Krs-CHnt' ; Christianize, Krs-CH^-Kz ; anti- Christian, Nt'-Krji circumstance — circumstanced, sTnst' ; circumstantial-ly, sTn* ; cir- cumstantiate, sTn'-SHt collect— collected, Kl-K-Td'' ; collecting, KP-K(-) cortect — corrected, Kr-K-Td*; correcting, Kr*-K(') ; correctly, Kr-K-Z^ ; correctness, KrMi-Ns D deliver — delivered, Dld^ ; delivering, Dl(")' ; deliverance, Dins' ; de- Ihei er, DP-K describe — described, sKrd' ; describing, sKr(0* develop — developed, Dy'-Pt; developing, Dv^-P(*) ; development, Dv='-P-Mnt differ — diifered, Dfd'; differing, Df(0'; differs, Dfz' ; indifferent, N-Df' discriminate — indiscriminate, N-D'-sKr-M distinct — distinction, Dst'-JsGshn ; distinctive, Dst'-KGt-V; distinct- ness, Dst^-Xs domestic — domesticate, D'-IMs-Kt ; domestication, D'-5Is-Kshn dwell—dwelt, Dw^-Lt; dwelling, Dw(-)" effect— effected, F=-K-Td ; effecting, r=-K(-) ; effective, F^-K-Tv experience — experienced, sPrnst^ ; experiencing, sPrns'-NG extraordinary — extraordinarily, sTv^-R-L F familiar — familiarize, F'-Mz ; unfamiliar, N-F'-!M form — formed, Fd' ; forming, F(-)' ; formal, F'-Ml ; formation, Fshn' ; perfonn, Pr'-F; performer, Pr'-F-Mr; inform, N-F' ; information, N-Fshn^ ; reform, /J'-F ; reformation, jR'-Fshn frequent — frequence, Fr'-Kwns G general — g enerality , J'-N-i2It ; g^isiaUzfi, J'-N-iJlz ; outgeneral, T'-Jn gentleman — gentlemanl)', JntMZ ; ungentlemanly, N-Jnt' iL govern — governed, Gvd^ ; governing, Gv(-)-; government, Gv--Mnt 96 THE COMPLETE rilONOGKAPllEE. important — unimportant, N-M-Prt' iufluence — influenced, N-Fst'; influencing, N-Fs^-NG ; influential, N-Fn» intelligence — intelligent, Nt-Jnt' ; intelligible-y, Nt-J*-Bl ; unintelli- gible-y, N-Nt-J='-Bl K knowledge — acknowledge, K-N-J* L large — larger, Jr^ ; largest, Jst' ; largely, Jl' long — longer, KGr* ; longest, NGst' ; long-hand, Z'-XG-Hnd M manufacture — manufactured, M-N -F' -K-CHrd ; manufacturing, M-N-F(')' ; manufactory, .AI-N-F'-/2; manufacturer, IM-N-F'-Ii mistake — mistaken, Ms^'-Kn; mistook, Ms'-K; unmistakable-y, N-Ms-K-BP movement — move, M-V N never — nevertheless, N-Vt*-Zs Ne"w York — New-Yorker, N-Y'-Kr number — numbered, Brd^ ; numbering, Br(")^ ; outnumber, T'-Br; unnumbered, N-Brd^ O object — objected, B^:D; objecting, B(')'' ; objection, Bsim' opinion — oi>iiuonated, Pn^-N-Td ; o^inigned, Pn^-Kd owe — owed, OD" ; owing, same as owe with ing-dot. P part— parted, P'iD; parting, P(-)' ; partly, Prt'-L particular — particularly, Prt'iZ; particularity, Prt'-Kl-i?t ; particu- larize, Prt'-Kl-Kz people — peopled, P^-Pld phonography — phonographer, Fn'-i2 ; phonographic, Fn'-K popular — popularize, P'-P-i/-Kz ; popularly, P*-P-Z, ; unpopular, N-P'-P practice — practiced, Prst' ; practicing, Pr(')* ; practicable-y, Pr>-K-Bl; practicability, Pr^-K-Blt ; practices, Prs' ; impracticable, M-Pr'-K-Bl principle-^principled, Pr*-Ns-P-Ld; unprincipled, N-Pr^-Ns-P-Ld y probable — irajjrobable, M-Pr'-B proportion — disproportion, Ds^-Pr-Pshn public-sh — published, l"-BiT; publishing, P''-B('); publication, P'-Bsbn ; publidv, P'-B i L ; republic-sh, jR^-P-B ; republication, ii='-P-Bshn ; republican, E'-V-Bn ; republicanism, /J^'-P-B-zM Q quarter — quartered, Kwtrd' ; headquarters, Ild^-Kwtrs qiiestion — questioned, Kws-CHnd- ; qiiestioning, Ivw(')' ; questiona- ble, Kw-BP; unquestionable-y, N-Kw-Bl* ABBEEVIATION. 97 R recollect — recollected, i2'!D ; recollecting, /?(')*; recollection, 7fehn» refer — refened, lUtT ; referring, /?f(*)2 regular — regularly, R^-G-L ; irregular, ^r^'-G ; iiregularity, Rr^-G remark — remarked, 11' -Mt; remarking, li'-M("); remarkable-v, K'-M-Bl remember — remembered, E^-Md; remembering, Il'-M(-); remem- brance, Ii°-Ms represent — represented, i2^-PiD; representing, i2*-P(*); representa- tion, i2^-Pshn; misrepresent, Ms-i2'-P; misrepresentation, Ms /i'-Pslm S satisfactory— satisfactorily, sT^-sR-L signify — signified, sGd^; signifying, sG(")'; significance, sGns'; sig- nificancy, sGn-S^ ; significant, sGnt^ ; signification, sGshn* similar — similarly, s>Pi/y; dissimilar, D^-ssM singular— singularity, sXG-Zrt' ; singularly, sNG''Z southern- southerner, sDH^-Xr speak — spoke, sP%- spoken, sPn" ;" speaking, sP(-)'; speakable, sP'-Bl ; outspoken, T'-sPn special— specialty, sP'-SHl-T subject — subjected, sB^iD ; subjecting, sB(*)'' ; subjection, sBshn' surprise — surprised, sPrzd' ; surprising, sPrz'-NG sw^ear — swore, sR'' ; swearing, sR'-NG ; sworn, sRn* swift— swifter, sFtr'; swiftest, sF'-Tst ; swiftly, sFt'-i ; swiftness, sFt^-Xs T thank — thanked. Tilt'; thanking, TH(-)'; thankful-Iy, TIl'-Fl; thanksgiving-day, THs'-G-D thing— something, sM='-NG think— thinking, TH(-)' ; thinker, TH'-Kr ; unthinking, N-TH(-)' time — timely, T'-M-Z truth— truthful-ly, Tr»-FI; untruth, N-Tr"; untruthful-ly, N-Tr»-Fl U usual — unusual-ly, N-ZH' well— weUed, Zd= ; welling, Z,=-KG w^hat — whatever, T^-Vr where — somewhere, sM-iJ^ will— willed, id"; willing, Z'-NG ; willful-ly, U-m world— woridly, RW-L Y young — younger, Yr^ ; youngest, Yst* ~-^^ your — yours, Yz' youth— youthful-Iy, TH«-F1 98 THE COMPLETE PIIONOGKAPHEK. REMARKS ON THE WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. ^ 292. The foregoing list of contractions is designed mainly for the nse of the reporter ; therefore the non-professional writer may adopt only BO many and such of these signs as suit his taste or convenience. It is recommended, however, that all who can spare the time should familiarize themselves with the entire list, because it is always easier to write long forms after committmg to memory shorter ones, than to adopt abbreviated forms, having first formed the habit of using full outlines. SAME SIGN FOR PRESENT AKD PAST TENSES. § 293. When a word-sign or contraction represents a verb in the present tense, the past tense, if formed regularly by the addition of d or ed, may be expressed by the same sign ; thus, ^ recolled-ed, /\ represent-ed. In such cases the context may generally be relied upon to determine the time of the action ; if necessary, however, the additional sound of the past tense may be expressed either by halving, or by a disjoined tee or dee; thus, Bid' believed, P--BiT published, '\\ subjected. This rule may also be extended to a few words that are written with uncontracted outlines, but whose past-tense signs present unusual difficulties ; thus, Pr^'-sWd 2^Grsuaded, Dt- date-d. THE PLURAL OP NOUNS. § 294. When a noun is written with a word-sign or contraction, the plural is formed, as in the ordinary way, by merely adding the ess- circle to the contracted outline ; thus, /\ representative, /\ represent cUives, I defendant, \^ defendants. THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS. § 295. The possessive case of nouns, whether written with full or contracted outlines, is formed by adding the ess-circle ; or, if the nom- inative ends with the ess-circle, by enlarging it to sis ; thus, ^_j, son's, _Q Case's. THIRD PERSON SINGULAR OP VERBS. § 296. The third person singular of regular verbs in the indicative mood, present tense, that are written with word-signs or contractions, is also formed by adding the ess-circle ; thus, come, d comes. BAHE SIGN FOR ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB. § 297. The same sign may be used for the adjective and adverb wheii the latter is derived from the former by affixing li/ ; thus, y general-li/. When the ly is written, it should be disjoined; thus, Jnt'iZi gentlemanly. PHEASEOGKAPHY. 99 PHRASEOGRAPHY. ^ 298. The learner has now had presented to him all the steno- graphic material used in Phonography. He has also been made ac- quainted with the fact, that in practice the signs of the vowels are seldom expressed ; so that, in great measure, they may hereafter bo excluded from consideration, and his attention directed to the conso- nants alone. Thus far, however, the consonant-signs have been used to represent the consonant-sounds, both singly and in groups, as they are found in separate words only ; and it yet remains, therefore, to ex- tend their use to the representation of groups of consonants as they occur in phrases, or collections of words. This mode of writing, by whicli the consonants of several words are joined or grouped in one charac ter, is called PHKASEOOiiAPnT. TWO KINDS OF PHRASES. § 299. There are two ways of forming phrase-signs ; the simplest is to merely join the phonographic outlines of two or more words together without altering the form that each would have if written by itself, and is exactly like joining words in writing ordinary long-hand ; thus, 1/ which were, ^— ^ may as well, ■^----— in any case, etc. The other mode of phrase-writing, and the only one which requires extended explanation, is to group together, by means of the stem-signs and their various modifications, the consonants of several words, without regard to the form of each individually — a portion, and sometimes all of the words, as it were, losing their identity of outline ; thus, ^ by all their. § 300. The following is a statement of the power of the different consonant modifications, or attachments, when used in phrase-writing, and in the precise order of their introduction on the preceding pages of this work. CIRCLES AND LOOPS. 'as,' 'has,' 'is,' 'his,' or 'us' ADDED BY THE ESS-CIECLE. ^ ,301. As, has, is, or his may be added both initially and finally, and MS finally, by the ess-circle ; thus, °) as so, | has done, ■■— is in, who has or is, y^ where is, ') so h-as, y_^ for us, A-- see us. ^ 302. An ess-circle word-sign is prefixed to a word commencing with the circle, or suffixed to one ending with it, by enlarging the circle into ss; thus, p hassaid, ---is seen, (^-^hassome, ^ raiseus, -■■■;- gives us, v_C> knows us, ^ as his, or as is, -q- is as, or his is. 100 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEE. CAUTION IN BEGAKD TO 'uS.' § 303. Us, -when added by the circle to verbs, will sometimes conflict with another form of the verb, as give-us with gives, put-us with puts, etc., and should therefore be used cautiously in such cases ; and when in doubt as to its safety, the writer should employ the stem S. ' TO,' ' IT,' OK 'the ' ADDED BY CHANGING THE CIECLE TO A SMALL LOOP. ^ 304. To, it, or the may be added to any of the ess-circle word-signs, either at the commencement or end of a phrase, or when standing alone, and also at the end of most words ending with the circle, by changing it to the small loop ; thus, f as to what, "^ as to her, '^'^ as the man, c/' as it were, [j what is the, ° because the, ^ raise the-, ^ /ace the, ^ h-as the or to, v,- is the or to, ^ as it is, -w is it as. 'there,' 'their,' or 'they are' added by CHANGINO THE CIBCLE TO A LARGE LOOP. ^ 305. There, their, or thei/ are may be added, in the cases stated in the last section, by changing the circle to a large loop ; thus, "^ has there been, is there any, |^^ takes their, "^ because they are, "f^ because there is, cvp unless they are, f^.. as there, ••>•• is there. ^ 306. When it is impossible or inconvenient to join a loop to another outline in the ordinary way, it may be written with the detached form, and then joined ; thus, ^^""^ has there not been, -^jj/ is there soon, as there is. Some writers find more difficulty than others in joining loops initially ; for such the detached loops are generally the best, THE HOOKS. 'all' OR 'will' added by the el-hook. § 307. All OT will may be added by the e/-hook; thus, \ by all, C what will, ..f... t< will, / which will, _^~_ can all, Q they will, Q for all, ...(^ if all, Q^ among all. 'are,' 'OCR,' OR 'or' added BY THE ER-HOOK. § 308. Are, our, or or may be added by the er-hook ; thus, ] what are, 'X by our, / which are, ^ where are, ^ on or or our, ( they are, ,;_^ amonn our. 'we' added by the way-hook. § 309. We may be added to straight stems by the way-hook ; thus, P what we, I ought we, p do we, ^ can we, ,y^ where we. PHEASEOGKAPHY. 101 *T0U' OR 'tour' added BT THE TAT-HOOK. ^ 310. you or your may be added to straight stems by the ya^-hook ; thus, '^ by you-r, ^\ but you-r, '] what you-r, f~ can you-r. 'in' added by the in-hook. ^ 311. The preposition in may be written by the t«-hook; thus, 3-^ in some. The outline of the word to which in is thus prefixed should always be written in its proper position, instead of following that of in. 'have' or 'of' added by the ef-hook. § 312. Have or o/vaay be added by the c/'-hook; thus, \i part of, I out of, I what have, ^ can have, (^ they have, ,^_^ may have. The c/"-hook on curves should be made larger than on straight stems. 'and,' 'an,' 'own,' 'been,' or 'than' added by the en-hook. § 313. And, an, oion, been, or than may be added by the en-hook ; thus, .../t:. you and, ■■\^- if an, K^for an, ^ or an, ~^ her own, ^ have been, (j other than, .^-^ viore than. It is allowable to turn a small hook for n on the inside of the can all their own, U do you mean to say. WORDS written BY AN INITIAL AND FINAL MODIFICATION OF THE PRECEDING STEM. § 322. In phrases, sometimes a word is best written by an initial hook and a final modification, on the stem of the preceding word ; thus, (, what was, J at one. POSITION OF niRASE-SIGNS, ETC. ^ 323. As a general rale, the first word of a phrase-sign should be written in the position it would occupy if written by itself, and the other words then joined, one after another, without regard to position ; thus, '^ as mine, ^ has not, ^- . is not. EXCEPTIONS. ^ 321. When the first word of the phrase belongs to the first posi- tion, and is rei)resented by a circle, loop, horizontal stem, or any half- length stem, if necessary to secure greater legibility, the first word may be raised or lowered so as to allow the second word of the phrase to be PHEASEOGEAPIIT. 103 written in the position it would occupy if standing alone, providing the first word is not thereby brought through or below the line ; thus, f has had, _J as shall, ?as if, C° as well as, \ as to that, .^.. as it would, ■^ on those, ^rr^.. on this, ^ about those, ..^. about this. CERTAIN M'ORDS DISTINGUISHED. ^ 325. It will be observed that sometimes two or three words are written with the same sign, being distinguished, one from the other, only by difference of position. Now, it is obvious that, in phrase-writing, this mode of distinction can be preserved with such words only when tiiey commence phrases. Therefore, when the context can not be relied upon to show which word was intended, in case the sign is thrown out of its proper position, the writer must make a distinction in some special man- ner; as by vocalizing, or changing the. form, of one of the conflicting words. For instance, K and Knt may always be used for can and can not, even when, in phrases, they are removed from the first position ; thus, T^-K-B it can be, T^-Knt it can not. But K and Knt must not be used for could and could not unless they stand alone or commence a phrase — it could be is written T' K'-B ; and it could- not, T^ Knt' or T'-Kd-Nt. When it is more convenient to join could, did, should, or that to a preceding word than to disjoin, they should be written respect- ively Kd, Dd, Slid, Dllt ; thus, DH'-Dd they did, T^-SHd-B it should he, N'-DHt on that, F^-DHt if that. Generally, however, it is best to disjoin could, did, and. should, and to join that to the preceding word. Dll for them may be joined freely in any part of a phrase. Had and do may generally with safety be written D in any part of a phrase ; but if there should arise any conflict, do should be disjoined, leaving the field to had. When the words no, go, own, else, least, see, ill, are joined to a. preceding word that is written with a stem-sign, they should always be vocalized, to distinguish them respectively from any, come, know, less, last, sai/, well. Write T'-Lst at least to distinguish from T'-Zst at last. Ree is never used for are except alone or commencing a phrase. When are is joined to a preceding word, the stem'iZ-or the r-hook is r . used ; thus, DHr^-R there are, DHr' they are. R for were may be used in any part of a phrase. If charge is thrown out of position, as by to in the phrase to charge, write it Cllr-J ; but write CH* for to change. Part is joined freely in phrases ; when more convenient, it is occasionally changed to Prt ; thus, N'-M-Prt on my part. Opportunity should al- ways be written P^ and alone. Certain words are written out of the {(Osition of their accented vowels in order to avoid collision with other words — in the following list the conflicting words are put in paren- theses : J" advantage (joy), Ndhr' another (no other), Gdhr' altogether 104 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEE. (again), K' any (no), D' do (did), F' for (of, form), Jnt' gentleman, (gentlemen), G' go (come), H' he (me), H' Jdvi (whom), Dllr* other (their), Vr' over (very), N* own (know), Tr^ truth (time), T' what (at, out), CH" which (each), Ys* yourself (use). Society is written in any part of a phrase, but system, except wlien standing alone or commenc- ing a phrase, is written ssT-M. Inner should always be vocalized, to distinguish it from near. Always carefully vocalize leave, to distinguish it from live. *eteb' and 'have' distixgcished. ^ 326. Ever as a word-sign, whether standing alone or used in phrases, should always be written with the stem V, to distinguish it from have, which, in phrases (except at the commencement), is written with the vee- hook ; thus, I do you ever, do you have. But ever as a suffix may be written with the ree-hook. See § 285. TICKS FOR 'l,' 'a,' 'aN,'aKD 'aND.' § 327. The words /, a, an, or and may be joined by a light tick, the position of which is governed by that of the word to which it is so at- tached — as follows : 1. /, at the commencement of phrases — by a light tick struck in the direction of either ree or chay, according to which gives the best joining ; thus, '\ / hope, .