GIFT OF 
 
Of the 1913 edition of the 
 Book of Standards this is 
 copy No. /& J V 
 
Book of Standards 
 
 Containing Tables and Useful 
 Information Pertaining to Tubular 
 Goods as Manufactured by 
 
 National Tube Company 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Price, Two Dollars 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. Nineteen Hundred and Thirteen 
 
3 3 .1 
 
 Copyright, 1913, 
 
 By 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 AMERICAN BANK NOTE COMPANY, NEW YORK AND PITTSBURGH 
 
National Tube Company 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 Black and Galvanized Wrought Pipe 
 
 In sizes from J/s inch to 30 inches 
 
 Boiler Tubes 
 
 Lap- welded, Spellerized Steel Shelby Cold Drawn 
 and Hot Rolled Open Hearth Seamless Steel 
 
 Casing, Tubing, Drive Pipe, 
 Drill Pipe, Gas and Oil Line 
 Pipe, Working Barrels, Etc. 
 
 Water and Gas Mains 
 
 Converse and Matheson Lead Joint Pipe 
 for Water and Gas Mains 
 
 Cylinders 
 
 Lap-welded and Seamless for Anhydrous 
 Ammonia, Compressed Air, Carbonic 
 Acid Gas, Nitrous Oxide Gas, Etc. 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel Mechanical Tubing 
 and Miscellaneous Forgings 
 
 A Complete Line of Malleable, Cast Iron 
 and Brass Fittings and Valves 
 
ICKJ iXJU J Hi! 
 
 B ^DERi 
 *^;- T- : 
 
 
National Tube Company 
 
 General Offices 
 Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 District Sales Offices 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. Boston, Mass. Chicago, 111. 
 
 Denver, Colo. New Orleans, La. 
 New York, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Pacific Coast Representatives 
 U. S. Steel Products Company 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Portland, Ore. Seattle, Wash. 
 
 Export Representatives 
 U. S. Steel Products Company 
 
 New York City 
 
 264203 
 
tBqrrio J 3OJ 
 
 <gn 
 
 .III t o 
 
 8 ,2 .U 
 
 
 
 
FOR 1913 EDITION 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 BOOK OF STANDARDS 
 
 This correction sheet embraces and supersedes all previous 
 correction sheets. 
 
 Items marked with an asterisk (*) have not been included 
 in previous sheets. 
 
 Please make notation of changes in Book and insert this 
 sheet in tape in back of Book of Standards. 
 
 NOTE 
 
 Our records indicate that 1913 Edition Book of Standards 
 
 No. O/ was mailed to 
 
 Co m p any 
 
 City 
 
 Street Address ._ __ State 
 
 Person Addressed _ __ 
 
 This correction sheet is being mailed to same address. We 
 should be notified of any change of address. 
 

 T33H3 HOH 
 
 ere 
 
 38UT JAMOITAH 
 1O 
 
*Page 35. South Penn Casing 5 T V' size 17 pounds, 
 coupling data reads as follows : 
 
 Diameter 6. 050* 
 Length 4#" 
 Weight 6. 759 pounds 
 
 This should be changed to read as follows: 
 
 Diameter 6.1 55" 
 Length 5V8" 
 Weight 8.849 pounds 
 
 *South Penn Casing 6^ //r size 20 pounds, coupling 
 data reads as follows: 
 
 Diameter 7. 642" 
 
 Length 5}" 
 
 Weight 11.133 pounds 
 
 This should be changed to read as follows: 
 
 Diameter 7.699" 
 
 Length 6V8" 
 
 Weight 14.458 pounds 
 
NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 
 
 FRICK BLDG., PITTSBURGH, PA. 
 
 DISTRICT SALES OFFICES 
 
 ATLANTA KANSAS CITY PITTSBURGH 
 
 BOSTON NEW ORLEANS ST. LOUIS 
 
 CHICAGO NEW YORK ST. PAUL 
 
 DENVER PHILADELPHIA SALT LAKE 
 
 CITY 
 
 PACIFIC COAST REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 U. S. STEEL PRODUCTS CO. 
 SAN FRANCISCO, LOS ANGELES, PORTLAND, SEATTLE 
 
 EXPORT REPRESENTATIVES 
 U. S. STEEL PRODUCTS CO., NEW YORK CITY 
 
 
PREFACE 
 
 IN this edition of our handbook, which is much larger than those 
 preceding, it has been our aim to give all the dimensions and data 
 pertaining to tubular goods as manufactured by National Tube Com- 
 pany, at this date. 
 
 We have incorporated in the book certain subjects, closely related to 
 the uses of pipe and tubes and have given such general information and 
 engineering data as pertains to the same. In compiling the engineering 
 data we have relied entirely on the engineering authorities as quoted in 
 the text. We have also added a glossary of terms relating to the pipe 
 and fittings trade which will, no doubt, be found of much value to the 
 users of pipe and fittings. 
 
STANDARD PROCESSES AND MATERIALS 
 
 USED IN THE MANUFACTURE 
 
 OF TUBULAR GOODS 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 To many users of tubular goods the processes of manufacture, prop- 
 erties and characteristics of the metal, and indeed, the possibilities of 
 modem welded tubes and pipe are more or less unknown. We, there- 
 fore, present in this chapter information on these subjects, in a style as 
 free from technical detail as possible, so that the consumer may know 
 more about the material he is using, and benefit by the experience and 
 practice of others. In order to limit this chapter to reasonable space, 
 it is necessary to confine ourselves to an outline of the more important 
 methods and materials used in the manufacture of tubular goods of 
 to-day. 
 
 The development of the steel-pipe industry has been phenomenal 
 during the past nine years, as evidenced by the increase in the output 
 of the National Tube Company from 416 064 tons in 1900 to i 013 071 
 tons for the year 1909. The main factor in this great expansion has been 
 the development of a satisfactory quality of soft weldable steel as a sub- 
 stitute for wrought iron; the grade of steel made exclusively for this pur- 
 pose by us to-day has been proved, in all points, superior to the wrought 
 iron of days gone by. By comparing the properties and characteristics 
 of wrought iron with those of pipe steel, as made under our process, 
 we believe the reader will readily understand why this steel has become 
 the standard material for the manufacture of welded tubes and pipe. 
 
 All tubular goods are manufactured by one of two general processes: 
 either by shaping sheets of metal, termed skelp, into tubes and welding 
 the edges together; or by forming or drawing the tubes from solid billets 
 or plates of metal. The products of the various processes are termed 
 respectively " welded " or "seamless." 
 
 WELDED TUBES AND PIPE 
 
 Welded tubular goods are made either by the lap- or butt-weld process. 
 
 Lap-weld Process. The skelp used in making lap-welded tubes is 
 
 rolled to the necessary width and gage for the size tubes to be made, the 
 
 7 
 
8 Lap-weld Process 
 
 edges being scarfed and overlapped when the skelp is bent into shape, 
 thus giving a comparatively large welding surface, compared with the 
 thickness of the plate (see Fig. i). As a result of the work done in 
 forging down the metal at the weld, tubes made in this way will probably 
 be stronger at the weld than at any other place. 
 
 The skelp is first heated to redness in a 
 "bending furnace," and then drawn from 
 the front of the furnace through a die, the 
 inside of which gradually assumes a circu- 
 lar shape, so that the skelp when drawn 
 through is bent into the form of a tube 
 with the edges overlapping as shown in 
 Fig. i. 
 
 In the next operation the skelp so 
 formed is heated evenly to the welding 
 temperature in a regenerative furnace. 
 Fig. i. Lap-weld When the proper temperature is obtained, 
 
 the skelp is pushed through an opening in 
 
 the front of this furnace into the welding rolls, passing between two rolls 
 set one above the other, each having a semicircular groove, so that the 
 two together form a circular pass. Between these rolls a mandrel is held 
 in position inside the tube, the lapped edges of the skelp being firmly 
 pressed together at a welding heat between the mandrel and the rolls. 
 The tube then enters a similarly shaped pass to correct any irregularities 
 and to give the outside diameter required. It will be noted that the 
 outside diameter is fixed by these rolls; any variation in gage, therefore, 
 makes a proportional variation in the internal diameter. This also ap- 
 plies to butt-weld pipe. Finally, the tube is passed to the straighten- 
 ing, or cross rolls, consisting of two rolls set with their axes askew. 
 The surfaces of these rolls are so curved that the tube is in contact with 
 each for nearly the whole length of the roll, and is passed forward and 
 rapidly rotated when the rolls are revolved. The tube is made practi- 
 cally straight by the cross rolls, and is also given a clean finish with a 
 thin, firmly adhering scale. 
 
 After this last operation the tube is rolled up an inclined cooling 
 table, so that the metal will cool off slowly and uniformly without in- 
 ternal strain. When cool enough the rough ends are removed by cold 
 saws or in a cutting-off machine, after which the tube is ready for inspec- 
 tion and testing. 
 
 In the case of some sizes of double-extra-strong pipe (3 in. to 8 in.) 
 made by the lap- weld process, the pipes are first made to such sizes as 
 will telescope one within the other, the respective welds being placed 
 opposite each other; these are then returned to the furnace, brought 
 to the proper heat, and given a pass through the welding rolls. While 
 a pipe made in this way is, in respect to its resistance to internal pres- 
 sure, as strong or stronger than when made from one piece of skelp, 
 it is not necessarily welded at all points between the two tubular sur- 
 faces; however, each piece is first thoroughly welded at the seam before 
 telescoping. 
 
Properties of Materials 9 
 
 Butt-weld Process. Skelp used in making butt-welded pipe comes 
 from the rolling department of the steel mills with a specified length, 
 width, and gage, according to the size pipe for which it is ordered. The 
 edges are slightly beveled with the face of the skelp, so that the surface of 
 the plate which is to become the inside of the pipe is not quite as wide 
 as that which forms the outside; thus when the edges are brought to- 
 gether they meet squarely, as indicated in Fig. 2. 
 
 The skelp for all butt-welded pipe is heated uniformly to the welding 
 temperature, in furnaces similar in general construction to those used in 
 lap-welding. The strips of steel when 
 properly heated are seized by their ends 
 with tongs and drawn from the furnaces 
 through bell-shaped dies, or rings. The 
 inside of these dies is so shaped that the 
 plate is gradually turned around into the 
 shape of a tube, the edges being forced 
 squarely together and welded. For some 
 sizes the pipes are drawn through two 
 rings consecutively at one heat, one ring 
 being just behind the other, the second 
 
 one being of smaller diameter than the 
 
 g rst Fig. 2. Butt-weld 
 
 The pipes are then run through sizing 
 
 and cross rolls similar to those used in the lap-weld process, obtaining 
 thereby the correct outside diameter and finish. 
 
 The pull required to draw double-extra-strong (hydraulic) pipe by 
 this process is so great, on account of the thickness of the skelp, 
 that it is found necessary to weld a strong bar on the end of the 
 skelp, thereby more evenly distributing the strain. With this bar the 
 skelp is drawn through several dies of decreasing size, and is reheated 
 between each draw until the seam is thoroughly welded. It is evident 
 that the skelp is put to a severe test in this operation, and, unless 
 the metal is sound and homogeneous, the ends will almost always be 
 pulled off. 
 
 Properties of Materials. Experience has developed a grade of soft 
 steel (which would more properly be called highly refined iron) especially 
 adapted to the manufacture of welded pipe. Uniformity and homo- 
 geneity of composition mean satisfactory welding practice and small 
 scrap losses in manufacture, as well as a better quality of product for 
 all purposes. This has been our aim for years, to accomplish which it 
 has been found absolutely essential to control the manufacture of the 
 metal from the ore to the finished tube or pipe. The practice of the 
 National Tube Company is to make tube and pipe steel exclusively; 
 thus by concentrating the attention of a highly trained force of men on 
 this one grade of metal, the best results can be attained. This steel is 
 made by the Bessemer or Basic Open-hearth process, according to the 
 use to which it is to be put, and will average in chemical and physical 
 properties as follows: 
 
10 
 
 Welding and Annealing 
 
 
 Chemical analysis 
 
 Physical pulling 
 tests 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 rt 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 d 
 
 j 
 
 J* 
 
 jq 
 
 y 
 
 M 
 
 "rt G 
 
 "3 o 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 -a 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 s a 
 
 -2 C3 
 
 Id 
 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 c/a 
 
 PH 
 
 H^ 
 
 H M 
 
 W" 
 
 "- 
 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 Bessemer pipe steel . . 
 Open-hearth pipe steel 
 
 .07 
 .09 
 
 .30 
 .40 
 
 .045 
 035 
 
 .IOO 
 .025 
 
 36 ooo 
 33 ooo 
 
 58 ooo 
 53 ooo 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 II 
 
 In ductility this steel excels any material heretofore used in the manu- 
 facture of pipe. For bending into coils, or the various shapes required 
 in electric conduit work, steel pipe is especially adapted. In this work 
 it has given most satisfactory results; similarly, for boiler tubes or 
 other purposes, where the metal has to stand cold flanging or other 
 severe manipulation. 
 
 Welding and Annealing. Good welding quality is of prime impor- 
 tance in pipe steel, and is sought after and maintained by a system of 
 careful inspection. This not only is an assurance that the seam will be 
 strong and reliable, but is a quality highly desired in the shop where tubes 
 or pipes have to be welded to each other, or to other material. 
 
 The welding heat naturally produces a larger grain in the metal. This 
 does not necessarily mean loss of ductility, but, where a large margin of 
 safety against failure by shock is desired, the grain may be refined by 
 annealing. The method giving best results, is to heat the steel to a 
 bright orange color in shop light (1750 F.) for a few minutes, allowing 
 the piece to cool in the air very slow cooling is not necessary. .So 
 treated, the fracture of the metal should show a fine silky texture with- 
 out any trace of crystallization. 
 
 Threading. To insure a good threaded joint between a pipe and a 
 fitting, it is necessary to have a clean, smoothly cut thread. To cut this 
 kind of a thread, it is necessary to have a good die, which consists of a 
 frame or holder and a set of chasers made with proper consideration for 
 the following points: lip, clearance, chip space, lead, and number of 
 chasers. 
 
 Lip, which is also known as hook or rake, is the inclination of the 
 cutting edge of the chaser to the surface of the pipe, as shown in Fig. 3. 
 This lip may be secured by milling the cutting face of the chaser, as 
 shown by the full lines, or by inclining the chaser, as shown by the dotted 
 lines. This lip angle should be from 15 to 25, depending upon the style 
 and condition of the chasers and chaser holders. 
 
 Clearance. Clearance is the angle between the thread of the chasers 
 and the threads of the pipe. This clearance may be secured in various 
 ways, depending upon the position in which the chasers are held in the 
 frame. The position of the cutting edge of the chaser in relation to the 
 center line of the pipe while working, determines whether the chasers 
 
Threading 
 
 11 
 
 shall be set "in" or "out" while the teeth are being machined, as shown 
 in Figs. 3 and 4. 
 
 Chip Space. This is the space required in the holder in front of 
 the chaser to allow room for the accumulation of chips, and also to pro- 
 vide means for lubricating the chasers. This space should be secured as 
 
 7 
 
 iHIP SPACE IN HOLDER 
 IN CHASER 
 
 Fig. 3 
 
 Fig. 4 
 
 indicated in Fig. 3, which shows the chip space in front of the chaser, 
 the back of which should be well supported. This is a very important 
 point and one which is often overlooked. A lack of chip space will 
 cause the chips to clog and tear the threads. 
 
 Lead. Lead is the angle which is machined or ground on the front of 
 each chaser to enable the die to start on the pipe, and also to distribute 
 the work of cutting over a number of threads. The lead may be machined 
 on, or, as is more frequent, it may be ground on after the chasers are 
 tempered. To secure a good thread, the lead should cover the first three 
 threads. As the heaviest cutting is done by the lead, it should have a 
 slightly greater clearance angle than the rest of the threads on the chaser. 
 When regrinding a chaser that has become dull on the lead, care should 
 be taken to give each chaser the same length of lead, as otherwise the 
 work will be unevenly distributed between the chasers. 
 
 Number of Chasers. To get good results in threading at one cut, experi- 
 ence shows that a die should have a suitable number of chasers, the 
 number being determined by the size of the die. Our experience shows 
 that dies up to i*4 inches should have four (4) chasers. 
 
 inches to 4 inches should have approximately six chasers. 
 
 4 inches 
 7 inches 
 10 inches 
 12 inches 
 14 inches 
 1 8 inches 
 
 to 7 inches 
 to 10 inches 
 to 12 inches 
 to 14 inches 
 to 1 8 inches 
 to 20 inches 
 
 eight chasers, 
 ten chasers, 
 twelve chasers, 
 fourteen chasers, 
 sixteen chasers, 
 eighteen chasers. 
 
 Lubrication. Good lard or crude cottonseed oil should be used in 
 liberal quantities. The best die made will not produce good results with 
 poor oil. 
 
12 Corrosion 
 
 Corrosion. The use of steel for welded pipe was made possible, in 
 the first place, through the manufacture by the National Tube Company 
 of a special grade of low-carbon steel, equal in welding quality to the 
 wrought iron which had formerly been exclusively used for this pur- 
 pose. Steel pipe has in later years superseded wrought-iron pipe by 
 proving its superiority in strength, ductility, and finally, as made under 
 modern processes, by its superior durability. As manufacturers of both 
 wrought-iron and steel pipe for many years, we have had a special in- 
 terest in this question of durability, about which there has been so much 
 debate, and with our dual interest have had exceptional opportunities 
 to make comparison of these materials under all manner of service. 
 Moreover, we have always shipped a wrought-iron coupling on steel 
 pipe, so that in case there was any outside corrosion, a comparison of 
 the two materials could be readily made under the same conditions. As 
 a result of an extended study of this question in the laboratory and in 
 the field, and with the experience of many large consumers of pipe, who 
 have made careful observations from cases where both iron and steel 
 pipe were used under the same conditions, there was no further room 
 for doubt as to the advantage of steel pipe, made under our methods of 
 manufacture, in respect to its resistance to corrosion, particularly as to 
 pitting; hence we abandoned the manufacture of charcoal and puddled 
 iron for welded tubes and pipe after January, 1909. 
 
 For the information of those wishing to follow up the discussion of 
 this subject, and obtain data regarding the tests and experiments which 
 have been made on the relative corrosion of iron and steel, we give a list 
 of publications below to which reference may be made: * 
 
 Proceedings of Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1907. 
 
 T. N. Thomson, two reports, 1908-10, American Society of Heating 
 and Ventilating Engineers. 
 
 American Society for Testing Materials, 1906, 1908 (Howe). 
 
 "Corrosion of Iron," A. Sang (McGraw-Hill Publishing Company). 
 (Extensive bibliographs.) 
 
 "Corrosion and Preservation of Iron and Steel," A. S. Cushman and 
 Hy. A. Gardner (McGraw-Hill Publishing Company). 
 
 "Metallurgy of Iron and Steel," Bradley Stoughton. 
 
 "Electrolytic Theory of the Corrosion of Iron and Its Applications," 
 Wm. H. Walker (Journal Iron and Steel Institute, 1909). 
 
 "Function of Oxygen in the Corrosion of Metals," Wm. H. Walker 
 (Transactions American Electrochemical Society, Vol. 14, p. 175). 
 
 "Corrosion of Iron and Steel," by J. N. Friend, 1911 (Longmans, 
 Green and Company). 
 
 " Corrosion of Boiler Tubes/' Jour. Am. Soc. Nav. Engrs., May, 1904. 
 
 National Tube Co. bulletins are published from time to time giving 
 results of experience on this subject. 
 
 Cause of Corrosion. There is hardly space here to go very deeply into 
 the question of corrosion in all its phases, about which there is still some 
 
 * An additional list of references will be found in appendix. (See index for 
 page number.) 
 
Mill Inspection and Tests 13 
 
 difference of opinion, but a few underlying facts which have recently been 
 well established by experiments may be useful to those interested in 
 protecting the metal. 
 
 It has been noticed by many who have worked on the problem of 
 corrosion, that differences of electrolytic potential between two adja- 
 cent places on the surface of the metal causes local pitting. This differ- 
 ence may be due to lack of homogeneity in the metal, but more often is 
 caused by foreign matter, electro-negative to iron, attached to the sur- 
 face; such as mill scale, carbon, or rust itself. Without going into a 
 discussion as to the fundamental causes, it has been clearly established 
 that corrosion consists of two main reactions, viz.: the solution of a 
 small portion of the iron in water, and the subsequent oxidation of the 
 ferrous iron in solution to ferric hydroxide, which is then precipitated 
 out as " rust. " The amount of the corrosion is still further increased by 
 the combination of free oxygen with the hydrogen, which was deposited 
 on the surface of the metal when iron went into solution. This cycle of 
 reactions is repeated, and the rust continues to accumulate so long as both 
 water and air are present. Other agencies may accelerate the process 
 of corrosion, but in the absence of either one of these elements no cor- 
 rosion can take place. Steel will remain clean and bright for an indefi- 
 nite time in dry air, and also in water that is free from air. Hence 
 the necessity to see to it that, as far as possible, oxygen and other cor- 
 rosive gases are removed from water, and that iron and steel exposed 
 to moist air are protected by impervious and durable coatings. 
 
 We invite correspondence on this subject with our research department. 
 
 MU1 Inspection and Tests. Every piece of pipe made in National 
 Tube Company's mills is inspected for surface defects, and must stand 
 an internal hydrostatic pressure test, without leaking, before shipment. 
 Machines for applying this test are installed at convenient places through- 
 out the mill. The amount of pressure applied depends on the use to 
 which the pipe or tube is to be put, but in no case is it deemed advisable 
 to test the finished pipe to more than one-half the elastic limit of the 
 material, this being, however, as a rule, considerably above the actual 
 working pressure. All boiler tubes and lap-weld pipe for certain purposes 
 are subject to a flattening -test made on the crop ends cut from each 
 piece of pipe. This is done to insure strong welds and sound material. 
 
 (For list of test pressures see pp. 68-76.) 
 
 Besides the regular internal pressure tests described above, lap-welded 
 boiler tubes for locomotive service are given individual inspection and 
 tests at the mill as follows: 
 
 1. Inspection of external and internal surface (the latter by the aid 
 of reflected light). 
 
 2. The ends on being cut off are placed in a flanging press, designed 
 by us especially for this purpose. The rough end is first pressed flat by 
 a horizontal hydraulic press, then a die attached to a vertical plunger 
 comes down and turns over a flange on the cut end of the sample, this 
 combines a flattening, crushing-down, and flange test in one. As this 
 test is made on each end of every locomotive boiler tube, the customer 
 
14 Shelby Seamless Steel Tubes 
 
 has the utmost assurance that the material is of uniformly satisfactory 
 quality. Tubes which fail to stand this test, on account of imperfect 
 welding, are given another run through the furnace and rewelded, and 
 are again subjected to the same test on the ends. Other physical tests 
 are described in Standard Specifications for Locomotive Boiler Tubes, 
 given on pages 99 to 102. 
 
 3. Our research department is continually testing and experimenting 
 with the material for locomotive boiler tubes; this being the most severe 
 service to which tubes are put, it is naturally the branch of the business 
 to which we give most attention. To this end, tests of the safe ending 
 quality are made on each lot; roller expander tests in the flue sheet, to 
 determine the power of the material to withstand repeated working in 
 the flue sheet without developing brittleness, are also made from time 
 to time. Improvements in this line are reflected in the product designed 
 for other purposes, where the demands of service are not so rigorous. 
 
 SHELBY SEAMLESS STEEL TUBES 
 
 Methods of Manufacture. The process employed in the manufac- 
 ture of Shelby Seamless Tubes in our mill may be classified as follows: 
 
 *** fi , nish ' 
 (b) Cold finish. 
 
 A. Tubes made from solid round billets ..... j 
 
 ( 
 
 B. Tubes made from steel plates . . . . j <?> ? 1 t , fi , ni . sh / 
 
 ( (b) Cold finish. 
 
 Class A includes by far the larger percentage of seamless tubes. 
 
 The preliminary operations are the same for hot and cold-finished 
 tubes made from solid round billets. The steel, of a special quality, 
 made by the basic open-hearth process, is rolled into rounds approxi- 
 mating in diameter that of the finished tube; these are cut to suitable 
 length to contain sufficient steel for a required length tube, then heated 
 to a soft plastic state and pierced. Before heating these billets a hole 
 is drilled in the center of one end, so that the piercing point may be 
 started accurately in the center of the billet, thereby minimizing, so far 
 as possible, the variations of thickness in the wall. There results from 
 this operation a rather rough, thick-walled seamless tube, retaining on its 
 surface evidence of the manipulation required to work the hot billet into 
 this shape. The roughly pierced tube is now transferred, without loss 
 of time and without reheating, to a rolling mill, where it is passed between 
 rolls having semicircular grooves between which various sizes of mandrels 
 are placed, and are supported in this position on the ends of stiff bars. 
 By repeatedly passing the rough tube through these rolls and over man- 
 drels, the steel is gradually elongated and the walls proportionately 
 reduced in gage. 
 
 Hot-finished Tubes are taken direct from the rolling mill while still 
 retaining sufficient heat, and passed through a reeling machine of special 
 design, which further slightly reduces the gage. The tube is straight- 
 ened and given a burnished finish by this last operation. 
 
Materials 15 
 
 Cold-finished Tubes. Where cold finish is required, the ends of the 
 tubes after they leave the rolling mill are reduced, so that they may be 
 firmly caught by the heavy tongs of the drawbench. They are first 
 immersed in hot dilute acid to remove all scale outside and inside, 
 so that a smooth, even surface may result from the cold drawing 
 which follows. A mandrel is held in position by a long bar which lies 
 inside the tube, and holds the mandrel just even with the die while the 
 tube is being drawn. All tubes, except those having an inside diameter 
 smaller than six-tenths of the outside diameter or smaller than l /2 inch, 
 are drawn over mandrels varying in diameter until the required diameter 
 and thickness are obtained. The drawing operation hardens the steel, 
 so that it is usually necessary to anneal the tube after each pass to restore 
 its ductility, after which it is necessary to again put it through the 
 acid pickling bath to remove the oxide-of-iron scale from the surface. 
 
 After the last drawing operation the hammered points are cut off, and 
 the tube is ready for testing and final inspection. 
 
 Tubes Made from Steel Plates. As in the case of tubes made from 
 round billets, these may be hot or cold finished, according to require- 
 ments. Hot-finished tubes are not as smooth as those cold drawn, hence, 
 when it is necessary to produce a tube with smooth walls, it is given two 
 or three cold passes, each operation being preceded by annealing and 
 pickling. 
 
 The "cupping" process is used in making seamless tubes over $2 inches 
 outside diameter. Plates of the best-quality basic open-hearth steel of 
 the required thickness are trimmed into circular shape and heated to a 
 bright redness, then pressed roughly into the shape of a cup. This is re- 
 peated three or four times, reheating between each operation, and using 
 smaller dies and punches as the process proceeds, until the cup has the 
 shape of a cylinder closed at one end. 
 
 The piece is then taken to the drawbench, where it is further elongated 
 and reduced in gage by forcing through dies of successively decreasing 
 diameter. 
 
 Where a number of drawings are required, the piece is reheated before 
 each draw. Finally the closed end, or head, is cut off and the tube cut 
 to length. 
 
 Carbonic Acid Cylinders. These are made from specially selected 
 steel plates (see cylinder specifications). The preliminary operations in 
 the making of these cylinders are as above described, except that the 
 head is not cut off, and the other or open end is swaged down to receive 
 a head. 
 
 Materials. Three principal classes of material are used in the manu- 
 facture of seamless steel tubes, namely: 
 
 .17%-carbon open-hearth steel, 
 35%-carbon ' 
 3V 2 %-nickel " 
 
 all of which are of special quality as before stated. In addition to these 
 standard materials, tubes for special purposes are made from special 
 
16 Physical Properties of Shelby Seamless Steel Tubes 
 
 materials, such as chrome- vanadium steels, higher-carbon steels, etc. The 
 physical qualities of all these materials vary with the heat treatment, 
 especially after the cold-drawing operation, which hardens the tube. 
 
 The .17%-carbon steel tubes are suitable for boiler tubes and other 
 purposes requiring great ductility; the .35%-carbon steel tubes are suit- 
 able for purposes in which higher elastic limits and ultimate strengths 
 are required; and the sV2% nickel-steel tubes are suitable for purposes 
 requiring ductility combined with high elastic limits and ultimate 
 strengths. 
 
 Hot-finished tubes are not given any further heat treatment after leav- 
 ing the hot mills. Cold-drawn tubes, however, are given regular heat 
 treatments, which consist of either a soft anneal or a hard (finish) anneal, 
 while for special purposes the heat treatment is varied to give properties 
 suited to the purpose for which the tubes are to be used. 
 
 The average chemical and physical qualities of the three main classes 
 of materials, when same are given the regular heat treatments after the 
 final cold drawing, are shown in the following table. 
 
 Physical Properties of Shelby Seamless Steel Tubes 
 
 .17 Per Cent Carbon Steel. 
 Chemical Analysis: 
 
 Carbon. 14 to . 19 per cent. 
 
 Manganese 40 to .60 per cent. 
 
 Sulphur 015 to .040 per cent. 
 
 Phosphorus oio to .035 per cent 
 
 Temper 5. Physical Properties: (Unannealed) 
 
 Elastic limit 60 ooo to 70 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 6s ooo to 80 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 12 to 1 8 per cent. 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 3 to 7 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 20 to 30 per cent. 
 
 * Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 6.97. 
 
 (Material of this temper is of the maximum strength, with but slight ductility. 
 The surface is bright and free from scale. Material of this temper is usually 
 furnished for hose poles, cream separator bowls, etc.) 
 
 * The impact test is made on a machine of special design, constructed as 
 follows: A pendulum with a light rigid frame system and a heavy lower part is 
 hung on roller bearings; these are supported in a frame of sheet iron, attached 
 to a heavy cast iron base. The pendulum is always dropped from a fixed 
 height; in swinging, it moves before it a pointer which records the maximum 
 height to which the pendulum swung. In making a test, the specimen to be 
 tested is clamped firmly in the base of the machine; it is placed so that it will 
 be struck by the pendulum at the lowest point in the swing. The test piece is 
 &/IQ inch X S /IQ inch X 2^4 inches long, with a 60 notch cut Vie inch deep, 
 i% inches from the end of the piece. When the test piece is firmly clamped in 
 the base, the pendulum is suddenly released and, when striking the test piece, 
 it is checked a certain amount depending on the toughness of the test piece. 
 The height of the swing after hitting the test piece is recorded by the pointer. 
 Knowing the weight of the pendulum, the height of the free swing and the 
 height of the swing after striking the test piece, it is possible to calculate the 
 foot-poands energy absorbed by the test piece. 
 
Physical Properties of Shelby Seamless Steel Tubes 17 
 
 .17 Per Cent Carbon Steel (Continued). 
 
 Finish Anneal 
 Temper T. Physical Properties: 
 
 Elastic limit 50 ooo to 65 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 60 ooo to 75 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 1 8 to 25 per cent. 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 10 to 16 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 35 to 45 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 7.07. 
 
 (This temper is furnished for general mechanical purposes. It is slightly 
 softer and considerably more ductile than Temper S. The surface is not bright, 
 but free from scale.) 
 
 Temper U. Physical Properties: (Special Anneal) 
 
 Elastic limit 40 ooo to 54 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 53 ooo to 65 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 35 to 45 per cent. 
 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 15 to 20 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 40 to 50 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 8.70. 
 
 (Material of this temper will stand a moderate amount of cold forming, such as 
 is necessary in the manufacture of bedsteads, etc. The surface is very slightly 
 scaled.) 
 
 Temper V. Physical Properties: (Medium Anneal) 
 
 Elastic limit 35 ooo to 48 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 52 ooo to 65 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 50 to 60 per cent. 
 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 22 to 28 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 50 to 60 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 9.67. 
 
 (Material of this temper has lost all traces of the effect of cold drawing, and is 
 in excellent shape for machining. However, the tools must have about 30 degrees 
 top rake as the material comes away in long tough chips.) 
 
 Soft Anneal 
 Temper W. Physical Properties: 
 
 Elastic limit 27 ooo to 35 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 47 ooo to 55 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 55 to 65 per cent. 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 28 to 33 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 52 to 62 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 9.73. 
 
 (This temper is suitable for boiler tubes for all purposes. The material is soft 
 and ductile and will stand considerable cold forming. The surface is slightly 
 scaled.) 
 
 Temper X. Physical Properties: (Special Anneal) 
 
 Elastic limit 30 ooo to 35 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 50 ooo to 56 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 55 to 65 per cent. 
 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 28 to 3^ per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 55 to 65 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 9.42. 
 
 (This temper is suitable for all purposes requiring high ductility and resistance to 
 shock, combined with highest tensile strength consistent with its ductility. Stay 
 bolts are always furnished of this temper. The surface is considerably scaled.) 
 
18 Physical Properties of Shelby Seamless Steel Tubes 
 
 .17 Per Cent Carbon Steel (Continued). 
 
 Temper F. Physical Properties: (Retort Anneal) 
 
 Elastic limit 22 ooo to 28 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 45 ooo to 52 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 60 to 70 per cent. 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 30 to 40 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 60 to 70 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 9.25. 
 
 (This temper is suitable for cold forming operations requiring maximum duc- 
 tility. Sizes smaller than \\'z inches outside diameter can be furnished retort 
 annealed if so specified. The surface of these tubes will be free from scale. 
 Sizes larger than i^ inches outside diameter will be annealed in the open furnace 
 and the surface slightly scaled.) 
 Temper Z.: 
 
 (Material of this temper is hot rolled and the physical properties will vary 
 with the wall thickness of the tubes. For wall thicknesses %e mch and lighter, 
 the physical properties will correspond very closely to Temper U. For heavier 
 walls, the physical properties will correspond very closely to Temper W.) 
 
 .30 to .40 Per Cent Carbon Steel. 
 Chemical Analysis: 
 
 Carbon 30 to .40 per cent. 
 
 Manganese 40 to .60 per cent. 
 
 Phosphorus oio to .035 per cent. 
 
 Sulphur 015 to .040 per cent. 
 
 Temper S. Physical Properties: (Unannealed) 
 
 Elastic limit 75 ooo to 90 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 85 ooo to 100 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 10 to 15 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 12 to 1 8 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 2.22. 
 
 (Material of this temper is hard and the surface bright. It has the maximum 
 strength, but little ductility. It should not be used where it will be subjected to 
 shock. Material which is to be heated above 500 C. during subsequent manu- 
 facture should be furnished of this temper.) 
 
 Finish^ Anneal 
 Temper T. Physical Properties: 
 
 Elastic limit 70 ooo to 85 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 80 ooo to 95 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 20 to 30 per cent. 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 12 to 1 8 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 25 to 32 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 3.55. 
 
 (This temper is usually furnished for automobile purposes requiring high- 
 carbon steel.) 
 
 Medium Anneal 
 Temper U. Physical Properties: 
 
 Elastic limit 50 ooo to 65 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 65 ooo to 80 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 35 to 45 per cent. 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 20 to 30 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 35 to 42 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 5.55. 
 
 (This temper is suitable for purposes requiring high-tensile strength, good 
 ductility and shock-resisting power.) 
 
Physical Properties of Shelby Seamless Steel Tubes 19 
 
 31/2 Per Cent Nickel Steel. 
 Chemical Analysis: 
 
 Carbon 20 to .30 per cent. 
 
 Nickel 3 .00 to 4.00 per cent. 
 
 Manganese 40 to .60 per cent. 
 
 Phosphorus oio to .030 per cent. 
 
 Sulphur 015 to .040 per cent. 
 
 Temper S. Physical Properties: 
 
 Elastic limit 85 coo to 100 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 95 coo to no ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 10 to 18 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 22 to 32 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 2.60. 
 
 (Material which is to be subsequently heat treated or heated above 500 C. 
 in manufacturing processes should be furnished of this temper.) 
 
 Finish Anneal 
 Temper W. Physical Properties: 
 
 Elastic limit 75 ooo to 90 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 85 ooo to 105 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 15 to 25 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 25 to 35 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 4.76. 
 
 (This temper is ideal for auto axles and all work requiring material of high- 
 tensile strength and shock-resisting power.) 
 
 Medium Anneal 
 Temper U. Physical Properties: 
 
 Elastic limit 45 ooo to 60 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 70 ooo to 85 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 2 inches. . . 40 to 50 per cent. 
 Elongation in 8 inches. . . 20 to 28 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area 45 to 50 per cent. 
 
 Foot-pounds Energy Absorbed under Impact, 9.18. 
 
 (Material of this temper is very ductile, has high shock-resisting power and is 
 of relatively high tensile strength. It should find many uses where safety in 
 construction is an important factor.) 
 
 Hot-finished boiler tubes have a slightly higher elastic limit and ulti- 
 mate strength than the annealed cold-drawn, a fair average of their 
 physical qualities being as follows: 
 
 Yield point 42 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength 62 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 8 in 22 per cent. 
 
 Reduction in area 48 per cent.' 
 
 To suit the requirements of various customers, special treatments are 
 given tubes, which produce a wide range in their physical qualities. 
 Typical results obtained for two special treatments of ,17%-carbon steel 
 tubes are: 
 
 (i) (2) 
 
 Yield point 23 ooo pounds per square inch 34 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Ultimate strength . 48 ooo pou nds per squ are inch 5 5 ooo pounds per squ are inch . 
 Elongation in 8 in. 35 per cent 28 per cent. 
 
 Reduction of area . 60 per cent 53 per cent. 
 
20 Tests and Mill Inspection 
 
 All three of the main classes of material will case-harden, and this fact 
 is taken advantage of by many users of case-hardened goods. 
 
 It will thus be seen that, with the variety of materials used for making 
 tube and the various treatments afforded, almost any reasonable speci- 
 fication may be met, and the wants of a great variety of users may be 
 satisfied. 
 
 Tests and Mill Inspection. For the purpose of obtaining tubes of 
 highest quality, a system of inspections and tests, that will eliminate de- 
 fective material, is regularly used. The inspections start with the bloom 
 from which the round billets are made. Each bloom is laid on an inspec- 
 tion table and examined on all sides for defects. Blooms appearing defec- 
 tive are rejected. The next inspection takes place after tubes leave the 
 hot mills. This inspection is for the purpose of eliminating surface 
 defects. A final inspection for surface and gage is given the tubes 
 after finishing, and just before packing or loading, to insure that material 
 comes up to specifications. 
 
 Tests. Annealing operations are conducted in furnaces of special 
 construction, equipped with pyrometers. Tests are made regularly to 
 insure uniformity in the work. 
 
 All boiler tubes, both hot-finished and cold-drawn, are tested to 1000 
 pounds per square inch, hydrostatic pressure. Other tests applied to 
 boiler tubes are given under the subject, "Specifications for Boiler 
 Tubes." 
 
 It is advisable that the purpose for which the tubes are to be used 
 be made known to the manufacturer, that the order may be executed 
 intelligently, and that the limitations and difficulties of the process of 
 manufacture be known in a general way by the purchaser, so that he 
 may bear these things in mind in drawing up his specification. Our 
 engineers will be pleased to comment on proposed specifications, and 
 discuss details with those interested. A free discussion of such matters 
 will, we believe, be of considerable benefit to all concerned. 
 
 MARKING 
 
 To readily identify " National " material, and as protection to manu- 
 facturer and consumer alike, the practice of the National Tube Company 
 is to roll in raised letters of good size on each few feet of every length 
 of welded pipe the name " NATIONAL " (except on the smaller butt- 
 welded sizes, on which this is not mechanically feasible). 
 
General Notes 21 
 
 GENERAL NOTES 
 
 1 . All weights are figured on the basis of one cubic inch 
 of steel weighing .2833 pound and iron 2 per cent less. 
 
 2. All material will be cut to length when so ordered, 
 with extreme variation not exceeding one-eighth of an inch 
 over or under, unless otherwise arranged. 
 
 3. All pipe threaded to Briggs standard gages as made 
 by Pratt and Whitney Company, Hartford, Conn. 
 
 4. In ordering designate weight or thickness desired, 
 but not both. 
 
 5. All weights given in the tables are limited to three 
 decimal places. 
 
 6. All weights given in the tables are for black pipe and 
 couplings; galvanized pipe and couplings will be slightly 
 heavier. 
 
 7. The outside diameter of all classes of pipe, casing, 
 tubing, tubes, etc., heavier than standard is the same out- 
 side diameter as standard, the extra thickness always being 
 on the inside. 
 
 8. Pipe and tubing are known and spoken of by their 
 nominal inside diameters from K inch to 15 inches, inclusive. 
 Casing is known by its inside diameter. 
 
 9. Above 15 inches inside diameter, pipe and tubing are 
 always known and spoken of by their outside diameters, and 
 when ordering, thickness desired must be specified. 
 
 10. Square and Rectangular Pipe are known by their 
 outside dimensions. 
 
 1 1 . All sizes of Converse, Matheson and Kimberley Joint 
 Pipe and Bedstead Tubing are known by their outside 
 diameters. 
 
 12. All Boiler Tubes are known by their outside diameters. 
 
 13. All dimensions of tubular goods are subject to change 
 without notice. 
 
 14. For illustrations showing joints see pages 77 to 84. 
 
 15. For lists of test pressures see pages 68 to 76. 
 
22 Standard Pipe 
 
 Standard Pipe Black and Galvanized 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 1 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 1 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 .y 
 
 g 
 
 ! a 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 
 | 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 ilHi 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 bO 
 
 'S 
 
 
 X 
 
 ts 
 
 
 & 
 
 H o 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 3 
 
 * 
 
 % 
 
 405 
 
 .269 
 
 .068 
 
 .244 
 
 .245 
 
 27 
 
 .562 
 
 7 /8 
 
 .029 
 
 V4 
 
 540 
 
 .364 
 
 .088 
 
 .424 
 
 .425 
 
 18 
 
 .685 
 
 I 
 
 .043 
 
 % 
 
 .675 
 
 493 
 
 .091 
 
 .567 
 
 .568 
 
 18 
 
 .848 
 
 ^ 
 
 .070 
 
 % 
 
 .840 
 
 .622 
 
 .109 
 
 .850 
 
 .852 
 
 14 
 
 1.024 
 
 
 .116 
 
 % 
 
 1.050 
 
 .824 
 
 .113 
 
 I.I30 
 
 1. 134 
 
 14 
 
 1.281 
 
 1% 
 
 .209 
 
 i 
 
 I.3I5 
 
 1.049 
 
 .133 
 
 1.678 
 
 1.684 
 
 11% 
 
 1.576 
 
 1% 
 
 .343 
 
 i^4 
 
 I. 660 
 
 1.380 
 
 .140 
 
 2.272 
 
 2.281 
 
 n% 
 
 i.95o 
 
 2% 
 
 .535 
 
 i% 
 
 1.900 
 
 1.610 
 
 .145 
 
 2.717 
 
 2.731 
 
 11% 
 
 2.218 
 
 2% 
 
 743 
 
 2 
 
 2.375 
 
 2.067 
 
 .154 
 
 v 3.652 
 
 3.678 
 
 n% 
 
 2.760 
 
 2% 
 
 1. 208 
 
 2% 
 
 2.875 
 
 2.469 
 
 .203 
 
 5-793 
 
 5-819 
 
 8 
 
 3.276 
 
 2% 
 
 1.720 
 
 3 
 
 3-500 
 
 3.068 
 
 .216 
 
 7-575 
 
 7.616 
 
 8 
 
 3.948 
 
 
 2.498 
 
 3% 
 
 4.000 
 
 3.548 
 
 .226 
 
 9.109 
 
 9.202 
 
 8 
 
 4-591 
 
 3% 
 
 4.241 
 
 4 
 
 4.500 
 
 4.026 
 
 .237 
 
 10.790 
 
 10.889 
 
 8 
 
 5.091 
 
 3% 
 
 4-741 
 
 4% 
 
 S.ooo 
 
 4.5o6 
 
 .247 
 
 12.538 
 
 12.642 
 
 8 
 
 5-591 
 
 3% 
 
 5.241 
 
 5 
 
 5.563 
 
 5-047 
 
 .258 
 
 14.617 
 
 14.810 
 
 8 
 
 6.296 
 
 41/8 
 
 8.091 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.065 
 
 .280 
 
 18.974 
 
 19-185 
 
 8 
 
 7-358 
 
 
 9-554 
 
 7 
 
 7.625 
 
 7-023 
 
 .301 
 
 23-544 
 
 23.769 
 
 8 
 
 8.358 
 
 4% 
 
 10.932 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 8.071 
 
 .277 
 
 24.696 
 
 25.000 
 
 8 
 
 9-358 
 
 4% 
 
 13.905 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 7.98i 
 
 .322 
 
 28.554 
 
 28.809 
 
 8 
 
 9-358 
 
 4 5 /8 
 
 13.905 
 
 9 
 
 9-625 
 
 8.941 
 
 342 
 
 33.907 
 
 34.188 
 
 8 
 
 10.358 
 
 m 
 
 17.236 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 0.192 
 
 .279 
 
 31 . 201 
 
 32.000 
 
 8 
 
 11.721 
 
 6% 
 
 29-877 
 
 10 
 
 io.75o 
 
 0.136 
 
 307 
 
 34.240 
 
 35.000 
 
 8 
 
 11.721 
 
 .<*% 
 
 29.877 
 
 10 
 
 io.75o 
 
 O.O2O 
 
 .365 
 
 40.483 
 
 41.132 
 
 8 
 
 11.721 
 
 6% 
 
 29.877 
 
 II 
 
 11.750 
 
 1. 000 
 
 375 
 
 45-557 
 
 46.247 
 
 8 
 
 12.721 
 
 61/8 
 
 32.550 
 
 12 
 
 12.750 
 
 2.090 
 
 330 
 
 43-773 
 
 45.000 
 
 8 
 
 13.958 
 
 6% 
 
 43.098 
 
 12 
 
 12.750 
 
 2.0OO 
 
 375 
 
 49.562 
 
 50.706 
 
 8 
 
 13.958 
 
 !&% 
 
 43.098 
 
 13 
 
 14.000 
 
 3.250 
 
 .375 
 
 54.568 
 
 55.824 
 
 8 
 
 15.208 
 
 6% 
 
 47.152 
 
 14 
 
 15.000 
 
 14.250 
 
 .375 
 
 58-573 
 
 6o.375 
 
 8 
 
 16.446 
 
 m 
 
 59-493 
 
 15 
 
 16.000 
 
 15.250 
 
 .375 
 
 62.579 
 
 64.500 
 
 8 
 
 17.446 
 
 6% 
 
 63.294 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 
 ordered. 
 
 Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 The weight per foot of pipe with threads and couplings is based on a length ot 
 
 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 
 average less than 20 feet. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 68. For illustration showing joint see page 77. 
 
Line Pipe 23 
 
 Line Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 | 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 s 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 _ 
 
 _, 
 
 | 
 
 a 
 
 w " a 
 
 i 
 
 jh 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 rtT-j.S 
 
 *G5 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 43 
 
 bfl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ** s*s< 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 'S 
 
 
 m 
 
 | 
 
 
 1 
 
 43 & 
 
 H 8 
 
 H 
 
 rt 
 
 Q 
 
 ij 
 
 
 y* 
 
 .405 
 
 .269 
 
 .068 
 
 .244 
 
 .246 
 
 27 
 
 .582 
 
 m 
 
 .043 
 
 V 
 
 .540 
 
 .364 
 
 .088 
 
 424 
 
 .426 
 
 18 
 
 .724 
 
 i% 
 
 .069 
 
 % 
 
 .675 
 
 .493 
 
 .091 
 
 .567 
 
 571 
 
 18 
 
 .898 
 
 !% 
 
 .126 
 
 % 
 
 .840 
 
 .622 
 
 .109 
 
 .850 
 
 .856 
 
 14 
 
 1.085 
 
 1% 
 
 .205 
 
 % 
 
 1.050 
 
 .824 
 
 .113 
 
 1.130 
 
 1.138 
 
 14 
 
 1.316 
 
 2% 
 
 .316 
 
 i 
 
 1.315 
 
 1.049 
 
 .133 
 
 1.678 
 
 1.688 
 
 11% 
 
 1.575 
 
 28/8 
 
 .445 
 
 !^4 
 
 i. 660 
 
 1.380 
 
 .140 
 
 2.272 
 
 2.300 
 
 11% 
 
 2.054 
 
 2% 
 
 974 
 
 i% 
 
 1.900 
 
 I.6io 
 
 .145 
 
 2.717 
 
 2.748 
 
 n% 
 
 2.294 
 
 2% 
 
 1.103 
 
 2 
 
 2.375 
 
 2.067 
 
 .154 
 
 3.652 
 
 3 7i6 
 
 11% 
 
 2.841 
 
 3% 
 
 2.146 
 
 2% 
 
 2.875 
 
 2.469 
 
 .203 
 
 5-793 
 
 5.88i 
 
 8 
 
 3.389 
 
 4% 
 
 3.387 
 
 3 
 
 3-Soo 
 
 3.o68 
 
 .216 
 
 7-575 
 
 7.675 
 
 8 
 
 4.014 
 
 4% 
 
 4.076 
 
 
 4.000 
 
 3.548 
 
 .226 
 
 9.109 
 
 9.261 
 
 8 
 
 4.628 
 
 m 
 
 5-Sio 
 
 4 
 
 4-500 
 
 4.026 
 
 .237 
 
 10.790 
 
 10.980 
 
 8 
 
 5-233 
 
 4% 
 
 6.673 
 
 4% 
 
 5.000 
 
 4.5o6 
 
 .247 
 
 12.538 
 
 12.742 
 
 8 
 
 5-733 
 
 4% 
 
 7-379 
 
 5 
 
 5.563 
 
 5-047 
 
 .258 
 
 14.617 
 
 14.966 
 
 8 
 
 6.420 
 
 m 
 
 H-730 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.065 
 
 .280 
 
 18.974 
 
 19.367 
 
 8 
 
 7.482 
 
 m 
 
 13.869 
 
 7 
 
 7.625 
 
 7-023 
 
 .301 
 
 23-544 
 
 23-975 
 
 8 
 
 8.482 
 
 5Vs 
 
 15.883 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 8.071 
 
 277 
 
 24.696 
 
 25.414 
 
 8 
 
 9.596 
 
 6y 8 
 
 24.130 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 7.981 
 
 .322 
 
 28.554 
 
 29.213 
 
 8 
 
 9.596 
 
 6^8 
 
 24.130 
 
 9 
 
 9-625 
 
 8.941 
 
 342 
 
 33-907 
 
 34-612 
 
 8 
 
 10.596 
 
 6^8 
 
 26.838 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 10 . 192 
 
 .279 
 
 31.201 
 
 32.515 
 
 8 
 
 11-958 
 
 6^/8 
 
 39-772 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 10.136 
 
 .307 
 
 34-240 
 
 35.504 
 
 8 
 
 11.958 
 
 6% 
 
 39-772 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 10. O20 
 
 .365 
 
 40.483 
 
 41.644 
 
 8 
 
 11-958 
 
 6% 
 
 39-772 
 
 II 
 
 H.750 
 
 11.000 
 
 375 
 
 45-557 
 
 46.805 
 
 8 
 
 12.958 
 
 6% 
 
 43.326 
 
 12 
 
 12.750 
 
 12.090 
 
 330 
 
 43-773 
 
 45-217 
 
 8 
 
 13.958 
 
 6% 
 
 46.898 
 
 12 
 
 12.750 
 
 12.000 
 
 375 
 
 49.562 
 
 50.916 
 
 8 
 
 13.958 
 
 6% 
 
 46.898 
 
 13 
 
 14.000 
 
 13.250 
 
 -375 
 
 54.568 
 
 56.649 
 
 8 
 
 15.446 
 
 7% 
 
 65.506 
 
 14 
 
 15.000 
 
 14.250 
 
 375 
 
 58.573 
 
 60.802 
 
 8 
 
 16.446 
 
 7% 
 
 70.031 
 
 15 
 
 16.000 
 
 15.250 
 
 .375 
 
 62.579 
 
 64.955 
 
 8 
 
 17.446 
 
 7% 
 
 74-555 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 
 ordered. 
 
 Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 The weight per foot of pipe with threads and couplings is based on a length of 
 
 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 
 average less than 20 feet. All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given 
 
 in inches. 
 
 On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 68. For illustration showing joint see page 77. 
 
24 
 
 Drive Pipe 
 
 Drive Pipe 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 Size 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 Couplings 
 
 4 
 4% 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 . 
 
 iSO.D. 
 2oO.D. 
 
 2.875 
 3.5oo 
 4.000 
 
 4-500 
 5.000 
 5.563 
 6.625 
 
 7-625 
 8.625 
 8.625 
 8.625 
 
 9.625 
 0.750 
 0.750 
 0.750 
 
 1.750 
 2.750 
 12.750 
 14.000 
 
 15.000 
 16.000 
 17.000 
 18.000 
 
 20.000 
 
 2.067 
 2.469 
 3.068 
 3.548 
 
 4.026 
 4.506 
 5-047 
 6.065 
 
 7.023 
 8.071 
 7.981 
 7.917 
 
 8.941 
 0.192 
 0.136 
 O.O2O 
 
 1. 000 
 2.O90 
 2.000 
 3.250 
 
 14.250 
 15.250 
 I6.2I4 
 17.182 
 I9.I82 
 
 .154 
 .203 
 .216 
 .226 
 
 .237 
 
 .247 
 .258 
 .280 
 
 .301 
 .277 
 .322 
 .354 
 
 .342 
 .279 
 
 307 
 .365 
 
 .375 
 .330 
 
 375 
 .375 
 
 .375 
 
 375 
 .393 
 1409 
 .409 
 
 3-652 
 5-793 
 7-575 
 9-109 
 
 10.790 
 12.538 
 14.617 
 18.974 
 
 23-544 
 24.696 
 28.554 
 31.270 
 
 33.907 
 31.201 
 
 34.240 
 40.483 
 
 45-557 
 43.773 
 49.562 
 54.568 
 
 58.573 
 62.579 
 69.704 
 76.840 
 85-577 
 
 3-730 
 5.906 
 7.705 
 9-294 
 
 10.995 
 12.758 
 14.989 
 19.408 
 
 24.021 
 25-495 
 29.303 
 32.334 
 
 34-711 
 32.631 
 35.628 
 41.785 
 
 46.953 
 45.358 
 51.067 
 56.849 
 
 61.005 
 65 . 161 
 73-000 
 81.000 
 90.000 
 
 2.923 
 3.486 
 4. in 
 4.723 
 
 5-223 
 5-723 
 6.410 
 7-473 
 
 8.474 
 9-588 
 9-588 
 9.882 
 
 10.588 
 11.950 
 11.950 
 H.950 
 
 12.950 
 13.950 
 13.950 
 15.438 
 
 16.438 
 17.438 
 18.675 
 19.913 
 21.913 
 
 4Vs 
 
 4Vs 
 SVs 
 
 5% 
 
 61/8 
 
 7% 
 
 7% 
 7% 
 
 2.380 
 3.748 
 4-493 
 5-973 
 
 6 740 
 7-439 
 11.871 
 13.956 
 
 15-955 
 24-343 
 24-343 
 31 -320 
 
 27.035 
 40.108 
 40.108 
 40.108 
 
 43.664 
 
 47-220 
 
 47 220 
 66.024 
 
 70.533 
 75.043 
 91.746 
 
 109 . 669 
 121.298 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. 
 
 Taper of threads is % inch from 2 inches to 5 inches, and 9ie inch from 6 inches 
 to 20 inches. 
 
 The weight per foot of pipe with threads and couplings is based on a length of 
 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 average less than 20 feet. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 69. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 77. 
 
Extra Strong Pipe Double Extra Strong Pipe 25 
 
 Extra Strong Pipe Black and Galvanized 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 Size 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 Vs 
 
 .405 
 
 .215 
 
 .095 
 
 .314 
 
 y 
 
 540 
 
 .302 
 
 .119 
 
 535 
 
 % 
 
 .675 
 
 .423 
 
 .126 
 
 .738 
 
 y 2 
 
 .840 
 
 .546 
 
 .147 
 
 1.087 
 
 % 
 
 1.050 
 
 .742 
 
 .154 
 
 1.473 
 
 i 
 
 I.3I5 
 
 957 
 
 .179 
 
 2.171 
 
 1% 
 
 i. 660 
 
 1.278 
 
 .191 
 
 2.996 
 
 i% 
 
 1.900 
 
 1.500 
 
 .200 
 
 3.631 
 
 2 
 
 2.375 
 
 1-939 
 
 .218 
 
 5-022 
 
 2Y2 
 
 2.875 
 
 2.323 
 
 .276 
 
 7.661 
 
 3 
 
 3-500 
 
 2.900 
 
 .300 
 
 10.252 
 
 3V2 
 
 4.000 
 
 3.364 
 
 ^.318 
 
 12.505 
 
 4 
 
 4.5oo 
 
 3.826 
 
 '.337 
 
 14.983 
 
 4V 2 
 
 5.000 
 
 4.290 
 
 355 
 
 17.611 
 
 5 
 
 5.563 
 
 4.813 
 
 .375 
 
 20.778 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 5.761 
 
 .432 
 
 28.573 
 
 7 
 
 7.625 
 
 6.625 
 
 .500 
 
 38.048 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 7-625 
 
 .500 
 
 43-388 
 
 9 
 
 9.625 
 
 8.625 
 
 .500 
 
 48.728 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 9-750 
 
 .500 
 
 54-735 
 
 II 
 
 n.750 
 
 10.750 
 
 .500 
 
 60.075 
 
 12 
 
 12.750 
 
 11.750 
 
 .500 
 
 65.415 
 
 13 
 
 14.000 
 
 13.000 
 
 .500 
 
 72.091 
 
 14 
 
 15.000 
 
 14.000 
 
 .500 
 
 77-431 
 
 15 
 
 16.000 
 
 15.000 
 
 .500 
 
 82.771 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Double Extra Strong Pipe Black and Galvanized 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 Size 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 % 
 
 .840 
 
 .252 
 
 .294 
 
 1.714 
 
 8/4 
 
 1.050 
 
 .434 
 
 .308 
 
 2.440 
 
 I 
 
 I.3I5 
 
 599 
 
 358 
 
 3.659 
 
 34 
 
 i. 660 
 
 .896 
 
 .382 
 
 5-214 
 
 iV 2 
 
 1.900 
 
 1. 100 
 
 .400 
 
 6.408 
 
 2 
 
 2.375 
 
 1.503 
 
 .436 
 
 9.029 
 
 zVz 
 
 2.875 
 
 1.771 
 
 552 
 
 13-695 
 
 3 
 
 3.5oo 
 
 2.300 
 
 .600 
 
 18.583 
 
 3V 2 
 
 4.000 
 
 2.728 
 
 .636 
 
 22 . 850 
 
 4 
 
 4.500 
 
 3.152 
 
 .674 
 
 27.541 
 
 4V6 
 
 5.000 
 
 3.58o 
 
 .710 
 
 32.530 
 
 5 
 
 5.563 
 
 4.063 
 
 750 
 
 38.552 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 4.897 
 
 .864 
 
 53.160 
 
 7 
 
 7-625 
 
 5.875 
 
 .875 
 
 63.079 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 6.875 
 
 .875 
 
 72 . 424 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 10 per cent above and 10 per cent below. 
 
 The following notes apply to both tables. 
 
 Furnished with plain ends and in random lengths unless otherwise ordered. 
 
 All weights given' in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. For general 
 
 notes see page 21. For test pressures see page 69. 
 
26 Standard Boston Casing 
 
 Standard Boston Casing 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 % 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 13 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 % & 
 S'gJ! 
 
 8*8 
 
 s. 
 
 r! fci 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 a s ! 
 
 && 
 
 3 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 2.250 
 
 2.050 
 
 .100 
 
 2.296 
 
 2.340 
 
 14 
 
 2.714 
 
 2% 
 
 1.361 
 
 2*4 
 
 2.500 
 
 2.284 
 
 .108 
 
 2.759 
 
 2.820 
 
 14 
 
 2.964 
 
 2% 
 
 1.499 
 
 2% 
 
 2.750 
 
 2.524 
 
 .113 
 
 3.182 
 
 3.250 
 
 14 
 
 3.214 
 
 2% 
 
 1.804 
 
 2% 
 
 3.000 
 
 2.768 
 
 .116 
 
 3-572 
 
 3.650 
 
 14 
 
 3.464 
 
 2% 
 
 1.957 
 
 3 
 
 3.250 
 
 3.010 
 
 .120 
 
 4. on 
 
 4 loo 
 
 14 
 
 3.771 
 
 3Vs 
 
 2.612 
 
 3V4 
 
 3.500 
 
 3.250 
 
 125 
 
 4.505 
 
 4.600 
 
 14 
 
 4.021 
 
 3% 
 
 2.799 
 
 m 
 
 3-750 
 
 3.492 
 
 .129 
 
 4.988 
 
 5.100 
 
 14 
 
 4.271 
 
 3Vs 
 
 2.987 
 
 3% 
 
 4.000 
 
 3.732 
 
 .134 
 
 5.532 
 
 5.650 
 
 14 
 
 4.521 
 
 3% 
 
 3.174 
 
 4 
 
 4.250 
 
 3.974 
 
 .138 
 
 6.060 
 
 6.200 
 
 14 
 
 4.771 
 
 3% 
 
 3.923 
 
 4V4 
 
 4.500 
 
 4.216 
 
 .142 
 
 6.609 
 
 6.750 
 
 14 
 
 5.021 
 
 3% 
 
 4.141 
 
 4V* 
 
 4.500 
 
 4.090 
 
 .205 
 
 9.403 
 
 9.500 
 
 14 
 
 5.021 
 
 3% 
 
 4.141 
 
 4V 2 
 
 4.750 
 
 4.460 
 
 .145 
 
 7.131 
 
 7.250 
 
 14 
 
 5.271 
 
 3% 
 
 4.360 
 
 4% 
 
 4-750 
 
 4.364 
 
 .193 
 
 9.393 
 
 9.500 
 
 14 
 
 5.271 
 
 3% 
 
 4.360 
 
 4% 
 
 5.000 
 
 4.696 
 
 .152 
 
 7.870 
 
 8.000 
 
 14 
 
 5.521 
 
 3% 
 
 4.578 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.944 
 
 .153 
 
 8.328 
 
 8.500 
 
 14 
 
 5.828 
 
 4s 
 
 5.929 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.886 
 
 .182 
 
 9.851 
 
 10.000 
 
 14 
 
 5.828 
 
 4Vs 
 
 5.929 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.886 
 
 .182 
 
 9.851 
 
 10.000 
 
 H% 
 
 5.800 
 
 4Vs 
 
 5.742 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.768 
 
 .241 
 
 12.892 
 
 13.000 
 
 11% 
 
 5.800 
 
 4Vs 
 
 5.742 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.648 
 
 .301 
 
 15.909 
 
 16.000 
 
 n% 
 
 5.800 
 
 4% 
 
 5.742 
 
 5 8 /16 
 
 5.500 
 
 5.192 
 
 .154 
 
 8.792 
 
 9.000 
 
 14 
 
 6.078 
 
 4% 
 
 6.200 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5.672 
 
 .164 
 
 IO.222 
 
 10.500 
 
 14 
 
 6.664 
 
 m 
 
 7.729 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5.620 
 
 .190 
 
 11.789 
 
 12.000 
 
 n% 
 
 6.636 
 
 Ws 
 
 7.516 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5-552 
 
 .224 
 
 I3.8l8 
 
 14.000 
 
 n% 
 
 6.636 
 
 4Vs 
 
 7.516 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5-450 
 
 275 
 
 I6.8I4 
 
 17.000 
 
 11% 
 
 6.636 
 
 4% 
 
 7.516 
 
 6V4 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.287 
 
 .169 
 
 11.652 
 
 I2.0OO 
 
 14 
 
 7.308 
 
 
 9.825 
 
 6Vi 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.255 
 
 .185 
 
 12.724 
 
 13.000 
 
 14 
 
 7.308 
 
 4% 
 
 9.825 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.652 
 
 .174 
 
 12.685 
 
 13.000 
 
 14 
 
 7.692 
 
 4% 
 
 10.497 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.538 
 
 .231 
 
 16.699 
 
 17.000 
 
 11% 
 
 7.664 
 
 4% 
 
 10.225 
 
 7% 
 
 7-625 
 
 7.263 
 
 .181 
 
 14.390 
 
 14.750 
 
 14 
 
 8.317 
 
 4% 
 
 11.401 
 
 7% 
 
 8.000 
 
 7.628 
 
 .186 
 
 15.522 
 
 16.000 
 
 H% 
 
 8.788 
 
 5% 
 
 15.308 
 
 7% 
 
 8.000 
 
 7.528 
 
 .236 
 
 19.569 
 
 20.000 
 
 ii% 
 
 8.788 
 
 5% 
 
 15.308 
 
 81/4 
 
 8.625 
 
 8.249 
 
 .188 
 
 16.940 
 
 17.500 
 
 % 
 
 9.413 
 
 m 
 
 16.461 
 
 8V 4 
 
 8.625 
 
 8.191 
 
 .217 
 
 19.486 
 
 20.000 
 
 n% 
 
 9.413 
 
 
 16.461 
 
 8% 
 
 8.625 
 
 8.097 
 
 .264 
 
 23-574 
 
 24.000 
 
 11% 
 
 9.413 
 
 sVs 
 
 16.461 
 
 8% 
 
 9.000 
 
 8.608 
 
 .196 
 
 18.429 
 
 19.000 
 
 11% 
 
 9.788 
 
 5% 
 
 I7-I53 
 
 9% 
 
 10.000 
 
 9.582 
 
 .209 
 
 21.855 
 
 22.750 
 
 n% 
 
 0.911 
 
 6% 
 
 26.136 
 
 10% 
 
 II.OOO 
 
 10.552 
 
 .224 
 
 25.780 
 
 26.750 
 
 11% 
 
 1.911 
 
 6% 
 
 28.536 
 
 n% 
 
 I2.00O 
 
 H.5I4 
 
 .243 
 
 30.512 
 
 31.500 
 
 n% 
 
 2.911 
 
 6Vs 
 
 31.051 
 
 12% 
 
 13.000 
 
 12.482 
 
 .259 
 
 35.243 
 
 36.500 
 
 11% 
 
 4.025 
 
 m 
 
 37-499 
 
 I3V2 
 
 14.000 
 
 13.448 
 
 .276 
 
 40.454 
 
 42.000 
 
 11% 
 
 5.139 
 
 6Vs 
 
 44-495 
 
 I4V2 
 
 15.000 
 
 14.418 
 
 .291 
 
 45.714 
 
 47.500 
 
 n% 
 
 16.263 
 
 m 
 
 52.401 
 
 is% 
 
 16.000 
 
 15.396 
 
 .302 
 
 50.632 
 
 52.500 
 
 11% 
 
 17.263 
 
 6% 
 
 55-779 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 
 ordered. Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 Thickness of walls make it impracticable to cut threads of coarser pitch than 
 
 shown on table. The weight per foot of casing with threads and couplings is 
 
 based on a length of 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small 
 
 sizes will usually average less than 20 feet. All weights given in pounds. All 
 
 dimensions given in inches. 
 
 On sizes made in more than one weight or thread, weight and number of threads 
 
 desired must be specified. For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 70. For illustration showing joint see page 78. 
 
Inserted Joint Casing 27 
 
 Inserted Joint Casing 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 
 
 
 Joint 
 
 
 
 
 Weight 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 per foot 
 plain 
 ends 
 
 Threads 
 per inch 
 
 Length 
 of Joint 
 
 Diam- 
 eter of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "L" 
 
 J? 'D M 
 
 2 
 
 2.250 
 
 2.050 
 
 .100 
 
 2.296 
 
 14 
 
 .967 
 
 2.340 
 
 2*4 
 
 2.500 
 
 2.284 
 
 .108 
 
 2.759 
 
 14 
 
 .992 
 
 2.606 
 
 2% 
 
 2.750 
 
 2.524 
 
 .113 
 
 3.182 
 
 14 
 
 .017 
 
 2.866 
 
 2% 
 
 3.000 
 
 2.768 
 
 .116 
 
 3-572 
 
 14 
 
 .042 
 
 3.122 
 
 3 
 
 3.250 
 
 3.010 
 
 .120 
 
 4. on 
 
 14 
 
 .067 
 
 3.38o 
 
 
 3-500 
 
 3.250 
 
 125 
 
 4.505 
 
 14 
 
 .092 
 
 3-640 
 
 $1/2 
 
 3-750 
 
 3.492 
 
 .129 
 
 4.988 
 
 14 
 
 .117 
 
 3-898 
 
 3 8 /4 
 
 4.000 
 
 3.732 
 
 134 
 
 5-532 
 
 14 
 
 .142 
 
 4.158 
 
 4 
 
 4.250 
 
 3-974 
 
 .138 
 
 6.060 
 
 14 
 
 .167 
 
 4.416 
 
 4% 
 
 4.5oo 
 
 4.216 
 
 .142 
 
 6.609 
 
 14 
 
 .192 
 
 4 674 
 
 4y 2 
 
 4-750 
 
 4.460 
 
 .145 
 
 7.I3I 
 
 14 
 
 .217 
 
 4-930 
 
 4% 
 
 5.000 
 
 4.696 
 
 .152 
 
 7.870 
 
 14 
 
 .242 
 
 5-194 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4-944 
 
 .153 
 
 8.328 
 
 14 
 
 .267 
 
 5.446 
 
 5 8 /16 
 
 5.5oo 
 
 5.192 
 
 .154 
 
 8.792 
 
 14 
 
 .292 
 
 5-698 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5.672 
 
 .164 
 
 10.222 
 
 14 
 
 .342 
 
 6.218 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5.620 
 
 .190 
 
 11.789 
 
 
 373 
 
 6.246 
 
 6y* 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.287 
 
 .169 
 
 11.652 
 
 14 
 
 .405 
 
 6.853 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.652 
 
 .174 
 
 12.685 
 
 14 
 
 .442 
 
 7.238 
 
 ?y 4 
 
 7.625 
 
 7-263 
 
 .181 
 
 14.390 
 
 14 
 
 .505 
 
 7-877 
 
 7% 
 
 8.000 
 
 7.628 
 
 .186 
 
 15.522 
 
 ny 2 
 
 573 
 
 8.238 
 
 8U 
 
 8.625 
 
 8.249 
 
 .188 
 
 16.940 
 
 ny 2 
 
 .636 
 
 8.867 
 
 8% 
 
 9.000 
 
 8.608 
 
 .196 
 
 18.429 
 
 11^2 
 
 .673 
 
 9.258 
 
 9% 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 9.582 
 
 .209 
 
 21.855 
 
 ny 2 
 
 .773 
 
 10.284 
 
 105/8 
 
 II.OOO 
 
 10.552 
 
 .224 
 
 25.780 
 
 
 .873 
 
 11.314 
 
 11% 
 
 I2.0OO 
 
 H.5I4 
 
 .243 
 
 30.512 
 
 11% 
 
 .973 
 
 12.352 
 
 i2y 2 
 
 13.000 
 
 12.482 
 
 .259 
 
 35-243 
 
 
 .073 
 
 13.384 
 
 i3y 2 
 
 14.000 
 
 13.448 
 
 .276 
 
 40.454 
 
 11^2 
 
 2.173 
 
 14.418 
 
 I4^ 2 
 
 15.000 
 
 14.418 
 
 .291 
 
 45.714 
 
 n% 
 
 2.273 
 
 15.448 
 
 151,2 
 
 16.000 
 
 15.396 
 
 .302 
 
 50.632 
 
 ny 2 
 
 2.373 
 
 16.470 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished in random lengths unless otherwise ordered. 
 
 Regular taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes, but will 
 
 furnish H inch, % inch, or % inch taper if so ordered. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 On sizes made in more than one weight or thread, weight and number of 
 
 threads desired must be specified. 
 
 Thickness of walls make it impracticable to cut threads of coarser pitch than 
 
 shown on table. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 71. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 78. 
 
28 Boston Casing Pacific Couplings 
 
 Boston Casing Pacific Couplings 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 | 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 w rj 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 *u y 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 _rj 
 
 
 1 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 |1| 
 
 H o 
 
 $1 
 
 1 
 
 .$ 
 Q 
 
 m 
 
 5 
 
 bO 
 
 1 
 
 3% 
 
 4.000 
 
 3.732 
 
 .134 
 
 5-532 
 
 5.678 
 
 14 
 
 4-525 
 
 4Vs 
 
 4.367 
 
 4 
 
 4.250 
 
 3-974 
 
 .138 
 
 6.060 
 
 6.223 
 
 14 
 
 4.828 
 
 4Vs 
 
 4.844 
 
 4V4 
 
 4.500 
 
 4.216 
 
 .142 
 
 6.609 
 
 6.779 
 
 14 
 
 5-078 
 
 4% 
 
 5.H5 
 
 4V4 
 
 4.500 
 
 4.090 
 
 .205 
 
 9.403 
 
 9-547 
 
 14 
 
 5.078 
 
 4% 
 
 5.H5 
 
 4% 
 
 4-750 
 
 4.460 
 
 .145 
 
 7.I3I 
 
 7.309 
 
 14 
 
 5.328 
 
 4% 
 
 5.387 
 
 4V2 
 
 4-750 
 
 4.364 
 
 .193 
 
 9-393 
 
 9-550 
 
 14 
 
 5.328 
 
 4Vs 
 
 5.387 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 5.000 
 
 4.696 
 
 .152 
 
 7.870 
 
 8.093 
 
 14 
 
 5.664 
 
 4% 
 
 6.456 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4-944 
 
 .153 
 
 8.328 
 
 8.562 
 
 14 
 
 5.914 
 
 4% 
 
 6.764 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.886 
 
 .182 
 
 9.851 
 
 10.071 
 
 14 
 
 5-914 
 
 4% 
 
 6.764 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.886 
 
 .182 
 
 9.851 
 
 10.057 
 
 "% 
 
 5.886 
 
 4% 
 
 6.575 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.768 
 
 .241 
 
 12.892 
 
 13.085 
 
 14 
 
 5.914 
 
 4% 
 
 6.764 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.768 
 
 .241 
 
 12.892 
 
 13.072 
 
 n% 
 
 5.886 
 
 4Vs 
 
 6.575 
 
 5 
 
 5.250 
 
 4.648 
 
 301 
 
 15.909 
 
 16.062 
 
 "% 
 
 5.886 
 
 4Vs 
 
 6.575 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5.672 
 
 .164 
 
 10.222 
 
 10.528 
 
 14 
 
 6.692 
 
 4% 
 
 9.052 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5.620 
 
 .190 
 
 11.789 
 
 12.063 
 
 11% 
 
 6.664 
 
 4% 
 
 8.814 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5-552 
 
 .224 
 
 I3.8l8 
 
 14.069 
 
 11% 
 
 6.664 
 
 4% 
 
 8.814 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5.450 
 
 275 
 
 I6.8I4 
 
 17.033 
 
 11% 
 
 6.664 
 
 4% 
 
 8.814 
 
 6% 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.287 
 
 .169 
 
 11.652 
 
 11.986 
 
 14 
 
 7.317 
 
 4% 
 
 9-955 
 
 6V4 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.255 
 
 .185 
 
 12.724 
 
 13.046 
 
 14 
 
 7.317 
 
 
 9-955 
 
 61/4 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.255 
 
 .185 
 
 12.724 
 
 13.028 
 
 11% 
 
 7.289 
 
 4 6 /8 
 
 9.696 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.652 
 
 .174 
 
 12.685 
 
 13.122 
 
 14 
 
 7.816 
 
 4% 
 
 12.274 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.538 
 
 .231 
 
 16.699 
 
 17.076 
 
 11% 
 
 7.788 
 
 4% 
 
 12.000 
 
 7% 
 
 8.000 
 
 7.628 
 
 .186 
 
 15.522 
 
 16.038 
 
 11% 
 
 8.788 
 
 m 
 
 15.308 
 
 7% 
 
 8.000 
 
 7.528 
 
 .236 
 
 19.569 
 
 20.037 
 
 H% 
 
 8.788 
 
 3% 
 
 15.308 
 
 8% 
 
 9.000 
 
 8.608 
 
 .196 
 
 18.429 
 
 19-123 
 
 % 
 
 9-9II 
 
 sH 
 
 19.667 
 
 9% 
 
 10.000 
 
 9.582 
 
 .209 
 
 21.855 
 
 22.802 
 
 11% 
 
 11.084 
 
 5% 
 
 25.624 
 
 9% 
 
 10.000 
 
 9-434 
 
 .283 
 
 29.369 
 
 30.250 
 
 H% 
 
 11.084 
 
 5% 
 
 25.624 
 
 10% 
 
 11.000 
 
 10.552 
 
 .224 
 
 25.780 
 
 26.978 
 
 11% 
 
 12.084 
 
 6Vs 
 
 33.764 
 
 11% 
 
 I2.OOO 
 
 H.5I4 
 
 .243 
 
 30.512 
 
 31.872 
 
 % 
 
 13-139 
 
 6% 
 
 38.477 
 
 I2V 2 
 
 13.000 
 
 12.482 
 
 .259 
 
 35-243 
 
 36.685 
 
 11% 
 
 14.139 
 
 6% 
 
 41.568 
 
 I3V2 
 
 14.000 
 
 13.448 
 
 .276 
 
 40.454 
 
 41-975 
 
 IlV 2 
 
 15.139 
 
 6% 
 
 44.659 
 
 I4V 2 
 
 15.000 
 
 14.418 
 
 .291 
 
 45.714 
 
 48.018 
 
 n% 
 
 16.500 
 
 6V 8 
 
 61.800 
 
 151/2 
 
 16.000 
 
 15.396 
 
 .302 
 
 50.632 
 
 53.068 
 
 11% 
 
 17.500 
 
 6 1 /8 
 
 65.758 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 
 ordered. Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 The weight per foot of casing with threads and couplings is based on a length 
 
 of 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 
 average less than 20 feet. All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in 
 
 inches. On sizes made in more than one weight or thread, weight and number of 
 
 threads desired must be specified. 
 
 Thickness of walls make it impracticable to cut threads of coarser pitch than 
 
 shown on table. For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 70. For illustration showing joint see page 78. 
 
California Diamond BX Casing 
 
 29 
 
 California Diamond BX Casing 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 ~ 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 1 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 "j 
 
 s 
 
 JU 
 
 ^3 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 s ! 
 
 1 
 
 [3 
 
 jjj 
 
 p 
 
 * 
 
 5% 
 
 6.000 
 
 5-352 
 
 .324 
 
 19 . 641 
 
 20.000 
 
 10 
 
 6.765 
 
 7% 
 
 15.748 
 
 6% 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.049 
 
 .288 
 
 19.491 
 
 20.000 
 
 IO 
 
 7.390 
 
 7% 
 
 18.559 
 
 6^4 
 
 6.625 
 
 5.921 
 
 .352 
 
 23.582 
 
 24.000 
 
 10 
 
 7.390 
 
 7% 
 
 18.559 
 
 6H 
 
 6.625 
 
 5.855 
 
 .385 
 
 25.658 
 
 26.000 
 
 10 
 
 7.390 
 
 7% 
 
 18.559 
 
 614 
 
 6.625 
 
 5-791 
 
 .417 
 
 27.648 
 
 28.000 
 
 10 
 
 7.390 
 
 7% 
 
 18.559 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.456 
 
 .272 
 
 19-544 
 
 20.000 
 
 10 
 
 7.698 
 
 7% 
 
 17-943 
 
 6^/8 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.276 
 
 .362 
 
 25-663 
 
 26.000 
 
 IO 
 
 7.698 
 
 7% 
 
 17-943 
 
 65 /8 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.214 
 
 393 
 
 27.731 
 
 28.000 
 
 10 
 
 7.698 
 
 7% 
 
 17-943 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.154 
 
 .423 
 
 29.712 
 
 30.000 
 
 10 
 
 7.698 
 
 7% 
 
 17.943 
 
 7% 
 
 8.000 
 
 7-386 
 
 307 
 
 25.223 
 
 26.000 
 
 IO 
 
 8.888 
 
 8% 
 
 27.410 
 
 8% 
 
 8.625 
 
 8.017 
 
 304 
 
 27.016 
 
 28.000 
 
 10 
 
 9.627 
 
 
 33.096 
 
 8% 
 
 8.625 
 
 7-921 
 
 352 
 
 31 . 101 
 
 32.000 
 
 10 
 
 9.627 
 
 sy 8 
 
 33.096 
 
 sy 4 
 
 8.625 
 
 7.825 
 
 .400 
 
 35-137 
 
 36.000 
 
 IO 
 
 9.627 
 
 sy 8 
 
 33.096 
 
 314 
 
 8.625 
 
 7-775 
 
 425 
 
 37-220 
 
 38.000 
 
 10 
 
 9.627 
 
 
 33.096 
 
 814 
 
 8.625 
 
 7-651 
 
 .487 
 
 42.327 
 
 43.000 
 
 IO 
 
 9.627 
 
 8-^B 
 
 33.096 
 
 9% 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 9.384 
 
 .308 
 
 31.881 
 
 33-000 
 
 10 
 
 11.002 
 
 8y 8 
 
 38.162 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 10.054 
 
 348 
 
 38.661 
 
 40.000 
 
 IO 
 
 n.866 
 
 sy 8 
 
 45.365 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 9.960 
 
 395 
 
 43.684 
 
 45-000 
 
 10 
 
 11.866 
 
 
 45.365 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 9.902 
 
 .424 
 
 46.760 
 
 48.000 
 
 10 
 
 11.866 
 
 8^ 
 
 45.365 
 
 IO 
 
 10.750 
 
 9.784 
 
 .483 
 
 52.962 
 
 54-000 
 
 10 
 
 11.866 
 
 sy 8 
 
 45.365 
 
 11% 
 
 I2.0OO 
 
 11.384 
 
 .308 
 
 38.460 
 
 40.000 
 
 10 
 
 13.116 
 
 81/8 
 
 50.445 
 
 i2y 2 
 
 13.000 
 
 12.438 
 
 .281 
 
 38.171 
 
 40.000 
 
 10 
 
 14.116 
 
 8^ 
 
 54.508 
 
 12% 
 
 13-000 
 
 12.360 
 
 .320 
 
 43.335 
 
 45.000 
 
 10 
 
 14.116 
 
 81-8 
 
 54.5o8 
 
 i2y 2 
 
 13.000 
 
 12.282 
 
 359 
 
 48.467 
 
 50.000 
 
 IO 
 
 14.116 
 
 sy 8 
 
 54.508 
 
 i3y 2 
 
 I4.OOO 
 
 13-344 
 
 .328 
 
 47.894 
 
 50.000 
 
 IO 
 
 15.151 
 
 9 y 8 
 
 67.912 
 
 isy 2 
 
 l6.000 
 
 15.198 
 
 .401 
 
 66.806 
 
 70.000 
 
 10 
 
 17-477 
 
 9% 
 
 98.140 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. 
 
 Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 The weight per foot of casing with threads and couplings is based on a length 
 of 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 average less than 20 feet. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 This casing not furnished in lighter weights, but can be made heavier than 
 shown above. 
 
 When one size of casing is intended to telescope with another, it should always 
 be specified when ordering. 
 
 On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. For test pressures see page 71. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 82. 
 
30 
 
 Tubing 
 
 Oil Well Tubing 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 I 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 I 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 .y 
 
 11 
 
 -3 1 
 
 11 
 
 O) 
 
 H 
 
 '3 
 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 H 
 
 p t <u 
 
 H g 
 
 F 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 
 IV4 
 
 i. 660 
 
 1.380 
 
 .140 
 
 2.272 
 
 2.300 
 
 n% 
 
 2.054 
 
 2% 
 
 974 
 
 
 1.900 
 
 1.610 
 
 .145 
 
 2.717 
 
 2.748 
 
 n% 
 
 2.294 
 
 2% 
 
 1 . 103 
 
 2 
 
 2.375 
 
 2.041 
 
 .167 
 
 3.938 
 
 4.000 
 
 n% 
 
 2.841 
 
 3% 
 
 2.146 
 
 2 
 
 2.375 
 
 1-995 
 
 .190 
 
 4.433 
 
 4.500 
 
 
 2.841 
 
 3% 
 
 2.146 
 
 2% 
 
 2.875 
 
 2.469 
 
 .203 
 
 5.793 
 
 5.897 
 
 n% 
 
 3-449 
 
 
 3.636 
 
 2% 
 
 2.875 
 
 2.441 
 
 .217 
 
 6.160 
 
 6.250 
 
 n% 
 
 3-449 
 
 4Vs 
 
 3.636 
 
 3 
 
 3-500 
 
 3.068 
 
 .216 
 
 7.575 
 
 7.694 
 
 n% 
 
 4.074 
 
 4% 
 
 4.366 
 
 3 
 
 3-500 
 
 3.018 
 
 .241 
 
 8.388 
 
 8.500 
 
 11% 
 
 4.074 
 
 4Vs 
 
 4-366 
 
 3 
 
 3-500 
 
 2.922 
 
 .289 
 
 9.910 
 
 10.000 
 
 
 4-074 
 
 4% 
 
 4.366 
 
 3% 
 
 4.000 
 
 3.548 
 
 .226 
 
 9.109 
 
 9.261 
 
 8 
 
 4.628 
 
 
 5-510 
 
 4 
 
 4.500 
 
 4.026 
 
 .237 
 
 10.790 
 
 10.980 
 
 8 
 
 5.233 
 
 4^8 
 
 6.673 
 
 4 
 
 4-500 
 
 3-990 
 
 .255 
 
 11.561 
 
 11.750 
 
 8 
 
 5-233 
 
 4Vs 
 
 6.673 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. 
 
 Taper of threads is 3 /4 inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 The weight per foot of tubing with threads and couplings is based on a length 
 of 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 average less than 20 feet. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. For test pressures see page 69. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 81. 
 
 California Special External Upset Tubing 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 1 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 I 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 AM 
 
 *& W) 
 P3T3.S 
 
 8-S 
 
 OJ.S 
 
 1 
 
 0) 
 
 1) 
 
 bO 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 2^ 9*3. 
 
 jU.rt 
 
 g 
 
 ef 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 g 
 
 H 
 
 PM 
 
 H 8 
 
 rd 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3.500 
 
 3.018 
 
 .241 
 
 8.388 
 
 8.627 
 
 IO 
 
 4.504 
 
 5% 
 
 7.627 
 
 4 
 
 4.500 
 
 3.958 
 
 .271 
 
 12.240 
 
 12.500 
 
 10 
 
 5-349 
 
 -61/8 
 
 9-5II 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. 
 
 Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 The weight per foot of tubing with threads and couplings is based on a length of 
 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths will usually average less than 
 20 feet. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. For test pressures see page 76. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 82. 
 
California Drive Pipe Bedstead 
 
 Tubing 
 
 31 
 
 California Diamond BX Drive Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 a 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 | 
 
 "O 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 "d 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 bO 
 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 P J 
 
 aJ 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 '53 
 
 4 1 
 
 4-750 
 
 4.082 
 
 334 
 
 15.752 
 
 I6.0OO 
 
 10 
 
 5.357 
 
 6% 
 
 10. 112 
 
 4^> 
 
 5.000 
 
 4.506 
 
 .247 
 
 12.538 
 
 12.850 
 
 IO 
 
 5.686 
 
 
 10.734 
 
 4V2 
 
 5.000 
 
 4-424 
 
 .288 
 
 14-493 
 
 15.000 
 
 10 
 
 5.923 
 
 6Vs 
 
 14.299 
 
 The permissible variation in 
 
 weight is 
 
 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random 
 
 lengths unless otherwise 
 
 ordered 
 
 Taper of threads is s / 
 
 inch diameter per foot length for 
 
 all size 
 
 s. 
 
 The weight per foot of pipe 
 
 with threads and couplings is based on a 
 
 length 
 
 of 20 feet, including the couplin 
 
 g, but shipping lengths of small sizes will 
 
 usually 
 
 average 
 
 less than 20 feet. All 
 
 weights given in pounds 
 
 All dimensions given 
 
 in inches. On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 76. For illustration showing joint s 
 
 ee page 82. 
 
 Bedstead Tubing 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 
 
 
 .375 
 
 
 245 
 
 
 .065 
 
 
 .215 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .500 
 
 
 370 
 
 
 .065 
 
 
 .301 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .625 
 
 
 487 
 
 
 .069 
 
 
 .409 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .750 
 
 
 594 
 
 
 .078 
 
 
 .559 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .840 
 
 
 684 
 
 
 .078 
 
 
 .634 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .875 
 
 .719 
 
 
 .078 
 
 
 .663 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .000 
 
 
 844 
 
 
 .078 
 
 
 .768 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .050 
 
 
 894 
 
 
 .078 
 
 
 .809 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .250 
 
 i. 
 
 072 
 
 
 .089 
 
 
 1.103 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .315 
 
 i. 
 
 137 
 
 
 .089 
 
 
 1.165 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .500 
 
 i. 
 
 3io 
 
 
 .095 
 
 
 1.425 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .660 
 
 i. 
 
 470 
 
 
 095 
 
 
 I.S87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .900 
 
 i. 
 
 682 
 
 
 .109 
 
 
 2.084 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .000 
 
 i. 
 
 782 
 
 
 .109 
 
 
 2.201 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .000 
 
 1.760 
 
 
 .120 
 
 
 2.409 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .375 
 
 2. 
 
 H5 
 
 
 .130 
 
 
 3-II7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 375 
 
 2. 
 
 107 
 
 
 .134 
 
 
 3-207 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .500 
 
 2. 
 
 232 
 
 
 .134 
 
 
 3-386 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .875 
 
 2. 
 
 509 
 
 
 .183 
 
 
 5.261 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ooo 
 
 2.67O 
 
 
 .165 
 
 
 4-995 
 
 
 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 This tubing furnished with plain ends pointed tool cut, with surface cleaned for 
 
 enameling purposes, and cut to any length that may be desired. Bedstead Tubing 
 
 is not subjected 
 
 to hydraulic 
 
 test. All weights given 
 
 in pounds. All 
 
 dimen- 
 
 sions given in inches. On sizes made in 
 
 more than one weight, weight or thick- 
 
 ness desired must be specified. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
32 Flush Joint Tubing 
 
 Flush Joint Tubing 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 Size 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 plain 
 ends 
 
 Threads 
 per inch 
 
 Length 
 of joint 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 3 
 
 3-500 
 
 3.068 
 
 .216 
 
 7-575 
 
 14 
 
 1% 
 
 3>V2 
 
 4.000 
 
 3.548 
 
 .226 
 
 9.109 
 
 14 
 
 1% 
 
 4 
 
 4-500 
 
 4.026 
 
 .237 
 
 10.790 
 
 y 2 
 
 I/4 
 
 4Y2 
 
 5.000 
 
 4.506 
 
 .247 
 
 12.538 
 
 11% 
 
 1% 
 
 5 
 
 5.563 
 
 5-047 
 
 .258 
 
 14.617 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 
 6.000 
 
 5-440 
 
 .280 
 
 17.105 
 
 ii% 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.065 
 
 .280 
 
 18.974 
 
 ii% 
 
 2 
 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.398 
 
 .301 
 
 21.535 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7.625 
 
 7.023 
 
 .301 
 
 23-544 
 
 "% 
 
 2 
 
 
 8.000 
 
 7.356 
 
 .322 
 
 26.404 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 7.98i 
 
 .322 
 
 28.554 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 9.000 
 
 8.316 
 
 .342 
 
 31.624 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 9.625 
 
 8.941 
 
 342 
 
 33.907 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 9.270 
 
 .365 
 
 37-559 
 
 10 
 
 2V4 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 IO.O2O 
 
 .365 
 
 40.483 
 
 IO 
 
 2V4 
 
 
 I2.OOO 
 
 11.250 
 
 .375 
 
 46.558 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
 12 
 
 12.750 
 
 12.000 
 
 .375 
 
 49.562 
 
 10 
 
 2V 4 
 
 13 
 
 14.000 
 
 13.124 
 
 .438 
 
 63.441 
 
 8 
 
 2y 2 
 
 14 
 
 15-000 
 
 14.124 
 
 .438 
 
 68.119 
 
 8 
 
 2% 
 
 IS 
 
 I6.OOO 
 
 I5.OOO 
 
 .500 
 
 82.771 
 
 8 
 
 * 
 
 18 1 
 O.D./ 
 
 I8.OOO 
 
 17.000 
 
 .500 
 
 93.451 
 
 8 
 
 2% 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished in random lengths unless otherwise ordered. 
 
 ^Taper of threads is 8 /i& inch diameter per foot length for all sizes, unless other- 
 
 wise specified. 
 
 Weights lighter than those given in above table are not suitable for flush joints. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 75. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 80. 
 
Allison Vanishing 
 
 Thread 
 
 Tubing 33 
 
 Allison Vanishing Thread Tubing 
 
 Ends Upset 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 JM 
 
 1 
 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 ?3 
 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 d 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 *8 
 
 H 
 
 d 
 p 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 '53 
 
 2 
 
 2.375 
 
 2 
 
 .067 
 
 .154 
 
 
 3.652 
 
 3 
 
 -731 
 
 n% 
 
 2% 
 
 
 
 3.057 
 
 3% 
 
 2.484 
 
 afc 
 
 2.875 
 
 2 
 
 .469 
 
 .203 
 
 
 5.793 
 
 5 
 
 .903 
 
 8 
 
 3Vi 
 
 rt 
 
 3.616 
 
 4Vs 
 
 3-845 
 
 3 
 
 3-500 
 
 3.068 
 
 .216 
 
 
 7.575 
 
 7 
 
 .699 
 
 8 
 
 3H 
 
 
 4.237 
 
 4% 
 
 4-557 
 
 3% 
 
 4.000 
 
 3 
 
 .548 
 
 .226 
 
 9.109 
 
 9 
 
 .287 
 
 8 
 
 4% 
 
 6 
 
 4.848 
 
 
 6.036 
 
 4 
 
 4-500 
 
 4 
 
 .026 
 
 .237 
 
 10.790 
 
 10.984 
 
 8 
 
 |ii 
 
 ie 
 
 5.345 
 
 4% 
 
 6.768 
 
 4% 
 
 5-000 
 
 4 
 
 .506 
 
 .247 
 
 12.538 
 
 12 
 
 744 
 
 8 
 
 5%6 
 
 5.842 
 
 4% 
 
 7.426 
 
 5 
 
 5.563 
 
 5 
 
 .047 
 
 .258 
 
 i 
 
 4.617 
 
 14 
 
 .962 
 
 8 
 
 5% 
 
 
 6.509 
 
 5Vs 
 
 11.821 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.065 
 
 .280 
 
 18.974 
 
 19 
 
 359 
 
 8 
 
 6% 
 
 
 7.627 
 
 SVs 
 
 13.931 
 
 7 
 
 7.625 
 
 7 
 
 .023 
 
 .301 
 
 23 544 
 
 23 957 
 
 8 
 
 7% 
 
 
 8.621 
 
 5Vs 
 
 15.778 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 7 
 
 .981 
 
 .322 
 
 2 
 
 8.554 
 
 29 
 
 .196 
 
 8 
 
 8% 
 
 
 9.729 
 
 6% 
 
 24.119 
 
 Allison Vanishing Thread Tubing Not 
 
 Upset 
 
 
 
 All 
 
 Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 g 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 13 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 J9 
 
 ." 
 
 1 
 
 <L> 
 
 g 
 
 
 H d 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 to 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 114 
 
 i. 660 
 
 1.38 
 
 3 .I4O 
 
 2.272 
 
 2.303 
 
 n% 
 
 
 2.070 
 
 2 7/ 8 
 
 1.052 
 
 i% 
 
 1.900 
 
 1.61 
 
 3 .145 
 
 2.717 
 
 2 
 
 75i 
 
 n% 
 
 
 2 309 
 
 2% 
 
 1.188 
 
 2 
 
 2.37 
 
 5 
 
 2.06 
 
 7 -154 
 
 3.^ 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 723 
 
 n% 
 
 
 2.870 
 
 3% 
 
 2.315 
 
 2% 
 
 2.875 
 
 2.46 
 
 9 .203 
 
 5-793 
 
 5 
 
 893 
 
 8 
 
 
 3.429 
 
 
 3.625 
 
 3 
 
 3-500 
 
 3.o6 
 
 8 .216 
 
 7-575 
 
 7-689 
 
 8 
 
 
 4.050 
 
 4Vs 
 
 4.338 
 
 3% 
 
 4.oc 
 
 
 
 3-54 
 
 8 .226 
 
 9-1 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 276 
 
 8 
 
 
 4.661 
 
 
 5.782 
 
 4 
 
 4-500 
 
 4.02 
 
 6 .237 
 
 10.790 
 
 10.973 
 
 8 
 
 
 5.158 
 
 4^& 
 
 6.512 
 
 4% 
 
 S.ooo 
 
 4-50 
 
 6 .247 
 
 12.538 
 
 12 
 
 733 
 
 8 
 
 
 5.655 
 
 4Vs 
 
 7.171 
 
 5 
 
 5.563 
 
 5.04 
 
 7 .258 
 
 14.617 
 
 14 
 
 946 
 
 8 
 
 
 6.322 
 
 5% 
 
 11.456 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.06 
 
 5 .280 
 
 18.974 
 
 19 
 
 338 
 
 8 
 
 
 7-377 
 
 SVs 
 
 13.446 
 
 7 
 
 7.62 
 
 5 
 
 7.02 
 
 3 -301 
 
 23-5 
 
 44 
 
 23 
 
 936 
 
 8 
 
 
 8.371 
 
 
 15.296 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 7-98 
 
 i -322 
 
 28.554 
 
 29 
 
 167 
 
 8 
 
 
 9-479 
 
 6% 
 
 23.465 
 
 The following notes apply to both tables. 
 
 The permissible variation in 
 
 weight is 5 per cent above 
 
 and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and 
 
 couplings and in random 
 
 lengths unless otherwise 
 
 ordered. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Taper of threads is 3 /4 inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 The weight per foot of tubing with threads and couplings is based on a length 
 
 of 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 
 average less than 20 feet. 
 
 All weights 
 
 given in pounds. All dimensions f 
 
 nven in 
 
 inches. 
 
 For general 
 
 notes see page 21. For test 
 
 pressures see page 75. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 81. 
 
34 Special Rotary Pipe 
 
 Special Rotary Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 Size 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 Threads 
 per inch 
 
 Couplings 
 
 External 
 
 a 
 
 Plain ends 
 
 H 
 
 Diameter 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 
 2.875 
 2.875 
 4-Soo 
 4-500 
 
 S.ooo 
 5.000 
 5.563 
 5.563 
 
 6.625 
 6.625 
 
 2.323 
 
 2.143 
 3.958 
 3-826 
 
 4.388 
 4.290 
 4-955 
 4.813 
 
 5-937 
 5.761 
 
 .276 
 .366 
 .271 
 .337 
 .306 
 355 
 304 
 .375 
 
 344 
 432 
 
 7.661 
 9.807 
 
 12 . 240 
 14.983 
 
 15-340 
 I7.6II 
 17.074 
 20.778 
 
 23.076 
 28.573 
 
 7-830 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 12.500 
 15.000 
 
 15.500 
 18.000 
 
 17.500 
 
 2I.OOO 
 
 23.500 
 29.000 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 3-603 
 3.693 
 5.228 
 5.240 
 
 5.604 
 5-740 
 6.373 
 6.272 
 
 7-435 
 7-334 
 
 5Vs 
 5% 
 5% 
 6% 
 
 SVs 
 6% 
 6% 
 7% 
 
 7% 
 
 5.888 
 7-316 
 8.901 
 11.720 
 
 8.270 
 12.950 
 14.620 
 16.442 
 
 17-254 
 19-451 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 The weight per foot of pipe with threads and couplings is based on a length of 
 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 average less than 20 feet. All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in 
 inches. On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 For general notes see page 21. For test pressures see page 76. 
 For illustration showing joint see page 79. 
 
 Special Upset Rotary Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 Size 
 
 Diameters 
 
 1 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 Threads 
 per inch 
 
 Couplings 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 Threads 
 and 
 couplings 
 
 Diameter 
 
 ! 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 2V 2 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 f 
 
 6 
 
 2.875 
 2.875 
 4.5oo 
 4.500 
 
 5.563 
 5.563 
 6.625 
 6.625 
 
 2.323 
 2.143 
 3-958 
 3.826 
 
 4-975 
 4.859 
 6.065 
 5.76i 
 
 .276 
 .366 
 .271 
 337 
 
 .294 
 .352 
 .280 
 .432 
 
 7.661 
 9.807 
 
 12.240 
 14.983 
 
 16.544 
 19.590 
 18.974 
 
 28. 573 
 
 7-841 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 12.632 
 
 15.323 
 
 17.000 
 20.000 
 
 19.551 
 28.948 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 3.564 
 3.678 
 5.256 
 5.256 
 
 6.303 
 6.303 
 7-350 
 7-350 
 
 6V8 
 
 7% 
 7% 
 
 81/8 
 
 8 $ 
 8% 
 
 6.743 
 7.844 
 14.296 
 14.296 
 
 18.472 
 18.472 
 22.994 
 22.994 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 The weight per foot of pipe with threads and couplings is based on a length 
 of 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 average less than 20 feet. All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in 
 inches. On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 For general notes see page 21. For test pressures see page 76. 
 For illustration showing joint see page 79. 
 
South Penn Casing Reamed and Drifted Pipe 35 
 
 South Penn Casing 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 1 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 T^ 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 ^4 
 o 
 
 | 
 
 $ I 
 
 dd.S 
 
 T3 o 
 
 1 
 
 t> 
 
 4.) 
 
 ,C 
 
 
 ti 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 .S 
 
 '3 
 
 
 
 fl3 a ^ 
 
 jirf 
 
 H 8 
 
 II 
 
 .3 
 Q 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 
 bo 
 
 1 
 
 5 8 /i6 
 
 5-500 
 
 5-044 
 
 .228 
 
 12.837 
 
 13.000 
 
 nVs 
 
 6.050 
 
 4% 
 
 6.759 
 
 5 8 /46 
 
 5-500 
 
 4.892 
 
 304 
 
 16.870 
 
 17.000 
 
 ny 2 
 
 6.050 
 
 4% 
 
 6.759 
 
 6V4 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.257 
 
 .184 
 
 12.657 
 
 13.000 
 
 MS 
 
 7.280 
 
 SVs 
 
 10 . 630 
 
 6% 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.135 
 
 .245 
 
 16.694 
 
 17.000 
 
 ny 2 
 
 7.280 
 
 SVs 
 
 10.630 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.538 
 
 .231 
 
 16.699 
 
 17.000 
 
 10 
 
 7.642 
 
 SVs 
 
 H.I33 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.450 
 
 .275 
 
 I9-75I 
 
 20.000 
 
 IO 
 
 7.642 
 
 SVs 
 
 II. 133 
 
 6% 
 
 7.000 
 
 6.334 
 
 .333 
 
 23.7H 
 
 24.000 
 
 10 
 
 7.699 
 
 6% 
 
 14.458 
 
 8V 4 
 
 8.625 
 
 8.097 
 
 .264 
 
 23-574 
 
 24.000 
 
 8 
 
 9.358 
 
 6y 8 
 
 18.577 
 
 8*4 
 
 8.625 
 
 8.003 
 
 .311 
 
 27.615 
 
 28.000 
 
 8 
 
 9.358 
 
 61/8 
 
 18.577 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 10.192 
 
 .279 
 
 31-201 
 
 32.515 
 
 8 
 
 11.958 
 
 6% 
 
 39-772 
 
 10 
 
 10.750 
 
 10.146 
 
 .302 
 
 33.699 
 
 35-000 
 
 8 
 
 11.958 
 
 6% 
 
 39-772 
 
 121/2 
 
 13.000 
 
 12 . 278 
 
 .361 
 
 48 . 730 
 
 50.000 
 
 8 
 
 14.085 
 
 7Vs 
 
 46.464 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes, 
 except the 8H inch, 10 inch, and 12^5 inch which are % inch taper. 
 
 The weight per foot of casing with threads and couplings is based on a length of 20 
 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually average 
 less than 20 feet. All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. For test pressures see page 71. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 83. 
 
 Reamed and Drifted Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 Size 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 Thread's 
 per inch 
 
 Couplings 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 Plain ends 
 
 Threads 
 and 
 couplings 
 
 LJ 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 $ 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 3% 
 
 4 
 4% 
 
 2.375 
 2.375 
 2.875 
 3-500 
 4.000 
 4.5oo 
 S.ooo 
 5.563 
 6.625 
 
 2.067 
 2.041 
 2.469 
 3-068 
 3.548 
 4.026 
 4.5o6 
 5-047 
 6.065 
 
 .154 
 .167 
 .203 
 .216 
 .226 
 .237 
 .247 
 .258 
 .280 
 
 3.652 
 3-938 
 5.793 
 7-575 
 9.109 
 10.790 
 12.538 
 14.617 
 18.974 
 
 3.697 
 4.000 
 5.843 
 7.675 
 9.261 
 10.980 
 12.742 
 14.966 
 19.367 
 
 v?Jx!N 
 
 M M 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 
 
 2.773 
 2.773 
 3.265 
 4.014 
 4.628 
 5.233 
 5-733 
 6.420 
 7.482 
 
 3% 
 3% 
 4% 
 41/8 
 4% 
 4% 
 4% 
 SVs 
 
 M 
 
 i. 806 
 i. 806 
 2.625 
 4.076 
 5.510 
 6.673 
 7.379 
 11.730 
 13.869 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths, 20 feet and 
 shorter, unless otherwise ordered. Taper of threads is s/4 inch diameter per foot 
 length for all sizes. The weight per foot of pipe with threads and couplings is 
 based on a length of 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small 
 sizes will usually average less than 20 feet. On sizes made in more than one 
 weight, weight desired must be specified. All weights given in pounds. All 
 dimensions given in inches. For general notes see page 21. For test pressures 
 see page 73. For illustration showing joint see page 79. 
 
36 
 
 Air Line Pipe Full Weight Drill Pipe 
 
 Air Line Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 jj 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 O 
 
 .5 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 % 
 
 d ^ 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 Jj 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 0> 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 % 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 S g"a 
 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 0) 
 
 &. ' 
 
 
 & 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 H 8 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i% 
 
 1.900 
 
 1.582 
 
 159 
 
 2.956 
 
 3.oo 
 
 n% 
 
 2.387 
 
 2l%6 
 
 1.364 
 
 2 
 
 2.375 
 
 2.043 
 
 .166 
 
 3.916 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 2.976 
 
 3% 
 
 2.416 
 
 2% 
 
 2.875 
 
 2.423 
 
 .226 
 
 6.393 
 
 6.50 
 
 8 
 
 3-544 
 
 4 
 
 3.772 
 
 3 
 
 3-500 
 
 2.990 
 
 .255 
 
 8.837 
 
 9.00 
 
 8 
 
 4.272 
 
 4% 
 
 5.899 
 
 4 
 
 4.5oo 
 
 3.996 
 
 .252 
 
 H.433 
 
 H.75 
 
 8 
 
 5-500 
 
 4^2 
 
 9.124 
 
 5 
 
 5.563 
 
 4-977 
 
 .293 
 
 16.491 
 
 17.00 
 
 8 
 
 6.652 
 
 6 
 
 16 . 720 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.025 
 
 .300 
 
 20.265 
 
 21. OO 
 
 8 
 
 7.833 
 
 6 
 
 21.826 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. 
 
 The above pipe is fitted with special air line couplings recessed for lead calking. 
 
 Taper of threads is 94 inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 The weight per foot of pipe with threads and couplings is based on a length 
 of 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 average less than 20 feet. All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given 
 in inches. For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 73. For illustration showing joint see page 80. 
 
 Full Weight Drill Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 w 
 w 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 1 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 
 9 
 
 a 
 
 1,1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 5 
 
 
 o3 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 ( i 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 H 8 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4.5oo 
 
 4.026 
 
 .237 
 
 10.790 
 
 11.055 
 
 8 
 
 5.228 
 
 M 
 
 8.901 
 
 4 
 
 4.500 
 
 3-990 
 
 .255 
 
 11.561 
 
 11.815 
 
 8 
 
 5.228 
 
 SVs 
 
 8.901 
 
 4% 
 
 5.000 
 
 4.506 
 
 .247 
 
 12.538 
 
 12.744 
 
 8 
 
 5.604 
 
 5Vn 
 
 8.270 
 
 5 
 
 5.563 
 
 5-047 
 
 .258 
 
 14.617 
 
 15.055 
 
 8 
 
 6.373 
 
 
 14.620 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 6.065 
 
 .280 
 
 18.974 
 
 19.463 
 
 8 
 
 7-435 
 
 6% 
 
 17.254 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. Taper of threads is S A inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 The weight per foot of pipe with threads and couplings is based on a length 
 of 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 average less than 20 feet. All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given 
 in inches. On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be 
 specified. For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 76. For illustration showing joint see page 80. 
 
Dry Kiln Pipe Tuyere Pipe 
 
 37 
 
 Dry Kiln Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 i 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 1 
 
 Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 Plain ends 
 
 Threads 
 and 
 couplings 
 
 Threads pe 
 
 Diameter 
 
 X 
 -5 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 I.3IS 
 
 1.049 
 
 .133 
 
 1.678 
 
 1.697 
 
 11% 
 
 1.700 
 
 2% 
 
 .702 
 
 34 
 
 i. 660 
 
 1.380 
 
 .140 
 
 2.272 
 
 2.304 
 
 n% 
 
 2. 121 
 
 2% 
 
 1. 134 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with threads and couplings and in random lengths unless otherwise 
 ordered. 
 
 Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 The weight per foot of pipe with threads and couplings is based on a length of 
 20 feet, including the coupling, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually 
 average less than 20 feet. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 76. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 83. 
 
 Tuyere Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 Size 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight per foot, 
 plain ends 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 i 
 
 1% 
 
 I.3IS 
 i. 660 
 
 957 
 1.278 
 
 .179 
 .191 
 
 2.171 
 2.996 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished with plain ends and in random lengths unless otherwise ordered. 
 
 This pipe is made in random lengths up to 40 feet. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
 For test pressures see page 76. 
 
38 Locomotive Boiler Tubes Seamless 
 
 Locomotive Boiler Tubes Seamless Open Hearth Steel 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 (For test pressures see page 102.) 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight 
 
 Length of tube 
 per square foot 
 
 Square foot of 
 surface per 
 lineal foot 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 
 Inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 foot 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 i% 
 
 1.310 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1.425 
 
 2.546 
 
 2.9IS 
 
 392 
 
 .342 
 
 IV2 
 
 1.282 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 1.619 
 
 2.546 
 
 2.979 
 
 .392 
 
 335 
 
 1% 
 
 1.280 
 
 .no 
 
 
 1.632 
 
 2.546 
 
 2.984 
 
 .392 
 
 .335 
 
 1% 
 
 1.260 
 
 .120 
 
 ii 
 
 1.768 
 
 2.546 
 
 3-031 
 
 392 
 
 .329 
 
 *H 
 
 1.250 
 
 .125 
 
 
 1.835 
 
 2.546 
 
 3.055 
 
 .392 
 
 .327 
 
 i% 
 
 1.232 
 
 134 
 
 10 
 
 1-954 
 
 2.546 
 
 3.100 
 
 392 
 
 .322 
 
 iy 2 
 
 1.230 
 
 .135 
 
 
 1.968 
 
 2.546 
 
 3.105 
 
 .392 
 
 .322 
 
 i% 
 
 1.204 
 
 .148 
 
 9 
 
 2.137 
 
 2.546 
 
 3.172 
 
 .392 
 
 .315 
 
 i% 
 
 i. 200 
 
 .ISO 
 
 
 2.162 
 
 2.546 
 
 3.183 
 
 .392 
 
 .314 
 
 I 8 /4 
 
 1.560 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1.679 
 
 2.182 
 
 2.448 
 
 .458 
 
 .408 
 
 1% 
 
 1-532 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 1.910 
 
 2.182 
 
 2.493 
 
 458 
 
 .401 
 
 1% 
 
 1.530 
 
 .110 
 
 
 1.926 
 
 2.182 
 
 2.496 
 
 .458 
 
 .400 
 
 1% 
 
 1.510 
 
 .120 
 
 II 
 
 2.089 
 
 2.182 
 
 2.529 
 
 458 , 
 
 .395 
 
 1% 
 
 1.500 
 
 125 
 
 
 2.169 
 
 2.182 
 
 2.546 
 
 .458 
 
 392 
 
 1% 
 
 1.482 
 
 .134 
 
 10 
 
 2.312 
 
 2.182 
 
 2-577 
 
 .458 
 
 .387 
 
 i 8 /i 
 
 1.480 
 
 .135 
 
 
 2.328 
 
 2.182 
 
 2.580 
 
 .458 
 
 387 
 
 1% 
 
 1-454 
 
 .148 
 
 9 
 
 2.532 
 
 2.182 
 
 2.627 
 
 .458 
 
 .380 
 
 i% 
 
 1.450 
 
 .150 
 
 
 2.563 
 
 2.182 
 
 2.634 
 
 .458 
 
 .379 
 
 i% 
 
 1.685 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1. 806 
 
 2.037 
 
 2.266 
 
 .490 
 
 .441 
 
 1% 
 
 1.657 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 2.055 
 
 2.037 
 
 2.305 
 
 .490 
 
 433 
 
 I 7 /8 
 
 1.655 
 
 .110 
 
 
 2.073 
 
 2.037 
 
 2.307 
 
 .490 
 
 433 
 
 1% 
 
 1.635 
 
 .120 
 
 II 
 
 2.249 
 
 2.037 
 
 2.336 
 
 .490 
 
 .428 
 
 1% 
 
 1.625 
 
 .125 
 
 
 2.336 
 
 2.037 
 
 2.350 
 
 .490 
 
 .425 
 
 1% 
 
 1.607 
 
 134 
 
 10 
 
 2.491 
 
 2.037 
 
 2.376 
 
 .490 
 
 .420 
 
 1% 
 
 1.605 
 
 .135 
 
 
 2.508 
 
 2.037 
 
 2 379 
 
 .490 
 
 .420 
 
 1% 
 
 1.579 
 
 .148 
 
 9 
 
 2.729 
 
 2.037 
 
 2.419 
 
 .490 
 
 -413 
 
 j7/ 8 
 
 1-575 
 
 .ISO 
 
 
 2.763 
 
 2.037 
 
 2.425 
 
 .490 
 
 .412 
 
 2 
 
 1.810 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1.932 
 
 .909 
 
 2. no 
 
 .523 
 
 .473 
 
 2 
 
 1.782 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 2.2OI 
 
 .909 
 
 2.143 
 
 .523 
 
 .466 
 
 2 
 
 1.780 
 
 .no 
 
 
 2.22O 
 
 .909 
 
 2.145 
 
 .523 
 
 .466 
 
 2 
 
 1.760 
 
 .120 
 
 II 
 
 2.409 
 
 909 
 
 2.170 
 
 .523 
 
 .460 
 
 2 
 
 I-75O 
 
 .125 
 
 
 2.5O3 
 
 .909 
 
 2.182 
 
 .523 
 
 .458 
 
 2 
 
 I 732 
 
 .134 
 
 IO 
 
 2.670 
 
 909 
 
 2.205 
 
 523 
 
 453 
 
 
Locomotive Boiler Tubes Seamless 39 
 
 Locomotive Boiler Tubes Seamless Open Hearth Steel (Concluded) 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 (For test pressures see page 102.) 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight 
 
 Length of tube 
 per square foot 
 
 Square foot of 
 surface per 
 lineal foot 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 
 Inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 toot 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 2 
 
 1.730 
 
 .135 
 
 
 2.688 
 
 1.909 
 
 2.207 
 
 .523 
 
 .452 
 
 2 
 
 1.704 
 
 .148 
 
 9 
 
 2.927 
 
 1.909 
 
 2.241 
 
 .523 
 
 t^ 
 .446 
 
 2 
 
 1.700 
 
 .150 
 
 
 2.963 
 
 1.909 
 
 2.246 
 
 .523 
 
 .445 
 
 21/4 
 
 2.060 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 2.186 
 
 1.697 
 
 .854 
 
 .589 
 
 539 
 
 
 2.032 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 2.492 
 
 1.697 
 
 .879 
 
 .589 
 
 531 
 
 2H 
 
 2.030 
 
 .110 
 
 
 2.514 
 
 1.697 
 
 .881 
 
 .589 
 
 .531 
 
 21/4 
 
 2.OIO 
 
 .120 
 
 n 
 
 2.729 
 
 1.697 
 
 .900 
 
 .589 
 
 .526 
 
 2% 
 
 2.00O 
 
 .125 
 
 
 2.836 
 
 1.697 
 
 .909 
 
 .589 
 
 523 
 
 a$$ 
 
 1.982 
 
 .134 
 
 10 
 
 3-028 
 
 1.697 
 
 .927 
 
 .589 
 
 .518 
 
 2H 
 
 1.980 
 
 135 
 
 
 3-049 
 
 1.697 
 
 .929 
 
 .589 
 
 .518 
 
 2^4 
 
 1.954 
 
 .148 
 
 9 
 
 3.322 
 
 1.697 
 
 954 
 
 .589 
 
 .511 
 
 
 1.950 
 
 .I5O 
 
 
 3.364 
 
 1.697 
 
 958 
 
 .589 
 
 .510 
 
 2l/ 2 
 
 2.310 
 
 095 
 
 13 
 
 2.440 
 
 1.527 
 
 .653 
 
 .654 
 
 .604 
 
 2^/2 
 
 2.282 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 2.783 
 
 1.527 
 
 .673 
 
 .654 
 
 ' -597 
 
 2% 
 
 2.280 
 
 .no 
 
 
 2.807 
 
 1.527 
 
 .675 
 
 .654 
 
 .596 
 
 2% 
 
 2.260 
 
 .120 
 
 II 
 
 3.050 
 
 1.527 
 
 .690 
 
 .654 
 
 591 
 
 2V 2 
 
 2.250 
 
 .125 
 
 
 3.170 
 
 1.527 
 
 .697 
 
 .654 
 
 589 
 
 2M> 
 
 2.232 
 
 .134 
 
 IO 
 
 3.386 
 
 1.527 
 
 .711 
 
 .654 
 
 .584 
 
 2l/ 2 
 
 2.230 
 
 135 
 
 
 3.409 
 
 1.527 
 
 .712 
 
 .654 
 
 .583 
 
 
 2.204 
 
 .148 
 
 9 
 
 3.717 
 
 1.527 
 
 
 .654 
 
 .577 
 
 
 2.200 
 
 .150 
 
 
 3.764 
 
 1.527 
 
 
 .654 
 
 575 
 
 3 
 
 2.810 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 2.947 
 
 1.273 
 
 359 
 
 .785 
 
 .735 
 
 3 
 
 2.782 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 3.365 
 
 1.273 
 
 373 
 
 .785 
 
 .728 
 
 3 
 
 2.780 
 
 .no 
 
 
 3-395 
 
 1.273 
 
 374 
 
 .785 
 
 727 
 
 3 
 
 2.760 
 
 .120 
 
 n 
 
 3.691 
 
 1.273 
 
 .383 
 
 .785 
 
 .722 
 
 3 
 
 2.750 
 
 .125 
 
 
 3.838 
 
 1.273 
 
 .388 
 
 785 
 
 .719 
 
 3 
 
 2.732 
 
 .134 
 
 10 
 
 4.101 
 
 1.273 
 
 398 
 
 .785 
 
 .715 
 
 3 
 
 2.730 
 
 .135 
 
 
 4.130 
 
 1.273 
 
 .399 
 
 .785 
 
 .714 
 
 3 
 
 2.704 
 
 .148 
 
 9 
 
 4.5o8 
 
 1.273 
 
 .412 
 
 .785 
 
 .707 
 
 3 
 
 2.700 
 
 .150 
 
 
 4.565 
 
 1.273 
 
 .414 
 
 785 
 
 .706 
 
 
 
40 Locomotive Boiler Tubes Lap Welded 
 
 Locomotive Boiler Tubes Lap Welded Open Hearth Steel 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 (For test pressures see page 72.) 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight 
 per 
 foot 
 
 Length of tube 
 per square foot 
 
 Square foot of 
 surface per 
 lineal foot 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 
 Inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 i% 
 
 i% 
 i% 
 i% 
 
 i% 
 i% 
 i% 
 i% 
 
 i% 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2l 4 
 2>4 
 
 2y 4 
 2y 4 
 2y 4 
 
 2% 
 
 2 y 4 
 2 y 4 
 a% 
 
 2y 2 
 
 2y 2 
 
 2y 2 
 2y 2 
 2y 2 
 
 2y 2 
 2y 2 
 2y 2 
 2y 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 .560 
 532 
 530 
 .510 
 
 .500 
 
 .482 
 .480 
 454 
 
 450 
 .810 
 .782 
 .780 
 
 .760 
 .750 
 .732 
 730 
 
 .704 
 .700 
 .060 
 .032 
 
 .030 
 .010 
 .000 
 .982 
 
 .980 
 954 
 950 
 .310 
 
 2.282 
 2.280 
 2.260 
 2.250 
 
 2.232 
 2.230 
 2.204 
 
 2.200 
 
 2.810 
 2.782 
 2.780 
 2.760 
 
 2.750 
 2.732 
 2.730 
 2.704 
 2.700 
 
 .095 
 .109 
 
 .110 
 
 .120 
 
 .125 
 .134 
 .135 
 
 .148 
 
 .150 
 .095 
 .109 
 
 .110 
 .120 
 
 .125 
 .134 
 .135 
 .148 
 -ISO 
 .095 
 .109 
 
 .110 
 .120 
 .125 
 
 .134 
 
 .135 
 .148 
 .150 
 .095 
 .109 
 
 .110 
 .120 
 125 
 
 .134 
 .135 
 .148 
 .150 
 
 .095 
 .109 
 
 .110 
 .120 
 
 .125 
 
 .134 
 .135 
 .148 
 .150 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 12 
 
 1.679 
 1.910 
 1.926 
 2.089 
 
 2.169 
 2.312 
 2.328 
 2.532 
 
 2.563 
 1.932 
 
 2.201 
 2.22O 
 
 2.409 
 2.503 
 2.670 
 
 2.688 
 
 2.927 
 2.963 
 2.186 
 2.492 
 
 2.514 
 
 2.729 
 2.836 
 3.028 
 
 3-049 
 3-322 
 3.364 
 2.440 
 
 2.783 
 2.807 
 3.050 
 3-170 
 3-386 
 3.409 
 3.717 
 3.764 
 
 2.947 
 3.365 
 3-395 
 3.691 
 
 3.838 
 4.101 
 4.130 
 4.508 
 4.565 
 
 2.182 
 2.182 
 2.182 
 2.182 
 
 2.182 
 2.182 
 2.182 
 2.182 
 
 2.182 
 909 
 909 
 .909 
 
 .909 
 .909 
 .909 
 909 
 
 .909 
 .909 
 .697 
 .697 
 
 .697 
 .697 
 -697 
 .697 
 
 .697 
 .697 
 .697 
 .527 
 
 .527 
 .527 
 .527 
 .527 
 
 .527 
 
 .527 
 .527 
 .527 
 
 .273 
 .273 
 .273 
 .273 
 
 .273 
 .273 
 .273 
 273 
 .273 
 
 2.448 
 2.493 
 2.496 
 2.529 
 2.546 
 2.577 
 2.580 
 2.627 
 
 2.634 
 
 2. IIO 
 2.143 
 2. 145 
 2.170 
 2.182 
 2.205 
 2.207 
 
 2.241 
 .246 
 .854 
 .879 
 .881 
 .900 
 .909 
 .927 
 
 .929 
 .954 
 .958 
 .653 
 
 .673 
 
 .675 
 .690 
 .697 
 
 .711 
 .712 
 .733 
 .736 
 
 .359 
 .373 
 .374 
 .383 
 .388 
 .398 
 .399 
 .412 
 .414 
 
 .458 
 .458 
 .458 
 .458 
 
 .458 
 458 
 458 
 458 
 
 .458 
 .523 
 .523 
 .523 
 
 .523 
 .523 
 .523 
 .523 
 
 523 
 .523 
 .589 , 
 .589 
 
 .589 
 .589 
 .589 
 .589 
 
 .589 
 .589 
 .589 
 .654 
 
 .654 
 .654 
 .654 
 .654 
 
 .654 
 .654 
 .654 
 .654 
 
 .785 
 .785 
 785 
 .785 
 
 .785 
 .785 
 .785 
 .785 
 .785 
 
 .408 
 .401 
 .400 
 .395 
 .392 
 .387 
 .387 
 .380 
 
 -379 
 473 
 .466 
 .466 
 
 .460 
 .458 
 .453 
 452 
 
 .446 
 .445 
 539 
 531 
 
 .531 
 .526 
 .523 
 .518 
 
 .518 
 .511 
 510 
 .604 
 
 .597 
 .596 
 .591 
 .589 
 
 .584 
 .583 
 .577 
 .575 
 
 .735 
 .728 
 .727 
 .722 
 
 .719 
 715 
 .714 
 .707 
 .706 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 IO 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
Standard Boiler Tubes and Flues Lap Welded 41 
 
 Standard Boiler Tubes and Flues Lap Welded 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 (For test pressures see page 72.) 
 
 Diameters 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight 
 
 Length of tube 
 per square foot 
 
 Square feet of 
 surface per 
 lineal foot 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 
 Inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 foot 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 
 surface 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 Inter- 
 nal 
 surface 
 
 i 3 /i 
 
 1.560 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1.679 
 
 2.182 
 
 2.448 
 
 .458 
 
 .408 
 
 2 
 
 1.810 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1.932 
 
 909 
 
 .no 
 
 .523 
 
 .473 
 
 21/4 
 
 2.060 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 2.186 
 
 .697 
 
 .854 
 
 .589 
 
 539 
 
 2% 
 
 2.282 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 2.783 
 
 .527 
 
 .673 
 
 .654 
 
 597 
 
 23/4 
 
 2.532 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 3-074 
 
 .388 
 
 .508 
 
 .719 
 
 .662 
 
 3 
 
 2.782 
 
 .109 
 
 12 
 
 3.365 
 
 .273 
 
 .373 
 
 .785 
 
 .728 
 
 314 
 
 3.010 
 
 .120 
 
 II 
 
 4.011 
 
 .175 
 
 .269 
 
 .850 
 
 .788 
 
 3V2 
 
 3.260 
 
 .120 
 
 II 
 
 4-331 
 
 .091 
 
 .171 
 
 .916 
 
 .853 
 
 33/4 
 
 3-510 
 
 .120 
 
 II 
 
 4.652 
 
 I.oiS 
 
 .088 
 
 .981 
 
 .918 
 
 4 
 
 3-732 
 
 .134 
 
 10 
 
 5-532 
 
 .954 
 
 .023 
 
 1.047 
 
 .977 
 
 4V2 
 
 4.232 
 
 .134 
 
 IO 
 
 6.248 
 
 .848 
 
 .902 
 
 1.178 
 
 1.107 
 
 5 
 
 4.704 
 
 .148 
 
 9 
 
 7.669 
 
 .763 
 
 .812 
 
 1.308 
 
 1.231 
 
 6 
 
 5.670 
 
 .165 
 
 8 
 
 10.282 
 
 .636 
 
 .673 
 
 1.570 
 
 1.484 
 
 7 
 
 6.670 
 
 .165 
 
 8 
 
 12.044 
 
 .545 
 
 572 
 
 1.832 
 
 1.746 
 
 8 
 
 7.670 
 
 .165 
 
 8 
 
 13.807 
 
 477 
 
 .498 
 
 2.094 
 
 2.008 
 
 9 
 
 8.640 
 
 .180 
 
 7 
 
 16.955 
 
 .424 
 
 .442 
 
 2.356 
 
 2.261 
 
 10 
 
 9-594 
 
 .203 
 
 6 
 
 21 . 24O 
 
 .381 
 
 .398 
 
 2.617 
 
 2.511 
 
 n 
 
 10.560 
 
 .220 
 
 5 
 
 25.329 
 
 347 
 
 .361 
 
 2.879 
 
 2.764 
 
 12 
 
 11.542 
 
 .229 
 
 
 28.788 
 
 .318 
 
 .330 
 
 3-I4I 
 
 3.021 
 
 13 
 
 12.524 
 
 .238 
 
 '4 
 
 32.439 
 
 .293 
 
 304 
 
 3.403 
 
 3.278 
 
 14 
 
 13.504 
 
 .248 
 
 
 36.424 
 
 .272 
 
 .282 
 
 3.665 
 
 3.535 
 
 15 
 
 14.482 
 
 .259 
 
 3 
 
 40.775 
 
 .254 
 
 .263 
 
 3.926 
 
 3-791 
 
 16 
 
 I5.46o 
 
 .270 
 
 
 45-359 
 
 .238 
 
 .247 
 
 4.188 
 
 4.047 
 
 
42 Matheson Joint Pipe 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 
 Outside 
 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Thickness 
 
 diameter 
 of rein- 
 forcing 
 ring D 
 
 Length of 
 joint L 
 
 
 Weight of 
 lead per 
 joint 
 
 Plain 
 ends 
 
 Complete 
 
 2.OO 
 
 .095 
 
 2.966 
 
 2.16 
 
 1-932 
 
 1-952 
 
 I.OO 
 
 3.00 
 
 .109 
 
 4-034 
 
 2.26 
 
 3.365 
 
 3-392 
 
 1-75 
 
 4.00 
 
 .128 
 
 5.236 
 
 2.32 
 
 5-293 
 
 5-339 
 
 2.75 
 
 S.oo 
 
 .134 
 
 6.268 
 
 2.38 
 
 6.963 
 
 7.019 
 
 3-50 
 
 6.00 
 
 .140 
 
 7.446 
 
 2.50 
 
 8.762 
 
 8.872 
 
 4-75 
 
 7.00 
 
 .149 
 
 8.484 
 
 2.58 
 
 10.902 
 
 11.028 
 
 5-50 
 
 8.00 
 
 .158 
 
 9.646 
 
 2.73 
 
 13.233 
 
 13.405 
 
 6.75 
 
 8 oo 
 
 .185 
 
 9.700 
 
 2.78 
 
 15.441 
 
 15.614 
 
 6.75 
 
 9.00 
 
 .167 
 
 10.684 
 
 2.73 
 
 15-754 
 
 15-945 
 
 8.25 
 
 9.00 
 
 .196 
 
 10.742 
 
 2.90 
 
 18.429 
 
 18.621 
 
 8.50 
 
 9.00 
 
 .250 
 
 10.850 
 
 3-07 
 
 23.362 
 
 23-557 
 
 9.00 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 .175 
 
 11.846 
 
 2.82 
 
 18,363 
 
 18.610 
 
 9-50 
 
 10. OO 
 
 .208 
 
 11.912 
 
 2.85 
 
 21.752 
 
 22.001 
 
 9-75 
 
 10.00 
 
 .270 
 
 12.036 
 
 3.06 
 
 28.057 
 
 28 . 309 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 II. OO 
 
 .185 
 
 12.886 
 
 2.91 
 
 21.368 
 
 21 . 638 
 
 II. OO 
 
 11.00 
 
 .220 
 
 12.956 
 
 2.93 
 
 25-329 
 
 25.6OO 
 
 II. OO 
 
 II. OO 
 
 .290 
 
 13.096 
 
 3-17 
 
 33.171 
 
 33-445 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.00 
 
 .194 
 
 14.048 
 
 3.00 
 
 24.461 
 
 24.880 
 
 13.25 
 
 12. OO 
 
 .244 
 
 14.148 
 
 3-40 
 
 30.635 
 
 31.057 
 
 14.25 
 
 12.00 
 
 .310 
 
 14.280 
 
 3-76 
 
 38.703 
 
 39-129 
 
 16.50 
 
 I3.OO 
 
 .202 
 
 15.084 
 
 3-07 
 
 27.610 
 
 28.060 
 
 15.25 
 
 13-00 
 
 .247 
 
 15.174 
 
 3-40 
 
 33.642 
 
 34-095 
 
 15.50 
 
 13-00 
 
 .310 
 
 15.300 
 
 3.76 
 
 42.014 
 
 42.472 
 
 18.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 .2IO 
 
 16.370 
 
 3-15 
 
 30.928 
 
 31.536 
 
 17.25 
 
 I4.OO 
 
 .250 
 
 16.450 
 
 3-53 
 
 36.713 
 
 37.324 
 
 19.25 
 
 14.00 
 
 .310 
 
 16.570 
 
 3.84 
 
 45.325 
 
 45-941 
 
 20.75 
 
 15-00 
 
 .222 
 
 17-394 
 
 3-24 
 
 35.038 
 
 35-686 
 
 19.25 
 
 15-00 
 
 .260 
 
 17.470 
 
 3-53 
 
 40.930 
 
 41.581 
 
 20.25 
 
 I5.OO 
 
 .320 
 
 17.590 
 
 3.84 
 
 50.171 
 
 50.826 
 
 22.25 
 
 16.00 
 
 .234 
 
 18.438 
 
 3-32 
 
 39-401 
 
 40.089 
 
 22.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 .270 
 
 18.510 
 
 3-62 
 
 45-359 
 
 46.050 
 
 23.25 
 
 16.00 
 
 330 
 
 18.630 
 
 3-75 
 
 55-228 
 
 55.923 
 
 24.25 
 
 17.00 
 
 .240 
 
 19.470 
 
 3-41 
 
 42.959 
 
 43.687 
 
 23-75 
 
 18.00 
 
 .245 
 
 20.730 
 
 3-50 
 
 46.458 
 
 47.384 
 
 25-75 
 
 18.00 
 
 .310 
 
 20.860 
 
 3.87 
 
 58.568 
 
 59-501 
 
 28.50 
 
 19.00 
 
 .259 
 
 21 . 778 
 
 3-57 
 
 51.840 
 
 52.815 
 
 29.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 .272 
 
 22.804 
 
 3.64 
 
 57.309 
 
 58.332 
 
 31.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 375 
 
 23 . oio 
 
 4-17 
 
 78.599 
 
 79.631 
 
 35-50 
 
 22.00 
 
 .301 
 
 24.882 
 
 4.06 
 
 69.756 
 
 71.098 
 
 40.25 
 
 22.00 
 
 .400 
 
 25 . 080 
 
 4.65 
 
 92.276 
 
 93-629 
 
 45-50 
 
 24.00 
 
 .330 
 
 26.980 
 
 4.26 , 
 
 83.423 , 
 
 84.882 
 
 48.00 
 
 26.00 
 
 .362 
 
 29.064 
 
 4-40 
 
 99-122 
 
 100.697 
 
 55-25 
 
 28.00 
 
 .396 
 
 31 672 
 
 4.58 
 
 116.746 
 
 119.021 
 
 65.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 432 
 
 33 - 764 
 
 4-75 
 
 136.421 
 
 138.851 
 
 75-00 
 
 The permissible variation in- weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished in random lengths unless otherwise ordered. The weight per foot 
 
 complete is based on a length of 18 feet of pipe, but shipping lengths of small 
 
 sizes will usually average less than 18 feet. On sizes made in more than one weight, 
 
 weight desired must be specified. Column marked weight complete includes the 
 
 ring but not the lead. Pipe furnished black, galvanized, or dipped. Lead not 
 
 furnished. All weights given in pounds. All dimensions given in inches. For 
 
 general notes see page 21. For list of test pressures see page 73. For illustra- 
 
 tion showing joint see page 84. 
 
Converse Lock-joint Pipe 43 
 
 Converse Lock-joint Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weight 
 
 
 
 
 Hub cast iron 
 
 
 per foot 
 
 Exter- 
 nal di- 
 ameter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 
 Weight 
 of lead 
 for field 
 end 
 
 complete 
 including 
 hub 
 leaded on 
 
 Diam- 
 eter 
 
 Length 
 
 Weight 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 mill end 
 
 2.00 
 
 .095 
 
 1.932 
 
 3% 
 
 3% 
 
 4.25 
 
 1. 00 
 
 2.207 
 
 3.00 
 
 .109 
 
 3.365 
 
 sVs 
 
 3% 
 
 8.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 3-931 
 
 4.00 
 
 .128 
 
 5-293 
 
 6^4 
 
 4 
 
 10.50 
 
 3.00 
 
 5-991 
 
 5.00 
 
 .134 
 
 6.963 
 
 714 
 
 4*4 
 
 15.00 
 
 3-75 
 
 7.932 
 
 6.00 
 
 .140 
 
 8.762 
 
 8*4 
 
 4% 
 
 19.00 
 
 4-50 
 
 9.969 
 
 7.00 
 
 .149 
 
 10.902 
 
 9V2 
 
 4V2 
 
 24.00 
 
 5-50 
 
 12.419 
 
 8.00 
 
 .158 
 
 13.233 
 
 10% 
 
 4% 
 
 28.25 
 
 6.50 
 
 15.008 
 
 8.00 
 
 .185 
 
 I5.44I 
 
 ioV 2 
 
 4% 
 
 28.25 
 
 6.50 
 
 17.190 
 
 9.00 
 
 .167 
 
 15-754 
 
 "p 
 
 4% 
 
 34-50 
 
 8.50 
 
 17.958 
 
 9.00 
 
 .196 
 
 18.429 
 
 
 4% 
 
 34-50 
 
 8.50 
 
 20.602 
 
 9.00 
 
 .250 
 
 23.362 
 
 11% 
 
 
 34-50 
 
 8.50 
 
 25-477 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 .175 
 
 18.363 
 
 123/4 
 
 5 
 
 39-00 
 
 9.00 
 
 20.801 
 
 10.00 
 
 .208 
 
 21 . 752 
 
 123/4 
 
 5 
 
 39-00 
 
 9.00 
 
 24.148 
 
 10.00 
 
 .270 
 
 28.057 
 
 123/4 
 
 5 
 
 39-00 
 
 9.00 
 
 30.375 
 
 II. OO 
 
 .185 
 
 21.368 
 
 133/4 
 
 5 
 
 41-50 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 23-963 
 
 11.00 
 
 .220 
 
 25.329 
 
 13% 
 
 5 
 
 41.50 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 27-875 
 
 II. OO 
 
 .290 
 
 33.171 
 
 13% 
 
 5 
 
 41.50 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 35.619 
 
 12.00 
 
 .194 
 
 24.461 
 
 15 
 
 SV2 
 
 55-00 
 
 II. OO 
 
 27.795 
 
 12. OO 
 
 .244 
 
 30.635 
 
 15 
 
 5V2 
 
 55-00 
 
 11.00 
 
 33.885 
 
 12.00 
 
 .310 
 
 38.703 
 
 15 
 
 5% 
 
 55-00 
 
 II. OO 
 
 41.844 
 
 I3.OO 
 
 .202 
 
 27.610 
 
 16% 
 
 5% 
 
 59-00 
 
 12.00 
 
 31.179 
 
 13.00 
 
 .247 
 
 33.642 
 
 
 SVa 
 
 59-00 
 
 12. OO 
 
 37-129 
 
 13.00 
 
 .310 
 
 42.014 
 
 16% 
 
 
 59-00 
 
 12.00 
 
 45.387 
 
 14.00 
 
 .210 
 
 30.928 
 
 
 5% 
 
 67.00 
 
 14.50 
 
 35-013 
 
 14.00 
 
 .250 
 
 36.713 
 
 17^8 
 
 5% 
 
 67.00 
 
 14-50 
 
 40.714 
 
 14.00 
 
 .310 
 
 45.325 
 
 171/8 
 
 5 8 /4 
 
 67.00 
 
 14.50 
 
 49.204 
 
 15.00 
 
 .222 
 
 35.038 
 
 183/8 
 
 5 8 /4 
 
 78.00 
 
 15.50 
 
 39-731 
 
 15.00 
 
 .260 
 
 40.930 
 
 183/8 
 
 5 3 /4 
 
 78.00 
 
 15.50 
 
 45.538 
 
 15.00 
 
 .320 
 
 50.171 
 
 
 5% 
 
 78.00 
 
 15.50 
 
 54.646 
 
 16.00 
 
 .234 
 
 39.401 
 
 19% 
 
 
 IO2.OO 
 
 25-00 
 
 45.847 
 
 16.00 
 
 .270 
 
 45.359 
 
 19 8 /i 
 
 6V1 
 
 102. OO 
 
 25.OO 
 
 5L7I3 
 
 16.00 
 
 .330 
 
 55.228 
 
 I9 3 /4 
 
 6V4 
 
 102. OO 
 
 25.00 
 
 61.428 
 
 17.00 
 
 .240 
 
 42.959 
 
 20% 
 
 6V4 
 
 110.00 
 
 26.OO 
 
 49-850 
 
 18.00 
 
 .245 
 
 46.458 
 
 22^/8 
 
 63/4 
 
 I4O.OO 
 
 3O.OO 
 
 55-123 
 
 18.00 
 
 .310 
 
 58.568 
 
 221/8 
 
 6% 
 
 I4O.OO 
 
 30.00 
 
 67.030 
 
 19.00 
 
 .259 
 
 51.840 
 
 23%6 
 
 63/4 
 
 150.00 
 
 32.00 
 
 61.081 
 
 20.00 
 
 .272 
 
 57.309 
 
 
 7V4 
 
 iSo.OO 
 
 37-00 
 
 68.337 
 
 20.00 
 
 .375 
 
 78.599 
 
 2 4% 6 
 
 7V4 
 
 iSo.OO 
 
 37-00 
 
 89.244 
 
 22.00 
 
 .301 
 
 69.756 
 
 26% 
 
 7% 
 
 215.00 
 
 45-00 
 
 82.868 
 
 22.00 
 
 .400 
 
 92.276 
 
 265/8 
 
 73/4 
 
 215.00 
 
 45-00 
 
 104.958 
 
 2*4.00 
 
 330 
 
 83.423 
 
 29 
 
 8V4 
 
 275-00 
 
 So.oo 
 
 99.789 
 
 26.00 
 
 .362 
 
 99-122 
 
 31% 
 
 83/4 
 
 360.00 
 
 64.00 
 
 120.555 
 
 28.00 
 
 .396 
 
 116.746 
 
 33 15 /16 
 
 9V4 
 
 425.00 
 
 77.00 
 
 142.000 
 
 , 30.00 
 
 432 
 
 136.421 
 
 
 10 
 
 525.00 
 
 82.00 
 
 166.828 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished in random lengths unless otherwise ordered. The weight per foot 
 
 complete is based on a length of 18 feet, including the hub, but shipping lengths of 
 
 small sizes will usually average less than 18 feet. On sizes made in more than 
 
 one weight, weight desired must be specified. Pipe furnished black, galvanized, 
 
 or dipped. Lead for field end not furnished. All weights given in pounds. 
 
 All dimensions given in inches. For general notes see page 21. For list of 
 
 test pressures see page 74. For illustration showing joint see page 84. 
 
44 Kimberley Joint Pipe 
 
 Kimberley Joint Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 T?Ytfr 
 
 
 Weight per foot 
 
 Collar 
 
 Weisht 
 
 exter- 
 nal di- 
 ameter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Plain 
 ends 
 
 Complete 
 excluding 
 lead 
 
 Diam- 
 eter 
 D 
 
 Length 
 
 Weight 
 
 of lead 
 required 
 
 6.00 
 
 .140 
 
 8.762 
 
 9.623 
 
 7.63 
 
 6 
 
 15.50 
 
 10. OO 
 
 7.00 
 
 .149 
 
 IO.O02 
 
 11.930 
 
 8.64 
 
 6 
 
 18.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 8.00 
 
 .158 
 
 13.233 
 
 14.371 
 
 9.65 
 
 6 
 
 20.50 
 
 15.50 
 
 8.00 
 
 .185 
 
 I5-44I 
 
 16.579 
 
 9.65 
 
 6 
 
 20.50 
 
 15.50 
 
 9.00 
 
 .167 
 
 15-754 
 
 17-032 
 
 10.65 
 
 6 
 
 23.00 
 
 17.25 
 
 9.00 
 
 .196 
 
 18.429 
 
 19.707 
 
 10.65 
 
 6 
 
 23.00 
 
 17.25 
 
 9.00 
 
 .250 
 
 23.362 
 
 24 . 640 
 
 10.65 
 
 6 
 
 23.00 
 
 17-25 
 
 10.00 
 
 .175 
 
 18.363 
 
 19.779 
 
 11.66 
 
 6 
 
 25.50 
 
 19.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 .208 
 
 21 . 752 
 
 23.169 
 
 11.66 
 
 6 
 
 25.50 
 
 19.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 .270 
 
 28.057 
 
 29.474 
 
 11.66 
 
 6 
 
 25.50 
 
 19.00 
 
 11.00 
 
 .185 
 
 21.368 
 
 22.924 
 
 12.67 
 
 6 
 
 28.00 
 
 23.25 . 
 
 II. OO 
 
 .220 
 
 25.329 
 
 26.884 
 
 12.67 
 
 6 
 
 28.00 
 
 23.25 
 
 11.00 
 
 .290 
 
 33.171 
 
 34.727 
 
 12.67 
 
 6 
 
 28.00 
 
 23.25 
 
 12. OO 
 
 .194 
 
 24.461 
 
 26.128 
 
 13.67 
 
 6 
 
 30.00 
 
 25.50 
 
 12.00 
 
 .244 
 
 30.635 
 
 32.302 
 
 13-67 
 
 6 
 
 30.00 
 
 25.50 
 
 12.00 
 
 .310 
 
 38.703 
 
 40.370 
 
 13.67 
 
 6 
 
 30.00 
 
 25.50 
 
 13.00 
 
 .202 
 
 27.610 
 
 29-443 
 
 14.68 
 
 6 
 
 33-00 
 
 27.50 
 
 13-00 
 
 .247 
 
 33.642 
 
 35-475 
 
 14.68 
 
 6 
 
 33-00 
 
 27.50 
 
 I3.OO 
 
 .310 
 
 42.014 
 
 43.848 
 
 14.68 
 
 6 
 
 33-00 
 
 27.50 
 
 14.00 
 
 .210 
 
 30.928 
 
 32.873 
 
 15.68 
 
 6 
 
 35-00 
 
 29.50 
 
 I4.OO 
 
 .250 
 
 36.713 
 
 38.657 
 
 15-68 
 
 6 
 
 35-00 
 
 29.50 
 
 I4.OO 
 
 .310 
 
 45.325 
 
 47.269 
 
 15-68 
 
 6 
 
 35-00 
 
 29.50 
 
 15-00 
 
 .222 
 
 35.038 
 
 37.094 
 
 16.69 
 
 6 
 
 37-00 
 
 3i.5o 
 
 15.00 
 
 .260 
 
 40.930 
 
 42.986 
 
 16.69 
 
 6 
 
 37-00, 
 
 3i.5o 
 
 15 00 
 
 .320 
 
 50.171 
 
 52.226 
 
 16.69 
 
 6 
 
 37-00 
 
 31.50 
 
 16.00 
 
 .234 
 
 39.401 
 
 41.596 
 
 17.70 
 
 6 
 
 39-50 
 
 34.36 
 
 16.00 
 
 .270 
 
 45.359 
 
 47-554 
 
 17.70 
 
 6 
 
 39-50 
 
 34.36 
 
 16.00 
 
 .330 
 
 55.228 
 
 57-422 
 
 17.70 
 
 6 
 
 39-50 
 
 34.36 
 
 17.00 
 
 .240 
 
 42.959 
 
 47-737 
 
 19.06 
 
 9 
 
 86.00 
 
 64.00 
 
 18.00 
 
 .245 
 
 46.458 
 
 51.486 
 
 20.07 
 
 9 
 
 90.50 
 
 69.00 
 
 18.00 
 
 .310 
 
 58.568 
 
 63.596 
 
 20.07 
 
 9 
 
 90.50 
 
 69.00 
 
 19.00 
 
 .259 
 
 51.840 
 
 57.H8 
 
 21.07 
 
 9 
 
 95-00 
 
 72.50 
 
 20.00 
 
 .272 
 
 57.309 
 
 62.865 
 
 22.08 
 
 9 
 
 IOO.OO 
 
 78.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 .375 
 
 78.599 
 
 84.154 
 
 22.08 
 
 9 
 
 100.00 
 
 78.00 
 
 22.00 
 
 .301 
 
 69.756 
 
 75.839 
 
 24.09 
 
 9 
 
 109.50 
 
 89.50 
 
 22.00 
 
 .400 
 
 92.276 
 
 98.359 
 
 24.09 
 
 9 
 
 109.50 
 
 89.50 
 
 24-00 
 
 .330 
 
 83.423 
 
 90.034 
 
 26.11 
 
 9 
 
 119.00 
 
 97.50 
 
 26.0O 
 
 .362 
 
 99-122 
 
 106.260 
 
 28.12 
 
 9 
 
 128.50 
 
 105.50 
 
 28.00 
 
 .396 
 
 116.746 
 
 124.413 
 
 30.13 
 
 9 
 
 138.00 
 
 113.50 
 
 3O.OO 
 
 -432 
 
 136.421 
 
 144.616 
 
 32.14 
 
 9 
 
 147.50 
 
 121.50 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Furnished in random lengths unless otherwise ordered. 
 
 The weight per foot complete excluding lead is based on a length of 18 feet 
 
 of pipe, but shipping lengths of small sizes will usually average less than 18 feet. 
 
 On sizes made in more than one weight, weight desired must be specified. 
 
 Pipe furnished black, galvanized, or dipped. Collars are shipped loose, to be put 
 
 on in field. Weight of lead specified is for a complete joint, both sides of collar. 
 
 Lead not furnished. All weights given in pounds All dimensions given in 
 
 inches. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. For list of test pressures see page 74. 
 
 For illustration showing joint see page 83. 
 
Square Pipe Rectangular Pipe 45 
 
 Square 
 
 Pipe 
 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 
 % 
 
 .607 
 
 
 .134 
 
 
 1.46 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .800 
 
 
 .100 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .750 
 
 
 .125 
 
 
 1-55 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .624 
 
 
 .188 
 
 
 2. II 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 1. 000 
 
 
 .125 
 
 
 1.97 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 .982 
 
 
 .134 
 
 
 2.05 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 938 
 
 
 .156 
 
 
 2.29 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 .874 
 
 
 .188 
 
 
 2.48 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 .750 
 
 
 .250 
 
 
 3.28 
 
 
 
 iy<2 
 
 .250 
 
 . 
 
 .125 
 
 
 2-33 
 
 
 
 1^2 
 
 .220 
 
 
 .140 
 
 
 2.55 
 
 
 
 H 2 
 
 .188 
 
 
 .156 
 
 
 2.78 
 
 
 
 1^2 
 
 .124 
 
 
 .188 
 
 
 3-05 
 
 
 
 1% 
 
 .OOO 
 
 
 .250 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 
 ll^lQ 
 
 .407 
 
 
 .140 
 
 
 2.76 
 
 
 
 I 1 VlO 
 
 375 
 
 
 .156 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 
 jl^Q 
 
 .311 
 
 
 .188 
 
 
 3-75 
 
 
 
 ll iie 
 
 .187 
 
 
 .250 
 
 
 4.60 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 750 
 
 
 .125 
 
 
 3-io 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 732 
 
 
 .134 
 
 
 3-18 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .710 
 
 
 .145 
 
 
 3-52 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .624 
 
 
 .188 
 
 
 4-39 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .500 
 
 
 .250 
 
 
 5-40 
 
 
 
 2-Vis 
 
 .124 
 
 
 .188 
 
 
 5.6o 
 
 
 
 3 ~ 
 
 2.6oo 
 
 
 .200 
 
 
 7.06 
 
 
 - Rectangular Pipe 
 
 All Weights and Dimensions are Nominal 
 
 
 Si TO. 
 
 
 
 
 ize 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 External 
 
 Internal 
 
 
 H4Xi 
 
 .97oX .720 
 
 .140 
 
 1.67 
 
 
 i^4 x i 
 
 .874X .624 
 
 .188 
 
 2.05 
 
 
 H^XHi 
 
 .256X1.006 
 
 .122 
 
 2.05 
 
 
 HXX% 
 
 .2ioX .960 
 
 .145 
 
 2.24 
 
 
 HfcXHi 
 
 .i88X .938 
 
 .156 
 
 2.40 
 
 
 i^Xi^i 
 
 .I24X .874 
 
 .188 
 
 2.85 
 
 
 HijXi^i 
 
 .oooX -750 
 
 .250 
 
 3-67 
 
 
 2 XHi 
 
 .732X .982 
 
 .134 
 
 2.53 
 
 
 2 XH' 2 
 
 .710X1.210 
 
 .145 
 
 3.oo 
 
 
 2 XiMj 
 
 .624X1.124 
 
 .188 
 
 3-6i 
 
 
 2 Xl% 
 
 .500X1.000 
 
 .250 
 
 4.65 
 
 
 2^5X1% 
 
 .210X1.210 
 
 .145 
 
 3-52 
 
 
 2^2 XH 
 
 .124X1.124 
 
 .188 
 
 4-39 
 
 
 2-v^xiy* 
 
 .000X1.000 
 
 .250 
 
 5-40 
 
 
 3 X2 
 
 .624X1.624 
 
 .188 
 
 5.6o 
 
 
 3 X2 
 
 .600X1.600 
 
 .200 
 
 6.00 
 
 The following notes apply to both tables. 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above and 5 per cent below. 
 
 Cut to any length that may be desired 
 
 All weight 
 
 5 given in pounds. All 
 
 dimensions given in inches. For sections see pages 8 
 
 >-88. On sizes made in 
 
 more than one weight, weight or thickness desired must be specified. 
 
 For general notes see page 21. 
 
 
 
46 Weight per Foot of Pipe 
 
 Weight per Foot of Pipe (Nominal Inside Diameter) 
 
 Inside 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 16 
 
 1 15 | 14 
 
 
 13 
 
 | | 
 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 .065 
 
 .068 
 
 .072 
 
 .083 
 
 %9 
 
 .09375 
 
 095 
 
 .100 
 
 .109 
 
 .120 
 
 % 
 .125 
 
 Vs 
 I 
 % 
 % 
 % 
 I 
 1% 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 
 2V 2 
 
 3 
 3V 2 
 
 4 
 
 4V 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 .236 
 
 .244 
 
 .2 = 
 '.IS 
 
 -4< 
 .jB 
 
 7. 
 