■S^.. I helieve,\^ I suppose, 1 / sought, ,„^__^ / know, ^ ^ / am. Before the signs for can, can not, could, could not, the up- ward tick is used, so as to avoid collisions with several other outlines. 2. A, an, or and, at the commencement of phrases — by a light tick written invariably in the direction of pee; thus, ^ and then, ^^~^ and ♦ my, ^.. and we, V and as for. This-beek is not used unless it makes ^^ ^ an easy angle with the following stem, the dot being prefen'ed in other cases. 3. In the middle or at the end of phrases, a tick inclined in either direction may be used for either / or a — and for an or and when they can not be written with the n-hook; thus, ■-^:^ if I may, -.^. in a moment, ^^ worse and worse, in a, Ftr*- (tick in direction of chay) after a or an, Wdhr'- (tick in direction of ree) whether a or an, SHtr'- (tick in direction of pee) shatter a or an, Nt'- (tick in direction of pee) not a, Fdhrz'- (tick in direction of chay) if there is a. HOOKS O'S TICKS. § 328. The following tick-signs with hooks are used, ^ I will, ^ I have, "^ I will not. PHRASEOGRAPHY. 105 'i,' 'a,' or 'and' followed by 'com' or 'con.' § 329. When / is followed by com or con, the tick is written close to or over the beginning of the following stem (com or con being omitted) ; thus, J I contend. A, and, and the, before com or con, should be written with their dot-signs, and then the com or con indicated by proximity or by the dot for that syllable. TICK for 'the' and 'he.' § 330. The is generally indicated by halving or by looping ; but when it can not be so written (as, for instance, after a lengthened or halved stem), it may be expressed by a light horizontal or perpendicular tick ; thus, s, ^ wider the. The same tick may be used initially for he when the stem hay makes a bad junction. JOINING of ticks WITH CIRCLES, LOOPS, ETC. ^ 331. The tick-signs may also be joined to the circle word-signs, to the detached loops, and to each other ; thus, ^ as a or an, -^- is a or an, '^ or '^_ as I, ^ and a or an, "^ and the. '-ING the' and '-ING A-N.' § 332. In all cases where the final syllable -inq would be expressed by the dot, the may be added by changing the dot to a perpendicular or horizontal tick, and a or an by changing it to an inclined tick written in the direction of pee or chay ; thus, ■-^•- putting the, °^^ separating a-n, \ hoping the, \ hoping a-n. BRIEF SIGNS FOR 'WE,' ' WOULD,' AND 'YOUj' A/ ^ 333. Where the stems W and Y do not join well, the words we, ivould, and you may be joined by a small half-circle — the left or right form ( c :> ) for w, and the upper or lower half ( - - ) for y. ' of' omitted. ^ 334. When of between words can not be conveniently written with the eZ-hook, it may be omitted, and then intimated by writing the adja- cent words in proximity ; thus, (^_,^^ ^o** '2/' ^noney ; and sometimes by joining them ; thus, ^y, ^ words of my text. 'of' followed by 'com' or 'con.' ^ 335. When of precedes a word commencing with com or con, the of may be indicated by proximity and the dot used for the prefix. In practice, however, the dot may generally be omitted with safety. 106 TUE COMPLETE PHONOGKAPHER. ' to' or ' too' omitted and indicated by a foceth position, ^ 336. At the commencement of a phrase, either to or too may gener- ally be indicated by dropping the form of the succeeding word one half the length of a iee-stem below the third position of the same form ; thus, \ to do, \<2^^ to he seen, X^ '" receive, a to trade, __ too good. If a word so written in the foirrth position begins with com or con, the pre- fix may be indicated by proximity ; thus, D'tPln* had to complain. § 337. It is not well to begin a sentence with a horizontal or a half- length in the fourth position. In such cases, the stem tee should be used ; thus, br- ^o "'^j 6tc. 'from — to' omitted. ^ 338. From such phrases as 'from hour to hour,' 'from week to week,' etc., from — to may be omitted, and intimated by writing the signs of the repeated word near each other, or, when more convenient, by join- ing them ; thus, 1 1 /lom day to day, '""''"^ from time to time, 'Ri'-B.from hour to hour. •and' omitted. § 339. And may occasionally be omitted from the middle of a phrase, and the adjacent words joined, especially when they are the same word repeated ; thus, Gn-Gn again and again. RULES FOR PHRASE-WRITIXG. general rules. ^ 340. Words that are naturally collected into a phrase or clause in speaking may generally be joined in a phrase-sign in writing; thus, 'as- well-as,' 'in-the-first-place,' 'on-the-part-of-the,' 'on-the-other-hand,' etc. But there should be no straining after phrase-writing at the ex- pense of introducing indistinct or difiScult joinings, awkward outlines, or phrase-signs that are of inconvenient length, or that extend too far away from the line. And words should seldom be joined that are sepa- rated in speaking by a distinct pause, either rhetorical or grammatical. § 341. Phrases may be composed entirely of contracted words, or of words that are not contracted, or of contracted and uncontracted words mingled. So that for the purpose of making phrases, it is unnecessary for the writer to think whether the words entering into the constniction of any phrase are contractions or not. SPECIAL KtTLES. § 342. A noun or pronoun in the objective case may be joined to the preceding verb or preposition by which it is governed ; thus, ' take-this,' 'save-them,' 'by-them,' 'for-him.' If any qualifying word or words PHEA6E0GKAPHY. 107 intervene, they may also be included in the phrase; thus, 'at-the-time,' ' on-the-part, ' ' for-my-sake. ' § 343. A verb may be joined to its nominative, especially if it is a pro- noun; thus, 'I-see,' 'he-lives,' 'they-make,' 'we-look.' If the verb has any auxiliaries, they, together with any intervening adverb or ad- verbs, may be joined to it, and the whole joined to the nominative ; thus, 'I-may-be,' ' I-may-not-be, ' 'it-can-not-be,' ' James-will-not-go,' 'I- may-again-return. ' ^ 34-t. A qualifying word may be joined to the word it qualifies ; thus, 'good-man,' 'a-great-many,' 'very-certain,' 'quite-likely,' 'a-man,' 'much-esteemed,' 'as-good-as,' 'absolutely-necessary.' § 345. Two nouns, or a pronoun and a noun, coming together, the first in the possessive case, and the other denoting the thing possessed, may be joined, and the whole joined to a preceding governing or qualify- ing word; thus, ' James's- book,' ' on-the-father's-side,' ' on-his-part,' 'on-their-side.' ^ 346. A verb in the infinitive mood, with or without to, may be join- ed to its governing verb, noun, or adjective; thus, ' ought -to -go,' 'I-desire-to-leave,' ' I-dare-say' (i-D-/?-S), 'I-need-do.' ^ 347. A copulative conjunction may be joined to the word that fol- lows it, and also to the preceding word, if there is one in the same clause; thus, 'and-then,' 'you-and-I' (Yn'-i), ' worse-and-worse. ' ^ 348. When the idiom of the language requires that one word follow another, if in the same clause, they may be joined ; thus, 'other-tlian,' 'raore-than,' 'such-as.' LIST OF PHRASES. ^ 349. The following is a list of phrases that will be found useful to the reporter. Most of them are formed regularly, according to the usual rules for phrasing ; but several are contracted outlines, that do not contain all tiie elements of the words as they are written when standing alone. The list should be thoroughly studied. about that, Bt'-DHt about this, Bt*-DHs about which, Bt'-CH absolutely necessary, B'-sZt-Nss-22 according to, Krd' act of Congress, Kt'-Grs act of Parliament, Kt'-Pr-Zr acts of Congress, Kt'-sGrs acts of Parliament, Kt'-sl'r-Z after a-an, rtr'-('a' tick) after all, Ftr'-L again and again, Gn*-Gn all such, Zs'-CH all that, i'-DHt all the, Zt' all their, Zdhr' along their, L'-NGdhr alongside of, L'-NGs-Dv although there is, Z'-DHdhrz among the, NGt" 108 THE COMPLETE PHONOGRAPHEK. among their, NGdhr* and so forth, Nds'-F-TH any body, N^-Bd any more than, N'-Mrn any one else, N^-Wn-Ls any thing else, N^-NG-Ls any thing less, N^-NG-Xs are the, jRt' are there, /?dhr* are you, Ry^ are you aware, jRy'-Wr are you sure, iZy'-SHr as early as, zW-Lz as far as, zF'-Rz as far as possible zF'-Ez-Ps as good as, zGdz^ "^ as great as, zGrtz' as it were, st/i* as large as, zJz' as long as, zNGz* as soon as possible, zsNz'-l's at all events, Tlv'-Nts at any rate, T'-Nrt at last, T'-Z,st at least, T'-Lst at once, Twns* at one, Twn' at or about that time, Tr'-Bt-DHt- T-M at present, T'-Prz-Nt at that, T'-DHt at the, Tt' B. bank account, B'-NG^K-K-Nt Baptist Church, Bts'-Ch-CH be able to, B'-Blt before and after, Bf '-(' and'-tick)-rtr before or after, Bf ^-iiftr before their, Bfdhr'' best of my knowledge, Bst'-M-N-J between the, Tnt' between their, Tndhr' book account, B^-K-K-Xt British America, Brt^-M-i2-K but it is not, Bts^-Xt by and by, Bn'-B by the by, Bt> B* can be, K-B' can you state, Kys*-Tt Catholic Bishop, K-TH'-B Catholic Church, K-TH'-CHr-CH Catholic Priest, K-TH'-Prst Constitution of the U. S., :stTshn'- Ys could you state, Kys^-Tt Court of Chancery, Kn''-CH-siR Court of Common Pleas, Krt='-N-PIs Court of Justice, Krt^-J-sTs Courts of Justice, Krts^-J-sTs Court of Sessions, KrtssAns* Court of General Sessions, Krt''- JnssAns Court of Special Sessions, Krts*- Vsshns D. Dear sir, Dr^-sR defendant's counsel, D'-sKs-L deputy sheriff, D''-Pt-SHr-F did you have, Dyv^ did you have any thing, Dyv'-X-NG do you recollect, Dy'-R do you remember, Dy*-M during the, Drt' during the latter part of the, Drt^- itr-Pvt E. Eastern States, Strs'-Tts eight or nine, T^-B-'Sn eight or ten, T^-R-Tn Episcopal Church, P'-sK-CHr-CH et cetera, T*-sTr ever since, Vs^-Xs everlasting life, Y^-Ls-L-F every where, Yr^-R Fellow citizens, Fls'-Tns first place, Fs^-Pls five or seven, Fv*-i?s-Vn five or six, Fv'-7?s-Ks five or six years, Fv*-/?s-Ks-Yz for ever and ever, F^-V-V for instance, Fs°-Tns for my part, F'-M-Prt for several, Fs^-V for the purpose, Ft^'-P for the purposes, Ft"-Pz PHEASEOGEAPHY. 109 for the sake of the, Fts'-Kvt four or five, T'-^-F-V Gentlemen of the Jury, Jnt'-J-i2 Great Britain, Grt*-Brt Great Britain and Ireland, Grt'- Brt-/?lnd great while, Grt^-Wl great deal, Grt^-Dl H. had another, Dndhr' had there been, Ddhr'-Bn had you, Dy* had we, Dw' have been there, Vndhr' here and there, Kndlir^ he was, H^-Z he was not, II*-Z-Nt he was there, H*-Z"dhr Holy Ghost, H^-Gst Hon. gentleman, Nr-Jnt* Hon. gentlemen, Nr-Jnt* Hon. member, Nr'-M Hon. Senator, Nrs'-Ntr House of Commons, Hs*-K House of God, Hs'-Gd House of Lords, Hs'-Zdz House of Parliament, Hs*-Pr-L House of Eepresentatives, Hs*-i2- Ps Houses of Parliament, Uzz^-Vi-L how do you do, H'-Dy-D how far, H'-Fr how long have you been there, H*- NG-V-Yndhr how much money, H'-M-CH-M-N in consequence, Ns'-Kns in consideration, nsDrshn* in effect, N'-F-K in fact, N'-Ft in fiill,.N^-F-L in order, Nrdr' in point of fact, N^-Pnt-Ft in reference, N^-i?f in regard, N'-i2-Grd in relation, N'-i21shn in respect, N^-^s-Pt in response, N'-iJs-Pns in that, N^-DHt in the first place, Nt'-Fs-PIs in the next place, Nt='-Ns-Pls in the world, Nt^- Rid in your direct examination, N'-Y- Drt-sM-Nshn it is said, Tzs^-D it is the, Tst^ it is well known, Tz'-L-Nn it may be said, T'-M-Bs-D it was not, Twz^-Nt it will not be, Tlnt^-B J. Jesus Christ, J'-sK just after, Jst"-Ftr just now, Jst^-N-[upright tick] K. Kingdom of Christ, K'-Krst Kingdom of glory, K^-Gl Kingdom of Heaven, K'-Vn Ladies and gentlemen, Z^-Dz-Jnt last will and testament, Zs*-Z-T- sMnt learned counsel, Zrnd'-Ks-L learned friend, Zrnd'-Fnd learned gentleman, Znid^-Jnt learned judge, Lrnd^-J-J jr. Member of Congress, M'-Grs Member of the Bar, M*-Br Member of the Legislature, M'-Z-J Member of Parliament, M*-Pr-Z Members of Congress, Mz*-Grs Members of the Bar, Mz^-Br Methodist Church, M-THds»-CH- CH Methodist Episcopal Church, M- THds^-Ps-CH-CH more and more, Mr^'-Mr more or less, Mr*-Zs Mr. Chairman, Mr-CHr'-Mn 110 THE COMPLETE PHONOGKAPIIEK. Mr. President, Mr-Prz--Dnt Mr. Speaker, Mrs-P^-Kr My dear brethren, M-Dr'-Bm My dear friends, M-Dr^-Frndz My dear madam, M-Dr'-Md-M My dear sir, M-Dr^-sR N. New York, N-Y' New York City, N-Ys'-T nine or ten, Nn*-/i-Tn No, sir, Ns^ North Carolina, Nr'-Kr-i-N Northern States, Nrdhrs'-Tts nothing else, N-TH»-NG-Ls nothing less, N-Tll'-NG-Xs O. objected to, B^'-T objection sustained, Bss°-Tnd of another, Vndhr' on his part, Nz'-P on my part, N'-M-Prt on one or two occasions, N*-W-Nr- T-Kzhns on or after, Nr'-Ftr on or before, Nr'-Bf on the other, N'-DITdhr on these occasions, N'-Z-Kzhnz once or twice, Ws*-R-Tws once in a while, Ws^-N-Wl one or both, W'^-Nr-B-TII one or two, W°-Nr-T our own, iin' part of their, Pvdhr* peculiar circumstances of the case, P=-Ks-Tnsz-Ks per annum, P^'-iZ-N-M per cent., P^-7Zs-Nt per minute, Pr''-Mn-T personal estate, Prs°-Nls-Tt phonographic society, Fn*-Kss-T plaintiff's counsel, P'-sKs-L or Plt'- sKs-L point of view, Pnt'-V Presbyterian Church, Prz»-CH-CH President of the U. S., Pra'-Dnt-Ys R. real estate, iJls'-Tt re - cross-examination, i2^-Kr-sM- Nshn re-direct-examination, jR^-Drt-sM- Nshn Roman Catholic, R^-K-Tll Roman Catholic Church, R^-K-Tll- Cllr-Cil S. Saviour of the world, sV^-i?ld Sec'y of State, sKrts^-Tt Sec'y of the Treasury, sKrt'-Tr Sec'y of War, sfct^-Wr Senate of the U. S., sNt^'-Ys six or eight, sK'-SjR-T six or seven, sK'-SjRs-Vn so far as you know, S^'-Frz-Y-N so to speak, Sts^-P Southern States, sDHs'-Tts state of facts, stTv=-Fts Sunday-school, sN-Ds^-Kl T. the otlier, Dlldhr' then there was, l)Hndhr*-Z three or four, Thr'-72-F-R two or three, Tr^-TUr U. under all the circumstances, Ndr*- Lds-Tnsz under the circumstances, Ndrs'-Tnsz under the circumstances of the case, Ndrs'-Tnsz-Ks United States, Ys' U. S. of America, Ys»-M-iS-K U. S. Senate, Yss^-Nt U. S. Senator, Yss'-Ntr V. very likely, Yy^-F^KI very seldom, Vr"-sLd-M Vice-President, Vs'-Pz-Dnt vice versa, Vs'-V-S vivq, voce, V'-V.S PHKASEOGKAPHY. Ill was he not, Z'-Hnt Ways and Means, Wz^-Mnz well, sir, /,s=-K we have, Wv^ what was, Twz^ what was done, Twz^-Dn what was said and done, Twzs'-Dn- l)n what was said and done there, Twzs'- Dn-Dndhr what took place, T=-T-Pls where do you reside, R'-Dj-Rz-D where was, Rwz' where was that, iJwz'-DHt where was your place of business, 7iwz='-Y-Pls-Bz-Nz which was, CHwz" with reference, BlV-Rt with regard, DH'-7?-Grd with relation, DH'-7?lshn with respect, DH'-i?s-Pt Word of God, Wrd»-Gd Words of God, Wrdz^-Gd words of my text, Wrdz'-Mt-Kst words of our text, Wrdz''-i?-T-Kst Y. year and a half, Yn^-F year or two, Y^-R-T years ago, Yz^-G years before, Yz^-Bf years of age, Yz^- J years old, Yz'-Ld yes or no, Ys^-i?-N yes, sir, Yss'' you are sure, Yr'-SHr Your Honor, Y^-Nr SPECIAL PHRASE AND WORD CONTRACTIONS. § 350. When a phrase or word, whose outline is of inconvenient length, occurs frequently in a particular case or subject matter, the re- porter, after writing it once or twice in full, may oftentimes save himself considerable labor by extemporizing an abbreviation for it. Such con- tractions are generally best formed by omitting from the outline all but the leading and most suggestive signs ; attention also being given, in tire selection, to ease and convenience of junction. Thus, for instance, in reporting legal proceedings, such outlines as the following may be used : D*-Bs ' defendant objects,' Bss*-Tnd ' objection sustained,'Zs'-i-T-sMnt ' last will and testament ;' in legislative or congressional reporting, Nr'-Jnt 'Honorable gentleman,' Nr'-M 'Honorable member,' Nrs'-Ntr ' Honorable senator,* Nr'-Jnt-N-Y ' Honorable gentleman from New York;' in sermon reporting, Z,'-J-sK 'Lord Jesus Christ,' Tr^-Nl-F 'eternal life,' H-Gst 'Holy Ghost,' N-T^-sMnt 'New Testament,' etc. ; in reporting a lecture on Chemistry, Ntr'-sD 'nitrous acid,' Kr'-Bs-D 'carbonic acid,' Ks-D'-Hdr 'oxide of hydrogen ;' in a lecture on Anat- omy, sP'-IO 'spinal column,' G*-NG-P-TH 'ganglion ophthalmicum,' etc. Names of corporations and companies may also be abbreviated in the same way; thus, i'-Trs-K 'Life & Trust Co.,' sN^-M-Ns-K 'Sun Mutual Insurance Co.,' CH-Br-Rs ' Chamber of Commerce,' Ns-Nt-iJP-D 'N, Y. Central Railroad.' These special contractions, though they may be perfectly legible in the particular subject for which they are made, should not, of course, be employed in general reporting. 