 6 
 
 '9>r 
 
 >3 
 
 ^0 
 >2 
 
 .285 
 .405 
 .524 
 .671 
 .857 
 
 .311 
 
 .446 
 .581 
 .747 
 957 
 
 1.222 
 
 1.568 
 
 .314 
 451 
 .588 
 755 
 .968 
 1.237 
 1.587 
 1.831 
 2.313 
 
 .325 
 .469 
 .614 
 .790 
 .014 
 .297 
 
 .666 
 .922 
 .429 
 
 344 
 .501 
 .658 
 .850 
 1.095 
 1.403 
 1.805 
 2.084 
 2.637 
 3.220 
 3-947 
 
 .365 
 538 
 .711 
 .922 
 I.I9I 
 I-53I 
 
 1.973 
 2.281 
 2.890 
 3-530 
 4-331 
 
 .373 
 
 554 
 734 
 954 
 1.234 
 1.588 
 2.049 
 2.369 
 3-003 
 3.671 
 4.505 
 5-173 
 5.840 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inside 
 1 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 6 
 
 
 5 | 4 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 2 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 .203 
 
 %a 
 
 .21875 
 
 .220 
 
 .238 
 
 y 
 .250 
 
 259 
 
 % 2 
 
 .28125 
 
 .284 
 
 Vs 
 y* 
 % 
 % 
 % 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 iV 2 
 
 2 
 
 2V 2 
 
 k 
 
 4 
 . 4V 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 730 
 1.023 
 1.381 
 1.836 
 2.410 
 3.158 
 3.679 
 4.709 
 5-793 
 7.148 
 8.232 
 9.3i6 
 10.400 
 11.620 
 13.923 
 16.091 
 18.259 
 20.427 
 22.866 
 25-034 
 
 27 . 202 
 
 .750 
 1.065 
 I.45I 
 1.942 
 2.561 
 3.367 
 3.927 
 5-037 
 6.205 
 7-665 
 8.834 
 
 10.002 
 11.170 
 12.485 
 14.966 
 17.303 
 19.639 
 
 21.975 
 24.604 
 26.940 
 29.276 
 
 751 
 1.069 
 1.456 
 1-950 
 2.572 
 3.383 
 3-947 
 5.063 
 6.238 
 7.706 
 8.881 
 
 10 . 056 
 11.231 
 
 12.554 
 15.049 
 17-399 
 19.748 : 
 22.098 '. 
 24.741 : 
 27.091 : 
 29.440 ; 
 
 1. 110 
 
 1.530 
 2.064 
 2.737 
 3-614 
 4.224 
 5-431 
 6.702 
 8.291 
 9.562 
 [0.833 
 [2.104 
 
 [3.535 
 
 [6.234 
 [8.776 
 21.318 
 23.860 
 26.720 
 29 . 262 
 51.803 
 
 1. 134 
 
 1.575 
 2.136 
 2.843 
 3.764 
 4.405 
 5.673 
 7.008 
 8.677 
 
 10.012 
 
 11-347 
 12.682 
 14-185 
 17.021 
 19.691 
 
 22 . 361 
 25.031 
 28.035 
 30.705 
 33-375 
 
 1.150 
 1.607 
 2.188 
 2.921 
 3-875 
 4-539 
 5.853 
 7.236 
 8.965 
 10.348 
 11.731 
 13.114 
 14.671 
 17.609 
 20.375 
 23.141 
 25.907 
 , 29.019 
 31.785 
 34.552 
 
 1.678 
 2.309 
 3-105 
 4.141 
 4.862 
 6.289 
 7.791 
 9.668 
 11.170 
 12.672 
 14.174 
 15-865 
 19.055 
 
 22 . O59 
 25.062 
 28.066 
 31-445 
 34-449 
 37-453 
 
 1.686 
 2,323 
 3.127 
 4-173 
 4.901 
 6.342 
 7-858 
 9-754 
 11.271 
 12.787 
 14.304 
 16.012 
 19.233 
 22.266 
 25.299 
 28.332 
 31-745 
 34.778 
 37-8II 
 
 
Weight per Foot of Pipe 47 
 
 Weight per Foot of Pipe (Nominal Inside Diameter) (Continued) 
 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 Inside 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 7 1 
 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 2 
 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 .148 
 
 ISO 
 
 . 15625 
 
 .165 
 
 .180 
 
 .1875 
 
 .200 
 
 : i/ 8 
 
 .387 
 
 .406 
 
 .408 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 .581 
 
 .619 
 
 .624 
 
 .640 
 
 .660 
 
 .692 
 
 70S 
 
 .726 
 
 % 
 
 774 
 
 .833 
 
 .841 
 
 .865 
 
 .898 
 
 951 
 
 .976 
 
 I.OI4 
 
 1/2 
 
 1. 010 
 
 1.093 
 
 1.105 
 
 1.141 
 
 1.189 
 
 1.268 
 
 1.306 
 
 1.367 
 
 S A 
 
 1.310 
 
 1.425 
 
 1.441 
 
 I.49I 
 
 1-559 
 
 1.672 
 
 1.727 
 
 I.8J5 
 
 
 1.690 
 
 1.844 
 
 1.866 
 
 1-933 
 
 2.026 
 
 2.181 
 
 2.257 
 
 2.381 
 
 j$i 
 
 2.183 
 
 2.389 
 
 2.419 
 
 2.509 
 
 2.634 
 
 2.845 
 
 2.948 
 
 3.118 
 
 i% 
 
 2.527 
 
 2.769 
 
 2.803 
 
 2.909 
 
 3-057 
 
 3.306 
 
 3.429 
 
 3.631 
 
 2 
 
 3.207 
 
 3-520 
 
 3.564 
 
 3-702 
 
 3.894 
 
 4.219 
 
 4.380 
 
 4.645 
 
 2% 
 
 3.922 
 
 4-310 
 
 4.365 
 
 4.536 
 
 4-775 
 
 5.180 
 
 5.381 
 
 5.713 
 
 3 
 
 4-817 
 
 5.298 
 
 5.366 
 
 5-579 
 
 5.877 
 
 6.382 
 
 6.6 3 3 
 
 7.048 
 
 3% 
 
 5-532 
 
 6.088 
 
 6.167 
 
 6.414 
 
 6.758 
 
 7.343 
 
 7.634 
 
 8.116 
 
 4 
 
 6.248 
 
 6.879 
 
 6.968 
 
 7.248 
 
 7.639 
 
 8.304 
 
 8-635 
 
 9.184 
 
 4% 
 
 6.963 
 
 7.669 
 
 7.769 
 
 8.083 
 
 8.520 
 
 9.266 
 
 9.637 
 
 10.252 
 
 5 
 
 7.769 
 
 8.559 
 
 8.671 
 
 9.022 
 
 9-512 
 
 10.348 
 
 10 . 764 
 
 11-455 
 
 6 
 
 
 10.237 
 
 10.373 
 
 10.794 
 
 11.383 
 
 12.390 
 
 12.891 
 
 13.724 
 
 7 
 
 
 11.818 
 
 11-975 
 
 12.463 
 
 13.146 
 
 14.312 
 
 14.893 
 
 15.860 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 14 132 
 
 14 908 
 
 1 6 234 
 
 1 6 896 
 
 17 996 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.670 
 
 18.157 
 
 18.898 
 
 20.132 
 
 IO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 320 
 
 21 151 
 
 22 535 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 . 154 
 
 24.671 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 807 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 Inside 
 
 i 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 
 
 00 | 
 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 
 
 5 /16 
 
 
 11/32 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 .300 
 
 3125 
 
 340 
 
 34375 
 
 350 
 
 .375 
 
 .380 
 
 .400 
 
 % 
 
 V 2 
 
 1-730 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 2.403 
 
 2.461 
 
 2.578 
 
 2.592 
 
 2.616 
 
 2.703 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 3.252 
 
 3-345 
 
 3-540 
 
 3-565 
 
 3.607 
 
 3.764 
 
 3-794 
 
 
 1^4 
 
 4-357 
 
 4-497 
 
 4-793 
 
 4-832 
 
 4.896 
 
 5.146 
 
 5-194 
 
 5.382 
 
 fi 
 
 5.126 
 
 5.298 
 
 5-664 
 
 5.713 
 
 5-793 
 
 6.107 
 
 6.168 
 
 6.408 
 
 2 
 
 6.648 
 
 6.883 
 
 7.389 
 
 7-457 
 
 7.569 
 
 8.010 
 
 8.096 
 
 8.437 
 
 2^5 
 
 8.250 
 
 8.552 
 
 9-205 
 
 9.292 
 
 9.438 
 
 IO.OI2 
 
 10.125 
 
 10.573 
 
 3 
 
 10.252 
 
 10.638 
 
 11.474 
 
 H.587 
 
 n.774 
 
 12.515 
 
 12.662 
 
 13.243 
 
 3^2 
 
 11.854 
 
 12.307 
 
 13.290 
 
 13.423 
 
 13.643 
 
 14.518 
 
 14.691 
 
 15-379 
 
 4 
 
 13-457 
 
 13-975 
 
 15.106 
 
 15.258 
 
 15.512 
 
 16.520 
 
 16.720 
 
 17.515 
 
 4^ 
 
 15.059 
 
 15.644 
 
 16.921 
 
 17.094 
 
 I7.38I 
 
 18.523 
 
 18.750 
 
 19.651 
 
 5 
 
 16.862 
 
 17.523 
 
 18.966 
 
 19.161 
 
 19 . 486 
 
 20.778 
 
 21.034 
 
 22.056 
 
 6 
 
 20.265 
 
 21.068 
 
 22.822 
 
 23.060 
 
 23.456 
 
 25.031 
 
 25-345 
 
 26.593 
 
 7 
 
 23.469 
 
 24.405 
 
 26.453 
 
 26.731 
 
 27.194 
 
 29.036 
 
 29.403 
 
 30.865 
 
 8 
 
 26.673 
 
 27-743 
 
 30.084 
 
 30.402 
 
 30.932 
 
 33.041 
 
 33.462 
 
 35-137 
 
 9 
 
 29.877 
 
 31.080 
 
 33.716 
 
 34-074 
 
 34.670 
 
 37.046 
 
 37-520 
 
 39.409 
 
 10 
 
 33.482 
 
 34.835 
 
 37.8oi 
 
 38.204 
 
 38.875 
 
 41.552 
 
 42.086 
 
 44-215 
 
 II 
 
 36.686 
 
 38.173 
 
 41.432 
 
 41.875 
 
 42.613 
 
 45.557 
 
 46.144 
 
 48.487 
 
 12 
 
 39.890 
 
 4L5IO 
 
 45.o63 
 
 45-547 
 
 46.351 
 
 49.562 
 
 50.203 
 
 52.759 
 
 
48 
 
 Weight per Foot of Pipe 
 
 Weight per Foot of Pipe (Nominal Inside Diameter) (Continued) 
 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 Inside 
 
 
 ooo 
 
 | 
 
 oooo | 
 
 
 
 eter 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 
 18 / 32 
 
 
 Vie 
 
 
 
 15 /8 2 
 
 y 2 
 
 
 
 .40625 
 
 .425 
 
 4375 
 
 450 
 
 .454 
 
 .46875 
 
 .500 
 
 550 
 
 % 
 
 iy* 
 
 5-439 
 
 5.605 
 
 5-712 
 
 5.815 
 
 5.847 
 
 5.963 
 
 6.194 
 
 6.520 
 
 2 
 
 6.481 
 8 542 
 
 6.695 
 
 8 851 
 
 6.833 
 9 053 
 
 6.968 
 9 251 
 
 7.011 
 
 7.165 
 
 7.476 
 
 7-930 
 
 
 10.711 
 
 II. 120 
 
 11.389 
 
 11.654 
 
 11.738 
 
 12.046 
 
 12.682 
 
 13.657 
 
 3 
 
 13.423 
 
 13.957 
 
 14.309 
 
 14-658 
 
 14.769 
 
 15-175 
 
 16.020 
 
 17.328 
 
 $1/2 
 
 15-592 
 
 16.227 
 
 16.646 
 
 17.061 
 
 17.193 
 
 17.678 
 
 18.690 
 
 20.265 
 
 4 
 
 17.762 
 
 18.496 
 
 18.982 
 
 19.464 
 
 19.618 
 
 20.181 
 
 21.360 
 
 23 . 202 
 
 4% 
 
 19.931 
 
 20.766 
 
 21.318 
 
 21.867 
 
 22.042 
 
 22 . 684 
 
 24.030 
 
 26.139 
 
 5 
 
 22.374 
 
 23.321 
 
 23-949 
 
 24-573 
 
 24.772 
 
 25.503 
 
 27.036 
 
 29.446 
 
 6 
 
 26.982 
 
 28.142 
 
 28.911 
 
 29.677 
 
 29.921 
 
 30.820 
 
 32.707 
 
 35-685 
 
 7 
 
 31.320 
 
 32 . 681 
 
 33.584 
 
 34.483 
 
 34-770 
 
 35.826 
 
 38.048 
 
 41-559 
 
 8 
 
 35.659 
 
 37-220 
 
 38.256 
 
 39-289 
 
 39.6i9 
 
 40.832 
 
 43.388 
 
 47-433 
 
 9 
 
 39.998 
 
 41.759 
 
 42.929 
 
 44-095 
 
 44.468 
 
 45.839 
 
 48.728 
 
 53.307 
 
 10 
 
 44.879 
 
 46.865 
 
 48.185 
 
 49-502 
 
 49.923 
 
 51.471 
 
 54-735 
 
 59.915 
 
 II 
 
 49.218 
 
 51.404 
 
 52.858 
 
 54.308 
 
 54-771 
 
 56.477 
 
 6o.o75 
 
 65.789 
 
 12 
 
 53-557 
 
 55-944 
 
 57-531 
 
 59.H4 
 
 59.620 
 
 61.483 
 
 65.415 
 
 71.663 
 
Weight per Foot of Pipe 49 
 
 Weight per Foot of Pipe (Nominal Inside Diameter) (Concluded) 
 
 Inside 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 diam- 
 
 
 eter 
 
 9 /16 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 Hie 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 .5625 
 
 .600 
 
 .625 
 
 .650 
 
 .6875 
 
 .700 
 
 .750 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 8,035 
 
 8.330 
 
 8.510 
 
 8.677 
 
 8.902 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10.888 
 
 n.374 
 
 11.681 
 
 11-975 
 
 12.390 
 
 12.522 
 
 13.016 
 
 2^/2 
 
 13.892 
 
 14-578 
 
 15.018 
 
 15.446 
 
 16.061 
 
 16.260 
 
 17.021 
 
 3 
 
 17.647 
 
 18.583 
 
 19.190 
 
 19.784 
 
 20.651 
 
 20.933 
 
 22.027 
 
 3^2 
 
 20.651 
 
 21.787 
 
 22.528 
 
 23.256 
 
 24.322 
 
 24.671 
 
 26.032 
 
 4 
 
 23.654 
 
 24.991 
 
 25.866 
 
 26.727 
 
 27-993 
 
 28.409 
 
 30.037 
 
 4% 
 
 26.658 
 
 28.195 
 
 29.203 
 
 30.198 
 
 31-665 
 
 32.147 
 
 34-043 
 
 5 
 
 30.040 
 
 31-803 
 
 32.961 
 
 34.io6 
 
 35.798 
 
 36.356 
 
 38.552 
 
 6 
 
 36.421 
 
 38.608 
 
 40.050 
 
 41-479 
 
 43.596 
 
 44.295 
 
 47 059 
 
 7 
 
 42.428 
 
 45.016 
 
 46.725 
 
 48.421 
 
 50.939 
 
 5L772 
 
 55.o69 
 
 8 
 
 48.436 
 
 51.424 
 
 53-400 
 
 55.363 
 
 58.281 
 
 59.248 
 
 63.079 
 
 9 
 
 54-443 
 
 57.833 
 
 60.075 
 
 62.305 
 
 65 . 624 
 
 66.724 
 
 71.089 
 
 10 
 
 6l . 202 
 
 65.042 
 
 67.585 
 
 70.115 
 
 73-885 
 
 75-134 
 
 80.101 
 
 ii 
 
 67.209 
 
 71.450 
 
 74-260 
 
 77-057 
 
 81.227 
 
 82.611 
 
 88. ill 
 
 12 
 
 73-217 
 
 77.858 
 
 80.935 
 
 83.999 
 
 88.570 
 
 90.087 
 
 96.121 
 
 
 Inside 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 eter 
 
 
 18 Ae 
 
 
 7 /8 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 
 
 .800 
 
 -8125 
 
 .850 
 
 .875 
 
 .900 
 
 .9375 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 
 3 /l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 13-457 
 
 13.558 
 
 13.844 
 
 14.017 
 
 
 
 
 2^5 
 
 17.729 
 
 17.897 
 
 18.383 
 
 18.690 
 
 
 
 
 3 / 
 
 23.069 
 
 23.321 
 
 24.057 
 
 24-530 
 
 24.991 
 
 25.657 
 
 26.700 
 
 
 27.341 
 
 27.659 
 
 28.596 
 
 29.203 
 
 29-797 
 
 30.663 
 
 32.040 
 
 4 / 
 
 31.613 
 
 3L998 
 
 33-135 
 
 33.876 
 
 34.603 
 
 35.670 
 
 37.38o 
 
 
 35.885 
 
 36.337 
 
 37.674 
 
 38.548 
 
 39-409 
 
 40.676 
 
 42.720 
 
 5 
 
 40.695 
 
 41.223 
 
 42.785 
 
 43.810 
 
 44.821 
 
 46.313 
 
 48.733 
 
 6 
 
 49.769 
 
 50.438 
 
 52.426 
 
 53-734 
 
 55-029 
 
 56.946 
 
 60.075 
 
 7 
 
 58.313 
 
 59-116 
 
 61.504 
 
 63.079 
 
 64.641 
 
 66.959 
 
 70.756 
 
 8 
 
 66.857 
 
 67.793 
 
 70.582 
 
 72.424 
 
 74-253 
 
 76.972 
 
 81.436 
 
 9 
 
 75-401 
 
 76.471 
 
 79.66o 
 
 81.769 
 
 83.865 
 
 86.984 
 
 92.116 
 
 10 
 
 85.014 
 
 86.233 
 
 89.873 
 
 92.283 
 
 94.679 
 
 98.249 
 
 104.131 
 
 ii 
 
 93-558 
 
 94-911 
 
 98.951 
 
 101.628 
 
 104.291 
 
 108.261 
 
 114.811 
 
 12 
 
 IO2 . 102 
 
 103.589 
 
 108.029 
 
 110.973 
 
 H3.903 
 
 118.274 
 
 125.491 
 
 .- - :. '"' J \- 
 
50 Weight per Foot of Tubes 
 
 Weight per Foot of Tubes (or Outside Diameter Pipe) 
 
 Outside 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 12 
 
 ii 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 .072 
 
 .083 
 
 8 /32 
 
 .09375 
 
 .095 
 
 .100 
 
 .109 
 
 .120 
 
 % 
 
 .125 
 
 .134 
 
 .148 
 
 1. 000 
 1. 125 
 
 1.250 
 1. 312 
 1.375 
 1.500 
 1.625 
 1.750 
 1.875 
 
 2.OOO 
 2.125 
 
 2.250 
 2.500 
 
 2.750 
 
 3.000 
 3.250 
 3-Soo 
 3-750 
 
 4.000 
 4.250 
 4.5oo 
 4-750 
 
 5.000 
 5.250 
 5-500 
 
 6.000 
 7.000 
 . 8.000 
 9.000 
 10.000 
 
 II.OOO 
 12.000 
 
 13.000 
 14.000 
 15.000 
 16.000 
 17.000 
 18.000 
 19.000 
 
 20.000 
 21.000 
 22.0OO 
 24.000 
 
 26.000 
 28.000 
 30.000 
 
 .713 
 
 .812 
 .923 
 1.034 
 1.089 
 
 .907 
 1.032 
 1. 157 
 1.219 
 1.282 
 
 .918 
 .045 
 .171 
 .234 
 .298 
 .425 
 552 
 .679 
 .806 
 
 1.932 
 2.059 
 2.186 
 2.440 
 2.093 
 
 2.947 
 
 .961 
 
 .094 
 .228 
 .294 
 .361 
 495 
 .628 
 .762 
 .895 
 
 2.029 
 2.162 
 2.296 
 2.563 
 2.830 
 
 3-097 
 
 .037 
 .182 
 .328 
 .400 
 473 
 .619 
 .764 
 .910 
 2.055 
 
 '2.201 
 2.346 
 2.492 
 2.783 
 3-074 
 
 3.365 
 3.656 
 3-947 
 
 .127 
 
 .288 
 .448 
 527 
 .608 
 .768 
 .928 
 2.089 
 2.249 
 
 2.409 
 2.569 
 2.729 
 3.050 
 3-370 
 
 3.691 
 4.011 
 4-331 
 4-652 
 
 .168 
 
 .335 
 .501 
 :58 4 
 .668 
 1.835 
 
 2.002 
 
 2.169 
 2.336 
 
 2.503 
 2.670 
 2.836 
 3.170 
 3.504 
 
 3.838 
 4.171 
 4.505 
 4.839 
 
 5.173 
 5.506 
 5.840 
 
 .239 
 .418 
 597 
 .685 
 776 
 954 
 2.133 
 2.312 
 2.491 
 
 2.670 
 2.849 
 .3.028 
 3-386 
 3-743 
 
 4.101 
 4-459 
 4-817 
 5.175 
 
 5-532 
 5.890 
 6.248 
 6.606 
 
 6.963 
 7-321 
 7.679 
 
 1.346 
 1-544 
 I.74I 
 1.839 
 1-939 
 2.137 
 2.334 
 2.532 
 2.729 
 
 2.927 
 3.124 
 3-322 
 3.717 
 4.112 
 
 4.508 
 4.903 
 5.298 
 5.693 
 
 6.088 
 6.483 
 6.879 
 7-274 
 
 7.669 
 8,064 
 8.459 
 
 9-250 
 10.830 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight per Foot of Tubes 51 
 
 Weight per Foot of Tubes (or Outside Diameter Pipe) (Continued) 
 
 Outside 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 .150 
 
 %2 
 
 15625 
 
 .165 
 
 .180 
 
 %6 
 
 .1875 
 
 .200 
 
 .203 
 
 %2 
 .21875 
 
 ooo 
 
 .125 
 .250 
 
 .312 
 .375 
 .500 
 .625 
 750 
 .875 
 
 2. OOO 
 2.125 
 2.250 
 2.500 
 2.750 
 
 3.OOO 
 3-250 
 3-500 
 3-750 
 
 4.000 
 4.250 
 4-500 
 4-750 
 
 5.OOO 
 5.250 
 
 5-500 
 
 6. ooo 
 7.000 
 8.000 
 9.000 
 
 10. OOO 
 II. OOO 
 12.000 
 
 13.000 
 14.000 
 15.000 
 16.000 
 17.000 
 18.000 
 19.000 
 20.000 
 
 21.000 
 
 22.000 
 24.000 
 26.000 
 28.00O 
 3O.OOO 
 
 1.361 
 1.561 
 1.762 
 1.861 
 1.962 
 2.162 
 2.362 
 2.563 
 2.763 
 
 2.963 
 3-163 
 3.364 
 3.764 
 4-165 
 
 4.565 
 4.966 
 5.366 
 5.767 
 
 6.167 
 6.568 
 6.968 
 7.369 
 
 7.769 
 8.170 
 8.570 
 
 9-371 
 10.973 
 
 1.408" 
 
 1.616 
 1.825 
 1.928 
 2.033 
 2.242 
 2.451 
 2.659 
 2.868 
 
 3.076 
 3.285 
 3-493 
 3-9II 
 4.328 
 
 4-745 
 5.162 
 5-579 
 5-997 
 
 6.414 
 6.831 
 7.248 
 7.665 
 
 8.083 
 8.500 
 8.917 
 
 9-751 
 
 11.420 
 13-089 
 
 1.471 
 1.691 
 1.912 
 
 2.O2I 
 2.132 
 2.352 
 2.572 
 
 2.793 
 3-013 
 
 3-233 
 3-453 
 3.674 
 4-II4 
 4-555 
 
 4-995 
 5.436 
 5.877 
 6.317 
 
 6.758 
 7.198 
 7.639 
 8.079 
 
 8.520 
 8.960 
 9.401 
 
 10 . 282 
 12.044 
 13.807 
 15.569 
 
 1.576 
 1.816 
 2.056 
 2.176 
 2.297 
 2.537 
 2.777 
 3.018 
 3.258 
 
 3.498 
 3-739 
 3-979 
 4.460 
 4-940' 
 
 5-421 
 
 5-901 
 6.382 
 6.863 
 
 7-343 
 
 7.824 
 8.304 
 8.785 
 
 9.266 
 9.746 
 10.227 
 
 11.188 
 13.110 
 15.033 
 16.955 
 18.878 
 
 1.627 
 1.877 
 2.127 
 2.251 
 2.378 
 2.628 
 2.878 
 3-128 
 3-379 
 
 3.629 
 3.879 
 4.130 
 4.630 
 5.I3I 
 
 5.632 
 6.132 
 6.633 
 7-134 
 
 7.634 
 
 8.135 
 8.635 
 9.136 
 
 9.637 
 10.137 
 10.638 
 
 H.639 
 13-642 
 15 644 
 17.647 
 19.649 
 21.652 
 
 1.708 
 1-975 
 2.242 
 2.375 
 2.509 
 2.776 
 3-043 
 3-310 
 3-577 
 
 3.844 
 4.111 
 4.378 
 4.912 
 5.446 
 
 5.98o 
 6.514 
 7.048 
 7.582 
 
 8.116 
 8.650 
 9-184 
 9.718 
 
 10.252 
 10.786 
 11.320 
 
 12.388 
 14.525 
 16.661 
 18.797 
 20.933 
 23.069 
 25.205 
 
 1.727 
 1.998 
 
 2.269 
 2.404 
 2.540 
 2.811 
 3.082 
 3.354 
 3.625 
 
 3.896 
 4.167 
 4.438 
 4.980 
 5.522 
 
 6.064 
 
 6.606 
 7.148 
 7.690 
 
 8.232 
 8.774 
 9.316 
 9.858 
 
 10.400 
 10 . 942 
 
 11.484 
 
 12.568 
 14.736 
 16.904 
 19.072 
 
 21 . 240 
 23.408 
 25.576 
 27-744 
 
 1.825 
 2.II7 
 
 2.409 
 
 2.554 
 2.701 
 2.993 
 3.285 
 3-577 
 3-869 
 
 4.161 
 
 4-453 
 4-745 
 5.329 
 5.913 
 
 6.497 
 7.081 
 7.665 
 8.250 
 
 8.834 
 9.418 
 
 10.002 
 10.586 
 
 11.170 
 
 11-754 
 12.338 
 
 13-506 
 15.842 
 18.179 
 20.515 
 22.851 
 25.188 
 27.524 
 29.860 
 32.196 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
52 Weight per Foot of Tubes 
 
 Weight per Foot of Tubes (or Outside Diameter Pipe) (Continued) 
 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 Outside 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 _, Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 %2 
 
 
 
 5 /16 
 
 
 .220 
 
 .238 
 
 .250 
 
 .259 
 
 .28125 
 
 .284 
 
 .300 
 
 3125 
 
 I.OOO 
 
 1.832 
 
 1.936 
 
 2. OO2 
 
 2.049 
 
 2.158 
 
 2.171 
 
 2.242 
 
 2.294 
 
 1. 125 
 
 2.126 
 
 2.254 
 
 2.336 
 
 2.395 
 
 2.534 
 
 2.550 
 
 2.643 
 
 2.7II 
 
 1.250 
 
 2.42O 
 
 2.572 
 
 2.670 
 
 2.741 
 
 2.909 
 
 2.930 
 
 3-043 
 
 3.128 
 
 1.312 
 
 2.565 
 
 2.729 
 
 2.835 
 
 2.912 
 
 3.096 
 
 3.118 
 
 3.242 
 
 3-335 
 
 1.375 
 
 2.713 
 
 2.890 
 
 3-003 
 
 3.087 
 
 3.285 
 
 3.309 
 
 3-444 
 
 3.546 
 
 1.500 
 
 3.007 
 
 3.207 
 
 3-337 
 
 3-432 
 
 3.660 
 
 3.688 
 
 3.844 
 
 3.963 
 
 1.625 
 
 3-301 
 
 3.525 
 
 3.671 
 
 3.778 
 
 4.036 
 
 4.067 
 
 4-245 
 
 4.380 
 
 1.750 
 
 3-594 
 
 3.843 
 
 4.005 
 
 4.124 
 
 4.411 
 
 4.446 
 
 4.645 
 
 4-797 
 
 1.875 
 
 3.888 
 
 4.161 
 
 4.338 
 
 4.470 
 
 4.787 
 
 4.825 
 
 5.046 
 
 5-214 
 
 2.000 
 
 4.182 
 
 4.478 
 
 4.672 
 
 4.815 
 
 5.162 
 
 5.204 
 
 5.446 
 
 5.632 
 
 2.125 
 
 4.476 
 
 4.796 
 
 5.oo6 
 
 5-i6i 
 
 5.538 
 
 5.584 
 
 5.847 
 
 6.049 
 
 2.250 
 
 4-769 
 
 5.H4 
 
 5-340 
 
 5.507 
 
 5.913 
 
 5.963 
 
 6.247 
 
 6.466 
 
 2.5OO 
 
 5-357 
 
 5-749 
 
 6.007 
 
 6.198 
 
 6.664 
 
 6.721 
 
 7.048 
 
 7-300 
 
 2.750 
 
 5-944 
 
 6.385 
 
 6.675 
 
 6.890 
 
 7.415 
 
 7-479 
 
 7.849 
 
 8.135 
 
 3-000 
 
 6.531 
 
 7.020 
 
 7-342 
 
 7.582 
 
 8.166 
 
 8.238 
 
 8.650 
 
 8.969 
 
 3-250 
 
 7.H9 
 
 7.656 
 
 8.010 
 
 8.273 
 
 8.917 
 
 8.996 
 
 9-451 
 
 9.804 
 
 3-500 
 
 7.706 
 
 8.291 
 
 8.677 
 
 8.965 
 
 9.668 
 
 9-754 
 
 10.252 
 
 10.638 
 
 3-750 
 
 8.294 
 
 8.927 
 
 9-345 
 
 9-656 
 
 10.419 
 
 10.512 
 
 H.053 
 
 11.472 
 
 4.000 
 
 8.881 
 
 9.562 
 
 10.012 
 
 10.348 
 
 11.170 
 
 11.271 
 
 11.854 
 
 12.307 
 
 4.250 
 
 9.469 
 
 10.198 
 
 10.680 
 
 11.039 
 
 11.921 
 
 12.029 
 
 12.655 
 
 13.141 
 
 4-500 
 
 10.056 
 
 10.833 
 
 H.347 
 
 11.731 
 
 12.672 
 
 12.787 
 
 13-457 
 
 13-975 
 
 4-750 
 
 10.643 
 
 11.468 
 
 12.015 
 
 12 . 422 
 
 13.423 
 
 13.546 
 
 14.258 
 
 14.810 
 
 5.000 
 
 11.231 
 
 12.104 
 
 12.682 
 
 13.114 
 
 14.174 
 
 14.304 
 
 15.059 
 
 15.644 
 
 5.250 
 
 11.818 
 
 12.739 
 
 13.350 
 
 13-805 
 
 14.925 
 
 15.062 
 
 15.860 
 
 16.479 
 
 5-500 
 
 12.406 
 
 13-375 
 
 14.017 
 
 14-497 
 
 15 676 
 
 15.820 
 
 16.661 
 
 17.313 
 
 6.000 
 
 I3.58o 
 
 14.646 
 
 15.352 
 
 15.880 
 
 17.177 
 
 17-337 
 
 18.263 
 
 18.982 
 
 7.000 
 
 15-930 
 
 17.188 
 
 18.022 
 
 18.646 
 
 20.181 
 
 20.370 
 
 21 . 467 
 
 22.319 
 
 8.000 
 
 18.280 
 
 19.730 
 
 20.692 
 
 21.412 
 
 23.185 
 
 23-403 
 
 24.671 
 
 25.657 
 
 9.000 
 
 20.629 
 
 22.271 
 
 23.362 
 
 24.179 
 
 26.189 
 
 26.437 
 
 27.875 
 
 28.994 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 22.979 
 
 24.813 
 
 26.032 
 
 26.945 
 
 29.193 
 
 29.470 
 
 31.079 
 
 32.332 
 
 11.000 
 
 25.329 
 
 27-355 
 
 28.702 
 
 29.711 
 
 32.196 
 
 32.503 
 
 34.283 
 
 35.670 
 
 I2.OOO 
 
 27.678 
 
 29.897 
 
 31.372 
 
 32.477 
 
 35-200 
 
 35.536 
 
 37.487 
 
 39-007 
 
 13.000 
 
 30.028 
 
 32.439 
 
 34-043 
 
 35.243 
 
 38.204 
 
 38.569 
 
 40.691 
 
 42.345 
 
 14.000 
 
 32.377 
 
 34.981 
 
 36.713 
 
 38.009 
 
 41.208 
 
 41.602 
 
 43.895 
 
 45-682 
 
 15.000 
 
 34.727 
 
 37.523 
 
 39.383 
 
 40.775 
 
 44.212 
 
 44-636 
 
 47.099 
 
 49.020 
 
 16.000 
 
 
 40 . 065 
 
 42 . 053 
 
 43 . 542 
 
 47.215 
 
 47 . 669 
 
 50 . 303 
 
 52.357 
 
 17.000 
 
 
 42.606 
 
 44 . 723 
 
 46 . 308 
 
 50.219 
 
 50 . 702 
 
 53 507 
 
 55 695 
 
 18.000 
 
 
 
 47 393 
 
 49 . 074 
 
 53 . 223 
 
 53 735 
 
 56.711 
 
 59 . 032 
 
 19.000 
 
 
 
 
 51 . 840 
 
 56 . 227 
 
 56.768 
 
 59.915 
 
 62 370 
 
 20.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 59.231 
 
 59.8oi 
 
 63.119 
 
 65.708 
 
 2I.OOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 . 835 
 
 66 . 323 
 
 69.045 
 
 22.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 . 527 
 
 72.383 
 
 24.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight per Foot of Tubes 53 
 
 Weight per Foot of Tubes (or Outside Diameter Pipe) (Continued) 
 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 Outside 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 OO 
 
 
 
 000 
 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 
 
 *%2 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 18 /32 
 
 
 
 340 
 
 34375 
 
 350 
 
 375 
 
 .380 
 
 .400 
 
 .40625 
 
 .425 
 
 .000 
 
 2.396 
 
 2.409 
 
 2.429 
 
 2.503 
 
 
 
 
 
 .125 
 
 2.850 
 
 2.868 
 
 2.896 
 
 3.003 
 
 
 
 
 cSI.1 
 
 .250 
 
 3-304 
 
 3.327 
 
 3.364 
 
 3.504 
 
 
 
 
 
 .312 
 
 3.529 
 
 3-554 
 
 3.596 
 
 3-752 
 
 3-782 
 
 
 
 
 375 
 
 3.758 
 
 3-786 
 
 3-831 
 
 4.005 
 
 4.038 
 
 4.165 
 
 4-203 
 
 
 .500 
 
 4.212 
 
 4-244 
 
 4.298 
 
 4.505 
 
 4-545 
 
 4.699 
 
 4-745 
 
 4.879 
 
 .625 
 
 4.666 
 
 4.703 
 
 4.766 
 
 5.006 
 
 5.052 
 
 5-233 
 
 5.287 
 
 5.446 
 
 750 
 
 5.120 
 
 5.162 
 
 5-233 
 
 5.506 
 
 5.560 
 
 5.767 
 
 5.830 
 
 6.014 
 
 .875 
 
 5-573 
 
 5.621 
 
 5-700 
 
 6.007 
 
 6.067 
 
 6.301 
 
 6-372 
 
 6.581 
 
 .000 
 
 6.027 
 
 6.080 
 
 6.167 
 
 6.508 
 
 6.574 
 
 6.835 
 
 6.914 
 
 7.149 
 
 .125 
 
 6.481 
 
 6.539 
 
 6.635 
 
 7.008 
 
 7.082 
 
 7.369 
 
 7-457 
 
 7.716 
 
 .250 
 
 6.935 
 
 6.998 
 
 7.102 
 
 7.509 
 
 7.589 
 
 7.903 
 
 7-999 
 
 8.283 
 
 .500 
 
 7.843 
 
 7.916 
 
 8.036 
 
 8.510 
 
 8.603 
 
 8.971 
 
 9.084 
 
 9.418 
 
 750 
 
 8.751 
 
 8.834 
 
 8.971 
 
 9-512 
 
 9.618 
 
 10.039 
 
 IO.I69 
 
 10.553 
 
 3.000 
 
 9.659 
 
 9-751 
 
 9-905 
 
 10.513 
 
 10.633 
 
 11.107 
 
 11.253 
 
 11.688 
 
 3.250 10.566 
 
 10.669 
 
 10 . 840 
 
 11.514 
 
 11.647 
 
 12.175 
 
 12.338 
 
 12.822 
 
 3.500 n.474 
 
 H.587 
 
 11.774 
 
 12.515 
 
 12.662 
 
 13.243 
 
 13.423 
 
 13-957 
 
 3-750 
 
 12.382 
 
 12.505 
 
 12.709 
 
 13.517 
 
 13.677 
 
 I4-3II 
 
 14.507 
 
 15.092 
 
 4.000 
 
 13.290 
 
 13.423 
 
 13.643 
 
 14.518 
 
 14.691 
 
 15-379 
 
 15.592 
 
 16.227 
 
 4.250 
 
 14.198 
 
 14.341 
 
 14.578 
 
 15.519 
 
 15.706 
 
 16.447 
 
 16.677 
 
 I7.36i 
 
 4.500 
 
 15.106 
 
 15-258 
 
 15.512 
 
 16.520 
 
 16.720 
 
 17.515 
 
 17.762 
 
 18.496 
 
 4-750 
 
 16.013 
 
 16.176 
 
 16.447 
 
 17.522 
 
 17-735 
 
 18.583 
 
 18.846 
 
 19.631 
 
 5.000 
 
 16.921 
 
 17.094 
 
 I7.38I 
 
 18.523 
 
 18.750 
 
 19.651 
 
 19.931 
 
 20.766 
 
 5.250 
 
 17.829 
 
 18.012 
 
 18.316 
 
 19.524 
 
 19.764 
 
 20.719 
 
 2I.OI6 
 
 21.900 
 
 5-500 
 
 18.737 
 
 18.930 
 
 19.250 
 
 20.525 
 
 20.779 
 
 21.787 
 
 22.IOO 
 
 23.035 
 
 6.000 
 
 20.552 
 
 20.765 
 
 2I.I2O 
 
 22.528 
 
 22.808 
 
 23.923 
 
 24.270 
 
 25.305 
 
 7.000 
 
 24.184 
 
 24-437 
 
 24.858 
 
 26.533 
 
 26.867 
 
 28.195 
 
 28.609 
 
 29.844 
 
 8.000 
 
 27.815 
 
 28.108 
 
 28.596 
 
 30.538 
 
 30.925 
 
 32.467 
 
 32.947 
 
 34.383 
 
 9.000 
 
 3L446 
 
 31-779 
 
 32.334 
 
 34-543 
 
 34.983 
 
 36.739 
 
 37-286 
 
 38.922 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 35-077 
 
 35-451 
 
 36.072 
 
 38.548 
 
 39-042 
 
 41.011 
 
 41.625 
 
 43.461 
 
 11.000 
 
 38.709 
 
 39-122 
 
 39-810 
 
 42-553 
 
 43-100 
 
 45.283 
 
 45.964 
 
 48.000 
 
 12.000 
 
 42.340 
 
 42.793 
 
 43.548 
 
 46.558 
 
 47-159 
 
 49-555 
 
 50.303 
 
 52.539 
 
 13.000 
 
 45-971 
 
 46.464 
 
 47-286 
 
 50.563 
 
 51.217 
 
 53.827 
 
 54.641 
 
 57.078 
 
 14.000 
 
 49.602 
 
 50.136 
 
 5L024 
 
 54.568 
 
 55.276 
 
 58.100 
 
 58.980 
 
 61.617 
 
 15.000 
 
 53-234 
 
 53.807 
 
 54.762 
 
 58.573 
 
 59-334 
 
 62.372 
 
 63.319 
 
 66.156 
 
 16.000 
 
 56.865 
 
 57.478 
 
 58.500 
 
 62.579 
 
 63.393 
 
 66 . 644 
 
 67.658 
 
 70.695 
 
 17.000 
 
 60.496 
 
 61 . 150 
 
 62.238 
 
 66.584 
 
 67.451 
 
 70.916 
 
 71.997 
 
 75.235 
 
 18.000 
 
 64.127 
 
 64.821 
 
 65.976 
 
 70.589 
 
 7I.5IO 
 
 75-188 
 
 76.336 
 
 79-774 
 
 19.000 
 
 67.759 
 
 68.492 
 
 69.714 
 
 74-594 
 
 75.568 
 
 79.46o 
 
 80.674 
 
 84.313 
 
 20.000 
 
 7L390 
 
 72.164 
 
 73-452 
 
 78.599 
 
 79 . 626 
 
 83.732 
 
 85.013 
 
 88.852 
 
 2I.OOO 
 
 75-021 
 
 75.835 
 
 77.190 
 
 82.604 
 
 83.685 
 
 88.004 
 
 89.352 
 
 93-391 
 
 22.000 
 
 78.652 
 
 79.506 
 
 80.928 
 
 86.609 
 
 87.743 
 
 92.276 
 
 93.691 
 
 97-930 
 
 24.000 
 
 85.915 
 
 86.849 
 
 88.405 
 
 94.619 
 
 95.860 
 
 100.820 
 
 102.368 
 
 107.008 
 
 26.OOO 
 
 
 
 
 IO2 . 629 
 
 103 . 977 
 
 109 . 364 
 
 III.O46 
 
 116.086 
 
 28.00O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 117.908 
 
 119.724 
 
 125.164 
 
 3O.OOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
54 Weight per Foot of Tubes 
 
 Weight per Foot of Tubes (or Outside Diameter Pipe) (Continued) 
 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 
 
 Outside 
 
 
 
 oooo 
 
 
 
 
 
 diam- 
 
 
 eter 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 
 7 /l6 
 
 
 
 15 /32 
 
 V2 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 
 4375 
 
 .450 
 
 .454 
 
 .46875 
 
 .500 
 
 .550 
 
 .5625 
 
 .000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .125 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .250 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .312 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .375 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .500 
 
 4.964 
 
 5.046 
 
 5-071 
 
 5.162 
 
 5-340 
 
 5.58o 
 
 
 .625 
 
 5.548 
 
 5.647 
 
 5.677 
 
 5-788 
 
 6.007 
 
 6.314 
 
 
 750 
 
 6.132 
 
 6.247 
 
 6.284 
 
 6.414 
 
 6.675 
 
 7-048 
 
 7-134 
 
 .875 
 
 6.716 
 
 6.848 
 
 6.890 
 
 7.040 
 
 7-342 
 
 7.783 
 
 7-884 
 
 2.000 
 
 7-300 
 
 7-449 
 
 7.496 
 
 7-665 
 
 8.010 
 
 8.517 
 
 8.635 
 
 2.125 
 
 7.88 4 
 
 8.050 
 
 8.102 
 
 8.291 
 
 8.677 
 
 9-251 
 
 9-386 
 
 2.250 
 
 8.469 
 
 8.650 
 
 8.708 
 
 8.917 
 
 9-345 
 
 9.985 
 
 10.137 
 
 2.5OO 
 
 9.637 
 
 9.852 
 
 9.920 
 
 IO.I69 
 
 10.680 
 
 H.454 
 
 11.639 
 
 2.750 
 
 10.805 
 
 n.053 
 
 11.132 
 
 11.420 
 
 12.015 
 
 12.922 
 
 13.141 
 
 3.000 
 
 n.973 
 
 12.255 
 
 12.345 
 
 12.672 
 
 13.350 
 
 14-391 
 
 14.643 
 
 3.250 
 
 I3.I4I 
 
 13.456 
 
 13-557 
 
 13.923 
 
 14-685 
 
 15.860 
 
 16.145 
 
 3-500 
 
 14.309 
 
 14-658 
 
 14.769 
 
 I5-I75 
 
 16.020 
 
 17.328 
 
 17.647 
 
 3-750 
 
 15-477 
 
 15.860 
 
 I5.98I 
 
 16.427 
 
 17-355 
 
 18.797 
 
 19.149 
 
 4.000 
 
 16.646 
 
 17.061 
 
 17.193 
 
 17.678 
 
 18 . 690 
 
 20.265, 
 
 20.651 
 
 4.250 
 
 17-814 
 
 18.263 
 
 18.406 
 
 18.930 
 
 20.025 
 
 21.734 
 
 22.152 
 
 4-500 
 
 18.982 
 
 19.464 
 
 19.618 
 
 20.181 
 
 21.360 
 
 23 . 202 
 
 23.654 
 
 4-750 
 
 20.150 
 
 20.666 
 
 20.830 
 
 21.433 
 
 22.695 
 
 24.671 
 
 25.156 
 
 5.000 
 
 21.318 
 
 21.867 
 
 22.042 
 
 22.684 
 
 24.030 
 
 26.139 
 
 26.658 
 
 5-250 
 
 22.486 
 
 23.069 
 
 23-254 
 
 23.936 
 
 25.365 
 
 27.6o8 
 
 28.160 
 
 5-Soo 
 
 23.654 
 
 24.270 
 
 24.467 
 
 25.188 
 
 26.700 
 
 29.076 
 
 29 . 662 
 
 6.000 
 
 25.991 
 
 26.673 
 
 26.891 
 
 27.691 
 
 29.370 
 
 32.013 
 
 32.666 
 
 7.000 
 
 30.663 
 
 31-479 
 
 31 740 
 
 32.697 
 
 34-710 
 
 37-887 
 
 38.673 
 
 8.000 
 
 35.336 
 
 36.285 
 
 36.588 
 
 37.703 
 
 40.050 
 
 43.761 
 
 44-681 
 
 9.000 
 
 40.008 
 
 41.091 
 
 41-437 
 
 42.710 
 
 45-390 
 
 49.636 
 
 50.689 
 
 10.000 
 
 44.681 
 
 45.897 
 
 46.286 
 
 47.716 
 
 50.730 
 
 55-510 
 
 56.696 
 
 11.000 
 
 49-354 
 
 50.704 
 
 51.135 
 
 52.722 
 
 56.070 
 
 61.384 
 
 62 . 704 
 
 I2.00O 
 
 54.026 
 
 55-510 
 
 55.984 
 
 57-729 
 
 61.410 
 
 67.258 
 
 68.711 
 
 13.000 
 
 58.699 
 
 60.316 
 
 60.832 
 
 62.735 
 
 66.750 
 
 73.132 
 
 74.719 
 
 14.000 
 
 63.371 
 
 65.122 
 
 65.681 
 
 67.741 
 
 72.091 
 
 79.006 
 
 80.726 
 
 15.000 
 
 68.044 
 
 69.928 
 
 70-530 
 
 72.748 
 
 77-431 
 
 84.880 
 
 86.734 
 
 16.000 
 
 72.716 
 
 74-734 
 
 75-379 
 
 77-754 
 
 82.771 
 
 90.754 
 
 92.742 
 
 17.000 
 
 77.389 
 
 79-540 
 
 80.228 
 
 82.760 
 
 88. in 
 
 96.628 
 
 98.749 
 
 18.000 
 
 82.061 
 
 84.346 
 
 85.076 
 
 87.767 
 
 93-451 
 
 IO2 . 5O2 
 
 104-757 
 
 19.000 
 
 86.734 
 
 89.152 
 
 89.925 
 
 92.773 
 
 98.791 
 
 108.376 
 
 110.764 
 
 20.000 
 
 91.407 
 
 93.958 
 
 94-774 
 
 97-779 
 
 104.131 
 
 114.250 
 
 116.772 
 
 2I.OOO 
 
 96.079 
 
 98.764 
 
 99.623 
 
 102.786 
 
 109.471 
 
 120.125 
 
 122.780 
 
 22.000 
 
 100.752 
 
 103.570 
 
 104.472 
 
 107.792 
 
 114.811 
 
 125.999 
 
 128.787 
 
 24.OOO 
 
 110.097 
 
 113.182 
 
 114.169 
 
 117.805 
 
 125.491 
 
 137.747 
 
 140.802 
 
 26.000 
 
 119.442 
 
 122.795 
 
 123.867 
 
 127.817 
 
 136.172 
 
 149-495 
 
 152.818 
 
 28.00O 
 
 128.787 
 
 132.407 
 
 133.564 
 
 137.830 
 
 146.852 
 
 161.243 
 
 164.833 
 
 3O.OOO 
 
 138.132 
 
 142.019 
 
 143.262 
 
 147.843 
 
 157.532 
 
 172.991 
 
 176.848 
 
 
Weight per Foot of Tubes 55 
 
 Weight per Foot of Tubes (or Outside Diameter Pipe) (Continued) 
 
 
 Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 Outside 
 
 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 His 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 .600 
 
 .625 
 
 .650 
 
 .6875 
 
 .700 
 
 750 
 
 .800 
 
 .000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .125 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .250 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .312 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 375 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .625 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 750 
 
 7.369 
 
 7.509 
 
 7.636 
 
 7.801 
 
 
 
 
 .875 
 
 8.170 
 
 8.343 
 
 8.504 
 
 8.719 
 
 
 
 
 2.OOO 
 
 8.971 
 
 9.178 
 
 9-371 
 
 9.637 
 
 
 
 
 2.125 
 
 9-772 
 
 IQ.OI2 
 
 10.239 
 
 10.555 
 
 
 
 
 2.250 
 
 10.573 
 
 10.847 
 
 11.107 
 
 11.472 
 
 H.587 
 
 12.015 
 
 12.388 
 
 2.500 
 
 12.175 
 
 12.515 
 
 12.842 
 
 13.308 
 
 13-457 
 
 14.017 
 
 14.525 
 
 2.750 
 
 13-777 
 
 14.184 
 
 14.578 
 
 15.144 
 
 15.326 
 
 16.020 
 
 16.661 
 
 3.OOO 
 
 15-379 
 
 15.853 
 
 I6.3I3 
 
 16.979 
 
 17-195 
 
 18.022 
 
 18.797 
 
 3.250 
 
 16.981 
 
 17-522 
 
 18.049 
 
 18.815 
 
 19.064 
 
 20.025 
 
 20 933 
 
 3-500 
 
 18.583 
 
 19.190 
 
 19 . 784 
 
 20.651 
 
 20.933 
 
 22.027 
 
 23 069 
 
 3-750 
 
 20.185 
 
 20.859 
 
 21.520 
 
 22.486 
 
 22.802 
 
 24.030 
 
 25.205 
 
 4.OOO 
 
 21.787 
 
 22.528 
 
 23.256 
 
 24.322 
 
 24.671 
 
 26.032 
 
 27.341 
 
 4.250 
 
 23.389 
 
 24.197 
 
 24.991 
 
 26.158 
 
 26.540 
 
 28.035 
 
 29-477 
 
 4-500 
 
 24.991 
 
 25.866 
 
 26.727 
 
 27-993 
 
 28.409 
 
 30.037 
 
 31.613 
 
 4-750 
 
 26.593 
 
 27.534 
 
 28 . 462 
 
 29.829 
 
 30.278 
 
 32.040 
 
 33-749 
 
 5.000 
 
 28.195 
 
 29.203 
 
 30.198 
 
 31.665 
 
 32.147 
 
 34-043 
 
 35.885 
 
 5.250 
 
 29.797 
 
 30.872 
 
 3L933 
 
 33-500 
 
 34.oi6 
 
 36.045 
 
 38.021 
 
 5-500 
 
 31-399 
 
 32.541 
 
 33.669 
 
 35.336 
 
 35-885 
 
 38.048 
 
 40.157 
 
 6.000 
 
 34.603 
 
 35.878 
 
 37.140 
 
 39-007 
 
 39.623 
 
 42.053 
 
 44.429 
 
 7.000 
 
 41.011 
 
 42.553 
 
 44.082 
 
 46.350 
 
 47-099 
 
 50.063 
 
 52.973 
 
 8.000 
 
 47 419 
 
 49.228 
 
 51.024 
 
 53.692 
 
 54-575 
 
 58.073 
 
 61.517 
 
 9.000 
 
 53.827 
 
 55.903 
 
 57.966 
 
 61.035 
 
 62.051 
 
 66.083 
 
 70.061 
 
 10.000 
 
 60.236 
 
 62.579 
 
 64.908 
 
 68.378 
 
 69.527 
 
 74-093 
 
 78.605 
 
 11.000 
 
 66.644 
 
 69.254 
 
 71.850 
 
 75 - 720 
 
 77-003 
 
 82.103 
 
 87.150 
 
 12.000 
 
 73.052 
 
 75.929 
 
 78.792 
 
 83.063 
 
 84 . 480 
 
 90.113 
 
 95.694 
 
 13.000 
 
 79.460 
 
 82.604 
 
 85-734 
 
 90.405 
 
 9L956 
 
 98.123 
 
 104.238 
 
 14.000 
 
 85.868 
 
 89.279 
 
 92.677 
 
 97.748 
 
 99-432 
 
 106.134 
 
 112.782 
 
 15.000 
 
 92.276 
 
 95.954 
 
 99.619 
 
 105.091 
 
 106.908 
 
 114.144 
 
 121.326 
 
 16.000 
 
 98.684 
 
 102 . 629 
 
 106.561 
 
 "2.433 
 
 114.384 
 
 122.154 
 
 129.870 
 
 17.000 
 
 105.092 
 
 109.304 
 
 H3.503 
 
 119.776 
 
 121.860 
 
 130.164 
 
 138.414 
 
 18.000 
 
 111.500 
 
 115-979 
 
 120.445 
 
 127.118 
 
 129.336 
 
 138.174 
 
 146.958 
 
 19.000 
 
 117.908 
 
 122.654 
 
 127.387 
 
 I34.46I 
 
 136.812 
 
 146.184 
 
 155.503 
 
 20.000 
 
 124.317 
 
 129.330 
 
 134.329 
 
 141.804 
 
 144.288 
 
 154.194 
 
 164.047 
 
 21.000 
 
 130.725 
 
 136.005 
 
 141.271 
 
 149.146 
 
 151.765 
 
 162.204 
 
 172.591 
 
 22.00O 
 
 137.133 
 
 142.680 
 
 148.213 
 
 156.489 
 
 159-241 
 
 170.215 
 
 181.135 
 
 24.000 
 
 149-949 
 
 156.030 
 
 162.098 
 
 I7I.I74 
 
 174.193 
 
 186.235 
 
 198.223 
 
 26.000 
 
 162.765 
 
 169.380 
 
 175.982 
 
 185.859 
 
 189.145 
 
 202.255 
 
 215.312 
 
 28.000 
 
 175.581 
 
 182.730 
 
 189.866 
 
 200.545 
 
 204.097 
 
 218.275 
 
 
 3O.OOO 
 
 188.397 
 
 196.081 
 
 203.750 
 
 215.230 
 
 219.050 
 
 234.296 
 
 
 
56 Weight per Foot of Tubes 
 
 Weight per Foot of Tubes (or Outside Diameter Pipe) (Concluded) 
 
 
 . Fractions and decimals of an inch 
 
 Outside 
 
 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 18 /16 
 
 
 7 /8 
 
 
 1%6 
 
 
 i% 
 
 
 .8125 
 
 .850 
 
 -875 
 
 .900 
 
 .9375 
 
 I 
 
 1. 125 
 
 .000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .125 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .250 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .312 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .375 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .625 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 750 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .875 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.125 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.250 
 
 12.474 
 
 12.709 
 
 12.849 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.500 
 
 14.643 
 
 14.978 
 
 15.185 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.750 
 
 16.812 
 
 17.248 
 
 17 522 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.000 
 
 18.982 
 
 19.517 
 
 19.858 
 
 20.185 
 
 20.651 
 
 21.360 
 
 
 3.250 
 
 21.151 
 
 21.787 
 
 22 . 194 
 
 22 . 588 
 
 23-154 
 
 24.030 
 
 
 3-500 
 
 23.321 
 
 24-057 
 
 24-530 
 
 24.991 
 
 25.657 
 
 26.700 
 
 
 3-750 
 
 25.490 
 
 26.326 
 
 26.867 
 
 27-394 
 
 28.160 
 
 29.370 
 
 
 4.000 
 
 27.659 
 
 28.596 
 
 29.203 
 
 29-797 
 
 30.663 
 
 32.040 
 
 
 4.250 
 
 29.829 
 
 30.865 
 
 31-539 
 
 32.200 
 
 33.166 
 
 34-710 
 
 
 4-500 
 
 31.998 
 
 33-135 
 
 33.876 
 
 34.603 
 
 35.670 
 
 37.38o 
 
 
 4-750 
 
 34.168 
 
 35 404 
 
 36.212 
 
 37.006 
 
 38.173 
 
 40.050 
 
 
 5-000 
 
 36.337 
 
 37.674 
 
 38.548 
 
 39.409 
 
 40.676 
 
 42.720 
 
 
 5-250 
 
 38.506 
 
 39-943 
 
 40.884 
 
 41.812 
 
 43-179 
 
 45-390 
 
 
 5-500 
 
 40.676 
 
 42.213 
 
 43-221 
 
 44-215 
 
 45-682 
 
 48.060 
 
 
 6.000 
 
 45-015 
 
 46.752 
 
 47.893 
 
 49-021 
 
 50.689 
 
 53-400 
 
 
 7.000 
 
 53.692 
 
 55.830 
 
 57.238 
 
 58.634 
 
 60.701 
 
 64.080 
 
 
 8.000 
 
 62.370 
 
 64.908 
 
 66.584 
 
 68.246 
 
 70.714 
 
 74-761 
 
 
 9.000 
 
 71.048 
 
 73.986 
 
 75.929 
 
 77.858 
 
 80.726 
 
 85.441 
 
 
 10.000 
 
 79.725 
 
 83.064 
 
 85.274 
 
 87.470 
 
 90.739 
 
 96.121 
 
 
 II.OOO 
 
 88.403 
 
 92.143 
 
 94.619 
 
 97.082 
 
 100.752 
 
 106.801 
 
 
 I2.0OO 
 
 97.080 
 
 IOI.22I 
 
 103.964 
 
 106.694 
 
 110.764 
 
 117.481 
 
 
 13.000 
 
 105.758 
 
 110.299 
 
 113.309 
 
 116.306 
 
 120.777 
 
 128.161 
 
 142.680 
 
 14.000 
 
 114.436 
 
 119-377 
 
 122.654 
 
 125.919 
 
 130.790 
 
 138.842 
 
 154.695 
 
 15.000 
 16.000 
 
 123.113 
 I3I.79I 
 
 128.455 
 137-533 
 
 132.000 
 
 141.345 
 
 135.531 
 145.143 
 
 140.802 
 150.815 
 
 149-522 
 160.202 
 
 166.710 
 
 178.725 
 
 17.000 
 
 140 . 469 
 
 I46.6II 
 
 150.690 
 
 154.755 
 
 160.828 
 
 170.882 
 
 190.740 
 
 18.000 
 
 149 . 146 
 
 155.690 
 
 160.035 
 
 164.367 
 
 170.840 
 
 181.562 
 
 202 . 756 
 
 19.000 
 
 157.824 
 
 164.768 
 
 169.380 
 
 173.979 
 
 180.853 
 
 192.242 
 
 214.771 
 
 20.000 
 
 166.502 
 
 173.846 
 
 178.725 
 
 183.591 
 
 190.866 
 
 202.923 
 
 226.786 
 
 21.000 
 
 175.179 
 
 182.924 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22.000 
 
 183-857 
 
 I92.0O2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24.00O 
 
 201.212 
 
 210.158 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26.OOO 
 
 218.567 
 
 228.315 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3O.OOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
Length of Pipe for One Square Foot of Surface 57 
 
 Length of Pipe for One Square Foot of Surface 
 
 Size 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 3 
 w 
 
 Standard weight 
 pipe 
 
 Extra strong pipe 
 
 Double extra strong 
 pipe 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Length of 
 pipe in ft. 
 per.sq. ft. oi 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Length of 
 pipe in ft. 
 per sq. ft. of 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Length of 
 pipe in ft. per 
 sq. ft. of 
 
 External 
 surface 
 
 Internal 
 surface 
 
 External 
 surface 
 
 J| 
 
 External 
 surface 
 
 f| 
 
 11 
 
 y 
 
 % 
 % 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 IV4 
 1% 
 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 3% 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 .405 
 .540 
 .675 
 .840 
 
 1.050 
 1.315 
 1. 660 
 
 1.900 
 
 2.375 
 
 2.875 
 3-500 
 4.000 
 
 4.5oo 
 5.000 
 5.563 
 6.625 
 
 7.625 
 8.625 
 8.625 
 9.625 
 
 0.750 
 0.750 
 0.750 
 i.75o 
 
 2.750 
 2.750 
 4.000 
 5.000 
 
 6.000 
 
 .068 
 .088 
 .091 
 .109 
 
 .113 
 .133 
 .140 
 .145 
 
 .154 
 .203 
 .216 
 .226 
 
 .237 
 
 .247 
 .258 
 .280 
 
 .301 
 
 .277 
 .322 
 342 
 
 .279 
 .307 
 .365 
 375 
 
 330 
 
 .375 
 375 
 .375 
 
 .375 
 
 9-431 
 7-073 
 5.658 
 4-547 
 
 3.637 
 2.904 
 2.301 
 
 2.010 
 
 1. 608 
 1.328 
 I.09I 
 
 954 
 
 .848 
 .763 
 .686 
 .576 
 
 .500 
 442 
 
 442 
 .396 
 
 355 
 .355 
 .355 
 .325 
 
 .299 
 .299 
 .272 
 .254 
 
 .238 
 
 14.199 
 10.493 
 7-747 
 6.141 
 
 4.635 
 3.641 
 2.767 
 2.372 
 
 1.847 
 1.547 
 1.245 
 1.076 
 
 .948 
 .847 
 .756 
 .629 
 
 .543 
 
 473 
 .478 
 .427 
 
 .374 
 .376 
 .381 
 .347 
 
 .315 
 .318 
 .288 
 .268 
 
 .250 
 
 .095 
 .119 
 .126 
 
 .147 
 
 .154 
 .179 
 .191 
 
 .200 
 
 .218 
 .276 
 .300 
 .318 
 
 .337 
 .355 
 .375 
 .432 
 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 9-431 
 7-073 
 5.658 
 
 4-547 
 
 3.637 
 2.904 
 2.301 
 
 2.OIO 
 
 I. 608 
 1.328 
 I.09I 
 
 .954 
 
 .848 
 .763 
 .686 
 .576 
 
 .500 
 .442 
 
 17.766 
 12.648 
 9.030 
 
 6.995 
 
 5-147 
 3-991 
 2.988 
 2.546 
 
 1.969 
 1.644 
 I.3I7 
 1. 135 
 
 .998 
 .890 
 793 
 .663 
 
 .576 
 .500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 .294 
 
 .308 
 .358 
 .382 
 .400 
 
 .436 
 552 
 .600 
 .636 
 
 .674 
 .710 
 750 
 .864 
 
 .875 
 .875 
 
 4-547 
 
 3.637 
 2.904 
 2.301 
 
 2.OIO 
 
 1. 608 
 1.328 
 I.09I 
 
 .954 
 
 .848 
 .763 
 .686 
 .576 
 
 .500 
 
 442 
 
 15.157 
 
 8.801 
 6.376 
 4.263 
 3-472 
 
 2.541 
 2.156 
 i. 660 
 1.400 
 
 1. 211 
 
 1.066 
 .940 
 .780 
 
 .650 
 
 .555 
 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 .396 
 .355 
 
 .442 
 391 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 .325 
 .299 
 
 .355 
 .325 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .272 
 .254 
 
 .238 
 
 .293 
 .272 
 
 .254 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
58 
 
 Properties of Pipe 
 
 Strength factor Q 
 
 y 
 
 Properties of Pipe 
 
 foot pounds _ 7 27 OOP _i_ _ 9 7 
 
 1000 y i ooo 12 2 O. D. 
 
 = distance of farthest fiber from axis. 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 per 
 foot 
 
 Mo- 
 ment of 
 inertia 
 
 Section 
 modu- 
 lus 
 
 Area of 
 metal, 
 square 
 inches 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Strength 
 factor 
 
 O.D. 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 i/y 
 
 A 
 
 R*=I/A 
 
 R 
 
 Q 
 
 .375 
 
 .065 
 
 .215 
 
 0007939 
 
 .004234 
 
 .06330 
 
 .01254 
 
 .1120 
 
 .009526 
 
 .405 
 
 .068 
 
 .244 
 
 001064 
 
 .005252 
 
 .07199 
 
 .01477 
 
 .1215 
 
 .01182 
 
 .405 
 
 .095 
 
 .314 
 
 001216 
 
 .006004 
 
 .09252 
 
 .01314 
 
 .1146 
 
 .01351 
 
 .500 
 
 .065 
 
 .301 
 
 002148 
 
 .008592 
 
 .08883 
 
 .02418 
 
 .1555 
 
 .01933 
 
 .540 
 
 .088 
 
 .424 
 
 003312 
 
 .01227 
 
 .1250 
 
 .02651 
 
 .1628 
 
 .02760 
 
 540 
 
 .119 
 
 535 
 
 .003766 
 
 .01395 
 
 .1574 
 
 .02393 
 
 1547 
 
 .03138 
 
 .625 
 
 .069 
 
 .409 
 
 004729 
 
 .01513 
 
 .1205 
 
 .03924 
 
 .1981 
 
 .03405 
 
 .675 
 
 .091 
 
 .567 
 
 .007291 
 
 .02160 
 
 .1670 
 
 .04367 
 
 .2090 
 
 .04860 
 
 .675 
 
 .126 
 
 .738 
 
 .008619 
 
 .02554 
 
 .2173 
 
 .03966 
 
 .1991 
 
 .05746 
 
 750 
 
 .078 
 
 559 
 
 .009421 
 
 .02512 
 
 .1647 
 
 .05721 
 
 .2392 
 
 .05652 
 
 .840 
 
 .078 
 
 .634 
 
 .01369 
 
 .03261 
 
 .1867 
 
 .07334 
 
 .2708 
 
 .07336 
 
 .840 
 
 .109 
 
 .850 
 
 .01709 
 
 .04069 
 
 .2503 
 
 .06828 
 
 .2613 
 
 .09156 
 
 .840 
 
 147 
 
 1.087 
 
 .02008 
 
 .04780 
 
 .3200 
 
 .06273 
 
 2505 
 
 .1076 
 
 .840 
 
 .294 
 
 I.7I4 
 
 .02424 
 
 .05772 
 
 5043 
 
 .04807 
 
 .2192 
 
 .1299 
 
 .875 
 
 .078 
 
 .663 
 
 .01566 
 
 .03578 
 
 .1953 
 
 .08016 
 
 .2831 
 
 .08051 
 
 1. 000 
 
 .078 
 
 .768 
 
 .02418 
 
 .04836 
 
 .2259 
 
 .1070 
 
 .3271 
 
 .1088 
 
 I 050 
 
 .078 
 
 .809 
 
 .02831 
 
 .05392 
 
 .2382 
 
 .1189 
 
 .3448 
 
 .1213 
 
 1.050 
 
 .113 
 
 1.130 
 
 .03704 
 
 .07055 
 
 .3326 
 
 .1113 
 
 3337 
 
 .1587 
 
 1.050 
 
 .154 
 
 1-473 
 
 .04479 
 
 .08531 
 
 .4335 
 
 .1033 
 
 .3214 
 
 .1919 
 
 1.050 
 
 .308 
 
 2.440 
 
 .05792 
 
 .1103 
 
 .7180 
 
 .08068 
 
 .2840 
 
 .2482 
 
 1.250 
 
 .089 
 
 1. 103 
 
 .05502 
 
 .08803 
 
 .3246 
 
 .1695 
 
 .4117 
 
 .1981 
 
 1.315 
 
 .089 
 
 1.165 
 
 06474 
 
 .09847 
 
 .3428 
 
 .1889 
 
 .4346 
 
 .2216 
 
 1.315 
 
 133 
 
 1.678 
 
 08734 
 
 .1328 
 
 4939 
 
 .1769 
 
 .4205 
 
 .2989 
 
 1.315 
 
 .179 
 
 2.171 
 
 .1056 
 
 .1606 
 
 .6388 
 
 .1653 
 
 .4066 
 
 .3614 
 
 1.315 
 
 .358 
 
 3.659 
 
 .1405 
 
 .2136 
 
 1.076 
 
 .1305 
 
 .3613 
 
 .4807 
 
 1.500 
 
 095 
 
 1.425 
 
 .1039 
 
 .1386 
 
 .4193 
 
 .2479 
 
 4979 
 
 .3118 
 
 1.500 
 
 .109 
 
 1.619 
 
 .1159 
 
 .1545 
 
 .4763 
 
 .2433 
 
 4933 
 
 -3477 
 
 1.500 
 
 .110 
 
 1.632 
 
 .1167 
 
 .1556 
 
 .4803 
 
 .2430 
 
 .4930 
 
 .3502 
 
 1.500 
 
 .120 
 
 1.768 
 
 .1248 
 
 .1664 
 
 .5202 
 
 .2398 
 
 .4897 
 
 3743 
 
 1.500 
 
 .125 
 
 1.835 
 
 .1287 
 
 .1716 
 
 .5400 
 
 .2383 
 
 .4881 
 
 .3860 
 
 1.500 
 
 .134 
 
 1-954 
 
 .1354 
 
 .1806 
 
 5750 
 
 .2355 
 
 .4^53 
 
 .4063 
 
 1.500 
 
 135 
 
 1.968 
 
 .1362 
 
 .1815 
 
 .5789 
 
 .2352 
 
 .4850 
 
 .4085 
 
 1.500 
 
 .148 
 
 2.137 
 
 .1454 
 
 .1938 
 
 .6286 
 
 .2312 
 
 .4809 
 
 .436i 
 
 1.500 
 
 .150 
 
 2.162 
 
 .1467 
 
 .1956 
 
 .6362 
 
 .2306 
 
 .4802 
 
 .4402 
 
 1.660 
 
 .095 
 
 1.587 
 
 1435 
 
 .1729 
 
 .4671 
 
 .3073 
 
 5543 
 
 .3891 
 
 1.660 
 
 .140 
 
 2.272 
 
 .1947 
 
 .2346 
 
 .6685 
 
 .2913 
 
 5397 
 
 .5278 
 
 1.660 
 
 .191 
 
 2.996 
 
 .2418 
 
 .2913 
 
 .8815 
 
 .2743 
 
 5237 
 
 .6555 
 
 1.660 
 
 .382 
 
 5-214 
 
 3411 
 
 .4110 
 
 1-534 
 
 .2224 
 
 .4716 
 
 .9247 
 
 1.750 
 
 .095 
 
 1.679 
 
 .1697 
 
 .1939 
 
 4939 
 
 .3435 
 
 .5861 
 
 .4363 
 
 1.750 
 
 .109 
 
 1.910 
 
 .1900 
 
 .2171 
 
 .5619 
 
 .3381 
 
 .5815 
 
 .4885 
 
 
Properties of Pipe 59 
 
 Properties of Pipe (Continued) 
 
 , f footpounds / VX 27 
 Strength factor Q = = - X 
 
 DOO _ i o 7 
 
 
 X _ _ 
 
 1000 y i ooo 12 2 O. D. 
 
 y = distance of farthest fiber from axis. 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 foot 
 
 Mo- 
 ment of 
 inertia 
 
 Section 
 modu- 
 lus 
 
 Area of 
 metal, 
 square 
 inches 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Strength 
 factor 
 
 O.D. 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 l/y 
 
 A 
 
 R*=I/A 
 
 7* 
 
 Q 
 
 750 
 
 .no 
 
 1.926 
 
 .1914 
 
 .2187 
 
 .5667 
 
 .3377 
 
 .5811 
 
 .4922 
 
 750 
 
 .120 
 
 2.089 
 
 .2052 
 
 .2345 
 
 .6145 
 
 3339 
 
 -5779 
 
 .5276 
 
 750 
 
 .125 
 
 2.169 
 
 .2119 
 
 .2422 
 
 .6381 
 
 .3320 
 
 .5762 
 
 .5448 
 
 750 
 
 .134 
 
 2.312 
 
 .2236 
 
 .2555 
 
 .6803 
 
 .3287 
 
 5733 
 
 .5750 
 
 750 
 
 .135 
 
 2.328 
 
 .2249 
 
 .2570 
 
 .6849 
 
 .3283 
 
 5730 
 
 .5782 
 
 -750 
 
 .148 
 
 2.532 
 
 .2410 
 
 2754 
 
 7449 
 
 .3235 
 
 .5688 
 
 .6197 
 
 750 
 
 .150 
 
 2.563 
 
 2434 
 
 .2782 
 
 7540 
 
 .3228 
 
 .5682 
 
 .6259 
 
 .875 
 
 .095 
 
 i. 806 
 
 .2110 
 
 .2251 
 
 .5312 
 
 .3972 
 
 .6302 
 
 .5064 
 
 .875 
 
 .109 
 
 2.055 
 
 .2367 
 
 .2524 
 
 .6047 
 
 3913 
 
 .6256 
 
 .5680 
 
 .875 
 
 .110 
 
 2.073 
 
 .2384 
 
 .2543 
 
 .6099 
 
 3909 
 
 .6252 
 
 .5722 
 
 .875 
 
 .120 
 
 2.249 
 
 2559 
 
 .2730 
 
 .6616 
 
 .3868 
 
 .6219 
 
 .6142 
 
 .875 
 
 125 
 
 2.336 
 
 .2644 
 
 .2820 
 
 .6872 
 
 .3848 
 
 .6203 
 
 .6346 
 
 -875 
 
 .134 
 
 2.491 
 
 2793 
 
 .2980 
 
 7329 
 
 .3811 
 
 .6174 
 
 .6704 
 
 .875 
 
 .135 
 
 2.508 
 
 .2810 
 
 .2997 
 
 .738o 
 
 .3807 
 
 6170 
 
 .6743 
 
 .875 
 
 .148 
 
 2.729 
 
 .3016 
 
 .3217 
 
 .8030 
 
 .3756 
 
 .6128 
 
 .7237 
 
 .875 
 
 .150 
 
 2.763 
 
 .3046 
 
 .3250 
 
 .8129 
 
 3748 
 
 .6122 
 
 .7311 
 
 .900 
 
 .109 
 
 2.084 
 
 .2468 
 
 .2598 
 
 6l33 
 
 .4024 
 
 .6344 
 
 .5846 
 
 .900 
 
 .145 
 
 2.717 
 
 3099 
 
 .3262 
 
 7995 
 
 .3876 
 
 .6226 
 
 .7340 
 
 .900 
 
 159 
 
 2.956 
 
 3322 
 
 3497 
 
 .8697 
 
 .3820 
 
 .6181 
 
 .7869 
 
 .900 
 
 .200 
 
 3-631 
 
 3912 
 
 .4118 
 
 1.068 
 
 .3663 
 
 .6052 
 
 .9265 
 
 1.900 
 
 .400 
 
 6.408 
 
 .5678 
 
 .5977 
 
 1.885 
 
 .3013 
 
 .5489 
 
 1-345 
 
 2. OOO 
 
 095 
 
 1 932 
 
 .2586 
 
 .2586 
 
 .5685 
 
 .4548 
 
 .6744 
 
 .5817 
 
 2. OOO 
 
 .109 
 
 2.201 
 
 .2904 
 
 .2904 
 
 .6475 
 
 .4485 
 
 .6697 
 
 .6534 
 
 2. OOO 
 
 .no 
 
 2.22O 
 
 .2926 
 
 .2926 
 
 .6531 
 
 .4480 
 
 .6693 
 
 .6584 
 
 2. OOO 
 
 .120 
 
 2.409 
 
 .3144 
 
 .3144 
 
 .7087 
 
 .4436 
 
 .6660 
 
 7074 
 
 2.000 
 
 125 
 
 2.503 
 
 .3250 
 
 .3250 
 
 .7363 
 
 .4414 
 
 .6644 
 
 -7313 
 
 2.000 
 
 134 
 
 2.670 
 
 3437 
 
 .3437 
 
 .7855 
 
 .4375 
 
 .6614 
 
 .7732 
 
 2. OOO 
 
 .135 
 
 2.688 
 
 3457 
 
 3457 
 
 .7910 
 
 4371 
 
 .6611 
 
 7778 
 
 2.000 
 
 .148 
 
 2.927 
 
 3715 
 
 3715 
 
 .8611 
 
 .4315 
 
 .6569 
 
 .8360 
 
 2. OOO 
 
 .150 
 
 2.963 
 
 3754 
 
 .3754 
 
 .8718 
 
 .4306 
 
 .6562 
 
 .8447 
 
 2.250 
 
 .095 
 
 2.186 
 
 .3741 
 
 .3325 
 
 .6432 
 
 .5816 
 
 .7626 
 
 .7482 
 
 2.250 
 
 .100 
 
 2.296 
 
 .3911 
 
 3477 
 
 .6754 
 
 5791 
 
 .7610 
 
 .7822 
 
 2.250 
 
 .109 
 
 2.492 
 
 .4212 
 
 .3744 
 
 7332 
 
 .5745 
 
 .7579 
 
 .8423 
 
 2.250 
 
 .no 
 
 2.5U 
 
 .4245 
 
 3773 
 
 7395 
 
 5740 
 
 .7576 
 
 .8489 
 
 2.250 
 
 .120 
 
 2.729 
 
 .4568 
 
 .4061 
 
 .8030 
 
 .5689 
 
 .7543 
 
 .9137 
 
 2.250 
 
 .125 
 
 2.836 
 
 .4727 
 
 .4201 
 
 .8345 
 
 .5664 
 
 .7526 
 
 9453 
 
 2.250 
 
 .134 
 
 3.028 
 
 .5006 
 
 .4449 
 
 .8908 
 
 .5619 
 
 .7496 
 
 1. 001 
 
 2.250 
 
 .135 
 
 3-049 
 
 .5036 
 
 .4476 
 
 .8970 
 
 .5614 
 
 .7493 
 
 1.007 
 
 2.25O 
 
 .148 
 
 3-322 
 
 .5425 
 
 .4822 
 
 9773 
 
 .5550 
 
 7450 
 
 1.085 
 
 2.250 
 
 .150 
 
 3.364 
 
 .5483 
 
 .4874 
 
 .9896 
 
 .5541 
 
 .7444 
 
 1.097 
 
 
60 Properties of Pipe 
 
 Properties of Pipe (Continued) 
 
 ^trrntrth firtar O f Ot P ounds I ~ 2 ? - x 9 / 
 
 ocrcngtn idcior ^/ s\ /\ ~ 
 1000 y i ooo 12 2 O. D. 
 
 y = distance of farthest fiber from axis. 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 foot 
 
 Mo- 
 ment of 
 inertia 
 
 Section 
 modu- 
 lus 
 
 Area of 
 metal, 
 square 
 inches 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Strength 
 factor 
 
 O.D. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 l/y 
 
 A 
 
 R*=I/A 
 
 R 
 
 Q 
 
 2.375 
 
 .130 
 
 3-II7 
 
 .5796 
 
 .4881 
 
 .9169 
 
 .6321 
 
 7951 
 
 1.098 
 
 2.375 
 
 .134 
 
 3.207 
 
 5943 
 
 .5005 
 
 9434 
 
 .6300 
 
 7937 
 
 1.126 
 
 2.375 
 
 .154 
 
 3.652 
 
 .6657 
 
 ,5606 
 
 .075 
 
 .6196 
 
 .7871 
 
 1.261 
 
 2-375 
 
 .166 
 
 3.916 
 
 .7066 
 
 .5951 
 
 .152 
 
 .6134 
 
 .7832 
 
 1-339 
 
 2-375 
 
 .167 
 
 3.938 
 
 .7100 
 
 5979 
 
 .158 
 
 .6129 
 
 .7829 
 
 1.345 
 
 2.375 
 
 .187 
 
 4.380 
 
 7748 
 
 .6525 
 
 .285 
 
 .6028 
 
 ^.7764 
 
 1.468 
 
 2.375 
 
 .190 
 
 4-433 
 
 .7842 
 
 .6604 
 
 .304 
 
 .6013 
 
 7754 
 
 1.486 
 
 2.375 
 
 .218 
 
 5.022 
 
 .8679 
 
 .7309 
 
 .477 
 
 .5875 
 
 .7665 
 
 1.644 
 
 2.375 
 
 .436 
 
 9.029 
 
 I.3H 
 
 1.104 
 
 2.656 
 
 4937 
 
 .7027 
 
 2.485 
 
 2.500 
 
 .095 
 
 2.440 
 
 .5198 
 
 .4158 
 
 .7178 
 
 .7241 
 
 .8510 
 
 .9356 
 
 2.500 
 
 .108 
 
 2.759 
 
 .5816 
 
 .4653 
 
 .8116 
 
 .7167 
 
 .8466 
 
 1.047 
 
 2.500 
 
 .109 
 
 2.783 
 
 .5863 
 
 .4690 
 
 .8188 
 
 .7161 
 
 .8462 
 
 1.055 
 
 2.500 
 
 .110 
 
 2.807 
 
 .5910 
 
 .4728 
 
 .8259 
 
 7155 
 
 .8459 
 
 1.064 
 
 2.500 
 
 .120 
 
 3.050 
 
 .6369 
 
 .5095 
 
 .8972 
 
 .7098 
 
 .8425 
 
 1.146 
 
 2.500 
 
 .125 
 
 3.170 
 
 .6594 
 
 .5275 
 
 9327 
 
 .7070 
 
 .8409 
 
 1.187 
 
 2.500 
 
 .134 
 
 3.386 
 
 .6992 
 
 5594 
 
 .9960 
 
 .7020 
 
 .8378 
 
 1.259 
 
 2.500 
 
 .135 
 
 3.409 
 
 .7036 
 
 .5628 
 
 1.003 
 
 7014 
 
 .8375 
 
 1.266 
 
 2.500 
 
 .148 
 
 3.717 
 
 7592 
 
 .6074 
 
 1.094 
 
 .6942 
 
 .8332 
 
 1.367 
 
 2.500 
 
 .150 
 
 3.764 
 
 .7676 
 
 .6141 
 
 1.107 
 
 .6931 
 
 .8325 
 
 1.382 
 
 2.750 
 
 .109 
 
 3-074 
 
 .7898 
 
 5744 
 
 .9044 
 
 .8733 
 
 9345 
 
 1.292 
 
 2.750 
 
 .113 
 
 3.182 
 
 .8152 
 
 .5929 
 
 .936i 
 
 .8708 
 
 9332 
 
 1.334 
 
 2.875 
 
 .183 
 
 5.261 
 
 1.408 
 
 .9798 
 
 1.548 
 
 .9100 
 
 9540 
 
 2.205 
 
 2.875 
 
 .203 
 
 5-793 
 
 1-530 
 
 1.064 
 
 1.704 
 
 .8976 
 
 9474 
 
 2-394 
 
 2.875 
 
 .217 
 
 6.160 
 
 i.6n 
 
 1. 121 
 
 i. 812 
 
 .8890 
 
 .9429 
 
 2.521 
 
 2.875 
 
 .226 
 
 6.393 
 
 1.662 
 
 I.I56 
 
 1.881 
 
 .8835 
 
 .9400 
 
 2.601 
 
 2.875 
 
 .276 
 
 7.661 
 
 1.924 
 
 1-339 
 
 2.254 
 
 .8539 
 
 .9241 
 
 3.012 
 
 2.875 
 
 552 
 
 13.695 
 
 2.871 
 
 1.997 
 
 4.028 
 
 .7126 
 
 .8442 
 
 4-493 
 
 3.000 
 
 .095 
 
 2-947 
 
 .9156 
 
 .6104 
 
 .8670 
 
 1.056 
 
 1.028 
 
 1-373 
 
 3.ooo 
 
 .109 
 
 3.365 
 
 1.036 
 
 .6905 
 
 .9900 
 
 .046 
 
 .023 
 
 1.554 
 
 3.000 
 
 .no 
 
 3-395 
 
 1.044 
 
 .6961 
 
 .9987 
 
 .046 
 
 .023 
 
 1.566 
 
 3.ooo 
 
 .116 
 
 3-572 
 
 1.094 
 
 .7297 
 
 .051 
 
 .041 
 
 .020 
 
 1.642 
 
 3.000 
 
 .120 
 
 3.691 
 
 1.128 
 
 .7518 
 
 .086 
 
 .039 
 
 .019 
 
 1.691 
 
 3.000 
 
 .125 
 
 3.838 
 
 1.169 
 
 .7791 
 
 .129 
 
 .035 
 
 .017 
 
 1.753 
 
 3.000 
 
 .134 
 
 4.101 
 
 1.241 
 
 .8277 
 
 .207 
 
 .029 
 
 .014 
 
 1.862 
 
 3.000 
 
 .135 
 
 4.130 
 
 1.249 
 
 .8330 
 
 .215 
 
 .028 
 
 .014 
 
 1.874 
 
 3.000 
 
 .148 
 
 4.508 
 
 1.352 
 
 9013 
 
 .326 
 
 .019 
 
 .010 
 
 2.028 
 
 3.ooo 
 
 .150 
 
 4.565 
 
 1.367 
 
 .9116 
 
 .343 
 
 .018 
 
 .009 
 
 2.051 
 
 3.ooo 
 
 .165 
 
 4-995 
 
 1.481 
 
 .9876 
 
 .470 
 
 .008 
 
 .004 
 
 2.222 
 
 3.250 
 
 .120 
 
 4.011 
 
 1.447 
 
 .8906 
 
 .180 
 
 .226 
 
 .107 
 
 2.004 
 
 3.500 
 
 .120 
 
 4-331 
 
 1.822 
 
 1.041 
 
 .274 
 
 430 
 
 .196 
 
 2.343 
 
 
Properties of Pipe 61 
 
 Properties of Pipe (Continued) 
 
 o ^ t . ^ f ot pounds / ^, 27 ooo ^ i o / 
 Strength factor Q = = - X -* X = a 
 
 1000 y i ooo 12 2 0. D. 
 
 y = distance of farthest fiber from axis. 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 jThick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 per 
 foot 
 
 Mo- 
 ment of 
 inertia 
 
 Section 
 modu- 
 lus 
 
 Area of 
 metal, 
 square 
 inches 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Strength 
 factor 
 
 O.D. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 I/y 
 
 A 
 
 R*=I/A 
 
 R 
 
 Q 
 
 3.500 
 
 .125 
 
 4.505 
 
 1.890 
 
 1.080 
 
 1. 325 
 
 1.426 
 
 .194 
 
 2.430 
 
 3-Soo 
 
 .216 
 
 7-575 
 
 3.017 
 
 1.724 
 
 2 228 
 
 I -354 
 
 .164 
 
 3-879 
 
 3.500 
 
 .218 
 
 7.641 
 
 3.040 
 
 1-737 
 
 2 . 248 
 
 1.352 
 
 .163 
 
 3.908 
 
 3.500 
 
 .241 
 
 8.388 
 
 3.294 
 
 1.882 
 
 2.467 
 
 1-335 
 
 155 
 
 4.235 
 
 3.500 
 
 .255 
 
 8.837 
 
 3-443 
 
 1.967 
 
 2.60O 
 
 1.324 
 
 .151 
 
 4.427 
 
 3.500 
 
 .289 
 
 9-910 
 
 3-788 
 
 2.164 
 
 2.915 
 
 1.299 
 
 .140 
 
 4.870 
 
 3.500 
 
 .300 
 
 10.252 
 
 3.894 
 
 2.225 
 
 3.016 
 
 1.291 
 
 .136 
 
 5.007 
 
 3.500 
 
 .600 
 
 18.583 
 
 5-993 
 
 3.424 
 
 5.466 
 
 1.096 
 
 .04? 
 
 7.705 
 
 3-750 
 
 .120 
 
 4.652 
 
 2.257 
 
 1.203 
 
 1.368 
 
 1.649 
 
 .284 
 
 2.708 
 
 3-750 
 
 .129 
 
 4.988 
 
 2.408 
 
 1.284 
 
 1.467 
 
 1.641 
 
 .281 
 
 2.800 
 
 4.000 
 
 .128 
 
 5-293 
 
 2.921 
 
 1.461 
 
 1.557 
 
 1.876 
 
 370 
 
 3.286 
 
 4.000 
 
 .134 
 
 5-532 
 
 3.044 
 
 1.522 
 
 1.627 
 
 1.870 
 
 .368 
 
 3.425 
 
 4.000 
 
 .226 
 
 9-109 
 
 4-788 
 
 2.394 
 
 2.68o 
 
 1.787 
 
 337 
 
 5-386 
 
 4.000 
 
 .250 
 
 IO.OI2 
 
 5.200 
 
 2.6oo 
 
 2.945 
 
 1.766 
 
 .329 
 
 5.850 
 
 4.000 
 
 .318 
 
 12.505 
 
 6.280 
 
 3-140 
 
 3.678 
 
 1.707 
 
 .307 
 
 7.065 
 
 4.000 
 
 .636 
 
 22.850 
 
 9.848 
 
 4.924 
 
 6.721 
 
 1.465 
 
 .210 
 
 11.08 
 
 4.250 
 
 .138 
 
 6.060 
 
 3-772 
 
 1-775 
 
 1.783 
 
 2.116 
 
 455 
 
 3-994 
 
 4.500 
 
 134 
 
 6.248 
 
 4-384 
 
 1.948 
 
 1.838 
 
 2.385 
 
 544 
 
 4.384 
 
 4.500 
 
 .142 
 
 6.609 
 
 4.620 
 
 2.053 
 
 I 944 
 
 2-377 
 
 542 
 
 4.620 
 
 4.5oo 
 
 .205 
 
 9.403 
 
 6.393 
 
 2.841 
 
 2.766 
 
 2.311 
 
 520 
 
 6-393 
 
 4.500 
 
 .237 
 
 10.790 
 
 7-233 
 
 3.214 
 
 3-174 
 
 2.279 
 
 .510 
 
 7.233 
 
 4.500 
 
 .250 
 
 11-347 
 
 7.563 
 
 3.36l 
 
 3.33^ 
 
 2.266 
 
 505 
 
 7.563 
 
 4.500 
 
 .252 
 
 ".433 
 
 7-613 
 
 3.383 
 
 3.363 
 
 2.264 
 
 .505 
 
 7.613 
 
 4.5oo 
 
 255 
 
 11.561 
 
 7.688 
 
 3.417 
 
 3-401 
 
 2 . 26l 
 
 .504 
 
 7.688 
 
 4.500 
 
 .271 
 
 12.240 
 
 8.082 
 
 3-592 
 
 3.6oo 
 
 2.245 
 
 -498 
 
 8.082 
 
 4.500 
 
 337 
 
 14-983 
 
 9.610 
 
 4.271 
 
 4.407 
 
 2.181 
 
 477 
 
 9.610 
 
 4.500 
 
 .674 
 
 27.541 
 
 15.28 
 
 6.793 
 
 8.101 
 
 1.887 
 
 374 
 
 15.28 
 
 4-750 
 
 145 
 
 7.I3I 
 
 5.566 
 
 2.344 
 
 2.098 
 
 2.653 
 
 .629 
 
 5-273 
 
 4-750 
 
 193 
 
 9-393 
 
 7.185 
 
 3.025 
 
 2.763 
 
 2.600 
 
 .613 
 
 6.807 
 
 4-750 
 
 334 
 
 15.752 
 
 11.36 
 
 4.783 
 
 4.634 
 
 2.452 
 
 .566 
 
 10.76 
 
 5.000 
 
 134 
 
 6.963 
 
 6.068 
 
 2.427 
 
 2.048 
 
 2.962 
 
 .721 
 
 5.46r 
 
 5.000 
 
 .148 
 
 7.669 
 
 6.645 
 
 2.658 
 
 2.256 
 
 2.945 
 
 .716 
 
 5.98o 
 
 5.000 
 
 .152 
 
 7.870 
 
 6.808 
 
 2.723 
 
 2.315 
 
 2.941 
 
 .715 
 
 6.127 
 
 5.000 
 
 .247 
 
 12.538 
 
 10.44 
 
 4-177 
 
 3-688 
 
 2.832 
 
 .683 
 
 9-399 
 
 5.000 
 
 .250 
 
 12.682 
 
 10.55 
 
 4.220 
 
 3-731 
 
 2.828 
 
 .682 
 
 9.496 
 
 5.000 
 
 .288 
 
 14-493 
 
 11.88 
 
 4-751 
 
 4.263 
 
 2.786 
 
 .669 
 
 10.69 
 
 S.ooo 
 
 .306 
 
 15.340 
 
 12.48 
 
 4-992 
 
 4-512 
 
 2.766 
 
 .663 
 
 11.23 
 
 S.ooo 
 
 355 
 
 17.611 
 
 14.05 
 
 5.621 
 
 5.180 
 
 2.712 
 
 .647 
 
 12.65 
 
 S.ooo 
 
 .710 
 
 32.530 
 
 22.62 
 
 9.047 
 
 9.569 
 
 2.364 
 
 .537 
 
 20.35 
 
 5.250 
 
 .153 
 
 8.328 
 
 7-963 
 
 3-034 
 
 2.450 
 
 3.250 
 
 .803 
 
 6.826 
 
 
62 .Properties of Pipe 
 
 Properties of Pipe (Continued) 
 
 , , ~ foot pounds 
 Strength factor Q = = 
 
 / 27000 I 
 
 _9 / 
 
 = X "X 
 
 1000 y i ooo 12 2 U. D. 
 
 y = distance of farthest fiber from axis. 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 per 
 foot 
 
 Mo- 
 ment of 
 inertia 
 
 Section 
 modu- 
 lus 
 
 Area of 
 metal, 
 square 
 inches 
 
 fe- K'- 
 
 squared tlon 
 
 Strength 
 factor 
 
 O.D. 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 i/y 
 
 A 
 
 R*=I/A\ R Q 
 
 5.250 
 
 .182 
 
 9-851 
 
 9.315 
 
 3.549 
 
 2.898 
 
 3.215 
 
 1.793 
 
 7.985 
 
 5.250 
 
 .241 
 
 12.892 
 
 11.92 
 
 4 542 
 
 3-792 
 
 3-144 
 
 1.773 
 
 10.22 
 
 5.250 
 
 .301 
 
 15.909 
 
 14-38 
 
 5-478 
 
 4.680 
 
 3-073 
 
 1-753 i 12.33 
 
 5-500 
 
 .154 
 
 8.792 
 
 9.248 
 
 3.363 
 
 2 586 
 
 3-575 
 
 1.891 1 7.566 
 
 5.500 
 
 .228 
 
 12.837 
 
 13.14 
 
 4.78o 
 
 3.776 
 
 3 481 
 
 1.866 j 10.75 
 
 5.500 
 
 .304 
 
 16.870 
 
 16.80 
 
 6. in 
 
 4.962 
 
 3-386 
 
 1.840 
 
 13-75 
 
 5.563 
 
 .258 
 
 14.617 
 
 15.16 
 
 5-451 
 
 4.300 
 
 3.526 
 
 1.878 
 
 12,26 
 
 5.563 
 
 .293 
 
 16.491 
 
 16.89 
 
 6.073 
 
 4-851 
 
 3.482 
 
 1.866 
 
 13-66 
 
 5.563 
 
 .304 
 
 17.074 
 
 17.42 
 
 6.263 
 
 5.023 
 
 3-469 
 
 1.862 
 
 14.09 
 
 5.563 
 
 .375 
 
 20.778 
 
 20.67 
 
 7-431 
 
 6. 112 
 
 3.382 
 
 1.839 
 
 16.72 
 
 5.563 
 
 750 
 
 38.552 
 
 33.63 
 
 12.09 
 
 II.34 
 
 2.966 
 
 1.722 
 
 27.21 
 
 6. ooo 
 
 .140 
 
 8.762 
 
 11.07 
 
 3.690 
 
 2.577 
 
 4-295 
 
 2.072 
 
 8.302 
 
 6.000 
 
 .164 
 
 IO.222 
 
 12. 8l 
 
 4.270 
 
 3.007 
 
 4.261 
 
 2.064 
 
 9-6o8 
 
 6. ooo 
 
 .165 
 
 10.282 
 
 12.88 
 
 4-294 
 
 3.025 
 
 4 259 
 
 2.064 
 
 9.662 
 
 6.000 
 
 .190 
 
 11.789 
 
 14.65 
 
 4-883 
 
 3.468 
 
 4.224 
 
 2.055 
 
 10.99 
 
 6. ooo 
 
 .224 
 
 I3.8l8 
 
 16.98 
 
 5.659 
 
 4-065 
 
 4-177 
 
 2.044 
 
 12.73 
 
 6. ooo 
 
 .275 
 
 I6.8I4 
 
 20.31 
 
 6.770 
 
 4.946 
 
 4.106 
 
 2.026 
 
 15.23 
 
 6. ooo 
 
 .280 
 
 17.105 
 
 20.63 
 
 6.876 
 
 5.032 
 
 4.100 
 
 2.025 
 
 15-47 
 
 6. ooo 
 
 .324 
 
 19.641 
 
 23-34 
 
 7.78i 
 
 5-777 
 
 4.040 
 
 2.010 
 
 17.51 
 
 6.625 
 
 .169 
 
 11.652 
 
 17.87 
 
 5-395 
 
 3.428 
 
 5-214 
 
 2.283 
 
 12.14 
 
 6.625 
 
 .184 
 
 12.657 
 
 19.32 
 
 5-834 
 
 3.723 
 
 5.100 
 
 2.278 
 
 13.13 
 
 6.625 
 
 .185 
 
 12.724 
 
 19.42 
 
 5-863 
 
 3-743 
 
 5-188 
 
 2.278 
 
 13.19 
 
 6.625 
 
 .245 
 
 16.694 
 
 25.02 
 
 7-554 
 
 4-9II 
 
 5-096 
 
 2.257 
 
 17.00 
 
 6.625 
 
 .280 
 
 18.974 
 
 28.14 
 
 8.496 
 
 5.581 
 
 5-042 
 
 2.245 
 
 19.12 
 
 6.625 
 
 .281 
 
 19.039 
 
 28.23 
 
 8.522 
 
 5.6oo 
 
 5.041 
 
 2.245 
 
 19.17 
 
 6.625 
 
 .288 
 
 19-491 
 
 28.84 
 
 8.707 
 
 5-734 
 
 5.030 
 
 2.243 
 
 19-59 
 
 6.625 
 
 .300 
 
 20.265 
 
 29.88 
 
 9.020 
 
 5.96i 
 
 5.012 
 
 2.239 
 
 20.29 
 
 6.625 
 
 344 
 
 23.076 
 
 33-57 
 
 10.14 
 
 6.788 
 
 4-946 
 
 2.224 
 
 22.80 
 
 6.625 
 
 .385 
 
 25.658 
 
 36.87 
 
 II. 13 
 
 7 547 
 
 4.886 
 
 2.210 
 
 25.05 
 
 6.625 
 
 .417 
 
 27.648 
 
 39.36 
 
 11.88 
 
 8.133 
 
 4.839 
 
 2.200 
 
 26.73 
 
 6.625 
 
 .432 
 
 28.573 
 
 40.49 
 
 12.22 
 
 8.405 
 
 4-817 
 
 2.195 
 
 27.50 
 
 6.625 
 
 .864 
 
 53.l6o 
 
 66.33 
 
 20.02 
 
 15-64 
 
 4.242 
 
 2.060 
 
 45.o6 
 
 7.000 
 
 .149 
 
 10.902 
 
 18.82 
 
 5.378 
 
 3-207 
 
 5-870 
 
 2.423 
 
 12.10 
 
 7.000 
 
 .165 
 
 12.044 
 
 20.70 
 
 5.915 
 
 3-543 
 
 5.843 
 
 2.417 
 
 13 31 
 
 7.000 
 
 .174 
 
 12.685 
 
 21.75 
 
 6.213 
 
 3-731 
 
 5-828 
 
 2.414 
 
 13.98 
 
 7.000 
 
 .231 
 
 16.699 
 
 28.17 
 
 8.048 
 
 4.912 
 
 5-734 
 
 2.395 
 
 i8.il 
 
 7.000 
 
 .272 
 
 19-544 
 
 32.58 
 
 9-310 
 
 5-749 
 
 5-667 
 
 2.381 
 
 20.95 
 
 7.000 
 
 .275 
 
 19.751 
 
 32.90 
 
 9-400 
 
 5-810 
 
 5-662 
 
 2.380 
 
 21.15 
 
 7.000 
 
 .301 
 
 21.535 
 
 35.6i 
 
 IO.I7 
 
 6.335 
 
 5.621 
 
 2.371 
 
 22.89 
 
 7.000 
 
 .333 
 
 23.7H 
 
 38.85 
 
 II. 10 
 
 6.975 
 
 5-570 
 
 2.360 
 
 24-97 
 
 
Properties of Pipe 63 
 
 Properties of Pipe (Continued) 
 
 , .. ~ foot pounds / v 27 ooo i 
 Strength factor Q = = - X -* X 
 
 9 / 
 
 
 
 1000 y i ooo 12 2 O. D. 
 
 y = distance of farthest fiber from axis. 
 
 ' Exter- 
 nal 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 per 
 foot 
 
 Mo- 
 ment of 
 inertia 
 
 Section 
 modu- 
 lus 
 
 Area of 
 metal, 
 square 
 inches 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Strength 
 factor 
 
 O. D. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 i/y 
 
 A 
 
 R*=I/A 
 
 R 
 
 Q 
 
 7.000 
 
 .362 
 
 25.663 
 
 41.70 
 
 11.92 
 
 7-549 
 
 5.524 
 
 2.350 
 
 26.81 
 
 7.000 
 
 .393 
 
 27.731 
 
 44.67 
 
 12.76 
 
 8.157 
 
 5.476 
 
 2-340 
 
 28.72 
 
 7.625 
 
 .181 
 
 14.390 
 
 29-34 
 
 7.695 
 
 4.233 
 
 6.931 
 
 2.633 
 
 17.31 
 
 7.625 
 
 .301 
 
 23.544 
 
 46.52 
 
 12. 2O 
 
 6.926 
 
 6.716 
 
 2-592 
 
 27.45 
 
 7.625 
 
 .500 
 
 38.048 
 
 71-37 
 
 18.72 
 
 11.19 
 
 6.377 
 
 2.525 
 
 42.12 
 
 7.625 
 
 ,875 
 
 63.079 107.5 
 
 28.18 
 
 18.56 
 
 5-791 
 
 2.406 
 
 63.41 
 
 8.000 
 
 .I5& 
 
 13.233 
 
 29-93 
 
 7.484 
 
 3.893 
 
 7.690 
 
 2-773 
 
 16.84 
 
 8.000 
 
 .165 
 
 13.807 
 
 31.18 
 
 7-795 
 
 4.061 
 
 7.677 
 
 2.771 
 
 17.54 
 
 8.000 
 
 .185 
 
 15.441 
 
 34.69 
 
 8-674 
 
 4-542 
 
 7.639 
 
 2.764 
 
 19.52 
 
 8.000 
 
 .186 
 
 15.522 
 
 34.87 
 
 8-717 
 
 4.566 
 
 7.637 
 
 2.763 
 
 19.61 
 
 8.000 
 
 .236 
 
 19.569 
 
 43-41 
 
 10.85 
 
 5.756 
 
 7-542 
 
 2.746 
 
 24.42 
 
 8.000 
 
 -307 
 
 25.223 
 
 54.98 
 
 13-74 
 
 7-420 
 
 7-410 
 
 2.722 
 
 30.92 
 
 8.000 
 
 .322 
 
 26.404 
 
 57.34 
 
 14.33 
 
 7.767 
 
 7.382 
 
 2.717 
 
 32.25 
 
 8.625 
 
 .188 
 
 16.940 
 
 44.36 
 
 10.29 
 
 4.983 
 
 8.902 
 
 2.984 
 
 23.14 
 
 8.625 
 
 .217 
 
 19.486 
 
 50.69 
 
 11-75 
 
 5-732 
 
 8.843 
 
 2.974 
 
 26.44 
 
 8.625 
 
 .264 
 
 23.574 
 
 60.66 
 
 14.07 
 
 6.934 
 
 8.747 
 
 2.958 
 
 31.65 
 
 8.625 
 
 .277 
 
 24.696 
 
 63.35 
 
 14.69 
 
 7.265 
 
 8.721 
 
 2-953 
 
 33.05 
 
 8.625 
 
 .304 
 
 27.016 
 
 68.87 
 
 15.97 
 
 7-947 
 
 8.666 
 
 2.944 
 
 35-93 
 
 8.625 
 
 .311 
 
 27.615 
 
 70.28 
 
 16.30 
 
 8.123 
 
 8.652 
 
 2.941 
 
 36.67 
 
 8.625 
 
 .322 
 
 28.554 
 
 72.49 
 
 16.81 
 
 8.399 
 
 8.630 
 
 2.938 
 
 37-82 
 
 8.625 
 
 -352 
 
 31 ioi 
 
 78.41 
 
 18.18 
 
 9.149 
 
 8.571 
 
 2.928 
 
 40.91 
 
 8.625 
 
 .354 
 
 31.270 
 
 78.80 
 
 18.27 
 
 9.198 
 
 8.567 
 
 2.927 
 
 4I.II 
 
 8.625 
 
 .400 
 
 35-137 
 
 87.61 
 
 20.32 
 
 10.34 
 
 8.476 
 
 2.911 
 
 45-71 
 
 8.625 
 
 425 
 
 37.220 
 
 92.27 
 
 21.40 
 
 10.95 
 
 8.428 
 
 2.903 
 
 48.14 
 
 8.625 
 
 .487 
 
 42.327 
 
 103.4 
 
 23-99 
 
 12.45 
 
 8.308 
 
 2.882 
 
 53-97 
 
 8.625 
 
 .500 
 
 43-388 
 
 105.7 
 
 24 51 
 
 12.76 
 
 8.283 
 
 2.878 
 
 55.16 
 
 8.625 
 
 .875 
 
 72.424 
 
 162.0 
 
 37.56 
 
 21.30 
 
 7-604 
 
 2-757 
 
 84.51 
 
 9.000 
 
 .167 
 
 15-754 
 
 45.21 
 
 10.05 
 
 4-634 
 
 9-756 
 
 3.123 
 
 22.61 
 
 9.000 
 
 .180 
 
 16.955 
 
 48.52 
 
 10.78 
 
 4.988 
 
 9.728 
 
 3.H9 
 
 24.26 
 
 9.000 
 
 .196 
 
 18.429 
 
 52.55 
 
 11.68 
 
 5-421 
 
 9.694 
 
 3.H3 
 
 26.27 
 
 9.000 
 
 .250 
 
 23.362 
 
 65.82 
 
 14.63 
 
 6.872 
 
 9.578 
 
 3-095 
 
 32.91 
 
 9.000 
 
 342 
 
 31.624 
 
 87.30 
 
 19.40 
 
 9.302 
 
 9.385 
 
 3-063 
 
 43.65 
 
 9.625 
 
 342 
 
 33.907 
 
 107.6 
 
 22.35 
 
 9-974 
 
 10.79 
 
 3.284 
 
 50.30 
 
 9.625 
 
 .500 
 
 48.728 
 
 149-6 
 
 31.09 
 
 14-33 
 
 10.44 
 
 3.231 
 
 69.96 
 
 10. OOO 
 
 175 
 
 18.363 
 
 65.20 
 
 13-04 
 
 5.402 
 
 12.07 
 
 3-474 
 
 29-34 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 .203 
 
 21 . 24O 
 
 74-99 
 
 15.00 
 
 6.248 
 
 12.00 
 
 3.465 
 
 33.75 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 .208 
 
 21.752 
 
 76.72 
 
 15-34 
 
 6.399 
 
 11.99 
 
 3.463 
 
 34-53 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 .209 
 
 21.855 
 
 77.07 
 
 15.41 
 
 6.429 
 
 H.99 
 
 3.462 
 
 34.68 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 .270 
 
 28.057 
 
 97-75 
 
 19.55 
 
 8.253 
 
 11.84 
 
 3-441 
 
 43-99 
 
 10 000 
 
 .283 
 
 29.369 
 
 102.0 
 
 20.41 
 
 8.639 
 
 11.81 
 
 3-437 
 
 45-92 
 
 
64 
 
 Properties of Pipe 
 
 Strength factor Q 
 
 Properties of Pipe (Continued) 
 foot pounds / vx 27 ooo 
 
 2-JL. 
 2O. D. 
 
 y sa distance of farthest fiber from axis. 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 per 
 foot 
 
 Mo- 
 ment of 
 inertia 
 
 Section 
 modu- 
 lus 
 
 Area of 
 metal, 
 square 
 inches 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Strength 
 factor 
 
 O.D. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 i/y 
 
 A 
 
 R*=I/A 
 
 R 
 
 Q 
 
 10.000 
 
 .308 
 
 31.881 
 
 IIO. 2 
 
 22.05 
 
 9.378 
 
 11-75 
 
 3.428 
 
 49.60 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 .365 
 
 37-559 
 
 128.4 
 
 25.68 
 
 11.05 
 
 11.62 
 
 3.409 
 
 57.78 
 
 10.750 
 
 .279 
 
 31 . 201 
 
 125-9 
 
 23.42 
 
 9.178 
 
 13.71 
 
 3-703 
 
 52.69 
 
 10.750 
 
 .302 
 
 33.699 
 
 135-4 
 
 25.19 
 
 9.913 
 
 13-66 
 
 3.695 
 
 56.67 
 
 10.750 
 
 .307 
 
 34.240 
 
 137-4 
 
 25-57 
 
 10.07 
 
 13-64 
 
 3.694 
 
 57.52 
 
 10.750 
 
 .348 
 
 38.661 
 
 154-0 
 
 28.65 
 
 H.37 
 
 13-54 
 
 3.68o 
 
 64.46 
 
 10.750 
 
 .365 
 
 40.483 
 
 160.7 
 
 29.90 
 
 11.91 
 
 13.50 
 
 3.674 
 
 67.28 
 
 10.750 
 
 .395 
 
 43-684 
 
 172.5 
 
 32.09 
 
 12.. 85 
 
 13.42 
 
 3.66 4 
 
 72.20 
 
 10.750 
 
 .424 
 
 46.760 
 
 183.6 
 
 34.16 
 
 13-75 
 
 13-35 
 
 3.654 
 
 76.87 
 
 10.750 
 
 .483 
 
 52.962 
 
 205-7 
 
 38.28 
 
 15.58 
 
 13.21 
 
 3.634 
 
 86.12 
 
 10.750 
 
 .500 
 
 54-735 
 
 212.0 
 
 39-43 
 
 16.10 
 
 13.16 
 
 3.628 
 
 88.72 
 
 11.000 
 
 ,185 
 
 21.368 
 
 91-93 
 
 16.71 
 
 6.286 
 
 14.62 
 
 3.824 
 
 37.6i 
 
 11.000 
 
 .220 
 
 25.329 
 
 108.3 
 
 19.69 
 
 7.451 
 
 14-53 
 
 3.812 
 
 44.29 
 
 11.000 
 
 .224 
 
 25.780 
 
 IIO. I 
 
 2O.02 
 
 7.583 
 
 14.52 
 
 3.811 
 
 45-05 
 
 11.000 
 
 .290 
 
 33.I7I 
 
 I40.O 
 
 25.46 
 
 9.757 
 
 14-35 
 
 3-788 
 
 57-27 
 
 11.750 
 
 375 
 
 45-557 
 
 217.0 
 
 36.93 
 
 13.40 
 
 16.19 
 
 4.024 
 
 83.10 
 
 11.750 
 
 .500 
 
 60.075 
 
 280.1 
 
 47.68 
 
 17.67 
 
 15.85 
 
 3.981 
 
 107-3 
 
 12.000 
 
 .194 
 
 24.461 
 
 125.4 
 
 20.90 
 
 7-195 
 
 17-43 
 
 4-175 
 
 47.02 
 
 12.000 
 
 .229 
 
 28.788 
 
 146.7 
 
 24-45 
 
 8.468 
 
 17.33 
 
 4.162 
 
 55-02 
 
 12.000 
 
 .243 
 
 30.512 
 
 I55-I 
 
 25.86 
 
 8.975 
 
 17.29 
 
 4.158 
 
 58.18 
 
 12.000 
 
 .244 
 
 30.635 
 
 155-7 
 
 25.96 
 
 9.012 
 
 17.28 
 
 4-157 
 
 58.40 
 
 12.000 
 
 .308 
 
 38.460 
 
 193-5 
 
 32.24 
 
 11.31 
 
 17.10 
 
 4-135 
 
 72.55 
 
 12.000 
 
 .310 
 
 38.703 
 
 194-6 
 
 32.44 
 
 11.38 
 
 17.09 
 
 4-134 
 
 72.98 
 
 12.000 
 
 .375 
 
 46.558 
 
 231.6 
 
 38.60 
 
 13.70 
 
 16.91 
 
 4.112 
 
 86.85 
 
 12.750 
 
 .330 
 
 43-773 
 
 248.5 
 
 38.97 
 
 12.88 
 
 19.30 
 
 4-393 
 
 87.69 
 
 12.750 
 
 .375 
 
 49.562 
 
 279-3 
 
 43-82 
 
 14.58 
 
 19.16 
 
 4-377 
 
 98.59 
 
 12.750 
 
 .500 
 
 65.415 
 
 361.5 
 
 56.71 
 
 19.24 
 
 18.79 
 
 4-335 
 
 127.6 
 
 13-000 
 
 .202 
 
 27.610 
 
 166.3 
 
 25.59 
 
 8.122 
 
 20.48 
 
 4-525 
 
 57-57 
 
 13.000 
 
 .238 
 
 32.439 
 
 194-3 
 
 29.90 
 
 9.542 
 
 20.37 
 
 4.513 
 
 67.27 
 
 13.000 
 
 .247 
 
 33.642 
 
 2OI.3 
 
 30.96 
 
 9.896 
 
 20.34 
 
 4.510 
 
 69.67 
 
 13.000 
 
 .259 
 
 35.243 
 
 210.5 
 
 32.38 
 
 10.37 
 
 20.30 
 
 4.506 
 
 72.85 
 
 13-000 
 
 .281 
 
 38.171 
 
 227.2 
 
 34-95 
 
 11.23 
 
 20.23 
 
 4.498 
 
 78.63 
 
 13.000 
 
 .310 
 
 42.014 
 
 248.9 
 
 38.30 
 
 12.36 
 
 20.14 
 
 4.488 
 
 86.17 
 
 13.000 
 
 .320 
 
 43-335 
 
 256.4 
 
 39-44 
 
 12.75 
 
 20. ii 
 
 4.484 
 
 88.74 
 
 13.000 
 
 .359 
 
 48.467 
 
 285.0 
 
 43.85 
 
 14.26 
 
 19.99 
 
 4-471 
 
 98.65 
 
 13.000 
 
 .361 
 
 48.730 
 
 286.5 
 
 44.07 
 
 14-33 
 
 19.98 
 
 4-470 
 
 99-16 | 
 
 I4.OOO 
 
 .210 
 
 30.928 
 
 216.3 
 
 30.90 
 
 9-098 
 
 23.78 
 
 4.876 
 
 69.53 
 
 14.000 
 
 .248 
 
 36.424 
 
 253.4 
 
 36.20 
 
 10.71 
 
 23.65 
 
 4-863 
 
 81.46 
 
 I4.0OO 
 
 .250 
 
 36.713 
 
 255.3 
 
 36.47 
 
 10.80 
 
 23.64 
 
 4.862 
 
 82.06 
 
 14.000 
 
 .276 
 
 40.454 
 
 280.3 
 
 40.04 
 
 11.90 
 
 23-55 
 
 4.853 
 
 90.09 
 
 
Properties of Pipe 65 
 
 Properties of Pipe (Concluded) 
 
 P.L ^.i- t ^ r\ ft pounds 
 Strength factor Q = = 
 
 7_27ooo_ i 9 / 
 
 lf 
 
 = A A 
 
 1000 y i ooo 12 2 U. JL>. 
 
 y = distance of farthest fiber from axis. 
 
 Exter- 
 nal 
 diam- 
 eter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Weight 
 foot 
 
 Mo- 
 ment of 
 inertia 
 
 Section 
 modu- 
 lus 
 
 Area of 
 metal, 
 square 
 inches 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Strength 
 factor 
 
 O.D. 
 
 
 
 . / 
 
 l/y 
 
 A 
 
 R*=I/A 
 
 R 
 
 Q 
 
 14.000 
 
 .310 
 
 45.325 
 
 312.5 
 
 44.64 
 
 13-33 
 
 23.44 
 
 4.841 
 
 100.4 
 
 14.000 
 
 .328 
 
 47.894 
 
 329-4 
 
 47.05 
 
 14.09 
 
 23.38 
 
 4.835 
 
 105.9 
 
 14.000 
 
 375 
 
 54.568 
 
 372.8 
 
 53.25 
 
 16.05 
 
 23.22 
 
 4.819 
 
 119.8 
 
 14.000 
 
 .438 
 
 63.441 
 
 429.5 
 
 61.36 
 
 18.66 
 
 23.01 
 
 4.797 
 
 138.1 
 
 14.000 
 
 .500 
 
 72.091 
 
 483.8 
 
 69.11 
 
 21.21 
 
 22.81 
 
 4.776 
 
 155.5 
 
 15.000 
 
 .222 
 
 35.038 
 
 281.4 
 
 37.52 
 
 10.31 
 
 27.30 
 
 5.225 
 
 84.43 
 
 15.000 
 
 .259 
 
 40.775 
 
 325.9 
 
 43.45 
 
 11.99 
 
 27.17 
 
 5.213 
 
 97-77 
 
 15.000 
 
 .260 
 
 40.930 
 
 327.1 
 
 43.6i 
 
 12.04 
 
 27.17 
 
 5.212 
 
 98.13 
 
 15.000 
 
 .291 
 
 45.714 
 
 363.8 
 
 48.51 
 
 13.45 
 
 27.05 
 
 5.201 
 
 109.1 
 
 15.000 
 
 .320 
 
 50.171 
 
 397-7 
 
 53-03 
 
 14.76 
 
 26.95 
 
 5.I9I 
 
 II9-3 
 
 15.000 
 
 375 
 
 58.573 
 
 461.0 
 
 61.46 
 
 17.23 
 
 26.75 
 
 5.172 
 
 138.3 
 
 15.000 
 
 .438 
 
 68.119 
 
 531.6 
 
 70.88 
 
 20.04 
 
 26.53 
 
 5.I5I 
 
 159.5 
 
 15.000 
 
 .500 
 
 77-431 
 
 599-3 
 
 79-91 
 
 22.78 
 
 26.31 
 
 5.130 
 
 179.8 
 
 16.000 
 
 234 
 
 39-401 
 
 360.2 
 
 45-02 
 
 11.59 
 
 31.08 
 
 5-575 
 
 101.3 
 
 16.000 
 
 .270 
 
 45-359 
 
 412.8 
 
 51.60 
 
 13-34 
 
 30.94 
 
 5.562 
 
 116.1 
 
 16.000 
 
 .302 
 
 50.632 
 
 458.9 
 
 57.37 
 
 14.89 
 
 30.81 
 
 5.551 
 
 129.1 
 
 16.000 
 
 .330 
 
 55.228 
 
 498.9 
 
 62.36 
 
 16.25 
 
 30.71 
 
 5-541 
 
 140.3 
 
 16.000 
 
 375 
 
 62.579 
 
 562.1 
 
 70.26 
 
 18.41 
 
 30.54 
 
 5.526 
 
 158.1 
 
 16.000 
 
 .401 
 
 66.806 
 
 598.1 
 
 74.76 
 
 19.65 
 
 30.44 
 
 5.517 
 
 168.2 
 
 16.000 
 
 .500 
 
 82.771 
 
 731-9 
 
 91.49 
 
 24-35 
 
 30.06 
 
 5.483 
 
 205.9 
 
 17.000 
 
 .240 
 
 42.959 
 
 443-8 
 
 52.21 
 
 12.64 
 
 35.12 
 
 5.926 
 
 7.5 
 
 17.000 
 
 393 
 
 69.704 
 
 707.2 
 
 83.21 
 
 20.50 
 
 34-49 
 
 5.873 
 
 187.2 
 
 18.000 
 
 .245 
 
 46.458 
 
 538.6 
 
 59.85 
 
 13.67 
 
 39-41 
 
 6.278 
 
 134-7 
 
 18.000 
 
 .310 
 
 58.568 
 
 674.1 
 
 74-90 
 
 17.23 
 
 39-13 
 
 6.255 
 
 168.5 
 
 18.000 
 
 .409 
 
 76.840 
 
 874-8 
 
 97-20 
 
 22.60 
 
 38.70 
 
 6.221 
 
 218.7 
 
 18.000 
 
 .500 
 
 93-451 
 
 1053- 
 
 117.0 
 
 27-49 
 
 38.31 
 
 6.190 
 
 263.3 
 
 19.000 
 
 .259 
 
 51-840 
 
 669.6 
 
 70.49 
 
 15.25 
 
 43-91 
 
 6.627 
 
 158.6 
 
 20.000 
 
 .272 
 
 57.309 
 
 820.3 
 
 82.03 
 
 16.86 
 
 48.66 
 
 6.976 
 
 184.6 
 
 20.000 
 
 375 
 
 78.599 
 
 III3. 
 
 Hi. 3 
 
 23.12 
 
 48.16 
 
 6.940 
 
 250.5 
 
 20.000 
 
 .409 
 
 85-577 
 
 1208. 
 
 120.8 
 
 25.17 
 
 48.00 
 
 6.928 
 
 271.8 
 
 22.000 
 
 .301 
 
 69.756 
 
 1208. 
 
 109.8 
 
 20.52 
 
 58.87 
 
 7.672 
 
 247-1 
 
 22.0OO 
 
 .400 
 
 92.276 
 
 1584. 
 
 144.0 
 
 27.14 
 
 58.34 
 
 7.638 
 
 323.9 
 
 24.OOO 
 
 .330 
 
 83.423 
 
 1719. 
 
 143.2 
 
 24-54 
 
 70.05 
 
 8.369 
 
 322.3 
 
 26.000 
 
 .362 
 
 99-122 
 
 2396. 
 
 184 3 
 
 29.16 
 
 82.18 
 
 9.065 
 
 414.7 
 
 28.000 
 
 .396 
 
 116.746 
 
 3272. 
 
 233 7 
 
 34-34 
 
 95-27 
 
 9.760 
 
 525.8 
 
 30.000 
 
 432 
 
 136.421 
 
 4386. 
 
 292.4 
 
 40.13 
 
 109.3 
 
 10.45 
 
 658.0 
 
 
66 Bending Properties of Square Pipe 
 
 Bending Properties of Square Pipe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Solid 
 
 Solid 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 ^> 
 
 
 aJ 
 
 w 
 
 square bar 
 
 round bar 
 
 ^ j3 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 .2 
 
 IB 
 
 a 
 
 (steel) of 
 
 (steel) of 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "8 
 
 same 
 
 same 
 
 (U <U 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 IZj 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 strength 
 
 strength 
 
 
 Size 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 11 
 
 0) 
 
 11 
 
 O w 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 * 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 Jti 
 
 CO 
 
 'Hit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 K g, 
 
 CO 
 
 7 /8 
 
 .134 
 
 i. 4 6 
 
 .429 
 
 .037 
 
 .085 
 
 13 /16 
 
 2.25 
 
 15 /16 
 
 2.35 
 
 I 3 /4 
 
 I 
 
 .100 
 
 1.25 
 
 .367 
 
 .049 
 
 .098 
 
 13 /16 
 
 2.25 
 
 I 
 
 2.67 
 
 l8/ 4 
 
 I 
 
 .125 
 
 1.55 
 
 .455 
 
 .056 
 
 .113 
 
 7 /8 
 
 2.60 
 
 ll/lQ 
 
 3.01 
 
 1% 
 
 I 
 
 .188 
 
 2. II 
 
 .620 
 
 .070 
 
 .141 
 
 15 /l6 
 
 2.99 
 
 T- l /S 
 
 3.38 
 
 2 
 
 iy4 
 
 .125 
 
 1.97 
 
 .579 
 
 .120 
 
 .192 
 
 iMe 
 
 3.84 
 
 i*4 
 
 4-17 
 
 2H 
 
 
 .134 
 
 2.05 
 
 .603 
 
 .125 
 
 .2OI 
 
 ii/iQ 
 
 3.84 
 
 1^4 
 
 4.17 
 
 2 V4 
 
 iH 
 
 .156 
 
 2.29 
 
 .673 
 
 .138 
 
 .222 
 
 iy s 
 
 4.30 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 4.60 
 
 2% 
 
 \\JA 
 
 .188 
 
 2.48 
 
 .729 
 
 154 
 
 247 
 
 iMj 
 
 4.30 
 
 1% 
 
 5-05 
 
 
 1\A 
 
 .250 
 
 3.28 
 
 .964 
 
 .177 
 
 .283 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 4.80 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 5-52 
 
 2% 
 
 l\fa 
 
 .125 
 
 2.33 
 
 .685 
 
 .218 
 
 .291 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 4.80 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 5-52 
 
 2% 
 
 1^2 
 
 .140 
 
 2.55 
 
 750 
 
 .237 
 
 .316 
 
 
 5.31 
 
 
 6.01 
 
 2% 
 
 iy 2 
 
 .156 
 
 2.78 
 
 .817 
 
 .255 
 
 .341 
 
 iy4 
 
 5.31 
 
 m 
 
 6.01 
 
 2% 
 
 iy 2 
 
 .188 
 
 3-05 
 
 .897 
 
 .288 
 
 .385 
 
 i 5 /i6 
 
 5.86 
 
 I 9 /16 
 
 6.52 
 
 2 7 /8 
 
 iy 2 
 
 .250 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.176 
 
 .338 
 
 451 
 
 !% 
 
 6.43 
 
 
 7.60 
 
 3 
 
 
 .140 
 
 2.76 
 
 .811 
 
 .348 
 
 .412 
 
 1% 
 
 6.43 
 
 J % 
 
 7-05 
 
 2 7 /8 
 
 iHle 
 
 .156 
 
 3-00 
 
 .882 
 
 .377 
 
 447 
 
 1% 
 
 6.43 
 
 1% 
 
 7.05 
 
 3 
 
 1% 
 
 .188 
 
 3-75 
 
 1.103 
 
 .428 
 
 .508 
 
 fffa 
 
 7-03 
 
 "? 
 
 8.18 
 
 3 y 8 
 
 i^Vie 
 
 .250 
 
 4.60 
 
 1.353 
 
 .509 
 
 .604 
 
 IAQ 
 
 8.30 
 
 
 ;8.77 
 
 3^4 
 
 2 
 
 .125 
 
 3.10 
 
 .911 
 
 .551 
 
 .551 
 
 iy> 
 
 7.65 
 
 1% 8 
 
 8.18 
 
 3-V4 
 
 2 
 
 .134 
 
 
 .935 
 
 .583 
 
 .583 
 
 i% 
 
 7.65 
 
 
 8.77 
 
 3^4 
 
 2 
 
 .145 
 
 3-52 
 
 1.035 
 
 .620 
 
 .620 
 
 I 9 /16 
 
 8.30 
 
 l7 / g 
 
 9-39 
 
 3% 
 
 2 
 
 .188 
 
 4.39 
 
 1.291 
 
 .753 
 
 753 
 
 1% 
 
 8.98 
 
 2 
 
 10.68 
 
 3% 
 
 2 
 
 .250 
 
 5-40 
 
 1.588 
 
 .911 
 
 
 I s /4. 
 
 10.41 
 
 2 Vs 
 
 12.06 
 
 3 3 /4 
 
 2y 2 
 
 .188 
 
 
 1.647 
 
 1.559 
 
 1 .247 
 
 I 15 /46 
 
 12.76 
 
 2^/16 
 
 14.28 
 
 
 3 
 
 .200 
 
 7.06 
 
 2.076 
 
 2.941 
 
 1.961 
 
 & 
 
 17.22 
 
 2% 
 
 20.20 
 
 4 7 /8 
 
 For sections see pages 85 and 86. 
 
 All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. 
 
 In calculating the moments of inertia and section moduli the fillets were dis- 
 
 regarded. 
 
 The solid bars of same strength are given to the nearest merchant bar size. 
 
 The ratio of the flexural strength of steel to that of timber is assumed as ten 
 
 to one. 
 
Bending Properties of Rectangular Pipe 
 
 67 
 
 Bending Properties of Rectangular Pipe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Solid 
 
 -Solid 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 .2 
 
 08 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 square bar 
 (steel) of 
 
 round bar 
 (steel) of 
 
 In 
 
 
 1 
 
 Ti 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 same 
 
 same 
 
 '** S 
 
 Size 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 "o 
 
 
 strength 
 
 strength 
 
 | 
 
 
 3 
 
 J3 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 Is 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 ! S 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 be O 
 
 1 
 
 |l 
 
 *O 
 
 go 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^g, 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 CO 
 
 & 
 
 .140 
 
 1.67 
 
 491 
 
 .108 
 
 .172 
 
 i 
 
 3-40 
 
 18/16 
 
 3-77 
 
 21/8 
 
 iHXi 
 
 .188 
 
 2.05 
 
 .603 
 
 .128 
 
 .204 
 
 iyie 
 
 3.84 
 
 34 
 
 4-17 
 
 a% 
 
 iy 2 xi}4 
 
 .122 
 
 2.05 
 
 .603 
 
 .185 
 
 .247 
 
 iys 
 
 4-30 
 
 18/8 
 
 5-05 
 
 2y 2 
 
 iy 2 xiy* 
 
 .145 
 
 2.24 
 
 .658 
 
 .209 
 
 .279 
 
 i 8 A 
 
 4.80 
 
 I%6 
 
 5.52 
 
 2y 2 
 
 1^2X1*4 
 
 .156 
 
 2.40 
 
 .706 
 
 .220 
 
 .294 
 
 18/16 
 
 4-80 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 5-52 
 
 2% 
 
 1^X1% 
 
 .188 
 
 2.85 
 
 .838 
 
 .248 
 
 330 
 
 M4 
 
 5.31 
 
 iy 2 
 
 6.01 
 
 28/4 
 
 iy 2 xiH 
 
 .250 
 
 3-67 
 
 1.079 
 
 .289 
 
 .385 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 5.86 
 
 I 9 /16 
 
 6.52 
 
 2% 
 
 2 xiy 4 
 
 .134 
 
 2.53 
 
 .744 
 
 .408 
 
 .408 
 
 1% 
 
 6.43 
 
 1% 
 
 7-05 
 
 2% 
 
 2 xiy 2 
 
 .145 
 
 3.00 
 
 .882 
 
 495 
 
 495 
 
 17/16 
 
 7-03 
 
 iiy 16 
 
 7.60 
 
 3 y 8 
 
 2 xiy 2 
 
 .188 
 
 3-6i 
 
 1.061 
 
 598 
 
 .598 
 
 i 9 /ie 
 
 8.30 
 
 i 18 Ae 
 
 8.77 
 
 3 8 /8 
 
 2 xiy 2 
 
 .250 
 
 4-65 
 
 1.367 
 
 .718 
 
 .718 
 
 i% 
 
 8.98 
 
 i 15 /4e 
 
 10.02 
 
 3y 2 
 
 2y 2 xiy 2 
 
 .145 
 
 3-52 
 
 1.035 
 
 .864 
 
 .691 
 
 i% 
 
 8.98 
 
 H%6 
 
 10.02 
 
 3y 2 
 
 2y 2 xiy 2 
 
 .188 
 
 4-39 
 
 1.291 
 
 1.055 
 
 .844 
 
 Utte 
 
 9.68 
 
 2 
 
 10.68 
 
 3% 
 
 2y 2 xiy 2 
 
 .250 
 
 5-40 
 
 1.588 
 
 1.286 
 
 1.029 
 
 I 18 /16 
 
 11.17 
 
 21/4 
 
 13.52 
 
 4 
 
 3 X2 
 
 .188 
 
 5.6o 
 
 1.647 
 
 2.054 
 
 1.369 
 
 2 
 
 13.60 
 
 2^6 
 
 15.86 
 
 48/8 
 
 3 X2 
 
 .200 
 
 6.00 
 
 1.764 
 
 2.156 
 
 1.437 
 
 2M " 
 
 14.46 
 
 27/16 
 
 15.86 
 
 48/8 
 
 For sections see pages 87 and 88. 
 
 All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. 
 
 The sections are supposed to have their greatest dimensions in the plane of the 
 loading. 
 
 In calculating the moments of inertia and section moduli the fillets were dis- 
 regarded. 
 
 The solid bars of same strength are given to the nearest merchant bar size. 
 
 The ratio of the flexurai strength of steel to that of timber is assumed as ten 
 to one. 
 
68 Hydrostatic Test Pressures 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures 
 Standard Pipe Black and Galvanized 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 com- 
 plete 
 
 Test pressure in 
 pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 com- 
 plete 
 
 Test pressure in 
 pounds 
 
 Butt 
 
 Lap 
 
 Butt 
 
 Lap 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 8/4 
 
 I 
 
 iVi 
 i% 
 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 4% 
 5 
 
 .245 
 .425 
 -568 
 .852 
 
 1. 134 
 1.684 
 2.281 
 2.731 
 
 3.678 
 5.8i9 
 7.616 
 9.202 
 
 10.889 
 12.642 
 14 810 
 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 
 700 
 800 
 800 
 
 IOOO 
 1000 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 IS 
 
 19-185 
 23.769 
 25.000 
 28.809 
 
 34-188 
 32.000 
 35-000 
 41.132 
 
 46.247 
 45-000 
 50.706 
 55.824 
 
 60.375 
 64.500 
 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 800 
 
 IOOO 
 
 900 
 600 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 600 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 700 
 600 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Line Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 com- 
 plete 
 
 Test pressure in 
 pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 com- 
 plete 
 
 Test pressure in 
 pounds 
 
 ... Butt 
 
 Lap 
 
 Butt 
 
 Lap 
 
 Vs 
 
 V4 
 % 
 % 
 
 8 /4 
 I 
 1^4 
 
 iy 2 
 
 2 
 
 2V 2 
 
 |i 
 
 & 
 
 5 
 
 .246 
 .426 
 571 
 .856 
 
 1.138 
 1.688 
 2.300 
 2.748 
 
 3.7i6 
 5.881 
 7.675 
 9.261 
 
 10.980 
 12.742 
 14.966 
 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 
 700 
 700 
 
 1200 
 I20O 
 
 1200 
 1200 
 1200 
 
 1700 
 
 1800 
 1800 
 1800 
 1700 
 
 1600 
 1600 
 1500 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 19-367 
 23-975 
 25.414 
 29.213 
 
 34.6i2 
 32.515 
 35.504 
 41.644 
 
 46.805 
 45-217 
 50.916 
 56.649 
 
 60.802 
 64.955 
 
 
 1500 
 
 1200 
 IOOO 
 1200 
 
 I2OO 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 IOOO 
 
 900 
 800 
 900 
 
 750 
 
 750 
 750 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hydrostatic Test Pressures 69 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures (Continued) 
 Drive Pipe Extra-Strong Pipe Black and Galvanized 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test 
 pressure 
 in 
 pounds 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight per 
 foot 
 plain ends 
 
 Test pressure in 
 pounds 
 
 Butt 
 
 Lap 
 
 2 
 
 2^2 
 
 3 
 
 3*6 
 
 41/2 
 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 
 IO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 I7O.D. 
 iSO.D. 
 2oO.D. 
 
 3-730 
 5.906 
 7-705 
 9.294 
 10.995 
 12.758 
 14.989 
 19.408 
 24.021 
 25-495 
 29.303 
 32.334 
 34-711 
 32.631 
 35.628 
 41.785 
 46.953 
 45-358 
 51-067 
 56.849 
 61.005 
 65.161 
 73-000 
 81.000 
 90.000 
 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 75b 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 650 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 650 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 600 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 
 n 
 i 
 
 8 /4 
 
 I 
 
 IV4 
 
 iy 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 y 2 
 3y 2 
 
 4 
 
 & 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 314 
 535 
 .738 
 1.087 
 1.473 
 2.171 
 2.996 
 3.631 
 5.022 
 7.661 
 10.252 
 12.505 
 14.983 
 17.611 
 20.778 
 28.573 
 38.048 
 43.388 
 48.728 
 54-735 
 60.075 
 65.415 
 72.091 
 77-431 
 82.771 
 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 
 2500 
 2500 
 
 200O 
 200O 
 2OOO 
 2000 
 I800 
 I800 
 I800 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 I2OO 
 1 100 
 IIOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oil-Well Tubing 
 
 In addition to the above test, on sizes Vs" 
 to i" inclusive, the pipe is jarred with a 
 hammer while under pressure. 
 
 Double Extra-Strong Pipe 
 Black and Galvanized 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test 
 pressure 
 in 
 pounds 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight per 
 foot 
 plain ends 
 
 Test pressure in 
 pounds 
 
 Butt 
 
 Lap 
 
 M 
 
 iVa 
 
 2 
 2 
 21/2 
 
 m 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3$ 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 2.300 
 2.748 
 4.000 
 4 5oo 
 5.897 
 6.250 
 7.694 
 8.500 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 9.261 
 10.980 
 11.750 
 
 1800 
 1800 
 
 2200 
 2500 
 2000 
 22OO 
 I800 
 2OOO 
 2200 
 1500 
 1500 
 I800 
 
 y 2 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 i}4 
 
 iy 2 
 
 2 
 
 2y 2 
 3y 2 
 
 4 
 
 4y 2 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 1.714 
 
 2.440 
 3-659 
 5.214 
 6.408 
 9.029 
 13.695 
 18.583 
 22.850 
 27.541 
 32.530 
 38.552 
 53.i6o 
 63.079 
 72.424 
 
 700 
 700 
 700 
 
 2200 
 2200 
 220O 
 2200 
 
 3000 
 3000 
 3000 
 3000 
 2500 
 2500 
 
 2000 
 2000 
 2000 
 2OOO 
 2000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
70 Hydrostatic Test Pressures 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures (Continued) 
 
 Standard Boston Casing 
 
 Size . 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 2 
 
 2V4 
 
 2% 
 2 8 /4 
 
 2 34 
 
 2 82 
 
 3 25 
 3.65 
 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 
 5% 
 5% 
 5% 
 
 12. OO 
 
 14.00 
 17 oo 
 
 12.00 
 
 800 
 900 
 
 IOOO 
 
 750 
 
 3V4 
 
 3% 
 3 8 /i 
 
 4.10 
 4.60 
 5 10 
 
 750 
 750 
 75o 
 750 
 
 61/4 
 65/ 8 
 
 6% 
 
 7V4 
 
 13.00 
 13.00 
 17.00 
 
 14.75 
 
 800 
 750 
 900 
 75o 
 
 4V4 
 
 4% 
 
 6. 20 
 6.75 
 9-50 
 7-25 
 
 750 
 750 
 900 
 750 
 
 7% 
 7% 
 
 8V4 
 
 16.00 
 20.00 
 17-50 
 
 20.00 
 
 750 
 800 
 750 
 800 
 
 4% 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 9-50 
 8.00 
 8.50 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 900 
 750 
 750 
 800 
 
 8% 
 9% 
 
 105/8 
 
 24.00 
 19.00 
 22.75 
 
 26.75 
 
 800 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 
 5 
 5 g 
 
 5 5 /8 6 
 
 13.00 
 16.00 
 9.00 
 10.50 
 
 IOOO 
 1200 
 
 750 
 750 
 
 H% 
 12% 
 13% 
 
 14% 
 
 15% 
 
 31.50 
 36.50 
 
 42.00 
 
 47.50 
 52.50 
 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 Boston Casing Pacific Couplings 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 3 8 /4 
 
 4 
 
 4V4 
 
 5.678 
 6.223 
 6.779 
 9-547 
 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 900 
 
 5 5 /8 
 
 6V4 
 
 6V4 
 
 17.033 
 11.986 
 13.046 
 13.028 
 
 IOOO 
 
 750 
 800 
 800 
 
 4% 
 4% 
 4 8 /4 
 5 
 
 7.309 
 9 550 
 8.093 
 8.562 
 
 75o 
 900 
 75o 
 750 
 
 65/8 
 
 6% 
 
 7% 
 7% 
 
 13.122 
 17.076 
 16.038 
 20.037 
 
 750 
 900 
 75o 
 800 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 
 10.071 
 10.057 
 13-085 
 13-072 
 
 800 
 800 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 85/8 
 
 9% 
 
 9% 
 
 105/8 
 
 19-123 
 
 22 . 802 
 30 . 250 
 26.978 
 
 750 
 750 
 900 
 750 
 
 5 
 
 5% 
 5% 
 55/8 
 
 16.062 
 10.528 
 12.063 
 14.069 
 
 I2OO 
 
 750 
 800 
 900 
 
 12% 
 
 13% 
 
 14% 
 
 31.872 
 36.685 
 41-975 
 48.018 
 53-068 
 
 5oo 
 500 
 500 
 5oo 
 500 
 
 
Hydrostatic Test Pressures 71 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures (Continued) 
 
 California Diamond BX Casing 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 5% 
 
 20.00 
 
 1500 
 
 8*4 
 
 38.00 
 
 1300 
 
 6V4 
 
 20.00 
 
 1400 
 
 8V4 
 
 43-00 
 
 1500 
 
 6U 
 
 24.00 
 
 1500 
 
 9% 
 
 33-00 
 
 IOOO 
 
 6V4 
 
 26.00 
 
 1600 
 
 10 
 
 40.00 
 
 800 
 
 61/4 
 
 28.00 
 
 1700 
 
 10 
 
 45.oo 
 
 900 
 
 6% 
 
 20.00 
 
 1 200 
 
 10 
 
 48.00 
 
 IOOO 
 
 6% 
 
 26.00 
 
 1400 
 
 10 
 
 54 oo 
 
 1200 
 
 6% 
 
 28.00 
 
 1500 
 
 11%. 
 
 40.00 
 
 800 
 
 6% 
 
 30.00 
 
 1600 
 
 12% 
 
 40.00 
 
 700 
 
 7% 
 
 26.00 
 
 I2OO 
 
 12% 
 
 45-00 
 
 800 
 
 8% 
 
 28.00 
 
 IOOO 
 
 12% 
 
 50.00 
 
 900 
 
 8-Vi 
 
 32.00 
 
 IIOO 
 
 I3V2 
 
 50.00 
 
 800 
 
 8V4 
 
 36.00 
 
 1200 
 
 15% 
 
 70.00 
 
 800 
 
 South Penn Casing 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 5 8 /io 
 
 13.000 
 
 IOOO 
 
 6% 
 
 24.000 
 
 I2OO 
 
 5 8 /16 
 
 17.000 
 
 1 200 
 
 8^4 
 
 24.000 
 
 IOOO 
 
 6V4 
 
 13.000 
 
 800 
 
 8V4 
 
 28.000 
 
 I2OO 
 
 m 
 
 17.000 
 
 IOOO 
 
 IO 
 
 32.515 
 
 800 
 
 6% 
 
 17.000 
 
 900 
 
 10 
 
 35-000 
 
 000 
 
 6% 
 
 20.000 
 
 IOOO 
 
 12% 
 
 50.000 
 
 800 
 
 Inserted Joint Casing 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 2 
 
 2.296 
 
 75o 
 
 5% 
 
 11.789 
 
 800 
 
 2*4 
 
 2.759 
 
 750 
 
 6^4 
 
 11.652 
 
 750 
 
 2% 
 
 3.182 
 
 750 
 
 6% 
 
 12.685 
 
 750 
 
 2% 
 
 3-572 
 
 750 
 
 7U 
 
 14.390 
 
 750 
 
 1% 
 
 4. on 
 
 4.505 
 
 75o 
 750 
 
 1 
 
 15.522 
 16.940 
 
 75o 
 750 
 
 3% 
 
 4.988 
 
 750 
 
 
 18.429 
 
 750 
 
 3 8 /4 
 
 5-532 
 
 750 
 
 9% 
 
 21.855 
 
 750 
 
 4 
 
 6.060 
 
 750 
 
 -10% 
 
 25.780 
 
 750 
 
 4V4 
 
 6.609 
 
 750 
 
 11% 
 
 30.512 
 
 500 
 
 4% 
 
 7.131 
 
 750 
 
 12% 
 
 35-243 
 
 500 
 
 4/4 
 
 7.870 
 
 750 
 
 13% 
 
 40.454 
 
 500 
 
 5 
 
 8.328 
 
 750 
 
 14% 
 
 45-714 
 
 500 
 
 5 8 Ae 
 
 8.792 
 
 750 
 
 15% 
 
 50.632 
 
 500 
 
 5% 
 
 10.222 
 
 750 
 
 
 
 
 
72 Hydrostatic Test Pressures 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures (Continued) 
 
 Standard Boiler Tubes and Flues Lap Welded 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 i% 
 
 | 
 
 1.679 
 1.932 
 2.186 
 2.783 
 
 750 
 75o 
 750 
 75o 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10.282 
 12.044 
 13.807 
 16.955 
 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 3V4 
 
 3V 2 
 
 3 074 
 3.365 
 4. on 
 4.331 
 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 75o 
 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 21 . 240 
 25.329 
 28.788 
 32.439 
 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 
 3 3 /4 
 
 4 
 4Va 
 5 
 
 4.652 
 5-532 
 6.248 
 7.669 
 
 750 
 750 
 500 
 500 
 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 36.424 
 40.775 
 45-359 
 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 
 Locomotive Boiler Tubes. Lap Welded Open-hearth Steel 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 1% 
 
 l 8 /4 
 1% 
 1% 
 
 .095 
 .109 
 
 .110 
 .120 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
 IOOO 
 
 2V4 
 2V4 
 
 2V4 
 
 m 
 
 .134 
 .135 
 .148 
 .150 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 1% 
 1% 
 1% 
 1% 
 
 .125 
 .134 
 .135 
 .148 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 2V 2 
 2V 2 
 2V 2 
 
 2V 2 
 
 .095 
 .109 
 
 .110 
 .120 
 
 800 
 800 
 800 
 800 
 
 I 8 /4 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 .150 
 .095 
 .109 
 .no 
 
 IOOO 
 
 900 
 900 
 
 900 
 
 2V 2 
 2V 2 
 *% 
 
 2V 2 
 
 .125 
 .134 
 .135 
 .148 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 900 
 
 IOOO 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 .120 
 .125 
 
 .134 
 .135 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 2V 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 .150 
 .095 
 .109 
 
 .110 
 
 IOOO 
 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2^4 
 3% 
 
 .148 
 .150 
 .095 
 .109 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO * 
 
 900 
 
 900 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 .120 
 .125 
 .134 
 .135 
 
 750 
 750 
 900 
 900 
 
 2V4 
 
 2% 
 2V4 
 
 .110 
 .120 
 
 .125 
 
 900 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 .148 
 .150 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 . 
 
Hydrostatic Test Pressures 
 
 73 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures (Continued) 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 13 
 13 
 
 1-952 
 3-392 
 5 339 
 7.019 
 
 8.872 
 11.028 
 13.405 
 15.614 
 
 15-945 
 18.621 
 23-557 
 18.610 
 
 22.001 
 
 28.309 
 
 21.638 
 25.600 
 
 33.445 
 24.880 
 31.057 
 39.129 
 
 28.060 
 34.095 
 
 700 
 700 
 600 
 600 
 
 600 
 600 
 600 
 700 
 
 500 
 600 
 700 
 500 
 
 600 
 700 
 500 
 600 
 
 700 
 500 
 600 
 700 
 
 600 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 42.472 
 31.536 
 37 324 
 45 941 
 
 35 686 
 41.581 
 50.826 
 40.089 
 
 46.050 
 55.923 
 43.687 
 47.384 
 
 59-501 
 52.815 
 58.332 
 79.631 
 
 71.098 
 93.629 
 84.882 
 100.697 
 
 119.021 
 138.851 
 
 650 
 500 
 550 
 600 
 
 500 
 55o 
 600 
 500 
 
 550 
 600 
 450 
 450 
 
 500 
 450 
 450 
 500 
 
 450 
 500 
 450 
 450 
 
 450 
 450 
 
 Reamed and Drifted Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure in 
 pounds 
 
 Butt 
 
 Lap 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure in 
 pounds 
 
 Butt Lap 
 
 2 
 2 
 2% 
 
 3\2 
 
 3.697 
 4.OOO 
 5.843 
 7-675 
 9.26l 
 
 1000 
 1000 
 
 1500 
 1800 
 1500 
 1500 
 
 IOOO 
 
 10.980 
 12.742 
 14.966 
 19.367 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 Air Line Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 iV 2 
 
 3.000 
 
 2OOO 
 
 4 
 
 11.750 
 
 1800 
 
 2 
 
 2V 2 
 
 4.000 
 6.500 
 
 2000 
 2OOO 
 
 I 
 
 17.000 
 
 21.000 
 
 1700 
 1600 
 
 3 
 
 9.000 
 
 2000 
 
 
 
 
74 Hydrostatic Test Pressures 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures (Continued) 
 
 Converse Lock Joint Pipe 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 2 
 
 2.207 
 
 700 
 
 13 
 
 45.387 
 
 650 
 
 3 
 
 3-931 
 
 700 
 
 14 
 
 35.013 
 
 Soo 
 
 4 
 
 5-991 
 
 600 
 
 14 
 
 40.714 
 
 55o 
 
 5 
 
 7-932 
 
 600 
 
 14 
 
 49-204 
 
 600 
 
 6 
 
 9.969 
 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 39-731 
 
 Soo 
 
 7 
 
 12.419 
 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 45.538 
 
 550 
 
 8 
 
 15.008 
 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 54.646 
 
 600 
 
 8 
 
 17.190 
 
 700 
 
 16 
 
 45.847 
 
 500 
 
 9 
 
 17.958 
 
 500 
 
 16 
 
 5L7I3 
 
 550 
 
 9 
 
 20.602 
 
 600 
 
 16 
 
 61 . 428 
 
 600 
 
 9 
 
 25 - 477 
 
 700 
 
 17 
 
 49.850 
 
 450 
 
 10 
 
 20.801 
 
 5oo 
 
 18 
 
 55-123 
 
 450 
 
 10 
 
 24.148 
 
 600 
 
 18 
 
 67.030 
 
 5oo 
 
 10 
 
 30.375 
 
 700 
 
 19 
 
 61.081 
 
 450 
 
 II 
 
 23.963 
 
 500 
 
 20 
 
 68.337 
 
 450 
 
 II 
 
 27.875 
 
 600 
 
 20 
 
 89.244 
 
 500 
 
 II 
 
 35 619 
 
 700 
 
 22 
 
 82.868 
 
 45o 
 
 12 
 
 27-795 
 
 500 
 
 22 
 
 104.958 
 
 Soo 
 
 12 
 
 33-885 
 
 600 
 
 24 
 
 99.789 
 
 450 
 
 12 
 
 41-844 
 
 700 
 
 26 
 
 120.555 
 
 450 
 
 13 
 
 3I-I79 
 
 500 
 
 28 
 
 142.000 
 
 450 
 
 13 
 
 37 129 
 
 600 
 
 30 
 
 166.828 
 
 450 
 
 Kimberley Joint Pipe 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 External 
 diameter 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 6 
 
 9.623 
 
 600 
 
 14 
 
 38.657 
 
 550 
 
 7 
 
 11.930 
 
 600 
 
 14 
 
 47.269 
 
 600 
 
 8 
 
 I4-37I 
 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 37-094 
 
 Soo 
 
 8 
 
 16.579 
 
 700 
 
 IS 
 
 42.986 
 
 550 
 
 9 
 
 17.032 
 
 Soo 
 
 15 
 
 52.226 
 
 600 
 
 9 
 
 19.707 
 
 600 
 
 16 
 
 41.596 
 
 500 
 
 9 
 
 24 640 
 
 700 
 
 16 
 
 47-554 
 
 550 
 
 10 
 
 19 779 
 
 500 
 
 16 
 
 57.422 
 
 600 
 
 10 
 
 23.169 
 
 600 
 
 17 
 
 47-737 
 
 450 
 
 IO 
 
 29-474 
 
 700 
 
 18 
 
 51.486 
 
 450 
 
 II 
 
 22.924 
 
 500 
 
 18 
 
 63.596 
 
 500 
 
 II 
 
 26.884 
 
 600 
 
 19 
 
 57-118 
 
 450 
 
 II 
 
 34.727 
 
 700 
 
 20 
 
 62.865 
 
 450 
 
 12 
 
 26.128 
 
 Soo 
 
 20 
 
 84.154 
 
 500 
 
 12 
 
 32.302 
 
 600 
 
 22 
 
 75.839 
 
 450 
 
 12 
 
 40.370 
 
 700 
 
 22 
 
 98.359 
 
 500 
 
 13 
 
 29-443 
 
 500 
 
 24 
 
 90.034 
 
 450 
 
 13 
 
 35 - 475 
 
 600 
 
 26 
 
 106.260 
 
 450 
 
 13 
 
 43.848 
 
 650 
 
 28 
 
 124.413 
 
 450 
 
 14 
 
 32.873 
 
 Soo 
 
 30 
 
 144.616 
 
 450 
 
 
Hydrostatic Test Pressures 75 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures (Continued) 
 Allison Vanishing Thread Tubing Ends Upset 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 2 
 
 2V 2 
 336 
 
 4 
 
 3-731 
 
 5.903 
 7.699 
 9.287 
 10.984 
 
 1800 
 
 2100 
 
 1900 
 1500 
 1500 
 
 4% 
 
 i 
 
 12.744 
 14.962 
 19-359 
 23-957 
 29.196 
 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 
 1200 
 I2OO 
 
 Allison Vanishing Thread Tubing Not Upset 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 && 
 
 iVu 
 
 2 
 
 2V 2 
 
 3 
 
 3V X 2 
 
 2.303 
 2-751 
 3.723 
 5.893 
 
 7.689 
 9.276 
 
 1200 
 
 1700 
 1700 
 
 2OOO 
 
 1800 
 1500 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 10.973 
 12.733 
 14.946 
 19.338 
 
 23.936 
 29 . 167 
 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 
 1200 
 
 1 200 
 
 Flush Joint Tubing 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 Test pressure 
 in pounds 
 
 3% 
 
 41/2 
 
 6O.D. 
 6 
 ?O.D. 
 
 80.D. 
 8 
 
 7-575 
 9 109 
 10 790 
 12.538 
 
 14 617 
 17.105 
 18.974 
 21.535 
 
 23-544 
 26.404 
 28.554 
 
 1000 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 IOOO 
 
 90.D. 
 9 
 loO.D. 
 10 
 
 I20.D. 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 iSO.D. 
 
 31 624 
 33.907 
 37-559 
 40.483 
 
 46.558 
 49.562 
 63.441 
 68.119 
 
 82 771 
 93 451 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
 800 
 800 
 800 
 750 
 
 750 
 750 
 
 Test applied on pipe prior to threading. 
 
76 Hydrostatic Test Pressures 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures (Concluded) 
 Dry Kiln Pipe Tuyere Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 plain ends 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 i 
 
 1% 
 
 1.697 
 2.304 
 
 700 
 700 
 
 i 
 
 iU 
 
 2.171 
 2.996 
 
 700 
 1500 
 
 In addition to the above test the 
 pipe is jarred with a hammer while i 
 under pressure. 
 
 Full Weight Drill Pipe 
 
 California Diamond BX Drive Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 4V4 
 
 4V 2 
 4V 2 
 
 16.000 
 12.850 
 15.000 
 
 1800 
 1400 
 1700 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 
 In addition to the above test the 
 pipe is jarred with a hammer while 
 under pressure. 
 
 Special Upset Rotary Pipe 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4V2 
 
 11.055 
 11.815 
 12.744 
 15.055 
 19.463 
 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 1500 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 Special Rotary Pipe 
 
 2V 2 
 
 m 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 7.841 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 12.632 
 
 15.323 
 
 17.000 
 20.000 
 
 19.551 
 28.948 
 
 2000 
 2500 
 1800 
 
 2OOO 
 
 I600 
 I9OO 
 1500 
 I800 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 2V 2 
 
 2y 2 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 ? 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 7.830 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 12.500 
 15.000 
 
 15.500 
 18.000 
 17.500 
 
 21.000 
 
 23 500 
 29.000 
 
 2000 
 2500 
 I800 
 2OOO 
 
 1600 
 I800 
 I600 
 I800 
 
 I5OO 
 I800 
 
 California Special External 
 Upset Tubing 
 
 Size 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 complete 
 
 Test pres- 
 sure in 
 pounds 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 8.627 
 12.500 
 
 2000 
 
 1800 
 
 
 
Pipe Joints 
 
 77 
 
 Fig. 5. Typical Section of Standard Pipe Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 22.) 
 
 Fig. 6. Typical Section of Line Pipe Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 23.) 
 
 Fig. 7. Typical Section of Drive Pipe Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 24.) 
 
78 
 
 Pipe Joints 
 
 Fig. 8. Typical Section of Standard Boston Casing Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 26.) 
 
 Fig. 9. Typical Section of Boston Casing Pacific Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 28.) 
 
 K---L H 
 
 Fig. 10. Typical Section of Inserted Joint Casing 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 27.) 
 
Pipe Joints 
 
 79 
 
 Fig. ii. Typical Section of Special Rotary Pipe Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 34.) 
 
 Fig. 12. Typical Section of Special Upset Rotary Pipe Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 34.) 
 
 Fig. 13. Typical Section of Reamed and Drifted Pipe Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 35.) 
 
80 
 
 Pipe Joints 
 
 Fig. 14. Typical Section of Flush Joint Tubing 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 32.) 
 
 Fig. 15. Typical Section of Full Weight Drill Pipe Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 36.) 
 
 Fig. 1 6. Typical Section of Air Line Pipe Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 36.) 
 
Pipe Joints 
 
 81 
 
 Fig. 17. Typical Section of Oil Well Tubing Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 30.) 
 
 Fig. 1 8. Typical Section of Allison Vanishing Thread Tubing Coupling 
 
 and Joint Not Upset 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 33.) 
 
 Fig. 19. Typical Section of Allison Vanishing Thread Tubing Coupling 
 
 and Joint Ends Upset 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 33.) 
 
82 
 
 Pipe Joints 
 
 Fig. 20. Typical Section of California Diamond BX Casing Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 29.) 
 
 Fig. 21. Typical Section of California Diamond BX Drive Pipe 
 
 Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 31.) 
 
 Fig. 22. Typical Section of California Special External Upset Tubing 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 30.) 
 
Pipe Joints 
 
 83 
 
 Fig. 23. Typical Section of South Penn Casing Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 35.) 
 
 Fig. 24. Typical Section of Dry Kiln Pipe Coupling and Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 37.) 
 
 L - 
 
 Fig. 25. Typical Section of a Kimberley Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 44.) 
 
84 
 
 Pipe Joints 
 
 Fig. 26. Typical Section of a Matheson Joint 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 42.) 
 
 Fig. 27. Typical Section of a Converse Lock Joint Hub 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 43.) 
 
 Fig. 28. Typical Section of a Converse Lock Joint Hub and Pipe 
 (For list of sizes, dimensions and weights see page 43.) 
 
Square Pipe 
 Sections of Square Pipe 
 
 85 
 
 Fig. 30 
 
 ! f j 
 
 Fig. 34 
 See table, page 45, for various thicknesses and weights manufactured. 
 
86 
 
 Square Pipe 
 
 Sections of Square Pipe 
 
 H 
 
 See table, page 45, for various thicknesses and weights manufactured. 
 
Rectangular Pipe 
 
 87 
 
 Sections of Rectangular Pipe 
 
 n 
 
 1--- 
 
 Fig. 37 
 
 I 
 
 Fig. 39 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Fig. 38 
 
 See table, page 45, for various thicknesses and weights manufactured. 
 
88 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 
 
 Sections of Rectangular Pipe 
 
 i 
 Fig. 42 
 
 See table, page 45, for various thicknesses and weights manufactured. 
 
Standard Specifications 89 
 
 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 It is the aim, as the reader will see by the system of testing and in- 
 spection heretofore described, to ship nothing but first-class material. 
 Most orders specify "Steel Pipe" and rely on mill tests for the necessary 
 inspection, which, as a matter of fact, are often more severe than those 
 specified by customers. It sometimes happens, however, that speci- 
 fications contain requirements which are unreasonable, in that they in- 
 crease the cost of manufacture without safeguarding the customer's 
 interests by eliminating defective material such as, for example, 
 tests to be made on the skelp before welding, which would result in 
 some cases in the rejection of good steel plates because they happened 
 to be rolled a little above or below the customary temperature, and 
 might, on the other hand, allow defective plates to go through to finished 
 pipe. It is evidently much better to apply all tests after the skelp has 
 been through the welding furnace and is in the form of finished pipe, 
 for good steel may be ruined by improper heating in welding. 
 
 For standard pipe (lap or butt-welded) we suggest the following 
 specification, which will insure first-class material without unneces- 
 sarily increasing the cost of manufacture. These specifications illus- 
 trate the method of testing generally applicable to tubes and pipe, in 
 order to insure uniformity and good quality material and workmanship. 
 
 We also give our standard specifications for locomotive boiler tubes, 
 which are fully as strict, if not more so, than any we are required to work 
 to. It would greatly facilitate the work of inspection if the tests required 
 on tubes and pipes were standardized. We trust that these specifications 
 will meet the approval of engineers, architects, and others who wish 
 to protect their interests, as they have been prepared after careful con- 
 sideration with that end in view. 
 
 The following specifications are known as the 1913 Book of Standards 
 specifications. 
 
 SPECIFICATION FOE STANDARD WELDED PIPE 
 
 1. Material. Welded pipe is to be made of uniformly good quality 
 soft weldable steel, rolled from solid ingots. Sufficient crop shall be cut 
 from the ends to insure sound material, and the steel shall be given 
 the most approved treatment in heating and rolling. 
 
 2. Process of Manufacture. All pipe shall be made either by the 
 lap or butt-weld process as specified on order according to the best 
 methods and practice. 
 
 3. Surface Inspection. The pipe must be reasonably straight and 
 free from blisters, cracks or other injurious defects. Liquor marks 
 incidental to the manufacture of lap-welded pipe will not be considered 
 as surface defects. The pipe shall not vary more than one per cent 
 either way from being perfectly round or true to the standard outside 
 diameter, except on the small sizes, where a variation of one-sixty-fourth 
 
90 Standard Specifications 
 
 of an inch will be accepted. The pipe must not vary more than five 
 per cent either way from standard weight. 
 
 4. Threading and Reaming. Where required, the pipe must have 
 a good Briggs standard thread, which will make a tight joint when 
 tested by internal hydrostatic pressure at the mill (paragraph 5). The 
 thread must not vary more than one and one-half turns either way when 
 tested with a Pratt & Whitney Briggs standard gage. All burrs at the 
 ends are to be removed. 
 
 5. Internal Pressure Test. The following test pressures will be 
 applied to the respective sizes of standard Butt and Lap-weld pipe as 
 indicated in table: 
 
 Method of maim- _ . 
 Nominal size facture pressure 
 
 V 8 inch to 2 inches (inclusive) Butt Weld 700 pounds 
 
 2^2 inches and 3 inches Butt Weld 800 pounds 
 
 Up to 8 inches Lap Weld 1000 pounds 
 
 9 and 10 inches. Lap Weld 900 pounds 
 
 ii and 12 inches Lap Weld 800 pounds 
 
 13 and 14 inches Lap Weld 700 pounds 
 
 15 inches Lap Weld 600 pounds 
 
 NOTE. On 8, 10 and 12 inch sizes which have more than one weight 
 as standard, we have shown the hydraulic test pressure for the heaviest 
 weight. 
 
 6. Testing of Material. The steel from which the pipe is made 
 must show the following physical properties: 
 
 Pipe Steel 
 
 Tensile Strength 52 ooo to 62 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elastic Limit Not less than 30 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 8 Inches Not less than 20%. 
 
 Reduction in Area Not less than 50%. 
 
 A test piece cut lengthwise from the pipe and filed smooth on the 
 edges should bend through 180 degrees with an inner diameter at the 
 bend equal to the thickness of the material, without fracture. 
 
 7. Couplings. The material to be sound and free from injurious 
 defects. Threads must be clean cut, tapped straight through and of 
 such pitch diameter as will make a tight joint. The ends must be 
 countersunk. 
 
 8. Thread Protection. Solid tapped rings or split couplings will 
 be provided as thread protectors on all sizes 4 inches in diameter or 
 larger. Protection will be provided for smaller sizes when specifically 
 called for on order. 
 
 9. All tests shall be made at mill. 
 
Specification for Matheson Joint Pipe 91 
 
 SPECIFICATION FOE MATHESON JOINT PIPE 
 
 1. General Description of Pipe. The pipe shall be made of uni- 
 formly good quality soft welding steel rolled from solid ingots. Suffi- 
 cient crop shall be cut from the ends to insure sound material. The 
 pipe shall be manufactured by what is known in the trade as the lap-weld 
 process and each length shall be fitted with Matheson Joint. 
 
 2. Design of Joint. The joint shall be made according to the 
 schedule of dimensions and weights given on page 42, as closely as it 
 is practicable to work, especial attention being directed to having the 
 bell circular and the diameter of the mouth of the bell tc standard 
 size, in order to allow the lead to flow and be calked when a slight 
 deflection is made at a joint. Also the depth of insertion must not be 
 materially increased, in order to not materially increase the length 
 required to lay the line. In cases where a greater thickness is specified 
 than shown in the schedule, the form of the bell shall be that for the 
 next larger diameter on the schedule having about the same thickness. 
 
 3. Surface Inspection. The pipe must be reasonably straight and 
 free from blisters, cracks or other injurious defects. Liquor marks 
 incidental to the manufacture of lap-welded pipe will not be considered 
 as surface defects. The pipe shall not vary more than i per cent either 
 way from the mean outside diameter specified. The pipe must not 
 vary more than 5 per cent either way from weight as listed; any piece 
 selected for est must be at least eighteen feet long. Shorter lengths 
 may be more than 5 per cent over weight, but must not be more than 
 5 per cent under weight. 
 
 4. Strength of Material. The steel used shall show the following 
 physical properties on test pieces cut from finished pipe: 
 
 Pipe Steel 
 
 Tensile strength 52 ooo to 62 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elastic limit Not less than 30 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 8 inches Not less than 20%. 
 
 Reduction in area Not less than 50%. 
 
 5. Internal Pressure Test. Each piece of pipe shall be tested to a 
 hydrostatic pressure not less than that shown in table, page 73, with- 
 out showing any leak or injury to the metal. 
 
 6. Length. The lengths shipped shall not average less than six- 
 teen (16) feet on the whole order and not more than five per cent (5%) 
 of the lengths shipped may consist of short pieces joined together, and 
 no piece so joined may be less than five feet long, nor may more than 
 one joint be made in any length. 
 
 7. Protective Coating.* After forming the joint and applying the 
 rings, each pipe shall be thoroughly cleaned inside and outside from all 
 
 * See articles on Protective Coatings, pages 94 and 106. See index. 
 
92 Standard Specifications 
 
 loose scale, dirt, rust, etc., and shall then be heated until perfectly dry. 
 The pipes shall then be transferred to the dip bath before they become 
 chilled, and shall remain in the dip sufficient time for the pipe and bath 
 to reach practically the same temperature. The immersion in the dip 
 bath shall be horizontal and the pipes shall be lifted out at sufficient 
 angle to allow the surplus coating to drain off before it has time to 
 harden. The bath shall be maintained at a practically constant tem- 
 perature which shall not be less than the boiling point of water. The 
 compound shall consist of a good quality of refined coal tar pitch free 
 from water and the lighter oils, and of such uniform consistency that 
 it will not chip off by blows or friction at 60 degrees Fahr., nor be liable 
 to soften unduly so as to run when exposed to a reasonable amount of 
 solar heat. 
 
 If any other compound is required, it must be clearly specified, other- 
 wise the National Tube Company standard pipe dip will be applied. 
 
 8. Galvanizing. Where galvanizing is required, the finished pipe 
 shall be cleaned free from scale by pickling in warm dilute sulphuric 
 acid; the pipe shall then be washed in a bath of water; then immersed 
 in an alkaline or neutral bath, then dried and immersed in molten zinc, 
 being allowed to remain in the bath until it acquires the temperature 
 of the zinc. No wiping or scraping device shall be used which will render 
 the zinc coating thin. When cool, the clean galvanized pipe shall be 
 coated as described in section 7, when specifically required. 
 
 9. Loading and Shipping. When loading for transport the pipe 
 shall be handled in such manner that the least possible injury will be 
 done to the coating, and after loading on cars, it must be well braced 
 so as to avoid shifting while in transit. 
 
 The contractor shall at his expense and without extra charge, ship 
 sufficient coating, ready mixed for application by brush, to repair the 
 unavoidable abrasion that may occur to the coating while in transit. 
 
 10. Measurement. The pipe will be measured over-all length and 
 so charged. Purchaser should use care that in ordering laid length 
 required he considers the length of over-lap in joint shown by Fig. 26, 
 page 84. 
 
 11. Inspection. The material and workmanship shall at all times 
 during the course of manufacture be open for inspection by customer 
 or by an inspector authorized to act in his behalf. All tests shall be 
 made at the mill and the acceptance by customer or his authorized 
 inspector shall be final and the makers' liability under this specification 
 shall thereupon cease. The manufacturer shall furnish the inspector 
 free of extra charge every reasonable facility required to witness the 
 tests, and make the inspection called for under this specification, and 
 shall give the inspector due notice as to when work on the order will 
 begin. 
 
Specification for Converse Lock Joint Pipe 93 
 
 SPECIFICATION FOR CONVERSE LOCK* JOINT PIPE 
 
 1. General Description of Pipe. The pipe shall be made of uni- 
 formly good quality soft welding steel rolled from solid ingots. Sufficient 
 crop shall be cut from the ends to insure sound material. The pipe shall 
 be manufactured by what is known in the trade as the lap-weld process 
 and each length shall be fitted with Converse Lock Joint. 
 
 2. Design of Joint. The Converse Lock Joint is made by means 
 of a cast iron hub whose inner surface has an inwardly projecting ring 
 at mid-length; on each side of this ring are two wedge-shaped pockets, 
 diametrically opposite; near each mouth of the hub is a recess for lead. 
 Close to each end of the pipe are two strong rivets, placed at such 
 distance from the end that when the pipe is inserted into the hub and 
 slightly rotated (see illustration page 84), the rivets engage the slopes of 
 the wedge-shaped pockets and force the end of the pipe against the central 
 ring of the hub. Lead is then poured into the recess provided for it 
 and securely calked. 
 
 3. Hubs. The Converse Lock Joint Hub shall be cylindrical; shall 
 be made of the best foundry iron and shall be cast to uniform patterns, 
 strictly in conformity with diameters of the pipe. Converse Lock 
 Joint Tees, Elbows and Crosses can be supplied when so ordered. 
 
 4. Surface Inspection. The pipe must be reasonably straight and 
 free from blisters, cracks or other injurious defects. Liquor marks 
 incidental to the manufacture of lap-welded pipe will not be considered 
 as surface defects. The pipe shall not vary more than i per cent either 
 way from the mean outside diameter specified. The pipe must not 
 vary more than 5 per cent either way from weight as listed; any piece 
 selected for test must be at least 18 feet long. Shorter lengths may be 
 more than 5 per cent over weight, but must not be more than 5 per cent 
 under weight. 
 
 5. Strength of Material. The steel used shall show the following 
 physical properties on test pieces cut from finished pipe: 
 
 Tensile strength 52 ooo to 62 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elastic limit Not less than 30 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 8 inches. Not less than 18%. 
 
 Reduction in area Not less than 50%. 
 
 6. Internal Pressure Test. Each piece of pipe shall be tested to a 
 hydrostatic pressure not less than that shown in table, page 74, with- 
 out showing any leak or injury to the metal. 
 
 7. Length. The lengths shipped shall not average less than sixteen 
 (16) feet on the whole order and not more than five per cent (5%) of 
 the lengths shipped may consist of short pieces joined together, and no 
 piece so joined may be less than five feet (5' o") long, nor may more than 
 one joint be made in any length. 
 
94 Standard Specifications 
 
 8. Protective Coating.* After forming the joint and applying the 
 hubs, each pipe shall be thoroughly cleaned inside and outside from all 
 loose scale, dirt, rust, etc., and shall then be heated until perfectly dry. 
 The pipes shall then be transferred to the dip bath before they become 
 chilled, and shall remain in the dip sufficient time for the pipe and bath 
 to reach practically the same temperature. The immersion in the dip 
 bath shall be horizontal and the pipes shall be lifted out at sufficient 
 angle to allow the surplus coating to drain off before it has time to harden. 
 The bath shall be maintained at a practically constant temperature 
 which shall not be less than the boiling point of water. The compound 
 shall consist of a good quality of refined coal tar pitch free from water 
 and the lighter oils, and of such uniform consistency that it will not chip 
 off by blows or friction at 60 degrees Fahr., nor be liable to soften unduly 
 so as to run when exposed to a reasonable amount of solar heat. 
 
 If any other compound is required, it must be clearly specified, other- 
 wise the National Tube Company standard pipe dip will be applied. 
 
 9. Galvanizing. Where galvanizing is required, the finished pipe 
 shall be cleaned free from scale by pickling in warm dilute sulphuric 
 acid; the pipe shall then be washed in a bath of water; then immersed 
 in an alkaline or neutral bath, then dried and immersed in molten zinc, 
 being allowed to remain in the bath until it acquires the temperature of 
 the zinc. No wiping or scraping device shall be used which will render 
 the zinc coating thin. When cool, the clean galvanized pipe shall be 
 coated as described in section 8, when specifically required. 
 
 10. Loading and Shipping. One end of each length of Converse 
 Joint pipe shall be securely leaded into a hub before shipment is made 
 from the mill. When loading for transport, the pipe shall be handled 
 
 * Note : National Coating. 
 
 Where required we can furnish special covering of heavy fabric saturated with 
 protective compound, which will be applied over the regular coating as described 
 in paragraph 8. The process of applying this special coating being as follows: 
 
 The fabric shall be wound spirally around the pipe overlapping about one inch 
 on each turn, and shall be thoroughly saturated with the hot compound before 
 being applied to the pipe. The wrapping will be carried up to but not cover the 
 joint. 
 
 Method of Protecting the Joints when Assembled in the Field : 
 
 After the joint has been completely assembled in the ditch, the part left un- 
 protected should first be wiped free of dirt and moisture and then thickly coated 
 with compound furnished for that purpose. After this a piece of fabric of suffi- 
 cient width (wider than the hub) having length enough to encircle the hub a 
 little more than twice is slashed near each edge with cuts running transversely 
 about 2 inches apart. This strip of fabric is then saturated with compound and 
 is then wound tightly over the hub, the slashes permitting it to fit closely thereto 
 and also permitting the edges of the fabric to be drawn down against the pipe 
 on each side of the hub. This wrapping of the hub should then be thoroughly 
 covered with compound. 
 
 Compound and fabric used in protecting field joints will be furnished free of 
 charge when National Coating is specified. 
 
Specification for Pipe for Flanging and Bending 95 
 
 in such manner that the least possible injury will be done to the coating, 
 and after loading on cars, it must be well braced so as to avoid shifting 
 while in transit. 
 
 The contractor shall at his expense and without extra charge, ship 
 sufficient coating, ready mixed for application by brush, to repair the 
 unavoidable abrasion that may occur to the coating while in transit. 
 
 11. Measurement. The pipe will be measured over-all length and 
 so charged. Purchaser should use care that in ordering laid length 
 required, he considers the length of pipe inserted in the hub shown by 
 Fig. 28, page 84. 
 
 12. Inspection. The material and workmanship shall at all times 
 during the course of manufacture be open for inspection by customer 
 or by an inspector authorized to act on his behalf. All tests shall be 
 made at the mill and the acceptance by customer or his authorized 
 inspector shall be final and the makers' liability under this specification 
 shall thereupon cease. The manufacturer shall furnish the inspector 
 free of extra charge every reasonable facility required to witness the 
 tests, and make the inspection called for under this specification, and 
 shall give the inspector due notice when work on the order will begin. 
 
 SPECIFICATION FOR PIPE FOR FLANGING 
 AND BENDING 
 
 The pipe shall be lap-welded, made of Bessemer or Open Hearth Steel 
 of the best welding quality, free from blisters, cracks or other injurious 
 defects. 
 
 Inspection and Testing of Material 
 
 1. Each length of pipe is to be inspected separately for defects inside 
 and outside, noting particularly the character of the cross section when 
 cutting off crop ends. 
 
 2. A flattening test is to be made on each crop end with the weld near 
 the side, crushing the end down to one-quarter the diameter of the pipe; 
 it must not show cracks in the material or opening at the weld. 
 
 3. An internal hydrostatic test is to be made on each length of finished 
 pipe, using the pressure customary in regular mill practice according 
 to diameter and thickness specified. 
 
 4. The Chief Inspector will file a written report on each order tested 
 showing the percentage of pieces which fail under each section of this 
 specification; copy to be forwarded to the office of the General Super- 
 intendent. 
 
96 Signal Pipe 
 
 SIGNAL PIPE 
 
 (Standard Specification approved by the Railway Signal Association, Oct., 1910.) 
 
 Pipe. i. Pipe must be of soft steel, straight, tough and uniform in 
 quality; free from cinder pockets, blisters, burns and other injurious 
 flaws, must be hot galvanized inside and outside, unwiped. 
 