112 THE COMPLETE PnONOGEAPHES. PUNCTUATION AND OTHER MARKS. § 351. The following are the punctuation and other marks used in Phonography : Applause ••? liATraHTEB •? Dash . = Caret • A IXDEX ..n- Paeageaph ..q. Sectiok .. sS Asterisk Dagger .. t Double dagger . . •• X Comma , Semicolon ; Colon : Period ^ Exclamation / Interrogation P or Doubt (?) Hyphen „ PABENTHXSia ( ) Braceets [ ] GENERAL REMARKS ON PUNCTUATION. the period. § 352. In rapid reporting the writer has no time to indicate the minor pauses, but he should always mark the full stops. As to the mode of doing this the practice of reporters is varied, some using the small cross, or a modification of it like this ( y^ ) ; others the long sign given in our table as the reporter's sign of interrogation ; while many use no marks at all, but indicate the pauses by spaces in their notes. If the latter mode be adopted, the space for a period should be about three quarters of an inch, and for a colon or semicolon about a third or half an inch in length. In case, however, the reporter writes rather openly, the spaces should be correspondingly increased. exclamation and interrogation points. § 353. The marks of exclamation and interrogation should bo written as shown in the table above, with the phonographic point at the bottom ; for, if made in the ordinary way, with the simple dot, they might be mistaken for phonographic words. Both of these signs should also be placed at the end of the clause or sentence which thej are intended to mark. It is recommended in most phonographic works that the interrogation point be placed at the commencement of the intenrogation ; but, as it is fiequontly impossible to tell whether PUNCTUATION AND OTHEK MAEKS. 113 a speaker, when he commences a sentence, is going to ask a question or make a simple affirmation, it is obviously impracticable in reporting to follow this rule. Reporters use the long interrogation mark. PARENTHESIS AND BRACKETS. § 854. As the difference between the marks of parenthesis and tbu brackets is not commonly understood, it is proper that their use should here be explained. The marks of parenthesis serve to indicate that an expression is inserted in the body of a sentence with which it has no connection in sense or in construction, while brackets are generally used to separate two subjects, or to inclose an explanation, note, or observation standing by itself. Therefore, the marks of parenthesis should be used to indicate a statement given in the words of the speaker, but which has no connection in sense or in construction with the adjoining matter ; and the brackets, to inclose any explanation, note, or observation given in the worda of the reporter. DASH. § 355. The dash should be made deuble, to avoid its being mistaken for the stem kay ; thus = ACCENT. • § 356. Accent may be shown by writing a small cross close to the vowel-sign of the accented syllable; thus, "^ arrows, ^' arose; but generally this mark is unnecessary, as the position of the word almost always indicates its accented vowel. EMPHASIS. § 357. Emphasis is marked as in longhand, by drawing one, two, or more lines underneath the emphatic word. A single line under a single word should be made wave-like, to distinguish it from kay. CAPITALS. § 358. An initial capital may be marked by drawing two short parallel lines imder the first part of the word ; thus, £;t>_ Times news- paper. The entire word may be marked for capitals by drawing the par- allel lines under the whole of it. But as this mode of capitalizing oc- cupies too muchi time to be of practical use to the reporter, he may, with advantage, substitute a single line drawn under words to mark both proper names and emphasis ; thus, A. James. Such line should, however, be made a little longer and heavier than a hiy. 114 THE COMPLETE rnONOGKAPnEK. INITIALS OF PKOPER NAMES, ETC. § 359. The initials of proper names are best written in longbanj. If, however, phonograpliic letters are used instead, as will sometimea be necessary in rapid reporting, signs should be selected to indicate the common, and not the phoiwgraphk, initials. CONSONANT INITIALS. § 360. The letter .?., as an initial, may be indicated by the phono- graph bee, D. by dee, F. by ef, E. by hay, J. by jay, K. by hay, L. by Ue, M. by em, N. by en, P. by pee, R. by err or ree, S. by ess, T. by Ue, V. by vee, W. by way, Y. by yay, and Z. by zee. The letters C, Q., and jr. should always be indicated in longhand. [See § 86.] § 361. The phonograph gay, and not jay, should be used for the initial of such names as George, Germany, etc., as well as of Gerrit, Gouvemeur, etc., ior gay indicates the true initial G., while /ay would indicate J. For a like reason pee, and not ef, should be used for the initial of Philip, Philo, etc. VOWEL INITIALS. § 362. The letter A., as an initial, may he indicated by a heavy dot on the line, E. "by a heavy dot under the line, /. by the sign of the diphthong i written above the line, 0. by the word -sign for owe, and U. by the sign of the diphthong ew written on or below the line. The vowel initials should be indicated according to the above direction-s without regard to their sounds ; thus, A. should be represented by a large dot written on the line, whether it be the initial of Abraham, Arthur, Alfred, or Augustus. The vowel initials may also be indicated by writing the signs of a, e, i, o, or ew to the nominal consonant. This mode, however, is hardly practicable in swift writing. INITIALS OF TITLES. § 363. The initials of titles are best written with the longhand letters; thus, LL.B., M.TD., A.B., etc. NUMBERS, ETC. § 304. Numbers should generally be represented by the ordinary Arabic characters. Though in some instances they are not quite bo brief as the words phonographically written, they are somewhat vaoK legible, and their distinctive character renders them conspicaons in a PUNCTUATION AND OTHER MARKS. 115 page of notes. But one and ten are wiitten best with Wn and Tn ; but if the figure 1 is used it should be written /^ one, to distinguish it from chny or jay. When several noughts occur in a number, instead of writing them all, express the number, in part or in whole, in Pho- nography; thus, 800,000,000 by 800 M-Zn', 80,000 by 80 THz>-Nd, 35,082,000 by 35M-Zn^ 82THz^Nd, 10,000 by Tn»-THz-Nd. § 365. When a speaker mentions a number of dollars or pounds, he first utters the number and then the denomination ; therefore, th« repoiter should write the word 'dollars' (for which Ds' is a good abbreviation), or 'pounds' after the number, instead of going back and placing before it the sign $ or £ ; thus, 421 Ds', instead of $421. PHONOOKAPHIC riGUEES. 366. Numbers may, however, be expressed much more rapidly than in the ordinary way by using the phonographic consonant-signs with numerical values. The following assignment of them for that pur- pose is believed to present unusual advantages in point of brevity and legibility. IS 34567 890 f <( «< ->^ (I I <■ (< ti Q / « (( 1( (( I l( (( it (I § 367. The circles, and the d, er, ef, and m hooks may also bo generally employed with numerical values. But the loops, and the Kay, yay, shun, and ter hooks, if used at all, should be very carefully written ; and, perhaps for general purposes, it is better to exclude them entirely. Examples : ^ 5, ,,-^-^ 33, (^ 87, // 64, / 47, \/ 94, ^ 804, /— 407, X^ 908, r\ 509, _p 7,000, \ 95, 'X 94, ^_ 75, ,^ 74, J 12, -^ 7,004. § 868. Before the phonographic numerals can be used in reporting, they must be thoroughly committed to memory and familiarized, par- ticularly the signs which represent the noughts ; the es«-oircle standing for one nought ; the large circle for two noughts ; the large circle with a turned small circle for three noughts, and the stem ess, with an ini tial large circle, and a final large circle with a turned small circle, for six noughts; thus, Ts = 10, Tbs = 100, Tssb = 1,000, T-saSaassa 1,000,000. 116 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEK. FORMS MODIFIED BY MOTION". § 3G9. We have already seen (§ 14) that the hasis of the phono» graphic consonant-signs is the segment of a circle extending ninety degrees, and a straight line of equal length. These two characters — a line of beauty and a line of speed — written in various directions, with light and shaded stroke, and modified by means of circles, loops, hooks, etc. , constitute the entire variety of phonographic word-forms. Characters more simple or easily drawn can not be devised. But when traced as accurately as may be with skillful pen, with the rapidity of speech, the original geometrical figures appear modified, and fiUed with life as well as meaning. Phonography written, or engraved as we gen- erally see it, with an attempt at mathematical precision, in accordance with the original geometrical design, appears dead, stiff, and unwieldy, because it is unmodified by the spirit of motion. § 370. The principal movement in writing being forward, all indi- rect or side movements are more or less subordinated to it. So that all perpendicular or partially backward strokes will be shorter than those written forward horizontally or inclined ; and all words which would naturally extend far above or below the line of writing will be brought more into lineality by encroaching a little on the rules of po- sition, and by making the phonographs smaller. § 371. All horizontal curves, instead of being segments of a circle, will be segments of an ellipse cut through its longest diameter ; this form being produced by the rapid forward motion which is of neces- sity more retarded near the beginning and end of the stroke than through the middle, while the upward and downward movements are equal throughout, or, rather, retarded in the middle of the stroke con- sequent upon the change of direction, upward or downward. § 372. Inclined curves will be more or less irregular, curving most near one end, according to the direction of the curve ; thus, ef and ish are liable to be curved most near the beginning, and d and er, near the termination. § 373. The modification of perpendicular curves is less apparent, but those convex to the right will be curved most near the beginning, and those convex to the left curved most at the lower end. § 374. In the joining of simple signs the angles of junction will be more or less modified as the acceleration of speed demands — obtuse angles being made more acute by changing the inclination of inclined straight lines, or by modifying the curvature of curves ; thus, the stem P, in the outlines K-P will be nearer perpendicular than when standing alone, while in T-P it will be nearer horizontal ; and N before ON PREPAEING COPY AND BEADING PROOF. 117 P will be more curved, especially at its termination, than when it occurs before CH. § 375. At points of junction of two characters where a hook or cir- cle occurs, the characters will display a sort of courtesy to each other, bending a little now and then from the original geometrical creed that they may form a graceful and neighborly union ; for example, L be- fore Br will be more curved than usual, while F before Br will be con- siderably sti'aighter. § 376. Shaded curves rarely have the heaviest portion of the shade precisely in the middle, but more or less toward one end, as the di- rection of the pen most favors the execution of a shaded stroke ; thus, the stems ZH, Z, NG, and W are shaded heaviest a little before the middle, and DH, V, H, and T just after the middle. § 377. And as, by the law of mechanics, increase of speed must be attended with decrease of force, all strokes will be written as light as is consistent with proper legibility ; and, short roads being sooner traveled than long distances, the reporter will naturally adopt as small a scale of penmanship as legibility will sanction. § 378. The foregoing statement is not in conflict with the directions contained in § 28, for the modifications caused by motion are solely the effect of speed upon outlines, and they will appear even when simple geometrical accuracy alone is aimed at by the writer. ON PREPARING COPY AND READING PROOF. § 379. Although the superintending of printing does not come within the strict duties of a reporter, yet when his reports are printed, it not unfrequently happens that he is called upon to take charge of and correct the proofs. In such case the following hints on the subject will be of use. PREPAEATION OF COPY. § 380. In preparing manuscript for the printer the first requisite is to write it in a plain and legible hand. If proper names and foreign or technical expressions occur, care should be taken that they bo correctly spelled and clearly written. The i's should be dotted, and the i'% crossed, which in the haste of writing are too liable to be left imperfect. J" should be distinguished from 7, particularly when they are used as initials, by bringing the former below the line. Words or sentences meant to be printed in CAPITALS should be marked by drawing three lines under them ; in smau. capitaxs, by two lines ; and in Italics, by one. Should interlineations be made, or additions in 118 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHER, the margin, or on the opposite or a separate leaf, the place of insertion should be marked witli a caret, with a line, if possible, leading from it to, and inclosing the matter to be inserted ; and if the additional matter is designed as a note for the foot of tlie page, that fact should also be stated ; putting such or any other direction within a circle, that it may be readily noticed. No abbreviations of words or phrases liould be used. The punctuation should also be carefully attended to. And, at the commencement of any sentence meant to begin a new paragraph, but not distinctly exhibited as such, the mark (^) appropriated for that purpose, should be placed ; for on no account ought the paragraphing to be left to the compositor. PROOF-READING. ■§ 381. The following are the principal marks i:sed in correcting proof-sheets. When it is desired to change a word to capital, small capital, or Italic letters, it should be underscored with three, two, or one lines, as directed in the last section, and the words caps^ sm. caps, or Ilal., as the case may be, written in the margin directly opposite the line in which the word occurs. If a word printed in Italics is to be changed to Roman letters, or vice versa, a line is drawn under it, and the abbreviation Rom., or Ital., as the case may be, written in the margin. Omitted words or letters are marked for insertion by being written in the margin, and a caret placed in the text where the omission occurs. But if the omission be too long for the side margin, it may be wi-itten at the top or bottom of the page, or on a sheet of paper attached to the proof, and connected with the caret by a line. Anything may be struck out from the text by drawing a line through it, and writing in the margin the character ^, appropriately called a dele. If anything is to go in the place of the erased matter, it should be written in the margin instead of the dek mark. When anything hag been erased, and it is afterward decided to retain it as it was before, dots are written u^der it, and the word siet placed in the margin. When there is not sufficient space between two words or letters, a caret is placed beneath the place where they should be separated, and the sign J writ- ten in the margin. When there is too great a space between the letters of a word, they should be connected by two curved lines, one above and the other below, their concave sides being turned toward the space, and the same signs made in the margin ; if two words are to be brought nearer together, only the lower curve is used. When two lines are too neat together, a horizontal caret is placed at the end and between them, and the term lead or leads written in the margin. If the lines are too much separated, the coixection is made in tlie same way, except that dele lead or leads is wiitten in the margin, using the peculiar sign ON PBEPABING COPY AND EEADINO PROOF. 119 already given- fer dele. Two letters or words are transposed by drawing a curved line above the first and beneath the second, and writing the abbreviation tr. or trs. in the margin. If a misplaced word belongs to a different line of the print, encircle it and draw a line to the place where' it should be inserted ; or if it is desired to transpose two words that are not together, encircle each of them, and join them by a line. When several words are to be transposed, indicate the order by placing the figures 1, 2, 3, etc., over them, and draw a line under them. lu all these modes of transposition the letters tr. are, of course, placed In the margin. A paragraph may be made where none appears in the proof, by placing a caret in the text where the new paragraph is to begin, and the sign ^ in the margin. If an improper break into paragraphs has been made, it may be remedied by drawing a line from the end of the first paragraph to the beginning of the second, and writing No ^, or No break, in the margin. When it is desired to indent a line, as the first line of a paragraph, a caret is placed before it, and a small square character made in the margin. The crotchet [ is placed before a word, and a corresponding one made in the margin, to indi- cate that it should be brought out to the end of a line. If, however, it is also to commence a new paragraph, the marginal mark should be ^. A word in the middle of a line is carried farther to the left, by placing the sign l before it, and also in the margin. The sign j is placed after a word, and also in the margin, to carry the word farther to the right. When a letter, word, or character is depressed below the proper level, it is elevated by placing the sign r— i over it, and also in the margin. A letter, word, or character that is raised above the proper level, is brought into line by placing the sign <—> under it, and also in the margin. When the ends of the lines of a page do not range properly, a perpendicular line should be drawn near them. Attention is called to defective letters by making a dash under them, and a cross in the margin ; and to crooked letters or words, by meana of horizontal lines drawn above and below them, and corresponding parallel lines in the margin. An inverted letter is marked by drawing a dash under it, and placing the sign ^ in the margin. When a letter is of an improper size, it is indicated by drawing a line under it, and writing the letters w. f. (wrong font) in the margin. If a space or quadrat sticks up so that it prints, it should be marked by placing a short peipendicular stroke in the margin, and underscoring both it and the mark to be removed with a line curved like a phonographic en. When a line is iiTcguIarly spaced, — that is, if some of the words are too close, and others too wide apart, the direction Space letler should be written in the margin. The printer's proof-reader calls attention to obscurities of language, words illegible in the "copy" (manuscript), 120 THE COMPLETE PHOXOGEAPHEE. etc., by underscoring them and wi-iting qu ? or qy ? or (?) in the margin, along with his suggestion. A line like a double-length chat/ should be drawn after each marginal correction ; with the exception of the period, which is placed within a circle, and the apostrophe, reference marks, and superiore, which are written over the sign V . SPECIMEN OF A CORRECTED PROOF-SHEET. THE CROWTfrVO OP PETRAKCH. n /^Nothing can 1)0 conceived more affecting or noble than rf. ca/ut. np that ceremony. The superb* palaces and portioos by ^^m, •which had rolled the ivory chariots of Marina and Aa4 qT ae Caesar had long monldered into dust. Tho laureled ^y- fasces, the golden eagles, tho shouting Legions, tho ca.'Py^t. c. ~ I [ [ tives, and the pictured cities were indeed wanting to ^ /en/ his victorious procession. The sceptre had passed away ^ A 9 from Rome. But she still jctained tho mightier influenco i^ . of an/emplre\jntellectualj and was now to center the x ^(i£. rfondor reward of an intellectual tri:4mph. To the man u I „i,n had extended tho dominion of her ancient languai^o / / , wn" = = ?/ t-r^ oficred the/gloriou8\and/jusi\tribnte/)f her gratltnde. A zif* &/ro *i[ / Amid the ruined monuments^f ancient, and the ta- at e I fant en/ctions of modern ajtf he who had restored the (^ broken link/betweonxw'two ages of human civilization ^ was crowned jmi)x the wreath which -Lq ^^^ deserved ^ from the mourns who ow!d|eJto him their refinement, — from iy-' , the ancinits who owed to him their iame Never was a X O corf>4. The proper reporting of objections, motions, and rulings ^requires more judgment and experience than any other part of the luties of the law reporter. If counsel would always state in so many words the grounds of their objections, little or no difficulty would be experienced, but oftentimes a long argument is made, from the whole of which the reporter is obliged to eliminate the gist of the objection, and to put it in proper legal phraseology. It will not do to take down and write out just the words of the counsel, for this would frequently render the report very voluminous, and at the same time subject the party who orders it to much unnecessary expense. It would there- fore seem that some knowledge of the rules of evidence is an almost Indispensable qualification of the law reporter. But in the absence of more extended instruction in this respect, the following hints may be found serviceable. § 395. When a witness has been regularly sworn, he is first exam- ined by the party who produces him. This is called the " direct exam- ination," or the " examination in chief." After that the other party is at libertj' to cross-examine ; and then the party who first called him may re-examine. This is called the "re-direct," and, according to strict rule, it closes the examination of the witness. On the re-exam- ination it is permitted to ask him any questions necessary to explain matters elicited from him in the " cross-examination." But the re-ex- amination is not to extend to any new matter imconnected with the cross-examination, and which might have been inquired into on the examination in chief. The strictness of this rule is, however, in the discretion of the court, frequently relaxed. Further questions are oftentimes allowed to be put by the opposite counsel, especially when, on the re-direct, any new matter has been drawn out. This is called the "re-cross-examination." § 396. The obligation of proving any fact lies upon the party who substantially asserts the affirmative of the issue. The affirmative of most cases naturally rests with the plaintiff, or party bringing the action, and therefore it is that he proceeds first and gives evidence to substantiate his claim. When the plaintiiT has finished his evidence, he rests, and then sometimes defendant's counsel moves to dismiss the action on the ground that even if all the evidence adduced by the plaintiff were admitted to be true, he would have no legal right to EEPORTINO. 127 recover. If the motion is denied, which is generally the case when there is no jury, as judges generally prefer to hear the whole of a case before deciding any of its material points, the defendant's counsel excepts, and proceeds to produce his proofs. But if the court grant the motion, plaintiff takes an exception, and the trial ends there. Frequently the motion to dismiss is only m.a,de pro forma, to preserve, for the purposes of an appeal, any rights that may be covered by it. In such case the motion is denied without argument, an exception taken, and the trial proceeds. Sometimes, before the plaintiff produces any evidence, de- fendant's counsel moves to dismiss the complaint on the groimd that it does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. This objection, however, is generally taken by demurrer, and not on the trial. § 397. The order of proceeding in the trial of a cause is generally the following: (1) The impanneling of the jury; (2) the opening remarks of plaintiffs counsel in which he states the nature of hia case, and in general what he expects to prove ; (3) the examination of plaintiff's witnesses ; each of which defendant's counsel cross-exam- ines, unless he waive the right ; (4) the opening remarks of defend ant's counsel ; (5) the examination of defendant's witnesses; each of which is cross-examined by plaintiff's counsel, unless he waive the right ; (6) the rebutting testimony of plaintiff ; (7) ditto of defendant ; (8) the summing up or arguments of defendant's counsel ; (9) ditto of plaintiff's counsel ; (10) the charge of the judge to the jury ; (11) the verdict. In some courts trials are had without juries ; and sometimes, even when the parties have a right to trial by jury, they waive it and proceed before the judge alone. § 398. In ordinary civil trials the reporter has generally nothing to do with the impanneling of the jury ; but in criminal trials this is a very important matter, and should be carefully reported. It is always well to take notes of the opening remarks of counsel, for, although they are seldom ever required to be written out, they will sometimes throw light on obscure or doubtful portions of the testimony, and enable the writer to ascertain whether he has cor- rectly reported the language of the question or answer. Great care should be taken to report every word on the examination of wit- nesses ; and in transcribing, their exact language, whether grammat- ical or ungrammatical, should be preserved r and if any words are mispronounced, that fact should also be indicated if possible. By thl? means, on an appeal, the judges will be able to form a better judg- ment of the weight that should be attached to the evidence of the respective witnesses in the court below, than if all were made, by meant of corrections, to speak with equal propriety. The language of th^ 128 TUE COilPLETE PnOXOGRAPIIEK. questions of counsel, however, may be frequently improved when it can be done \vithout introducing any material alterations. It is noi usual to report the summing up of the counsel, unless they expressly order it. The judge's charge, however, should be very carefully taken, as oftentimes great interests may be hazarded by a very slight error or change in its verbiage. FORM OF LAW-EEPOETS. § 399. A very important consideration in a report, especially of a legal proceeding, is its form. It should be the aim of the stenog- rapher to furnish the report of a trial in such shape that it may be used, without essential alteration, as the ' ' case' ' on appeal. It should be written on paper that has a margin at the left of about an inch and a half, usually marked by a red line running from the top to the bot- tom of the sheet. Paper ruled in this way, and which is commonly called "legal-cap," may be procured at most stationers. It is gen erally ruled on both sides, and if both are written on, it is done in thii wise : After finishing the first side, the sheet is turned over endwise, and the second page is written from the bottom to the top of the sheet. This is called by scriveners "backing" the paper. It is the general practice of reporters to write on one side of the pai>er only, but sometimes it is preferred that both be used. As to this matter, the counsel may be consulted. The numbering of the pages should be in the margin, at the lower end of each sheet, the figures on the first side being placed at the bottom, and on the opposite side, at the top of the written page. The paging is done in this way so that there will be no danger of the numbers being covered up when the sheets are put together. The fastening together of the manuscript is com monly done with red tape, or with small tin clasps made for the pur pose. If tape is used, three small holes, about two inches apart, should first be punched in the top margin of the paper, and the tape then drawn through by means of a long, blunt needle, which should be first put down through the middle hole from the front of the man- uscript, then up through one of the side holes, next down through the other side hole, then up through the middle hole again, and the ends tied across the tape that extends from one side hole to the other. These minute directions have been given because so many people have such a very slovenly manner of putting together legal papers. If the trial of a case runs through several days, the paging should be continued on consecutively, instead of commencing anew every day. This will enable counsel to ascertain without trouble whether any part of the manuscript is missing. ^ 400. The proper legal names by which the parties to an action ar« KErOKTING. 129 designated, vary in different courts, and also according to the natura of the proceeding. In ordinary courts for the trial of civil causes the party bringing an action is called the Plaintiff, and the party against whom it is brought, the Defendant. The appealing party in the New York Court of Appeals is called the Appellant, and the other party the Respondent. All prosecutions for crime are brought in the name of The People, When a proceeding is brought in private interest, bul which must nevertheless be brought in the name of The People, as, for instance, in election cases, a mandamus, or certiorari, the moving f arty is designated The People on the relation of (or ex reT) So and So, giv ing the name of the party for whose benefit the proceeding is brought ; and who is generally called the Relator. On a proceeding for the probate of a will, the party offering it is called the Proponent, and the party opposing the probate, the Contestant. § 401. ITie first page of a report is generally used as a title-page, on which appears the name of the court ; the title of the suit ; the name of the judge before whom it is tried, stating also that it was before a jury, if such be the fact ; the date of the trial ; the names of the counsel and for whom they appear, and the index to the witnesses. The title-page is also an appropriate place for the reporter to write or stamp his business card. A new title-page should be made out for each day's report. The back of this sheet may be written on, or not, according to the taste or convenience of the writer. In tlie city of New York it has become the custom of law stenographers to put up reports of trials in covers, generally made of tinted paper of some kind, with printed blank forms on front and back. If covers are used, after the first day of the trial only an abridged title, with the date, need be put at the head of the report. The Index of Witnesses is written on the first page of the cover. ^ 402. At the commencement of the examination of each witness should be written in a plain and rather larger hand than usual, his full name, commencing it just outside of the margin line, and underscoring the whole with one line. Then should be stated for which party he was called ; that the witness was duly sworn or affirmed, and the name of the counsel conducting the direct examination. Each question and answer should be preceded by the initials Q. or A., written in the margin near the line. These letters should not encroach too much on the margin, as it is required by counsel for their notes and references. Some reporters c tmmence the answer immediately after the question, and do not place the A. in the margin at all. This is called " running in the answers." A line should be left blank above the name of each witness that is called, but not between the direct and cross examination ; and the following heading should be written on a line by itself: ' Cross-examination by 130 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPnEE. Deft's (or PlfF's) connsel,' or 'by Mr. So and So,' giving the counsel's name. If, in the course of an examination by one counsel, a single question is interposed by the other counsel, or by the judge, the words By Plaintiff's Counsel (or Defendant's, as the case may be), or By Mr. So and So, or By the Cotirt should be written just after the initial ' Q.,' without indentation, and in parentheses. Should it be followed by one or two more questions by the same party, the words By the same may bo inclosed in the parentheses. If, however, a considerable number of such questions occur, the words By Plff's (or Deffs) Counsel, or By Mr. So and So, or By the Court should be written on a separate line, and the questions then recorded in the ordinary way. When the original examination is resumed by the counsel who was thus interrupted, a simi- lar formula may be used to indicate it. ^ 403. Kemarks made by the counsel or by the Court, such as objections, rulings, exceptions, motions, etc., should generally be written in the third person, and the entire matter indented an inch oi more from the margin line. If the indented matter does not form a complete sentence of itself, it should be inclosed in brackets. When the words of counsel are given in the first person, they should be pre- ceded by the counsel's name, and then written iu the same manner as a question or answer, that is, without being indented. The name need not be written in full, but merely ilr. So and So, writing the Mr. just outside, and near the margin line. The words Plaintiff's (or De- fendant's) Counsel are sometimes used instead. In cither case they ehould be underscored with a single line. Eemarks by the judge transcribed in the first person are written in the same way, but eshould be preceded by the words T^ie Court, underscored. FORMS. § 404. The specimen forms on the following pages will serve as guides to tlie reporter in preparing reports. In regard to the use of the tenses of the verbs in the indented portions of short-hand reports, the practice of reporters varies ; some preferring the present tense, as in the follow- ing examples: "Plaintiff's counsel reads in evidence," etc., "Mr. Jones opens for plaintiff," "defendants' counsel claims the right," etc.; while oth- ers u.se the past tense, as follows: "Plaintiff's counsel read in evidence," etc., "Mr. Jones opened for plaintiff,"' "defendants' connsel claimed the light," etc. The author prefers generally the present form, because it gives greater freedom and facility in the construction of statements, and also permits of more condensation of expression. Occasionally, however, the past tense seems to be best ; and it is not necessary that the reporter should confine himself exclusively to either. The perpendicular line at the left of the pages represents the margin line of legal-cap paper. EEPOETING. . 131 FIRST TAGE — FOEM 1. N. Y. Superior Court, Fart 2. John AdolpU j vs. V The Central Park, N. and E. 1 Kiver R. R. Co. ) Before Judge Sedgwick and a Jury. New York, Nov. 23d, 187G. Appearances : For plaintiff, M. L. ToAvnsend, Esq. For defendants, Vanderpoel, Green, & Cuming, Esqs. Mr. Townsend opened for plaintiff. \nton Greubelstein, called for plaintiff, sworn. [Direct examination by Mr. Townsend. Q. [Where do you live? 