 2. The tensile strength^ limit of elasticity and ductility shall be 
 determined from a test piece cut from finished pipe. 
 
 3. The pipe shall have a tensile strength of not less than 52 ooo pounds 
 per square inch, and an elastic limit of not less than 30 ooo pounds per 
 square inch, and an elongation of not less than 18 per cent, in a measured 
 length of eight inches. All pipe must stand a test of 600 pounds per 
 square inch internal hydrostatic pressure without leak. 
 
 A piece of pipe one foot long will be selected at random and be sub- 
 jected to a flattening test by hammering the piece until the opposite 
 sides are within twice the thickness of the wall from each other; the 
 piece shall show no cracks in the steel except at the weld. 
 
 4. The weight of one foot of one inch pipe before galvanizing should 
 be 1.71 pounds, and in no case will pipe be accepted weighing less than 
 1.63 pounds per foot, weight of plug and coupling not included. 
 
 5. The outside diameter of pipe must conform to Briggs standard. 
 Any pipe enough less than 1.31 inches in diameter to result in a flat 
 thread will be rejected. 
 
 6. The manufacturer shall furnish all necessary facilities for making 
 tests and the tests shall be made at the mill. 
 
 7. Inside diameter of all pipe must be large enough to receive a hard- 
 ened steel plug of 6 %4 inch diameter for a length of six inches. 
 
 8. Not more than one per cent of pipe less than fifteen feet long will 
 be accepted, lengths of seventeen feet and over preferred. 
 
 9. The ends of pipe must be cut square and drilled for two Vi-inch 
 rivets on one end only; first rivet hole shall be drilled two inches 
 from the end and the second two inches from this and at right angles 
 to it. 
 
 10. Each length of pipe shall have a thread i 1 /^ inches long, %-inch 
 total taper per foot, 11% "V" threads to the inch, slightly rounded top 
 and bottom; the threaded portion of the pipe shall be of such diameter 
 as to permit the coupling to be screwed on five turns by hand, with per- 
 missible variation of one turn either way. 
 
 Couplings. Couplings must be galvanized, to be 2% inches long 
 and i% inches outside diameter, of wrought iron, free from defects, 
 faced at ends and tapped straight through, pitch diameter of thread to 
 be 1.26 inches, variation not more than .003 of an inch, so as to fit pipe 
 as per section 10 above. 
 
 Plugs. Plugs must be merchant bar steel, ten inches long, 31-32 inch 
 in diameter, drilled for four H-inch rivets with drill .256; spacing to 
 be one inch, two inches, four inches, two inches, one inch, the outside 
 
Signal Pipe 
 
 97 
 
 holes to be in one plane and the inside holes to be in a plane at right 
 angles to the outside holes. 
 
 Rivets. Rivets must be galvanized, must be of soft iron or steel 
 4 inch in diameter, iHle inches long. 
 
 i -inch Signal Pipe 
 
 (For specification see page 96.) 
 
 Fig- 43- Joint Assembled 
 
 256 DR.LL^ , 
 
 tiy 
 
 
 
 
 j|; 
 
 s i~ a i|! T 
 
 i"-4 2" 
 
 7Il=fcl 
 
 
 fc:^ 
 
 Fig. 44. Plug, Merchant Bar Steel 
 
 Fig. 45. Coupling, Wrought Iron, Galvanized 
 
 Fig. 46. Rivet, Soft Iron or Steel, Galvanized 
 
98 Standard Specifications 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOE SPECIAL AMMONIA PIPE 
 
 1. Material. Welded pipe is to be made of uniformly good quality 
 soft weldable steel rolled from solid ingots. Sufficient crop shall be 
 cut from the ends to insure sound material, and the steel shall be given 
 the most approved treatment in heating and rolling. 
 
 2. Process of Manufacture. All pipe 2 inch and larger to be lap- 
 welded; smaller sizes to be butt- welded and redrawn from a larger size. 
 
 3. Surface Inspection. Pipe must be reasonably straight and free 
 from blisters, cracks or other injurious defects. Liquor marks inci- 
 dental to the manufacture of lap-welded pipe will not be considered as 
 surface defects. The pipe shall not vary more than one per cent either 
 way from being perfectly round or true to standard outside diameter, 
 except on the small sizes, where a variation of M>4 of an inch will be per- 
 mitted. The pipe must not vary more than 5 per cent either way from 
 the weight specified. 
 
 4. Threading and Reaming. Where required pipe must have a 
 good Briggs Standard thread, which will make a tight joint when tested 
 by hydraulic pressure at the mill (Paragraph 5). The thread must not 
 vary more than one and one-half turns either way when tested with a 
 Pratt & Whitney Briggs Standard gage. All burrs at the ends are to 
 be removed. 
 
 5. Internal Pressure Test. Each length of National Special 
 Ammonia Pipe when lap-welded shall be tested at the mill to 2000 pounds 
 hydrostatic pressure; when butt-welded and redrawn, the test pressure 
 shall be 1500 pounds. 
 
 6. Testing of Material. The steel from which the pipe is made 
 must show the following physical properties: 
 
 Pipe Steel 
 
 Tensile strength 52 ooo to 62 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elastic limit Not less than 30 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Elongation in 8 inches Not less than 20%. 
 
 Reduction in area Not less than 50%. 
 
 A test piece cut lengthwise from the pipe and filed smooth on the 
 edges shall bend through 180 degrees with an inner diameter at the 
 bend equal to the thickness of the material, without fracture. 
 
 7. Couplings. The material to be sound and free from injurious 
 defects. Threads must be clean cut, tapered same as pipe, and of such 
 pitch diameter as will make a tight joint. The ends must be counter- 
 sunk. 
 
 8. Thread Protection. Solid tapped rings or split couplings will 
 be provided as thread protectors on pipe 2 inches and larger. Thread 
 protection will be provided for smaller sizes when specifically called for 
 on order. 
 
 9. All tests shall be made at the mill. 
 
Specifications for Locomotive Boiler Tubes 
 
 99 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR LAP-WELDED LOCOMOTIVE 
 BOILER TUBES AND SAFE ENDS 
 
 Material 
 
 Material must be good welding quality Basic Open Hearth Steel, 
 Spellerized. 
 
 Chemical Composition. 
 
 Phosphorus must not be over 04 % 
 
 Sulphur must not be over 05 % 
 
 Carbon must not be over 12% 
 
 Manganese 30 to . 45 % 
 
 Sample for chemical analysis to be taken by drilling at several points 
 around the circumference of the tube. 
 
 Dimensions, Weights and Test Pressures 
 
 Outside diameter 
 
 Decimal 
 thickness 
 
 Nearest 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Weight 
 per foot, 
 pounds 
 
 Test 
 pressure, 
 pounds 
 
 c 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1.68 
 
 900 
 
 i^i inches < 
 
 .no 
 
 12 
 
 1-93 
 
 900 
 
 
 .125 
 
 II 
 
 2.17 
 
 IOOO 
 
 ( 
 
 .135 
 
 IO 
 
 2.33 
 
 1000 
 
 ( 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1-93 
 
 900 
 
 2 inches < 
 
 .no 
 .125 
 
 12 
 II 
 
 2 22 
 
 2.50 
 
 900 
 
 IOOO 
 
 
 
 .135 
 
 10 
 
 2.69 
 
 IOOO 
 
 ( 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 2.19 
 
 900 
 
 2*4 inches < 
 
 .no 
 
 12 
 
 2.51 
 
 900 
 
 
 .125 
 
 II 
 
 2 84 
 
 IOOO 
 
 ( 
 
 .135 
 
 10 
 
 3-05 
 
 IOOO 
 
 ( 
 
 .110 
 
 12 
 
 2.81 
 
 800 
 
 2 1/2 inches < 
 
 .125 
 
 II 
 
 3 17 
 
 800 
 
 ( 
 
 .135 
 
 IO 
 
 3 41 
 
 900 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5% above or 5% below that 
 given above. 
 
 Inspection 
 
 (a) Tubes shall have a reasonably smooth surface, free from injurious 
 pits, laminations, cracks, blisters or imperfect welds; they shall also be 
 free from kinks, bends and buckles, signs of unequal contraction in 
 cooling or injury during manufacture. 
 
 (6) The thickness of the wall shall not vary more than 10% above 
 or 10 % below the gage specified. 
 
 (c) Tubes shall be round within .02 inch. 
 
 (d) The mean outside diameter shall not vary more than .015 inch 
 from the size ordered. 
 
 (e) Tubes shall not be less than the length ordered, nor more than 
 .125 inch longer. 
 
100 Standard Specifications 
 
 Physical Tests 
 
 A combination of vertical and horizontal flattening and flange test 
 must be made on the crop end cut from each end of every tube, the flange 
 being about % inch wide. If required, standard ring, expanding and 
 flattening tests will also be made (see N. T. Co.'s specification for 
 seamless tubes page 102), but it is believed that in view of the above 
 combination test on each tube, for which a special machine has been 
 designed, further testing is unnecessary. 
 
 Internal Pressure Test. Each tube shall be subjected by the manu- 
 facturer to an internal hydrostatic pressure for the respective size and 
 gage as given in above table of Dimensions, Weights and Test Pressures. 
 
 General Requirements 
 
 In addition to the above tests, tubes, when inserted in the boiler, 
 must stand expanding and beading without showing crack or flaw, or 
 opening at the weld. Those which fail in this way will be returned to 
 the manufacturer. 
 
 Each tube must be plainly stenciled "Spellerized Steel Tested to . . . 
 Pounds" (according to the respective size and gage as shown in above 
 table) and tubes shall be so invoiced. 
 
 All tests to be made at place of manufacture, under the supervision 
 of the Railroad's Inspector or his deputy. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR LAP-WELDED AND SEAM- 
 LESS STEEL BOILER TUBES FOR MERCHANT 
 AND MARINE SERVICE 
 
 Material 
 
 Material must be good quality soft steel rolled from solid ingots. 
 Sufficient crop shall be cut from the ends to insure sound material. 
 
 The permissible variation in weight is 5 per cent above or 5 per cent 
 below the calculated weight. 
 
 Inspection 
 
 (a) Tubes shall have a reasonably smooth surface, free from injurious 
 pits, laminations, cracks, blisters or imperfect welds; they shall also be 
 free from kinks, bends and buckles, signs of unequal contraction in cool- 
 ing or injury during manufacture. 
 
 (b) The thickness of the wall shall not vary more than 10 per cent 
 above or below the gage specified, except at the weld where .015 inch 
 extra thickness will be allowed. 
 
 (c) Tubes shall not vary more than one-half (%) of one per cent either 
 way from being round or true to the mean outside diameter, except in 
 the smaller sizes where a variation of .015 of an inch will be accepted. 
 
 (d) Tubes shall not be shorter than the length ordered, nor more than 
 
 .125 inch longer. 
 
 Physical Tests 
 
 Flattening Test. A section three (3) inches long shall stand ham- 
 mering flat cold until the inside walls are within three times the thick- 
 ness of the material without cracking at the bend or elsewhere. In 
 
Specifications for Locomotive Boiler .Tubes 1 
 
 101 
 
 case of Lap-welded tubes for Marine work, the bend at one side shall 
 be made in the weld. 
 
 Flanging Test. For Marine purposes on Lap-welded tubes four (4) 
 inches and smaller and on all sizes of seamless tubes, a flange three- 
 eighths (%) of an inch wide shall be turned over at right angles to the 
 body of the tube without showing crack or opening at the weld. 
 
 Internal Pressure Test. Each Lap-welded tube shall be subjected 
 by the manufacturer to an internal hydrostatic pressure for the respective 
 size and gage as given in table, page 72. And all Seamless Boiler Tubes 
 are tested to 1000 pounds. 
 
 General Requirements 
 
 In addition to the above tests, each tube when inserted in the boiler 
 must stand expanding and flanging where required without cracking 
 or opening at the weld. Tubes which fail in this way may be returned 
 to the manufacturer. 
 
 A certificate of test shall be furnished the purchaser of each lot of 
 tubes, for Marine service, describing the kind of material from which 
 the tubes were made, and that the tubes have been tested and have met 
 all the requirements prescribed by the Board of Supervising Inspectors, 
 Department of Commerce and Labor, Steamboat Inspection Service. 
 
 All tests to be made at place of manufacture. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SEAMLESS COLD DRAWN 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILER TUBES AND SAFE ENDS 
 
 Material 
 
 Tubes to be made of our standard soft Basic Open Hearth Steel. 
 
 Chemical Analysis. Sulphur and phosphorus not to exceed .04%. 
 Sample for chemical analysis to be taken by drilling several points 
 around the circumference of the tubes. 
 
 Dimensions and Weights 
 
 Outside diameter 
 
 Decimal 
 thickness 
 
 Nearest 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Weight per 
 foot, pounds 
 
 ( 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1.68 
 
 i% inches . ... < 
 
 .no 
 
 12 
 
 1.93 
 
 
 .125 
 
 ii 
 
 2.17 
 
 ( 
 
 .135 
 
 10 
 
 2.33 
 
 ( 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 1-93 
 
 2 inches < 
 
 .no 
 
 12 
 
 2.22 
 
 
 .125 
 
 II 
 
 2.50 
 
 ( 
 
 .135 
 
 IO 
 
 2.69 
 
 ( 
 
 .095 
 
 13 
 
 2.19 
 
 2*4 inches < 
 
 .no 
 .125 
 
 12 
 II 
 
 2.51 
 2.84 
 
 ( 
 
 .135 
 
 10 
 
 3 05 
 
 ( 
 
 .no 
 
 12 
 
 2.81 
 
 2% inches \ 
 
 .125 
 
 II 
 
 3.17 
 
 \ 
 
 .135 
 
 10 
 
 3-41 
 
102 Specifications for Locomotive Boiler Tubes 
 
 Inspection 
 
 (a) Tubes shall have a smooth surface, free from injurious pits, 
 checks, cracks or laminations. Tubes shall be free from bends, kinks, 
 buckles or other defects which would shorten their life or otherwise limit 
 their usefulness. 
 
 (b) The thickness of the wall shall not vary more than 10% above or 
 10% below the gage specified. 
 
 (c) Tubes shall be round within .02 inch. 
 
 (d) The mean outside diameter shall not vary more than .010 inch 
 from the size ordered. 
 
 (e) Tubes shall not be less than the length ordered, nor more than 
 .125 inch longer. 
 
 Physical Tests 
 
 1. Ring Tests. Coupons i inch long cut from a tube shall stand 
 hammering down vertically into the shape of a ring without showing 
 cracks or flaws when crushed flat. 
 
 2. Expanding Tests. Sections of tubes 8 inches long, with or with- 
 out heating, shall be placed in a vertical position and a smooth tapered 
 steel pin forced into the end of the tube. Under this test the tube shall 
 expand to i% times its original diameter without splitting or cracking. 
 The steel pin used for this test shall be of tool steel and have a taper of 
 iV2 inches per foot of length. When this test is made hot, the tube 
 shall be heated to a bright cherry red in daylight, and the pin at a blue 
 heat forced in as described. 
 
 3. Flange Test. For tubes i% inches diameter and larger, coupons 
 8 inches long, cut from the tube, shall have a flange % inch wide turned 
 over at right angles to the body of the tube without showing crack or 
 flaw. For tubes less than i% inches diameter, the width of flange shall 
 be y& the diameter of the tube. All the work is to be done cold. 
 
 4. Flattening Test. A section 4 inches long shall stand hammering 
 flat cold until the inside walls are in contact, without cracking at the 
 edges or elsewhere. 
 
 Two tubes to be tested as required in preceding paragraphs under 
 "Physical Tests" in each lot of 250 tubes or less. If only one of the 
 tubes so tested fails, that tube will be rejected, and the Inspector will 
 take two more tubes from the same lot and subject both to the same 
 tests as the one that failed; both of these tubes must be found satis- 
 factory in order that the lot may be passed. 
 
 5. Internal Pressure Test. Each tube must be subjected by the manu- 
 facturer to an internal hydrostatic pressure of 1000 pounds per square 
 inch. 
 
 General Requirements 
 
 In addition to above tests, tubes when inserted into boilers must 
 stand expanding and beading without showing crack or flaw. 
 
 Each tube must be plainly stenciled "Shelby Seamless Cold Drawn 
 Tested to 1000 Pounds" and tubes must be so invoiced. All tests to 
 be made at place of manufacture under the supervision of the Railroad 
 Inspector or his deputy. 
 
Specifications for Tubes for Cream Separator Bowls 103 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SHELBY SEAMLESS COLD 
 DRAWN STEEL TUBES FOR CREAM SEPARA- 
 TOR BOWLS AND SIMILAR ARTICLES 
 
 Material 
 
 Tubes for separator bowls shall be manufactured of our Standard, 
 Class "A" Basic Open Hearth Steel. 
 
 Allowances for Machining 
 
 CASE i. The Material Chucked True on the Outside: 
 
 To the finished outside diameter add M.6 inch for the outside 
 
 diameter of the unfinished bowl. 
 
 From the finished inside diameter subtract .222 times the finished 
 wall thickness plus .051 inch for the inside diameter of the un- 
 finished bowl. 
 
 CASE 2. The Material Chucked True on the Inside: 
 To the finished outside diameter add .222 times the finished wall 
 thickness plus .05 1 inch for the outside diameter of the unfinished 
 bowl. 
 From the finished inside diameter subtract Vie inch for the inside 
 
 diameter of the unfinished bowl. 
 CASE 3. Method of Chucking Unknown: 
 
 Add to the finished outside diameter and subtract from the finished 
 inside diameter one-fourth (V) of the finished wall thickness plus 
 .050 inch for the outside and inside diameters respectively of the 
 unfinished bowl. 
 
 The proper allowances for finished walls from y% inch to l /2 inch, by 
 l /32 inch steps, are given in table, page 104. 
 
 Inspection 
 
 (a) Surface. The surface inside and outside must be free from all 
 defects that are more than .010 inch in depth, or the extent of which 
 is not clearly discernible. 
 
 (b) Limits of Size. The outside diameter shall not vary more than 
 from full size to .01 inch over, for tubes 2 inches and over in diameter, 
 nor more than from full size to .005 inch over, for tubes under 2 inches 
 in diameter. The inside diameter shall not vary more than from full 
 size to .01 inch under full size. The wall shall not vary more than 
 10%, above or below, of the specified thickness of wall of the required 
 tube. 
 
 (c) Straightness. Tubes for separator bowls, when cut to the bowl 
 length by the mill, shall not be more than ^ inch from straight when 
 measured on the cut bowl. 
 
 (d) Length. Bowls cut to length shall not vary in length more than 
 from full length specified to Vs inch over. 
 
 Shipment 
 
 Tubes for separator bowls, when shipped in long lengths, shall be 
 oiled to prevent corrosion. Each tube shall be stenciled with the 
 
104 Specifications for Tubes for Diamond Drill Rods 
 
 consignee's name and address and the manufacturer's identification 
 mark, unless tubes are bundled, in which case one tube of each bundle 
 shall be so stenciled. When bowls are cut to length by the manufacturer 
 they shall be boxed for shipment without oiling. 
 
 Table of Allowances for Machining Shelby Seamless Steel Tubing for 
 Tubes 10 inches and Less in Length 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 Case i 
 
 Case 2 
 
 Case 3 
 
 Finished 
 
 Increase 
 
 Decrease 
 
 Increase 
 
 Decrease 
 
 Increase 
 
 Decrease 
 
 wall 
 
 finished 
 
 finished 
 
 finished 
 
 finished 
 
 finished 
 
 finished 
 
 
 outside 
 
 inside 
 
 outside 
 
 inside 
 
 outside 
 
 inside 
 
 
 diameter 
 
 diameter 
 
 diameter 
 
 diameter 
 
 diameter 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 by 
 
 by 
 
 by 
 
 by 
 
 by 
 
 by 
 
 Inch 
 
 Inch 
 
 Inch 
 
 Inch 
 
 Inch 
 
 Inch 
 
 Inch 
 
 Vs 
 
 Me 
 
 .079 
 
 .079 
 
 Me 
 
 .081 
 
 .081 
 
 %2 
 
 Me 
 
 .086 
 
 .086 
 
 Me 
 
 .089 
 
 .089 
 
 8 /ie 
 
 Me 
 
 .093 
 
 093 
 
 Me 
 
 .097 
 
 .097 
 
 %2 
 
 Me 
 
 .100 
 
 .100 
 
 Me 
 
 .105 
 
 .105 
 
 V* 
 
 Me 
 
 .107 
 
 .107 
 
 Me 
 
 .113 
 
 .113 
 
 9 /32 
 
 Me 
 
 .114 
 
 .114 
 
 Me 
 
 .120 
 
 .120 
 
 5 /ie 
 
 ^32 
 
 8l 
 
 .121 
 .128 
 
 .121 
 .128 
 
 Me 
 
 Me 
 
 .128 
 .136 
 
 .128 
 .136 
 
 % 
 
 Me 
 
 .135 
 
 .135 
 
 Me 
 
 .144 
 
 .144 
 
 Me 2 
 
 Me 
 Me 
 
 .142 
 .148 
 
 .142 
 .148 
 
 
 
 .152 
 
 .152 
 .159 
 
 15 /82 
 
 Me 
 
 .155 
 
 .155 
 
 Me 
 
 .167 
 
 .167 
 
 % 
 
 Me 
 
 .162 
 
 .162 
 
 Me 
 
 .175 
 
 I7S 
 
 NOTE. For finished wall sizes expressed as decimals, use the tabular allow- 
 ance for the nearest Vs2. 
 
 Case i. The material chucked true on outside. 
 Case 2. The material chucked true on inside. 
 Case 3 . Method of chucking unknown. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SHELBY SEAMLESS COLD 
 
 DRAWN STEEL TUBES FOR DIAMOND 
 
 DRILL RODS 
 
 Material 
 
 Tubes for drill rods shall be manufactured from Standard, Class "A" 
 Basic Open Hearth Steel. 
 
 Upsets 
 
 The heating for upsetting the ends of tubes for drill rods shall be con- 
 ducted in such a manner that the surface of the tube shall not be inju- 
 riously scaled. The heated portion must not extend beyond the portion 
 being upset, farther than is necessary to insure proper working of the 
 metal. The heated portion shall in no case extend beyond the dies 
 
Specifications for Tubes for Hose Poles 105 
 
 gripping the tube during the operation of upsetting. The upset portion 
 shall be straight and in line with the tube. The diameter and wall of 
 the tube beyond the upset portion shall not be reduced by the upsetting 
 operation. 
 
 Inspection 
 
 (a) Surface. The outside and inside surface of tubes for drill rods 
 shall be smooth and free from scale. Slight pits or scratches are not 
 objectionable unless they may form starting points for corrosion. 
 
 (b) Straightness. Tubes for drill rods shall be straightened on the 
 rotary straightening machine and shall be straight within %2 inch; i.e., 
 they shall be capable of being passed through a perfectly straight tube 
 whose inside diameter is %a inch greater than the outside diameter of 
 the drill rod. 
 
 (c) Limits of Size. The outside diameter of the tube shall not vary 
 more than from full size to .010 inch over, for tubes i^ inch and over in 
 diameter, nor more than from full size to .005 inch over, for tubes under 
 iV2 inch in diameter. On the upset portions the limits shall be from full 
 size to .030 inch over. The wall of the tube shall not vary more than 
 10% of the specified thickness above and below. The inside diameter 
 of the upset shall in no case be greater than that specified, but may be 
 l /s inch less. 
 
 (d) Limits of Length. The length after upsetting shall not be less 
 than that specified nor more than 3 /ie inch greater. 
 
 Shipment 
 
 Drill Rods shall be oiled before shipment, as a protection against rust. 
 Each tube shall be stenciled with consignee's name and address and 
 manufacturer's identification mark, unless tubes are bundled, in which 
 case one tube of each bundle shall be so stenciled. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SHELBY SEAMLESS COLD 
 
 DRAWN STEEL TUBES FOR HOSE POLES 
 
 AND HOSE MOLDS 
 
 Material 
 
 Tubes for hose poles and hose molds shall be manufactured from 
 Class "A" Basic Open Hearth Steel. 
 
 Inspection 
 
 (a) Surface. The outside surface of tubes for hose poles shall be as 
 smooth as possible, free from all pits and scale marks, seams, scratches, 
 etc. The inside does not require inspection. 
 
 Tubes which are to be used for hose molds shall have an inside surface 
 of the same character as the outside surface of hose poles. 
 
 (b) Straightness. Tubes for hose poles or hose molds shall be as 
 straight as possible, free from short bends and kinks. 
 
 (c) Limits of Size. The outside diameter of tubes for hose poles or 
 hose molds shall not vary more than from full size to .010 inch over, 
 
106 Protective Coatings 
 
 for tubes iVfc inch and over in diameter, nor more than from full size 
 to .005 inch over, for tubes less than 1^/2 inch in diameter; the inside 
 diameter shall not vary more than from full size to .005 inch under; the 
 wall of the tube shall not vary more than 10% of the specified wall 
 thickness. 
 
 Tubes for hose poles that are to be coupled together to form longer 
 lengths than can be obtained with a single tube, will require machining 
 to insure proper register of the connected tubes. 
 
 (d) Limits of Length. The length of tubes for hose poles or hose 
 molds shall not be less than the length specified, nor more than 3 /ie inch 
 greater. 
 
 Shipment 
 
 Hose poles and hose molds shall be oiled and boxed for shipment, 
 unless otherwise specified. 
 
 PROTECTIVE COATINGS 
 
 In some cases it is impossible to use a protective coating on tubes, 
 as for example in boilers or condenser tubes. In many other cases the 
 metal is left unprotected on account of the difficulty of applying 
 adequate protection, or the cost. In such cases the life of the metal 
 depends on the care and experience used in its manufacture. Under 
 the section on "Corrosion," page 12, the theory and conditions which 
 cause corrosion, and reasons for abandoning the use of puddled iron 
 in favor of the special grade of soft steel which has been developed 
 exclusively for the manufacture of pipe were given. A step of such 
 importance to the future of the business amounted almost to a 
 turning point in the industry, but was accomplished gradually during 
 a period of fifteen years of experimenting, the percentage produc- 
 tion of steel pipe in our mills being increased year by year until it con- 
 stituted practically our entire output two years ago. The question of 
 the durability of the material under natural corrosion was given years 
 of study, both in the laboratory and field, and the manufacture of 
 wrought iron was not abandoned until we had ample proof from service 
 tests covering years of exposure under many conditions that the steel 
 was as durable as the best puddled iron. Those having any doubt on 
 this question are invited to take up the matter with our Metallurgical 
 Department, where a considerable amount of evidence has been accumu- 
 lated. 
 
 Under some conditions, such as hot-water heating systems, where the 
 water is not changed, or in refrigerating systems where ammonia is in 
 contact with the metal, corrosion is so slow as to be negligible. But 
 wherever there is any considerable amount of exposure to corrosive 
 conditions, suitable protective coatings should be applied, when possible. 
 
 Surrounding conditions have so much to do with the proper coating 
 to be used that we need only outline the matter here, referring those 
 particularly interested to the publications of the American Paint Manu- 
 facturers' Association, and the Proceedings of the American Society for 
 
Matheson Joint Pipe 107 
 
 Testing Materials, who have done a great deal to put the subject on a 
 scientific basis, and, by field tests conducted under impartial conditions, 
 have in some measure been able to lay down certain principles on which 
 suitable protective coatings may be selected. 
 
 For the protection of pipe we either galvanize, dip hot in bituminous 
 compound, which may afterwards be covered with strong fabric saturated 
 with protective compound, or paint as specified. 
 
 Galvanizing is applied by dipping the clean hot pipe in a bath of pure 
 zinc kept somewhat above the melting point. The pipe is removed 
 from the bath covered with zinc inside and outside, and cooled without 
 wiping. 
 
 Bituminous Coating made of the proper consistency for the average 
 temperature to which the pipe is subjected is applied by dipping, followed 
 by baking. (See also paragraph 7 page 91.) 
 
 National Coating. By a second operation this bituminous com- 
 pound which has been baked on the pipe to an enamel like surface is 
 wrapped with a strip of fabric thoroughly saturated with hot compound. 
 
 Immediately after being saturated with the compound the fabric is 
 stretched tightly over the surface overlapping about one inch on each 
 turn, covering and firmly adhering to the body coat. Two or three 
 thicknesses may be applied where desired to meet special conditions. 
 
 Paint will be applied according to specification from customer. 
 
 MATHESON JOINT PIPE* 
 
 Matheson Joint is a pipe joint of the bell and spigot type and is very 
 similar in appearance to a cast iron pipe joint. There are no loose parts 
 of any kind, the joint being made directly on the pipe. The pipe used 
 in connection with this joint ranges in size from 2 inches to 30 inches 
 outside diameter and the standard thicknesses are much lighter than 
 any other pipe, but in order to withstand varying pressures the pipe is 
 made of different thicknesses. For list of sizes, thicknesses, weights 
 and dimensions see table, page 42. For test pressures see table, 
 page 73- 
 
 The Joint is made by belling out or expanding one end of the pipe in 
 such a manner as to permit the bell end to slip over the plain or spigot 
 end of the next length of pipe leaving enough space between the two for 
 the lead which is to make the joint. After the end of the pipe has been 
 shaped a wrought band is shrunk on the outside of the bell to reinforce 
 it at this point and to keep it in shape to withstand the calking of the 
 lead. The spigot end of the pipe has a recess turned in it which prevents 
 the lead from blowing out or the pipe from pulling out. 
 
 The Particular Advantages of this joint are that it is so designed as 
 to give a continuous, straight, smooth surface inside which reduces the 
 friction losses to a minimum. 
 
 The lead required per joint is less than for other lead joint pipes of the 
 same diameter. 
 
 * For illustration of joint see page 84. 
 
108 Converse Lock Joint 
 
 This style of joint permits variations in alignment and grade which 
 are often necessary. This feature alone frequently avoids special fittings 
 and pipe bends. 
 
 For very high pressures the joint is reinforced with a clamp and a 
 rubber packing which increases its efficiency so that it becomes as strong 
 as the body of the pipe. After the joint has been finished each piece is 
 tested to a hydrostatic pressure of 450 to 700 pounds, depending on the 
 size and thickness. 
 
 The average length of this pipe is 18 feet or about 300 joints per mile* 
 
 The pipe is furnished black (no coating), asphalted, galvanized and 
 then dipped in asphalt, or with our special National coating, which con- 
 sists in dipping the pipe and then wrapping it with a fabric that is satu- 
 rated with a special compound, laid on spirally with a lap of about i inch. 
 This wrap coating forms the best protection against underground corro- 
 sion and electrolysis that is known at the present time. The thickness 
 of the National coating (applied once) is about %4 of an inch and may 
 be made to any desired thickness by additional coatings or wrappings 
 while the ordinary dipped coating or paint is about Vioo of an inch thick. 
 
 CONVERSE LOCK JOINT* 
 
 Converse Lock Joint is a lead joint used in connection with wrought 
 pipe. The pipe used with this joint ranges in size from 2 inches to 
 30 inches outside diameter, and in order to withstand varying pressures 
 the pipe is made of different thicknesses. For list of sizes, thicknesses, 
 weights and dimensions see table, page 43. For test pressures see 
 table, page 74. 
 
 The joint consists of a cylindrical cast iron hub or sleeve whose length 
 varies with its diameter. It is provided with an annular ring or pro- 
 jection midway in its length, so as to form on either side of its center 
 an annular shoulder against which the ends of the pipe section butt or 
 bear. The ring is made the same height as the thickness of the metal 
 in the pipe, so as to give a straight, continuous, smooth surface inside 
 which reduces the friction losses to a minimum. The hub extends out a 
 sufficient distance on either side of the central ring to support the pipe. 
 Between the end of the hub and the central ring is an annular recess for 
 the reception of the lead. This recess being formed inwardly and being 
 of a larger diameter at the base than at the mouth, holds the lead securely 
 in place and prevents its displacement. Inside the hub or sleeve, on 
 each side of the central ring, are two "T" shaped pockets, diametrically 
 opposite. Close to each end of the pipe are two rivets, placed at such 
 distance from the end, that when the pipe is inserted into the hub and 
 slightly rotated, the rivets engage the slopes of the wedge-shaped pockets 
 and force the end of the pipe against the central ring of the hub, locking 
 it in position ready for the lead which is to make the joint. After the 
 lead is poured the joint is thoroughly calked. 
 
 * For illustration of joint see page 84. 
 
Tubular Electric Line Poles 109 
 
 Converse Joint Pipe is always shipped with a hub leaded on one end 
 of each pipe and the other, or spigot end, is provided with rivets for 
 slipping into the hub end of the next length of pipe. 
 
 The lead required for the field joint is slightly in excess of that re- 
 quired for Matheson Joint Pipe, but is considerably less than other lead 
 joint pipe of the same diameter. This joint like the Matheson Joint 
 permits variations in alignment and grade which are often necessary 
 and this feature alone frequently avoids special fittings and pipe bends. 
 
 For very high pressures the joint is reinforced with a clamp and rubber 
 packing which increases its efficiency considerably. Each piece of pipe 
 is tested to a hydrostatic pressure of 450 to 700 pounds, depending on 
 the size and thickness. 
 
 The average length of this pipe is 18 feet or about 300 joints per mile. 
 
 The pipe is furnished black (no coating), asphalted, galvanized and then 
 dipped in asphalt, or with our special National Coating which consists in 
 dipping the pipe and then wrapping it with a fabric that is saturated with 
 a special compound, laid on spirally with a lap of about i inch. This 
 wrap coating forms the best protection against underground corrosion 
 and electrolysis that is known at the present time. The thickness of 
 the National Coating (applied once) is. about %4 of an inch and may be 
 made to any desired thickness by additional coating or wrappings. 
 
 TUBULAR ELECTRIC LINE POLES 
 
 The National Tube Company makes tubular electric line poles of 
 steel pipe. These poles have great durability, stiffness, and strength. 
 Steel poles are becoming more generally used for carrying the wires for 
 the overhead construction on electric railway, telephone, telegraph, and 
 transmission lines. 
 
 Customary Sizes. For railway work the poles most used are 30 feet 
 long, and are composed of 7-inch, 6-inch, and 5-inch pipes. These are 
 used for both center-pole and span-wire construction. Anchor poles 
 are usually of 8-inch, 7-inch, and 6-inch pipes, although they are fre- 
 quently made of larger sizes, often being of lo-inch, 9-inch, and 8-inch 
 pipes. Poles 28 and 35 feet long are used to a large extent. Such lengths 
 as 29, 31, and 32 feet are less common. 
 
 The British Standard tramway pole is 31 feet long; their standard 
 permits no other length. A large assortment of peculiar lengths are 
 used, some of which are 29 feet 6 inches, others vary one or two inches 
 from the usual lengths, and at times the length is specified to fractional 
 inches, even to Vie inch. The last is a practice which seems unwise, 
 because the practical operation of assembling introduces variations of 
 Vi inch or V 2 inch not infrequently. However, all such peculiar and 
 difficult requirements, that necessarily increase cost, relate to a very 
 small percentage of the steel poles made. 
 
 Lengths. The length of poles appears to depend mostly upon the 
 clearance required below the wires, in order to avoid injury to the wires 
 
110 Section Lengths 
 
 or injury from chance contact with those carrying high-tension lines. 
 The length is also affected, to the extent of several feet, by the nature of 
 ground in which planted and the depth of the frost line. The depth of 
 planting above the frost line appears to give little aid in holding the pole, 
 if indeed such depth does not tend to disturb the foundation of that 
 portion below the frost line. 
 
 Telegraph Poles. These considerations make it impossible to give 
 any general statements as to the lengths of poles for telephone, telegraph, 
 or transmission lines. In some instances entire lines are carried at great 
 height, as if the effort were to avoid chance contact. Such height may 
 be required when the lines are on public highways or at road crossings. 
 There has appeared, during recent years, a tendency to place the lines 
 at lower elevation and only to raise them where the line crosses roads 
 or public property. This seems especially true of the high-voltage lines, 
 where there appears a strong tendency to have a private right-of-way 
 strip, even fenced in, and the wires carried low, except at crossings. 
 The claim has been made that it is cheaper to use very high poles, long 
 spans, and great sags, but actual installations appear to tend towards 
 the opposite construction. 
 
 Pages 120 to 157, give N. T. Co.'s table of standard poles. Sufficient 
 variety of lengths, sizes, diameters, and sections are given to meet nearly 
 all requirements of practice. 
 
 Section Lengths. Lengths of sections given in the tables have been 
 selected so as to employ the regular mill-furnace lengths, without pro- 
 ducing unnecessary scrap, and at the same time produce poles of light 
 weight in relation to their strength. 
 
 The section lengths given, conform closely to those that are usually 
 employed. These lengths should be specified, except when the practical 
 requirements justify the increased cost. 
 
 The lengths of the sections of a pole have but little effect upon its 
 strength, stiffness, or weight. For example: the table shows that a pole 
 30 feet long of 7-inch, 6-inch, and 5-inch pipe does not vary 3 per cent 
 in weight for any of the various sections listed, whether of two pieces 
 or three pieces, the strength of all are alike, and the deflection 
 varies less than 4 per cent. In contrast, notice the great change produced 
 by increasing the butt section to extra-strong pipe. The strength is 
 increased about 50 per cent, the weight about 40 per cent, and the deflec- 
 tion decreased about 30 per cent. However, comparison of the various 
 sets of section lengths shows that as long as the size and thickness of 
 pipe remains unchanged, the strength, stiffness, and weight do not 
 change by more than approximately 6 per cent. Other lengths of pole 
 or sizes of pipe give slightly different results, as will be seen with a pole 
 30 feet long having 4-inch extra-strong butt section, and upper sections 
 of standard pipe, or a pole 35 feet long of 5-inch extra-strong butt and 
 upper sections standard. This is due to the weakness of the inserted 
 pipe at the point of emergence from first joint above ground; however, 
 this is not exhibited by poles of large diameter on either of above lengths. 
 It is thus evident that the weight, strength, and stiffness of any pole are 
 
Material Used ill 
 
 but slightly affected by the lengths of the individual sections, provided 
 the butt section is not made too short, considering the strengths of the 
 upper sections. 
 
 Odd Sizes. Odd sizes, thicknesses, and weights mean special 
 production, delay, and increased cost, therefore they should 
 always be avoided, because such pipe has always to be made to 
 order. 
 
 Use of Standard Pipe. Where it is not practical to use poles 
 made up of standard or extra-strong pipe, it is advisable to use 
 only the sizes and weights given in one of the standard lists of 
 tubular goods given on pages 22-44. These have been collected 
 into the table given on pages 58-65, and arranged by ascending 
 sequence in diameter and weight. In this table the properties 
 of pipe are also given, to enable their ready selection for needs of 
 poles. 
 
 Jointing Special Sizes. Considerations of strength, stiffness, etc., 
 at times suggest the advisability of such combinations as 4^/2 inch in 
 5-inch pipe, but these necessitate the assembling in a machine capable 
 of forcing the smaller into the larger pipe. A forcing machine of this 
 kind is expensive to change, and such joints should be used only where 
 it will be possible to order large numbers of identical poles, unless the 
 use warrants paying the extra assembling cost incurred where only a 
 few are made at one time. On short orders (only a few poles), it is 
 better to use such sizes and thicknesses as will allow the insertion of the 
 smaller pipe freely by hand, say at least *4 inch difference in diameter 
 between the outside diameter of the inserted pipe and the inside diameter 
 of the larger pipe. This difference should never be less than % 6 inch 
 unless the quantity justifies the use of the forcing equipment, say 
 1000 or more identical poles, all to be made and shipped at one time. 
 In the case of such orders, it is desirable (though not necessary) to have 
 the outside diameter of the inserted pipe a Kttle larger than the inside 
 diameter of the outside pipe. 
 
 Special Joint Reduction. Considerations of strength, stiffness, and 
 a great limit of least thickness, sometimes leads to the choice of sizes of 
 pipe that entail great reductions at the joints, viz., poles of n-inch, 
 g-inch, y-inch, and 4 1 /2-inch pipes. These require heavy swaging before 
 assembling the poles. After the poles are assembled there is great risk 
 of injury to the smaller sections when handling in transit or erection. 
 It is frequently possible to obtain equal, or even a little greater strength, 
 by the use of larger and thinner pipes for the upper sections, and to do 
 this without increasing the total weight appreciably. 
 
 Material Used. The material of which these poles are made is usu- 
 ally known as "Soft Mild Steel." Its ultimate strength will average 
 not less than 50 ooo pounds per square inch, and its elastic limit 
 or yield point not less than 30 ooo pounds per square inch. For 
 average values and composition, see pages o-io. It is not considered 
 good engineering to apply loads that impose stresses in the material 
 
112 Deflection and Set Limits 
 
 that are above the yield point. For this reason the tables give the load 
 that will produce a stress about 10 per cent below the yield point, viz., 
 27 ooo, which is 90 per cent of 30 ooo. Although the deflection is 
 usually closely proportional to the load up to this limit, it is considered 
 proper to limit the deflection tests to loads that do not produce a fiber 
 stress exceeding two-thirds of the former figure. The deflection tests 
 are limited to loads that produce about 18 ooo pounds per square inch 
 fiber stress. The stiffness of poles depends upon the modulus of elas- 
 ticity of the material. This physical constant is found to average about 
 29 ooo ooo for the steel used for poles, and on first loading, to vary to 
 about the same extent as reported for other iron and steel by authorities 
 as Lanza and others. 
 
 The deflections given are not based, however, on this figure directly, 
 but are based on the greatest deflections found when testing poles that 
 appear free from defects. The tabular deflection figures thus give the 
 limit of deflections that poles will not exceed when tested as indicated. 
 The average deflection will always be less than the tabulated deflection. 
 These tabulated deflection figures have been adjusted to compensate 
 for the ordinary irregularities of size, thickness, composition, and physical 
 properties that are inseparable from the pipe-making processes. 
 
 Deflection Limits. Many specifications have been drawn up requir- 
 ing poles of widely different lengths and diameters, all to stand the same 
 deflection; this figure is commonly 6 inches. By reference to the 
 tables it will be seen that a pole 22 feet long of 13-inch and 1 2-inch 
 pipe should not be deflected more than about i inch, and that a pole 
 39 feet long of 4-inch, 3-inch, and 2V6-inch pipe should be deflected 
 about 1 8 inches when testing for deflection. It is thus evident that a 
 constant figure like 6 inches for deflection may be six times more than, 
 or only one-third of the amount that it ought to be. By reference to 
 the tables it will be seen that a deflection of 6 inches is about the suitable 
 figure for a pole 31 feet long of 6-inch, s-inch, and 4-inch pipe. It is 
 noteworthy that this length pole is the British Standard. Some framers 
 of specifications have attempted to overcome the difficulty by reducing 
 the limit deflection to 3 inches and some to i 1 /^ inches. Against such 
 it is proper to urge that i Vfc inches would not strain a pole 39 feet long 
 of 4-inch. 3-inch, and 2%-inch pipe sufficiently for the test to give any 
 indication of the quality of the pole. It is more rational to use such 
 load as will produce about a constant stress in the material and then fix 
 the deflection limit to correspond. This has been done in the standard 
 tables. 
 
 Set Limits. Poles are suitable for a certain maximum load that 
 may be applied without producing appreciable permanent distortion 
 that is, poles which will stand being bent, and not remain permanently 
 bent when the load is removed. The load that may be applied should 
 not produce a fiber stress above the "yield point," say not over 
 90 per cent of that for safety. Therefore, say not over 27 ooo pounds 
 per square inch. Such loads are listed for every pole in the table 
 column of maximum loads (P). After applying such loads there usually 
 
Dog Guards 113 
 
 remains a small fraction as permanent deflection (or set, as it is gen- 
 erally called). Some specifications have limited this to a constant figure, 
 such as one inch or one-half inch, but this constant figure is as inappro- 
 priate for set as a constant figure is inappropriate for deflection. An 
 able writer on elasticity of materials has said, in equivalent, that bars of 
 ductile metal, as obtained from the manufacturers, on first application 
 of any load within the elastic limit show a total elongation, but, on 
 removal of load, retain in the form of set a portion of the elongation. 
 Thus the elastic elongation is that portion which is immediately recov- 
 erable. However, on repeated applications of the same load, the metal 
 arrives at a state where it acts as though perfectly elastic, provided the 
 load does not exceed the initial load. Tests have shown that this set 
 on first loading seldom exceeds 10 per cent of the distortion produced by 
 that load. The practical difficulties of making these tests and measures 
 impose a limit of such measures, which for commercial testing of poles 
 is usually agreed on as % inch of permanent set. Thus a pole, which is 
 deflected 5 inches on test, should not show a permanent set exceeding % 
 inch, but a pole that is deflected 15 inches on test may show a set of 1.5 
 inches without exceeding rational bounds. 
 
 Deflection Versus Weight. By comparing the deflections tabulated, 
 it will be seen that a pole of large diameter and thinner pipe is slightly 
 stiffer and lighter than one of less diameter and greater thickness. Com- 
 pare poles No. 7622 and 7651. The strength is say 9 per cent less, while 
 the stiffness is increased a per cent or so, but there is a saving in weight 
 of about 23 per cent. The rate of increase of strength and stiffness is, 
 perhaps, more easily seen by referring to table of pipes on pages 58-65, 
 and comparing the constants in columns Q and 7, which are proportional 
 to strength and stiffness respectively; g-inch Standard pipe is about as 
 stiff as an 8-inch extra-strong pipe, is only a few per cent less in strength, 
 but it is about 22 per cent lighter than the 8-inch extra -strong. In general 
 it will be seen that both strength and stiffness increase more rapidly 
 than the weight as the diameter increases. On the other hand, for 
 one diameter the weight increases more rapidly than the strength or 
 stiffness, as the thickness is changed. This points to the advisability 
 of always using as large a diameter as possible. 
 
 Dog Guards. The argument has been advanced against the use of 
 large diameters and thin pipes that they present greater surface and less 
 thickness where corrosion is greatest. The deterioration of poles, of 
 all materials, occurs most rapidly at or near the surface of the ground. 
 In order to prolong the life of poles it is necessary to protect this portion. 
 Steel poles lend themselves most readily to such protection because a 
 " dog guard, " made of a piece of larger and thicker pipe, may be slid over 
 the pole from the butt end, and then swaged and shrunk on so that say 
 one-third of its length will be below and two-thirds above the ground line. 
 These dog guards are applied at a red heat, and effectually prevent water 
 entering between the pole and dog guard. They are usually made 2 feet 
 long and Vfe inch thick. They thus would at least double the life of a pole of 
 extra-heavy pipe, and frequently treble the life of a pole of standard pipe. 
 
114 Dog Guards 
 
 The usual practice in "dog guards" is to make them 2 feet long and 
 of sufficient inside diameter to slide easily over the butt section, as here 
 tabulated. 
 
 Butt of pole 
 
 Sleeve before swaging 
 
 Nominal 
 size 
 
 Outside 
 diameter 
 
 Outside 
 diameter 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 
 Weight 
 per sleeve 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 3-50 
 4-50 
 5.563 
 6.625 
 
 7-625 
 8.625 
 9.625 
 10.75 
 
 H.75 
 12.75 
 14.00 
 
 4-50 
 5.563 
 6.625 
 8.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 IO.OO 
 11.00 
 12.00 
 
 13.00 
 14.00 
 16.00 
 
 337 
 .375 
 
 432 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 .500 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 14.983 
 20.778 
 28.573 
 40.050 
 
 45-390 
 50.730 
 56.070 
 61.410 
 
 66.750 
 
 72.0QI 
 82.771 
 
 29.966 
 41.556 
 57.146 
 80.100 
 
 90.780 
 101.460 
 112.140 
 122.820 
 
 133.500 
 144.182 
 165.542 
 
 In the case of old poles that need repair, this has been accomplished 
 by the use of a "dog guard" placed over the pole and extending about 
 the ordinary length of joint (18 inches), each way from the injured por- 
 tion, say 4 feet long, and then the space between sleeve and pole filled 
 with rich Portland cement grout of i to i or i to 2 mixture made up with 
 as little water as will allow it to surely fill all irregularities of the 
 space between sleeve and corroded pole. The following table gives 
 list of appropriate sizes of sleeve. 
 
 Butt of pole 
 
 Sleeves four (4) feet long 
 
 Nominal 
 size 
 
 Outside 
 diameter 
 
 Outside 
 diameter 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 
 Weight 
 of sleeve 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 3-50 
 4-50 
 5.563 
 6.625 
 
 7.625 
 8.625 
 9.625 
 10.75 
 
 H.75 
 12.75 
 14.00 
 
 S.oo 
 6.625 
 7-625 
 8.625 
 
 9.625 
 10.75 
 11-75 
 12.75 
 
 14.00 
 
 15 00 
 
 16.00 
 
 355 
 432 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 .500 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 17.611 
 
 28.573 
 38.048 
 43-388 
 
 48.728 
 54-735 
 60.075 
 65.415 
 
 72.091 
 77 431 
 82.771 
 
 70.444 
 114.292 
 152.192 
 173.552 
 
 194.912 
 218.940 
 240 . 300 
 261.660 
 
 288.364 
 309.724 
 331.084 
 
 Test Conditions. The test condition (butt fixed for 6 feet and load 
 applied 18 inches below the top) used on these tables is that which the 
 great majority of specifications impose. It has remained the same for 
 many years, so that it may, in a general way, be considered the "Stand- 
 ard" condition for pole tests. 
 
Joints 
 
 115 
 
 Joints. The joints between the sections of poles are made by insert- 
 ing the smaller pipe 18 inches into the larger pipe while the latter is at 
 a red heat, swaging down the heated portion and then allowing the joint 
 to cool and shrink. The swaging (viz., reducing the diameter) is done 
 either in a hydraulic press or under a hammer. The former process is 
 expensive when only a few poles are to be made, but is speedy and pro- 
 duces as good work as the hammer on large quantities. The choice 
 
 Fig. 47. Shop Joint 
 
 of method should be left to the maker, unless customer is willing to stand 
 the increased cost that may be entailed by his specifying the method. 
 The length inserted is almost invariably 18 inches, but other lengths can 
 be worked when called for. Fig. 47 shows how the joint appears when 
 completed. This joint, being assembled in the maker's shop, is usually 
 called a "shop joint" to distinguish it from the following joint. 
 
 Field Joint. For shipment of poles over 40 feet long, two railroad 
 cars are generally required, and it is at times economical to make the 
 poles in two parts, with one joint fashioned for customer to assemble 
 at point of erection. This joint is called a " field joint" and is shown in 
 Fig. 48. It will be noted that it is slightly tapered to allow easy inser- 
 tion when assembling in field, for which it is only necessary to have the 
 two parts accurately in alignment, the lighter one being on rollers, so 
 
 Fig. 48. Field Joint 
 
 placed that it may be slid endwise without disturbing the alignment; 
 then heat the outside end for 18 inches to a red heat and insert the 
 smaller pipe and allow to cool. For flag poles of great length such 
 joints are essential, three or four being used on one pole when needed. 
 Another form of field joint has been much used, but it has been discarded 
 because it seriously weakened the pole and was difficult to assemble. 
 It was made by boring the larger pipe and turning the smaller pipe, no 
 taper being used. 
 
 Joint Strength. The strength of the swaged joint has frequently 
 been called into question because of careless workmanship or because 
 
116 Joint Strength 
 
 attempted with improper tools. When properly made, it meets all 
 practical needs, and all those devices that reduce the section of metal at 
 the joint should be avoided, because they are at best but makeshifts to 
 hide bad workmanship. The regular swaged joint will easily stand the 
 drop test given on page 119. No pole or pipe can be so dropped without 
 shortening its length if dropped on an iron anvil, as has been specified at 
 times. The experiment has been tried on plain pipe (no joints) and it 
 has been found that the length is reduced. The reduction in length is 
 the measure employed to detect telescoping at the joints. While the drop 
 test does not appear to be good from the standpoint of the theoretical 
 engineer, still it is one that any buyer can apply at will anywhere. As a 
 more rational test it has been proposed to subject the poles to an endwise 
 pressure. The objection to this is that customers would have to incur 
 some considerable expense to equip for the test. To determine the resist- 
 ance of the swaged joints, a number were cut from poles of medium- 
 sized pipes and the endwise thrust measured that would start telescop- 
 ing. It was found that 30 tons frequently failed to start the joints of 
 ordinary poles, and that some refused to start at 40 tons. These loads 
 are more than twice as great as the loads that such poles would be 
 suited to carry as columns, even if they had no joints. 
 
 The question of the effect of the joints on the lateral strength and 
 stiffness of the poles has often been raised. Many experiments have 
 been made which have shown that the joints neither increase nor de- 
 crease the lateral strength, stiffness, or set of poles, provided the joints 
 are made with a sufficient insertion. These experiments were made by 
 testing plain pipes, without joints, of various sizes and lengths up to 
 40 feet. The results were compared with the results of tests of jointed 
 poles. It was found that deflection measures gave about the same 
 average value of the modulus of elasticity with and without joints. The 
 deflections computed, allowing for the double thickness at joints, did 
 not tally as well with experimental results as when the sections were 
 each considered uniform from point of emergence to end. The set on 
 first application of load was as great with plain pipes as with jointed 
 poles. The crippling never occurred in the joints, but always in the 
 pipe where strain was greatest. 
 
 Theoretical considerations indicate that the proper length of insertion 
 at each joint depends on the size and thickness. When the outside 
 pipe is thin the joint should be a little longer than when it is thick. 
 For thin 13-inch pipe it should be about 20 inches, and for 8-inch pipe 
 about 13 inches will answer. For the sake of uniformity in the tables, 
 ordinary practice has been adhered to, and all joints made with 1 8-inch 
 insertion. This allows a good margin of excess length except on the 
 12-inch and 1 3-inch pipes. For very small pipes the length of joint 
 could be reduced to 7 inches or so, say on 3-inch pipe, when lateral 
 strength is the only consideration; but the practical operations of assem- 
 bling joints make it advisable to use at least 1 2 inches on such size. 
 
 Service Conditions, Wind Loads, etc. Some specifications involve 
 service conditions for which poles are intended. This Company does 
 not assume liability for poles meeting service conditions. To aid users 
 
Wind Loads 117 
 
 to fix on suitable tests for the poles, we give the usual method of 
 wind-load calculation. In this it is usual to assume a maximum wind 
 pressure of 30 pounds per square foot, and equate the resultant wind 
 load to the strength of the pipes at about the elastic limit. Such 
 pressure may be said to correspond to 50 to 90 miles per hour, according 
 to authority accepted. However, it makes little difference what the 
 velocity is, because pressures of 30 pounds to 50 pounds have been 
 repeatedly observed in many places; notably at Greenwich, England. 
 The relation of velocity to pressure is only useful where velocities are 
 recorded and pressure gages not used. But velocity instruments are 
 subject to such great errors that it is not necessary to go into any refine- 
 ment as to the relation of pressure and velocity. The U. S. Weather 
 Bureau reports the anemometer velocity reading which exceeds the actual 
 average speed of the wind by over 20 per cent, at 60 miles per hour and 
 is thought to vary increasingly at higher speeds but this has not been 
 
 V 2 
 proven by experiment. The relation, pressure =/= = pounds per 
 
 square foot, relates to actual average wind velocity V in miles per hour. 
 Experiments are stated to show that the pressure on a circular cylinder 
 gives a total load equal to half the diameter multiplied by the length 
 multiplied by the pressure. If the wind moved with an absolutely uniform 
 velocity it would impose a static load, but the wind is always more or 
 less puffy, as may be noted by observing stretched wires, ropes, flags, or 
 trees. They will always be seen swaying or surging. Therefore the 
 load is a "live load, " and such is usually considered to impose twice the 
 stress of a "static load." If wires are insulated, the outside diameter 
 of insulation must be used in reckoning wind load. Where snow and 
 ice form, the diameter of the wires may be increased by *4 inch, or even 
 Vif-inch thickness in times of sleet storms. The outside diameter of 
 such incrustation must be used in figuring wind load. It is frequently 
 assumed that the maximum wind pressure and the snow load do not 
 act at the same time. It is practically never necessary to consider the 
 weight of wires, sleet, etc., because any poles that will stand the lateral 
 strain are more than ample to carry, as columns, the vertical loads that 
 will come on them.* Example, poles spaced 36 per mile, carrying 36 
 wires No. 10 B. W. G.; 6 cross-arms, 5 inches wide, 6 feet long ; wires 
 25 feet above ground. Wind on wires (no ice or snow) = (- 13< H2) X % X 
 2 x (528o/ 36 ) x 30 X 36 equals about 1760 pounds. If Vi-inch sleet is 
 assumed the diameter would be 0.134 plus 0.50, say 0.634, and the load 
 would be about 8370 pounds. Wind on arms would be 6 X (%2) X 6 X 30, 
 * Wind stress may be omitted when computing column strength when the 
 wind stress is less than 25 to 30 per cent, of the stress due to direct column loads 
 in bridges. By inversion ; column strength may be omitted when its stress is 
 less than 20 per cent, of the bending stress due to wind. Where it is thought 
 necessary to consider the combined stress due to bending and to loading as a col- 
 umn a generally accepted rule is to add the bending and eccentric loading stress 
 to the direct stress as a column, and keep the sum of the stresses below the per- 
 missible stress allowed by one of the approved empirical column formulae; remem- 
 bering that a planted pole considered as a column is equivalent to a pivot ended 
 column whose length is twice the length of the pole above ground. 
 
118 Wind Loads 
 
 equal to about 450 pounds* Wind on pole, for this assume 1 2 inches 
 diameter and 29 feet long above ground; ( 1 %2) X 29 X 30 xCVij) equals 
 about 435 pounds. Therefore, equivalent top load is 435 -r- 2, say 218 
 pounds. Then the wind loads would be 
 
 No ice With sleet and 
 snow 
 
 On wire 1760 8370 
 
 On arms 450 450 
 
 On pole 218 218 
 
 2428 9038 
 
 To use pole table for selecting size of pole required for above loads, 
 note that the tabulated poles are loaded 18 inches below the top and 
 planted 6 feet, therefore 25 feet center of wind load to ground plus 
 7 feet 6 inches is 32 feet 6 inches. The nearest longer length listed is 
 33 feet. Pole 7943 will carry the wind load without ice but no pole is 
 listed of sufficient strength to carry the wind load with sleet, etc. By 
 table of Pipe giving / and Q it is seen that the latter wind load would 
 require a butt section larger than 16 inches outside diameter by % inch 
 thick. It would, therefore, probably be more economical construction 
 to use guy lines, as is common practice at corner poles. Since a 33 foot 
 pole would hardly afford room to distribute the cross arms it may be 
 necessary to use a longer pole such as 34 feet or 35 feet, say number 
 8063 or 8103 for the pole with no ice. 
 
 Painting. Poles are always painted before leaving the maker's 
 works. Unless customers specify the color, domestic poles are painted 
 black and export poles red. It would appear probable that the best 
 practice would be to dip them in hot molten asphaltic pipe coating, but 
 the demand for such treatment has not yet justified equipment for such 
 dipping. 
 
 Pole Tables. The National Tube Company's table of Standard poles 
 is given on the following pages. It is recommended not to depart from 
 the section lengths given in the table. The table is preceded by an explan- 
 atory note and the Standard Specification for Poles. These tables are as 
 condensed as possible in order to allow ready comparison and selection. 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 These tables of poles, pages 120 to 157, give all essential details for maker and 
 user. 
 
 Pole number is given for purpose of reference and identification. 
 
 Column headed "Size of butt" gives the nominal size of pipe used in the butt 
 section. The upper sections are each one inch, pipe size, smaller than the sec- 
 tion next below, except that 2^-inch is used in 3 -inch. 
 
 Column headed "Thickness" gives the nominal thickness of each section, from 
 the bottom up, by the use of symbols/ and E, which mean standard and extra 
 
 * It is not the custom of engineers to consider the wind load a live load on 
 structures firmly held by their foundations nor on pieces rigidly attached 
 thereto. This is different from the above calculation of load on wires which 
 are flexibly attached. 
 
Specifications for Poles 
 
 119 
 
 strong, respectively; e.g., Ejf means extra -strong pipe in bottom section and 
 standard pipe the two upper sections. 
 
 Column headed " Maximum load (P)" gives the load that pole will carry, 
 applied 18 inches below the top when pole is planted or "fixed' 5 for a distance 
 of 6 feet. It is figured at 27 ooo pounds per square inch fiber stress in the material. 
 
 Column headed "Load (L) for deflection Z>" gives the load that it is suitable 
 to specify when poles must be tested for deflection. This deflection test load 
 is about two-thirds of the maximum load P. 
 
 Column headed "Deflection for load Z," gives the maximum deflection in inches 
 at point of load when pole is fixed as a cantilever for a distance of 6 feet and load 
 L is applied 18 inches below top. D= deflection limit. 
 
 Column headed "Factor 'R" gives the rate of deflection in inches per 100 pounds 
 load. 
 
 Column headed " Factor m " gives a factor for computing the approximate deflec- 
 tion D' at any point situated "n" inches above the point of application of the load, 
 by means of formula D' = D(m-\-n)/m, all other conditions remaining as before. 
 
 By reason of the slight, unavoidable variations in manufacture, the data 
 shown in the following tubular electric line pole tables are not absolutely correct, 
 but the element of error is very small. 
 
 Any pole given in these tables will conform to the following specifications: 
 
 Specifications. All poles shall be composed of wrought -steel pipes. Joints 
 shall be made by inserting the smaller pipe cold into the larger pipe a distance 
 of 18 inches, and while the latter is hot, swaging it upon the smaller and allowing 
 them to cool and shrink. No shims, wires, liners, pins, rivets, pu-nch marks, or 
 any device that weakens material at joint will be allowed. 
 
 Any pole when fixed for a distance of six feet from the butt end and tested as 
 a cantilever with the load given in column P, applied 18 inches below the top, 
 shall not show a set or permanent deflection in excess of 10 per cent of the tem- 
 porary deflection under this load, but this set limit may not be placed at less 
 than l /2 inch in any case. Any pole tested as before, but with the load in pounds 
 given in column L, shall not show a temporary deflection in inches, at the point 
 of load, exceeding the figure given in column D. 
 
 Any pole when dropped three times, butt foremost, from a height of six feet 
 upon a solid wood block on a rigid base shall not telescope at the joints. 
 
 Weight of completed pole shall not vary more than 5 per cent above or 5 per 
 cent below the weight given in column headed "Weight." 
 
 The following list gives pipes used for poles given on pages 120 to 157. 
 
 Nom- 
 inal 
 
 Thick- 
 
 .203 
 .216 
 .237 
 .258 
 
 .280 
 .301 
 .322 
 342 
 
 .365 
 .375 
 .375 
 .375 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 
 Moment 
 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 5-793 
 7-575 
 10.790 
 14.617 
 
 18.974 
 23-544 
 28.554 
 33.907 
 
 40.483 
 45-557 
 49.562 
 54.568 
 
 1.5296 
 3-0172 
 7.2326 
 15.162 
 
 28.142 
 46.515 
 72.489 
 107.58 
 
 160.73 
 216.98 
 279-33 
 372.76 
 
 Nom- 
 inal 
 size 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 .276 
 .300 
 .337 
 .375 
 
 .432 
 .500 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 .500 
 .500 
 .500 
 
 Weight 
 per foot 
 
 Moment 
 of 
 
 inertia 
 
 7.661 
 10.252 
 14.983 
 20.778 
 
 28.573 
 38.048 
 43-388 
 48.728 
 
 54.735 
 60.075 
 65.415 
 72.091 
 
 1.9242 
 3.8943 
 9-6105 
 20.671 
 
 40.491 
 71.370 
 105.72 
 149.63 
 
 211.95 
 280.12 
 361.54 
 483.76 
 
120 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 22 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches and 5 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 P 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 L 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 load I, 
 
 D 
 
 Factor 
 R 
 
 Factor 
 m 
 
 7000 
 
 3 
 
 169 
 
 // 
 
 267 
 
 180 
 
 4.19 
 
 2.33 
 
 114 
 
 7001 
 
 4 
 
 238 
 
 
 499 
 
 350 
 
 3-41 
 
 975 
 
 H3 
 
 7002 
 
 5 
 
 324 
 
 " 
 
 846 
 
 550 
 
 2.55 
 
 .465 
 
 114 
 
 7003 
 
 6 
 
 425 
 
 " 
 
 I 318 
 
 900 
 
 2.25 
 
 .250 
 
 114 
 
 7004 
 
 7 
 
 530 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1300 
 
 1.96 
 
 .151 
 
 US 
 
 7005 
 
 8 
 
 647 
 
 " 
 
 2 609 
 
 1700 
 
 1.65 
 
 .0970 
 
 us 
 
 7006 
 
 9 
 
 770 
 
 11 
 
 3469 
 
 2300 
 
 1.50 
 
 .0654 
 
 US 
 
 7007 
 
 10 
 
 919 
 
 
 4641 
 
 3100 
 
 1.36 
 
 .0438 
 
 116 
 
 7008 
 
 ii 
 
 1046 
 
 
 5732 
 
 3800 
 
 1.23 
 
 .0324 
 
 116 
 
 7009 
 
 12 
 
 1146 
 
 " 
 
 6801 
 
 45oo 
 
 1. 13 
 
 .0252 
 
 116 
 
 7010 
 
 13 
 
 1258 
 
 " 
 
 8265 
 
 5500 
 
 1.03 
 
 .0188 
 
 H5 
 
 7011 
 
 3 
 
 220 
 
 Ef 
 
 347 
 
 220 
 
 3.96 
 
 i. 80 
 
 113 
 
 7012 
 
 4 
 
 315 
 
 
 663 
 
 450 
 
 3-30 
 
 .735 
 
 112 
 
 7013 
 
 5 
 
 433 
 
 " 
 
 i 141 
 
 750 
 
 2.58 
 
 .345 
 
 113 
 
 7014 
 
 6 
 
 602 
 
 " 
 
 1897 
 
 1300 
 
 2.26 
 
 .174 
 
 113 
 
 7oi5 
 
 7 
 
 798 
 
 
 
 2905 
 
 1900 
 
 1.88 
 
 .0988 
 
 113 
 
 7016 
 
 8 
 
 920 
 
 44 
 
 3805 
 
 2500 
 
 1.67 
 
 .0666 
 
 114 
 
 7017 
 
 9 
 
 1044 
 
 44 
 
 4 826 
 
 3200 
 
 1.50 
 
 .0471 
 
 114 
 
 7018 
 
 10 
 
 1182 
 
 " 
 
 6 120 
 
 4000 
 
 1.33 
 
 .0333 
 
 114 
 
 7019 
 
 ii 
 
 1314 
 
 " 
 
 7401 
 
 5000 
 
 1.26 
 
 .0251 
 
 114 
 
 7020 
 
 12 
 
 1438 
 
 
 8802 
 
 5800 
 
 1. 12 
 
 .0194 
 
 114 
 
 7021 
 
 13 
 
 1582 
 
 " 
 
 10727 
 
 7200 
 
 1.05 
 
 .0146 
 
 H5 
 
 7022 
 
 3 
 
 229 
 
 EE 
 
 347 
 
 220 
 
 3.96 
 
 1. 80 
 
 114 
 
 7023 
 
 4 
 
 329 
 
 
 663 
 
 450 
 
 3-30 
 
 .734 
 
 H3 
 
 7024 
 
 5 
 
 454 
 
 " 
 
 i 141 
 
 *750 
 
 2.58 
 
 344 
 
 H4 
 
 7025 
 
 6 
 
 632 
 
 " 
 
 1897 
 
 1300 
 
 2.26 
 
 .174 
 
 114 
 
 7026 
 
 7 
 
 846 
 
 . 
 
 2905 
 
 1900 
 
 .87 
 
 .0986 
 
 H5 
 
 7027 
 
 8 
 
 993 
 
 " 
 
 3805 
 
 2500 
 
 .66 
 
 .0665 
 
 115 
 
 7028 
 
 9 
 
 1118 
 
 " 
 
 4 826 
 
 3200 
 
 .50 
 
 .0470 
 
 116 
 
 7029 
 
 10 
 
 1256 
 
 " 
 
 6 120 
 
 4000 
 
 .33 
 
 .0332 
 
 H5 
 
 7030 
 
 II 
 
 1385 
 
 
 
 7401 
 
 5000 
 
 .26 
 
 .0251 
 
 US 
 
 7031 
 
 12 
 
 1510 
 
 " 
 
 8802 
 
 5800 
 
 .12 
 
 .0194 
 
 IIS 
 
 7032 
 
 13 
 
 1661 
 
 
 10727 
 
 7200 
 
 .05 
 
 .0146 
 
 116 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 121 
 
 Length of Pole, 23 Feet 
 
 Sections: 19 feet 6 inches and 5 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7033 
 
 3 
 
 177 
 
 // 
 
 250 
 
 170 
 
 4-85 
 
 2.85 
 
 122 
 
 7034 
 
 4 
 
 249 
 
 
 466 
 
 300 
 
 3-57 
 
 1. 19 
 
 122 
 
 7035 
 
 5 
 
 339 
 
 " 
 
 791 
 
 550 
 
 3-12 
 
 .567 
 
 122 
 
 7036 
 
 6 
 
 444 
 
 " 
 
 I 233 
 
 800 
 
 2-44 
 
 305 
 
 122 
 
 7037 
 
 7 
 
 553 
 
 
 
 1771 
 
 1200 
 
 2.22 
 
 .185 
 
 123 
 
 7038 
 
 
 675 
 
 
 2440 
 
 1600 
 
 1.90 
 
 .119 
 
 123 
 
 7039 
 
 9 
 
 804 
 
 " 
 
 3245 
 
 2200 
 
 1.76 
 
 .0798 
 
 123 
 
 7040 
 
 10 
 
 959 
 
 
 4342 
 
 29OO 
 
 1.55 
 
 .0535 
 
 123 
 
 7041 
 
 II 
 
 1092 
 
 
 5362 
 
 3600 
 
 1.42 
 
 .0395 
 
 123 
 
 7042 
 
 12 
 
 1 195 
 
 " 
 
 6362 
 
 4200 
 
 1.29 
 
 .0307 
 
 123 
 
 7043 
 
 13 
 
 1313 
 
 " 
 
 7732 
 
 5200 
 
 i. 20 
 
 .0230 
 
 123 
 
 7044 
 
 3 
 
 230 
 
 Ef 
 
 324 
 
 22O 
 
 4.84 
 
 2. 2O 
 
 121 
 
 7045 
 
 4 
 
 330 
 
 
 620 
 
 400 
 
 3-59 
 
 .897 
 
 120 
 
 7046 
 
 5 
 
 454 
 
 11 
 
 1068 
 
 700 
 
 2-95 
 
 .421 
 
 121 
 
 7047 
 
 6 
 
 631 
 
 " 
 
 1774 
 
 I2OO 
 
 2.56 
 
 .213 
 
 121 
 
 7048 
 
 7 
 
 836 
 
 
 2 718 
 
 I800 
 
 2.18 
 
 .121 
 
 121 
 
 7049 
 
 8 
 
 964 
 
 " 
 
 3559 
 
 2400 
 
 1.95 
 
 .0813 
 
 122 
 
 7050 
 
 9 
 
 1093 
 
 
 4515 
 
 3000 
 
 73 
 
 .0575 
 
 122 
 
 7051 
 
 10 
 
 1236 
 
 " 
 
 5725 
 
 3800 
 
 54 
 
 .0406 
 
 122 
 
 7052 
 
 ii 
 
 1375 
 
 
 
 6923 
 
 4500 
 
 .38 
 
 .0306 
 
 122 
 
 7053 
 
 12 
 
 1503 
 
 
 8234 
 
 55oo 
 
 .31 
 
 .0238 
 
 123 
 
 7054 
 
 i 
 
 1654 
 
 " 
 
 10 034 
 
 6800 
 
 .21 
 
 .0178 
 
 124 
 
 7055 
 
 3 
 
 239 
 
 EE 
 
 324 
 
 220 
 
 4.84 
 
 2.20 
 
 122 
 
 7056 
 
 4 
 
 344 
 
 
 620 
 
 400 
 
 3-58 
 
 .896 
 
 122 
 
 7057 
 
 5 
 
 475 
 
 " 
 
 I 067 
 
 700 
 
 2.95 
 
 .421 
 
 122 
 
 7058 
 
 6 
 
 660 
 
 " 
 
 I 774 
 
 1200 
 
 2.54 
 
 .212 
 
 122 
 
 7059 
 
 7 
 
 884 
 
 
 2 718 
 
 I800 
 
 2.16 
 
 .120 
 
 123 
 
 7060 
 
 8 
 
 1036 
 
 " 
 
 3559 
 
 2400 
 
 1.95 
 
 .0812 
 
 123 
 
 7061 
 
 9 
 
 1167 
 
 
 4514 
 
 3000 
 
 1.73 
 
 0575 
 
 124 
 
 7062 
 
 10 
 
 1310 
 
 " 
 
 5725 
 
 3800 
 
 1.54 
 
 .0405 
 
 123 
 
 7063 
 
 II 
 
 1446 
 
 " 
 
 6923 
 
 45oo 
 
 1.38 
 
 .0306 
 
 123 
 
 7064 
 
 12 
 
 1576 
 
 
 8234 
 
 55oo 
 
 1. 31 
 
 .0238 
 
 124 
 
 7065 
 
 13 
 
 1733 
 
 
 10034 
 
 6800 
 
 1. 21 
 
 .0178 
 
 124 
 
 
122 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 24 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches and 7 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 P 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 L 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 D 
 
 Factor 
 R 
 
 Factor 
 m 
 
 7066 
 
 3 
 
 181 
 
 // 
 
 235 
 
 160 
 
 5-57 
 
 3-48 
 
 127 
 
 7067 
 
 4 
 
 253 
 
 
 438 
 
 300 
 
 4.38 
 
 1.46 
 
 124 
 
 7068 
 
 5 
 
 346 
 
 " 
 
 743 
 
 500 
 
 3-47 
 
 .694 
 
 126 
 
 7069 
 
 6 
 
 454 
 
 
 1158 
 
 750 
 
 2-79 
 
 372 
 
 127 
 
 7070 
 
 7 
 
 568 
 
 
 1664 
 
 IIOO 
 
 2.48 
 
 .225 
 
 128 
 
 7071 
 
 8 
 
 694 
 
 
 2292 
 
 1500 
 
 2.16 
 
 .144 
 
 129 
 
 7072 
 
 9 
 
 827 
 
 
 3049 
 
 2000 
 
 1.94 
 
 .0968 
 
 129 
 
 7073 
 
 10 
 
 987 
 
 
 4079 
 
 270O 
 
 1.75 
 
 .0648 
 
 129 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7074 
 
 ii 
 
 1127 " 
 
 5037 
 
 3400 
 
 1.63 
 
 .0480 
 
 131 
 
 7075 
 
 12 
 
 1237 
 
 
 5977 
 
 4OOO 
 
 1.49 
 
 .0372 
 
 130 
 
 7076 
 
 13 
 
 1357 
 
 
 7263 
 
 4800 
 
 1.34 
 
 .0280 
 
 131 
 
 7077 
 
 3 
 
 231 Ef 
 
 305 
 
 200 
 
 5-40 
 
 2.70 
 
 124 
 
 7078 
 
 4 
 
 331 ! 
 
 582 
 
 400 
 
 4-44 
 
 i. ii 
 
 121 
 
 7079 
 
 5 
 
 455 
 
 1002 
 
 650 
 
 3.37 
 
 .519 
 
 122 
 
 7080 
 
 6 
 
 631 
 
 1667 
 
 IIOO 
 
 2.88 
 
 .262 
 
 123 
 
 7081 
 
 7 
 
 836 
 
 < 
 
 2553 
 
 1700 
 
 2.52 
 
 .148 
 
 124 
 
 7082 
 
 8 
 
 967 
 
 
 3343 
 
 2200 
 
 2.19 
 
 .0996 
 
 125 
 
 7083 
 
 9 
 
 IIOI 
 
 -" 
 
 4241 
 
 2800 
 
 1-97 
 
 .0702 
 
 126 
 
 7084 
 
 10 
 
 1249 
 
 r*? 
 
 5378 
 
 3600 
 
 1.78 
 
 .0495 
 
 127 
 
 7085 
 
 ii 
 
 1395 
 
 
 6503 
 
 4200 
 
 1.57 
 
 .0374 
 
 128 
 
 7086 
 
 12 
 
 1529 
 
 " 
 
 7735 
 
 5200 
 
 1.50 
 
 .0289 
 
 128 
 
 7087 
 
 13 
 
 1681 
 
 " 
 
 9426 
 
 620O 
 
 1.34 
 
 .0216 
 
 128 
 
 7088 
 
 3 
 
 244 
 
 EE 
 
 305 
 
 200 
 
 5.36 
 
 2.68 
 
 126 
 
 7089 
 
 4 
 
 350 
 
 " 
 
 582 
 
 400 
 
 4.40 
 
 1. 10 
 
 124 
 
 7090 
 
 5 
 
 484 
 
 
 IOO2 
 
 65O 
 
 3-34 
 
 .514 
 
 126 
 
 7091 
 
 6 
 
 673 
 
 " 
 
 1667 
 
 IIOO 
 
 2.85 
 
 .259 
 
 127 
 
 7092 
 
 7 
 
 903 
 
 
 
 2553 
 
 1700 
 
 2.50 
 
 .147 
 
 128 
 
 7093 
 
 8 
 
 1069 
 
 
 3343 
 
 2200 
 
 2.17 
 
 .0986 
 
 129 
 
 7094 
 
 9 
 
 1205 
 
 11 
 
 4241 
 
 2800 
 
 1.95 
 
 .0696 
 
 130 
 
 7095 
 
 10 
 
 1353 
 
 " 
 
 5378 
 
 3600 
 
 1.77 
 
 .0491 
 
 130 
 
 7096 
 
 ii 
 
 1495 
 
 
 
 6503 
 
 42OO 
 
 1.56 
 
 .0371 
 
 130 
 
 7097 
 
 12 
 
 1631 
 
 " 
 
 7735 
 
 5200 
 
 i.5o 
 
 .0288 
 
 131 
 
 7098 
 
 13 
 
 1792 
 
 
 9426 
 
 6200 
 
 1.33 
 
 .0214 
 
 129 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 123 
 
 Length of Pole, 24 Feet 
 
 Sections: 19 feet, 4 feet, and 4 feet 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 Load 
 
 Deflec- 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 mum 
 load 
 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7099 
 
 4 
 
 259 
 
 /// 
 
 438 
 
 300 
 
 4-35 
 
 1.45 
 
 125 
 
 7100 
 
 5 
 
 351 
 
 
 743 
 
 500 
 
 3-45 
 
 .690 
 
 126 
 
 7101 
 
 6 
 
 463 
 
 
 1 159 
 
 750 
 
 2.78 
 
 371 
 
 127 
 
 7102 
 
 7 
 
 58i 
 
 " 
 
 1664 
 
 1 100 
 
 2.46 
 
 .224 
 
 129 
 
 7103 
 
 8 
 
 713 
 
 
 2292 
 
 1500 
 
 2.16 
 
 .144 
 
 129 
 
 7104 
 
 9 
 
 853 
 
 
 3049 
 
 2OOO 
 
 1.93 
 
 .0966 
 
 129 
 
 7105 
 
 10 
 
 1020 
 
 " 
 
 4079 
 
 2700 
 
 1.75 
 
 .0647 
 
 129 
 
 7106 
 
 II 
 
 Il64 
 
 
 5037 
 
 3400 
 
 1.63 
 
 .0478 
 
 130 
 
 7107 
 
 12 
 
 1287 
 
 " 
 
 5977 
 
 4000 
 
 1.49 
 
 .0372 
 
 130 
 
 7108 
 
 13 
 
 1418 
 
 
 7264 
 
 4800 
 
 1.34 
 
 .0279 
 
 131 
 
 7109 
 
 4 
 
 339 
 
 Eff 
 
 582 
 
 400 
 
 4.40 
 
 1. 10 
 
 122 
 
 7110 
 
 5 
 
 463 
 
 
 IO02 
 
 650 
 
 3-35 
 
 .515 
 
 123 
 
 7111 
 
 6 
 
 645 
 
 " 
 
 1667 
 
 1 100 
 
 2.86 
 
 .260 
 
 124 
 
 7112 
 
 7 
 
 856 
 
 
 2553 
 
 1700 
 
 2.50 
 
 .147 
 
 124 
 
 7H3 
 
 8 
 
 995 
 
 " 
 
 3343 
 
 22OO 
 
 2.18 
 
 .0992 
 
 126 
 
 7114 
 
 9 
 
 1 134 
 
 v 
 
 4241 
 
 2800 
 
 1.96 
 
 .0699 
 
 127 
 
 7H5 
 
 10 
 
 1289 
 
 *.' 
 
 5378 
 
 3600 
 
 1.77 
 
 .0492 
 
 127 
 
 7116 
 
 ii 
 
 1440 
 
 " 
 
 6503 
 
 4200 
 
 1.56 
 
 .0372 
 
 128 
 
 7117 
 
 12 
 
 1587 
 
 
 7735 
 
 5200 
 
 1.50 
 
 .0288 
 
 129 
 
 7118 
 
 13 
 
 1751 
 
 " 
 
 9426 
 
 6200 
 
 1-34 
 
 .0216 
 
 130 
 
 7119 
 
 4 
 
 349 
 
 EEf 
 
 582 
 
 4OO 
 
 4-36 
 
 1.09 
 
 124 
 
 7120 
 
 5 
 
 480 
 
 " 
 
 1002 
 
 650 
 
 3 33 
 
 .512 
 
 125 
 
 7121 
 
 6 
 
 669 
 
 " 
 
 1667 
 
 IIOO 
 
 2.84 
 
 .258 
 
 126 
 
 7122 
 
 7 
 
 895 
 
 
 2553 
 
 1700 
 
 2.48 
 
 .146 
 
 127 
 
 7123 
 
 8 
 
 1053 
 
 " 
 
 3343 
 
 2200 
 
 2.16 
 
 .0984 
 
 129 
 
 7124 
 
 9 
 
 H93 
 
 
 
 4241 
 
 2800 
 
 1.95 
 
 .0695 
 
 130 
 
 7125 
 
 10 
 
 1349 
 
 " 
 
 5378 
 
 3600 
 
 1.76 
 
 .0490 
 
 130 
 
 7126 
 
 ii 
 
 1496 
 
 
 6503 
 
 4200 
 
 1.56 
 
 .0371 
 
 131 
 
 7127 
 
 12 
 
 1645 
 
 " 
 
 7735 
 
 5200 
 
 1.49 
 
 .0287 
 
 131 
 
 7128 
 
 13 
 
 1814 
 
 " 
 
 9426 
 
 620O 
 
 1.33 
 
 .0215 
 
 131 
 
 7129 
 
 4 
 
 357 
 
 EEE 
 
 582 
 
 40O 
 
 4-36 
 
 1.09 
 
 125 
 
 7130 
 
 5 
 
 491 
 
 " 
 
 1002 
 
 650 
 
 3-33 
 
 .512 
 
 126 
 
 7i3i 
 
 6 
 
 685 
 
 
 1667 
 
 IIOO 
 
 2.84 
 
 .258 
 
 127 
 
 7132 
 
 7 
 
 918 
 
 " 
 
 2553 
 
 1700 
 
 2.48 
 
 .146 
 
 128 
 
 7133 
 
 8 
 
 1091 
 
 
 3343 
 
 220O 
 
 2.16 
 
 .0984 
 
 129 
 
 7134 
 
 9 
 
 1251 
 
 
 
 4241 
 
 2800 
 
 1.95 
 
 .0695 
 
 130 
 
 7135 
 
 10 
 
 1408 
 
 
 
 5378 
 
 3600 
 
 1.76 
 
 .0490 
 
 130 
 
 7136 
 
 II 
 
 1556 
 
 * 
 
 6503 
 
 4200 
 
 1.56 
 
 .0371 
 
 131 
 
 7137 
 
 12 
 
 1702 
 
 ' 
 
 7735 
 
 5200 
 
 1.49 
 
 .0287 
 
 132 
 
 7138 
 
 13 
 
 1872 
 
 
 9426 
 
 6200 
 
 1.33 
 
 .0215 
 
 131 
 
 
124 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 25 Feet 
 
 Sections: 19 feet 6 inches and 7 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 mum 
 load 
 
 P 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 L 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 D 
 
 Factor 
 R 
 
 Factor 
 m 
 
 7139 
 
 3 
 
 188 
 
 // 
 
 221 
 
 150 
 
 6.21 
 
 4.14 
 
 135 
 
 7140 
 
 4 
 
 264 
 
 
 413 
 
 280 
 
 4.87 
 
 1.74 
 
 133 
 
 7141 
 
 5 
 
 360 
 
 " 
 
 701 
 
 450 
 
 3-71 
 
 .825 
 
 134 
 
 7142 
 
 6 
 
 473 
 
 
 1092 
 
 750 
 
 3-32 
 
 443 
 
 135 
 
 7143 
 
 7 
 
 591 
 
 " 
 
 1569 
 
 IOOO 
 
 2.68 
 
 .268 
 
 136 
 
 7144 
 
 8 
 
 722 
 
 " 
 
 2161 
 
 1400 
 
 2.39 
 
 .171 
 
 137 
 
 7145 
 
 9 
 
 861 
 
 " 
 
 2875 
 
 1900 
 
 2.19 
 
 .115 
 
 137 
 
 7146 
 
 10 
 
 1027 
 
 " 
 
 3845 
 
 2600 
 
 2.01 
 
 .0773 
 
 137 
 
 7147 
 
 II 
 
 H73 
 
 
 
 4749 
 
 3200 
 
 1.83 
 
 .0572 
 
 138 
 
 7148 
 
 12 
 
 1286 
 
 
 5635 
 
 3900 
 
 1.73 
 
 .0444 
 
 138 
 
 7149 
 
 13 
 
 1412 
 
 " 
 
 6848 
 
 4800 
 
 1. 60 
 
 .0333 
 
 138 
 
 7150 
 
 3 
 
 241 
 
 Ef 
 
 287 
 
 190 
 
 6.10 
 
 3-21 
 
 132 
 
 7i5i 
 
 4 
 
 346 
 
 
 549 
 
 350 
 
 4.62 
 
 1.32 
 
 129 
 
 7152 
 
 5 
 
 475 
 
 ** 
 
 945 
 
 650 
 
 4.01 
 
 .617 
 
 131 
 
 7153 
 
 6 
 
 660 
 
 
 1572 
 
 IOOO 
 
 3- II 
 
 .311 
 
 131 
 
 7154 
 
 7 
 
 874 
 
 .1".COZ 
 
 2407 
 
 1600 
 
 2.82 
 
 .176 
 
 132 
 
 7155 
 
 8 
 
 IOII 
 
 
 3152 
 
 2IOO 
 
 2.50 
 
 .119 
 
 133 
 
 7156 
 
 9 
 
 1150 
 
 i **OQJ 
 
 3998 
 
 2700 
 
 2.25 
 
 .0835 
 
 134 
 
 7157 
 
 10 
 
 1304 
 
 4" 005 
 
 5071 
 
 3400 
 
 2.0O 
 
 .0589 
 
 134 
 
 7158 
 
 II 
 
 1456 
 
 " 
 
 6132 
 
 4000 
 
 1.78 
 
 .0445 
 
 136 
 
 7159 
 
 12 
 
 1595 
 
 
 
 7293 
 
 4800 
 
 1.65 
 
 0344 
 
 136 
 
 7160 
 
 13 
 
 1753 
 
 " 
 
 8888 
 
 OOOO 
 
 1.55 
 
 .0258 
 
 137 
 
 7161 
 
 3 
 
 255 
 
 EE 
 
 287 
 
 190 
 
 6.06 
 
 3-19 
 
 135 
 
 7162 
 
 4 
 
 365 
 
 11 
 
 549 
 
 350 
 
 4-59 
 
 I-3I 
 
 132 
 
 7163 
 
 5 
 
 505 
 
 " 
 
 945 
 
 650 
 
 3-98 
 
 .612 
 
 134 
 
 7164 
 
 6 
 
 701 
 
 
 1572 
 
 IOOO 
 
 3-09 
 
 .309 
 
 135 
 
 7165 
 
 7 
 
 941 
 
 " 
 
 2407 
 
 1600 
 
 2.80 
 
 .175 
 
 136 
 
 7166 
 
 8 
 
 III2 
 
 " 
 
 3152 
 
 2100 
 
 2.48 
 
 .118 
 
 137 
 
 7167 
 
 9 
 
 1254 
 
 " 
 
 3998 
 
 2700 
 
 .24 
 
 .0830 
 
 138 
 
 7168 
 
 10 
 
 1408 
 
 " 
 
 5071 
 
 3400 
 
 .99 
 
 .0585 
 
 137 
 
 7169 
 
 II 
 
 1555 
 
 
 
 6132 
 
 4000 
 
 77 
 
 .0442 
 
 138 
 
 7170 
 
 12 
 
 1696 
 
 " 
 
 7293 
 
 4800 
 
 .65 
 
 .0343 
 
 139 
 
 7171 
 
 13 
 
 1864 
 
 
 8888 
 
 6000 
 
 .54 
 
 .0256 
 
 138 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 125 
 
 Length of Pole, 25 Feet 
 
 Sections: 19 feet, 5 feet, and 4 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7172 
 
 4 
 
 266 
 
 /// 
 
 4i3 
 
 280 
 
 4-90 
 
 i 75 
 
 130 
 
 7173 
 
 5 
 
 362 
 
 
 701 
 
 450 
 
 3-74 
 
 .830 
 
 132 
 
 7174 
 
 6 
 
 477 
 
 " 
 
 1092 
 
 750 
 
 3-34 
 
 445 
 
 134 
 
 7175 
 
 7 
 
 600 
 
 " 
 
 1569 
 
 IOOO 
 
 2.69 
 
 .269 
 
 135 
 
 7176 
 
 8 
 
 737 
 
 " 
 
 2161 
 
 1400 
 
 2.41 
 
 .172 
 
 136 
 
 7177 
 
 9 
 
 881 
 
 
 2875 
 
 1900 
 
 2. 2O 
 
 .116 
 
 136 
 
 7178 
 
 10 
 
 1053 
 
 " 
 
 3845 
 
 2600 
 
 2.02 
 
 0775 
 
 137 
 
 7179 
 
 II 
 
 1205 
 
 " 
 
 4749 
 
 3200 
 
 1.83 
 
 0573 
 
 138 
 
 7180 
 
 12 
 
 1332 
 
 " 
 
 5635 
 
 3900 
 
 1-73 
 
 0444 
 
 138 
 
 7181 
 
 13 
 
 1468 
 
 " 
 
 6848 
 
 4800 
 
 1. 60 
 
 .0333 
 
 138 
 
 7182 
 
 4 
 
 346 
 
 Eff 
 
 549 
 
 350 
 
 4.66 
 
 1.33 
 
 126 
 
 7183 
 
 5 
 
 474 
 
 
 
 945 
 
 650 
 
 4-05 
 
 .623 
 
 127 
 
 7184 
 
 6 
 
 660 
 
 " 
 
 1572 
 
 IOOO 
 
 3-14 
 
 .314 
 
 129 
 
 7185 
 
 7 
 
 875 
 
 " 
 
 2407 
 
 1600 
 
 2.85 
 
 .178 
 
 130 
 
 7186 
 
 8 
 
 1018 
 
 
 3152 
 
 2100 
 
 2.50 
 
 .119 
 
 131 
 
 7187 
 
 9 
 
 1162 
 
 ' 
 
 3998 
 
 2700 
 
 2.27 
 
 .0840 
 
 133 
 
 7188 
 
 10 
 
 1323 
 
 " 
 
 5071 
 
 3400 
 
 2.01 
 
 .0592 
 
 134 
 
 7189 
 
 ii 
 
 1480 
 
 
 6132 
 
 4000 
 
 1-79 
 
 .0447 
 
 135 
 
 7190 
 
 12 
 
 1633 
 
 " 
 
 7293 
 
 4800 
 
 1.66 
 
 .0345 
 
 135 
 
 7191 
 
 13 
 
 1800 
 
 
 8888 
 
 600O 
 
 1.55 
 
 .0259 
 
 136 
 
 7192 
 
 4 
 
 360 
 
 EEf 
 
 549 
 
 350 
 
 4-62 
 
 1.32 
 
 130 
 
 7193 
 
 5 
 
 495 
 
 11 
 
 945 
 
 650 
 
 4.00 
 
 .616 
 
 131 
 
 7194 
 
 6 
 
 689 
 
 
 1572 
 
 IOOO 
 
 3.io 
 
 .310 
 
 132 
 
 7195 
 
 7 
 
 923 
 
 " 
 
 2407 
 
 1600 
 
 2.80 
 
 .175 
 
 134 
 
 7196 
 
 8 
 
 1091 
 
 " 
 
 3152 
 
 2100 
 
 2.48 
 
 .118 
 
 136 
 
 7197 
 
 9 
 
 1236 
 
 
 
 3998 
 
 2700 
 
 2.25 
 
 .0832 
 
 137 
 
 7198 
 
 10 
 
 1397 
 
 " 
 
 5071 
 
 3400 
 
 2.0O 
 
 .0587 
 
 137 
 
 7199 
 
 ii 
 
 1551 
 
 
 6132 
 
 4000 
 
 1.77 
 
 .0443 
 
 137 
 
 7200 
 
 12 
 
 1705 
 
 " 
 
 7293 
 
 4800 
 
 1.65 
 
 .0343 
 
 137 
 
 7201 
 
 13 
 
 1879 
 
 
 8888 
 
 6000 
 
 1.54 
 
 .0257 
 
 138 
 
 7202 
 
 4 
 
 367 
 
 EEE 
 
 549 
 
 350 
 
 4.62 
 
 1.32 
 
 130 
 
 7203 
 
 5 
 
 506 
 
 ** 
 
 945 
 
 650 
 
 4.00 
 
 .616 
 
 132 
 
 7204 
 
 6 
 
 706 
 
 " 
 
 1572 
 
 IOOO 
 
 3.io 
 
 .310 
 
 133 
 
 7205 
 
 7 
 
 947 
 
 " 
 
 2407 
 
 1600 
 
 2.80 
 
 .175 
 
 134 
 
 7206 
 
 8 
 
 1129 
 
 " 
 
 3152 
 
 2100 
 
 2.48 
 
 .118 
 
 136 
 
 7207 
 
 9 
 
 1294 
 
 
 
 3998 
 
 27OO 
 
 2.25 
 
 .0832 
 
 137 
 
 7208 
 
 10 
 
 1456 
 
 " 
 
 5071 
 
 3400 
 
 2.00 
 
 .0587 
 
 137 
 
 7209 
 
 II 
 
 1610 
 
 " 
 
 6132 
 
 4000 
 
 1.77 
 
 0443 
 
 137 
 
 7210 
 
 12 
 
 1762 
 
 41 
 
 7293 
 
 4800 
 
 1.65 
 
 .0343 
 
 138 
 
 7211 
 
 13 
 
 1937 
 
 
 8888 
 
 6OOO 
 
 1.54 
 
 .0257 
 
 138 
 
 
126 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 26 Feet 
 
 Sections: 20 feet 6 inches and 7 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 P 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 L 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 load L 
 
 D 
 
 Factor 
 R 
 
 Factor 
 m 
 
 7212 
 
 3 
 
 196 
 
 // 
 
 209 
 
 140 
 
 6.83 
 
 4 88 
 
 143 
 
 7213 
 
 4 
 
 275 
 
 ( 
 
 39i 
 
 250 
 
 5.13 
 
 2.05 
 
 141 
 
 7214 
 
 5 
 
 375 
 
 
 663 
 
 -450 
 
 4.38 
 
 973 
 
 142 
 
 7315 
 
 6 
 
 492 
 
 
 1033 
 
 700 
 
 3.66 
 
 .523 
 
 144 
 
 7216 
 
 7 
 
 6i5 
 
 " 
 
 1484 
 
 1000 
 
 3-i6 
 
 .316 
 
 145 
 
 7217 
 
 8 
 
 751 
 
 " 
 
 2044 
 
 1400 
 
 2.83 
 
 .202 
 
 145 
 
 7218 
 
 9 
 
 895 
 
 
 
 2719 
 
 1800 
 
 2.45 
 
 .136 
 
 145 
 
 7219 
 
 10 
 
 1068 
 
 
 3638 
 
 2400 
 
 2.19 
 
 .0912 
 
 145 
 
 7220 
 
 ii 
 
 1218 
 
 " 
 
 4493 
 
 3000 
 
 2.03 
 
 .0675 
 
 147 
 
 7221 
 
 12 
 
 1336 
 
 " 
 
 5330 
 
 3600 
 
 1.88 
 
 .0523 
 
 146 
 
 7222 
 
 13 
 
 1467 
 
 " 
 
 6478 
 
 4200 
 
 1.65 
 
 .0393 
 
 147 
 
 7223 
 
 3 
 
 252 
 
 Ef 
 
 272 
 
 180 
 
 6.82 
 
 3-79 
 
 140 
 
 7224 
 
 4 
 
 36i 
 
 
 519 
 
 350 
 
 5 43 
 
 1.55 
 
 137 
 
 7225 
 
 5 
 
 496 
 
 " 
 
 894 
 
 600 
 
 4.36. 
 
 .726 
 
 139 
 
 7226 
 
 6 
 
 689 
 
 
 1487 
 
 IOOO 
 
 3-66 
 
 .366 
 
 140 
 
 7227 
 
 7 
 
 912 
 
 
 2277 
 
 1500 
 
 3-12 
 
 .208 
 
 140 
 
 7228 
 
 8 
 
 1054 
 
 " 
 
 2982 
 
 2000 
 
 2.80 .140 
 
 141 
 
 7229 
 
 9 
 
 1 199 
 
 " 
 
 3782 
 
 2500 
 
 2.46 .0985 
 
 142 
 
 7230 
 
 10 
 
 1359 
 
 " 
 
 4797 
 
 3200 
 
 2.22 
 
 .0695 
 
 143 
 
 7231 
 
 ii 
 
 1516 
 
 " 
 
 5800 
 
 3900 
 
 2.05 
 
 .0525 
 
 145 
 
 7232 
 
 12 
 
 1660 
 
 " 
 
 6899 
 
 45oo . 
 
 1.83 
 
 .0406 
 
 144 
 
 7233 
 
 13 
 
 1825 
 
 " 
 
 8407 
 
 5500 
 
 I.6 7 
 
 .0304 
 
 145 
 
 7234 
 
 3 
 
 265 
 
 EE 
 
 272 
 
 180 
 
 6.79 
 
 3-77 
 
 143 
 
 7235 
 
 4 
 
 38o 
 
 " 
 
 519 
 
 350 
 
 5-39 
 
 1-54 
 
 141 
 
 7236 
 
 5 
 
 525 
 
 '< 
 
 894 
 
 600 
 
 4-33 
 
 .721 
 
 142 
 
 7237 
 
 6 
 
 730 
 
 44 
 
 1487 
 
 IOOO 
 
 3.64 
 
 .364 
 
 143 
 
 7238 
 
 7 
 
 979 
 
 " 
 
 2277 
 
 1500 
 
 3-09 
 
 .206 
 
 144 
 
 7239 
 
 8 
 
 1156 
 
 " 
 
 2982 
 
 20OO 
 
 2.78 
 
 .139 
 
 146 
 
 7240 
 
 9 
 
 1302 
 
 
 3782 
 
 25OO 
 
 2.45 
 
 .0979 
 
 146 
 
 7241 
 
 10 
 
 1462 
 
 " 
 
 4797 
 
 3200 
 
 2.21 
 
 .0691 
 
 146 
 
 7242 
 
 ii 
 
 1615 
 
 .. 
 
 5800 
 
 3900 
 
 2.04 
 
 .0522 
 
 146 
 
 7243 
 
 12 
 
 1761 
 
 44 
 
 6899 
 
 45oo 
 
 1.82 
 
 .0405 
 
 146 
 
 7244 
 
 13 
 
 1936 
 
 
 8407 
 
 5500 
 
 1.66 
 
 .0302 
 
 146 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 127 
 
 Length of Pole, 26 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, 6 feet 6 inches, and 4 feet 
 
 Size 
 Number of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7245 4 
 
 272 
 
 /// 
 
 391 
 
 250 
 
 5.28 
 
 2. II 
 
 134 
 
 7246 ; 5 
 
 37i 
 
 
 663 
 
 45o 
 
 4-49 
 
 998 
 
 137 
 
 7247 6 
 
 490 
 
 
 1033 
 
 700 
 
 3-74 
 
 534 
 
 139 
 
 7248 7 
 
 617 
 
 
 1484 
 
 1000 
 
 3-21 
 
 321 
 
 141 
 
 7249 8 
 
 758 
 
 , 
 
 2044 
 
 1400 
 
 2.87 
 
 .205 
 
 142 
 
 7250 9 
 
 907 
 
 
 
 2719 
 
 1800 
 
 2.48 
 
 .138 
 
 143 
 
 7251 10 
 
 1084 
 
 
 3638 
 
 2400 
 
 2.22 
 
 .0924 
 
 143 
 
 7252 ii 
 
 1243 
 
 " 
 
 4493 
 
 3000 
 
 2.O4 
 
 .0681 
 
 145 
 
 7253 12 
 
 1376 
 
 
 5330 
 
 3600 
 
 1.90 
 
 .0527 
 
 145 
 
 7254 13 
 
 1515 
 
 " 
 
 6478 
 
 4200 
 
 1.66 
 
 .0396 
 
 146 
 
 7255 4 
 
 3So 
 
 Eff 
 
 519 
 
 350 
 
 5.71 
 
 1.63 
 
 129 
 
 7256 5 
 
 480 
 
 
 894 
 
 600 
 
 4.55 
 
 .758 
 
 I3i 
 
 7257 
 
 6 
 
 667 
 
 
 1487 
 
 1000 
 
 3.81 
 
 .381 
 
 132 
 
 7258 
 
 7 
 
 885 
 
 " 
 
 2277 
 
 1500 
 
 3-23 
 
 -215 
 
 133 
 
 7259 
 
 8 
 
 1032 
 
 
 2982 
 
 2OOO 
 
 2.88 
 
 .144 
 
 136 
 
 7260 
 
 9 
 
 1181 
 
 
 3782 
 
 2500 
 
 2.53 
 
 .101 
 
 137 
 
 7261 10 
 
 1347 
 
 " 
 
 4797 
 
 3200 
 
 2.28 
 
 .0711 
 
 139 
 
 7262 ii 
 
 I5H 
 
 
 58oo 
 
 3900 
 
 2.09 
 
 .0535 
 
 141 
 
 7263 12 
 
 1668 
 
 " 
 
 6899 
 
 4500 
 
 1.86 
 
 .0413 
 
 141 
 
 7264 13 
 
 1839 
 
 " 
 
 8407 
 
 55oo 
 
 1.70 
 
 .0309 
 
 141 
 
 7265 
 
 4 
 
 368 
 
 EEf 
 
 519 
 
 350 
 
 5-57 
 
 1.59 
 
 134 
 
 7266 5 
 
 507 
 
 
 894 
 
 600 
 
 4-45 
 
 741 
 
 136 
 
 7267 ! 6 
 
 706 
 
 
 1487 
 
 IOOO 
 
 3-73 
 
 .373 
 
 137 
 
 7268 1 7 
 
 947 
 
 
 2277 
 
 1500 
 
 3 15 
 
 .210 
 
 140 
 
 7269 
 
 8 
 
 1126 
 
 
 2982 
 
 2000 
 
 2.8o 
 
 .140 
 
 142 
 
 7270 
 
 9 
 
 1277 
 
 
 
 3782 
 
 2500 
 
 2.47 
 
 .0988 
 
 143 
 
 7271 
 
 10 
 
 1443 
 
 
 4797 
 
 3200 
 
 2.23 
 
 .0698 
 
 143 
 
 7272 
 
 ii 
 
 1603 
 
 " 
 
 58oo 
 
 3900 
 
 2.06 
 
 .0527 
 
 145 
 
 7273 
 
 12 
 
 1763 
 
 
 6899 
 
 45oo 
 
 1.84 
 
 .0408 
 
 145 
 
 7274 
 
 13 
 
 1941 
 
 " 
 
 8407 
 
 55oo 
 
 1.67 
 
 .0304 
 
 143 
 
 7275 
 
 4 
 
 375 
 
 EEE 
 
 519 
 
 350 
 
 5-57 
 
 1.59 
 
 134 
 
 7276 
 
 5 
 
 518 
 
 " 
 
 894 
 
 600 
 
 4 45 
 
 741 
 
 136 
 
 7277 
 
 6 
 
 722 
 
 
 1487 
 
 IOOO 
 
 3-72 
 
 372 
 
 138 
 
 7278 
 
 7 
 
 971 
 
 " 
 
 2277 
 
 1500 
 
 3 IS 
 
 .210 
 
 140 
 
 7279 
 
 8 
 
 1164 
 
 " 
 
 2982 
 
 200O 
 
 2.80 
 
 .140 
 
 143 
 
 7280 
 
 9 
 
 1335 
 
 
 
 3782 
 
 2500 
 
 2.47 
 
 .0988 
 
 143 
 
 7281 
 
 10 
 
 1502 
 
 
 4797 
 
 320O 
 
 2.23 
 
 .0698 
 
 144 
 
 7282 
 
 ii 
 
 1662 
 
 " 
 
 58oo 
 
 3900 
 
 2.06 
 
 .0527 
 
 145 
 
 7283 
 
 12 
 
 1819 
 
 
 6899 
 
 45oo 
 
 1.84 
 
 .0408 
 
 146 
 
 7284 
 
 13 
 
 1999 
 
 
 8407 
 
 5500 
 
 I.6 7 
 
 .0304 
 
 143 
 
 
128 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 27 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches and 10 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 P 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 L 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 D 
 
 Factor 
 R 
 
 Factor 
 m 
 
 7285 
 
 3 
 
 198 
 
 // 
 
 199 
 
 130 
 
 7.70 
 
 5-92 
 
 145 
 
 7286 
 
 4 
 
 276 
 
 
 371 
 
 250 
 
 6.30 
 
 2.52 
 
 141 
 
 7287 
 
 5 
 
 378 
 
 " 
 
 629 
 
 400 
 
 4-72 
 
 1.18 
 
 144 
 
 7288 
 
 6 
 
 498 
 
 
 980 
 
 650 
 
 4.10 
 
 .631 
 
 146 
 
 7289 
 
 7 
 
 625 
 
 
 1408 
 
 950 
 
 3-59 
 
 , .378 
 
 148 
 
 7290 
 
 8 
 
 764 
 
 
 1940 
 
 1300 
 
 3-15 
 
 .242 
 
 149 
 
 7291 
 
 9 
 
 913 
 
 
 2580 
 
 1700 
 
 2.75 
 
 .162 
 
 ISO 1 
 
 7292 
 
 10 
 
 1088 
 
 
 3451 
 
 2300 
 
 2.51 
 
 .109 
 
 ISO 
 
 7293 
 
 ii 
 
 1249 
 
 " 
 
 4262 
 
 2800 
 
 2.24 
 
 .0800 
 
 152 
 
 7294 
 
 12 
 
 1374 
 
 
 5057 
 
 3400 
 
 2.IO 
 
 .0619 
 
 152 
 
 7295 
 
 13 
 
 1506 
 
 " 
 
 6146 
 
 4000 
 
 1.86 
 
 .0465 
 
 152 
 
 7296 
 
 3 
 
 249 
 
 Ef 
 
 258 
 
 170 
 
 7 96 
 
 4-68 
 
 139 
 
 7297 
 
 4 
 
 353 
 
 
 493 
 
 350 
 
 6.86 
 
 1.96 
 
 134 
 
 7298 
 
 5 
 
 487 
 
 11 
 
 848 
 
 550 
 
 4-98 
 
 .906 
 
 137 
 
 7299 
 
 6 
 
 675 
 
 " 
 
 1410 
 
 950 
 
 4-32 
 
 455 
 
 133 
 
 7300 
 
 7 
 
 893 
 
 " 
 
 2160 
 
 1400 
 
 3-58 
 
 .256 
 
 140 
 
 7301 
 
 8 
 
 1038 
 
 " 
 
 2829 
 
 1900 
 
 3.25 
 
 .171 
 
 142 
 
 7302 
 
 9 
 
 1187 
 
 
 3588 
 
 2400 
 
 2.88 
 
 .120 
 
 144 
 
 7303 
 
 10 
 
 1351 
 
 
 4551 
 
 3000 
 
 2.53 
 
 .0842 
 
 145 
 
 7304 
 
 ii 
 
 1517 
 
 
 
 5503 
 
 3700 
 
 2.33 
 
 .0631 
 
 148 
 
 7305 
 
 12 
 
 1666 
 
 
 6545 
 
 4500 
 
 2.19 
 
 .0486 
 
 147 
 
 7306 
 
 13 
 
 1830 
 
 " 
 
 7976 
 
 5200 
 
 1.90 
 
 -0365 
 
 147 
 
 7307 
 
 3 
 
 267 
 
 EE 
 
 258 
 
 170 
 
 7-77 
 
 4-57 
 
 144 
 
 7308 
 
 4 
 
 38i 
 
 
 493 
 
 350 
 
 6.65 
 
 1.90 
 
 140 
 
 7309 
 
 5 
 
 529 
 
 " 
 
 848 
 
 550 
 
 4.83 
 
 .879 
 
 143 
 
 73io 
 
 6 
 
 734 
 
 " 
 
 1410 
 
 950 
 
 4.19 
 
 .441 
 
 145 
 
 7311 
 
 7 
 
 989 
 
 
 
 2160 
 
 1400 
 
 3.47 
 
 .248 
 
 147 
 
 7312 
 
 8 
 
 1183 
 
 " 
 
 2829 
 
 1900 
 
 3-14 
 
 .165 
 
 150 
 
 7313 
 
 9 
 
 1335 
 
 " 
 
 3588 
 
 2400 
 
 2.78 
 
 .116 
 
 151 
 
 7314 
 
 10 
 
 1499 
 
 " 
 
 4551 
 
 3000 
 
 2.47 
 
 .0822 
 
 151 
 
 7315 
 
 ii 
 
 1659 
 
 
 
 5503 
 
 3700 
 
 2.29 
 
 .0619 
 
 152 
 
 7316 
 
 12 
 
 1811 
 
 " 
 
 6545 
 
 45oo 
 
 2.16 
 
 .0479 
 
 152 
 
 7317 
 
 13 
 
 1988 
 
 
 7976 
 
 5200 
 
 1.86 
 
 .0358 
 
 151 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 129 
 
 Length of Pole, 27 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, 6 feet 6 inches, and 5 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 73i8 
 
 4 
 
 278 
 
 /// 
 
 371 
 
 250 
 
 6.30 
 
 2.52 
 
 138 
 
 7319 
 
 5 
 
 378 
 
 
 629 
 
 400 
 
 4.76 
 
 1. 19 
 
 140 
 
 7320 
 
 6 
 
 500 
 
 " 
 
 980 
 
 650 
 
 4.11 
 
 .632 
 
 144 
 
 7321 
 
 7 
 
 631 
 
 
 1408 
 
 950 
 
 3.6o 
 
 379 
 
 147 
 
 7322 
 
 8 
 
 777 
 
 " 
 
 1940 
 
 1300 
 
 3.15 
 
 .242 
 
 148 
 
 7323 
 
 9 
 
 931 
 
 " 
 
 2580 
 
 1700 
 
 2.77 
 
 .163 
 
 149 
 
 7324 
 
 10 
 
 IH3 
 
 
 3451 
 
 2300 
 
 2.51 
 
 .109 
 
 149 
 
 7325 
 
 ii 
 
 1276 
 
 " 
 
 4262 
 
 2800 
 
 2.24 
 
 .0801 
 
 151 
 
 7326 
 
 12 
 
 1417 
 
 
 5057 
 
 3400 
 
 2. II 
 
 .0620 
 
 151 
 
 7327 
 
 13 
 
 1561 
 
 " 
 
 6146 
 
 4000 
 
 1.86 
 
 .0465 
 
 152 
 
 7328 
 
 4 
 
 356 
 
 Eff 
 
 493 
 
 350 
 
 6.86 
 
 1.96 
 
 131 
 
 7329 
 
 5 
 
 487 
 
 
 848 
 
 550 
 
 5.01 
 
 .910 
 
 133 
 
 7330 
 
 6 
 
 678 
 
 " 
 
 1410 
 
 950 
 
 4-33 
 
 -456 
 
 135 
 
 7331 
 
 7 
 
 900 
 
 
 2160 
 
 1400 
 
 3.6o 
 
 257 
 
 137 
 
 7332 
 
 8 
 
 1051 
 
 " 
 
 2829 
 
 1900 
 
 3 25 
 
 .171 
 
 140 
 
 7333 
 
 9 
 
 1204 
 
 ?! 
 
 3588 
 
 2400 
 
 2.88 
 
 .120 
 
 143 
 
 7334 
 
 10 
 
 1375 
 
 
 4551 
 
 3000 
 
 2.53 
 
 .0844 
 
 144 
 
 7335 
 
 ii 
 
 1545 
 
 " 
 
 5503 
 
 3700 
 
 2.34 
 
 .0632 
 
 147 
 
 7336 
 
 12 
 
 1709 
 
 
 6545 
 
 4500 
 
 2.19 
 
 .0487 
 
 147 
 
 7337 
 
 13 
 
 1884 
 
 " 
 
 7976 
 
 5200 
 
 1.90 
 
 .0365 
 
 147 
 
 7338 
 
 4 
 
 374 
 
 EEf 
 
 493 
 
 350 
 
 6.65 
 
 1.90 
 
 136 
 
 7339 
 
 5 
 
 515 
 
 
 848 
 
 550 
 
 4.86 
 
 .883 
 
 138 
 
 7340 
 
 6 
 
 716 
 
 
 1410 
 
 950 
 
 4.21 
 
 443 
 
 141 
 
 7341 
 
 7 
 
 962 
 
 
 2160 
 
 1400 
 
 3-49 
 
 .249 
 
 144 
 
 7342 
 
 8 
 
 1 145 
 
 11 
 
 2829 
 
 1900 
 
 3-15 
 
 .166 
 
 147 
 
 7343 
 
 9 
 
 1301 
 
 
 
 3588 
 
 2400 
 
 2.81 
 
 .117 
 
 149 
 
 7344 
 
 10 
 
 1472 
 
 
 4551 
 
 3000 
 
 2.47 
 
 .0823 
 
 149 
 
 7345 
 
 ii 
 
 1637 
 
 " 
 
 5503 
 
 3700 
 
 2.29 
 
 .0620 
 
 150 
 
 7346 
 
 12 
 
 1803 
 
 
 6545 
 
 4500 
 
 2.16 
 
 .0479 
 
 ISO 
 
 7347 
 
 13 
 
 1987 
 
 " 
 
 7976 
 
 5200 
 
 1.87 
 
 .0359 
 
 151 
 
 7348 
 
 4 
 
 383 
 
 EEE 
 
 493 
 
 350 
 
 6.65 
 
 1.90 
 
 138 
 
 7349 
 
 5 
 
 528 
 
 
 848 
 
 550 
 
 4-85 
 
 .882 
 
 140 
 
 7350 
 
 6 
 
 737 
 
 11 
 
 1410 
 
 950 
 
 4.20 
 
 .442 
 
 142 
 
 7351 
 
 7 
 
 991 
 
 
 2160 
 
 1400 
 
 3.47 
 
 .248 
 
 145 
 
 7352 
 
 8 
 
 H93 
 
 
 
 2829 
 
 1900 
 
 3.14 
 
 .165 
 
 149 
 
 7353 
 
 9 
 
 1373 
 
 
 
 3588 
 
 2400 
 
 2.81 
 
 .117 
 
 150 
 
 7354 
 
 10 
 
 1546 
 
 
 4551 
 
 3000 
 
 2.47 
 
 .0822 
 
 150 
 
 7355 
 
 II 
 
 1711 
 
 " 
 
 5503 
 
 3700 
 
 2.29 
 
 .0619 
 
 151 
 
 7356 
 
 12 
 
 1874 
 
 ff 
 
 6545 
 
 4500 
 
 2.16 
 
 .0479 
 
 151 
 
 7357 
 
 13 
 
 2060 
 
 " 
 
 7976 
 
 5200 
 
 1.87 
 
 .0359 
 
 151 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
130 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 28 Feet 
 Sections: 19 feet and 10 feet 6 inches 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 P 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion!) 
 
 L 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 D 
 
 Factor 
 R 
 
 Factor 
 m 
 
 7358 
 
 3 
 
 205 
 
 // 
 
 189 
 
 130 
 
 8.96 
 
 6.89 
 
 152 
 
 7359 
 
 4 
 
 285 
 
 
 352 
 
 220 
 
 6.45 
 
 2.93 
 
 148 
 
 7300 
 
 5 
 
 391 
 
 
 598 
 
 400 
 
 5.52 
 
 1.38 
 
 151 
 
 736l 
 
 6 
 
 514 
 
 " 
 
 932 
 
 600 
 
 4.41 
 
 735 
 
 153 
 
 7362 
 
 7 
 
 646 
 
 
 
 1339 
 
 900 
 
 3.96 
 
 440 
 
 156 
 
 7363 
 
 8 
 
 790 
 
 " 
 
 1845 
 
 1200 
 
 3-37 
 
 .281 
 
 157 
 
 7364 
 
 9 
 
 944 
 
 " 
 
 2454 
 
 I600 
 
 3-02 
 
 .189 
 
 158 
 
 7365 
 
 10 
 
 1126 
 
 " 
 
 3283 
 
 220O 
 
 2.79 
 
 .127 
 
 158 
 
 7366 
 
 II 
 
 1292 
 
 
 
 4054 
 
 27OO 
 
 2.51 
 
 .0931 
 
 160 
 
 7367 
 
 12 
 
 1421 
 
 " 
 
 4810 
 
 3200 
 
 2.30 
 
 .0720 
 
 160 
 
 7368 
 
 13 
 
 1558 
 
 
 5846 
 
 3900 
 
 2. II 
 
 .0541 
 
 159 
 
 7369 
 
 3 
 
 257 
 
 Ef 
 
 245 
 
 160 
 
 8.74 
 
 5.46 
 
 146 
 
 7370 
 
 4 
 
 365 
 
 
 468 
 
 300 
 
 6.87 
 
 2.29 
 
 141 
 
 7371 
 
 5 
 
 503 
 
 " 
 
 807 
 
 550 
 
 5.83 
 
 1. 06 
 
 144 
 
 7372 
 
 6 
 
 697 
 
 ; poj 
 
 1342 
 
 900 
 
 4-77 
 
 530 
 
 145 
 
 7373 
 
 7 
 
 922 
 
 
 
 2055 
 
 1400 
 
 4.19 
 
 .299 
 
 146 
 
 7374 
 
 8 
 
 1071 
 
 " 
 
 2691 
 
 1800 
 
 3-58 
 
 .199 
 
 149 
 
 7375 
 
 9 
 
 1226 
 
 " 
 
 3413 
 
 2300 
 
 3-22 
 
 .140 
 
 151 
 
 7376 
 
 10 
 
 1395 
 
 
 4329 
 
 2900 
 
 2.84 
 
 .0980 
 
 152 
 
 7377 
 
 II 
 
 1567 
 
 
 
 5234 
 
 35oo 
 
 2.57 
 
 .0735 
 
 155 
 
 7378 
 
 12 
 
 1721 
 
 " 
 
 6226 
 
 4200 
 
 2.38 
 
 .0567 
 
 155 
 
 7379 
 
 13 
 
 1891 
 
 " 
 
 7587 
 
 5000 
 
 2.13 
 
 .0426 
 
 155 
 
 738o 
 
 3 
 
 276 
 
 EE 
 
 245 
 
 160 
 
 8.53 
 
 5-33 
 
 151 
 
 738i 
 
 4 
 
 393 
 
 11 
 
 468 
 
 300 
 
 6.63 
 
 2.21 
 
 147 
 
 7382 
 
 5 
 
 547 
 
 " 
 
 807 
 
 550 
 
 5-6i 
 
 1.02 
 
 ISO 
 
 7383 
 
 6 
 
 759 
 
 " 
 
 1342 
 
 900 
 
 4.63 
 
 .514 
 
 152 
 
 7384 
 
 7 
 
 1022 
 
 
 
 2055 
 
 1400 
 
 4,o6 
 
 .289 
 
 154 
 
 7385 
 
 8 
 
 1224 
 
 " 
 
 2691 
 
 1800 
 
 3.46 
 
 .192 
 
 158 
 
 7386 
 
 9 
 
 1381 
 
 " 
 
 3413 
 
 2300 
 
 3- II 
 
 .135 
 
 159 
 
 7387 
 
 10 
 
 1551 
 
 " 
 
 4329 
 
 2900 
 
 2.77 
 
 .0956 
 
 159 
 
 7388 
 
 ii 
 
 1716 
 
 
 
 5234 
 
 35oo 
 
 2.52 
 
 .0720 
 
 160 
 
 7389 
 
 12 
 
 1874 
 
 " 
 
 6226 
 
 4200 
 
 2.34 
 
 0557 
 
 160 
 
 7390 
 
 13 
 
 2057 
 
 
 7587 
 
 5000 
 
 2.09 
 
 -0417 
 
 160 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 131 
 
 Length of Pole, 28 Feet 
 
 Sections: IQ feet, 7 feet, and 5 feet 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 Load 
 
 Deflec- 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 mum 
 load 
 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7391 
 
 4 
 
 287 
 
 /// 
 
 352 
 
 220 
 
 6.47 
 
 2.94 
 
 145 
 
 7392 
 
 5 
 
 391 
 
 
 598 
 
 400 
 
 5-52 
 
 1.38 
 
 148 
 
 7393 
 
 6 
 
 517 
 
 " 
 
 932 
 
 600 
 
 4.42 
 
 736 
 
 I5i 
 
 7394 
 
 7 
 
 653 
 
 
 1339 
 
 900 
 
 3-97 
 
 441 
 
 154 
 
 7395 
 
 8 
 
 803 
 
 44 
 
 1845 
 
 1200 
 
 3-38 
 
 .282 
 
 156 
 
 7396 
 
 9 
 
 962 
 
 
 
 2454 
 
 I6OO 
 
 3.02 
 
 .189 
 
 157 
 
 7397 
 
 10 
 
 1150 
 
 44 
 
 3283 
 
 2200 
 
 2.79 
 
 .127 
 
 157 
 
 7398 
 
 II 
 
 1319 
 
 44 
 
 4054 
 
 27OO 
 
 2.52 
 
 .0932 
 
 159 
 
 7399 
 
 12 
 
 1464 
 
 44 
 
 4810 
 
 3200 
 
 2.30 
 
 .0720 
 
 159 
 
 7400 
 
 13 
 
 1613 
 
 " 
 
 5846 
 
 3900 
 
 2. II 
 
 .0541 
 
 159 
 
 7401 
 
 4 
 
 367 
 
 Eff 
 
 468 
 
 300 
 
 6.87 
 
 2.29 
 
 138 
 
 7402 
 
 5 
 
 503 
 
 
 807 
 
 550 
 
 5.83 
 
 1.06 
 
 140 
 
 7403 
 
 6 
 
 700 
 
 " 
 
 1342 
 
 900 
 
 4-79 
 
 .532 
 
 142 
 
 7404 
 
 7 
 
 928 
 
 " 
 
 2055 
 
 1400 
 
 4.20 
 
 .300 
 
 144 
 
 7405 
 
 8 
 
 1084 
 
 " 
 
 2691 
 
 1800 
 
 3.60 
 
 .200 
 
 147 
 
 7406 
 
 9 
 
 1243 
 
 
 
 3413 
 
 2300 
 
 3.22 
 
 .140 
 
 ISO 
 
 7407 
 
 10 
 
 1420 
 
 " 
 
 4329 
 
 2900 
 
 2.8 4 
 
 .0981 
 
 151 
 
 7408 
 
 ii 
 
 1595 
 
 44 
 
 5234 
 
 35oo 
 
 2.58 
 
 .0736 
 
 154 
 
 7409 
 
 12 
 
 1764 
 
 " 
 
 6226 
 
 4200 
 
 2.38 
 
 .0567 
 
 154 
 
 7410 
 
 13 
 
 1945 
 
 " 
 
 7587 
 
 5000 
 
 2.13 
 
 .0426 
 
 155 
 
 7411 
 
 4 
 
 386 
 
 EEf 
 
 468 
 
 300 
 
 6.66 
 
 2.22 
 
 143 
 
 7412 
 
 5 
 
 532 
 
 
 807 
 
 550 
 
 5-67 
 
 1.03 
 
 145 
 
 7413 
 
 6 
 
 741 
 
 " 
 
 1342 
 
 900 
 
 4.64 
 
 .515 
 
 148 
 
 7414 
 
 7 
 
 995 
 
 " 
 
 2055 
 
 1400 
 
 4-05 
 
 .289 
 
 151 
 
 7415 
 
 8 
 
 1186 
 
 " 
 
 2691 
 
 1800 
 
 3.47 
 
 .193 
 
 155 
 
 74i6 
 
 9 
 
 1347 
 
 
 
 3413 
 
 2300 
 
 3-13 
 
 .136 
 
 156 
 
 7417 
 
 10 
 
 1523 
 
 41 
 
 4329 
 
 2900 
 
 2.78 
 
 .0957 
 
 156 
 
 7418 
 
 ii 
 
 1694 
 
 
 5234 
 
 35oo 
 
 2.52 
 
 .0720 
 
 158 
 
 7419 
 
 12 
 
 1866 
 
 44 
 
 6226 
 
 4200 
 
 2.34 
 
 .0557 
 
 159 
 
 7420 
 
 13 
 
 2056 
 
 " 
 
 7587 
 
 5000 
 
 2.09 
 
 .0418 
 
 159 
 
 7421 
 
 4 
 
 395 
 
 EEE 
 
 468 
 
 300 
 
 6.66 
 
 2.22 
 
 144 
 
 7422 
 
 5 
 
 546 
 
 44 
 
 807 
 
 550 
 
 5.67 
 
 1.03 
 
 147 
 
 7423 
 
 6 
 
 762 
 
 
 1342 
 
 900 
 
 4.64 
 
 .515 
 
 149 
 
 7424 
 
 7 
 
 1025 
 
 44 
 
 2055 
 
 1400 
 
 4.05 
 
 .289 
 
 152 
 
 7425 
 
 8 
 
 1234 
 
 
 2691 
 
 1800 
 
 3.46 
 
 .192 
 
 156 
 
 7426 
 
 9 
 
 1419 
 
 
 
 3413 
 
 2300 
 
 3 13 
 
 .136 
 
 158 
 
 7427 
 
 10 
 
 1597 
 
 44 
 
 4329 
 
 2900 
 
 2.77 
 
 .0956 
 
 157 
 
 7428 
 
 II 
 
 1768 
 
 44 
 
 5234 
 
 35oo 
 
 2.52 
 
 .0720 
 
 159 
 
 7429 
 
 12 
 
 1937 
 
 44 
 
 6226 
 
 4200 
 
 2.34 
 
 .0557 
 
 160 
 
 7430 
 
 13 
 
 2128 
 
 
 7587 
 
 5000 
 
 2.09 
 
 .0418 
 
 160 
 
 
132 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 28 Feet 
 Sections: 21 feet, 5 feet, and 5 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7431 
 
 4 
 
 294 
 
 f ff 
 
 352 
 
 220 
 
 6.20 
 
 2.82 
 
 150 
 
 7432 
 
 5 
 
 399 
 
 
 598 
 
 4OO 
 
 5.36 
 
 1-34 
 
 152 
 
 7433 
 
 6 
 
 526 
 
 
 932 
 
 600 
 
 4-31 
 
 .718 
 
 155 
 
 7434 
 
 7 
 
 662 
 
 " 
 
 1339 
 
 900 
 
 3-90 
 
 433 
 
 156 
 
 7435 
 
 8 
 
 813 
 
 
 1845 
 
 1200 
 
 3.34 
 
 .278 
 
 158 
 
 7436 
 
 9 
 
 972 
 
 
 2454 
 
 l6oO 
 
 2.98 
 
 .186 
 
 159 
 
 7437 
 
 10 
 
 1163 
 
 " 
 
 3283 
 
 220O 
 
 2-75 
 
 .125 
 
 159 
 
 7438 
 
 ii 
 
 1330 
 
 
 4054 
 
 2700 
 
 2.49 
 
 .0921 
 
 160 
 
 7439 
 
 12 
 
 1472 
 
 " 
 
 4810 
 
 3200 
 
 2.29 
 
 -0715 
 
 161 
 
 7440 
 
 13 
 
 1623 
 
 
 5846 
 
 3900 
 
 2.09 
 
 .0537 
 
 I6i 
 
 7441 
 
 4 
 
 382 
 
 EM 
 
 468 
 
 300 
 
 6.48 
 
 2.16 
 
 144 
 
 7442 
 
 5 
 
 522 
 
 
 807 
 
 550 
 
 5-56 
 
 I.OI 
 
 146 
 
 7443 
 
 6 
 
 728 
 
 " 
 
 1342 
 
 900 
 
 4.56 
 
 .507 
 
 148 
 
 7444 
 
 7 
 
 966 
 
 " 
 
 2055 
 
 1400 
 
 4.02 
 
 .287 
 
 150 
 
 7445 
 
 8 
 
 1124 
 
 " 
 
 2691 
 
 1800 
 
 3.47 
 
 .193 
 
 152 
 
 7446 
 
 9 
 
 1283 
 
 
 
 3413 
 
 2300 
 
 3-13 
 
 .136 
 
 154 
 
 7447 
 
 10 
 
 I46l 
 
 
 4329 
 
 2900 
 
 2.77 
 
 .0956 
 
 155 
 
 7448 
 
 ii 
 
 1634 
 
 " 
 
 5234 
 
 35oo 
 
 2.52 
 
 .0719 
 
 157 
 
 7449 
 
 12 
 
 1804 
 
 
 6226 
 
 4200 
 
 2.34 
 
 .0556 
 
 158 
 
 7450 
 
 13 
 
 1990 
 
 " 
 
 7587 
 
 5000 
 
 2.08 
 
 .0416 
 
 157 
 
 7451 
 
 4 
 
 396 
 
 EEf 
 
 468 
 
 300 
 
 6.39 
 
 2.13 
 
 148 
 
 7452 
 
 5 
 
 543 
 
 
 807 
 
 550 
 
 5.48 
 
 .996 
 
 ISO 
 
 7453 
 
 6 
 
 757 
 
 " 
 
 1342 
 
 900 
 
 4.51 
 
 .501 
 
 152 
 
 7454 
 
 7 
 
 1014 
 
 
 2055 
 
 1400 
 
 3.96 
 
 .283 
 
 154 
 
 7455 
 
 8 
 
 1196 
 
 " 
 
 2691 
 
 1800 
 
 3-42 
 
 .190 
 
 157 
 
 7456 
 
 9 
 
 1357 
 
 
 3413 
 
 2300 
 
 3-08 
 
 134 
 
 158 
 
 7457 
 
 10 
 
 1535 
 
 " 
 
 4329 
 
 2900 
 
 2.74 
 
 .0946 
 
 159 
 
 7458 
 
 ii 
 
 1705 
 
 
 5234 
 
 35oo 
 
 2.50 
 
 .0714 
 
 159 
 
 7459 
 
 12 
 
 1876 
 
 " 
 
 6226 
 
 4200 
 
 2.32 
 
 .0553 
 
 160 
 
 7460 
 
 13 
 
 2069 
 
 
 7587 
 
 5000 
 
 2.07 
 
 .0413 
 
 159 
 
 746i 
 
 4 
 
 405 
 
 EEE 
 
 468 
 
 300 
 
 6.39 
 
 2.13 
 
 ISO 
 
 7462 
 
 5 
 
 557 
 
 " 
 
 807 
 
 550 
 
 5-47 
 
 .995 
 
 151 
 
 7463 
 
 6 
 
 778 
 
 
 1342 
 
 900 
 
 4-50 
 
 .500 
 
 153 
 
 7464 
 
 7 
 
 1044 
 
 " 
 
 2055 
 
 1400 
 
 3.96 
 
 .283 
 
 156 
 
 7465 
 
 8 
 
 1244 
 
 " 
 
 2691 
 
 1800 
 
 3-42 
 
 .190 
 
 158 
 
 7466 
 
 9 
 
 1430 
 
 " 
 
 3413 
 
 2300 
 
 3-o8 
 
 .134 
 
 160 
 
 7467 
 
 10 
 
 1609 
 
 " 
 
 4329 
 
 2900 
 
 2.74 
 
 .0945 
 
 160 
 
 7468 
 
 ii 
 
 1779 
 
 11 
 
 5234 
 
 3500 
 
 2.50 
 
 .0713 
 
 160 
 
 7469 
 
 12 
 
 1947 
 
 " 
 
 6226 
 
 4200 
 
 2.32 
 
 .0552 
 
 161 
 
 7470 
 
 13 
 
 2142 
 
 
 7587 
 
 5000 
 
 2.07 
 
 .0413 
 
 160 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 133 
 
 Length of Pole, 29 Feet 
 
 Sections: 20 feet and 10 feet 6 inches 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7471 
 
 3 
 
 212 
 
 // 
 
 180 
 
 120 
 
 9-48 
 
 7.90 
 
 160 
 
 7472 
 
 4 
 
 2 9 6 
 
 
 336 
 
 22O 
 
 7-37 
 
 3.35 
 
 156 
 
 7473 
 
 5 
 
 405 
 
 " 
 
 570 
 
 40O 
 
 6.32 
 
 1.58 
 
 159 
 
 7474 
 
 6 
 
 533 
 
 
 889 
 
 600 
 
 5.06 
 
 .843 
 
 161 
 
 7475 
 
 7 
 
 670 
 
 " 
 
 1277 
 
 850 
 
 4.30 1 .506 
 
 164 
 
 7476 
 
 8 
 
 819 
 
 " 
 
 1759 
 
 1200 
 
 3-88 
 
 323 
 
 165 
 
 7477 
 
 9 
 
 978 
 
 
 2340 
 
 I60O 
 
 3-47 
 
 .217 
 
 166 
 
 7478 
 
 10 
 
 1167 
 
 " 
 
 3130 
 
 2100 
 
 3-05 
 
 145 
 
 1 66 
 
 7479 
 
 ii 
 
 1337 
 
 
 
 3866 
 
 2600 
 
 2.78 
 
 .107 
 
 168 
 
 7480 
 
 12 
 
 1471 
 
 
 4587 
 
 3100 
 
 2.57 
 
 .0830 
 
 168 
 
 748i 
 
 13 
 
 1613 
 
 " 
 
 5574 
 
 37oo 
 
 2.31 
 
 .0623 
 
 167 
 
 7482 
 
 3 
 
 267 
 
 Ef 
 
 234 
 
 160 
 
 9.98 
 
 6.24 
 
 154 
 
 7483 
 
 4 
 
 38o 
 
 
 447 
 
 3oo 
 
 7.80 
 
 2.60 
 
 149 
 
 7484 
 
 5 
 
 523 
 
 " 
 
 769 
 
 500 
 
 6.05 
 
 1. 21 
 
 152 
 
 7485 
 
 6 
 
 725 
 
 
 1279 
 
 850 
 
 5-15 
 
 .606 
 
 153 
 
 7486 
 
 7 
 
 960 
 
 
 1959 
 
 1300 
 
 4-45 
 
 342 
 
 154 
 
 7487 
 
 8 
 
 1115 
 
 " 
 
 2566 
 
 1700 
 
 3.88 
 
 .228 
 
 157 
 
 7488 
 
 9 
 
 1274 
 
 
 3254 
 
 2200 
 
 3-52 
 
 .160 
 
 159 
 
 7489 
 
 10 
 
 1450 
 
 ; bo8j 
 
 4127 
 
 2800 
 
 3.14 
 
 .112 
 
 1 60 
 
 7490 
 
 II 
 
 1627 
 
 
 4991 
 
 3300 
 
 2.79 
 
 .0844 
 
 163 
 
 7491 
 
 12 
 
 1787 
 
 : *?K>?. 
 
 5936 
 
 4000 
 
 2.60 
 
 .0651 
 
 164 
 
 7492 
 
 13 
 
 1963 
 
 
 7234 
 
 4800 
 
 2.34 
 
 .0488 
 
 16 3 
 
 7493 
 
 3 
 
 286 
 
 EE 
 
 234 
 
 160 
 
 9.78 
 
 6. ii 
 
 160 
 
 7494 
 
 4 
 
 408 
 
 
 447 
 
 300 
 
 7-59 
 
 2.53 
 
 155 
 
 7495 
 
 5 
 
 568 
 
 " 
 
 769 
 
 500 
 
 5-85 
 
 1.17 
 
 159 
 
 7496 
 
 6 
 
 787 
 
 
 1279 
 
 850 
 
 5-01 
 
 .589 
 
 160 
 
 7497 
 
 7 
 
 1060 
 
 
 
 1959 
 
 1300 
 
 4-30 
 
 .331 
 
 163 
 
 7498 
 
 8 
 
 1267 
 
 " 
 
 2566 
 
 1700 
 
 3.76 
 
 .221 
 
 166 
 
 7499 
 
 9 
 
 1430 
 
 
 3254 
 
 220O 
 
 3-43 
 
 .156 
 
 167 
 
 7500 
 
 10 
 
 1605 
 
 " 
 
 4127 
 
 2800 
 
 3-08 
 
 .no 
 
 167 
 
 7501 
 
 II 
 
 1776 
 
 
 
 4991 
 
 3300 
 
 2.74 
 
 .0829 
 
 168 
 
 7502 
 
 12 
 
 1939 
 
 
 5936 
 
 4000 
 
 2.57 
 
 .0642 
 
 169 
 
 7503 
 
 13 
 
 2129 
 
 
 7234 
 
 4800 
 
 2.30 
 
 0480 
 
 167 
 
 
134 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 29 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, 7 feet, and 6 feet 6 inches 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadZ, 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7504 
 
 4 
 
 291 
 
 /// 
 
 336 
 
 220 
 
 7.74 
 
 3.52 
 
 147 
 
 7505 
 
 5 
 
 395 
 
 
 570 
 
 400 
 
 6.60 
 
 1.65 
 
 148 
 
 75o6 
 
 6 
 
 524 
 
 " 
 
 889 
 
 600 
 
 5-23 
 
 .872 
 
 153 
 
 7507 
 
 7 
 
 663 
 
 " 
 
 1277 
 
 850 
 
 4-41 
 
 .519 
 
 158 
 
 75o8 
 
 8 
 
 817 
 
 " 
 
 1759 
 
 1200 
 
 3.96 
 
 330 
 
 160 
 
 7509 
 
 9 
 
 980 
 
 
 
 2340 
 
 I600 
 
 3.54 
 
 .221 
 
 161 
 
 7Sio 
 
 10 
 
 H73 
 
 *f 
 
 3i3o 
 
 2IOO 
 
 3. ii 
 
 .148 
 
 162 
 
 751 1 
 
 ii 
 
 1348 
 
 '{ 
 
 3866 
 
 2600 
 
 2.83 
 
 .109 
 
 164 
 
 7512 
 
 12 
 
 1500 
 
 " 
 
 4587 
 
 3100 
 
 2.6o 
 
 .0838 
 
 165 
 
 7513 
 
 13 
 
 1654 
 
 " 
 
 5574 
 
 3700 
 
 2.33 
 
 .0630 
 
 165 
 
 7514 
 
 4 
 
 368 
 
 Eff 
 
 447 
 
 300 
 
 8.40 
 
 2.8o 
 
 138 
 
 7515 
 
 5 
 
 504 
 
 
 769 
 
 500 
 
 6.45 
 
 1.29 
 
 139 
 
 75i6 
 
 6 
 
 702 
 
 11 
 
 1279 
 
 850 
 
 5.46 
 
 .642 
 
 143 
 
 7517 
 
 7 
 
 931 
 
 " 
 
 1959 
 
 1300 
 
 4.68 
 
 .360 
 
 146 
 
 75i8 
 
 8 
 
 1091 
 
 " 
 
 2566 
 
 1700 
 
 4-05 
 
 .238 
 
 ISO 
 
 7519 
 
 9 
 
 1254 
 
 
 
 3254 
 
 2200 
 
 3.65 
 
 .166 
 
 153 
 
 7520 
 
 10 
 
 1435 
 
 " 
 
 4127 
 
 2800 
 
 3.25 
 
 .116 
 
 155 
 
 7521 
 
 II 
 
 1616 
 
 " 
 
 4991 
 
 3300 
 
 2.86 
 
 .0866 
 
 158 
 
 7522 
 
 12 
 
 1792 
 
 " 
 
 5936 
 
 4000 
 
 2.66 
 
 .0665 
 
 159 
 
 7523 
 
 13 
 
 1978 
 
 " 
 
 7234 
 
 4800 
 
 2.40 
 
 .0501 
 
 160 
 
 7524 
 
 4 
 
 387 
 
 EEf 
 
 447 
 
 300 
 
 8.04 
 
 2.68 
 
 142 
 
 7525 
 
 5 
 
 534 
 
 " 
 
 769 
 
 500 
 
 6.15 
 
 1.23 
 
 144 
 
 7526 
 
 6 
 
 743 
 
 " 
 
 1279 
 
 850 
 
 5.23 
 
 .615 
 
 148 
 
 7527 
 
 7 
 
 998 
 
 " 
 
 1959 
 
 1300 
 
 4.46 
 
 .343 
 
 152 
 
 7528 
 
 8 
 
 1192 
 
 " 
 
 2566 
 
 1700 
 
 3.84 
 
 .226 
 
 157 
 
 7529 
 
 9 
 
 1358 
 
 
 3254 
 
 2200 
 
 3.50 
 
 .159 
 
 159 
 
 7530 
 
 10 
 
 1539 
 
 " 
 
 4127 
 
 2800 
 
 3-14 
 
 .112 
 
 160 
 
 7531 
 
 II 
 
 1715 
 
 " 
 
 4991 
 
 3300 
 
 2.78 
 
 .0842 
 
 162 
 
 7532 
 
 12 
 
 1894 
 
 " 
 
 5936 
 
 4000 
 
 2.60 
 
 .0649 
 
 164 
 
 7533 
 
 13 
 
 2088 
 
 " 
 
 7234 
 
 4800 
 
 2.34 
 
 .0487 
 
 164 
 
 7534 
 
 4 
 
 399 
 
 EEE 
 
 447 
 
 300 
 
 7.98 
 
 2.66 
 
 145 
 
 7535 
 
 5 
 
 551 
 
 " 
 
 769 
 
 500 
 
 6.! S 
 
 1.23 
 
 147 
 
 7536 
 
 6 
 
 770 
 
 " 
 
 1279 
 
 850 
 
 5.20 
 
 .612 
 
 151 
 
 7537 
 
 7 
 
 1037 
 
 11 
 
 1959 
 
 1300 
 
 4-43 
 
 341 
 
 155 
 
 7538 
 
 8 
 
 1255 
 
 " 
 
 2566 
 
 1700 
 
 3.83 
 
 .225 
 
 161 
 
 7539 
 
 9 
 
 1452 
 
 
 
 3254 
 
 2200 
 
 3.48 
 
 .158 
 
 163 
 
 7540 
 
 10 
 
 1635 
 
 
 4127 
 
 2800 
 
 3.14 
 
 .112 
 
 163 
 
 7541 
 
 II 
 
 1811 
 
 " 
 
 4991 
 
 3300 
 
 2.77 
 
 .0839 
 
 165 
 
 7542 
 
 12 
 
 1986 
 
 " 
 
 5936 
 
 4000 
 
 2.59 
 
 .0648 
 
 166 
 
 7543 
 
 13 
 
 2182 
 
 
 7234 
 
 4800 
 
 2.33 
 
 .0486 
 
 166 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 135 
 
 Length of Pole, 29 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 7 feet, and 4 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadZ, 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7544 
 
 4 
 
 303 
 
 f ff 
 
 336 
 
 220 
 
 7.24 
 
 3-29 
 
 158 
 
 7545 
 
 5 
 
 413 
 
 
 570 
 
 4OO 
 
 6.24 
 
 1.56 
 
 160 
 
 7546 
 
 6 
 
 544 
 
 11 
 
 889 
 
 600 
 
 S.oo 
 
 .833 
 
 163 
 
 7547 
 
 7 
 
 685 
 
 " 
 
 1277 
 
 850 
 
 4.26 
 
 .501 
 
 165 
 
 7548 
 
 8 
 
 841 
 
 
 1759 
 
 1200 
 
 3.85 
 
 .321 
 
 166 
 
 7549 
 
 9 
 
 1006 
 
 " 
 
 2340 
 
 I600 
 
 3.46 
 
 .216 
 
 167 
 
 7550 
 
 10 
 
 1 202 
 
 " 
 
 3130 
 
 2IOO 
 
 3-02 
 
 .144 
 
 166 
 
 7551 
 
 ii 
 
 1377 
 
 
 3866 
 
 2600 
 
 2.78 
 
 .107 
 
 168 
 
 7552 
 
 12 
 
 1523 
 
 41 
 
 4587 
 
 3IOO 
 
 2.56 
 
 .0827 
 
 169 
 
 7553 
 
 13 
 
 1676 
 
 " 
 
 5574 
 
 37oo 
 
 2.29 
 
 .0620 
 
 168 
 
 7554 
 
 4 
 
 391 
 
 Eff 
 
 447 
 
 300 
 
 7.59 
 
 2.53 
 
 I5i 
 
 7555 
 
 5 
 
 536 
 
 
 769 
 
 500 
 
 5-90 
 
 1.18 
 
 154 
 
 7556 
 
 6 
 
 746 
 
 " 
 
 1279 
 
 850 
 
 5-03 
 
 .592 
 
 155 
 
 7557 
 
 7 
 
 989 
 
 11 
 
 1959 
 
 1300 
 
 4.36 
 
 .335 
 
 157 
 
 7558 
 
 8 
 
 1152 
 
 " 
 
 2566 
 
 1700 
 
 3.8l 
 
 .224 
 
 159 
 
 7559 
 
 9 
 
 1317 
 
 
 
 3254 
 
 2200 
 
 3-48 
 
 .158 
 
 161 
 
 756o 
 
 10 
 
 1500 
 
 " 
 
 4127 
 
 2800 
 
 3- n 
 
 .in 
 
 162 
 
 7501 
 
 ii 
 
 1681 
 
 " 
 
 4991 
 
 3300 
 
 2.75 
 
 .0834 
 
 164 
 
 7562 
 
 12 
 
 1855 
 
 " 
 
 5936 
 
 4000 
 
 2.58 
 
 .0646 
 
 165 
 
 7563 
 
 13 
 
 2044 
 
 '* 
 
 7234 
 
 4800 
 
 2.32 
 
 .0483 
 
 164 
 
 7564 
 
 4 
 
 410 
 
 EEf 
 
 447 
 
 300 
 
 7-44 
 
 2.48 
 
 157 
 
 7565 
 
 5 
 
 566 
 
 11 
 
 769 
 
 500 
 
 5.8o 
 
 1.16 
 
 159 
 
 7566 
 
 6 
 
 787 
 
 " 
 
 1279 
 
 850 
 
 4-94 
 
 .581 
 
 161 
 
 7567 
 
 7 
 
 1057 
 
 " 
 
 1959 
 
 1300 
 
 4.26 
 
 .328 
 
 163 
 
 7568 
 
 8 
 
 1253 
 
 " 
 
 2566 
 
 1700 
 
 3-74 
 
 .220 
 
 1 66 
 
 7569 
 
 9 
 
 1421 
 
 
 3254 
 
 2200 
 
 3-41 
 
 .155 
 
 167 
 
 7570 
 
 10 
 
 1604 
 
 " 
 
 4127 
 
 2800 
 
 3.05 
 
 .109 
 
 167 
 
 7571 
 
 II 
 
 1781 
 
 
 4991 
 
 3300 
 
 2.72 
 
 .0824 
 
 168 
 
 7572 
 
 12 
 
 1956 
 
 " 
 
 5936 
 
 4000 
 
 2.56 
 
 .0639 
 
 109 
 
 7573 
 
 13 
 
 2154 
 
 " 
 
 7234 
 
 4800 
 
 2.29 
 
 .0477 
 
 168 
 
 7574 
 
 4 
 
 418 
 
 ERR 
 
 447 
 
 300 
 
 7-44 
 
 2.48 
 
 157 
 
 7575 
 
 5 
 
 577 
 
 " 
 
 769 
 
 500 
 
 5-75 
 
 1. 15 
 
 160 
 
 7576 
 
 6 
 
 804 
 
 " 
 
 1279 
 
 850 
 
 4-94 
 
 .581 
 
 161 
 
 7577 
 
 7 
 
 1080 
 
 41 
 
 1959 
 
 1300 
 
 4.26 
 
 .328 
 
 164 
 
 7578 
 
 8 
 
 1292 
 
 " 
 
 2566 
 
 1700 
 
 3-74 
 
 .220 
 
 167 
 
 7579 
 
 9 
 
 1479 
 
 
 
 3254 
 
 2200 
 
 3.41 
 
 .155 
 
 168 
 
 758o 
 
 10 
 
 1663 
 
 
 4127 
 
 2800 
 
 3.05 
 
 .109 
 
 167 
 
 758i 
 
 ii 
 
 1840 
 
 " 
 
 4991 
 
 3300 
 
 2.72 
 
 .0824 
 
 168 
 
 7582 
 
 12 
 
 2013 
 
 " 
 
 5936 
 
 4OOO 
 
 2.56 
 
 .0639 
 
 169 
 
 7583 
 
 13 
 
 2213 
 
 
 7234 
 
 4800 
 
 2.29 
 
 .0478 
 
 168 
 
 
136 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 30 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet and 10 feet 6 inches 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 P 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 L 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 D 
 
 Factor 
 R 
 
 Factor 
 m 
 
 7584 
 
 3 
 
 220 
 
 // 
 
 172 
 
 no 
 
 9-91 
 
 9.oi 
 
 168 
 
 7585 
 
 4 
 
 306 
 
 
 321 
 
 220 
 
 8.40 
 
 3-82 
 
 164 
 
 7586 
 
 5 
 
 420 
 
 
 545 
 
 350 
 
 6.30 
 
 i. 80 
 
 167 
 
 7587 
 
 6 
 
 552 
 
 
 849 
 
 55o 
 
 5.29 
 
 .962 
 
 170 
 
 7588 
 
 7 
 
 693 
 
 " 
 
 1 220 
 
 800 
 
 4.62 
 
 .578 
 
 172 
 
 7589 
 
 8 
 
 847 
 
 
 1681 
 
 IIOO 
 
 4.06 
 
 .369 
 
 173 
 
 7590 
 
 9 
 
 1012 
 
 " 
 
 2236 
 
 1500 
 
 3-72 
 
 248 
 
 174 
 
 7591 
 
 10 
 
 I2O7 
 
 
 2991 
 
 2OOO 
 
 3.32 
 
 .166 
 
 174 
 
 7592 
 
 ii 
 
 1383 
 
 
 
 3694 
 
 2500 
 
 3.08 
 
 .123 
 
 176 
 
 7593 
 
 12 
 
 1520 
 
 M 
 
 4383 
 
 290O 
 
 2.75 
 
 .0949 
 
 176 
 
 7594 
 
 13 
 
 1667 
 
 " 
 
 5326 
 
 3600 
 
 2.57 
 
 .0713 
 
 176 
 
 7595 
 
 3 
 
 277 
 
 Ef 
 
 223 
 
 ISO 
 
 10.6 
 
 7-09 
 
 162 
 
 7596 
 
 4 
 
 395 
 
 >t 
 
 427 
 
 280 
 
 8.26 
 
 2.95 
 
 157 
 
 7597 
 
 5 
 
 544 
 
 
 735 
 
 500 
 
 6.85 
 
 1-37 
 
 160 
 
 7598 
 
 6 
 
 754 
 
 " 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5.50 
 
 .688 
 
 161 
 
 7599 
 
 7 
 
 998 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 I2OO 
 
 4.67 
 
 .389 
 
 163 
 
 7600 
 
 8 
 
 1158 
 
 " 
 
 2452 
 
 1600 
 
 4.16 
 
 .260 
 
 165 
 
 7601 
 
 9 
 
 1323 
 
 
 3110 
 
 2IOO 
 
 3-82 
 
 .182 
 
 167 
 
 7602 
 
 10 
 
 1505 
 
 \ "OG 
 
 3944 
 
 26OO 
 
 3-33 
 
 .128 
 
 168 
 
 7603 
 
 ii 
 
 1687 
 
 ' 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3-08 
 
 .0963 
 
 171 
 
 7604 
 
 12 
 
 1852 
 
 " 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.82 
 
 .0743 
 
 171 
 
 7605 
 
 13 
 
 2035 
 
 " 
 
 6913 
 
 4500 
 
 2.51 
 
 .0557 
 
 171 
 
 7606 
 
 3 
 
 297 
 
 EE 
 
 223 
 
 150 
 
 10.4 
 
 6.96 
 
 168 
 
 7607 
 
 4 
 
 423 
 
 
 427 
 
 280 
 
 8.06 
 
 2.88 
 
 163 
 
 7608 
 
 5 
 
 588 
 
 " 
 
 735 
 
 500 
 
 6.70 
 
 1-34 
 
 167 
 
 7609 
 
 6 
 
 816 
 
 
 1222 
 
 Soo 
 
 5-38 
 
 .672 
 
 168 
 
 7610 
 
 7 
 
 1098 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 I2OO 
 
 4-54 
 
 .378 
 
 171 
 
 7611 
 
 8 
 
 1310 
 
 " 
 
 2452 
 
 I600 
 
 4-05 
 
 .253 
 
 174 
 
 7612 
 
 9 
 
 1478 
 
 " 
 
 3HO 
 
 2IOO 
 
 3-74 
 
 .178 
 
 175 
 
 7613 
 
 10 
 
 1660 
 
 " 
 
 3944 
 
 2600 
 
 3.28 
 
 .126 
 
 175 
 
 7614 
 
 II 
 
 1836 
 
 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3-03 
 
 .0948 
 
 176 
 
 7615 
 
 12 
 
 2005 
 
 " 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.79 
 
 .0734 
 
 176 
 
 7616 
 
 13 
 
 22OI 
 
 
 6913 
 
 4500 
 
 2.47 
 
 .0549 
 
 175 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 137* 
 
 Length of Pole, 30 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, g feet 6 inches, and 5 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7617 
 
 4 
 
 301 
 
 /// 
 
 321 
 
 220 
 
 8.98 
 
 408 
 
 156 
 
 7618 
 
 5 
 
 411 
 
 
 545 
 
 350 
 
 6.65 
 
 1.90 
 
 159 
 
 7619 
 
 o 
 
 544 
 
 " 
 
 849 
 
 550 
 
 5-50 
 
 I.OO 
 
 164 
 
 7620 
 
 7 
 
 688 
 
 " 
 
 1220 
 
 800 
 
 4.78 
 
 .597 
 
 167 
 
 7621 
 
 8 
 
 847 
 
 " 
 
 1681 
 
 IIOO 
 
 4.18 
 
 .380 
 
 169 
 
 7622 
 
 9 
 
 1016 
 
 
 2236 
 
 1500 
 
 3.8i 
 
 -254 
 
 170 
 
 7623 
 
 10 
 
 1214 
 
 " 
 
 2991 
 
 2000 
 
 3-42 
 
 .171 
 
 170 
 
 7624 
 
 II 
 
 1398 
 
 " 
 
 3694 
 
 2500 
 
 3-13 
 
 .125 
 
 173 
 
 7625 
 
 12 
 
 1553 
 
 
 4383 
 
 2900 
 
 2.79 
 
 .0963 
 
 174 
 
 7626 
 
 13 
 
 1709 
 
 "c<> 
 
 5326 
 
 3600 
 
 2.61 
 
 .0724 
 
 173 
 
 7627 
 
 4 
 
 379 
 
 Eff 
 
 388 
 
 250 
 
 8.15 
 
 3.26 
 
 148 
 
 7628 
 
 5 
 
 520 
 
 
 723 
 
 5oo 
 
 7-45 
 
 1.49 
 
 ISO 
 
 7629 
 
 6 
 
 722 
 
 " 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5.96 
 
 745 
 
 153 
 
 7630 
 
 7 
 
 957 
 
 
 1872 
 
 1200 
 
 5-02 
 
 .418 
 
 155 
 
 7631 
 
 8 
 
 1 121 
 
 . r*^ v 
 
 2452 
 
 1600 
 
 4.42 
 
 .276 
 
 159 
 
 7632 
 
 9 
 
 1290 
 
 
 
 3HO 
 
 2IOO 
 
 4-03 
 
 .192 
 
 162 
 
 7633 
 
 10 
 
 1477 
 
 
 3944 
 
 2600 
 
 3-48 
 
 .134 
 
 163 
 
 7634 
 
 II 
 
 1666 
 
 " 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3-20 
 
 .100 
 
 166 
 
 7635 
 
 12 
 
 1846 
 
 " 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.92 
 
 .0768 
 
 167 
 
 7636 
 
 13 
 
 2033 
 
 M 
 
 6913 
 
 45oo 
 
 2.60 
 
 .0577 
 
 166 
 
 7637 
 
 4 
 
 404 
 
 EEf 
 
 427 
 
 280 
 
 8.65 
 
 3-09 
 
 154 
 
 7638 
 
 5 
 
 560 
 
 
 735 
 
 500 
 
 7.05 
 
 1. 41 
 
 158 
 
 7639 
 
 6 
 
 778 
 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5.65 
 
 .706 
 
 160 
 
 7640 
 
 7 
 
 1048 
 
 " 
 
 1872 
 
 1200 
 
 4.72 
 
 393 
 
 164 
 
 7641 
 
 8 
 
 1259 
 
 
 2452 
 
 1600 
 
 4.14 
 
 .259 
 
 169 
 
 7642 
 
 9 
 
 1431 
 
 < 
 
 3HO 
 
 2IOO 
 
 3.82 
 
 .182 
 
 170 
 
 7643 
 
 10 
 
 1618 
 
 " 
 
 3944 
 
 2600 
 
 3.35 
 
 .129 
 
 171 
 
 7644 
 
 II 
 
 1801 
 
 " 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3.08 
 
 .0964 
 
 172 
 
 7645 
 
 12 
 
 1983 
 
 " 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.83 
 
 .0744 
 
 173 
 
 7646 
 
 13 
 
 2183 
 
 " 
 
 6913 
 
 4500 
 
 2.52 
 
 .0559 
 
 172 
 
 7647 
 
 4 
 
 414 
 
 EEE 
 
 427 
 
 280 
 
 8.62 
 
 3.o8 
 
 156 
 
 7648 
 
 5 
 
 573 
 
 " 
 
 735 
 
 500 
 
 7.05 
 
 1.41 
 
 159 
 
 7649 
 
 6 
 
 799 
 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5.64 
 
 70S 
 
 162 
 
 7650 
 
 7 
 
 1077 
 
 " 
 
 1872 
 
 1200 
 
 4.72 
 
 393 
 
 165 
 
 7651 
 
 8 
 
 1307 
 
 " 
 
 2452 
 
 I600 
 
 4.14 
 
 .259 
 
 170 
 
 7652 
 
 9 
 
 1503 
 
 
 
 3HO 
 
 2IOO 
 
 3.82 
 
 .182 
 
 172 
 
 7653 
 
 10 
 
 1692 
 
 " 
 
 3944 
 
 2600 
 
 3-33 
 
 .128 
 
 172 
 
 7654 
 
 II 
 
 1875 
 
 " 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3.o8 
 
 .0963 
 
 173 
 
 7655 
 
 12 
 
 2054 
 
 " 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.83 
 
 .0744 
 
 174 
 
 7656 
 
 13 
 
 2256 
 
 
 6913 
 
 4500 
 
 2.52 
 
 -0559 
 
 173 
 
 
138 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 30 Feet 
 
 Sections: 19 feet, 7 feet, and 7 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7657 
 
 4 
 
 299 
 
 /// 
 
 321 
 
 220 
 
 8.93 
 
 4.06 
 
 152 
 
 7658 
 
 5 
 
 406 
 
 
 545 
 
 350 
 
 6.65 
 
 1.90 
 
 154 
 
 7659 
 
 6 
 
 539 
 
 " 
 
 849 
 
 550 
 
 5.5o 
 
 1. 00 
 
 159 
 
 7660 
 
 7 
 
 682 
 
 
 1220 
 
 800 
 
 4-77 
 
 .596 
 
 164 
 
 7661 
 
 8 
 
 841 
 
 IpP? 
 
 1681 
 
 1 100 
 
 4-17 
 
 379 
 
 167 
 
 7662 
 
 9 
 
 1009 
 
 " 
 
 2236 
 
 1500 
 
 3.8i 
 
 .254 
 
 169 
 
 7663 
 
 10 
 
 1207 
 
 
 2991 
 
 2OOO 
 
 3-40 
 
 .170 
 
 169 
 
 7664 
 
 ii 
 
 1387 
 
 " 
 
 3694 
 
 2500 
 
 3-13 
 
 .125 
 
 171 - 
 
 7665 
 
 12 
 
 1545 
 
 
 4383 
 
 29OO 
 
 2.79 
 
 .0962 
 
 173 
 
 7666 
 
 13 
 
 1704 
 
 fSj 
 
 5326 
 
 3600 
 
 2.60 
 
 .0723 
 
 173 
 
 7667 
 
 4 
 
 379 
 
 Eff 
 
 408 
 
 280 
 
 9.04 
 
 3-23 
 
 143 
 
 7668 
 
 5 
 
 518 
 
 
 735 
 
 5oo 
 
 7-45 
 
 1.49 
 
 144 
 
 7669 
 
 6 
 
 721 
 
 " 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5.92 
 
 740 
 
 I 4 8 
 
 7670 
 
 7 
 
 957 
 
 
 1872 
 
 I2OO 
 
 4.98 
 
 .415 
 
 151 
 
 7671 
 
 8 
 
 1 122 
 
 r" oo 
 
 2452 
 
 1000 
 
 4.38 
 
 .274 
 
 156 
 
 7672 
 
 9 
 
 1290 
 
 
 
 3HO 
 
 2100 
 
 4.01 
 
 .191 
 
 159 
 
 7673 
 
 10 
 
 1477 
 
 
 3944 
 
 26OO 
 
 3.48 
 
 .134 
 
 161 
 
 7674 
 
 ii 
 
 1663 
 
 " 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3-18 
 
 .0994 
 
 164 
 
 7675 
 
 12 
 
 1845 
 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.91 
 
 .0765 
 
 167 
 
 7676 
 
 13 
 
 2036 
 
 " 
 
 6913 
 
 4500 
 
 2.58 
 
 .0574 
 
 166 
 
 7677 
 
 4 
 
 398 
 
 EEf 
 
 427 
 
 280 
 
 8.65 
 
 3-09 
 
 148 
 
 7678 
 
 5 
 
 548 
 
 
 735 
 
 500 
 
 7-15 
 
 1.43 
 
 148 
 
 7679 
 
 6 
 
 763 
 
 " 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5.67 
 
 .709 
 
 153 
 
 7680 
 
 7 
 
 1024 
 
 " 
 
 1872 
 
 1 200 
 
 4-74 
 
 395 
 
 157 
 
 7681 
 
 8 
 
 1224 
 
 " 
 
 2452 
 
 1600 
 
 4.16 
 
 .260 
 
 163 
 
 7682 
 
 9 
 
 1394 
 
 
 
 3HO 
 
 2100 
 
 3-84 
 
 .183 
 
 166 
 
 7683 
 
 10 
 
 1580 
 
 " 
 
 3944 
 
 26OO 
 
 3-35 
 
 .129 
 
 167 
 
 7684 
 
 ii 
 
 1762 
 
 " 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3.09 
 
 .0966 
 
 169 
 
 7685 
 
 12 
 
 1947 
 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.83 
 
 .0746 
 
 172 
 
 7686 
 
 13 
 
 2147 
 
 " 
 
 6913 
 
 45oo 
 
 2.51 
 
 .0558 
 
 170 
 
 7687 
 
 4 
 
 4ii 
 
 EEE 
 
 427 
 
 280 
 
 8.60 
 
 3 07 
 
 151 
 
 7688 
 
 5 
 
 567 
 
 
 735 
 
 5oo 
 
 7-05 
 
 1.4* 
 
 153 
 
 7689 
 
 6 
 
 792 
 
 " 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5.63 
 
 .704 
 
 157 
 
 7690 
 
 7 
 
 1066 
 
 11 
 
 1872 
 
 1200 
 
 4.70 
 
 .392 
 
 161 
 
 7691 
 
 8 
 
 1291 
 
 " 
 
 2452 
 
 I60O 
 
 4-14 
 
 .259 
 
 167 
 
 7692 
 
 9 
 
 1495 
 
 
 
 3IIO 
 
 2100 
 
 3.82 
 
 .182 
 
 170 
 
 7693 
 
 10 
 
 1684 
 
 " 
 
 3944 
 
 2600 
 
 3-33 
 
 .128 
 
 171 
 
 7694 
 
 ii 
 
 1866 
 
 " 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3.o8 
 
 .0962 
 
 172 
 
 7695 
 
 12 
 
 2046 
 
 " 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.82 
 
 .0743 
 
 173 
 
 7696 
 
 13 
 
 2248 
 
 
 6913 
 
 4500 
 
 2.51 
 
 .0557 
 
 173 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 139 
 
 Length of Pole, 30 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 7 feet, and 5 feet 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 Load 
 
 Deflec- 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 mum 
 load 
 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7697 
 
 4 
 
 309 
 
 /// 
 
 321 
 
 220 
 
 8.40 
 
 3.82 
 
 162 
 
 7698 
 
 5 
 
 420 
 
 
 545 
 
 350 
 
 6.30 
 
 i. 80 
 
 164 
 
 7699 
 
 6 
 
 555 
 
 11 
 
 849 
 
 550 
 
 5-30 
 
 .964 
 
 167 
 
 7700 
 
 7 
 
 700 
 
 
 1220 
 
 800 
 
 4.62 
 
 578 
 
 170 
 
 77oi 
 
 8 
 
 860 
 
 " 
 
 1681 
 
 IIOO 
 
 4.07 
 
 370 
 
 172 
 
 7702 
 
 9 
 
 1030 
 
 
 
 2236 
 
 1500 
 
 3 74 
 
 .249 
 
 173 
 
 7703 
 
 10 
 
 1231 
 
 
 2991 
 
 2OOO 
 
 3-32 
 
 .166 
 
 173 
 
 7704 
 
 ii 
 
 1411 
 
 " 
 
 3694 
 
 2500 
 
 3.08 
 
 .123 
 
 175 
 
 7705 
 
 12 
 
 1563 
 
 " 
 
 4383 
 
 2900 
 
 2.75 
 
 .0949 
 
 175 
 
 7706 
 
 13 
 
 1722 
 
 " 
 
 5326 
 
 3600 
 
 2.57 
 
 .0713 
 
 175 
 
 7707 
 
 4 
 
 397 
 
 Eff 
 
 427 
 
 280 
 
 8.29 
 
 2.96 
 
 154 
 
 77o8 
 
 5 
 
 544 
 
 
 735 
 
 500 
 
 6.85 
 
 1.37 
 
 156 
 
 7709 
 
 6 
 
 757 
 
 41 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5-52 
 
 .690 
 
 159 
 
 7710 
 
 7 
 
 1004 
 
 " 
 
 1872 
 
 1200 
 
 4-67 
 
 .389 
 
 160 
 
 771 1 
 
 8 
 
 II7I 
 
 " 
 
 2452 
 
 1600 
 
 4.16 
 
 .260 
 
 164 
 
 7712 
 
 9 
 
 1340 
 
 
 
 3110 
 
 2IOO 
 
 3.84 
 
 .183 
 
 166 
 
 7713 
 
 10 
 
 1529 
 
 " 
 
 3944 
 
 2600 
 
 3-33 
 
 .128 
 
 167 
 
 7714 
 
 ii 
 
 1715 
 
 " 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3.o8 
 
 .0964 
 
 170 
 
 7715 
 
 12 
 
 1895 
 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.82 
 
 .0743 
 
 170 
 
 7716 
 
 13 
 
 2089 
 
 11 
 
 6913 
 
 4500 
 
 2.51 
 
 .0557 
 
 170 
 
 7717 
 
 4 
 
 416 
 
 EEf 
 
 427 
 
 280 
 
 8.09 
 
 2.89 
 
 160 
 
 7718 
 
 5 
 
 573 
 
 
 735 
 
 500 
 
 6.70 
 
 1.34 
 
 162 
 
 7719 
 
 6 
 
 798 
 
 " 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5.38 
 
 .673 
 
 164 
 
 7720 
 
 7 
 
 1071 
 
 14 
 
 1872 
 
 1200 
 
 4-55 
 
 .379 
 
 167 
 
 7721 
 
 8 
 
 1272 
 
 " 
 
 2452 
 
 I600 
 
 4-05 
 
 .253 
 
 171 
 
 7722 
 
 9 
 
 1444 
 
 
 
 3110 
 
 2IOO 
 
 3-74 
 
 .178 
 
 173 
 
 7723 
 
 10 
 
 1633 
 
 14 
 
 3944 
 
 2600 
 
 3-28 
 
 .126 
 
 173 
 
 7724 
 
 ii 
 
 1815 
 
 " 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3-04 
 
 .0949 
 
 175 
 
 7725 
 
 12 
 
 1997 
 
 " 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.79 
 
 .0734 
 
 174 
 
 7726 
 
 13 
 
 2200 
 
 " 
 
 6913 
 
 4500 
 
 2.48 
 
 -0550 
 
 175 
 
 7727 
 
 4 
 
 425 
 
 EEE 
 
 427 
 
 280 
 
 8.06 
 
 2.88 
 
 161 
 
 7728 
 
 5 
 
 587 
 
 " 
 
 735 
 
 500 
 
 6.70 
 
 1.34 
 
 164 
 
 7729 
 
 6 
 
 819 
 
 " 
 
 1222 
 
 800 
 
 5-38 
 
 .673 
 
 166 
 
 7730 
 
 7 
 
 IIOI 
 
 " 
 
 1872 
 
 I20O 
 
 4-54 
 
 .378 
 
 169 
 
 7731 
 
 8 
 
 1320 
 
 " 
 
 2452 
 
 1600 
 
 4-05 
 
 .253 
 
 173 
 
 7732 
 
 9 
 
 1517 
 
 
 
 3110 
 
 2100 
 
 3-74 
 
 .178 
 
 174 
 
 7733 
 
 10 
 
 1707 
 
 11 
 
 3944 
 
 260O 
 
 3.28 
 
 .126 
 
 174 
 
 7734 
 
 ii 
 
 1889 
 
 " 
 
 4769 
 
 3200 
 
 3-03 
 
 .0948 
 
 175 
 
 7735 
 
 12 
 
 2068 
 
 " 
 
 5672 
 
 3800 
 
 2.79 
 
 .0734 
 
 175 
 
 7736 
 
 13 
 
 2272 
 
 
 6913 
 
 4500 
 
 2.48 
 
 .0550 
 
 175 
 
 
140 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 31 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, 10 feet 6 inches, and 5 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 load!. 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7737 
 
 4 
 
 308 
 
 /// 
 
 307 
 
 200 
 
 9.46 
 
 4-73 
 
 163 
 
 7738 
 
 5 
 
 421 
 
 
 522 
 
 350 
 
 7.70 
 
 2.20 
 
 166 
 
 7739 
 
 6 
 
 559 
 
 " 
 
 813 
 
 550 
 
 6.38 
 
 1.16 
 
 170 
 
 7740 
 
 7 
 
 707 
 
 
 1168 
 
 800 
 
 5-49 
 
 .686 
 
 174 
 
 7741 
 
 8 
 
 871 
 
 " 
 
 1609 
 
 IIOO 
 
 4.80 
 
 .436 
 
 176 
 
 7742 
 
 9 
 
 1045 
 
 " 
 
 2141 
 
 1400 
 
 4.09 
 
 .292 
 
 178 
 
 7743 
 
 10 
 
 1248 
 
 
 2864 
 
 1900 
 
 3-72 
 
 .196 
 
 178 
 
 7744 
 
 n 
 
 1438 
 
 " 
 
 3537 
 
 2400 
 
 3-43 
 
 .143 
 
 181 
 
 7745 
 
 12 
 
 1599 
 
 " 
 
 4196 
 
 2800 
 
 3-o8 
 
 .110 
 
 181 
 
 7746 
 
 13 
 
 1759 
 
 " 
 
 5ioo 
 
 3400 
 
 2.82 
 
 .0829 
 
 180 
 
 7747 
 
 4 
 
 386 
 
 Eff 
 
 352 
 
 220 
 
 8.38 
 
 3.8i 
 
 154 
 
 7748 
 
 5 
 
 531 
 
 
 657 
 
 450 
 
 7.83 
 
 1-74 
 
 157 
 
 7749 
 
 6 
 
 736 
 
 " 
 
 III5 
 
 750 
 
 6.50 
 
 .866 
 
 159 
 
 7750 
 
 7 
 
 976 
 
 " 
 
 1738 
 
 1 200 
 
 5-83 
 
 .486 
 
 161 
 
 7751 
 
 8 
 
 H45 
 
 " 
 
 2347 
 
 1600 
 
 5.12 
 
 .320 
 
 165 
 
 7752 
 
 9 
 
 1319 
 
 
 
 2977 
 
 2OOO 
 
 4.44 
 
 .222 
 
 168 
 
 7753 
 
 10 
 
 1511 
 
 " 
 
 3776 
 
 2500 
 
 3.88 
 
 .155 
 
 169 
 
 7754 
 
 II 
 
 1707 
 
 " 
 
 4566 
 
 3000 
 
 3-45 
 
 .115 
 
 173 
 
 7755 
 
 12 
 
 1891 
 
 " 
 
 5431 
 
 3600 
 
 3-i8 
 
 .0884 
 
 174 
 
 7756 
 
 13 
 
 2083 
 
 
 6618 
 
 4500 
 
 2.99 
 
 .0665 
 
 173 
 
 7757 
 
 4 
 
 415 
 
 EEf 
 
 409 
 
 280 
 
 IO.O 
 
 3-58 
 
 161 
 
 7758 
 
 5 
 
 575 
 
 " 
 
 704 
 
 450 
 
 7.38 
 
 1.64 
 
 164 
 
 7759 
 
 6 
 
 798 
 
 
 1170 
 
 800 
 
 6.51 
 
 .814 
 
 167 
 
 7760 
 
 7 
 
 1076 
 
 " 
 
 1792 
 
 1200 
 
 5-44 
 
 .453 
 
 171 
 
 7761 
 
 8 
 
 1297 
 
 
 2347 
 
 1600 
 
 4-75 
 
 -297 
 
 176 
 
 7762 
 
 9 
 
 1474 
 
 
 2977 
 
 20OO 
 
 4.18 
 
 .209 
 
 178 
 
 7763 
 
 10 
 
 1666 
 
 " 
 
 3776 
 
 2500 
 
 3.68 
 
 .147 
 
 178 
 
 7764 
 
 II 
 
 1856 
 
 " 
 
 4566 
 
 3000 
 
 3-30 
 
 .110 
 
 180 
 
 7765 
 
 12 
 
 2044 
 
 " 
 
 5431 
 
 3600 
 
 3-07 
 
 .0852 
 
 181 
 
 7766 
 
 13 
 
 2249 
 
 " 
 
 6618 
 
 4500 
 
 2.88 
 
 .0640 
 
 180 
 
 7767 
 
 4 
 
 424 
 
 EEE 
 
 409 
 
 280 
 
 IO.O 
 
 3.58 
 
 162 
 
 7768 
 
 5 
 
 588 
 
 
 704 
 
 450 
 
 7.34 
 
 1.63 
 
 166 
 
 7769 
 
 6 
 
 819 
 
 " 
 
 1170 
 
 800 
 
 6.51 
 
 .814 
 
 168 
 
 7770 
 
 7 
 
 1106 
 
 " 
 
 1792 
 
 I20O 
 
 5.42 
 
 452 
 
 172 
 
 7771 
 
 8 
 
 1345 
 
 " 
 
 2347 
 
 I6OO 
 
 4-75 
 
 .297 
 
 177 
 
 7772 
 
 9 
 
 1547 
 
 " 
 
 2977 
 
 2OOO 
 
 4.18 
 
 .209 
 
 179 
 
 7773 
 
 10 
 
 1740 
 
 " 
 
 3776 
 
 2500 
 
 3-68 
 
 .147 
 
 179 
 
 7774 
 
 n 
 
 1930 
 
 " 
 
 4566 
 
 3OOO 
 
 3-30 
 
 .no 
 
 181 
 
 7775 
 
 12 
 
 2115 
 
 " 
 
 5431 
 
 3600 
 
 3.07 
 
 .0852 
 
 182 
 
 7776 
 
 13 
 
 2321 
 
 
 6618 
 
 4500 
 
 2.88 
 
 .0640 
 
 180 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 141 
 
 Length of Pole, 31 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 6 feet 6 inches, and 6 feet 6 inches 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7777 
 
 4 
 
 314 
 
 /// 
 
 307 
 
 200 
 
 8.88 
 
 4-44 
 
 164 
 
 7778 
 
 5 
 
 426 
 
 
 522 
 
 350 
 
 7-32 
 
 2.09 
 
 165 
 
 7779 
 
 6 
 
 564 
 
 " 
 
 813 
 
 550 
 
 6. ii 
 
 I. ii 
 
 170 
 
 778o 
 
 7 
 
 712 
 
 
 1168 
 
 800 
 
 5-33 
 
 .666 
 
 174 
 
 7781 
 
 8 
 
 877 
 
 " 
 
 1609 
 
 IIOO 
 
 4.68 
 
 .425 
 
 177 
 
 7782 
 
 9 
 
 1051 
 
 " 
 
 2141 
 
 1400 
 
 3-99 
 
 .285 
 
 178 
 
 7783 
 
 10 
 
 1257 
 
 
 2864 
 
 1900 
 
 3.63 
 
 .191 
 
 178 
 
 7784 
 
 II 
 
 1441 
 
 " 
 
 3537 
 
 2400 
 
 3-36 
 
 .140 
 
 180 
 
 7785 
 
 12 
 
 1601 
 
 " 
 
 4196 
 
 2800 
 
 3-05 
 
 .109 
 
 182 
 
 7786 
 
 13 
 
 1765 
 
 " 
 
 5100 
 
 3400 
 
 2.77 
 
 .0816 
 
 182 
 
 7787 
 
 4 
 
 402 
 
 Eff 
 
 409 
 
 280 
 
 9.69 
 
 3-46 
 
 155 
 
 7788 
 
 5 
 
 550 
 
 
 704 
 
 450 
 
 7-25 
 
 1.61 
 
 156 
 
 7789 
 
 6 
 
 766 
 
 11 
 
 1170 
 
 800 
 
 6.43 
 
 .804 
 
 160 
 
 7790 
 
 7 
 
 1016 
 
 
 1792 
 
 1200 
 
 5-42 
 
 452 
 
 163 
 
 7791 
 
 8 
 
 1188 
 
 .. '&_7p 
 
 2347 
 
 I600 
 
 4.82 
 
 .301 
 
 167 
 
 7792 
 
 9 
 
 1361 
 
 
 2977 
 
 2000 
 
 4.22 
 
 .211 
 
 170 
 
 7793 
 
 10 
 
 1555 
 
 " 
 
 3776 
 
 2500 
 
 3-70 
 
 .148 
 
 172 
 
 7794 
 
 ii 
 
 1746 
 
 
 
 4566 
 
 3OOO 
 
 3-33 
 
 .III 
 
 175 
 
 7795 
 
 12 
 
 1933 
 
 " 
 
 5431 
 
 3600 
 
 3-07 
 
 .0854 
 
 176 
 
 7796 
 
 13 
 
 2133 
 
 
 6618 
 
 45oo 
 
 2.88 
 
 .0641 
 
 176 
 
 7797 
 
 4 
 
 420 
 
 EEf 
 
 409 
 
 280 
 
 9-41 
 
 3-36 
 
 159 
 
 7798 
 
 5 
 
 577 
 
 " 
 
 704 
 
 450 
 
 7.02 
 
 1.56 
 
 161 
 
 7799 
 
 6 
 
 804 
 
 " 
 
 1170 
 
 800 
 
 6.26 
 
 .782 
 
 165 
 
 7800 
 
 7 
 
 1079 
 
 " 
 
 1792 
 
 1 200 
 
 5-26 
 
 438 
 
 169 
 
 7801 
 
 8 
 
 1282 
 
 " 
 
 2347 
 
 1600 
 
 4.66 
 
 .291 
 
 174 
 
 7802 
 
 9 
 
 1458 
 
 
 
 2977 
 
 2OOO 
 
 4.10 
 
 .205 
 
 176 
 
 7803 
 
 10 
 
 1651 
 
 " 
 
 3776 
 
 2500 
 
 3.63 
 
 .145 
 
 177 
 
 7804 
 
 ii 
 
 1838 
 
 " 
 
 4566 
 
 3000 
 
 3.27 
 
 .109 
 
 180 
 
 78os 
 
 12 
 
 2027 
 
 " 
 
 5431 
 
 3600 
 
 3-03 
 
 .0841 
 
 180 
 
 7806 
 
 13 
 
 2236 
 
 " 
 
 6618 
 
 4500 
 
 2.83 
 
 .0629 
 
 180 
 
 7807 
 
 4 
 
 432 
 
 EEE 
 
 409 
 
 280 
 
 9.38 
 
 3-35 
 
 163 
 
 7808 
 
 5 
 
 595 
 
 
 704 
 
 450 
 
 7.02 
 
 1.56 
 
 164 
 
 7809 
 
 6 
 
 831 
 
 " 
 
 1170 
 
 800 
 
 6.22 
 
 .778 
 
 168 
 
 7810 
 
 7 
 
 1117 
 
 11 
 
 1792 
 
 1 200 
 
 5-24 
 
 .437 
 
 172 
 
 7811 
 
 8 
 
 1344 
 
 " 
 
 2347 
 
 1600 
 
 4.64 
 
 .290 
 
 178 
 
 7812 
 
 9 
 
 1552 
 
 
 
 2977 
 
 2OOO 
 
 4.08 
 
 .204 
 
 180 
 
 7813 
 
 10 
 
 1747 
 
 " 
 
 3776 
 
 2500 
 
 3.60 
 
 .144 
 
 180 
 
 7814 
 
 ii 
 
 1934 
 
 " 
 
 4566 
 
 3000 
 
 3-27 
 
 .109 
 
 182 
 
 78iS 
 
 12 
 
 2I2O 
 
 " 
 
 5431 
 
 3600 
 
 3-02 
 
 .0840 
 
 182 
 
 7816 
 
 13 
 
 2330 
 
 
 6618 
 
 45oo 
 
 2.83 
 
 .0629 
 
 182 
 
 
142 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 32 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, 9 feet 6 inches, and 7 feet 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 Load 
 
 Deflec- 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 mum 
 load 
 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7817 
 
 4 
 
 312 
 
 /// 
 
 295 
 
 200 
 
 II. O 
 
 5.5o 
 
 165 
 
 7818 
 
 5 
 
 426 
 
 
 500 
 
 350 
 
 8.93 
 
 2.55 
 
 167 
 
 7819 
 
 6 
 
 566 
 
 " 
 
 780 
 
 500 
 
 6.70 
 
 1.34 
 
 173 
 
 7820 
 
 7 
 
 718 
 
 " 
 
 1120 
 
 750 
 
 5-92 
 
 .789 
 
 178 
 
 7821 
 
 8 
 
 885 
 
 " 
 
 1544 
 
 IOOO 
 
 5.00 
 
 .500 
 
 181 
 
 7822 
 
 9 
 
 1063 
 
 ' 
 
 2053 
 
 1400 
 
 4.68 
 
 334 
 
 182 
 
 7823 
 
 10 
 
 1272 
 
 " 
 
 2747 
 
 1800 
 
 4 03 
 
 .224 
 
 183 
 
 7824 
 
 ii 
 
 1466 
 
 " 
 
 3392 
 
 2300 
 
 3-75 
 
 .163 
 
 186 
 
 
 12 
 
 1634 
 
 " 
 
 4025 
 
 2700 
 
 3-40 
 
 .126 
 
 188 
 
 7826 
 
 13 
 
 1801 
 
 " 
 
 4891 
 
 3300 
 
 3 12 
 
 .0946 
 
 187 
 
 7827 
 
 4 
 
 390 
 
 Eff 
 
 323 
 
 220 
 
 9.86 
 
 4.48 
 
 155 
 
 7828 
 
 5 
 
 535 
 
 
 602 
 
 400 
 
 8.16 
 
 2.04 
 
 156 
 
 7829 
 
 6 
 
 743 
 
 11 
 
 1022 
 
 700 
 
 7.07 
 
 1. 01 
 
 160 
 
 7830 
 
 7 
 
 986 
 
 
 1593 
 
 IIOO 
 
 6.22 
 
 .565 
 
 164 
 
 7831 
 
 8 
 
 H59 
 
 " 
 
 2252 
 
 1500 
 
 5-55 
 
 370 
 
 1 68 
 
 7832 
 
 9 
 
 1337 
 
 " 
 
 2856 
 
 IQOO 
 
 4-86 
 
 .256 
 
 172 
 
 7833 
 
 10 
 
 1534 
 
 " 
 
 3622 
 
 2400 
 
 4-30 
 
 .179 
 
 174 
 
 7834 
 
 ii 
 
 1734 
 
 " 
 
 438o 
 
 2900 
 
 3.83 
 
 .132 
 
 178 
 
 7835 
 
 12 
 
 1927 
 
 " 
 
 5209 
 
 3500 
 
 3-54 
 
 .101 
 
 181 
 
 7836 
 
 13 
 
 2124 
 
 " 
 
 6348 
 
 4200 
 
 3.20 
 
 .0762 
 
 180 
 
 7837 
 
 4 
 
 416 
 
 EEf 
 
 392 
 
 250 
 
 10.5 
 
 4.19 
 
 160 
 
 7838 
 7839 
 
 i 
 
 575 
 800 
 
 
 
 675 
 
 1 122 
 
 450 
 750 
 
 8.60 
 7.10 
 
 1.91 
 .946 
 
 162 
 167 
 
 7840 
 
 7 
 
 1077 
 
 " 
 
 1719 
 
 IIOO 
 
 5-75 
 
 .523 
 
 171 
 
 7841 
 
 8 
 
 1297 
 
 " 
 
 2252 
 
 1500 
 
 5-13 
 
 342 
 
 178 
 
 7842 
 
 9 
 
 1478 
 
 < 
 
 2856 
 
 1900 
 
 4-54 
 
 .239 
 
 181 
 
 7843 
 
 10 
 
 1675 
 
 " 
 
 3622 
 
 2400 
 
 4.06 
 
 .169 
 
 181 
 
 7844 
 
 ii 
 
 1869 
 
 " 
 
 4380 
 
 2900 
 
 3.65 
 
 .126 
 
 184 
 
 7845 
 
 12 
 
 2064 
 
 " 
 
 5209 
 
 3500 
 
 3-41 
 
 .0973 
 
 186 
 
 7846 
 
 13 
 
 2274 
 
 " 
 
 6348 
 
 4200 
 
 3-07 
 
 .0731 
 
 186 
 
 7847 
 
 4 
 
 429 
 
 ERE 
 
 392 
 
 250 
 
 10.4 
 
 4.17 
 
 164 
 
 7848 
 
 s 
 
 594 
 
 11 
 
 675 
 
 450 
 
 8.55 
 
 1.90 
 
 166 
 
 7849 
 
 6 
 
 829 
 
 " 
 
 1 122 
 
 750 
 
 7.06 
 
 .941 
 
 170 
 
 7850 
 
 7 
 
 1118 
 
 " 
 
 1719 
 
 IIOO 
 
 5.73 
 
 .521 
 
 175 
 
 7851 
 
 8 
 
 1364 
 
 " 
 
 2252 
 
 1500 
 
 S.io 
 
 340 
 
 182 
 
 7852 
 
 9 
 
 1579 
 
 
 
 2856 
 
 1900 
 
 4.52 
 
 .238 
 
 185 
 
 7853 
 
 10 
 
 1779 
 
 " 
 
 3622 
 
 2400 
 
 4-03 
 
 .168 
 
 185 
 
 7854 
 
 ii 
 
 1973 
 
 " 
 
 4380 
 
 2900 
 
 3.65 
 
 .126 
 
 187 
 
 7855 
 
 12 
 
 2164 
 
 " 
 
 5209 
 
 35oo 
 
 3-40 
 
 .0970 
 
 187 
 
 7856 
 
 13 
 
 2376 
 
 
 6348 
 
 4200 
 
 3-07 
 
 .0730 
 
 188 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 143 
 
 Length of Pole, 32 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 7 feet, and 7 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7857 
 
 4 
 
 320 
 
 /// 
 
 295 
 
 200 
 
 10.2 
 
 5. ii 
 
 168 
 
 7858 
 
 5 
 
 435 
 
 
 500 
 
 350 
 
 8.44 
 
 2.41 
 
 170 
 
 7859 
 
 6 
 
 577 
 
 " 
 
 780 
 
 500 
 
 6.35 
 
 1.27 
 
 175 
 
 7860 
 
 7 
 
 729 
 
 " 
 
 1 120 
 
 750 
 
 5-71 
 
 .761 
 
 180 
 
 7861 
 
 8 
 
 898 
 
 " 
 
 1544 
 
 IOOO 
 
 4.85 
 
 .485 
 
 183 
 
 7862 
 
 9 
 
 1077 
 
 " 
 
 2053 
 
 1400 
 
 4-55 
 
 .325 
 
 185 
 
 7863 
 
 10 
 
 1288 
 
 
 2747 
 
 1800 
 
 3-92 
 
 .218 
 
 185 
 
 7864 
 
 ii 
 
 1478 
 
 " 
 
 3392 
 
 2300 
 
 3-68 
 
 .160 
 
 187 
 
 7865 
 
 12 
 
 1644 
 
 
 4025 
 
 2700 
 
 3-35 
 
 .124 
 
 190 
 
 7866 
 
 13 
 
 1813 
 
 " 
 
 4891 
 
 33oo 
 
 3-o6 
 
 .0928 
 
 189 
 
 7867 
 
 4 
 
 409 
 
 Eff 
 
 392 
 
 250 
 
 10. I 
 
 4.02 
 
 159 
 
 7868 
 
 5 
 
 559 
 
 
 675 
 
 450 
 
 8.37 
 
 1.86 
 
 * 160 
 
 7869 
 
 6 
 
 778 
 
 " 
 
 1 122 
 
 750 
 
 6.97 
 
 .929 
 
 164 
 
 7870 
 
 7 
 
 1033 
 
 
 1719 
 
 IIOO 
 
 5-74 
 
 .522 
 
 167 
 
 7871 
 
 8 
 
 1209 
 
 " 
 
 2252 
 
 1500 
 
 5-19 
 
 .346 
 
 172 
 
 7872 
 
 9 
 
 1387 
 
 < 
 
 2856 
 
 1900 
 
 4.60 
 
 .242 
 
 175 
 
 7873 
 
 10 
 
 1586 
 
 
 3622 
 
 2400 
 
 4.08 
 
 .170 
 
 177 
 
 7874 
 
 ii 
 
 1783 
 
 " 
 
 4380 
 
 2900 
 
 3.68 
 
 .127 
 
 181 
 
 7875 
 
 12 
 
 1976 
 
 " 
 
 5209 
 
 35oo 
 
 3-42 
 
 .0976 
 
 184 
 
 7876 
 
 13 
 
 2181 
 
 " 
 
 6348 
 
 4200 
 
 3.07 
 
 .0732 
 
 183 
 
 7877 
 
 4 
 
 428 
 
 EEf 
 
 392 
 
 250 
 
 9.70 
 
 3.88 
 
 164 
 
 7878 
 
 5 
 
 589 
 
 
 675 
 
 450 
 
 8.10 
 
 i. 80 
 
 165 
 
 7879 
 
 6 
 
 820 
 
 " 
 
 1122 
 
 750 
 
 6.74 
 
 .898 
 
 109 
 
 7880 
 
 7 
 
 1 100 
 
 " 
 
 1719 
 
 IIOO 
 
 5-52 
 
 .502 
 
 174 
 
 7881 
 
 8 
 
 1310 
 
 11 
 
 2252 
 
 1500 
 
 5.oo 
 
 .333 
 
 179 
 
 7882 
 
 9 
 
 1491 
 
 > 
 
 2856 
 
 1900 
 
 4-45 
 
 .234 
 
 182 
 
 7883 
 
 10 
 
 1690 
 
 " 
 
 3622 
 
 2400 
 
 3.96 
 
 .165 
 
 183 
 
 7884 
 
 ii 
 
 1882 
 
 " 
 
 4380 
 
 2900 
 
 3.6o 
 
 .124 
 
 185 
 
 788s 
 
 12 
 
 2078 
 
 " 
 
 5209 
 
 35oo 
 
 3-35 
 
 0957 
 
 188 
 
 7886 
 
 13 
 
 2291 
 
 11 
 
 6348 
 
 4200 
 
 3.oi 
 
 .0717 
 
 187 
 
 7887 
 
 4 
 
 441 
 
 EEE 
 
 392 
 
 250 
 
 9.65 
 
 3-86 
 
 167 
 
 7888 
 
 5 
 
 608 
 
 11 
 
 675 
 
 450 
 
 8.06 
 
 1.79 
 
 169 
 
 7889 
 
 6 
 
 849 
 
 " 
 
 1 122 
 
 750 
 
 6.70 
 
 .893 
 
 173 
 
 7890 
 
 7 
 
 1142 
 
 " 
 
 1719 
 
 IIOO 
 
 5-49 
 
 499 
 
 178 
 
 7891 
 
 8 
 
 1378 
 
 " 
 
 2252 
 
 1500 
 
 4-97 
 
 331 
 
 184 
 
 7892 
 
 9 
 
 1593 
 
 " 
 
 2856 
 
 1900 
 
 4-43 
 
 .233 
 
 186 
 
 7893 
 
 10 
 
 1793 
 
 " 
 
 3622 
 
 2400 
 
 3-94 
 
 .164 
 
 187 
 
 7894 
 
 ii 
 
 1986 
 
 " 
 
 4380 
 
 2900 
 
 3.6o 
 
 .124 
 
 188 
 
 7895 
 
 12 
 
 2177 
 
 11 
 
 5209 
 
 3500 
 
 3-34 
 
 .0955 
 
 189 
 
 7896 
 
 13 
 
 2393 
 
 
 6348 
 
 4200 
 
 3-01 
 
 .0716 
 
 189 
 
 
144 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 32 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 10 feet, and 4 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 load L 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7897 
 
 4 
 
 326 
 
 /// 
 
 295 
 
 200 
 
 10.14 
 
 5-07 
 
 175 
 
 7898 
 
 5 
 
 445 
 
 
 500 
 
 350 
 
 8.33 
 
 2.38 
 
 178 
 
 7899 
 
 6 
 
 588 
 
 
 780 
 
 500 
 
 6.30 
 
 1.26 
 
 182 
 
 7900 
 
 7 
 
 742 
 
 " 
 
 1120 
 
 750 
 
 5.67 
 
 .756 
 
 185 
 
 7901 
 
 8 
 
 912 
 
 
 1544 
 
 IOOO 
 
 4.83 
 
 .483 
 
 186 
 
 7902 
 
 9 
 
 1092 
 
 " 
 
 2053 
 
 1400 
 
 4-54 
 
 .324 
 
 188 
 
 7903 
 
 10 
 
 1304 
 
 " 
 
 2747 
 
 1800 
 
 3-91 
 
 .217 
 
 187 
 
 7904 
 
 II 
 
 1498 
 
 
 3392 
 
 2300 
 
 3.66 
 
 . 159 i 190 
 
 7905 
 
 12 
 
 1660 
 
 " 
 
 4025 
 
 2700 
 
 3-32 
 
 . 123 i 191 
 
 7906 
 
 13 
 
 1825 
 
 
 4891 
 
 3300 
 
 3-o6 
 
 .0927 
 
 191 
 
 790? 
 
 4 
 
 414 
 
 Eff 
 
 392 
 
 250 
 
 9-95 
 
 3-98 
 
 166 
 
 7908 
 
 5 
 
 569 
 
 
 675 
 
 450 
 
 8.24 
 
 1.83 
 
 169 
 
 7909 
 
 6 
 
 790 
 
 " . 
 
 1122 
 
 750 
 
 6.89 
 
 .918 
 
 171 
 
 7910 
 
 7 
 
 1046 
 
 
 1719 
 
 IIOO 
 
 5.69 
 
 .517 
 
 173 
 
 79" 
 
 8 
 
 1222 
 
 "00* 
 
 2252 
 
 1500 
 
 5.i6 
 
 344 
 
 176 
 
 7912 
 
 9 
 
 1403 
 
 
 
 2856 
 
 1900 
 
 4.56 
 
 .240 
 
 179 
 
 7913 
 
 10 
 
 1602 
 
 11 
 
 3622 
 
 2400 
 
 4.06 
 
 .169 
 
 180 
 
 7914 
 
 II 
 
 1803 
 
 " 
 
 4380 
 
 2900 
 
 3-65 
 
 .126, 
 
 184 
 
 7915 
 
 12 
 
 1991 
 
 
 5209 
 
 3500 
 
 3-41 
 
 .0974 
 
 185 
 
 7916 
 
 13 
 
 2193 
 
 
 6348 
 
 4200 
 
 3-07 
 
 .0731 
 
 185 
 
 7917 
 
 4 
 
 441 
 
 EEf 
 
 392 
 
 250 
 
 9 58 
 
 3.83 
 
 174 
 
 7918 
 
 5 
 
 611 
 
 " 
 
 675 
 
 450 
 
 7-97 
 
 1-77 
 
 177 
 
 7919 
 
 6 
 
 849 
 
 ' **Ol 
 
 1 122 
 
 750 
 
 6.64 
 
 .885 
 
 180 
 
 7920 
 
 7 
 
 1142 
 
 " 
 
 1719 
 
 IIOO 
 
 5.46 
 
 .496 
 
 183 
 
 7921 
 
 8 
 
 1367 
 
 
 2252 
 
 1500 
 
 4-95 
 
 .330 
 
 187 
 
 7922 
 
 9 
 
 I55i 
 
 
 2856 
 
 1900 
 
 4-41 
 
 .232 
 
 188 
 
 7923 
 
 10 
 
 1750 
 
 " 
 
 3622 
 
 2400 
 
 3-94 
 
 .164 
 
 189 
 
 7924 
 
 II 
 
 1945 
 
 " 
 
 4380 
 
 2900 
 
 3-57 
 
 .123 
 
 190 
 
 7925 
 
 12 
 
 2136 
 
 
 5209 
 
 35oo 
 
 3-34 
 
 .0953 
 
 191 
 
 7926 
 
 13 
 
 2351 
 
 pooj 
 
 6348 
 
 4200 
 
 3-00 
 
 .0715 
 
 191 
 
 7927 
 
 4 
 
 449 
 
 EEE 
 
 392 
 
 250 
 
 9-58 
 
 3-83 
 
 174 
 
 7928 
 
 5 
 
 622 
 
 11 
 
 675 
 
 450 
 
 7-97 
 
 1.77 
 
 178 
 
 7929 
 
 6 
 
 866 
 
 " 
 
 1 122 
 
 750 
 
 6.64 
 
 .885 
 
 180 
 
 7930 
 
 7 
 
 1166 
 
 " 
 
 1719 
 
 IIOO 
 
 5.46 
 
 .496 
 
 183 
 
 7931 
 
 8 
 
 1406 
 
 " 
 
 2252 
 
 1500 
 
 4-95 
 
 .330 
 
 188 
 
 7932 
 
 9 
 
 1609 
 
 
 
 2856 
 
 1900 
 
 4.41 
 
 .232 
 
 189 
 
 7933 
 
 10 
 
 1809 
 
 " 
 
 3622 
 
 2400 
 
 3.94 
 
 .164 
 
 189 
 
 7934 
 
 II 
 
 2004 
 
 " 
 
 4380 
 
 2900 
 
 3.57 
 
 .123 
 
 190 
 
 7935 
 
 12 
 
 2193 
 
 " 
 
 5209 
 
 3500 
 
 3-34 
 
 .0953 
 
 191 
 
 7936 
 
 13 
 
 2409 
 
 
 6348 
 
 4200 
 
 3-00 
 
 .0715 
 
 191 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 145 
 
 Length of Pole, 33 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, 10 feet 6 inches, and 7 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadZ, 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7937 
 
 4 
 
 320 
 
 /// 
 
 283 
 
 190 
 
 12.0 
 
 6.31 
 
 172 
 
 7938 
 
 5 
 
 437 
 
 
 481 
 
 300 
 
 8.73 
 
 2.91 
 
 174 
 
 7939 
 
 6 
 
 58o 
 
 " 
 
 749 
 
 500 
 
 7.60 
 
 1.52 
 
 180 
 
 7940 
 
 7 
 
 737 
 
 " 
 
 1076 
 
 700 
 
 6.28 
 
 .897 
 
 185 
 
 7941 
 
 8 
 
 909 
 
 " 
 
 1483 
 
 IOOO 
 
 5-68 
 
 .568 
 
 188 
 
 7942 
 
 9 
 
 1092 
 
 " 
 
 1973 
 
 1300 
 
 4-93 
 
 379 
 
 190 
 
 7943 
 
 10 
 
 1306 
 
 " 
 
 2639 
 
 1800 
 
 4-57 
 
 .254 
 
 190 
 
 7944 
 
 ii 
 
 1506 
 
 
 3259 
 
 2200 
 
 4-07 
 
 .185 
 
 193 
 
 7945 
 
 12 
 
 1680 
 
 " 
 
 3867 
 
 260O 
 
 3.69 
 
 .142 
 
 196 
 
 7946 
 
 13 
 
 1850 
 
 
 4699 
 
 3100 
 
 3-32 
 
 .107 
 
 195 
 
 7947 
 
 4 
 
 398 
 
 Eff 
 
 298 
 
 200 
 
 10.3 
 
 5-17 
 
 162 
 
 7948 
 
 5 
 
 546 
 
 
 556 
 
 350 
 
 8.23 
 
 2.35 
 
 163 
 
 7949 
 
 6 
 
 758 
 
 " 
 
 943 
 
 650 
 
 7-54 
 
 1.16 
 
 167 
 
 7950 
 
 7 
 
 1005 
 
 " 
 
 1470 
 
 IOOO 
 
 6.49 
 
 .649 
 
 170 
 
 7951 
 
 8 
 
 1183 
 
 | "oo> 
 
 2112 
 
 1400 
 
 5-94 
 
 .424 
 
 175 
 
 7952 
 
 9 
 
 1366 
 
 " 
 
 2744 
 
 1800 
 
 5-26 
 
 .292 
 
 179 
 
 7953 
 
 10 
 
 1568 
 
 " 
 
 3480 
 
 2300 
 
 4-69 
 
 .204 
 
 181 
 
 7954 
 
 ii 
 
 1775 
 
 " 
 
 4208 
 
 2800 
 
 4.20 
 
 .150 
 
 185 
 
 7955 
 
 12 
 
 1972 
 
 " 
 
 5005 
 
 3300 
 
 3.8o 
 
 US 
 
 188 
 
 7956 
 
 13 
 
 2174 
 
 " 
 
 6099 
 
 4000 
 
 3-47 
 
 .0868 
 
 187 
 
 7957 
 
 4 
 
 426 
 
 EEf 
 
 377 
 
 250 
 
 12. 
 
 4.80 
 
 167 
 
 7958 
 
 5 
 
 590 
 
 
 649 
 
 450 
 
 9.8l 
 
 2.18 
 
 169 
 
 7959 
 
 6 
 
 820 
 
 
 1078 
 
 700 
 
 756 
 
 1. 08 
 
 174 
 
 7960 
 
 7 
 
 1106 
 
 " 
 
 1652 
 
 IIOO 
 
 6.55 
 
 .595 
 
 179 
 
 796i 
 
 8 
 
 1335 
 
 " 
 
 2163 
 
 1400 
 
 5-43 
 
 .388 
 
 185 
 
 7962 
 
 9 
 
 1521 
 
 
 2744 
 
 1800 
 
 4.88 
 
 .271 
 
 188 
 
 7963 
 
 IO 
 
 1724 
 
 
 348o 
 
 2300 
 
 4-39 
 
 .191 
 
 189 
 
 7964 
 
 II 
 
 1924 
 
 " 
 
 4208 
 
 2800 
 
 4.00 
 
 .143 
 
 192 
 
 7965 
 
 12 
 
 2125 
 
 " 
 
 5005 
 
 3300 
 
 3.63 
 
 .110 
 
 194 
 
 7966 
 
 13 
 
 2340 
 
 " 
 
 6099 
 
 4000 
 
 3-31 
 
 .0828 
 
 193 
 
 7967 
 
 4 
 
 439 
 
 EEE 
 
 377 
 
 250 
 
 12. 
 
 4-78 
 
 170 
 
 7968 
 
 5 
 
 609 
 
 " 
 
 649 
 
 450 
 
 9-77 
 
 2.17 
 
 173 
 
 7969 
 
 6 
 
 849 
 
 " 
 
 1078 
 
 700 
 
 7-49 
 
 1.07 
 
 177 
 
 7970 
 
 7 
 
 1147 
 
 " 
 
 1652 
 
 IIOO 
 
 6.52 
 
 593 
 
 182 
 
 7971 
 
 8 
 
 1402 
 
 " 
 
 2163 
 
 1400 
 
 5.40 
 
 .386 
 
 189 
 
 7972 
 
 9 
 
 1623 
 
 
 
 2744 
 
 1800 
 
 4.86 
 
 .270 
 
 192 
 
 7973 
 
 10 
 
 1827 
 
 " 
 
 3480 
 
 2300 
 
 4-39 
 
 .191 
 
 192 
 
 7974 
 
 ii 
 
 2027 
 
 " 
 
 4208 
 
 2800 
 
 4.00 
 
 .143 
 
 194 
 
 7975 
 
 12 
 
 2224 
 
 " 
 
 5005 
 
 3300 
 
 3.63 
 
 .no 
 
 195 
 
 7976 
 
 13 
 
 2441 
 
 
 6099 
 
 4000 
 
 3-31 
 
 .0827 
 
 IPS 
 
 
146 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 33 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 10 feet, and 5 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 ft 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 7977 
 
 4 
 
 332 
 
 /// 
 
 283 
 
 190 
 
 II. 
 
 5-8o 
 
 179 
 
 7978 
 
 5 
 
 453 
 
 
 481 
 
 300 
 
 8.16 
 
 2.72 
 
 183 
 
 7979 
 
 6 
 
 599 
 
 " 
 
 749 
 
 500 
 
 7.20 
 
 1.44 
 
 187 
 
 7980 
 
 7 
 
 757 
 
 " 
 
 1076 
 
 700 
 
 6.01 
 
 .859 
 
 191 
 
 7981 
 
 8 
 
 931 
 
 " 
 
 1483 
 
 IOOO 
 
 5.48 
 
 548 
 
 193 
 
 7982 
 
 9 
 
 IH5 
 
 
 
 1973 
 
 1300 
 
 4-77 
 
 .367 
 
 194 
 
 7983 
 
 10 
 
 1333 
 
 11 
 
 2639 
 
 1800 
 
 4-43 
 
 .246 
 
 194 
 
 7984 
 
 II 
 
 1532 
 
 11 
 
 3259 
 
 2200 
 
 3.98 
 
 .181 
 
 197 
 
 7985 
 
 12 
 
 1700 
 
 11 
 
 3867 
 
 26OO 
 
 3.64 
 
 .140 
 
 198 
 
 7986 
 
 13 
 
 1871 
 
 pSlj 
 
 4699 
 
 3100 
 
 3-26 
 
 .105 
 
 198 
 
 7987 
 
 4 
 
 420 
 
 Eff 
 
 369 
 
 250 
 
 ii. 5 
 
 4-59 
 
 169 
 
 7988 
 
 5 
 
 576 
 
 if 
 
 649 
 
 450 
 
 9-50 
 
 2. II 
 
 173 
 
 7989 
 
 6 
 
 801 
 
 " 
 
 1078 
 
 700 
 
 7-35 
 
 1.05 
 
 175 
 
 7990 
 
 7 
 
 1061 
 
 " 
 
 1652 
 
 IIOO 
 
 6.52 
 
 .593 
 
 178 
 
 7991 
 
 8 
 
 1241 
 
 " 
 
 2163 
 
 1400 
 
 5-52 
 
 .394 
 
 182 
 
 7992 
 
 9 
 
 1426 
 
 
 2744 
 
 1800 
 
 4-93 
 
 .274 
 
 184 
 
 7993 
 
 10 
 
 1631 
 
 " 
 
 348o 
 
 2300 
 
 4-44 
 
 .193 
 
 186 
 
 7994 
 
 II 
 
 1837 
 
 
 4208 
 
 2800 
 
 4.03 
 
 .144 
 
 190 
 
 7995 
 
 12 
 
 2032 
 
 " 
 
 5005 
 
 3300 
 
 3-66 
 
 .III 
 
 191 
 
 7996 
 
 13 
 
 2238 
 
 : VPC 
 
 6099 
 
 4000 
 
 3.32 
 
 .0830 
 
 191 
 
 7997 
 
 4 
 
 447 
 
 EEf 
 
 377 
 
 250 
 
 II. 
 
 4-39 
 
 177 
 
 7998 
 
 5 
 
 618 
 
 11 
 
 649 
 
 450 
 
 9.09 
 
 2.02 
 
 181 
 
 7999 
 
 6 
 
 860 
 
 " 
 
 1078 
 
 700 
 
 7.07 
 
 1. 01 
 
 184 
 
 8000 
 
 7 
 
 H57 
 
 " 
 
 1652 
 
 IIOO 
 
 6.22 
 
 .565 
 
 188 
 
 8001 
 
 8 
 
 1386 
 
 " 
 
 2163 
 
 1400 
 
 5-24 
 
 .374 
 
 193 
 
 8002 
 
 9 
 
 1574 
 
 
 
 2744 
 
 1800 
 
 4-73 
 
 .263 
 
 194 
 
 8003 
 
 10 
 
 1779 
 
 " 
 
 3480 
 
 2300 
 
 4.28 
 
 .186 
 
 195 
 
 8004 
 
 II 
 
 1979 
 
 " 
 
 4208 
 
 2800 
 
 3-92 
 
 .140 
 
 196 
 
 8005 
 
 12 
 
 2177 
 
 " 
 
 5005 
 
 3300 
 
 3.56 
 
 .108 
 
 197 
 
 8006 
 
 13 
 
 2396 
 
 j **9oe 
 
 6099 
 
 4000 
 
 3-24 
 
 .0809 
 
 196 
 
 8007 
 
 4 
 
 456 
 
 EEE 
 
 377 
 
 250 
 
 II. 
 
 4.38 
 
 178 
 
 8008 
 
 5 
 
 632 
 
 " 
 
 649 
 
 450 
 
 9.09 
 
 2.02 
 
 182 
 
 8009 
 
 6 
 
 881 
 
 
 1078 
 
 700 
 
 7.07 
 
 1. 01 
 
 185 
 
 8010 
 
 7 
 
 1187 
 
 " 
 
 1652 
 
 IIOO 
 
 6.20 
 
 .564 
 
 189 
 
 Son 
 
 8 
 
 1434 
 
 " 
 
 2163 
 
 1400 
 
 5.24 
 
 .374 
 
 194 
 
 8012 
 
 9 
 
 1647 
 
 
 2744 
 
 1800 
 
 4-73 
 
 .263 
 
 195 
 
 8013 
 
 10 
 
 1853 
 
 " 
 
 3480 
 
 2300 
 
 4.28 
 
 .186 
 
 196 
 
 8014 
 
 ii 
 
 2053 
 
 " 
 
 4208 
 
 2800 
 
 3-89 
 
 .139 
 
 197 
 
 8015 
 
 12 
 
 2248 
 
 " 
 
 5005 
 
 33oo 
 
 3.56 
 
 .108 
 
 198 
 
 8016 
 
 13 
 
 2469 
 
 
 6099 
 
 4000 
 
 3-23 
 
 .0808 
 
 197 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 147 
 
 Length of Pole, 34 Feet 
 
 Sections: 19 feet 6 inches, 10 feet 6 inches, and 7 feet 
 
 . Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 8017 
 
 4 
 
 331 
 
 /// 
 
 273 
 
 180 
 
 12. 5 
 
 6.95 
 
 179 
 
 8018 
 
 5 
 
 451 
 
 
 462 
 
 300 
 
 9.66 
 
 3-22 
 
 182 
 
 8019 
 
 6 
 
 599 
 
 " 
 
 721 
 
 500 
 
 8.45 
 
 1.69 
 
 188 
 
 8020 
 
 7 
 
 760 
 
 44 
 
 1036 
 
 700 
 
 6.98 
 
 997 
 
 193 
 
 8021 
 
 8 
 
 938 
 
 " 
 
 1427 
 
 950 
 
 6.01 
 
 .633 
 
 196 
 
 8022 
 
 9 
 
 1126 
 
 M 
 
 1898 
 
 1300 
 
 5.49 
 
 .422 
 
 198 
 
 8023 
 
 10 
 
 1346 
 
 44 
 
 2539 
 
 1700 
 
 4.81 
 
 .283 
 
 198 
 
 8024 
 
 ii 
 
 1552 
 
 14 
 
 3136 
 
 2IOO 
 
 4-33 
 
 .206 
 
 2OI 
 
 8025 
 
 12 
 
 1730 
 
 44 
 
 3721 
 
 2500 
 
 3-98 
 
 .159 
 
 204 
 
 8026 
 
 13 
 
 1905 
 
 " 
 
 4522 
 
 3000 
 
 3.6o 
 
 .120 
 
 203 
 
 8027 
 
 4 
 
 413 
 
 Eff 
 
 298 
 
 200 
 
 II. 3 
 
 5-66 
 
 169 
 
 8028 
 
 5 
 
 566 
 
 u 
 
 556 
 
 350 
 
 9-03 
 
 2.58 
 
 170 
 
 8029 
 
 6 
 
 787 
 
 " 
 
 943 
 
 650 
 
 8.32 
 
 1.28 
 
 174 
 
 8030 
 
 7 
 
 1043 
 
 44 
 
 1470 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7-14 
 
 .714 
 
 178 
 
 8031 
 
 8 
 
 1226 
 
 44 
 
 2082 
 
 1400 
 
 6.57 
 
 .469 
 
 183 
 
 8032 
 
 9 
 
 1415 
 
 
 
 2640 
 
 1800 
 
 5.83 
 
 .324 
 
 187 
 
 8033 
 
 10 
 
 1623 
 
 44 
 
 3348 
 
 22OO 
 
 4-97 
 
 .226 
 
 189 
 
 8034 
 
 II 
 
 1835 
 
 " 
 
 4049 
 
 27OO 
 
 4-51 
 
 .167 
 
 193 
 
 8035 
 
 12 
 
 2038 
 
 
 4816 
 
 32OO 
 
 4.10 
 
 .128 
 
 195 
 
 8036 
 
 13 
 
 2246 
 
 " 
 
 5869 
 
 3900 
 
 3.76 
 
 .0965 
 
 195 
 
 8037 
 
 4 
 
 441 
 
 EEf 
 
 362 
 
 250 
 
 13-2 
 
 5-29 
 
 175 
 
 8038 
 
 5 
 
 610 
 
 " 
 
 624 
 
 400 
 
 9.64 
 
 2.41 
 
 177 
 
 8039 
 
 6 
 
 849 
 
 44 
 
 1038 
 
 700 
 
 8.33 
 
 1. 19 
 
 181 
 
 8040 
 
 7 
 
 1 144 
 
 
 1589 
 
 IIOO 
 
 7-27 
 
 .661 
 
 187 
 
 8041 
 
 8 
 
 1378 
 
 44 
 
 2082 
 
 1400 
 
 6.05 
 
 432 
 
 193 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8042 
 
 9 
 
 1570 
 
 44 
 
 2640 
 
 1800 
 
 5-44 
 
 .302 
 
 196 
 
 8043 
 
 10 
 
 1778 
 
 44 
 
 3348 
 
 220O 
 
 4.69 
 
 .213 
 
 197 
 
 8044 
 
 ii 
 
 1984 
 
 44 
 
 4049 
 
 2700 
 
 4-32 
 
 .160 
 
 200 
 
 8045 
 
 12 
 
 2190 
 
 " 
 
 4816 
 
 3200 
 
 3-94 
 
 .123 
 
 201 
 
 8046 
 
 13 
 
 2412 
 
 44 
 
 5869 
 
 3900 
 
 3.6o 
 
 .0924 
 
 2OI 
 
 8047 
 
 4 
 
 454 
 
 EEE 
 
 362 
 
 250 
 
 13.2 
 
 5-27 
 
 178 
 
 8048 
 
 5 
 
 629 
 
 44 
 
 624 
 
 400 
 
 9.60 
 
 2.40 
 
 181 
 
 8049 
 
 6 
 
 878 
 
 44 
 
 1038 
 
 700 
 
 8.33 
 
 1. 19 
 
 185 
 
 8050 
 
 7 
 
 1185 
 
 " 
 
 1589 
 
 IIOO 
 
 7-24 
 
 .658 
 
 190 
 
 8051 
 
 8 
 
 1446 
 
 44 
 
 2082 
 
 1400 
 
 6. 02 
 
 430 
 
 197 
 
 8052 
 
 9 
 
 1671 
 
 
 
 2640 
 
 1800 
 
 5-42 
 
 .301 
 
 200 
 
 8oS3 
 
 10 
 
 1882 
 
 14 
 
 3348 
 
 220O 
 
 4.69 
 
 .213 
 
 200 
 
 8054 
 
 ii 
 
 2087 
 
 44 
 
 4049 
 
 2700 
 
 4-29 
 
 .159 
 
 203 
 
 8055 
 
 12 
 
 2289 
 
 44 
 
 4816 
 
 3200 
 
 3-94 
 
 .123 
 
 203 
 
 8056 
 
 13 
 
 2513 
 
 44 
 
 5869 
 
 3900 
 
 3-6o 
 
 .0923 
 
 203 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
148 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 34 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 9 feet 6 inches, and 6 feet 6 inches 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor . 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 8057 
 
 4 
 
 336 
 
 /// 
 
 273 
 
 180 
 
 12. 
 
 6.64 
 
 182 
 
 8058 
 
 5 
 
 459 
 
 
 462 
 
 300 
 
 9-30 
 
 3-10 
 
 185 
 
 8059 
 
 6 
 
 608 
 
 " 
 
 721 
 
 500 
 
 8.20 
 
 1.64 
 
 190 
 
 8060 
 
 7 
 
 769 
 
 11 
 
 1036 
 
 700 
 
 6.82 
 
 974 
 
 195 
 
 8061 
 
 8 
 
 947 
 
 " 
 
 1427 
 
 95o 
 
 5.89 
 
 .620 
 
 198 
 
 8062 
 
 9 
 
 1136 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1300 
 
 5.40 
 
 415 
 
 200 
 
 8063 
 
 10 
 
 1359 
 
 " 
 
 2539 
 
 1700 
 
 4.73 
 
 .278 
 
 200 
 
 8064 
 
 ii 
 
 1563 
 
 
 3136 
 
 2IOO 
 
 4.28 
 
 .204 
 
 2O2 
 
 8065 
 
 12 
 
 1738 
 
 " 
 
 3721 
 
 2500 
 
 3.93 
 
 .157 
 
 205 
 
 8066 
 
 13 
 
 1914 
 
 " 
 
 4522 
 
 3000 
 
 3 54 
 
 .118 
 
 2O4 
 
 8067 
 
 4 
 
 425 
 
 Eff 
 
 337 
 
 220 
 
 ii. 6 
 
 5-29 
 
 172 
 
 8068 
 
 5 
 
 582 
 
 ft 
 
 624 
 
 400 
 
 9.72 
 
 2.43 
 
 174 
 
 8069 
 
 6 
 
 810 
 
 " 
 
 1038 
 
 700 
 
 8.47 
 
 1. 21 
 
 178 
 
 8070 
 
 7 
 
 1073 
 
 '* 
 
 1589 
 
 1 100 
 
 7-47 
 
 .679 
 
 181 
 
 8071 
 
 8 
 
 1258 
 
 " 
 
 2082 
 
 1400 
 
 6.29 
 
 449 
 
 186 
 
 8072 
 
 9 
 
 1447 
 
 
 2640 
 
 1800 
 
 5-62 
 
 .312 
 
 189 
 
 8073 
 
 10 
 
 1657 
 
 " 
 
 3348 
 
 2200 
 
 4.82 
 
 .219 
 
 191 
 
 8074 
 
 ii 
 
 1867 
 
 " 
 
 4049 
 
 2700 
 
 4.40 
 
 .163 
 
 195 
 
 8075 
 
 12 
 
 2070 
 
 " 
 
 4816 
 
 3200 
 
 4.00 
 
 .125 
 
 197 
 
 8076 
 
 13 
 
 2282 
 
 " 
 
 5869 
 
 3900 
 
 3-67 
 
 .0940 
 
 196 
 
 8077 
 
 4 
 
 451 
 
 EEf 
 
 362 
 
 250 
 
 12.6 
 
 5-03 
 
 178 
 
 8078 
 
 5 
 
 622 
 
 " 
 
 624 
 
 400 
 
 9.24 
 
 2.31 
 
 181 
 
 8079 
 
 6 
 
 866 
 
 " 
 
 1038 
 
 700 
 
 8.05 
 
 1. 15 
 
 185 
 
 8080 
 
 7 
 
 1165 
 
 " 
 
 1589 
 
 1 100 
 
 7.06 
 
 .642 
 
 190 
 
 8081 
 
 8 
 
 1396 
 
 " 
 
 2082 
 
 1400 
 
 5-94 
 
 .424 
 
 196 
 
 8082 
 
 9 
 
 1588 
 
 
 
 2640 
 
 1800 
 
 5.36 
 
 .298 
 
 198 
 
 8083 
 
 10 
 
 1797 
 
 " 
 
 3348 
 
 22OO 
 
 4.62 
 
 .210 
 
 199 
 
 8084 
 
 ii 
 
 2002 
 
 " 
 
 4049 
 
 27OO 
 
 4.27 
 
 .158 
 
 201 
 
 8085 
 
 12 
 
 2208 
 
 " 
 
 4816 
 
 3200 
 
 3-90 
 
 .122 
 
 203 
 
 8086 
 
 13 
 
 2432 
 
 M 
 
 5869 
 
 39oo 
 
 3.56 
 
 .0913 
 
 203 
 
 8087 
 
 4 
 
 463 
 
 ERE 
 
 362 
 
 250 
 
 12.6 
 
 5-02 
 
 181 
 
 8088 
 
 5 
 
 6 4 
 
 " 
 
 624 
 
 400 
 
 9.20 
 
 2.30 
 
 184 
 
 8089 
 
 6 
 
 893 
 
 " 
 
 1038 
 
 700 
 
 8.05 
 
 I. IS 
 
 188 
 
 8090 
 
 7 
 
 1203 
 
 " 
 
 1589 
 
 1 100 
 
 7.05 
 
 .641 
 
 193 
 
 8091 
 
 8 
 
 1458 
 
 " 
 
 2082 
 
 1400 
 
 5.92 
 
 423 
 
 199 
 
 8092 
 
 9 
 
 1682 
 
 
 
 2640 
 
 1800 
 
 5.35 
 
 .297 
 
 202 
 
 8093 
 
 10 
 
 1894 
 
 " 
 
 3348 
 
 2200 
 
 4.60 
 
 .209 
 
 202 
 
 8094 
 
 ii 
 
 2098 
 
 " 
 
 4049 
 
 27OO 
 
 4.24 
 
 .157 
 
 204 
 
 8095 
 
 12 
 
 2300 
 
 " 
 
 4816 
 
 3200 
 
 3.90 
 
 .122 
 
 205 
 
 8096 
 
 13 
 
 2526 
 
 '* 
 
 5869 
 
 3900 
 
 3.56 
 
 .0912 
 
 204 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 149 
 
 Length of Pole, 35 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, 10 feet, and 9 feet 6 inches 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 8097 
 
 4 
 
 331 
 
 /// 
 
 258 
 
 170 
 
 14.2 
 
 8.33 
 
 179 
 
 8098 
 
 5 
 
 450 
 
 
 446 
 
 300 
 
 ii. 5 
 
 3.8 4 
 
 180 
 
 8099 
 
 6 
 
 600 
 
 
 695 
 
 450 
 
 8.91 
 
 1.98 
 
 187 
 
 8100 
 
 7 
 
 764 
 
 " 
 
 998 
 
 650 
 
 7-54 
 
 1.16 
 
 194 
 
 8101 
 
 8 
 
 945 
 
 
 1375 
 
 000 
 
 6.57 
 
 730 
 
 199 
 
 8102 
 
 9 
 
 1 137 
 
 
 
 1829 
 
 1 200 
 
 5-82 
 
 .485 
 
 201 
 
 8103 
 
 10 
 
 1360 
 
 
 2447 
 
 1600 
 
 5-20 
 
 325 
 
 2O2 
 
 8104 
 
 ii 
 
 1571 
 
 " 
 
 3022 
 
 2OOO 
 
 4.70 
 
 235 
 
 205 
 
 8105 
 
 12 
 
 1758 
 
 
 3586 
 
 240O 
 
 4-34 
 
 .181 
 
 209 
 
 8106 
 
 13 
 
 1939 
 
 " 
 
 4358 
 
 290O 
 
 3-94 
 
 .136 
 
 208 
 
 8 07 
 
 4 
 
 408 
 
 Eff 
 
 258 
 
 170 
 
 n. 8 
 
 6.96 
 
 168 
 
 8 08 
 
 5 
 
 559 
 
 
 482 
 
 300 
 
 9.48 
 
 3-i6 
 
 168 
 
 8 09 
 
 6 
 
 778 
 
 11 
 
 8i7 
 
 550 
 
 8.53 
 
 1.55 
 
 174 
 
 8 10 
 
 7 
 
 1032 
 
 " 
 
 1274 
 
 850 
 
 7-29 
 
 .858 
 
 178 
 
 8 II 
 
 8 
 
 1218 
 
 " 
 
 1830 
 
 1 200 
 
 6.67 
 
 .556 
 
 185 
 
 8 12 
 
 9 
 
 1410 
 
 
 
 2522 
 
 1700 
 
 6.46 
 
 .380 
 
 189 
 
 8 13 
 
 10 
 
 1623 
 
 " 
 
 3227 
 
 2200 
 
 5-83 
 
 .265 
 
 192 
 
 8 14 
 
 ii 
 
 1839 
 
 " 
 
 3902 
 
 26OO 
 
 5-04 
 
 .194 
 
 197 
 
 8115 
 
 12 
 
 2051 
 
 
 4641 
 
 3100 
 
 4-59 
 
 .148 
 
 200 
 
 8116 
 
 13 
 
 2263 
 
 " 
 
 5656 
 
 3800 
 
 4.26 
 
 .112 
 
 199 
 
 8117 
 
 4 
 
 436 
 
 EEf 
 
 335 
 
 22O 
 
 14.1 
 
 6.42 
 
 172 
 
 8118 
 
 5 
 
 601 
 
 
 597 
 
 400 
 
 ii. 7 
 
 2.92 
 
 172 
 
 8119 
 
 6 
 
 837 
 
 " 
 
 IOOO 
 
 650 
 
 9-30 
 
 1.43 
 
 178 
 
 8120 
 
 7 
 
 1128 
 
 " 
 
 1532 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7.81 
 
 .781 
 
 184 
 
 8121 
 
 8 
 
 1363 
 
 " 
 
 2006 
 
 1300 
 
 6.53 
 
 .502 
 
 192 
 
 8122 
 
 9 
 
 1558 
 
 M 
 
 2544 
 
 1700 
 
 5-93 
 
 .349 
 
 196 
 
 8123 
 
 10 
 
 1771 
 
 " 
 
 3227 
 
 2200 
 
 5-41 
 
 .246 
 
 198 
 
 8124 
 
 ii 
 
 1981 
 
 
 3902 
 
 260O 
 
 4-76 
 
 .183 
 
 202 
 
 8125 
 
 12 
 
 2196 
 
 " 
 
 4641 
 
 3IOO 
 
 4-37 
 
 .141 
 
 2O4 
 
 8126 
 
 13 
 
 2421 
 
 
 5656 
 
 3800 
 
 4-03 
 
 .106 
 
 204 
 
 8127 
 
 4 
 
 453 
 
 EEE 
 
 335 
 
 22O 
 
 13-9 
 
 6.33 
 
 177 
 
 8128 
 
 5 
 
 627 
 
 " 
 
 001 
 
 400 
 
 ii. 5 
 
 2.87 
 
 179 
 
 8129 
 
 6 
 
 877 
 
 " 
 
 IOOO 
 
 6 5 
 
 9.17 
 
 1. 41 
 
 185 
 
 8130 
 
 7 
 
 1184 
 
 " 
 
 1532 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7-70 
 
 .770 
 
 191 
 
 8131 
 
 8 
 
 1455 
 
 
 2006 
 
 1300 
 
 6.44 
 
 .495 
 
 199 
 
 8132 
 
 9 
 
 1696 
 
 M 
 
 2544 
 
 1700 
 
 5.87 
 
 .345 
 
 204 
 
 8i33 
 
 10 
 
 1911 
 
 " 
 
 3227 
 
 2200 
 
 5-35 
 
 .243 
 
 205 
 
 8i34 
 
 II 
 
 2122 
 
 " 
 
 3902 
 
 2600 
 
 4-71 
 
 .181 
 
 208 
 
 8i35 
 
 12 
 
 2331 
 
 " 
 
 4641 
 
 3100 
 
 4-34 
 
 .140 
 
 208 
 
 8136 
 
 13 
 
 2559 
 
 
 5656 
 
 3800 
 
 3-99 
 
 .105 
 
 208 
 
 
150 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 35 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 10 feet, and 7 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 8137 
 
 4 
 
 343 
 
 /// 
 
 263 
 
 180 
 
 13-6 
 
 7-54 
 
 187 
 
 8138 
 
 5 
 
 468 
 
 
 446 
 
 300 
 
 10.5 
 
 3-51 
 
 190 
 
 8i39 
 
 6 
 
 621 
 
 
 695 
 
 450 
 
 8.33 
 
 1.85 
 
 196 
 
 8140 
 
 7 
 
 786 
 
 " 
 
 998 
 
 650 
 
 7-15 
 
 I.IO 
 
 201 
 
 8141 
 
 8 
 
 969 
 
 
 1375 
 
 900 
 
 6.28 
 
 .698 
 
 204 
 
 8142 
 
 9 
 
 1162 
 
 t-"odi 
 
 1829 
 
 1200 
 
 5.6o 
 
 .467 
 
 206 
 
 8143 
 
 10 
 
 1390 
 
 " 
 
 2447 
 
 I600 
 
 S.oo 
 
 313 
 
 206 
 
 8144 
 
 ii 
 
 1600 
 
 
 3022 
 
 200O 
 
 4-58 
 
 .229 
 
 210 
 
 8145 
 
 12 
 
 1781 
 
 " 
 
 3586 
 
 2400 
 
 4.25 
 
 .177 
 
 213 
 
 8146 
 
 13 
 
 1962 
 
 
 4358 
 
 2900 
 
 3-86 
 
 .133 
 
 211 
 
 8i47 
 
 4 
 
 431 
 
 Eff 
 
 3io 
 
 200 
 
 12. 1 
 
 6.06 
 
 176 
 
 8148 
 
 5 
 
 592 
 
 it 
 
 578 
 
 400 
 
 II. I 
 
 2.77 
 
 178 
 
 8i49 
 
 6 
 
 822 
 
 " 
 
 981 
 
 650 
 
 8.97 
 
 1.38 
 
 182 
 
 8150 
 
 7 
 
 1090 
 
 " 
 
 1529 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7-73 
 
 .773- 
 
 186 
 
 8151 
 
 8 
 
 1279 
 
 " 
 
 2006 
 
 1300 
 
 6.63 
 
 .510 
 
 191 
 
 8152 
 
 9 
 
 1473 
 
 < 
 
 2544 
 
 1700 
 
 6.00 
 
 .353 
 
 195 
 
 8i53 
 
 10 
 
 1688 
 
 " 
 
 3227 
 
 220O 
 
 5-43 
 
 .247 
 
 197 
 
 8154 
 
 ii 
 
 1904 
 
 11 
 
 3902 
 
 2600 
 
 4.76 
 
 .183 
 
 2OI 
 
 8i5S 
 
 12 
 
 2113 
 
 " 
 
 4641 
 
 3100 
 
 4-37 
 
 .141 
 
 204 
 
 8156 
 
 13 
 
 2329 
 
 " 
 
 5656 
 
 3800 
 
 4-03 
 
 .106 
 
 203 
 
 8i57 
 
 4 
 
 459 
 
 EEf 
 
 349 
 
 22O 
 
 12.6 
 
 5-73 
 
 183 
 
 8158 
 
 5 
 
 634 
 
 
 601 
 
 400 
 
 10.5 
 
 2.62 
 
 185 
 
 8iS9 
 
 6 
 
 881 
 
 " 
 
 IOOO 
 
 650 
 
 8.52 
 
 I.3I 
 
 190 
 
 8160 
 
 7 
 
 1186 
 
 11 
 
 1532 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7.26 
 
 .726 
 
 195 
 
 8161 
 
 8 
 
 1424 
 
 " 
 
 2006 
 
 1300 
 
 6. 20 
 
 .477 
 
 202 
 
 8162 
 
 9 
 
 1621 
 
 
 
 2544 
 
 1700 
 
 5-70 
 
 .335 
 
 204 
 
 8163 
 
 10 
 
 1836 
 
 " 
 
 3227 
 
 2200 
 
 5-19 
 
 .236 
 
 205 
 
 8164 
 
 ii 
 
 2046 
 
 
 3902 
 
 2600 
 
 4.60 
 
 .177 
 
 208 
 
 8165 
 
 12 
 
 2258 
 
 " 
 
 4641 
 
 3100 
 
 4.25 
 
 .137 
 
 211 
 
 8166 
 
 13 
 
 2487 
 
 " 
 
 5656 
 
 3800 
 
 3-91 
 
 .103 
 
 209 
 
 8167 
 
 4 
 
 472 
 
 EEE 
 
 349 
 
 220 
 
 12.6 
 
 5.71 
 
 186 
 
 8168 
 
 5 
 
 653 
 
 " 
 
 601 
 
 400 
 
 10.4 
 
 2.6l 
 
 189 
 
 8169 
 
 6 
 
 911 
 
 " 
 
 IOOO 
 
 650 
 
 8.45 
 
 1.30 
 
 194 
 
 8170 
 
 7 
 
 1228 
 
 " 
 
 1532 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7-23 
 
 723 
 
 198 
 
 8171 
 
 8 
 
 1492 
 
 " 
 
 2006 
 
 1300 
 
 6.18 
 
 .475 
 
 205 
 
 8172 
 
 9 
 
 1723 
 
 
 
 2544 
 
 1700 
 
 5-66 
 
 .333 
 
 208 
 
 8i73 
 
 10 
 
 1940 
 
 " 
 
 3227 
 
 2200 
 
 5-17 
 
 .235 
 
 209 
 
 8174 
 
 ii 
 
 2150 
 
 " 
 
 3902 
 
 260O 
 
 4.60 
 
 .177 
 
 211 
 
 8i7S 
 
 12 
 
 2357 
 
 
 
 4641 
 
 3100 
 
 4.22 
 
 .136 
 
 212 
 
 8176 
 
 13 
 
 2589 
 
 
 5656 
 
 3800 
 
 3-88 
 
 .102 
 
 211 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 151 
 
 Length of Pole, 35 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, 9 feet 6 inches, 6 feet 6 inches, and 5 feet 
 
 i " ~ ~~ 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 8177 
 
 5 
 
 45i 
 
 //// 
 
 446 
 
 300 
 
 n. 6 
 
 3-88 
 
 175 
 
 8178 
 
 6 
 
 598 
 
 
 695 
 
 45o 
 
 9.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 183 
 
 8i79 
 
 7 
 
 764 
 
 " 
 
 998 
 
 650 
 
 7-54 
 
 1.16 
 
 191 
 
 8180 
 
 8 
 
 949 
 
 " 
 
 1375 
 
 900 
 
 6.60 
 
 733 
 
 196 - 
 
 8181 
 
 9 
 
 1 147 
 
 
 1829 
 
 1200 
 
 5.84 
 
 .487 
 
 199 
 
 8182 
 
 10 
 
 1375 
 
 
 
 2447 
 
 I600 
 
 5-22 
 
 .326 
 
 200 
 
 8183 
 
 ii 
 
 1592 
 
 " 
 
 3022 
 
 2000 
 
 4-72 
 
 .236 
 
 204 
 
 8184 
 
 12 
 
 1784 
 
 " 
 
 3586 
 
 2400 
 
 4-34 
 
 .181 
 
 208 
 
 8185 
 
 13 
 
 1980 
 
 " 
 
 4358 
 
 2900 
 
 3-94 
 
 .136 
 
 207 
 
 8186 
 
 5 
 
 56o 
 
 Efff 
 
 482 
 
 300 
 
 9.60 
 
 3-20 
 
 164 
 
 8187 
 
 6 
 
 776 
 
 
 817 
 
 550 
 
 8.64 
 
 1.57 
 
 168 
 
 8188 
 
 7 
 
 1032 
 
 " 
 
 1274 
 
 850 
 
 7-34 
 
 .864 
 
 174 
 
 8189 
 
 8 
 
 1223 
 
 11 
 
 1830 
 
 1200 
 
 6.71 
 
 559 
 
 182 
 
 8190 
 
 9 
 
 1421 
 
 " 
 
 2522 
 
 1700 
 
 6.49 
 
 .382 
 
 187 
 
 8191 
 
 10 
 
 1638 
 
 
 
 3227 
 
 220O 
 
 5-83 
 
 .265 
 
 190 
 
 8192 
 
 ii 
 
 1860 
 
 " 
 
 3902 
 
 2600 
 
 5-04 
 
 .194 
 
 195 
 
 8193 
 
 12 
 
 2076 
 
 " 
 
 4641 
 
 3100 
 
 4-59 
 
 .148 
 
 198 
 
 8194 
 
 13 1 2304 
 
 
 5656 
 
 3900 
 
 4-37 
 
 .112 
 
 198 
 
 8i95 
 
 5 
 
 600 
 
 EEff 
 
 554 
 
 350 
 
 10.4 
 
 2.96 
 
 166 
 
 8196 
 
 6 
 
 832 
 
 
 1000 
 
 650 
 
 9-43 
 
 1-45 
 
 172 
 
 8197 
 
 7 
 
 1124 
 
 11 
 
 1532 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7-89 
 
 .789 
 
 179 
 
 8198 
 
 8 
 
 1360 
 
 " 
 
 2006 
 
 1300 
 
 6.58 
 
 .506 
 
 188 
 
 8199 
 
 9 
 
 1561 
 
 " 
 
 2544 
 
 1700 
 
 5-98 
 
 .352 
 
 193 
 
 8200 
 
 10 
 
 1778 
 
 
 
 3227 
 
 2200 
 
 5-43 
 
 .247 
 
 195 
 
 8201 
 
 ii 
 
 1995 
 
 " 
 
 3902 
 
 2600 
 
 4.78 
 
 .184 
 
 200 
 
 8202 
 
 12 
 
 2214 
 
 " 
 
 4641 
 
 3100 
 
 4-37 
 
 .141 
 
 203 
 
 8203 
 
 13 
 
 2454 
 
 
 5656 
 
 3900 
 
 4-13 
 
 .106 
 
 203 
 
 8204 
 
 5 
 
 618 
 
 EEEf 
 
 601 
 
 4OO 
 
 ii. 6 
 
 2.90 
 
 172 
 
 8205 
 
 6 
 
 859 
 
 " 
 
 IOOO 
 
 650 
 
 9-23 
 
 1.42 
 
 178 
 
 8206 
 
 7 
 
 1162 
 
 
 1532 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7-75 
 
 775 
 
 185 
 
 8207 
 
 8 
 
 1423 
 
 " 
 
 2006 
 
 1300 
 
 6.47 
 
 .498 
 
 195 
 
 8208 
 
 9 
 
 i655 
 
 
 2544 
 
 1700 
 
 5.88 
 
 .346 
 
 2OI 
 
 8209 
 
 10 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 3227 
 
 22OO 
 
 5-37 
 
 .244 
 
 2O2 
 
 8210 
 
 ii 
 
 2091 
 
 " 
 
 3902 
 
 2600 
 
 4-73 
 
 .182 
 
 205 
 
 8211 
 
 12 
 
 2306 
 
 " 
 
 4641 
 
 3100 
 
 4-34 
 
 .140 
 
 207 
 
 8212 
 
 13 
 
 2548 
 
 " 
 
 5656 
 
 3900 
 
 4.10 
 
 .105 
 
 206 
 
 8213 
 
 5 
 
 627 
 
 EEEE 
 
 601 
 
 400 
 
 n. 6 
 
 2.90 
 
 174 
 
 8214 
 
 6 
 
 873 
 
 
 IOOO 
 
 650 
 
 9.23 
 
 1.42 
 
 180 
 
 8215 
 
 7 
 
 1183 
 
 " 
 
 1532 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7-75 
 
 775 
 
 187 
 
 8216 
 
 8 
 
 1452 
 
 " 
 
 2006 
 
 1300 
 
 6.46 
 
 .497 
 
 196 
 
 8217 
 
 9 
 
 1703 
 
 
 2544 
 
 1700 
 
 5.88 
 
 .346 
 
 202 
 
 8218 
 
 10 
 
 1947 
 
 
 
 3227 
 
 2200 
 
 5-37 
 
 .244 
 
 203 
 
 8219 
 
 ii 
 
 2165 
 
 " 
 
 3902 
 
 2600 
 
 4-73 
 
 .182 
 
 206 
 
 8220 
 
 12 
 
 2380 
 
 " 
 
 4641 
 
 3IOO 
 
 4.34 
 
 .140 
 
 207 
 
 8221 
 
 13 
 
 2619 
 
 " 
 
 5656 
 
 3900 
 
 4.10 
 
 .105 
 
 207 
 
 
152 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 36 Feet 
 
 Sections: 18 feet 6 inches, 10 feet 6 inches, and 10 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 8222 
 
 4 
 
 337 
 
 /// 
 
 242 
 
 160 
 
 15.1 
 
 9-45 
 
 185 
 
 8223 
 
 5 
 
 459 
 
 
 430 
 
 280 
 
 12.2 
 
 4-35 
 
 185 
 
 8224 
 
 6 
 
 613 
 
 " 
 
 670 
 
 450 
 
 10. 1 
 
 2.24 
 
 193 
 
 8225 
 
 7 
 
 780 
 
 " 
 
 963 
 
 650 
 
 8.45 
 
 1.30 
 
 201 
 
 8226 
 
 8 
 
 966 
 
 " 
 
 1327 
 
 900 
 
 7.38 
 
 .820 
 
 205 
 
 8227 
 
 9 
 
 1162 
 
 
 
 1765 
 
 1200 
 
 6.53 
 
 544 
 
 208 
 
 8228 
 
 10 
 
 1391 
 
 
 2361 
 
 I60O 
 
 5-82 
 
 .364 
 
 209 
 
 8229 
 
 II 
 
 1608 
 
 " 
 
 2916 
 
 1900 
 
 5.00 
 
 .263 
 
 212 
 
 8230 
 
 12 
 
 1801 
 
 " 
 
 3460 
 
 2300 
 
 4 65 
 
 .202 
 
 216 
 
 8231 
 
 13 
 
 1987 
 
 " 
 
 4205 
 
 2800 
 
 4.26 
 
 .152 
 
 215 
 
 8232 
 
 4 
 
 415 
 
 Eff 
 
 242 
 
 160 
 
 12.7 
 
 7-95 
 
 174 
 
 8233 
 
 5 
 
 568 
 
 
 452 
 
 300 
 
 10.8 
 
 3.6o 
 
 174 
 
 8234 
 
 6 
 
 790 
 
 " 
 
 766 
 
 500 
 
 8.85 
 
 1.77 
 
 179 
 
 8235 
 
 7 
 
 1049 
 
 " 
 
 H95 
 
 800 
 
 7-79 
 
 974 
 
 184 
 
 8236 
 
 8 
 
 1240 
 
 " 
 
 1716 
 
 I10O 
 
 6.92 
 
 .629 
 
 191 
 
 8237 
 
 9 
 
 1436 
 
 " 
 
 2364 
 
 1600 
 
 6.88 
 
 430 
 
 196 
 
 8238 
 
 10 
 
 1654 
 
 " 
 
 3ii3 
 
 2100 
 
 6.26 
 
 .298 
 
 198 
 
 8239 
 
 ii 
 
 1876 
 
 " 
 
 3765 
 
 2500 
 
 5-45 
 
 .218 
 
 203 
 
 8240 
 
 12 
 
 2094 
 
 
 4478 
 
 30OO 
 
 4.98 
 
 .166 
 
 206 
 
 8241 
 
 13 
 
 2311 
 
 " 
 
 5457 
 
 3600 
 
 4-50 
 
 .125 
 
 205 
 
 8242 
 
 4 
 
 444 
 
 EEf 
 
 314 
 
 20O 
 
 14.6 
 
 7-29 
 
 177 
 
 8243 
 
 5 
 
 613 
 
 11 
 
 554 
 
 350 
 
 ii. 6 
 
 3-31 
 
 177 
 
 8244 
 
 6 
 
 852 
 
 
 965 
 
 650 
 
 10.5 
 
 1.62 
 
 . 183 
 
 8245 
 
 7 
 
 1149 
 
 " 
 
 1478 
 
 IOOO 
 
 8.81 
 
 .881 
 
 190 
 
 8246 
 
 8 
 
 1392 
 
 " 
 
 1935 
 
 1300 
 
 7-33 
 
 .564 
 
 198 
 
 8247 
 
 9 
 
 1592 
 
 
 2455 
 
 1600 
 
 6.27 
 
 .392 
 
 202 
 
 8248 
 
 10 
 
 1809 
 
 " 
 
 3H3 
 
 2100 
 
 5.8o 
 
 .276 
 
 205 
 
 8249 
 
 ii 
 
 2025 
 
 " 
 
 3765 
 
 2500 
 
 5.13 
 
 .205 
 
 208 
 
 8250 
 
 12 
 
 2246 
 
 " 
 
 4478 
 
 3000 
 
 4-71 
 
 .157 
 
 212 
 
 8251 
 
 13 
 
 2477 
 
 " 
 
 5457 
 
 3600 
 
 4.25 
 
 .118 
 
 210 
 
 8252 
 
 4 
 
 462 
 
 EEE 
 
 314 
 
 200 
 
 14.4 
 
 7-19 
 
 183 
 
 8253 
 
 5 
 
 640 
 
 " 
 
 58o 
 
 400 
 
 I3.o 
 
 3 25 
 
 184 
 
 8254 
 
 6 
 
 894 
 
 " 
 
 965 
 
 650 
 
 10 3 
 
 1-59 
 
 191 
 
 8255 
 
 7 
 
 1208 
 
 " 
 
 1478 
 
 IOOO 
 
 8.67 
 
 .867 
 
 197 
 
 8256 
 
 8 
 
 1488 
 
 " 
 
 1935 
 
 1300 
 
 7-23 
 
 .556 
 
 206 
 
 8257 
 
 9 
 
 1737 
 
 
 
 2455 
 
 1600 
 
 6.18 
 
 .386 
 
 211 
 
 8258 
 
 10 
 
 1957 
 
 " 
 
 3H3 
 
 2100 
 
 5-73 
 
 .273 
 
 212 
 
 8259 
 
 ii 
 
 2173 
 
 " 
 
 3765 
 
 2500 
 
 5.o8 
 
 .203 
 
 214 
 
 8260 
 
 12 
 
 2388 
 
 " 
 
 4478 
 
 3000 
 
 4.68 
 
 .156 
 
 216 
 
 8261 
 
 13 
 
 2622 
 
 
 5457 
 
 3600 
 
 4.25 
 
 .118 
 
 214 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 153 
 
 Length of Pole, 36 Feet 
 
 Sections: 19 feet, 9 feet 6 inches, 7 feet, and 5 feet 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 8262 
 
 5 
 
 462 
 
 ffff 
 
 430 
 
 280 
 
 12. 1 
 
 4-33 
 
 181 
 
 8263 
 
 6 
 
 613 
 
 
 670 
 
 450 
 
 10. 
 
 2.23 
 
 189 
 
 8264 
 
 7 
 
 783 
 
 44 
 
 963 
 
 650 
 
 8.45 
 
 1.30 
 
 197 
 
 8265 
 
 8 
 
 973 
 
 44 
 
 1327 
 
 900 
 
 7-34 
 
 .816 
 
 203 
 
 8266 
 
 9 
 
 H75 
 
 " 
 
 1765 
 
 1200 
 
 6.50 
 
 542 
 
 206 
 
 8267 
 
 10 
 
 1409 
 
 
 2361 
 
 1600 
 
 5.8i 
 
 .363 
 
 207 
 
 8268 
 
 ii 
 
 1631 
 
 44 
 
 2916 
 
 I9OO 
 
 S.oo 
 
 .263 
 
 211 
 
 8269 
 
 12 
 
 1829 
 
 44 
 
 346o 
 
 2300 
 
 4-65 
 
 .202 
 
 215 
 
 8270 
 
 13 
 
 2030 
 
 44 
 
 4205 
 
 2800 
 
 4.26 
 
 .152 
 
 214 
 
 8271 
 
 5 
 
 574 
 
 Efff 
 
 466 
 
 300 
 
 10.7 
 
 3-57 
 
 169 
 
 8272 
 
 6 
 
 796 
 
 14 
 
 791 
 
 550 
 
 9.63 
 
 1.75 
 
 174 
 
 8273 
 
 7 
 
 1059 
 
 44 
 
 1233 
 
 800 
 
 7-70 
 
 .963 
 
 180 
 
 8274 
 
 8 
 
 1254 
 
 
 1771 
 
 1200 
 
 7.46 
 
 .622 
 
 188 
 
 8275 
 
 9 
 
 1457 
 
 44 
 
 2440 
 
 1600 
 
 6.80 
 
 .425 
 
 194 
 
 8276 
 
 10 
 
 1679 
 
 " 
 
 3H3 
 
 2IOO 
 
 6.20 
 
 .295 
 
 197 
 
 8277 
 
 ii 
 
 1907 
 
 
 3765 
 
 2500 
 
 5.40 
 
 .216 
 
 2OI 
 
 8278 
 
 12 
 
 2129 
 
 44 
 
 4478 
 
 3000 
 
 4.95 
 
 .165 
 
 206 
 
 8279 
 
 13 
 
 2363 
 
 
 5457 
 
 3600 
 
 4.46 
 
 .124 
 
 204 
 
 8280 
 
 5 
 
 614 
 
 EEff 
 
 517 
 
 350 
 
 ii. 6 
 
 3-31 
 
 171 
 
 8281 
 
 6 
 
 852 
 
 
 964 
 
 650 
 
 10.5 
 
 1.62 
 
 177 
 
 8282 
 
 7 
 
 1150 
 
 " 
 
 1478 
 
 IOOO 
 
 8.80 
 
 .880 
 
 185 
 
 8283 
 
 8 
 
 1392 
 
 " 
 
 1935 
 
 1300 
 
 7-35 
 
 .565 
 
 194 
 
 8284 
 
 9 
 
 1597 
 
 1 ' 
 
 2455 
 
 1600 
 
 6.27 
 
 392 
 
 199 
 
 8285 
 
 10 
 
 1820 
 
 
 
 3113 
 
 2IOO 
 
 5.8o 
 
 .276 
 
 2O2 
 
 8286 
 
 ii 
 
 2042 
 
 44 
 
 3765 
 
 250O 
 
 5 13 
 
 .205 
 
 206 
 
 8287 
 
 12 
 
 2267 
 
 44 
 
 4478 
 
 3000 
 
 4-71 
 
 .157 
 
 2IO 
 
 8288 
 
 13 
 
 2513 
 
 
 5457 
 
 3600 
 
 4.25 
 
 .118 
 
 209 
 
 8289 
 
 5 
 
 633 
 
 EEEf 
 
 58o 
 
 40O 
 
 13.0 
 
 3-24 
 
 178 
 
 8290 
 
 6 
 
 881 
 
 44 
 
 965 
 
 650 
 
 10.3 
 
 1.58 
 
 184 
 
 8291 
 
 7 
 
 1191 
 
 44 
 
 1478 
 
 IOOO 
 
 8.64 
 
 .864 
 
 192 
 
 8292 
 
 8 
 
 1459 
 
 
 1935 
 
 1300 
 
 7.22 
 
 .555 
 
 2O2 
 
 8293 
 
 9 
 
 1699 
 
 44 
 
 2455 
 
 1600 
 
 6.16 
 
 .385 
 
 208 
 
 8294 
 
 10 
 
 1923 
 
 44 
 
 3H3 
 
 2IOO 
 
 5 69 
 
 .271 
 
 209 
 
 8295 
 
 ii 
 
 2146 
 
 44 
 
 3765 
 
 2500 
 
 5-05 
 
 .202 
 
 212 
 
 8296 
 
 12 
 
 2366 
 
 44 
 
 4478 
 
 3000 
 
 4.68 
 
 .156 
 
 214 
 
 8297 
 
 13 
 
 2614 
 
 " 
 
 5457 
 
 3600 
 
 4.21 
 
 .117 
 
 213 
 
 8298 
 
 5 
 
 642 
 
 EEEE 
 
 58o 
 
 400 
 
 12.9 
 
 3-23 
 
 180 
 
 8299 
 
 6 
 
 895 
 
 44 
 
 965 
 
 650 
 
 10.3 
 
 1.58 
 
 186 
 
 8300 
 
 7 
 
 1212 
 
 44 
 
 1478 
 
 IOOO 
 
 8.64 
 
 .864 
 
 193 
 
 8301 
 
 8 
 
 1488 
 
 44 
 
 1935 
 
 1300 
 
 7.20 
 
 .554 
 
 203 
 
 8302 
 
 9 
 
 1747 
 
 " 
 
 2455 
 
 1600 
 
 6.16 
 
 .385 
 
 209 
 
 8303 
 
 10 
 
 1996 
 
 
 
 3H3 
 
 2100 
 
 5.69 
 
 .271 
 
 210 
 
 8304 
 
 ii 
 
 2220 
 
 44 
 
 3765 
 
 2500 
 
 5-05 
 
 .202 
 
 213 
 
 8305 
 
 12 
 
 2440 
 
 44 
 
 4478 
 
 3000 
 
 4.68 
 
 .156 
 
 215 
 
 8306 
 
 13 
 
 2685 
 
 44 
 
 5457 
 
 3600 
 
 4.21 
 
 .117 
 
 214 
 
 
154 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 37 Feet 
 
 Sections: 19 feet, 10 feet 6 inches, and 10 feet 6 inches 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 8307 
 
 4 
 
 346 
 
 iff 
 
 235 
 
 160 
 
 16.8 
 
 10.5 
 
 191 
 
 8308 
 
 5 
 
 470 
 
 415 
 
 280 
 
 13-6 
 
 4.84 
 
 191 
 
 8309 
 
 6 
 
 628 
 
 648 
 
 450 
 
 II. 2 
 
 2.49 
 
 200 
 
 8310 
 
 7 
 
 799 
 
 " 
 
 930 
 
 600 
 
 8.70 
 
 1.45 
 
 207 
 
 8311 
 
 8 
 
 990 
 
 44 
 
 1282 
 
 850 
 
 7-73 
 
 .909 
 
 212 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8312 
 
 9 
 
 1191 
 
 
 1705 
 
 IIOO 
 
 6.64 
 
 .604 
 
 215 
 
 8313 
 
 10 
 
 1426 
 
 " 
 
 2281 
 
 1500 
 
 6.06 
 
 .404 
 
 216 
 
 8314 
 
 II 
 
 1648 
 
 
 2817 
 
 1900 
 
 5-55 
 
 .292 
 
 219 
 
 8315 
 
 12 
 
 1846 
 
 
 3343 
 
 2200 
 
 4-93 
 
 .224 
 
 223 
 
 8316 
 
 13 
 
 2037 
 
 " 
 
 4062 
 
 270O 
 
 4-56 
 
 .169 
 
 222 
 
 8317 
 
 4 
 
 425 
 
 Eff 
 
 235 
 
 160 
 
 I4-I 
 
 8.82 
 
 180 
 
 8318 
 
 5 
 
 582 
 
 
 438 
 
 300 
 
 12.0 
 
 4.00 
 
 179 
 
 8319 
 
 6 
 
 810 
 
 44 
 
 743 
 
 500 
 
 9.80 
 
 1.96 
 
 185 
 
 8320 
 
 7 
 
 1075 
 
 
 1158 
 
 750 
 
 8.10 
 
 1. 08 
 
 190 
 
 8321 
 
 8 
 
 1271 
 
 " 
 
 1664 
 
 IIOO 
 
 7.68 
 
 .698 
 
 197 
 
 8322 
 
 9 
 
 1472 
 
 
 
 2292 
 
 1500 
 
 7-14 
 
 .476 
 
 202 
 
 8323 
 
 10 
 
 1696 
 
 " 
 
 3008 
 
 2000 
 
 6.62 
 
 .331 
 
 205 
 
 8324 
 
 ii 
 
 1923 
 
 44 
 
 3637 
 
 2400 
 
 5.8i 
 
 .242 
 
 209 
 
 8325 
 
 12 
 
 2147 
 
 14 
 
 4326 
 
 2900 
 
 5-34 
 
 .184 
 
 213 
 
 8326 
 
 13 
 
 2370 
 
 " 
 
 5272 
 
 35oo 
 
 4.87 
 
 .139 
 
 213 
 
 8327 
 
 4 
 
 454 
 
 EEf 
 
 305 
 
 200 
 
 16.2 
 
 8. II 
 
 183 
 
 8328 
 
 5 
 
 627 
 
 44 
 
 517 
 
 350 
 
 12.9 
 
 3-68 
 
 182 
 
 8329 
 
 6 
 
 872 
 
 44 
 
 932 
 
 600 
 
 10.8 
 
 i. 80 
 
 189 
 
 8330 
 
 - 7 
 
 1176 
 
 44 
 
 1428 
 
 950 
 
 9-30 
 
 979 
 
 195 
 
 8331 
 
 8 
 
 1423 
 
 44 
 
 1870 
 
 1200 
 
 7-54 
 
 .628 
 
 204 
 
 8332 
 
 9 
 
 1628 
 
 
 
 2372 
 
 1600 
 
 6.98 
 
 .436 
 
 209 
 
 8333 
 
 10 
 
 1851 
 
 44 
 
 3008 
 
 2000 
 
 6.12 
 
 .306 
 
 211 
 
 8334 
 
 ii 
 
 2072 
 
 44 
 
 3637 
 
 2400 
 
 5.47 
 
 .228 
 
 215 
 
 8335 
 
 12 
 
 2299 
 
 44 
 
 4326 
 
 2900 
 
 5.08 
 
 .175 
 
 218 
 
 8336 
 
 13 
 
 2535 
 
 " 
 
 5272 
 
 35oo 
 
 4.59 
 
 .131 
 
 218 
 
 8337 
 
 4 
 
 474 
 
 EEE 
 
 305 
 
 200 
 
 16.0 
 
 7-98 
 
 189 
 
 8338 
 
 5 
 
 655 
 
 " 
 
 560 
 
 350 
 
 12.6 
 
 3.6l 
 
 190 
 
 8339 
 
 6 
 
 916 
 
 44 
 
 932 
 
 600 
 
 10.6 
 
 1.76 
 
 197 
 
 8340 
 
 7 
 
 1238 
 
 44 
 
 1428 
 
 950 
 
 9-15 
 
 .963 
 
 203 
 
 8341 
 
 8 
 
 1524 
 
 44 
 
 1870 
 
 1200 
 
 7-40 
 
 .617 
 
 213 
 
 8342 
 
 9 
 
 1780 
 
 
 
 2372 
 
 1600 
 
 6.86 
 
 .429 
 
 218 
 
 8343 
 
 10 
 
 2006 
 
 44 
 
 3008 
 
 2000 
 
 6.04 
 
 .302 
 
 219 
 
 8344 
 
 II 
 
 2228 
 
 44 
 
 3637 
 
 2400 
 
 5-40 
 
 .225 
 
 221 
 
 8345 
 
 12 
 
 2448 
 
 44 
 
 4326 
 
 2900 
 
 5-02 
 
 .173 
 
 223 
 
 8346 
 
 13 
 
 2688 
 
 
 5272 
 
 35oo 
 
 4.55 
 
 .130 
 
 223 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 155 
 
 Length of Pole, 38 Feet 
 
 Sections: 20 feet, 10 feet 6 inches, and 10 feet 6 inches 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 load 
 
 Load 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 Deflec- 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 8347 
 
 4 
 
 356 
 
 /// 
 
 235 
 
 160 
 
 18.2 
 
 II. 4 
 
 198 
 
 8348 
 
 5 
 
 485 
 
 " 
 
 402 
 
 280 
 
 14-7 
 
 5-25 
 
 108 
 
 8349 
 
 6 
 
 647 
 
 
 626 
 
 400 
 
 10.8 
 
 2.71 
 
 207 
 
 8350 
 
 7 
 
 823 
 
 " 
 
 900 
 
 600 
 
 9.48 
 
 1.58 
 
 215 
 
 8351 
 
 8 
 
 1018 
 
 " 
 
 1240 
 
 850 
 
 8.46 
 
 995 
 
 220 
 
 8352 
 
 9 
 
 1225 
 
 
 1649 
 
 1 100 
 
 7.28 
 
 .662 
 
 223 
 
 8353 
 
 10 
 
 1466 
 
 " 
 
 2206 
 
 1500 
 
 6.65 
 
 443 
 
 224 
 
 8354 
 
 ii 
 
 1693 
 
 
 2725 
 
 1800 
 
 5.78 
 
 .321 
 
 227 
 
 8355 
 
 12 
 
 1896 
 
 14 
 
 3233 
 
 2200 
 
 5-41 
 
 .246 
 
 231 
 
 8356 
 
 13 
 
 2092 
 
 
 3929 
 
 2600 
 
 4.84 
 
 .186 
 
 230 
 
 8357 
 
 4 
 
 440 
 
 Eff 
 
 235 
 
 160 
 
 15.2 
 
 9-47 
 
 186 
 
 8358 
 
 5 
 
 603 
 
 
 438 
 
 300 
 
 12.9 
 
 4-31 
 
 186 
 
 8359 
 
 6 
 
 839 
 
 " 
 
 743 
 
 500 
 
 10.6 
 
 2. II 
 
 192 
 
 8360 
 
 7 
 
 HI3 
 
 44 
 
 1158 
 
 750 
 
 8.78 
 
 1. 17 
 
 197 
 
 8361 
 
 8 
 
 1314 
 
 
 1664 
 
 1 100 
 
 8.33 
 
 .757 
 
 204 
 
 8362 
 
 9 
 
 IS2I 
 
 
 2292 
 
 1500 
 
 7-77 
 
 .518 
 
 2IO 
 
 8363 
 
 10 
 
 1750 
 
 44 
 
 2909 
 
 1900 
 
 6.84 
 
 .360 
 
 212 
 
 8364 
 
 II 
 
 1983 
 
 11 
 
 35i8 
 
 2300 
 
 6.07 
 
 .264 
 
 217 
 
 8365 
 
 12 
 
 2212 
 
 44 
 
 4184 
 
 2800 
 
 5.66 
 
 .202 
 
 221 
 
 8366 
 
 13 
 
 2442 
 
 " 
 
 5099 
 
 34oo 
 
 5-17 
 
 .152 
 
 220 
 
 8367 
 
 4 
 
 469 
 
 EEf 
 
 305 
 
 200 
 
 17-5 
 
 8.76 
 
 190 
 
 8368 
 
 5 
 
 647 
 
 " 
 
 517 
 
 350 
 
 14.0 
 
 3-99 
 
 189 
 
 8369 
 
 6 
 
 001 
 
 " 
 
 902 
 
 600 
 
 ii. 7 
 
 1.95 
 
 I 9 6 
 
 8370 
 
 7 
 
 1214 
 
 41 
 
 1381 
 
 900 
 
 9.63 
 
 1.07 
 
 202 
 
 8371 
 
 8 
 
 1467 
 
 44 
 
 1808 
 
 1200 
 
 8.23 
 
 .686 
 
 212 
 
 8372 
 
 9 
 
 1676 
 
 
 
 2294 
 
 1500 
 
 7.16 
 
 477 
 
 217 
 
 8373 
 
 10 
 
 1906 
 
 41 
 
 2909 
 
 1900 
 
 6.38 
 
 .336 
 
 219 
 
 8374 
 
 ii 
 
 2132 
 
 44 
 
 35i8 
 
 2300 
 
 5-75 
 
 .250 
 
 223 
 
 8375 
 
 12 
 
 2364 
 
 44 
 
 4184 
 
 2800 
 
 5.38 
 
 .192 
 
 226 
 
 8376 
 
 13 
 
 2608 
 
 " 
 
 5099 
 
 34oo 
 
 4-90 
 
 .144 
 
 226 
 
 8377 
 
 4 
 
 489 
 
 EEE 
 
 305 
 
 200 
 
 17-3 
 
 8.63 
 
 196 
 
 8378 
 
 5 
 
 676 
 
 44 
 
 542 
 
 350 
 
 13-7 
 
 3-91 
 
 197 
 
 8379 
 
 6 
 
 945 
 
 
 902 
 
 600 
 
 n-5 
 
 1.92 
 
 204 
 
 8380 
 
 7 
 
 1270 
 
 44 
 
 1381 
 
 900 
 
 9-45 
 
 1.05 
 
 211 
 
 8381 
 
 8 
 
 1567 
 
 " 
 
 1808 
 
 1200 
 
 8. II 
 
 .676 
 
 221 
 
 8382 
 
 9 
 
 1829 
 
 
 
 2294 
 
 1500 
 
 7-05 
 
 470 
 
 226 
 
 8383 
 
 10 
 
 2061 
 
 44 
 
 2909 
 
 1900 
 
 6.29 
 
 331 
 
 227 
 
 8384 
 
 ii 
 
 2288 
 
 44 
 
 35i8 
 
 2300 
 
 5.68 
 
 .247 
 
 229 
 
 8385 
 
 12 
 
 2514 
 
 44 
 
 4184 
 
 2800 
 
 5-32 
 
 .190 
 
 231 
 
 8386 
 
 13 
 
 2760 
 
 
 5099 
 
 3400 
 
 4.86 
 
 .143 
 
 231 
 
 
156 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 
 
 Length of Pole, 39 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 10 feet 6 inches, and 10 feet 6 inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 Load 
 
 Deflec- 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 murn 
 load 
 
 for 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 tion for 
 loadL 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 ra 
 
 8387 
 
 4 
 
 367 
 
 /// 
 
 229 
 
 150 
 
 18.5 
 
 12.3 
 
 205 
 
 8388 
 
 5 
 
 500 
 
 
 389 
 
 250 
 
 14.2 
 
 5-69 
 
 206 
 
 8389 
 
 6 
 
 666 
 
 " 
 
 607 
 
 400 
 
 ii. 8 
 
 2.94 
 
 215 
 
 8390 
 
 7 
 
 846 
 
 " 
 
 871 
 
 600 
 
 10.3 
 
 1.72 
 
 223 
 
 8391 
 
 8 
 
 1047 
 
 " 
 
 1 201 
 
 800 
 
 8.72 
 
 1.09 
 
 228 
 
 8392 
 
 9 
 
 1259 
 
 
 
 1597 
 
 IIOO 
 
 7.95 
 
 .723 
 
 231 
 
 8393 
 
 10 
 
 1507 
 
 " 
 
 2136 
 
 1400 
 
 6.78 
 
 .484 
 
 232 
 
 8394 
 
 II 
 
 1739 
 
 " 
 
 2638 
 
 1800 
 
 6.34 
 
 352 
 
 235 
 
 8395 
 
 12 
 
 1946 
 
 " 
 
 3130 
 
 2IOO 
 
 5-67 
 
 .270 
 
 239 
 
 8396 
 
 13 
 
 2146 
 
 " 
 
 3804 
 
 25OO 
 
 5-08 
 
 .203 
 
 238 
 
 8397 
 
 4 
 
 455 
 
 Eff 
 
 235 
 
 160 
 
 16.3 
 
 10.2 
 
 193 
 
 8398 
 
 5 
 
 623 
 
 
 438 
 
 300 
 
 13-9 
 
 4.63 
 
 192 
 
 8399 
 
 6 
 
 867 
 
 il 
 
 743 
 
 500 
 
 II. 4 
 
 2.28 
 
 199 
 
 8400 
 
 7 
 
 II5I 
 
 
 1158 
 
 750 
 
 9-45 
 
 1.26 
 
 204 
 
 8401 
 
 8 
 
 1358 
 
 
 1664 
 
 IIOO 
 
 9.02 
 
 .820 
 
 212 
 
 8402 
 
 9 
 
 1570 
 
 
 
 2221 
 
 1500 
 
 8-43 
 
 .562 
 
 217 
 
 8403 
 
 10 
 
 1805 
 
 " 
 
 2817 
 
 1900 
 
 7-45 
 
 392 
 
 22O 
 
 8404 
 
 ii 
 
 2043 
 
 " 
 
 3406 
 
 2300 
 
 6.60 
 
 .287 , 
 
 225 
 
 8405 
 
 12 
 
 2278 
 
 " 
 
 4052 
 
 2700 
 
 5-94 
 
 .220 
 
 229 
 
 8406 
 
 13 
 
 2514 
 
 
 4937 
 
 3300 
 
 5.48 
 
 .166 
 
 228 
 
 8407 
 
 4 
 
 484 
 
 EEf 
 
 305 
 
 200 
 
 18.9 
 
 9-45 
 
 197 
 
 8408 
 
 5 
 
 668 
 
 " 
 
 517 
 
 350 
 
 I5-I 
 
 4-31 
 
 196 
 
 8409 
 
 6 
 
 929 
 
 
 873 
 
 600 
 
 12.7 
 
 2.12 
 
 203 
 
 8410 
 
 7 
 
 1252 
 
 11 
 
 1337 
 
 900 
 
 10.4 
 
 1.16 
 
 211 
 
 8411 
 
 8 
 
 1510 
 
 " 
 
 1751 
 
 1 200 
 
 8.99 
 
 749 
 
 22O 
 
 8412 
 
 9 
 
 1725 
 
 " 
 
 2221 
 
 1500 
 
 7-83 
 
 .522 
 
 225 
 
 8413 
 
 10 
 
 1960 
 
 " 
 
 2817 
 
 1900 
 
 6.97 
 
 .367 
 
 227 
 
 8414 
 
 II 
 
 2192 
 
 " 
 
 3406 
 
 2300 
 
 6.28 
 
 .273 
 
 231 
 
 8415 
 
 12 
 
 2430 
 
 " 
 
 4052 
 
 2700 
 
 5.67 
 
 .210 
 
 234 
 
 8416 
 
 13 
 
 2680 
 
 " 
 
 4937 
 
 3300 
 
 5.21 
 
 .158 
 
 234 
 
 8417 
 
 4 
 
 504 
 
 EEE 
 
 305 
 
 200 
 
 18.6 
 
 9-32 
 
 203 
 
 8418 
 
 5 
 
 696 
 
 " 
 
 525 
 
 350 
 
 14.8 
 
 4.24 
 
 2O4 
 
 8419 
 
 6 
 
 973 
 
 " 
 
 873 
 
 600 
 
 12.5 
 
 2.08 
 
 212 
 
 8420 
 
 7 
 
 1314 
 
 " 
 
 1337 
 
 900 
 
 10.3 
 
 1. 14 
 
 218 
 
 8421 
 
 8 
 
 1611 
 
 11 
 
 1751 
 
 1200 
 
 8.87 
 
 .739 
 
 229 
 
 8422 
 
 9 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 2221 
 
 1500 
 
 7-73 
 
 .515 
 
 234 
 
 8423 
 
 10 
 
 2116 
 
 11 
 
 2817 
 
 1900 
 
 6.90 
 
 .363 
 
 235 
 
 8424 
 
 ii 
 
 2348 
 
 " 
 
 3407 
 
 23OO 
 
 6.23 
 
 .271 
 
 237 
 
 8425 
 
 12 
 
 2579 
 
 " 
 
 4052 
 
 2700 
 
 5-64 
 
 .209 
 
 239 
 
 8426 
 
 13 
 
 2832 
 
 
 4937 
 
 33oo 
 
 5-18 
 
 .157 
 
 239 
 
 
Tubular Electric Line Pole Tables 157 
 
 Length of Pole, 40 Feet 
 
 Sections: 21 feet, 10 feet, 7 feet, and 6 feet 6 inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 Load 
 
 r 
 
 Deflec- 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Size 
 of 
 butt 
 
 Weight 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 mum 
 load 
 
 lor 
 deflec- 
 tion D 
 
 tion for 
 loadZ, 
 
 Factor 
 
 Factor 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 L 
 
 D 
 
 R 
 
 nt 
 
 8427 
 
 5 
 
 SOS 
 
 //// 
 
 377 
 
 250 
 
 16.2 
 
 6.47 
 
 202 
 
 8428 
 
 6 
 
 670 
 
 
 588 
 
 400 
 
 13-3 
 
 3-33 
 
 2IO 
 
 8429 
 
 7 
 
 856 
 
 " 
 
 844 
 
 550 
 
 10.6 
 
 1-93 
 
 221 
 
 8430 
 
 8 
 
 1064 
 
 
 1164 
 
 800 
 
 9.68 
 
 1. 21 
 
 228 
 
 8431 
 
 9 
 
 1286 
 
 " 
 
 1548 
 
 IOOO 
 
 8.05 
 
 .805 
 
 233 
 
 8432 
 
 10 
 
 1542 
 
 
 
 2070 
 
 1400 
 
 7-53 
 
 538 
 
 234 
 
 8433 
 
 ii 
 
 1786 
 
 " 
 
 2557 
 
 1700 
 
 6.63 
 
 390 
 
 239 
 
 8434 
 
 12 
 
 2001 
 
 
 3034 
 
 200O 
 
 5.98 
 
 299 
 
 243 
 
 8435 
 
 13 
 
 2225 
 
 " 
 
 3687 
 
 2500 
 
 5-63 
 
 .225 
 
 244 
 
 8436 
 
 5 
 
 629 
 
 Efff 
 
 413 
 
 280 
 
 14.9 
 
 5.33 
 
 188 
 
 8437 
 
 6 
 
 871 
 
 
 701 
 
 450 
 
 ii. 7 
 
 2.60 
 
 193 
 
 8438 
 
 7 
 
 1160 
 
 " 
 
 1092 
 
 750 
 
 10.7 
 
 1-43 
 
 201 
 
 8439 
 
 8 
 
 1374 
 
 " 
 
 1569 
 
 IOOO 
 
 9-23 
 
 .923 
 
 211 
 
 8440 
 
 9 
 
 1597 
 
 
 2153 
 
 1400 
 
 8.83 
 
 .631 
 
 218 
 
 8441 
 
 10 
 
 1841 
 
 
 
 2730 
 
 1800 
 
 7-88 
 
 .438 
 
 222 
 
 8442 
 
 ii 
 
 2090 
 
 44 
 
 3302 
 
 22OO 
 
 7.06 
 
 .321 
 
 228 
 
 8443 
 
 12 
 
 2333 
 
 " 
 
 3927 
 
 2600 
 
 6-37 
 
 245 
 
 233 
 
 8444 
 
 13 
 
 2593 
 
 44 
 
 4785 
 
 3200 
 
 5-89 
 
 .184 
 
 233 
 
 8445 
 
 5 
 
 6 7 I 
 
 EEff 
 
 431 
 
 280 
 
 13-9 
 
 4.96 
 
 190 
 
 8446 
 
 6 
 
 930 
 
 
 803 
 
 550 
 
 13-3 
 
 2.42 
 
 195 
 
 8447 
 
 7 
 
 1256 
 
 44 
 
 1296 
 
 850 
 
 II. 2 
 
 1.32 
 
 205 
 
 8448 
 
 8 
 
 1519 
 
 14 
 
 1697 
 
 1 100 
 
 9.28 
 
 .844 
 
 217 
 
 8449 
 
 9 
 
 1745 
 
 " 
 
 2153 
 
 1400 
 
 8.18 
 
 .584 
 
 224 
 
 8450 
 
 10 
 
 1989 
 
 
 
 2730 
 
 1800 
 
 7.38 
 
 .410 
 
 228 
 
 8451 
 
 ii 
 
 2232 
 
 " 
 
 3302 
 
 2200 
 
 6.71 
 
 305 
 
 233 
 
 8452 
 
 12 
 
 2478 
 
 44 
 
 3927 
 
 260O 
 
 6.08 
 
 234 
 
 237 
 
 8453 
 
 13 
 
 2751 
 
 " 
 
 4785 
 
 3200 
 
 5-6o 
 
 .175 
 
 237 
 
 8454 
 
 5 
 
 690 
 
 EEEf 
 
 509 
 
 350 
 
 16.9 
 
 4.84 
 
 196 
 
 8455 
 
 6 
 
 960 
 
 11 
 
 846 
 
 550 
 
 13-0 
 
 2.37 
 
 202 
 
 8456 
 
 7 
 
 1298 
 
 11 
 
 1296 
 
 850 
 
 II. 
 
 1.29 
 
 212 
 
 8457 
 
 8 
 
 1587 
 
 " 
 
 1697 
 
 IIOO 
 
 9-09 
 
 .826 
 
 225 
 
 8458 
 
 9 
 
 1846 
 
 44 
 
 2153 
 
 1400 
 
 8.02 
 
 .573 
 
 233 
 
 8459 
 
 10 
 
 2092 
 
 
 
 2730 
 
 1800 
 
 7.25 
 
 .403 
 
 235 
 
 8460 
 
 ii 
 
 2336 
 
 44 
 
 3302 
 
 220O 
 
 6.60 
 
 .300 
 
 239 
 
 8461 
 
 12 
 
 2578 
 
 44 
 
 3927 
 
 2600 
 
 6.01 
 
 .231 
 
 242 
 
 8462 
 
 13 
 
 2852 
 
 
 4785 
 
 3200 
 
 5-57 
 
 .174 
 
 242 1 
 
 8463 
 
 5 
 
 702 
 
 EEEE 
 
 509 
 
 350 
 
 16.9 
 
 4 83 
 
 1 
 2OO 
 
 8464 
 
 6 
 
 978 
 
 " 
 
 846 
 
 550 
 
 13-0 
 
 2.36 
 
 206 
 
 8465 
 
 7 
 
 1325 
 
 " 
 
 1296 
 
 850 
 
 II. 
 
 1.29 
 
 216 
 
 8466 
 
 8 
 
 1625 
 
 44 
 
 1697 
 
 IIOO 
 
 9.08 
 
 .825 
 
 228 
 
 8467 
 
 9 
 
 1909 
 
 " 
 
 2153 
 
 1400 
 
 8.01 
 
 572 
 
 236 
 
 8468 
 
 10 
 
 2187 
 
 
 
 2730 
 
 1800 
 
 7-25 
 
 .403 
 
 239 
 
 8469 
 
 ii 
 
 2432 
 
 14 
 
 3302 
 
 2200 
 
 6,60 
 
 .300 
 
 241 
 
 8470 
 
 12 
 
 2674 
 
 " 
 
 3927 
 
 26OO 
 
 6.01 
 
 .231 
 
 244 
 
 8471 
 
 13 
 
 2944 
 
 44 
 
 4785 
 
 3200 
 
 5-57 
 
 .174 
 
 243 
 
 
158 Upset and Expanded Tubes 
 
 LAP-WELDED AND SEAMLESS TUBES UPSET AND 
 EXPANDED 
 
 Uses for Upset Tubes. Upset tubes are largely used for stay tubes 
 in marine-boiler work, but frequently tubes are upset for mechanical 
 purposes, and in such cases they come under the heading of "Tube 
 Specialties. " As the variations of upsets in the tube specialty line are 
 so numerous, they cannot be standardized the same as tubes upset for 
 boiler work. 
 
 Upsetting. The upsetting of tubes consists in increasing the thick- 
 ness of the wall of a tube at the ends, which increases its durability and 
 strength. This increased thickness can be placed either on the inside 
 or on the outside, or on both the inside and outside of the tube. 
 
 Method of Operation. The end of the tube is heated to a sufficient 
 heat and while hot is placed in a die, and, by means of a punch with a 
 shoulder on it, the end of the tube is stoved up, upset, or reinforced in 
 the thickness of the wall. 
 
 When heavy reinforcements or upsets are necessary, it may take from 
 three to four heats and operations to accomplish this, but light upsets 
 may be obtained in one heat and one operation. Often upsets are 
 asked for that are either very difficult or practically impossible to make, 
 and as a guide for ordering such tubes a set of tables has been prepared 
 showing the practical limits. 
 
 Standard Upsets. Table, pages 160-161, gives the advisable external 
 upset for the various diameters and thicknesses of tubes. By advisable 
 is meant the standard upset of a tube with a given diameter and thick- 
 ness (see Fig. 49). 
 
 Table, pages 160-161, gives the advisable internal upset for various 
 diameters and thicknesses of tubes. The rules covering the standard 
 external upset of tubes also apply to standard internal upsets, as per 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 Special Upsets. Any upsets less than that given in the table are 
 treated as standard upsets, and any upsets greater than those given in 
 the table are considered special upsets, as it requires more work and 
 operations to produce them than the standard advisable upsets. 
 
 Tubes Upset and Expanded. Page 159 shows illustrations of the 
 different kinds of upsets. 
 
 Fig. 49 shows a tube end upset on the outside, leaving the inside of 
 the tube straight. 
 
 Fig. 50 shows a tube end upset on the inside, leaving the outside of 
 the tube straight. 
 
 Fig. 51 shows a tube end expanded without any upset either on the 
 inside or outside. 
 
 Fig. 52 shows a tube end upset on the outside and then expanded. 
 
 Fig. 53 shows a tube with an internal and external upset. 
 

 Upset and Expanded Tubes 1 
 
 59 
 
 
 Upset and Expanded Tubes 
 
 : ^ ' >'' WxmW/////yy//^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 49. External Upset 
 
 
 
 %J^^^^ 
 
 
 
 Fig. 50. Internal Upset 
 
 fffffwf^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WM10r 
 
 Fig. 51. Expanded Without Any Upset 
 
 
 
 MMMMMMMMZfa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 
 
 Fig. 52. External Upset and Expanded 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 53. Internal and External Upset 
 
 
160 Upsets for Lap-weld or Seamless Tubes 
 
 Advisable Internal Upsets for Lap-weld or Seamless Tubes 
 
 Thickness 
 
 External diameter of tubes 
 
 Inch 
 
 Nearest 
 B.W.G. 
 
 i% 
 
 I 8 /4 
 
 2 
 
 2V4 
 
 2% 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 3V4 
 
 Internal diameter of upset 
 
 .134 
 .148 
 .165 
 .188 
 
 .203 
 .219 
 .238 
 .250 
 
 .281 
 .313 
 344 
 .375 
 
 .406 
 438 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 8 
 7 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1.03 
 -98 
 92 
 .84 
 
 79 
 
 1.28 
 1.23 
 1. 17 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.04 
 .98 
 91 
 .87 
 
 .53 
 48 
 .42 
 34 
 
 .29 
 .23 
 .16 
 
 .12 
 1.02 
 
 .78 
 
 .73 
 .67 
 59 
 
 54 
 -48 
 41 
 37 
 
 .27 
 .15 
 
 2.03 
 1.98 
 .92 
 84 
 
 79 
 73 
 .66 
 .62 
 
 52 
 
 .40 
 .29 
 
 2.28 
 2.23 
 2.17 
 
 2.09 
 2.04 
 
 1.98 
 I-9I 
 1.87 
 
 1.77 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.54 
 1-44 
 
 2.53 
 2.48 
 2.42 
 2.34 
 
 2.29 
 2.23 
 2.16 
 
 2.12 
 
 2. 02 
 1.90 
 1.79 
 1.69 
 
 1-58 
 1.46 
 
 2.78 
 2.73 
 2.67 
 2.59 
 
 2.54 
 2.48 
 2.41 
 2.37 
 
 2.27 
 2.15 
 2.04 
 1.94 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Advisable External Upsets for Lap-weld or Seamless Tubes 
 
 Thickness 
 
 External diameter of tubes 
 
 | 
 Inch 
 
 Nearest 
 B.W.G. 
 
 iV 2 
 
 i% 
 
 2 
 
 2V4 
 
 2y 2 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 3V4 
 
 External diameter of upset 
 
 ;I34 
 .148 
 .165 
 .188 
 
 .203 
 .219 
 .238 
 .250 
 
 .281 
 .313 
 344 
 .375 
 
 .406 
 438 
 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 .70 
 .72 
 75 
 78 
 
 .80 
 .83 
 .86 
 .88 
 
 .92 
 97 
 
 .02 
 2.06 
 
 2. II 
 2.16 
 
 1-95 
 1.97 
 
 2.OO 
 
 2.03 
 
 2.05 
 2.08 
 2. II 
 2.13 
 
 2.17 
 
 2.22 
 2.27 
 
 2.31 
 
 2.36 
 2.41 
 
 2.20 
 2.22 
 2.25 
 2.28 
 
 2.30 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.36 
 2.38 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.47 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.56 
 
 2.61 
 2.66 
 
 2.45 
 2.47 
 2.50 
 2.53 
 
 2.55 
 2.58 
 2.61 
 2.63 
 
 2.67 
 2.72 
 2.77 
 2.81 
 
 2.86 
 2.91 
 
 2.70 
 2.72 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.78 
 
 2.80 
 2.83 
 2.86 
 2.88 
 
 2.92 
 2.97 
 
 3-02 
 
 3.06 
 
 3- II 
 3-16 
 
 2.95 
 2.97 
 3.oo 
 3-03 
 
 3-05 
 3.08 
 3-II 
 3-13 
 
 3-17 
 
 3-22 
 3-27 
 3-31 
 
 3.36 
 
 3-41 
 
 3-20 
 3-22 
 3-25 
 3-28 
 
 3-30 
 
 3-33 
 3.36 
 3-38 
 
 3-42 
 3-47 
 3-52 
 3.56 
 
 3-6l 
 3-66 
 
 3.45 
 
 3-47 
 3-50 
 3-53 
 
 3-55 
 3-58 
 3.6i 
 3.63 
 
 3.67 
 3-72 
 3.77 
 3.81 
 
 3.86 
 3-91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diameters of upsets given are based on a length of upset 2^ inches long. Upset 
 on tubes heavier than specified and longer than zVz inches can be made, but will 
 require special attention. All dimensions are nominal. All dimensions given in 
 inches. For illustrations of tubes see Figs. 49 and 50, page 159. 
 
Upsets for Lap- weld or Seamless Tubes 161 
 
 Advisable Internal Upsets for Lap-weld or Seamless Tubes (Concluded) 
 
 Thickness 
 
 External diameter of tubes 
 
 Inch 
 
 Nearest 
 B.W.G. 
 
 3V 2 
 
 3% 
 
 4 
 
 4V4 
 
 4Y2 
 
 4 3 /i 5 
 
 Internal diameter of upset 
 
 .134 
 .148 
 .165 
 .188 
 
 .203 
 .219 
 .238 
 .250 
 
 .281 
 313 
 344 
 .375 
 
 .406 
 .438 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 5 
 4 
 
 3.03 
 2.98 
 2.92 
 2.84 
 
 2.79 
 2.73 
 2.66 
 2.62 
 
 2.52 
 2.40 
 2.29 
 2.19 
 
 2.08 
 1.96 
 
 3-23 
 3-17 
 3-09 
 
 3-04 
 2.98 
 2.91 
 2.8 7 
 
 2.77 
 2.65 
 2.54 
 2.44 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.21 
 
 3-48 
 3-42 
 3-34 
 
 3-29 
 3.23 
 3-i6 
 3.12 
 
 3-02 
 
 2.90 
 
 2.79 
 
 2.69 
 
 2.58 
 2.46 
 
 3-73 
 3.67 
 3-59 
 
 3-54 
 3.48 
 3.41 
 3-37 
 
 3-27 
 3-15 
 3-04 
 2.94 
 
 2.83 
 
 3.98 
 3-92 
 3-84 
 
 3-79 
 3 73 
 3-66 
 3.62 
 
 3-52 
 3-40 
 3-29 
 3-19 
 
 4-23 
 4-17 
 4.09 
 
 4.04 
 3-98 
 3-91 
 3.87 
 
 3-77 
 3.65 
 3-54 
 
 4.42 
 4.34 
 
 4.29 
 4.23 
 4.16 
 4.12 
 
 4.02 
 
 3.90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Advisable External Upsets for Lap-weld or Seamless Tubes (Concluded) 
 
 Thickness 
 
 External diameter of tubes 
 
 Inch 
 
 Nearest 
 B.W.G. 
 
 3V 2 
 
 3 8 /4 
 
 4 
 
 4V4 
 
 4V2 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 External diameter of upset 
 
 .134 
 .148 
 .165 
 .188 
 
 .203 
 .219 
 .238 
 .250 
 
 .281 
 .313 
 344 
 375 
 
 .406 
 .438 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3-70 
 3-72 
 3-75 
 3-78 
 
 3.8o 
 3.8 3 
 3-86 
 3-88 
 
 3-92 
 3-97 
 4.02 
 4.06 
 
 4- II 
 4.16 
 
 3-97 
 4.OO 
 4-03 
 
 4-05 
 4.08 
 
 4. II 
 4-13 
 
 4-17 
 
 4.22 
 4-27 
 4-31 
 
 4.36 
 
 4-41 
 
 4.22 
 4-25 
 4.28 
 
 4-30 
 
 4-33 
 4.36 
 4-38 
 
 4.42 
 4-47 
 4-52 
 4.56 
 
 4.61 
 4.66 
 
 4.47 
 4.50 
 4.53 
 
 4.55 
 
 4-58 
 4.61 
 4.63 
 
 4.67 
 4-72 
 4-77 
 4.81 
 
 4.86 
 
 4-72 
 4-75 
 4.78 
 
 4.80 
 4-83 
 4.86 
 4.88 
 
 4-92 
 4-97 
 
 5-02 
 
 S.o6 
 
 4-97 
 S.oo 
 5-03 
 
 5-05 
 5.08 
 5- II 
 5.13 
 
 5.17 
 
 5-22 
 
 5.27 
 
 5-25 
 5-28 
 
 5-30 
 5-33 
 5.36 
 5.38 
 
 5-42 
 5-47 
 
 
 Diameters of upsets given are based on a length of upset 2% inches long. Upset 
 on tubes heavier than specified and longer than 2^5 inches can be made, but will 
 require special attention. All dimensions are nominal. All dimensions given in 
 inches. For illustrations of tubes see Figs. 49 and 50, page 159. 
 
162 
 
 Pipe Bends 
 
 WROUGHT PIPE BENDS 
 
 The attached table gives the advisable radius and the least radius to 
 which pipe of standard thickness may be bent. 
 
 The radii given are as short as should be used to secure good results 
 and if they be reduced, the thickness of the pipe must be increased. As 
 the radius is decreased, however, it becomes more difficult to avoid 
 buckles. 
 
 For making bends, we suggest pipe as follows: 
 
 Bends 12 inch and smaller to regular dimensions to be made of full- 
 weight pipe. 
 
 Bends 14, 15 and 16 inch outside diameter to be not less than % inch 
 thick. 
 
 Bends 18 inch outside diameter and larger to be not less than % 6 inch 
 to V2 inch thick. 
 
 For offset bends try to make a straight length between the bends in 
 preference to the direct reverse bend. This is of advantage to the pipe 
 bender. 
 
 With the welded flanges there must be a short straight length of 
 pipe between the bend and the flange. On sizes under 4 inches this 
 should equal, at least, 
 
 one and a half diam- 
 eters. On sizes over 
 4 inches it should 
 equal, at least, one 
 diameter of the pipe. 
 In all cases it is bet- 
 ter if equal to two 
 diameters of straight 
 pipe. 
 
 Bent Tubes. 
 
 These are more dif- 
 ficult to bend than 
 standard weight pipe. 
 Try not to vary from 
 the advisable radius 
 given in the table. 
 With tubes it is fre- 
 quently necessary to 
 increase the thickness 
 over that of standard 
 boiler tubes in order 
 to bend them. 
 
 For illustration of 
 Pipe Bends see page 
 163. 
 
 Table of Radii for Wrought Pipe Bends 
 
 Pipe size 
 Inches 
 
 Advisable 
 radius R 
 Inches 
 
 Minimum 
 radius R 
 Inches 
 
 gft 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 3 l /2 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 4Va 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 42 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 48 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 54 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 ii 
 
 66 
 
 44 
 
 12 
 
 72 
 
 48 
 
 13 
 
 84 
 
 60 
 
 14 
 
 90 
 
 68 
 
 IS 
 
 IOO 
 
 76 
 
 18 O.D. 
 
 125 
 
 90 
 
 20 O.D. 
 
 150 
 
 120 
 
 22 O.D. 
 
 165 
 
 132 
 
 24 O.D. 
 
 180 
 
 144 
 
Pipe Bends 
 
 163 
 
 Wrought Pipe Bends 
 
 Single Offset U Bend Single Offset 90 Bend U Bend 
 
164 
 
 Butted and Strapped Joints 
 
 BUTTED AND STRAPPED JOINTS SINGLE AND 
 DOUBLE RIVETED 
 
 Fig. 54. Joint Flush Outside Fig. 55. Joint Flush Outside- 
 Single Riveted Double Riveted 
 
 Fig. 56. Joint Flush Inside 
 Single Riveted 
 
 Fig. 57. Joint Flush Inside 
 Double Riveted 
 
 This class of goods is special, and made to suit the conditions as indi- 
 cated by the customer's requirements. Since there seldom are two par- 
 allel cases, it is difficult to give any rule for these joints. They usually 
 take on quite different forms, according to the use to which applied. 
 In a general way it may be said they have been employed on pipe mostly 
 to piece out boiler flues, or to piece out pipes used as piles, masts, or 
 booms. 
 
 When used for flues, it is generally customary to put the strap on the 
 outside and then countersink the rivets on the outside, leaving the button 
 heads on the inside. The outside countersinking is done to avoid un- 
 necessary enlargement of the hole in the flue sheet. The end of the 
 flue is then expanded to fit this enlarged hole in the flue sheet. Since 
 the flue is connected to the tube sheet by single riveting, it is seldom 
 necessary, and always unadvisable, to double rivet because it is more 
 difficult to calk a double rivet seam satisfactorily. 
 
Bump Joints 
 
 165 
 
 Strapped joints used for piles, etc., are usually so made that the rivet- 
 ing is secondary to the beam action of the strap. On piles the strap is 
 usually made several diameters long, and attached to the end of one of 
 the pieces by a few well-scattered rivets. 
 
 The connection between the sleeve and the second piece is made in 
 the field by means of patch bolts. For some uses where the joint section 
 is relied on mainly for its beam action or lateral stiffness, the sleeve is 
 inserted into each piece for a distance of about one-half to two diameters. 
 
 The sleeve is turned slightly tapered with its largest diameter at the 
 center, and the pipes are bored to match. After assembling, however, 
 a few patch bolts are placed about midway between the end of pipe and 
 the end of sleeve. 
 
 For the information of those who wish to use these joints, it may be 
 said that for short sleeves the thickness is usually from one and one-half 
 to twice the thickness of the pipe, and that for long sleeves, used for 
 strength as beams, the thickness is determined by the rules for strength 
 of beams. 
 
 The following rules may be used for figuring the riveting, spacing, etc. 
 
 Figs. 54 and 56 
 Single Riveted 
 D = i.sT + .i6inch 
 P = 2 D + .4 inch 
 A = 1.5 D + Vs inch 
 B= 1.5 D 
 
 Figs. 55 and 57 
 Double Riveted 
 D= 1.5 r + .i6 inch 
 P 1= = 3 D + .78 inch 
 N=* 2 D + .4 inch 
 A = 
 B=i. 5 D. 
 
 BUMP JOINTS SINGLE AND DOUBLE RIVETED 
 
 Fig. 58 
 
 Fig. 59 
 
 This joint has been largely used in the past for coupling two pieces 
 of boiler-flue together in order to make a flue longer than 2 1 feet. The 
 necessity for this practice has ceased as it is now possible to secure flues 
 up to 20 inches in diameter and 40 feet in length. This joint is also being 
 used extensively for long lines of large size pipe, say 20 to 30 inches in 
 
166 Bump Joints 
 
 diameter, and for such lines it has the advantage of low cost in compari- 
 son with the high pressure it will carry, being serviceable for pressures 
 up to 500 pounds, when used on flues or pipe of the proper thickness, 
 and although it entails difficulty in assembling with lines buried in the 
 ground its advantages more than offset its disadvantages. Many of the 
 Pacific Coast Hydro Electric Developments have used this joint in this 
 manner with satisfaction and probably at less cost than if the pipe had 
 been connected by flanges welded to them, or other means. 
 
 This joint is not adapted to small sizes, say under 20 inches, because 
 of the difficulty of obtaining men who can work continuously inside of a 
 pipe less than 20 inches in diameter when riveting joints. For boiler- 
 flues it is practical, because of its accessibility in riveting to add 10 or 
 15 feet to a 1 2-inch tube. 
 
 The double riveted joint, Fig. 59, exhibits the spigot end as straight. 
 This form usually entails accurate sizing of the two parts for each joint 
 so that those identical pieces will be assembled in the field. 
 
 In order to make the jpints interchangeable in the erection and to 
 facilitate assembling and calking, it is advisable to expand the spigot end 
 on a slight taper for single riveted joints, as shown by Fig. 58. This 
 enables laying out the rivet holes accurately tor a gage before punching. 
 The tapered spigot can, of course, be applied to the double riveted joint, 
 Fig. 50- 
 
 Since the strain imposed by the pressure on the girth joint is one-half 
 of the strain imposed pn the longitudinal joint, it is evident that the 
 riveted girth joint need have only one-half of the strength of the welded 
 joint or longitudinal seam. Therefore with welded or seamless pipe it 
 is never necessary to use double riveted joints except in those locations 
 where the pipe above ground makes a bend, or where the pipe must act 
 as a beam and the joint is exposed to strains produced by flexure. 
 
 The following rule can be used for figuring the riveting, spacing, etc.: 
 
 Fig. 58 Fig. 59 
 
 Single Riveted Double Riveted 
 
 D = 1.5 T + .16 inch D = 1.5 T + .16 inch 
 
 P = 2D + .4 inch PI = 3 D + .78 inch 
 
 A = 1.5 D + y 8 inch N = 2 D + .4 inch 
 
 B = 1.5 D A = 1.5 D + y 8 inch 
 B= 1.5 D 
 
Valves and Fittings 167 
 
 VALVES AND FITTINGS 
 
 It is the intention to present information in this section regarding 
 valves and fittings, which will be of value to all who use them. 
 
 Valves and fittings are designed to conform to the pipe connections 
 of the line in which they are used. Wrought pipe is usually connected 
 in one of three ways, screwed, flanged, or leaded joints. 
 
 Screwed. Pipe in sizes from l /s inch to 15 inches inclusive, is regu- 
 larly threaded on the ends, and is connected by means of threaded 
 couplings. 
 
 Flanged. Pipe in sizes i*4 inches and larger is frequently connected 
 by drilled flanges bolted together, the joint being made by a gasket 
 between the flange faces. 
 
 Flanges are attached to the pipe in a variety of ways. The most 
 common method for sizes of pipe from i^4 inches to 15 inches inclusive, 
 is by screwing them on the pipe. Many prefer peened flanges for pipe 
 larger than 6 inches. The peened flange is shrunk on the end of the 
 pipe, and the latter is then peened over or expanded into a recess in the 
 flange face, after which the ends of the pipe and the flange are sometimes 
 faced off in a lathe. Steel flanges are also welded to pipe and loose 
 flanges are used by flanging over the pipe ends. When flanges are called 
 for, and no method of attaching is stated, screwed flanges are always 
 furnished. 
 
 Leaded Joints. For water pipe which does not have to stand very 
 high pressures leaded joints are often used. The most common leaded 
 joints are the Converse Lock Joint* and the Matheson Joint. Converse 
 Joint is made by means of a special cast-iron coupling or hub which has a 
 groove on each end extending around just inside of the end of the coupling, 
 and two tee-shaped grooves on each end a short distance in from the circu- 
 lar groove. The pipe has two holes punched a short distance from the end 
 on opposite sides into which rivets are driven. In making up this joint, the 
 heads of the rivets slip into the tee-shaped slots of the hub, and the pipe 
 is turned slightly, thus holding the pipe from pulling out of the hub end- 
 wise. This joint is then made tight by pouring lead into the circular 
 slot and calking. The Matheson Jointt is another type of lead joint 
 used for water or gas. 
 
 Working Pressures. All valves and fittings are classified, as a rule, 
 under five general headings: low pressure, standard, medium pressure, 
 extra heavy, and hydraulic, which are almost universally understood to 
 represent the following working pressures: 
 
 Low Pressure suitable for working steam pressures up to 25 pounds 
 per square inch. 
 
 Standard suitable for working steam pressures up to 125 pounds per 
 square inch. 
 
 * See pages 84 and 108. f See pages 84 and 107. 
 
168 Valves and Fittings 
 
 Medium Pressure suitable for working steam pressures from 125 
 pounds to 175 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Extra Heavy suitable for working steam pressures from 175 pounds 
 to 250 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Hydraulic suitable for high pressure water up to 800 pounds pressure 
 per square inch. 
 
 Water Hammer. When selecting valves and fittings, the possibility 
 of shock or strain due to water hammer, in excess of the average working 
 pressure of the line or system, should be considered. Many valves and 
 fittings, installed where the working pressure under normal conditions 
 would be low, have failed because of a pressure due to water hammer. 
 This danger can be avoided by proper cushioning of the line (see 
 page 284). 
 
 Expansion and Contraction. Expansion and contraction should be 
 provided for in all installations, especially steam, by the use of an expan- 
 sion joint, expansion bend, or other approved device. For table of ex- 
 pansion and contraction, see page 347. 
 
 Thread Gage. All valves and fittings are regularly furnished, threaded 
 or tapped to the Briggs Standard Gage, which is the same as used for 
 pipe threads. The threading is accurate to gage within ordinary limits 
 of variation. (For article concerning Briggs Standard Threads see 
 page 208.) 
 
 Nipples. Nipples are made in all sizes from Vs inch to 12 inches in- 
 clusive, in all lengths, either black or galvanized, and regular right-hand 
 or right- and left-hand threads. (For table of nipples see pages 171-172.) 
 
 In the case of Long Screws or Tank Nipples, they should be made 
 of extra heavy pipe because there is less danger of crushing or splitting 
 them when screwing up. 
 
 Screwed Fittings Malleable Iron. Malleable Iron Fittings are 
 made in Standard, Extra Heavy and Hydraulic. 
 
 The Standard Malleable Iron Fittings are made in both plain and 
 beaded. 
 
 The Plain Standard Malleable Iron Fittings are generally u? a for 
 low pressure gas and water, as in house plumbing and railing WOIK, and 
 the beaded is the standard steam, air, gas, or oil fitting. 
 
 The Beaded Fittings are made in sizes from VQ inch to 8 inches in- 
 clusive, and in 4 inches and smaller in nearly every useful combination 
 of openings. Sizes larger than 4 inches are not usually made reducing 
 except by means of bushing. 
 
 The Extra Heavy and Hydraulic Malleable Iron Fittings are usually 
 flat bead, or Banded, and Standard Malleable Iron Fittings with a flat 
 bead are also coming into use. 
 
 Screwed Fittings Cast Iron. Cast-Iron Screwed Fittings are made 
 in Standard and Extra Heavy in sizes 1 A inch to 12 inches inclusive. 
 However, it is not considered good practice to use screwed fittings of 
 any kind in sizes larger than 6 inches. 
 
Valves and Fittings 169 
 
 Flanged Fittings. Flanged fittings are generally made only in sizes 
 2 inches and larger, and in four weights; namely, Low Pressure, Standard, 
 Extra Heavy, and Hydraulic. The flanges of the Low Pressure and 
 Standard are the same, with the exception of the flange thickness, which 
 is less on the low pressure. These flanges are known as the American 
 Society of Mechanical Engineers or Master Steam Fitters' Standard 
 (see page 176). 
 
 The flanges of Extra Heavy fittings are what is known as the Manu- 
 facturers' Standard, or that adopted by leading valve and fitting manu- 
 facturers in 1901. 
 
 There is no recognized standard for flanges in Hydraulic work. 
 
 Unions. Unions are usually classified under two headings, Nut 
 Unions and Flange Unions. The Nut Unions are commonly used in 
 sizes 2 inches and smaller and Flange Unions in sizes larger than 2 inches. 
 However, many manufacturers make Nut Unions as large as 4 inches 
 and Flange Unions smaller than 2 inches. 
 
 Nut Unions are made in Malleable Iron, Brass and Malleable Iron, 
 and all Brass. The all Malleable Iron Union (Lip Union) is the standard 
 Malleable Union of the trade and requires a gasket. The Brass and Mal- 
 leable Iron Union (known as the "Kewanee" Union) is a much better 
 union because no gasket is required, and there is no possibility of the parts 
 rusting together. The pipe end of the "Kewanee" Union which carries 
 an external thread, called the thread end, upon which the nut or ring 
 screws, is made of brass, and the other pipe end (called the bottom) and 
 nut or ring are made of Malleable Iron. The seat formed by the Brass 
 and Iron Pipe ends when brought together is truly spherical, and the 
 harder iron is sure to make a perfect joint with the softer brass. 
 
 When selecting a Brass and Malleable Union, one with inserted brass 
 pieces should be avoided. These inserts are generally rolled in, and 
 frequently become loose under varying expansion and contraction; or 
 when disconnection is attempted the nut and thread end are firmly 
 corroded together. 
 
 All Brass Unions are made with a spherical or conical seat, no gaskets 
 being required. The finished all Brass Union is often used where showy 
 work is desired, such as oil piping for engines, etc. 
 
 Flange Unions are made of both cast iron and malleable iron in three 
 weights. Standard, Extra Heavy, and Hydraulic. 
 
 Valves and Cocks. The most common means for regulating the flow 
 of fluids in pipes is by means of valves and cocks, the valves being pre- 
 ferred because of the easier operation and greater reliability. The com- 
 mon types of valves are Straightway or Gate, Globe, and Angle. While 
 the use of Globe Valves is still advised by some engineers, yet it is be- 
 coming more thoroughly appreciated every day that a straightway 
 valve should be preferred, for many reasons, in most installations. One 
 of the principal reasons for not using a globe valve is the resistance which 
 it offers to the flow of any fluid. It is considered that a globe valve at 
 its best offers 50 per cent more resistance to the flow of steam or other 
 
170 Valves and Fittings 
 
 fluids than a right-angled elbow. There are, however, some kinds of 
 service where a globe valve is preferable, and many where an angle valve 
 is an absolute necessity. 
 
 Gate or Straightway Valves. Gate or Straightway Valves are made 
 in Low Pressure, Standard, Medium Pressure, Extra Heavy, and Hy- 
 draulic, in both brass and iron body. Gate Valves for superheated steam 
 have also been made of all iron or steel castings. Brass valves are regu- 
 larly made in sizes as large as 3 inches, and iron body Gate Valves are 
 regularly made as follows: 
 
 Low Pressure 12 inches to 48 inches inclusive. 
 
 Standard 2 inches to 30 inches inclusive. 
 
 Medium Pressure 2 inches to 18 inches inclusive. 
 
 Extra Heavy i^4 inches to 24 inches inclusive. 
 
 Hydraulic i% inches to 12 inches inclusive. 
 
 Globe and Angle Valves. Globe and Angle Valves are made in 
 Standard, Medium Pressure, Extra Heavy and Hydraulic, in both brass 
 and iron body, except Hydraulic, which are generally made in brass 
 only. Many manufacturers make a Globe and Angle Valve known as 
 Light Standard or Competition Valve, but it is not recommended for 
 any work except the lowest pressures, or where the valve will not be 
 often opened or closed. 
 
 Standard Brass Globe and Angle Valves are regularly made in sizes 
 VB inch to 4 inches inclusive, Medium Pressure Vi inch to 3 inches inclu- 
 sive, Extra Heavy ^ inch to 3 inches inclusive, and Hydraulic Vz inch 
 to 2 inches inclusive. 
 
 The Standard and Extra Heavy Iron Body Globe and Angle Valves 
 are regular^ made in sizes from 2 inches to 12 inches inclusive. 
 
 Check Valves. Check Valves are regularly made in Standard, 
 Medium Pressure, Extra Heavy and Hydraulic, in both brass and iron 
 body. The brass Check Valves are regularly made in sizes from Vs inch 
 to 4 inches inclusive, and the iron body Check Valves in sizes 2 inches 
 to 12 inches inclusive. 
 
 Cocks. Cocks are generally designated under two headings, Steam 
 and Gas, and are made in both brass and iron body. The brass are 
 regularly made in sizes from i/i inch to 3 inches inclusive, and the iron 
 body in sizes from V'z inch to 6 inches inclusive. 
 
 Blast Furnace Fittings. Under this heading may be classified 
 Tuyere Cocks, Tuyere Unions, and Universal Unions, which are very 
 common fittings in blast furnace piping, and are always made of brass 
 on account of the ease in disconnecting, greater reliability of metal, 
 and resistance to corrosion from the impurities in the water, such as 
 sulphuric acid. 
 
 NOTE. A special catalogue, showing fittings, valves, etc., has been issued. 
 
Pipe Nipples 
 
 171 
 
 Wrought Pipe Nipples Black and Galvanized 
 
 Fig. 60 
 
 Fig. 6 1 
 
 Threaded Right Hand 
 
 Size 
 
 Length 
 
 Threads 
 per inch 
 
 (!) 
 
 o 
 
 | 
 
 C/D 
 
 Long 
 
 Extra long 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vs 
 
 % 
 
 l!/2 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 3V2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 y 4 
 
 7 /8 
 
 iVfe 
 
 2 
 
 2y> 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 
 I 
 
 i!/2 
 
 2 
 
 2l/{. 
 
 3 
 
 3V2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 % 
 
 1% 
 
 
 2 
 
 2y 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 % 
 
 1% 
 
 2 
 
 21/2 
 
 3 
 
 3Ms 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 i 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 3y 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 uy 2 
 
 iy4 
 
 1% 
 
 2^2 
 
 3 
 
 3 l /2 
 
 4 
 
 4y 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 ny 2 
 
 i% 
 
 1% 
 
 2y 2 
 
 3 
 
 3y 2 
 
 4 
 
 4y 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 ny 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 8 /4 
 
 2y 2 
 
 3 
 
 3y 2 
 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 12 
 
 ii% 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3y 2 
 
 3*6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 41/2 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 8andii!/2 
 8andiii /2 
 
 3% 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 5% 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4y 2 
 
 5 
 
 sy2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4y 2 
 
 5 
 
 sy 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 3% 
 
 
 5 
 
 sy 2 
 
 6 
 
 6y^ 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 3H 
 
 4^2 
 
 5 
 
 sV 2 
 
 6 
 
 6y 2 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 _]/ 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Assorted close and short nipples will always be shipped, unless otherwise 
 ordered. 
 
 Nipples also made from Extra Strong Pipe. 
 
 Nipples longer than 12 inches can be furnished when ordered. 
 
 Taper of threads is % inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 Nipples larger than 3 inch pipe and longer than 12 inches are considered as cut 
 pipe and can be furnished when ordered. 
 
 2V2 inch and 3 inch nipples will be furnished 8 threads unless otherwise ordered. 
 
 All dimensions given in inches. 
 
172 
 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Nipples 
 
 
 Wrought 
 
 Pipe Nipples Black and Galvanized 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 Fig. 62 
 
 Threaded Right and Left Hand 
 
 
 Length 
 
 
 Size 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Threads 
 per inch 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Short 
 
 Long 
 
 Extra long 
 
 
 y* 
 
 IV2 
 
 2 2^> 
 
 3 3y 2 4 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 y* 
 
 I^ 2 
 
 2 2y 2 
 
 3 3y 2 4 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 
 I^ 2 
 
 2 2y 2 
 
 3 3y 2 4 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 % 
 
 iy 2 
 
 2 21/2 
 
 3 3y 2 4 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 2y 2 3 
 
 3y 2 4 ... 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 10 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 2y 2 3 
 
 3y 2 4 ... 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 ny 2 
 
 !^4 
 
 2% 
 
 3 3y 2 
 
 4 4y 2 . . . 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 2$ 
 
 3 3y 2 
 
 4 4V 2 . . . 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 ny 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 y 2 
 
 3 3y 2 
 
 4 4 ! / 2 . . 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 ny 2 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 31,2 4 
 
 4^2 5 
 
 ... 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 
 
 TT 
 
 T? 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3V 2 4 
 
 4V2 5 ... 
 
 ... 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 TT 
 
 T? 
 
 8 
 
 3y 2 
 
 4 
 
 4^ 2 5 
 
 sy 2 6 
 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 o 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4y 2 s 
 
 sy 2 6 
 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nipples also made from Extra Strong Pipe. 
 
 Nipples longer than 12 inches can be furnished when ordered. 
 
 Nipples larger than 3-inch pipe and longer than 12 inches are considered aa 
 
 cut pipe and can be furnished when ordered. 
 
 Taper of threads is 8 / 
 
 i inch diameter per foot length for all sizes. 
 
 All dimensions given 
 
 in inches. 
 
 
 
 
 
Pipe Nipples 
 
 173 
 
 Wrought Pipe Long Screw Nipples Black and Galvanized 
 
 Fig. 63 
 Threaded Right Hand 
 
 Size 
 
 r l 
 
 a/ 
 
 y 2 
 
 8/ l 
 
 I 
 
 Tl/l 
 
 TVo 
 
 2 
 
 ?Vo 
 
 3 
 
 W> 
 
 4 
 
 Standard length . . 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 3V2 
 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 5% 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8% 
 
 9 
 
 Threads per inch.. 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 ny 2 
 
 iiy 2 
 
 11% 
 
 nV 2 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Nipples made from Extra Strong Pipe. 
 
 All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 Long screws, longer than Standard can be made. 
 
 In ordering special lengths always specify the length of thread desired. 
 
 Wrought Pipe Tank Nipples Black and Galvanized 
 
 Fig. 64 
 Threaded Right Hand 
 
 Size . 
 
 % 
 
 y* 
 
 9$ 
 
 U 
 
 8/ 1 
 
 i 
 
 T1/1 
 
 TVo 
 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 W- 
 
 4 
 
 Standard length.. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8% 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Threads per inch.. 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 11% 
 
 n% 
 
 11% 
 
 "% 
 
 and 
 
 and 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11% 
 
 11% 
 
 
 
 Nipples made from Extra Strong Pipe. 
 
 Nipples longer than Standard can be furnished when ordered. 
 
 All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 In ordering special lengths always specify the length of thread desired. 
 
174 
 
 Casing Nipples 
 
 Wrought Casing Nipples 
 
 Fig. 65 
 Threaded Right Hand 
 
 
 Length 
 
 Size 
 
 
 
 Close 
 
 Short 
 
 Long 
 
 | 
 
 Extra long 
 
 3 
 
 2V 2 
 
 3 
 
 3% 
 
 4 
 
 4V2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Q 
 
 10 
 
 TT 
 
 12 
 
 3V4 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 5V2 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Q 
 
 TO 
 
 TT 
 
 12 
 
 3V 2 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 5% 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 3% 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 4V2 
 
 5 
 
 sV 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Sft 
 
 5 
 
 sV 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 TT 
 
 12 
 
 4}4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 SVa 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 tfi 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4^ 
 
 5 
 
 5% 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 4% 
 
 3 
 
 4. 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 5% 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 IO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 S 
 
 5^ 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 TO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 5 8 /l6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5V 2 
 
 6 
 
 6V 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 5% 
 6^4 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 5V2 
 
 6 
 
 6V 2 
 
 V 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 IO 
 IO 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 'ft 
 
 9 
 
 IO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 75 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Q 
 
 IO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8*4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 IO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 8% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 IO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 9% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~f-t 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 IO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 10% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Made from lightest weight Standard Boston Casing and same number of 
 threads per inch as shown on page 26, unless otherwise ordered. 
 Nipples longer than 12 inches can be furnished when ordered. 
 All dimensions given in inches. 
 
Threaded Flanges 175 
 
 Extra Heavy Pipe Flanges (Threaded) 
 
 Suitable for 250 Pounds Working Steam Pressure 
 
 Adopted by a Conference of Manufacturers, June 28, 1901 
 
 Pipe size 
 
 Flange 
 
 Bolts 
 
 Weight 
 
 In- 
 
 Ex- 
 
 Out- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 ternal 
 diam- 
 
 ternal 
 diam- 
 
 side 
 diam- 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Length 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 
 Size 
 
 Length 
 
 Circle 
 
 pair 
 
 eter 
 
 eter 
 
 eter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 23/ 8 
 
 6V 2 
 
 % 
 
 i% 
 
 4 
 
 % 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 15 
 
 2% 
 
 2% 
 
 7% 
 
 I 
 
 i%6 
 
 4 
 
 % 
 
 31/2 
 
 5% 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 3^2 
 
 81/4 
 
 i% 
 
 I%6 
 
 8 
 
 % 
 
 31/2 
 
 6% 
 
 28 
 
 m 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 I%6 
 
 i% 
 
 8 
 
 % 
 
 3V2 
 
 7V* 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 10 
 
 1% 
 
 i% 
 
 8 
 
 % 
 
 4 
 
 7% 
 
 44 
 
 4Va 
 
 5 
 
 10% 
 
 I%6 
 
 I 18 /16 
 
 8 
 
 % 
 
 4 
 
 8V 2 
 
 So 
 
 5 
 
 5 9 /16 
 
 II 
 
 1% 
 
 1% 
 
 8 
 
 % 
 
 4 
 
 9% 
 
 56 
 
 6 
 
 6% 
 
 I2V 2 
 
 iTAe 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 % 
 
 4l/2 
 
 105/8 
 
 72 
 
 7 
 
 7% 
 
 14 
 
 1% 
 
 2Vl6 
 
 12 
 
 % 
 
 4V2 
 
 HT/8 
 
 91 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 8% 
 
 9% 
 
 IS 
 16 
 
 i% 
 i% 
 
 a- 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 % 
 % 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 108 
 126 
 
 10 
 
 10% 
 
 17% 
 
 i% 
 
 2% 
 
 16 
 
 % 
 
 sV 2 
 
 15% 
 
 155 
 
 II 
 
 n% 
 
 18% 
 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 16 
 
 % 
 
 sy 2 
 
 16% 
 
 186 
 
 12 
 
 12% 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 a%e 
 
 16 
 
 % 
 
 sV 2 
 
 17% 
 
 209 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 22% 
 
 2% 
 
 21^16 
 
 20 
 
 7 /8 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 288 
 
 14 
 
 r s 
 
 23% 
 
 2%6 
 
 ai%6 
 
 20 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 311 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 2U 
 
 2% 
 
 2O 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 22V 2 
 
 363 
 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 2% 
 
 3Vl6 
 
 24 
 
 I 
 
 6V 2 
 
 24V 2 
 
 423 
 
 
 20 
 
 29V2 
 
 2% 
 
 3^4 
 
 24 
 
 iVs 
 
 7 
 
 26% 
 
 515 
 
 
 22 
 
 311/2 
 
 2% 
 
 3Vl6 
 
 28 
 
 11/8 
 
 7 
 
 283/ 4 
 
 587 
 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 2% 
 
 3% 
 
 28 
 
 iVs 
 
 7V 2 
 
 31% 
 
 713 
 
 All dimensions given in inches. 
 
 All weights given in pounds. 
 
 Weights specified do not include bolts and gaskets. 
 
176 Threaded Flanges 
 
 Standard Pipe Flanges (Cast Iron, Threaded) 
 
 Adopted August, 1894, by a Committee of the Master Steam and Hot Water 
 
 Fitters' Association, a Committee of the American Society of Mechanical 
 
 Engineers, and the leading Valve and Fitting Manufacturers of the United 
 
 States. 
 
 Pipe size 
 
 Flange 
 
 Bolts 
 
 |l 
 
 xternal 
 ameter 
 
 Outside 
 diameter 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Width of 
 Face 
 
 1 
 
 Size 
 
 Length 
 
 Circle 
 
 ^ 
 
 W* 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 6 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 % % 
 
 2 
 
 4 8 /i 
 
 2% 
 
 2% 
 
 7 
 
 *%6 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 % % 
 
 2V4 
 
 
 3 
 
 3% 
 
 m 
 
 3/4 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 % % 
 
 2% 
 
 6 2 
 
 3% 
 
 4 
 
 8% 
 
 18 /4e 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 % % 
 
 2% 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 9 
 
 15 Ae 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 % 8 /4 
 
 2 8 /4 
 
 7 y 2 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 9% 
 
 1%6 
 
 2% 
 
 8 
 
 % 3/4 
 
 3 
 
 7% 
 
 5 
 
 5%0 
 
 10 
 
 15 /16 
 
 2% 
 
 8 
 
 % 8 /4 
 
 3 
 
 8% 
 
 6 
 
 6% 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 2% 
 
 8 
 
 % 8 /4 
 
 3 
 
 9% 
 
 7 
 
 7% 
 
 12% 
 
 I%6 
 
 28/4 
 
 8 
 
 % 8 /4 
 
 314 
 
 103/4 
 
 8 
 
 8% 
 
 13% 
 
 1% 
 
 2 8 /4 
 
 8 
 
 % % 
 
 
 H 8 /4 
 
 9 
 
 9% 
 
 IS 
 
 1% 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 % 8 /4 
 
 3V2 
 
 13% 
 
 10 
 
 10% 
 
 16 
 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 % % 
 
 3% 
 
 141/4 
 
 12 
 
 123/4 
 
 19 
 
 1% 
 
 3% 
 
 12 
 
 8 /4 % 
 
 3% 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 1% 
 
 
 12 
 
 % I 
 
 4% 
 
 i8 8 / 4 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 23% 
 
 1% 
 
 f! 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 % I 
 % I 
 
 % 
 
 20 
 21% 
 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 i 9 /ie 
 
 3% 
 
 16 
 
 1% 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 22% 
 
 
 20 
 22 
 
 27% 
 
 Il%6 
 
 3 8 /i 
 3 8 /4 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 1% 
 
 5% 
 
 25 
 
 27% 
 
 
 24 
 
 31% 32 
 
 1% I 7 /8 
 
 3 8 /4 4 
 
 2O 
 
 1% 
 
 
 29% 291/2 
 
 
 26 
 
 33 3 /4 34% 
 
 1% 2 
 
 3% 4% 
 
 24 
 
 1% 
 
 5 8 /4 
 
 31% 3i3/i 
 
 
 28 
 
 36 36% 
 
 I%6 2% 
 
 4 4% 
 
 28 
 
 !% 
 
 6 
 
 33% 34 
 
 
 30 
 
 38 38% 
 
 1% 2% 
 
 4 4% 
 
 28 
 
 %i% 
 
 61/4 
 
 35% 36 
 
 These flanges in the heavier bolting are used in general practice for pressures 
 
 up to 125 pounds per square inch. For greater pressures see table, page 175. of 
 
 extra heavy flanges adopted by a Conference of Manufacturers, June 28, 1901. 
 
 All dimensions given in inches. 
 
Railings 
 
 HAND RAILINGS 
 
 177 
 
 The use of pipe and fittings for hand railings around area ways, on 
 stairs, for office enclosures with gates and for permanent ladders, is illus- 
 trated by the following set of cuts, which are typical of many installations 
 which might be made. The construction of hand railings of such 
 materials commends itself, first, on the ground of durability due to 
 material used; second, neatness of design and detail; third, safety due 
 to strength; and fourth, cheapness of construction. The illustrations 
 illustrate methods of assembling, which can be differentiated in a great 
 many ways, but which have been found successful and economical. 
 
 Regular railing fittings, such as shown by figures H-i64 to [-172 
 inclusive, are furnished recessed, so that all short threads will be cov- 
 ered. Other railing fittings may be furnished in the same manner. 
 Fittings of special angles can also be furnished when required, at special 
 prices, but it is our experience that the regular patterns can be used in 
 almost all cases, regardless of the angles involved, either by bending the 
 pipe, as in Fig. 71, or by the use of extra fittings, as in Fig. 72. 
 
 The numbers on the illustrations with the letter "H" in front refer 
 to National Tube Company's catalogue H, issue 1909. 
 
 NOTE. All threads right-hand. Thread double length where indicated. 
 Numbers given refer to catalogue numbers. 
 
178 
 
 Railings 
 
 /H.I 
 
 Fig. 67 
 
 NOTE. All threads right-hand. Thread double length where indicated. 
 Numbers given refer to catalogue numbers. 
 
 Fig. 68 
 
 NOTE. All threads right-hand. Thread double length where indicated. 
 Numbers given refer to catalogue numbers. 
 
Railings 
 
 179 
 
 '& Fig. 69 
 
 NOTE. All threads right-hand. Numbers given refer to catalogue numbers. 
 
 Fig. 70 
 
 NOTE. Suitable for steps at 30 angle. All threads right-hand. Numbers 
 given refer to catalogue numbers. 
 
180 
 
 Railings 
 
 Fig. 71 
 
 NOTE. Standard fittings used and pipes bent to suit any angle of steps. All 
 threads right-hand. Thread double length where indicated. Numbers given 
 refer to catalogue numbers. 
 
 Fig. 72 
 
 NOTE. Standard fittings are suitable for any angle of steps. All threads 
 right-hand. Thread double length where indicated. Numbers given refer to 
 catalogue numbers. 
 
Railings 
 
 181 
 
 Fig. 73 
 
 NOTE. Standard fittings are suitable for any angle of steps. All threads 
 right-hand. Thread double length where indicated. Numbers given refer to 
 catalogue number. 
 
 Fig. 74 
 
 NOTE. Fittings marked "A" are bored to turn on pipes for hinges. All 
 threads right-hand. Thread double length where indicated. Numbers given 
 refer to catalogue number. 
 
182 
 
 Railings 
 
 Fig- 75 
 
 NOTE. All threads right-hand. Thread double length where indicated. 
 Numbers given refer to catalogue number. 
 
 Fig. 76 
 
 NOTE. All threads right-hand. Thread double length where indicated. 
 Numbers given refer to catalogue numbers. 
 
Pipe Ladders 
 
 183 
 
 o= 
 
 Fig. 77 
 
 Round Pipe Rungs 
 Round Pipe Runners 
 
 Fig. 78 
 
 Flat Bar Rungs 
 Round Pipe Runners 
 
 Typical Pipe Ladders 
 
184 
 
 Pipe Ladders 
 
 Fig. 79 
 
 Round Pipe Rungs 
 Round Pipe Runners 
 
 Fig. 80 
 
 Square Pipe Rungs 
 Rectangular Pipe Runners 
 
 Typical Pipe Ladders 
 
Pipe Ladders 
 
 185 
 
 = 
 
 ~l 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 Fig. 81 
 
 Square Pipe Rungs 
 Rectangular Pipe Runners 
 
 Fig. 82 
 
 Round Pipe Rungs 
 Rectangular Pipe Runners 
 
 Typical Pipe Ladders 
 
186 
 
 Pipe Ladders 
 
 Fig. 83 
 
 Round Pipe Rungs 
 Round Pipe Runners 
 
 Fig. 84 
 
 Square Pipe Rungs 
 Square Pipe Runners 
 
 Typical Pipe Ladders 
 
Working Barrels 
 
 187 
 
 WORKING BARRELS 
 
 The working barrels, sizes and weights of which are given in table 
 shown, are manufactured from specially made lap-welded pipe. The 
 steel from which these lap-welded pipes are made is of a special corn- 
 position with a view to obtaining a hard, smooth surface in the finished 
 working barrel. 
 
 The making of the working barrel from a lap- welded pipe is accom- 
 plished by a special process consisting of several cold-drawing oper- 
 ations. These cold-drawing operations make the inside surface of the 
 working barrel extremely smooth and bright; besides that it still fur- 
 ther hardens the surface of the working barrel, over and above the hard- 
 ness already established in the especially prepared lap-welded pipe. 
 
 This process of manufacturing working barrels makes them especially 
 adapted and suited for the hard service to which they are subjected in 
 the oil fields. 
 
 i... 
 
 Fig. 85 
 
 k-34">J 
 
 ! Std.0il Well Tubing 11 J$th 
 
 H-iSM 
 
 >JMG Fig ' 86 
 
 3 WORKING BARREL 
 
 2^ StdLOU Well Tubing llj$th 
 
 ny&r' ^r 
 
 li 
 
 Fig. 88 
 NOTE. All Working Barrels are threaded 14 threads per inch. 
 
188 
 
 Seamless Cylinders 
 
 Table of Lengths and Weights of Working Barrels 
 
 1 
 
 2-inch Barrel 
 
 2^-inch Barrel 
 
 3-inch Barrel 
 
 4-inch Barrel 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 bo 
 
 bo 
 
 ^ 
 
 bo 
 
 bO 
 
 S 
 
 bo 
 
 bo 
 
 2 
 
 
 bO 
 
 m 
 
 be 
 
 lit 
 
 "E 
 
 .2 
 
 Its 
 
 G 
 
 a 
 
 lla 
 
 "E 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 *E 
 
 *E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 "o g ^ 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 *o g"E 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 "o g^ 
 
 g 
 
 8 
 
 *o g ^ 
 
 b 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 | 
 
 1*1 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 | 8 
 
 fe 
 
 > 
 
 I 8 8 
 
 fc 
 
 
 5 o 
 
 
 fc 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 ex 
 
 
 I 
 
 ill 
 
 | 
 
 9 
 
 If! 
 
 *o 
 
 *o 
 
 P 
 
 *o 
 
 ? 
 
 rp 
 
 *o 
 
 *o 
 
 ti 
 
 a^+j 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 {3^*5 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 G^^> 
 
 ^H 
 
 ^ 
 
 c^^5 
 
 g 
 
 ^d 
 
 3 
 
 g a 
 
 .? 
 
 !| 
 
 *.s'^ 
 
 bO 
 
 bO 
 "S 
 
 |flf 
 
 bo 
 
 
 
 *g g' 
 
 bo 
 
 .? 
 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ? 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 & 
 
 fe 
 
 ^ 
 
 P 
 
 Ft.In. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 4-0 
 
 29 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 3i 
 
 3-5 
 
 5 
 
 44 
 
 5.5 
 
 6.5 
 
 66 
 
 8 
 
 Q 
 
 4-6 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 5-o 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 5-6 
 
 4O 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 6-0 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 6-6 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 7-0 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 7-6 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 
 
 8-0 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 9-0 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 10-0 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 139 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SEAMLESS CYLINDERS 
 
 National Tube Company manufactures seamless cylinders for a variety 
 of purposes: containers for oxygen, carbonic acid, air, etc. A wide range 
 of sizes is produced, varying from a few pounds in weight up to 1 8 and 20 
 inches in diameter with %-inch wall and 12 to 14 feet long. 
 
 The smaller cylinders are manufactured from a seamless hot-rolled 
 or cold-drawn tube, one end being forged to form the neck, and the 
 other end being closed in for the bottom. 
 