'A. I live at 334 East 22d Street, etc. FIRST PAGE — FOEM 2. N. Y. Superior Court, Part 2. Henry Martin and others , vs. Henry F, Angell and anor. . I3efore Judge Sedgwick and a Jury. New York, April 10th, 1876. Appearances : For plaintiffs, Wm. H. Williams, Esq., attorney. Orlando L. Stewart, Esq. , of counsel. For defendants, James M. Smith, Esq. Mr. Williams opened for plaintiff. ark Finlay, called for plaintiff, sworn. Direct examination by ilr. Stewart. Are you one of the plaintiffs in this action? A. Yes, sir, etc. FIRST PAGE — FORM 3. N. Y. Superior Cour t, Part 2, Louis Heidenheimer) vs. ^ David Mayer. / Before Judge Sedgwick, without a Jury. New York, Nov. 17th, 187G. Appearances : For plaintiff", R. W. Townsend, Esq., attorney, A. R. Dyett, Esq., of counsel. For defendant, S. Kaufmann, Esq., attorney, Lewis Sanders, Esq. , of counsel. G* 132 THE COMl'LETE PHONOGEAPHER. Plaintiff's counsel offers in evidence the written guaranty on wliich the action is brought. Objected to on the ground tliat there is no proof of its execu- tion. Objection overruled ; exception taken. Pa- per marked Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 1 of this date. Also, the two promissory notes in suit ; one of which is wholly unpaid and the other only partially paid — with the protests attached — marked Plain- tiff's Exhibit Nos. 2 and 3 of this date. With the exception of computing the interest, plain- tiff' rests. Defendant's counsel moves to dismiss the complaint upon the ground that the guaranty is, "I make my- self responsible to pay at maturity all of the above notes in case Joseph Bernhard should not pay the same, "and therefore notice and demand are neces- sary. Motion denied ; exception taken. J oseph Bernhard, called for the defense, sworn. i Direct examination by Mr. Dyett. Q. Are you the maker of the two notes produced in evidence ihere? ^. I am, sir, etc. FIIIST PAGE — FOEM 4. N. Y. Superior Court, Part 2. Emma Heilbreth "I t-O. i The N. Y. Life Insurance Co.) Before Judge Sedgwick and a Jury. New York, Jan. lOth, 187G. Appearances : For plaintiff, Beach and Brown, Esqs. For defendants, Fullerton, Knox, and Crosby, Esqs. Defendants' counsel claims the right to open the case, on the ground that the affirmative of the issues is with them. Plaintiff's counsel denies the right, on the ground that upon the fitce of the pleadings the plaintiff is not entitled to a verdict, stating that he proposes to introduce the widow of the deceased to prove the death, the circumstances connected with the death, and the residence of the deceased. Defendants' counsel states that all those facts are admitted in the answer. Motion granted. Plain- tiff's counsel excepts. Mr. Knox opened for the defense. A Ibert Lambert, called for the defense, sworn. Direct examination by Mr. Knox. Q. What is your occupation? A. Physician, etc. § 405. The following foriQs of introdqction of witnesses are in use nmong reporters : REPORTING. 133 T HOMAs R. Jones, called for plaintiff, being duly sworn, testi- fies as follows : Direct examination by Mr. Brady. T HOMAS R. Jokes, a witness on behalf of the plaintiff, being duly sworn, testifies : By Mr. Brady : T rioMAS R. Jones, called fur plaintiff, sworn. Direct examination by Mr. Brady. Q. Where do you reside? A. In New York, [etc., to the end of direct ; then, on next line :] C ross-examination by Mr. Evakts. [orj C ross-examination. By Mr. Evarts. Q. How long have you known the defendant ? .4.1 have known him about 15 years ; I first saw him in Albany, in this state. Q. (By Mr. Brady.) In what year did you first see him ? A. In the year 1861, 1 think. Q. (By the Court.) Have you known him ever since? A. Most of the time. Q. (By the same.) Give us the exact time as near as you can. A. I knew him from 1861 to about 1868, and then I did not see him until last year. By Mr. Evarts. Q. Under what circumstances did you first get acquainted with iiim? [etc., to the end of cross, and then follows the] Re- direct. Q. State the circumstances a little more minutely, [etc.] ^ 40G. When a party to the action is called as a witness, he may be introduced the same as any other witness, or this form may be used ; AIlbert H. Johnson, plaintiff, sworn, etc., or 'plaintiff, called |on his own behalf,' or 'one of the plaintiffs,' etc. ^ 407. The following extract from an examination furnishes forms for most of the ordinary objections that are raised on trials : M artin Willis, called for plaintiffs, sworn. Direct examination by Mr. West. Q. Are you the president of the Harlem Chemical and Mining Company? A. Yes, sir. Q. What was, in the spring of 1873, and during 1873, the ca- pacity of your works ? Objected to and waived. Q. Had you any conversation with Mr. Jolm Morris about the 7th of March, 1 873 ? A. Yes, sir ; I had. Q. What was the subject of that conversation ? Defendants' counsel objects to the question on the ground that if the conversation culminated in a written agreement it is incompetent. Phiintiffs' counsel does not concede that the conversation merged in a written contract. Objection overruled ; exception taken. 184: THE COMPLETE PHONOGKAPHEK. Q. During the winter of 1873 and 1874, early in January, did you receive a message from Mr. John Monis through your cartman Donahue ? A. Yes, sir. What was that message ? Objected to as being too remote. Plaintiff's coun- sel agrees to connect the message brought by Dona- hue with the defendant Morris. Objection over- ruled ; exception taken. Q. Look at that letter, and say whether you leceived that [hands it to witness]. A. Yes, sir. Plaintitf 's counsel reads in evidence letters from defendant to plaintiff, dated April 1st and 2d, 187-1 — marked Plaintiff's Exhibits 4 and ;> of this date. Also plaintiff's reply to same — marked PkintiflF's Exhibit G of this date. Were they not in fact the successors to the business of Wil- lis, Green, & Jones ? Objected to as a conclusion of law. Do you know the fact that the finn of Willis, Green, & Jones had a contract with the defendant in this case to sell and de- liver a certain amount of carboys of oil ? Objected to as immaterial, being res inter alios acta. Objection overruled ; exception taken. Certainly I do. Q. Do you recollect the date of that? A. I can't remember the date precisely. It was in February or March, 1872; but upon my word I can't remember. The witness states that he did not notice the word "defendant" in the next to the last question, and adds that there were two parties instead of one. Plaintiff's counsel moves to strike out both tlie question and answer as immaterial. I ask you whether you recognize that document — what it is, jand whose signature that is [hands witness a paper]. I Objected to. Q. Whose signature is that ? Do you recognize the signature ? \A. 1 recognize it imdoubtedly. Q. Whose is it? A. It is the signature of the firm of Willis, Green, & Jones. Whose handwriting is it? A. It is the handwriting of Mr. Green, one of the firm. Defendants' counsel offers in evidence said pnper and the counterpart to it furnished by plaintiff's coun- sel. Objected to by plaintiff's counsel. Objection oveiTuled ; exception taken. The pnpers are read in evidence, and marked Deft's Exhibits A and A 1 of this date. Q Q EEPOllTING. 135 I will ask you if tliat is your signature ? [Hands witness a letter.] A. Yes, sii*. Is that letter in your handwriting ? A. Undoubtedh'. This letter is dated February 20th, 1873 — you were then act- ing as a corporation — Februaiy 20th, 1873 ? A. I think so. Letter read in evidence, and marked Ueft's Exhibit B of this date. I go back to the original statement and question — Do you state on the stand that that delivery, after you became a cor- poration, was not a delivery under the original contract with Willis, Green, & Jones ? A. 1 have not said that — I don't say that. Do you say that it was after you became a coi"poration ? Objected to as immaterial ; objection overruled ; exception taken. Q. (By the Court.) Was that delivery made by the company un- der the old contract? A. It was made by the company, but at the same time it is not the same contract. Q. (By the same.) You referred to a bill for the purpose of get- ting a date — was that delivery made under the (Id contract? A. No, it was not under the old contract. Defendant's counsel offers in evidence the proposi- tion, already handed to witness, dated April 25th. Objected to by plaintiff's counsel as only being the heads of that contract, and not the contract itself. T,he Witness: — That was simply a memorandum I sent from my ofHce, simpl}'' to close the bargain with Mr. Morris, which had not been elaborated. M \r. Burton: — I claim that this made a completed contract on that day, and that this other contract comes in as a variation jofit. T he Court : — The second contract having been made, if there was a contract prior to that it was annulled by the latter. Excluded. Q. Do you recollect seeing this letter, the next after that of June 27th, dated June 28th, 1873? [Reads it to witness.] A. Yes, sir. Defendant's counsel reads in evidence letters from defendant to plaintiffs of June 27th and 28th, 1873 — marked Deft's Exhibits E and F of this date. And also letter from plaintiffs to defendant, dated June 27th, 1873 — marked Deft's Exhibit G of this date. Was the oil of vitriol costing you more than a cent and three quarters to produce it at that time ? Objected to ; objection overruled. 136 THE COMPLETE PHOXOGRAPHEK. Q. (Is it true under your statement that, as it cost }oa then to produce it, you were losing money by selling it at a cent and Ithree quarters ? A. During the whole of Morris's contract ? Q.'l am asking you in regard to the summer of 1873. A. Vn- Idoubtedly ; yes, sir. Q.|llad the material advanced ? T he Court : — We can not go into that question. Defendant's counsel excejjts, and offers to prove that the witness presented a written statement, ac- cording to his own evidence on the stand, in the previous January, whereby he showed that he was making a profit of a considerable amount on his sales at 1^- cents per pound, to this defendant. He now stating that he was selling undoubtedly at a loss, counsel for defendant proposes to prove by the witness on the stand that the price of the material had not increased, nor had the price of labor em- ployed in its production. Excluded. Exception taken. Q. Q. Q. You are not positive about it ? A. No, sir ; but I thiuk so. Plaintiff rests. Mr. Burton opened for the defense. When did you first commence your purchases of this article, or to deal with these plaintiffs in this case as a finn ? Objected to as assuming the identity of the plain- tiff witli a firm. Objection sustained. Now you, in response to this letter, did what? A. Before I answered the letter Mr. Green came in, and I showed him Mr. Willis's letter. Plaintiff's counsel objects to any conversation or transaction between the witness and Mr. Green as immaterial. Green not being a member of the cor- poration. Question waived. Plaintiff's counsel moves to strike out all the evi- dence concerning the interview of the 25th of Fel>- ruary, on the ground that it was an interview with a member of the firm of Willis, Green, & Jones, and is not binding upon the plaintiff. Motion de- nied ; exception taken. What was done after you received it? A. Well, I wrote a letter at once, and told him it was not like — Never mind what you told him in the letter. A. I wrote him this letter of April 29th. KEPORTING. 137 Said letter is offered in evidence. Objected to as immaterial. Defendant's counsel said he offered the letter to show the circumstances surrounding the making of the contract, and tJie parties to it. Objection sustained. What amount of deficiency in delivery occuired during that month ? Objected to as incompetent ; objection sustained until it is shown what was demanded. What was the fact about that — did he furnish 50 carboys a day thereafter ? Objected to as immaterial unless it is shown that plaintiffs were asked to furnish 50 carboys a day. Objection overruled ; exception taken. Q. Will you state how it was in reference to your being able to procure oil in the market — what efforts you made, and wheth- er you succeeded in procuring all you needed from other sources ? Objected to on the ground that thei-e is no claim for damage by reason of defendant not being sup- plied prior to April, 1874. Testimony excluded. T:/ie Court: — Mr. Burton, take your exception. if r. Burton : — That is my theory of the case, and I prefer not to take an exception. Q M C Q. A. Please state the amount — can you separate those? A. I can't separate them now ; I have them together. r. West : — I have no objection to that being done out of the regular order. ross-examination by Mr. West. About how many carbovs of acid had you used from March 1st, '72, to March 1st, '73 ? A. Sold ? No, I mean used or disposed of in the course of your business altogether. Objected to ; objection overruled ; exception taken. About GOOO carboys. Plaintiff's counsel, with the consent of counsel for defendant, put in evidence a statement made by Mr. Haynes, a previous witness, subject to being proved hereafter. Do you understand that you had a right under this contract, in case you were not furnished with all you needed, to buy from other sources ? 138 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEA-PEER. Objected to as incompetent. Question waived for the present. Q. If the company assumed and paid for that acid, why was not that a furnishing to you by t!ie company under the contract ? Objected to as a question of hiw. Objection sus- tained. » Plaintiff's counsel offered in evidence the letter of April 30th, 1874. Objected to as outside of the limit of time, the contract having closed in April. Objection overruled ; exception taken. Marked Plaintiff's Exhibit 7. Q M Re- Were your warehouses pretty well filled ? This evidence is all taken subject to defendant's ob- jection and exception. No, sir. ^ Are these letters from you? [Hands witness two letters.] A. Yes, sir ; they are. Plaintiff's counsel offers in evidence said letters, dated June 12th and 19th. Marked Plaintiff's Exhibits 8 and 9 of this date, r. West : — I would like to have you tell us to-morrow morn- ing, from your books, how long before you had used up 4086 carboys in addition to the amount furnished yon. Objected to as in-elevant. Plnintiff's counsel offers to prove the time when defendant had used np 4086 carboys besides what had been furnished by the plaintiff. Objected to ; objection sustained ; ex- ception taken. direct examination. Q.Vfas there ever any conversation or talk of any kind between you and Mr. Willis about your only wanting or demanding lunder this contract 20 or 30 carboys a day? FIRST PAGE — FORM 5. The Harlem Chemical ] and Alining Company ( rpj^j^.^ -q^^. John Morris. j Before Judge Sedgwick and a Jury. Xew York, Nov. 16, 1876. OHN Morris recalled for further cross-examination. By Mr. West. Have you ascertained how many carboys of acid you procured KEPOETING. 