 The larger cylinders are made from a flat plate, cupped and hot- drawn 
 into a cylindrical shell. The closed end of the shell, remaining from the 
 cupping process, forms the bottom of the container; the open end is 
 forged to form the neck. 
 
 The material used for making cylinders is basic open-hearth steel of 
 analysis to give desired physical properties; low-medium, high-carbon 
 and nickel steels, also chrome-vanadium steels, are regularly furnished 
 when desired. 
 
 NOTE. See standard specifications for seamless cylinders. 
 
Cylinder Heads 
 
 189 
 
 CYLINDER HEADS ; THEIR STRENGTH, ETC. 
 
 The ends of pipes or tubes may have heads put in or formed with them 
 in order to produce cylinders. Commercial considerations of quantity 
 of cylinders, cost of manufacture, handling, etc., affect the selection of 
 the design, often to greater extent than do engineering considerations. 
 A design that would be permissible and cheap on 10 ooo heads might 
 be of prohibitive cost on one head. The ordinary shapes of heads are 
 here shown: 
 
 Fig. 89 
 
 Fig. 90 
 
 Fig. 91 
 
 Fig. 92 
 
 . Fig. 93 
 
 Fig. 94 
 
 Fig. 95 
 
 Fig. 96 
 
 Fig. 97 
 
 Fig. 98 
 
 Fig. 99 
 
 Fig. 100 
 
 Fig. 101 
 
 Fig. 102 
 
 Fig. 103 
 
190 Cylinder Heads 
 
 Figs. 89, 98, and 101 show "flat heads'' Fig. 89 shows the seamless 
 shape which is frequently used on cylinders of large diameters over 10 
 inches, when the cylinders are required to stand upright. Fig. 98 shows 
 a head welded in lap-weld pipe. Such is desirable at times because the 
 thick heads permit tapping for connections. When only a few cylinders 
 are wanted such heads are relatively cheap. Fig. 101 shows style of 
 welded heads used on annealing pots. 
 
 Figs. 90 and 91 show heads that are called "Round," or "Spherical" on 
 seamless cylinders, while Fig. 100 shows heads that are called "Bumped" 
 in the case of lap-weld cylinders. Bumped heads are brazed in. This 
 style of heads is used on cylinders that are not required to stand up- 
 right. 
 
 Figs. 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102, and 103 show styles of heads that are 
 applied to cylinders that are required to stand upright. Figs. 92, 94, and 
 95 are used on seamless cylinders up to lo-inch diameter. Figs. 96 and 97 
 may be used on any size of lap-weld cylinders. Fig. 102 is practically 
 restricted in use to small sizes and is frequently made tight by means 
 of hard or soft solder. 
 
 Fig. 93 shows what may be called the "Standard" neck, end, or head 
 used on all seamless cylinders. 
 
 Fig. 99 shows a "converged" form of ends, which are so formed in 
 order to prevent the fingers from slipping off when handling the cylin- 
 ders. This shape does not affect or increase the strength or security 
 of the heads to any calculable extent. 
 
 Thin heads that must be drilled and tapped usually require rein- 
 forcement at the holes. A common form of such is shown in Fig. 103, 
 which illustrates what is called a welded "boss" or "pop." 
 
 Figs. 90 and 91 show heads that are usually the consequent product 
 from the plates of which the cylinder is drawn, but many are produced 
 by a spinning operation from the material of the tubes, and so permits 
 a cylinder to be made from "plain-end" tube. Using lap- weld pipe this 
 shape may be made by swaging down to a shape somewhat like Fig. 95, 
 and then welding, or welding in a plug. 
 
 The strength of heads is usually determined, in the case of round, spher- 
 ical, or bumped heads (Figs. 90, 91, and 100), by the simple approximate 
 rule for spheres subjected to internal pressure: i.e., 
 
 pD = 4 TS, 
 
 which is suitable in such cases, as pd = 2 ts is suitable for pipes. There- 
 fore, for one pressure and one fiber stress the thickness of a sphere would 
 be half the thickness of a cylinder of same diameter, or for equal thick- 
 ness the radius of the sphere would equal the diameter of the pipe. The 
 same rule may be applied to the shape per Figs. 93 and 95, but the 
 radius of curvature of such shape is usually determined by the swaging 
 process by which it is produced. That process also invariably thickens 
 the material toward the neck. 
 
 The cupped heads like Fig. 91, having the thickness of the plate from 
 which the tube is made, usually can stand having the head dished in, 
 without the head being weaker than the shell. 
 
Cylinder Heads 
 
 191 
 
 The strength of welded dished heads (Figs. 96, 97, 99, and 102) is less 
 understood, but the marine-inspection laws usually allow them to carry 
 %o the pressure that may be put on bumped heads. Expressed other- 
 wise, the thickness of dished heads by such rules must be i% times 
 the thickness of bumped heads. Thus 
 
 pDl 2\ 5 PD .5PR 
 2 i j _ i _ _ . 
 
 45 \ 37 12 s 6s 
 
 Assume that steel of good welding quality may be stressed to s 
 20 ooo pounds per square inch by test pressure = p; then an approxi- 
 mate solution gives the thickness of heads stated in the following table 
 for value of R and p (in inches and pounds per square inch). R = radius 
 of curvature of spherical dished heads. 
 
 Table of Thickness of Dished Heads 
 
 Radius 
 R 
 
 500 
 
 700 
 
 IOOO 
 
 Test pressure 
 1500 
 
 P 
 
 2OOO 
 
 25OO 
 
 3000 
 
 2 
 
 .042 
 
 .058 
 
 .083 
 
 .13 
 
 17 
 
 .21 
 
 .25 
 
 3 
 
 .063 
 
 .088 
 
 .13 
 
 .19 
 
 .25 
 
 31 
 
 .38 
 
 4 
 
 .083 
 
 .12 
 
 .17 
 
 .25 
 
 .33 
 
 .42 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 .10 
 
 .15 
 
 .21 
 
 .31 
 
 .42 
 
 52 
 
 .63 
 
 6 
 
 .13 
 
 .18 
 
 .25 
 
 .38 
 
 50 
 
 .63 
 
 75 
 
 8 
 
 .17 
 
 .23 
 
 .33 
 
 .50 
 
 .67 
 
 .83 
 
 I.O 
 
 10 
 
 .21 
 
 .29 
 
 .42 
 
 .63 
 
 .83 
 
 I.O 
 
 1-3 
 
 12 
 
 .25 
 
 .35 
 
 .50 
 
 75 
 
 I.O 
 
 1.3 
 
 i.S 
 
 14 
 
 .29 
 
 .41 
 
 .58 
 
 .88 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.8 
 
 16 
 
 .33 
 
 47 
 
 .67 
 
 I.O 
 
 1.3 
 
 1-7 
 
 2.0 
 
 20 
 
 .42 
 
 .58 
 
 .83 
 
 1.3 
 
 1-7 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.5 
 
 24 
 
 .50 
 
 .70 
 
 I.O 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.O 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 30 
 
 -63 
 
 .88 
 
 1.3 
 
 1-9 
 
 2.5 
 
 3-1 
 
 3.8 
 
 N.B. This rule indicates that it makes no difference what is the diameter 
 of pipe, provided it does not exceed twice the radius (/?) of the sphere. No 
 thicknesses are given for less test than 500 pounds because no lap-weld pipes 
 are made that will not stand such test. 
 
 The strength of fiat heads (Figs. 89, 98, and 101) is difficult to determine 
 analytically, but the usually accepted formula is that of Grashof derived 
 from the difficult "Theory of Elasticity." The formula is 
 
 r = 
 
 If we use pD = 2 ts for cylindrical wall of pipe, we may combine the two 
 rules, making p and s equal, and find that 
 
 T = 0.645 
 
192 Shelby Seamless Steel Specialties 
 
 An approximate solution of this gives the thickness of head (in inches) 
 here tabulated. 
 
 Table of Thickness of Flat Heads 
 
 External 
 diam- 
 
 Thickness of pipe 
 
 eter of 
 pipe 
 
 C.J.* .125 
 
 .20 
 
 25 
 
 .375 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 .28 .32 
 
 41 
 
 .46 
 
 .56 
 
 .64 
 
 
 4 
 
 .46 .46 
 
 .58 
 
 .64 
 
 79 
 
 91 
 
 i.i 
 
 6 
 
 .59 
 
 71 
 
 79 
 
 .97 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.4 
 
 8 
 
 .73 
 
 .82 
 
 91 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.6 
 
 10 
 
 .85 
 
 91 
 
 I.O 
 
 1.3 
 
 1-4 
 
 1.8 
 
 12 
 
 .98 
 
 I.O 
 
 i.i 
 
 1-4 
 
 1.6 
 
 1-9 
 
 16 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.2 
 
 20 
 24 
 
 1.5 
 
 i 8 
 
 
 
 1.8 
 I 9 
 
 2.0 
 2 2 
 
 2.5 
 
 2 7 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 * C. J. refers to the set of thicknesses given on page 43 for Converse joint pipe. 
 For practical reasons it is not wise to attempt to weld less thickness of head in 
 any diameter than given in this table. The great thickness of flat heads renders 
 them advantageous for drilling and tapping connection holes. 
 
 SHELBY SEAMLESS STEEL SPECIALTIES 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel Tubing is formed into special shapes to meet 
 special requirements, where hollow forgings can be used to advan- 
 tage to replace solid forgings requiring a boring operation, thus saving 
 machine work and material. Special shapes made from seamless tub- 
 ing have found a wide use, and new applications are constantly develop- 
 ing. 
 
 The homogeneous character of the material entering into a seamless 
 tube permits the working of the material into a great variety of intricate 
 shapes such as the requirements may demand. 
 
 By the cupping process, in which seamless articles are made by the 
 progressive cupping of a round plate, certain special shapes may be pro- 
 duced without first producing the cylindrical tube. 
 
 Special shapes of tubular sections are usually formed hot, and are 
 subject to certain variations of dimensions which are to be expected in 
 all hot-forged articles. 
 
 The aim is to produce the forgings with just sufficient allowances to 
 enable the user to finish them by machining to required dimensions 
 where accurate sizes are required. In some cases, however, special 
 shapes of uniform section are formed cold, in which case greater accuracy 
 in formed dimensions is the rule. 
 
Shelby Seamless Steel Specialties 
 
 193 
 
 Automobile Specialties 
 
 The illustrations cover a few automobile specialties, in the shape of 
 axles. These axles are made from seamless tubing, of different material 
 to suit the requirements. 
 
 These specialties are formed by swaging, expanding and upsetting 
 either from hot-finished or cold-drawn tubing. 
 
 Fig, 104. Shelby Seamless Steel Front and Rear Axles 
 
194 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel Specialties 
 
 Cylinder Specialties 
 
 The illustrations below cover a few cylinder specialties, in the form 
 of various styles of valve protecting caps, and also boiler shells and 
 floats for feed water regulators, made partly direct by the cupping 
 process, and partly from tubing. 
 
 A B C D 
 
 Fig. 105. Various Styles of Valve Protecting Cap Used on 
 Carbonic Acid Gas Cylinders 
 
 2225. 
 
 Fig. 106. Boiler Shells 
 
 Fig. 107. Floats for Feed 
 Water Regulators 
 
 Cream Separator Specialties 
 
 The illustrations below cover a few cream separator specialties made 
 direct from plates. 
 
 Fig. 108. Cream Separator Forgings 
 
Shelby Seamless Steel Specialties 
 
 195 
 
 Bent Specialties 
 
 The illustrations below cover a few bent specialties. 
 
 Fig. 109 Shelby Seamless Steel Tubes Bent 
 
 Miscellaneous Specialties 
 
 The illustrations below cover a few miscellaneous forgings, some of 
 which are made direct from plates, and others from tubing. 
 
 i 
 
 Forging for Shaft Bearing 
 
 Fig. no 
 
 Steel Cone 
 
196 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel Specialties 
 
 Angular Section Specialties 
 
 The illustrations below cover a few specialties in Angular section 
 tubing, mainly in the shape of socket wrenches. 
 
 Socket Wrench 
 
 Socket Wrench 
 Fig. in 
 
 Tapered Specialties 
 
 The illustrations below cover a few specialties of Taper Tubing. 
 These tubes are tapered by different methods, as the conditions may 
 call for. 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel Tubing Tapered 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel Tubing Tapered 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel Tubing Tapered 
 Fig. 112 
 
 NOTE. We are prepared to furnish other specialties and will be glad to supply 
 full information on receipt of blue prints or sketches showing exactly what is 
 required. 
 
Seamless Trolley Poles 197 
 
 SHELBY SEAMLESS COLD-DBA WN STEEL 
 TROLLEY POLES 
 
 Under normal conditions of service, a trolley pole is subjected to stress 
 as a beam rigidly secured at one end and loaded on the free end. This 
 condition of loading causes a maximum bending moment at the point of 
 support, which bending moment decreases uniformly to zero at the point 
 of applying the load. Abnormal conditions cause other stresses of un- 
 known magnitude, which can be provided against only by a judicious 
 increase in the strength of the pole over that required for the known 
 stresses. 
 
 The trolley pole of minimum weight, to resist the known stresses, 
 would have a maximum cross-sectional area at the trolley base or point 
 of support, with the cross section decreasing uniformly to nothing at 
 the harp. For practical reasons, such a theoretical pole is not desirable. 
 In the design of the Shelby poles, the theoretical requirement for mini- 
 mum weight has received careful consideration, while providing for the 
 unknown stresses and a practical form to suit the standard trolley bases 
 and harps. 
 
 The standard Shelby poles are made from 13 -gage material, as years 
 of practical experience have shown that a lighter gage may fail by 
 local injuries, and a heavier gage simply adds to the weight of the pole 
 without increasing its strength to a corresponding extent. The theo- 
 retical requirement for a pole of minimum weight points out a method 
 for increasing the strength of the pole without a proportionate increase 
 in the weight. This method consists in the use of a reinforcement at 
 the base end, and on the inside of the 13 -gage member. The length 
 of this reinforcement is varied, to suit the requirement as to strength, 
 up to a maximum which occurs when the length of the reinforcement 
 is such that the resistance to bending at the end of the reinforcement 
 is just equal to the resistance to bending at the trolley base. 
 
 The Shelby trolley pole is regularly manufactured in two designs, viz.: 
 Standard "A" and Standard "B." 
 
 In the Standard "A" pole, the reinforcement is only of sufficient 
 length to prevent deformation of the circular section by the stresses 
 caused by the service of the pole or by the clamp on the trolley base. 
 This design is suitable for all ordinary service, and makes the lightest 
 pole it is practicable to manufacture or use. 
 
 In the Standard "B" design, the reinforcement is of the maximum 
 length required by the condition of two points in the length of the pole 
 with equal resistance to bending. Speaking generally, the Standard 
 " pole will be 20 per cent heavier and 50 per cent stronger than the 
 Standard "A" pole. This design is intended to meet the most severe 
 service conditions. 
 
 Externally, the two designs are duplicates, the outside diameter being 
 inches, which, at a point 30 inches from the end of the pole, is re- 
 duced to i% inches, which diameter is again reduced to i inch for a 
 distance of 6 inches from the end of the pole. The ii^-inch diameter 
 
198 
 
 Seamless Trolley Poles 
 
 merges into the i%-inch diameter, with fillets of large radii, and the 
 i%-inch diameter into the i-inch diameter, with a gradual taper 6 inches 
 long. The section i inch in diameter is reamed to a %-inch hole. 
 
 Special designs, varying in some or all particulars from the standard 
 designs, are made to meet special requirements. 
 
 Shelby trolley poles are made from a selected grade of basic open- 
 hearth steel of about 0.17 per cent carbon, low in phosphorus and 
 sulphur. Prior to the last cold-drawing operation, the material is given 
 a special heat treatment which leaves the grain in the finest condition. 
 The elastic limit of the material in the finished pole is from 60 ooo to 
 70 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Recent improvements have been made in the methods of manufac- 
 ture, particularly in the method of inserting the reinforcement. As now 
 made, the reinforcement is integral with the body of the pole, which adds 
 materially to its efficiency. 
 
 The following table gives loads and deflections of various length poles 
 at the elastic limit: 
 
 Length, feet 
 
 Average weight, 
 pounds 
 
 Load carried at 
 end of pole at 
 elastic limit, 
 pounds 
 
 Deflection due to 
 load at elastic 
 limit and weight 
 of pole, inches 
 
 Standard" A 1 ' Pole 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 18.4 
 20.3 
 
 22.3 
 
 24.3 
 
 48 
 44 
 40 
 36 
 
 13% 
 15% 
 17% 
 
 19% 
 
 Standard " B " Pole 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 22.7 
 
 24.7 
 
 26.7 
 
 28.7 
 
 75 
 69 
 62 
 55 
 
 22Y 2 
 
 36% 
 
 30 
 33 
 
Properties of Shelby Seamless Tubing 199 
 
 PROPERTIES OF SHELBY SEAMLESS TUBING 
 
 Outside Diameter, Surface, and Volume or Displacement 
 
 
 Outside surface 
 
 Lineal 
 
 External volume or displace- 
 
 Outside 
 
 per lineal foot 
 
 feet per 
 
 Per lineal foot 
 
 diameter. 
 
 
 square 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 Square 
 inches 
 
 Square 
 feet 
 
 foot out- 
 side sur- 
 face 
 
 Cubic 
 inches 
 
 Cubic 
 feet 
 
 United 
 States 
 gallons 
 
 4 
 
 18.85 
 
 .1309 
 
 7.639 
 
 2.356 
 
 .0014 
 
 .0102 
 
 % 
 
 23.56 
 
 .1636 
 
 6. 112 
 
 3.682 
 
 .0021 
 
 .0159 
 
 8 /4 
 
 28.27 
 
 .1963 
 
 5.093 
 
 5-301 
 
 .0031 
 
 .0229 
 
 % 
 
 32.99 
 
 .2291 
 
 4.365 
 
 7.216 
 
 .0042 
 
 .0312 
 
 I 
 
 37-70 
 
 .2618 
 
 3.820 
 
 9.425 
 
 .0055 
 
 .0408 
 
 iVs 
 
 42.41 
 
 .2945 
 
 3.395 
 
 11-93 
 
 .0069 
 
 .0516 
 
 IV4 
 
 47-12 
 
 .3272 
 
 3.056 
 
 14-73 
 
 .0085 
 
 .0637 
 
 1% 
 
 51-84 
 
 .3600 
 
 2.778 
 
 17.82 
 
 .0103 
 
 .0771 
 
 iV 2 
 
 56.55 
 
 .3927 
 
 2.546 
 
 21.21 
 
 .0123 
 
 .0918 
 
 1% 
 
 65.97 
 
 .4581 
 
 2.183 
 
 28.86 
 
 .0167 
 
 .1249 
 
 2 
 
 75-40 
 
 .5236 
 
 1.910 
 
 37-70 
 
 .0218 
 
 .1632 
 
 2H 
 
 84.82 
 
 .5890 
 
 1.698 
 
 47-71 
 
 .0276 
 
 .2065 
 
 2% 
 
 94-25 
 
 .6545 
 
 .528 
 
 58.90 
 
 .0341 
 
 .2550 
 
 2% 
 
 103.67 
 
 .7199 
 
 .389 
 
 71.27 
 
 .0412 
 
 .3085 
 
 3 
 
 113.10 
 
 .7854 
 
 .273 
 
 84.82 
 
 .0491 
 
 .3672 
 
 3V4 
 
 122.52 
 
 .8508 
 
 .175 
 
 99-55 
 
 .0576 
 
 .4309 
 
 3V 2 
 
 I3L95 
 
 .9163 
 
 .091 
 
 115-45 
 
 .0668 
 
 .4998 
 
 3 8 /4 
 
 I4L37 
 
 -9817 
 
 .019 
 
 132.54 
 
 .0767 
 
 5737 
 
 4 
 
 150.80 
 
 1.0472 
 
 .955 
 
 150.80 
 
 .0873 
 
 .6528 
 
 4V4 
 
 160.22 
 
 1.1126 
 
 .899 
 
 170.24 
 
 .0985 
 
 .7369 
 
 *H 
 
 169.65 
 
 1.1781 
 
 .849 
 
 190.85 
 
 .1104 
 
 .8262 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 179-07 
 
 I 2435 
 
 .804 
 
 212.65 
 
 .1231 
 
 .9205 
 
 5 
 
 188.50 
 
 1.3090 
 
 .764 
 
 235 62 
 
 .1364 
 
 I.020O 
 
 5V4 
 
 197.91 
 
 1.3744 
 
 .728 
 
 259-77 
 
 .1503 
 
 I . 1245 
 
 5V2 
 
 207.35 
 
 1-4399 
 
 .694 
 
 285 . 10 
 
 .1650 
 
 1.2342 
 
 5 3 /4 
 
 216.76 
 
 1-5053 
 
 .664 
 
 3ii.6l 
 
 .1803 
 
 1.3489 
 
 6 
 
 226 . 20 
 
 1.5708 
 
 .637 
 
 339-29 
 
 .1963 
 
 1.4688 
 
 
200 Properties of Shelby Seamless Tubing 
 
 Sectional Area of Wall in Square Inches 
 
 Outside 
 diam. 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness in gage and fractions of an inch 
 
 22 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 20 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 18 
 B.W.G. 
 
 He 
 
 %2 
 
 Vs 
 
 %2 
 
 %6 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 8 /4 
 % 
 X 
 
 iVs 
 
 1% 
 
 1% 
 
 iVa 
 1% 
 
 2 
 
 2V4 
 2% 
 
 2% 
 
 3H 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
 4% 
 4% 
 
 L 
 
 s $ 
 
 5% 
 6 
 
 .04152 
 .05251 
 .06351 
 .07451 
 .08550 
 .09650 
 .1075 
 
 .05113 
 
 .06487 
 .07862 
 .09236 
 .1061 
 .1199 
 .1336 
 
 .1473 
 .1611 
 
 .06943 
 .08867 
 .1079 
 .1272 
 .1464 
 .1656 
 .1849 
 .2041 
 .2234 
 
 .0859 
 .1104 
 .1350 
 .1595 
 .1841 
 .2086 
 .2332 
 
 .2577 
 .2823 
 3313 
 .3804 
 .4295 
 .4786 
 .5277 
 
 .1197 
 .1565 
 
 .1933 
 .2301 
 .2669 
 .3037 
 3405 
 
 3774 
 .4142 
 .4878 
 .5614 
 .6351 
 .7087 
 .7823 
 8560 
 
 .1473 
 .1963 
 .2454 
 .2945 
 .3436 
 .3927 
 .4418 
 
 .4909 
 .5400 
 .6381 
 .7363 
 .8345 
 .9327 
 1.031 
 
 T 29 
 
 .2915 
 .3528 
 .4142 
 
 4755 
 .5369 
 .5983 
 .6596 
 .7823 
 .9050 
 1.028 
 1.150 
 1.273 
 1.396 
 I.5I9 
 1.641 
 1.764 
 1.887 
 
 2.010 
 2.132 
 
 2.255 
 
 2.378 
 
 2.501 
 2.623 
 
 2.746 
 
 2.868 
 
 .3313 
 
 .4050 
 4786 
 5522 
 .6259 
 .6995 
 
 7731 
 .9204 
 i. 068 
 .215 
 .362 
 .509 
 .657 
 .804 
 .951 
 .098 
 2.246 
 2.393 
 2.540 
 2.688 
 2.835 
 2.983 
 3.129 
 3-277 
 .3.424 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .9296 
 1.003 
 
 .227 
 .325 
 .424 
 .522 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Capacity in Cubic Inches per Lineal Foot 
 
 V2 
 % 
 8 /4 
 7 /8 
 
 i 
 
 1% 
 
 a* 
 
 i% 
 
 2 
 
 (4i 
 
 3 
 k 
 
 3MS 
 3 8 /4 
 
 k 
 
 4H 
 
 4% 
 
 SV4 
 
 5V 2 
 
 S?/4 
 
 6 
 
 1.858 
 3.051 
 4-539 
 6.322 
 8.399 
 10.770 
 13.436 
 
 1.743 
 2.903 
 4.358 
 6.107 
 8^151 
 10.490 
 13.123 
 16.051 
 19.273 
 
 1.523 
 2.618 
 4.007 
 5.690 
 7.668 
 9.941 
 12.508 
 
 15-37 
 18.53 
 
 1.325 
 2.356 
 3-682 
 5.301 
 7.216 
 9.425 
 H.93 
 
 14-73 
 17.82 
 24.89 
 33.13 
 42.56 
 53.16 
 64.94 
 
 .920 
 1.804 
 2.982 
 
 4-455 
 
 6.222 
 8.283 
 IO.64 
 
 13.29 
 16.24 
 23.01 
 30.96 
 40.09 
 50.40 
 61.89 
 
 74-55 
 
 88.39 
 103.41 
 
 .589 
 1.325 
 2.356 
 3.682 
 5-301 
 7.216 
 9.425 
 H.93 
 14-73 
 
 21.21 
 28.86 
 37-70 
 47-71 
 58.90 
 71.27 
 84.82 
 99-55 
 115 45 
 
 1.804 
 2.982 
 4-455 
 
 6.222 
 8.283 
 IO.64 
 13.29 
 19.48 
 26.84 
 35.38 
 
 45-10 
 56.00 
 68.07 
 81.33 
 95.76 
 ill 37 
 
 1-325 
 2.356 
 3-682 
 5-301 
 7.216 
 
 9.425 
 11-93 
 17.82 
 24.89 
 33-13 
 42.56 
 53.16 
 
 64.94 
 77-90 
 92.04 
 107-35 
 123.85 
 I4L52 
 160.37 
 180.40 
 201.60 
 223.99 
 247-55 
 272.28 
 208.20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 132.54 
 
 128.15 
 146.12 
 165.26 
 
 185.59 
 207.09 
 229.76 
 253 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 278.65 
 .304 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Properties of Shelby Seamless Tubing 201 
 
 Sectional Area of Wall in Square Inches 
 
 Outside 
 
 Thickness in fractions of an inch 
 
 diam. 
 Inches 
 
 7 /32 
 
 V4 
 
 5 /16 
 
 % 
 
 V 2 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 
 4510 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .5369 
 
 .5890 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1% 
 
 .6228 
 
 .6872 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .7087 
 
 .7854 
 
 .92O4 
 
 1.031 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i% 
 
 .7946 
 
 .8836 
 
 1.043 
 
 1.178 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fft 
 
 .8805 
 
 .9817 
 
 1.166 
 
 1.325 
 
 1.571 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .052 
 
 I.I78 
 
 1.411 
 
 1.620 
 
 1.963 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .224 
 
 1.374 
 
 1.657 
 
 1.914 
 
 2.356 
 
 2.700 
 
 
 
 
 2*4 
 
 .396 
 
 I.57I 
 
 1.902 
 
 2.209 
 
 2.749 
 
 3.I9I 
 
 
 
 
 2* 
 
 .568 
 
 1.767 
 
 2.148 
 
 2.503 3.142 
 
 3-682 
 
 
 
 
 2% 
 
 .740 
 
 1.963 
 
 2.393 
 
 2.798 
 
 3-534 
 
 4.172 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 911 
 
 2.160 
 
 2.638 
 
 3-093 
 
 3.927 
 
 4.663 
 
 5-301 
 
 5.841 
 
 6.283 
 
 3V4 
 
 .083 
 
 2.356 
 
 2.884 
 
 3.387 
 
 4.320 
 
 5.IS4 5.890 
 
 6.529 
 
 7.069 
 
 
 2.255 
 
 2.553 
 
 3.129 
 
 3-682 
 
 4.712 
 
 5-645 
 
 6.480 
 
 7.2l6 
 
 7-854 
 
 3% 
 
 2.427 
 
 2.749 
 
 3-375 
 
 3.976 
 
 5.105 
 
 6.136 
 
 7.069 
 
 7.903 
 
 8.639 
 
 4 
 
 2.599 
 
 2.945 
 
 3.620 
 
 4.271 
 
 5.498 
 
 6.627 
 
 7-658 
 
 8-590 
 
 9-425 
 
 4V4 
 
 2.770 
 
 3.142 
 
 3.866 
 
 4.565 
 
 5.890 
 
 7.118 
 
 8.247 
 
 9.278 
 
 IO.2IO 
 
 41/2 
 
 2.942 
 
 3.338 
 
 4. in 
 
 4.860 
 
 6.283 
 
 7.609 
 
 8.836 
 
 9 965 
 
 10.996 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 3.H4 
 
 3-534 
 
 4-357 
 
 5-154 
 
 6.676 
 
 8.099 
 
 9.425 
 
 10.652 
 
 II.78I 
 
 5 
 
 3-286 
 
 3-731 
 
 4.602 
 
 5-449 
 
 7.069 
 
 8.590 
 
 10.014 
 
 11.339 
 
 12.566 
 
 5*4 
 
 3-458 
 
 3.927 
 
 4.848 
 
 5-744 
 
 7.462 
 
 9.082 
 
 10.603 
 
 12.029 
 
 13.352 
 
 sV 2 
 
 3.629 
 
 4-123 
 
 5-093 
 
 6.038 
 
 7-854 
 
 9-572 
 
 11.192 
 
 12.714 
 
 14.137 
 
 5% 
 
 3.8oi 
 
 4.320 
 
 5-338 
 
 6.332 
 
 8.246 
 
 10.063 
 
 11.781 
 
 13.401 
 
 14.922 
 
 6 
 
 3-973 
 
 4.5i6 
 
 5.583 
 
 6.626 
 
 8.639 
 
 10.553 1 12. 370 
 
 14.088 
 
 15.708 
 
 Capacity in Cubic Inches per Lineal Foot 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1.804 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2.982 
 
 2.356 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1*6 
 
 4-455 
 
 3-682 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1*4 
 
 6.222 
 
 5-301 
 
 3-682 
 
 2.356 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i% 
 
 8.283 
 
 7.216 
 
 5-301 
 
 3-682 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1*^2 
 
 10.64 
 
 9.425 
 
 7.216 
 
 5-301 
 
 2.356J 
 
 
 
 
 i% 
 
 16.24 
 
 14-73 
 
 11.93 
 
 9.425 
 
 5-301 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 23-01 
 
 21.21 
 
 17.82 
 
 14-73 
 
 9.425 
 
 5-301 
 
 
 
 
 2*4 
 
 30.96 
 
 28.86 
 
 24.89 
 
 21.21 
 
 14-73 
 
 9.425 
 
 
 
 
 2*; 2 
 
 40.09 
 
 37-70 
 
 33.13 
 
 28.86 
 
 21.21 
 
 14-73 
 
 
 
 
 2% 
 
 50.40 
 
 47.71 
 
 42.56 
 
 37-70 
 
 28.86 
 
 21.21 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 61.89 
 
 58.90 
 
 53.16 
 
 47-71 
 
 37-70 
 
 28.86 
 
 21.21 
 
 14-73 
 
 9-425 
 
 3*4 
 
 74-55 
 
 71.27 
 
 64-94 
 
 58.90 
 
 47-71 
 
 37.70 
 
 28.86 
 
 21.21 
 
 14 73 
 
 3V 2 
 
 88.39 
 
 84.82 
 
 77-90 
 
 71.27 
 
 58.90 
 
 47-71 
 
 37.70 
 
 28.86! 21.21 
 
 3 8 /4 
 
 103.41 
 
 99 55 
 
 92.04 
 
 84.82 
 
 71.27 
 
 58.90 
 
 47-71 
 
 37.70 28 86 
 
 4 
 
 119.61 
 
 115-45 
 
 107-35 
 
 99-55 
 
 84.82 71.27 
 
 58.90 
 
 47-71 
 
 37-70 
 
 4V4 
 
 136.99 
 
 132.54 
 
 123.85 
 
 115-45 
 
 99-55 84.82 
 
 71.27 
 
 58.90 
 
 47-71 
 
 
 155-55 
 
 150.80 
 
 141.52 
 
 132.54 
 
 115-45 99-55 
 
 84.82 
 
 71 .'27 
 
 58.90 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 175.28 
 
 170.24 
 
 160.37 
 
 150.80 
 
 132.54 115-45 
 
 99-55 
 
 84.82 
 
 71.27 
 
 5 
 
 196.19 
 
 190.85 
 
 180.40 
 
 170.24 
 
 150.80 
 
 132.54 
 
 115-45 
 
 99-55 
 
 84.82 
 
 5*4 
 
 218.28 
 
 212.65 
 
 201.60 
 
 190.85 
 
 170.24 
 
 150.80 
 
 132.54 
 
 115-45 
 
 99-55 
 
 5*& 
 
 24L55 
 
 235.62 
 
 223.99 
 
 212.65 
 
 190.85 
 
 170.24 
 
 150.80 
 
 132.54 
 
 115-45 
 
 5% 
 
 265.99 
 
 259.78 
 
 247-55 
 
 235.62 
 
 212.65 
 
 190.85 
 
 170.24 
 
 150.80 
 
 132.54 
 
 6 
 
 291.61 
 
 285 . 10 
 
 272.28 
 
 259 78 
 
 235 62 
 
 212.65 
 
 190.85 
 
 170.24 
 
 TSO 80 
 
 
202 Properties of Shelby Seamless Tubing 
 
 Capacity in Cubic Feet per Lineal Foot 
 
 Outside 
 diarn. 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness in gage and fractions of an inch 
 
 22 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 20 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 18 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Vl6 
 
 % 2 
 
 y 8 
 
 %2 
 
 3 /16 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 8 /4 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 iVs 
 
 IH 
 
 1% 
 
 iV 2 
 
 I 3 /4 
 2 
 2}i 
 2% 
 
 2% 
 
 k 
 
 3V 2 
 3 3 /4 
 4 
 4V4 
 
 4V 2 
 
 4 3 /4 
 5V4 
 
 % 
 
 6 
 
 .00108 
 .00177 
 .00263 
 .00366 
 .00486 
 .00623 
 .00778 
 
 .OOIOI 
 
 .00168 
 .00252 
 .00353 
 .00472 
 .00607 
 .00759 
 .00929 
 .01115 
 
 .00088 
 .00151 
 .00232 
 .00329 
 .00444 
 .00575 
 .00724 
 
 .00889 
 .01072 
 
 .00077 
 .00136 
 .00213 
 .00307 
 .00418 
 
 .00545 
 .00690 
 
 .00852 
 .01031 
 .01440 
 .01917 
 .02463 
 .03076 
 .03758 
 
 .00053 
 
 .00104 
 .00173 
 .00258 
 .00360 
 .00479 
 .00616 
 .00769 
 .00940 
 .01332 
 .01792 
 .02320 
 .02917 
 .03581 
 
 .04314 
 .05115 
 .05985 
 
 .00034 
 .00077 
 .00136 
 .00213 
 .00307 
 .00418 
 .00545 
 .00690 
 .00852 
 .01227 
 .01670 
 .02182 
 .02761 
 .03409 
 
 .04125 
 
 .04909 
 .05761 
 .06681 
 .07670 
 
 .00104 
 
 .00173 
 .00258 
 .00360 
 .00479 
 .00616 
 .00769 
 .01127 
 .01553 
 .02047 
 .02610 
 .03241 
 
 .03939 
 
 .04706 
 -05542 
 .06445 
 .07416 
 .08456 
 .09564 
 . 10740 
 .11984 
 . 13297 
 . 14677 
 .16126 
 . 17643 
 
 .00077 
 . 00136 
 .00213 
 .00307 
 .00418 
 
 .00545 
 .00690 
 .01031 
 .01440 
 .01917 
 .02463 
 .03076 
 
 .03758 
 .04508 
 .05326 
 .06213 
 .07167 
 .08190 
 .09281 
 . 10440 
 .11667 
 . 12962 
 . 14326 
 . 15757 
 . 17257 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Capacity in U. S. Gallons per Lineal Foot 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 % 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 i% 
 
 m 
 
 i% 
 m 
 
 I 8 /4 
 2 
 
 2V4 
 
 1 
 & 
 
 3V 2 
 
 3 3 /4 
 
 4 
 4% 
 
 4V 2 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 5 
 
 5V4 
 
 sV 2 
 
 5% 
 
 .0080 
 .0132 
 .0197 
 .0274 
 .0364 
 .0467 
 .0582 
 
 .0075 
 .0126 
 .0189 
 .0264 
 -0353 
 .0454 
 .0568 
 
 .0695 
 .0834 
 
 .0066 
 .0113 
 -0173 
 .0246 
 .0332 
 .0430 
 .0541 
 .0665 
 .0802 
 
 .0057 
 
 .0102 
 
 .0159 
 .0229 
 .0312 
 .0408 
 .0516 
 .0637 
 .0771 
 .1077 
 .1434 
 .1842 
 .2301 
 .2811 
 
 .0040 
 .0078 
 .0129 
 .0193 
 .0269 
 .0359 
 .0461 
 
 .0575 
 .0703 
 .0996 
 .1340 
 .1736 
 .2182 
 .2679 
 .3227 
 .3827 
 4477 
 
 .0025 
 .0057 
 
 .0102 
 
 .0159 
 .0229 
 .0312 
 .0408 
 .0516 
 .0637 
 .0918 
 .1249 
 .1632 
 .2065 
 .2550 
 .3085 
 .3672 
 .4309 
 .4998 
 .5737 
 
 .0078 
 .0129 
 .0193 
 .0269 
 .0359 
 .0461 
 .0575 
 .0843 
 .1162 
 .1532 
 .1952 
 .2424 
 
 .2947 
 .3521 
 .4145 
 .4821 
 .5548 
 .6326 
 .7154 
 .8034 
 .8965 
 .9946 
 1.0979 
 I . 2063 
 I.3I98 
 
 .0057 
 
 .0102 
 0159 
 .0229 
 .0312 
 .0408 
 .0516 
 .0771 
 .1077 
 
 .1434 
 .1842 
 .2301 
 .2811 
 .3372 
 .3984 
 4647 
 .5361 
 .6126 
 .6942 
 .7809 
 .8727 
 .9696 
 1.0716 
 I . 1787 
 1.2909 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Properties of Shelby Seamless Tubing 203 
 
 Capacity in Cubic Feet per Lineal Foot 
 
 Outside 
 
 Thickness in fractions of an inch 
 
 diam. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 % 2 
 
 V4 
 
 5 /16 
 
 % 
 
 V 2 
 
 % 1 8 /4 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 V-2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 .00104 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 .00173 
 
 .00136 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iy s 
 
 .00258 
 
 .00213 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lV4 
 
 .00360 
 
 .00307 
 
 .O02I3 
 
 .00136 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1% 
 
 .00479 
 
 .00418 
 
 .00307 
 
 .00213 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .00616 
 
 00545 
 
 .OO4l8 
 
 .00307 
 
 .00136 
 
 
 
 
 
 1% 
 
 .00940 
 
 .00852 
 
 .00690 
 
 .00545 
 
 .00307 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .01332 
 
 .01227 
 
 .01031 
 
 .00852 
 
 .00545 
 
 .00307 
 
 
 
 
 2^4. 
 
 .01792 
 
 .01670 
 
 .OI44O 
 
 .01227 
 
 00852 
 
 .00545 
 
 
 
 
 2^2 
 
 .02320 
 
 .02182 
 
 .01917 
 
 .01670 
 
 .01227 
 
 .00852 
 
 
 
 
 2% 
 
 .02917 
 
 .02761 
 
 .02463 
 
 .02182 
 
 .01670 
 
 .01227 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .03581 
 
 .03409 
 
 .03076 
 
 .02761 
 
 .02182 
 
 .01670 
 
 .01227 
 
 .00852 
 
 .00545 
 
 3H 
 
 .04314 
 
 .04125 
 
 .03758 
 
 .03409 
 
 .02761 
 
 .02182 
 
 . 01670 
 
 .01227 
 
 .00852 
 
 3 1 /!' 
 
 .05115 
 
 .04909 
 
 .04508 
 
 .04125 
 
 .03409 
 
 .02761 
 
 .02182 
 
 .01670 
 
 .01227 
 
 3% 
 
 .05985 
 
 .05761 
 
 .05326 
 
 .04909 
 
 .04125 
 
 .03409 
 
 .02761 
 
 .02182 
 
 .01670 
 
 4 
 
 .06922 
 
 .06681 
 
 .06213 
 
 .05761 
 
 .04909 
 
 .04125 
 
 .03409 
 
 .02761 
 
 .02182 
 
 
 .07928 
 
 .07670 
 
 .07167 
 
 .06681 
 
 .05761 
 
 .04909 
 
 .04125 
 
 .03409 
 
 .02761 
 
 4*/2 
 
 .09002 
 
 .08727 
 
 .O8I90 
 
 . 07670 
 
 .06681 
 
 .05761 
 
 .04909 
 
 .04125 
 
 .03409 
 
 4 3 A 
 
 . 10143 
 
 .00852 
 
 .09281 
 
 .08727 
 
 .07670 
 
 .06681 
 
 .05761 
 
 .04909 
 
 .04125 
 
 5 
 
 .11354 .11045 
 
 . 10440 
 
 .09852 
 
 .08727 
 
 .07670 
 
 .06681 
 
 .05761 
 
 .04909 
 
 
 .12632 .12306 
 
 .11667 
 
 .11045 
 
 .09852 
 
 .08727 
 
 .07670 
 
 .06681 
 
 .05761 
 
 sV 2 
 
 .13978 .13635 
 
 . 12962 
 
 . 12306 
 
 .11045. 
 
 .09852 
 
 .08727 
 
 .07670 
 
 .06681 
 
 5 3 /i 
 
 .15393 .15033 
 
 . 14326 
 
 . 13635 
 
 . 12306 
 
 .11045 
 
 .09852 
 
 .08727 
 
 .07670 
 
 6 
 
 .16876! .16499 
 
 .15757 
 
 15033 
 
 . 13635 
 
 . 12306 
 
 .11045 
 
 .09852 
 
 .08727 
 
 Capacity in U. S. Gallons per Lineal Foot 
 
 V2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 /4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0078 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 .0129 
 
 .0102 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j_y# 
 
 .0193 
 
 .0159 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i*4 
 
 .0269 
 
 .0229 
 
 .0159 
 
 .0102 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i% 
 
 .0359 
 
 .0312 
 
 .0229 
 
 .0159 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^2 
 
 .0461 
 
 .0408 
 
 .0312 
 
 .0229 
 
 .0102 
 
 
 
 
 
 1% 
 
 .0703 
 
 .0637 
 
 .0516 
 
 .0408 
 
 .0229 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .0996 
 
 .0918 
 
 .0771 
 
 .0637 
 
 .0408 
 
 .0229 
 
 
 
 
 2^ 
 
 .1340 
 
 .1249 
 
 .1077 
 
 .0918 
 
 .0637 
 
 .0408 
 
 
 
 
 2-Vii 
 
 .1736 
 
 .1632 
 
 1434 
 
 .1249 
 
 .0918 
 
 .0637 
 
 
 
 
 2% 
 
 .2182 
 
 .2065 
 
 .1842 
 
 .1632 
 
 .1249 
 
 .0918 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .2679 
 
 .2550 
 
 .2301 
 
 .2065 
 
 .1632 
 
 .1249 
 
 .0918 
 
 .0637 
 
 .0408 
 
 3V4 
 
 .3227 
 
 .3085 
 
 .2811 
 
 .2550 
 
 .2065 
 
 .1632 
 
 .1249 
 
 .0918 
 
 .0637 
 
 
 .3827 
 
 .3672 
 
 3372 
 
 .3085 
 
 .2550 
 
 .2065 
 
 .1632 
 
 .1249 
 
 .0918 
 
 3 S A 
 
 4477 
 
 .4309 
 
 .3984 
 
 .3672 
 
 .3085 
 
 .2550 
 
 .2065 
 
 .1632 
 
 .1249 
 
 4 
 
 .5178 
 
 .4998 
 
 .4647 
 
 4309 
 
 .3672 
 
 .3085 
 
 .2550 
 
 .2065 
 
 .1632 
 
 4^4 
 
 5930 
 
 .5737 
 
 .536i 
 
 .4998 
 
 4309 
 
 .3672 
 
 .3085 
 
 .2550 
 
 .2065 
 
 4% 
 
 .6734 
 
 .6528 
 
 .6126 
 
 .5737 
 
 .4998 
 
 .4309 
 
 .3672 
 
 .3085 
 
 .2550 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 .7588 
 
 .7369 
 
 .6942 
 
 .6528 
 
 5737 
 
 .4998 
 
 4309 
 
 .3672 
 
 .3085 
 
 5 
 
 .8493 
 
 .8262 
 
 .7809 
 
 .7369 
 
 .6528 
 
 5737 
 
 .4998 
 
 4300 
 
 .3672 
 
 34 
 
 9449 
 
 .9205 
 
 .8727 
 
 .8262 
 
 .7369 
 
 .6528 
 
 5737 
 
 .4998 
 
 .4309 
 
 
 1-0457 
 
 1.0200 
 
 .9696 
 
 .9205 
 
 .8262 
 
 .7369 
 
 .6528 
 
 .5737 
 
 .4998 
 
 5 3 /! 
 
 I.I5I5 
 
 1.1246 
 
 1.0716 
 
 1.0200 
 
 .9205 
 
 .8262 
 
 .7369 
 
 .6528 
 
 -5737 
 
 6 
 
 I . 2624 
 
 I 2342 
 
 i . 1787 
 
 I 1246 
 
 I O2OO 
 
 .9205 
 
 .8262 
 
 7369 
 
 6528 
 
 
204 Properties of Shelby Seamless Tubing 
 
 Moment of Inertia, I, for Neutral Axis through Center of Section 
 
 Outside 
 diam. 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness in gage and fractions of an inch. 
 
 22 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 20 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 18 
 B.W.G. 
 
 M6 
 
 %S 
 
 Vs 
 
 % 2 
 
 %6 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 8 /4 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 x% 
 
 ife 
 
 1% 
 
 x% 
 
 1 i% 
 
 2 
 
 2V4 
 2* 
 
 
 $ 
 
 4 
 4U 
 
 4V 2 
 4% 
 
 1% 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 .00116 
 .00234 
 .00414 
 .00669 
 
 .01011 
 
 .01453 
 .02008 
 
 .00139 
 .00283 
 .00504 
 .00816 
 .01237 
 .01782 
 .02467 
 
 .03309 
 .04324 
 
 .00179 
 .00370 
 .00666 
 .01088 
 .01659 
 . 02402 
 .03339 
 04493 
 .05885 
 
 .00210 
 .00442 
 .00804 
 .01324 
 .O203I 
 .02954 
 .O4I2I 
 
 .05562 
 .07304 
 .Il8l 
 .1787 
 .2571 
 
 3557 
 4767 
 
 .00260 
 .00569 
 .01062 
 .01781 
 .02769 
 .04071 
 .05728 
 
 .07785 
 .1028 
 .1678 
 .2556 
 .3698 
 .5137 
 .6909 
 
 .9047 
 1. 159 
 1.456 
 
 .00288 
 .00652 
 .01246 
 .02128 
 .03356 
 .04985 
 .07075 
 .09683 
 .1287 
 .2119 
 .3250 
 .4727 
 .6594 
 .8899 
 1.169 
 1.500 
 1.890 
 2.341 
 2.859 
 
 .01373 
 .02386 
 .03812 
 .05724 
 .08192 
 
 .1129 
 .1509 
 .2508 
 .3873 
 .5663 
 7935 
 1.075 
 
 I.4I5 
 1.822 
 2.299 
 2.853 
 3-490 
 4.216 
 5-035 
 5-955 
 6.980 
 8. 117 
 9-371 
 10.75 
 12.26 
 
 .01456 
 .02571 
 .04l6o 
 .06310 
 .09107 
 .1264 
 .1699 
 .2849 
 4431 
 .6514 
 .9165 
 1.246 
 
 1.645 
 2.123 
 2.685 
 3.338 
 4.092 
 4-947 
 5.917 
 7.005 
 8.219 
 9.566 
 11.05 
 12.69 
 14.48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Section Modulus, Z, for Neutral Axis through Center of Section 
 
 5 
 
 % 
 % 
 % 
 i 
 iVs 
 i% 
 i% 
 
 m 
 
 i% 
 
 2 
 2% 
 
 2V 2 
 
 2% 
 
 k 
 
 3tt 
 3% 
 
 4V4 
 
 4V 2 
 4 8 /i 
 
 5V4 
 
 sV 2 
 
 5% 
 6 
 
 .00461 
 .00750 
 
 .0111 
 
 .0153 
 .0202 
 .0258 
 .0321 
 
 .00556 
 .00906 
 .0134 
 .0187 
 .0247 
 0317 
 .0395 
 .0481 
 0577 
 
 .00714 
 .0119 
 .0178 
 .0249 
 .0332 
 .0427 
 .0534 
 .0653 
 .0785 
 
 .00839 
 .0142 
 .0214 
 .0303 
 .0406 
 .0525 
 .0659 
 .0809 
 .0974 
 .1350 
 .1787 
 .2286 
 .2845 
 .346? 
 
 .01040 
 .0182 
 .0283 
 .0407 
 0554 
 .0724 
 .0917 
 .1132 
 .1371 
 .1918 
 .2556 
 .3287 
 .4110 
 .5024 
 
 .6031 
 .7130 
 .8321 
 
 .0115 
 .0209 
 .0332 
 .0486 
 .0671 
 .0886 
 .1132 
 .1408 
 .1716 
 .2422 
 .3250 
 .4201 
 .5275 
 .6472 
 
 7791 
 .9233 
 1.080 
 1.249 
 1.430 
 
 .0366 
 
 0545 
 .0762 
 .1018 
 .1311 
 .1642 
 
 .2012 
 .2866 
 .3873 
 .5034 
 .6348 
 .7815 
 .9436 
 1. 121 
 I.3I4 
 1.522 
 
 1-745 
 1.984 
 2.238 
 
 2.507 
 2.792 
 3.092 
 
 3.408 
 3.738 
 4.085 
 
 .0388 
 .0588 
 .0832 
 .1122 
 
 .1457 
 .1838 
 .2265 
 .3256 
 4431 
 5790 
 7332 
 9059 
 1.097 
 I 306 
 1-534 
 1.780 
 2.046 
 2.328 
 2.630 
 
 2.949 
 3-288 
 3 644 
 4.019 
 4 413 
 4.825 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Properties of Shelby Seamless Tubing 205 
 
 Moment of Inertia, I, for Neutral Axis through Center of Section 
 
 Outside 
 
 Thickness in fractions of an inch 
 
 diam. 
 Inches 
 
 7 /82 
 
 tt 
 
 %6 
 
 % 
 
 y 2 
 
 % 
 
 8 /4 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 /4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 /8 
 
 .02698 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 .04417 
 
 .04602 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1% 
 
 .06766 
 
 .07114 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 .09845 .1043 
 
 .1124 
 
 .1168 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i% 
 
 .1375 I .1467 
 
 .1599 
 
 .1680 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i'% 
 
 .1859 
 
 .1994 
 
 .2197 
 
 .2330 
 
 .2454 
 
 
 
 
 
 1%: 
 
 .3147 .3405 
 
 .3818 
 
 .4H3 
 
 .4449 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .4928 
 
 .5369 
 
 .6099 
 
 .6656 
 
 .7363 
 
 .7699 
 
 
 
 
 2^x4 
 
 .7283 ! .7978 
 
 -9I58 
 
 1. 010 
 
 1.138 
 
 1.209 
 
 
 
 
 2^> 
 
 1.029 
 
 I.I32 
 
 I.3H 
 
 1-457 
 
 1.669 
 
 1.798 
 
 
 
 
 2% 
 
 1.404 
 
 1.549 
 
 1. 806 
 
 2.022 
 
 2.347 
 
 2.559 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 i. 860 
 
 2.059 
 
 2.414 
 
 2.718 
 
 3.I9I 
 
 3.516 
 
 3.728 
 
 3-856 
 
 3.927 
 
 3V4 
 
 2.405 
 
 2.669 
 
 3.146 
 
 3-559 
 
 4.218 
 
 4.691 
 
 5.016 
 
 5.228 
 
 5-357 
 
 m 
 
 3-048 
 
 3-390 
 
 4-013 
 
 4-559 
 
 5-449 
 
 6.108 
 
 6.581 
 
 6.906 
 
 7.118 
 
 3 3 /i 
 
 3-797 
 
 4.231 
 
 5-026 
 
 5-731 
 
 6.900 
 
 7-790 
 
 8-449 
 
 8.922 
 
 9-247 
 
 4 
 
 4.660 
 
 5-200 
 
 6.197 
 
 7.090 
 
 8.590 
 
 9-759 
 
 10.65 
 
 II. 31 
 
 11.78 
 
 4V4 
 
 5.644 
 
 6.308 
 
 7-539 
 
 8.649 
 
 10.54 
 
 12.04 
 
 13-21 
 
 14.10 
 
 14.76 
 
 4V2 
 
 6.759 
 
 7.563 
 
 9.061 
 
 10.42 
 
 12.76 
 
 14.65 
 
 16.15 
 
 17-32 
 
 18.21 
 
 4 3 /4 
 
 8. on 
 
 8.974 
 
 10.78 
 
 12.42 
 
 15.28 
 
 17.62 
 
 19.51 
 
 21.01 
 
 22.18 
 
 5 
 
 9.409 
 
 10.55 
 
 12.70 
 
 14.66 
 
 i8.ii 
 
 20.97 
 
 23.31 
 
 25.20 
 
 26.70 
 
 5& 
 
 10.96 
 
 12.30 
 
 14.83 
 
 17.16 
 
 21.27 
 
 24.72 
 
 27.58 
 
 29.92 
 
 31.81 
 
 sy 2 
 
 12.68 
 
 14.24 
 
 17.19 
 
 19-93 
 
 24-79 
 
 28.90 
 
 32.35 
 
 35-21 
 
 37-55 
 
 5 3 /4 
 
 14.56 
 
 16.37 
 
 19-79 
 
 22.98 
 
 28.67 
 
 33-53 
 
 37.64 141.09 
 
 43-95 
 
 6 
 
 16.63 
 
 18.70 
 
 22.65 
 
 26.33 
 
 32.94 
 
 38.63 
 
 43-49 !47-6o 
 
 51.05 
 
 Section Modulus, Z, for Neutral Axis through Center of Section 
 
 % 
 
 .0617 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .0883 
 
 .0920 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Vs 
 
 .1203 
 
 .1265 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iVi 
 
 .1575 
 
 .1669 
 
 .1798 
 
 .1869 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i% 
 
 .2001 
 
 .2134 
 
 .2326 
 
 .2443 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iV 2 
 
 .2479 
 
 .2659 
 
 .2930 
 
 .3106 
 
 .3272 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 3 /4 
 
 3597 
 
 .3892 
 
 .4363 
 
 .4701 
 
 .5084 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .4928 
 
 .5369 
 
 .6099 
 
 .6656 
 
 .7363 
 
 .7699 
 
 
 
 
 2V4 
 
 .6474 
 
 .7090 
 
 .8140 
 
 .8974 
 
 I.OI2 
 
 1.075 
 
 
 
 
 
 .8234 
 
 .9057 
 
 1.049 
 
 1.166 
 
 1. 335 
 
 1.438 
 
 
 
 
 2% 
 
 I.O2I 
 
 1.127 
 
 I.3I4 
 
 I.47I 
 
 1.707 
 
 1.861 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1.240 
 
 1.372 
 
 1.610 
 
 1.812 
 
 2.127 
 
 2.344 
 
 2.485 
 
 2.571 
 
 2.618 
 
 3V4 
 
 1.480 
 
 1.643 
 
 1.936 
 
 2.190 
 
 2.596 
 
 2.887 
 
 3-087 
 
 3-217 
 
 3-295 
 
 
 1.742 
 
 1-937 
 
 2.293 
 
 2.605 
 
 3.114 
 
 3-490 
 
 3.760 
 
 3.946 
 
 4.067 
 
 3 3 /! 
 
 2.O25 
 
 2.256 
 
 2.680 
 
 3-057 
 
 3-680 
 
 4-155 
 
 4.5o6 
 
 4.758 
 
 4-932 
 
 4 
 
 2.330 
 
 2.6oo 
 
 3-099 
 
 3-545 
 
 4-295 
 
 4.880 
 
 5.324 
 
 5.654 
 
 5.891 
 
 4& 
 
 2.656 
 
 2.968 
 
 3.548 
 
 4.070 
 
 4-959 
 
 5-665 
 
 6.215 
 
 6.634 
 
 6.944 
 
 
 3-004 
 
 3.36i 
 
 4.027 
 
 4.632 
 
 5.672 
 
 6.512 
 
 7-179 
 
 7.698 
 
 8.094 
 
 4% 
 
 3-373 
 
 3-778 
 
 4-537 
 
 5.230 
 
 6.434 
 
 7.420 
 
 8.216 
 
 8.847 
 
 9-340 
 
 5V4 
 
 3.764 
 4.176 
 
 4.220 
 4-687 
 
 5.078 
 5-650 
 
 5-866 
 6.538 
 
 7-245 
 8.105 
 
 8.389 
 9.419 
 
 9-325 
 10.508 
 
 10.081 
 11.400 
 
 10.681 
 
 I2.I2O 
 
 sV 2 
 
 4 609 
 
 5.178 
 
 6.252 
 
 7-247 
 
 9.014 
 
 10.510 
 
 11.764 
 
 12.804 
 
 13-655 
 
 5 3 /4 
 
 5-064 
 
 5.693 
 
 6.885 
 
 7 993 
 
 9-972 
 
 11.663 
 
 13.094 
 
 14.293 
 
 15-288 
 
 6 
 
 5 541 
 
 6.233 
 
 7 549 
 
 8.775 
 
 10.979 
 
 12.876 
 
 14.496 
 
 15.867 
 
 17-017 
 
 
206 Properties of Shelby Seamless Tubing 
 
 Radius of Gyration, R, for Neutral Axis through Center of Section 
 
 Outside 
 diam. 
 Inches 
 
 Thickness in gage and fractions of an inch 
 
 22 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 20 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 18 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Vie 
 
 8/32 
 
 % 
 
 %2 
 
 8/10 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 8 /4 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 iVs 
 
 IV4 
 
 18/8 
 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 2V 2 
 2% 
 
 3 
 3V4 
 3V 2 
 
 38/4 
 
 k 
 
 4V2 
 
 48/4 
 
 y 
 
 5% 
 
 6 
 
 .1672 
 .2113 
 .2555 
 .2996 
 3438 
 .3880 
 .4322 
 
 .1649 
 .2090 
 .2531 
 .2972 
 .3414 
 .3856 
 .4297 
 .4739 
 .5181 
 
 .1604 
 .2044 
 .2484 
 .2925 
 .3367 
 .3808 
 .4250 
 .4691 
 .5133 
 
 .1563 
 
 .2001 
 .2441 
 .2881 
 3322 
 .3763 
 .4204 
 .4646 
 .5087 
 5970 
 .6854 
 
 7737 
 .8621 
 9504 
 
 .1474 
 .1907 
 .2344 
 .2782 
 .3221 
 .3661 
 .4101 
 4542 
 .4983 
 .5865 
 .6748 
 .7631 
 .8513 
 9397 
 1.028 
 1.116 
 1.205 
 
 .1398 
 .1822 
 .2253 
 .2688 
 .3125 
 .3563 
 .4002 
 
 .4441 
 .4881 
 .5762 
 .6644 
 .7526 
 .8409 
 .9291 
 .017 
 .106 
 .194 
 .282 
 371 
 
 .2171 
 .2601 
 .3034 
 .3469 
 .3906 
 
 4344 
 .4783 
 .5662 
 .6542 
 .7423 
 .8305 
 .9187 
 .007 
 .095 
 .183 
 .272 
 .360 
 .448 
 537 
 .625 
 .713 
 .802 
 .890 
 979 
 .067 
 
 .2096 
 .2519 
 .2948 
 .3380 
 .3815 
 .4250 
 .4688 
 .5564 
 .6442 
 7322 
 .8203 
 .9084 
 .9966 
 .085 
 173 
 .261 
 350 
 
 .438 
 .526 
 
 .614 
 703 
 .791 
 -879 
 .968 
 .056 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inside Surface in Square Feet per Lineal Foot 
 
 2 
 % 
 
 8 /4 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 i% 
 i% 
 
 18/4 
 2 
 2V4 
 
 2V 2 
 2% 
 
 3 
 3% 
 3% 
 
 3 8 /4 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 4V2 
 
 48/4 
 sV, 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 .1102 
 .1490 
 .1817 
 
 . .2144 
 .2471 
 .2799 
 .3126 
 
 .1120 
 
 .1453 
 .1780 
 .2107 
 .2435 
 .2762 
 .3089 
 .3416 
 .3744 
 
 .1052 
 .1380 
 .1707 
 .2034 
 .2361 
 .2689 
 .3016 
 
 .3343 
 .3670 
 
 .0982 
 .1309 
 .1636 
 .1963 
 .2291 
 .2618 
 .2945 
 .3272 
 .3600 
 .4254 
 .4909 
 .5563 
 .6218 
 .6872 
 
 .0818 
 .1145 
 .1473 
 .1800 
 .2127 
 .2454 
 .2782 
 
 .3109 
 .3436 
 .4091 
 .4745 
 5400 
 .6054 
 .6709 
 
 .7363 
 .8018 
 .8672 
 
 .0654 
 .0982 
 .1309 
 .1636 
 .1963 
 .2291 
 .2618 
 
 .2945 
 .3272 
 .3927 
 .4581 
 .5236 
 .5890 
 .6545 
 .7199 
 .7854 
 .8508 
 .9163 
 .9817 
 
 1145 
 1473 
 .1800 
 .2127 
 .2454 
 .2782 
 .3109 
 .3763 
 .4418 
 .5072 
 .5727 
 .6381 
 
 .7036 
 .7690 
 .8345 
 .8999 
 .9654 
 .0308 
 .0963 
 
 .1617 
 .2272 
 .2926 
 .3581 
 .4235 
 .4800 
 
 .0982 
 1309 
 .1636 
 .1963 
 .2291 
 
 .2618 
 .2945 
 .3600 
 .4254 
 .4909 
 .5563 
 .6218 
 
 .6872 
 -7527 
 .8181 
 .8836 
 .9490 
 .0145 
 .0799 
 
 .1454 
 .2108 
 .2763 
 -34I7 
 .4072 
 .4726 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Properties of Shelby Seamless Tubing 207 
 
 Radius of Gyration, R, for Neutral Axis through Center of Section 
 
 Outside 
 
 Thickness in fractions of an inch 
 
 diam. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 7 /3 2 
 
 # 
 
 5 /16 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 5 /8 
 
 % 
 
 7 /8 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 
 3 /4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 /8 
 
 .2446 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 .2868 
 
 .2795 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T-Ys 
 
 .3296 
 
 .3217 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 .3727 
 
 .3644 
 
 3494 
 
 .3366 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i% 
 
 .4l6o 
 
 .4075 
 
 .3916 
 
 .3776 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^2 
 
 .4595 
 
 .4507 
 
 4341 
 
 .4193 
 
 3953 
 
 
 
 
 
 1%. 
 
 .5469 
 
 .5376 
 
 .5201 
 
 .5039 
 
 .476o 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .6345 
 
 .6250 
 
 .6068 
 
 .5896 
 
 .5590 
 
 5340 
 
 
 
 
 2 Y 
 
 .7223 
 
 .7126 
 
 .6939 
 
 .6760 
 
 .6435 
 
 .6156 
 
 
 
 
 2V 2 
 
 .8102 
 
 .8004 
 
 .7813 
 
 .7629 
 
 .7289 
 
 .6988 
 
 
 
 
 2% 
 
 .8983 
 
 .8883 
 
 .8688 
 
 .8501 
 
 .8149 
 
 .7831 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .9864 
 
 .9763 
 
 .9566 
 
 9375 
 
 .9014 
 
 .8683 
 
 .8385 
 
 .8125 
 
 .7906 
 
 3^4 
 
 .074 
 
 .064 
 
 .044 
 
 .025 
 
 .9882 
 
 9540 
 
 .9228 
 
 .8949 
 
 .8705 
 
 
 .163 
 
 .152 
 
 .132 
 
 .113 
 
 .075 
 
 .O4O 
 
 .008 
 
 .9783 
 
 9520 
 
 3% 
 
 .251 
 
 .241 
 
 .220 
 
 .201 
 
 .163 
 
 .127 
 
 .093 
 
 .063 
 
 .035 
 
 4 
 
 339 
 
 .329 
 
 .308 
 
 .288 
 
 .250 
 
 .214 
 
 .179 
 
 .147 
 
 .118 
 
 4V4 
 
 .427 
 
 .417 
 
 .396 
 
 .376 
 
 .338 
 
 .301 
 
 .266 
 
 .233 
 
 .202 
 
 4V 2 
 
 .516 
 
 .505 
 
 .485 
 
 .464 
 
 .425 
 
 .388 
 
 .352 
 
 .318 
 
 .287 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 .604 
 
 593 
 
 573 
 
 552 
 
 .513 
 
 .475 
 
 .439 
 
 .405 
 
 372 
 
 5 
 
 .692 
 
 .682 
 
 .661 
 
 .641 
 
 .601 
 
 .563 
 
 .526 
 
 .491 
 
 458 
 
 5V4 
 
 .780 
 
 770 
 
 749 
 
 .729 
 
 .689 
 
 .650 
 
 .613 
 
 577 
 
 544 
 
 
 .869 
 
 .858 
 
 .837 
 
 .817 
 
 777 
 
 .738 
 
 .700 
 
 .664 
 
 .630 
 
 s4i 
 
 957 
 
 947 
 
 .926 
 
 90S 
 
 .865 
 
 .825 
 
 .788 
 
 751 
 
 .716 
 
 6 
 
 .045 
 
 .035 
 
 .014 
 
 .993 
 
 953 
 
 .913 
 
 .875 
 
 .838 
 
 .803 
 
 Inside Surface in Square Feet per Lineal Foot 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 .1145 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1473 
 
 .1309 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !^8 
 
 .1800 
 
 .1636 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IV4 
 
 .2127 
 
 .1963 
 
 .1636 
 
 .1309 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1% 
 
 .2454 
 
 .2291 
 
 .1963 
 
 .1636 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-^2 
 
 .2782 
 
 .2618 
 
 .2291 
 
 .1963 
 
 .1309 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 44 
 
 .3436 
 
 .3272 
 
 .2945 
 
 .2618 
 
 .1963 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .4091 
 
 .3927 
 
 .3600 
 
 .3272 
 
 .2618 
 
 .1963 
 
 
 
 
 2% 
 
 .4745 
 
 .4581 
 
 .4254 
 
 .3927 
 
 .3272 
 
 .2618 
 
 
 
 
 2V 2 
 
 5400 
 
 .5236 
 
 .4909 
 
 .4581 
 
 .3927 
 
 .3272 
 
 
 
 
 2 3 /4 
 
 .6054 
 
 .5890 
 
 .5563 
 
 .5236 
 
 .4581 
 
 .3927 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .6709 
 
 .6545 
 
 .6218 
 
 .5890 
 
 .5236 
 
 .4581 
 
 .3927 
 
 .3272 
 
 .2618 
 
 3^4 
 
 .7363 
 
 .7199 
 
 .6872 
 
 .6545 
 
 .5890 
 
 .5236 
 
 .4581 
 
 .3927 
 
 .3272 
 
 3V 2 
 
 .8018 
 
 .7854 
 
 .7527 
 
 .7199 
 
 .6545 
 
 .5890 
 
 .5236 
 
 .4581 
 
 .3927 
 
 3 8 /4 
 
 .8672 
 
 .8508 
 
 .8181 
 
 .7854 
 
 .7199 
 
 .6545 
 
 .5890 
 
 .5236 
 
 .4581 
 
 4 
 
 9327 
 
 .9163 
 
 .8836 
 
 .8508 
 
 .7854 
 
 .7199 
 
 .6545 
 
 .5890 
 
 .5236 
 
 4V4 
 
 .9981 
 
 .9817 
 
 .9490 
 
 .9163 
 
 .8508 
 
 .7854 
 
 .7199 
 
 .6545 
 
 .5890 
 
 4V2 
 
 1.0636 
 
 1.0472 
 
 I. 0145 
 
 .9817 
 
 .9163 
 
 .8508 
 
 .7854 
 
 .7199 
 
 .6545 
 
 4 3 /4 
 
 .1290 
 
 .1126 
 
 .0799 
 
 .0472 
 
 .9817 
 
 .9163 
 
 .8508 
 
 .7854 
 
 .7199 
 
 5 
 
 1945 
 
 .1781 
 
 .1454 
 
 .1126 
 
 .0472 
 
 .9817 
 
 .9163 
 
 .8508 
 
 .7854 
 
 5V4 
 
 2599 
 
 .2435 
 
 .2108 
 
 .1781 
 
 .1126 
 
 1.0472 
 
 .9817 
 
 .9163 
 
 .8508 
 
 5% 
 
 .3254 
 
 .3090 
 
 .2763 
 
 .2435 
 
 .1781 
 
 1.1126 
 
 1.0472 
 
 .9817 
 
 .9163 
 
 5 8 /4 
 
 .3908 
 
 3744 
 
 .3417 
 
 .3090 
 
 .2435 
 
 1.1781 
 
 1.1126 
 
 1.0472 
 
 .9817 
 
 6 
 
 4563 
 
 . 4399 
 
 . 4072 . 3744 
 
 .3090 
 
 1.2435 
 
 1.1781 
 
 1.1126 
 
 1.0472 
 
 
208 
 
 Briggs' Standard 
 
 BRIGGS 9 STANDARD 
 
 The nominal sizes of pipe 10 inches and under, and the pitches of the 
 threads, were for the most part established in the British tube (called 
 "pipe" in America) trade between 1820 and 1840. The sizes are desig- 
 nated roughly, according to their internal diameters. 
 
 Robert Briggs, about 1862, while Superintendent of the Pascal Iron 
 Works, formulated the nominal dimensions of pipe up to and including 
 10 inches. These dimensions have been broadly spread and are widely 
 known as "Briggs' Standard." They are as follows: 
 
 The nominal and outside diameters and pitch of thread, for sizes 
 10 inches and under, are given in the table of Standard Pipe, page 22, 
 of this book. 
 
 The thread has an angle of 60 and is slightly rounded off at top and 
 
 0.8 
 bottom so that the total height (depth), H = , where n is the number 
 
 of threads per inch. 
 
 increases roughly with the diameter, but 
 
 The pitch of the threads [ - 
 \n i 
 
 in an arbitrary and irregular manner. It would be advantageous to 
 change the pitches except for the fact that they are now firmly estab- 
 lished. 
 
 The conically threaded ends of pipe are cut at a taper of %-mch 
 diameter per foot of length (i.e., i in 32 to the axis of the pipe). (See 
 Fig. 113.) 
 
 VVV\AAAAAAZI>T"' 
 
 Fig. 113 
 
 The thread is perfect for a distance (L) from the end of the pipe, 
 
 outside diameter 
 
 expressed by the rule, L = ; where D 
 
 in inches. Then come two threads, perfect at the root or bottom, 
 but imperfect at the top, and then come three or four threads imperfect 
 at both top and bottom. These last do not enter into the joint at all, 
 but are incident to the process of cutting the threads. 
 
 The thickness of the pipe under the root of the thread at the end of 
 the pipe equals T 0.0175 D+ 0.025 inch. 
 
The Physical Properties of Carbonic Acid 209 
 
 The above notes on Briggs' Standard were taken from Paper No. 1842, 
 "American Practice in Warming Buildings by Steam," presented before 
 the British Institute of Civil Engineers by Robert Briggs, member of the 
 Institute. It is contained in the Institute Proceedings, Vol. LXXI, Session 
 1882-83, Part I. The substance of that paper is quoted quite fully in 
 the report of the Committee on Standard Pipe and Pipe Threads to the 
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers at the seventh annual meeting 
 and is published in Vol. VIII, Paper No. 226, of their proceedings. The 
 report was accepted by the American Society, December 29, 1886. 
 
 Briggs' Standard was adopted by the manufacturers of wrought-iron 
 pipe and boiler tubes, October 27, 1886, and indorsed by the Manu- 
 facturers' Association of Brass and Iron, Steam, Gas and Water Work, 
 December 8, 1886; except that the outside diameter of 9-inch pipe was 
 changed to 9.625 inches. 
 
 By trade usage, the above rules have been extended to take in sizes 
 up to 15 inches inclusive, except that the standard thickness is 0.375 
 inch, with the outside diameters given on page 22. Pipes larger than 
 15 inches, nominal size, are known by their outside diameter. The 
 dimensions have also been extended to Extra Strong and Double Extra 
 Strong Pipe, by holding the outside diameter and allowing the inside 
 diameter to decrease according to increase in thickness. See page 25 
 for Extra and Double Extra Strong Pipe. 
 
 National Tube Company threads its pipe to conform to the Briggs' 
 Standard Gages as made by the Pratt & Whitney Company of Hart- 
 ford, Conn., U. S. A. 
 
 The following table gives the depth of different pipe and casing 
 threads: 
 
 8 threads per inch 100 inch 
 
 10 threads per inch 080 inch 
 
 i iy 2 threads per inch 0696 inch 
 
 1 2 threads per inch 0667 inch 
 
 14 threads per inch 0571 inch 
 
 18 threads per inch 0444 inch 
 
 27 threads per inch 0296 ipch 
 
 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBONIC ACID 
 
 In a paper presented before the American Society of Mechanical 
 Engineers (December, 1908) by Prof. R. T. Stewart, of the University 
 of Pittsburgh, is given the most recent information on "The Physical 
 Properties of Carbonic Acid and the Conditions of Its Economic Storage 
 for Transportation. " The necessity for accurate data on this subject 
 was at that time so apparent that arrangements were made with Professor 
 Stewart to make a special study of all the data available, and to make 
 such experiments as were required in order to supply a sound basis for 
 the design, manufacture and filling of carbonic acid cylinders. The 
 results of this investigation may be found in the above article. 
 
 The tables and charts given in this paper furnish the data necessary 
 in investigating the strength and safety of existing carbonic acid cylinders 
 and the design of new cylinders on a safe and economical basis. The 
 
210 Holding-Power of Boiler Tubes 
 
 value of these tables will be apparent when it is considered that each 
 of these cylinders becomes, when charged, a reservoir of stored energy, 
 which would in all probability cause loss of both life and property should 
 rupture occur. 
 
 It is impracticable in a short space to give an abstract which would 
 be sufficiently complete, nor is this necessary, as the complete data is 
 available to all who are interested. The scope of Professor Stewart's 
 paper may be judged from the following extract from the introduction: 
 
 "In Part One of this paper the tables and charts show the physical 
 properties of pure carbon dioxide and are based upon three things: 
 First, the average of the values obtained by Lord Rayleigh and by 
 Leduc for the weight in grams of one liter of purified and dried carbon 
 dioxide, CO2, under standard conditions; second, the adjusted results 
 which carbon dioxide differs in its physical actions from the laws of a 
 perfect gas; and, third, the direct application of certain fundamental 
 physical relations and of mathematical and graphical analyses. 
 
 "In Part Two is given the results of the author's experiments on 
 commercial carbonic acid contained in commercial steel cylinders. 
 
 "In Part Three is given a rational method of designing commercial 
 carbonic acid cylinders." 
 
 HOLDING-POWER OF BOILER-TUBES EXPANDED 
 INTO TUBE SHEETS 
 
 (Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket Book.) 
 
 Experiments by Chief Engineer W. H. Shock, U. S. N., on brass 
 tubes 2 l /2 inches diameter, expanded into plates %-inch thick, gave 
 results ranging from 5850 to 46 coo pounds. Out of 48 tests, 5 gave 
 figures under 10 coo pounds, 12 between 10 ooo and 20,000 pounds, 
 1 8 between 20000 and 30000 pounds, 10 between 30000 and 40000 
 pounds, and 3 over 40 ooo pounds. 
 
 Experiments by Yarrow & Co., on steel tubes, 2 to 2% inches diameter, 
 gave results similarly varying, ranging from 7900 to 41 715 pounds, 
 the majority ranging from 20 ooo to 30 ooo pounds. In 15 experiments 
 on 4- and 5-inch tubes the strain ranged from 20 720 to 68 040 pounds. 
 Beading the tube does not necessarily give increased resistance, as some 
 of the lower figures were obtained with beaded tubes. (See paper on 
 Rules Governing the Construction of Steam Boilers, Trans. Engineering 
 Congress, Section G, Chicago, 1893). 
 
 The Slipping Point of Rolled Boiler-tube Joints 
 
 (O. P. Hood and G. L. Christensen, Trans. A. S. M. E., 1908.) 
 
 When a tube has started from its original seat, the fit may be no 
 longer continuous at all points and a leak may result, although the 
 ultimate holding power of the tube may not be impaired. A small 
 movement of the tube under stress is then the preliminary to a possible 
 leak, and it is of interest to know at what stress this slipping begins. 
 
 As results of a series of experiments with tube sheets of from M? inch 
 to i inch in thickness, and with straight and tapered tube seats, the 
 
Thermal Expansion of Iron and Steel Tubes 211 
 
 authors found that the slipping point of a 3 -inch i2-gage Shelby cold- 
 drawn tube rolled into a straight, smooth machined hole in a i-inch 
 sheet occurs with a pull of about 7000 pounds. The frictional resistance 
 of such tubes is about 750 pounds per square inch of tube-bearing area 
 in sheets % inch and i inch thick. 
 
 Various degrees of rolling do not greatly affect the point of initial 
 slip, and for higher resistances to initial slip other resistance than friction 
 must be depended upon. Cutting a 10 pitch square thread in the seat, 
 about o.oi inch deep, will raise the slipping point to three or four times 
 that in a smooth hole. In one test this thread was made 0.015 inch 
 deep in a sheet i inch thick, giving an abutting area of about 1.4 square 
 inches and a resistance to initial slip of 45 ooo pounds. The elastic 
 limit of the tube was reached at about 34 ooo pounds. 
 
 Where tubes give trouble from slipping and are required to carry an 
 unusual load, the slipping point can be easily raised by serrating the 
 tube seat by rolling with an ordinary flue expander, the rolls of which 
 are grooved about 0.007 inch deep and 10 grooves to the inch. One 
 tube thus serrated had its slipping point raised between three and four 
 times its usual value. 
 
 THERMAL EXPANSION OF IRON AND 
 STEEL TUBES 
 
 A number of samples of the various metals used in the manufacture 
 of seamless and welded tubes were recently submitted to the Bureau of 
 Standards, Washington, D. C., for determinations of the coefficients 
 of expansion within the range of temperatures common to boiler practice. 
 The mean coefficient of expansion (a) of these materials between o C. 
 and 200 C. was found to be: 
 
 Charcoal iron 
 
 Chemical analyses 
 
 () 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Phos- 
 phorus 
 
 Man- 
 ganese 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Trace 
 .07 
 
 .12 
 
 .049 
 .132 
 
 .0145 
 
 Trace 
 .40 
 
 .51 
 
 .020 
 
 .052 
 .035 
 
 .00001235 
 .00001258 
 
 .00001239 
 
 Bessemer steel 
 
 Seamless O. H. steel 
 (hot finished) 
 
 
 The length of a tube at / degrees Centigrade is: 
 
 L t = Lo (i + at). 
 The report of this investigation -remarks: 
 
 "As might have been expected from the known behavior of metals, 
 nearly all the specimens appeared to expand faster at higher than at 
 low temperatures. The measurements indicate that, throughout the 
 range from o C. to 200 C., the values of the coefficients (a) might 
 increase from as much as about i .3 per cent, less than to about as much 
 as 1.3 per cent, greater than the values given in the above table." 
 
212 Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 
 
 STRENGTH OF TUBES, PIPES, AND CYLINDERS 
 UNDER INTERNAL FLUID PRESSURE 
 
 In order to arrive at some definite conclusion as to what formula or 
 formulae should be used for calculating the strength of tubes, pipes, 
 and cylinders subjected to internal fluid pressure, the different published 
 formulae have been investigated and compared. These are five in num- 
 ber; namely, the Common Formula, and those by Barlow, Lame, Clava- 
 rino, and Birnie. 
 
 These formulas have been put into the simplest form for application 
 to tubes, pipes, and cylinders, and are reduced to a common notation 
 for the sake of making an easy comparison. The notation used is as 
 follows: 
 
 Di = outside diameter in inches; 
 Di = inside diameter in inches; 
 / = thickness of wall in inches; 
 p = internal gage pressure, or difference between internal and 
 
 external fluid pressures, in pounds per square inch; 
 /= fiber stress in the wall in pounds per square inch. 
 
 The formulae here given are for the usual conditions of practice, 
 namely, where the external pressure is atmospheric and the internal 
 pressure is expressed as gage pressure. They are also applicable to 
 cases where the external pressure is not excessive by taking p as the 
 difference between the internal and external pressures. 
 
 In all that follows it is assumed that the length of the tube or pipe 
 relative to its diameter is sufficiently great to eliminate the influence 
 of end support tending to prevent ruptu - e. 
 
 Nature of Stress in a Tube Wall. An internal fluid pressure may 
 give rise (i) to a circumferential stress within the wall of a tube or 
 pipe, or (2) to both a circumferential and a longitudinal stress acting 
 jointly. In either case the tube wall is under radial compressive stress, 
 as indicated by the arrows, Figs. 114 and 115. 
 
 Fig. 114 
 
 Fig. 114 illustrates a tube with frictionless plungers fitted into its ends, 
 the plungers being kept in place by the external forces, P, P, which 
 exactly balance the internal fluid pressure tending to force them outward. 
 In this case the tube wall is subjected only to the internal forces shown 
 as acting at right angles to its inner surface. It is obvious that these 
 
Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 213 
 
 forces can give rise to radial and circumferential stresses only in the tube 
 wall. The value of the circumferential stress, ft, in pounds per square 
 inch, is ~ ~ 
 
 ft=P D^D- 2 = ^f (I) 
 
 Fig. 115 
 
 Fig. 115 illustrates the ordinary case of a tube or pipe with both ends 
 closed. In this case the tube wall, as in Fig. 114, is subjected to the cir- 
 cumferential stress, ft, along with the radial stress, and at the same time 
 is subjected to the longitudinal stress, /j. The longitudinal stress is 
 caused by the internal fluid pressure tending to force the attached heads 
 outward and expressed in pounds per square inch is 
 
 (2) 
 
 When the thickness of wall, /, is relatively small with respect to the 
 diameter, the longitudinal stress becomes approximately 
 
 in 
 
 or one-half the corresponding circumferential stress. 
 
 Common Formula. This is the formula generally found in books 
 on mechanics. It is based on the condition that the tube wall is sub- 
 jected to circumferential stress only (Fig. 114), and assumes (i) that 
 the material of the tube wall is devoid of elasticity, and (2) that the 
 stress is the same on all the circumferential fibers from the innermost 
 to the outermost. These assumptions are only approximately true for 
 tubes of comparatively thin walls, and are greatly in error for tubes 
 having very thick walls. 
 
 Using the notation as given above, the formula is 
 
 (4) 
 
 t = 2 L. P=2 fL. t= l D t. t = i D i 
 
 f 2 ZV P 2J D 2 ' ~ 2 2 f J ~ 2 2 t 
 
 Referring to the curves, Figs. 116 and 1 17, it will be seen that the Com- 
 mon Formula gives quite close results for comparatively thin walls when 
 used for the conditions shown in Fig. 114, for which Birnie's Formula 
 is theoretically correct. The error increases as the thickness of wall 
 becomes relatively greater, reaching ten per cent for a thickness ratio, 
 
214 Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 
 
 , of about 0.05. For thick walls the error is great; for example, when 
 L>\ 
 
 t p 
 
 equals 0.25 the value of is about one hundred per cent in error. 
 
 It should be observed when applying the Common Formula to this 
 case that the error is always on the side of danger. 
 
 For the conditions shown in Fig. 115, that is, when the tube is sub- 
 jected to the stresses due to an internal fluid pressure acting jointly on 
 the tube wall and its closed ends, for which Clavarino's Formula is theo- 
 
 retically correct, the curves show for a thickness ratio, , less than 0.07, 
 
 Di 
 
 that the Common Formula errs on the side of safety, the greatest error 
 being about twelve per cent; while for thickness ratios greater than 
 0.07 the error is on the side of danger, reaching ten per cent for a thick- 
 ness ratio of o.i and about one hundred per cent 'for a ratio of 0.25. 
 
 Barlow's Formula. This formula assumes (i) that because of the 
 elasticity of the material, the different circumferential fibers will have 
 their diameters increased in such a manner as to keep the area of cross- 
 section constant, and (2) that the length of the tube is unaltered by 
 the internal fluid pressure. As neither of these assumptions is theo- 
 retically correct, this formula can give only approximately correct 
 results. Using the notation given above, this formula is 
 
 It should be observed that while Barlow's Formula is similar in form 
 to the Common Formula, it gives results that are quite different when 
 applied to tubes, pipes, and cylinders having walls of considerable 
 thickness. This is due to the fact that Barlow's Formula is expressed 
 in terms of the outside diameter, Di, whereas the Common Formula 
 is expressed in terms of the inside diameter, Z>2. 
 
 Referring to the curves, Figs. 116 and 117, it will be seen that Barlow's 
 Formula gives quite close results when used for the condition shown in 
 Fig. 114, for which Birnie's Formula is theoretically correct. The curves 
 show for the entire practical range of thickness ratios that the error in 
 
 values of -, for this case, does not exceed three per cent, the error 
 
 throughout the whole practical range being on the side of safety. This, 
 then, is the best of the simple theoretical formulae for application to 
 the case illustrated in Fig. 114. 
 
 For the conditions shown in Fig. 115, namely, when the tube is sub- 
 jected to the stresses due to an internal fluid pressure acting jointly on 
 the tube wall and its closed ends, for which Clavarino's Formula is theo- 
 retically correct, the curves show that Barlow's Formula gives values 
 
 of - whose errors range from fifteen per cent for tubes, pipes, and cylin- 
 
 ders having thin walls to ten per cent for those having thick walls, the 
 error being on the side of safety for all practical thickness ratios. 
 
Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 215 
 
 Lame's Formula. This formula is meant to apply to the conditions 
 shown in Fig. 115. Each material particle of the tube wall is supposed to 
 be subjected to the radial compression, and the circumferential and longi- 
 tudinal tensions due to an internal fluid pressure acting jointly on the 
 tube wall and its closed ends; and the material of the tube wall is 
 supposed to be elastic under these actions. Lame's Formula, however, 
 ignores the "Coefficient of Lateral Contraction," known as "Poisson's 
 Ratio," and consequently is not theoretically correct. 
 
 Using the notation as given above, this formula is 
 
 p DS-DJ Di*-D* f n 
 
 Referring to the curves, Figs. 116 and 117, it will be seen that Lame's 
 Formula, which is meant to apply to the conditions for which Clava- 
 
 rino's Formula is theoretically correct, gives for thickness ratios, , 
 less than 0.15, an error on the side of safety, the error having a maxi- 
 
 mum value of about fourteen per cent when - equals o.oi. For thick- 
 
 D\ 
 
 ness ratios greater than 0.15 the error is on the side of danger, reaching 
 ten per cent for a ratio of about 0.23. 
 
 Clavarino's Formula. In this formula, as in Lame's Formula, each 
 material particle of the tube wall is supposed to be subjected to the 
 radial compression and the circumferential and longitudinal tensions 
 due to an internal fluid pressure acting jointly on the tube wall and its 
 closed ends; and the material is supposed to be elastic under these 
 actions. Unlike Lame's Formula, however, this formula expresses the 
 true stresses in the tube wall as based upon the " Coefficient of Lateral 
 Contraction," known as "Poisson's Ratio," and is consequently theo- 
 retically correct for the conditions shown in Fig. 115, providing the 
 stress on the most strained fiber does not exceed the elastic limit of 
 the material. 
 
 Using the notation given above and assuming the value of the "Co- 
 efficient of Lateral Contraction, " for tube steel to be 0.3, this formula is 
 
 p ...xoW-ZW). p ^jjjj$j^ Di 
 
 iU- 
 
 iof-i3P 
 
 This theoretically correct formula for the conditions shown in Fig. 115 
 has the disadvantage that it is difficult to apply directly in making 
 calculations. In order to remove this difficulty the table on page 220 
 has been prepared, by means of which any desired calculation can be as 
 
216 Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 
 
 readily made by Clavarino's Formula as by any of the simpler formulae. 
 The entries of this table are the values in Clavarino's Formula of the 
 factor 
 
 It will be observed that these factors are tabulated for thickness 
 
 ratios, , from o.oi to 0.3, advancing by thousandths. Thus for a 
 Di 
 
 wall thickness, t, of 0.25 inch and an outside diameter, Di, of ten inches, 
 
 the thickness ratio, , would be 0.25 divided by 10, or 0.025. The 
 Di 
 
 required factor corresponding to this thickness ratio is 0.0587 and is 
 found in the column headed 0.005 opposite 0.02 in column one. Simi- 
 larly for an outside diameter of four inches and a wall thickness of 0.5 
 inch, the thickness ratio would be 0.125 and the corresponding internal 
 pressure factor is 0.2869. 
 
 If we designate the value of any tabular factor by k, then it is obvious 
 that Clavarino's Formula may be written 
 
 (8) 
 
 This table is well adapted to the ready solution of problems involving 
 the strength and safety of a tube, pipe, or cylinder which is subjected to 
 the stresses due to an internal fluid pressure acting jointly on its wall 
 and closed ends, as illustrated in Fig. 115. 
 
 Problem i. Required the safe working fluid pressure p, Fig. 115, when 
 the outside diameter, Di, equals four inches; thickness of wall, /, equals 
 0.5 inch; and the working fiber stress of the steel,/, equals 10 ooo pounds. 
 
 Solution, (i) The thickness ratio, , equals 0.125; (2) the corre- 
 
 D\ 
 
 spending tabular factor, k, is found from the table, page 220, to be 
 0.2869; and (3) the required safe working fluid pressure, p, equals kf 
 (equation 8), or 0.2869 times 10 ooo, or 2869 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Problem 2. Required the fiber stress, /, in the wall of a cylinder, Fig. 115, 
 when the outside diameter, D\, equals 5.5 inches; the thickness of wall, 
 t, equals 0.25 inch; and the working fluid pressure, p, equals 1500 pounds 
 per square inch. 
 
 Solution, (i) The thickness ratio, -, equals 0.045; (2) the corre- 
 
 Di 
 
 spending tabular factor, k, is found from table on page 220, to be 0.1054; 
 and (3) the required fiber stress, /, equals - (equation 8), or 1500 divided 
 
 by 0.1054, or 14 200 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Problem 3. Required the thickness of wall, t, Fig. 115, when the outside 
 diameter, Di, equals eight inches; the working fiber stress of the steel, 
 
Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 217 
 
 /, equals 15 ooo pounds per square inch; and the working fluid pressure, 
 p, equals 2000 pounds per square inch. 
 
 P 
 Solution, (i) The factor, k, equals ~ (equation 8) or 2000 divided by 
 
 15 ooo or 0.133; (2) the value of the thickness ratio, -, corresponding 
 
 D\ 
 
 to this value of k is found from the table on page 220 to be 0.057; and 
 (3) the required thickness will result from multiplying this thickness 
 
 ratio, , by the outside diameter, Di, or 0.057 times 8 equals 0.456 inch. 
 
 Di 
 
 NOTE. When the inside diameter, Dz', the internal pressure, p; 
 and the working fiber stress, /, are given and it is required to find the 
 thickness of wall, t: proceed by finding first the value of the outside 
 diameter, D\, by means of equation (7), after which the required thick- 
 ness may be had by taking one-half the difference of the outside and 
 inside diameters, or 
 
 Di - D 2 . 
 
 t = (9) 
 
 2 
 
 Birnie's Formula. This formula is based upon the conditions illus- 
 trated in Fig. 1 14. In its derivation, precisely the same assumptions 
 are made as for Clavarino's Formula with the single exception that the 
 longitudinal stress, fi, due to the internal fluid pressure acting upon 
 attached heads is assumed not to exist. Birnie's Formula consequently 
 is theoretically correct for tubes, pipes, and cylinders that are sub- 
 jected to an internal fluid pressure in such a manner as not to give rise 
 to longitudinal stress in the wall; provided the stress on the most 
 strained fiber does not exceed the elastic limit of the material. 
 
 Using the same notation as before and assuming the value of the 
 "Coefficient of Lateral Contraction" for steel to be 0.3, this formula 
 
 p io(Di 2 -Z) 2 2 ) _io(i 2 -Z) 2 2 ) / IQ/+ 7 P . 
 
 2 
 
 f ~ I3p (10) 
 
 iof+7P 
 
 Birnie's Formula, like Clavarino's Formula, has the disadvantage of 
 being difficult to apply directly in making calculations. In order to 
 remove this difficulty the table on page 221 has been prepared, the 
 entries being the values in Birnie's Formula of the factor 
 
 
 This table is used in a manner precisely similar to the table of factors 
 for Clavarino's Formula. See explanation and solution of problems 
 on page 216. 
 
218 Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 
 
 Comparis 
 
 .22 
 .21 
 .20 
 .19 
 .18 
 .1 7 
 *M6 
 
 $ .15 
 K 
 
 S.14 
 
 LJ 
 
 m 
 C .13 
 
 fe 
 
 .12 
 g 
 > .1 1 
 O 
 id 
 
 >1 
 
 (O 
 CO 
 
 .09 
 CL 
 -.08 
 
 to 
 ^ .07 
 
 < 
 > .06 
 
 .05 
 .04 
 .03 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 
 
 on of Internal Fluid Pressure Formulae for Tubes, Pipes and 
 Cylinders 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 / / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '/,' 
 
 ' // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 // 
 
 ' / 
 / t 
 
 / / 
 /' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /, 
 
 / // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^/x 
 
 'V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ''// 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ///, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /, 
 
 '/// 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ///, 
 
 t/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 '/// 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 //; 
 
 //- 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / I* 
 
 ///' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 7_ 
 
 
 E FOR CLAVARINO'S FORMULA 
 Z FOR BIRNIE'S FORMULA 
 = FOR COMMON FORMULA 
 E FOR LAME'S FORMULA 
 E FOR BARLOW'S FORMULA 
 
 CURV 
 CURV 
 CURV 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 
 VALUES OF THICKNESS DIVIDED BY OUTSIDE DIAMETER,^ 
 
 Fig. 116 
 
Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 219 
 
 Comparh 
 
 .75 
 
 .70 
 .65 
 ^.60 
 
 U) 
 
 t- 
 m 
 E .55 
 
 .50 
 .45 
 
 5 .40 
 
 .35 
 .30 
 .25 
 .20 
 
 >on of Internal Fluid Pressure Formulae for Tubes, Pipes and 
 Cylinders (Concluded) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 x / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 X. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 /' 
 
 ,/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 / 
 
 / y 
 
 k/ 
 
 /s 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 // 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 //i 
 
 // 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 / 
 / > 
 
 / \ 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 // 
 // 
 
 /y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 '/ / 
 /.' 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / , 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 1 ' /y 
 
 
 E FOR CLAVARINO'S FORMULA 
 E FOR BIRNIE'8 FORMULA . 
 E FOR COMMON FORMULA 
 E FOR LAME'S FORMULA 
 
 
 CURV 
 -- CURV 
 - CURV 
 
 / 
 
 //, 
 
 Y 
 
 im 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 ^UnVCi . wr. wr,r,wv. . wr....wwr. 
 
 m 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 .12 .14 .16 .18 .20 .22 .24 .26 .28 .30 
 VALUES OF THICKNESS DIVIDED BY OUTSIDE DIAMETER,^} 
 
 Fig. 117 
 
220 Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 
 
 Internal Fluid Pressure Factors, k, for Conditions shown in Fig. 115 
 
 [Calculated by Clavarino's Formula, assuming for steel a "Coefficient of 
 
 Lateral Contraction" (Poisson's Ratio) equal 0.3.] 
 
 Rule. Divide thickness of tube or pipe by its outside diameter, both being 
 
 expressed in inches, then multiply the tabular value corresponding to this quo- 
 
 tient by the working fiber stress in pounds per square inch. The result will 
 
 be the safe internal pressure in pounds per square inch. 
 
 For further use of table, see page 216. 
 
 t/D l 
 
 .OOO 
 
 .001 
 
 .002 
 
 .003 
 
 .004 
 
 .005 
 
 .006 
 
 .007 
 
 .008 
 
 .009 
 
 .01 
 
 .0235 
 
 .0259 
 
 .0282 
 
 .0306 
 
 .0329 
 
 .0352 
 
 .0376 
 
 0399 
 
 0423 
 
 .0446 
 
 .02 
 
 .0470 
 
 0493 
 
 .0517 
 
 .0540 
 
 .0564 
 
 0587 
 
 .0610 
 
 .0634 
 
 0657 
 
 .0681 
 
 .03 
 
 .0704 
 
 .0727 
 
 .0751 
 
 .0774 
 
 .0797 
 
 .0821 
 
 .0844 
 
 .0867 
 
 .0891 
 
 .0914 
 
 .04 
 
 0937 
 
 .0961 
 
 .0984 
 
 .1007 
 
 .1031 
 
 1054 
 
 .1077 
 
 .IIOO 
 
 .1123 
 
 .1147 
 
 05 
 
 .1170 
 
 1193 
 
 .I2l6 
 
 1239 
 
 .1263 
 
 .1286 
 
 .1309 
 
 .1332 
 
 1355 
 
 1378 
 
 .06 
 
 .1401 
 
 .1424 
 
 .1448 
 
 .1471 
 
 .1494 
 
 .1517 
 
 .1540 
 
 .1563 
 
 . 1586 
 
 .1609 
 
 .07 
 
 .1632 
 
 .1655 
 
 .1678 
 
 .1700 
 
 1723 
 
 .1746 
 
 .1709 
 
 .1792 
 
 .1815 
 
 .1838 
 
 .08 
 
 .1861 
 
 .1883 
 
 .1906 
 
 .1929 
 
 .1952 
 
 .1974 
 
 .1997 
 
 .2020 
 
 .2043 
 
 .2065 
 
 .09 
 
 .2088 
 
 .2111 
 
 .2133 
 
 .2156 
 
 .2178 
 
 .2201 
 
 .2223 
 
 .2246 
 
 .2269 
 
 .2291 
 
 .10 
 
 .2314 
 
 .2336 
 
 .2358 
 
 . 2381 
 
 .2403 
 
 2425 
 
 .2448 
 
 .2470 
 
 2493 
 
 .2515 
 
 .11 
 
 .2537 
 
 2559 
 
 . 2582 
 
 .2604 
 
 .2626 
 
 .2648 
 
 .2670 
 
 .2692 
 
 .2715 
 
 2737 
 
 .12 
 
 2759 
 
 .2781 
 
 .2803 
 
 .2825 
 
 2847 
 
 .2869 
 
 .2890 
 
 .2912 
 
 2934 
 
 .2956 
 
 .13 
 
 .2978 
 
 .300O 
 
 .3022 
 
 3043 
 
 .3065 
 
 .3087 
 
 .3108 
 
 3130 
 
 .3152 
 
 3173 
 
 14 
 
 -3I9S 
 
 .3216 
 
 -3238 
 
 3259 
 
 .3281 
 
 3302 
 
 . 3323 
 
 3345 
 
 3366 
 
 .3388 
 
 15 
 
 3409 
 
 3430 
 
 3451 
 
 3472 
 
 3494 
 
 3515 
 
 .3536 
 
 3557 
 
 3578 
 
 3599 
 
 .16 
 
 .3620 
 
 .3641 
 
 .3662 
 
 .3683 
 
 3704 
 
 3724 
 
 .3745 
 
 .3766 
 
 .3787 
 
 .3808 
 
 .17 
 
 .3828 
 
 .3849 
 
 .3869 
 
 .3890 
 
 3910 
 
 3931 
 
 -3951 
 
 3972 
 
 3992 
 
 4013 
 
 .18 
 
 4033 
 
 4053 
 
 .4073 
 
 .4094 
 
 .4114 
 
 4134 
 
 4154 
 
 4174 
 
 .4194 
 
 .4214 
 
 -19 
 
 4234 
 
 4254 
 
 .4274 
 
 .4294 
 
 -4314 
 
 4333 
 
 4353 
 
 4373 
 
 4393 
 
 .4412 
 
 .20 
 
 .4432 
 
 4452 
 
 4471 
 
 4490 
 
 4510 
 
 4529 
 
 4548 
 
 .4568 
 
 .4587 
 
 .4606 
 
 .21 
 
 .4626 
 
 .4645 
 
 .4664 
 
 .4683 
 
 4702 
 
 4721 
 
 4740 
 
 4758 
 
 4777 
 
 .4706 
 
 .22 
 
 .4815 
 
 .4834 
 
 .4852 
 
 .4871 
 
 .4889 
 
 .4908 
 
 .4926 
 
 4945 
 
 .4964 
 
 .4982 
 
 23 
 
 .5001 
 
 .5019 
 
 5037 
 
 5055 
 
 5073 
 
 .5091 
 
 .5109 
 
 5127 
 
 .5145 
 
 5163 
 
 .24 
 
 .5181 
 
 5199 
 
 .5216 
 
 .5234 
 
 .5252 
 
 5269 
 
 5287 
 
 .5304 
 
 5322 
 
 5340 
 
 25 
 
 5357 
 
 5374 
 
 5391 
 
 .5408 
 
 .5426 
 
 5443 
 
 546o 
 
 .5477 
 
 5494 
 
 5511 
 
 .26 
 
 .5528 
 
 5545 
 
 .556l 
 
 5578 
 
 5594 
 
 .5611 
 
 .5628 
 
 .5644 
 
 .5661 
 
 5677 
 
 -27 
 
 .5694 
 
 5710 
 
 .5726 
 
 5742 
 
 5758 
 
 -5774 
 
 .5790 
 
 .5806 
 
 .5822 
 
 5838 
 
 28 
 
 .5854 
 
 .5870 
 
 .5885 
 
 5901 
 
 .5916 
 
 5932 
 
 5947 
 
 . 5963 
 
 .5978 
 
 5994 
 
 .29 
 
 .6009 
 
 .6024 
 
 .6039 
 
 .6054 
 
 .6069 
 
 .6084 
 
 .6099 
 
 .6114 
 
 .6129 
 
 6l43 
 
 30 
 
 .6158 
 
 .6173 
 
 .6187 
 
 .6201 
 
 .6216 
 
 6230 
 
 .6244 
 
 .6259 
 
 .6273 
 
 .6287 
 
 
Strength of Tubes Under Internal Fluid Pressure 221 
 
 Internal Fluid Pressure Factors, k, for Conditions shown in Fig. 114 
 
 [Calculated by Birnie's Formula, assuming for steel a "Coefficient of Lateral 
 
 Contraction" (Poisson's Ratio) equal 0.3.] 
 
 Rule. Divide thickness of tube or pipe by its outside diameter, both being 
 
 expressed in inches, then multiply the tabular value corresponding to this quo- 
 
 tient by the working fiber stress in pounds per square inch. The result will 
 
 be the safe internal pressure in pounds per square inch. 
 
 For further use of table, see page 217. 
 
 t/D 1 
 
 .000 
 
 .001 
 
 .002 
 
 .003 
 
 .004 
 
 .005 
 
 .006 
 
 .007 
 
 .008 
 
 .009 
 
 .01 
 
 .0201 
 
 .0221 
 
 .O24I 
 
 .0261 
 
 .0282 
 
 .0302 
 
 .0322 
 
 .0342 
 
 .0363 
 
 .0383 
 
 .02 
 
 .0403 
 
 .0423 
 
 .0444 
 
 .0464 
 
 .0485 
 
 0505 
 
 0525 
 
 .0546 
 
 .0566 
 
 .0586 
 
 .0.3 
 
 .0607 
 
 .0627 
 
 .0648 
 
 .0668 
 
 .0689 
 
 .0709 
 
 .0730 
 
 .0750 
 
 .0771 
 
 .0791 
 
 .04 
 
 0812 
 
 .0832 
 
 .0853 
 
 .0873 
 
 .0894 
 
 .0915 
 
 0935 
 
 .0956 
 
 .0976 
 
 .0997 
 
 .05 
 
 .1018 
 
 .1038 
 
 .1059 
 
 .1080 
 
 .IIOO 
 
 .1121 
 
 .1142 
 
 .1163 
 
 .1183 
 
 .1204 
 
 .06 
 
 .1225 
 
 .1245 
 
 .1266 
 
 .1287 
 
 . 1308 
 
 1329 
 
 1349 
 
 .1370 
 
 - 1391 
 
 .1412 
 
 .07 
 
 1433 
 
 1453 
 
 1474 
 
 1495 
 
 .1516 
 
 1537 
 
 .1558 
 
 .1579 
 
 1599 
 
 .1620 
 
 .08 
 
 .1641 
 
 .1662 
 
 .1683 
 
 .1704 
 
 1725 
 
 .1746 
 
 .1767 
 
 .1787 
 
 .1808 
 
 .1829 
 
 .09 
 
 .1850 
 
 .1871 
 
 .1892 
 
 .1913 
 
 .1934 
 
 1955 
 
 .1976 
 
 .1997 
 
 .2018 
 
 .2039 
 
 .10 
 
 .2059 
 
 .2080 
 
 .2101 
 
 .2122 
 
 .2143 
 
 .2164 
 
 .2185 
 
 .2206 
 
 .2227 
 
 .2248 
 
 .11 
 
 .2269 
 
 .2290 
 
 .2311 
 
 .2332 
 
 .2353 
 
 .2374 
 
 .2395 
 
 .2416 
 
 2437 
 
 .2457 
 
 .12 
 
 .2478 
 
 2499 
 
 .2520 
 
 .2541 
 
 .2562 
 
 .2583 
 
 .2604 
 
 .2625 
 
 .2646 
 
 .2667 
 
 .13 
 
 .2688 
 
 .2708 
 
 .2729 
 
 .2750 
 
 .2771 
 
 .2792 
 
 .2813 
 
 .2834 
 
 .2854 
 
 .2875 
 
 .14 
 
 .2896 
 
 2917 
 
 .2938 
 
 2959 
 
 .2979 
 
 .3000 
 
 .3021 
 
 .3042 
 
 .3062 
 
 . 3083 
 
 .15 
 
 3104 
 
 .3125 
 
 .3145 
 
 .3166 
 
 .3187 
 
 .3208 
 
 .3228 
 
 .3249 
 
 .3270 
 
 .3290 
 
 .16 
 
 3311 
 
 3332 
 
 3352 
 
 .3373 
 
 3393 
 
 .3414 
 
 .3434 
 
 3455 
 
 .3476 
 
 .3496 
 
 .17 
 
 3517 
 
 .3537 
 
 3558 
 
 3578 
 
 .3598 
 
 .3619 
 
 .3639 
 
 .3660 
 
 .3680 
 
 .3700 
 
 .18 
 
 .3721 
 
 3741 
 
 376T 
 
 .3782 
 
 .3802 
 
 .3822 
 
 .3842 
 
 .3863 
 
 .3883 
 
 .3903 
 
 19 
 
 .3923 
 
 3943 
 
 .3963 
 
 .3983 
 
 .4003 
 
 .4024 
 
 4044 
 
 .4064 
 
 .4084 
 
 .4104 
 
 .20 
 
 4124 
 
 .4144 
 
 4163 
 
 .4183 
 
 .4203 
 
 4223 
 
 .4243 
 
 .4262 
 
 .4282 
 
 4302 
 
 .21 
 
 .4322 
 
 4341 
 
 .4361 
 
 .438o 
 
 .4400 
 
 .4419 
 
 -4439 
 
 4459 
 
 .4478 
 
 .4498 
 
 .22 
 
 .4517 
 
 .4536 
 
 .4556 
 
 4575 
 
 4594 
 
 .4613 
 
 .4633 
 
 .4652 
 
 .4671 
 
 .4690 
 
 .23 
 
 .4710 
 
 .4729 
 
 4748 
 
 .4767 
 
 .4785 
 
 .4804 
 
 .4823 
 
 .4842 
 
 .4861 
 
 .4880 
 
 .24 
 
 .4899 
 
 .4918 
 
 .4936 
 
 4955 
 
 4973 
 
 4992 
 
 5010 
 
 .5029 
 
 .5048 
 
 .5066 
 
 .25 
 
 .5085 
 
 .5103 
 
 5121 
 
 -5I39 
 
 .5157 
 
 .5176 
 
 5194 
 
 .5212 
 
 .5230 
 
 .5248 
 
 .26 
 
 .5266 
 
 .5284 
 
 5302 
 
 5320 
 
 .5338 
 
 5355 
 
 .5373 
 
 5391 
 
 .5409 
 
 .5427 
 
 .27 
 
 5444 
 
 .5462 
 
 .5479 
 
 5496 
 
 .5514 
 
 5531 
 
 .5548 
 
 .5566 
 
 .5583 
 
 .5600 
 
 .28 
 
 .5617 
 
 .5634 
 
 .5651 
 
 .5668 
 
 5685 
 
 .5702 
 
 .5718 
 
 .5735 
 
 5752 
 
 .5769 
 
 .29 
 
 .5786 
 
 .5802 
 
 .5818 
 
 .5835 
 
 .5851 
 
 .586 7 
 
 .5884 
 
 5900 
 
 .5916 
 
 .5933 
 
 .30 
 
 5949 
 
 .5965 
 
 .5981 
 
 .5996 
 
 .6012 
 
 .6028 
 
 .6044 
 
 .6059 
 
 .6075 
 
 .6091 
 
 
222 Strength of Tubes to Resist Internal Fluid Pressures 
 
 Strength of Commercial Tubes, Pipes and Cylinders 
 to Resist Internal Fluid Pressures 
 
 In the preceding portion of this chapter there appears a full statement 
 of the basis of each of the five theoretical formulae for the strength of 
 tubes, pipes, and cylinders when subjected to internal fluid pressures, 
 together with a comparison of results obtained by their use. One or 
 other of these formulae, taken apparently at random, has often been 
 used without sufficient understanding of their application to practical 
 conditions. It is the purpose of what follows to illustrate the proper 
 application of these formulae making use of the results of hydrostatic 
 tests recently made on commercial pipes at one of the mills of the 
 National Tube Company. 
 
 Yield Point Tests on Commercial Pipe. Tests were made under 
 Clavarino's condition, Fig. 115, on 195 specimens of lo-inch and 279 
 specimens of 1 2-inch lap- welded steel pipes, all of which were made up 
 into cylinders with heads welded to the pipe. The hydrostatic pressure 
 was raised until the yield point of the material was reached. The unit 
 stresses on the most strained fibers were then calculated by means of 
 Clavarino's formula, the pipes having been measured by micrometer, 
 before welding in the head, to determine the least thickness of wall. 
 
 The average results of the yield points of the most strained fibers of 
 the material constituting these pipes when compared with the average 
 yield point of tensile test specimens cut from about 400 similar pipes 
 may be summarized as follows: 
 
 Outside diameter of pipe, inches 10.00 12.00 
 
 Least thickness of wall, inch .172 . 164 
 
 Hydrostatic pressure at yield point, pounds 
 
 per square inch 1 435 i 195 
 
 Yield point by Clavarino's formula, pounds 
 
 per square inch 35 600 37 100 
 
 Yield point, average of tensile tests, pounds 
 
 per square inch 37 00 37 00 
 
 Apparent error in yield point by Clavarino's 
 
 formula -3-8% +0.3% 
 
 This summary of the average results of 474 tests is a very satisfactory 
 confirmation of the accuracy of Clavarino's Formula when applied to 
 commercial steel pipes for the conditions under which the formula 
 theoretically applies. 
 
 Other tests show that when the heads are attached to the pipe, as 
 m Fig. 115, it lengthens upon application of an internal fluid pressure, 
 and that when the heads are held independently, as in Fig. 1 14, it shortens 
 in accord respectively with the assumptions which constitute the basis 
 of Clavarino's and Birnie's formulae regarding change of length under 
 internal fluid pressure. 
 
 Applicability of Clavarino's and Birnie's Formulae. The above 
 summary of results of tests on pipes shows that Clavarino's formula 
 is applicable to commercial wrought steel pipe for the condition shown in 
 
Strength of Tubes to Resist Internal Fluid Pressures 223 
 
 Fig. 115, when the yield point of the most strained fiber is not exceeded 
 and the least thickness of wall is accurately known. 
 
 Tests made at the Watertown Arsenal in 1892-3-4-7 and 1902 on 
 sections of steel guns show that Birnie's formula for the condition 
 shown in Fig. 114, when applied up to the elastic limit of the most 
 strained fiber, gives results which agree with the results of direct tests 
 that are within the ordinary range of experimental error. These Water- 
 town Arsenal tests were all made on tubes the material and dimensions 
 of which were uniform to a degree obtainable only by boring and turn- 
 ing from forgings of the choicest portion of selected ingots. 
 
 It is apparent that any variation below the nominal or average value 
 in strength of material, thickness of wall and efficiency of joint in welded 
 pipe, or above the nominal in diameter, will give results which err on 
 the side of danger when making use of either Clavarino's or Birnie's 
 formulae. These formulae then should be restricted in their use to cer- 
 tain classes of seamless tubes and cylinders and to critical examinations 
 of ordinary tubes, pipes and cylinders, when exact results are desired 
 and sufficiently accurate data are available. 
 
 For all ordinary calculations of strength of commercial tubes, pipes 
 and cylinders Barlow's simple approximate formula is preferable. 
 
 Bursting Tests of Commercial Tubes and Pipes. The tables, 
 pages 225-226, show the average results of several hundred tests of 
 commercial tubes and pipes, all of which were burst by hydrostatic 
 pressure at one of the mills of the National Tube Company. 
 
 Of the steel tubes and pipes, 95 per cent was made by this Company, 
 while 86 per cent of the wrought iron pipe tested was obtained by 
 purchase in the open market. 
 
 The average ultimate tensile strength of pipe steel is 57 ooo pounds 
 per square inch, whether taken in the direction of rolling or trans- 
 versely thereto, while that of the seamless steel tested is 60 ooo pounds 
 per square inch. No tensile tests were made of the material of the 
 wrought iron pipes. 
 
 An examination of these tables will lead to the following general 
 conclusions: 
 
 1. In commercial welded pipe the variations in thickness of wall, 
 perfection of weld, etc., give rise to variations in bursting strength of 
 sufficient magnitude to render unnecessary any consideration of Clava- 
 rino's or Birnie's condition of head support as shown in Figs. 115 and 
 114, respectively. 
 
 2. The relative strengths of steel pipes and tubes, when using Barlow's 
 Formula and basing the calculations on average diameter, thickness of 
 wall and ultimate tensile strength of material, are as follows: For butt- 
 welded steel pipe, 73 per cent; for lap- welded steel pipe, 92 per cent; 
 and for seamless steel tubes, approximately 100 per cent. 
 
 In steel pipe, then, the strength of the butt-weld is about 80 per cent 
 of that of the lap-weld. 
 
 3. The relative strengths of wrought iron and steel pipe, from the 
 accompanying tables, are as follows: Butt- welded wrought-iron pipe is 
 
224 Strength of Tubes to Resist Internal Fluid Pressures 
 
 70 per cent as strong as similar butt- welded steel pipe; and lap- welded 
 wrought iron pipe is 60 per cent as strong as similar lap-welded steel 
 pipe. 
 
 Applicability of Barlow's Formula. Of the five formulae con- 
 sidered in this chapter that by Barlow is the best suited for all ordinary 
 calculations pertaining to the bursting strength of commercial tubes, 
 pipes and cylinders. 
 
 The theoretical error on the side of safety resulting from its use will 
 generally not exceed the actual combined error on the side of danger 
 when using either Birnie's or Clavarino's formula due to the ordinary 
 range of variation in the thickness of wall, strength of the material, 
 etc., when applied to the ordinary commercial product. 
 
 This is true, at least up to the yield point of the material, for any 
 ratio of thickness of wall to outside diameter less than three-tenths. 
 In this respect Barlow's formula is very superior to the common approxi- 
 mate formula which gives errors that are absurdly large on the side of 
 danger for very thick walls. See Fig. 117. 
 
 For certain classes of seamless tubes and cylinders and for critical 
 examinations of welded pipe, where the least thickness of wall, yield 
 point of material, etc., are known with accuracy, and close results are 
 desired, see Clavarino's formula and Birnie's equations (7) and (10). 
 
 For all ordinary calculations pertaining to the bursting strength of 
 commercial tubes, pipes and cylinders use Barlow's Formula, which is 
 
 Where D = outside diameter, inches; 
 
 / = average thickness of wall, inches; 
 p = internal fluid pressure, pounds per square inch; 
 /= working or safe fiber stress, pounds per square inch. 
 When n = safety factor as based on ultimate strength then 
 /= 40 ooo In for butt- welded steel pipe; 
 = 50 ooo/n for lap-welded steel pipe; 
 = 60 ooo/n for seamless steel tubes; 
 = 28 ooo/n for wrought iron pipe. 
 
 These average values of / are based upon the accompanying tables 
 of bursting tests of commercial tubes and pipes. They are intended 
 for substitution in Barlow's Formula in case more exact data for the 
 working fiber stress are not at hand. 
 
Strength of Tubes to Resist Internal Fluid Pressures 225 
 
 Bursting Tests of Commercial Tubes and Pipes 
 
 (Tests made by National Tube Company.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 * w 
 
 Bursting pressures 
 
 G 
 .0 
 
 
 
 * c3 
 
 
 
 *-, ""*> 
 
 "* +* 
 
 .SH^ 
 
 pounds per square 
 
 
 
 
 J^W c 
 
 
 
 OJ J3 
 
 - a 
 
 * 
 
 inch 
 
 G 
 
 % 
 
 "S-QO 
 
 Class of 
 
 Size 
 
 
 G-Sn 3 
 
 nf^ * 
 
 g 
 
 a 
 
 
 8 
 
 -g 
 
 a? w *w 
 
 material 
 
 
 ffj 
 
 '2-g 
 
 fc w-g 
 
 i g 
 
 3 
 
 fe o> 
 
 8 
 
 G 
 
 % <8" 
 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 5? 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 > *- o 
 
 
 
 2 a 
 
 Z 
 
 < 
 
 *, 
 
 g 
 
 <ri 
 
 s 
 
 m 
 
 < w - 
 
 
 r v s 
 
 10 
 
 405 
 
 .066 
 
 11840 
 
 17320 
 
 14 266 
 
 (" 
 
 i 
 
 44 oi I 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 ^4 
 
 10 
 
 540 
 
 .085 
 
 8830 
 
 14680 
 
 12 2O6 
 
 c 
 
 i 
 
 38645 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 % 
 
 IO 
 
 675 
 
 .088 
 
 5850 
 
 13030 
 
 10330 
 
 c 
 
 i 
 
 39272 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 % 
 
 10 
 
 .840 
 
 .101 
 
 11380 
 
 16 310 
 
 14038 
 
 (2 
 
 
 
 58163 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 1 
 
 
 IO 
 
 .050 
 
 .109 
 
 7150 
 
 9 ISO 
 
 8 020 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 38657 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 .315 
 
 .131 
 
 45oo 
 
 8800 
 
 6990 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 35085 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 1 
 
 J V4 
 
 IO 
 
 .660 
 
 .139 
 
 4400 
 
 73oo 
 
 5808 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 34603 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 | 
 
 *Vi 
 
 IS 
 
 .660 
 
 .140 
 
 55oo 
 
 11900 
 
 7 700 
 
 C 
 
 I 
 
 45215 
 
 Redrawn 
 
 3 " 
 
 ri4 
 
 IO 
 
 .900 
 
 .143 
 
 3000 
 
 6 loo 
 
 4960 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 33031 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 .Q 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 2.375 
 
 .149 
 
 3830 
 
 6060 
 
 4951 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 40485 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 | 
 
 2V 2 
 
 IO 
 
 2.875 
 
 .198 
 
 43io 
 
 5740 
 
 5 134 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 37351 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 T3 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 3-500 
 
 .204 
 
 4650 
 
 6370 
 
 5398 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 46234 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 j 
 
 1*4 
 
 IO 
 
 1. 660 
 
 .180 
 
 7910 
 
 14280 
 
 10514 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 48922 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 C/3 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 2.375 
 
 .213 
 
 7250 
 
 8940 
 
 8238 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 45935 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 
 2 
 
 IO 
 
 2.375 
 
 .220 
 
 6160 
 
 8 920 
 
 7661 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 41347 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 2.375 
 
 .445 
 
 8500 
 
 18314 
 
 14992 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 40023 
 
 XX strong 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 General average 
 
 41686 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 2.375 
 
 .155 
 
 4890 
 
 7940 
 
 6645 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 50962 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 2.375 
 
 .182 
 
 4860 
 
 10060 
 
 736i 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 47889 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 3 
 
 IO 
 
 3-500 
 
 .210 
 
 3830 
 
 8200 
 
 6368 
 
 c 
 
 7 
 
 5356o 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 *d 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4-500 
 
 .232 
 
 4810 
 
 568o 
 
 5 249 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 51462 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 T) 
 
 5 
 
 IO 
 
 5.563 
 
 .258 
 
 3410 
 
 5260 
 
 4538 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 48882 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6.625 
 
 275 
 
 2450 
 
 5210 
 
 4088 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 49286 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6.625 
 
 .275 
 
 3170 
 
 476o 
 
 3666 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 44106 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 3 < 
 
 IO 
 
 5 
 
 10.750 
 
 349 
 
 356o 
 
 4730 
 
 4290 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 66080 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 1 
 
 IO 
 
 5 
 
 10.750 
 
 347 
 
 2770 
 
 3940 
 
 3396 
 
 B 
 
 2 
 
 52692 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 IO 
 
 2.375 
 
 .218 
 
 2500 
 
 9870 
 
 7909 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 43254 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 <B 
 
 2 
 
 IO 
 
 2.0OO 
 
 .108 
 
 Sioo 
 
 6560 
 
 6062 
 
 C 
 
 7 
 
 55607 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 IO 
 
 3.000 
 
 .112 
 
 3220 
 
 4860 
 
 3967 
 
 C 
 
 I 
 
 52957 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4.000 
 
 .135 
 
 3640 
 
 4070 
 
 3840 
 
 C 
 
 2 
 
 56978 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4.000 
 
 .136 
 
 3720 
 
 4040 
 
 3914 
 
 B 
 
 I 
 
 57440 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 General average 
 
 52225 
 
 
 . r 2 
 
 10 
 
 2.000 
 
 .098 
 
 5420 
 
 6590! 6052 
 
 C 
 
 10 
 
 6i53o 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 J,gJ 3 
 
 10 
 
 3.000 
 
 .112 
 
 3940 
 
 4730 4272 
 
 C 
 
 10 
 
 57075 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 
 6 
 
 4.000 
 
 .134 
 
 4160 
 
 4440 43i8 
 
 C 
 
 6 
 
 64450 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 ^co"* i 4 
 
 4 
 
 4.000 
 
 .134 
 
 4250 
 
 4440] 4328 
 
 B 
 
 4 
 
 64488 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 General average 
 
 61886 
 
 
 f!^4 
 
 10 
 
 1. 660 
 
 .136 
 
 2880 
 
 6290 
 
 5283 
 
 C 
 
 3 
 
 32126 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 1% 
 
 10. 
 
 1.660 
 
 .136 
 
 3640 
 
 5680 
 
 4891 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 29817 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 2.375 
 
 .156 
 
 2930 
 
 4250 
 
 3687 
 
 c 
 
 2 
 
 28051 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 1% 
 
 10 
 
 i. 660 
 
 .188 
 
 2770 
 
 7330 
 
 5895 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 26678 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 General average 
 
 29168 
 
 
 1 .*S ( 2 
 
 10 
 
 2.375 
 
 .152 
 
 2400 
 
 3940 
 
 3213 
 
 c 
 
 j 
 
 25122 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 rt 2 1 2 
 
 10 
 
 2.375 
 
 .207 
 
 5530 
 
 7120 
 
 6349 
 
 c 
 
 8 
 
 36461 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 ^^ 1 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 General average 
 
 30792 
 
 
 The column marked "See note below" gives the number burst by failure of 
 
 material not at weld. 
 
 C Clavarino conditions, Fig. 115. 
 
 B Birnie conditions, Fig. 114. 
 
226 Strength of Tubes to Resist Internal Fluid Pressures 
 
 Strength of Weld of Commercial Tubes and Pipes 
 
 (Selected from Preceding Table of Bursting Tests.) 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Number 
 burst in 
 
 nrol r\ * 
 
 Average 
 fiber stress 
 by Barlow's 
 
 Class of 
 material 
 
 
 
 
 weld 
 
 formula 
 
 
 
 
 Steel Butt-welded 
 
 
 
 Vs 
 
 9 
 
 43938 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 9 
 
 37 777 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 9 
 
 38954 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 58 163 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 S A 
 
 o 
 
 38657 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 35085 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 J-V4 
 
 o 
 
 34603 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 1^4. 
 
 4 
 
 45 643 
 
 Redrawn 
 
 
 
 1^/2 
 
 10 
 
 33031 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 40485 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 IO 
 
 37351 
 46234 
 
 Standard pipe 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 48922 
 45935 
 
 Extra strong 
 Extra strong 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 41 347 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 40023 
 
 XX strong 
 
 
 
 Gen. average 
 
 41 634 
 
 
 
 
 Steel Lap-welded 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 50052 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 47889 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 54510 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 51019 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 48852 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 IO 
 
 47026 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 IO 
 
 7 
 
 59537 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 43254 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 56933 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 51 98o 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 57 521 
 
 Boiler tubes 
 
 
 
 Gen. average 
 
 51688 
 
 
 
 
 Iron Butt-welded 
 
 
 
 lU 
 
 7 
 
 31 136 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 30680 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 27323 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 !^4 
 
 9 
 
 27073 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 
 
 Gen. average 
 
 29053 
 
 
 
 
 Iron Lap-welded 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 24581 
 
 Standard pipe 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 34340 
 
 Extra strong 
 
 
 
 Gen. average 
 
 29 461 
 
 
 
 * These only are included in averages. 
 
Collapsing Pressures 227 
 
 COLLAPSING PRESSURES 
 
 Until recently Sir Wm. Fairbairn's classic experiments on tubes sub- 
 jected to external fluid pressure were the basis of the rules for collapse. 
 The results of his tests on 40 odd tubes made up of riveted sheets 
 soldered tight were transmitted to the Royal Society in 1858. As 
 might be expected, conclusions and formulae based on tests of such 
 tubes could hardly be expected to apply to modern welded tubes with 
 any approach to accuracy. 
 
 In view of the urgent need for experimental data of a highly reliable 
 character on which a formula for collapsing strength could be based, 
 Prof. R. T. Stewart, Dean of the Mechanical Engineering Department 
 of the University of Pittsburgh, was authorized to plan and direct a 
 series of experiments on full-sized tubing up to twenty feet in length, 
 which work was carried out at the National Department of National 
 Tube Company, at McKeesport, Pa., occupying the time of from one 
 to six men continuously for a period of four years. 
 
 A full report of the details of these experiments will be found in 
 Professor Stewart's paper presented before the American Society of 
 Mechanical Engineers, May, 1906. The general scope of the tests and 
 conclusions arrived at are described in an abstract of this paper as 
 follows: 
 
 Series One. This series of tests was made on tubes that were 
 S% inches outside diameter, for all of the different commercial thick- 
 nesses of wall, and in lengths of 2^, 5, 10, 15 and 20 feet between 
 transverse joints tending to hold the tube to a circular form. The 
 chief purpose of this series was to furnish data for determining which 
 of the existing formulae, if any, were applicable to modern lap-welded 
 steel tubes, especially when used in comparatively long lengths, such as 
 well casing, boiler tubes and long, plain flues. 
 
 Series Two. This series of tests was made on single lengths of 20 
 feet between end connections tending to hold the tube to a circular 
 form. Seven sizes, from 3 to 10 inches outside diameter, and in all the 
 commercial thicknesses obtainable, were tested. The chief purpose of 
 these tests was to obtain, for commercial tubes, the manner in which the 
 collapsing pressure of a tube is related to both the diameter and thickness 
 of the wall. 
 
 Inapplicability of Previously Published Formulae. Preparatory 
 to entering upon the research all existing published formulae that could 
 be found were collected, and, after the completion of Series One, were 
 tested as to their applicability to modern steel tubes. Among the 
 formulae thus tested were two each by Fairbairn, Unwin, Wehage and 
 Clark, and one each by Nystrom, Grashof, Love, Belpaire, and the Board 
 of Trade (British), all of which, with possibly two exceptions, appear to 
 be based upon Fairbairn's experiments made upon tubes wholly unlike 
 the modern product. Without exception, all of these formulae, when thus 
 tested, proved to be inapplicable to the wide range of conditions found 
 
228 Collapsing Pressures 
 
 in modern practice. As an illustration of this, the very first tube tested 
 in connection with this research failed under a pressure that exceeded 
 by about 300 per cent, that calculated by means of Fairbairn's formula. 
 
 Results of Research. The principal conclusions to be drawn from 
 the results of this research may be briefly stated as follows: 
 
 1. The length of tube, between transverse joints tending to hold it 
 to a circular form, has no practical influence upon the collapsing pressure 
 of a commercial lap-welded steel tube so long as this length is not less 
 than about six times the diameter of the tube. 
 
 2. The formulae, as based upon the research, for the collapsing pressures 
 of modern lap-welded Bessemer steel tubes, are as follows: 
 
 P = 86 670^ - 1386 (B) 
 
 P = 50 210 ooo - (G) 
 
 where P = collapsing pressure, pounds per square inch; 
 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; 
 / = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 Formula (B) is for values of P greater than 581 pounds per square 
 inch, or for values of greater than 0.023, while formula (G) is for 
 
 values less than these. 
 
 These formulae, while strictly correct for tubes that are 20 feet in 
 length between transverse joints tending to hold them to a circular form, 
 are at the same time substantially correct for all lengths greater than 
 about six diameters. They have been tested for seven sizes, ranging 
 from 3 to 10 inches outside diameter, in all obtainable thicknesses of 
 wall, and are known to be correct for this range. 
 
 For the convenience of those who wish to apply these formulae to prac- 
 tice, a table (pages 232-243) has been calculated, giving the collapsing 
 pressures of tubes from i to 12% inches, outside diameter. 
 
 When applying these formulae and tables to practice it should be 
 remembered that a suitable factor of safety should be applied. The 
 selection of a proper safety factor in any particular case should be left 
 to the judgment of one who is quite familiar with the conditions under 
 which the tube is to be used. 
 
 Ordinarily a safety factor of five is sufficient when the stresses due to 
 actions other than a constant fluid pressure are more or less trivial. 
 In case there are repeated fluctuations of the fluid pressure, vibration, 
 shock, internal strain due to unequal heating, etc., then a larger safety 
 factor of from six to twelve or more should be used, depending upon the 
 severity of these actions. 
 
 3. The apparent fiber stress under which the different tubes failed 
 varied from about 7000 pounds for the relatively thinnest to 35 ooo 
 pounds per square inch for the relatively thickest walls. Since the 
 average yield point of the material was 37 ooo and the tensile strength 
 58 ooo pounds per square inch, it would appear that the strength of a 
 
Collapsing Pressures 
 
 229 
 
 tube subjected to a fluid collapsing pressure is not dependent alone 
 upon either the elastic limit or the ultimate strength of the material 
 constituting it. 
 
 Marine law fixes the thickness of tubes that may be used subject 
 to external or collapsing pressure, on Merchant (not Naval) Marine 
 Vessels. The following is taken from the "Rules and Regulations pre- 
 scribed by the Board of Supervising Inspectors of the Steamboat Inspec- 
 tion Service of the Department of Commerce and Labor, U. S. A., as 
 amended January, 1912." 
 
 From page 32, paragraph 15: Working pressures and corresponding 
 minimum thicknesses of wall for long, plain, lap-welded and seamless 
 steel flues, 7 to 18 inches diameter, subjected to external pressure only, 
 shall be determined by the following table and formula: 
 
 
 Working pressure in pounds per square inch 
 
 Outside 
 diameter 
 
 100 120 
 
 140 
 
 160 
 
 180 
 
 200 
 
 220 
 
 of flue 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thickness of flue in inches. Safety factor, 5 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 152 
 
 .160 
 
 .168 
 
 .177 
 
 .185 
 
 .193 
 
 .2OI 
 
 8 
 
 .174 
 
 .183 
 
 193 
 
 .202 
 
 .211 
 
 .220 
 
 .229 
 
 9 
 
 .196 
 
 .206 
 
 .217 
 
 .227 
 
 -237 
 
 .248 
 
 .258 
 
 10 
 
 .218 
 
 .229 
 
 .241 
 
 .252 
 
 .264 
 
 .275 
 
 .287 
 
 ii 
 
 .239 
 
 .252 
 
 .265 
 
 .277 
 
 .290 
 
 .303 
 
 .316 
 
 12 
 
 .261 
 
 275 
 
 .289 
 
 .303 
 
 .317 
 
 .330 
 
 .344 
 
 13 
 
 .283 
 
 .298 
 
 313 
 
 -328 
 
 343 
 
 .358 
 
 373 
 
 14 
 
 .301 
 
 .320 
 
 337 
 
 353 
 
 .369 
 
 .385 
 
 .402 
 
 15 
 
 323 
 
 343 
 
 .361 
 
 .378 
 
 .396 
 
 413 
 
 430 
 
 16 
 
 344 
 
 .366 
 
 .385 
 
 .404 
 
 .422 
 
 .440 
 
 459 
 
 17 
 
 .366 
 
 .389 
 
 .409 
 
 .429 
 
 .448 
 
 .468 
 
 .488 
 
 18 
 
 .387 
 
 .412 
 
 433 
 
 454 
 
 .475 
 
 .496 
 
 .516 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thicknesses in this table were calculated by formula: 
 
 where 
 
 86 670 
 
 j) _ outside diameter of flue in inches; 
 T = thickness of wall in inches; 
 P = working pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 F = factor of safety. 
 
 This formula is applicable to lengths greater than six diameters of 
 flue, to working pressures greater than 100 pounds, to outside diameters 
 of from 7 to 1 8 inches and to temperatures less than 650 F. 
 
 From page 34, paragraph 16: Lap-welded and seamless tubes, used 
 in boilers whose construction was commenced after June 30, 1910, 
 having a thickness of material according to their respective diameters, 
 shall be allowed a working pressure as prescribed in the following table, 
 provided they are deemed safe by the inspectors. Where heavier 
 material is used, pressure may be allowed as prescribed in formula of 
 paragraph 15, given above. Any length of tube is allowable. 
 
230 
 
 Collapsing Pressures 
 
 Outside 
 diameter 
 
 Thickness of 
 material 
 
 Maximum 
 pressure 
 allowed 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inch 
 
 Pounds 
 
 2 .095 
 
 427 
 
 2*4 .095 
 
 380 
 
 21/2 
 
 .109 
 
 392 
 
 2% 
 
 .109 
 
 356 
 
 3 
 
 .109 
 
 327 
 
 M 
 
 .120 
 
 332 
 
 3V2 
 
 .120 
 
 308 
 
 3% 
 
 .120 
 
 282 
 
 4 
 
 .134 
 
 303 
 
 m 
 
 .134 
 
 238 
 
 5 
 
 .148 
 
 235 
 
 6 
 
 .165 
 
 199 
 
 Comparison of Collapse and Column Formulae. To connect these 
 collapse tests with the known properties of material under compression, 
 consider their relation to the supporting power of columns as pointed 
 out in 1876 by Prof. W. C. Unwin* Consider a short portion of the pipe, 
 say, one inch long. The thickness bears a relation to the radius of gyra- 
 tion and the circumference a relation to the length of a column whose 
 ends are "fixed." Expressed in symbols, these relations are 
 
 f-..SpJ 
 
 By this rule can be computed the value of that corresponds to 
 
 D K 
 
 of any column tested. The pressure (P) corresponding to the support- 
 Pi Pi 
 ing power of a column is obtained by putting = S in the rule 
 
 S D A A 
 
 * . By these rules a diagram, Fig. 118, has been constructed from 
 
 tests of columns. The diagram is plotted to show the relation between 
 collapsing pressure and ratio of thickness to diameter. It is evident 
 from this diagram that collapsing pressure can be calculated either from 
 tests of columns or directly from tests of collapse. 
 
 The heavy full line is by formulae (B) and (G), page 228. The solid 
 dots are from Christie's tests on fixed end columns. The circles are 
 from Watertown tests on pipe columns. The dot and dash line is from 
 Christie's tests of columns of steel having 0.12 per cent. Carbon and the 
 dotted line from Christie's tests of columns of steel having 0.36 per cent. 
 Carbon. The last two indicate what increase in collapsing pressure 
 may be expected from the use of high strength steel. 
 
 The change in the direction of the lines (from column tests), which 
 
 starts at about ^= o.io, indicates that the straight line formula for 
 * Proc. Ins. Civ. Engrs., Vol. 46, p. 225. 
 
Collapsing Pressures 231 
 
 collapse should not be extrapolated far outside the range of experiments 
 on which it was based. This diagram indicates the remarkable con- 
 firmation that column tests lend to the results of these collapse tests. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HARD STEEL 
 C-06 ~> 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SOFT STEEL/ 
 
 Csa ' 12 /^4'' 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 //f 
 
 'S 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' s/ 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 cc 7 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ' s 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 7,oo 
 
 W 5,000 
 4,000 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 3,000 
 
 UI 
 
 cc 
 C 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
 1 1.000 
 
 a. 
 
 3 70 
 o 
 
 500 
 
 400 
 300 
 
 200 
 
 100 
 .C 
 
 Prof. \\ 
 that used 
 
 formula f 
 
 empirical 
 mula, beir 
 formula, 
 umns and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 / 
 
 c / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 /,' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ~j 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /, 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 fr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 f: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WROUGHT 
 O STEEL PIPE 
 
 ION COL 
 COLUMN 
 
 IMNS 
 \ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ir 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ./ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 .02 .C 
 
 r. E. Lilly, * pro 
 in obtaining a 
 
 or collapse, P = 
 
 and based on 1 
 ig derived by the 
 ;ives another con 
 the colla-pse of ti 
 
 * 
 
 3 .04 .05 .07 
 RATIO J 
 
 Fig. 118 
 
 :eeding by a p 
 column formu 
 80000 
 
 .10 .20 .30 .40.50 
 ft 
 
 rocess of reasoning similar to 
 la, has derived the following 
 
 , in which the constants are 
 
 rt's collapse tests. This for- 
 lat is used to obtain a column 
 ti the supporting power of col- 
 
 Cngrs. 
 
 / 1000 \ t ) 
 
 'rofessor Stewa 
 same process t 
 nection betwee 
 ibes. 
 Tish Ins. of Civ. 
 
232 Collapsing Pressures 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 Formula 
 P = 86 670 t/D- 1386 (B). P= 50 210 ooo (t/D)* (G). 
 Where P collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; / = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 1. 000 
 
 1.050 
 
 1. 125 
 
 1.250 
 
 I.3I5 
 
 1-375 
 
 I.50O 
 
 i. 660 
 
 .01 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 .04 
 .05 
 .06 
 .07 
 .08 
 .09 
 
 .10 
 
 .11 
 
 .12 
 
 .13 
 .14 
 .15 
 .16 
 .17 
 .18 
 .19 
 .20 
 
 .21 
 .22 
 .23 
 .24 
 .25 
 
 .26 
 27 
 .28 
 .29 
 
 .30 
 31 
 32 
 .33 
 .34 
 .35 
 36 
 37 
 .38 
 .39 
 .40 
 .41 
 42 
 .43 
 44 
 45 
 .46 
 47 
 .48 
 .49 
 
 402 
 i 214 
 2081 
 2948 
 3814 
 4681 
 5548 
 6414 
 7 281 
 8 148 
 9014 
 9881 
 10 748 
 ii 615 
 
 12 481 
 13348 
 14 215 
 I508I 
 
 15948 
 I68I5 
 I768I 
 18548 
 I94I5 
 20 282 
 21 148 
 22015 
 22 882 
 23748 
 
 24615 
 
 347 
 I 090 
 I 916 
 2741 
 3567 
 4392 
 5217 
 6043 
 6868 
 7694 
 8519 
 9345 
 10 170 
 IQ995 
 ii 821 
 
 12 646 
 13472 
 14297 
 
 15 123 
 15948 
 16773 
 17599 
 18424 
 19250 
 20075 
 20901 
 
 21 726 
 22551 
 
 23377 
 24 2O2 
 
 282 
 925 
 1696 
 2466 
 3236 
 4007 
 
 4777 
 5548 
 
 6318 
 7088 
 7859 
 8629 
 9400 
 10 170 
 10 940 
 II 711 
 
 12 481. 
 13252 
 
 14 O22 
 14792 
 15563 
 16333 
 17104 
 17874 
 l86 44 
 
 I94I5 
 20185 
 20 956 
 
 21 726 
 22 496 
 
 206 
 694 
 1387 
 2081 
 2774 
 3468 
 
 4 161 
 4854 
 
 5548 
 6 241 
 6934 
 7628 
 8321 
 9014 
 9708 
 10 401 
 II 094 
 11788 
 
 12 481 
 
 T 3i75 
 13868 
 14561 
 15255 
 15948 
 16 641 
 17335 
 18028 
 18 721 
 
 I94I5 
 20 108 
 
 20 802 
 21495 
 22 l88 
 22 882 
 23575 
 24 268 
 
 596 
 I 250 
 1909 
 2568 
 3228 
 3887 
 4546 
 
 5205 
 5864 
 6523 
 
 7 182 
 7841 
 8500 
 9 159 
 9818 
 10478 
 ii 137 
 ii 796 
 12455 
 13114 
 13773 
 14432 
 15091 
 15750 
 16409 
 17068 
 17728 
 
 18387 
 19 046 
 19705 
 20364 
 
 21 023 
 21 682 
 22 341 
 
 23 ooo 
 
 521 
 
 I 135 
 1766 
 2396 
 3026 
 3657 
 4287 
 
 4917 
 5548 
 6178 
 6808 
 7439 
 8069 
 8699 
 9330 
 9960 
 10590 
 
 II 221 
 II85I 
 12 481 
 13 112 
 13742 
 14372 
 15003 
 
 '5633 
 16 263 
 16893 
 
 17524 
 18154 
 18784 
 I94I5 
 20045 
 20675 
 
 21 306 
 21 936 
 
 402 
 
 925 
 
 I 503 
 2081 
 2659 
 3236 
 3814 
 
 4392 
 4970 
 5548 
 6 125 
 6703 
 7 281 
 7859 
 8437 
 9014 
 9592 
 
 10 170 
 10 748 
 II 326 
 
 II 903 
 
 12 481 
 13059 
 13637 
 I42I5 
 14792 
 15370 
 
 r |948 
 1 6 526 
 17104 
 17681 
 18259 
 18837 
 I94I5 
 19993 
 
 i 747 
 
 2 269 
 
 2791 
 3313 
 3835 
 
 4357 
 4879 
 5401 
 5923 
 6446 
 6968 
 7490 
 8012 
 8534 
 9056 
 9578 
 
 IO IOO 
 
 10 622 
 
 II 145 
 
 II 667 
 
 12 189 
 12 711 
 
 13233 
 
 13755 
 
 14277 
 14799 
 15321 
 15844 
 16366 
 16888 
 17410 
 17932 
 
 18976 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Collapsing Pressures 233 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 
 Formula 
 
 P= 86 670 t/D- 1386 (B). P =50 2 10 ooo (t/D)* (G). 
 
 Where P= collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; / = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 Thick- 
 
 
 ness 
 
 1.750 
 
 1.875 
 
 1.900 
 
 2. OOO 
 
 2.250 
 
 2.375 
 
 2.500 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .06 
 
 1586 
 
 1387 
 
 1351 
 
 I 214 
 
 925 
 
 804 
 
 694 
 
 .07 
 
 2081 
 
 I 850 
 
 1807 
 
 I 647 
 
 i 310 
 
 I 169 
 
 I 041 
 
 .08 
 
 2576 
 
 2 312 
 
 2 263 
 
 2081 
 
 1696 
 
 1533 
 
 1387 
 
 .09 
 
 3071 
 
 2774 
 
 2719 
 
 2514 
 
 2081 
 
 1898 
 
 I 734 
 
 .10 
 
 3567 
 
 3236 
 
 3176 
 
 2948 
 
 2466 
 
 2 263 
 
 2081 
 
 .11 
 
 4062 
 
 3699 
 
 3632 
 
 3381 
 
 2851 
 
 2628 
 
 2427 
 
 .12 
 
 4557 
 
 4 161 
 
 4088 
 
 3814 
 
 3236 
 
 2993 
 
 2774 
 
 13 
 
 5052 
 
 4623 
 
 4544 
 
 4248 
 
 3 622 
 
 3358 
 
 3 121 
 
 14 
 
 5548 
 
 5085 
 
 5 ooo 
 
 4681 
 
 4007 
 
 3723 
 
 3468 
 
 IS 
 
 6043 
 
 5548 
 
 5456 
 
 5 H4 
 
 4392 
 
 4088 
 
 3814 
 
 .16 
 
 6538 
 
 6 oio 
 
 5913 
 
 5548 
 
 4777 
 
 4453 
 
 4 161 
 
 I? 
 
 7033 
 
 6472 
 
 6369 
 
 598i 
 
 5 162 
 
 4818 
 
 4508 
 
 .18 
 
 7529 
 
 6934 
 
 6825 
 
 6414 
 
 5548 
 
 5183 
 
 4854 
 
 .19 
 
 8024 
 
 7397 
 
 7281 
 
 6848 
 
 5933 
 
 5548 
 
 5201 
 
 .20 
 
 8519 
 
 7859 
 
 7 737 
 
 7 281 
 
 6318 
 
 5913 
 
 5548 
 
 .21 
 
 9014 
 
 8 321 
 
 8 193 
 
 7714 
 
 6703 
 
 6277 
 
 5894 
 
 .22 
 
 95io 
 
 8783 
 
 8649 
 
 8 148 
 
 7088 
 
 6642 
 
 6 241 
 
 .23 
 
 10005 
 
 9246 
 
 9 106 
 
 8581 
 
 7474 
 
 7007 
 
 6588 
 
 .24 
 
 10 500 
 
 9708 
 
 9 562 
 
 9014 
 
 7859 
 
 7372 
 
 6934 
 
 .25 
 
 10995 
 
 10 170 
 
 0018 
 
 9448 
 
 8244 
 
 7737 
 
 7281 
 
 .26 
 
 II 491 
 
 10632 
 
 0474 
 
 9881 
 
 8629 
 
 8 102 
 
 7628 
 
 .27 
 
 II 986 
 
 11094 
 
 0930 
 
 10314 
 
 9014 
 
 8467 
 
 7974 
 
 .28 
 
 12 481 
 
 II 557 
 
 1386 
 
 10748 
 
 9400 
 
 8832 
 
 8321 
 
 .29 
 
 12976 
 
 12 019 
 
 1843 
 
 ii 181 
 
 9785 
 
 9 197 
 
 8668 
 
 .30 
 
 13 472 
 
 I248I 
 
 12299 
 
 ii 615 
 
 10 170 
 
 9562 
 
 9014 
 
 31 
 
 13967 
 
 12943 
 
 12 755 
 
 12048 
 
 10555 
 
 9927 
 
 936i 
 
 32 
 
 14462 
 
 13406 
 
 13 211 
 
 12 48l 
 
 10940 
 
 10 292 
 
 9708 
 
 .33 
 
 14957 
 
 13868 
 
 13667 
 
 12915 
 
 ii 326 
 
 10657 
 
 10054 
 
 34 
 
 15453 
 
 14330 
 
 14 123 
 
 13348 
 
 II 711 
 
 II O2I 
 
 10 401 
 
 35 
 
 15948 
 
 14792 
 
 I458o 
 
 13781 
 
 12 096 
 
 II386 
 
 10748 
 
 .36 
 
 16443 
 
 I52S5 
 
 15036 
 
 14215 
 
 12 48l 
 
 II 751 
 
 ii 094 
 
 .37 
 
 16939 
 
 I57I7 
 
 15492 
 
 14648 
 
 12866 
 
 12 Il6 
 
 ii 44i 
 
 .38 
 
 17434 
 
 16 179 
 
 15948 
 
 15081 
 
 13252 
 
 12 481 
 
 11788 
 
 .39 
 
 17929 
 
 16 641 
 
 16 404 
 
 15515 
 
 13637 
 
 12 846 
 
 12 135 
 
 .40 
 
 18424 
 
 17104 
 
 16860 
 
 15948 
 
 14022 
 
 I32II 
 
 12481 
 
 .41 
 
 
 
 
 16381 
 
 14 407 
 
 13 576 
 
 12 828 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 16 815 
 
 14 792 
 
 13 941 
 
 13 175 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 17 248 
 
 15 178 
 
 14 306 
 
 13 521 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 17681 
 
 15 563 
 
 14 671 
 
 13868 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 036 
 
 14 215 
 
 .46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 401 
 
 14 56l 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
234 Collapsing Pressures 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 
 Formula 
 
 P= 86 670 t/D- 1386 (B). P= 50 210 ooo (t/DF (G). 
 
 Where P collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; / = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 Thick- 
 
 
 ness 
 
 2.750 
 
 2.875 
 
 3-OOO 
 
 3.250 
 
 3-500 
 
 3.750 
 
 4.000 
 
 .01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .02 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .06 
 
 521 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .07 
 
 820 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .08 
 
 i 135 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .09 
 
 1450 
 
 1327 
 
 I 214 
 
 I OI4 
 
 843 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 1766 
 
 I 629 
 
 1503 
 
 I 28l 
 
 i 090 
 
 
 
 .11 
 
 2081 
 
 I 930 
 
 I 792 
 
 I 547 
 
 1338 
 
 
 
 .12 
 
 2396 
 
 2 232 
 
 2081 
 
 I 814 
 
 i 586 
 
 1387 
 
 1214 
 
 .13 
 
 2711 
 
 2533 
 
 2370 
 
 2081 
 
 1833 
 
 1619 
 
 1431 
 
 .14 
 
 3026 
 
 2834 
 
 2 659 
 
 2347 
 
 2081 
 
 1850 
 
 1647 
 
 .15 
 
 3341 
 
 3 136 
 
 2948 
 
 2 614 
 
 2328 
 
 2081 
 
 1864 
 
 .16 
 
 3657 
 
 3437 
 
 3236 
 
 2881 
 
 2576 
 
 2312 
 
 2081 
 
 17 
 
 3972 
 
 3739 
 
 3525 
 
 3148 
 
 2824 
 
 2543 
 
 2297 
 
 .18 
 
 4287 
 
 4040 
 
 3814 
 
 3414 
 
 3071 
 
 2774 
 
 2514 
 
 .19 
 
 4 602 
 
 4342 
 
 4 103 
 
 3681 
 
 3319 
 
 3005 
 
 2731 
 
 .20 
 
 4917 
 
 4643 
 
 4392 
 
 3947 
 
 3567 
 
 3236 
 
 2948 
 
 .21 
 
 5232 
 
 4945 
 
 4681 
 
 4 214 
 
 3814 
 
 3468 
 
 3164 
 
 .22 
 
 5548 
 
 5246 
 
 4970 
 
 4481 
 
 4 062 
 
 3699 
 
 338i 
 
 .23 
 
 5863 
 
 5548 
 
 5259 
 
 4748 
 
 4309 
 
 3930 
 
 3598 
 
 .24 
 
 6178 
 
 5849 
 
 5548 
 
 5014 
 
 4557 
 
 4161 
 
 3814 
 
 .25 
 
 6493 
 
 6 151 
 
 5836 
 
 5 281 
 
 4805 
 
 4392 
 
 4031 
 
 .26 
 
 6808 
 
 6452 
 
 6 125 
 
 5548 
 
 5052 
 
 4623 
 
 4248 
 
 .27 
 
 7 123 
 
 6753 
 
 6414 
 
 5814 
 
 53oo 
 
 4854 
 
 4464 
 
 .28 
 
 7439 
 
 7055 
 
 6703 
 
 6081 
 
 5548 
 
 5085 
 
 4681 
 
 .29 
 
 7754 
 
 7356 
 
 6992 
 
 6348 
 
 5795 
 
 5316 
 
 4898 
 
 .30 
 
 8069 
 
 7658 
 
 7 281 
 
 6614 
 
 6043 
 
 5548 
 
 5H4 
 
 .31 
 
 8384 
 
 7959 
 
 7570 
 
 6881 
 
 6 290 
 
 5779 
 
 5331 
 
 .32 
 
 8699 
 
 8261 
 
 7859 
 
 7148 
 
 6538 
 
 6010 
 
 5548 
 
 .33 
 
 9014 
 
 8562 
 
 8 148 
 
 7414 
 
 6786 
 
 6241 
 
 5764 
 
 .34 
 
 9330 
 
 8864 
 
 8437 
 
 7681 
 
 7033 
 
 6472 
 
 5981 
 
 .35 
 
 9645 
 
 9 165 
 
 8726 
 
 7948 
 
 7 281 
 
 6703 
 
 6198 
 
 .36 
 
 9960 
 
 9467 
 
 9014 
 
 8214 
 
 7529 
 
 6934 
 
 6414 
 
 .37 
 
 10275 
 
 9768 
 
 9303 
 
 8481 
 
 7776 
 
 7105 
 
 6631 
 
 .38 
 
 10590 
 
 10070 
 
 9592 
 
 8748 
 
 8024 
 
 7397 
 
 6848 
 
 39 
 
 10905 
 
 10371 
 
 9881 
 
 9014 
 
 8272 
 
 7628 
 
 7064 
 
 .40 
 
 II 221 
 
 10 672 
 
 10 170 
 
 9 281 
 
 8519 
 
 7759 
 
 7281 
 
 .41 
 
 H536 
 
 10974 
 
 10459 
 
 9548 
 
 8767 
 
 8090 
 
 7498 
 
 .42 
 
 II85I 
 
 II 275 
 
 10748 
 
 9814 
 
 9014 
 
 8321 
 
 7714 
 
 .43 
 
 I2I66 
 
 II 577 
 
 II 037 
 
 10 08 1 
 
 9 262 
 
 8552 
 
 7931 
 
 44 
 
 12 481 
 
 II 878 
 
 II 326 
 
 10348 
 
 9 5io 
 
 8783 
 
 8148 
 
 .45 
 
 12796 
 
 12 180 
 
 II 615 
 
 10 615 
 
 9757 
 
 9014 
 
 8364 
 
 .46 
 
 13 H2 
 
 12 481 
 
 11903 
 
 10 88 1 
 
 10 005 
 
 9246 
 
 8581 
 
 47 
 
 
 12 783 
 
 12 192 
 
 ii 148 
 
 10 253 
 
 9477 
 
 8798 
 
 .48 
 
 
 13 084 
 
 12 481 
 
 II 414 
 
 10 500 
 
 9708 
 
 9014 
 
 .49 
 
 
 13386 
 
 12 770 
 
 ii 681 
 
 10 748 
 
 9939 
 
 9231 
 
 
 
Collapsing Pressures 235 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 Formula 
 P = 86 670 t/D- 1386 . . . . (B). P = 50 210 ooo (///>) (G). 
 Where P= collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; / = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 2.750 
 
 2.875 
 
 3 ooo 
 
 3.250 
 
 3.500 
 
 3-750 
 
 4.000 
 
 So 
 .51 
 52 
 .53 
 .54 
 
 $ 
 
 .57 
 .58 
 .59 
 .60 
 .61 
 .62 
 .63 
 .64 
 
 1 
 
 -67 
 .68 
 .69 
 .70 
 71 
 .72 
 .73 
 74 
 75 
 .76 
 77 
 78 
 .79 
 .80 
 .81 
 
 .82 
 
 .83 
 .84 
 .85 
 .86 
 .87 
 .88 
 .89 
 .90 
 9i 
 .92 
 93 
 .94 
 95 
 .96 
 97 
 .98 
 .99 
 
 1. 00 
 
 
 13687 
 13988 
 14290 
 I459I 
 14893 
 I5I94 
 15496 
 
 13059 
 13348 
 13637 
 13926 
 14 215 
 14503 
 14792 
 
 ii 948 
 
 12 215 
 12 481 
 12748 
 I30I5 
 13 281 
 13548 
 
 0995 
 I 243 
 I 491 
 I 738 
 1986 
 2234 
 2 481 
 2729 
 2976 
 13224 
 13472 
 
 10 170 
 10 401 
 10 632 
 
 10863 
 
 II 094 
 II 326 
 II 557 
 II 788 
 
 12 019 
 12 250 
 12 481 
 12 712 
 12943 
 I3I75 
 13406 
 
 9448 
 9664 
 9881 
 0098 
 0314 
 0531 
 o 748 
 
 0964 
 
 I 181 
 1398 
 I 615 
 I 831 
 2048 
 
 12 265 
 12 481 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
236 Collapsing Pressures 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 
 Formula 
 
 P= 86 670//D- 1386 (B). P= 50 210000 (//) (G). 
 
 Where P= collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; / = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 Thick- 
 
 
 ness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.250 
 
 4.500 
 
 4-750 
 
 S.ooo 
 
 5.250 
 
 5 5oo 
 
 5.563 
 
 .01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .02 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .06 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .12 
 
 1061 
 
 925 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .13 
 
 1265 
 
 1118 
 
 986 
 
 867 
 
 760 
 
 663 
 
 
 .14 
 
 1469 
 
 1310 
 
 1169 
 
 1041 
 
 925 
 
 820 
 
 795 
 
 .15 
 
 1673 
 
 1503 
 
 1351 
 
 1214 
 
 IOOO 
 
 978 
 
 951 
 
 .16 
 
 1877 
 
 1696 
 
 1533 
 
 1387 
 
 1255 
 
 1 135 
 
 1107 
 
 .17 
 
 2081 
 
 1888 
 
 1716 
 
 1561 
 
 1420 
 
 1293 
 
 1263 
 
 .18 
 
 2285 
 
 2081 
 
 1898 
 
 1734 
 
 1586 
 
 1450 
 
 1418 
 
 .19 
 
 2489 
 
 2273 
 
 2081 
 
 1907 
 
 1751 
 
 1608 
 
 1574 
 
 .20 
 
 2693 
 
 2466 
 
 2263 
 
 2081 
 
 1916 
 
 1766 
 
 1730 
 
 .21 
 
 2897 
 
 2659 
 
 2446 
 
 2254 
 
 2081 
 
 1923 
 
 1886 
 
 .22 
 
 3100 
 
 2851 
 
 2628 
 
 2427 
 
 2246 
 
 2081 
 
 .2042 
 
 23 
 
 3304 
 
 3044 
 
 2811 
 
 2601 
 
 2411 
 
 2238 
 
 2197 
 
 .24 
 
 35o8 
 
 3236 
 
 2993 
 
 2774 
 
 2576 
 
 2396 
 
 2353 
 
 .25 
 
 3712 
 
 3429 
 
 3176 
 
 2948 
 
 2741 
 
 2554 
 
 2509 
 
 .26 
 
 39i6 
 
 3622 
 
 3358 
 
 3121 
 
 2906 
 
 2711 
 
 2665 
 
 .27 
 
 4120 
 
 3814 
 
 3540 
 
 3294 
 
 3071 
 
 2869 
 
 2821 
 
 .28 
 
 4324 
 
 4007 
 
 3723 
 
 3468 
 
 3236 
 
 3026 
 
 2976 
 
 .29 
 
 4528 
 
 4199 
 
 3905 
 
 3641 
 
 3401 
 
 3184 
 
 3132 
 
 30 
 
 4732 
 
 4392 
 
 4088 
 
 3814 
 
 3567 
 
 3341 
 
 3288 
 
 .31 
 
 4936 
 
 4585 
 
 4270 
 
 3988 
 
 3732 
 
 3499 
 
 3444 
 
 32 
 
 5140 
 
 4777 
 
 4453 
 
 4161 
 
 3897 
 
 3657 
 
 3600 
 
 .33 
 
 5344 
 
 4970 
 
 4635 
 
 4334 
 
 4062 
 
 3814 
 
 3755 
 
 34 
 
 5548 
 
 5162 
 
 4818 
 
 4508 
 
 4227 
 
 3972 
 
 391 1 
 
 35 
 
 5752 
 
 5355 
 
 5000 
 
 4681 
 
 4392 
 
 4129 
 
 4067 
 
 .36 
 
 5955 
 
 5548 
 
 5183 
 
 4854 
 
 4557 
 
 4287 
 
 4223 
 
 37 
 
 6i59 
 
 5740 
 
 5365 
 
 5028 
 
 4722 
 
 4445 
 
 4378 
 
 .38 
 
 6363 
 
 5933 
 
 5548 
 
 5201 
 
 4887 
 
 4602 
 
 4534 
 
 .39 
 
 6567 
 
 6125 
 
 5730 
 
 5374 
 
 5052 
 
 476o 
 
 4690 
 
 .40 
 
 6771 
 
 6318 
 
 5913 
 
 5548 
 
 5217 
 
 4917 
 
 4846 
 
 .41 
 
 6975 
 
 6511 
 
 6095 
 
 5721 
 
 5383 
 
 5075 
 
 5002 
 
 .42 
 
 7179 
 
 6703 
 
 6277 
 
 5894 
 
 5548 
 
 5232 
 
 5157 
 
 43 
 
 7383 
 
 6896 
 
 6460 
 
 6068 
 
 5713 
 
 5390 
 
 5313 
 
 .44 
 
 7587 
 
 7088 
 
 6642 
 
 6241 
 
 5878 
 
 5548 
 
 5469 
 
 45 
 
 7791 
 
 7281 
 
 6825 
 
 6414 
 
 6043 
 
 5705 
 
 5625 
 
 .46 
 
 7995 
 
 7474 
 
 7007 
 
 6588 
 
 6208 
 
 5863 
 
 578i 
 
 .47 
 
 8199 
 
 7666 
 
 7190 
 
 6761 
 
 6373 
 
 6020 
 
 5936 
 
 .48 
 
 8403 
 
 7859 
 
 7372 
 
 6934 
 
 6538 
 
 6178 
 
 6092 
 
 .49 
 
 8607 
 
 8051 
 
 7555 
 
 7108 
 
 6703 
 
 6336 
 
 6248 
 
 
Collapsing Pressures 237 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 Formulas, 
 P= S667ot/D- 1386 (B). P=so2ioooo(//Z))3 (G). 
 Where P= collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; t = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 4.250 
 
 4.500 
 
 4-750 
 
 5.000 
 
 5.250 
 
 5-500 
 
 5.563 
 
 .50 
 .51 
 52 
 53 
 .54 
 .55 
 .56 
 .57 
 -58 
 .59 
 .60 
 .61 
 .62 
 .63 
 .64 
 .65 
 .66 
 .67 
 .68 
 .69 
 .70 
 71 
 .72 
 .73 
 74 
 .75 
 .76 
 77 
 .78 
 .79 
 .80 
 .81 
 .82 
 .83 
 .84 
 .85 
 .86 
 .87 
 .88 
 .89 
 .90 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 .94 
 95 
 .96 
 97 
 .98 
 .99 
 
 i 1. 00 
 
 I 
 
 8810 
 9014 
 9 218 
 9422 
 9 626 
 9830 
 10034 
 10238 
 10 442 
 10 646 
 10850 
 ii 054 
 ii 258 
 ii 462 
 11665 
 
 8244 
 8437 
 8629 
 8822 
 9014 
 9207 
 9 400 
 9592 
 9785 
 9977 
 o 170 
 0363 
 0555 
 0748 
 0940 
 II 133 
 II 326 
 II 518 
 II 711 
 
 7 737 
 7920 
 
 8 102 
 
 8285 
 8467 
 8649 
 8832 
 9014 
 9 197 
 9379 
 9562 
 9 744 
 9927 
 o 109 
 o 292 
 0474 
 0657 
 0839 
 
 II 022 
 
 7 281 
 7454 
 7628 
 7801 
 7974 
 8 148 
 8321 
 8 494 
 8668 
 8841 
 9014 
 9 188 
 936i 
 9534 
 9708 
 9881 
 0054 
 o 228 
 o 401 
 0574 
 0748 
 o 921 
 
 6868 
 7033 
 7 198 
 7364 
 7529 
 7694 
 7859 
 8024 
 8 189 
 8354 
 8519 
 8684 
 8849 
 9014 
 9 179 
 9345 
 95io 
 9675 
 9840 
 10 005 
 10 170 
 IQ335 
 
 6493 
 6651 
 6808 
 6966 
 7123 
 7281 
 7439 
 7596 
 7754 
 7911 
 8069 
 8226 
 8384 
 8542 
 8699 
 8857 
 9014 
 9172 
 9330 
 9487 
 9645 
 9802 
 
 6404 
 6560 
 6715 
 6871 
 7027 
 7183 
 7339 
 7494 
 7650 
 7806 
 7962 
 8118 
 8273 
 8429 
 8585 
 8741 
 8897 
 9052 
 9208 
 9364 
 9520 
 9676 
 9831 
 9987 
 10143 
 10299 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
238 Collapsing Pressures 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 
 Formula 
 
 P= 86 670 t/D- 1386 (B). P= 50 210 ooo (//D)3 (G). 
 
 Where P = collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; t = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 Thick- 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 ness 
 
 6.000 
 
 6.500 
 
 6.625 
 
 7.000 
 
 7-500 
 
 7.625 
 
 8 ooo 
 
 .01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .02 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .06 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .14 
 
 636 
 
 502 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .15 
 
 78i 
 
 614 
 
 583 
 
 494 
 
 402 
 
 382 
 
 331 
 
 .16 
 
 925 
 
 747 
 
 707 
 
 600 
 
 488 
 
 464 
 
 402 
 
 17 
 
 1070 
 
 881 
 
 838 
 
 719 
 
 585 
 
 556 
 
 482 
 
 .18 
 
 1214 
 
 1014 
 
 969 
 
 843 
 
 694 
 
 660 
 
 572 
 
 .19 
 
 1359 
 
 1147 
 
 1 100 
 
 966 
 
 810 
 
 774 
 
 672 
 
 .20 
 
 1503 
 
 1281 
 
 1230 
 
 1090 
 
 925 
 
 887 
 
 781 
 
 .21 
 
 1647 
 
 1414 
 
 1361 
 
 1214 
 
 1041 
 
 1001 
 
 889 
 
 .22 
 
 1792 
 
 1547 
 
 1492 
 
 1338 
 
 1156 
 
 IH5 
 
 997 
 
 .23 
 
 1936 
 
 1681 
 
 1623 
 
 . 1462 
 
 1272 
 
 1228 
 
 1106 
 
 .24 
 
 2081 
 
 1814 
 
 1754 
 
 1586 
 
 1387 
 
 1342 
 
 1214 
 
 .25 
 
 2225 
 
 1947 
 
 1885 
 
 1709 
 
 1503 
 
 1456 
 
 1322 
 
 .26 
 
 2370 
 
 2081 
 
 2015 
 
 1833 
 
 1619 
 
 1569 
 
 I43i 
 
 .27 
 
 2514 
 
 2214 
 
 2146 
 
 1957 
 
 1734 
 
 1683 
 
 1539 
 
 .28 
 
 2659 
 
 2347 
 
 2277 
 
 2081 
 
 1850 
 
 1797 
 
 1647 
 
 .29 
 
 2803 
 
 2481 
 
 2408 
 
 2205 
 
 1965 
 
 1910 
 
 1756 
 
 30 
 
 2948 
 
 2614 
 
 2539 
 
 2328 
 
 2081 
 
 2024 
 
 1864 
 
 31 
 
 3092 
 
 2747 
 
 2670 
 
 2452 
 
 2196 
 
 2138 
 
 1972 
 
 32 
 
 3236 
 
 2881 
 
 2800 
 
 2576 
 
 2312 
 
 2251 
 
 2081 
 
 33 
 
 338i 
 
 3014 
 
 2931 
 
 2700 
 
 2427 
 
 2365 
 
 2189 
 
 34 
 
 3525 
 
 3148 
 
 3062 
 
 2824 
 
 2543 
 
 2479 
 
 2297 
 
 35 
 
 3670 
 
 3281 
 
 3193 
 
 2948 
 
 2659 
 
 2592 
 
 2406 
 
 .36 
 
 3814 
 
 3414 
 
 3324 
 
 3071 
 
 2774 
 
 2706 
 
 2514 
 
 37 
 
 3959 
 
 3548 
 
 3454 
 
 3195 
 
 2890 
 
 2820 
 
 2622 
 
 .38 
 
 4103 
 
 368i 
 
 3585 
 
 3319 
 
 3005 
 
 2933 
 
 2731 
 
 39 
 
 4248 
 
 3814 
 
 37i6 
 
 3443 
 
 3121 
 
 3047 
 
 2839 
 
 .40 
 
 4392 
 
 3948 
 
 3847 
 
 3567 
 
 3236 
 
 3i6l 
 
 2948 
 
 .41 
 
 4536 
 
 4081 
 
 3978 
 
 3690 
 
 3352 
 
 3274 
 
 3056 
 
 .42 
 
 4681 
 
 4214 
 
 4109 
 
 3814 
 
 3468 
 
 3388 
 
 3164 
 
 43 
 
 4825 
 
 4348 
 
 4239 
 
 3938 
 
 3583 
 
 3502 
 
 3273 
 
 .44 
 
 4970 
 
 4481 
 
 4370 
 
 4062 
 
 3699 
 
 36i5 
 
 3381 
 
 . -45 
 
 5H4 
 
 4614 
 
 4501 
 
 4186 
 
 38i4 
 
 3729 
 
 3489 
 
 .46 
 
 5259 
 
 4748 
 
 4632 
 
 4309 
 
 3930 
 
 3843 
 
 3598 
 
 47 
 
 5403 
 
 4881 
 
 4763 
 
 4433 
 
 4045 
 
 3956 
 
 37o6 
 
 .48 
 
 5548 
 
 5014 
 
 4894 
 
 4557 
 
 4161 
 
 4070 
 
 3814 
 
 49 
 
 5692 
 
 5148 
 
 5024 
 
 4681 
 
 4276 
 
 4184 
 
 3923 
 
 
Collapsing Pressures 239 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 Formula 
 P= 86 670 //Z>- 1386 (B). P= 50 210 ooo (t/D)* (G). 
 Where P = collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch ; 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; t = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 6. ooo 
 
 6.500 
 
 6.625 
 
 7.000 
 
 7-500 
 
 7-625 
 
 8.000 
 
 So 
 
 .51 
 .52 
 53 
 .54 
 55 
 -56 
 57 
 .58 
 59 
 .60 
 .61 
 .62 
 .63 
 .64 
 .65 
 .66 
 .67 
 .68 
 .69 
 .70 
 71 
 72 
 .73 
 74 
 .75 
 76 
 77 
 .78 
 79 
 
 1 
 
 .81 
 
 .82 
 .83 
 .84 
 .85 
 .86 
 .87 
 .88 
 .89 
 .90 
 .91 
 92 
 93 
 .94 
 .95 
 .96 
 .97 
 .98 
 99 
 
 I.OO 
 
 5837 
 598i 
 6125 
 6270 
 6414 
 6559 
 6703 
 6848 
 6992 
 7137 
 7281 
 7425 
 7570 
 7714 
 7859 
 8003 
 8148 
 8292 
 8437 
 8581 
 8726 
 8870 
 9014 
 9159 
 9303 
 9448 
 
 5281 
 5414 
 5548 
 5681 
 5814 
 5948 
 6081 
 6214 
 6348 
 6481 
 6614 
 6748 
 6881 
 7014 
 7148 
 7281 
 7414 
 7548 
 7681 
 7814 
 7948 
 8081 
 8214 
 8348 
 8481 
 8614 
 
 5155 
 5286 
 5417 
 5548 
 5678 
 5809 
 5940 
 6071 
 6202 
 6333 
 6463 
 6594 
 6725 
 6856 
 6987 
 7117 
 7248 
 7379 
 75io 
 7641 
 7772 
 7902 
 8033 
 8164 
 8295 
 8426 
 8557 
 8687 
 8818 
 8949 
 9080 
 9211 
 9341 
 9472 
 9603 
 9734 
 9865 
 9996 
 
 4805 
 4929 
 5052 
 5176 
 5300 
 5424 
 5548 
 5671 
 5795 
 5919 
 6043 
 6167 
 6290 
 6414 
 6538 
 6662 
 6786 
 6910 
 7033 
 7157 
 7281 
 7405 
 7529 
 7652 
 7776 
 7900 
 8024 
 8148 
 8272 
 8395 
 8519 
 8643 
 8767 
 8891 
 9014 
 9138 
 9262 
 9386 
 
 4392 
 4508 
 4623 
 4739 
 4854 
 4970 
 5085 
 5201 
 5316 
 5432 
 5548 
 5663 
 5779 
 5894 
 6010 
 6125 
 6241 
 6357 
 6472 
 6588 
 6703 
 6819 
 6934 
 7050 
 7165 
 7281 
 7397 
 7512 
 7628 
 7743 
 7859 
 7974 
 8090 
 8205 
 8321 
 8437 
 8552 
 8668 
 
 4297 
 44i I 
 4525 
 4638 
 4752 
 4866 
 4979 
 5093 
 5207 
 5320 
 5434 
 5548 
 566i 
 5775 
 5889 
 6002 
 6116 
 6230 
 6343 
 6457 
 6571 
 6684 
 6798 
 6912 
 7025 
 7139 
 7253 
 7366 
 748o 
 7594 
 7707 
 7821 
 7935 
 8048 
 8162 
 8276 
 8389 
 8503 
 8617 
 
 4031 
 4139 
 4248 
 4356 
 4464 
 4573 
 4681 
 4789 
 4898 
 5006 
 5H4 
 5223 
 5331 
 5439 
 5548 
 5656 
 5764 
 5873 
 598l 
 6089 
 6198 
 6306 
 6414 
 6523 
 6631 
 6739 
 6848 
 6956 
 7064 
 7173 
 7281 
 7389 
 7498 
 7606 
 7714 
 7823 
 7931 
 8039 
 8148 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
240 Collapsing Pressures 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 
 Formula 
 
 P= 86 670//.D- 1386 (B). P=502ioooo(//Z))3 (G) . 
 
 Where P= collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; t = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 Thick- 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 ness 
 
 8.500 
 
 8.625 
 
 9.000 
 
 9.500 
 
 9.625 
 
 10.000 
 
 10.500 
 
 .01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .02 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .06 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 276 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .16 
 
 335 
 
 320 
 
 282 
 
 240 
 
 230 
 
 
 
 .17 
 
 402 
 
 385 
 
 338 
 
 288 
 
 277 
 
 247 
 
 213 
 
 .18 
 
 477 
 
 456 
 
 402 
 
 341 
 
 328 
 
 293 
 
 253 
 
 .19 
 
 56l 
 
 537 
 
 472 
 
 402 
 
 386 
 
 344 
 
 297 
 
 .20 
 
 653 
 
 624 
 
 551 
 
 468 
 
 450 
 
 402 
 
 347 
 
 .21 
 
 755 
 
 724 
 
 636 
 
 542 
 
 521 
 
 465 
 
 402 
 
 .22 
 
 857 
 
 825 
 
 733 
 
 621 
 
 600 
 
 535 
 
 . 462 
 
 .23 
 
 959 
 
 925 
 
 829 
 
 712 
 
 685 
 
 611 
 
 528 
 
 24 
 
 1061 
 
 1026 
 
 925 
 
 804 
 
 775 
 
 694 
 
 600 
 
 25 
 
 1163 
 
 1126 
 
 1022 
 
 895 
 
 865 
 
 78i 
 
 678 
 
 .26 
 
 1265 
 
 1227 
 
 1118 
 
 986 
 
 955 
 
 867 
 
 760 
 
 .27 
 
 1367 
 
 1327 
 
 1214 
 
 1077 
 
 1045 
 
 954 
 
 843 
 
 .28 
 
 1469 
 
 1428 
 
 1310 
 
 1168 
 
 1 135 
 
 1041 
 
 925 
 
 .29 
 
 I57i 
 
 1528 
 
 1407 
 
 1260 
 
 1225 
 
 1127 
 
 1008 
 
 30 
 
 1673 
 
 1629 
 
 1503 
 
 1351 
 
 1315 
 
 1214 
 
 1090 
 
 31 
 
 1775 
 
 1729 
 
 1599 
 
 1442 
 
 1405 
 
 1301 
 
 H73 
 
 .32 
 
 1877 
 
 1830 
 
 1696 
 
 
 1495 
 
 1387 
 
 1255 
 
 33 
 
 1979 
 
 1930 
 
 1792 
 
 1625 
 
 1586 
 
 1474 
 
 1338 
 
 .34 
 
 2081 
 
 2031 
 
 1888 
 
 1716 
 
 1676 
 
 1561 
 
 1420 
 
 35 
 
 2183 
 
 2131 
 
 1985 
 
 1807 
 
 1766 
 
 1647 
 
 1503 
 
 .36 
 
 2285 
 
 2232 
 
 2081 
 
 1898 
 
 1856 
 
 1734 
 
 1586 
 
 .37 
 
 2387 
 
 2332 
 
 2177 
 
 1990 
 
 1946 
 
 1821 
 
 1668 
 
 .38 
 
 2489 
 
 2433 
 
 2273 
 
 2081 
 
 2036 
 
 1907 
 
 1751 
 
 39 
 
 2591 
 
 2533 
 
 2370 
 
 2172 
 
 2126 
 
 1994 
 
 1833 
 
 40 
 
 2693 
 
 2633 
 
 2466 
 
 2263 
 
 2216 
 
 2081 I 1916 
 
 .41 
 
 2795 
 
 2734 
 
 2562 
 
 2355 
 
 2306 
 
 2167 
 
 1998 
 
 .42 
 
 2897 
 
 2834 
 
 2659 
 
 2446 
 
 2396 
 
 2254 
 
 2081 
 
 43 
 
 2998 
 
 2935 
 
 2755 
 
 2537 
 
 2486 
 
 2341 
 
 2163 
 
 .44 
 
 3100 
 
 3035 
 
 2851 
 
 2628 
 
 2576 
 
 2427 
 
 2246 
 
 45 
 
 3202 
 
 3136 
 
 2948 
 
 2719 
 
 2666 
 
 2514 
 
 2328 
 
 .46 
 
 3304 
 
 3236 
 
 3044 
 
 2811 
 
 2756 
 
 2601 
 
 2411 
 
 47 
 
 34o6 
 
 3337 
 
 3140 
 
 2902 
 
 2846 
 
 2687 
 
 2494 
 
 .48 
 
 3508 
 
 3437 
 
 3236 
 
 2993 
 
 2936 
 
 2774 
 
 2576 
 
 .49 
 
 3610 
 
 3538 
 
 3333 
 
 3084 
 
 3026 
 
 2861 
 
 2659 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Collapsing Pressures 241 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 
 Formula 
 
 P=8667o//Z>-i 3 86 (B). P= 50 210000 (//Z>) (G). 
 
 Where P = collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; / = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 Thick- 
 
 
 ness 
 
 8.500 
 
 8.625 
 
 9.000 
 
 9.500 
 
 9.625 
 
 10.000 
 
 10.500 
 
 50 
 
 3712 
 
 3638 
 
 3429 
 
 3176 
 
 3116 
 
 2948 
 
 2741 
 
 51 
 
 3814 
 
 3739 
 
 3525 
 
 3267 
 
 3206 
 
 3034 
 
 2824 
 
 52 
 
 39i6 
 
 3839 
 
 3622 
 
 3358 
 
 3296 
 
 3121 
 
 2906 
 
 53 
 
 4018 
 
 3940 
 
 3718 
 
 3449 
 
 3386 
 
 3208 i 2989 
 
 54 
 
 4120 
 
 4040 
 
 3814 
 
 3541 
 
 3477 
 
 3294 1 3071 
 
 55 
 
 4222 
 
 4141 
 
 39io 
 
 3632 
 
 3567 
 
 338i 
 
 3154 
 
 .56 
 
 4324 
 
 4241 
 
 4007 
 
 3723 
 
 3657 
 
 3468 
 
 3236 
 
 .57 
 
 4426 
 
 4342 
 
 4103 
 
 3814 
 
 3747 
 
 3554 
 
 3319 
 
 .58 
 
 4528 
 
 4442 
 
 4199 
 
 3905 
 
 3837 
 
 3641 
 
 3401 
 
 .59 
 
 4630 
 
 4543 
 
 4296 
 
 3997 
 
 3927 
 
 3728 
 
 3484 
 
 .60 
 
 4732 
 
 4643 
 
 4392 
 
 4088 
 
 4017 
 
 38i4 
 
 3567 
 
 .61 
 
 4834 
 
 4744 
 
 4488 
 
 4179 
 
 4107 
 
 3901 
 
 3649 
 
 .62 
 
 4936 
 
 4844 
 
 4585 
 
 4270 
 
 4197 
 
 3988 
 
 3732 
 
 .63 
 
 5038 
 
 4945 
 
 4681 
 
 4362 
 
 4287 
 
 4074 
 
 3814 
 
 .64 
 
 5140 
 
 5045 
 
 4777 
 
 4453 
 
 4377 
 
 4161 
 
 3897 
 
 .65 
 
 5242 
 
 5146 
 
 4873 
 
 4544 
 
 4467 
 
 4248 
 
 3979 
 
 .66 
 
 5344 
 
 5246 
 
 4970 
 
 4635 
 
 4557 
 
 4334 
 
 4062 
 
 -67 
 
 5446 
 
 5347 
 
 5066 
 
 4727 
 
 4647 
 
 4421 
 
 4144 
 
 .68 
 
 5548 
 
 5447 
 
 5162 
 
 4818 
 
 4737 
 
 4508 
 
 4227 
 
 .69 
 
 5650 
 
 5548 
 
 5259 
 
 4909 
 
 4827 
 
 4594 
 
 4309 
 
 .70 
 
 5752 
 
 5648 
 
 5355 i 5ooo 
 
 4917 
 
 4681 
 
 4392 
 
 71 
 
 5853 
 
 5749 
 
 5451 ! 5091 
 
 5007 
 
 4768 
 
 4475 
 
 72 
 
 5955 
 
 5849 
 
 5548 
 
 5i83 
 
 5097 
 
 4854 
 
 4557 
 
 73 
 
 6057 
 
 5950 
 
 5644 
 
 5274 
 
 5187 
 
 4941 
 
 4640 
 
 74 
 
 6i59 
 
 6050 
 
 5740 
 
 5365 
 
 5277 
 
 5028 
 
 4722 
 
 75 
 
 6261 
 
 6151 
 
 5836 
 
 5456 
 
 5368 
 
 5114 
 
 4805 
 
 76 
 
 6363 
 
 6251 
 
 5933 
 
 5548 
 
 5458 
 
 5201 
 
 4887 
 
 77 
 
 6465 
 
 6351 
 
 6029 
 
 5639 
 
 5548 
 
 5288 
 
 4970 
 
 78 
 
 6567 
 
 6452 
 
 6125 
 
 5730 
 
 5638 
 
 5374 
 
 5052 
 
 79 
 
 6669 
 
 6552 
 
 6222 
 
 5821 
 
 5728 
 
 546i 
 
 5135 
 
 .80 
 
 6771 
 
 6653 
 
 6318 
 
 5913 
 
 5818 
 
 5548 
 
 5217 
 
 .81 
 
 6873 
 
 6753 
 
 6414 
 
 6004 
 
 5908 
 
 5634 
 
 53oo 
 
 .82 
 
 6975 
 
 6854 
 
 6511 
 
 6095 
 
 5998 
 
 5721 
 
 5383 
 
 .83 
 
 7077 
 
 6954 
 
 6607 
 
 6186 
 
 6088 
 
 58o8 
 
 5465 
 
 .84 
 
 7179 
 
 7055 
 
 6703 
 
 6277 
 
 6178 
 
 5894 
 
 5548 
 
 85 
 
 7281 
 
 7155 
 
 6799 
 
 6369 
 
 6268 
 
 598i 
 
 5630 
 
 .86 
 
 7383 
 
 7256 
 
 6896 
 
 6460 
 
 6358 
 
 6068 
 
 5713 
 
 .87 
 
 7485 
 
 7356 
 
 6992 
 
 6551 
 
 6448 
 
 6i54 
 
 5795 
 
 .88 
 
 7587 
 
 7457 
 
 7088 
 
 6642 
 
 6538 
 
 6241 
 
 5878 
 
 .89 
 
 
 
 
 6734 
 
 6628 
 
 6328 
 
 5960 
 
 .00 
 
 
 
 
 6825 
 
 6718 
 
 6414 
 
 6043 
 
 .91 
 
 
 
 
 6916 
 
 6808 
 
 6501 
 
 6125 
 
 .92 
 
 
 
 
 7007 
 
 6898 
 
 6588 
 
 6208 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 7099 
 
 6988 
 
 6674 
 
 6290 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 7190 
 
 7078 
 
 6761 
 
 6373 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 7281 
 
 7168 
 
 6848 
 
 6456 
 
 .96 
 
 
 
 
 7372 
 
 7258 
 
 6934 
 
 6538 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 7464 
 
 7349 
 
 7021 
 
 6621 
 
 .98 
 
 
 
 
 7555 
 
 7439 
 
 7108 
 
 6703 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 7646 
 
 7529 
 
 7194 
 
 6786 
 
 I.OO 
 
 
 
 
 7737 
 
 7619 
 
 7281 
 
 6868 
 
 
 
 
 
242 Collapsing Pressures 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Continued) 
 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 
 Formula 
 
 P = 86 670 t/D- 1386 (B). P=so 210000 (t/D)* (G). 
 
 Where P= collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; t = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 Thick- 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 ness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.750 
 
 II.OOO 
 
 11.500 
 
 11.750 
 
 12.000 
 
 12.500 
 
 12.750 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .06 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .18 
 
 236 
 
 220 
 
 192 
 
 180 
 
 170 
 
 150 
 
 141 
 
 .19 
 
 277 
 
 259 
 
 226 
 
 212 
 
 199 
 
 176 
 
 166 
 
 .20 
 
 323 
 
 302 
 
 264 
 
 2 4 8 
 
 232 
 
 206 
 
 194 
 
 .21 
 
 374 
 
 349 
 
 3o6 
 
 28 7 
 
 269 
 
 238 
 
 224 
 
 .22 
 
 430 
 
 402 
 
 351 
 
 329 
 
 309 
 
 274 
 
 258 
 
 .23 
 
 492 
 
 459 
 
 402 
 
 377 
 
 353 
 
 313 
 
 295 
 
 .24 
 
 559 
 
 522 
 
 456 
 
 428 
 
 402 
 
 355 
 
 335 
 
 .25 
 
 630 
 
 589 
 
 5i6 
 
 484 
 
 454 
 
 402 
 
 379 
 
 .26 
 
 710 
 
 663 
 
 58o 
 
 544 
 
 511 
 
 452 
 
 426 
 
 27 
 
 791 
 
 741 
 
 649 . 
 
 609 
 
 572 
 
 506 
 
 477 
 
 .28 
 
 871 
 
 820 
 
 724 
 
 679 
 
 636 
 
 564 
 
 532 
 
 .29 
 
 952 
 
 899 
 
 800 
 
 753 
 
 709 
 
 625 
 
 591 
 
 .30 
 
 1033 
 
 978 
 
 875 
 
 827 
 
 781 
 
 694 
 
 653 
 
 .31 
 
 IH3 
 
 1057 
 
 950 
 
 901 
 
 853 
 
 763 
 
 721 
 
 .32 
 
 1194 
 
 H35 
 
 1026 974 
 
 925 
 
 833 
 
 789 
 
 .33 
 
 1275 
 
 1214 
 
 noi | 1048 
 
 997 
 
 902 
 
 857 
 
 34 
 
 1355 
 
 1293 
 
 1176 ! 1122 
 
 1070 
 
 971 
 
 925 
 
 35 
 
 1436 
 
 1372 
 
 1252 
 
 1196 
 
 1142 
 
 1041 
 
 993 
 
 .36 
 
 1516 
 
 I45o 
 
 1327 
 
 1269 
 
 1214 
 
 IIIO 
 
 1061 
 
 37 
 
 1597 
 
 1529 
 
 1403 
 
 1343 
 
 1286 
 
 1 179 
 
 1129 
 
 38 
 
 1678 
 
 1608 
 
 1478 
 
 1417 
 
 1359 
 
 1249 
 
 1 197 
 
 .39 
 
 1758 
 
 1687 
 
 1553 
 
 1491 
 
 1431 
 
 1318 
 
 1265 
 
 .40 
 
 1839 
 
 1766 
 
 1629 
 
 1564 
 
 1503 
 
 1387 
 
 1333 
 
 .41 
 
 1920 
 
 1844 
 
 1704 
 
 1638 
 
 1575 
 
 1457 
 
 1401 
 
 .42 
 
 200O 
 
 1923 
 
 1779 
 
 1712 
 
 1647 
 
 1526 
 
 1469 
 
 .43 
 
 2081 
 
 2O02 
 
 1855 
 
 1786 
 
 1720 
 
 1595 
 
 1537 
 
 .44 
 
 2161 
 
 2081 
 
 1930 
 
 1860 
 
 1792 
 
 1665 
 
 1605 
 
 45 
 
 2242 
 
 2l6o 
 
 2205 
 
 1933 
 
 1864 
 
 1734 
 
 1673 
 
 .46 
 
 2323 
 
 2238 
 
 2081 
 
 2007 
 
 1936 
 
 1803 
 
 1741 
 
 .47 
 
 2403 
 
 2317 
 
 2156 
 
 2081 
 
 2009 
 
 1873 
 
 1809 
 
 .48 
 
 2484 
 
 2396 
 
 2232 
 
 2155 
 
 2081 
 
 1942 
 
 1877 
 
 49 
 
 2565 
 
 2475 
 
 2307 
 
 2228 
 
 2153 
 
 201 1 
 
 I94'5 
 
 
Collapsing Pressures 243 
 
 Collapsing Pressures Pounds per Square Inch (Concluded) 
 
 (Based on Professor Stewart's Formulae B and G.) 
 
 Formula 
 
 P=86 670 t/D- 1386 (B). P= 50 210 ooo (t/D} (G). 
 
 Where P= collapsing pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; I = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 
 Outside diameter Inches 
 
 Thick- 
 
 
 ness 
 
 10.750 
 
 11.000 
 
 11.500 
 
 H.750 
 
 12.000 
 
 12.500 
 
 12.750 
 
 So 
 
 2645 
 
 2554 
 
 2382 
 
 2302 
 
 2225 
 
 2081 
 
 2013 
 
 .51 
 
 2726 
 
 2632 
 
 2458 
 
 2376 
 
 2297 
 
 2150 
 
 2081 
 
 52 
 
 2806 
 
 2711 
 
 2533 
 
 2450 
 
 2370 
 
 2219 
 
 2149 
 
 53 
 
 2887 
 
 2790 
 
 2608 
 
 2523 
 
 2442 
 
 2289 
 
 2217 
 
 .54 
 
 2968 
 
 2869 
 
 2684 
 
 2597 
 
 2514 
 
 2358 
 
 2285 
 
 .55 
 
 3048 
 
 2947 
 
 2759 
 
 2671 
 
 2586 
 
 2427 
 
 2353 
 
 -56 
 
 3129 
 
 3026 
 
 2834 
 
 2745 
 
 2659 
 
 2497 
 
 2421 
 
 57 
 
 3210 
 
 3io5 
 
 2910 
 
 2818 
 
 2731 
 
 2566 
 
 2489 
 
 58 
 
 3290 
 
 3184 
 
 2985 
 
 2892 
 
 2803 
 
 2635 
 
 2557 
 
 .59 
 
 3371 
 
 3263 
 
 3061 
 
 2966 
 
 2875 
 
 2705 
 
 2625 
 
 .60 
 
 3451 
 
 3341 
 
 3136 
 
 3040 
 
 2948 
 
 2774 
 
 2693 
 
 .61 
 
 3532 
 
 3420 
 
 321 1 
 
 3H3 
 
 3020 
 
 2843 
 
 2761 
 
 .62 
 
 3613 
 
 3499 
 
 3287 
 
 3i87 
 
 3092 
 
 2913 
 
 2829 
 
 .63 
 
 3693 
 
 3578 
 
 3362 
 
 3261 
 
 3164 
 
 2982 
 
 2897 
 
 -64 
 
 3774 
 
 3657 
 
 3437 
 
 3335 
 
 3236 
 
 3052 
 
 2964 
 
 .65 
 
 3855 
 
 3735 
 
 3513 
 
 3409 
 
 3309 
 
 3121 
 
 3032 
 
 .66 
 
 3935 
 
 3814 
 
 3588 
 
 3482 
 
 3381 
 
 3190 
 
 3100 
 
 .67 
 
 4016 
 
 3893 
 
 3663 
 
 3556 
 
 3453 
 
 3260 
 
 3168 
 
 .68 
 
 4096 
 
 3972 
 
 3739 
 
 3630 
 
 3525 
 
 3329 
 
 3236 
 
 .69 
 
 4177 
 
 4051 
 
 38i4 
 
 3704 
 
 3598 
 
 3398 
 
 3304 
 
 .70 
 
 4258 
 
 4129 
 
 3890 
 
 3777 
 
 3670 
 
 3468 
 
 3372 
 
 7i 
 
 4338 
 
 4208 
 
 3965 
 
 3851 
 
 3742 
 
 3537 
 
 3440 
 
 72 
 
 4419 
 
 4287 
 
 4040 
 
 3925 
 
 38i4 
 
 3606 
 
 3508 
 
 -73 
 
 4499 
 
 4366 
 
 4116 
 
 3999 
 
 3886 
 
 3676 
 
 3576 
 
 74 
 
 458o 
 
 4445 
 
 4191 
 
 4072 
 
 3959 
 
 3745 
 
 3644 
 
 75 
 
 4661 
 
 4523 
 
 4266 
 
 4146 
 
 4031 
 
 3814 
 
 3712 
 
 .76 
 
 4741 
 
 4602 
 
 4342 
 
 4220 
 
 4103 
 
 3884 
 
 378o 
 
 77 
 
 4822 
 
 4681 
 
 4417 
 
 4294 
 
 4175 
 
 3953 
 
 3848 
 
 .78 
 
 4903 
 
 476o 
 
 4492 
 
 4367 
 
 4248 
 
 4022 
 
 3916 
 
 79 
 
 4983 
 
 4838 
 
 4568 
 
 4441 
 
 4320 
 
 4092 
 
 3984 
 
 .80 
 
 5064 
 
 4917 
 
 4643 
 
 4515 
 
 4392 
 
 4161 
 
 4052 
 
 .81 
 
 5144 
 
 4996 
 
 4719 
 
 4589 
 
 4464 
 
 4230 
 
 4120 
 
 .82 
 
 5225 
 
 5075 
 
 4794 
 
 4662 
 
 4536 
 
 4300 
 
 4188 
 
 .83 
 
 5306 
 
 5154 
 
 4869 
 
 4736 
 
 4609 
 
 4369 
 
 4256 
 
 .84 
 
 5386 
 
 5232 
 
 4945 
 
 4810 
 
 4681 
 
 4438 
 
 4324 
 
 .85 
 
 5467 
 
 5311 
 
 5020 
 
 4884 
 
 4753 
 
 45o8 
 
 4392 
 
 .86 
 
 5548 
 
 5390 
 
 5095 
 
 4958 
 
 4825 
 
 4577 
 
 4460 
 
 .87 
 
 5628 
 
 5469 
 
 5171 
 
 5031 
 
 4898 
 
 4646 
 
 4528 
 
 .88 
 
 5709 
 
 5548 
 
 5246 
 
 5105 
 
 4970 
 
 4716 
 
 4596 
 
 .89 
 
 5789 
 
 5626 
 
 5322 
 
 5179 
 
 5042 
 
 4785 
 
 4664 
 
 .90 
 
 5870 
 
 5705 
 
 5397 
 
 5253 
 
 5114 
 
 4854 
 
 4732 
 
 -91 
 
 5951 
 
 5784 
 
 5472 
 
 5326 
 
 5186 
 
 4924 
 
 4800 
 
 92 
 
 6031 
 
 5863 
 
 5548 
 
 5400 
 
 5259 
 
 4993 
 
 4868 
 
 93 
 
 6112 
 
 5942 
 
 5623 
 
 5474 
 
 5331 
 
 5062 
 
 4936 
 
 .94 
 
 6i93 
 
 6020 
 
 5698 
 
 5548 
 
 5403 
 
 5132 
 
 5004 
 
 95 
 
 6273 
 
 6099 
 
 5774 
 
 5621 
 
 5475 
 
 5201 
 
 5072 
 
 -96 
 
 6354 
 
 6178 
 
 5849 
 
 5695 
 
 5548 
 
 5270 
 
 5140 
 
 97 
 
 6434 
 
 6257 
 
 5924 
 
 5769 
 
 5620 
 
 5340 
 
 5208 
 
 98 
 
 6515 
 
 6336 
 
 6000 
 
 5843 
 
 5692 
 
 5409 
 
 5276 
 
 -99 
 
 6506 
 
 6414 
 
 6075 
 
 59i6 
 
 5764 
 
 5478 
 
 5344 
 
 I.OO 
 
 6676 
 
 6493 
 
 6151 
 
 5990 
 
 5836 
 
 5548 
 
 5412 
 
 
244 Pipe Columns 
 
 PIPE COLUMNS 
 
 Those parts of a structure that resist thrust or compressive stress are 
 known as columns or struts. Except when comparatively quite short, 
 columns and struts tend to fail by lateral bending or buckling. While 
 apparently similar in this respect to beams, the real stresses in a loaded 
 column are, however, of such an obscure nature that no satisfactory 
 theoretical formula has yet been produced for columns of the propor- 
 tions commonly used in practice. The only really useful formulae for 
 columns and struts are those based directly upon experimental data. 
 
 Radius of Gyration. The radius of gyration is the property of the 
 cross-section of a column that determines its strength. The relation 
 of the radius of gyration, R, to the moment of inertia, /, and area of 
 cross-section, A, is such that it equals the square root of the quotient 
 resulting from dividing the former by the latter, or R = v 7 H- A . 
 
 Slenderness Ratio. The strength of a column or strut is most easily 
 expressed in terms of its slenderness ratio, which is the length divided 
 
 by the least radius of gyration, , both being stated in inches. 
 R 
 
 Strength of Columns. The strength of a column or strut depends 
 (i) upon the manner in which the ends are connected to the rest of the 
 structure, whether fixed in direction, hinged, etc., and upon the placing 
 of the loading, whether axial or eccentric; (2) upon the slenderness 
 
 L 
 
 ratio, ; (3) upon the area of cross-section, A; and (4) upon the pltysi- 
 R 
 
 cal properties of the material. 
 
 Tables of Safe Loads for Pipe Columns. The tables, pages 245 
 to 249, give the safe loads in tons of 2000 pounds for Standard, Extra 
 Strong, and Double Extra Strong Pipe, computed by the formulae of 
 the New York and Chicago Building Laws. 
 
 According to the New York Building Code, the allowable compressive 
 stress per square inch for steel columns with flat ends is given by the 
 
 formula S = 15 200 58 , where L is the length of the column and 
 R 
 
 R is the least radius of gyration, both in inches. It further states that 
 no column shall be used whose unsupported length is greater than 120 
 times its least radius of gyration. 
 
 According to the Chicago Building Ordinances the allowable com- 
 pressive stress per square inch for steel columns shall be determined 
 
 by the formula S = 16 ooo 70 , with a maximum allowable stress 
 
 R 
 
 of 14 ooo pounds per square inch. The length of column is limited to 
 120 times the least radius of gyration, except in the case of struts for 
 wind bracing, in which case the limit is 150 times the least radius of 
 gyration. 
 
Pipe Columns 
 
 245 
 
 Standard Pipe Columns 
 
 (Loads in tons of 2000 pounds, based on New York Building Code.) 
 
 S = 15 200 - 58 L/R. 
 
 S = allowable compressive stress for steel, pounds per square inch; 
 L = length of column in inches; 
 R = least radius of gyration in inches. 
 
 Length, 
 feet 
 
 Size of pipe 
 
 2 2V 2 3 1 3Va 1 4 4V2 1 S 6 7 
 
 Thickness 
 
 .154 
 
 .203 
 
 
 216 
 
 .226 
 
 237 
 
 .247 
 
 .258 
 
 .280 
 
 .301 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 30 
 27 
 24 
 22 
 20 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19.16 
 21-95 
 
 24-74 
 27 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13-87 
 16.47 
 19.06 
 21.66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 8 
 
 
 
 ii. 16 
 13-55 
 15.15 
 
 16.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9-7 
 
 II. 2 
 
 12.7 
 
 14.3 
 
 30 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.02 
 
 9-49 
 10.95 
 
 12.42 
 
 23-39 
 25.12 
 
 32.18 
 34-04 
 35.90 
 37.76 
 39.62 
 40.55 
 41.48 
 42.41 
 43-34 
 44-27 
 45-20 
 
 46.13 
 47.06 
 47-99 
 
 
 
 
 6.41 
 7.81 
 9.20 
 10. 60 
 
 
 6.27 
 7.61 
 8.27 
 8-94 
 
 18.34 
 19-93 
 21.52 
 22.32 
 23.12 
 23.91 
 24.71 
 25-51 
 26.30 
 27.10 
 27.90 
 28.69 
 
 26.85 
 28.58 
 30.31 
 31-17 
 32.04 
 32.90 
 33-77 
 34.63 
 35-50 
 36.36 
 37-23 
 38.09 
 
 15-83 
 17-35 
 
 18.11 
 18.88 
 19.64 
 20.40 
 21.17 
 21.93 
 22.69 
 23-45 
 24.22 
 
 
 4.19 
 4.81 
 5-44 
 6.07 
 6.69 
 
 13.88 
 14.61 
 15-34 
 16.07 
 16.81 
 
 17-54 
 18.27 
 19.00 
 19-73 
 20.46 
 
 ii 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 
 30 
 -99 
 .69 
 39 
 .09 
 .78 
 .48 
 .18 
 .88 
 
 2.94 
 3-42 
 
 9.61 
 10.27 
 10.94 
 II. 60 
 12.27 
 12.94 
 I3.6o 
 
 3-89 
 4-37 
 
 7-32 
 7-94 
 8.57 
 9.20 
 9.82 
 
 4.84 
 5-32 
 5-79 
 
 Length, 
 feet 
 
 Size of pipe 
 
 8 | 9 1 10 
 
 II 12 | 13 | 14 15 
 
 Thickness 
 
 .322 
 
 342 
 
 .365 
 
 -375 
 
 375 
 
 375 
 
 .375 
 
 -375 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 24.04 
 28.02 
 31.00 
 33-99 
 
 33-53 
 
 37.76 
 40.93 
 
 45.38 
 
 55-49 
 60.12 
 63-60 
 67.08 
 70.55 
 74-03 
 76.35 
 78.67 
 80.99 
 83.30 
 85.62 
 86.78 
 87.94 
 89.10 
 90.26 
 91.42 
 92 . 57 
 93-73 
 94.89 
 96.05 
 
 64.44 
 69.07 
 72.55 
 76.03 
 
 79-51 
 82.98 
 85.30 
 87.62 
 89.94 
 92.26 
 94-57 
 95-73 
 96.89 
 98.05 
 99-21 
 100.37 
 101.53 
 
 102 . 69 
 103.85 
 105.00 
 
 75.63 
 80.26 
 83.74 
 87.22 
 90.69 
 94-17 
 96.49 
 98.81 
 
 101 . 13 
 
 103 . 45 
 105 76 
 106 . 92 
 108.08 
 109.24 
 110.40 
 111.56 
 112.72 
 113.88 
 115.04 
 116 20 
 
 84.58 
 89.21 
 92.69 
 96.17 
 99.65 
 03.12 
 05-44 
 07.76 
 10.08 
 12.40 
 14.72 
 15-88 
 17-03 
 18.19 
 19-35 
 20.51 
 21.67 
 22.83 
 23-99 
 25 . 15 
 
 93-53 
 98.17 
 101 . 64 
 105.12 
 108.60 
 112.08 
 114.40 
 116.71 
 119.03 
 121.35 
 123.67 
 124 83 
 125 99 
 127 15 
 128.31 
 129 47 
 130.62 
 131.78 
 132.94 
 134 - 10 
 
 49.90 
 53.28 
 56.66 
 
 60.05 
 63.43 
 65.69 
 67.94 
 70.20 
 72.46 
 74-71 
 75-84 
 76.97 
 78.10 
 79-22 
 80.35 
 81.48 
 82.61 
 83-74 
 84.86 
 
 44.10 
 
 36.97 
 39.96 
 41-95 
 43-94 
 45-93 
 47-92 
 49-90 
 50.90 
 51.89 
 52.89 
 53-88 
 54.88 
 55-87 
 56.87 
 57-86 
 58.86 
 
 47-27 
 50.44 
 52.55 
 54-66 
 56.78 
 58.89 
 61.01 
 62.06 
 63-12 
 64.18 
 65-23 
 66.29 
 67.35 
 68.40 
 69.46 
 70.52 
 
 NOTE. Loads 
 L/R greater than 
 
 above or to the left of the zigzag line correspond to values of 
 120. 
 
246 
 
 Pipe Columns 
 
 Standard Pipe Columns (Concluded) 
 (Loads in tons of 2000 pounds, based on Chicago Building Ordinances.) 
 
 S = 16000- ?oL/R. 
 
 S allowable compressive stress for steel, pounds per square inch ; 
 L = length of column in inches; R least radius of gyration in inches; 
 
 Maximum allowable compressive stress = 14 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Length, 
 feet 
 
 Size of pipe 
 
 2 2Ya 3 3% 1 4 1 4% 1 S 6 | 7 
 
 Thickness 
 
 .154 
 
 .203 
 
 .216 
 
 .226 
 
 .237 
 
 .247 
 
 .258 
 
 .280 
 
 .301 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 30 
 27 
 
 24 
 22 
 20 
 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 ii 
 
 IO 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 7 
 6 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15.00 
 18.37 
 21.73 
 25 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IO.20 
 13-33 
 16.46 
 19.60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.43 
 11.32 
 13-24 
 15.16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.41 
 9-25 
 11.09 
 
 12.94 
 
 28.47 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-96 
 7-73 
 9-50 
 11.26 
 
 21.68 
 23-77 
 25.86 
 27-95 
 30.04 
 31.08 
 32.12 
 33-17 
 34-21 
 35-26 
 36.30 
 37-34 
 38.39 
 39-07 
 
 30.71 
 32.96 
 
 35-20 
 
 37-45 
 39.69 
 40.81 
 41-94 
 43.o6 
 44-iS 
 45-30 
 46.43 
 47-55 
 48.48 
 48.48 
 
 
 
 
 4.60 
 6.28 
 
 7-97 
 9-65 
 
 
 
 
 17.09 
 19.01 
 20.93 
 21.90 
 
 22.86 
 
 23.82 
 24-78 
 25-74 
 26.71 
 
 27.67 
 28.63 
 29-59 
 
 
 *3'o6 
 3.8i 
 
 4-57 
 5-32 
 6.08 
 
 4.96 
 6.57 
 7-37 
 8.18 
 
 14.78 
 16.62 
 
 17-54 
 18.46 
 19.38 
 20.30 
 21.22 
 22.14 
 23.06 
 23.98 
 24.90 
 
 13-03 
 13-91 
 14.79 
 15-68 
 16.56 
 17-44 
 18.33 
 19.21 
 20.09 
 20.98 
 
 2.29 
 2.86 
 
 10.49 
 11.33 
 12.18 
 13.02 
 13-86 
 14.70 
 15-54 
 16.38 
 17.23 
 
 8.98 
 9.78 
 10.59 
 H.39 
 
 12.20 
 13.00 
 I3.8I 
 
 3-44 
 4.01 
 
 6.83 
 7-59 
 8.34 
 9.10 
 9.86 
 
 4.58 
 5.16 
 5-73 
 
 Length, 
 feet 
 
 Size of pipe 
 
 8 | 9 10 ii | 12 | 13 I 14 15 
 
 Thickness 
 
 .322 
 
 342 
 
 .365 
 
 375 
 
 375 
 
 .375 
 
 375 
 
 375 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 30 
 27 
 24 
 
 22 
 20 
 18 
 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 10 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 19.16 
 23.96 
 27-57 
 31.17 
 
 28.77 
 33.87 
 37-70 
 
 40.81 
 
 51 
 
 .26 
 
 60.68 
 66.27 
 70.47 
 74.67 
 78.86 
 83-06 
 85.86 
 88.65 
 91-45 
 94-25 
 97-05 
 98-45 
 99-85 
 101 . 24 
 102.05 
 102.05 
 102.05 
 102.05 
 102.05 
 102.05 
 
 72.45 
 78.05 
 82.25 
 86.44 
 90.64 
 94.84 
 97.64 
 100.43 
 103.23 
 106.03 
 108.83 
 110.23 
 111.62 
 I 2.36 
 I 2.36 
 i 2.36 
 I 2.36 
 I 2.36 
 I 2.36 
 i 2.36 
 
 81.88 
 87.47 
 91.67 
 95-87 
 100.06 
 104 . 26 
 107.06 
 109.86 
 112.65 
 115-45 
 118.25 
 119-65 
 120.61 
 120.61 
 120.61 
 120.61 
 120.61 
 120.61 
 120.61 
 
 120 . 6l 
 
 91.30 
 96.89 
 01.09 
 05.29 
 
 09.49 
 13-68 
 16.48 
 19.28 
 22.08 
 24.88 
 27.67 
 28.85 
 28.85 
 28.85 
 28.85 
 28.85 
 28.85 
 28.85 
 128.85 
 128.85 
 
 46.26 
 50.34 
 54-43 
 58.51 
 62.59 
 65.32 
 68.04 
 70.76 
 73.48 
 76.21 
 77-57 
 78.93 
 80.29 
 81.65 
 83.01 
 83.36 
 83-36 
 83.36 
 83.36 
 
 56.85 
 61.05 
 65.24 
 69.44 
 73.64 
 76.43 
 79-23 
 82.03 
 84.83 
 87.62 
 89.02 
 90.42 
 91.82 
 
 93-22 
 
 93.81 
 93.81 
 93.81 
 93.81 
 93.81 
 
 41-53 
 
 34-77 
 38.37 
 40.78 
 43-18 
 45-58 
 47.98 
 50.38 
 51.58 
 52.78 
 53-99 
 55-19 
 56.39 
 57-59 
 58.79 
 58.79 
 58.79 
 
 45-35 
 49-iS 
 51-73 
 54.28 
 56.83 
 59.38 
 6i.93 
 63.21 
 64.49 
 65.76 
 67.04 
 68.31 
 69.59 
 69.82 
 69.82 
 69.82 
 
 NOTE. Loads above or to the left of the zigzag line correspond to values of 
 L/R greater than 120. 
 
Pipe Columns 
 
 247 
 
 Extra Strong Pipe Columns 
 
 (Loads in tons of 2000 pounds, based on New York Building Code.) 
 
 5= 15 200- 58 L/R. 
 
 S = allowable compressive stress for steel, pounds per square inch; 
 L = length of column in inches; 
 R = least radius of gyration in inches. 
 
 Length, 
 feet 
 
 Size of pipe 
 
 2 21/2 1 3 1 3V2 1 4 4Va I 5 1 6 .7 
 
 Thickness 
 
 .218 
 
 .276 | .300 
 
 .318 
 
 337 
 
 .355 
 
 375 
 
 .432 
 
 .500 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 30 
 27 
 24 
 22 
 2O 
 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 IO 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19.90 
 23.90 
 27.90 
 31.89 
 
 29-53 
 34.16 
 38.79 
 
 43-42 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 15-22 
 18.69 
 
 21.01 
 23-32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I3-I 
 15-2 
 17-4 
 19- 1 
 
 48.04 
 51.13 
 54-21 
 57-30 
 60.38 
 63.47 
 65.01 
 66.55 
 68.09 
 69.64 
 71.18 
 72.72 
 74.26 
 75.8o 
 77-35 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.65 
 12.72 
 14.80 
 16.88 
 
 34.56 
 37-23 
 
 
 
 
 8.36 
 
 10.32 
 12.28 
 14.24 
 
 25.63 
 27-95 
 30.26 
 31.42 
 32.57 
 
 33-73 
 34-89 
 36.04 
 37-20 
 38.35 
 39-51 
 40.67 
 
 39.89 
 42.56 
 
 45-22 
 
 46.55 
 47.89 
 
 49-22 
 
 50.55 
 
 51.88 
 
 53-22 
 
 54-55 
 55-88 
 57-21 
 
 
 
 8.14 
 9-99 
 10.91 
 11.84 
 
 21.86 
 24-05 
 25.14 
 26.24 
 
 27-33 
 
 28.43 
 29-52 
 30.61 
 
 31-71 
 32.80 
 33-90 
 
 "z'.&s 
 
 4-52 
 
 5-25 
 6.09 
 6.94 
 
 18.95 
 19.99 
 21.03 
 22.07 
 23.11 
 24.15 
 25.19 
 26.23 
 27.26 
 28.30 
 
 15.22 
 
 16.20 
 
 17.18 
 
 18.16 
 19.14 
 
 20.12 
 21. IO 
 22.08 
 23 06 
 
 7-79 
 8.64 
 
 12.76 
 13.68 
 I4.6l 
 15-53 
 16.46 
 17.38 
 18.30 
 
 5-19 
 5.86 
 
 9-49 
 10.34 
 11.19 
 12.03 
 12.88 
 
 6.53 
 7.20 
 7-87 
 
 Length, 
 feet 
 
 Size of pipe 
 
 8 9 I 10 | II 12 | 13 14 15 
 
 Thickness 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 -500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 30 
 27 
 
 24 
 22 
 20 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 .14 
 13 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 35-27 
 
 41.44 
 46.07 
 50.70 
 
 47-18 
 53.36 
 57-99 
 
 60.59 
 
 72.52 
 78.70 
 83.33 
 87.97 
 92.6o 
 97-23 
 100.32 
 103.41 
 
 106 . 50 
 109-59 
 112.68 
 114.22 
 115-77 
 117-31 
 118.86 
 120.40 
 121.95 
 123-49 
 125.04 
 126.58 
 
 84.45 
 90.63 
 95.26 
 99-90 
 104-53 
 109.17 
 112.25 
 115-34 
 118.43 
 121.52 
 124.61 
 126.16 
 127.70 
 129.25 
 130.79 
 132.34 
 133-88 
 135-43 
 136.97 
 138.52 
 
 99.36 
 105-54 
 IIO.I8 
 114.81 
 
 119-45 
 124.08 
 127.17 
 130.26 
 133-35 
 136.44 
 139-53 
 141.08 
 142.62 
 I44-I7 
 145.71 
 147.26 
 148.80 
 150.35 
 151.89 
 153-44 
 
 111.29 
 117-47 
 
 122. II 
 126.75 
 I3L38 
 136.02 
 139.11 
 142.20 
 145.29 
 148.38 
 151.47 
 
 I53-OI 
 154.56 
 156.10 
 157.65 
 159.19 
 160.74 
 162 . 29 
 163.83 
 165.38 
 
 123-23 
 129.41 
 134-04 
 138.68 
 143-32 
 147-95 
 151.04 
 154 13 
 157-22 
 160.31 
 163-41 
 164.95 
 166.50 
 168.04 
 169.59 
 I7LI3 
 172.68 
 174-22 
 175-77 
 177.31 
 
 66.77 
 71.40 
 
 62.62 
 
 76.04 
 80.67 
 85.30 
 88.39 
 91.48 
 94-57 
 97-66 
 100.74 
 
 IO2 . 29 
 103.83 
 105.38 
 106.92 
 108.47 
 IIO.OI 
 
 111.56 
 113.10 
 114.64 
 
 55-33 
 59.96 
 63.05 
 66.13 
 69.22 
 72.31 
 75-39 
 76.94 
 78.48 
 80.02 
 81.56 
 83.11 
 84-65 
 86.19 
 87.74 
 89.28 
 
 67.25 
 71.88 
 74-97 
 78.06 
 81.15 
 84.23 
 87.32 
 88.87 
 90.41 
 91-95 
 93-50 
 95-04 
 96.58 
 98.13 
 99.67 
 
 IOI . 22 
 
 NOTE. Loads 
 L/R greater than 
 
 above or to the left of the zigzag line correspond to values of 
 1 20. 
 
248 
 
 Pipe Columns 
 
 Extra Strong Pipe Columns (Concluded) 
 (Loads in tons of 2000 pounds, based on Chicago Building Ordinances.) 
 
 S = 16000 ^oL/R. 
 
 S = allowable compressive stress for steel, pounds per square inch; 
 L = length of column in inches; R = least radius of gyration in inches; 
 
 Maximum allowable compressive stress =14 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 Length, 
 feet 
 
 Size of pipe 
 
 2 2i/ 2 | 3 1 3% I 4 4V2 i 5 I 6 7 
 
 Thickness 
 
 .218 
 
 .276 
 
 .300 
 
 .318 
 
 337 
 
 355 
 
 375 
 
 432 
 
 .500 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 30 
 27 
 24 
 
 22 
 2O 
 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 10 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 7 
 6 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22.52 
 28.11 
 33.69 
 39 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14.16 
 18-99 
 23.81 
 28.64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II. 21 
 
 15-39 
 18.19 
 20.98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9-74 
 12.38 
 15.02 
 17.66 
 
 44 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.68 
 10.19 
 12.69 
 15.20 
 
 31.86 
 35-07 
 38.29 
 4i.5i 
 44-72 
 46.33 
 47-94 
 49 55 
 5I.I6 
 52.76 
 54-37 
 55-98 
 57-59 
 58.83 
 
 48.58 
 52.31 
 56.03 
 59-75 
 63-48 
 65.34 
 67.20 
 69.06 
 70.92 
 72.78 
 74.64 
 76.51 
 78.34 
 78.34 
 
 
 
 6.29 
 8.52 
 9-64 
 
 10.75 
 
 5.78 
 
 8.14 
 10.51 
 
 12.87 
 
 23-77 
 26.56 
 29-35 
 30.75 
 32.15 
 33-54 
 34-94 
 36.33 
 37-73 
 39-12 
 40.52 
 41-92 
 
 20.31 
 
 22.95 
 
 24.27 
 25.59 
 26.91 
 28.23 
 
 29 55 
 30.88 
 32.20 
 33-52 
 34.84 
 
 2.91 
 3-72 
 
 3.69 
 4-71 
 5-74 
 6.76 
 
 7-79 
 
 17.71 
 18.96 
 
 20.22 
 
 21.47 
 
 22.72 
 23.98 
 25-23 
 
 26.48 
 27.74 
 28.99 
 
 14.06 
 15-24 
 16.42 
 17.60 
 18.79 
 19-97 
 21.15 
 22.33 
 23.52 
 
 11.87 
 12.98 
 14.09 
 15.21 
 16.32 
 17-44 
 18.55 
 
 4-53 
 5-34 
 
 8.81 
 9-83 
 10.86 
 11.88 
 12.91 
 
 6.15 
 6.96 
 
 7-77 
 
 Length, 
 feet 
 
 Size of pipe 
 
 8 | 9 10 ii | 12 13 | 14 | 15 
 
 Thickness 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 500 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 30 
 27 
 24 
 22 
 20 
 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 27.60 
 35-05 
 40.64 
 46.23 
 
 40.14 
 47-59 
 53-18 
 
 54-25 
 
 66.80 
 74.26 
 79-85 
 85-45 
 91.04 
 96.63 
 100.36 
 104.09 
 107.82 
 ill. 54 
 115.27 
 117.14 
 119.00 
 120.87 
 122.73 
 123.70 
 123.70 
 123.70 
 123.70 
 123-70 
 
 79.36 
 86.82 
 92.41 
 98.00 
 103.60 
 109 19 
 112.92 
 II6.65 
 120.38 
 124.11 
 127.84 
 129.70 
 131.56 
 133-43 
 134.70 
 134-70 
 134.70 
 134.70 
 134-70 
 134 70 
 
 95.o6 
 
 102 . 52 
 
 io8.ii 
 113.70 
 119.30 
 124.89 
 128 . 62 
 132.35 
 136.08 
 I39-8I 
 143-54 
 145-40 
 147.27 
 148.44 
 148 . 44 
 148.44 
 148.44 
 148.44 
 148.44 
 148.44 
 
 107.62 
 115.08 
 120.67 
 126.27 
 131.86 
 137-45 
 141 . 18 
 144-91 
 148 . 64 
 152.37 
 156.10 
 157-97 
 159-44 
 159-44 
 159-44 
 159-44 
 159-44 
 159-44 
 159-44 
 159-44 
 
 120.18 
 127.64 
 133.23 
 138.83 
 144.42 
 150.02 
 153-75 
 157.48 
 161.21 
 164.94 
 1 68. 67 
 170.43 
 170-43 
 170.43 
 170.43 
 170.43 
 170.43 
 170.43 
 170.43 
 170.43 
 
 61.71 
 67.30 
 72.89 
 78.48 
 84-07 
 87.80 
 91-53 
 95.26 
 98.98 
 02.71 
 04.58 
 06.44 
 08.30 
 0.17 
 2.03 
 
 2.70 
 2.70 
 2.70 
 2.70 
 
 58-77 
 
 51-81 
 57-40 
 61.13 
 64.85 
 68.58 
 72.30 
 76.03 
 77-89 
 79-75 
 81.61 
 83-48 
 85-34 
 87.20 
 89.06 
 89.34 
 89.34 
 
 64.36 
 69.95 
 73.68 
 77-40 
 81.13 
 84.86 
 88.58 
 90.45 
 92.31 
 94-17 
 96.04 
 97-90 
 99.76 
 100.33 
 100.33 
 100.33 
 
 NOTE. Loads above or to the left of the zigzag line correspond to values of 
 L/R greater than 120. 
 
Pipe Columns 249 
 
 Double Extra Strong Pipe Columns 
 
 (Loads in tons of 2000 pounds, based on New York Building Code.) 
 S = 15 200- 58 L/R. 
 S = allowable compressive stress for steel, pounds per square inch; 
 L = length of column in inches; R = least radius of gyration in inches. 
 
 Length, 
 feet 
 
 Size of pipe 
 
 2 2% 3 1 ZV-2 4 1 4% 5 6 7 8 
 
 Thickness 
 
 .436 
 
 .552 
 
 .600 
 
 .636 
 
 .674 
 
 710 -750 
 
 .864 
 
 -875 
 
 .875 
 54-36 
 
 65 . 12 
 73-18 
 &I. 25 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 30 
 27 
 24 
 22 
 2O 
 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 IO 
 
 9 
 8 
 7 
 6 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31.65 
 39-58 
 47-51 
 55-43 
 60.72 
 
 44.42 
 52.47 
 60.52 
 
 68.57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24-32 
 31.19 
 35-77 
 40.36 
 44-94 
 
 89-32 
 97-38 
 102.76 
 108.14 
 II3-5I 
 II8.89 
 124.27 
 126.96 
 129.65 
 132.33 
 135-02 
 137-71 
 140.40 
 143-09 
 145.78 
 148.47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20.74 
 25.07 
 29.40 
 33-74 
 38.07 
 
 76.62 
 81.99 
 87.35 
 92.72 
 98.09 
 03-45 
 06.14 
 08.82 
 11.50 
 
 14.19 
 16.87 
 
 19-55 
 22.24 
 124.92 
 127.60 
 
 5-72 
 
 7-03 
 8.35 
 9.66 
 
 7-37 
 9-03 
 10.69 
 12.35 
 14.01 
 15.67 
 
 12.47 
 16.11 
 17-93 
 19-74 
 21.56 
 
 12.43 
 16.30 
 20. 16 
 24-03 
 25.96 
 
 16.41 
 20.52 
 24.62 
 28.73 
 32-83 
 
 66.00 
 71.28 
 76.57 
 81.85 
 84.50 
 87.14 
 89.78 
 92.42 
 95.o6 
 97.71 
 100.35 
 102.99 
 105-63 
 
 49-52 
 54." 
 56.40 
 58.69 
 60.98 
 63.27 
 65.56 
 67-85 
 70.15 
 72.44 
 74-73 
 
 42.40 
 44-57 
 46.73 
 48.90 
 5i.o6 
 53-23 
 55-40 
 57.56 
 59-73 
 61.89 
 
 34.89 
 
 27.89 
 29.83 
 31.76 
 33.69 
 35.62 
 37.56 
 39-49 
 41.42 
 
 36.94 
 38.99 
 41.04 
 43-10 
 45.15 
 47.20 
 49-25 
 51-31 
 
 23.38 
 25.19 
 27.01 
 28.83 
 30.64 
 32.46 
 
 17-33 
 18.99 
 20.65 
 22.31 
 
 10.98 
 12.29 
 13.61 
 
 Double Extra Strong Pipe Columns (Concluded) 
 (Loads in tons of 2000 pounds, based on Chicago Building Ordinances.) 
 5 = 1 6 ooo - 70 L/R. (S, L, R, same as above.) 
 Maximum allowable compressive stress = 14 ooo pounds per square inch. 
 
 40 
 36 
 33 
 
 30 
 27 
 24 
 
 22 
 20 
 18 
 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 IO 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31-86 
 41-57 
 51-29 
 6i.oa 
 
 40.04 
 53.61 
 63.35 
 73.08 
 
 82.82 : 
 92.55 
 99-04 . 
 105.53 
 
 112.02 
 IlS.51 
 125.00 
 128.25 
 131.49 
 134-74 
 137.98 
 141.23 
 144-47 
 147.72 
 149.13 
 149.13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19.87 
 29-43 
 39-00 
 48.57 
 54-94 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.05 
 24-35 
 29.88 
 
 35-41 
 
 40.94 
 
 
 
 
 
 13.81 
 19-04 
 24.27 
 29.50 
 34-73 
 
 70.72 
 77-19 
 83.67 
 90.15 
 96.63 
 103.10 
 106.34 
 109.58 
 112.82 
 116.06 
 119.29 
 
 122.53 
 
 125-77 
 129.01 
 129.89 
 
 
 
 
 10.31 
 15.27 
 
 20.22 
 25.17 
 30.13 
 
 
 
 7-13 
 H.79 
 16.46 
 
 21.12 
 
 23-45J 
 
 61.32 
 67.70 
 74.08 
 80.46 
 83.64 
 86.83 
 90.02 
 93-21 
 96.40 
 99-59 
 102.78 
 105-97 
 109.15 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.65 
 13.03 
 15.22 
 
 17.42 
 19.61 
 
 46.47 
 52.00 
 54.77 
 57-54 
 60.30 
 63.07 
 65-83 
 68.60 
 71.36 
 74-13 
 76.89 
 
 '3178 
 5-37 
 6.96 
 
 _L55 
 10.13 
 11.72 
 13.31 
 
 4- 1 ? 
 6.17 
 8.18 
 10.18 
 12. 18 
 14 19 
 
 39-95 
 42.57 
 45-18 
 47-80 
 
 50.41 
 53-02 
 
 55.64 
 58.25 
 60.87 
 63-48 
 
 32.6l 
 35.08 
 37.56 
 40.04 
 42.52 
 44-99 
 47-47 
 49-95 
 52.42 
 
 25.78 
 28.12 
 
 30.45 
 32.78 
 35.ii 
 37-45 
 39.78 
 42.11 
 
 21.80 
 24.00 
 26.19 
 28.38 
 30.57 
 32.77 
 
 16.19 
 18.20 
 20.20 
 
 22.21 
 
 NOTE. Loads above or to the left of the zigzag line correspond to values of 
 L/R greater than 120. 
 
250 Mechanical Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 
 
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID AND TUBU- 
 LAR BEAMS 
 
 All those parts of a structure, such as a simple lever, an automobile 
 axle, or a trolley pole, which have to resist bending actions are known 
 as beams. 
 
 The bending actions upon a beam give rise to both stresses and defor- 
 mations, whose precise nature will of course depend upon the manner of 
 support and the nature of the loading. These will be treated, in what 
 follows, for straight solid and tubular beams having a uniform cross 
 section throughout their lengths. 
 
 Tensile and Compressive Stresses in Beams. The principal 
 stresses in a loaded beam are tension and compression. These are 
 illustrated in Fig. 119 for the case of a 
 beam supported at the ends and loaded 
 at the middle. In this case the lower 
 longitudinal fibers are subjected to 
 tensile stress, while the upper fibers 
 are subjected to compressive stress. 
 The former will, therefore, lengthen and 
 the latter shorten to an extent that 
 will depend upon the amount of the 
 loading. Within the elastic limit of 
 the material the lengthening or shortening of any fiber is directly pro- 
 portional to its distance from the neutral surface, JJ. 
 
 For steel, and other similar elastic materials not stressed beyond the 
 elastic limit, the neutral surface, JJ, will always pass through the centers 
 of gravity of the different cross sections. This neutral surface will of 
 course always divide the beam longitudinally into two parts, one of 
 which is subjected to tensile stress and the other to compressive stress. 
 The stresses on the individual fibers of a loaded beam are proportional 
 to their distances from the neutral surface, when all stresses are less 
 than the elastic limit of the material. There is of course no stress upon 
 the fibers lying in the neutral surface, this being the place where the 
 stress passes from tension on one side to compression on the other. 
 
 While selecting a value for the working fiber stress, when applying 
 the formulae given in the table, pages 258 to 263, of the Properties of 
 Solid and Tubular Beams, it should be remembered (i) that the fiber 
 of a beam that is subjected to the greatest stress is the one that lies at 
 the greatest distance from the neutral surface, and (2) that this most 
 remote fiber in practice should never be stressed beyond a certain frac- 
 tion of the elastic limit of the material, the value of the fraction depend- 
 ing upon the nature and frequency of the loading. See pages 268 to 270. 
 
 Shearing Stress in Beams. Every beam when loaded is subjected 
 to a transverse stress that tends to shear the beam across, as illustrated 
 at section YY of Fig. 120. The vertical shear, s, for any section of a 
 beam is the algebraic sum of all the external vertical forces on either 
 
Shearing Stress in Beams 
 
 251 
 
 side of that section, upward forces, or reactions, being considered as posi- 
 tive, and downward forces or loads as negative to the left of the section. 
 To the right of the section the algebraic signs 
 are reversed. When s is positive, as at sec- 
 tion YY, Fig. 1 20, the part of the beam to the 
 left of the section tends to slide upward with 
 respect to the part to the right, and when 
 s is negative the left-hand part tends to slide 
 downward with respect to the right-hand 
 part. 
 
 In most cases the shearing action may be 
 ignored for steel beams, especially for those 
 having comparatively bulky cross sections, 
 such as tubes with sufficiently thick walls rel- 
 ative to their diameters. When, however, 
 the beam is very short, or the loading is 
 quite close to a support, or the web is com- 
 paratively thin, then the shearing stress may 
 become of equal or even greater importance 
 
 Fig. 1 20 
 
 than the tension or compression in the beam, in which case it should 
 be taken into consideration. 
 
 In the table, pages 258 to 263, of the Properties of Solid and Tubular 
 Beams, the maximum numerical values of the shearing stress will be 
 found tabulated for the different kinds of beam support and loading. 
 The locations of these maximum shears are also given. 
 
 Elastic Curve. Since the materials of which beams are constructed 
 are more or less elastic, a beam under load will assume a curved form. 
 
 The nature of this curve will of 
 course depend upon the manner of 
 support and loading. 
 
 Fig. 121 shows in a general way 
 the curved form assumed by a beam 
 that is fixed at one end, supported at 
 the other, and loaded at the middle 
 point of its length. The curved line 
 JJ assumed by the neutral axis of 
 the beam, the material not being 
 
 stiessed beyond the elastic limit, is known as the elastic curve. This 
 curve is of the greatest importance in the theoretical discussion of beams. 
 
 Elastic Deflection of Beams. The greatest departure of the elastic 
 curve of a loaded beam from the position of the neutral surface when the 
 beam is in an unloaded condition is known as the elastic deflection of 
 the beam. This is shown as d in Fig. 121, and is also represented by the 
 same letter in the different formulae of the table, pages 258 to 263, of 
 the Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams. It is to be understood, of 
 course, that these formulae apply only to beams of uniform cross section 
 and when the most strained fiber of the beam is not stressed beyond the 
 elastic limit of the material. 
 
 Fig. 121 
 
252 Reactions of Supports 
 
 Reactions of Supports. Two kinds of external forces act upon a 
 beam. These are the loads which tend to move the beam bodily down- 
 ward and the reactions of the supports which oppose this tendency. 
 Thus, in Fig. 122, the load P acting down- 
 ward, because of the rigidity of the beam, 
 will be carried to the supports, and will 
 rest upon them jointly. The portion of 
 the load, in this case, carried by the 
 
 1 T left support, will be P- The reaction 
 
 * I 
 
 1 J offered by that support, then, will be 
 
 Ui IU 2 Ui = j P, and similarly that carried by 
 
 the right-hand support will be Uz = - P. 
 
 It is a fundamental principle of mechanics that the sum of the reac- 
 tions must equal the sum of the loading, or, in the case of the simple 
 beam shown in Fig. 122, Ui + Uz P- 
 
 In the table of the Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams, pages 258 
 to 263, the reactions, designated by U, are given for the different kinds 
 of support and loading, and are expressed in the same unit as the loading. 
 
 It should be noted that these formulae assume that the reactions act 
 in directions that are parallel to the action of the loading, that is to say, 
 in Fig. 122, the forces Ui, Uz, and P all act in parallel directions. 
 
 When a simple beam is subjected at the same time to both uniform and 
 concentrated loads, the reaction may be obtained by taking the sum of the 
 respective reactions due to the uniform load and to each concentrated load. 
 
 Bending Moment. The chief action of the external forces upon a 
 beam is most easily expressed as a bending moment, which is the ten- 
 dency of the external forces to produce rotation of the beam around 
 any of its sections. Thus, in 
 Fig. 123, the force P, acting down- 
 ward at the free end, will tend to 
 cause a bodily rotation of the beam 
 in a downward direction about the 
 section KK, at the fixed end. . 
 
 This tendency to rotate is 
 measured by the force, P, multi- 
 plied by the lever arm, I, the result, Fi S- I2 3 
 PI, being the bending moment at 
 
 the section KK. Similarly, the bending moment at any other section 
 YY will be Px. A bending moment is commonly expressed in inch 
 pounds, the lever arm being stated in inches and the force in pounds. 
 
 Considering the portion of a beam that lies to the left of any section, 
 bending moments that tend to cause rotation in a clockwise direction 
 are taken as positive, while those that tend to cause rotation in the 
 opposite direction are taken as negative. For that portion that lies 
 to the right of any section, bending moments that tend to cause rotation 
 
Bending Moment and Resisting Moment 
 
 253 
 
 Fig. 124 
 
 in a clockwise direction are negative, while those that tend to cause 
 rotation in the opposite direction are positive. 
 
 The bending moment at any section of a beam is equal to the algebraic 
 sum of the moments of all the external forces on either side of that section. 
 
 In case the force P does not act in a direction at right angles to the 
 beam, then the lever arm is to be taken as the perpendicular or shortest 
 distance from the section considered ...j. 
 
 to the line of action of the force. 
 Thus, in Fig. 124, the lever arm is 
 x = I sin a for the fixed end of the 
 inclined beam, and the corresponding 
 bending moment will be PI sin a, a 
 being the angle that the line of action 
 of the loading, or other force, makes 
 with the axis of the beam. 
 
 The bending moments of the table 
 of the Properties of Solid and Tubu- 
 lar Beams, pages 258 to 263, are ex- 
 pressed in inch pounds, and assume that the direction of loading is at 
 right angles to the direction of the beam when in its unloaded condition. 
 
 Resisting Moment. The strength of a beam to resist bending action 
 is known as its resisting moment. Thus, in Fig. 125, which represents 
 a beam fixed at one end and loaded at the other, the external force P 
 will evidently give rise to stresses that are held in equilibrium by the 
 internal forces shown. These internal resisting forces, shown in this 
 case for section KK, are due to the tensile 
 strength of the material of the beam ly- 
 ing above the neutral surface JJ, and to 
 the compressive strength of the material 
 lying below JJ. The beam in this case 
 tends to rotate downward about the cen- 
 ter of gravity of the section KK, and this 
 tendency is precisely counteracted by 
 the internal forces shown. It is evident 
 that the bending moment PI, Fig. 125, 
 must equal the sum of the individual 
 moments of each of the internal resisting 
 forces shown, all lever arms being measured from the center of gravity 
 of section KK In works on mechanics it is shown that this sum, or the 
 total resisting moment, is, for steel not stressed beyond the elastic limit, 
 
 M r = /Z=/-> (i) 
 
 y 
 
 where M r = resisting moment in inch pounds; 
 
 / = stress on farthest fiber from neutral surface JJ, in pounds 
 
 per square inch; 
 
 / = moment of inertia of cross section; 
 y = distance of farthest fiber from neutral surface JJ; 
 Z = section modulus = I/y. 
 
 Fig. 125 
 
254 Strength of Beams 
 
 Moment of Inertia, JT, and Section Modulus, Z. These are the prop- 
 erties of the cross section that determine respectively the elasticity and 
 strength of beams. By referring to the table of the Properties of Solid 
 and Tubular Beams, pages 258 to 263, it will be observed that every deflec- 
 tion formula contains as a factor the reciprocal of the moment of inertia of 
 cross section, /, and that every formula for the strength of beams contains 
 as a factor the section modulus, Z. Other things being equal, then, the 
 stiffness of beams will be proportional to their moments of inertia of cross 
 section, while the strengths will be proportional to their section moduli. 
 
 These two properties of the cross sections of beams are, therefore, of 
 the greatest importance in the practical application of mechanics to 
 all parts of structures that are subjected to bending actions. The 
 relation of these two properties is such that the value of the section 
 modulus can be obtained by dividing the corresponding moment of inertia 
 by the distance of the farthest fiber from the neutral axis, or 
 
 Z J- < 
 
 y 
 
 These properties of the cross section of pipe can be obtained from the 
 table of properties, pages 58 to 65. For Seamless Tubing see tables, pages 
 204 and 205. For other sizes use table, pages 424 to 459. For the prop- 
 erties of cross sections other than circular see tables, pages 264 to 267. 
 
 Strength of Beams. In order that a beam for any kind of support 
 and loading may have sufficient strength, the following conditions must 
 be satisfied: 
 
 1. The resisting moment due to the internal longitudinal stresses 
 at any section must equal the bending moment at that section due to 
 the external forces, or / 
 
 fZ=f-=M. (3) 
 
 2. The resisting shear due to the internal transverse stresses at any 
 section must equal the transverse shear at that section due to the 
 external forces, or f s A = S, (4) 
 
 where M = bending moment in inch pounds; 
 
 / = moment of inertia of cross section; 
 
 Z = section modulus; 
 
 y = distance from farthest fiber to neutral axis in inches; 
 
 A = area of cross section in square inches; 
 
 /= safe working fiber stress in pounds per square inch; 
 
 fs = safe working shearing stress in pounds per square inch; 
 
 S = shearing force in pounds. 
 
 Comparative Strength of Beams. The strength of a beam is 
 measured by the load that it can carry when the most strained fiber is 
 stressed to the safe working strength of the material. An examination 
 of the beam formulae, pages 258 to 263, will show, for well-proportioned 
 beams, where the tendency to shear, crimp, or buckle is kept subordinate, 
 that the strength of beams for any kind of support and loading will vary 
 (i) directly as the safe working fiber stress of the material, f s , (2) directly 
 as the section modulus, Z, and (3) inversely as the length of beam, /. 
 
Strength, Stiffness and Weight of Beams 
 
 255 
 
 It is apparent, then, that for similar beams of given material, length, 
 and weight, the one which has the greatest section modulus, Z, will be 
 the strongest. For example, the strength of a tubular beam which is 
 4 inches diameter by Y2 inch wall, as compared with that of a similar 
 solid round beam of the same length, weight, and manner of support 
 and loading, will be as follows: The weight of the tubular beam is i8.6g 
 pounds per foot. From the table, page 429, the diameter of a solid 
 round beam of the same weight is found to be 2.65 inches. The respec- 
 tive section moduli are, then, 4.30 and 1.83. This tubular beam will, 
 then, be theoretically 2.4 times as strong as a similar solid round beam 
 of the same length and weight. 
 
 It should be remembered that for extreme cases, where beams tend to 
 fail by shearing, crimping, or lateral buckling, the above simple relations 
 do not strictly apply. For well-proportioned beams, however, these 
 laws apply with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes, irrespective 
 of the manner of support and loading. 
 
 Comparative Stiffness of Beams. The stiffness of a beam is indi- 
 cated by the load that it can carry with a given deflection. An exami- 
 nation of the beam formulae, pages 258 to 263, will show that the stiffness 
 of a beam, when stressed within the elastic limit of the material, for 
 any kind of support and loading, varies (i) directly as the modulus of 
 elasticity of the material, E, (2) directly as the moment of inertia of 
 cross section, /, and (3) inversely as the cube of the length of beam, I 3 . 
 
 Other things being equal, then, the stiffness of beams is directly 
 proportional to their moments of inertia of cross section, /. For exam- 
 ple, the above tubular beam, whose strength was shown to be 2.4 times 
 that of a similar solid round beam of the same length, weight, and manner 
 of support and loading, will be found to be 3.5 times as stiff, since their 
 respective moments of inertia of cross section are as 8.59 to 2.42. 
 
 Sections Giving Minimum Weight of Beams fora Given Strength or 
 Stiffness. For material, such as steel, which has practically the same phys- 
 ical properties in tension as in compression, the most economical forms 
 of beam cross section are as follows: 
 
 i. For vertical loading only, that is 
 to say, for loading in a single direction, 
 a beam of given length will have a mini- 
 mum weight for a given strength or stiff- 
 ness when it has the "I" section shown 
 in Fig. 126. This form of cross section x _ 
 permits of the most advantageous dispo- 
 sition of the material to resist stress for 
 loading in a single direction, because for 
 this condition both the moments of in- 
 ertia of cross section, 7, and the section 
 modulus, Z, can be made a maximum. 
 
 When designing beams of this character it should be remembered, 
 however, that sufficient material must be put in the web to resist the 
 greatest shear, and that the width of the flange in compression must be 
 
 - X 
 
 Fig. 126 
 
256 
 
 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 
 
 sufficient to prevent lateral buckling. Sufficient material must also be 
 
 put into the web to prevent crushing or buckling of the web underneath 
 
 the loading and at the supports. 
 
 2. For vertical and horizontal loading, that is to say, for loading in 
 
 two directions at right angles to each other, a beam of given length will 
 
 have a minimum weight for a given 
 strength or stiffness when it has the 
 hollow rectangular section shown 
 in Fig. 127. This form of cross sec- 
 tion permits of the most advanta- 
 geous disposition of the material to 
 resist stresses, for the conditions as- 
 sumed, since, for this form of beam, 
 the moments of inertia, I, and the 
 section moduli, Z, for a given sec- 
 
 X- 
 
 
 h 
 
 __ 
 
 Fig. 127 
 
 tional area, can be made a maxi- 
 
 Fig. 128 
 
 mum for both the vertical and horizontal bending actions. When these 
 two actions are equal the cross section should of course be a hollow square. 
 
 3. For equal loading in any direction, a beam of given length will have 
 a minimum weight for a given strength or stiffness when it has the tubu- 
 lar section shown in Fig. 128. The ordinary tubular form of beam per- 
 mits of the most advantageous 
 disposition of the material to 
 resist stresses for the conditions 
 assumed, since for the circular 
 section the moment of inertia of 
 cross section, /, and the section 
 modulus, Z, can be made a max- 
 imum for loading in all direc- 
 tions around the beam. 
 
 It is evident that the cylindri- 
 cal tubular beam will approximate closely to a hollow square beam with 
 respect to strength and stiffness for equal loading in directions at right 
 angles to each other; also, that the hollow oval section will give results 
 approximating closely to those of the hollow rectangular section, Fig. 127. 
 
 TABLE OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OP 
 
 SOLID AND TUBULAR BEAMS OF 
 
 UNIFORM CROSS SECTION 
 
 This table of the mechanical properties of beams is based upon the 
 assumptions: (i) that the beam is straight when in its unloaded condition; 
 (2) that it has a uniform cross section from end to end; and (3) that the 
 directions of the loading and reactions lie in the same plane and are at 
 right angles to the axis of the beam when in its unloaded condition. 
 
 All the formulae contained in this table of the properties of beams have 
 been calculated anew, because it was desired to eliminate any errors 
 and misprints in the data on beams as found in the different standard 
 works on mechanics. 
 
Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 257 
 
 Notation. In this table of the mechanical properties of beams the 
 following notation is used: 
 
 A = area of cross section of beam in square inches. For a hollow, or tu- 
 bular beam, the area of the actual wall cross section must be used. 
 
 D = diameter of a solid round beam, in inches, or the outside diameter 
 of a tubular beam. 
 
 d = greatest deflection of a beam, in inches, or the greatest deviation 
 from straightness when the beam is subjected to a given loading. 
 
 E modulus of elasticity of the material in pounds. The value of E 
 is approximately 29 ooo ooo for steel tubing, as obtained by ex- 
 periments on long tubular beams. 
 
 / = fiber stress in pounds per square inch on the most strained fiber of 
 the beam. 
 
 f 9 = shearing stress in pounds per square inch of cross section of the 
 beam. 
 
 / = moment of inertia of cross section of the beam. 
 
 Values of / for pipe can be obtained from the table of properties, 
 pages 58 to 65. For Seamless Tubing see table, pages 204 and 
 205. For other sizes use table, pages 424 to 459. For sections 
 that are not round see table, pages 264 to 267. 
 
 / = polar moment of inertia. For circular sections: J = 2 I. 
 
 I = length of beam in inches. 
 
 M = bending moment in inch pounds due to the loading on the beam. 
 The greatest value of M and its location, for each style of beam 
 support and loading, is tabulated to the left and shown on the 
 moment diagram to the right, immediately underneath the 
 figure of the beam. 
 M r = resisting moment of the beam cross section in inch pounds = fZ. 
 
 P = pressure in pounds due to a load or force acting at right angles to 
 the axis of a beam. 
 
 R = radius of gyration of cross section in inches = v / -=- A . 
 
 Values of R for pipe can be obtained from the table of prop- 
 erties, pages 58 to 65. For Seamless Tubing see table, pages 
 206 and 207. For other sizes see table, pages 424 to 459. For 
 sections that are not round see table, pages 264 to 267. 
 S, Si, Sz = vertical shearing forces in pounds acting on the beam, due 
 
 to the loading. 
 
 U, Ui, Uz = reactions of the supports of a beam in pounds. 
 W weight of a beam in pounds per lineal inch, also weight of a uni- 
 formly distributed load in pounds per lineal inch. 
 
 y = distance from neutral axis of beam to the most distant fiber in 
 inches. Values of y for tubular beams are given in the table, 
 pages 424 to 459. 
 
 Z = section modulus, or / -5- y. 
 
 Values of Z for pipe are given in the table of properties, pages 
 58 to 65. For Seamless Tubing see table, pages 204 and 205. 
 For other sizes calculate from the corresponding values of / 
 and y, in the table, pages 424 to 459. For sections that are not 
 round see table, pages 264 to 267. 
 
258 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 
 
 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 
 
 i Greatest bending moment, at K PI 
 
 1 
 
 2 Greatest fiber stress, at K or 
 
 / Z 
 
 7 Greatest safe load or 
 
 "~- 3! 
 
 PI 
 A. Section modulus (2) 
 
 p 
 
 p/3 m 
 5. Greatest deflection, at J or - 
 
 P/3 
 
 6 Moment of inertia (7) . . . ... 
 
 M ^^^^' 
 
 3 Ed 
 
 \ 
 
 7. Load in terms of deflection 
 
 I. Beam fixed at one end 
 and loaded at the other. 
 
 o Greatest shear from J to K. . . . P 
 
 
 Wl 2 
 i Greatest bending moment at K. 
 
 fe-^, 
 
 2 
 
 Wfty Wl 2 
 2 Greatest fiber stress, at K .... or 
 
 2/ 2Z 
 
 *. Greatest safe load or ^ 
 
 ly I 
 
 Wl 2 
 A. Section modulus (2) 
 
 f-""'"-"^ 
 
 Wl* fP 
 
 o till 4 Eij 
 Wl* 
 
 M ^^^ 
 
 8 Ed 
 
 II. Beam fixed at one end 
 and uniformly loaded. 
 
 8. Fiber stress in terms of deflection. . . . - 
 / 2 
 
 
 
Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 259 
 
 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams (Continued) 
 
 PI 
 i. Greatest bending moment, at K 
 4 
 
 2. Greatest fiber stress, at K - or 
 4/ 4Z 
 
 3 Greatest safe load . or 
 
 k; J 
 
 Ji J l 
 
 P 
 
 Ui U 2 
 
 ^^^ |M\^ 
 
 ly I 
 
 PI 
 4 Section modulus (Z~) : 
 
 4/ 
 p/3 m 
 5. Greatest deflection, at K . . or 
 48 El 12 Ey 
 
 PP 
 
 48 Ed 
 7. Load in terms of deflection - - 
 
 l 
 
 III. Beam supported at 
 both ends and loaded 
 at the middle. 
 
 P 
 p 
 9 Greatest shear, Ji to J2 ~ 
 
 2 
 
 p 
 
 10 Reactions . . U \ = I/j == ~ 
 
 2 
 
 i. Greatest bending moment, at K 
 
 j^ _,. ___ ^ | 
 
 8 
 
 WPy WP 
 2. Greatest fiber stress, at K or 
 87 8 Z 
 
 8 f. I 8 fZ 
 3 Greatest safe load ^~ or 
 
 ^"2"1 K 
 Ui U 2 
 
 /^^ IM^^X^ 
 
 ly I 
 
 Wl z 
 4 Section modulus (Z) . . 
 
 &/ 
 
 <? TF/4 : #2 
 5. Greatest deflection, at K, or ~^ 
 384 El 48 Ey 
 
 384 Ed 
 
 i j 
 
 5 I 3 
 
 8. Fiber stress in terms of deflection. . 
 
 5^ 2 
 
 Wl 
 Q Greatest shear at ends of beam 
 
 IV. Beam supported at 
 both ends and uni- 
 formly loaded. 
 
 Wl 
 10 Reactions U\ = U% := 
 
 2 
 
 
260 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 
 
 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams (Continued) 
 
 i. Greatest bending moment, K to K Pb 
 2. Greatest fiber stress, K to K - or - 
 
 1 <L 
 
 ? Greatest safe load or 
 
 L. , ' 
 
 J ^ ~~^j 
 
 U&JK ^^n 
 
 1 p p I 
 
 by b 
 
 Pb 
 4 Section modulus (Z) 
 
 5. Greatest deflection (f I 2 - b 2 ) or 
 6 El 
 
 J-V-v 
 
 6. Moment of inertia (/)...... (f P- V) 
 
 /M M K 
 
 sH i 
 
 
 LJs, 
 
 V. Beam supported at 
 both ends, with two 
 equal symmetrical loads. 
 
 STTIKar atroiae III torme rvf Aaflf*f*tir\n - - -^ 
 
 9. Greatest shear, from each end to load P 
 10. Reactions U\ = U% P 
 
 
 i. Greatest bending moment, K to K Pbi 
 2. Greatest fiber stress, K to K. . . ^ or ^ 
 
 fi fz, 
 
 3 Greatest safe load or 
 
 
 r~ ^-^^^1 
 
 biy &i 
 4 Section modulus (Z) - 
 
 -Ckj^, K ^d\ ^/r^Ni^ 
 
 *u&j- *^cL 
 
 p p 
 
 U! U 2 
 
 5 Greatest deflection ... </, = Pb ^ O r ^~ 
 
 8 El 8 Ey 
 
 d*= -^ (3 !- 4 *i 2 ) or -^- (3 /6i~ 4 ^ 2 ) 
 6 El 6Ey 
 
 6. Moment of inertia (/) or 
 &Edi 
 
 ^7(3^i-4^ 2 ) 
 6a 2 
 
 7. Load in terms ( S Eldi 6 EId z 
 
 \ M M / ! 
 \ / I 
 
 i ns, 
 
 s,U 
 
 VI. Beam supported sym- 
 metrically, with two 
 equal end loads. 
 
 of deflection, ( M 2 2 &i(3^i-4*i 2 ) 
 8. Fiber stress in ( 8 Eydi 6 Eyd 2 
 
 terms of deflection, ( b ^ (3^ 1 -4i 1 2 ) 
 9. Greatest shear, from each end to support, P 
 10. Reactions V\ = U% = P 
 
 
 
Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 261 
 
 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 
 
 (Continued) 
 
 
 bend . n ient at K Phb * 
 
 Jl ; 
 (. 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 
 2 
 
 Pbib*y P0i&2 
 2. Greatest fiber stress, at K. . . or - 
 
 
 3. Greatest safe load or 
 
 Ji p L 
 /y& ^^^--^ 
 
 
 5. Greatest ( _W|. ^3 W* / - W or 
 deflection ( 27 // 
 
 27 Ey 
 
 r~i L 
 
 27 / hd 
 
 II. Beam supported at 
 both ends and loaded 
 at any point of its 
 length. 
 
 010 2 V 3 2 (2/-0 2 ) 3 
 
 
 10 Reactions .... U\ = (/^ = 
 
 
 >st bendin moment at K A P/ 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 , 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 3 P/y 3 P/ 
 2. Greatest fiber stress, at K - or ; 
 i67 i6Z 
 
 i6/7 i6/Z 
 3 Greatest safe load or * 
 
 ri^r^^ 
 
 p 
 ( 
 
 
 
 240 7 45 Ey 
 P/3 \/5 
 
 ^ \ 
 /^ 
 
 240 Ed 
 7 Load in terms of deflection ... d 
 
 [II. Beam fixed at one 
 end, supported at the 
 other, and loaded at 
 the middle. 
 
 8. Fiber stress in terms of deflection, ** 
 9 Greatest shear at K . . . . . y^ P 
 
 10. Reaction V ' = ^ P 
 
 
 
262 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 
 
 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams (Continued) 
 
 i. Greatest bending moment, at K, Pbfo 2 
 
 2/2 
 
 2. Greatest fiber ( Pbib%y(l-\-bz) Pbib%(l-{-bz) 
 
 
 stress at K, \ 2 PI zPZ 
 G fid 2/ ^ 7 2 ^ Z 
 
 b]b^y(l-\- 62) bib2(l-\-b%) 
 4. Section modulus (Z) 
 
 /ffi, < I *{ . 
 
 U 
 
 5. Greatest deflection, ; - I/ ' or 
 6 El T 2 / + 6 2 
 
 ; 
 
 P 
 
 
 s, 
 
 
 IX. Beam fixed at one 
 end, supported at the 
 other, and loaded at any 
 point of its length. 
 
 
 9. Greatest shear from K to load, (6 2 3 3 b 2 P) 
 
 2/3 
 
 10. Reaction U = (2 / 3 3 6 2 /2 -j- > 2 3 ) 
 
 2 / 3 
 
 WP 
 i. Greatest bending moment, at K 
 
 
 8 
 2. Greatest fiber stress at K or 
 
 
 ly I 
 4. Section modulus (Z) . 
 
 U 
 
 of 
 r -i-A-'tS^SA Wl * W 
 
 5. Greatest deflection. . . .0054 or .0432 
 
 Wfi 
 6. Moment of inertia (7) 0054 
 
 "Y 
 
 Ed 
 
 / 3 
 8. Fiber stress in terms of deflection . . 23.15 -~ 
 9. Greatest shear, at K f Wl 
 
 X. Beam fixed at one 
 end, supported at the 
 other, and uniformly 
 loaded. 
 
 xo. Reaction U = f Wl 
 
 
 
Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams 263 
 
 Properties of Solid and Tubular Beams (Concluded) 
 
 PI 
 i. Greatest bending moment, at K 
 
 
 Ply PI 
 
 81 8Z 
 3. Greatest safe load or 
 
 qk % 
 
 
 ly I 
 
 PI 
 
 4. Section modulus (Z) . . 
 
 8/ 
 5. Greatest deflection or - 
 
 192 El 24 Ey 
 
 P/3 
 
 6. Moment of inertia (7) 
 
 *V \|M 
 
 192 Ed 
 
 T T mrJ in fnrmc nf Anflnrtinn 1.Q2 till , 
 
 
 Is, 
 
 I 3 
 
 8. Fiber stress hi terms of deflection. . . -d 
 P 
 
 9. Greatest shear, K to K J p 
 
 XI. Beam fixed at both 
 ends and loaded at the 
 middle. 
 
 
 Wl 2 
 i. Greatest bending moment, at K 
 
 
 12 
 
 2. Greatest fiber stress, at K * or 
 
 12 / 12 Z 
 
 3. Greatest safe load * or 
 
 
 ly I 
 
 Wft 
 4. Section modulus (Z) - L ^- 
 
 
 I 
 
 384 7 32y 
 6 Moment of inertia (7) - 
 
 384 Ed 
 7. Load in terms of deflection 384 7 d 
 
 XII. Beam fixed at both 
 ends and uniformly 
 loaded. 
 
 8. Fiber stress in terms of deflection. . . -d 
 9. Greatest shear, at K. \ Wl 
 
 
 
264 Properties of Beam and Column Sections 
 
 Properties of Beam and Column Sections 
 
 A Area of Section. / = Moment of Inertia. 
 W = Weight in pounds per foot, based on weight Z = Section Modulus, 
 of cubic inch of steel = 0.2833 pound. R Radius of Gyration. 
 
 i 
 A=bh 
 
 2 4 = &i^i > 2 //2 
 = 2(b 1 +h 1 -2t)t 
 
 \ W = *Mb,ki - bM 
 
 j W = 3-4bh 
 
 % I T 1 AZ.3 
 
 T * m Ta on 
 
 \-)L Z = i 6& 2 
 
 H3 
 
 12 = 0.2887 ^ 
 
 Frirn =6.8(6 1 +^- 2 /)/ 
 
 h %L SK*& 
 
 f 'j! |~| I = T2 (&i^i 3 - M 2 3 ) 
 
 'LjfeU 7 w - b * h * 
 
 6h, 
 
 R= VI + A 
 
 3 
 
 A=P 
 
 4 A = b? -b 
 
 = 4(bi - t) t 
 
 $ W = *.AfW - 6,2) 
 
 | W 3-4 6 2 
 
 / = A64 
 
 i p" f | 13.6(61-0* 
 M 1- 
 
 li - 1 ^^ | / = 1 2 (*1 4 ~ *2 4 ) 
 
 ^-6-*j * Z = i& 
 = 0.2887 & 
 
 l^-Vi 
 
 z:|f^?j 
 
 U = 0.2887 V6i 2 + 6 2 z 
 
 5 
 
 X" .4 J 2 
 
 y =0.7071 6 # = 0.28876 
 
 6 ^ = 6^ - 6 2 2 
 = 4 (6i-/)< 
 
 /^A:"v pr=3 - 4(ii2 ~ ft22) 
 *a|r^Jt- " I3 ' 6(&1 ~ ' 
 
 ^^^^^r /m A0i 4 -v) 
 
 / ^^x / /*i 4 ^2 4 \ 
 
 V z = 0.1179 ( . ) 
 y- 0.7071 6, & 
 
 R = 0.2887 A/6i 2 + 6 2 2 
 
 
Properties of Beam and Column Sections 
 
 265 
 
 Properties of Beam and Column Sections (Continued) 
 
 A = Area of Section. / = Moment of Inertia. 
 
 W = Weight in pounds per foot, based on weight Z = Section Modulus. 
 
 of cubic inch of steel = 0.2833 pound. R= Radius of Gyration. 
 
 0.2041 h 
 
 A=* 0.7854 D 2 
 
 I = 0.049 1 D* 
 Z = 0.09821)3 
 
 i -t)t 
 
266 
 
 Properties of Beam and Column Sections 
 
 Properties of Beam and Column Sections (Continued) 
 
 A = Area of Section. 7 = Moment of Inertia. 
 
 W '= Weight in pounds per foot, based on weight Z = Section Modulus. 
 
 of cubic inch of steel = 0.2833 pound. R= Radius of Gyration. 
 
 Note that position of axis through center of these sections affects the Section 
 Modulus only. 
 
 A = 0.866 D% 
 Zaa =0.1042 D 3 
 
 Zbb = o. 1 203 D 3 
 
 0.8284 Z? 2 
 
 R = 0.257 D 
 
 Zaa =0.101 1 03 
 Z66 = 0.1095 > 3 
 
 0.4142 Z) 
 0.54120 
 
 15 
 
 = 0.866 D^ 
 
 - 0.7854 ^2 2 
 = 0.0806 DJ 
 
 18 
 
 A = 0.8284 Z?! 2 
 
 - 0.7854 Da 2 
 =0.0430 Z?i 2 + 
 
 3.1416 (ZV-0* 
 = 2.816 Z>i 2 
 
 - 2.670 Z) 2 2 
 =0.1463 Z> i 2 
 
 +io.68(ZV-0/ 
 
 Za=O.IOII0 1 3 
 
 /D 2 4 \ 
 -0.0907^ j 
 
 Z66= 0.1095 Pi 3 
 
 - 
 
Properties of Beam and Column Sections 
 
 267 
 
 Properties of Beam and Column Sections (Concluded) 
 
 A = Area of Section. 
 R = Radius of Gyration. 
 
 / = Moment of Inertia. 
 Z = Section Modulus. 
 
 26 27 A = bihi _ 
 
 28 
 
 Let 7 be the Moment of Inertia of a 
 cross-section with respect to an axis 
 through its center of gravity, and 1\ 
 the corresponding moment with re- 
 spect to a parallel axis at a distance k 
 from the first. 
 
 Also let A be the area of cross- 
 section. 
 
 Then h = I 
 
268 Safety Factors 
 
 SAFETY FACTORS AND SAFE WORKING FIBER 
 
 STRESSES 
 
 Each member of a mechanical structure should be capable of resisting 
 the greatest straining action to which it can ordinarily be subjected when 
 in use. The designer should, therefore, consider under what conditions 
 the straining actions are greatest. When these actions are of a variable 
 character, it is of the utmost importance to take into consideration the 
 effects of this variation upon the endurance of the material. For 
 example, a member may fail under a straining action that causes stresses 
 which fluctuate, or which alternate repeatedly from tension to compres- 
 sion, when the same straining action would be successfully resisted under 
 the conditions of steady loading. 
 
 Margin of Security. It is apparent that the working load on 
 a member of a mechanical structure should be less than the calculated 
 breaking load for that member, in order to allow for inaccuracies, dete- 
 rioration, and probable contingencies, and thus provide a margin of 
 security. It is customary, therefore, to design a member so that 
 either (i) the statical breaking load, or (2) the load that causes the most 
 strained fiber of the material to just reach its elastic limit, shall be a 
 number of times the working load. This number is called the safety 
 factor. Thus, in the first case, if the statical breaking strength were 
 12 ooo pounds and the working load upon it 2000 pounds, then the 
 safety factor would be 12 ooo divided by 2000, or 6. In the second case, 
 if the statical load that causes the most strained fiber of the member 
 to just reach the elastic limit of the material were 6000 pounds and the 
 working load upon it 2000 pounds, then the safety factor on this basis 
 would be 3. 
 
 The elastic and ultimate strengths of the materials under static load- 
 ing can be easily obtained. The strength, therefore, under an assumed 
 steady loading, of any member of a mechanical structure can ordinarily 
 be calculated with sufficient accuracy. But the proper safety factor 
 to use under a given set of actual working conditions, involving ac- 
 tions of a more or less variable or uncertain character, can be arrived 
 at in most cases only as the result of long experience, or by tedious 
 experiment. 
 
 Safety Factor for Static Loading. For static loading, which can 
 be estimated with a reasonable degree of exactness, a safety factor of 
 2, as based upon the elastic limit of the material, will ordinarily be 
 found sufficient. By " static loading " is here meant one that causes a 
 permanent and unvarying straining action. 
 
 Safety Factors for Variable Loading. In the absence of more 
 precise data, the following formula, based upon the notable tests on the 
 fatigue of steel under repeated loading, by Wohler and Spangenberg, 
 and the later tests by Bauschinger and at the Watertown Arsenal, may 
 
Safety Factors 269 
 
 be used in finding the proper safety factor to use for variable loading 
 of an indefinite number of repetitions: 
 
 >\ 
 
 (i) 
 
 Or, assuming a safety factor of 2 for static loading, as based upon 
 the elastic limit of the material, 
 
 F2=4~~' (2) 
 
 where Pi = safety factor under static loading; 
 
 Fz = corresponding safety factor under a loading that varies re- 
 peatedly between the limits Pi and P2j 
 
 Pi = greatest pressure due to the variable loading, to be taken 
 as plus ( +) if causing tension, and minus ( ) if causing 
 compression in the most strained fiber of the member; 
 
 Pz = least pressure due to the variable loading, to be taken as 
 plus ( +) if causing tension, and minus ( ) if causing com- 
 pression in the most strained fiber of the member. 
 
 This formula is general in its application to an indefinitely great 
 number of repetitions of loading with a known variation of stress. When 
 the loading is of such a character as to cause the stress on the most 
 strained fiber to alternate from tension to compression, care must be 
 taken to give to Pi and Pz their proper algebraic signs. When Pz is 
 zero, or when the variable stress on the most strained fiber is either con- 
 stantly tension or compression, then the algebraic signs of Pi and Pi 
 will be the same and may therefore be ignored. 
 The following special cases are of frequent occurrence: 
 i. For a loading that causes an indefinite number of reversals of stress, 
 that is to say, when the alternating tension and compression on the most 
 strained fiber of a member are equal, then Pz = -Pi and equation (i) 
 becomes 
 
 Or, assuming a safety factor of 2 for static loading, as based upon the 
 elastic limit of the material, 
 
 Fz = 6. (4) 
 
 This shows for sudden reversals of stress, indefinitely repeated between 
 equal limits of tension and compression, that the safety factor used 
 should be three times that for static loading under otherwise similar 
 conditions. 
 
 2. For a loading that causes stresses that alternate indefinitely 
 between zero and a fixed value, Pz = o, and equation (i) becomes 
 
270 Safe Working Fiber Stresses 
 
 Or, assuming a safety factor of 2 for static loading, as based upon the 
 elastic limit of the material, 
 
 F 2 = 4. (6) 
 
 This shows, for a suddenly applied loading indefinitely repeated, that 
 the safety factor used should be twice that for static loading under 
 otherwise similar conditions. 
 
 3. For a steadily applied loading Pz will of course equal Pi, and 
 equation (i) becomes F 2 = (2 - i) Fi = Fi which shows that formula (i) 
 is correct at its inferior limit. 
 
 Safe Working Fiber Stresses. Since for any given material the 
 working fiber stresses for the different conditions of variable loading are 
 inversely proportional to the corresponding safety factors, it is apparent 
 that formula (i) may be put into the following form: 
 
 (7) 
 
 where, in addition to the notation as used above, /i = working fiber 
 
 stress under static loading, in pounds per square inch, and /z => corre- 
 
 sponding working fiber stress under a loading that varies repeatedly 
 
 between the limits Pi and PI. 
 This formula is general in its application, care being taken to give to 
 
 Pi and Pi their proper algebraic signs, as fully explained in connection 
 
 with formula (i) above. 
 
 The following are important special cases of this formula: 
 i. For a loading that causes an indefinite number of reversals of stress, 
 
 the alternating tension and compression on the most strained fiber being 
 
 equal, Pz = Pi, and equation (7) becomes 
 
 /2 = - = - 1 /, (8) 
 
 Or, the safe working fiber stress under this condition is one-third of that 
 under similar static loading. 
 
 2. For a loading that causes stresses that alternate indefinitely 
 between zero and a fixed value, whether tension or compression, Pz = o, 
 and equation (7) becomes 
 
 liiif <> 
 
 Or, the safe working fiber stress under this condition is one-half of that 
 under similar static loading. 
 
Water 271 
 
 WATER 
 
 Properties PAGE 
 
 Weight 272 
 
 Volume 272 
 
 Pressure 273 
 
 Ice and Snow. . . 
 
 274 
 
 Specific Heat 275 
 
 Compressibility 275 
 
 Boiler Incrustation and Corrosion 275 
 
 Flow in Pipes 
 
 Fundamental Ideas 277 
 
 Quantity Discharged 278 
 
 Mean Velocity of Flow 280 
 
 Approximate Formula 280 
 
 Kutter's Formula 281 
 
 Darcy's Formula 282 
 
 Williams & Hazen's Exponential Formula 283 
 
 Effect of Curves and Valves 283 
 
 Hydraulic Grade Line 284 
 
 Air-bound Pipes 284 
 
 Water Hammer 284 
 
 Flow in House Service Pipes 285 
 
 Loss of Head by Friction , 286 
 
 Cox's Formula for Friction 289 
 
 Measurement of Flowing Water 
 
 Piezometer 291 
 
 Pitot Tube 291 
 
 Maximum and Mean Velocity in Pipes 292 
 
 Venturi Meter 292 
 
 Discharge of Pumping Engines 293 
 
 Miner's Inch 294 
 
 Water Power 
 
 Power of a Fall of Water-Efficiency 297 
 
 Horse Power of a Running Stream 297 
 
 Current Motors 298 
 
 Bernoulli's Theorem 298 
 
 Horse Power of Water Heads 299 
 
 Tables 
 
 Gallons and Cubic Feet 300 
 
 Contents of Pipes and Cylinders 301 
 
 Cylindrical Vessels, Tanks, etc , 302 
 
 Weight of Water in Pipes , 303 
 
 Barrels in Cylindrical Tanks 304 
 
 Capacity of Rectangular Tanks 305 
 
 Relative Discharge Capacity of Pipes 306 
 
 Pressure in Equivalent Heads of Water and Mercury 310 
 
 Conversion Table 311 
 
 Hydraulic Equivalents 312 
 
272 
 
 Water 
 
 WATER 
 
 Water is composed 
 
 of two gases, 
 
 hydrogen and 
 
 oxygen, in the ratio 
 
 of two volumes of the former to one 
 
 of the latter. It is never found 
 
 pure in nature, owing 
 
 to the readiness with 
 
 which 
 
 it absorbs impurities 
 
 from the air and soil 
 
 Water boils under 
 
 atmospheric pressure (14.7 
 
 pounds at sea level) at 212, passing off as steam. 
 
 Its 
 
 greatest density 
 
 is at 39.1 F., when it weighs 62.425 
 
 pounds per cubic foot. 
 
 Weight of Water per Cubic Foot at Different Temperatures 
 
 $ 
 
 Ms 
 
 & 
 
 III 
 
 & 
 
 Ms 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 & 
 
 t-i .. 
 
 Sl| 
 
 
 
 5.2 1 
 
 1 
 
 *.a | 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 ) SH 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 " o 
 
 H ** 
 
 '55*2 ft 
 
 -)-*-> 
 
 a>*^ ft 
 
 HIS 
 
 
 *3 ft 
 
 H 
 
 
 H 4-> 
 
 'Jo^ ft 
 
 
 ^ o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 32 
 
 62.42 
 
 ISO 
 
 61.18 
 
 260 
 
 58.55 
 
 380 
 
 54 
 
 36 
 
 500 
 
 48.7 
 
 40 
 
 62.42 
 
 160 
 
 60.98 
 
 270 
 
 
 58.26 
 
 390 
 
 53-94 
 
 
 48.1 
 
 So 
 
 62.41 
 
 170 
 
 60.77 
 
 280 
 
 
 57.96 
 
 4< 
 
 X) 
 
 53 
 
 5 
 
 520 
 
 47-6 
 
 60 
 
 62.37 
 
 180 
 
 60.55 
 
 290 
 
 57.65 
 
 410 
 
 53-0 
 
 530 
 
 47-0 
 
 TO 
 
 62.31 
 
 190 
 
 60.32 
 
 300 
 
 57-33 
 
 420 
 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 540 
 
 46.3 
 
 80 
 
 62.23 
 
 200 
 
 60.12 
 
 3io 
 
 
 57.00 
 
 4 
 
 JO 
 
 52 
 
 2 
 
 550 
 
 45-6 
 
 90 
 
 62.13 
 
 210 
 
 59-88 
 
 320 
 
 56.66 
 
 440 
 
 Si 
 
 7 
 
 56o 
 
 44-9 
 
 IOO 
 
 62.02 
 
 212 
 
 59.83 
 
 330 
 
 56.30 
 
 450 
 
 51.2 
 
 570 
 
 44-1 
 
 1 10 
 
 61.89 
 
 220 
 
 59 63 
 
 340 
 
 55-94 
 
 460 
 
 50.7 
 
 58o 
 
 43-3 
 
 120 
 
 61.74 
 
 230 
 
 59-37 
 
 350 
 
 55-57 
 
 470 
 
 So 
 
 2 
 
 590 
 
 42.6 
 
 130 
 
 61.56 
 
 240 
 
 59.li 
 
 360 
 
 
 55-18 
 
 4* 
 
 to 
 
 49 
 
 7 
 
 600 
 
 41.8 
 
 140 
 
 61.37 
 
 250 
 
 58.83 
 
 370 
 
 54.78 
 
 490 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Volume of Water 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Volume 
 
 5 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Volume 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Volume 
 
 4 
 
 39-1 
 
 .ooooc 
 
 35 
 
 95 
 
 .00586 
 
 
 70 
 
 158 
 
 .02241 
 
 5 
 
 
 .00001 
 
 40 
 
 104 
 
 I 
 
 .007 
 
 67 
 
 
 75 
 
 i 
 
 67 
 
 .02548 
 
 10 
 
 So 
 
 .00025 
 
 45 
 
 H3 
 
 .00967 
 
 
 80 
 
 176 
 
 .02872 
 
 IS 
 
 59 
 
 .00083 
 
 So 
 
 122 
 
 .01186 
 
 
 85 
 
 185 
 
 .03213 
 
 20 
 
 68 
 
 .00171 
 
 55 
 
 131 
 
 .01423 
 
 
 90 
 
 194 
 
 .03570 
 
 25 
 
 77 
 
 .00286 
 
 1 60 
 
 I4C 
 
 
 MA 
 
 78 
 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 03 
 
 .03943 
 
 30 
 
 86 
 
 .00425 
 
 65 
 
 149 
 
 .01951 
 
 IOO 
 
 212 
 
 .04332 
 
 
Water Pressure 273 
 
 WATER PRESSURE 
 
 (From Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket Book.) 
 
 Comparison of Heads of Water in Feet with Pressures in 
 Various Units 
 
 One foot of water at 39.1 F. = 62.425 pounds per square foot; 
 
 One foot of water at 39.1 F. = 0.4335 pound per square inch; 
 
 One foot of water at 39.1 F. = 0.0295 atmosphere; 
 
 One foot of water at 39.1 F. = 0.8826 inch of mercury at 30 F.; 
 
 One foot of water at 39.1 F. = 773-3 j feet f df at 32 K and atmos P heric 
 
 / pressure; 
 
 One pound on the square foot, at 39.1 F. = 0.01602 foot of water; 
 
 One pound on the square inch, at 39.1 F. = 2.307 feet of water; 
 One atmosphere of 29.922 inches of mercury =33.9 feet of water; 
 
 One inch of mercury at 32 F = 1.133 feet of water; 
 
 One foot of air at 32 F. and i atmosphere = 0.001293 foot of water; 
 
 One foot of average sea-water = 1.026 feet of pure water; 
 
 One foot of water at 62 F = 62.355 pounds per square foot; 
 
 One foot of water at 62 F = 0.43302 pound per square inch; 
 
 One inch of water at 62 F. = 0.5774 ounce = 0.036085 pound per square inch; 
 One pound of water on the square inch at 
 
 62 F = 2.3094 feet of water; 
 
 One ounce of water on the square inch at 
 
 62 F = 1.732 inches of water. 
 
 Pressure of Water Due to Its Weight. The pressure of still water 
 in pounds per square inch against the sides of any pipe, channel, or 
 vessel of any shape whatever is due solely to the "head" or height of the 
 level surface of the water above the point at which the pressure is con- 
 sidered, and is equal to 0.43302 pound per square inch for every foot 
 of head, or 62.355 pounds per square foot for every foot of head (at 
 62 F.). 
 
 The pressure per square inch is equal in all directions, downwards, 
 upwards, or sideways, and is independent of the shape or size of the 
 containing vessel. 
 
 The pressure against a vertical surface, as a retaining-wall, at any 
 point, is in direct ratio to the head above that point, increasing from o 
 at the level surface, to a maximum at the bottom. The total pressure 
 against a vertical strip of a unit's breadth increases as the area of a 
 right-angled triangle whose perpendicular represents the height of the 
 strip and whose base represents the pressure on a unit of surface at the 
 bottom; that is, it increases as the square of the depth. The sum of all 
 the horizontal pressures is represented by the area of the triangle, and 
 the resultant of this sum is equal to this sum exerted at a point one-third 
 of the height from the bottom. (The center of gravity of the area of a 
 triangle is one-third of its height.) 
 
 The horizontal pressure is the same if the surface is inclined instead of 
 vertical. 
 
 The amount of pressure on the interior walls of a pipe has no appre- 
 ciable effect upon the amount of flow. 
 
274 
 
 
 Water Pressure 
 
 Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch for Different Heads of Water 
 
 (At 62' 
 
 F., i foot head = 0.433 pound per square inch; 0.433 X 144 = 62.352 
 
 
 
 pounds per cubic foot.) 
 
 Head, 
 feet 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.433 
 
 0.866 
 
 1.299 
 
 1.732 
 
 2.165 
 
 2.598 
 
 3.031 
 
 3.464 
 
 3.897 
 
 10 
 
 
 4-330 
 
 4.763 
 
 5.196 
 
 5-629 
 
 6.062 
 
 6.495 
 
 6.928 
 
 7.36i 
 
 7-794 
 
 8.227 
 
 20 
 
 
 8.660 
 
 9-093 
 
 9.526 
 
 9-959 
 
 10.392 
 
 10.825 
 
 11.258 
 
 11.691 
 
 12.124 
 
 12.557 
 
 30 
 
 
 12.990 
 
 13.423 
 
 13.856 
 
 14.289 
 
 14.722 
 
 15.155 
 
 15.588 
 
 16.021 
 
 16.454 
 
 16.887 
 
 40 
 
 
 17.320 
 
 17-753 
 
 18.186 
 
 18.619 
 
 19.052 
 
 19.485 
 
 19.918 
 
 20.351 
 
 20.784 
 
 21.217 
 
 50 
 
 
 21 . 650 
 
 22.083 
 
 22.516 
 
 22.949 
 
 23.382 
 
 23.815 
 
 24.248 
 
 24.681 
 
 25.114 
 
 25-547 
 
 60 
 
 
 25.980 
 
 26.413 
 
 26.846 
 
 27.279 
 
 27.712 
 
 28.145 
 
 28.578 
 
 29.011 
 
 29.444 
 
 29.877 
 
 70 
 
 
 30.310 
 
 30.743 
 
 31.176 
 
 31.609 
 
 32.042 
 
 32.475 
 
 32.908 
 
 33-341 
 
 33-774 
 
 34-207 
 
 80 
 
 
 34.640 
 
 35-073 
 
 35.5o6 
 
 35-939 
 
 36.372 
 
 36.805 
 
 37.238 
 
 37.671 
 
 38.104 
 
 38.537 
 
 90 
 
 
 38.970 
 
 39.403 
 
 39.836 
 
 40.269 
 
 40.702 
 
 41 135 
 
 41.568 
 
 42.001 
 
 42.434 
 
 42.867 
 
 Head in Feet of Water, Corresponding to Pressures in Pounds 
 
 
 
 per Square Inch 
 
 (i pound 
 
 per square inch = 2.30947 feet head; i atmosphere = 14.7 pounds 
 
 
 
 per square inch = 33.94 feet head.) 
 
 Pres- 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sure, 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 2.309 
 
 4.619 
 
 6.928 
 
 9.238 
 
 11.547 
 
 13.857 
 
 16.166 
 
 18.476 
 
 20 . 785 
 
 10 
 
 23.0947 
 
 25.404 
 
 27.714 
 
 30.023 
 
 32.333 
 
 34.642 
 
 36.952 
 
 39.261 
 
 41.570 
 
 43.88o 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 6.1894 
 
 48.499 
 
 50.8o8 
 
 53-118 
 
 55.427 
 
 57-737 
 
 60.046 
 
 62.356 
 
 64.665 
 
 66.975 
 
 30 
 
 69.2841 
 
 71.594 
 
 73.903 
 
 76.213 
 
 78.522 
 
 80.831 
 
 83.141 
 
 85.450 
 
 87.760 
 
 90.069 
 
 40 
 
 92.3788 
 
 94-688 
 
 96.998 
 
 99.307 
 
 101.62 
 
 103-93 
 
 106 . 24 
 
 108.55 
 
 110.85 
 
 II3.I6 
 
 50 
 
 II 
 
 5-4735 
 
 117.78 
 
 120.09 
 
 122.40 
 
 124.71 
 
 127.02 
 
 129-33 
 
 131 . 64 
 
 133-95 
 
 136 . 26 
 
 60 
 
 138.5682 
 
 140.88 
 
 143.19 
 
 145.50 
 
 147.81 
 
 150.12 
 
 152.42 
 
 154-73 
 
 157.04 
 
 159 35 
 
 70 
 
 161 . 6629 
 
 163.97 
 
 166.28 
 
 168.59 
 
 170.90 
 
 173-21 
 
 175.52 
 
 177.83 
 
 180.14 
 
 182.45 
 
 80 
 
 184.7576 
 
 187.07 
 
 189.38 
 
 191.69 
 
 194.00 
 
 196.31 
 
 198.61 
 
 200.92 
 
 203.23 
 
 205.54 
 
 90 
 
 207.8523 
 
 210.16 
 
 212.47 
 
 214.78 
 
 217.09 
 
 219.40 
 
 221.71 
 
 224.02 
 
 226.33 
 
 228.64 
 
 Ice and Snow. (From Clark.) i cubic foot of ice at 32 F. weighs 
 
 57.50 pounds; i pound of ice at 32 F. has a volume of 0.0174 cubic 
 
 foot = 
 
 30.067 cubic inches. * 
 
 Relative volume of ice to water at 32 F., 1.0855, the expansion in 
 
 passing into the solid state being 8.55 per cent. Specific gravity of 
 
 ice = 0.922, water at 62 F. being i. 
 
 At high pressures the melting-point of ice is lower than 32 F., being 
 
 at the 
 
 rate of 0.0133 F. for each additional atmosphere of pressure. 
 
 Specific heat of ice is 0.504, that of water being i. 
 
 i cubic foot of fresh snow, according to humidity of atmosphere, 
 
 weighs 
 
 5 pounds to 12 pounds, i cubic foot of snow moistened and 
 
 compacted by rain weighs 15 pounds to 50 pounds (Trautwine). 
 
Boiler Incrustation and Corrosion 
 
 275 
 
 Specific Heat of Water 
 
 (From Marks and Davis's Steam Tables.) 
 
 fc 
 
 o 
 
 fc 
 
 O 
 
 fc 
 
 y 
 
 *j 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 fe 
 
 o 
 
 c8 
 
 tC+j 
 
 w 
 
 c^ 
 
 od 
 
 0) 
 
 S-s 
 
 <8 
 
 OH 40 
 
 o 
 
 t .-> 
 
 <8 
 
 -8 
 
 g, 
 
 11 
 
 g, 
 
 'o ^ 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 ilS 
 
 & 
 
 u 
 
 g, 
 
 11 
 
 g, 
 
 1 
 
 0> 
 
 Q 
 
 co 
 
 Q 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 en 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 Q 
 
 CO 
 
 P 
 
 CO 
 
 20 
 
 .0168 
 
 120 
 
 0.9974 
 
 220 
 
 .007 
 
 320 
 
 .035 
 
 420 
 
 .072 
 
 520 
 
 .123 
 
 30 
 
 .0098 
 
 130 
 
 0.9979 
 
 230 
 
 .009 
 
 330 
 
 .038 
 
 430 
 
 .077 
 
 530 
 
 .128 
 
 40 
 
 .0045 
 
 140 
 
 0.9986 
 
 24O 
 
 .012 
 
 340 
 
 .041 
 
 440 
 
 .082 
 
 540 
 
 .134 
 
 50 
 
 .0012 
 
 ISO 
 
 0.9994 
 
 250 
 
 .015 
 
 350 
 
 .045 
 
 450 
 
 .086 
 
 55o 
 
 .140 
 
 60 
 
 .9990 
 
 160 
 
 I.OO02 
 
 260 
 
 .018 
 
 360 
 
 .048 
 
 460 
 
 .091 
 
 560 
 
 .146 
 
 70 
 
 9977 
 
 170 
 
 I. 0010 
 
 270 
 
 .021 
 
 370 
 
 .052 
 
 470 
 
 .096 
 
 57o 
 
 .152 
 
 80 
 
 .9970 
 
 180 
 
 I.OOI9 
 
 280 
 
 .023 
 
 380 
 
 .056 
 
 480 
 
 .101 
 
 580 
 
 .158 
 
 90 
 
 .9967 
 
 190 
 
 1.0029 
 
 290 
 
 .026 
 
 390 
 
 .060 
 
 490 
 
 .106 
 
 590 
 
 .165 
 
 IOO 
 
 0.9967 
 
 200 
 
 1.0039 
 
 3oo 
 
 .029 
 
 400 
 
 .064 
 
 500 
 
 .112 
 
 600 
 
 1.172 
 
 no 
 
 0.9970 
 
 210 
 
 1.0050 
 
 3io 
 
 .032 
 
 410 
 
 .068 
 
 5io 
 
 .117 
 
 
 
 Compressibility of Water. Water is very slightly compressible. 
 Its compressibility is from 0.000040 to 0.000051 for one atmosphere, 
 decreasing with increase of temperature. For each foot of pressure, 
 distilled water will be diminished in volume 0.0000015 to 0.0000013. 
 Water is so incompressible that even at a depth of a mile, a cubic foot 
 of water will weigh only about half a pound more than at the surface. 
 
 BOILER INCRUSTATION AND CORROSION 
 
 Water, from natural sources, as a rule contains more or less carbon 
 dioxide, which holds in solution carbonates of lime and magnesia. On 
 boiling the water the carbon dioxide is driven out, and the lime and 
 magnesium in solution are thrown down in the form of a white or 
 grayish mud, that may be easily removed from the boiler by thorough 
 washing. The presence of other impurities, such as organic matter or 
 sulphate of lime, is likely to make the deposit hard and adhering. 
 
 Sulphate of lime is more soluble in cold than in hot water, and is 
 entirely thrown down at a temperature of 280 Fahrenheit. It forms a 
 hard and adhering s.cale and has a bad effect upon scales and deposits, 
 composed chiefly of carbonates. The bad effect of deposits from water 
 containing calcium sulphate is much ameliorated by introducing car- 
 bonate of soda or soda-ash into the boiler with the feed-water. The 
 result is to give a deposit of calcium carbonate in the form of a fine 
 white powder, which must be washed or swept out, and sodium sulphate 
 in solution, which must be blown out from time to time. 
 
 A deposition may arise from the settling of clay and other matter 
 held in suspension in the water. In water otherwise free from impurities 
 this matter commonly deposits in the form of a soft mud that may be 
 easily removed from the boiler. In conjunction, however, with other 
 impurities, as, for example, sulphate of lime, it may form an adhesive 
 
276 
 
 Boiler Incrustation and Corrosion 
 
 scale, in which case it is usually best to free the feed-water from sus- 
 pended matter by nitration. 
 
 In some cases chemical treatment, either internally or externally, 
 should be resorted to. This is especially the case with feed-waters 
 containing much free acid, in which case the free acid should be neu- 
 tralized by chemical treatment, preferably before entering the boiler. 
 
 If more than 100 parts per 100 ooo of total solid residue be present in 
 the water, it will ordinarily cause trouble from scale, and should be con- 
 demned for use in the boiler unless a better supply be unobtainable. 
 Scale reduces the efficiency of the heating surface by detracting from 
 the conducting quality of the metal and is apt to cause overheating or 
 burning of the metal, or even bulging of the plates that are subjected to 
 the intense heat of the furnace. Grease, owing to its adhesive nature, 
 may, by collecting impurities contained in the water, become sufficiently 
 heavy to sink. In this condition it is apt to attach itself to a plate or 
 pipe near the furnace, and may, owing to its nonconducting qualities, 
 cause serious overheating, resulting in burning, bulging, or even blowing 
 out. 
 
 If water contains more than 5 parts per 100 ooo of free sulphuric or 
 nitric acid, serious corrosion will ensue, not only in boiler plates, but 
 also in tubes, pipes, cylinders and other parts with which the steam 
 comes in contact. 
 
 Animal and vegetable oils and greases decompose into fatty acids 
 when subjected to the temperature of high-pressure steam. Because 
 of this their presence in a high-pressure steam engine or boiler will cause 
 
 serious corrosion. 
 
 Tabular View 
 
 Troublesome substance 
 
 Trouble 
 
 Remedy or palliation 
 
 Sediment, mud, clay, etc. 
 
 Incrustation. 
 
 Filtration; bio wing off. 
 
 Readily soluble salts. 
 
 Incrustation. 
 
 Blowing off. 
 
 Bicarbonates of lime,) 
 
 Incrustation. 
 
 ( Heating feed. Addition of 
 caustic soda, lime or mag- 
 
 magnesia, iron. J 
 
 
 ( nesia, etc. 
 
 Sulphate of lime. 
 
 Incrustation. 
 
 ( Addition of carbonate of 
 \ soda, barium chloride, etc. 
 
 Chloride and sulphate of ) 
 
 Corrosion. 
 
 {Addition of carbonate of 
 j 4. 
 
 magnesium. ) 
 
 
 soda, etc. 
 
 Carbonate of soda in ) 
 large amounts. ) 
 
 Priming. 
 
 {Addition of barium chloride, 
 etc. 
 
 Acid (in mine waters). 
 
 Corrosion. 
 
 Alkali. 
 
 Dissolved carbonic acid ) 
 j i 
 
 Corrosion. 
 
 ! Heating feed. Addition of 
 caustic soda, slaked lime, 
 
 and oxygen. 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 Grease (from condensed ) 
 
 Corrosion. 
 
 ( Slaked lime and filtering. 
 I Carbonate of soda. 
 
 steam) . ) 
 
 
 ( Substitute mineral oil. 
 
 Organic matter (sewage). 
 
 Corrosion. 
 
 ( Precipitate with alum or 
 \ ferric chloride and filter. 
 
Flow of Water in Pipes 277 
 
 Experiments have shown that pure water, into which air has been 
 forced, on heating causes corrosion. 
 
 Highly heated surfaces in contact with water containing common salt 
 corrode and pit rapidly. The sides of the furnace, the tube plates and 
 the hottest tubes suffer most. 
 
 It is clear, then, that feed-water, free from solids, combined or in sus- 
 pension, organic matter, acids of all kinds, and air, would be best for 
 the life of boilers. 
 
 In cases where water containing large amounts of total solid residue 
 is necessarily used, a heavy petroleum oil, free from tar or wax, which 
 is not acted upon by acids or alkalies, not having sufficient wax in it to 
 cause saponification, and which has a vaporizing-point at nearly 600 F., 
 will give the best results in preventing boiler-scale. Its action is to 
 form a thin, greasy film over the boiler linings, protecting them largely 
 from the action of acids in the water and greasing the sediment which is 
 formed, thus preventing the formation of scale and keeping the solid 
 residue from the evaporation of the water in such a plastic suspended 
 condition that it can be easily ejected from the boiler by the process 
 of "blowing off." If the water is not blown off sufficiently often, this 
 sediment forms into a "putty" that will necessitate cleaning the boilers. 
 
 Practical experience is decidedly in favor of water purification, both 
 from the standpoint of preserving the life of the boiler and for the best 
 efficiency in operation. Air in solution, if allowed to enter the boiler, 
 will accelerate corrosion more than any other cause, hence water heaters 
 should be used with open feed and careful regulation of the temperature, 
 which should always be about 190 F. 
 
 FLOW OF WATER IN PIPES 
 
 The quantity of water discharged through a pipe depends on the 
 head. If the discharge occurs freely into the air, this head is the differ- 
 ence in level between the surface of the water in the reservoir and the 
 center of the discharge end of the pipe; if the lower end of the pipe is 
 submerged, the head is the difference in elevation between the two 
 water levels. The discharge for a given diameter depends also upon 
 the length of the pipe, upon the character of its interior surface as to 
 smoothness and upon the number and sharpness of its bends. 
 
 The head, instead of being an actual distance between levels, may be 
 caused by pressure, as by pumping, in which case the head is calculated 
 as a vertical distance corresponding to the pressure, i pound per square 
 inch being equal to 2.309 feet head, or i foot head being equal to a 
 pressure of 0.433 pound per square inch. 
 
 The total head operating to cause flow is divided into three parts: 
 (i) The velocity head, which is the height through which a body must 
 fall in a vacuum to acquire the velocity with which the water flows in 
 the pipe. This is equal to v* -4- 2 g, in which v is the velocity in feet 
 per second, and 2 g = 64.32; (2) The entry head, which is required to 
 overcome the resistance to entrance to the pipe. With sharp-edged 
 
278 Flow of Water in Pipes 
 
 entrance the entry head equals about one-half of the velocity head; 
 with smooth, rounded entrance the entry head is inappreciable; (3) The 
 friction head, due to the frictional resistance to flow in the pipe. 
 
 In ordinary cases of pipes of considerable length the sum of the entry 
 and velocity heads scarcely.. exceeds one foot; in the case of long pipes 
 with low heads it is so small that it may be neglected. 
 
 When the flow becomes steady, the pipe is entirely filled throughout 
 its length, and hence the mean velocity at any section is the same as 
 that at the end, when the size is uniform. This velocity is found to 
 decrease as the length of the pipe increases, other things being equal, 
 and becomes very small for great lengths, which shows that nearly all 
 the head has been lost in overcoming the resistances. The length of 
 the pipe is measured along its axis, following all the curves, if there be 
 any. The velocity considered is the mean velocity, which is equal to 
 the discharge divided by the area of the cross section of the pipe. The 
 actual velocities in the cross section are greater than this mean velocity 
 near the center and less than it near the interior surface of the pipe. 
 
 The object of the discussion of flow in pipes is to enable the discharge 
 which will occur under given conditions to be determined, or to ascertain 
 the proper size which a pipe should have in order to deliver a given dis- 
 charge. The subject cannot, however, be developed with the definite- 
 ness which characterizes the flow from orifices and weirs, partly because 
 the condition of the interior surface of the pipe greatly modifies the dis- 
 charge, partly because of the lack of experimental data, and partly on 
 account of defective theoretical knowledge regarding the laws of flow. 
 In orifices and weirs errors of two or three per cent may be regarded as 
 large with careful work; in pipes such errors are common, and are gen- 
 erally exceeded in most practical investigations. 
 
 It fortunately happens, however, that in most cases of the design of 
 systems of pipes errors of five and ten per cent are not important, al- 
 though they are of course to be avoided if possible, or, if not avoided, 
 they should occur on the side of safety. 
 
 Quantity of Water Discharged 
 
 The quantity of water which flows through a pipe is the product of 
 the area of its cross section and the mean velocity of flow. That is, 
 
 Q = av, 
 
 in which Q is the quantity discharged in cubic feet per second, a is the 
 area in square feet and v is the velocity in feet per second. 
 
 For U. S. gallons per second multiply by 7 . 4805 
 
 For U. S. gallons per minute multiply by 448. 83 
 For U. S. gallons per hour multiply by 26929. 9 
 
 For U. S. gallons per 24 hours multiply by 646317. 
 
 The diagram, page 279, gives the discharge in gallons per minute, 
 when the velocity in the pipe line is known. 
 
Quantity of Water Discharged 
 
 279 
 
 
 r 150000 
 
 
 looooo Chart for Flow of Water in Wrought Pipe 
 
 
 ^ 90000 
 
 
 If any two of the three factors represented by the 
 
 
 scales are known, the third may be found by passing a 
 
 
 eoooo straight line through these quantities on their respective 
 
 
 ^-50000 scales. This line will intersect the third scale at the 
 
 0,51 
 
 L_ 4 oooo number representing the desired factor. 
 Example. For 4000 gallons per minute with 12 inch 
 
 0.6 
 
 ; 30000 PiP e velocity = 11.4 feet per second. 
 
 0.7 
 
 E 25000 
 
 0.8 
 
 - 20000 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 15000 
 
 r 72 
 
 - 
 
 10000 
 
 -60 
 
 1.5- 
 
 9000 
 
 -48 
 
 
 8000 
 
 -42 
 
 ~ 
 
 7000 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 6000 
 
 
 
 
 ; 5000 
 
 -30 
 O 
 
 2.J 
 
 k^ I 
 
 -24 
 
 - 
 3 ~ 
 
 sooo^i 
 
 -20 g a! 
 
 
 E >\ 
 
 18 I {[] 
 
 3.5 
 
 r- 2500 w ^->. 
 
 -16 Z JJJ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 2000 -5 ^"^V^ 
 
 -14 Z Z 
 
 - 
 
 E ^ 
 
 <*nf i 
 
 B'*~ 
 
 1500 < 
 
 a 
 
 -1<>S5. 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 
 6 
 
 1000 
 
 -8 S ^\ 
 
 7 
 
 900 
 
 Q. ^ s v. 
 ^^ 
 
 
 800 
 
 R ^^^ 
 
 8 
 
 700 
 
 ^V x _^ 
 
 g ~ 
 
 600 
 
 5 \ 
 
 10 _I 
 
 BOO 
 
 
 ^^v^ 
 
 
 4 
 
 _I 
 
 2 400 
 
 
 -i 
 
 r soo 
 
 3 
 
 16-r 
 
 E 260 
 
 - 2 -2- 
 
 "^ 
 
 ^ 200 
 
 -2 
 
 20^ 
 
 ~ 150 
 
 *J 
 
 100 
 
 
 : 90 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 ' 50 
 
 
 
280 
 
 Flow of Water in Pipes 
 
 Mean Velocity of Flow 
 
 The velocity of flow, depending as it does to such a great extent upon 
 the condition of the interior surface of the pipe, is difficult to compute. 
 Below are given the formulae most generally accepted. In the solution 
 of any problem a comparison of the results obtained by the use of these 
 formulae is advisable. There are so many conditions affecting the flow 
 of water that all hydraulic formulae give only approximations to accu- 
 rate results. 
 
 Approximate Formula (Trautwine). To find the velocity of water 
 discharged from a pipe line, knowing the head, length and inside diameter, 
 use the following formula: 
 
 in which v = approximate mean velocity in feet per second; 
 m = coefficient from table below; 
 D = diameter of pipe in feet; 
 h = total head in feet; 
 L = total length of line in feet. 
 
 Values of Coefficient "m" 
 
 Diameter of pipe 
 
 
 Diameter of pipe 
 
 
 Feet 
 
 Inches 
 
 m 
 
 Feet 
 
 Inches 
 
 m 
 
 O.I 
 
 1.2 
 
 23 
 
 1-5 
 
 18 
 
 53 
 
 0.2 
 
 2.4 
 
 30 
 
 2.0 
 
 24 
 
 57 
 
 0.3 
 
 3-6 
 
 34 
 
 2.5 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 0.4 
 
 4-8 
 
 37 
 
 3-0 
 
 36 
 
 62 
 
 0.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 39 
 
 3-5 
 
 42 
 
 64 
 
 0.6 
 
 7.2 
 
 42 
 
 4.0 
 
 48 
 
 66 
 
 0.7 
 
 8.4 
 
 44 
 
 S.o 
 
 60 
 
 68 
 
 0.8 
 
 9-6 
 
 46 
 
 6.0 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 0.9 
 
 10.8 
 
 47 
 
 7.0 
 
 84 
 
 72 
 
 I.O 
 
 12.0 
 
 48 
 
 10. 
 
 120 
 
 77 
 
 The above coefficients are averages deduced from a large number of 
 experiments. In most cases of pipes carefully laid and in fair condition, 
 they should give results within 5 to 10 per cent of the truth. 
 
 Example: Given the head, h = 50 feet, the length, L = 5280 feet, 
 and the diameter, D = 2 feet; to find the velocity and quantity of 
 discharge. 
 
 The value of the coefficient m from the table when D = 2 feet is 
 
Kutter's Formula 281 
 
 Substituting these values in the formula, we get: 
 
 i - 
 
 = 57 X 0.136 = 7-752 feet per sec. 
 
 To find the discharge in cubic feet per second, multiply this velocity 
 by the area of cross section of the pipe in square feet. 
 
 Thus, 3-1416 X (i) 2 X 7-752 = 24.35 cubic feet per second. 
 
 Since there are 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot, the discharge in gallons 
 per second = 24.35 X 7.48 = 182.1. 
 
 The above formula is only an approximation, since the flow is modified 
 by bends, joints, incrustations, etc. Wrought pipes are smoother than 
 cast-iron ones, thereby presenting less friction and less encouragement 
 for deposits; and, being in longer lengths, the number of joints is re- 
 duced, thus lessening the undesirable effects of eddy currents. 
 
 Kutter's Formula. This formula, although originally designed for 
 open channels, can be used in the case of long pipes with low heads. It 
 is the joint production of two eminent Swiss engineers, E. Ganguillet 
 and W. R. Kutter, and is, properly speaking, a formula for finding the 
 coemcient C in the well-known Chezy formula: 
 
 in which 
 
 v = mean velocity in feet per second; 
 r = mean hydraulic radius in feet; 
 s = slope = head -r- length, measured in a straight line 
 from end to end. 
 
 The mean hydraulic radius is the area of wet cross-section divided by 
 the wet perimeter, which for pipes running full, or exactly half full, is 
 equal to one-quarter of the diameter. 
 
 According to Kutter the value of this coefficient C is 
 
 0.00281 1.811 
 41.6 + - + - 
 ^ s n 
 
 in which s is the slope, r is the mean hydraulic radius in feet and n is 
 the " coefficient of roughness. " The value of n varies from .010 for very 
 smooth pipes to .015 for pipes in a very poor condition. For ordinary 
 wrought pipe .012 can be used. For clean steel riveted pipe .015 can be 
 used. 
 
 The following table gives values of the coefficient C as obtained by 
 Kutter's formula for different slopes, hydraulic radii and degrees of 
 roughness. 
 
282 Darcy's Formula 
 
 Table of Coefficient " C " 
 
 Coeffi- 
 cient 
 " n " 
 
 Hydraulic radius in r feet 
 
 .1 
 
 15 
 
 .2 
 
 3 
 
 .4 
 
 .6 
 
 .8 
 
 I.O 
 
 I 5 
 
 2 O 
 
 3 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Slope s =.0004 
 
 .009 
 .010 
 .on 
 
 .012 
 
 104 
 89 
 78 
 69 
 
 116 
 
 IOI 
 
 90 
 
 80 
 
 126 
 1 10 
 
 97 
 87 
 
 138 
 
 120 
 107 
 96 
 
 148 
 129 
 115 
 
 104 
 
 157 
 140 
 126 
 H3 
 
 166 
 148 
 133 
 
 121 
 
 172 
 154 
 138 
 125 
 
 183 
 164 
 148 
 135 
 
 190 
 170 
 
 154 
 141 
 
 199 
 179 
 162 
 149 
 
 .013 
 .015 
 .017 
 
 62 
 
 50 
 43 
 
 71 
 59 
 So 
 
 78 
 65 
 54 
 
 87 
 73 
 62 
 
 94 
 79 
 68 
 
 103 
 87 
 75 
 
 1 10 
 
 93 
 81 
 
 "5 
 98 
 85 
 
 124 
 106 
 93 
 
 130 
 
 112 
 98 
 
 138 
 119 
 105 
 
 
 Slope 5 =.0010 
 
 .009 
 
 .010 
 .Oil 
 .012 
 
 no 
 94 
 83 
 73 
 
 121 
 
 105 
 92 
 82 
 
 129 
 113 
 99 
 89 
 
 141 
 
 124 
 109 
 98 
 
 ISO 
 131 
 117 
 105 
 
 161 
 142 
 127 
 H5 
 
 I6 9 
 
 ISO 
 134 
 
 122 
 
 175 
 155 
 139 
 127 
 
 184 
 165 
 149 
 136 
 
 191 
 171 
 
 155 
 142 
 
 199 
 179 
 163 
 149 
 
 .013 
 .015 
 .017 
 
 65 
 
 54 
 45 
 
 74 
 61 
 51 
 
 81 
 66 
 
 57 
 
 89 
 74 
 63 
 
 96 
 80 
 69 
 
 104 
 88 
 76 
 
 III 
 
 94 
 82 
 
 116 
 99 
 86 
 
 124 
 108 
 93 
 
 130 
 
 112 
 
 98 
 
 138 
 119 
 105 
 
 
 Slope 5 =.0100 
 
 .009 
 .010 
 
 .Oil 
 .012 
 
 no 
 95 
 83 
 
 74 
 
 122 
 105 
 
 93 
 83 
 
 130 
 114 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 143 
 
 125 
 
 III 
 
 100 
 
 151 
 133 
 119 
 
 107 
 
 162 
 143 
 129 
 116 
 
 170 
 151 
 135 
 123 
 
 175 
 156 
 141 
 128 
 
 185 
 165 
 149' 
 136 
 
 191 
 171 
 155 
 142 
 
 199 
 179 
 162 
 149 
 
 .013 
 
 .015 
 .017 
 
 66 
 
 2 
 
 75 
 62 
 52 
 
 81 
 67 
 
 57 
 
 90 
 76 
 64 
 
 98 
 
 82 
 
 70 
 
 106 
 90 
 
 77 
 
 112 
 
 95 
 82 
 
 H7 
 99 
 
 87 
 
 125 
 
 107 
 94 
 
 130 
 
 112 
 99 
 
 138 
 H9 
 105 
 
 For slopes steeper than .01 per unit of length, = 52.8 feet per mile, 
 C remains practically the same as at that slope. But the velocity (being 
 C X Vrs) of course continues to increase as the slope becomes steeper. 
 
 Darcy's Formula. The simplest form of Darcy's formula is 
 
 C& = Ds, 
 
 in which v is the velocity in feet per second, D is the diameter of the pipe 
 in feet, s is the slope and C is a coefficient, varying with the diameter 
 and roughness of the pipe. For cast-iron pipe and wrought pipes of the 
 same roughness, the values of C are given below. For rough pipe 
 Darcy doubled the coefficient. 
 
Williams and Hazen's Formula 
 
 283 
 
 Values of "C" in Darcy's Formula 
 
 Diameter, 
 inches 
 
 Rough pipe 
 
 Smooth pipe 
 
 3 
 4 
 6 
 8 
 
 0.00080 
 0.00076 
 0.00072 
 0.00068 
 
 0.00040 
 0.00038 
 0.00036 
 0.00034 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 14 
 16 
 
 0.00066 
 0.00066 
 0.00065 
 0.00064 
 
 0.00033 
 0.00033 
 0.000325 
 0.00032 
 
 24 
 30 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 0.00064 
 0.00063 
 0.00062 
 0.00062 
 
 0.00032 
 0.000315 
 0.00031 
 0.00031 
 
 Williams and Hazen's Exponential Formula. From Chezy's 
 formula, v = C VW, it would appear that the velocity varies as the 
 square root of the head; this is not true, however, for C is not a constant, 
 but a variable depending upon the roughness of the pipe and upon the 
 hydraulic radius and the slope. Hazen and Williams, as a result of a 
 study of the best records of experiments and plotting them on logarithmic 
 ruled paper, found an exponential formula v = O - 63 ^- 54 , in which the 
 coefficient C is practically independent of the diameter and the slope, 
 and varies only with the condition of the surface. In order to equalize 
 the numerical value of C to that of the C in the Chezy formula, at a 
 slope of o.ooi, they added the factor o.ooi-- 04 to the formula, so that 
 the working formula of Hazen and Williams is 
 
 The value of C varies to a great extent, depending on the condition 
 of the interior of the pipe. A fair value for iron or steel pipe is C = 100. 
 Computations of the exponential formula are made by logarithms or by 
 the Hazen- Williams hydraulic slide rule. 
 
 Effect of Curves and Valves (American Civil Engineers' Pocket 
 Book). The effect of curvature is to increase the loss of head. This 
 increased loss is partly due to the cross currents and eddies set up in 
 the bend, but also to the changes of velocity along the stream lines and 
 increased friction along the walls of the channels, due to increased 
 velocities over part of the circumference. The loss of head due to a 
 curve may be stated in terms of the velocity head or, better, in terms of 
 the equivalent length of straight pipe which would give the same loss 
 as the curve. Experiments upon the loss of head in pipes show the 
 radius of the curve of minimum resistance for a right-angled bend to be 
 about three diameters of the pipe. For six-inch pipe the loss due to 
 such a curve is about the same as that in eight feet of straight pipe, 
 and for a thirty-inch pipe about the same as that in forty feet of straight 
 
284 Water Hammer 
 
 pipe. For intermediate sizes the loss may be expected to fall between 
 these limits and to vary approximately as the diameter. 
 
 The losses due to valves in pipe lines have been investigated with 
 accuracy in only a few instances. From these experiments it appears 
 that a fully open gate valve in a pipe causes a loss of head corresponding 
 to about six oliameters of length of the pipe. 
 
 Hydraulic Grade-line. In a straight tube of uniform diameter 
 throughout, running full and discharging freely into the air, the hydrau- 
 lic grade-line is a straight line drawn from the discharge end to a point 
 immediately over the entry end of the pipe, and at a depth below the 
 surface equal to the entry and velocity heads (Trautwine) . 
 
 In a pipe leading from a reservoir, no part of its length should be above 
 the hydraulic grade-line. 
 
 Air-bound Pipes. A pipe is said to be air-bound when, in conse- 
 quence of air being entrapped at the high points of vertical curves in 
 the line, water will not flow out of the pipe, although the supply is 
 higher than the outlet. The remedy is to provide cocks or valves at 
 the high points, through which the air may be discharged. The valve 
 may be made automatic by means of a float. 
 
 Water Hammer. When a valve in a pipe is closed while the water 
 is flowing, the velocity of the water behind the valve is retarded and a 
 dynamic pressure is produced. When the valve is closed quickly this 
 dynamic pressure may be much greater than that due to the static 
 pressure, and it is then called "water hammer" or "water ram." This 
 action is dangerous and causes in many cases fracture of the pipe. It 
 is provided against by arrangements which prevent a rapid closing of 
 the valve. The formulae for the pressure produced by this shock are 
 
 ID 
 p= 0.027 - - po + pi, (i) 
 
 = 63 a - po + pi, (2) 
 
 where po = the static pressure when there is no flow, pi = the static pressure 
 when the flow is in progress, p = the maximum dynamic pressure due to 
 the water hammer in excess over the pressure po, v = the velocity in feet 
 per second, / = length of pipe back from the valve in feet, and / = time 
 of closing of valve in seconds. The pressures in the formulae are expressed 
 in pounds per square inch. Formula (i) is to be used when / is greater 
 than 0.000428 / and formula (2) when / is equal to or less than this. 
 
 From the first of these formulae the value of / when p = o is found 
 to be fc 
 
 / = O.O27 - 
 
 Po- pi 
 
 which is the time of valve closing in order that there may be no water 
 hammer. To prevent the effects of water hammer, it is customary to 
 arrange valves so that they cannot be closed very quickly, and the last 
 formula furnishes the means of estimating the time required in order 
 that no excess of dynamic pressure over the static pressure po may occur. 
 
Flow of Water in House-Service Pipes 285 
 
 Flow of Water in House-service Pipes 
 
 (Thomson Meter Company.) 
 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Discharge in cubic feet per minute 
 
 Condition 
 
 pounds 
 
 Nominal internal diameter of pipe (inches) 
 
 of discharge 
 
 per 
 
 
 
 square 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inch 
 
 V'2 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 i% 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 30 
 
 1. 10 
 
 1.92 
 
 3-01 
 
 6.13 
 
 16.58 
 
 33.34 
 
 88.16 
 
 173.85 
 
 444.63 
 
 Through 35 
 
 40 
 
 1.27 
 
 2.22 
 
 3.48 
 
 7.08 
 
 19.14 
 
 38.50 
 
 101.80 
 
 200.75 
 
 513.42 
 
 feet of 
 
 So 
 
 1.42 
 
 2.48 
 
 3.89 
 
 7.92 
 
 21.40 
 
 43-04 
 
 113.82 
 
 224.44 
 
 574-02 
 
 service 
 
 60 
 
 1.56 
 
 2.71 
 
 4.26 
 
 8.67 
 
 23-44 
 
 47-15 
 
 124.68 
 
 245.87 
 
 628.81 
 
 pipe, no 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 back 
 
 75 
 
 1.74 
 
 3-03 
 
 4-77 
 
 9-70 
 
 26.21 
 
 52.71 
 
 139.39 
 
 274.89 
 
 703.03 
 
 pressure. 
 
 IOO 
 
 130 
 
 2.01 
 
 2.29 
 
 3-50 
 3-99 
 
 5-50 
 6.28 
 
 11.20 
 
 12.77 
 
 30.27 
 34-51 
 
 60.87 
 69.40 
 
 160.96 
 183.52 
 
 317.41 
 361.91 
 
 811.79 
 925.58 
 
 
 30 
 
 0.66 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.84 
 
 3.78 
 
 10.40 
 
 21.30 
 
 58.19 
 
 118.13 
 
 317.23 
 
 Through 
 
 40 
 
 o.77 
 
 1.34 
 
 2.12 
 
 4.36 
 
 12.01 
 
 24.59 
 
 67.19 
 
 136.41 
 
 366.30 
 
 100 feet 
 
 50 
 
 0.86 
 
 1.50 
 
 2.37 
 
 4.88 
 
 13-43 
 
 27.50 
 
 75-13 
 
 152.51 
 
 409.54 
 
 of service 
 
 60 
 
 o.94 
 
 1.65 
 
 2.60 
 
 5-34 
 
 14.71 
 
 30.12 
 
 82.30 
 
 167.06 
 
 448.63 
 
 pipe, no 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-i 
 back 
 
 75 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.84 
 
 2.91 
 
 5-97 
 
 16.45 
 
 33-68 
 
 92.01 
 
 186.78 
 
 501.58 
 
 pressure. 
 
 IOO 
 
 1.22 
 
 2.13 
 
 3.36 
 
 6.90 
 
 18.99 
 
 38.89 
 
 106.24 
 
 215.68 
 
 579.18 
 
 
 130 
 
 1.39 
 
 2.42 
 
 3.83 
 
 7.86 
 
 21.66 
 
 44-34 
 
 121.14 
 
 245.91 
 
 660.36 
 
 Through 
 100 feet 
 of service 
 pipe and 
 
 30 
 40 
 50 
 60 
 
 0.55 
 0.66 
 o.75 
 0.83 
 
 0.96 
 I. IS 
 1.31 
 1.45 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.81 
 2.06 
 2.29 
 
 3- ii 
 3-72 
 
 4-24 
 4-70 
 
 8.57 
 
 10.24 
 11.67 
 12.94 
 
 17-55 
 20.95 
 23-87 
 26.48 
 
 47-90 
 57-20 
 65.18 
 72.28 
 
 97.17 
 116.01 
 132.20 
 146.61 
 
 260.56 
 3H.09 
 354-49 
 393.13 
 
 15 feet 
 vertical 
 
 75 
 
 IOO 
 
 o.94 
 
 1. 10 
 
 1.64 
 1.92 
 
 2.59 
 
 3-02 
 
 5-32 
 
 6.21 
 
 14.64 
 17.10 
 
 29.96 
 35-00 
 
 81.79 
 95-55 
 
 165.90 
 193.82 
 
 444.85 
 519.72 
 
 rise. 
 
 130 
 
 1.26 
 
 2.20 
 
 3.48 
 
 7-14 
 
 19.66 
 
 40.23 
 
 109.82 
 
 222.75 
 
 597-31 
 
 Through 
 ico feet 
 of service 
 pipe and 
 
 30 
 40 
 50 
 60 
 
 o.44 
 0.55 
 0.65 
 o.73 
 
 o.77 
 0.97 
 1. 14 
 1.28 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.53 
 1-79 
 
 2. 02 
 
 2.50 
 3.15 
 3.69 
 4-15 
 
 6.80 
 8.68 
 10. 16 
 H.45 
 
 14.11 
 17-79 
 20.82 
 23-47 
 
 38.63 
 48.68 
 56.98 
 64.22 
 
 78.54 
 98.98 
 115.87 
 130.59 
 
 2H.54 
 266.59 
 312.08 
 351.73 
 
 30 feet 
 vertical 
 rise. 
 
 75 
 
 IOO 
 
 130 
 
 0.84 
 
 I.OO 
 
 1. 15 
 
 1.47 
 1.74 
 
 2. 02 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.75 
 3.19 
 
 4-77 
 5.65 
 6.55 
 
 I3-I5 
 15.58 
 18.07 
 
 26.95 
 31-93 
 37-02 
 
 73.76 
 87.38 
 101.33 
 
 149-99 
 177.67 
 206.04 
 
 403.98 
 478.55 
 554.96 
 
 
286 Loss of Head in Pipe by Friction 
 
 Loss of Head in Pipe by Friction 
 (Pelton Water Wheel Company.) 
 
 The following table shows the loss of head by friction in each 100 feet 
 in length of different diameters of pipe, when discharging the tabulated 
 quantities of water per minute: 
 v velocity in feet per second; 
 H = loss of head by friction in feet; 
 Q = discharge in cubic feet per minute. 
 
 V 
 
 Inside diameter of pipe in inches 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 IO 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 2.0 
 2.2 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.6 
 
 39 
 .46 
 .54 
 .63 
 
 23.5 
 25.9 
 28.2 
 
 30.6 
 
 .33 
 
 .40 
 .46 
 .54 
 
 32.0 
 35-3 
 38.5 
 41-7 
 
 30 
 .35 
 41 
 47 
 
 41.9 
 46.1 
 50.2 
 
 54.4 
 
 .26 
 31 
 .36 
 .42 
 
 53.o 
 58.3 
 63.6 
 68.9 
 
 \2\ 
 
 .32 
 
 .37 
 
 65-4 
 72. 
 78.5 
 85.1 
 
 .21 
 .25 
 .29 
 
 .34 
 
 79. 
 87. 
 95- 
 103. 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.o 
 3.2 
 3.4 
 
 .72 
 .81 
 .91 
 
 1.02 
 
 32.9 
 35-3 
 37-7 
 40.0 
 
 .61 
 
 .69 
 78 
 .87 
 
 44-9 
 48.1 
 5L3 
 54-5 
 
 54 
 .61 
 .68 
 .76 
 
 58.6 
 62.8 
 67.0 
 71.2 
 
 .48 
 54 
 .60 
 .68 
 
 74-2 
 79-5 
 84.8 
 90.1 
 
 .43 
 .48 
 54 
 .61 
 
 91.6 
 98.2 
 105. 
 in. 
 
 39 
 ..44 
 .49 
 .55 
 
 in. 
 119. 
 127. 
 134. 
 
 3.6 
 3.8 
 4-0 
 4.2 
 
 1. 13 
 
 1.25 
 1.37 
 1.49 
 
 42.4 
 44-7 
 47-1 
 49-5 
 
 96 
 
 .07 
 .17 
 .28 
 
 57-7 
 60.9 
 64.1 
 67.3 
 
 .84 
 93 
 1. 02 
 
 1. 12 
 
 75.4 
 79-6 
 83-7 
 87.9 
 
 75 
 83 
 .91 
 .99 
 
 95-4 
 
 101. 
 
 106. 
 in. 
 
 .67 
 
 74 
 .82 
 .89 
 
 118. 
 124. 
 131- 
 137- 
 
 .61 
 .68 
 
 74 
 .81 
 
 142. 
 150. 
 158. 
 166. 
 
 4.4 
 4-6 
 4-8 
 5.o 
 
 1.62 
 1.76 
 1.90 
 2.05 
 
 51.8 
 54.1 
 56.5 
 58.9 
 
 .39 
 51 
 .63 
 1.76 
 
 70-5 
 73-7 
 76.9 
 80.2 
 
 1.22 
 32 
 43 
 
 .54 
 
 92.1 
 96.3 
 oo.o 
 
 05. 
 
 .08 
 17 
 27 
 37 
 
 116. 
 
 122. 
 127. 
 132. 
 
 97 
 .05 
 .14 
 .23 
 
 144. 
 150. 
 157. 
 163. 
 
 .88 
 .96 
 
 .04 
 
 .12 
 
 174. 
 182. 
 190. 
 198. 
 
 5.2 
 5-4 
 5.6 
 5.8 
 
 2.21 
 
 2.37 
 2.53 
 2.70 
 
 61.2 
 63.6 
 65.9 
 68.3 
 
 1.89 
 2.03 
 2.17 
 2.31 
 
 83.3 
 86.6 
 89.8 
 93-0 
 
 .65 
 
 77 
 -89 
 .01 
 
 09. 
 13. 
 17. 
 
 21. 
 
 47 
 
 !68 
 i. 80 
 
 138. 
 143. 
 I 4 8. 
 154- 
 
 32 
 .41 
 51 
 1.61 
 
 170. 
 177. 
 183. 
 190. 
 
 .20 
 
 .28 
 
 .37 
 
 .46 
 
 206. 
 214. 
 
 222. 
 229. 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.87 
 
 70.7 
 82.4 
 
 2.46 
 3.26 
 
 96.2 
 
 [12.0 
 
 .15 
 .85 
 
 125. 
 146. 
 
 1.92 
 2.52 
 
 159- 
 185. 
 
 1.71 
 2.28 
 
 196. 
 229. 
 
 .56 
 
 .07 
 
 237- 
 277. 
 
 V 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 2.0 
 2.2 
 2.4 
 2 6 
 
 .19? 
 
 .273 
 .315 
 
 94- 
 103- 
 113- 
 122. 
 
 .183 
 .216 
 .252 
 .290 
 
 no. 
 
 121. 
 
 133- 
 
 144. 
 
 .169 
 .200 
 .234 
 .270 
 
 128. 
 141. 
 
 154. 
 167. 
 
 .158 
 .187 
 .218 
 .252 
 
 147. 
 162. 
 176. 
 191. 
 
 .147 
 .175 
 .205 
 .236 
 
 167. 
 184. 
 
 201. 
 
 218. 
 
 .132 
 .156 
 .182 
 
 .210 
 
 212. 
 
 233. 
 
 254- 
 
 275 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.o 
 3.2 
 
 3.4 
 
 .36c 
 
 .407 
 45^ 
 .Sic 
 
 132. 
 141. 
 I5L 
 
 160. 
 
 .332 
 .375 
 .422 
 .471 
 
 156. 
 166. 
 177- 
 188. 
 
 .308 
 349 
 .392 
 438 
 
 179- 
 192. 
 205. 
 218. 
 
 .288 
 .325 
 .366 
 .408 
 
 206. 
 
 221. 
 235- 
 250. 
 
 .270 
 .306 
 .343 
 -383 
 
 234- 
 251. 
 268. 
 
 284. 
 
 .240 
 .271 
 .305 
 
 .339 
 
 297. 
 318. 
 339- 
 36o. 
 
 
Loss of Head in Pipe by Friction 287 
 
 Loss of Head in Pipe by Friction (Continued) 
 
 
 Inside diameter of pipe in inches 
 
 V 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 3.6 
 
 .566 
 
 169. 
 
 .522 
 
 199. 
 
 .485 
 
 231. 
 
 .452 
 
 265. 
 
 .425 
 
 301. 
 
 .377 
 
 382. 
 
 3-8 
 
 .624 
 
 179. 
 
 .576 
 
 210. 
 
 535 
 
 243. 
 
 .499 
 
 280. 
 
 .468 
 
 318. 
 
 .416 
 
 403. 
 
 4.0 
 
 .685 
 
 188. 
 
 .632 
 
 221. 
 
 .587 
 
 256. 
 
 .548 
 
 294. 
 
 513 
 
 335. 
 
 .456 
 
 424. 
 
 4-2 
 
 .749 
 
 198. 
 
 .691 
 
 232. 
 
 .641 
 
 269. 
 
 .598 
 
 309. 
 
 .561 
 
 352. 
 
 499 
 
 445. 
 
 4-4 
 
 .815 
 
 207. 
 
 751 
 
 243- 
 
 .698 
 
 282. 
 
 .651 
 
 324. 
 
 .611 
 
 368. 
 
 .542 
 
 466. 
 
 4-6 
 
 .883 
 
 217. 
 
 .815 
 
 254- 
 
 757 
 
 295. 
 
 .707 
 
 339- 
 
 .662 
 
 385. 
 
 .588 
 
 488. 
 
 4-8 
 
 -954 
 
 226. 
 
 .881 
 
 265. 
 
 .818 
 
 308. 
 
 .763 
 
 353- 
 
 715 
 
 402. 
 
 .636 
 
 509. 
 
 5-0 
 
 1.028 
 
 235- 
 
 .949 
 
 2 7 6. 
 
 .881 
 
 321. 
 
 .822 
 
 368. 
 
 .770 
 
 419. 
 
 .685 
 
 530. 
 
 5-2 
 
 1.104 
 
 245. 
 
 .020 
 
 287. 
 
 .947 
 
 333. 
 
 .883 
 
 383. 
 
 .828 
 
 435- 
 
 736 
 
 551. 
 
 5-4 
 
 1.183 
 
 254- 
 
 .092 
 
 2 9 8. 
 
 1.014 
 
 346. 
 
 -947 
 
 397- 
 
 .888 
 
 452. 
 
 .788 
 
 572. 
 
 5-6 
 
 1.26 
 
 264. 
 
 .167 
 
 309. 
 
 1.083 
 
 359- 
 
 I. Oil 
 
 412. 
 
 949 
 
 469- 
 
 .843 
 
 594- 
 
 5-8 
 
 1.34 
 
 273- 
 
 .245 
 
 321. 
 
 1. 155 
 
 372. 
 
 1.078 
 
 427. 
 
 i. on 
 
 486. 
 
 .899 
 
 615. 
 
 6.0 
 
 1-43 
 
 283. 
 
 325 
 
 332. 
 
 1.229 
 
 385. 
 
 1.148 
 
 442. 
 
 1.076 
 
 502. 
 
 957 
 
 636. 
 
 7.0 
 
 1.91 
 
 330. 
 
 75 
 
 307- 
 
 1.630 
 
 449- 
 
 1.520 
 
 515. 
 
 1.430 
 
 586. 
 
 1.270 
 
 742- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 2.0 
 
 .119 
 
 262. 
 
 .108 
 
 316. 
 
 .098 
 
 377- 
 
 .091 
 
 442. 
 
 .084 
 
 513. 
 
 .079 
 
 589. 
 
 2.2 
 
 .140 
 
 288. 
 
 .127 
 
 348. 
 
 .116 
 
 414. 
 
 .108 
 
 486. 
 
 .099 
 
 564. 
 
 .093 
 
 648. 
 
 2-4 
 
 .164 
 
 314. 
 
 .149 
 
 380. 
 
 .136 
 
 452. 
 
 .126 
 
 531. 
 
 .116 
 
 616. 
 
 .109 
 
 707. 
 
 2.6 
 
 .189 
 
 340. 
 
 .171 
 
 412. 
 
 .157 
 
 490. 
 
 .145 
 
 575- 
 
 .134 
 
 667. 
 
 .126 
 
 766. 
 
 2.8 
 
 .216 
 
 366. 
 
 .195 
 
 443. 
 
 .180 
 
 528. 
 
 .165 
 
 619. 
 
 .153 
 
 718. 
 
 .144 
 
 824. 
 
 3.o 
 
 245 
 
 393- 
 
 .222 
 
 475. 
 
 .204 
 
 565. 
 
 .188 
 
 663. 
 
 .174 
 
 770. 
 
 .163 
 
 883. 
 
 3-2 
 
 .275 
 
 419- 
 
 .249 
 
 507. 
 
 .229 
 
 603. 
 
 .211 
 
 708. 
 
 .195 
 
 821. 
 
 .182 
 
 942. 
 
 3.4 
 
 .306 
 
 445- 
 
 .278 
 
 538. 
 
 .255 
 
 641. 
 
 .235 
 
 752. 
 
 .218 
 
 872. 
 
 .204 
 
 1001. 
 
 3-6 
 
 .339 
 
 471- 
 
 .308 
 
 570. 
 
 .283 
 
 678. 
 
 .261 
 
 796. 
 
 .242 
 
 923. 
 
 .226 
 
 1060. 
 
 3-8 
 
 .374 
 
 497- 
 
 .340 
 
 601. 
 
 .312 
 
 716. 
 
 .288 
 
 840. 
 
 .267 
 
 973. 
 
 .249 
 
 1119. 
 
 4-0 
 
 .410 
 
 523. 
 
 .373 
 
 633. 
 
 .342 
 
 754- 
 
 .315 
 
 885. 
 
 .293 
 
 1026. 
 
 .273 
 
 1178. 
 
 4.2 
 
 .449 
 
 550. 
 
 .408 
 
 665. 
 
 .374 
 
 79L 
 
 .345 
 
 929. 
 
 .320 
 
 1077. 
 
 .299 
 
 1237. 
 
 4-4 
 
 .488 
 
 576. 
 
 .444 
 
 697. 
 
 .407 
 
 829. 
 
 .375 
 
 973. 
 
 348 
 
 1129. 
 
 325 
 
 1296. 
 
 4.6 
 
 .529 
 
 602. 
 
 .482 
 
 728. 
 
 441 
 
 867. 
 
 .407 
 
 1017. 
 
 378 
 
 1180. 
 
 .353 
 
 1355. 
 
 4-8 
 
 .572 
 
 628. 
 
 .521 
 
 760. 
 
 .476 
 
 90S. 
 
 .440 
 
 1062. 
 
 .409 
 
 1231. 
 
 .381 
 
 1414. 
 
 5.0 
 
 .617 
 
 654. 
 
 .561 
 
 792. 
 
 513 
 
 942. 
 
 .474 
 
 1106. 
 
 440 
 
 1283. 
 
 .411 
 
 1472. 
 
 5-2 
 
 .662 
 
 680. 
 
 .602 
 
 823. 
 
 552 
 
 980. 
 
 .510 
 
 1150. 
 
 .473 
 
 1334 - 
 
 .441 
 
 1531. 
 
 5-4 
 
 .710 
 
 707. 
 
 645 
 
 855. 
 
 .591 
 
 1018. 
 
 .546 
 
 H94. 
 
 .507' 
 
 1385. 
 
 .473 
 
 1590. 
 
 5.6 
 
 758 
 
 733. 
 
 .690 
 
 887. 
 
 .632 
 
 1055- 
 
 .583 
 
 1239. 
 
 542 
 
 1437- 
 
 .506 
 
 1649. 
 
 5.8 
 
 .809 
 
 759. 
 
 .735 
 
 918. 
 
 .674 
 
 1093- 
 
 .622 
 
 1283. 
 
 .578 
 
 1488. 
 
 540 
 
 1708. 
 
 6.0 
 
 .861 
 
 785. 
 
 .782 
 
 950. 
 
 .717 
 
 H3I. 
 
 .662 
 
 1327. 
 
 .615 
 
 1539- 
 
 .574 
 
 1767. 
 
 7-0 
 
 1. 143 
 
 916. 
 
 1.040 
 
 1109. 
 
 953 
 
 1319. 
 
 .879 
 
 1548. 
 
 .817 
 
 1796. 
 
 .762 
 
 2061. 
 
 
288 
 
 Loss of Head in Pipe by Friction 
 
 Loss of Head in Pipe by Friction (Concluded) 
 
 V 
 
 2.0 
 2.2 
 
 2.4 
 2.6 
 
 Inside diameter of pipe in inches 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 H 
 
 .073 
 .085 
 
 .100 
 
 .115 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 .061 
 .072 
 .084 
 .097 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 1325. 
 1456. 
 1590. 
 