139 from other sources than the Harlem Company which were paid for by them during the year of the last contract ? A. Sixty-seven is all I can find. After the 2Gth of April, and after the making of this second contract, what oil of vitriol was supplied, and in what quanti- ties ; and what demand, if any, to your personal knowledge was made upon the company of the plaintiff? A. Our sales greatly exceeded the supply, and I demanded acid almost daily "through Mr. Jones and other people. riaintiff's counsel moves to strike out the evidence as to witness making a demand through Mr. Jones and others. he Court: — That must be stricken out unless you call Mr. Jones. Jil r. Burton : — We propose to call Mr. Jones to show that he carried those instructions to the plaintiff direct. /le Court: — Then it may remain in. T./ie Witness: — I also demanded supplies through their truck- man that came over with the acid — through the truckman of the Harlem Chemical Works who came over with acids. A. Q. J Q. Did it meet your requirements — your demands ? Plaintiff's counsel objects to the word ' ' demands. " Objection sustained, and the word stricken from the question. No, sir ; it did not. Did you find that you could procure the quantity required by you or not ? A. I could not procure it ; no, sir. Examination suspended. TTNIU8 Gridley, Called for the defence, swora. Direct examination by Mr. Bckton. Where do you reside ? A. 1 reside in Brooklyn. State whether j'ou were present at a meeting of these manu- facturers when a Mr. Jones, one of the oflacers of the plaintiff, representing that company, was present and made any state- ment about his contract with the defendant. Objected to as incompetent; objection sustained; exception t.aken. ross-examinalion by Mr. West. When you say the market price of the oil of vitriol is 2^ cents, you mean such vitriol as you deal in ? A. Yes, sir. uriher direct. Do you know what was the arrangement among the manu- fiicturers as to the sales to commissions customers ? Objected to on the ground that there is no evi- 140 THE COMPLETE PIIONOGKAPHER. M T dence that there was any such arrangement. Ques- tion waived. EOKGE Morris's direct examination resumed. Do you know how frequently you made demands for acid of their carman, during the summer of 1873, after the making of the contract ? Objected to that the witness should state what he said. — ♦ urther direct examination. The gentleman has asked you what amount you had on hand during that month of April, and whether you had a sui-phis at that time, and how much you bought ; I will ask you now what investigation you made, or what effort you made and for what purpose, to get additional supplies of oil of vitriol ? Objected to; objection sustained. Defendant's coun- sel offers to prove that during the month of April this firm of defendants had contracts and orders iu large quantities that they were unable to supply. r. West: — I would like to see them prove it, if they can. /le Court : — I will take the responsibility of ruling that out. Plaintiff's counsel offers in evidence the pnpers that were identified by Mr, Morris as accounts re- corded by him of acid purchased by him and paid for by plaintiff, 11 in number. Marked Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 10 of this date. OX TAKING NOTES IN LAW REPORTING. § 408. It should be the aim of the reporter, while taking notes of a legal proceeding, to stenograph the matter in the same form that he wishes it to appear in when transcribed. By so doing, especially in re- porting objections, rulings, etc., he will save himself much time and trouble when he comes to the most laborious part of his task, the making of the long-hand transcript. And it is indispensably necessary when the reporter has his minutes transcribed directly from the short-hand notes, without dictation or subsequent i-evision of the notes. NAME OF WITNESS, ETC. § 4^. At the commencement of each case its title should be fully written out in long-hand, and there also should appear, either in long- hand or phonography (according to the length of time the reporter has to Avrite it), the name of the coui-t, the name of the judge, whether or not there is a jury, the date of the trial, and the appearances. At the head of the examination of each witness his name should be written in long-hand in fall, and followed by the words in phonography, " KId'-F P KEPOETING. 141 (or D), sEn' Dit»-sM-Nshn B' Mr' ." If the reporter is pressed for time, lie may simply write a phonographic pee or dee, to indicate whether he was called by Plaintiff or Defendant. QUESTION AND ANSWER DISTINGUISHED. § 410. In notes of testimony it is the practice of most reporters to distinguish the question from the answer by commencing each line jf the question at the left of the page, and indenting each line of the answer about one third the width of the page ; thus. Where do you reside I reside in New York city Where were you on the night of the 28th of December when thia affair occurred I was at my house in 26th Street until about 8 o'clock, and then I went to, the opera Although this mode of wiiting questions and answers (especially when they are short, only occupying a portion of a line) takes up more paper than any other, yet this is more than counterbalanced by the increased distinctness that is given to the notes, and the greater ease and convenience with which the reporter is enabled to refer to particular portions of the testimony, when, as is often the case, he is called upon to do so by the counsel or the court. PASSAGES MAEKED FOB COEEECTION. § 411. When the reporter takes down a question or answer that he wishes to read over before commencing to transcribe it, in order to alter ita arrangement or correct an error, he should mark it at the time by drawing near it a perpendicular line at the left of the page. CASES CITED. § 412. When cases are cited by counsel, and extracts read from them, the reporter need not attempt to write them at length. After writing the title of the case, and the name and volume of the Report where it is to be found, it will be sufficient to give the commencing itnd concluding words of each period, with a long dash between. This will enable the reporter when transcribing to ascertain exactly what portions of the case were read and what omitted. HINTS ON TRANSCKIBING. ^ 413. Ordinarily the reporter transcribes his own notes into long- hand. This is the most wearying part of his duties, as it often takes seven or eight hours to write out what was taken in short-hand in one 142 THE COMPLETE PnONOGKAPHEE. hour. An experienced reporter should be able to render his notes of testimony into legible long-hand at the rate of sixteen to twenty folios (of one hundred words each) an hour, and notes of aigumsiit, speeches, etc., at the rate often to sixteen folios. ^ 414. When great expedition is reqiflrcd, notes may be transcribed by dictating to two rapid long-hand copyists from difl'erent parts of the repoi t at the same time. In this case one of the writers may com- mence with the beginning of the report, and the other at the middle, deviating, however, a little to one side or the other, when by so doing be is enabled to start with a new witness, or at the beginning of a cross-examination. The reader should sit between the copyists, and dictate a few words, first to one and then to the other, keeping one of the places in his note-book with the index finger of his right hand, and the other place with the index finger of Ms left hand. By turn- ing the head a little, as each sentence is dictated, toward the writer for whom it is intended, all danger of confusion will be avoided. This also may be done by calling each by name every time he is addressed. A little ingenuity and practice will enable tlie reader to keep both writers constantly employed. In this manner of transcribing, from thirty to forty folios may be written out per hour ; and, if the copyists are careful, the manuscript need not afterward be read over, or com- pared with the notes. § 415. Another mode of expediting this part of the work is to dic- tate the matter to other phonographers, who then proceed to tran- scribe their notes. For this purpose advanced learners of Phonography are generally emploj'ed, as they are willing to do the work for the sake of the practice it gives them, for a compensation that reporters can aflford to give. Manuscript prepared in this way, however, should always be carefully re-read, as errors will occasionally occur. § 416. There is another mode of transcribing, by which a report can be gotten out very nearly, or quite, as fast as tlie original notes were taken ; but it can not be used except in preparing matter for the printer, and it is perhaps well not to resort to it even for that, except where a great amount of work has to be done in an unusually limited space of time. The plan is as follows : Having secured the services of five or six rapid long-hand writers, they are seated about a round table, each having before him a pile of slips of paper, previously num- bered — those before the first copyist being marked 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, etc. ; those before the second, 1 B, 2 B, 3 B, etc., and so on. The reporter then commences by dictating a sentence or line to number one, then a like amount to number two, and so on around the circle, until he comes to number one again, and then continues right on without break. The reader should walk around the table and dictate to each KEPOBTING. 143 in a low tone of voice, so that the other writers will not be confused. A large round table, with an opening in the middle in which the reader might sit on a revolving stool, would be very convenient for this pur- pose. As each writer finishes the sentence given him, he sticks the slip face downward on a paper-file standing before him, and then is ready to write the next dictation. When the files are full, a boy replaces them with empty ones, and then proceeds to gum the slips together in the following order : 1 A, 1 B, 1 C, 1 D, 1 E ; 2 A, 2 B, 2 C, 2 D, 2 E ; 3 A, 3 B, etc. This copy will, of course, be service- able only for the printer. NEWSPAPER REPORTING. § 417. The qualifications necessary in a reporter on the daily press are varied, and a knowledge of stenography is not absolutely neces- sary to render him generally successful. His business is mainly to get news and put it in a shape which will be readable and interesting ; and to this end he should possess good judgment, a quick, intuitive mind, ready at all times to perceive what would be of interest to the public, and to jot down the salient points, and have the requisite ability to pre- pare them properly for the press. But, although for this the knowledge of short-hand would be very important, as it would enable him to take down the language of parties from whom he gets statements of facts, instead of being obliged to rely in great measure on his memory, yet .t can not be said to be an indispensable requisite to the furnishing of good reports. § 418. A newspaper reporter, however, who would be equal to any- thing that may be required of him, must also be a good stenogra- pher, as verbatim reports of speeches, sermons, debates, conventions, etc., are so often required, especially by our metropolitan press. § 419. Political meetings in the city of New York are usually held in the evening, and generally the reports of them must appear in the next morning's paper. For this reason, if a tolerably full report is required, a corps of three or four reporters will be needed to get it out before the paper goes to press. To accomplish this successfully, eacli reporter should take notes for from twenty to forty-five minutes, ac- cording to the probable length of the meeting, and then go directly to the office of the paper and begin to transcribe. Sometimes each one takes first a short turn of five or ten minutes, and then afterward a long turn of fifteen to thirty minutes, so that he may be transcribing while his co-reporters are taking notes of the speeches. If the speak- ing continues to a late hour, the reporter whose turn comes last is gen- erally required to finish up tlie meeting with a long-hand sketch, which IS best given in the third person. Tiie report of a political meeting 144 THE COMTLETE PIIONOGEAPHEE. will be very much more effective and interesting if it have a proper introduction. In this may be included a description of the decorations of the hall, a statement of the number and character of the persons present, and, if any eminent persons are among them, their names. In newspaper reporting much more latitude is allowed for the judgment of the reporter than in reporting law proceedings. It is his duty to correct grammatical errors, improve the construction, to sometimes omit objectionable passages, and frequently to almost rewrite entire speeches. The form of introduction to a speech used at the present time by the New York journals is similar to the following : The Chairman then introduced the Hon. Thomas Jefferson, who spoke as follows : SPEECH OF nOX. THOUAS JEFFEBSON. Then follows the speech. If the speaker was received with applause, that fact should, of course, be stated in the introduction. The in- terruptions by the audience during the delivery of a speech should be carefully noted, and written in brackets in their proper places. The following will serve as illustrations : [Applause.] [Great cheering. ] [A voice, "That's so."] The Resolutions, Lists of Vice-Presidents, and sometimes entire speeche? , may be obtained in manuscript, and the reporter thus relieved from much labor. With these few hints, the reporter will probably find no difficulty in giving satisfaction in thia branch of bis profeflsiou. APPENDIX 5 420 The material from which a system of stenography must oe constructed, is necessarily so limited that it is hardly practicable to furnish one complete and consistent representation for all the sounds heard in the various languages of the world. Nevertheless, for the use of the student of languages and Phonetics, it is thought ad- visable to give signs for a few of the more common foreign soimds, both consonant and vowel, as well as for those vowel-sounds in the English language that are not represented with exactness by the ordi- nary twelve-vowel scale. [See §§ 45-47.] EXTENDED VOWEL-SCALE. SIMPLK VOWELS. 1234 5G789 Lons Short ah ail 10 11 11 car ale vicme eat car all no food 12 13 14 15 IG 17 18 Id \i at ask met it on lost up whole cur foot COJIPOSITE VOWELS. Long : y.Fr.eu; Ger. long o Examples : queue ; Gothe Short : j! Fr. 1. w; Qer. I. it vfi ; tibel Fr. eu: Ger. sh. o ; Eng. e bcf. r \ Fr. sh. m; Ger. sh. ii Examples : jewne ; bocke ; her hwtte ; litcke. COMPOSITE VOWELS FOLLOWED BY 1. Long : x\ long o and t Examples : ceil Short : ElXAMPLES short and « ; long « and i Im't I short ti and 1 lui 146 TUE COMTLETE PHONOGKArilEE. NASAL VOAVEI.S. ^421. The nasal vowels heard in the French and one or two other European languages, may be written by placing the nasalized vowel to the stem en or em canceled with a short tick, written between the ordinary vowel-positions ; thus, "^^ an, en, '^—^ in, ^^^ on, ^^ un. The en-hook canceled in a similar manner may be used for the same p'orpose ; thus, "^ bon, ^"""^ enfant SIGNS FOR FOREIGN CONSONANT-SOUNDS. BEEATHED SOUXDS. ^ 422. "We have seen (§ 9) that certain of the sonant consonant- sounds have no breathed mates in English, and, therefore, no signs have been provided for them in the ordinary alphabet. If, however, these sounds should be met with in writing foreign words, the writer may use the signs of the sonants with a small semicircle struck through them ; thus f , which represents the "Welsh II, as in tho word /f Llan. ABRUPTS CflANGED TO CONTLXCANTS. ^ 423. Several of the sounds of consonants that in English are always abrupts, in certain foreign languages partially lose that character and become continuants. Such sounds may be represented in Phonography by the signs of the abrupts with a short waved line written through them ; thus, X, represents the sound of Greek (p, or Latin pk ; and its mate X? ^^^6 sound of 6 in Spanish and w in German. The sounds of German ch and g, as in Dach and tag, are represented by LESSON I. \\i I // A-*^(( )) J J \\l I// ^L(()) J J \|/_\ I / _ ^O J ^O^ \l/_'v()J\l/_V^()^ \' \\ l--i I- -I /—._!_ V. X--( (- yx LESSON .-- ^"^ r r. :>r :S 150 c ^. )-•-(• . (. )\r •::)^c^..r\. I LESSON III. §3/. X.^ .LI I. I. / -T- T- vo J ':>*.-.'^<^..'^-T>^0. vsL^ \y I- vsi^ - r^ 151 LESSON IV. -- — — — ^^--r^- ^ §70 .vT??. ?r?77. '^rCZ - 5!"^". i~^ 152 .37.3^ :^^-^^"^-H--^-^--^-^- A,- -r^'-- / Nv-rxrrr.tt.c^- ^: i!T7X_'^_ 17 ^8- _ << .<:^ /^ ./:... .L 153 LESSON V. /•^-s •/-"t) 154 LESSON VI ^111 Ir?.^'S).7^..i)nzX^ ■\-^- V -^"%-^---l ^ 1^^ V 155 LESSON VII, §129 :r^^y.4^-y>-^- <^i3o \y:. 156 LESSON VIII, O^V IV aV IV '^'^ ^ §152' >-<-.>-^ V- d.- -i^-st- X>- /^ ^-^'^^.^f:. -J< ^ ^, :-^-.. ^.,,^. >'"^- §I5¥ V- n C^-X 157 cr^-O- J' LESSON IX §156 r-...f_....^^..^..>° ?../.' ^68 ..fV. q^ ■J^.^- --\>- !L. 158 LESSON X. . r Ai./.X-'^^ ^ 3^- 159 LESSON X §20¥.. ^205-6 :^':^':>. -»^ ■^--e- (;-- j">'->. >^-. §210 .f^ §211 . / IX^ ^_, ^ 7.1 160 LESSON XII. \ \ \ \ r h /■ A ^ c r -0 j^^ r a ./T_.<--.:^ \- V" L "I. 'L L ' ^^vc>-;)- *) X I c 1 « ^ A. .J. "Jf' '^ . '^ 'Hi =~ .^_ .^. c_ c_ f c^v <\" S- 1 V ^. 1. Pi" o^ =5b._ __.x ._.:._.;... Si. 161 LESSON Xi :<-..sn..^..<^ V ,(^,x-..^ ..^..T --.^.^^.,.v^ .-:.V>-| ^Tir° A/^-^.&.:r^S:«: \ -Q>^- • ■ V .1^. ^-K-^^-\^ §221 §22V {- V >^' . 5. _^.' _ ^225 _ |[. .']^.">f ,. . A .!T1._.§230-2 ,'<;.1'. /r.}n.^235.. \ \^ 162 LESSON XIV. §2^^.x ■;'^: _">_"" V^_ \^^, W: >:\.. §21^9 "111 .i 1 1 j _ j. ^J_ / JS- 163 LESSON XV. ^280 \ A.\\ .\ J..!- r.j. ./ z,,-'^./ t " o o' ^--^- --.--'■ -v^ I O 1 O c I ° /^ ° 164 LESSON XVI, ^^■^^ ^■^-^^-^- §28V. .^v^. .^>:^.. .^X. X ^ . ^ J-_^, .o._. o J-..oJ _. ..SSo^ o'^0..-.^-o4-. 165 . LESSON XVII, ^2 85 . .k^ ,^. ."rS- ."X . -k^'^\'^- ■r ^r <-<^V' • \> l:^ • • • <^_ o §287 ,i-.^f.. ^288 >C-i_- 166 LESSON XVIII ^.\:\yfi. 4,302. .°_°..° i^ . J> (i> q:b ^^ J„^° . ( *^^ <^ Q^ ^-^ ■-— >- ,'^- .306 ^ & O^ (T (^X, 167 LESSON XIX. §307 '^. '' p..c,.:^_^„^_w..r.r./' !|3I2 [___:7'..X-.._.^.^-l..^.. /-_.^.,>T' . (,319 ^-^^.v.J.b..^. _",^.^^-.. '^^"^ ^^. -.....,. _-._j^ -^ ^^- ^_^__'^.:^._;j32or'..f,..r 168 LESSON XX .1 ..,.//...' V» :-}:...V..>'....>..l..>.j; §331 * "i'Q '"o'_^"ff"a''^ " ' "^y'i:' '^^^--Sf "oi .!„,_ ((336 ^ ^333l.l:_.ll.j.Z-:^. ........^ N_^.. r \: ^ ^338 ^, ■-9- ^■-r^- 169 »,NV ^_V'^. 171 c ^-^ <^ -L- -\t ^-r ,r^V '~^ .V._L,^. ->. — ^ -s -■-i'--^ — ^^/-s- •"^ ---'-^X,. X- -l-'T V 172 CT ..^.:^...-::V"'-.-.-'^---w-<*-.-^ ^'^ "=> ^- 7 II A^ cy '"^ >^ 'f- J^. \^ rrr^rf. .^ k-^ f -\ V_£__o, 173 ^TRACT FROM jBamlets Soliloquy. ■ N '^ ^ J^ .^ -A _ ^-h-^-l k--- 174 jTijX^iress to^tu6cf)ts. -4_^--?-'- u^ — , — t-'- C4: s 175 ^ CI. -P\- L^. ."^. — 9--;- _%i...LN^. •,-./-,- wr:". \r..a..,:....^. ( ,\ .V,.>^_l_rv/. r:t. :..v:-.-^..,->^_<-X-r-^- .^-.^..t..r::^..-::^./..|._.L^..._. ^__x ,^^V 6« 9 9 ■■■'^-'- .-X. :^..A..r...^. r ■~A c ^ ---•)---■ ..). --'fe'>, V^^ .V -^- -Uc-;. Ln:"— ^;>^ "o-^ 177 --^--~-(^-^-^-----:rf--?--/' 1 °^ "^i -^ s>- ^ l^ ) a X "■■\>^;^;^:ni:o 'c;"yb \ QS> ..)..C t-"^- ^..^........^...^...-^.z.^^^ ^l- .•...^._^...^..-:::r:v^,:,.l>...s^^.. -_ . , -->..^.._^....IU. A .^. -H"- \ ( . ^- ^ ^ ^ *^ ^>J .^..,..y..„A^..\^..l^ /a 9 178 'Sa../.. v^ kS- "-M a.,:. ...^.,..^.X N -■^ L- I ■ i-t ■J^ b-k- V A. Kd -C^-,.-' ^^ t -^. v^ ( -H,-(- r -v .^.^k._«. 179 ^ V ? vh" "n .^.--i?. .-t:^ -tf~^---- --- ^- -Zl.-T^ X Tynaall. s.^ CI^ = -/> .Tt-.. ,...>r:-.....c N^ SJP_- 'TjU....- -^~^-_ft--Q_. ^ - (^ 180 .1 / j- ^\ < :.s^.^s^(^r<},JA »6. /. n I \. -s-^x '^ L ,->.(. V .(.,_r..\Z:^..(.,.^^.'ri.t5: ) {'\-j-—i-\- r ^\ ^.>..^. y^ ^ 181 /'~\ V"^ ^^' ( ..c u^. ... ?o>' -^ ■c*- X-j-^--^- '-^t:^ (.-^■ .0\ T .C../-.V: ( ^ r-J- .<^..^....._^..:.^...: «< /-a 182 ( -> ) .1 > V^ i f ( t:> ■4. L '-'--^--^■-"t'-^-f^-"!^ ^ ( f ."^.^.r. Achs, CU.XXVl. ^.._/_.?7_- Jlf..(m7. Trrrr. r ^ ^. 184 Y \ ^ C^Aa^ty ^o V / <^^ ^ 6:.-- -6:- U~N r ->■ r:> 1 .f>..V ^^^•— N ejA 185 'U..<..)..^.^..L^ .:7...Vr,-.\.^.- .6"..:..>..y..,.Ow .|..>,A.....^..... > .L.V^.f.^- i^^r- ^. ^r::^...'..(::^..c. 186 1? *\ X /^ ■^ ."^.ri-^-V -/Ji r Clr^^/ % .. r 1_ 1 ^.Ij-.-r.^-TT^. ) —Vj..- ^T^. ) -^.1-^,U > ) ^-b -c- .(r..f/2^ 187 )]^ROM J^EPORT OfXaWJIrGUMENT. ^ V ^ I ^^ ^^" .\/i..v^..3^...|..\...^....-.,..;..:..-^...J> -\ — ,_- . -./._^...cu..|..>.iN^va.._.. .^.....;...<_..^- u.n.. i .._'^, -^^. \ Ui ---i-^-i-j x^.....C JoV,n K PoxVtr. ..c. /^ ( ■^• -tf/h-^-/ ,..c. n»p Crnpbic (oXY \( A COURSE OF LESSONS THKOUGH THE COMPLETE PHONOGRAPHER: FOR THE USE OF CLASSES AND FOR SELF-INSTRUCTIOK PEEFATORY. § 424. The following Lessons in Phonography are substantially in ac- cordance with the plan adopted by the author in his teaching, and by Mr. C. A. Walworth, teacher of Phonography in the College of the City of New York. They have been pi-epared and arranged so that if they be faithfully performed in precisely/ the order directed they will surely lead to a thorough and practical knowledge of the art of Phonography. It will be noticed that each lesson is divided into three parts, which are to be always performed in the same order, namely : First, certain sections to be learned. Second, some engraved phonography to be read or translated. Third, some words in common print to be written in phonography. Sometimes the learner is directed to memorize, or simply to read the sections of instruction, instead of to learn them ; and by noticing which of these three words is employed, he can tell what degree of mental ap- plication to give to each. The direction "Read or translate" means that the Reading Exercises are either to be read, simply, or, at the same time, to be written in long- hand and in the regular English spelling. All the reference marks in figures, whether in brackets or not, refer, 9 192 THE COMPLETE PUONOGEAPHER, unless otherwise expressed, to the sections (not the pages) of this book. When two numbers are given with the word "to" between, both the numbers are included. Should these lessons prove too long for students having insufficient time for their preparation or recitation, they may each or any of them be di- vided. On the other hand, any student who is learning separately may take more than one lesson at a time without disadvantage, if he studies, translates, and writes systematically and accurately as he proceeds. LESSON I. . 1. Read§§ 1 to 9, and 14. 2. Memorize first 16 consonant-signs in Table on page 18. 3. Learn §§ 19, 20, and 21. 4. Read first 4 lines in Reading Lesson I., page 149. 5. Read §§ 25 to 30. 6. Learn §§ 31 to 36. 7. Memorize the two second-place long vowel-signs in Table at § 37 — the heavy dot for the sound of a as in ale, and the heavy dash for the sound of o as in note or whole. 8. Learn §§ 41 to 44. 9. Read or translate the words of lines 5 and G in Reading Lesson L, page 149. 10. Write phonographically the following words : § 41, 42, 44. Pay, aj)e, bay, Abe, day, age, jay, ache, Fay, they, say, ace, bow (or beau), toe {or tow), ode {or owed), Joe, oak, foe, oath, though, so {or sew), show. LESSON IL 1. Memorize remainder (9) of consonant-signs in Table on page 18. 2. Learn §§ 22 to 24. 3. Read first 2 lines in Reading Lesson II., page 149. 4. Read §§ 74 to 94. 5. Read or translate the words of lines 3 and 4 in Reading Lesson II., page 149. 6. Wrif« phonographically the following words : Nay {or neigh), maj', aim, hay, way {or weigh), lay, ale {or ail), no {or know), mow, ho {or hoe), woe, lo (or low). 7. Memorize remainder (4) of the long vowel-signs at § 37. LESSONS IN PHONOGEAPHY. 193 8. Learn §§ 39 and 40, and 59 to 62, and 71. 9. Write each of the 25 consonant-signs (page 18) in the three con- sonant positions, as taught at §§ Gl and 62. 10. Kead or translate the words of lines 5 to 9 in Beading Lesson II., page 150. 11. Write phonographically the following words, reraembeiing to lo- cate each word in its correct consonant position as to the line of writing (see §§ 61, 62, and 71), and to place each vowel in its correct vowel position — see §§ 39, 40, and 41. Pa, pay, pea, jaw, Joe, jew, Shaw, show, shoe, ma, may, me, caw, Coe, coo, law, lo, loo, ought, ate, eat, haw, ho, who, all, ale, eel, daw, thaw, saw, maw, gnaw. LESSON IIL 1. Memorize the short vowels (6) at § 37. 2. Read or translate the words of lines 1 and 2 in Beading Lesson III., page 150. 3. Read §§ 38, 45, 46, and 47. 4. Write phonographically the following words : At, Ed., it, odd, up, itch, of, us, if, on, Em., in. 5. Read §§ 48 to 50. G. Learn § 54. 7. Memorize the Diphthongs (4) in Tahle at § 54. 8. Learn §§ 56 to 58. 9. Read or translate the words of lines 3 to 6 in Reading Lesson III., page 150. 10. Write phonographically the following words : § 54. By, boy, bough, pew, tie, toy, Dow, due, thigh, thou, guy, coy, how, mew, Hugh, eyed, ice, eyes, isle, oil, owl, lieu, 11. Read or translate the words of lines 7 to 9 in Reading Lesson in., page 150. 1 2. Write phonographically the following words : § 71. Abbey, eddy, ado, Annie, Emma, anew, avow, away, issue, alloy, allay, Eli. — § 57. Payee, bayou, Ohio, avowee, lone. LESSON IV. 1. Learn §§ 63 to 73. 2. Read the first 9 lines in Reading Lesson IV., page 151. 3. Write the following combinations of consonant-signs or stems : § 63-6!). P-P, B-B, T-T, J-J, K-K, F-F, DH-DH, N-N, F-N, H-S, P-B, D-T, KG, M-B, H-Z, M-S, TH-N, M-SH, M-P. P-N. 4. Read or translate the words from line 10 to end of Reading Lesson IV., pages 151, 152. 194 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEK. 5. Write plionographically the following words : §§ 70, 72. Gag, ham, calm, knock, cog, gawk, cake, mum, comb, neck, keg, hung, kick, meek, nook, king, pop, fife, fang, babe, judge, faith, bib, shook, cheap, cap, match, mop, hatch, cup, much, moj)e, hedge, keep, midge, hitch, myth, comma, honey, inky, body', toady, duty, copy, meadow, ensue, damp, depth, fathom, cabbage, Monday, chimney, Chi- cago, tobacco, demagogue, antimony, pink, chunk, shank, balk, bulk, type, tip. LESSON V. 1. Learn §§ 95, 98, 101 to 110. 2. Kead or translate Reading Lesson V., page 153. 3. Write the follo\ying words : §§ 105, 110. Sap, soap, sub, sought, set, stay, said, seat, seed, stew, soot, suit, such, sage, sack, soak, seek, sick, sag, safe, sieve, Seth, south, soothe, sash, sign, sang, sun, sin, sing, soda, city, sinew, sallow, sully, silly, pass, pace, puss, ties, toys, dues, choice, jaws, gas, face, foes, thaws, thus, this, shows, shoes, gnaws, nose, knees, mouse, house, ways, yes, use, lace, ap- pease, abyss, ages, accuse, efface, ashes, issues, annoys, amaze, amuse, saps, space, sets, stays, sages, suffice, sashes, sinews, cities. — § 103. Cask, cossack, decide, desk, gasp, Augusta, accede, excite, visit, chasm, visage, risk, mask, deceive, wisp, husk, Joseph, spasms, insane, unsung, evasive, Leslie, mason, missing, hissing, officer, massive, phasma. LESSON VL 1. Learn §§ 111 to 127. 2. Read or translate Reading Lesson VI., page 154. 3. Write the following words : § 111. Siam, pious, science, Suez. — § 113. JEsop, espy, aside, eschew. § 115. Pussy, Tasso, busy, Jesse, noisy, ensue. — § 112. Saucy, sauce, seize. — § 114. Zany, zebu, zenith, zouave, oozing. § 118. Pauses, basis, teases, doses, chooses, causes, gazes, fuses, vices, thesis, sauces, nieces, Moses, houses, opposes, accuses. — § 120. Possess, Jesus, excise, decease, possessed, exist, necessity, exhaust, successive, incisive. § 122. Stop, state, stitch, stock, stove, stung, steam, style, study, stagey, stucco, best, chaste, guest, aghast, August, avast, assist, assessed. § 123. Poster, jester, castor, master, Worcester, Lester, Rochester, yes- terday. — § 127. Possesses, emphasizes, vests, toasts, dusters, ministers. LESSON VIL 1. Learn §§ 128 to 137. 2. Read or translate Reading Lesson VII., page 155. LESSONS IN PHONOGEAPHY. 195 3. Write the following words : §§ 129 to 131. Show, issue, sash, shoes, issuing, Ashantee, push, cash, gush, gnash, ambush, tissue, Vichy, bushy, dishes, bishop, shop, shake, shame. §§ 132 to 134. Elm, along, alack, Elihu, pail, bell, toil, towel, dial, jail, foil, Nile, mule, appeal, avail, law, all, sail, stale, less, lest, lustre, lock, leg, lung, limb, Lehigh, lap, allege, laugh, olive, lathe, although, lazy, also, Lizzie, Eliza, lash, pillow, bailey, delay, jolly, coyly, follow, hollow, way- lay, yellow, pulp, bulk, polish, abolish, bellows, gallows, malice, ballast. §§ 135 to 137. Air, ere, ear, Erie, era, or, oar, ire, Ira, arrows, arose, ar- rest, arises, arrests, orb, arc, Irish, early, bar, door, jeer, far, Czar, shower, liar, lawyer, appear, affairs, officers, forced, Rome, rheum, arm, anny, ripe, rich, rock, wrath, writhe, rash, wTong, rubbish, iSarah, starry, sor- rows, hurrah, narrow, weary, zero, thorough, necessary, urge, earth, party, America, exercise. LESSON VIIL 1. Leani §§ 139 to 155, omitting § 144. 2. Read or translate Reading Lesson VIIL, page 156. 3. Write the following words : §§ 140, 141, 147. Ply, blue, cloy, clay, clue, glue, piy, brew, Troy, tree, dray, crow, gray, claw, craw, glow, grow, play, bray, plough, brow, flay, fray, flee, free, fly, fry, apple, able, addle, adder, eagle, eager, offal, offer, Ethel, author, eiTor, ably, apply, appraise, across, affray. § 150. Play, pale, blow, bowl, glow, goal, flaw, fall, fly, follow, prow, power, try, tii'c, free, fear, freer. §§ 151 to 153. Bevel, diver, tunnel, dinner, teacher, chapel, juggle, cackle, Onil, arrival, thinner, shovel, shiner, puzzle, finger, manner, hob- ble, haggle, heather, hamm(?r, winner, leisure, yoker, baker, tiger, toper, dipper, cudgel, rebel. § 155. Curl, curly, pearl, barrel, furl, fairly, marl, Marlowe. LESSON IX. 1. Learn §§ 156 to 169. 2. Read or translate Reading Lesson IX., page 157. 3. Write the following words : § 156. Tell, till, dear, call, care, share, more, mere, nor, near, war, wire, wear, wore, zeal, course, roll, real, rule, hall, hail, hell, hire, hair, their, yell, Yale, very, torpor, charger, Germany, barber, verbal, college, sharper, mark, work, yolk, lurch, railroad, divulge. §§ 158 to 163. Sable, sabre, settle, setter, saddle, sadder, sickle, seeker, civil, social, saver, seizure, sinner, summer, sister, spiy, spray, spree, straw, stray, strew, screw, splice, splash, supply, passable, peaceable, 196 THE COMPLETE PHONOGKAPHEE. peaceful, disclaim, destroy, disagree, obscure, pasture, pastry, extra, ves- try, nostril, subscriber. §§ 165, 166. Twist, quest, twill, quill, dwell, Dwyer, quake, Quaker, quire {or choir), acquire, require, quibble, quorum, squaw, squall, squab, squabble, squeeze, tweezers. §§ 168, 169. Uuscrew, inscribe, unstrung, insuperable, unsociable. LESSON X. 1. Learn §§ 170 to 200, omitting §§ 171, 177, 181, 189, and 194. 2. Eead or translate Reading Lesson X., page 158. 3. Write the following words : § 172. BufF, pave, tough, deaf, chief, Jeff., cough, cave, Gough, rough, reef, skiff, clove, brave, trough, drove, crave, grove, strife, scarf, starve, relief, positive, improve, dwarf. § 176. Pain, been, town, dine, chain, gin, coon, gone, fan, thin, thine, assign, ozone, shown, known, man, hen, wine, yawn, loan, rain, arraign, open, often, ocean, alone, spin, stone, scan, Flynn, plan, spleen, brain, Avarn, strewn, twine, queen. § 179. Cough, coffee, chaff, chaffy, fun, funny, men, many. § 180. Cushion, fashion, vision, notion, mission, Hessian, lotion, ra- tion, erasion, station, Prussian, collision, Grecian, equation, suppression, education. § 187. Possession, sensation, musician, disquisition. § 188. Daughter, rather, equator, sceptre, gather. §§ 192 to 198. Coughs,fines, notions, bitters, chance, chances, chanced, sensations. § 199. Define, punish, educational, pi-epositional. LESSON XL 1. Learn §§ 201 to 211, omitting § 202. 2. Eead or translate Reading Lesson XL, page 159. S. Write the following words : § 20L Matter, mother, metre, hatter, under, neither. — § 205. Father, fetter, fitter, aster, Esther, Easter, shouter, shutter, shooter, water, weather, whither. — § 206. Loiter, leather, Luther, alter, after. Sifter, senator, smother, Sumter, scimeter, slighter, stai'ter, flutter, further, shrewder, assertor, shorter, martyr, harder, warder, larder. §§ 208, 209. Fainter, finder, vendor, thunder, asunder, mentor, hun- ter, wander, cylinder, panther, ponder, banter, tender, dander, gender, counter, candor, gander, ranter, render, rafter, surrender, planter, blunder, printer, grinder, flounder, squander. — § 210. Feathers, matters, thunders, counters, flinders, glanders. — § 211. Feature, entire, nature, venture. Undertake, entertain, enterprise, interposition, remainder, barometer, LESSONS IN PHONOGEAPIIY. 197 disorder, legislator, afternoon, entirely, encounter, debenture, jonctnre, adventure, indenture. LESSON XII. 1. Learn §§ 212 to 219, omitting § 213. 2. Read or translate Reading Lesson XII., page 160. 3. Write the following words : §§ 212 to 218. Caught, Kate, cute, dot, date, deed, got, gout, God, bad, bite, end, aimed, etched, edged, writ, root, fat, fade, feud, shot, shut, shoot, east, oozed, hot, wet, lit, yacht, erred, added, aided, emit, spite, salt, sand, stepped, stated, stitched, studied, plate, prate, clad, glad, flight, fried, shrewd, quoit, twit, effort, honored, word, lord, heard, held, split, \^ straight, supplied, sacred, suffered, doffed, Taft, cuffed, roughed, point, caned, thinned, lent, wand, hunt, patient, cushioned, fashioned, ancient, bothered, tattered, scoffed, stand, slant, sufficient, spattered, sustained, cleft, flaunt, clattered, drift, friend, quaffed, quaint, twined, twittered, splint, sprained, squint, puts, hats, midst, spots, skates, slights, flats, throats, shrouds, clouds, crowds, quits, bends, minds, friends, strands, squints, suspends. LESSON XIIL 1. Learn §§ 220 to 235. 2. Read or translate Reading Lesson XIIL, page 161. 3. Write the following words : § 220. Packed, snapped, blocked, broached, twilled, flooded, thrashed, shrieked, marked, splashed, striped, squalled, remit, dismayed, breasted, frosted, twisted, necessitate, huddled, loitered, liquid, reward, speckled, bevelled, travelled, mastered, flustered, thefts, biscuits, rebound, declined, engraft, inefficient, vagrants. Fetal, title, cattle, active, native, avidity, chatting, fitting, cottage, dotage, ratify, erratic, emetic, battery, lottery, scuttle, sweetly, validity, brutish, Broadway, acquittal, bundle, blandly, frantic, dwindle, squinting. Detect, tidbit, deadhead, detached, indicate, latitude, ultimate, grati- fied, abundant, foundered, ventured, thundered, hindered, wondered, pondered, tendered, floundered, blundered, squandered. § 221. Peeped, reared, bribed, flaked, slacked.— § 224. Vote, voted, hate, hated, rot, rotted. — § 225. Deed, deeded, trot, trotted. — §§ 230 to 232. Let, led, wrote, rode. LESSON XIV. 1. Learn §§ 247 to 249. 2. Read §§ 250 to 264. 3. Learn §§ 265 to 270. 198 THE COMPLETE PHONOGKATHEE. 4. Kead or translate Reading Lesson XIV., page 162. 5. Write tlie following words : § 247. Heap, happy, hubbub, heptagon, habit, inhabit, behave, adhere, prohibit. § 248. Why, whip, wheat, whack, whifF, whim, whale. § 249. Wide, widow, witty, witch, wedge, waif, waved, wish, unwashed, Washington, Utica, Utah. § 265. Lovely, joyfully, bravely, powerfully, meanly, lonely, keenly, hopingly, intuitively. § 266. Jeffrey, sundry, archery, machinery, Henry, treachery, roguery. § 270. Bake, baked, keep, kept, clothe, clothed, act, acted, include, in- cluded, mitigate, mitigated, pass, passed, cross, crossed, dance, danced, wince, winced, possess, possessed, exercise, exercised, rest, rested, twist, twisted, pester, pestered, render, rendered, wonder, wondered, squander, squandered. LESSON XV. 1. Read §§ 278 to 280. 2. Write the following as word-signs from the list at § 281 : Part, opportunity, object, but, what, had, do, did, charge, change, which, large, advantage, can, come, could, go, gave, together, give-n, form, half, for, have, ever, thank-ed, worth, think, youth, that, them, with, was, these, shall, should, usual, own, any, now, new, knew, long, among, thing, from, time, home, member, he, him, whom, when, would, bej'ond, yet, young, your, year, well, Avill, her, hear-re, are, our, were, where, recollect, as, has, is, his, an, and, the, I, awe, owe. 3. Learn §§ 292 to 297. 4. Read or translate Reading Lesson XV., page 163. 5. Leani or memorize the word-signs given in this lesson. 