 1721. 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 712. 
 785. 
 855. 
 927. 
 
 .066 
 .078 
 .091 
 .104 
 
 848. 
 933- 
 1018. 
 
 IIOO. 
 
 995- 
 1094. 
 1194- 
 1294. 
 
 .057 
 .067 
 .079 
 .090 
 
 1155. 
 1270. 
 
 1385. 
 
 1500. 
 
 .053 
 .063 
 
 073 
 .084 
 
 .050 
 .059 
 .069 
 .079 
 
 1508. 
 1658. 
 1809. 
 1960. 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.0 
 3.2 
 3.4 
 
 .131 
 .148 
 .167 
 .186 
 
 IOOO. 
 
 1070. 
 1140. 
 
 1210. 
 
 .119 
 .135 
 .152 
 .169 
 
 1188. 
 1273. 
 1367. 
 1442. 
 
 .in 
 .125 
 .141 
 .157 
 
 1394- 
 1492. 
 1591. 
 1690. 
 
 .103 
 .117 
 .131 
 .146 
 
 1617. 
 
 1730. 
 1845. 
 
 1961. 
 
 .096 
 .109 
 
 .122 
 .136 
 
 1855. 
 1987. 
 
 2I2O. 
 2250. 
 
 .090 
 
 .102 
 
 .115 
 .128 
 
 21 10. 
 2260. 
 2410. 
 2560. 
 
 3.6 
 
 3-8 
 4.o 
 4.2 
 
 .206 
 .226 
 .248 
 .270 
 
 1282. 
 1355- 
 1425. 
 1495- 
 
 .188 
 .207 
 .228 
 .249 
 
 1527. 
 1612. 
 1697. 
 1782. 
 
 .174 
 .191 
 
 .210 
 .229 
 
 1790. 
 1891. 
 1990. 
 2091. 
 
 .162 
 .178 
 .195 
 .213 
 
 2079. 
 
 2190. 
 2310. 
 2422. 
 
 .151 
 .166 
 .182 
 .198 
 
 2382. 
 2515. 
 2650. 
 2780. 
 
 .142 
 .156 
 .171 
 .186 
 
 2715. 
 2865. 
 3016. 
 3165. 
 
 4-4 
 4-6 
 4.8 
 S.o 
 
 .295 
 .321 
 .346 
 .374 
 
 1568. 
 1640. 
 I7IO. 
 1780. 
 
 .271 
 .294 
 .318 
 .342 
 
 1866. 
 1951. 
 2036. 
 
 2121. 
 
 .250 
 .271 
 .293 
 .316 
 
 2190. 
 2290. 
 2389. 
 2490. 
 
 .232 
 
 .252 
 
 .270 
 294 
 
 2540. 
 2658. 
 2770. 
 2885. 
 
 .216 
 
 .235 
 .254 
 .273 
 
 2910. 
 3045. 
 3180. 
 
 3310. 
 
 .203 
 
 .220 
 .238 
 .256 
 
 3318. 
 3470. 
 3619. 
 3770. 
 
 5.2 
 5-4 
 5.6 
 5.8 
 
 .403 
 430 
 453 
 495 
 
 1852. 
 1922. 
 1995- 
 2065. 
 
 .368 
 .394 
 .421 
 .450 
 
 2206. 
 2291. 
 2376. 
 2460. 
 
 342 
 .364 
 .393 
 .419 
 
 2590. 
 2689. 
 2790. 
 2886. 
 
 .317 
 .338 
 .374 
 .389 
 
 3000. 
 3II5- 
 3230. 
 3348. 
 
 .296 
 .315 
 .340 
 .363 
 
 3442. 
 3578. 
 37io. 
 3840. 
 
 .278 
 .295 
 .319 
 .340 
 
 3920. 
 4071. 
 4222. 
 
 4373. 
 
 6.0 
 7.o 
 
 .520 
 .693 
 
 2I4O. 
 2495- 
 
 479 
 .636 
 
 2545. 
 2968. 
 
 .441 
 .586 
 
 2986. 
 
 3484. 
 
 .408 
 .545 
 
 346i. 
 4030. 
 
 .382 
 .509 
 
 3970. 
 4638. 
 
 .358 
 .476 
 
 4524. 
 5277. 
 
 The above table is based on Cox's reconstruction of Weisbach's 
 formula, using the denominator 1000 instead of 1200, to be on the safe 
 side, allowing 20% for the loss of head due to the laps and rivet -heads 
 in the pipe. Cox's formula, using the denominator 1 200, is given below. 
 
 Example. Given 200 feet head and 600 feet of n-inch pipe, carry- 
 ing 119 cubic feet of water per minute. To find the effective head: In 
 right-hand column, under n-inch pipe, find 119 cubic feet; opposite this 
 will be found the loss by friction in 100 feet of length for this amount 
 of water, which is 0.44. Multiply this by the number of hundred feet 
 of pipe, which is 6, and we have 2.64 feet, which is the loss of head. 
 Therefore the effective head is 200 2.64= 197.36. 
 
 Explanation. The loss of head by friction in a pipe depends not 
 only upon diameter and length, but upon the quantity of water passed 
 through it. The head or pressure is what would be indicated by a 
 pressure-gage attached to the pipe near the outlet. Readings of gage 
 should be taken while the water is flowing from the nozzle. 
 
 To reduce heads in feet to pressure in pounds multiply by 0.433. To 
 reduce pounds pressure to feet multiply by 2.309. 
 
Cox's Formula 289 
 
 Cox's Formula. (Kent's Mec 
 Weisbach's formula for loss of heac 
 pipes is as follows: 
 
 Friction-head = ( o.oi; 
 
 hanical Engineers' Pocket Book.) 
 I caused by the friction of water in 
 
 0.01716^ / v* 
 
 Vv / 5-367 <*' 
 
 
 where / = length of pipe in feet; 
 v = velocity of the water in feet per second; 
 d diameter of pipe in inches. 
 
 William Cox (Amer. Mach., Dec 
 which gives almost identical results 
 
 H = friction-head in f( 
 
 . 28, 1893) gives a sim 
 
 pier formula 
 d) 
 
 d 1200 
 
 He gives a table by i 
 once obtained when v is 
 
 Hd 4 z) 2 + 5 v 2 
 
 (2) 
 
 I 
 neans of w' 
 known, anc 
 
 Values of - 
 
 1200 
 
 lich the val 
 vice versa. 
 
 1200 
 
 1 200 
 
 v 
 
 0.0 
 
 O.I 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 .00583 
 
 .02000 
 
 .04083 
 .06833 
 
 .00695 
 .02178 
 .04328 
 .07145 
 
 .00813 
 .02363 
 .04580 
 .07463 
 
 .00938 
 
 .02555 
 .04838 
 .07788 
 
 .01070 
 .02753 
 .05103 
 .08120 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 . 10250 
 . 14333 
 .19083 
 .24500 
 
 . 10628 
 . 14778 
 . 19595 
 . 25078 
 
 . 11013 
 . 15230 
 .20113 
 .25663 
 
 .11405 
 .15688 
 .20638 
 .26255 
 
 .11803 
 . 16153 
 .21170 
 .26853 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 .30583 
 
 .37333 
 .44750 
 .52833 
 
 .31228 
 .38045 
 .45528 
 .53678 
 
 .31880 
 .38763 
 .46313 
 .54530 
 
 .32538 
 39488 
 .47105 
 .55388 
 
 .33203 
 .40220 
 .47903 
 .56253 
 
 13 
 14 
 IS 
 16 
 
 .61583 
 .71000 
 .81083 
 .91833 
 
 .62495 
 . 71978 
 .82128 
 .92945 
 
 .63413 
 .72963 
 .83180 
 .94063 
 
 .64338 
 73955 
 .84238 
 .95188 
 
 .65270 
 .74953 
 .85303 
 .96320 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 1.03250 
 I. 15333 
 1.28083 
 1.41500 
 
 1.04428 
 I . 16578 
 I 29395 
 I . 42878 
 
 1.05613 
 I . 17830 
 I.307I3 
 1.44263 
 
 1.06805 
 1.19088 
 1.32038 
 1.45655 
 
 1.08003 
 1.20353 
 1.33370 
 1.47053 
 
 21 
 
 1.55583 
 
 1.57028 
 
 1.58480 
 
 1.59938 
 
 1.61403 
 
 
290 
 
 Cox's Formula 
 
 V 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.9 
 
 I 
 
 .01208 
 
 .01353 
 
 .01505 
 
 .01663 
 
 .01828 
 
 2 
 
 .02958 
 
 .03170 
 
 .03388 
 
 .03613 
 
 .03845 
 
 3 
 
 .05375 
 
 .05653 
 
 .05938 
 
 .06230 
 
 .06528 
 
 4 
 
 .08458 
 
 .08803 
 
 .09155 
 
 .09513 
 
 .09878 
 
 5 
 
 .12208 
 
 . 12620 
 
 . 13038 
 
 . 13463 
 
 . 13895 
 
 6 
 
 . 16625 
 
 . 17103 
 
 .17588 
 
 . 18080 
 
 . 18578 
 
 7 
 
 .21708 
 
 .22253 
 
 .22805 
 
 . 22363 
 
 .23928 
 
 8 
 
 .27458 
 
 .28070 
 
 .28688 
 
 .29313 
 
 .29945 
 
 9 
 
 .33875 
 
 .34553 
 
 .35238 
 
 35930 
 
 .36628 
 
 10 
 
 .40958 
 
 .41703 
 
 .42455 
 
 -432I3 
 
 43978 
 
 ii 
 
 .48708 
 
 .49520 
 
 .50338 
 
 .51163 
 
 .51995 
 
 12 
 
 .57125 
 
 .58003 
 
 .58888 
 
 .5978o 
 
 .60678 
 
 13 
 
 .66208 
 
 .67153 
 
 .68105 
 
 .69063 
 
 .70028 
 
 14 
 
 .75958 
 
 .76970 
 
 77988 
 
 .79013 
 
 .80045 
 
 IS 
 
 .86375 
 
 .87453 
 
 .88538 
 
 .89630 
 
 .90728 
 
 16 
 
 .97458 
 
 .98603 
 
 99755 
 
 1.00913 
 
 1.02078 
 
 17 
 
 1.09208 
 
 I . 10420 
 
 1.11638 
 
 i . 12863 
 
 i . 14095 
 
 18 
 
 i . 21625 
 
 I . 22903 
 
 1.24188 
 
 i . 25480 
 
 I . 26778 
 
 19 
 
 1.34708 
 
 1.36053 
 
 1.37405 
 
 1.38763 
 
 I . 40128 
 
 20 
 
 1.48458 
 
 I . 49870 
 
 1.51288 
 
 i 52713 
 
 I.54I45 
 
 21 
 
 i . 62875 
 
 I - 64353 
 
 i 65838 
 
 i 67330 
 
 i 68828 
 
 The use of the formula and table is illustrated as follows: 
 
 Given a pipe 5 inches diameter and 1000 feet long, with 49 feet head, 
 
 what will the discharge be? 
 
 If the velocity v is known in feet per second, the discharge is 0.32725 
 
 d z v cubic foot per minute. 
 
 -D , x 4 a 2 + 5 - 2 Hd 49 X 5 
 
 By equation (2) we have = = = 0.245; 
 
 1200 / 1000 
 
 whence, by table, v = real velocity = 8 feet per second. 
 
 The discharge in cubic feet per minute, if v is velocity in feet per 
 second and d diameter in inches, is 0.32725 d z v, whence, discharge = 
 0.32725 X 25 X 8 = 65.45 cubic feet per minute. 
 
 The velocity due to the head, if there were no friction, is 8.025 V H 
 = 56.175 feet per second, and the discharge at that velocity would be 
 0.32725 X 25 X 56.175 = 460 cubic feet per minute. 
 
 Suppose it is required to deliver this amount, 460 cubic feet, at a 
 velocity of 2 feet per second; what diameter of pipe of the same length 
 and under the same head will be required and what will be the loss of 
 head by friction? 
 
 d = diameter = \ = \ ; = V 703 = 26.5 inches. 
 
 vX 0.32725 
 
 2 X 0.32725 
 
 Having now the diameter, the velocity, and the discharge, the friction- 
 head is calculated by equation (i) and use of the table; thus, 
 
 H-- 
 
 - X 0.02 = 
 
 - = 0.75 foot, 
 
 s 1200 26.5 " 26.5 
 
 thus leaving 49 0.75 = say 48 feet effective head applicable to power- 
 producing purposes. 
 
Measurement of Flowing Water 291 
 
 MEASUREMENT OF FLOWING WATER 
 
 (From Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket Book.) 
 
 Piezometer. If a vertical or oblique tube be inserted into a pipe con- 
 taining water under pressure, the water will rise in the former, and the 
 vertical height to which it rises will be the head producing the pressure 
 at the point where the tube is attached. Such a tube is called a piezom- 
 eter or pressure measure. If the water in the piezometer falls below 
 its proper level it shows that the pressure in the main pipe has been 
 reduced by an obstruction between the piezometer and the reservoir. 
 If the water rises above its proper level it indicates that the pressure 
 there has been increased by an obstruction beyond the piezometer. 
 
 If we imagine a pipe full of water to be provided with a number of 
 piezometers, then a line joining the tops of the columns of water in them 
 is the hydraulic grade-line. 
 
 Pitot Tube. The Pitot tube is used for measuring the velocity of 
 fluids in motion. It has been used with great success in measuring the 
 flow of natural gas. (S. W. Robinson, Report Ohio Geol. Survey, 1890.) 
 (See also Van Nostrand's Mag., Vol. XXXV.) It is simply a tube so 
 bent that a short leg extends into the current of fluid flowing from a 
 tube, with the plane of the entering orifice opposed at right angles to 
 the direction of the current. The pressure caused by the impact of 
 the current is transmitted through the tube to a pressure-gage of any 
 kind, such as a column of water or of mercury, or a Bourdon spring- 
 gage. From the pressure thus indicated and the known density and 
 temperature of the flowing fluid is obtained the head corresponding to 
 the pressure, and from this the velocity. In a modification of the Pitot 
 tube described by Professor Robinson, there are two tubes inserted into 
 the pipe conveying the gas, one of which has the plane of the orifice at 
 right angles to the current, to receive the static pressure plus the pressure 
 due to impact; the other has the plane of its orifice parallel to the current 
 so as to receive the static pressure only. These tubes are connected to 
 the legs of a U tube partly filled with mercury, which then registers the 
 difference in pressure in the two tubes, from which the velocity may 
 be calculated. Comparative tests of Pitot tubes with gas-meters, for 
 measurement of the flow of natural gas, have shown an agreement within 
 3%. 
 
 It appears from experiments made by W. M. White, described in a 
 paper before the Louisiana Eng'g Socy., 1901, by Williams, Hubbell and 
 Fenkel (Trans. A. S. C. E., 1901), and by W. B. Gregory (Trans. A. S. 
 M. E., 1903), that in the formula for the Pitot tube, V = c V 2 gH, in 
 which V is the velocity of the current in feet per second, H the head in 
 feet of the fluid corresponding to the pressure measured by the tube, 
 and c an experimental coefficient, c = i when the plane at the point of 
 the tube is exactly at right angles with the direction of the current, and 
 when the static pressure is correctly measured. The total pressure 
 produced by a jet striking an extended plane surface at right angles to 
 
292 Measurement of Flowing Water 
 
 it, and escaping parallel to the plate, equals twice the product of the 
 area of the jet into the pressure calculated from the "head due to the 
 
 yt v 2 
 
 velocity," and for this case H = 2 X , instead of ; but as found 
 
 2g 2g 
 
 in White's experiments the maximum pressure at the point on the plate 
 
 V 2 
 exactly opposite the jet corresponds to h = . Experiments made 
 
 2 g 
 
 with four different shapes of nozzles placed under the center of a falling 
 stream of water showed that the pressure produced was capable of sus- 
 taining a column of water almost exactly equal to the height of the falling 
 water. 
 
 Tests by J. A. Knesche (Indust. Eng'g, Nov., 1909), in which a Pitot 
 tube was inserted in a 4-inch water pipe, gave C = about 0.77 for veloci- 
 ties of 2.5 to 8 feet per second, and smaller values for lower velocities. 
 He holds that the coefficient of a tube should be determined by experi- 
 ment before its readings can be considered accurate. 
 
 Maximum and Mean Velocities in Pipes. Williams, Hubbell and 
 Fenkel (Trans. A. S. C. E., 1901) found a ratio of 0.84 between the 
 mean and the maximum velocities of water flowing in closed circular 
 conduits, under normal conditions, at ordinary velocities; whereby 
 observations of velocity taken at the center under such conditions, with 
 a properly rated Pitot tube, may be relied on to give results within 
 3% of correctness. 
 
 The Venturi Meter, invented by Clemens Herschel, and described 
 in a pamphlet issued by the Builders' Iron Foundry of Providence, R. I., 
 is named for Venturi, who first called attention, in 1796, to the relation 
 between the velocities and pressures of fluids when flowing through 
 converging and diverging tubes. It consists of two parts, the tube, 
 through which the water flows, and the recorder, which registers the 
 quantity of water that passes through the tube. The tube takes the 
 shape of two truncated cones joined in their smallest diameters by a 
 short throat-piece. At the up-stream end and at the throat there are 
 pressure-chambers, at which points the pressures are taken. 
 
 The action of the tube is based on that property which causes the 
 small section of a gently expanding frustum of a cone to receive, with- 
 out material resultant loss of head, as much water at the smallest diam- 
 eter as is discharged at the large end, and on that further property 
 which causes the pressure of the water flowing through the throat to be 
 less, by virtue of its greater velocity, than the pressure at the up-stream 
 end of the tube, each pressure being at the same time a function of the 
 velocity at that point and of the hydrostatic pressure which would 
 obtain were the water motionless within the pipe. 
 
 The recorder is connected with the tube by pressure-pipes which lead 
 to it from the chambers surrounding the up-stream end and the throat 
 of the tube. It may be placed in any convenient position within 
 1000 feet of the meter. It is operated by a weight and clockwork. The 
 difference of pressure or head at the entrance and at the throat of the 
 
Measurement by Venturi Tubes 293 
 
 meter is balanced in the recorder by the difference of level in two columns 
 of mercury in cylindrical receivers, one within the other. The inner 
 carries a float, the position of which is indicative of the quantity of water 
 flowing through the tube. By its rise and fall the float varies the time 
 of contact between an integrating drum and the counters by which the 
 successive readings are registered. 
 
 There is no limit to the sizes of the meters nor the quantity of water 
 that may be measured. Meters with 24-inch, 36-inch, 48-inch, and 
 even 2o-foot tubes can be readily made. 
 
 Measurement by Venturi Tubes (Trans. A. S. C. E., Nov., 1887, 
 and Jan., 1888). Mr. Herschel recommends the use of a Venturi tube, 
 inserted in the force main of the pumping engine, for determining the 
 quantity of water discharged. Such a tube applied to a 24-inch main 
 has a total length of about 20 feet. At a distance of 4 feet from the 
 end nearest the engine the inside diameter of the tube is contracted to 
 a throat having a diameter of about 8 inches. A pressure gage is attached 
 to each of two chambers, the one surrounding and communicating with 
 the entrance or main pipe, the other with the throat. According to 
 experiments made upon two tubes of this kind, one 4 inches in diameter 
 at the throat and 12 inches at the entrance, and the other about 36 
 inches in diameter at the throat and 9 feet at its entrance, the quantity 
 of water which passes through the tube is very nearly the theoretical 
 discharge through an opening having an area equal to that of the throat, 
 and a velocity which is that due to the difference in head shown by the 
 two gages. Mr. Herschel states that the coefficient for these two widely 
 varying sizes of tubes, and for a wide range of velocity through the pipe, 
 was found to be within 2%, either way, of 98%. In other words, the 
 quantity of water flowing through the tube per second is expressed within 
 two per cent by the formula W = 0.98 A V 2 gh, in which A is the 
 area of the throat of the tube, h the head, in feet, corresponding to the 
 difference in the pressure of the water entering the tube and that found 
 at the throat, and g =32.16. 
 
 Measurement of Discharge of Pumping Engines by Means of 
 Nozzles (Trans. A. S. M. E., Vol. XII, 575). The measurement of 
 water by computation from its discharge through orifices, or through 
 the nozzles of fire hose, furnishes a means of determining the quantity 
 of water delivered by a pumping engine, which can be applied without 
 much difficulty. John R. Freeman (Trans. A. S. C. E., Nov., 1889) 
 describes a series of experiments covering a wide range of pressures and 
 sizes, and the results show that the coefficient of discharge for a smooth 
 nozzle of ordinary good form was within one-half of i%, either way, 
 of .977; the diameter of the nozzle being accurately calipered, and the 
 pressures being determined by means of an accurate gage attached to a 
 suitable piezometer at the base of the play-pipe. 
 
 In order to use this method for determining the quantity of water 
 discharged by a pumping engine, it would be necessary to provide a 
 pressure-box to which the water would be conducted, and attach to the 
 
294 The Miner's Inch 
 
 box as many nozzles as would be required to carry off the water. Accord- 
 ing to Mr. Freeman's estimate, four i^-inch nozzles, thus connected, 
 with a pressure of 80 pounds per square inch, would discharge the full 
 capacity of a 2V-million engine. He also suggests the use of a port- 
 able apparatus with a single opening for discharge, consisting essentially 
 of a Siamese nozzle, so-called, the water being carried to it by three or 
 more lines of fire hose. 
 
 To insure reliability for these measurements, it is necessary that the 
 shut-off valve in the force-main, or the several shut-off valves, should be 
 tight, so that all the water discharged by the engine may pass through 
 the nozzles. 
 
 THE MINER'S INCH 
 
 (From Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics.) 
 
 The miner's inch may be roughly defined to be the quantity of water 
 which will flow from a vertical standard orifice one inch square, when 
 the head on the center of the orifice is 6 l /2 inches. The coefficient of 
 discharge is about 0.623, and accordingly the actual discharge from the 
 orifice in cubic feet per second is 
 
 . 
 q = - X 0.623 X 8.02 i/ = 0.0255, 
 
 and the discharge in one minute is 60X0.0255=1.53 cubic feet. 
 The mean value of one miner's inch is therefore about 1.5 cubic feet per 
 minute. 
 
 The actual value of the miner's inch, however, differs considerably 
 in different localities. Bowie states that in different counties of Cali- 
 fornia it ranges from 1.20 to 1.76 cubic feet per minute The reason 
 for these variations is due to the fact that when water is bought for 
 mining or irrigating purposes, a much larger quantity than one miner's 
 inch is required, and hence larger orifices than one square inch are 
 needed. Thus at Smartsville, a vertical orifice or module, 4 inches deep 
 and 250 inches long, with a head of 7 inches above the top edge, is said to 
 furnish 1000 miner's inches. Again at Columbia Hill, a module 12 inches 
 deep and 12% inches wide, with a head of 6 inches above the upper edge, 
 is said to furnish 200 miner's inches. In Montana the customary method 
 of measurement is through a vertical rectangle, one inch deep, with a 
 head on the center of the orifice of 4 inches, and the number of miner's 
 niches is said to be the same as the number of linear inches in the rec- 
 tangle; thus under the given head an orifice one inch deep and 60 inches 
 long would furnish 60 miner's inches. The discharge of this is said to 
 be about 1.25 cubic feet per minute, or 75 cubic feet per hour. 
 
 The following are the values of the miner's inch in different parts 
 of the Unites States. In California and Montana it is established by 
 law that 40 miner's inches shall be the equivalent of one cubic foot per 
 second, and in Colorado 38.4 miner's inches is the equivalent. In 
 
The Miner's Inch 295 
 
 other States and Territories there is no legal value, but by common 
 agreement 50 miner's inches is the equivalent of one cubic foot per 
 second in Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah; this makes the miner's 
 inch equal to 1.2 cubic feet per minute. 
 
 A module is an orifice which is used in selling water, and which under 
 a constant head is to furnish a given number of miner's inches, or a 
 given quantity per second. The size and proportions of modules vary 
 greatly in different localities, but in all cases the important feature to 
 be observed is that the head should be maintained nearly constant in 
 order that the consumer may receive the amount of water for which 
 he bargains and no more. 
 
 The simplest method of maintaining a constant head is by placing 
 the module in a chamber which is provided with a gate that regulates 
 the entrance of water from the main reservoir or canal. This gate is 
 raised or lowered by an inspector once or twice a day so as to keep the 
 surface of the water in the chamber at a given mark. This plan is a 
 costly one, on account of the wages of the inspector, except in works 
 where many modules are used and where a daily inspection is necessary 
 in any event, and it is not well adapted to cases where there are frequent 
 and considerable fluctuations in the surface of the water in the feeding 
 canal. 
 
 Numerous methods have been devised to secure a constant head by 
 automatic appliances; for instance, the gate which admits water into 
 the chamber may be made to rise and fall by means of a float upon the 
 surface; the module itself may be made to decrease in size when the 
 water rises, and to increase when it falls, by a gate or by a tapering plug 
 which moves in and out and whose motion is controlled by a float. 
 These self-acting contrivances, however, are liable to get out of order, 
 and require to be inspected more or less frequently. Another method 
 is to have the water flow over the crest of a weir as soon as it reaches 
 a certain height. 
 
 The use of the miner's inch, or of a module, as a standard for selling 
 water, is awkward and confusing, and for the sake of uniformity it 
 is greatly to be desired that water should always be bought and sold 
 by the cubic foot per second. Only in this way can comparison readily 
 be made, and the consumer be sure of obtaining exact value for his 
 money. 
 
 The cut, Fig. 129, shows the form of measuring-box ordinarily used, 
 and the following table gives the discharge in cubic feet per minute 
 of a miner's inch of water, as measured under the various heads and 
 different lengths and heights of apertures used in California. 
 
296 
 
 The Miner's Inch 
 
 Fig. 129. Miner's Inch Measuring Box 
 
 Miner's Inch Measurements 
 
 (Pelton Water Wheel Company.) 
 
 Length of 
 opening 
 in inches 
 
 Opening 2 inches high 
 
 Opening 4 inches high 
 
 Head to 
 center, 
 5 inches 
 
 Head to 
 center, 
 6 inches 
 
 Head to 
 center, 
 7 inches 
 
 Head to 
 center, 
 5 inches 
 
 Head to 
 center, 
 6 inches 
 
 Head to 
 center, 
 7 inches 
 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 4 
 
 -348 
 
 473 
 
 .589 
 
 .320 .450 
 
 1-570 
 
 6 
 
 355 
 
 .480 
 
 .596 
 
 .336 
 
 .470 
 
 1-595 
 
 8 
 
 .359 
 
 .484 
 
 .600 
 
 344 
 
 .481 
 
 .608 
 
 10 
 
 .361 
 
 .485 
 
 .602 
 
 349 
 
 .487 
 
 .615 
 
 12 
 
 .363 
 
 487 
 
 .604 
 
 352 
 
 491 
 
 .620 
 
 14 
 
 .364 
 
 .488 
 
 .604 
 
 354 
 
 494 
 
 .623 
 
 16 
 
 .365 
 
 .489 
 
 .605 
 
 .356 
 
 .496 
 
 .626 
 
 18 
 
 .365 
 
 .489 
 
 .606 
 
 357 
 
 .498 
 
 .628 
 
 20 
 
 .365 
 
 .490 
 
 .606 
 
 359 
 
 499 
 
 .630 
 
 22 
 
 .366 
 
 .490 
 
 .607 
 
 359 
 
 .500 
 
 .631 
 
 24 
 
 .366 
 
 490 
 
 .607 
 
 .360 
 
 .501 
 
 .632 
 
 26 
 
 .366 
 
 490 
 
 .607 
 
 .361 
 
 .502 
 
 .633 
 
 28 
 
 .367 
 
 .491 
 
 .607 
 
 .361 
 
 503 
 
 .634 
 
 30 
 
 .367 
 
 491 
 
 .608 
 
 .362 
 
 .503 
 
 .635 
 
 40 
 
 .367 
 
 .492 
 
 .608 
 
 .363 
 
 .505 
 
 .637 
 
 50 
 
 .368 
 
 493 
 
 .609 
 
 .364 
 
 .507 
 
 .639 
 
 60 
 
 .368 
 
 493 
 
 .609 
 
 .365 
 
 .508 
 
 .640 
 
 70 
 
 .368 
 
 493 
 
 .609 
 
 .365 
 
 .508 
 
 .641 
 
 80 
 
 .368 
 
 493 
 
 .609 
 
 .366 
 
 .509 
 
 .641 
 
 90 
 
 .369 
 
 493 
 
 .610 
 
 .366 
 
 509 
 
 .641 
 
 100 
 
 1.369 
 
 1.494 
 
 1.610 
 
 1.366 
 
 1.509 
 
 1.642 
 
Water Power 297 
 
 WATEE POWER 
 
 (From Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket Book.) 
 
 Power of a Fall of Water Efficiency. The gross power of a 
 fall of water is the product of the weight of water discharged in a unit 
 of time into the total head, i.e., the difference of vertical elevation of 
 the upper surface of the water at the points where the fall in question 
 begins and ends. The term "head" used in connection with water- 
 wheels is the difference in height from the surface of the water in the 
 wheel-pit to the surface in the penstock when the wheel is running. 
 
 If Q = cubic feet of water discharged per second, D = weight of a 
 cubic foot of water = 62.36 pounds at 60 F., H = total head in feet; 
 then 
 
 DQH = gross power in foot-pounds per second, 
 
 and 
 
 DQH -r- 550 = 0.1134 QH = gross horse-power. 
 
 If Q' is taken in cubic feet per minute, 
 
 33000 
 
 A water-wheel or motor of any kind cannot utilize the whole of the 
 head H, since there are losses of head at both the entrance to and the 
 exit from the wheel. There are also losses of energy due to friction of 
 the water in its passage through the wheel. The ratio of the power 
 developed by the wheel to the gross power of the fall is the efficiency of 
 
 O'H 
 
 the wheel. For 75% efficiency, net horse-power = 0.00142 Q'H = 
 
 706 
 
 A head of water can be made use of in one or other of the following 
 ways, viz.: 
 
 First. By its weight, as in the water-balance and in the overshot 
 wheel. 
 
 Second. By its pressure, as in turbines and in the hydraulic engine, 
 hydraulic press, crane, etc. 
 
 Third. By its impulse, as in the undershot wheel, and in the Pelton 
 wheel. 
 
 Fourth. By a combination of the above. 
 
 Horse-power of a Running Stream. The gross horse-power is 
 H.P. = QHX 62.36-;- 550= o.i 134 QH, in which Q is the discharge 
 in cubic feet per second actually impinging on the float or bucket, and 
 
 tf iP 
 H = theoretical head due to the velocity of the stream = = - 
 
 2 g 644 
 
 in which v is the velocity in feet per second. If Q' be taken in cubic 
 feet per minute H.P. = 0.00189 Q'H . 
 
 Thus, if the floats of an undershot wheel driven by a current alone 
 be 5 feet X i foot, and the velocity of stream =210 feet per minute, 
 
298 Bernoulli's Theorem 
 
 or sV2 feet per second, of which the theoretical head is 0.19 feet, Q = 
 5 square feetx 210= 1050 cubic feet per minute; H.P. = 1050X0.19 
 X 0.00189 = 0.377 H.P. 
 
 The wheels would realize only about 0.4 of this power, on account of 
 friction and slip, or 0.151 H.P., or about 0.03 H.P. per square foot of 
 float, which is equivalent to 33 square feet of float per H.P. 
 
 Current Motors. A current motor could only utilize the whole 
 power of a running stream if it could take all the velocity out of the 
 water, so that it would leave the floats or buckets with no velocity at 
 all; or in other words, it would require the backing up of the whole 
 volume of the stream until the actual head was equivalent to the theo- 
 retical head due to the velocity of the stream. As but a small fraction 
 of the velocity of the stream can be taken up by a current motor, its 
 efficiency is very small. Current motors may be used to obtain small 
 amounts of power from large streams, but for large powers they are not 
 practicable. 
 
 Bernoulli's Theorem. Energy of Water Flowing in a Tube. 
 
 The head due to the velocity is ; the head due to the pressure is - J 
 
 2 g W 
 
 the head due to actual height above the datum plane is h feet. The 
 
 tf f 
 
 total head is the sum of these = \-h + - , in feet, in which v = 
 
 2 g W 
 
 velocity in feet per second, /= pressure in pounds per square foot, 
 w= weight of i cubic foot of water = 62.36 pounds. If p = pressure 
 
 in pounds per square inch - = 2.309 p. If a constant quantity of water 
 
 w 
 
 is flowing through a tube in a given time, the velocity varying at differ- 
 ent points on account of changes in the diameter, the energy remains 
 constant (loss by friction excepted) and the sum of the three heads is 
 constant, the pressure head increasing as the velocity decreases, and 
 vice versa. This principle is known as "Bernoulli's Theorem." 
 
 In hydraulic transmission the velocity and the height above datum 
 are usually small compared with the pressure-head. The work or energy 
 of a given quantity of water under pressure its volume in cubic feet 
 X its pressure in pounds per square foot; or if Q = quantity in cubic 
 feet per second, and p = pressure in pounds per square inch, W = 
 
 144 pQ and the H.P. = * 44 ^ = 0.2618 pQ. 
 55 
 
Water Power Tables 299 
 
 Table for Calculating the Horse-power of Water Heads 
 
 (Pelton Water Wheel Company.) 
 
 The following table gives the horse-power of i cubic foot of water 
 per minute under heads from i up to 2100 feet. 
 
 Heads 
 in feet 
 
 Horse- 
 power 
 
 Heads 
 in feet 
 
 Horse- 
 power 
 
 Heads 
 in feet 
 
 Horse- 
 power 
 
 Heads 
 in feet 
 
 Horse- 
 power 
 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 .0016098 
 .032196 
 .048294 
 .064392 
 
 220 
 
 230 
 240 
 250 
 
 .354156 
 .370254 
 .386352 
 .402450 
 
 430 
 440 
 450 
 460 
 
 .692214 
 .708312 
 .724410 
 .740508 
 
 1050 
 
 1 100 
 
 1150 
 
 1200 
 
 1.690290 
 1.770780 
 1.851270 
 1.931760 
 
 So 
 60 
 70 
 80 
 
 .080490 
 .096588 
 .112686 
 . 128784 
 
 260 
 270 
 280 
 290 
 
 .418548 
 .434646 
 .450744 
 .466842 
 
 470 
 480 
 490 
 500 
 
 .756606 
 
 .772704 
 .788802 
 .804900 
 
 1250 
 1300 
 1350 
 
 1400 
 
 2.012250 
 2.092740 
 2.173230 
 2.253720 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 no 
 
 120 
 
 . 144882 
 . 160980 
 . 177078 
 I93I76 
 
 300 
 3io 
 320 
 330 
 
 . 482940 
 .499038 
 .515136 
 .531234 
 
 520 
 540 
 560 
 58o 
 
 .837096 
 .869292 
 .901488 
 .933684 
 
 1450 
 1500 
 1550 
 1600 
 
 2.334210 
 2.414700 
 2.495190 
 2.57568o 
 
 130 
 
 140 
 ISO 
 160 
 
 . 209274 
 . 225372 
 . 241470 
 .257568 
 
 340 
 350 
 360 
 370 
 
 .547332 
 .563430 
 .579528 
 .595626 
 
 600 
 650 
 700 
 750 
 
 .965880 
 1.046370 
 i . 126860 
 1.207350 
 
 1650 
 1700 
 1750 
 1800 
 
 2.656170 
 2.736660 
 2.817150 
 2.897640 
 
 170 
 180 
 190 
 200 
 
 210 
 
 .273666 
 .289764 
 .305862 
 .321960 
 .338058 
 
 380 
 390 
 
 400 
 410 
 .420 
 
 .611724 
 .627822 
 . 643920 
 .660018 
 .676116 
 
 800 
 850 
 900 
 950 
 
 IOOO 
 
 1.287840 
 1.368330 
 i . 448820 
 1.529310 
 1.609800 
 
 1850 
 1900 
 
 1950 
 
 2000 
 2100 
 
 2.978130 
 3.058620 
 3.I39HO 
 3.219600 
 3.380580 
 
 When the Exact Head is Found hi Above Table 
 
 Example; Have loo-foot head and 50 cubic feet of water per minute. 
 How many horse-power? 
 By reference to the above table the horse-power of each cubic foot 
 under zoo-foot head will be found to be .16098. This amount multi- 
 plied by the number of cubic feet per minute, 50, will give 8.05 horse- 
 power. 
 
 When Exact Head is Not Found in Table 
 
 Take the horse-power of i cubic foot per minute under i-foot head, 
 and multiply by the number of cubic feet available, and then by the 
 number of feet head. The product will be the required horse-power. 
 Note; The above table is based upon an efficiency of 85 per cent. 
 
300 Gallons' and Cubic Feet 
 
 Gallons and Cubic Feet 
 
 United States Gallons in a Given Number of Cubic Feet 
 
 (i cubic foot = 7.480519 U. S. gallons; i gallon = 231 cubic inches = 0.13368056 
 
 cubic foot.) 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Gallons 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Gallons 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Gallons 
 
 O.I 
 
 0.75 
 
 50 
 
 374-0 
 
 8000 
 
 59844.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.50 
 
 60 
 
 448.8 
 
 9 ooo 
 
 67324.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 2.24 
 
 70 
 
 523-6 
 
 10 OOO 
 
 74805.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 2.99 
 
 80 
 
 598.4 
 
 20 000 
 
 149 610.4 
 
 o.S 
 
 3-74 
 
 90 
 
 673.2 
 
 30 ooo 
 
 224 415.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 4-49 
 
 100 
 
 748.1 
 
 40 ooo 
 
 299 220.8 
 
 0.7 
 
 5-24 
 
 200 
 
 i 496.1 
 
 50 ooo 
 
 374025.9 
 
 0.8 
 
 5.98 
 
 300 
 
 2244.2 
 
 60 ooo 
 
 448 831 . 1 
 
 0.9 
 
 6.73 
 
 400 
 
 2992.2 
 
 70000 
 
 523 636.3 
 
 I 
 
 7.48 
 
 500 
 
 3740.3 
 
 80 ooo 
 
 598441.5 
 
 2 
 
 14.96 
 
 600 
 
 4488.3 
 
 90000 
 
 673246.7 
 
 3 
 
 22.44 
 
 700 
 
 5236.4 
 
 IOOOOO 
 
 748051.9 
 
 4 
 
 29.92 
 
 800 
 
 5984.4 
 
 2OOOOO 
 
 I 496 103.8 
 
 5 
 
 37-40 
 
 900 
 
 6732.5 
 
 300000 
 
 2 244 155.7 
 
 6 
 
 44-88 
 
 IOOO 
 
 7480.5 
 
 400000 
 
 2 992 207.6 
 
 7 
 
 52.36 
 
 2OOO 
 
 14 961.0 
 
 500 ooo 
 
 3740259.5 
 
 8 
 
 59.84 
 
 3000 
 
 22 441 . 6 
 
 600000 
 
 44883H.4 
 
 9 
 
 67.32 
 
 4000 
 
 29922.1 
 
 700 ooo 
 
 5 236363.3 
 
 10 
 
 74-81 
 
 5000 
 
 37402.6 
 
 800000 
 
 5 984415.2 
 
 20 
 
 149-6 
 
 6000 
 
 44883.1 
 
 900000 
 
 6732467.1 
 
 30 
 
 224.4 
 
 7000 
 
 52363.6 
 
 I OOO OOO 
 
 7480519.0 
 
 40 
 
 299.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cubic Feet in a Given Number of Gallons 
 
 Gallons 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Gallons 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Gallons 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 i 
 
 .134 
 
 I OOO 
 
 I33-68I 
 
 I OOO OOO 
 
 133 680.6 
 
 2 
 
 .267 
 
 2 000 
 
 267.361 
 
 2 OOO OOO 
 
 267 361.1 
 
 3 
 
 .401 
 
 3000 
 
 401.042 
 
 3 ooo ooo 
 
 401041.7 
 
 4 
 
 .535 
 
 4 ooo 
 
 534-722 
 
 4 ooo ooo 
 
 534722.2 
 
 5 
 
 .668 
 
 5000 
 
 668.403 
 
 5 ooo ooo 
 
 668 402.8 
 
 6 
 
 .802 
 
 6 ooo 
 
 802.083 
 
 6 ooo ooo 
 
 802083.4 
 
 7 
 
 .936 
 
 7000 
 
 935 764 
 
 7 ooo ooo 
 
 935 763.9 
 
 8 
 
 1.069 
 
 8000 
 
 I 069 . 444 
 
 8 ooo ooo 
 
 1069444.5 
 
 9 
 
 1.203 
 
 9 ooo 
 
 I 203.125 
 
 9 ooo ooo 
 
 I 203 125.0 
 
 10 
 
 1.337 
 
 10 000 
 
 I 336.806 
 
 10 OOO 000 
 
 i 336805.6 
 
 Cubic Feet per Second, Gallons in 24 Hours, etc. 
 
 Cubic feet per second % i T 5472 2 . 2280 
 
 Cubic feet per minute.... i 60 92.834 133.681 
 
 U. S. gallons per minute. 7.480519 448.83 694.444 i ooo 
 U. S. gallons per 24 hours 10 771-95 646 317 I ooo ooo i 440 ooo 
 
 Pounds of water (at 62 F. ) 
 
 per mi 
 
 nute .... 62 355 
 
 3741-3 5788.65 8335.65 
 
 
Contents of Pipes and Cylinders 301 
 
 Contents in Cubic Feet and United States Gallons of Pipes and Cylinders 
 
 of Various Inside Diameters and One Foot in Length 
 
 (i gallon = 231 cubic inches, i cubic foot = 7.4805 gallons.) 
 
 b 
 
 For i ft. in length 
 
 j. 
 
 For i ft. in length 
 
 *j 
 
 For i ft. in length 
 
 * 1 
 
 Cubic 
 
 
 a! 
 
 Cubic 
 
 
 1LJ 
 
 Cubic 
 
 
 wl 
 
 rt 3 
 
 feet.also 
 
 U. S. 
 
 S' a ! 
 
 feet, also 
 
 U. S. 
 
 8;S*S 
 
 rt 2 
 
 feet, also 
 
 U. S. 
 
 3 f 
 
 area in 
 square 
 
 gallons 
 
 p 
 
 area in 
 square 
 
 gallons 
 
 5 ' 
 
 area in 
 square 
 
 gallons 
 
 
 feet 
 
 
 
 feet 
 
 
 
 feet 
 
 
 % 
 
 .0003 
 
 .0025 
 
 - 63/4 
 
 .2485 
 
 1.859 
 
 19 
 
 1.969 
 
 14-73 
 
 5 /4e 
 
 .0005 
 
 .0040 
 
 7 
 
 .2673 
 
 1.999 
 
 191/2 
 
 2.074 
 
 I5-5I 
 
 % 
 
 .0008 
 
 .0057 
 
 7i/4 
 
 .2867 
 
 2.145 
 
 20 
 
 2.182 
 
 16.32 
 
 %e 
 
 .0010 
 
 .0078 
 
 7V 2 
 
 .3068 
 
 2.295 
 
 201/2 
 
 2.292 
 
 17.15 
 
 % 
 
 .0014 
 
 .0102 
 
 7% 
 
 .3276 
 
 2.450 
 
 21 
 
 2.405 
 
 17-99 
 
 9 /16 
 
 .0017 
 
 .0129 
 
 8 
 
 3491 
 
 2.611 
 
 2iy 2 
 
 2.521 
 
 18.86 
 
 % 
 
 .0021 
 
 .0159 
 
 81/4 
 
 3712 
 
 2.777 
 
 22 
 
 2.640 
 
 19-75 
 
 !Vl6 
 
 .0026 
 
 .0193 
 
 81/2 
 
 3941 
 
 2.948 
 
 221/2 
 
 2.761 
 
 20.66 
 
 3 /4 
 
 .0031 
 
 .0230 
 
 8% 
 
 .4176 
 
 3-125 
 
 23 
 
 2.885 
 
 21.58 
 
 13 /16 
 
 .0036 
 
 .0269 
 
 9 
 
 .4418 
 
 3.305 
 
 23V 2 
 
 3-012 
 
 22.53 
 
 7 /8 
 
 .0042 
 
 .0312 
 
 9}4 
 
 .4667 
 
 3-491 
 
 24 
 
 3.142 
 
 23.50 
 
 15 /16 
 
 .0048 
 
 .0359 
 
 9V 2 
 
 .4922 
 
 3-682 
 
 25 
 
 3 409 
 
 25.50 
 
 I 
 
 .0055 
 
 .0408 
 
 9 3 /4 
 
 .5185 
 
 3.879 
 
 26 
 
 3-687 
 
 27.58 
 
 1% 
 
 .0085 
 
 .0638 
 
 10 
 
 .5454 
 
 4.080 
 
 27 
 
 3.976 
 
 29-74 
 
 iV 2 
 
 .0123 
 
 .0918 
 
 ioV 4 
 
 5730 
 
 4.286 
 
 28 
 
 4.276 
 
 31-99 
 
 1% 
 
 .0167 
 
 .1249 
 
 ioV 2 
 
 .6013 
 
 4.498 
 
 29 
 
 4.587 
 
 34-31 
 
 2 
 
 .0218 
 
 .1632 
 
 103/4 
 
 .6303 
 
 4-715 
 
 30 
 
 4.909 
 
 36.72 
 
 44 
 
 .0276 
 
 .2066 
 
 II 
 
 .6600 
 
 4-937 
 
 31 
 
 5-241 
 
 39-21 
 
 2V 2 
 
 .0341 
 
 .2550 
 
 Hl/4 
 
 .6903 
 
 5.164 
 
 32 
 
 5.585 
 
 41.78 
 
 23/4 
 
 .0412 
 
 .3085 
 
 nV 2 
 
 .7213 
 
 5.396 
 
 33 
 
 5-940 
 
 44-43 
 
 3 
 
 .0491 
 
 .3672 
 
 H 3 /4 
 
 7530 
 
 5.633 
 
 34 
 
 6.305 
 
 47-16 
 
 3V4 
 
 .0576 
 
 .4309 
 
 12 
 
 .7854 
 
 5.875 
 
 35 
 
 6.681 
 
 49.98 
 
 3V 2 
 
 .0668 
 
 .4998 
 
 I2V 2 
 
 .8522 
 
 6.375 
 
 36 
 
 7.069 
 
 52.88 
 
 3 3 /4 
 
 .0767 
 
 -5738 
 
 13 
 
 .9218 
 
 6.895 
 
 37 
 
 7.467 
 
 55-86 
 
 4 
 
 .0873 
 
 .6528 
 
 I3V 2 
 
 .9940 
 
 7.436 
 
 38 
 
 7.876 
 
 58.92 
 
 4V4 
 
 .0985 
 
 .7369 
 
 14 
 
 1.069 
 
 7-997 
 
 39 
 
 8.296 
 
 62.06 
 
 4% 
 
 .1104 
 
 .8263 
 
 I4V 2 
 
 1. 147 
 
 8.578 
 
 40 
 
 8.727 
 
 65-28 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 .1231 
 
 .9206 
 
 15 
 
 1.227 
 
 9.180 
 
 41 
 
 9.168 
 
 68.58 
 
 5 
 
 .1364 
 
 1. 020 
 
 isV 2 
 
 1.310 
 
 9.801 
 
 42 
 
 9.621 
 
 71.97 
 
 5H 
 
 .1503 
 
 .125 
 
 16 
 
 1.396 
 
 10.44 
 
 43 
 
 10.085 
 
 75-44 
 
 sV 2 
 
 .1650 
 
 .234 
 
 i<% 
 
 1.485 
 
 II. II 
 
 44 
 
 10.559 
 
 78.99 
 
 5 3 /4 
 
 .1803 
 
 .349 
 
 17 
 
 1.576 
 
 11.79 
 
 45 
 
 11.045 
 
 82.62 
 
 6 
 
 .1963 
 
 .469 
 
 I7V 2 
 
 1.670 
 
 12.49 
 
 46 
 
 11.541 
 
 86.33 
 
 6V 4 
 
 .2131 
 
 594 
 
 18 
 
 1.767 
 
 13.22 
 
 47 
 
 12.048 
 
 90.13 
 
 6V 2 
 
 .2304 
 
 .724 
 
 I8V X 2 
 
 1.867 
 
 13.96 
 
 48 
 
 12.566 
 
 94.00 
 
 To find the capacity of pipes greater than the largest given in the table, 
 
 look in the table for a pipe of one-half the given size, and multiply its 
 
 capacity by 4; or one of one-third its size, and multiply its capacity 
 
 by 9, etc. 
 
 To find the weight of water in any of the given sizes, multiply the 
 
 capacity in cubic feet by 62 1 or the capacity in gallons by 8j, or, if 
 
 a more accurate result is required, by the weight of a cubic foot of water 
 
 at the actual temperature in the pipe. 
 
 Given the dimensions of a cylinder in inches, to find its capacity in 
 
 U. S. gallons: Square the diameter, multiply by the length and by 
 
 0.0034. If d = diameter, / = length, gal 
 
 d 2 X 0.7854 X I 
 
 .0034 dn. 
 
 
 231 
 
 If D and L are in feet, gallons = 5.875 D Z L. 
 
302 Cylindrical Vessels 
 
 Cylindrical Vessels, Tanks and Cisterns 
 
 Diameter in Ft. and Ins., Area in Sq. Ft. and Capacity in U. S. Gals, for i Ft. in Depth 
 
 (i gallon = 231 cubic inches = i cubic 001/7.4805 = 0.13368 cubic foot.) 
 
 Diam- 
 
 Area, 
 
 Gallons, 
 
 Diam- 
 
 Area, 
 
 Gallons, 
 
 Diam- 
 
 Area, Gallons, 
 
 eter, 
 
 square 
 
 i foot 
 
 eter, 
 
 square 
 
 i foot 
 
 eter, 
 
 square i foot 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 feet 
 
 depth 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 feet 
 
 depth 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 feet 
 
 depth 
 
 o 
 
 .785 
 
 5.87 
 
 5 8 
 
 25.22 
 
 188.66 
 
 19 o 
 
 283.53 
 
 2120.9 
 
 i 
 
 .922 
 
 6.89 
 
 5 9 
 
 25-97 
 
 194.25 
 
 19 3 
 
 291.04 
 
 2177.1 ' 
 
 2 
 
 .069 
 
 8.00 
 
 5 10 
 
 26.73 
 
 199-92 
 
 19 6 
 
 298.65 
 
 2234.0 
 
 3 
 
 .227 
 
 9.18 
 
 5 ii 
 
 27-49 
 
 205.67 
 
 19 9 
 
 306.35 
 
 2291.7 
 
 4 
 
 .396 
 
 10.44 
 
 6 o 
 
 28.27 
 
 211.51 
 
 20 
 
 314.16 
 
 2350.1 
 
 5 
 
 .576 
 
 i-i . 79 
 
 6 3 
 
 30.68 
 
 229.50 
 
 20 3 
 
 322.06 
 
 2409.2 
 
 6 
 
 .767 
 
 13.22 
 
 6 6 
 
 33.18 
 
 248.23 
 
 20 6 
 
 330.06 
 
 2469.1 
 
 7 
 
 1.969 
 
 14-73 
 
 6 9 
 
 35-78 
 
 267.69 
 
 20 9 
 
 338.16 
 
 2529.6 
 
 8 
 
 2.182 
 
 16.32 
 
 7 o 
 
 38.48 
 
 287.88 
 
 21 
 
 346.36 
 
 2591-0 
 
 9 
 
 2.405 
 
 17-99 
 
 7 3 
 
 41.28 
 
 308.81 
 
 21 3 
 
 354-66 
 
 2653-0 
 
 10 
 
 2.640 
 
 19-75 
 
 7 6 
 
 44-18 
 
 330.48 
 
 21 6 
 
 363.05 
 
 2715.8 
 
 II 
 
 2.885 
 
 21.58 
 
 7 9 
 
 47-17 
 
 352.88 
 
 21 9 
 
 371-54 
 
 2779-3 
 
 o 
 
 3.142 
 
 23.50 
 
 8 o 
 
 50.27 
 
 376.01 
 
 22 
 
 380.13 
 
 2843.6 
 
 2 I 
 
 3.409 
 
 25.50 
 
 8 3 
 
 53.46 
 
 399,88 
 
 22 3 
 
 388.82 
 
 2908.6 
 
 2 2 
 
 3-687 
 
 27.58 
 
 8 6 
 
 56.75 
 
 424.48 
 
 22 6 
 
 397-6.1 
 
 2974-3 
 
 2 3 
 
 3.976 
 
 29-74 
 
 8 9 
 
 60.13 
 
 449.82 
 
 22 9 
 
 406.49 
 
 3040.8 
 
 2 4 
 
 4.276 
 
 31-99 
 
 9 o 
 
 63.62 
 
 475.89 
 
 23 o 
 
 415.48 
 
 3108.0 
 
 2 5 
 
 4.587 
 
 34-31 
 
 9 3 
 
 67.20 
 
 502.70 
 
 23 3 
 
 424.56 
 
 3175.9 
 
 2 6 
 
 4.909 
 
 36.72 
 
 9 6 
 
 70.88 
 
 530.24 
 
 23 6 
 
 433-74 
 
 3244.6 
 
 2 7 
 
 5.241 
 
 39-21 
 
 9 9 
 
 74.66 
 
 558.51 
 
 23 9 
 
 443-01 
 
 3314.0 
 
 2 8 
 
 5.585 
 
 41.78 
 
 10 O 
 
 78.54 
 
 587.52 
 
 24 o 
 
 452.39 
 
 3384.1 
 
 2 9 
 
 5-940 
 
 44-43 
 
 10 3 
 
 82.52 
 
 617.26 
 
 24 3 
 
 461.86 
 
 3455-0 
 
 2 10 
 
 6.305 
 
 47-16 
 
 10 6 
 
 86.59 
 
 647.74 
 
 24 6 
 
 471-44 
 
 3526.6 
 
 2 II 
 
 6.681 
 
 49.98 
 
 10 9 
 
 90.76 
 
 678.95 
 
 24 9 
 
 481.11 
 
 3598.9 
 
 3 o 
 
 7.069 
 
 52.88 
 
 II 
 
 95-03 
 
 710.90 
 
 25 o 
 
 490.87 
 
 3672.0 
 
 3 i 
 
 7.467 
 
 55.86 
 
 ii 3 
 
 99-40 
 
 743-58 
 
 25 3 
 
 500.74 
 
 3745-8 
 
 3 2 
 
 7.876 
 
 58.92 
 
 ii 6 
 
 103.87 
 
 776.99 
 
 25 6 
 
 510.71 
 
 3820.3 
 
 3 3 
 
 8.296 
 
 62.06 
 
 II 9 
 
 108.43 
 
 811.14 
 
 25 9 
 
 520.77 
 
 3895.6 
 
 3 4 
 
 8.727 
 
 65-28 
 
 12 
 
 113.10 
 
 846.03 
 
 26 o 
 
 530.93 
 
 3971.6 
 
 3 5 
 
 9.168 
 
 68.58 
 
 12 3 
 
 117.86 
 
 881.65 
 
 26 3 
 
 541.19 
 
 4048.4 
 
 3 6 
 
 9.621 
 
 71-97 
 
 12 6 
 
 122.72 
 
 918.00 
 
 26 6 
 
 55L55 
 
 4125.9 
 
 3 7 
 
 10.085 
 
 75-44 
 
 12 9 
 
 127.68 
 
 955-09 
 
 26 9 
 
 562.00 
 
 4204.1 
 
 3 8 
 
 10.559 
 
 78.99 
 
 13 o 
 
 132.73 
 
 992.91 
 
 27 o 
 
 572.56 
 
 4283.0 
 
 3 9 
 
 11.045 
 
 82.62 
 
 13 3 
 
 137.89 
 
 1031.5 
 
 27 3 
 
 583.21 
 
 4362.7 
 
 3 10 
 
 11-541 
 
 86.33 
 
 13 6 
 
 143.14 
 
 1070.8 
 
 27 6 
 
 593.96 
 
 4443-1 
 
 3 II 
 
 12.048 
 
 90.13 
 
 13 9 
 
 148.49 
 
 ino.8 
 
 27 9 
 
 604.81 
 
 4524.3 
 
 4 o 
 
 12.566 
 
 94.00 
 
 14 o 
 
 153-94 
 
 H5I.5 
 
 28 o 
 
 615.75 
 
 4606.2 
 
 4 I 
 
 13.095 
 
 97.96 
 
 14 3 
 
 159.48 
 
 1193-0 
 
 28 3 
 
 626.80 
 
 4688.8 
 
 4 2 
 
 13.635 
 
 102.00 
 
 14 6 
 
 165.13 
 
 1235-3 
 
 28 6 
 
 637.94 
 
 4772.1 
 
 4 3 
 
 14.186 
 
 106.12 
 
 14 9 
 
 170.87 
 
 1278.2 
 
 28 9 
 
 649 . 18 
 
 4856.2 
 
 4 4 
 
 14.748 
 
 110.32 
 
 IS o 
 
 176.71 
 
 1321.9 
 
 29 o 
 
 660.52 
 
 4941.0 
 
 4 5 
 
 15-321 
 
 II4.6I 
 
 15 3 
 
 182.65 
 
 1366.4 
 
 29 3 
 
 671.96 
 
 5026 . 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 15.90 
 
 118-97 
 
 15 6 
 
 188.69 
 
 1411.5 
 
 29 6 
 
 683.49 
 
 5112.9 
 
 4 7 
 
 16.50 
 
 123.42 
 
 15 9 
 
 194.83 
 
 1457-4 
 
 29 9 
 
 695.13 
 
 5199.9 
 
 4 8 
 
 17.10 
 
 127-95 
 
 16 o 
 
 201.06 
 
 1504.1 
 
 3O 
 
 706.86 
 
 5287.7 
 
 4 9 
 
 17.72 
 
 132.56 
 
 16 3 
 
 207.39 
 
 I55L4 
 
 30 3 
 
 718.69 
 
 5376.2 
 
 4 10 
 
 18.35 
 
 137.25 
 
 16 6 
 
 213-82 
 
 1599-5 
 
 30 6 
 
 730.62 
 
 5465.4 
 
 4 II 
 
 18.99 
 
 142.02 
 
 16 9 
 
 220.35 
 
 1648.4 
 
 30 9 
 
 742.64! 5555-4 
 
 5 o 
 
 19.63 
 
 146.88 
 
 17 o 
 
 226.98 
 
 1697.9 
 
 31 o 
 
 754-77 
 
 5646.1 
 
 5 I 
 
 20.29 
 
 151.82 
 
 17 3 
 
 233.71 
 
 1748 . 2 
 
 31 3 
 
 766.99 
 
 5737-5 
 
 5 2 
 
 20.97 
 
 156.83 
 
 17 6 
 
 240.53 
 
 1799-3 
 
 31 6 
 
 779-31 
 
 5829.7 
 
 5 3 
 
 21.65 
 
 I6I.93 
 
 17 9 
 
 247.45 
 
 I85I.I 
 
 31 9 
 
 791-73 
 
 5922.6 
 
 5 4 
 
 22.34 
 
 167.12 
 
 18 o 
 
 254.47 
 
 1903.6 
 
 32 o 
 
 804.25 
 
 6016.2 
 
 5 5 
 
 23-04 
 
 172.38 
 
 18 3 
 
 261.59 
 
 1956.8 
 
 32 3 
 
 816.86 
 
 6110.6 
 
 5 6 
 
 23.76 
 
 177.72 
 
 18 6 
 
 268.80 
 
 2010.8 
 
 32 6 
 
 829.58 
 
 6205.7 
 
 5 7 
 
 24.48 
 
 183.15 
 
 18 9 
 
 276.12 
 
 2065 . 5 
 
 32 9 
 
 842.39 
 
 6301.5 
 
 
Weight of Water in Foot Lengths 303 
 
 Weight of Water in Foot Lengths of Pipe of Different Inside Diameters 
 
 (62.425 pounds per cubic foot.) 
 
 Diam- 
 eter, 
 inches 
 
 Water, 
 pounds 
 
 Diam- 
 eter,, 
 inches 
 
 Water, 
 pounds 
 
 Diam- 
 eter, 
 inches 
 
 Water, 
 pounds 
 
 Diam- 
 eter, 
 inches 
 
 Water, 
 pounds 
 
 % 
 
 0.0053 
 
 3 
 
 3.0643 
 
 7% 
 
 20.450 
 
 17 
 
 98.397 
 
 $ 
 
 0.0213 
 
 3% 
 
 3.3250 
 
 8 
 
 21.790 
 
 i7y 2 
 
 104.27 
 
 % 
 
 0.0479 
 
 3% 
 
 3.5963 
 
 sy 4 
 
 23.174 
 
 18 
 
 110.31 
 
 y 2 
 
 0.0851 
 
 3% 
 
 3.8782 
 
 sy 2 
 
 24-599 
 
 isy 2 
 
 116.53 
 
 % 
 
 0.1330 
 
 3V 2 
 
 4.1708 
 
 8% 
 
 26.068 
 
 19 
 
 122.91 
 
 % 
 
 0.1915 
 
 3% 
 
 4-4741 
 
 9 
 
 27.579 
 
 i9y 2 
 
 129.47 
 
 % 
 
 0.2607 
 
 3% 
 
 4.7879 
 
 914 
 
 29.132 
 
 20 
 
 136.19 
 
 i 
 
 0.3405 
 
 3% 
 
 5.H25 
 
 9^ 2 
 
 30.728 
 
 21 
 
 150.15 
 
 iji 
 
 0.4309 
 
 4 
 
 5.4476 
 
 9% 
 
 32.366 
 
 22 
 
 164.79 
 
 m 
 
 0.5320 
 
 4# 
 
 6.1498 
 
 10 
 
 34-048 
 
 23 
 
 180.11 
 
 i% 
 
 0.6437 
 
 4V2 
 
 6.8946 
 
 IO l / 2 
 
 37-537 
 
 24 
 
 196.11 
 
 iy 2 
 
 0.7661 
 
 4% 
 
 7.6820 
 
 II 
 
 41 . 198 
 
 25 
 
 212.80 
 
 i% 
 
 0.8991 
 
 5 
 
 8.5119 
 
 IlV2 
 
 45.028 
 
 26 
 
 230.16 
 
 i% 
 
 1.0427 
 
 5*4 
 
 9.3844 
 
 12 
 
 49.028 
 
 27 
 
 248.21 
 
 i% 
 
 i . 1970 
 
 5V 2 
 
 10.299 
 
 12% 
 
 53-199 
 
 28 
 
 266.93 
 
 2 
 
 1.3619 
 
 5 8 /4 
 
 11.257 
 
 13 
 
 57-540 
 
 29 
 
 286.34 
 
 2% 
 
 1.5375 
 
 6 
 
 12.257 
 
 i3y 2 
 
 62.052 
 
 30 
 
 306.43 
 
 aJS 
 
 i 7237 
 
 6U 
 
 13.300 
 
 14 
 
 66.733 
 
 31 
 
 327.20 
 
 2% 
 
 1.9205 
 
 6y 2 
 
 14.385 
 
 14% 
 
 7L585 
 
 32 
 
 348.6s 
 
 2y 2 
 
 2.1280 
 
 6% 
 
 15.513 
 
 15 
 
 76.607 
 
 33 
 
 370.78 
 
 2% 
 
 2.3461 
 
 7 
 
 16.683 
 
 isy 2 
 
 81.799 
 
 34 
 
 393-59 
 
 2% 
 
 2.5748 
 
 PA 
 
 17.896 
 
 16 
 
 87.162 
 
 35 
 
 417.08 
 
 2% 
 
 2.8142 
 
 7V 2 
 
 19.152 
 
 i6y 2 
 
 92.694 
 
 36 
 
 441 . 26 
 
 Weights of water in cylinders of the same length are proportional to 
 
 the squares of the diameters. Therefore, to get weight of cylinder of 
 
 water one foot long and 60 inches diameter, take from above table 
 
 weight of water of so-inch pipe and multiply it by the square of 60 -f- 30, 
 
 or the square of two; thus, 306.43 X4 = 1225.72 = the weight of water 
 
 in one foot length of a 6o-inch pipe. 
 
304 Water Contents 
 
 , in Barrels 
 
 Number of Barrels (311/2 Gallons) in Cylindrical Cisterns and Tanks 
 
 (i barrel = 311^ gallons =31.5X231/1728 = 
 
 4.21094 cu. ft.; reciprocal =0.237477.) 
 
 u 
 
 Diameter in feet 
 
 0) *** 
 
 Q.S 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 i 
 
 4-663 
 
 6.714 
 
 9-139 
 
 11.937 
 
 I5.io8 
 
 18.652 
 
 22.569 
 
 26.859 
 
 31.522 
 
 5 
 
 23-3 
 
 33-6 
 
 45-7 
 
 55 
 
 .7 
 
 75 
 
 5 
 
 93-3 
 
 112. 8 
 
 134-3 
 
 157-6 
 
 6 
 
 28.0 
 
 40.3 
 
 54-8 
 
 71.6 
 
 90 
 
 .6 
 
 in. 9 
 
 135.4 
 
 161.2 
 
 189.1 
 
 7 
 
 32.6 
 
 47-0 
 
 64.0 
 
 8: 
 
 i-6 
 
 105 
 
 .8 
 
 130.6 
 
 158.0 
 
 188.0 
 
 220.7 
 
 8 
 
 37-3 
 
 53-7 
 
 73-1 
 
 95.5 
 
 120 
 
 .9 
 
 149.2 
 
 180.6 
 
 214.9 
 
 252.2 
 
 9 
 
 42.0 
 
 60.4 
 
 82.3 
 
 107 
 
 4 
 
 136 
 
 .0 
 
 167.9 
 
 203.1 
 
 241.7 
 
 283.7 
 
 10 
 
 46.6 
 
 67.1 
 
 91.4 
 
 119.4 
 
 151 
 
 .1 
 
 186.5 
 
 225.7 
 
 268.6 
 
 315-2 
 
 ii 
 
 51.3 
 
 73-9 
 
 100.5 
 
 I3I-3 
 
 1 66 
 
 .2 
 
 205.2 
 
 248.3 
 
 295.4 
 
 346.7 
 
 12 
 
 56.0 
 
 80.6 
 
 109.7 
 
 143 
 
 .2 
 
 181 
 
 .3 
 
 223.8 
 
 270.8 
 
 322.3 
 
 378.3 
 
 13 
 
 60.6 
 
 87-3 
 
 118.8 
 
 155-2 
 
 196 
 
 4 
 
 242.5 
 
 293.4 
 
 349-2 
 
 409.8 
 
 14 
 
 65.3 
 
 94-0 
 
 127-9 
 
 167 
 
 .1 
 
 211 
 
 5 
 
 261.1 
 
 316.0 
 
 376.0 
 
 441-3 
 
 15 
 
 69.9 
 
 100.7 
 
 137- 1 
 
 179.1 
 
 226 
 
 .6 
 
 279.8 
 
 338.5 
 
 402.9 
 
 472.8 
 
 16 
 
 74-6 
 
 107.4 
 
 146.2 
 
 191 
 
 .0 
 
 241 
 
 7 
 
 298.4 
 
 361.1 
 
 429.7 
 
 504.4 
 
 17 
 
 79-3 
 
 114.1 
 
 155-4 
 
 202.9 
 
 2 5 6 
 
 8 
 
 3I7-I 
 
 383.7 
 
 456.6 
 
 535-9 
 
 18 
 
 83-9 
 
 120.9 
 
 164.5 
 
 214 
 
 -9 
 
 271 
 
 9 
 
 335-7 
 
 406.2 
 
 483.5 
 
 567.4 
 
 19 
 
 88.6 
 
 127.6 
 
 173-6 
 
 226.8 
 
 287 
 
 I 
 
 354-4 
 
 428.8 
 
 510.3 
 
 598-9 
 
 20 
 
 93-3 
 
 134-3 
 
 182.8 
 
 238.7 
 
 302 
 
 2 
 
 373-0 
 
 451.4 
 
 537-2 
 
 630.4 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 I 
 
 36.557 
 
 41.966 
 
 47.748 
 
 53.903 
 
 60 
 
 431 
 
 67.332 
 
 74.606 
 
 82.253 
 
 90.273 
 
 5 
 
 182.8 
 
 209.8 
 
 238.7 
 
 2t 
 
 9-5 
 
 30 
 
 2.2 
 
 336.7 
 
 373-0 
 
 4II.3 
 
 451-4 
 
 6 
 
 219-3 
 
 251.8 
 
 286.5 
 
 323.4 
 
 362.6 
 
 404.0 
 
 447.6 
 
 493-5 
 
 541-6 
 
 7 
 
 255-9 
 
 293-8 
 
 334-2 
 
 37 
 
 7-3 
 
 42 
 
 3-0 
 
 471-3 
 
 522.2 
 
 575-8 
 
 631-9 
 
 8 
 
 292.5 
 
 335-7 
 
 382.0 
 
 431-2 
 
 483.4 
 
 538.7 
 
 596.8 
 
 658.0 
 
 722.2 
 
 9 
 
 329.0 
 
 377-7 
 
 429-7 
 
 & 
 
 5-1 
 
 54 
 
 3-9 
 
 606.0 
 
 67L5 
 
 740.3 
 
 812.5 
 
 10 
 
 365.6 
 
 419-7 
 
 477-5 
 
 539-0 
 
 604.3 
 
 673-3 
 
 746.1 
 
 822.5 
 
 902.7 
 
 ii 
 
 402.1 
 
 461.6 
 
 525.2 
 
 55 
 
 2.0 
 
 66 
 
 4-7 
 
 740.7 
 
 820.7 
 
 904.8 
 
 993-0 
 
 12 
 
 438.7 
 
 503.6 
 
 573-0 
 
 646.8 
 
 725.2 
 
 808.0 
 
 895-3 
 
 987.0 
 
 1083.3 
 
 13 
 
 475-2 
 
 545-6 
 
 620.7 
 
 70 
 
 0.7 
 
 78 
 
 5-6 
 
 875-3 
 
 969.9 
 
 1069.3 
 
 1173- 5 
 
 14 
 
 511- 8 
 
 587.5 
 
 668.5 
 
 754-6 
 
 846.0 
 
 942.6 
 
 1044.5 
 
 II5I-5 
 
 1263.8 
 
 IS 
 
 548.4 
 
 629.5 
 
 716.2 
 
 8c 
 
 8.5 
 
 90 
 
 6-5 
 
 IOIO.O 
 
 1119.1 
 
 1233.8 
 
 I354.I 
 
 16 
 
 584.9 
 
 67L5 
 
 764.0 
 
 8t 
 
 2.4 
 
 966.9 
 
 1077.3 
 
 II93-7 
 
 1316.0 
 
 1444-4 
 
 17 
 
 621.5 
 
 713.4 
 
 811.7 
 
 91 
 
 6.4 
 
 102 
 
 7-3 
 
 1144.6 
 
 1268.3 
 
 1398.3 
 
 1534-5 
 
 18 
 
 658.0 
 
 755-4 
 
 859-5 
 
 970.3 
 
 1087.8 
 
 I2I2.0 
 
 1342.9 
 
 1480.6 
 
 1624.9 
 
 19 
 
 694-6 
 
 797-4 
 
 907.2 
 
 IO2 
 
 4-2 
 
 114 
 
 B.2 
 
 1279 3 
 
 I4I7.5 
 
 1562.8 
 
 I7I5-2 
 
 20 
 
 731- 1 
 
 839-3 
 
 955 o 
 
 1078 . I 
 
 1208 . 6 
 
 1346.6 
 
 1492.1 
 
 1645-1 
 
 1805.5 
 
 
 23 
 
 24 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 29 
 
 30 
 
 I 
 
 98.66( 
 
 ) 107.432 116.571 
 
 126.083 
 
 135.968 
 
 146.226 156.858 
 
 167-863 
 
 5 
 
 493-3 
 
 537-2 582.9 
 
 630.4 
 
 679.8 
 
 731. 1 784.3 
 
 839.3 
 
 6 
 
 592.0 
 
 644-6 699.4 
 
 756.5 
 
 815.8 
 
 877.4 941- I 
 
 [007.2 
 
 7 
 
 690.7 
 
 752.0 816.0 
 
 882.6 
 
 951.8 
 
 1023.6 1098.0 
 
 [175-0 
 
 8 
 
 789.3 
 
 859.5 932.6 
 
 1008.7 
 
 1087.7 
 
 1169.8 1254.9 
 
 [342.9 
 
 9 
 
 888.0 
 
 966.9 1049.1 
 
 II34-7 
 
 1223.7 
 
 1316.0 1411.7 
 
 [510.8 
 
 10 
 
 986.7 
 
 1074.3 1165.7 
 
 1260.8 
 
 1359-7 
 
 1462.2 1568.6 
 
 [678.6 
 
 ii 
 
 1085.3 
 
 1181.8 1282.3 
 
 1386.9 
 
 1495-6 
 
 1608.5 1725.4 
 
 [846.5 
 
 12 
 
 1184.0 
 
 1289 2 1398.8 
 
 I5I3.0 
 
 1631 . 6 
 
 1754.7 1882.3 
 
 2014.4 
 
 13 
 
 1282.7 
 
 1396.6 I5I5.4 
 
 1639-1 
 
 1767.6 
 
 1900.9 2039.2 
 
 2182.2 
 
 14 
 
 1381.3 
 
 1504.0 1632.0 
 
 1765-2 
 
 1903.6 
 
 2047.2 2196.0 
 
 2350.1 
 
 15 
 
 1480.0 
 
 1611.5 1748.6 
 
 1891.2 
 
 2039.5 
 
 2193.4 2352.9 
 
 2517.9 
 
 16 
 
 1578.7 
 
 1718.9 1865.1 
 
 2017.3 
 
 2175-5 
 
 2339-6 2509.7 
 
 2685.8 
 
 17 
 
 1677.3 
 
 1826.3 1981.7 
 
 2143-4 
 
 2311.5 
 
 2485.8 2666.6 
 
 2853-7 
 
 18 
 
 1776.0 
 
 1933-8 2098.3 
 
 2269.5 
 
 2447-4 
 
 2632.0 2823.4 
 
 3021.5 
 
 19 
 
 1874.7 
 
 2041.2 2214.8 
 
 2395-6 
 
 2583.4 
 
 2778.3 2980.3 
 
 3189.4 
 
 20 
 
 1973.3 
 
 2148.6 2321.4 
 
 2521.7 
 
 2719.4 
 
 2924.5 3137.2 . 
 
 3357 3 
 
 
Capacities of Rectangular Tanks 305 
 
 Capacities of Rectangular Tanks 
 
 U. S. Gallons for Each Fool in Depth (i cubic foot = 7.4805 U. S. gallons.) 
 
 1" 
 
 Length of tank 
 
 | 
 
 l 
 
 4-t 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 i| 
 
 % 
 
 1| 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 9.92 
 
 37-40 
 46.75 
 
 44-88 
 56.10 
 67-32 
 
 65 = 4! 
 78.5^ 
 91.6; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 104-73 
 ) 130.91 
 i 157-09 
 5 183.27 
 
 > 209. 45 
 > 235- 63 
 [ 261 . 82 
 5 288.00 
 
 \ 314-18 
 > 340.36 
 366.54 
 
 ft.in. 
 
 2 O < 
 2 6 
 
 3 o 
 36 
 
 4 o 
 4 6 
 5 o 
 5 6 
 
 6 o 
 6 6 
 7 o 
 
 > 59.8^ 
 74. 8c 
 i 89.77 
 I 104.7; 
 
 119.65 
 
 67.32 
 
 84. ie 
 100.95 
 117.82 
 
 134.6= 
 151.4* 
 
 74.81 
 93-51 
 
 112. 21 
 130.91 
 
 149.6] 
 168.3] 
 187.0] 
 
 82. 2f 
 102. 8( 
 123.4; 
 
 144. oc 
 
 164.5^ 
 185.1^ 
 205.7] 
 226. 2* 
 
 89.7, 
 
 112. 2] 
 134-6= 
 > 157.05 
 
 179.5; 
 201.9- 
 
 224.4] 
 
 ; 246. 8( 
 
 269. 3C 
 
 97.2= 
 
 121. 5( 
 
 145.8' 
 
 170 . I* 
 
 \ 194- 4< 
 r 2i8.8c 
 243-1 
 > 267. 4 V 
 
 > 291.7, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Capacities of Rectangular Tanks (Concluded) 
 U. S. Gallons for Each Foot in Depth (i cubic foot= 7.4805 U. S. gallons.) 
 
 Width of 
 tank 
 
 Length of tank 
 
 ij 
 
 1 
 oo 
 
 -MJj 
 
 1 
 
 o\ 
 
 -1 
 
 2 
 
 10 feet 
 6 inches 
 
 1 
 
 ii feet 
 6 inches 
 
 
 
 ft.in. 
 
 2 
 2 6 
 
 11 
 
 4 o 
 4 6 
 5 o 
 5 6 
 
 6 o 
 6 6 
 7 o 
 7 6 
 
 8 o 
 8 6 
 
 9 2 
 9 6 
 
 10 
 
 10 6 
 
 II 
 
 ii 6 
 
 12 
 
 112. 21 
 140.26 
 I68.3I 
 196.36 
 
 224.41 
 252.47 
 280.52 
 308.57 
 
 336.62 
 364.67 
 392.72 
 420.78 
 
 119.69 
 149.61 
 179.53 
 209.45 
 
 239.37 
 269.30 
 299.22 
 329.14 
 
 359.06 
 
 388.98 
 418.91 
 448.83 
 
 478.75 
 
 127.17 
 158.96 
 190.75 
 
 222.54 
 
 254-34 
 286.13 
 317.92 
 349-71 
 
 381.50 
 413.30 
 445.09 
 476.88 
 
 508.67 
 540.46 
 
 134.65 
 168.31 
 
 202.97 
 235.63 
 
 269.30 
 302.96 
 336.62 
 370.28 
 
 403.94 
 437.6o 
 471 . 27 
 504.93 
 
 538.59 
 572.25 
 605.92 
 
 142.13 
 177-66 
 213.19 
 248.73 
 
 284.26 
 319.79 
 355.32 
 J90.85 
 
 126.39 
 461.92 
 197-45 
 532.98 
 
 568-51 
 x>4-05 
 539.58 
 575.ii 
 
 149.61 
 187.01 
 224.41 
 261.82 
 
 299.22 
 336.62 
 374.03 
 411.43 
 
 448.83 
 486.23 
 523.64 
 561.04 
 
 598.44 
 
 >35.84 
 >73.25 
 710.65 
 
 748.05 
 
 157.09 
 196.36 
 235.63 
 274.90 
 
 3I4.I8 
 353-45 
 392.72 
 432.00 
 
 17L27 
 510.54 
 549.8i 
 589.08 
 
 )28.36 
 )6 7 .6 3 
 706.90 
 746.17 
 
 785.45 
 524.73 
 
 164.57 
 205 . 71 
 246.86 
 288.00 
 
 329.14 
 370.28 
 4H.43 
 452.57 
 
 493.71 
 534.85 
 575.99 
 517.14 
 
 558.28 
 >99-42 
 740.56 
 78I.7I 
 
 522.86 
 
 ^64.00 
 X>5.I4 
 
 172.05 
 215.06 
 258.07 
 301.09 
 
 344-10 
 387.11 
 430.13 
 473-14 
 
 5I6.I5 
 559.16 
 602.18 
 645.19 
 
 588.20 
 731-21 
 774-23 
 317.24 
 
 $60.26 
 
 X53-26 
 
 M6.27 
 
 179.53 
 224.41 
 269.30 
 314.18 
 
 359.06 
 403.94 
 448.83 
 493.71 
 
 538.59 
 583.47 
 628.36 
 673.24 
 
 718.12 
 763.00 
 807.89 
 852.77 
 
 897.66 
 942.56 
 987.43 
 032.3 
 
 077.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
306 Discharging Capacities of Pipe 
 
 Relative Discharging Capacities of Pipe 
 
 Actual 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 .269 
 
 .364 
 
 493 
 
 .622 
 
 .824 
 
 1.049 
 
 1.380 
 
 1.610 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nominal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 % 
 
 V4 
 
 8 /8 
 
 y 2 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 1% 
 
 i% 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 Vl 
 
 i 
 
 2.1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 4-5 
 
 2.1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 2 
 
 8 
 
 3-8 
 
 1.8 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 /4 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 3-6 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 6.6 
 
 37 
 
 1.8 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 jM, 
 
 60 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 i% 
 
 88 
 
 41 
 
 19 
 
 ii 
 
 5-3 
 
 2-9 
 
 1-5 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 164 
 
 77 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 5-5 
 
 2-7 
 
 1.9 
 
 2Y2 
 
 255 
 
 I2O 
 
 56 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 4-3 
 
 2.9 
 
 3 
 
 439 
 
 206 
 
 97 
 
 54 
 
 27 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3*4 
 
 632 
 
 297 
 
 139 
 
 78 
 
 38 
 
 21 
 
 ii 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 867 
 
 407 
 
 191 
 
 107 
 
 53 
 
 29 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4% 
 
 i 148 
 
 539 
 
 253 
 
 141 
 
 70 
 
 38 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 1525 
 
 716 
 
 335 
 
 188 
 
 93 
 
 51 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 2414 
 
 I 133 
 
 531 
 
 297 
 
 147 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 3483 
 
 I 635 
 
 766 
 
 428 
 
 212 
 
 116 
 
 58 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 4795 
 
 2 251 
 
 1054 
 
 590 
 
 292 
 
 160 
 
 80 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 6369 
 
 2990 
 
 i 401 
 
 783 
 
 388 
 
 212 
 
 107 
 
 73 
 
 10 
 
 8468 
 
 3976 
 
 1862 
 
 i 042 
 
 516 
 
 282 
 
 142 
 
 97 
 
 II 
 
 10693 
 
 5020 
 
 2352 
 
 1315 
 
 651 
 
 356 
 
 179 
 
 122 
 
 12 
 
 13292 
 
 6 240 
 
 2923 
 
 1635 
 
 809 
 
 443 
 
 223 
 
 152 
 
 13 
 
 17028 
 
 7994 
 
 3745 
 
 2094 
 
 1037 
 
 567 
 
 286 
 
 194 
 
 14 
 
 20425 
 
 9589 
 
 4492 
 
 2 512 
 
 1244 
 
 680 
 
 343 
 
 233 
 
 15 
 
 24 199 
 
 II 361 
 
 5322 
 
 2976 
 
 1474 
 
 806 
 
 406 
 
 276 
 
 18 O. D. 
 
 31 750 
 
 14906 
 
 6982 
 
 3905 
 
 1933 
 
 1057 
 
 533 
 
 362 
 
 20 O. D. 
 
 41 928 
 
 19685 
 
 9 221 
 
 5157 
 
 2553 
 
 1396 
 
 703 
 
 478 
 
 22 O. D. 
 
 53848 
 
 25281 
 
 II 842 
 
 6623 
 
 3279 
 
 1793 
 
 903 
 
 614 
 
 24 O. D. 
 
 67599 
 
 31 737 
 
 14866 
 
 8315 
 
 4116 
 
 2251 
 
 1 134 
 
 771 
 
 26 O. D. 
 28 O. D. 
 30 O. D. 
 
 83267 
 100932 
 
 120 675 
 
 39093 
 47387 
 "56655 
 
 I83I2 
 
 22197 
 
 26539 
 
 10 242 
 
 I24I5 
 14843 
 
 5070 
 6146 
 7348 
 
 2773 
 336i 
 4018 
 
 1397 
 1693 
 2024 
 
 950 
 1152 
 1377 
 
 Nominal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 % 
 
 * 
 
 % 
 
 V2 
 
 8 /4 
 
 I 
 
 1% 
 
 itt 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Actual 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 .269 
 
 .364 
 
 .493 
 
 .622 
 
 .82 4 
 
 1.049 
 
 1.380 
 
 1.610 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discharging Capacities of Pipe 307 
 
 Relative Discharging Capacities of Pipe (Continued) 
 
 Actual 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 2.067 
 
 2.469 
 
 3.068 
 
 3-548 
 
 4.026 
 
 4.506 
 
 5-047 
 
 6.065 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nominal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 2 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 3V2 
 
 4 
 
 4V2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vs 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calculations based on the inside diameters of 
 
 
 
 standard pipe, page 22. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Formula 
 
 i% 
 
 
 Relative discharge capacity = V inside diameter 6 . 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2^2 
 
 1.6 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2-7 
 
 1-7 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3V 2 
 
 3.9 
 
 2.5 
 
 1-4 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5.3 
 
 3-4 
 
 2 
 
 1.4 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 4H 
 
 7 
 
 4-5 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 3-5 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 1-3 
 
 I 
 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 5-5 
 
 3-8 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.6 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 5-5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2.3 
 
 1.4 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 19 
 
 10.9 
 
 7-6 
 
 5-5 
 
 4-2 
 
 3.1 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 7-3 
 
 5.5 
 
 4-2 
 
 2.6 
 
 10 
 
 52 
 
 33 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 7-4 
 
 5-6 
 
 3-5 
 
 ii 
 
 65 
 
 42 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 9-3 
 
 7 
 
 4-4 
 
 12 
 
 81 
 
 52 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 8.7 
 
 5-5 
 
 13 
 
 104 
 
 67 
 
 39 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 ii 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 125 
 
 80 
 
 46 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 8.5 
 
 15 
 
 148 
 
 95 
 
 55 
 
 38 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 18 O. D. 
 
 194 
 
 124 
 
 72 
 
 So 
 
 37 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 20 O. D, 
 
 256 
 
 164 
 
 95 
 
 66 
 
 48 
 
 37 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 22 O. D. 
 
 329 
 
 211 
 
 123 
 
 85 
 
 62 
 
 47 
 
 35 
 
 22 
 
 24 O. D. 
 
 413 
 
 265 
 
 154 
 
 107 
 
 78 
 
 59 
 
 44 
 
 28 
 
 26 O. D. 
 
 509 
 
 326 
 
 190 
 
 132 
 
 96 
 
 73 
 
 55 
 
 34 
 
 28 O. D. 
 
 617 
 
 395 
 
 230 
 
 160 
 
 116 
 
 88 
 
 66 
 
 42 
 
 30 0. D. 
 
 737 
 
 473 
 
 275 
 
 191 
 
 139 
 
 105 
 
 79 
 
 50 
 
 [ Nominal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 2 
 
 2^2 
 
 3 
 
 sfi 
 
 4 
 
 4V2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Actual 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 2.067 
 
 2.469 
 
 3-068 
 
 3.548 
 
 4.026 
 
 4.506 
 
 5-047 
 
 6.065 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
308 Discharging Capacities of Pipe 
 
 Relative Discharging Capacities of Pipe (Continued) 
 
 Actual 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 7.023 
 
 7.981 
 
 8.941 
 
 10. O20 
 
 II.OOO 
 
 12.000 
 
 13.250 
 
 14.250 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nominal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 diameter 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 O.D. 
 
 O. D. 
 
 Vs 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 if* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3V 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4V2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1-3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 3 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.7 
 
 1-3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 3-8 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 4-9 
 
 3-6 
 
 2.7 
 
 2 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 I 
 
 
 14 
 
 5-9 
 
 4-3 
 
 32 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 i 
 
 18 O. D. 
 
 6.9 
 9-1 
 
 Ll 
 
 3-8 
 5 
 
 2.9 
 
 3.7 
 
 2.3 
 3 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.4 
 1-9 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 20 0. D. 
 
 22 O. D. 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 8.7 
 ii 
 
 6.6 
 8.5 
 
 u 
 
 3-9 
 
 5 
 
 3-2 
 
 4-1 
 
 2.5 
 3-2 
 
 2.1 
 2.6 
 
 24 O. D. 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 ii 
 
 8 
 
 6.3 
 
 5-1 
 
 4 
 
 3-3 
 
 26 O. D. 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 9-8 
 
 7-8 
 
 6.3 
 
 4-9 
 
 4-1 
 
 28 O. D. 
 
 29 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 9-4 
 
 7-6 
 
 5-9 
 
 4-9 
 
 30 O. D. 
 
 35 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 II 
 
 9-1 
 
 7-1 
 
 5-9 
 
 Nominal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Actual 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 diameter 
 
 7.023 
 
 7.981 
 
 8.941 
 
 10.020 
 
 II.OOO 
 
 12.000 
 
 13.250 
 
 14.250 
 
 
Discharging Capacities of Pipe 309 
 
 Relative Discharging Capacities of Pipe (Concluded) 
 
 Actual 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 15.250 
 
 17.000 
 
 19.000 
 
 21.000 
 
 23.000 
 
 25.000 
 
 27.000 
 
 29.000 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nominal 
 internal 
 diameter 
 
 16 
 0. D. 
 
 18 
 0. D. 
 
 20 
 
 0. D. 
 
 22 
 0. D. 
 
 24 
 
 0. D. 
 
 26 
 0. D. 
 
 28 
 
 0. D. 
 
 30 
 0. D. 
 
 Vj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 Calculations based on the inside diameters of 
 
 S A 
 
 
 standard pipe, page 22. 
 
 I 
 
 
 Formula 
 
 1 74 
 
 
 Relative discharge capacity = V inside diameter 5 . 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 f - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 O. D. 
 
 1.3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 O. D. 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 0. D. 
 
 2.2 
 
 1-7 
 
 1.3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 O. D. 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.6 
 
 1-3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 26 O. D. 
 
 3-4 
 
 2.6 
 
 2 
 
 1-5 
 
 1.2 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 28 O. D. 
 
 4-2 
 
 3-2 
 
 2.4 
 
 1-9 
 
 i.S 
 
 1.2 
 
 i 
 
 
 30 0. D. 
 
 5 
 
 3.8 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 1-4 
 
 1.2 
 
 i 
 
 Nominal 
 internal 
 diameter 
 
 IS 
 
 18 
 0. D. 
 
 20 
 
 0. D. 
 
 22 
 
 0. D. 
 
 24 
 
 O. D. 
 
 26 
 0. D. 
 
 28 
 
 D. 
 
 ti& 
 
 Actual 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 internal 
 
 15.250 
 
 17.000 
 
 19.000 
 
 2I.OOO 
 
 23.000 
 
 25.000 
 
 27.000 
 
 29.000 
 
 diameter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
310 Equivalents 
 
 Equivalents of Ounces per Square Inch in Inches of Water and Mercury 
 
 (Water at 62 F. weighs 62.355 pounds per cubic foot.) 
 
 (Specific gravity of mercury at 62 F. = 13.58.) 
 
 Ounces per Pound per 
 square inch square inch 
 
 Inches of water ^g 
 
 0.25 .015625 
 
 0.433 -03I9 
 
 0.50 .03125 
 
 0.866 .0638 
 
 i .06250 
 
 1.732 .1275 
 
 2 . I250O 
 
 3-464 -2551 
 
 3 18750 
 
 5.196 .3826 
 
 4 .25000 
 
 6.928 .5102 
 
 5 .31250 
 
 8.660 .6377 
 
 6 .37500 
 
 10.392 .7653 
 
 7 -43750 
 
 12.124 .8928 
 
 8 .50000 
 
 13.856 .020 
 
 9 .56250 
 
 15.588 .148 
 
 10 . 62500 
 
 17.320 .275 
 
 ii .68750 
 
 19-052 .403 
 
 12 .75OOO 
 
 20.784 .531 
 
 13 .81250 
 
 22.516 .658 
 
 14 .87500 
 
 24.248 .786 
 
 15 -93750 
 
 25.980 .913 
 
 16 i.ooooo 
 
 27.712 .041 
 
 Equivalents of Pounds per Square Inch in Inches and Feet of Water 
 
 and Mercury 
 
 (Water at 62 F. weighs 62.355 pounds per cubic foot.) 
 
 (Specific gravity of mercury at 62 F. = 13.58.) 
 
 Pounds per 
 
 Inches of 
 
 Feet of 
 
 Inches of 
 
 Feet of 
 
 square inch 
 
 water 
 
 water 
 
 mercury 
 
 mercury 
 
 i 
 
 27.71 
 
 2.31 
 
 2.041 
 
 .1701 
 
 2 
 
 55-42 
 
 4.62 
 
 4.081 
 
 .3401 
 
 3 
 
 83-14 
 
 6.93 
 
 6.122 
 
 .5102 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 110.85 
 138.56 
 
 9-24 
 11.55 
 
 8.163 
 
 IO.2O 
 
 .6802 
 .8503 
 
 6 
 
 166.27 
 
 13-86 
 
 12.24 
 
 i. 020 
 
 7 
 
 193-99 
 
 16.17 
 
 14.28 
 
 1.190 
 
 8 
 
 221.70 
 
 18.47 
 
 16.33 
 
 1.360 
 
 9 
 
 249.41 
 
 20.78 
 
 18.37 
 
 I.53I 
 
 10 
 
 277.12 
 
 23.09 
 
 20.41 
 
 1.701 
 
 ii 
 
 304.84 
 
 25.40 
 
 22.45 . 
 
 1.871 
 
 12 
 
 332.55 
 
 27.71 
 
 24.49 
 
 2.041 
 
 13 
 
 360.26 
 
 30.02 
 
 26.53 
 
 2. 211 
 
 14 
 
 387.97 
 
 32.33 
 
 28.57 
 
 2.381 
 
 14-7 
 
 407.37 
 
 33-95 
 
 30.00 
 
 2.5OO 
 
 IS 
 
 415-68 
 
 34.64 
 
 30.61 
 
 2.551 
 
 16 
 
 443-40 
 
 36.95 
 
 32.65 
 
 2.721 
 
 17 
 
 471.11 
 
 39.26 
 
 34.69 
 
 2.891 
 
 18 
 
 498.82 
 
 41-57 
 
 36.73 
 
 3.061 
 
 19 
 
 526.53 
 
 43-88 
 
 38.77 
 
 3.231 
 
 20 
 
 554-25 
 
 46.19 
 
 40.81 
 
 3-401 
 
 21 
 
 581.96 
 
 48.50 
 
 42.85 
 
 3.571 
 
 22 
 
 609.67 
 
 50.81 
 
 44.89 
 
 3.741 
 
 23 
 
 637.38 
 
 53-12 
 
 46.94 
 
 3-9II 
 
 24 
 
 665.10 
 
 55-42 
 
 48.98 
 
 4.081 
 
 25 
 
 692.81 
 
 57-73 
 
 51.02 
 
 4-251 
 
 
Conversion Table 
 
 311 
 
 Conversion Table 
 
 BASIS: i cubic foot of water at 3g.iF. = 62.425 pounds, 
 
 i U. S. gallon = 231 cubic inches, 
 i imperial gallon = 277.274 cubic inches.* 
 
 U. S. gallon = 231 .000000 cubic inches. 
 
 U. S. gallon = o. 133681 cubic foot. 
 
 U. S. gallon = 0.833111 imperial gallon. 
 
 U. S. gallon = 3 75434 liters. 
 
 U. S. gallon of water at 39.1 F = 8.345009 pounds. 
 
 Imperial gallon = 277 . 274000 cubic inches.* 
 
 Imperial gallon = o. 160459 cubic foot. 
 
 Imperial gallon = i . 200320 U. S. gallons. 
 
 Imperial gallon. = 4.543734 liters. 
 
 Imperial gallon of water at 39.1 F = 10.016684 pounds.* 
 
 Cubic foot = 7 .480519 U. S. gallons. 
 
 Cubic foot = 6. 232103 imperial gallons. 
 
 Cubic foot = 28.317016 liters. 
 
 Cubic foot of water at 39.1 F = 62 .425000 pounds. 
 
 Cubic foot of water at 39.1 F = 0.031212 ton. 
 
 Cubic inch = 0.004329 U. S. gallon. 
 
 Cubic inch = 0.003607 imperial gallon. 
 
 Cubic inch = 0.016387 liter. 
 
 Cubic inch of water at 39.1 F = 0.036126 pound. 
 
 Cubic inch of water at 39.1 F = 0.578009 ounce. 
 
 Pound of water at 39.1 F: = 27.681217 cubic inches. 
 
 Pound of water at 39.1 F = 0.016019 cubic foot. 
 
 Pound of water at 39.1 F = o. 119832 U. S. gallon. 
 
 Pound of water at 39.1 F = 0.099833 imperial gallon. 
 
 Pound of water at 39.1 F = 0.453617 liter. 
 
 Liter = o. 264170 U. S. gallon. 
 
 Liter = o . 220083 imperial gallon. 
 
 Liter = 61 .023378 cubic inches. 
 
 Liter = 0.035314 cubic foot. 
 
 Liter of water at 39.1 F = 2 . 204505 pounds. 
 
 * The British imperial gallon is usually defined as being equal to 277.274 
 
 cubic inches, or 10 pounds of pure water at the temperature of 62 F. when 
 the barometer is at 30 inches. 
 
312 Equivalents 
 
 CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS 
 
 i second-foot equals 40 California miner's inches. (Law of March 23, 
 IQOI.) 
 
 i second-foot equals 38.4 Colorado miner's inches. 
 
 i second-foot equals 7.48 United States gallons per second; equals 
 448.8 gallons per minute; equals 646 317 gallons per day. 
 
 i second-foot equals 6.23 British imperial gallons per second. 
 
 i second-foot for one year covers one square mile 1.131 feet deep; 
 13.57 inches deep. 
 
 i second-foot for one year equals 31 536 ooo cubic feet. 
 
 i second-foot equals about one acre-inch per hour. 
 
 i second-foot falling 10 feet equals 1.136 horse-power. 
 
 100 California miner's inches equal 18.7 United States gallons per 
 second. 
 
 100 California miner's inches equal 96.0 Colorado miner's inches. 
 
 100 California miner's inches for one day equal 4.96 acre-feet. 
 
 100 Colorado miner's inches equal 2.60 second-feet. 
 
 100 Colorado miner's inches equal 19.5 United States gallons per 
 second. 
 
 100 Colorado miner's inches equal 104 California miner's inches. 
 
 100 Colorado miner's inches for one day equal 5.17 acre-feet. 
 
 loo United States gallons per minute equal 0.223 second-foot. 
 
 100 United States gallons per minute for one day equal 0.442 acre- 
 foot. 
 
 i ooo ooo United States gallons per day equal i .55 second-feet. 
 
 i ooo ooo United States gallons equal 3.07 acre-feet. 
 
 i ooo ooo cubic feet equal 22.96 acre-feet. 
 
 i acre-foot equals 325 851 gallons. 
 
 i inch deep on i square mile equals 2 323 200 cubic feet. 
 
 i inch deep on i square mile equals .0737 second-foot per year. 
 
Gas 313 
 
 GAS 
 
 Physical Properties of Gases 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Expansion of Gases; Marietta's Law 314 
 
 Law of Charles 314 
 
 Avogadro's Law 314 
 
 Saturation Point of Vapors 315 
 
 Dalton's Law of Gaseous Pressures 315 
 
 Mixtures of Vapors and Gases 315 
 
 Flow of Gases. 316 
 
 Absorption of Gases by Liquids 316 
 
 Flow of Gas in Pipes Low Pressure 
 
 Formulas for Discharge 317 
 
 Supply of Gas through Pipes. 317 
 
 Table of Sizes of House Pipes 319 
 
 Flow of Gas in Pipes High Pressure 
 
 Fundamental Considerations 320 
 
 Formulae for Discharge 321 
 
 Effect of Bends and Fittings 324 
 
 Adiabatic Compression of Natural Gas 324 
 
314 Gas 
 
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES 
 
 (From Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket Book.) 
 
 When a mass of gas is inclosed in a vessel it exerts a pressure against 
 the walls. This pressure is uniform on every square inch of the surface 
 of the vessel; also, at any point in the fluid mass the pressure is the 
 same in every direction. 
 
 In small vessels containing gases the increase of pressure due to weight 
 may be neglected, since all gases are very light; but where liquids are 
 concerned, the increase in pressure due to their weight must always be 
 taken into account. 
 
 Expansion of Gases; Mariotte's Law. The volume of a gas 
 diminishes in the same ratio as the pressure upon it is increased, if the 
 temperature is unchanged. 
 
 This law, by experiment, is found to be very nearly true for all gases, 
 and is known as Boyle's or Mariotte's law. 
 
 If p = pressure at a volume v, and pi = pressure at a volume vi, pivi = 
 
 v 
 pv; pi = - p; pv = a constant, C. 
 
 Vl 
 
 The constant, C, varies with the temperature, everything else remain- 
 ing the same. 
 
 Air compressed by a pressure of seventy-five atmospheres has a volume 
 about 2 per cent less than that computed from Boyle's law, but this 
 is the greatest divergence that is found below 160 atmospheres pressure. 
 
 Law of Charles. The volume of a perfect gas at a constant pres- 
 sure is proportional to its absolute temperature. If 20 be the volume of 
 a gas at 32 F., and vi the volume at any other temperature, /i, then 
 
 //i+459.2\ / , h -32\ 
 
 Vl = VQ [ - ; vi = I + - }VQ, 
 
 \ 491.2 J \ 491.2 I 
 
 or, vi =[i + 0.002036 (/i - 32)] o. 
 
 If the pressure also changes from po to pi, 
 
 po (ti + 459.2^ 
 Vi = VQ 
 
 pi \ 491.2 I 
 
 The Densities of the elementary gases are simply proportional to 
 their atomic weights. The density of a compound gas, referred to hydro- 
 gen as i, is one-half its molecular weight; thus the relative density of 
 CO 2 is y 2 (12+32) = 22. 
 
 Avogadro's Law. Equal volumes of all gases, under the same con- 
 ditions of temperature and pressure, contain the same number of 
 molecules. 
 
Physical Properties of Gases 315 
 
 To find the weight of a gas in pounds per cubic foot at 32 F., multi- 
 ply half the molecular weight of the gas by 0.00559. Thus i cubic 
 foot of marsh-gas, 
 
 = Vz (12 + 4) X 0.00559 = 0.0447 pound. 
 
 When a certain volume of hydrogen combines with one-half its volume 
 of oxygen, there is produced an amount of water vapor which will occupy 
 the same volume as that which was occupied by the hydrogen gas when 
 at the same temperature and pressure. 
 
 Saturation Point of Vapors. A vapor that is not near the satu- 
 ration point behaves like a gas under changes of temperature and pres- 
 sure; but if it is sufficiently compressed or cooled, it reaches a point where 
 it begins to condense; it then no longer obeys the same laws as a gas, 
 but its pressure cannot be increased by diminishing the size of the 
 vessel containing it, but remains constant, except when the temper- 
 ature is changed. The only gas that can prevent a liquid evaporating 
 seems to be its own vapor. 
 
 Dalton*s Law of Gaseous Pressures. Every portion of a mass of 
 gas inclosed in a vessel contributes to the pressure against the sides 
 of the vessel the same amount that it would have exerted by itself had 
 no other gas been present. 
 
 Mixtures of Vapors and Gases. The pressure exerted against the 
 interior of a vessel by a given quantity of a perfect gas inclosed in it 
 is the sum of the pressures which any number of parts into which such 
 quantity might be divided would exert separately, if each were inclosed 
 in a vessel of the same bulk alone, at the same temperature. Although 
 this law is not exactly true for any actual gas, it is very nearly true for 
 many. Thus if 0.080728 pound of air at 32 F., being inclosed in a 
 vessel of i cubic foot capacity, exerts a pressure of one atmosphere, 
 or 14.7 pounds, on each square inch of the interior of the vessel, then 
 will each additional 0.080728 pound of air which is inclosed, at 32 F., 
 in the same vessel, produce very nearly an additional atmosphere of 
 pressure. The same law is applicable to mixtures of gases of different 
 kinds. For example, 0.12344 pound of carbonic-acid gas, at 32 F., 
 being inclosed in a vessel of one cubic foot capacity, exerts a pressure of 
 one atmosphere; consequently, if 0.080728 pound of air and 0.12344 
 pound of carbonic-acid, mixed, be inclosed at the temperature of 32 F., 
 in a vessel of one cubic foot capacity, the mixture will exert a pressure of 
 two atmospheres. As a second example: let 0.080728 pound of air, at 
 212 F., be inclosed in a vessel of one cubic foot; it will exert a pressure of 
 
 212 +459-2 
 
 - = 1.366 atmospheres. 
 32 +459-2 
 
 Let 0.03797 pound of steam, at 212 F., be inclosed in a vessel of one 
 cubic foot; it will exert a pressure of one atmosphere. Consequently, 
 
316 Flow of Gas 
 
 if 0.080728 pound of air and 0.03707 pound of steam be mixed and 
 inclosed together, at 212 F., in a vessel of one cubic foot, the mixture 
 will exert a pressure of 2.366 atmospheres. It is a common but erro- 
 neous practice, in elementary books on physics, to describe this law as 
 constituting a difference between mixed and homogeneous gases; whereas 
 it is obvious that for mixed and homogeneous gases the law of pressure 
 is exactly the same, viz., that the pressure of the whole of a gaseous 
 mass is the sum of the pressures of all its parts. This is one of the laws 
 of mixture of gases and vapors. 
 
 A second law is that the presence of a foreign gaseous substance in 
 contact with the surface of a solid or liquid does not affect the density 
 of the vapor of that solid or liquid unless there is a tendency to chemical 
 combination between the two substances, in which case the density of 
 the vapor is slightly increased. 
 
 If 0.591 pound of air = i cubic foot at 212 F. and atmospheric pres- 
 sure is contained in a vessel of i cubic foot capacity, and water at 212 F. 
 is introduced, heat at 2i2F. being furnished by a steam jacket, the 
 pressure will rise to two atmospheres. 
 
 If air is present in a condenser along with water vapor, the pressure 
 is that due to the temperature of the vapor plus that due to the quan- 
 tity of air present 
 
 Flow of Gases. By the principle of the conservation of energy, 
 it may be shown that the velocity with which a gas under pressure will 
 escape into a vacuum is inversely proportional to the square root of its 
 density; that is, oxygen, which is sixteen times as heavy as hydrogen, 
 would, under exactly the same circumstances, escape through an open- 
 ing only one-fourth as fast as the latter gas. 
 
 Absorption of Gases by Liquids. Many gases are readily absorbed 
 by water. Other liquids also possess this power in a greater or less 
 degree. Water will, for example, absorb its own volume of carbonic- 
 acid gas, 430 times its volume of ammonia, 2^ times its volume of 
 chlorine, and only about MJO of its volume of oxygen. 
 
 The weight of gas that is absorbed by a given volume of liquid is 
 proportional to the pressure. But as the volume of a mass of gas is less 
 as the pressure is greater, the volume which a given amount of liquid 
 can absorb at a certain temperature will be constant, whatever the 
 pressure. Water, for example, can absorb its own volume of carbonic- 
 acid gas at atmospheric pressure; it will also dissolve its own volume if 
 the pressure is twice as great, but in that case the gas will be twice as 
 dense, and consequently twice the weight of gas is dissolved. 
 
Flow of Gas in Pipes Low Pressure 
 
 317 
 
 FLOW OF GAS IN PIPES LOW PRESSURE 
 
 The following formulae are intended for low-pressure distribution of 
 gas, with comparatively small differences between the initial and final 
 pressures. 
 
 Pole's Formula, 
 
 Molesworth's Formula, 
 
 Gill's Formula, 
 
 Q = 1350 
 
 Q = 1291 
 
 Where Q = quantity of gas discharged in cubic feet per hour. 
 d = inside diameter of pipe in inches. 
 h = pressure in inches of water. 
 5 = specific gravity of gas, air being i. 
 I = length of main in yards. 
 
 The formula of Gill is said to be based on experimental data, and to 
 make allowance for obstructions by tar, water, and other bodies tending 
 to check the flow of gas through the pipe. 
 
 An experiment made by Mr. Clegg, in London, with a 4-inch pipe, 
 6 miles long, pressure 3 inches of water, specific gravity of gas 0.398, 
 gave a discharge into the atmosphere of 852 cubic feet per hour, after a 
 correction of 33 cubic feet was made for leakage. Substituting this 
 
 value for Q in the formula Q = C i/ , we find the coefficient C to be 
 
 T Si 
 
 997, which corresponds very closely with the formula given by Moles- 
 worth. 
 
 Maximum Supply of Gas Through Pipes in Cubic Feet per Hour, Specific 
 Gravity being Taken at 0.45, Calculated from the Formula 
 
 Q = 1000 Vd 5 2i T- si. (Molesworth) 
 Length of Pipe = 10 Yards 
 
 Inside 
 diam- 
 
 Pressure by the water-gage in inches 
 
 
 
 pipe in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inches 
 
 O.I 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 o.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.9 
 
 I.O 
 
 % 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 y 2 
 
 26 
 
 37 
 
 46 
 
 53 
 
 59 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 % 
 
 73 
 
 103 
 
 126 
 
 145 
 
 162 
 
 187 
 
 192 
 
 205 
 
 218 
 
 230 
 
 i 
 
 149 
 
 211 
 
 258 
 
 298 
 
 333 
 
 365 
 
 394 
 
 422 
 
 447 
 
 471 
 
 1% 
 
 260 
 
 368 
 
 451 
 
 521 
 
 582 
 
 638 
 
 689 
 
 737 
 
 781 
 
 823 
 
 iVz 
 
 411 
 
 581 
 
 711 
 
 821 
 
 918 
 
 1006 
 
 1082 
 
 1162 
 
 1232 
 
 1299 
 
 2 
 
 843 
 
 1192 
 
 1460 
 
 1686 
 
 1886 
 
 2066 
 
 2231 
 
 2385 
 
 2530 
 
 2667 
 
318 
 
 Flow of Gas 
 
 Length of Pipe = 100 Yards 
 
 Inside 
 
 Pressure by the water-gage in inches 
 
 diam- 
 
 
 
 
 pipe in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inches 
 
 O.I 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 o.S 
 
 0.75 
 
 I.O 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.O 
 
 2.5 
 
 y 2 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 % 
 
 23 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 51 
 
 63 
 
 73 
 
 81 
 
 89 
 
 103 
 
 115 
 
 I 
 
 47 
 
 67 
 
 82 
 
 94 
 
 105 
 
 129 
 
 149 
 
 167 
 
 183 
 
 211 
 
 236 
 
 t% 
 
 82 
 
 116 
 
 143 
 
 165 
 
 184 
 
 225 
 
 260 
 
 291 
 
 319 
 
 368 
 
 412 
 
 iVa 
 
 130 
 
 184 
 
 225 
 
 260 
 
 290 
 
 356 
 
 4" 
 
 459 
 
 503 
 
 581 
 
 649 
 
 2 
 
 267 
 
 377 
 
 462 
 
 533 
 
 596 
 
 730 
 
 843 
 
 943 
 
 1033 
 
 
 1333 
 
 2% 
 
 466 
 
 659 
 
 80 7 
 
 932 
 
 1042 
 
 1276 
 
 1473 
 
 1647 
 
 1804 
 
 2083 
 
 2329 
 
 3 
 
 735 
 
 1039 
 
 1270 
 
 1470 
 
 1643 
 
 2012 
 
 2323 
 
 2598 
 
 2846 
 
 3286 
 
 3674 
 
 3% 
 
 1080 
 
 1528 
 
 1871 
 
 2161 
 
 2416 
 
 2958 
 
 
 3820 
 
 4184 
 
 4831 
 
 5402 
 
 4 
 
 1508 
 
 2133 
 
 2613 
 
 3017 
 
 3373 
 
 4131 
 
 4770 
 
 5333 
 
 5842 
 
 6746 
 
 7542 
 
 Length of Pipe = 1000 Yards 
 
 Inside diarn- 
 
 Pressure by the water-gage in inches 
 
 in inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o.S 
 
 o.7S 
 
 I.O 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 3-0 
 
 i 
 
 33 
 
 41 
 
 47 
 
 58 
 
 67 
 
 75 
 
 82 
 
 i^4 
 
 92 
 
 
 130 
 
 159 
 
 
 205 
 
 226 
 
 2 
 
 189 
 
 231 
 
 267 
 
 327 
 
 377 
 
 422 
 
 462 
 
 2V 2 
 
 329 
 
 403 
 
 466 
 
 571 
 
 659 
 
 737 
 
 807 
 
 3 
 
 520 
 
 636 
 
 735 
 
 900 
 
 1039 
 
 1162 
 
 1273 
 
 4 
 
 1067 
 
 1306 
 
 1508 
 
 1847 
 
 2133 
 
 2385 
 
 2613 
 
 5 
 
 1863 
 
 2282 
 
 2635 
 
 3227 
 
 3727 
 
 4167 
 
 4564 
 
 6 
 
 2939 
 
 3600 
 
 4157 
 
 5091 
 
 5879 
 
 6573 
 
 7200 
 
 Length of Pipe = 5000 Yards 
 
 Inside diam- 
 
 Pressure by the water-gage in inches 
 
 
 
 in inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I.O 
 
 1-5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 3-0 
 
 2 
 
 "9 
 
 146 
 
 I6 9 
 
 189 
 
 207 
 
 3 
 
 329 
 
 402 
 
 465 
 
 520 
 
 569 
 
 4 
 
 675 
 
 826 
 
 955 
 
 I 067 
 
 i 168 
 
 5- 
 
 I 179 
 
 1443 
 
 I 667 
 
 1863 
 
 2 O4I 
 
 6 
 
 1859 
 
 2277 
 
 2629 
 
 2939 
 
 3 220 
 
 7 
 
 2733 
 
 3347 
 
 3865 
 
 4 321 
 
 4734 
 
 8 
 
 3816 
 
 4 674 
 
 5397 
 
 6034 
 
 6610 
 
 9 
 
 5 123 
 
 6274 
 
 7245 
 
 8 zoo 
 
 8873 
 
 10 
 
 6667 
 
 8165 
 
 9428 
 
 10 541 
 
 II 547 
 
 12 
 
 10 516 
 
 12880 
 
 14872 
 
 16628 
 
 18 215 
 
Flow of Gas in Pipes Low Pressure 319 
 
 Dr. A. C. Humphreys says his experience goes to show that these 
 tables give too small a flow, but it is difficult to accurately check the 
 tables, on account of the extra friction introduced by rough pipes, 
 bends, etc. For bends, one rule is to allow ^2 of an inch pressure for 
 each right-angle bend. 
 Where there is apt to be trouble from frost it is well to use no service 
 of less diameter than % inch, no matter how short it may be. In 
 extremely cold climates this is now often increased to i inch, even for 
 a single lamp. The best practice in the United States now condemns 
 any service less than % inch. 
 
 Table Showing the Correct Sizes of House Pipes for Different Lengths of 
 Pipes and Number of Outlets 
 
 (Denver Gas and Electric Company) 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 outlets 
 
 Length of pipe in feet 
 
 1| 
 JD'& 
 
 i* 
 
 a a 
 
 5' a 
 
 1^ 
 I* 
 
 i& 
 
 "i 1 P. 
 
 $1 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 Si 
 
 a 
 
 ft 
 
 Is 
 
 |* 
 
 -So 
 
 fS 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 15 
 
 20 
 25 
 
 30 
 35 
 40 
 45 
 
 75 
 
 IOO 
 
 125 
 ISO 
 
 175 
 
 200 
 
 225 
 250 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 13 
 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 
 70 
 70 
 So 
 35 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 IOO 
 IOO 
 IOO 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 IOO 
 IOO 
 IOO 
 
 60 
 
 45 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 150 
 150 
 
 ISO 
 150 
 
 .150 
 150 
 150 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 120 
 
 65 
 
 42 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 13 
 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 2OO 
 20O 
 200 
 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 175 
 
 120 
 90 
 
 70 
 55 
 
 45 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 300 
 300 
 300 
 300 
 
 300 
 300 
 300 
 300 
 
 300 
 300 
 300 
 300 
 
 300 
 
 270 
 
 210 
 165 
 
 135 
 80 
 60 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 400 
 400 
 
 400 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 400 
 400 
 
 400 
 400 
 400 
 400 
 
 400 
 400 
 400 
 400 
 
 330 
 
 200 
 150 
 80 
 
 50 
 35 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In this table the quantity of gas the piping may be called on to con- 
 vey is stated in terms of % inch outlets on the assumption that each 
 
320 Flow of Gas in Pipes High Pressure 
 
 outlet requires a supply of 10 cubic feet per hour. The aim of the table 
 is to have the loss in pressure not exceed Vio inch water pressure in 30 
 feet. 
 
 In using the table the following rules should be observed: 
 
 In figuring out the size of pipe, always start at the extremities of the 
 system and work toward the meter. 
 
 Gas should not be supplied from a smaller to a larger size pipe. 
 
 If the exact number of outlets given cannot be found in the table, 
 take the next larger number. For example, if 17 outlets are required, 
 work with the next larger number in the table, which is 20. Or, if, 
 for the number of outlets given, the exact length which feeds these out- 
 lets cannot be found in the table, the next larger length corresponding 
 to the outlets given must be taken to determine the size of pipe required. 
 Thus if there are 8 outlets to be fed through 55 feet of pipe, the next 
 larger than 55 in the 8 outlet line in the table, which is 100, should be 
 used. As this is in the iVi inch column, that size pipe would be required. 
 
 For any given number of outlets, a smaller size should not be used than 
 the smallest size that contains a figure in the table for that number of 
 outlets. Thus, to feed 15 outlets, no smaller size pipe than i inch may 
 be used, no matter how short the section of pipe may be. 
 
 In any continuous run from an extremity to the meter, there may not 
 be used a longer length of any size pipe than found in the table for 
 that size, as 50 feet of % inch, 70 feet of i inch, etc. If any one section 
 would exceed the limit length, it must be made of larger pipe. 
 
 If any outlet is larger than % inch it must be counted as more than 
 one, in accordance with the following table: 
 
 Size of outlet (inches) 2 % i iV* iVz 2 2% 3 
 Value in table 2 4 7 n 16 28 44 64 
 
 FLOW OF GAS IN PIPES HIGH PRESSURE 
 
 The formulae given on page 317 do not take account of the varying 
 density and volume of the gas when subjected to different pressures; they 
 are applicable, therefore, only to low-pressure distribution where the 
 difference in pressure is measured in inches of water head. Under the 
 vastly different conditions connected with high pressure distribution, 
 where the differences between initial and final pressures are so great as 
 to cause a material alteration in the volume of the gas, the error involved 
 in their use is great. 
 
 Mariotte's law states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with 
 the pressure to which it is subjected. If the pressure be doubled the 
 gas will be compressed to half its former volume. When we consider 
 the high pressure at which gas is now being distributed in many places, 
 we may appreciate the disturbances which this degree of compression 
 introduces into a formula designed for use under far different conditions. 
 
 Then there is also the process of expansion continually going on, the 
 volume increasing as the gas travels farther away from the point at which 
 
Flow of Gas in Pipes High Pressure 321 
 
 the initial pressure is applied. Suppose a quantity of gas is passed 
 through a pipe at an initial pressure of 20 pounds per square inch and 
 discharged at i pound per square inch, the consequential expansion 
 represents a certain amount of work, and this factor must, in all cases, 
 be taken into account, to whatever degree it has been operating. 
 
 The common form of the formula for flow of gas in long pipes under 
 high pressure is 
 
 -V 
 
 (Pi 2 - P 2 2 ) 
 
 Is 
 
 where Q = discharge in cubic feet per hour at atmospheric pressure. 
 Pi = absolute initial pressure in pounds per square inch. 
 P 2 = absolute final pressure in pounds per square inch. 
 
 d = inside diameter of pipe in inches. 
 
 / = length of pipe line in feet. 
 
 5 = specific gravity of gas, air being i. 
 
 c = coefficient, which is variously given in the different formulae. 
 
 The expression (Pi 1 - P 2 2 ) may be replaced by (Pi + P 2 ) (Pi - P 2 ). 
 William Cox (Am. Mach., Mar. 20, 1002) gives the formula in the 
 form 
 
 1 1 p,2 
 
 Mr3 
 
 
 
 Q = 3000 1 / - - - when s = 0.65. 
 
 E. A. Rix, in a paper on the "Compression and Transmission of 
 Illuminating Gas," read before the Pacific Coast Gas Association, 1905, 
 gives for the discharge per minute, 
 
 44.66 / (Pi 2 - P 2 2 ) eft 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 from which the discharge per hour would be 
 
 2680 /(Pi 2 - P 2 2 ) d 6 
 
 Q = ~ s \~ ~T~ 
 
 Forrest M. Towl gives 
 
 L being given in miles instead of feet. The value of C for air is 38.28 
 and for gas having a specific gravity of 0.59 is 50. 
 The Pittsburgh formula for discharge is, 
 
 Q = 3450 \/ " l " when * " 
 
322 
 
 
 Oliphant's 
 
 Formula 
 
 
 
 Since the velocity, and therefore the discharge varies inversely as the 
 square root of the density, all of these formulae may be transformed into 
 the general form given above, 
 
 the value of 
 Cox 
 
 c 
 
 c derived fr 
 
 > ,i/ (Pl2 
 
 - /V) $> 
 
 
 lows: 
 
 2419 
 2672 
 2680 
 2782 
 
 Hiphant for 
 
 C V 1 S 
 am the different formulae being as fo 
 
 Pittsbu 
 Rix 
 
 rgh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Towl 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oliphant's Formula. 
 
 the discharge of gas whe 
 
 A formula 
 n the specifi< 
 
 Q = 42 a y/ 
 
 cubic feet pe 
 ire in pounds 
 e in pounds ] 
 tin in miles, 
 ee table belo 
 
 specific gra 1 
 ire of flowin 
 ch 5, and a 
 
 t, the discha 
 t of unity for 
 
 follies of Coe 
 
 determined by F. H. C 
 : gravity is 0.60, is 
 
 Pi 2 - P 2 2 
 
 where Q = discharge in 
 Pi = initial pressi 
 Pz = final pressur 
 L = length of ma 
 a = coefficient (s 
 
 For gas of any other 
 
 /o.6o 
 V - For temperati 
 V s 
 
 deduct i per cent for ea 
 less than 60 F. 
 According to Oliphan 
 
 Vd*. Using a coefficien 
 1 
 
 L 
 
 r hour at atmospheric pressure, 
 per square inch (absolute). 
 3er square inch (absolute), 
 
 *). 
 irity, s, multiply the discharge by 
 g gas when observed above 60 F. 
 dd a like amount for temperatures 
 
 rge is not strictly proportional to 
 
 i inch pipe he gives a V^5 _j 
 30 
 
 fficient "a" 
 
 Inside 
 diameter, 
 inches 
 
 a 
 
 Inside 
 diameter, 
 inches 
 
 a 
 
 Inside 
 diameter, 
 inches 
 
 a 
 
 % 
 % 
 
 8/4 
 
 I 
 
 x% 
 
 2 
 
 2Y2 
 
 .0317 
 .1810 
 .5012 
 
 1. 00 
 
 2.93 
 5-92 
 10.37 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5% 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 16.5 
 34-1 
 60 
 81 
 
 95 
 198 
 350 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 
 24 
 30 
 36 
 
 556 
 1160 
 1570 
 2055 
 
 3285 
 5830 
 9330 
 
 For 15 inch Outside Diameter Pipe, 14*4 inches Inside Diameter, a = 863. 
 For 16 inch Outside Diameter Pipe, T5V4 inches Inside Diameter, a = 1025. 
 For 18 inch Outside Diameter Pipe, 17^4 inches Inside Diameter, a = 1410. 
 For 20 inch Outside Diameter Pipe, 19*4 inches Inside Diameter, a = 1860. 
 
Comparison of Formulae 323 
 
 Unwin' s Formula. Professor Unwin in a paper read before the 
 British Institution of Gas Engineers in 1904, suggested the following 
 formula, which takes into account the changes of volume and density, 
 
 where Q = discharge in cubic feet per second measured at pressure 
 D = diameter of pipe in feet. 
 
 ui = velocity in feet per second at the inlet of the pipe. 
 #2 = velocity in feet per second at the outlet of the pipe. 
 Pi = pressure at the inlet of the pipe (absolute). 
 Pi = pressure at the outlet of the pipe (absolute). 
 
 The value of the velocity is obtained from the following formula, 
 
 Ml : 
 
 CSlPi 2 
 
 where, in addition to the notation given above, 
 
 5 = specific gravity of gas. 
 
 I = length of pipe in feet. 
 
 c = coefficient of friction which may be obtained from the formula 
 
 c = 0.0044 
 
 Comparison of Formulas. That these formulae give diverse results 
 is shown by the following example. Suppose it is required to find the 
 discharge per hour of an 8 inch pipe line having an intake pressure of 
 200 pounds gage and a discharge pressure of 25 pounds gage, the length 
 being 20 miles, and the specific gravity of the gas being 0.60. The follow- 
 ing results are obtained, the discharge being given in cubic feet at 
 atmospheric pressure. 
 
 Cox Formula 367 ooo cubic feet per hour. 
 
 Unwin Formula 374 700 cubic feet per hour. 
 
 Oliphant Formula 392 400 cubic feet per hour. 
 
 Pittsburgh Formula 405 500 cubic feet per hour. 
 
 Rix Formula 406 700 cubic feet per hour. 
 
 Towl Formula 422 100 cubic feet per hour. 
 
 The results given above by the various formulae agree within 7 per 
 cent of the average of results. The rules most generally accepted are 
 the Oliphant and Pittsburgh formulae. It is understood that all the 
 formulae quoted apply to straight pipes laid perfectly level. Any 
 deviation from these conditions will of course affect the amount of 
 discharge. 
 
 Since the quantity of gas discharged varies as the square root of the 
 difference of the squares of the initial and final pressures, it is evident 
 that as the initial pressure is increased, the final pressure being fixed, 
 
324 
 
 Effect of Bends and Fittings 
 
 the discharge becomes more and more in direct ratio to the" increase in 
 pressure. Thus by increasing the pressure from 100 to 200 pounds 
 gage, pressure of discharge being 5 pounds, the quantity of gas trans- 
 mitted is increased 89 per cent. 
 
 Effect of Bends and Fittings. The effect of a bend or sharp angle 
 in a pipe is to reduce the kinetic energy of the gas and, because of the 
 increased friction, to retard the velocity of the gas. It is found that 
 these disturbing influences vary to a great extent with the character of 
 the bend. The resistance offered is least when the radius of the bend is 
 equal to five times the radius of the pipe. The most convenient way 
 of stating the resistance offered by bends is in terms of equivalent length 
 of straight pipe which offers the same resistance to flow as the extra 
 resistance due to the bend. A formula given for this equivalent length is 
 
 / r \0.83 
 
 L = 12.85 -1 I, 
 
 \ K / 
 
 where L = equivalent length in feet. 
 / = radius of pipe. 
 R = radius of curve. 
 
 / = length of curve in feet measured along the center line. 
 The resistance of a bend whose radius is five times the radius of the 
 
 pipe, that is = .2, is equal to the resistance of 3.38 /. 
 R 
 
 The reduction of pressure produced by elbows, tees and globe valves 
 is also taken account of by the addition of an equivalent length to the 
 length of straight pipe. The following table shows the additional length 
 required to equal the friction due to globe valves. For elbows and tees 
 take % of the value given in the table. 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Additional 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Additional 
 
 . pipe in inches 
 
 length in feet 
 
 pipe in inches 
 
 length in feet 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 44 
 
 1% 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 53 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 70 
 
 2l/ 2 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 88 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 IS 
 
 US 
 
 $i 
 
 . 16 
 
 18 
 
 143 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 162 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 181 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 200 
 
 Adiabatic Compression of Natural Gas 
 
 The following table and the curve, Fig. 130, on page 325, give the 
 rise in temperature due to the adiabatic compression of natural gas. 
 
 Pi is the absolute initial and Pz the absolute final pressure, being 
 
 therefore the ratio of compression. 
 is assumed to be 60 F. 
 
 The initial temperature of the gas 
 
Adiabatic Compression of Natural Gas 325 
 
 .. 
 
 P Ris< 
 - temp o e 
 
 ; if Po 
 rature ^ 
 \ * i 
 
 Rise in 
 temperature 
 F. 
 
 P 2 
 PI 
 
 Rise in 
 
 temperature 
 
 op 
 
 i. 
 
 I: 5 l 
 
 2.5 i] 
 
 3. i; 
 3.5 ^ 
 
 4. I' 
 4-5 15 
 
 5- 2] 
 
 5-5 2; 
 
 o 6. 
 J7 6.5 
 52 7. 
 o 7-5 
 55 8. 
 7 8.5 
 7 9- 
 >4 10. 
 
 II. 
 
 >4 12. 
 
 238 
 251 
 263 
 274 
 285 
 296 
 305 
 324 
 34i 
 357 
 
 14- 
 16. 
 18. 
 
 20. 
 25. 
 
 30. 
 35- 
 40. 
 45- 
 50. 
 
 386 
 
 412 
 435 
 456 
 503 
 543 
 578 
 609 
 638 
 664 
 
 600 
 
 o 
 550 
 
 600 
 
 450 
 
 400 
 U. 
 O 
 
 Ul 
 
 C 
 
 2 350 
 
 Q. 
 300 
 
 Z 
 
 8 250 
 200 
 150 
 100 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~j_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -jf.- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 
 RATIO OF COMPRESSION^- 
 
 Fig. 130 
 
326 Steam 
 
 STEAM 
 
 Properties PAGE 
 
 Temperature and Pressure 327 
 
 The Heat-unit 327 
 
 Total Heat of Water 327 
 
 Latent Heat of Steam 327 
 
 Total Heat of Saturated Steam 327 
 
 Specific Heat of Saturated Steam 328 
 
 Volume of Saturated Steam 328 
 
 Absolute Zero 328 
 
 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 328 
 
 Table of Properties of Saturated Steam 329 
 
 Factors of Evaporation 333 
 
 Superheated Steam 
 
 Volume 337 
 
 Specific Heat 337 
 
 Advantages of Superheating 338 
 
 Table of Properties 339 
 
 Flow of Steam 
 
 Flow of Steam from Orifices 341 
 
 Flow of Steam into the Atmosphere 341 . 
 
 Flow of Steam in Pipes 342 
 
 Flow in Low-pressure Heating Lines 345 
 
 Resistance due to Entrance, Bends and Valves 346 
 
 Expansion of Steam Pipes 346 
 
 Sizes of Steam Pipes for Engines 347 
 
 Loss of Heat from Steam Pipes 
 
 Loss of Heat from Bare Steam Pipes 348 
 
 Condensation in Bare Steam Pipes 348 
 
 Steam Pipe Coverings 348 
 
Steam 327 
 
 STEAM 
 
 The Temperature of Steam in contact with water depends upon the 
 pressure under which it is generated. At the ordinary atmospheric 
 pressure (14.7 pounds per square inch) its temperature is 212 F, As 
 the pressure is increased, as when steam is generated in a closed vessel, 
 its temperature, and that of the water in its presence, increases. 
 
 Saturated Steam is steam in its normal state, that is, steam whose 
 temperature is that due to its pressure; by which is meant steam at the 
 same temperature as that of the water from which it was generated 
 and upon which it rests. 
 
 Superheated Steam is steam at a temperature above that due to its 
 pressure. 
 
 Dry Steam is steam which contains no moisture. It may be either 
 saturated or superheated. 
 
 Wet Steam is steam containing free moisture in the form of spray 
 or mist. It has the same temperature as dry saturated steam of the 
 same pressure. 
 
 Water introduced into superheated steam will be vaporized until 
 the steam becomes saturated, and its temperature becomes that due to 
 its pressure. Cold water, or water at a lower temperature than that 
 of the steam, introduced into saturated steam, will condense some of it, 
 thus lowering both the temperature and pressure of the rest until the 
 temperature again equals that due to its pressure. 
 
 The Heat-unit, or British Thermal Unit. The old definition of 
 the heat-unit (Rankine), viz., the quantity of heat required to raise 
 the temperature of i pound of water i F., at or near its temperature 
 of maximum density (39.1 F.), is now no longer used. Peabody de- 
 fines it as the heat required to raise a pound of water from 62 to 63 F., 
 
 and Marks and Davis as of the heat required to raise i pound of 
 
 180 
 
 water from 32 to 212 F. By Peabody's definition the heat required 
 to raise i pound of water from 32 to 212 is 180.3 instead of 180 units, 
 and the heat of vaporization at 212 is 969.7 instead of 970.4 units. 
 
 The Total Heat of the Water is the number of British thermal 
 units needed to raise one pound of water from 32 F. to the boiling point, 
 under the given pressure. 
 
 The Latent Heat of Steam or Heat of Vaporization is the num- 
 ber of British thermal units required to convert one pound of water, 
 at the boiling point, into steam of the same temperature. 
 
 The Total Heat of Saturated Steam is the number of heat-units 
 required to raise a pound of water from 32 F. to the boiling point, at 
 the given pressure, plus the number required to convert the water at 
 that temperature into steam of the same temperature. 
 
328 Steam 
 
 The total heat in steam (above 32) includes three elements: 
 First. The heat required to raise the temperature of the water to 
 the temperature of the steam. 
 
 Second. The heat required to evaporate the water at that temper- 
 ature, called internal latent heat. 
 
 Third. The latent heat of volume, or the external work done by the 
 steam in making room for itself against the pressure of the superincum- 
 bent atmosphere (or surrounding steam if enclosed in a vessel). 
 The sum of the last two elements is the latent heat of steam. 
 The following shows the heat required to generate one pound of steam 
 from water at 32 F.: 
 
 Heat-units 
 
 Sensible heat, to raise the water from 32 to 212 = 180.0 
 
 Latent heat, i, of the formation of steam at 212 = 897.6 
 2, of expansion against the atmos- 
 pheric pressure, 2116 pounds per 
 square foot X 26.79 cubic feet = 
 56 688 foot-pounds -T- 778 = 72.8 970.4 
 
 Total heat above 32 F 1150.4 
 
 Specific Heat of Saturated Steam. When a unit weight of satu- 
 rated steam is increased in temperature and in pressure, the volume 
 decreasing so as to keep it saturated, the specific heat is negative, and 
 decreases as the temperature increases. 
 
 Volume of Saturated Steam. The values of specific volume o! 
 saturated steam as given in the Properties of Saturated Steam are com- 
 puted by Clapyron's equation. 
 
 Absolute Zero. The value of the absolute zero has been variously 
 given as from 459.2 to 460.66 degrees below the Fahrenheit zero. Marks 
 and Davis,, comparing the results of Berthelot (1903), Buckingham 
 (1907), and Rose-Innes (1908), give as the most probable value 
 459.64 F. The value 460 is close enough for all engineering 
 calculations. 
 
 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. The value generally accepted, 
 based on Rowland's experiments, is 778 foot-pounds. Marks and Davis 
 give the value 777.52 standard foot-pounds, based on later experiments, 
 and on the value of g = 980.665 centimeters per second 2 = 32.174 feet 
 per second 2 , fixed by international agreement (1901). These values of 
 the absolute zero and of the mechanical equivalent of heat have been 
 used by Marks and Davis in the computation of their steam tables. 
 In refined investigations involving the value of the mechanical equiva- 
 lent of heat, the value of g for the latitude in which the experiments are 
 made must be considered. 
 
Properties of Saturated Steam 329 
 
 Properties of Saturated Steam 
 
 (Condensed by Kent from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables. 
 
 "o 
 
 $ 
 
 
 Total heat 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 IU 
 
 1^ 
 
 .15 
 
 above 32 F. 
 
 ta - 
 
 2 
 
 | - 
 
 <D 
 
 "88 
 
 " 
 
 ^fl 
 
 |f 
 
 1 - 
 
 $ 
 
 -J1 
 
 ||| 
 
 M 1^ 
 
 o3| 
 
 Is 
 
 || 
 
 || 
 
 
 
 > *3 
 
 ' 
 
 <u ii "5 
 
 oT ^to 
 
 
 o* 
 
 43 8, 
 
 I 8 
 
 -3 ,& 
 
 |1s 
 
 g-ft'-S 
 
 SssS 
 
 "fS \ ^ 
 
 g * 
 
 rC ID ft 
 
 ^cP. 
 
 "a 
 
 w | 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 & * 
 
 3 S 
 
 G ^ 
 
 
 *o" H 
 
 1"" 
 
 m 
 
 
 29.74 
 
 0.0886 
 
 32 
 
 o.oo 
 
 1073.4 
 
 1073.4 
 
 3294. 
 
 0.000304 
 
 o.oooo 
 
 2.1832 
 
 29.67 
 
 0.1217 
 
 40 
 
 8.05 
 
 1076 . 9 
 
 1068.9 
 
 2438. 
 
 0.000410 
 
 0.0162 
 
 2.1394 
 
 29.56 
 
 0.1780 
 
 5o 
 
 18.08 
 
 1081.4 
 
 1063.3 
 
 1702. 
 
 0.000587 
 
 0.0361 
 
 2.0865 
 
 29.40 
 
 0.2562 
 
 60 
 
 28.08 
 
 1085.9 
 
 1057.8 
 
 1208. 
 
 0.000828 
 
 0.0555 
 
 2.0358 
 
 29.18 
 
 0.3626 
 
 70 
 
 38.06 
 
 1090.3 
 
 1052.3 
 
 871. 
 
 0.001148 
 
 0.0745 
 
 .9868 
 
 28.89 
 
 0.505 
 
 80 
 
 48.03 
 
 1094.8 
 
 1046.7 
 
 636.8 
 
 0.001570 
 
 0.0932 
 
 .9398 
 
 28.50 
 
 0.696 
 
 90 
 
 58.00 
 
 1099.2 
 
 1041.2 
 
 469.3 
 
 0.002131 
 
 0.1114 
 
 .8944 
 
 28.00 
 
 0.946 
 
 100 
 
 67.97 
 
 1103.6 
 
 1035.6 
 
 350.8 
 
 0.002851 
 
 0.1295 
 
 .8505 
 
 27.88 
 
 I 
 
 101.83 
 
 69.8 
 
 1104.4 
 
 1034.6 
 
 333.0 
 
 0.00300 
 
 0.1327 
 
 .8427 
 
 25.85 
 
 2 
 
 126.15 
 
 94-0 
 
 1115.0 
 
 I02I.O 
 
 173-5 
 
 0.00576 
 
 0.1749 
 
 .7431 
 
 23.81 
 
 3 
 
 141.52 
 
 109.4 
 
 II2I.6 
 
 1012.3 
 
 118.5 
 
 0.00845 
 
 0.2008 
 
 .6840 
 
 21.78 
 
 4 
 
 I53.oi 
 
 120.9 
 
 1126.5 
 
 1005-7 
 
 90.5 
 
 0.01107 
 
 0.2198 
 
 .6416 
 
 19.74 
 
 5 
 
 162.28 
 
 130.1 
 
 H39-5 
 
 1000.3 
 
 73-33 
 
 0.01364 
 
 0.2348 
 
 .6084 
 
 17.70 
 
 6 
 
 170.06 
 
 137-9 
 
 II33-7 
 
 995-8 
 
 61.89 
 
 o. 01616 
 
 0.2471 
 
 .5814 
 
 15.67 
 
 7 
 
 176.85 
 
 144-7 
 
 1136.5 
 
 991-8 
 
 53.56 
 
 0.01867 
 
 0.2579 
 
 .5582 
 
 13.63 
 
 8 
 
 182.86 
 
 150.8 
 
 1139-0 
 
 988.2 
 
 47-27 
 
 0.02115 
 
 0.2673 
 
 .5380 
 
 II. 60 
 
 9 
 
 188.27 
 
 156.2 
 
 1141.1 
 
 985.0 
 
 42.36 
 
 0.02361 
 
 0.2756 
 
 .5202 
 
 9.56 
 
 10 
 
 193.22 
 
 161.1 
 
 II43- I 
 
 982.0 
 
 38.38 
 
 0.02606 
 
 0.2832 
 
 .5042 
 
 7-52 
 
 ii 
 
 197-75 
 
 165.7 
 
 II44-9 
 
 979-2 
 
 35-10 
 
 0.02849 
 
 0.2902 
 
 .4895 
 
 5-49 
 
 12 
 
 201.96 
 
 169.9 
 
 1146.5 
 
 976.6 
 
 32.36 
 
 0.03090 
 
 0.2967 
 
 .4760 
 
 3-45 
 
 13 
 
 205.87 
 
 173-8 
 
 1148.0 
 
 974-2 
 
 30.03 
 
 0.03330 
 
 0.3025 
 
 .4639 
 
 1.42 
 
 14 
 
 209.55 
 
 177-5 
 
 II49-4 
 
 971-9 
 
 28.02 
 
 0.03569 
 
 0.3081 
 
 .4523 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gage 
 
 14.70 
 
 212.0 
 
 180.0 
 
 1150.4 
 
 970.4 
 
 26.79 
 
 0.03732 
 
 0.3118 
 
 4447 
 
 0.3 
 
 15 
 
 213.0 
 
 181.0 
 
 1150.7 
 
 969.7 
 
 26.27 
 
 0.03806 
 
 0.3133 
 
 .4416 
 
 1.3 
 
 16 
 
 216.3 
 
 184.4 
 
 1152.0 
 
 967.6 
 
 24-79 
 
 0.04042 
 
 0.3183 
 
 4311 
 
 2.3 
 
 17 
 
 219.4 
 
 187.5 
 
 H53.I 
 
 965.6 
 
 23.38 
 
 0.04277 
 
 0.3229 
 
 4215 
 
 3-3 
 
 18 
 
 222.4 
 
 190.5 
 
 1154.2 
 
 963.7 
 
 22.16 
 
 0.04512 
 
 0.3273 
 
 4127 
 
 4-3 
 
 19 
 
 225.2 
 
 193-4 
 
 II55-2 
 
 961.8 
 
 21.07 
 
 0.04746 
 
 0.3315 
 
 4045 
 
 5-3 
 
 20 
 
 228.0 
 
 196.1 
 
 1156.2 
 
 960.0 
 
 20.08 
 
 0.04980 
 
 0.3355 
 
 .3965 
 
 6.3 
 
 21 
 
 230.6 
 
 198.8 
 
 II57-I 
 
 958.3 
 
 19.18 
 
 0.05213 
 
 0.3393 
 
 .3887 
 
 7-3 
 
 22 
 
 233.1 
 
 201.3 
 
 1158.0 
 
 956.7 
 
 18.37 
 
 0.05445 
 
 0.3430 
 
 .3811 
 
 8.3 
 
 23 
 
 235-5 
 
 203.8 
 
 1158.8 
 
 955-1 
 
 17.62 
 
 0.05676 
 
 0.3465 
 
 3739 
 
 9-3 
 
 24 
 
 237-8 
 
 206.1 
 
 H59.6 
 
 953-5 
 
 16.93 
 
 0.05907 
 
 0.3499 
 
 .3670 
 
 10.3 
 
 25 
 
 240.1 
 
 208.4 
 
 1160.4 
 
 952.0 
 
 16.30 
 
 0.0614 
 
 0.3532 
 
 .3604 
 
 ii. 3 
 
 26 
 
 242.2 
 
 210.6 
 
 1161.2 
 
 950.6 
 
 15.72 
 
 0.0636 
 
 0.3564 
 
 3542 
 
 12.3 
 
 27 
 
 244.4 
 
 212.7 
 
 1161.9 
 
 949-2 
 
 15.18 
 
 0.0659 
 
 0.3594 
 
 .3483 
 
 13-3 
 
 28 
 
 246.4 
 
 214-8 
 
 1162.6 
 
 947-8 
 
 14.67 
 
 0.0682 
 
 0.3623 
 
 3425 
 
 14-3 
 
 29 
 
 248.4 
 
 216.8 
 
 1163.2 
 
 946.4 
 
 14.19 
 
 0.0705 
 
 0.3652 
 
 .3367 
 
 15-3 
 
 30 
 
 250.3 
 
 218.8 
 
 1163.9 
 
 945.1 
 
 13-74 
 
 0.0728 
 
 0.3680 
 
 33II 
 
 16.3 
 
 31 
 
 252.2 
 
 22O.7 
 
 1164.5 
 
 943-8 
 
 13.32 
 
 0.0751 
 
 0.3707 
 
 3357 
 
 
330 Properties of Saturated Steam 
 
 Properties of Saturated Steam (Continued; 
 
 (Condensed by Kent from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables.) 
 
 
 o> 
 
 
 Total heat 
 
 
 o5 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 0? 
 
 tj 
 
 <u 
 
 above 32 F. 
 
 
 3^,^-t 
 
 wS 
 
 QJ 
 
 
 1 g 
 
 W flj O 
 
 0)0,0 
 
 j*| 
 
 
 U3 
 ^ 1 '3 
 
 t o 
 
 * y 
 
 ^ 
 
 "oj 
 
 7j 
 
 
 lf| 
 
 til 
 
 ij 
 
 ! I 
 
 w 
 
 
 ".11 
 
 ;fl 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 fit 
 
 I 11 
 
 j! 
 
 > - 3 
 1 j 
 
 1*1 
 
 S-SI 
 
 IV- 
 
 o 
 
 IF 
 
 o^**" 1 
 
 W 
 
 if 
 
 17-3 
 
 32 
 
 254.1 
 
 222.6 
 
 II65.I 
 
 942.5 
 
 12.93 
 
 0.0773 
 
 0.3733 
 
 .3205 
 
 18.3 
 
 33 
 
 255.8 
 
 224.4 
 
 II65.7 
 
 941-3 
 
 12.57 
 
 0.0795 
 
 0.3759 
 
 .3155 
 
 19-3 
 
 34 
 
 257.6 
 
 226.2 
 
 II66.3 
 
 940.1 
 
 12.22 
 
 0.0818 
 
 0.3784 
 
 .3107 
 
 20.3 
 
 35 
 
 259.3 
 
 227.9 
 
 II66.8 
 
 938.9 
 
 11.89 
 
 0.0841 
 
 0.3808 
 
 .3060 
 
 21.3 
 
 36 
 
 261.0 
 
 229.6 
 
 II67.3 
 
 937-7 
 
 11.58 
 
 0.0863 
 
 0.3832 
 
 .3014 
 
 22.3 
 
 37 
 
 262.6 
 
 231.3 
 
 II67.8 
 
 936.6 
 
 11.29 
 
 0.0886 
 
 0.3855 
 
 .2969 
 
 23.3 
 
 38 
 
 264.2 
 
 232.9 
 
 II68.4 
 
 935-5 
 
 II. OI 
 
 0.0908 
 
 0.3877 
 
 .2925 
 
 24.3 
 
 39 
 
 265.8 
 
 234.5 
 
 II68.9 
 
 934-4 
 
 10.74 
 
 0.0931 
 
 0.3899 
 
 .2882 
 
 25.3 
 
 40 
 
 267.3 
 
 236.1 
 
 II69.4 
 
 933-3 
 
 10.49 
 
 0.0953 
 
 0.3920 
 
 .2841 
 
 26.3 
 
 41 
 
 268.7 
 
 237.6 
 
 II69.8 
 
 932.2 
 
 10.25 
 
 0.0976 
 
 0.3941 
 
 .2800 
 
 27.3 
 
 42 
 
 270.2 
 
 239-1 
 
 H70.3 
 
 931.2 
 
 10.02 
 
 0.0998 
 
 0.3962 
 
 .2759 
 
 28.3 
 
 43 
 
 271.7 
 
 240.5 
 
 II70.7 
 
 930.2 
 
 9.80 
 
 O.IO2O 
 
 0.3982 
 
 .2720 
 
 29.3 
 
 44 
 
 273.1 
 
 242.0 
 
 II7I.2 
 
 929.2 
 
 9.59 
 
 0.1043 
 
 0.4002 
 
 .2681 
 
 30.3 
 
 45 
 
 274.5 
 
 243-4 
 
 II7I.6 
 
 928.2 
 
 9-39 
 
 0.1065 
 
 0.4021 
 
 .2644 
 
 31-3 
 
 46 
 
 275.8 
 
 244-8 
 
 II72.O 
 
 927.2 
 
 9.20 
 
 0.1087 
 
 0.4040 
 
 .2607 
 
 32.3 
 
 47 
 
 277.2 
 
 246.1 
 
 II72.4 
 
 926.3 
 
 9.02 
 
 0.1109 
 
 0.4059 
 
 .2571 
 
 33-3 
 
 48 
 
 278.5 
 
 247-5 
 
 II72.8 
 
 925.3 
 
 8.84 
 
 0.1131 
 
 0.4077 
 
 - .2536 
 
 34-3 
 
 49 
 
 279.8 
 
 248.8 
 
 II73-2 
 
 924.4 
 
 8.67 
 
 O.H53 
 
 0.4095 
 
 .2502 
 
 35-3 
 
 50 
 
 281.0 
 
 25O.I 
 
 H73.6 
 
 923.5 
 
 8.51 
 
 0.1175 
 
 0.4113 
 
 .2468 
 
 36.3 
 
 51 
 
 282.3 
 
 251.4 
 
 II74.0 
 
 922.6 
 
 8.35 
 
 O.U97 
 
 0.4130 
 
 .2435 
 
 37-3 
 
 52 
 
 283.5 
 
 252.6 
 
 H74.3 
 
 921.7 
 
 8.20 
 
 0.1219 
 
 0.4147 
 
 .2402 
 
 38.3 
 
 53 
 
 284.7 
 
 253-9 
 
 II74-7 
 
 920.8 
 
 8.05 
 
 0.1241 
 
 0.4164 
 
 .2370 
 
 39-3 
 
 54 
 
 285.9 
 
 255-1 
 
 II75.0 
 
 919.9 
 
 7-91 
 
 0.1263 
 
 0.4180 
 
 .2339 
 
 40.3 
 
 55 
 
 287.1 
 
 256.3 
 
 II75-4 
 
 919.0 
 
 7-78 
 
 0.1285 
 
 0.4196 
 
 .2309 
 
 41-3 
 
 56 
 
 288.2 
 
 257-5 
 
 II75-7 
 
 918.2 
 
 7-65 
 
 0.1307 
 
 0.4212 
 
 .2278 
 
 42.3 
 
 57 
 
 289.4 
 
 258.7 
 
 II76.0 
 
 917.4 
 
 7-52 
 
 0.1329 
 
 0.4227 
 
 .2248 
 
 43-3 
 
 58 
 
 290.5 
 
 259-8 
 
 II76.4 
 
 916.5 
 
 7-40 
 
 0.1350 
 
 0.4242 
 
 .2218 
 
 44-3 
 
 59 
 
 291.6 
 
 26l.O 
 
 II76.7 
 
 915.7 
 
 7.28 
 
 0.1372 
 
 0.4257 
 
 .2189 
 
 45-3 
 
 60 
 
 292.7 
 
 262.1 
 
 II77-0 
 
 914.9 
 
 7.17 
 
 0.1394 
 
 0.4272 
 
 .2160 
 
 46.3 
 
 61 
 
 293.8 
 
 263.2 
 
 II77-3 
 
 914.1 
 
 7.06 
 
 0.1416 
 
 0.4287 
 
 .2132 
 
 47-3 
 
 62 
 
 294.9 
 
 264.3 
 
 II77-6 
 
 913.3 
 
 6.95 
 
 0.1438 
 
 0.4302 
 
 .2104 
 
 48.3 
 
 63 
 
 295.9 
 
 265.4 
 
 II77-9 
 
 912.5 
 
 6.85 
 
 0.1460 
 
 0.4316 
 
 .2077 
 
 49.3 
 
 64 
 
 297.0 
 
 266.4 
 
 II78.2 
 
 911.8 
 
 675 
 
 0.1482 
 
 0-4330 
 
 .2050 
 
 50.3 
 
 65 
 
 298.0 
 
 267.5 
 
 II78.5 
 
 911.0 
 
 6.65 
 
 0.1503 
 
 0.4344 
 
 .2024 
 
 51-3 
 
 66 
 
 299.0 
 
 268.5 
 
 II78.8 
 
 910.2 
 
 6.56 
 
 0.1525 
 
 0.4358 
 
 .1998 
 
 52.3 
 
 67 
 
 300.0 
 
 269.6 
 
 II79-0 
 
 909.5 
 
 6.47 
 
 0.1547 
 
 0.4371 
 
 .1972 
 
 53-3 
 
 68 
 
 301.0 
 
 27O.6 
 
 II79-3 
 
 908.7 
 
 6.38 
 
 0.1569 
 
 0.4385 
 
 .1946 
 
 54-3 
 
 69 
 
 302.0 
 
 271.6 
 
 II79-6 
 
 908.0 
 
 6.29 
 
 0.1590 
 
 0.4398 
 
 .1921 
 
 55-3 
 
 TO 
 
 302.9 
 
 272.6 
 
 II79-8 
 
 907.2 
 
 6.20 
 
 0.1612 
 
 0.4411 
 
 .1896 
 
 56.3 
 
 71 
 
 303.9 
 
 273-6 
 
 1180.1 
 
 906.5 
 
 6.12 
 
 0.1634 
 
 0.4424 
 
 .1872 
 
 
Properties of Saturated Steam 331 
 
 Properties of Saturated Steam (Continued) 
 
 (Condensed by Kent from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables.) 
 
 
 CD~ 
 
 
 Total heat 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 oT 
 
 P 
 
 <u" 
 
 above 32 F. 
 
 
 
 ***< 
 
 IS 
 
 0> 
 
 
 s 53 *o 
 
 w <u *o 
 
 *i .^ 
 
 
 $*$ 
 
 fj O 
 
 o C 
 
 ^ 
 
 "o o 
 
 w a .S 
 
 % ^.S 
 
 ** JM 
 
 j_ 
 
 - 
 
 
 1B T) 
 
 M rtTJ 
 
 *o "- 1 
 
 
 If s 
 
 ?| 
 
 R 
 
 | ' 
 
 1-1 
 
 |HJ? 
 
 *- U 
 
 "o-S | 
 
 II 
 
 p. $ 
 
 M 9 
 
 M O Q< 
 
 ft! 
 
 J| 
 
 | 
 
 a) ta /> 
 
 ! 1 
 
 i i 
 
 ^ 
 
 js.S 
 
 IF 
 
 I 
 
 i! 
 
 57.3 
 
 72 
 
 304.8 
 
 274-5 
 
 1180.4 
 
 905.8 
 
 6.04 
 
 0.1656 
 
 0.4437 
 
 .1848 
 
 58.3 
 
 73 
 
 305.8 
 
 275-5 
 
 1180.6 
 
 905.1 
 
 5.96 
 
 0.1678 
 
 o. 4449 
 
 .1825 
 
 59.3 
 
 74 
 
 306.7 
 
 276.5 
 
 1180.9 
 
 904.4 
 
 5.89 
 
 0.1699 
 
 0.4462 
 
 .1801 
 
 60.3 
 
 75 
 
 307.6 
 
 277.4 
 
 1181.1 
 
 903-7 
 
 5.8i 
 
 0.1721 
 
 0.4474 
 
 .1778 
 
 61.3 
 
 76 
 
 308.5 
 
 278.3 
 
 1181.4 
 
 903.0 
 
 5-74 
 
 0.1743 
 
 0.4487 
 
 .1755 
 
 62.3 
 
 77 
 
 309.4 
 
 279.3 
 
 1181.6 
 
 902.3 
 
 5.67 
 
 0.1764 
 
 0.4499 
 
 .1732 
 
 63.3 
 
 78 
 
 310.3 
 
 280.2 
 
 1181.8 
 
 901.7 
 
 5.6o 
 
 0.1786 
 
 0.45H 
 
 .1710 
 
 64.3 
 
 79 
 
 3H. 2 
 
 281.1 
 
 1182.1 
 
 901.0 
 
 5-54 
 
 0.1808 
 
 0.4523 
 
 .1687 
 
 65.3 
 
 80 
 
 312.0 
 
 282.0 
 
 1182.3 
 
 900.3 
 
 5-47 
 
 0.1829 
 
 0.4535 
 
 .1665 
 
 66.3 
 
 81 
 
 312.9 
 
 282.9 
 
 1182.5 
 
 899.7 
 
 5-41 
 
 0.1851 
 
 0.4546 
 
 .1644 
 
 67-3 
 
 82 
 
 313.8 
 
 283.8 
 
 1182.8 
 
 899.0 
 
 5-34 
 
 0.1873 
 
 0.4557 
 
 1623 
 
 68.3 
 
 83 
 
 314.6 
 
 284.6 
 
 1183.0 
 
 898.4 
 
 5.28 
 
 0.1894 
 
 0.4568 
 
 .1602 
 
 69.3 
 
 84 
 
 315.4 
 
 285.5 
 
 1183.2 
 
 897.7 
 
 5.22 
 
 0.1915 
 
 0.4579 
 
 1581 
 
 70.3 
 
 85 
 
 316.3 
 
 286.3 
 
 1183.4 
 
 897.1 
 
 5.16 
 
 0.1937 
 
 0.4590 
 
 .1561 
 
 71-3 
 
 86 
 
 317.1 
 
 287.2 
 
 1183.6 
 
 896.4 
 
 5-10 
 
 0.1959 
 
 0.4601 
 
 .1540 
 
 72.3 
 
 87 
 
 317.9 
 
 288.0 
 
 1183.8 
 
 895.8 
 
 5-05 
 
 0.1980 
 
 0.4612 
 
 1520 
 
 73.3 
 
 88 
 
 318.7 
 
 288.9 
 
 1184.0 
 
 895.2 
 
 S.oo 
 
 O.20OI 
 
 0.4623 
 
 1500 
 
 74-3 
 
 89 
 
 319.5 
 
 289.7 
 
 1184.2 
 
 894.6 
 
 4-94 
 
 0.2023 
 
 0.4633 
 
 .1481 
 
 75-3 
 
 90 
 
 320.3 
 
 290.5 
 
 1184.4 
 
 893.9 
 
 4.89 
 
 0.2044 
 
 0.4644 
 
 .1461 
 
 76.3 
 
 91 
 
 321.1 
 
 291.3 
 
 1184.6 
 
 893.3 
 
 4.84 
 
 0.2065 
 
 0.4654 
 
 .1442 
 
 77-3 
 
 92 
 
 321.8 
 
 292.1 
 
 1184.8 
 
 892.7 
 
 4-79 
 
 0.2087 
 
 0.4664 
 
 .1423 
 
 78.3 
 
 93 
 
 322.6 
 
 292.9 
 
 1185.0 
 
 892.1 
 
 4-74 
 
 0.2109 
 
 0.4674 
 
 .1404 
 
 79-3 
 
 94 
 
 323.4 
 
 293-7 
 
 1185.2 
 
 891.5 
 
 4.69 
 
 0.2130 
 
 0.4684 
 
 .1385 
 
 80.3 
 
 95 
 
 324.1 
 
 294-5 
 
 1185.4 
 
 890.9 
 
 4.65 
 
 0.2151 
 
 0.4694 
 
 .1367 
 
 81.3 
 
 96 
 
 324.9 
 
 295-3 
 
 1185.6 
 
 890.3 
 
 4.60 
 
 0.2172 
 
 o . 4704 
 
 .1348 
 
 82.3 
 
 97 
 
 325.6 
 
 296.1 
 
 1185.8 
 
 889.7 
 
 4.56 
 
 0.2193 
 
 0.4714 
 
 .1330 
 
 83-3 
 
 98 
 
 326.4 
 
 296.8 
 
 1186.0 
 
 889.2 
 
 4-51 
 
 0.2215 
 
 0.4724 
 
 .1312 
 
 84.3 
 
 99 
 
 327.1 
 
 297.6 
 
 1186.2 
 
 888.6 
 
 4-47 
 
 0.2237 
 
 0.4733 
 
 .1295 
 
 85-3 
 
 100 
 
 327.8 
 
 298.3 
 
 1186.3 
 
 888.0 
 
 4-429 
 
 o 2258 
 
 0.4743 
 
 .1277 
 
 87-3 
 
 102 
 
 329.3 
 
 299-8 
 
 1186.7 
 
 886.9 
 
 4.347 
 
 0.2300 
 
 0.4762 
 
 .1242 
 
 89-3 
 
 104 
 
 330.7 
 
 301.3 
 
 1187.0 
 
 885.8 
 
 4.268 
 
 0.2343 
 
 0.4780 
 
 .1208 
 
 9L3 
 
 106 
 
 332.0 
 
 302.7 
 
 1187.4 
 
 884.7 
 
 4-192 
 
 0.2336 
 
 0.4798 
 
 .1174 
 
 93 3 
 
 108 
 
 333 4 
 
 304.1 
 
 1187.7 
 
 883.6 
 
 4.118 
 
 o . 2429 
 
 0.4816 
 
 .1141 
 
 95-3 
 
 IO 
 
 334.8 
 
 305.5 
 
 1188.0 
 
 882.5 
 
 4.047 
 
 0.2472 
 
 o . 4834 
 
 .1108 
 
 97-3 
 
 12 
 
 336.1 
 
 306.9 
 
 1188.4 
 
 881.4 
 
 3.978 
 
 0.2514 
 
 0.4852 
 
 .1076 
 
 99-3 
 
 14 
 
 337-4 
 
 308.3 
 
 1188.7 
 
 880.4 
 
 3-912 
 
 0.2556 
 
 0.4869 
 
 .1045 
 
 101.3 
 
 16 
 
 338.7 
 
 309.6 
 
 1189.0 
 
 879-3 
 
 3.848 
 
 0.2599 
 
 0.4886 
 
 .1014 
 
 103.3 
 
 18 
 
 340.0 
 
 311.0 
 
 1189.3 
 
 878.3 
 
 3-786 
 
 0.2641 
 
 0.4903 
 
 .0984 
 
 105-3 
 
 20 
 
 341-3 
 
 312.3 
 
 1189.6 
 
 877.2 
 
 3.726 
 
 0.2683 
 
 0.4919 
 
 .0954 
 
 107-3 
 
 22 
 
 342.5 
 
 313.6 
 
 1189.8 
 
 876.2 
 
 3.668 
 
 0.2726 
 
 0.4935 
 
 .0924 
 
 
332 Properties of Saturated Steam 
 
 Properties of Saturated Steam (Continued) 
 
 (Condensed by Kent from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables.) 
 
 0? 
 
 jj 
 
 
 Total heat 
 above 32 F. 
 
 
 tu 
 
 <2* 
 
 .S 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 g 
 
 
 *S o 
 
 ||| 
 
 Qt w '7* 
 
 !j' 
 
 Ill 
 
 1 Z 
 
 JST'I 
 
 1|| 
 
 
 P 
 
 If 
 
 Oj P< & 
 
 3 Itf 
 
 
 ? 
 
 "w J3 
 
 lij 
 
 |.s* 
 
 1 8 * 
 
 & :. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 rC OS 
 
 4-> <U 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1" 
 
 g*" 1 
 
 & 
 
 <u 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 G ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 109.3 
 
 124 
 
 343-8 
 
 314.9 
 
 II90.I 
 
 875.2 
 
 3.611 
 
 0.2769 
 
 0.4951 
 
 1.0895 
 
 in. 3 
 
 126 
 
 345-0 
 
 316.2 
 
 II90.4 
 
 874.2 
 
 3-556 
 
 0.2812 
 
 0.4967 
 
 1.0865 
 
 113 3 
 
 128 
 
 346.2 
 
 317.4 
 
 II90.7 
 
 873.3 
 
 3.504 
 
 0.2854 
 
 0.4982 
 
 1.0837 
 
 US 3 
 
 130 
 
 347-4 
 
 318.6 
 
 II9I.O 
 
 872.3 
 
 3-452 
 
 0.2897 
 
 0.4998 
 
 1.0809 
 
 II7-3 
 
 132 
 
 348.5 
 
 319.9 
 
 II9I.2 
 
 871.3 
 
 3-402 
 
 0.2939 
 
 0.5013 
 
 1.0782 
 
 II9-3 
 
 134 
 
 349-7 
 
 321. 1 
 
 II9I-5 
 
 870.4 
 
 3-354 
 
 o. 2981 
 
 o . 5028 
 
 1.0755 
 
 121. 3 
 
 136 
 
 350.8 
 
 322.3 
 
 II9I.7 
 
 869.4 
 
 3.308 
 
 0.3023 
 
 0.5043 
 
 1.0728 
 
 123. 
 
 138 
 
 352.0 
 
 323.4 
 
 II92.O 
 
 868.5 
 
 3.263 
 
 0.3065 
 
 0.5057 
 
 1.0702 
 
 125- 
 
 140 
 
 353-1 
 
 324.6 
 
 II92.2 
 
 867.6 
 
 3.219 
 
 0.3107 
 
 0.5072 
 
 1.0675 
 
 127. 
 
 142 
 
 354-2 
 
 325.8 
 
 H92.5 
 
 866.7 
 
 3-175 
 
 0.3150 
 
 0.5086 
 
 1.0649 
 
 129. 
 
 144 
 
 355-3 
 
 326.9 
 
 II92.7 
 
 865.8 
 
 3-133 
 
 0.3192 
 
 0.5100 
 
 1.0624 
 
 131. 
 
 146 
 
 356.3 
 
 328.0 
 
 II92.9 
 
 864.9 
 
 3.092 
 
 0.3234 
 
 0.5114 
 
 1.0599 
 
 133- 
 
 148 
 
 357-4 
 
 329.1 
 
 II93-2 
 
 864.0 
 
 3-052 
 
 0.3276 
 
 0.5128 
 
 1.0574 
 
 135- 
 
 150 
 
 358.5 
 
 330.2 
 
 II93-4 
 
 863.2 
 
 3.012 
 
 0.3320 
 
 0.5142 
 
 1.0550 
 
 137- 
 
 152 
 
 359-5 
 
 331-4 
 
 II93-6 
 
 862.3 
 
 2-974 
 
 0.3362 
 
 0.5155 
 
 1.0525 
 
 139- 
 
 154 
 
 360.5 
 
 332.4 
 
 II93-8 
 
 861.4 
 
 2.938 
 
 0.3404 
 
 0.5169 
 
 1.0501 
 
 141. 
 