6. Write the following sentences, vocalizing the words that are not word-signs : Do what you ought, come what may. Appoint a time for every thing, and do every thing in time. He that blows in the dust will fill his own eyes. A good word for a bad one is worth much and costs little. When a wolf goes to steal, he goes a long distance from home. None are so deaf as they that will not hear. Pay w hat you owe, and you will know what you are worth. He who has to deal with a dunce has need of much brains. LESSON XVL 1. Read §§ 271 to 275. 2. Learn §§ 276 and 284. 3. Read or translate Reading Lesson XVI., page 164. LESSONS IN PHONOGEAPHY. 199 4. Write the following words : § 276. Limitable, illimitable, licit, illicit, legitimate, illegitimate, refuta- ble, irrefutable, resolute, irresolute, reparable, irreparable, modest, im- modest, mutable, immutable, navigable, unnavigable, noxious, innoxious. § 284. They contrive, you continue, excellent composition, perfect command, foreign commerce, very cumbrous, encumber, incompatible, unconcerned, decompose, discompose, re-commit, reconsider, recognition, circumvent, circumference, circumnavigate, circumlocution, continuant consonants, comprehensive conditions. Forward, formal, forbearance, forbid. Magnify, magnitude, magnanimity, magnetic. Selfish, self-defense, self-denial, self-evident, self-same, self-reliance, self-interest, self-love. Withdrew, withheld, withhold, within, withstand, withstood. LESSON XVII. 1. Learn §§ 285 to 288. 2. Read or translate Reading Lesson XVII., page 165. 3. Write the following words : § 285. Reasonably, forcible, sensibly. Amicableness, suitableness, agreeableness, sociableness. Joyfulness, carefulness, painfulness, mindfulness. Destructivenese, apprehensiveness, philoprogenitiveness. Painlessness, gracelessness, dauntlessness, carelessness. Whenever, however, whoever, whichever. Inform, perform, reform, reformed, information. Resting, arresting, wasting, trusting, roystering, mustering, plastering, ministering, patting, budding, competing, matting, heating, permitting, pleading, breeding. Bastings, twistings, vestings, beatings, meetings, plottings, holdings. Fundamental, regimental, sacramental, instrumentality. Zoology, mythology, astrology. Thyself, themselves. Township, courtship, horsemanship, penm^ship. Praiseworthy, trustworthy, blameworthy, seaworthy. § 286. Fangle, triangle, shingle, twinkle, finger, stronger, anxious, sanctity, junction, winked, ranked. Pasteboard, breastpin, mistrustful. Pumped, consumption, glimpse, tempter. — § 287. Essential, substantially. LESSON XVIIL 1. Learn §§ 298 to 306, and 323 and 324. 2. Read or translate Reading Exercise XVIII., page 166. 3. Write the following phrases : 9* 200 THE COMPLEl'E PHONOGEAPHEE. § 301. As large, as had, as can, as ever, as that, as them, as long, as he, as usual, as would, as yet, as your, much as, just as, as well, as well as, as large as, as long as. Has had, has come, has that, has this, has he, has your, has been, has done, has gone, what has, which has, that has, he has, where has, what has been. Is that, is he, is your, is her, what is, which is, that is, he is, here is, what is your. For us, with us, among us, from us, beyond us, of us, by us, at us, to us, above us, upon us, through us, about us, around us, after us, under us. § 302. As has, as is, as his, has as, has his, is as, is his, his is, as has been, as is usual, as far as his, as much as his is. § 304. As the, as it, as to, has the, has it, is the, is it, as to that, as to them, as it were, what is the, which is the, that is the, when is the, where is the, gives tlie, thinks it, makes the, enters the. § 305. As their, has tiiere, is theic, what is their, leaves there, unless they ai'e. § 30G. As it is, is it as, as there is, has it not, is there not. LESSON XIX. 1. Learn §§ 307 to 32G. 2. Read or translate Reading Lesson XIX., page 161 3. Write the following phrases : § 307. But all, what will, had all, do all, did all, which will, can all, that all, they will, with all, among all, from all, he will, are all, when will, to all, you will, of all, on all, among all. § 308. They are, we are, on or, by onr, of our, to our, among our, § 309. Do we, which we, can we, could we, are we, were we. § 310. Had you, do you, did you, are you, were you, can you, could you, do your, are your, where do you, how did you. § 312. Part of, charge of, which have, can have, could have, that have, they have, shall have, would have, out of, to have, day of § 313. But an, had an, of an, to an, he and, you and, your own, her own, their own, our own, have been, more than, rather than, they have been. § 314. By their, up there, are there, were their, can there, to their, of their, for their, on there, fly there, warm their, upon their, plan their, each other, no other, some other, that they are. § 316. Of the, of it, to the, from the, ought to, upon the, he had. § 317. Day after day, Sunday afternoon. § 318. Of another, to another, from another, in another, § 319. Of its, on its, in its, by its, upon its. LESSONS IN niONOGEAPHY. 201 § 320. Do not, did not, are not, were not, can not, may not, yon are not. LESSON XX. 1. Learn §§ 327 to 339. 2. Read §§ 340 to 348. 3. Eead or translate Reading Lesson XX., page 168. 4. Write the following phrases : § 327. I object, I do not, I can, I could, I am, I think, I was, I shall, I know, I would, I suppose, I heard, I wonder. A half, a year, a man, a thought, an oath, an office, and then, and all, and will. Of a, to a, upon a, puts a. § 330. Against the, aficr the, render the, cut the, about the, meet the, quit the, around the ; he ought, he did, he shall, he could. § 331. And as, and is, and as a, and as the, and as it, and as their, and is there, and as there is. As to a, is it an, has there a, is there a, as to the, is it the. § 332. Roasting a, blasting the, murdering a, putting a, beating the, meeting a, bidding the. § 333. "We ought, we had, we do, we did, we do not, we charge, we find, we shall, we should ; we would, you would, he would, she would, it would, it would be, woidd you, would they ; you had, you do, you did not, you take, you shall. § 334. Waste of time, date of payment, hours of study. § 33G. To be, to run, to move, to date, to me, too far. § 338. From day to day, from year to year. CONCLUDING REMARKS. The learner has now passed over all the principles of Phonography. He has yet to commit to memory the remainder of the word-signs and contractions at § 289 or § 290, and to familiarize himself with the deriva- tive words at § 291, the list of conflicting words at § 277, and the list of phrases at § 349. Great assistance in learning the word-signs and con- tractions may be derived by writing and reading the article entitled "A Trip through the Land of Contractions," on page 203. The learner should now continue the reading lessons which consist of miscellaneous articles commencing at page 169, using the key beginning at page 215 as little as possible. After this, if the assistance of a teacher can be had to correct a few exercises, it will be found a valuable aid. For that pur- pose the learner may cut a slip from a newspaper, write it on alternate lines in Phonography as well as he can, and send it to the teacher. The lessons should not be too long — not over a page of foolscap in length. The teacher's corrections should be on the blank line below the outlines corrected ; and references to the sections of the Complete Phonographer 202 TDE COMPLETE PHONOGKAPHEE. containing tbe violated rules should also be gi\ en. If a teacher can not be had, a good substitute is to be found in the following plan : Write a page of the key, and then compare it with the engraved outlines. Write and rewrite each page until no mistakes are made, and then proceed to the next. No attempt to write fast should be made until the learner can write correctly. At this time it will be of great advantage to the student to have still further reading-matter in Phonography. Partly to supply this want, "Munson's Phonographic News," a periodical edited by the author, and printed entirely in Phonography, is published. It contains also news, in- struction, and other information concerning the art. It is published semi- monthly, and the subscription price is two dollars a year. Persons de- siring to subscribe will address, James E, Munson, P. O. Box 5502, New York. A TEIP THEOUGH THE LAilD OF CONTEACTIONS. 203 A TRIP THROUGH THE LAND OF CONTRACTIONS, MADE IN THE YEAR 1877. By Mrs. Amalia Berrian, New York. [Copyright, 18T7, by Amalia Bekeian.] [This ingenious article contains all the word-signs and contractions of the Complete Fhonographer, page 88, and is composed almost entirely of those abbreviations. It has been revised by the author from her pre- vious "Trip," which was made from the list published in 1873. It will be found very valuable to the learner as a means of acquiring the list rapidly and pleasantly, by merely writing this article in Phonography and reading the written copy until memorized. To acquire still gi'eater familiarity, it may be written from dictation until considerable speed is attained. In writing this exercise of course no phrases are to be made. The words printed in italics are not contractions, but should be written with their full consonant outlines, as usual.] According to the suggestion of gentlemen who had the important ad- vantage of knowledge, observation, and, I believe, experience to help them discriminate, we began before September to collect lengthy but cor- rect memoranda of the parts of the United-States beyond which it was understood we were not to go. Then the first thing of importance was to deliver a dollar to advertise a description of, and gather together here in Southern New-York, a given proportion of healthy Christian people, to whom a doctor, with a certifi- cate from his brother-in-law the Governor, was indispensable ; as our captain, being subject to change, and no angel, was a special responsibil- ity without him, and because any degree of neglect would give that large perpendicular gentleman frequent opportunity to swear — diff'erent from plaintiff or defendant, but in somewhat more general and characteristic language. To our surprise a singular representative of the Roman-Catholic re- ligion from Great-Britain came to dwell with us. His popularity was specially peculiar, difficult of insurance, and not altogether satisfactory ; for, possibly, owing to a difl'erence of opinion as to the probable privilege of the archbishop to govern the county, or the doctrine q/transubstan- tiation, or what baptism is, he would remember, cross-examine, describe, and make regidar reference to any remark of our generally popular Cath- olic captain. This would astonish another of his reverend brethren, the principal junior member of the bishopric, who was in bankruptcy as to health, wealth, and his belief in the archangels o/heaven. Our next movement was to go in December to San-Fraiicisco to be 204 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEE. there with an architect during January and February — not a long time, but where one has a will and an object he can qualify himself to do or become much. Several wealthy representatives who had been in the Massachusetts Leg- islature over a year, and were familiar with the Cabinet and its wortli, and knew responsibly almost every other question or circumstance o/"the Democrats, did endeavor to establish familiarity between us; yet it was not usually possible to practice or develop the extraordinary principle o/" Mr. , which in all probability was preliminary to his own youth. In our memorandum (thanks to swift Phonography) I recollect a dis- tinct peculiarity. I refer to the fact that we were to hear all who should speak at length in public, especially on architecture or arcliitectural man- ufacture ; what their immediate similarity was did not signify. But when we are responsible for the charge of a number o/ young children, we can not go to every particular quarter of the Republic. In truth to these belong the domestic difficulties which have ever come up, when we had begun to think all was well. Oh yes-sir, without mistake, home shall be the kingdom of her that hath intelligence. Could we form an especial aristocracy, we would probably awe the Democracy by the similar, capable, and aristocratic performance of our plenipotentiary. But no-sir ; the Democratic half of your astonished citizens, with their usual system o/ regularity and perpendicularity, begin to differ, and object to represent the influence that heretofore gave it ef- fect. They publish already among them this new delivery : November and the world ! now or never ! ADDITIONAL WKITING EXEKCISES. 205 ADDITIONAL WRITING EXERCISES. The following additional Writing Exercises are intended primarily to lighten the work of teachers in preparing black-board illustrations for, or in dictating to, their pupils. They will also be found very useful to learners who wish to perfect their knowledge of particular portions of the system on which they feel that they are weak. The italicized words only are to be written in Phonography. VOCALIZATION OF SINGLE CONSONANT-STEMS. [§ 41.] The ape went tip the tree with ease. Eve ought not to eat apples. It does not aid you to add an oath. All the ale will ooze from the leaky keg. Each age has its pleasures. — The bird laid an egg in the oak. I am going to aim at Amy. I saw pa pay a fee to Mr. Shato. Come and take tea with Joe Lee to-day. They saw the snow thaw. I could see theybe row under the lea shore. — Ma says you may come and see me. Did you hurt your knee on the key ? No. The horse would gnaw his stable and neigh loudly. DIPHTHONGS. [§§ 50, 54, 56.] The hoy took a joie in the pew. I heard the cat mew on the mow of hay. If thou should hurt thy thigh, rub it well with oil. Mr. Dow saw him take the toy out and tie it with a string. My cow is very shy, and will not allow you to be so nigh to her. [§ 57.] An avowee is a person who has a right to present to a benefice. The payee is the one to whom money is to be paid. Noah Owen has just come through the bayou in a canoe. [§ 58.] Ida had no idea of going on the ice. Ike, Ira, and Isaiah are constantly eyeing me through the ivy ; but I don't care an iota for their eyes. JOINING THE CONSONANT-STEMS. [§ G4.] Papa saw the Pope take a peep from his window. Sob the booby took the baby with its bib to the Judge. The cook gave the girl a cake and the boy a kick. The babe cries for pap, not for a gewgaw. Give us liberty and not gagAaw. [§ 65.] Mamma says Mamie is a ninny because she keeps so mum. Lulu loves the lily and looks after the lowly. Mike from Maumee tried to maim John from Miami. Vive le roi (French). Viva voce (Latin), "For much I dread due payment by the Greeks of yesterday's arrear." Away with the "ear-piercing^^e.'" [§ 66.] He saw & funny fellow from Vienna having a good time with a lame man from Lima. 206 THE COMPLETE PHONOGEAPHEB. [§ 07.] Beppo does his duty to the public. He is tidy in his dress, but gawky in his manner. lie drank a keg of beer and then tried to sing a ditty. Vick says she doesn't care ajig for the/oy. Davy buys his own clothing. But for its being so hazy I would go. "The percep- tion of being or not being belongs no more to these vague ideas, signified by the tenns 'whatsoever' and ' thing,' than it does to any other ideas." — Locke. [§ G8.] A lawyer named Duffy called to see Elisha Massy. A puny man may maim a giant with the lash. A j^iano out of tune has a bad effect upon the nerves — also a melodeou. VOWELS BETWEEN STEMS. [§ 70.] (1.) Both of us went to the bath to bathe. ^^ Bear the palm alone." He left the path and went to poach on his neighbor's land, but he brought no game in his pouch. ]\Ir. Fike, a miserable old poke, brought a huge pack. He tried to bake a cake. He was more than a match for the 7nob, Let us take a walk and have a long talk He wrote a dime novel about a very, tame dog. Tom Dodge tried to learn to set tijpe. (2.) You may pick a peck oi peaches for me. He hung the pig on a peg in the beam. The boom may jibe over and push Mr. Booth into the water, Mr. Beach threw a big bung and hit Tim on the tooth. Dr. Ting sways people with his tongue. Dick tried to tip the tub over. Cheap Jim gave his chum a check. He told a ^6 when he said he didn't care &fig for theyume. The ship took a Zw^', but the captain remained on deck. WOBDS IN WHICH THE SECOND STEM IS WRITTEN IN POSITION OP THE VOWEL. [§§ 71, 72.] I saw the mob move on led by a knave. A vioth got in her muff and ruined it. He made a notch with his knife. Messr?. Cobb and Kipp always keep a coach to carry them home. If you ca^cA the bird I will give you a cage to keep it in. Mr. Nash left his cffjo and cup out by the coop. ' ' ^ Neath yon crimson tree. " •WORDS -WITH HORIZONTAL STEMS, THE FIRST BEING 'WRITTEN IN POSITION. Mike Mack said he would have won the game if he had held the k-ing. He sounded a gong to call the gang to dinner. Mag sat in a shady nook and called the nag to her. Her name was Meg, and she would 7nock at everybody who came her way. ADDITIONAL WKITING EXEKCISES. 207 WORDS SPELLED ALIKE BUT PRONOUNCED DIFFERENTLY. [§ 77.] The bass singers had a fine bass for dinner. Bow to the man who has the bow. Does he know the habits of does f The fish passed a gill of water through each