 156 
 
 361.6 
 
 333-5 
 
 II94.I 
 
 860.6 
 
 2.902 
 
 0.3446 
 
 0.5182 
 
 1.0477 
 
 143- 
 
 158 
 
 362.6 
 
 334-6 
 
 II94-3 
 
 859-7 
 
 2.868 
 
 0.3488 
 
 0.5195 
 
 1.0454 
 
 145- 
 
 160 
 
 363.6 
 
 335-6 
 
 II94-5 
 
 858.8 
 
 2.834 
 
 0.3529 
 
 0.5208 
 
 1.0431 
 
 147- 
 
 162 
 
 364.6 
 
 336.7 
 
 II94-7 
 
 858.0 
 
 2.801 
 
 0.3570 
 
 0.5220 
 
 1.0409 
 
 149- 
 
 164 
 
 365.6 
 
 337-7 
 
 II94-9 
 
 857.2 
 
 2.769 
 
 0.3612 
 
 0.5233 
 
 1.0387 
 
 151. 
 
 166 
 
 366.5 
 
 338.7 
 
 II95-I 
 
 856.4 
 
 2.737 
 
 0.3654 
 
 0.5245 
 
 1.0365 
 
 153- 
 
 168 
 
 367.5 
 
 339-7 
 
 II95-3 
 
 855.5 
 
 2.706 
 
 0.3696 
 
 0.5257 
 
 1.0343 
 
 155- 
 
 170 
 
 368.5 
 
 340.7 
 
 II95-4 
 
 854.7 
 
 2.675 
 
 0.3738 
 
 0.5269 
 
 1.0321 
 
 157- 
 
 172 
 
 369.4 
 
 341-7 
 
 II95-6 
 
 853-9 
 
 2.645 
 
 0.3780 
 
 0.5281 
 
 1.0300 
 
 159- 
 
 174 
 
 370.4 
 
 342.7 
 
 II95-8 
 
 853-1 
 
 2.616 
 
 0.3822 
 
 0.5293 
 
 1.0278 
 
 161. 
 
 176 
 
 371-3 
 
 343-7 
 
 II96.0 
 
 852.3 
 
 2.588 
 
 0.3864 
 
 0.5305 
 
 1.0257 
 
 163. 
 
 178 
 
 372.2 
 
 344-7 
 
 II96.2 
 
 851.5 
 
 2.560 
 
 0.3906 
 
 0.5317 
 
 1.0235 
 
 165. 
 
 180 
 
 373-1 
 
 345-6 
 
 II96.4 
 
 850.8 
 
 2.533 
 
 0.3948 
 
 0.5328 
 
 1.0215 
 
 167. 
 
 182 
 
 374-0 
 
 346.6 
 
 II96.6 
 
 850.0 
 
 2.507 
 
 0.3989 
 
 0.5339 
 
 1.0195 
 
 169- 
 
 184 
 
 374-9 
 
 347-6 
 
 II96.8 
 
 849.2 
 
 2.481 
 
 0.4031 
 
 0.5351 
 
 1.0174 
 
 171. 
 
 186 
 
 375-8 
 
 348.5 
 
 II96.9 
 
 848.4 
 
 2.455 
 
 0.4073 
 
 0.5362 
 
 1.0154 
 
 173-3 
 
 188 
 
 376.7 
 
 349-4 
 
 II97-I 
 
 847.7 
 
 2.430 
 
 0.4115 
 
 0.5373 
 
 I. 0134 
 
 175.3 
 
 190 
 
 377-6 
 
 350.4 
 
 II97-3 
 
 846.9 
 
 2.406 
 
 0.4157 
 
 0.5384 
 
 1.0114 
 
 177-3 
 
 192 
 
 378.5 
 
 351-3 
 
 II97-4 
 
 846.1 
 
 2.381 
 
 0.4199 
 
 0.5395 
 
 1.0095 
 
 179-3 
 
 194 
 
 379-3 
 
 352.2 
 
 II97-6 
 
 845.4 
 
 2.358 
 
 0.4241 
 
 0.5405 
 
 1.0076 
 
 181.3 
 
 196 
 
 380.2 
 
 353-1 
 
 II97-8 
 
 844.7 
 
 2.335 
 
 0.4283 
 
 0.5416 
 
 1.0056 
 
 183.3 
 
 198 
 
 381.0 
 
 354-0 
 
 II97-9 
 
 843.9 
 
 2.312 
 
 0.4325 
 
 0.5426 
 
 1.0038 
 
 185.3 
 
 200 
 
 381.9 
 
 354-9 
 
 II98.I 
 
 843.2 
 
 2.290 
 
 0.437 
 
 0.5437 
 
 1.0019 
 
 190.3 
 
 205 
 
 384.0 
 
 357-1 
 
 II98.5 
 
 841.4 
 
 2.237 
 
 0.447 
 
 0.5463 
 
 0.9973 
 
 
Properties of Saturated Steam 333 
 
 Properties of Saturated Steam (Concluded) 
 
 (Condensed by Kent from Marks and Davis 's Steam Tables.) 
 
 *- ; iq 
 
 ID* 
 
 4* 
 
 Total heat 
 above 32 F. 
 
 ^ 
 
 f- 
 
 Is 
 
 V 
 
 *o o 
 
 S & c 
 
 ^J 
 
 ss 
 
 ^ 
 
 g 
 
 JaT'S 
 
 3^ g 
 
 M "I'd 
 
 *o ** 
 
 
 ll 
 
 4) 3 a 
 llg 
 
 til 
 
 !i 
 
 rt ^ 
 
 Sgl 
 
 far! 
 
 Ij| 
 
 rt^.a 
 
 is* 
 
 II 1 
 
 felS 
 
 f3 
 
 O o 
 
 "a J 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 H 
 
 +> ol 
 
 -t-> 0) 
 
 M 
 
 ^H *H 
 
 o 
 
 fc- 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 a ^H 
 
 rt -3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 195.3 
 
 2IO 
 
 386.0 
 
 359-2 
 
 II98.8 
 
 839.6 
 
 2.187 
 
 0.457 
 
 0.5488 
 
 0.9928 
 
 200.3 
 
 215 
 
 388.0 
 
 361.4 
 
 II99.2 
 
 837.9 
 
 2.138 
 
 0.468 
 
 0.5513 
 
 0.9885 
 
 205.3 
 
 22O 
 
 389.9 
 
 363.4 
 
 II99.6 
 
 836.2 
 
 2.091 
 
 0.478 
 
 0.5538 
 
 0.9841 
 
 210.3 
 
 225 
 
 391-9 
 
 365.5 
 
 II99.9 
 
 834.4 
 
 2.046 
 
 0.489 
 
 0.5562 
 
 0.9799 
 
 215.3 
 
 230 
 
 393-8 
 
 367.5 
 
 1200.2 
 
 832.8 
 
 2.004 
 
 0.499 
 
 0.5586 
 
 0.9758 
 
 220.3 
 
 235 
 
 395.6 
 
 369-4 
 
 1200.6 
 
 83I.I 
 
 1.964 
 
 0.509 
 
 0.5610 
 
 0.9717 
 
 225.3 
 
 240 
 
 397-4 
 
 371-4 
 
 I20O.9 
 
 829.5 
 
 1.924 
 
 0.520 
 
 0.5633 
 
 0.9676 
 
 230.3 
 
 245 
 
 399-3 
 
 373.3 
 
 I20I.2 
 
 827.9 
 
 1.887 
 
 0.530 
 
 0.5655 
 
 0.9638 
 
 235.3 
 
 250 
 
 401.1 
 
 375-2 
 
 1201 . 5 
 
 826.3 
 
 .850 
 
 0.541 
 
 0.5676 
 
 0.9600 
 
 245.3 
 
 260 
 
 404-5 
 
 378.9 
 
 I2O2.I 
 
 823.1 
 
 .782 
 
 0.561 
 
 0.5719 
 
 0.9525 
 
 265.3 
 
 270 
 280 
 
 407.9 
 411.2 
 
 382.5 
 386.0 
 
 1202.6 
 I2O3.I 
 
 820.1 
 8I7.I 
 
 .718 
 .658 
 
 0.582 
 0.603 
 
 0.5760 
 0.5800 
 
 0.9454 
 0.9385 
 
 275.3 
 
 290 
 
 414.4 
 
 389.4 
 
 1203.6 
 
 814.2 
 
 .602 
 
 0.624 
 
 0.5840 
 
 0.9316 
 
 285.3 
 
 300 
 
 417.5 
 
 392.7 
 
 I204.I 
 
 8II.3 
 
 .551 
 
 0.645 
 
 0.5878 
 
 0.9251 
 
 295.3 
 
 
 420.5 
 
 395-9 
 
 1204.5 
 
 808.5 
 
 .502 
 
 0.666 
 
 0.5915 
 
 0.9187 
 
 305.3 
 
 320 
 
 423-4 
 
 399-1 
 
 1204.9 
 
 805.8 
 
 .456 
 
 0.687 
 
 0.5951 
 
 0.9125 
 
 315.3 
 
 330 
 
 426.3 
 
 402.2 
 
 1205.3 
 
 803.1 
 
 .413 
 
 0.708 
 
 0.5986 
 
 0.9065 
 
 325.3 
 
 340 
 
 429.1 
 
 405-3 
 
 1205.7 
 
 800.4 
 
 .372 
 
 0.729 
 
 0.6020 
 
 0.9006 
 
 335-3 
 
 350 
 
 431-9 
 
 408.2 
 
 I2O6. I 
 
 797-8 
 
 .334 
 
 o.75o 
 
 0.6053 
 
 0.8949 
 
 345-3 
 
 36o 
 
 434-6 
 
 4H. 2 
 
 1206.4 
 
 795-3 
 
 .298 
 
 0.770 
 
 0.6085 
 
 0.8894 
 
 355-3 
 
 370 
 
 437-2 
 
 414-0 
 
 1206. 8 
 
 792.8 
 
 .264 
 
 0.791 
 
 0.6116 
 
 0.8840 
 
 365.3 
 
 38o 
 
 439.8 
 
 416.8 
 
 1207.1 
 
 790.3 
 
 .231 
 
 0.812 
 
 0.6147 
 
 0.8788 
 
 375-3 
 
 390 
 
 442.3 
 
 419.5 
 
 1207.4 
 
 787.9 
 
 .200 
 
 0.833 
 
 0.6178 
 
 0.8737 
 
 385.3 
 
 400 
 
 444-8 
 
 422. 
 
 1208. 
 
 786. 
 
 .17 
 
 0.86 
 
 0.621 
 
 0.868 
 
 435-3 
 
 450 
 
 456.5 
 
 435. 
 
 1209. 
 
 774- 
 
 .04 
 
 0.96 
 
 0.635 
 
 0.844 
 
 485.3 
 
 500 
 
 467.3 
 
 448. 
 
 1210. 
 
 762. 
 
 .93 
 
 i. 08 
 
 0.648 
 
 0.822 
 
 535-3 
 
 550 
 
 477-3 
 
 459- 
 
 I2IO. 
 
 751- 
 
 -83 
 
 1.20 
 
 0.659 
 
 0.801 
 
 585.3 
 
 600 
 
 486.6 
 
 469. 
 
 1210. 
 
 741- 
 
 76 
 
 1.32 
 
 0.670 
 
 0.783 
 
 Factors of Evaporation 
 
 The factors in the following table, which has been condensed from 
 
 Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket Book, were obtained, for the 
 
 various feed-water temperatures and steam pressures given, by sub- 
 
 tracting the heat above 32 in one pound of feed-water from the total 
 
 heat above 32 in one pound of steam, and dividing the remainder by 
 
 970.4, the latent heat of steam at 212. The values of the total heat 
 
 of steam, heat of feed-water and latent heat of steam are those given 
 
 in Marks and Davis's steam tables. Intermediate values may be found 
 
 by interpolation. 
 
334 Factors of Evaporation 
 
 Example: Given the boiler pressure =115 pounds per square inch 
 
 absolute, and the temperature of feed-water = 62 F., to find the factor 
 
 of evaporation. Look in the column headed 115 and opposite 62; 
 
 the factor required is 1.1941. It will therefore require 1.1941 times as 
 
 many heat-units to evaporate a certain weight of water from a feed- 
 
 water temperature of 62 F. into steam under 115 pounds pressure, as 
 
 would be required to evaporate the same weight of water from a temper- 
 
 ature of 212 F. into steam at 212 F., that is, from and at 212 F. 
 
 Factors of Evaporation 
 
 Gage pres- 
 sure, pounds 
 
 o.3 
 
 10.3 
 
 20.3 
 
 30.3 
 
 40.3 
 
 50.3 
 
 60.3 
 
 70.3 
 
 80.3 
 
 Absolute 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pressure, 
 
 15. 
 
 25- 
 
 35. 
 
 45- 
 
 55- 
 
 65- 
 
 75- 
 
 85. 
 
 95- 
 
 pounds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 of feed-water, 
 
 Factors of evaporation 
 
 32 
 
 i . 1858 
 
 I . 1958 
 
 I . 2024 
 
 1.2073 
 
 1.2113 
 
 1.2144 
 
 1.2171 
 
 1.2195 i. 2216 
 
 38 
 
 .1796 
 
 I . 1896 
 
 i . 1962 
 
 I.20II 
 
 i . 2050 
 
 i . 2082 
 
 1 . 2109 
 
 1.21331.2153 
 
 44 
 
 .1734 
 
 I . 1834 
 
 1.1900 
 
 I . 1949 
 
 1.1988 
 
 I . 2020 
 
 i . 2047 
 
 1.2071 
 
 1.2091 
 
 50 
 
 .1672 
 
 I.I772 
 
 i . 1838 
 
 1.1887 
 
 i . 1926 
 
 I 1958 
 
 1.1985 
 
 1.2009 
 
 1.2029 
 
 56 
 
 .1610 
 
 1.1710 
 
 i . 1776 
 
 I . 1825 
 
 I . 1864 
 
 I.I896 
 
 I . 1923 
 
 I . 1947 
 
 I . 1967 
 
 62 
 
 .1548 
 
 I . 1648 
 
 1.1714 1.1763 
 
 1.1803 
 
 I - 1835 
 
 i . 1861 
 
 1.1885 
 
 1.1906 
 
 68 
 
 .1486 
 
 1.1586 
 
 i . 1652 
 
 I . 1702 
 
 1.1741 
 
 I- 1773 
 
 1.1800 
 
 I . 1823 
 
 I . 1844 
 
 74 
 
 .1425 
 
 I.I525 
 
 1.1591 
 
 I . 1640 
 
 i . 1679 
 
 1.1711 
 
 I.I738 
 
 I . 1762 
 
 I . 1782 
 
 80 
 
 .1363 
 
 1.1463 
 
 I . 1529 
 
 I . 1578 
 
 1.1618 
 
 I . 1650 
 
 I . 1676 
 
 1.1700 
 
 1.1721 
 
 86 
 
 .1301 
 
 I . 1401 
 
 I . 1467 
 
 I.I5I8 
 
 i 1556 
 
 1.1588 
 
 1.1615 
 
 1.1638 
 
 I . 1659 
 
 92 
 
 .1240 
 
 I . 1340 
 
 i . 1406 
 
 I 1455 
 
 i . 1494 
 
 I . 1526 
 
 i - 1553 
 
 i. 1577 
 
 I - 1597 
 
 98 
 
 .1178 
 
 I . 1278 
 
 I. 1344 
 
 I . 1393 
 
 i 1433 
 
 I.I465 
 
 1.1491 
 
 I.I5I5 
 
 I.I536 
 
 104 
 
 .1116 
 
 1.1216 
 
 I . 1282 
 
 I . 1332 
 
 I.I37I 
 
 I.I403 
 
 i . 1430 
 
 I. 1453 
 
 I . 1474 
 
 no 
 
 .1055 
 
 I.H55 
 
 I.I22I 
 
 I . 1270 
 
 1.1309 
 
 I . 1341 
 
 1.1368 
 
 I . 1392 
 
 1.1412 
 
 116 
 
 .0993 
 
 i . 1093 
 
 I.H59 
 
 I . 1209 
 
 i . 1248 
 
 I . 1280 
 
 i . 1306 
 
 i 1330 
 
 I . 1351 
 
 122 
 
 .0931 
 
 i . 1031 
 
 I. 1097 
 
 I. 1147 
 
 1.1186 
 
 1.1218 
 
 i . 1245 
 
 I . 1269 
 
 I . 1289 
 
 128 
 
 .0870 
 
 1.0970 
 
 I . 1036 
 
 I . 1085 
 
 I. 1124 
 
 1.1156 
 
 1.1183 
 
 I . 1207 
 
 I . 1227 
 
 134 
 
 .0808 
 
 1.0908 
 
 1.0974 
 
 I . 1023 
 
 i . 1063 
 
 I IQ95 
 
 I.II2I 
 
 i. 1145 
 
 1.1166 
 
 140 
 
 .0746 
 
 1.0846 
 
 1.0912 
 
 1.0962 
 
 I.IOOI 
 
 I . 1033 
 
 I. I060 
 
 1.1083 
 
 1.1104 
 
 146 
 
 .0685 
 
 1.0785 
 
 1.0851 
 
 1.0900 
 
 1.0939 
 
 1.0971 
 
 1.0998 
 
 I . IO22 
 
 I . 1042 
 
 152 
 
 .0623 
 
 .0723 
 
 1.0789 
 
 .0838 
 
 .0877 
 
 1.0909 
 
 1.0936 
 
 .0960 
 
 1.0980 
 
 158 
 
 .0561 
 
 .0661 
 
 1.0727 
 
 .0776 
 
 .0816 
 
 1.0847 
 
 1.0874 
 
 .0898 
 
 1.0919 
 
 164 
 
 .0499 
 
 0599 
 
 1.0665 
 
 .0715 
 
 .0754 
 
 1.0786 
 
 I. 0812 
 
 .0836 
 
 1.0857 
 
 170 
 
 0437 
 
 .0537 
 
 1.0603 
 
 .0653 
 
 .0692 
 
 1.0724 
 
 I.075I 
 
 .0774 
 
 1.0795 
 
 I 7 6 
 
 .0375 
 
 0475 
 
 1.0541 
 
 0591 
 
 .0630 
 
 I . 0662 
 
 1.0689 
 
 .0712 
 
 1.0733 
 
 182 
 
 0313 
 
 .0413 
 
 1.0479 
 
 .0529 
 
 .0568 
 
 I. 0600 
 
 1.0627 
 
 -0650 
 
 1.0671 
 
 188 
 
 0251 
 
 0351 
 
 1.0417 
 
 1.0467 
 
 ,0506 
 
 1-0538 
 
 1.0565 
 
 .0588 
 
 1.0609 
 
 194 
 
 .0189 
 
 .0289 
 
 1-0355 
 
 1.0405 
 
 .0444 
 
 I . 0476 
 
 1.0503 
 
 .0526 
 
 1.0547 
 
 200 
 
 1.0127 
 
 1.0227 
 
 1.0293 
 
 1.0343 
 
 1.0382 
 
 1.0414 
 
 I.044I 
 
 1.0464 
 
 1.0485 
 
 206 
 
 1.0065 
 
 1.0165 
 
 1.0231 
 
 1.0281 
 
 1.0320 
 
 1.0352 
 
 1.0379 
 
 1.0402 
 
 1.0423 
 
 212 
 
 1.0003 
 
 1.0103 
 
 1.0169 
 
 I.02I8 
 
 I 
 
 1.0258 
 
 1.0290 
 
 1.0316 
 
 i . 0340 
 
 1.0361 
 
 
Factors of Evaporation 335 
 
 Factors of Evaporation (Continued) 
 
 Gage pres- 
 sure, pounds 
 
 90.3 
 
 100.3 
 
 110.3 
 
 120.3 
 
 130.3 
 
 140.3 
 
 150.3 
 
 160.3 
 
 170.3 
 
 Absolute 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pressure, 
 
 105. 
 
 115- 
 
 125- 
 
 135- 
 
 145- 
 
 155- 
 
 165. 
 
 175. 
 
 185. 
 
 pounds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 of feed- water, 
 
 Factors of evaporation 
 
 32 
 
 1.2234 
 
 .2251 
 
 I . 2266 
 
 1.2279 
 
 I . 2292 
 
 1.2304 
 
 I.23I5 
 
 i . 2324 
 
 I 2333 
 
 38 
 
 1.2172 
 
 .2188 
 
 I . 2204 
 
 1.2217 
 
 I . 2230 
 
 I . 2242 
 
 I . 2252 
 
 i . 2262 
 
 I . 2271 
 
 44 
 
 I.2IIO 
 
 .2126 
 
 1.2142 
 
 I. 2155 
 
 .2168 
 
 I . 2180 
 
 1.2190 
 
 1.2200 
 
 1.2209 
 
 So 
 
 I . 2048 
 
 .2064 
 
 I . 2080 
 
 I . 2093 
 
 .2106 
 
 I.2II8 
 
 I . 2128 
 
 I. 2137 
 
 1.2147 
 
 56 
 
 I . 1986 
 
 .2002 
 
 I . 2018 
 
 I . 2031 
 
 .2044 
 
 I . 2056 
 
 1.2066 
 
 I . 2076 
 
 1.2085 
 
 62 
 
 I . 1924 
 
 .1941 
 
 I . 1956 
 
 I . 1970 
 
 .1982 
 
 I . 1994 
 
 1.2005 
 
 I . 2014 
 
 I . 2023 
 
 68 
 
 I.I862 
 
 .1879 
 
 I . 1894 
 
 1.1908 
 
 .1920 
 
 I 1933 
 
 I 1943 
 
 I . 1952 
 
 I . 1961 
 
 74 
 
 I . 1801 
 
 1.1817 
 
 1.1833 
 
 i . 1846 
 
 .1859 
 
 1.1871 
 
 I . 1881 
 
 1.1890 
 
 1.1900 
 
 80 
 
 I . 1739 
 
 I . 1756 
 
 1.1771 
 
 1.1785 
 
 I. 1797 
 
 1.1809 
 
 I . 1820 
 
 I . 1829 
 
 1.1838 
 
 86 
 
 i . 1678 
 
 I . 1694 
 
 1.1710 
 
 1.1723 
 
 i 1735 
 
 I . 1748 
 
 I.I758 
 
 1.1767 
 
 I.I776 
 
 92 
 
 1.1616 
 
 I . 1632 
 
 I . 1648 
 
 1.1661 
 
 I . 1674 
 
 I . 1686 
 
 I . 1696 
 
 I . 1705 
 
 I.I7I5 
 
 98 
 
 I - 1554 
 
 I.I57I 
 
 I . 1586 
 
 i. 1600 
 
 i. 1612 
 
 I . 1624 
 
 I.I635 
 
 I . 1644 
 
 I.I653 
 
 104 
 
 I . 1492 
 
 I . 1509 
 
 I.I525 
 
 I.I538 
 
 I.I550 
 
 1.1563 
 
 I. 1573 
 
 I . 1582 
 
 I.I592 
 
 no 
 
 1.1431 
 
 I . 1447 
 
 I . 1463 
 
 i . 1476 
 
 I . 1489 
 
 I . 1501 
 
 1.1511 
 
 1.1521 
 
 I.I530 
 
 116 
 
 1.1369 
 
 1.1386 
 
 i . 1401 
 
 1.1415 
 
 r . 1427 
 
 I 1439 
 
 i . 1450 
 
 I . 1459 
 
 I . 1468 
 
 122 
 
 i . 1308 
 
 1.1324 
 
 I . 1340 
 
 i. 1353 
 
 I . 1365 
 
 I.I378 
 
 1.1388 
 
 I . 1397 
 
 1.1407 
 
 128 
 
 1.1246 
 
 I . 1262 
 
 I . 1278 
 
 1.1291 
 
 1.1304 
 
 1.1316 
 
 I . 1326 
 
 I 1336 
 
 I. 1345 
 
 134 
 
 1.1184 
 
 I . 1201 
 
 1.1216 
 
 1.1230 
 
 1.1242 
 
 I. 1254 
 
 i . 1265 
 
 1.1274 
 
 I . 1283 
 
 140 
 
 1.1123 
 
 I.II39 
 
 I.II54 
 
 1.1168 
 
 1.1180 
 
 I . 1193 
 
 i . 1203 
 
 1.1212 
 
 I.I22I 
 
 146 
 
 i . 1061 
 
 1.1077 
 
 1.1093 
 
 1.1106 
 
 I.III9 
 
 1.1131 
 
 1.1141 
 
 I.II50 
 
 1.1160 
 
 152 
 
 1.0999 
 
 .1015 
 
 I . 1031 
 
 .1044 
 
 .1057 
 
 I . 1069 
 
 .1079 
 
 I.I089 
 
 1.1098 
 
 158 
 
 1.0937 
 
 .0954 
 
 1.0969 
 
 .0982 
 
 .0995 
 
 1.1007 
 
 .1018 
 
 I . 1027 
 
 i . 1036 
 
 164 
 
 1.0875 
 
 .0892 
 
 1.0907 
 
 .0921 
 
 .0933 
 
 1.0945 
 
 .0956 
 
 1.0965 
 
 1.0974 
 
 170 
 
 1.0813 
 
 .0830 
 
 1.0845 
 
 .0859 
 
 .0871 
 
 1.0883 
 
 .0894 
 
 1.0903 
 
 1.0912 
 
 176 
 
 1.0752 
 
 .0768 
 
 1.0783 
 
 .0797 
 
 .0809 
 
 1.0822 
 
 .0832 
 
 I.084I 
 
 1.0850 
 
 182 
 
 1.0690 
 
 .0706 
 
 1.0721 
 
 0735 
 
 0747 
 
 1.0760 
 
 .0770 
 
 1.0779 
 
 1.0788 
 
 188 
 
 1.0628 
 
 .0644 
 
 I. 0660 
 
 .0673 
 
 .0685 
 
 1.0698 
 
 .0708 
 
 1.0717 
 
 1.0727 
 
 194 
 
 1.0566 
 
 .0582 
 
 1.0597 
 
 .0611 
 
 .0623 
 
 1.0636 
 
 .0646 
 
 1.0655 
 
 1.0664 
 
 200 
 
 1.0504 
 
 .0520 
 
 1.0535 
 
 0549 
 
 .0561 
 
 1.0574 
 
 .0584 
 
 1.0593 
 
 1. 0602 
 
 206 
 
 1.0441 
 
 .0458 
 
 1.0473 
 
 .0487 
 
 .0499 
 
 1.0511 
 
 .0522 
 
 I.053I 
 
 1.0540 
 
 212 
 
 1.0379 
 
 .0396 
 
 1.0411 
 
 .0425 
 
 .0437 
 
 1.0449 
 
 .0460 
 
 1.0469 
 
 1.0478 
 
 
336 Factors of Evaporation 
 
 Factors of Evaporation (Concluded) 
 
 Gage pres- 
 sure, pounds 
 
 180.3 
 
 190.3 
 
 200.3 
 
 210.3 
 
 220.3 
 
 230.3 
 
 240.3 
 
 250.3 
 
 Absolute 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pressure, 
 
 195- 
 
 205. 
 
 215. 
 
 225. 
 
 235- 
 
 245. 
 
 255- 
 
 265. 
 
 pounds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 of feed-water, 
 
 Factors of evaporation 
 
 32 
 
 1.2342 
 
 .2351 
 
 1.2358 
 
 1.2365 
 
 1.2372 
 
 1.2378 
 
 1.2384 
 
 1.2390 
 
 38 
 
 1.2280 
 
 .2288 
 
 i . 2296 
 
 i . 2303 
 
 I . 2310 
 
 I . 2316 
 
 I . 2322 
 
 I . 2328 
 
 44 
 
 1.2218 
 
 .2226 
 
 1.2234 
 
 I . 2241 
 
 I . 2248 
 
 1.2254 
 
 1.2260 
 
 1.2266 
 
 50 
 c6 
 
 i . 2156 
 
 .2164 
 
 1.2171 
 
 1.2179 
 
 I. 2186 
 
 I . 2192 
 
 1.2198 
 
 I . 2204 
 
 
 62 
 
 i . 2094 
 1.2032 
 
 ,2041 
 
 i . 2048 
 
 1.2055 
 
 1.2062 
 
 I . 2130 
 1.2068 
 
 I . 2136 
 1.2074 
 
 I .2142 
 I. 2080 
 
 68 
 
 i . 1971 
 
 .1979 
 
 i . 1986 
 
 I. 1993 
 
 I.2OOI 
 
 1.2007 
 
 I . 2012 
 
 I . 2019 
 
 74 
 
 1.1909 
 
 .1917 
 
 1.1924 
 
 I.I932 
 
 I- 1939 
 
 I. 1945 
 
 I 1951 
 
 I.I957 
 
 80 
 
 1.1847 
 
 .1856 
 
 1.1863 
 
 I . 1870 
 
 I . 1877 
 
 I . 1883 
 
 I.I889 
 
 I.I895 
 
 86 
 
 1.1786 
 
 .1794 
 
 I . 1801 
 
 i. 1808 
 
 1.1816 
 
 I . 1822 
 
 I . 1827 
 
 1.1834 
 
 92 
 
 1.1724 
 
 .1732 
 
 I 1739 
 
 I . 1747 
 
 I 1754 
 
 1.1760 
 
 I . 1766 
 
 I . 1772 
 
 98 
 
 1.1662 
 
 .1671 
 
 I . 1678 
 
 1.1685 
 
 1.1692 
 
 1.1698 
 
 I.I704 
 
 I.I7IO 
 
 104 
 
 1.1601 
 
 .1609 
 
 1.1616 
 
 I . 1624 
 
 I . 1631 
 
 I.I637 
 
 I . 1643 
 
 1.1649 
 
 no 
 
 I . 1539 
 
 .1547 
 
 I. 1555 
 
 I . 1562 
 
 1.1569 
 
 I. 1575 
 
 I.I58I 
 
 I.I587 
 
 116 
 
 I . 1478 
 
 .1486 
 
 I. 1493 
 
 1.1500 
 
 1.1507 
 
 I.I5I4 
 
 I . 1519 
 
 I . 1525 
 
 122 
 
 1.1416 
 
 1424 
 
 I.I43I 
 
 I. 1439 
 
 I . 1446 
 
 I.I452 
 
 I . 1458 
 
 I . 1464 
 
 128 
 
 I. 1354 
 
 .1362 
 
 I.I370 
 
 I. 1377 
 
 1.1384 
 
 I.I390 
 
 I 1396 
 
 I . 1402 
 
 134 
 
 1 . 1292 
 
 .1301 
 
 I . 1308 
 
 I.I3I5 
 
 I . 1322 
 
 I . 1329 
 
 I 1334 
 
 .1340 
 
 140 
 
 1.1231 
 
 .1239 
 
 I . 1246 
 
 I . 1253 
 
 I . 1261 
 
 I . 1267 
 
 I . 1272 
 
 .1279 
 
 146 
 
 1.1169 
 
 .1177 
 
 1.1184 
 
 1.1192 
 
 I. 1199 
 
 1 . 1205 
 
 I.I2II 
 
 .1217 
 
 152 
 
 1.1107 
 
 .1115 
 
 I. 1123 
 
 1.1130 
 
 I.H37 
 
 I.II43 
 
 I.II49 
 
 .1155 
 
 158 
 
 I. 1045 
 
 .1054 
 
 I . 1061 
 
 1.1068 
 
 1.1075 
 
 I . 1081 
 
 1.1087 
 
 .1093 
 
 164 
 
 1.0984 
 
 .0992 
 
 1.0999 
 
 i. 1006 
 
 I . 1013 
 
 I . 1019 
 
 I . 1025 
 
 .1031 
 
 170 
 
 1.0922 
 
 .0930 
 
 1.0937 
 
 1.0944 
 
 1.0951 
 
 1.0958 
 
 1.0963 
 
 .0969 
 
 I 7 6 
 
 I. 0860 
 
 .0868 
 
 1.0875 
 
 1.0882 
 
 1.0890 
 
 1.0896 
 
 1.0901 
 
 .0908 
 
 182 
 
 1.0798 
 
 .0806 
 
 1.0813 
 
 1.0820 
 
 1.0828 
 
 1.0834 
 
 1.0839 
 
 .0846 
 
 188 
 
 1.0736 
 
 .0744 
 
 1.0751 
 
 1.0758 
 
 1.0766 
 
 1.0772 
 
 1.0778 
 
 .0784 
 
 194 
 
 1.0674 
 
 .0682 
 
 1.0689 
 
 1.0696 
 
 1.0704 
 
 1.0710 
 
 1.0715 
 
 .0722 
 
 200 
 
 I. 0612 
 
 .0620 
 
 1.0627 
 
 1.0634 
 
 1.0642 
 
 1.0648 
 
 1.0653 
 
 .0660 
 
 206 
 
 1.0550 
 
 .0558 
 
 1.0565 
 
 1.0572 
 
 1.0579 
 
 1.0586 
 
 1.0591 
 
 .0597 
 
 212 
 
 1.0487 
 
 .0496 
 
 1.0503 
 
 1.0510 
 
 1.0517 
 
 1.0523 
 
 1.0529 
 
 .0535 
 
 
Superheated Steam 
 
 337 
 
 SUPERHEATED STEAM 
 
 Steam in the presence of the water from which it is generated is called 
 "saturated steam"; it has the same temperature as the water, and can 
 have only one pressure and one density at any given temperature 
 the three are in fixed relationship to each other. Superheated steam 
 has a higher temperature than saturated steam at the same pressure, 
 and is produced by adding heat to saturated steam in a separate vessel 
 called a superheater. It is independent of pressure, since at any pressure 
 the steam may have any desired temperature. In practice the super- 
 heater is an extension of the steam space of the boiler, with which it is 
 in open communication, and the pressure of the steam in the superheater 
 is practically the boiler pressure. 
 
 Volume of Superheated Steam. Superheated steam is greater in 
 volume than saturated steam of the same pressure. Linde's equation 
 (1905) is 
 
 / 1 50 300 ooo 
 pv = 0.5962 T-p(i + 0.0014 p) ( -fi 0-0833 
 
 where p = pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 v = volume in cubic feet; 
 T = absolute temperature. 
 
 Specific Heat of Superheated Steam. The following table of 
 Knoblauch and Jakob (from Peabody's Steam Tables) gives the mean 
 specific heat of superheated steam from the temperature of saturation 
 to various temperatures at several pressures: 
 
 Kilograms 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 per square 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 centimeter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pounds per 
 square inch 
 
 14.2 
 
 28.4 
 
 56.9 
 
 85-3 
 
 113-8 
 
 142.2 
 
 170.6 
 
 I99-I 
 
 227.5 
 
 256.0 
 
 284.4 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 saturation 
 
 99 
 
 120 
 
 143 
 
 158 
 
 169 
 
 179 
 
 187 
 
 194 
 
 200 
 
 206 
 
 211 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 saturation 
 
 210 
 
 2 4 8 
 
 289 
 
 316 
 
 336 
 
 354 
 
 369 
 
 381 
 
 392 
 
 403 
 
 412 
 
 212 
 
 100 
 
 0.463 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 302 
 
 150 
 
 .462 
 
 478 
 
 .515 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 392 
 
 200 
 
 .462 
 
 475 
 
 .502 
 
 .530 
 
 .560 
 
 .597 
 
 .635 
 
 .677 
 
 
 
 
 482 
 
 250 
 
 .463 
 
 474 
 
 .495 
 
 .514 
 
 .532 
 
 552 
 
 .570 
 
 .588 
 
 .609 
 
 .635 
 
 .664 
 
 572 
 
 300 
 
 .464 
 
 .475 
 
 .492 
 
 .505 
 
 .517 
 
 .530 
 
 541 
 
 .550 
 
 .561 
 
 .572 
 
 .585 
 
 662 
 
 350 
 
 .468 
 
 477 
 
 .492 
 
 .503 
 
 .512 
 
 .522 
 
 .529 
 
 .536 
 
 .543 
 
 .550 
 
 557 
 
 752 
 
 400 
 
 .473 
 
 .481 
 
 494 
 
 .504 
 
 .512 
 
 .520 
 
 .526 
 
 .531 
 
 .537 
 
 .542 
 
 .547 
 
338 Superheated Steam 
 
 Thus the mean specific heat of steam at 142.2 pounds pressure when 
 superheated to 572 F. is 0.53. The heat required to raise i pound of 
 steam from a saturation temperature of 354 to 572 is (572 354) 
 0.53 = H5-5 B.T.U. The total heat of the superheated steam is the 
 sum of this quantity and the heat in the saturated steam. It is given 
 directly in the properties of superheated steam for various degrees of 
 superheat, pages 339 and 340. 
 
 Advantages of Superheating. The advantage to be gained by 
 superheating is not due to increased thermodynamic efficiency. The 
 economy which results from the application of superheat is due to the 
 reduction of the internal thermal waste of the engine, incident to cylin- 
 der condensation. The steam entering the cylinder strikes the walls, 
 which have been cooled by the previous exhaust. The heat necessary 
 to warm the walls to the temperature of the entering steam can be 
 supplied only by the steam, and if it is saturated some of it must be 
 condensed. If the steam is superheated it must be reduced to the 
 temperature of saturated steam at the given pressure, before conden- 
 sation takes place. 
 
 Superheating is superior to any other known means of reduction of 
 this internal waste. The saving due to its use is found to be greater 
 with engines that are most inefficient with saturated steam; small 
 engines profit more by it than large, slow engines more than fast, and 
 single engines more than multiple expansion engines. 
 
Properties of Superheated Steam 339 
 
 Properties of Superheated Steam 
 
 (Condensed by Kent from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables.) 
 
 V= specific volume in cubic feet per pound; H= total heat, from water at 
 
 32 F. in B.T.U. per pound; N = entropy, from water at 32. 
 
 Pres- 
 sure abso- 
 
 Temper- 
 
 Degrees of superheat 
 
 lute, Ibs. 
 
 ature 
 
 
 per 
 
 sq. inch 
 
 saturated 
 steam 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 IOO 
 
 150 
 
 20 
 
 228.0 
 
 V 20.08 
 
 20.73 
 
 21.69 
 
 23.25 
 
 24.80 
 
 
 
 H 1156.2 
 
 1165.7 
 
 II79-9 
 
 1203.5 
 
 1227.1 
 
 
 
 N 1.7320 
 
 I 7456 
 
 I . 7652 
 
 I . 7961 
 
 1.8251 
 
 40 
 
 267.3 
 
 V 10.49 
 
 10.83 
 
 H.33 
 
 12.13 
 
 12.93 
 
 
 
 H 1169.4 
 
 "79 -3 
 
 1194.0 
 
 1218.4 
 
 1242.4 
 
 
 
 N 1.6761 
 
 1.6895 
 
 1.7089 
 
 1.7392 
 
 I . 7674 
 
 60 
 
 292.7 
 
 v 7.17 
 
 7-40 
 
 7-75 
 
 8.30 
 
 8.84 
 
 
 
 H 1177.0 
 
 1187.3 
 
 1202.6 
 
 1227.6 
 
 1252.1 
 
 
 
 N 1.6432 
 
 1.6568 
 
 I . 6761 
 
 I . 7062 
 
 I 7342 
 
 80 
 
 312.0 
 
 V 5-47 
 
 5-65 
 
 5-92 
 
 6.34 
 
 6-75 
 
 
 
 H 1182.3 
 
 H93.0 
 
 1208.8 
 
 1234-3 
 
 1259-0 
 
 
 
 N 1.6200 
 
 1.6338 
 
 1.6532 
 
 1.6833 
 
 1.7110 
 
 IOO 
 
 327.8 
 
 V 4-43 
 
 4-58 
 
 4-79 
 
 5-14 
 
 5-47 
 
 
 
 H 1186.3 
 
 II97-5 
 
 I2I3.8 
 
 1239-7 
 
 1264.7 
 
 
 
 N 1.6020 
 
 i. 6160 
 
 1.6358 
 
 1.6658 
 
 1.6933 
 
 120 
 
 341-3 
 
 V 3.73 
 
 3-85 
 
 4-04 
 
 4-33 
 
 4.62 
 
 
 
 H 1189.6 
 
 1201 . I 
 
 I2I7.9 
 
 1244.1 
 
 1269.3 
 
 
 
 N 1.5873 
 
 I. 6oi6 
 
 I.62I6 
 
 1.6517 
 
 1.6789 
 
 140 
 
 353-1 
 
 V 3-22 
 
 3-32' 
 
 3-49 
 
 3-75 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 
 H 1192.2 
 
 1204.3 
 
 1221.4 
 
 1248.0 
 
 1273-3 
 
 
 
 N 1.5747 
 
 1.5894 
 
 1.6096 
 
 1.6395 
 
 1.6666 
 
 160 
 
 363.6 
 
 V 2.83 
 
 2.93 
 
 3-07 
 
 3-30 
 
 3-53 
 
 
 
 H II94-5 
 
 1207.0 
 
 1224.5 
 
 I25L3 
 
 1276.8 
 
 
 
 N 1.5639 
 
 1.5789 
 
 1-5993 
 
 1.6292 
 
 i . 6561 
 
 180 
 
 373.1 
 
 V 2.53 
 
 2.62 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.96 
 
 3-i6 
 
 
 
 H 1196.4 
 
 1209.4 
 
 1227.2 
 
 1254.3 
 
 1279.9 
 
 
 
 N 1.5543 
 
 1.5697 
 
 1-5904 
 
 I . 6201 
 
 1.6468 
 
 200 
 
 381.9 
 
 V 2.29 
 
 2.37 
 
 2.49 
 
 2.68 
 
 2.86 
 
 
 
 H 1198.1 
 
 I2II.6 
 
 1229.8 
 
 1257.1 
 
 1282.6 
 
 
 
 N 1.5456 
 
 1.5614 
 
 1.5823 
 
 1.6120 
 
 1.6385 
 
 220 
 
 389.9 
 
 V 2.09 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.28 
 
 2.45 
 
 2.62 
 
 
 
 H 1199.6 
 
 1213.6 
 
 1232 . 2 
 
 1259-6 
 
 1285.2 
 
 
 
 N 1.5379 
 
 1.5541 
 
 1.5753 
 
 1.6049 
 
 I . 6312 
 
 240 
 
 397-4 
 
 V 1.92 
 
 1.99 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.26 
 
 2.42 
 
 
 
 H 1200.9 
 
 1215.4 
 
 1234-3 
 
 1261.9 
 
 1287.6 
 
 
 
 N 1.5309 
 
 1.5476 
 
 1.5690 
 
 1.5985 
 
 I . 6246 
 
 260 
 
 404.5 
 
 F 1.78 
 
 1.84 
 
 1.94 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.24 
 
 
 
 # 1202. I 
 
 1217.1 
 
 1236.4 
 
 1264 . I 
 
 1289 . 9 
 
 
 
 N 1.5244 
 
 1.5416 
 
 1.5631 
 
 1.5926 
 
 I. 6186 
 
 280 
 
 4II.2 
 
 V 1.66 
 
 1.72 
 
 1.81 
 
 1.95 
 
 2.09 
 
 
 
 H 1203.1 
 
 1218.7 
 
 1238 . 4 
 
 1266.2 
 
 1291.9 
 
 
 
 AT 1.5185 
 
 1.5362 
 
 i.558o 
 
 1.5873 
 
 I.6I33 
 
 300 
 
 417.5 
 
 F 1.55 
 
 1. 00 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.96 
 
 
 
 H 1204.1 
 
 1220.2 
 
 1240.3 
 
 1268.2 
 
 1294.0 
 
 
 
 .ZV 1.5129 
 
 I-53IO 
 
 1.5530 
 
 1.5824 
 
 1.6082 
 
 400 
 
 444-8 
 
 V 1. 17 
 
 1. 21 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 
 # 1207.7 
 
 1227 . 2 
 
 1248.6 
 
 1276.9 
 
 1303.0 
 
 
 
 A/" 1.4894 
 
 I.5I07 
 
 1.5336 
 
 1.5625 
 
 1.5880 
 
 500 
 
 467.3 
 
 V 0.93 
 
 0.97 
 
 1.03 
 
 1. 13 
 
 1.22 
 
 
 
 77 1210 
 
 1233 
 
 1256 
 
 1285 
 
 I3II 
 
 
 
 A/" 1.470 
 
 1.496 
 
 I.5I9 
 
 1.548 
 
 1.573 
 
 
340 Superheated Steam 
 
 Properties of Superheated Steam (Concluded) 
 
 (Condensed by Kent from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables.) 
 
 V= specific volume in cubic feet per pound; H= total heat, from water at 
 
 32 F. in B.T.U. per pound; N= entropy, from water at 32. 
 
 Pres- 
 sure abso- 
 
 Temper- 
 
 Degrees of superheat 
 
 lute, Ibs. 
 
 ature 
 
 
 per 
 sq. inch 
 
 saturated 
 steam 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 20 
 
 228.0 
 
 V 26.33 
 
 27-85 
 
 29.37 
 
 32.39 
 
 35-40 
 
 
 
 H 1250.6 
 
 1274.1 
 
 1297.6 
 
 1344-8 
 
 1392.2 
 
 
 
 N 1.8524 
 
 1.8781 
 
 1.9026 
 
 1-9479 
 
 1.9893 
 
 40 
 
 267.3 
 
 V 13.70 
 
 14.48 
 
 15.25 
 
 16.78 
 
 18.30 
 
 
 
 H 1266.4 
 
 1290.3 
 
 1314-1 
 
 1361.6 
 
 1409.3 
 
 
 
 N 1.7940 
 
 1.8189 
 
 1.8427 
 
 1.8867 
 
 1.9271 
 
 60 
 
 292.7 
 
 V 9.36 
 
 9.89 
 
 10.41 
 
 11.43 
 
 12.45 
 
 
 
 H 1276.4 
 
 1300.4 
 
 1324.3 
 
 1372.2 
 
 1420.0 
 
 
 
 N 1.7603 
 
 1.7849 
 
 I. 8081 
 
 1.8511 
 
 1.8908 
 
 80 
 
 312.0 
 
 V 7-17 
 
 7.56 
 
 7-95 
 
 8.72 
 
 9 49 
 
 
 
 H 1283.6 
 
 1307.8 
 
 I33I-9 
 
 1379 8 
 
 1427.9 
 
 
 
 N 1.7368 
 
 i . 7612 
 
 I . 7840 
 
 1.8265 
 
 1.8658 
 
 ICO 
 
 327.8 
 
 V 5.80 
 
 6.12 
 
 6.44 
 
 7-07 
 
 7-69 
 
 
 
 H 1289.4 
 
 1313-6 
 
 1337.8 
 
 1385.9 
 
 I434-I 
 
 
 
 N 1.7188 
 
 1.7428 
 
 1.7656 
 
 1.8079 
 
 1.8468 
 
 1 20 
 
 34L3 
 
 V 4.89 
 
 5-17 
 
 5-44 
 
 5-96 
 
 6.48 
 
 
 
 H 1294.1 
 
 1318.4 
 
 1342.7 
 
 I39I.O 
 
 1439-4 
 
 
 
 N 1.7041 
 
 1.7280 
 
 1.7505 
 
 1.7924 
 
 1.8311 
 
 140 
 
 353-1 
 
 V 4-24 
 
 4.48 
 
 4-71 
 
 5.16 
 
 5.6i 
 
 
 
 H 1298.2 
 
 1322.6 
 
 1346.9 
 
 1395-4 
 
 1443-8 
 
 
 
 N 1.6916 
 
 1.7152 
 
 1.7376 
 
 1.7792 
 
 1.8177 
 
 -160 
 
 363.6 
 
 V 3-74 
 
 3-95 
 
 4-15 
 
 4.56 
 
 4-95 
 
 
 
 H 1301.7 
 
 1326.2 
 
 1350.6 
 
 1399-3 
 
 1447-9 
 
 
 
 N 1.6810 
 
 1.7043 
 
 1.7266 
 
 1.7680 
 
 1.8063 
 
 180 
 
 373-1 
 
 V 3.35 
 
 3-54 
 
 3-72 
 
 4-09 
 
 4-44 
 
 
 
 H 1304.8 
 
 1329.5 
 
 1353-9 
 
 1402.7 
 
 I45I-4 
 
 
 
 N 1.6716 
 
 1.6948 
 
 1.7169 
 
 I.758I 
 
 1.7962 
 
 200 
 
 381.9 
 
 V 3.04 
 
 3.21 
 
 3-38 
 
 3-71 
 
 4-03 
 
 
 
 H 1307.7 
 
 1332.4 
 
 1357-0 
 
 1405.9 
 
 1454-7 
 
 
 
 N 1.6632 
 
 1.6862 
 
 1.7082 
 
 1.7493 
 
 1.7872 
 
 220 
 
 389.9 
 
 V 2.78 
 
 2.94 
 
 3.10 
 
 3-40 
 
 3-69 
 
 
 
 H 1310.3 
 
 I335-I 
 
 1359-8 
 
 1408.8 
 
 1457-7 
 
 
 
 N 1.6558 
 
 1.6787 
 
 1.7005 
 
 I.74I5 
 
 1.7792 
 
 240 
 
 397-4 
 
 F 2.57 
 
 2.71 
 
 2.85 
 
 3-13 
 
 3-40 
 
 
 
 H 1312.8 
 
 1337-6 
 
 1362.3 
 
 I4II.5 
 
 1460.5 
 
 
 
 AT" 1.6492 
 
 I . 6720 
 
 1.6937 
 
 1.7344 
 
 I.772I 
 
 260 
 
 404.5 
 
 V 2.39 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.65 
 
 2.91 
 
 3-i6 
 
 
 
 # 1315.1 
 
 1340.0 
 
 1364.7 
 
 1414.0 
 
 1463.2 
 
 
 
 AT 1.6430 
 
 1.6658 
 
 1.6874 
 
 1.7280 
 
 1.7655 
 
 280 
 
 411.2 
 
 F 2.22 
 
 2.35 
 
 2.48 
 
 2.72 
 
 2.95 
 
 
 
 H 1317-2 
 
 1342.2 
 
 1367.0 
 
 1416.4 
 
 1465.7 
 
 
 
 A 7 1.6375 
 
 1.6603 
 
 i. 6818 
 
 1.7223 
 
 1-7597 
 
 300 
 
 417.5 
 
 V 2.09 
 
 2.21 
 
 2-33 
 
 2.55 
 
 2.77 
 
 
 
 # 1319.3 
 
 1344-3 
 
 1369.2 
 
 1418.6 
 
 1468.0 
 
 
 
 N 1.6323 
 
 1.6550 
 
 1.6765 
 
 1.7168 
 
 I.754I 
 
 400 
 
 444-8 
 
 F i. 60 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.79 
 
 i 97 
 
 2.14 
 
 
 
 H 1328.6 
 
 1353-9 
 
 I379-I 
 
 1429.0 
 
 1478.9 
 
 
 
 AT 1.6117 
 
 1.6342 
 
 1.6554 
 
 1.6955 
 
 1.7323 
 
 500 
 
 467.3 
 
 F i. 31 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.76 
 
 
 
 H 1337 
 
 1362 
 
 1388 
 
 1438 
 
 1489 
 
 
 
 N 1.597 
 
 1.619 
 
 1.640 
 
 1.679 
 
 I.7I5 
 
 
Flow of Steam 341 
 
 FLOW OF STEAM 
 
 Flow of Steam from Orifices. The flow of steam of a higher 
 pressure toward a lower pressure increases as the difference of pressure 
 is increased, until the external pressure becomes only 58 per cent of the 
 absolute initial pressure. Any further reduction of the external pres- 
 sure, even to the extent of a perfect vacuum, neither increases nor dimin- 
 ishes the flow of steam. In flowing through a nozzle of the best form, 
 the steam expands to the external pressure and to the volume corre- 
 sponding to this pressure, so long as it is not less than 58 per cent of the 
 internal pressure. For an external pressure of 58 per cent or less, the 
 ratio of expansion is 1.624. 
 
 The following formula is frequently used to determine the flow of 
 steam through an orifice against a pressure greater than 58 per cent 
 of the discharge: 
 
 W=i.gAK\ / (P-d)d, 
 where 
 
 W = weight discharged in pounds per minute; 
 
 A = area of orifice in square inches; 
 
 P = absolute initial pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 d = difference in pressure between the two sides, in pounds per 
 
 square inch; 
 K = coefficient = .93 for a short pipe = .63 for a hole in a thin plate. 
 
 Flow of Steam into the Atmosphere. When steam of varying 
 initial pressure is discharged into the atmosphere the atmospheric 
 pressure being not more than 58 per cent of the initial pressure the 
 velocity of outflow at constant density, that is, supposing the initial 
 density to be maintained, is given by the formula, 
 
 V = 3-5953 V^A, 
 
 where V = the velocity of outflow in feet per second, as for steam of the 
 initial density, and h = the height in feet, of a column of steam of the 
 given initial pressure, the weight of which is equal to the pressure on 
 the unit of base. 
 
 The lowest initial pressure to which this formula applies, when steam 
 is discharged into the atmosphere, is 25.37 pounds per square inch. 
 
 The following table gives the outflow of steam into the atmosphere 
 for various internal pressures. The velocity of steam above 25.37 pounds 
 per square inch absolute pressure, increases very slowly with the pres- 
 sure, because the density, and the weight to be moved, increase with the 
 pressure. An average of 900 feet per second may, for approximate cal- 
 culations, be taken for the velocity of outflow as for constant density, 
 that is, taking the volume of the steam at the initial volume. 
 
342 
 
 Flow of Steam 
 
 Outflow of Steam into the Atmosphere 
 
 (D. K. Clark.) 
 
 Initial 
 pressure, 
 pounds per 
 square inch 
 absolute 
 
 External 
 pressure, 
 pounds per 
 square inch 
 absolute 
 
 Expansion 
 in nozzle, 
 ratio 
 
 Velocity of 
 outflow at 
 constant 
 density, 
 feet per 
 second 
 
 Actual 
 velocity of 
 outflow 
 expanded, 
 feet per 
 second 
 
 Discharge, 
 pounds 
 per square 
 inch per 
 minute 
 
 25-37 
 
 14.7 
 
 .624 
 
 863 
 
 1401 
 
 22.81 
 
 30 
 
 14.7 
 
 .624 
 
 867 
 
 1408 . 
 
 26.84 
 
 40 
 
 14-7 
 
 .624 
 
 874 
 
 1419 
 
 35-18 
 
 45 
 
 14.7 
 
 .624 
 
 877 
 
 1424 
 
 39.78 
 
 50 
 
 14-7 
 
 .624 
 
 880 
 
 1429 
 
 44-06 
 
 60 
 
 14.7 
 
 .624 
 
 885 
 
 1437 
 
 52.59 
 
 70 
 
 14-7 
 
 .624 
 
 889 
 
 1444 
 
 61.07 
 
 75 
 
 14-7 
 
 .624 
 
 891 
 
 1447 
 
 65.30 
 
 90 
 
 14-7 
 
 .624 
 
 895 
 
 1454 
 
 77-94 
 
 100 
 
 14-7 
 
 .624 
 
 898 
 
 1459 
 
 86.34 
 
 US 
 
 14-7 
 
 .624 
 
 902 
 
 1466 
 
 98.76 
 
 135 
 
 14-7 
 
 .624 
 
 906 
 
 1472 
 
 115.61 
 
 155 
 
 14.7 
 
 .624 
 
 910 
 
 1478 
 
 132.21 
 
 165 
 
 14-7 
 
 .624 
 
 912 
 
 1481 
 
 140.46 
 
 215 
 
 14 7 
 
 .624 
 
 919 
 
 1493 
 
 181.58 
 
 Napier's approximate formula for the outflow of steam into the atmos- 
 phere, when the pressure of the atmosphere receiving the steam is less 
 than 58 per cent of the initial pressure, is W = ap -r 70, where W is 
 weight discharged, in pounds per second, a = area of orifice in square 
 inches, and p = absolute initial pressure in pounds per square inch. 
 
 Flow of Steam in Pipes. The most generally accepted formula 
 for the flow of steam in pipes is 
 
 w(pi 
 
 
 Pi-l 
 
 -- 0.000132 
 
 / 3 .6\TF2L 
 
 I+-T F 
 
 \ d j wd b 
 
 where W 
 Pi 
 
 weight of steam in pounds per minute; 
 
 initial pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 pz = final pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 L = length of pipe in feet; 
 d = inside diameter of pipe in inches; 
 w = density of steam in pounds per cubic foot. 
 
 The quantity of steam flowing with a given drop in pressure may be 
 calculated by formula (i), while the drop for a given flow may be 
 obtained from formula (2). The following table computed by E. C. 
 Sickles (Trans. A. S. M. E., XX, 354) is calculated by a .formula which, 
 
Flow of Steam in Pipes 343 
 
 when reduced to a form similar to that of formula (i), gives a coefficient 
 
 87.45 instead of 87. 
 
 Table I gives the discharge in pounds per minute for pipes of various 
 
 diameters corresponding to drops of pressure as given in Table II. 
 
 The drops of pressure are computed for a length of i ooo feet; for any 
 
 other length the drop is proportional to the length divided by 1000. 
 
 In using the table the absolute pressure should be taken as the mean 
 
 of the initial and final pressures in computing the carrying capacity. 
 
 Table I. Steam in Pounds per Minute, Corresponding to Drop in 
 
 Pressure in Table II. 
 
 Diam- 
 eter 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 Line 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 14 ooo 
 
 ii 188 
 
 8772 
 
 6678 
 
 4923 
 
 4163 
 
 348i 
 
 2871 
 
 2328 
 
 1853 
 
 1443 
 
 2 
 
 13 ooo 
 
 10392 
 
 8144 
 
 6203 
 
 4573 
 
 3867 
 
 3233 
 
 2667 
 
 2165 
 
 1721 
 
 1341 
 
 3 
 
 12 000 
 
 9593 
 
 7517 
 
 5724 
 
 4220 
 
 3569 
 
 2983 
 
 2461 
 
 1996 
 
 1589 
 
 1237 
 
 4 
 
 II 000 
 
 8804 
 
 6891 
 
 5247 
 
 3868 
 
 3271 
 
 2736 
 
 2256 
 
 1830 
 
 1456 
 
 "34 
 
 5 
 
 IOOOO 
 
 7992 
 
 6265 
 
 4770 
 
 3517 
 
 2974 
 
 2486 
 
 2051 
 
 1663 
 
 1324 
 
 1031 
 
 6 
 
 9500 
 
 7705 
 
 5947 
 
 4532 
 
 3341 
 
 2825 
 
 2362 
 
 1940 
 
 1580 
 
 1258 
 
 979 
 
 7 
 
 9 ooo 
 
 7205 
 
 5638 
 
 4293 
 
 3165 
 
 2676 
 
 2237 
 
 1846 
 
 1497 
 
 1192 
 
 928 
 
 8 
 
 8500 
 
 6905 
 
 5321 
 
 4054 
 
 2989 
 
 2527 
 
 2113 
 
 1743 
 
 1414 
 
 1125 
 
 876 
 
 9 
 
 8000 
 
 6506 
 
 5012 
 
 3816 
 
 2814 
 
 2379 
 
 1989 
 
 1640 
 
 1331 
 
 1059 
 
 825 
 
 10 
 
 7500 
 
 6106 
 
 4695 
 
 3577 
 
 2638 
 
 2230 
 
 1865 
 
 1538 
 
 1248 
 
 993 
 
 773 
 
 ii 
 
 7 ooo 
 
 5707 
 
 4385 
 
 3339 
 
 2462 
 
 2082 
 
 1740 
 
 1435 
 
 Il64 
 
 927 
 
 722 
 
 12 
 
 6 500 
 
 5307 
 
 4069 
 
 3100 
 
 2286 
 
 1933 
 
 1616 
 
 1333 
 
 1081 
 
 860 
 
 670 
 
 13 
 
 6000 
 
 4908 
 
 3758 
 
 2862 
 
 21 10 
 
 1784 
 
 1492 
 
 I23C 
 
 998 
 
 794 
 
 619 
 
 14 
 
 55oo 
 
 4508 
 
 3443 
 
 2623 
 
 1934 
 
 1635 
 
 1368 
 
 1128 
 
 915 
 
 728 
 
 567 
 
 IS 
 
 5 ooo 
 
 4 108 
 
 3132 
 
 2385 
 
 1758 
 
 1487 
 
 1243 
 
 1025 
 
 832 
 
 662 
 
 5i6 
 
 
 
 
 
 TV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uiam- 
 eter 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3* 
 
 3 
 
 2* 
 
 2 
 
 I* 
 
 I 
 
 Line 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1093 
 
 799 
 
 560 
 
 371 
 
 227 
 
 123 
 
 71.6 
 
 55-9 
 
 28.8 
 
 8.1 
 
 6.81 
 
 2.52 
 
 2 
 
 1015 
 
 742 
 
 521 
 
 344 
 
 210 
 
 114.6 
 
 68.6 
 
 51-9 
 
 27.6 
 
 6.8 
 
 6.52 
 
 2.34 
 
 3 
 
 937 
 
 685 
 
 481 
 
 318 
 
 194 
 
 106.0 
 
 65.6 
 
 47-9 
 
 26.4 
 
 5-5 
 
 6.24 
 
 .16 
 
 4 
 
 859 
 
 628 
 
 441 
 
 292 
 
 178 
 
 97-0 
 
 62.7 
 
 43-9 
 
 25.2 
 
 4.2 
 
 5-95 
 
 98 
 
 5 
 
 781 
 
 571 
 
 401 
 
 265 
 
 162 
 
 88.2 
 
 59-7 
 
 39-9 
 
 24.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 5.67 
 
 .80 
 
 6 
 
 742 
 
 542 
 
 381 
 
 252 
 
 154 
 
 83.8 
 
 56.5 
 
 37-9 
 
 22.8 
 
 2.3 
 
 5-29 
 
 71 
 
 7 
 
 703 
 
 514 
 
 36i 
 
 239 
 
 146 
 
 79-4 
 
 53-5 
 
 35-9 
 
 21.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 5-00 
 
 .62 
 
 8 
 
 664 
 
 485 
 
 34i 
 
 226 
 
 138 
 
 75-0 
 
 50.5 
 
 33-9 
 
 20.4 
 
 0.9 
 
 4-72 
 
 53 
 
 9 
 
 625 
 
 457 
 
 321 
 
 212 
 
 130 
 
 70.6 
 
 47-6 
 
 31-9 
 
 19.2 
 
 10.3 
 
 4-43 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 586 
 
 428 
 
 301 
 
 199 
 
 122 
 
 66.2 
 
 44-5 
 
 29-9 
 
 18.0 
 
 9.68 
 
 4-15 
 
 .35 
 
 ii 
 
 547 
 
 400 
 
 281 
 
 186 
 
 H3 
 
 61.7 
 
 41.6 
 
 27.9 
 
 16.8 
 
 9-03 
 
 3-86 
 
 .26 
 
 12 
 
 508 
 
 371 
 
 261 
 
 172 
 
 105 
 
 57-3 
 
 38.6 
 
 25-9 
 
 15.6 
 
 8.38 
 
 3.68 
 
 .17 
 
 13 
 
 469 
 
 343 
 
 241 
 
 159 
 
 97-2 
 
 52.9 
 
 35-6 
 
 23-9 
 
 14.4 
 
 7-74 
 
 3.40 
 
 .08 
 
 14 
 
 430 
 
 314 
 
 221 
 
 146 
 
 89.1 
 
 48.5 
 
 32.6 
 
 21.9 
 
 13.2 
 
 7.10 
 
 3- II 
 
 99 
 
 15 
 
 390 
 
 286 
 
 200 
 
 132 
 
 81.0 
 
 44-1 
 
 29.6 
 
 20. 
 
 12. 
 
 6.45 
 
 2.83 
 
 .90 
 
 
344 Flow of Steam 
 
 Table II. Drop in Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch, per 1000 Feet 
 
 Length, Corresponding to Discharge in Table : 
 
 [ 
 
 Density 
 
 0.208 
 
 0.230 
 
 0.273 
 
 0.295 
 
 0.316 
 
 0.338 
 
 0.401 
 
 0.443 
 
 0.485 
 
 0.548 
 
 Pres- ) 
 sure \ 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 1 20 
 
 130 
 
 140 
 
 150 
 
 180 
 
 200 
 
 220 
 
 250 
 
 Line 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 18.1 
 
 16.4 
 
 13-8 
 
 12.8 
 
 II. 9 
 
 ii. i 
 
 9-39 
 
 8.50 
 
 7-76 
 
 6.87 
 
 2 
 
 15.6 
 
 14.1 
 
 II. 9 
 
 II. 
 
 10.3 
 
 9.60 
 
 8.09 
 
 7-33 
 
 6.69 
 
 5-92 
 
 3 
 
 13-3 
 
 12.0 
 
 IO.I 
 
 9.38 
 
 8.75 
 
 8.18 
 
 6.90 
 
 6.24 
 
 5-70 
 
 5.05 
 
 4 
 
 ii. i 
 
 IO.O 
 
 8.46 
 
 7.83 
 
 7-31 
 
 6.83 
 
 5.76 
 
 5-21 
 
 4.76 
 
 4.21 
 
 5 
 
 9-25 
 
 8.36 
 
 7-5 
 
 6.52 
 
 6.09 
 
 5.69 
 
 4.80 
 
 4-34 
 
 3-97 
 
 3-51 
 
 6 
 
 8.33 
 
 7.53 
 
 6.35 
 
 5.87 
 
 5.48 
 
 5.13 
 
 4-32 
 
 3-91 
 
 3-57 
 
 3.16 
 
 7 
 
 7.48 
 
 6.76 
 
 5-70 
 
 5-27 
 
 4-92 
 
 4.60 
 
 3-88 
 
 3-51 
 
 3-21 
 
 2.84 
 
 8 
 
 6.67 
 
 6.03 
 
 5-08 
 
 4-70 
 
 4-39 
 
 4.10 
 
 3.46 
 
 3-13 
 
 2.86 
 
 2.53 
 
 9 
 
 5-91 
 
 5.35 
 
 4-50 
 
 4-17 
 
 3.89 
 
 3.64 
 
 3-07 
 
 2.78 
 
 2.53 
 
 2.24 
 
 10 
 
 5-19 
 
 4.69 
 
 3-95 
 
 3-66 
 
 3-42 
 
 3.i9 
 
 2.69 
 
 2.44 
 
 2.23 
 
 -97 
 
 ii 
 
 4-52 
 
 4.09 
 
 3-44 
 
 3-19 
 
 2.98 
 
 2.78 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.12 
 
 1-94 
 
 .72 
 
 12 
 
 3-90 
 
 3.53 
 
 2.97 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.57 
 
 2.40 
 
 2. 02 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.67 
 
 48 
 
 13 
 
 3-32 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.53 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.04 
 
 1.72 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.42 
 
 .26 
 
 14 
 
 2.79 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.13 
 
 1.97 
 
 1.84 
 
 1.72 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.20 
 
 .06 
 
 15 
 
 2.31 
 
 2.09 
 
 1.76 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.08 
 
 0.991 
 
 0.877 
 
 Density in pounds per cubic foot. Pressure in pounds per square inch absolute. 
 
 Examples in the Use of the Table. Suppose it is required to find the 
 
 discharge from a 5-inch pipe line, steam pressure being 120 pounds per 
 
 square inch absolute, and the loss in pressure being 4.5 pounds per 1000 
 
 feet length. In Table II we find the drop 4.5 under 120 pounds pres- 
 
 sure to be in line 9. In Table I in line 9 under s-inch diameter we find 
 
 the discharge to be 130 pounds per minute. 
 
 
 Or, suppose it is required to find the size of pipe to carry 
 
 1000 paunds 
 
 of steam per minute, mean absolute pressure being 130 pounds and the 
 
 drop in pressure being assumed as ii pounds. In Table 
 
 II the drop 
 
 ii under 130 pounds pressure is in line 2. In Table I in line 2 the tabu- 
 
 lar quantity which corresponds nearest to 1000 is in the 9-inch column. 
 
 A 9-inch line will, therefore, be required. 
 
 
 Kent modifies Darcy's Formula for flow of water to make it apply 
 
 to steam, and gives for the flow, 
 
 
 /(Pi - pt)d* 
 
 
 Q - C \ wL 
 
 
 W=c\/ 
 
 'w(pi-p^ 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 where Q = volume of steam in cubic feet per minute; 
 
 
 W = weight of steam in pounds per minute; 
 
 
 pij= initial pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 
 p2 = final pressure in pounds per square inch; 
 
 
 L = length of pipe in feet; 
 
 
 d= inside diameter of pipe in inches; 
 
 
 w = density of steam in pounds per cubic foot; 
 
 
 c = coefficient, depending on the diameter of the pipe. 
 
Flow of Steam in Low-Pressure Heating Lines 345 
 
 The 
 
 Nomin 
 Value 
 
 Nomin 
 Value 
 
 Nomin 
 Value 
 
 Flo 
 
 table 
 Darcy 
 Thed 
 which 
 
 Flow < 
 
 values of c are as fo 
 
 al diameter, inches Vsi 
 oic 36. 
 
 lows: 
 
 % 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 57-8 
 
 12 
 62.1 
 
 -pressi 
 . V. E., 
 
 water i 
 ed is i 
 may b 
 
 sure in 
 1 per 10 
 
 
 3 
 3 56.2 
 
 9 
 3 61.3 
 
 24 
 
 2 63.2 
 
 Allowing 
 ation of 
 i above, 
 sis from 
 
 m Drop 
 
 36 
 
 45-3 48 50 52.7 54- 
 
 4^2 5 6 7 8 
 58.3 58-7 59-5 60.2 60. 
 
 14 16 18 20 22 
 62.3 62.6 62.7 62.9 63. 
 
 ire Heating Lines. The f 
 
 1907) is based on his adapt 
 to the flow of steam as giver 
 pound per 1000 feet, as a ba 
 e calculated. 
 
 Pounds per Hour f8r a Unifoi 
 oo Feet Length of Straight Pi] 
 
 al diameter, inches 3% 
 of c . . . 57 i 
 
 al diameter, inches 10 
 of c 61 .; 
 
 w of Steam in Low 
 
 by W. Kent (A. S. H 
 's formula for flow of 
 rop in pressure assum 
 the flow at any drop 
 
 rf Steam at Low Pres 
 at the Rate of i Pounc 
 
 Nominal diam- 
 eter of pipe 
 
 Initial steam pressure, pounds (gage) 
 
 0.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 2.3 
 
 3-3 
 
 4-3 
 
 5-3 
 
 6.3 
 
 8.3 
 
 10.3 
 
 Flow of steam, pounds per hour 
 
 Ins. 
 % 
 
 % 
 i 
 i% 
 
 i% 
 
 2 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 3V 2 
 
 4 
 4% 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 II. 3 
 
 22.3 
 
 46.9 
 
 71.9 
 141.5 
 
 229.2 
 
 404.7 
 
 591.8 
 822.0 
 
 IIOO. 
 
 1467. 
 
 2356. 
 3440. 
 4783. 
 6396. 
 
 8562. 
 13542. 
 
 5.1 
 n. 8 
 23.2 
 49-0 
 
 75-0 
 147-7 
 239-2 
 422.4 
 
 618.0 
 857.4 
 1148. 
 I53L 
 
 2459. 
 3590. 
 4991. 
 6678. 
 
 8940. 
 I4I36. 
 
 5-3 
 12.3 
 24.2 
 50.9 
 
 78.0 
 153-6 
 248.8 
 439-3 
 
 642.6 
 891.6 
 1193. 
 1592. 
 
 2557. 
 3733. 
 5I9L 
 6942. 
 
 9294. 
 14700. 
 
 9-7 
 19.0 
 40.1 
 
 61.4 
 
 120.8 
 
 195.7 
 
 345-5 
 
 505.3 
 701.4 
 938.7 
 1252. 
 
 2OII. 
 2936. 
 4082. 
 54,62. 
 
 7314. 
 H550. 
 
 10. 
 
 19.6 
 41-3 
 
 63.2 
 124-5 
 
 201.8 
 
 356.1 
 
 520.8 
 723.0 
 967.6 
 1291. 
 
 2074. 
 3027. 
 4208. 
 5630. 
 
 7536. 
 11916. 
 
 10.3 
 
 20. 2 
 42.5 
 
 65.1 
 128.2 
 207-5 
 366.5 
 
 535-9 
 744-0 
 995-8 
 1328. 
 
 2134- 
 3H5. 
 4331. 
 5794- 
 
 7758. 
 12264. 
 
 10.5 
 
 20.7 
 43-7 
 
 66.8 
 131.6 
 213.2 
 376.4 
 
 550.5 
 764.4 
 1023. 
 1364. 
 
 2192. 
 3I99- 
 4448. 
 5951. 
 
 7968. 
 12594- 
 
 10.8 
 
 21.2 
 
 44-8 
 
 68.6 
 135.0 
 218.7 
 386.1 
 
 564.7 
 784.2 
 1049. 
 1399- 
 
 2248. 
 3281. 
 4564. 
 6102 
 
 8172. 
 12918. 
 
 II. O 
 
 21.7 
 45-9 
 
 70.3 
 138.3 
 224.0 
 395-5 
 
 578.5 
 803.4 
 1075- 
 1433. 
 
 2303. 
 3362 
 4674. 
 6252. 
 
 8370. 
 13236. 
 
 For any other drop of pressure per 1000 feet length, multiply the 
 figures in the table by the square root of that drop. 
 Kent says, "In all cases the judgment of the engineer must be used 
 in the assumption of the drop to be allowed. For small distributing 
 pipes it will generally be desirable to assume a drop of not more than 
 
346 Resistance to Flow of Steam 
 
 one pound per 1000 feet to insure that each single radiator shall always 
 have an ample supply for the worst conditions, and in that case the size 
 of piping given in the table up to two inches may be used; but for 
 main pipes supplying totals of more than 500 square feet, greater drops 
 may be allowed. " 
 
 Resistance Due to Entrance, Bends and Valves. Mr. Briggs 
 states, in "Warming Buildings by Steam," that the resistance at the 
 
 entrance to a pipe consists of two parts, namely, the head which 
 
 2 g 
 
 is necessary to create the velocity of flow, and the head 0.505 , which 
 
 overcomes the resistance to entrance offered by the mouth of the pipe. 
 The total loss of head at entrance then equals the sum of these, or 
 
 1-505 , in which v = velocity of flow of steam in the pipe, in feet per 
 
 2 g 
 
 second, and g = acceleration due to gravity, or 32.2. 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Co. state in "Steam" that the resistance at 
 the opening, and that at a globe valve, are each about the same as that 
 caused by an additional length of straight pipe, as computed by the 
 formula, 
 
 n 4 D 
 LI = 
 
 where L is the additional length of pipe in inches and D is the diameter 
 of pipe in inches. From this formula has been computed the following 
 table: 
 
 D in inches i iVz 2 iVz 3 3^ 456 
 
 L in feet 2 4 7 10 13 16 20 28 36 
 
 D in inches 7 8 10 12 15 18 20 22 24 
 
 Lin feet 44 53 70 88 115 143 162 181 200 
 
 The resistance to flow at a right-angled elbow is about equal to 
 % that of a globe valve. 
 
 The above values are to be considered as being only approximations 
 to the truth. 
 
 Expansion of Steam Pipes. The linear expansion and contraction 
 of a pipe carrying steam, with the rise and fall of the temperature, 
 must be taken care of by the use of some form of expansion joint or 
 bend. To find the total expansion due to an increase in temperature, 
 multiply the length of pipe in inches by the coefficient of expansion 
 and by the temperature range. 
 
 The-expansion for each 100 feet of length for different degrees Fahren- 
 heit is given in the following table, which is taken from the Practical 
 Engineer, January, 1911. The expansion for any length between two 
 temperatures is found by taking the difference in length at these tem- 
 peratures, dividing by 100 and multiplying by the length of the pipe 
 in feet. 
 
Expansion of Steam Pipes 
 
 347 
 
 Expansion of Pipes 
 
 (Increase in inches per 100 feet.) 
 
 Temperature, 
 degrees 
 Fahrenheit 
 
 Cast iron 
 
 Wrought iron 
 
 Steel 
 
 Brass and 
 copper 
 
 
 
 0.00 
 
 o.oo 
 
 .00 
 
 0.00 
 
 5o 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.40 
 
 -38 
 
 0.57 
 
 TOO 
 
 0.72 
 
 0.79 
 
 .76 
 
 1.14 
 
 125 
 
 0.88 
 
 0-97 
 
 92 
 
 1.40 
 
 ISO 
 
 I. 10 
 
 1. 21 
 
 15 
 
 1-75 
 
 175 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.41 
 
 34 
 
 2.04 
 
 2OO 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.65 
 
 57 
 
 2.38 
 
 225 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.87 
 
 78 
 
 2.70 
 
 250 
 
 1.90 
 
 2.09 
 
 99 
 
 3.02 
 
 275 
 
 2.15 
 
 2.36 
 
 .26 
 
 3-42 
 
 300 
 
 2.35 
 
 2.58 
 
 47 
 
 3-74 
 
 325 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.86 
 
 2.73 
 
 4-13 
 
 350 
 
 2.80 
 
 3-08 
 
 2.94 
 
 4-45 
 
 375 
 
 3.15 
 
 3.46 
 
 3-31 
 
 5.01 
 
 400 
 
 3-30 
 
 3-63 
 
 3.46 
 
 5-24 
 
 425 
 
 3-68 
 
 4-05 
 
 3-86 
 
 5-85 
 
 450 
 
 3.89 
 
 4.28 
 
 4.08 
 
 6.18 
 
 475 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.62 
 
 4-41 
 
 6.68 
 
 500 
 
 4-45 
 
 4.90 
 
 4.67 
 
 7.06 
 
 525 
 
 4-75 
 
 5.22 
 
 4-99 
 
 7-55 
 
 550 
 
 5-05 
 
 5-55 
 
 5-30 
 
 8.03 
 
 575 
 
 5.36 
 
 5-90 
 
 5.63 
 
 8.52 
 
 600 
 
 5-70 
 
 6.26 
 
 5.98 
 
 9.06 
 
 625 
 
 6.05 
 
 6.65 
 
 6.35 
 
 9.62 
 
 650 
 
 6.40 
 
 7-05 
 
 6.71 
 
 10.18 
 
 675 
 
 6.78 
 
 7.46 
 
 7.12 
 
 10.78 
 
 700 
 
 7-15 
 
 7.86 
 
 7-50 
 
 H.37 
 
 725 
 
 7.58 
 
 8.33 
 
 7.96 
 
 12.06 
 
 75o 
 
 7.96 
 
 8.75 
 
 8.36 
 
 12.66 
 
 775 
 
 8.42 
 
 9.26 
 
 8.84 
 
 13.38 
 
 800 
 
 8.87 
 
 9.76 
 
 9-31 
 
 14.10 
 
 Sizes of Steam Pipes for Engines. A common rule is that steam 
 pipes supplying stationary engines should be of such size that the mean 
 velocity of steam in them does not exceed 6000 feet per minute, in order 
 that the loss due to friction may not be excessive. There are many- 
 cases where this rule gives unnecessarily large pipes, and the velocity 
 could be increased with advantage. The larger the pipe, the greater 
 the surface, and the greater the amount of condensation. For large 
 engines and high pressures it is best to assume the drop in pressure and 
 calculate the diameter from- the formulae given above, or obtain it from 
 the tables. In marine work the steam pipes are generally not as large 
 as in stationary practice for the same sizes of cylinders, a velocity of 
 9000 feet per minute being often used. In proportioning exhaust pipes 
 
348 Loss of Heat from Steam Pipes 
 
 the velocity should not exceed 4000 feet per minute for stationary engines, 
 nor 6000 feet for marine engines. 
 
 Having assumed a velocity of flow in the pipe supplying steam to the 
 engine, the size of pipe required is such that its area is given by the 
 formula, 
 
 Cylinder Area x Piston Speed 
 Mean Velocity of Steam in Pipe 
 
 Or since the areas are proportional to the squares of their diameters, 
 
 /(Cylinder Diame 
 y Mean Velocit; 
 
 /(Cylinder Diameter) 2 x Piston Speed 
 
 Pipe Diameter =4 / 
 
 ** i Velocity of Steam in Pipe 
 
 This assumes that steam is admitted during full stroke. 
 
 LOSS OF HEAT FROM STEAM PIPES 
 
 Loss of Heat from Bare Steam Pipes. A bare pipe carrying 
 steam and made of steel, iron or other conducting material, loses heat by 
 convection to the surrounding air and by radiation to the surrounding 
 objects, both of which cause a loss of steam by condensation. 
 
 For bare steam pipes this loss may be taken as 2.7 B.T.U. per hour 
 per square foot of surface per degree Fahrenheit difference between 
 the temperatures of the steam and the outside air. Thus, if the pres- 
 sure of the steam is 120 pounds absolute, the corresponding tempera- 
 ture being 341, and the temperature of the air 60, then the loss per 
 hour per foot length from a 4-inch steam pipe, the external surface of 
 which is 1.178 square feet per foot of length, will be 1.178 x (341 60) x 
 2.7 = 894 B.T.U. 
 
 Condensation in Bare Steam Pipes. The corresponding conden- 
 sation can be found by dividing this heat quantity by the latent heat of 
 steam at the given pressure. In the example given above, the latent 
 heat of steam at 120 pounds pressure, absolute, is 877.2 B.T.U. There- 
 fore the condensation per hour per foot length of pipe is 8944- 877.2 = 
 i. 02 pounds. 
 
 Steam Pipe Coverings. This loss is lessened in practice by cover- 
 ing the steam pipe with a material that will offer a greater resistance 
 to the flow of heat than that offered by the material of the pipe. A good 
 material for this purpose should not suffer serious deterioration from 
 the heat or vibration to which it would be subjected in practice; and 
 in all cases where damage from fire might result, it should never consist 
 of combustible matter. Any covering should be kept perfectly dry, 
 as still water is an excellent carrier of heat. 
 
 The best insulating substance known is .air confined in minute cells, 
 and the best nonconducting coverings owe their efficiency to the numer- 
 ous air cells in their structure. In general the value of a covering is 
 inversely proportional to its weight, and other things being equal, the 
 
Steam Pipe Coverings 
 
 349 
 
 incombustible mineral substances are to be preferred to combustible 
 material. No covering should be less than one inch in thickness. 
 
 Hair or wool felt and most of the better nonconducting materials 
 have the disadvantage of becoming charred at high temperature and 
 partly losing their insulating power. There is also the danger of taking 
 fire. Mineral wool, a fibrous material made from blast furnace slag, 
 is the best noncombustible covering, but being brittle it is liable to fall 
 to a powder when subjected to jarring. 
 
 Pipe covering may be sectional, or plastic. The former is built up 
 in sections and attached to the pipe by bands, which allow easy removal 
 of the covering. The latter is put on in a soft, plastic condition, and is 
 hardened in place; it obviates joints and adheres closely to the pipe. 
 
 The following table, taken from the various sources noted, gives the 
 results of experiments on steam pipe coverings. In almost all cases 
 the figures given are the averages of a number of tests. 
 
 Steam Pipe Coverings 
 
 Number | 
 
 Kind of covering 
 
 Size 
 of 
 pipe, 
 ins. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness of 
 cover- 
 
 n 
 
 i ches 
 
 B.T.U. per 
 square foot 
 per hour per 
 degree differ- 
 ence of 
 temperature 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 heat 
 lost 
 
 Authority 
 
 i 
 
 Bare pipe 
 
 
 
 2.7 
 
 IOO 
 
 
 ? 
 
 Mineral wool . . . 
 
 8 
 
 .30 
 
 0.285 
 
 10.6 
 
 Brill 
 
 3 
 
 Rock wool 
 
 8 
 
 .60 
 
 0.256 
 
 9-5 
 
 Brill 
 
 4 
 
 Hair felt... 
 
 2 
 
 .96 
 
 0.387 
 
 14.3 
 
 Jacobus 
 
 5 
 
 Hair felt 
 
 8 
 
 82 
 
 0.422 
 
 15.6 
 
 Brill 
 
 6 
 
 Remanit 
 
 2 
 
 51 
 
 0.302 
 
 II. 2 
 
 Stott 
 
 7 
 
 Remanit 
 
 2 
 
 .30 
 
 0.363 
 
 13.4 
 
 Jacobus 
 
 8 
 
 Remanit 
 
 2 
 
 .88 
 
 0.434 
 
 16.1 
 
 Jacobus 
 
 9 
 
 Solid cork . . 
 
 2 
 
 .68 
 
 0.348 
 
 12.9 
 
 Stott 
 
 
 
 Solid cork 
 
 2 
 
 .20 
 
 0.427 
 
 15.8 
 
 Stott 
 
 T 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 2 
 
 .41 
 
 0.302 
 
 II. 2 
 
 Stott 
 
 2 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 IO 
 
 37 
 
 0.354 
 
 I3.I 
 
 Barrus 
 
 ^ 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 8 
 
 .25 
 
 0.384 
 
 14.2 
 
 Brill 
 
 4 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 2 
 
 .16 
 
 0.439 
 
 16.3 
 
 Stott 
 
 $ 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 4 
 
 .12 
 
 0.465 
 
 17.2 
 
 Norton 
 
 T6 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 2 
 
 .08 
 
 0.304 
 
 II. 3 
 
 Jacobus 
 
 17 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 2 
 
 08 
 
 o 531 
 
 19.7 
 
 Barrus 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 
 26 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 31 
 
 V 
 
 Asbestos sponge felted. 
 Asbestos sponge felted. 
 Asbestos sponge felted. 
 Asbestos sponge felted. 
 Manville sectional .... 
 Manville sectional 
 Manville sectional .... 
 Asbestos air cell 
 Asbestos air cell 
 Asbestos air cell 
 Asbestos air cell 
 Asbestos fire felt 
 Asbestos fire felt 
 Asbestos fire felt 
 Fossil meal 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 4 
 2 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 'I 4 
 -63 
 .21 
 .24 
 .70 
 .25 
 31 
 .26 
 .12 
 -96 
 .02 
 30 
 .OO 
 99 
 75 
 
 0.260 
 0.280 
 0.490 
 0.532 
 0.350 
 0.453 
 0.572 
 0.486 
 0.525 
 0.716 
 0.793 
 0.502 
 0.721 
 0.766 
 0.879 
 
 9-6 
 10.4 
 18.1 
 19.7 
 13.0 
 16.8 
 
 21.2 
 
 18.0 
 
 19.4 
 26.5 
 29.4 
 
 18.6 
 26.7 
 28.4 
 32.6 
 
 Jacobus 
 Barrus 
 Barrus 
 Stott 
 Brill 
 Norton 
 Paulding 
 Stott 
 Norton 
 Jacobus 
 Barrus 
 Brill 
 Paulding 
 Jacobus 
 Brill 
 
 13 
 
 Riley cement 
 
 8 
 
 75 
 
 O.953 
 
 35-3 
 
 Brill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
350 Steam Pipe Coverings 
 
 A brief description of some of these coverings is given below: 
 
 No. 4. A layer of asbestos paper Vs2 inch thick next to the pipe, 
 then the hair felt, then a layer of paper, and outside of all a canvas 
 covering. 
 
 No. 5. The hair felt was bound tightly around the pipe, with no can- 
 vas covering; it had a layer of asbestos paper under it. 
 
 No. 6. A covering composed of two layers wound in reverse direction 
 with ropes of carbonized silk; the inner layer 2^ inches wide and Vz inch 
 thick; the outer layer 2 inches wide and % inch thick, over which was 
 wound a network of wire; Vs inch asbestos next to pipe. 
 
 No. 7. A grade known as high- pressure remanit; encased in canvas. 
 
 No. 8. A grade known as intermediate-pressure remanit; encased in 
 canvas. 
 
 Nos. 9 and 10. Solid sectional covering of granulated cork with 
 %-inch asbestos paper next to pipe. 
 
 No. ii. 85 per cent carbonate of magnesia. Average of a number of 
 tests of moulded sectionals, thickness of covering ranging from 2.20 to 
 2.71 inches. 
 
 No. 12. Carbonate of magnesia with some asbestos fiber; outside 
 finished with canvas. 
 
 No. 14. Average of tests, thickness of covering ranging from 1.12 to 
 1.19 inches. 
 
 No. 15. Moulded sectional covering composed of about 90 per cent 
 carbonate of magnesia. 
 
 No. 17. Similar, except in thickness, to No. 12. 
 
 Nos. 1 8, 19, 20 and 21. Laminated sectional, composed of a number 
 of layers of asbestos paper in which were imbedded small pieces of 
 sponge. 
 
 No. 23. A sectional covering composed of an inner layer of earthy 
 material covered by a layer of wool felt. 
 
 No. 25. Laminated sectional with ^-inch asbestos paper next to 
 pipe. 
 
 No. 26. Made of thin sheets of corrugated asbestos paper, stuck 
 together with silicate of soda. 
 
 Nos. 27 and 28. Similar to No. 26. 
 
 Nos. 32 and 33. Mixed with water and plastered on the pipe. 
 
Air 351 
 
 AIR 
 
 Properties 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Composition 35 2 
 
 Weight 352 
 
 Pressure, Volume and Temperature 352 
 
 Pressure of the Atmosphere 352 
 
 Specific Heat of Air 355 
 
 Adiabatic Expansion and Compression 355 
 
 Work of Adiabatic Compression of Air .- 356 
 
 Isothermal Expansion and Compression 356 
 
 Work of Isothermal Compression of Air 356 
 
 Flow of Air 
 
 Flow of Air under Pressure from Orifices into the Atmosphere. . . 357 
 
 Velocity of Efflux of Compressed Air 357 
 
 Discharge of Air through an Orifice 35& 
 
 Flow of Air in Pipes 359 
 
 Loss of Pressure in Pipes 359 
 
 Flow of Compressed Air in Pipes 360 
 
 Loss of Pressure in Compressed Air Transmission , 360 
 
 Effect of Bends and Fittings 364 
 
352 
 
 Properties of Air 
 
 PEOPERTIES OF AIE 
 
 Air is a mechanical mixture of the gases oxygen and nitrogen with a 
 small amount of argon. By volume its composition is 78 per cent 
 nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen and i per cent argon. Atmospheric air 
 of ordinary purity contains about 0.04 per cent of carbon dioxide. 
 
 Weight of Air. The weight of pure air at 32 F. and a barometric 
 pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury, or 14.6963 pounds per square inch 
 is 0.080728 pound per cubic foot. The volume of a pound of air is 
 therefore 12.387 cubic feet. At any other temperature and pressure its 
 
 weight in pounds per cubic foot is W = , where B = height 
 
 of barometer in inches and T = absolute temperature Fahrenheit. 
 The weight per cubic foot at various temperatures and pressures is 
 given in the table on pages 353 and 354. 
 
 Pressure, Volume and Temperature. The relation between 
 pressure, volume and temperature of air is such that 
 
 p\v\ 
 
 ~ 
 
 -- 53-3, 
 
 in which pi and pz are absolute pressures in pounds per square foot, 
 vi and v 2 the volumes in cubic feet of i pound of air, and T\ and T* 
 the absolute temperatures. When the pressure remains constant the 
 volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. If the 
 temperature remains constant the volume is inversely proportional to 
 the absolute pressure. 
 
 Pressure of the Atmosphere. .The following table gives the pres- 
 sure of the atmosphere in pounds per square inch and pounds per square 
 foot for various readings of the barometer. It is based on i inch of 
 mercury at 32 F. being equal to a pressure of 0.491 pound per square 
 inch. 
 
 Pressure of the Atmosphere for Various Readings of the Barometer 
 
 Barometer, 
 inches 
 
 Pounds per 
 square inch 
 
 Pounds per 
 square foot 
 
 Barometer, 
 inches 
 
 Pounds per 
 square inch 
 
 Pounds per 
 square foot 
 
 28.00 
 28.25 
 28.50 
 28.75 
 
 13-75 
 13.87 
 13-99 
 14.12 
 
 1980 
 1997 
 2015 
 2033 
 
 29-75 
 30.00 
 30.25 
 30.50 
 
 14.61 
 14-73 
 14.85 
 14.98 
 
 2103 
 
 2121 
 
 2139 
 2156 
 
 29.00 
 29.25 
 29.50 
 
 14.24 
 14-36 
 14.48 
 
 2050 
 2068 
 2086 
 
 30.75 
 31.00 
 31.25 
 
 15.10 
 15.22 
 15.34 
 
 2174 
 2192 
 
 22IO 
 
Weight of Air 353 
 
 Weight of Air at Various Pressures and Temperatures 
 
 (Based on an Atmospheric Pressure of 14.7 Pounds) 
 
 
 Gage pressure, pounds 
 
 Temper- 
 ature of 
 air, degrees 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weight in pounds per cubic foot 
 
 20 
 
 .0900 
 
 .1205 
 
 .1515 
 
 .2125 
 
 .2744 
 
 .3360 
 
 3970 
 
 .458o 
 
 .5190 .5800 
 
 .6410 
 
 10 
 
 .0882 
 
 .1184 
 
 .1485 
 
 .2090 
 
 .2685 
 
 .3283 
 
 .3880 
 
 4478 
 
 .5076 .5674 
 
 .6272 
 
 O 
 
 .0864 
 
 .1160 
 
 .1455 
 
 .2040 
 
 .2630 
 
 3215 
 
 .3800 
 
 .4385 
 
 4970 
 
 5555 
 
 .6140 
 
 IO 
 
 .0846 
 
 .1136 
 
 .1425 
 
 .1995 
 
 .2568 
 
 .3145 
 
 3720 
 
 .4292 
 
 .4863 
 
 5433 
 
 .6006 
 
 20 
 
 .0828 
 
 .1112 
 
 .1395 
 
 .1955 
 
 .2516 
 
 .3071 
 
 .3645 
 
 .4205 
 
 4770 
 
 5330 
 
 .5890 
 
 30 
 
 .0811 
 
 .1088 
 
 .1366 
 
 .1916 
 
 2465 
 
 3015 
 
 3570 
 
 .4121 
 
 .4672 
 
 .5221 
 
 5771 
 
 40 
 
 0795 
 
 .1067 
 
 .1338 
 
 .1876 
 
 .2415 
 
 2954 
 
 3503 
 
 .4038 
 
 4576 
 
 -5II4 
 
 .5652 
 
 So 
 
 .0780 
 
 1045 
 
 .1310 
 
 .1839 
 
 .2367 
 
 .2905 
 
 3432 
 
 .3960 
 
 .4487 
 
 5014 
 
 5541 
 
 60 
 
 .0764 
 
 .1025 
 
 .1283 
 
 .1803 
 
 .2323 
 
 .2840 
 
 .3562 
 
 .3882 
 
 .4402 
 
 .4927 
 
 5447 
 
 70 
 
 0750 
 
 .1005 
 
 .1260 
 
 .1770 
 
 .2280 
 
 .2791 
 
 3302 
 
 .3808 
 
 .4316 
 
 .4824 
 
 5332 
 
 80 
 
 .0736 
 
 .0988 
 
 .1239 
 
 .1738 
 
 .2237 
 
 .2739 
 
 .3242 
 
 3738 
 
 4234 
 
 4729 
 
 .5224 
 
 90 
 
 .0723 
 
 .0970 
 
 .1218 
 
 .1707 
 
 2195 
 
 .2688 
 
 .3182 
 
 .3670 
 
 4154 
 
 .4639 
 
 .5122 
 
 100 
 
 .0710 
 
 0954 
 
 .1197 
 
 .1676 
 
 .2155 
 
 .2638 
 
 .3122 
 
 .3602 
 
 .4079 
 
 .4555 
 
 5033 
 
 no 
 
 .0698 
 
 .0937 
 
 .1176 
 
 .1645 
 
 .2115 
 
 2593 
 
 .3070 
 
 3542 
 
 .4011 
 
 .4481 
 
 4950 
 
 120 
 
 .0686 
 
 .0921 
 
 .H55 
 
 .1618 
 
 .2080 
 
 .2549 
 
 .3018 
 
 .3481 
 
 3944 
 
 .4403 
 
 .4866 
 
 130 
 
 .0674 
 
 0905 
 
 .1135 
 
 .1590 
 
 .2045 
 
 .2505 
 
 .2966 
 
 .3446 
 
 .3924 
 
 .4296 
 
 4770 
 
 140 
 
 .0663 
 
 .0889 
 
 .HIS 
 
 .1565 
 
 .2015 
 
 .2465 
 
 .2915 
 
 .3364 
 
 .3813 
 
 .4262 
 
 4711 
 
 150 
 
 .0652 
 
 .0874 
 
 .1096 
 
 .1541 
 
 .1985 
 
 .2425 
 
 .2865 
 
 .3308 
 
 .3751 
 
 .4193 
 
 -4636 
 
 175 
 
 .0626 
 
 .0840 
 
 .1054 
 
 .1482 
 
 .1910 
 
 .2335 
 
 .2755 
 
 .3181 
 
 .3607 
 
 .4033 
 
 4450 
 
 200 
 
 .0603 
 
 .0809 
 
 .1014 
 
 .1427 
 
 .1840 
 
 .2248 
 
 .2655 
 
 .3054 
 
 .3473 
 
 .3882 
 
 .4291 
 
 225 
 
 .0581 
 
 .0779 
 
 .0976 
 
 1373 
 
 .1770 
 
 .2163 
 
 .2555 
 
 .2949 
 
 3344 
 
 .3738 
 
 .4129 
 
 250 
 
 .0560 
 
 .0751 
 
 .0941 
 
 .1323 
 
 .1705 
 
 .2085 
 
 .2466 
 
 .2845 
 
 .3223 
 
 .3602 
 
 .3981 
 
 275 
 
 .0541 
 
 .0726 
 
 .0910 
 
 .1278 
 
 .1645 
 
 .2011 
 
 .2378 
 
 .2745 
 
 .3111 
 
 .3478 
 
 .3844 
 
 300 
 
 .0523 
 
 .0707 
 
 .0881 
 
 1237 
 
 .1592 
 
 1945 
 
 .2300 
 
 .2654 
 
 .3008 
 
 .3362 
 
 .3716 
 
 350 
 
 .0491 
 
 .0658 
 
 .0825 
 
 .1160 
 
 1495 
 
 .1828 
 
 .2160 
 
 .2492 
 
 .2824 
 
 .3156 
 
 .3488 
 
 400 
 
 .0463 
 
 .0621 
 
 .0779 
 
 .1090 
 
 .1405 
 
 .1720 
 
 .2035 
 
 .2348 
 
 .2661 
 
 .2974 
 
 .3287 
 
 450 
 
 .0437 
 
 .0586 
 
 .0735 
 
 .1033 
 
 .1330 
 
 .1628 
 
 .1925 
 
 .2220 
 
 .2515 
 
 .2810 
 
 .3105 
 
 500 
 
 .0414 
 
 .0555 
 
 .0696 
 
 .0978 
 
 .1260 
 
 1540 
 
 .1820 
 
 .2100 
 
 .2380 
 
 .2660 
 
 .2940 
 
 550 
 
 .0394 
 
 .0528 
 
 .0661 
 
 .0930 
 
 .1198 
 
 .1464 
 
 .1730 
 
 .1996 
 
 .2262 
 
 .2528 
 
 2794 
 
 600 
 
 .0376 
 
 .0504 
 
 .0631 
 
 .0885 
 
 .1140 
 
 .1395 
 
 .1650 
 
 .1904 
 
 .2158 
 
 .2412 
 
 .2668 
 
 
354 Weight of Air 
 
 Weight of Air at Various Pressures and Temperatures (Concluded) 
 
 (Based on an Atmospheric Pressure of 14.7 Pounds) 
 
 
 Gage pressure, pounds 
 
 Temper- 
 ature of 
 air, degrees 
 
 IOO 
 
 no 
 
 1 20 
 
 130 
 
 140 
 
 ISO 
 
 175 
 
 200 
 
 225 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x 1 anrenneit 
 
 Weight in pounds per cubic foot 
 
 20 
 
 .702 
 
 .764 
 
 .825 
 
 .886 
 
 .948 
 
 1. 010 
 
 .165 
 
 1.318 
 
 1.465 
 
 1.625 
 
 930 
 
 10 
 
 .687 
 
 747 
 
 .807 
 
 868 
 
 .928 
 
 989 
 
 .139 
 
 1.288 
 
 1.438 
 
 1-588 
 
 .890 
 
 o 
 
 .672 
 
 731 
 
 .790 
 
 .849 
 
 .908 
 
 .968 
 
 .114 
 
 1.260 
 
 1.406 
 
 1-553 
 
 .850 
 
 10 
 
 .658 
 
 .716 
 
 .774 
 
 .832 
 
 .889 
 
 947 
 
 .090 
 
 1.233 
 
 1.376 
 
 1.520 
 
 .810 
 
 20 
 
 .645 
 
 .701 
 
 .757 
 
 .813 
 
 .869 
 
 .927 
 
 .067 
 
 1.208 
 
 348 
 
 1.489 
 
 .770 
 
 30 
 
 .632 
 
 .687 
 
 .742 
 
 797 
 
 .852 
 
 .908 
 
 .046 
 
 1.184 
 
 322 
 
 1.460 
 
 735 
 
 40 
 
 .619 
 
 .673 
 
 .727 
 
 .781 
 
 .835 
 
 .890 
 
 .025 
 
 1.161 
 
 .296 
 
 I.43I 
 
 .701 
 
 50 
 
 .607 
 
 .660 
 
 .713 
 
 .766 
 
 .819 
 
 .873 
 
 i. 006 
 
 1. 139 
 
 .271 
 
 1.403 
 
 .668 
 
 60 
 
 .596 
 
 .649 
 
 .700 
 
 752 
 
 .804 
 
 .856 
 
 .988 
 
 1.116 
 
 .245 
 
 1.376 
 
 .636 
 
 ?o 
 
 .584 
 
 .635 
 
 .686 
 
 737 
 
 .788 
 
 .839 
 
 .967 
 
 1-095 
 
 .223 
 
 1.350 
 
 .604 
 
 80 
 
 572 
 
 .622 
 
 673 
 
 .723 
 
 774 
 
 .824 
 
 949 
 
 1.074 
 
 .199 
 
 1.325 
 
 573 
 
 90 
 
 .561 
 
 .611 
 
 .660 
 
 .709 
 
 .759 
 
 .809 
 
 932 
 
 1.054 
 
 .177 
 
 1.300 
 
 544 
 
 100 
 
 551 
 
 599 
 
 .648 
 
 .696 
 
 .745 
 
 .794 
 
 .914 
 
 1.035 
 
 -155 
 
 1.276 
 
 517 
 
 no 
 
 .542 
 
 .589 
 
 .637 
 
 .685 
 
 732 
 
 .780 
 
 .899 
 
 1.017 
 
 .135 
 
 1.254 
 
 .491 
 
 120 
 
 .533 
 
 .579 
 
 .626 
 
 .673 
 
 .720 
 
 .767 
 
 .884 
 
 1. 001 
 
 .118 
 
 1.234 
 
 465 
 
 130 
 
 .524 
 
 .570 
 
 .616 
 
 .662 
 
 .708 
 
 .754 
 
 .869 
 
 .984 
 
 .099 
 
 1.214 
 
 440 
 
 140 
 
 .516 
 
 .561 
 
 .606 
 
 .651 
 
 .696 
 
 .742 
 
 .855 
 
 .968 
 
 1.081 
 
 1. 194 
 
 .416 
 
 ISO 
 
 .508 
 
 552 
 
 .596 
 
 .640 
 
 .685 
 
 .730 
 
 .841 
 
 .953 
 
 1.064 
 
 1. 175 
 
 392 
 
 175 
 
 .488 
 
 .531 
 
 .573 
 
 .6 6 
 
 .658 
 
 .701 
 
 .808 
 
 .914 
 
 1. 021 
 
 1.128 
 
 .337 
 
 200 
 
 470 
 
 .511 
 
 552 
 
 592 
 
 .633 
 
 .674 
 
 .776 
 
 .879 
 
 .982 
 
 1.084 
 
 .287 
 
 225 
 
 452 
 
 .491 
 
 .531 
 
 -570 
 
 .609 
 
 .649 
 
 747 
 
 .846 
 
 944 
 
 1.043 
 
 .240 
 
 250 
 
 .436 
 
 474 
 
 .513 
 
 551 
 
 .589 
 
 .627 
 
 .722 
 
 .817 
 
 .912 
 
 1.007 
 
 .197 
 
 275 
 
 .421 
 
 .458 
 
 494 
 
 .531 
 
 .568 
 
 .605 
 
 .697 
 
 .789 
 
 .881 
 
 972 
 
 155 
 
 300 
 
 .407 
 
 442 
 
 .478 
 
 .513 
 
 549 
 
 .585 
 
 .673 
 
 .762 
 
 .852 
 
 .940 
 
 .118 
 
 350 
 
 .382 
 
 .415 
 
 449 
 
 .482 
 
 .516 
 
 549 
 
 .632 
 
 715 
 
 799 
 
 .883 
 
 1.048 
 
 400 
 
 .360 
 
 .391 
 
 .423 
 
 454 
 
 .486 
 
 .517 
 
 596 
 
 .674 
 
 753 
 
 .831 
 
 .987 
 
 450 
 
 340 
 
 .369 
 
 399 
 
 .429 
 
 .458 
 
 .488 
 
 .562 
 
 .637 
 
 .711 
 
 .786 
 
 934 
 
 500 
 
 .322 
 
 351 
 
 379 
 
 .407 
 
 .435 
 
 .463 
 
 534 
 
 .604 
 
 .675 
 
 .746 
 
 .885 
 
 550 
 
 .306 
 
 .333 
 
 359 
 
 .386 
 
 .413 
 
 .440 
 
 .507 
 
 .573 
 
 .641 
 
 749 
 
 .841 
 
 600 
 
 .292 
 
 .317 
 
 .343 
 
 .368 
 
 393 
 
 419 
 
 .483 
 
 547 
 
 .611 
 
 .675 
 
 .801 
 
 
Expansion and Compression of Air 355 
 
 Specific Heat of Air. The specific heat of a gas is the heat, in heat 
 units, required to raise the temperature of one pound of the gas one 
 degree Fahrenheit. The mean specific heat of air at constant pres- 
 sure is Cp = 0.2375 an d at constant volume is c v = 0.1689. 
 
 Adiabatic Expansion and Compression. Adiabatic expansion or 
 compression of a gas means that the gas is expanded or compressed 
 without transmission of heat to or from the gas. This would be the case 
 were the expansion or compression to take place in an absolutely non- 
 conducting cylinder, in which case the temperature, pressure and volume 
 of air would vary as indicated by the following formulae: 
 
 i>i \Pz / PI \vz 1 Ti \i)z 1 
 
 in which pi, vi and Ti = initial absolute pressure, volume and absolute 
 temperature, and pz, vz and Tz = final absolute pressure, volume and 
 absolute temperature of the air after compression. The manner in which 
 the temperature and volume vary with the change in pressure is shown 
 in the following table: 
 
 Table for Adiabatic Compression or Expansion of Air 
 (Proc. Inst. M. E., Jan., 1881, p. 123.) 
 
 Absolute pressure 
 
 Absolute temperature 
 
 Volume 
 
 Ti 
 
 h 
 
 P2 
 
 1 
 
 'A 
 
 1 
 
 v* 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.4 
 1.6 
 1.8 
 
 .833 
 .714 
 .625 
 .556 
 
 1.054 
 
 1. 102 
 .146 
 .186 
 
 .948 
 .907 
 
 .873 
 .843 
 
 .138 
 .270 
 .396 
 .518 
 
 .879 
 .788 
 .716 
 .659 
 
 2.0 
 2.2 
 
 2 -4 
 
 2.6 
 
 .500 
 .454 
 .417 
 .385 
 
 .222 
 
 .257 
 
 .289 
 .319 
 
 .818 
 .796 
 .776 
 .758 
 
 .636 
 750 
 .862 
 .971 
 
 .611 
 571 
 
 537 
 507 
 
 2.8 
 
 3-0 
 
 3-2 
 
 3-4 
 
 .357 
 333 
 .312 
 .294 
 
 .348 
 
 375 
 .401 
 .426 
 
 .742 
 .727 
 .714 
 .701 
 
 2.077 
 2.182 
 2.284 
 2.384 
 
 .481 
 .458 
 .438 
 .419 
 
 3-6 
 3-8 
 4-0 
 
 4-2 
 
 .278 
 .263 
 .250 
 .238 
 
 450 
 473 
 495 
 .516 
 
 .690 
 679 
 .669 
 .660 
 
 2.483 
 2.580 
 2.676 
 2.770 
 
 .403 
 .388 
 .374 
 .361 
 
 4.4 
 
 4-6 
 
 4-8 
 5-0 
 
 .227 
 .217 
 .208 
 
 .200 
 
 .537 
 557 
 .576 
 595 
 
 .651 
 .642 
 .635 
 .627 
 
 2.863 
 2.955 
 3.046 
 3-135 
 
 .349 
 .338 
 .328 
 .319 
 
 6.0 
 7.0 
 8.0 
 9-0 
 
 IO.O 
 
 .167 
 .143 
 
 .III 
 .100 
 
 .681 
 
 .758 
 .828 
 .891 
 950 
 
 .595 
 .569 
 .547 
 .529 
 .513 
 
 3.569 
 3.981 
 4-377 
 4-759 
 5-129 
 
 .280 
 .251 
 .228 
 
 .210 
 
 .195 
 
 
356 Expansion and Compression of Air 
 
 Work of Adiabatic Compression of Air. If air is compressed from 
 a volume v\ and pressure pi, to a volume vz and pressure pz, in a non- 
 conducting cylinder without clearance, the work involved in delivering 
 one pound is as follows: 
 
 \~f fli\- 41 
 Work of compression = 2.46 pivi I j i I 
 
 Work of expulsion = pzvz = pivi 
 
 f p z \0-29 
 
 I . 
 \i/ 
 
 Total work is the sum of the work of compression and expulsion less 
 the work, pivi, of the atmosphere done on the piston during admission, or 
 
 K 2 \0.29 "1 
 
 ) ~ * * 
 
 The mean effective pressure equals the total work -5- the initial volume, 
 
 vi, or r/M- 29 ~l 
 
 3,^g| -,]. 
 
 Isothermal Expansion and Compression. Isothermal expansion 
 or compression of a gas means that the gas is expanded or compressed 
 with the addition or rejection of sufficient heat to maintain a constant 
 temperature. The temperature being constant the pressure and volume 
 will vary according to the law 
 
 in which pi and pz are the initial and final absolute pressures in pounds 
 per square foot, v\ and vz are the initial and final volumes in cubic feet, 
 and C is a constant depending on the temperature. For a temperature 
 of 32 F. this constant is 26 214 foot-pounds, and for isothermals corre- 
 sponding to other temperatures it may be found from the formula C = 
 53-3 T, in which T is the absolute temperature of the isothermal. 
 
 Work of Isothermal Compression of Air. If air is compressed 
 from a volume vi and pressure pi to a volume vz and pressure pz, in a 
 cylinder without clearance, in such manner as to keep the temperature 
 constant, the work involved in delivering one pound is as follows: 
 
 Work of compression = pivi \og e 
 
 Vz 
 
 Work of expulsion = pzvz = pivi. 
 
 The total work then is the sum of the work of compression and expul- 
 sion less the work, pivi, of the atmosphere done on the piston during admis- 
 sion, or Vl Vl 
 Total work = pivi \og e h PIVI - PIVI = pivi \og e 
 
 Vz Vz 
 
 In this formula, Naperian, or hyperbolic, logarithms must be used. 
 These may be obtained from the common logarithms by multiplying 
 by the constant 2.303. 
 
 The mean effective pressure equals the total work divided by the 
 initial volume vi, or pi log e vi/vz. 
 
Flow of Air 
 
 357 
 
 FLOW OF AIR 
 
 Flow of Air under Pressure from Orifices into the Atmosphere. 
 
 The following table gives the theoretical velocity for the discharge of 
 air into the atmosphere under very low pressures, less than one-quarter 
 of a pound per square inch. In this case the variation due to difference 
 in air density is so small that it has not been considered. These theo- 
 retical velocities are to be reduced by multiplying by a coefficient c, 
 varying with the form of the orifice. For an orifice with a sharp edge in 
 a thin plate c is 0.65, for a plate with rounded orifice on the inside c is 
 from 0.70 to 0.75, and for a nozzle of good form c may be taken as 0.93. 
 
 Velocity of Air Under Low Pressures 
 
 (Temperature 62 F. Barometer 30 inches.) 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Theoretical 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Theoretical 
 
 Inches 
 of 
 water 
 
 Pounds 
 per square 
 foot 
 
 velocity, 
 feet per 
 second 
 
 Inches 
 of 
 water 
 
 Pounds 
 per square 
 foot 
 
 velocity, 
 feet per 
 second 
 
 .01 
 
 .052 
 
 6.61 
 
 .8 
 
 4-15 
 
 59-1 
 
 .02 
 
 .104 
 
 9-35 
 
 9 
 
 4-67 
 
 62.7 
 
 .04 
 
 .208 
 
 13.2 
 
 I.O 
 
 5-19 
 
 66.1 
 
 .07 
 
 .363 
 
 17-4 
 
 1.5 
 
 7-79 
 
 80.9 
 
 .10 
 
 519 
 
 20.9 
 
 2.O 
 
 10.38 
 
 93-5 
 
 .20 
 
 1.038 
 
 29-5 
 
 2-5 
 
 12.08 
 
 104.0 
 
 .30 
 
 1-558 
 
 36.2 
 
 3-0 
 
 15.58 
 
 114.0 
 
 40 
 
 2.077 
 
 41.8 
 
 3.5 
 
 18.18 
 
 124.0 
 
 .45 
 
 2.337 
 
 44-3 
 
 4.0 
 
 20.77 
 
 132.0 
 
 So 
 
 2.597 
 
 46.7 
 
 4-5 
 
 23-37 
 
 140.0 
 
 .60 
 
 3.n6 
 
 51.2 
 
 5-0 
 
 25-97 
 
 148.0 
 
 .70 
 
 3.635 
 
 55-3 
 
 6.0 
 
 31.16 
 
 162.0 
 
 For the velocity of air under higher pressures discharging into the 
 atmosphere, Hiscox in "Compressed Air" gives the following table: 
 
 Velocity of Efflux of Compressed Air 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Theoret- 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Theoret- 
 
 Atmos-' 
 pheres ' 
 
 Inches 
 of 
 mercury 
 
 Pounds 
 per 
 square 
 inch 
 
 ical veloc- 
 ity, feet 
 per 
 second 
 
 Atmos- 
 pheres 
 
 Inches 
 of 
 mercury 
 
 Pounds 
 per 
 square 
 inch 
 
 ical veloc- 
 ity, feet 
 per 
 second 
 
 OIO 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.147 
 
 94-4 
 
 .680 
 
 20.4 
 
 10. 
 
 780 
 
 .066 
 
 2.10 
 
 I.OO 
 
 246. 
 
 .809 
 
 24.28 
 
 12. 
 
 855 
 
 .100 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.47 
 
 299- 
 
 
 3o. 
 
 14.7 
 
 946 
 
 .136 
 
 4.08 
 
 2.00 
 
 348. 
 
 2. 
 
 60. 
 
 29-4 
 
 1094 
 
 .204 
 
 6.12 
 
 3.00 
 
 472. 
 
 5- 
 
 150. 
 
 73.5 
 
 1219 
 
 .272 
 
 8.16 
 
 4.00 
 
 493. 
 
 10. 
 
 300. 
 
 147. 
 
 1275 
 
 .340 
 
 10.20 
 
 S.oo 
 
 552. 
 
 20. 
 
 600. 
 
 294. 
 
 1304 
 
 .408 
 
 12.24 
 
 6.00 
 
 604. 
 
 40. 
 
 1200. 
 
 588. 
 
 1323 
 
 .500 
 
 15-00 
 
 7.35 
 
 673. 
 
 IOO. 
 
 3000. 
 
 I47o. 
 
 I33i 
 
 .544 
 
 16.32 
 
 8.00 
 
 697. 
 
 20O. 
 
 6000. 
 
 2940. 
 
 1334 
 
 .611 
 
 18.34 
 
 9.00 
 
 741. 
 
 
 
 
 
358 
 
 Discharge of Air 
 
 To obtain the actual velocity, this theoretical velocity should be 
 multiplied by a coefficient varying with the nature of the orifice and the 
 air pressure. The coefficients for an orifice in a thin plate and for a 
 short tube whose length is three times its diameter are given below. 
 The pressures are in atmospheres above atmospheric pressure. 
 
 Coefficients of Air Discharge 
 
 Orifice in thin plate 
 
 Short tube 
 
 Pressure in atmospheres 
 
 .65 
 
 -834 
 
 57 
 
 71 
 
 54 
 .67 
 
 .45 
 .53 
 
 .436 
 
 The quantity of air discharged into the atmosphere from a round 
 hole in a receiver in cubic feet of free air per minute is given in the 
 following table: 
 
 Discharge of Air Through an Orifice 
 
 (Ingersoll-Rand Company. ) 
 
 14 
 
 fj8 
 
 I 
 
 1% 
 
 1% 
 
 Receiver gage pressure, pounds per square inch 
 
 .038 
 
 .153 
 
 .647 
 
 2.435 
 
 9-74 
 21.95 
 39-0 
 61.0 
 
 87.6 
 II9-5 
 156. 
 242. 
 
 350. 
 625. 
 
 0597 
 .242 
 .965 
 
 3-86 
 
 15.4 
 34-6 
 61.6 
 96.5 
 
 133- 
 189. 
 247- 
 384. 
 
 550. 
 985. 
 
 .0842 
 342 
 1.36 
 5-45 
 21.8 
 49- 
 87. 
 136. 
 
 196. 
 267. 
 350. 
 543- 
 780. 
 
 .103 
 .418 
 1.67 
 6.65 
 
 26.7 
 
 60. 
 107. 
 167. 
 240. 
 326. 
 427. 
 665. 
 960. 
 
 .119 
 
 .485 
 1-93 
 7-7 
 30.8 
 69. 
 123. 
 193. 
 277. 
 378. 
 494- 
 770. 
 
 .133 
 
 54 
 2.16 
 8.6 
 
 34-5 
 
 77- 
 138. 
 216. 
 
 3io. 
 422. 
 550. 
 860. 
 
 .156 
 .632 
 
 2.52 
 10. 
 
 40. 
 
 90. 
 161. 
 252. 
 
 362. 
 493- 
 645. 
 
 IOOO. 
 
 .173 
 
 71 
 2.80 
 
 II. 2 
 
 44-7 
 IOO. 
 
 179. 
 280. 
 
 400. 
 550. 
 715- 
 
 .19 
 
 .77 
 
 3-07 
 
 12.27 
 
 49-09 
 H0.45 
 196.35 
 306.80 
 
 441-79 
 601.32 
 785.40 
 
 Diameter 
 
 of orifice, 
 
 inches 
 
 Receiver gage pressure, pounds per square inch 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 IOO 
 
 125 
 
 V64 
 
 H 
 
 8 /4 
 
 .208 
 
 .843 
 
 3.36 
 
 13.4 
 
 53-8 
 
 121. 
 
 215. 
 
 336. 
 
 482. 
 
 658. 
 860. 
 
 .225 
 .914 
 3.64 
 14-5 
 
 58.2 
 130. 
 232. 
 364. 
 522. 
 710. 
 930. 
 
 .26 
 1.05 
 4.2 
 16.8 
 
 67. 
 
 5i. 
 268. 
 420. 
 
 604. 
 822. 
 
 .295 
 1. 19 
 4.76 
 19- 
 76. 
 171. 
 304. 
 476. 
 
 685. 
 930. 
 
 -33 
 1-33 
 5-32 
 
 21.2 
 
 85- 
 191. 
 
 340. 
 532. 
 
 765. 
 1004. 
 
 .364 
 1.47 
 5-87 
 23-5 
 
 94. 
 
 211. 
 
 376. 
 587. 
 843. 
 
 .40 
 1.61 
 6.45 
 25.8 
 
 103. 
 231. 
 412. 
 645. 
 925. 
 
 .486 
 1-97 
 7-85 
 31-4 
 
 125. 
 282. 
 502. 
 785. 
 
Flow of Air 
 
 359 
 
 Flow of Air in Pipes. For the flow of air in pipes at or near atmos- 
 pheric pressure, the following formulae, which are deduced from Hawks- 
 ley's formula, may be used. f 
 
 hd 
 
 13 nod 
 where v velocity of air in feet per second; 
 
 h = head, in inches of water column, causing flow, or the loss of 
 
 head for a given flow; 
 d = inside diameter of pipe, in inches; 
 L = length of pipe, in feet. 
 
 The formulae used by the B. F. Sturtevant Company, derived from 
 Weisbach, are given below. They correspond to Hawksley's formula 
 with a coefficient 120.1 instead of 114.5. 
 
 25 ooo dp 
 
 25 ooo d 
 where v = velocity in feet per second; 
 
 p = loss of pressure, in ounces per square inch; 
 d = inside diameter of pipe, in inches; 
 L = length of pipe, in feet. 
 
 The quantity of air discharged in cubic feet per second is the product 
 of the velocity, as obtained above, and the area of the pipe in square 
 feet. The horse-power required to drive air through a pipe is the volume 
 in cubic feet per second multiplied by the pressure in pounds per square 
 foot and divided by 550. 
 
 The following table condensed from one given in the catalogue of the 
 B. F. Sturtevant Company gives the loss in pressure by friction of air in 
 pipes 100 feet long; for any other length the loss is directly proportional. 
 
 Loss of Pressure in Pipes 
 
 Velocity, feet 
 per minute 
 
 Diameter of pipe in inches 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Loss in ounces per square inch per 100 feet 
 
 600 
 
 1200 
 I800 
 24OO 
 
 3000 
 3600 
 4200 
 4800 
 6000 
 
 0.400 
 1.600 
 3.600 
 6.400 
 
 10.000 
 
 14.400 
 
 O.200 
 0.800 
 I.SOO 
 3.200 
 S.OOO 
 7.200 
 9.800 
 12.800 
 20.0OO 
 
 0.133 
 0.533 
 1. 200 
 2.133 
 
 3-333 
 4.800 
 6.533 
 8.533 
 13.333 
 
 O.IOO 
 
 0.400 
 0.900 
 1.600 
 2.500 
 3.600 
 4.900 
 6.400 
 
 IO.OOO 
 
 0.080 
 0:320 
 0.720 
 1.280 
 
 2. OOO 
 2.880 
 3-920 
 5-120 
 
 8.000 
 
 0.067 
 0.267 
 0.600 
 1.067 
 1.667 
 2.400 
 3.267 
 4.267 
 
 6.667 
 
 0.057 
 0.229 
 0.514 
 0.914 
 
 1.429 
 2.057 
 2.800 
 3.657 
 5.714 
 
 0.050 
 
 0.200 
 0.450 
 0.800 
 1.250 
 1.800 
 2.450 
 
 3.200 
 5.000 
 
 0.044 
 0.178 
 0.400 
 O.7II 
 I. Ill 
 
 1.600 
 
 2.178 
 2.844 
 4.444 
 
 0.040 
 0.160 
 0.360 
 0.640 
 
 I. OOO 
 
 1.440 
 1.960 
 2.560 
 4.000 
 
 0.036 
 0.145 
 0.327 
 0.582 
 
 0.909 
 1.309 
 1.782 
 2.327 
 3.636 
 
 0.033 
 0.133 
 0.300 
 0.533 
 
 0.833 
 1. 200 
 1.633 
 2.133 
 3-333 
 
360 
 
 Flow of Compressed Air 
 
 Loss of Pressure in Pipes (Concluded) 
 
 Velocity, feet per 
 minute 
 
 Diameter of pipe in inches 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 Loss in ounces per square inch per 100 feet 
 
 600 
 
 1200 
 
 1800 
 2400 
 
 .029 
 .114 
 .257 
 
 .457 
 
 .025 
 
 .100 
 
 .225 
 .400 
 
 .022 
 .089 
 .200 
 .356 
 
 .020 
 .080 
 .180 
 .320 
 
 .018 
 
 .073 
 .164 
 .291 
 
 .017 
 .067 
 .150 
 .267 
 
 .014 
 .057 
 .129 
 .239 
 
 .012 
 .050 
 
 .112 
 .200 
 
 .Oil 
 
 .044 
 .100 
 
 .178 
 
 .010 
 
 .040 
 .090 
 
 .160 
 
 .009 
 .036 
 .082 
 .145 
 
 .008 
 .033 
 .075 
 .133 
 
 3000 
 3600 
 4200 
 4800 
 
 714 
 1.029 
 1.400 
 1.829 
 
 .625 
 .900 
 1.225 
 1. 600 
 
 .556 
 .800 
 1.089 
 1.422 
 
 .500 
 .720 
 .980 
 1.280 
 
 .455 
 .655 
 .891 
 1.164 
 
 .417 
 .600 
 .817 
 1.067 
 
 .357 
 .514 
 .700 
 .914 
 
 312 
 450 
 .612 
 .800 
 
 .278 
 .400 
 
 -544 
 .711 
 
 .250 
 
 .360 
 
 .490 
 .640 
 
 .227 
 .327 
 
 .445 
 .582 
 
 .208 
 .300 
 .408 
 533 
 
 6000 
 
 2.857 
 
 2.500 
 
 2.222 
 
 2.OOO 
 
 1.818 
 
 1.667 
 
 1.429 
 
 1.250 
 
 I. Ill 
 
 I.OOO 
 
 .909 
 
 .833 
 
 Flow of Compressed Air in Pipes. In considering the flow of com- 
 pressed air in pipes the density of the air should be taken into account. 
 A common formula, which can be used only when the difference of 
 pressure at the two ends of the pipe is small and the density of the air, 
 therefore, nearly constant, is 
 
 where Q = volume, in cubic feet per minute; 
 
 p = difference in pressure, in pounds per square inch; 
 d = inside diameter of pipe, in inches; 
 w = density of entering air, in pounds per cubic foot; 
 L = length of pipe, in feet. 
 
 In long pipes with large differences of pressure, the density decreases 
 and the volume and velocity increase during the flow from one end of 
 the pipe to the other. For the flow of air under such conditions see 
 under the flow of high pressure gas in pipes, page 320. 
 
 Loss of Pressure in Compressed Air Transmission. The follow- 
 ing tables, which are taken from the catalogue of the Ingersoll-Rand 
 Company, give the drop in pressure for different deliveries at various 
 pressures for sizes of pipe from i inch to 16 inches. The loss is given 
 for 1000 feet length of pipe; for any other length the loss is directly 
 proportional. 
 
Flow of Compressed Air 361 
 
 Flow of Compressed Air at 60 Pounds Gage 
 
 (Loss of Pressure in Pounds per 1000 Feet.) 
 
 Size of 
 pipe 
 
 Delivery in cubic feet of compressed air per minute at 
 60 pounds gage 
 
 9.84 
 
 14-73 
 
 19.64 
 
 24.60 
 
 29-45 
 
 34-44 
 
 39-35 
 
 49.20 
 
 58.90 
 
 78.6 
 
 Equivalent delivery in cubic feet of free air per minute 
 
 So 
 
 75 
 
 IOO 
 
 125 
 
 150 
 
 175 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 I 
 
 1% 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 *% 
 3V2 
 
 4 
 4*4 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 18.24 
 5.06 
 1. 95 
 .42 
 
 .13 
 .05 
 
 H.34 
 4-33 
 .95 
 
 .29 
 .11 
 .05 
 
 20. l6 
 
 7.79 
 1.69 
 
 .52 
 
 .19 
 .08 
 
 .04 
 
 12.23 
 2.65 
 
 .81 
 .30 
 .13 
 .07 
 
 .03 
 
 17.53 
 3.80 
 
 1.16 
 
 44 
 .19 
 .09 
 
 .05 
 .03 
 
 5-17 
 
 1.58 
 59 
 .26 
 .13 
 
 .07 
 .04 
 
 .01 
 
 6.77 
 2.09 
 
 
 
 .17 
 
 .09 
 .06 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 10.61 
 3-24 
 
 1.22 
 
 .55 
 27 
 
 .15 
 
 .08 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 15-20 
 
 4.65 
 1.78 
 .78 
 .38 
 
 .21 
 .12 
 
 .05 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 8.28 
 3- II 
 1.40 
 .69 
 
 .39 
 
 .22 
 .08 
 .04 
 
 .01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Size of 
 pipe 
 
 Delivery in cubic feet of compressed air per minute at 
 60 pounds gage 
 
 98.4 
 
 118.1 
 
 156.6 
 
 196.4 
 
 294.5 
 
 393.7 
 
 492 
 
 589 
 
 786 
 
 984 
 
 Equivalent delivery in cubic feet of free air per minute 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 IOOO 
 
 1500 
 
 2000 
 
 2500 
 
 3000 
 
 4000 
 
 5OOO 
 
 3 
 
 3V 2 
 4 
 
 4V2 
 
 6 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 14 
 16 
 
 4.88 
 
 2. 2O 
 1. 08 
 .60 
 
 .34 
 .14 
 .06 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 7-03 
 3-17 
 1.56 
 
 .87 
 
 .49 
 .19 
 .09 
 .04 
 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 5-57 
 2.75 
 1.52 
 
 .87 
 34 
 .15 
 .08 
 
 .04 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 8.77 
 4.33 
 2.40 
 
 1.37 
 
 .54 
 .24 
 
 .12 
 
 .06 
 
 .04 
 
 .02 
 .OI 
 
 9.73 
 5-39 
 
 3-08 
 
 1.20 
 
 .55 
 .27 
 
 .15 
 
 .09 
 .03 
 .01 
 
 9.65 
 
 5.51 
 2.16 
 .98 
 
 .41 
 
 ;S 
 
 .06 
 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 8.61 
 3.36 
 1.53 
 
 77 
 
 .42 
 .25 
 .09 
 .04 
 
 .02 
 
 4.82 
 2.19 
 I. II 
 
 .61 
 .36 
 .14 
 .06 
 
 .03 
 
 3-91 
 1.98 
 
 1.08 
 .63 
 .25 
 .11 
 
 .05 
 
 6.19 
 
 3.10 
 
 1.69 
 .99 
 39 
 .18 
 
 .09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
362 Flow of Compressed Air 
 
 Flow of Compressed Air at 80 Pounds Gage 
 (Loss of Pressure in Pounds per 1000 Feet.) 
 
 Size of 
 pipe 
 
 Delivery in cubic feet of compressed air per minute at 
 80 pounds gage 
 
 7-74 
 
 ii. 3 
 
 15-2 
 
 19.4 
 
 23.2 
 
 27.2 
 
 3i.o 
 
 38.7 
 
 46.5 
 
 62.0 
 
 Equivalent delivery in cubic feet of free air per minute 
 
 So 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 I5o 
 
 175 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 i 
 
 1% 
 1% 
 2 
 
 2V 2 
 
 3 
 
 3V 2 
 4 
 
 4V 2 
 S 6 
 8 
 
 14.31 
 3.96 
 1.53 
 33 
 
 .10 
 03 
 
 .01 
 
 8.46 
 3.26 
 71 
 
 .21 
 .08 
 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 15.31 
 5.92 
 1.28 
 
 .39 
 14 
 .06 
 .03 
 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 9.64 
 
 2.09 
 
 .64 
 
 .24 
 .11 
 
 .05 
 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 13-79 
 2.99 
 
 91 
 .34 
 .15 
 .07 
 
 .04 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 4.09 
 
 1.25 
 
 47 
 
 .21 
 .10 
 
 .06 
 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 5-34 
 
 1.63 
 .61 
 .27 
 .13 
 
 .07 
 :o4 
 .01 
 
 8.32 
 
 2.54 
 -96 
 43 
 .21 
 
 .12 
 
 .07 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 12.01 
 
 3.67 
 1.38 
 .62 
 
 .30 
 
 .17 
 .09 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 6.53 
 2.45 
 I. II 
 54 
 
 .30 
 
 17 
 .06 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Size of 
 pipe 
 
 Delivery in cubic feet of compressed air per minute at 
 80 pounds gage 
 
 77-4 
 
 92.9 
 
 124.0 
 
 152 
 
 232 
 
 3io 
 
 387 
 
 465 
 
 620 
 
 774 
 
 Equivalent delivery in cubic feet of free air per minute 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 IOOO 
 
 1500 
 
 200O 
 
 2500 
 
 3000 
 
 4000 
 
 5000 
 
 2V 2 
 
 3% 
 
 4 
 
 4V 2 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 14 
 16 
 
 10.81 
 3-83 
 1.73 
 .85 
 
 47 
 .27 
 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 5 - 6 J 
 
 2.46 
 
 1.22 
 
 .68 
 .39 
 .15 
 .06 
 
 .03 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 9.86 
 4.42 
 2.18 
 
 1. 19 
 .69 
 .27 
 
 .12 
 
 .06 
 .03 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 6.64 
 3.29 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.04 
 .40 
 .18 
 
 .09 
 .05 
 .03 
 
 I5.4I 
 7.62 
 
 4-24 
 2.43 
 95 
 .43 
 
 .22 
 .12 
 .06 
 
 13.62 
 
 7-58 
 4-32 
 1.69 
 
 77 
 39 
 
 .21 
 .12 
 
 11.79 
 6.88 
 2.64 
 1. 19 
 
 .60 
 .33 
 .19 
 
 9-72 
 3-79 
 1.73 
 
 .87 
 .48 
 .28 
 
 6.78 
 3.07 
 
 1.55 
 .85 
 49 
 
 10.55 
 4-79 
 
 2.46 
 1.33 
 
 -77 
 .30 
 
 .14 
 
 .07 
 
 
 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 .05 
 
 .02 
 
 .09 
 .04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Flow of Compressed Air 363 
 
 Flow of Compressed Air at 100 Pounds Gage 
 
 (Loss of Pressure in Pounds per 1000 Feet.) 
 
 Size of 
 pipe 
 
 Delivery in cubic feet of compressed air per minute at 
 loo pounds gage 
 
 6.41 
 
 
 
 
 19.22 
 
 22.39 
 
 25.62 
 
 31.62 
 
 38.44 
 
 51.24 
 
 
 
 
 Equivalent delivery in cubic feet of free air per minute 
 
 So 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 150 
 
 175 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 i 
 
 1% 
 1% 
 
 j 2 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 3% 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 11.89 
 3.29 
 
 1.28 
 .27 
 
 .08 
 .03 
 .01 
 
 7.42 
 2.87 
 .62 
 
 19 
 .07 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 13-20 
 
 5. ii 
 1. 15 
 
 .34 
 
 .12 
 
 .05 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 7.75 
 
 1.68 
 
 .52 
 .19 
 .08 
 .04 
 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 11.42 
 
 2.48 
 
 .76 
 .29 
 .13 
 .06 
 
 .03 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 3.36 
 
 1.03 
 39 
 .17 
 .09 
 
 .04 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 4-43 
 
 1.36 
 51 
 .23 
 
 .12 
 
 .06 
 .04 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 6.72 
 
 2.06 
 77 
 .35 
 17 
 
 09 
 .05 
 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 9-95 
 
 3.04 
 1. 14 
 51 
 .25 
 
 .14 
 .08 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 5-40 
 2.06 
 92 
 
 .45 
 
 25 
 .15 
 .05 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Size of 
 pipe 
 
 Delivery in cubic feet of compressed air per minute at 
 100 pounds gage 
 
 63.24 
 
 76.88 
 
 102.5 
 
 126.5 
 
 192.2 
 
 256.2 
 
 316.2 
 
 384.4 
 
 512.4 
 
 632.4 
 
 Equivalent delivery in cubic feet of free air per minute 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 IOOO 
 
 1500 
 
 2OOO 
 
 25OO 
 
 3000 
 
 4000 
 
 5000 
 
 2V 2 
 
 3 
 
 31/2 
 4 
 
 4% 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 14 
 16 
 
 8.21 
 
 3.08 
 1.39 
 .68 
 
 38 
 
 .22 
 .08 
 .04 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 12.21 
 4-58 
 2.14 
 
 1.03 
 
 57 
 33 
 .12 
 05 
 
 .03 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 8.13 
 3-67 
 1.81 
 
 1. 00 
 
 57 
 
 .22 
 .IO 
 
 .05 
 .03 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 12.39 
 5-6o 
 2.76 
 
 1.23 
 .88 
 34 
 .16 
 
 .08 
 .04 
 .03 
 .01 
 
 12. 8l 
 
 6.68 
 
 3-51 
 2.03 
 .78 
 .36 
 
 .18 
 .09 
 .05 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 II-35 
 
 6.61 
 3-62 
 1.41 
 .67 
 
 .33 
 
 .18 
 
 .10 
 
 .04 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 9.56 
 5-51 
 
 2.14 
 97 
 
 49 
 27 
 .16 
 .06 
 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 14.04 
 8. ii 
 3.16 
 
 1.44 
 
 76 
 39 
 .23 
 .09 
 
 .04 
 .02 
 
 14.48 
 5-59 
 2.55 
 
 1.30 
 72 
 41 
 .16 
 
 07 
 .04 
 
 8.51 
 3.88 
 
 1.98 
 1.07 
 .63 
 .25 
 
 .11 
 .06 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
364 Flow of Compressed Air 
 
 Flow of Compressed Air at 125 Pounds Gage 
 
 (Loss of Pressure in Pounds per 1000 Feet.) 
 
 Size of 
 pipe 
 
 Delivery in cubic feet of compressed air per minute at 
 125 pounds gage 
 
 5-26 
 
 7.89 
 
 10.51 
 
 13.15 
 
 15-79 
 
 18.41 
 
 21.05 
 
 26.30 
 
 31.58 
 
 42.10 
 
 Equivalent delivery in cubic feet of free air per minute 
 
 So 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 150 
 
 175 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 i 
 
 i% 
 i% 
 
 2 
 
 2V 2 
 
 Stt 
 
 4 
 4V 2 
 6 
 8 
 
 9.88 
 2.70 
 1. 05 
 .23 
 
 .07 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 22.20 
 6.07 
 2.37 
 Si 
 .16 
 .06 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 39.50 
 10.82 
 
 4.22 
 
 .91 
 .28 
 
 .10 
 .05 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 16.88 
 6.58 
 1.42 
 
 43 
 .16 
 
 .07 
 .04 
 
 .02 
 .OI 
 
 24-33 
 
 9-47 
 2.04 
 
 .63 
 .23 
 .11 
 .05 
 
 .03 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 33-05 
 
 12.90 
 2.78 
 
 .85 
 .32 
 .14 
 
 .07 
 
 .04 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 16.84 
 3.63 
 I. II 
 
 .42 
 .19 
 .09 
 
 05 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 26.30 
 5.68 
 
 1.73 
 .65 
 .29 
 .15 
 .08 
 .05 
 
 .02 
 .OI 
 
 37-90 
 8.18 
 
 2.51 
 94 
 
 .42 
 
 .21 
 .12 
 
 .07 
 .03 
 .01 
 
 14.51 
 
 4-44 
 1.67 
 .75 
 37 
 
 .21 
 .12 
 
 .05 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Size of 
 pipe 
 
 Delivery in cubic feet of compressed-air per minute at 
 125 pounds gage 
 
 52.60 
 
 63.20 
 
 84.20 
 
 I05.I 
 
 157-9 
 
 210.5 
 
 263.0 
 
 315.8 
 
 422.0 
 
 526.0 
 
 Equivalent delivery in cubic feet of free air per minute 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 1000 
 
 1500 
 
 2000 
 
 2500 
 
 3000 
 
 4000 
 
 5000 
 
 2 
 
 2V 2 
 3 
 
 3V 2 
 
 4 
 4V 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 a 
 
 16 
 
 22.68 
 
 6. 95 
 2.61 
 1.18 
 
 58 
 .32 
 
 .18 
 
 .07 
 .03 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 3.76 
 1.69 
 
 .84 
 .46 
 
 .27 
 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 .01 
 
 17.80 
 6.68 
 3.01 
 
 1-49 
 .83 
 47 
 .18 
 
 .08 
 .04 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 .01 
 
 10.42 
 
 4.71 
 
 2.32 
 1.29 
 
 74 
 .29 
 
 .13 
 
 .07 
 .04 
 
 .02 
 .OI 
 
 23.48 
 10.59 
 
 5-23 
 2.90 
 1.65 
 .64 
 
 .29 
 .15 
 .08 
 .05 
 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 18.81 
 
 9-30 
 5.15 
 2.94 
 1. 15 
 
 .52 
 .26 
 .15 
 .08 
 
 .03 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 29.40 
 
 14.52 
 8.05 
 4.60 
 1. 80 
 
 .82 
 .41 
 .23 
 .13 
 
 .05 
 
 .02 
 .01 
 
 20.90 
 
 11-59 
 6.63 
 2.59 
 
 1.18 
 .60 
 33 
 .19 
 
 .07 
 .03 
 
 .02 
 
 20.61 
 11.80 
 4.61 
 
 2.19 
 i. 06 
 .58 
 .34 
 
 .13 
 .06 
 .03 
 
 32.20 
 18.45 
 7.20 
 
 3-27 
 1.65 
 .90 
 .53 
 
 .21 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Effect of Bends and Fittings. The formulae quoted above are for the 
 flow of air through straight pipes. For the resistance due to curves, valves 
 and fittings, see the effect of bends and fittings under the flow of gas in 
 pipes, page 3 24. In this connection it is well to note that all piping and fit- 
 tings for airlines should be galvanized, as the scale from black pipe finds its 
 way to air hammers, drills and cylinders, and causes considerable trouble. 
 
Fifth Roots and Fifth Powers 365 
 
 Fifth Roots and Fifth Powers 
 
 |1 
 
 1 
 
 JD 
 
 L 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 Z% 
 
 
 
 
 
 P! 
 
 t * 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 & 
 
 .10 
 
 .000010 
 
 2.30 
 
 64.363 
 
 (>.L 
 
 I 10737 
 
 ii. 6 
 
 210 034 
 
 20. i 
 
 3533059 
 
 .15 .000075 
 
 2.35 
 
 71 . 670 
 
 \ 6.5 11603 
 
 n. 8 
 
 228 776 
 
 2O. ( 
 
 3 709 677 
 
 .20 
 
 .000320 
 
 2.40 
 
 79.626 
 
 : 6.6 12523 
 
 12.0 
 
 248 832 
 
 20.8 
 
 3 893 289 
 
 25 
 
 .000977 
 
 2.45 
 
 88.273 
 
 i 6 -' 
 
 ' I350I 
 
 12.2 
 
 27027 
 
 21.0 
 
 4 084 101 
 
 30 
 
 .002430 
 
 2.50 
 
 97.656 
 
 6.* 
 
 14539 
 
 12.4 
 
 29.3 16 
 
 21.2 
 
 4 282 322 
 
 35 
 
 .005252 
 
 2.55 
 
 107.820 
 
 6.9 15640 
 
 12. ( 
 
 317 58o 
 
 21.4 
 
 4 488 166 
 
 .40 
 
 .010240 
 
 2.60 
 
 118.814 
 
 7.0 16807 
 
 12.8 
 
 34359 
 
 21.6 
 
 4 701 850 
 
 .45 
 
 .018453 
 
 2.70 
 
 143.489 
 
 7-1 
 
 18042 
 
 13-0 
 
 371 293 
 
 21.8 
 
 4 923 597 
 
 50 
 
 .031250 
 
 2.80 
 
 172.104 
 
 7.2 
 
 19349 
 
 13-2 
 
 400746 
 
 22.0 
 
 5 153 632 
 
 55 
 
 .050328 
 
 2.90 
 
 205.111 
 
 7-3 
 
 20731 
 
 13-4 
 
 432 040 
 
 22.2 
 
 5 392 186 
 
 .60 
 
 .077760 
 
 3.00 
 
 243.000 
 
 7-4 
 
 22190 
 
 13-6 
 
 465 259 
 
 22.4 
 
 5 639 493 
 
 .65 
 
 .116029 
 
 3.10 
 
 286.292 
 
 7-5 
 
 23730 
 
 13-8 
 
 500490 
 
 22.6 
 
 5 895 793 
 
 .70 
 
 . 168070 
 
 3-^20 
 
 335-544 
 
 7.6 
 
 25355 
 
 14.0 
 
 537 824 
 
 22.8 
 
 6 161 327 
 
 75 
 
 .237305 
 
 3-30 
 
 391-354 
 
 7-7 
 
 27068 
 
 14.2 
 
 577 353 
 
 23.0 
 
 6 436 343 
 
 .80 
 
 .327680 
 
 3-40 
 
 454-354 
 
 7-8 
 
 28872 
 
 14.4 
 
 619 174 
 
 23.2 
 
 6 721 093 
 
 85 
 
 .443705 
 
 3-50 
 
 525.219 
 
 7-9 
 
 30771 
 
 14.6 
 
 663383 
 
 23-4 
 
 7015834 
 
 .90 
 
 .590490 
 
 3.6o 
 
 604.662 
 
 8.0 
 
 32768 
 
 14.8 
 
 710 082 
 
 23.6 
 
 7 320 825 
 
 95 
 
 .773781 
 
 3.70 
 
 693.440 
 
 8.1 34868 
 
 15.0 
 
 759 375 
 
 23-8 
 
 7 636 332 
 
 1. 00 
 
 I.OOOOO 
 
 3.8o 
 
 792.352 
 
 8.2 37074 
 
 15-2 
 
 811 368 
 
 24.0 
 
 7 962 624 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.27628 
 
 3-90 
 
 902.242 
 
 8.3 
 
 39390 
 
 15-4 
 
 866 171 
 
 24.2 
 
 8 299 976 
 
 1. 10 
 
 1.61051 
 
 4.00 
 
 1024.00 
 
 8.4 
 
 41821 
 
 15-6 
 
 923896 
 
 24-4 
 
 8 648 666 
 
 i. IS 
 
 2. oi 135 
 
 4.10 
 
 1158.56 
 
 8.5 44371 
 
 15.8 
 
 984658 
 
 24.6 
 
 9 008 978 
 
 1.20 
 
 2.48832 
 
 4.20 
 
 1306.91 
 
 8.6! 47043 
 
 16.0 
 
 048 576 
 
 24.8 
 
 9381200 
 
 1.25 
 
 3.05176 
 
 4-30 
 
 1470.08 
 
 8.7 
 
 49842 
 
 16.2 
 
 US 771 
 
 25.0 
 
 9 765 625 
 
 1.30 
 
 3.71293 
 
 4-40 
 
 1649.16 
 
 8.8 
 
 52773 
 
 16.4 
 
 186 367 
 
 25.2 
 
 o 162 550 
 
 1-35 
 
 4.48403 
 
 4-50 
 
 1845.28 
 
 8.9 55841 
 
 16.6 
 
 260493 
 
 25-4 
 
 o 572 278 
 
 1.40 
 
 5.37824 
 
 4.60 
 
 2059.63 
 
 9-0 
 
 59049 
 
 16.8 
 
 338 278 
 
 25.6 
 
 0995116 
 
 :i-45 
 
 6.40973 
 
 4-70 
 
 2293-45 
 
 9-1 
 
 62403 
 
 17.0 
 
 419 857 
 
 25.8 
 
 I 431 377 
 
 1.50 
 
 7-59375 
 
 4.80 
 
 2548.04 
 
 9-2 
 
 65908 
 
 17.2 
 
 505 366 
 
 26.0 
 
 I 881 376 
 
 1.55 
 
 8.94661 
 
 4.90 
 
 2824.75 
 
 9-3 
 
 69569 
 
 17-4 
 
 594 947 
 
 26.2 
 
 2 345 437 
 
 1. 60 
 
 10.4858 
 
 5.00 
 
 3125.00' 
 
 9-4 
 
 73390 
 
 17.6 
 
 688 742 
 
 26.4 
 
 2823886 
 
 1.65 
 
 12.2298 
 
 5.10 
 
 3450.25 
 
 9-5 
 
 77378 
 
 17.8 
 
 786899 
 
 26.6 
 
 3317055 
 
 1.70 
 
 14.1986 
 
 5-20 
 
 3802.04 
 
 9-6 
 
 81537 
 
 18.0 
 
 889 568 
 
 26.8 
 
 3825381 
 
 1-75 
 
 16.4131 
 
 5-30 
 
 181.95 
 
 9.7 85873 
 
 18.2 
 
 996903 
 
 27.0 
 
 4 348 907 
 
 i. 80 
 
 18.8957 
 
 5-40 
 
 591.65 
 
 9.8' 90392 
 
 18.4 
 
 109 061 
 
 27.2 
 
 4 888 280 
 
 1.85 
 
 21 . 6700 
 
 5-50 
 
 032.84 
 
 9-9 
 
 95099 
 
 18.6 
 
 226 203 
 
 27.4 
 
 5 443 752 
 
 1.90 
 
 24.7610 
 
 5.6o 
 
 507.32 
 
 10. 
 
 IOOOOO 
 
 18.8 
 
 348 493 
 
 27.6 
 
 6015681 
 
 1.95 
 
 28.1951 
 
 5-70 
 
 5016.92 
 
 IO.2 
 
 110408 
 
 19.0 
 
 476 099 
 
 27.8 
 
 6 604 430 
 
 2.00 
 
 32.0000 
 
 5.8o 
 
 563.57 
 
 10.4 
 
 121 665 
 
 19.2 
 
 609193 
 
 28.0 
 
 7 210 368 
 
 2.05 
 
 36.2051 
 
 5-90 
 
 149.24 
 
 10.6 
 
 133 823 
 
 19.4 
 
 747 949 
 
 28.2 
 
 7833868 
 
 2.10 
 
 4O.84IO 
 
 6.00 
 
 776.00 
 
 10.8 
 
 146 933 
 
 19.6 
 
 892 547 
 
 8.4 
 
 18 475 309 
 
 2.15 
 
 45-9401 
 
 6.10 
 
 445.96 
 
 II. 
 
 161 051 
 
 19.8 
 
 043 1 68 
 
 8.6 
 
 C9 135 075 
 
 2 - 20 51.5363 
 
 6.20 
 
 161.33 
 
 II. 2 
 
 176 234 
 
 20. 
 
 200000 
 
 8.8 
 
 t9 813 557 
 
 2.25 
 
 57.6650 
 
 6.30 
 
 #24.37 
 
 II. 4 
 
 192 541 
 
 20.2 
 
 363 232 
 
 9.0 < 
 
 jo 51 1 149 
 
 
366 Decimals of a Foot 
 
 Fifth Roots and Fifth Powers (Concluded) 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 fc^ 
 
 fc 
 
 Jo 
 
 fc 
 
 Jo 
 
 L 
 
 5 
 
 I? 
 
 1 
 
 Is 
 
 1 
 
 la 
 
 
 
 AH 
 
 |a 
 
 | 
 
 29.2 
 
 21 228 253 
 
 38.5 
 
 84 587 005 
 
 58 
 
 656 356 768 
 
 79 
 
 3 077 056 399 
 
 29.4 
 
 21 965 275 
 
 39-0 
 
 90 224 199 
 
 59 
 
 714 924 299 
 
 80 
 
 3 276 800 ooo 
 
 29.6 
 
 22 722 628 
 
 39-5 
 
 96 158 012 
 
 60 
 
 777 600 ooo 
 
 81 
 
 3 486 784 401 
 
 29.8 
 
 23 500 728 
 
 40 
 
 102 40O OOO 
 
 61 
 
 844 596 301 
 
 82 
 
 3 707 398 432 
 
 30.0 
 
 24 300 ooo 
 
 41 
 
 115 856 201 
 
 62 
 
 916 132 832 
 
 83 
 
 3 939 040 643 
 
 30.5 
 
 26 393 634 
 
 42 
 
 130 691 232 
 
 63 
 
 992 436 543 
 
 84 
 
 4 182 119 424 
 
 3i.o 
 
 28 629 151 
 
 43 
 
 147 008 443 
 
 64 
 
 I 073 741 824 
 
 85 
 
 4 437 053 125 
 
 31-5 
 
 31 013 642 
 
 44 
 
 164 916 224 
 
 65 
 
 i 160 290 625 
 
 86 
 
 4 704 270 176 
 
 32.o 
 
 33 554 432 
 
 45 
 
 184 528 125 
 
 66 
 
 I 252 332 576 
 
 87 
 
 4 984 209 207 
 
 32.5 
 
 36 259 082 
 
 46 
 
 205 962 976 
 
 67 
 
 I 350 125 107 
 
 88 
 
 5 277 319 168 
 
 33-0 
 
 39 135 393 
 
 47 
 
 229 345 007 
 
 68 
 
 I 453 933 568 
 
 89 
 
 5 584 059 449 
 
 33-5 
 
 42 191 410 
 
 48 
 
 254 803 968 
 
 69 
 
 I 564 031 349 
 
 90 
 
 5904900000 
 
 34-0 
 
 45 435 424 
 
 49 
 
 282 475 249 
 
 70 
 
 i 680 700 ooo 
 
 91 
 
 6 240 321 451 
 
 34-5 
 
 48 875 98o 
 
 50 
 
 312 500 ooo 
 
 71 
 
 I 804 229 351 
 
 92 
 
 6 590 815 232 
 
 35-0 
 
 52 521 875 
 
 51 
 
 345 025 251 
 
 72 
 
 I 934 917 632 
 
 93 
 
 6 956 883 693 
 
 35-5 
 
 56 382 167 
 
 52 
 
 380 204 032 
 
 73 
 
 2 073 071 593 
 
 94 
 
 7 339 040 224 
 
 36.0 
 
 60 466 176 
 
 53 
 
 418 195 493 
 
 74 
 
 2 219 OO6 624 
 
 95 
 
 7 737 809 375 
 
 36.5 
 
 64 783 487 
 
 54 
 
 459 165 024 
 
 75 
 
 2 373 046 875 
 
 96 
 
 8 153 726 976 
 
 37-0 
 
 69 343 957 
 
 55 
 
 503 284 375 
 
 76 
 
 2 535 525 376 
 
 97 
 
 8 587 340 257 
 
 37-5 
 
 74 157 715 
 
 56 
 
 550 731 776 
 
 77 
 
 2 706 784 157 
 
 98 
 
 9 039 207 968 
 
 38.0 
 
 79 235 168 
 
 57 
 
 601 692 057 
 
 78 
 
 2 887 174 368 
 
 99 
 
 9 509 900 499 
 
 Decimals of a Foot for Each %4th of an Inch 
 
 Inch 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 43 
 
 .S 
 
 1 
 o 
 S 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1" 
 o 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 PO 
 
 * 
 
 in 
 
 NO 
 
 *" 
 
 00 
 
 Ov 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0833 
 
 1667 
 
 .2500 
 
 .3333 
 
 .4167 
 
 .5000 
 
 .5833 
 
 .666' 
 
 r -75oc 
 
 8333 
 
 .9167 
 
 %* 
 
 .0013 
 
 .0846 
 
 1680 
 
 .2513 
 
 .3346 
 
 .4180 
 
 .5013 
 
 .5846 
 
 .668c 
 
 > .75i; 
 
 .8346 
 
 .9180 
 
 
 .0026 
 
 .0859 
 
 1693 
 
 .2526 
 
 .3359 
 
 .4193 
 
 .5026 
 
 .5859 
 
 .669, 
 
 J .752^ 
 
 .8359 
 
 -9I93 
 
 %4 
 
 .0039 
 
 .0872 
 
 1706 
 
 .2539 
 
 .3372 
 
 .4206 
 
 .5039 
 
 .5872 
 
 .67o< 
 
 ) .7535 
 
 -8372 
 
 .9206 
 
 
 .0052 
 
 .0885 
 
 1719 
 
 .2552 
 
 .3385 
 
 .4219 
 
 .5052 
 
 .5885 
 
 .6711 
 
 ) -7552 
 
 -8385 
 
 .9219 
 
 %4 
 
 .0065 
 
 .0898 
 
 1732 
 
 2565 
 
 .3398 
 
 4232 
 
 .5065 
 
 .5898 
 
 .673- 
 
 2 .7565 
 
 8398 
 
 .9232 
 
 %2 
 
 .0078 
 
 .O9II 
 
 1745 
 
 .2578 
 
 .3411 
 
 .4245 
 
 .5078 
 
 5911 
 
 .6745(457* 
 
 .8411 
 
 .9245 
 
 %4 
 
 .0091 
 
 .0924 
 
 1758 
 
 .2591 
 
 .3424 
 
 .4258 
 
 .5091 
 
 .5924 
 
 .6758 .7591 
 
 .8424 
 
 .9258 
 
 Vs 
 
 .0104 
 
 .0937 
 
 1771 
 
 .2604 
 
 3437 
 
 .4271 
 
 -5I04 
 
 .5937 
 
 .677 
 
 [ . 760^ 
 
 .8437 
 
 .9271 
 
 %4 
 
 .0117 
 
 .0951 
 
 1784 
 
 .2617 
 
 3451 
 
 .4284 
 
 .5117 
 
 5951 
 
 .678. 
 
 I .7617 
 
 .8451 
 
 .9284 
 
 %2 
 
 .0130 
 
 .0964 
 
 1797 
 
 .2630 
 
 .3464 
 
 .4297 
 
 .5130 
 
 .5964 
 
 .679' 
 
 r -763C 
 
 .8464 
 
 .9297 
 
 H'64 
 
 .0143 
 
 .0977 
 
 1810 
 
 .2643 
 
 3477 
 
 .4310 
 
 .5143 
 
 5977 
 
 .68ic 
 
 > .7643 
 
 .8477 
 
 9310 
 
 
 .0156 
 
 .0990 
 
 1823 
 
 .2656 
 
 3490 
 
 .4323 
 
 .5156 
 
 5990 
 
 .682; 
 
 .7656 
 
 .8490 
 
 9323 
 
 18 /64 
 
 .0169 
 
 .1003 
 
 1836 
 
 .2669 
 
 3503 
 
 .4336 
 
 .5169 
 
 .6003 
 
 .683*: 
 
 .7669 
 
 .8503 
 
 9336 
 
 7 /32 
 
 0182 
 
 .1016 . 
 
 1849 
 
 .2682 
 
 35i6 
 
 4349 
 
 .5182 
 
 .6016 
 
 .6845 
 
 .7682 
 
 .8516 
 
 9349 
 
 15 /64 
 
 0195 
 
 .1029 . 
 
 1862 
 
 .2695 
 
 .3529 
 
 .4362 
 
 .5195 
 
 .6029 
 
 .6862 
 
 7695 
 
 .8529 
 
 .9362 
 
 % 
 
 0208 
 
 .1042 . 
 
 1875 
 
 .2708 
 
 3542 
 
 4375 
 
 .5208 
 
 .6042 
 
 .6875 
 
 .7708 
 
 .8542 
 
 9375 
 
 17 /64 
 
 O22I 
 
 .1055 
 
 1888 
 
 .2721 
 
 .3555 
 
 4388 
 
 -5221 
 
 .6055 
 
 6888 
 
 .7721 
 
 .8555 
 
 -9388 
 
 o" 
 %2 
 
 0234 
 
 .1068 . 
 
 1901 
 
 .2734 
 
 .3568 
 
 .4401 
 
 .5234 
 
 .6068 
 
 6901 
 
 7734 
 
 ,8568 
 
 9401 
 
 
Decimals of a Foot 367 
 
 Decimals of a Foot for Each ^64th of an Inch (Concluded) 
 
 Inch 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 CJ 
 CJ 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 (3 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 "* 
 
 l/> 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 00 
 
 Ov 
 
 
 M 
 
 1%4 
 
 .0247 
 
 .1081 
 
 .1914 
 
 .2747 
 
 .3581 
 
 .4414 
 
 .5247 
 
 .6081 
 
 .6914 
 
 7747 
 
 .8581 
 
 .9414 
 
 5 /16 
 
 .0260 
 
 .1094 
 
 .1927 
 
 .2760 
 
 3594 
 
 .4427 
 
 .5260 
 
 .6094 
 
 .6927 
 
 .7760 
 
 .8594 
 
 .9427 
 
 21 /64 
 
 .0273 
 
 .1107 
 
 .1940 
 
 .2773 
 
 .3607 
 
 .4440 
 
 .5273 
 
 .6107 
 
 .6940 
 
 7773 
 
 .8607 
 
 9440 
 
 ^32 
 
 .0286 
 
 .1120 
 
 .1953 
 
 .2786 
 
 .3620 
 
 4453 
 
 .5286 
 
 .6120 
 
 .6953 
 
 7786 
 
 .8620 
 
 .9453 
 
 2 %4 
 
 .0299 
 
 .1133 
 
 .1966 
 
 .2799 
 
 .3633 
 
 .4466 
 
 .5299 
 
 .6133 
 
 .6966 
 
 7799 
 
 .8633 
 
 .9466 
 
 
 .0312 
 
 .1146 
 
 .1979 
 
 .2812 
 
 .3646 
 
 4479 
 
 5312 
 
 .6146 
 
 .6979 
 
 .7812 
 
 .8646 
 
 9479 
 
 25 /64 
 
 .0326 
 
 .1159 
 
 .1992 
 
 .2826 
 
 .3659 
 
 4492 
 
 .5326 
 
 .6159 
 
 .6992 
 
 .7826 
 
 .8659 
 
 9492 
 
 13 /32 
 
 .0339 
 
 .1172 
 
 .2005 
 
 .2839 
 
 .3672 
 
 .4505 
 
 5339 
 
 .6172 
 
 .7005 
 
 .7839 
 
 .8672 
 
 .9505 
 
 27 /64 
 
 .0352 
 
 .1185 
 
 .2018 
 
 .2852 
 
 .3685 
 
 .4518 
 
 5352 
 
 .6185 
 
 .7018 
 
 -7852 
 
 .8685 
 
 .9518 
 
 
 .0365 
 
 .1198 
 
 .2031 
 
 .2865 
 
 .3698 
 
 .4531 
 
 .5365 
 
 .6198 
 
 .7031 
 
 .7865 
 
 .8698 
 
 .9531 
 
 2 %4 
 
 .0378 
 
 .1211 
 
 .2044 
 
 .2878 
 
 3711 
 
 .4544 
 
 .5378 
 
 .6211 
 
 .7044 
 
 .7878 
 
 .8711 
 
 9544 
 
 15 /32 
 
 .0391 
 
 . 1224 
 
 .2057 
 
 .2891 
 
 .3724 
 
 4557 
 
 5391 
 
 .6224 
 
 .7057 
 
 .7891 
 
 .8724 
 
 9557 
 
 
 .0404 
 
 .1237 
 
 .2070 
 
 .2904 
 
 .3737 
 
 4570 
 
 5404 
 
 .6237 
 
 .7070 
 
 .7904 
 
 .8737 
 
 .9570 
 
 % 
 
 .0417 
 
 .1250 
 
 .2083 
 
 .2917 
 
 3750 
 
 .4583 
 
 5417 
 
 .6250 
 
 .7083 
 
 .7917 
 
 .8750 
 
 .9583 
 
 33 /64 
 
 .0430 
 
 .1263 
 
 .2096 
 
 .2930 
 
 .3763 
 
 .4596 
 
 5430 
 
 .6263 
 
 .7096 
 
 7930 
 
 .8763 
 
 .9596 
 
 17 /32 
 
 .0443 
 
 .1276 
 
 .2109 
 
 .2943 
 
 .3776 
 
 .4609 
 
 5443 
 
 .6276 
 
 .7109 
 
 7943 
 
 .8776 
 
 .9609 
 
 35 /64 
 
 .0456 
 
 .1289 
 
 .2122 
 
 .2956 
 
 .3789 
 
 .4622 
 
 .5456 
 
 .6289 
 
 .7122 
 
 .7956 
 
 .8789 
 
 .9622 
 
 
 .0469 
 
 .1302 
 
 .2135 
 
 .2969 
 
 .3802 
 
 .4635 
 
 .5469 
 
 .6302 
 
 .7135 
 
 .7969 
 
 .8802 
 
 .9635 
 
 37 /64 
 
 .0482 
 
 .1315 
 
 .2148 
 
 .2982 
 
 .3815 
 
 .4648 
 
 .5482 
 
 .6315 
 
 .7148 
 
 .7982 
 
 .8815 
 
 .9648 
 
 19 /32 
 
 .0495 
 
 .1328 
 
 .2161 
 
 .2995 
 
 .3828 
 
 .4661 
 
 5495 
 
 .6328 
 
 .7161 
 
 7995 
 
 .8828 
 
 .9661 
 
 39 /64 
 
 .0508 
 
 .1341 
 
 .2174 
 
 .3008 
 
 .3841 
 
 .4674 
 
 .5508 
 
 .6341 
 
 .7174 
 
 .8008 
 
 .8841 
 
 .9674 
 
 
 .0521 
 
 .1354 
 
 .2188 
 
 .3021 
 
 .3854 
 
 .4688 
 
 5521 
 
 .6354 
 
 .7188 
 
 .8021 
 
 .8854 
 
 .9688 
 
 4 V64 
 
 .0534 
 
 .1367 
 
 .2201 
 
 .3034 
 
 .3867 
 
 4701 
 
 5534 
 
 .6367 
 
 .7201 
 
 .8034 
 
 .8867 
 
 9701 
 
 2 Ml2 
 
 .0547 
 
 .1380 
 
 .2214 
 
 .3047 
 
 .3880 
 
 .4714 
 
 5547 
 
 .6380 
 
 .7214 
 
 .8047 
 
 .8880 
 
 .9714 
 
 
 .0560 
 
 .1393 
 
 .2227 
 
 .3060 
 
 .3893 
 
 .4727 
 
 .556o 
 
 .6393 
 
 .7227 
 
 .8060 
 
 .8893 
 
 .9727 
 
 Hie 
 
 .0573 
 
 .1406 
 
 .2240 
 
 .3073 
 
 .3906 
 
 .4740 
 
 .5573 
 
 .6406 
 
 .7240 
 
 .8073 
 
 .8906 
 
 9740 
 
 45 /64 
 
 .0586 
 
 .1419 
 
 .2253 
 
 .3086 
 
 .3919 
 
 4753 
 
 -5586 
 
 .6419 
 
 .7253 
 
 .8086 
 
 -8919 
 
 .9753 
 
 28 /82 
 
 .0599 
 
 .1432 
 
 .2266 
 
 .3099 
 
 3932 
 
 .4766 
 
 5599 
 
 .6432 
 
 .7266 
 
 .8099 
 
 .8932 
 
 .9766 
 
 47 /64 
 
 .0612 
 
 .1445 
 
 .2279 
 
 .3112 
 
 3945 
 
 4779 
 
 .5612 
 
 .6445 
 
 .7279 
 
 .8112 
 
 .8945 
 
 .9779 
 
 % 
 
 .0625 
 
 .1458 
 
 .2292 
 
 .3125 
 
 3958 
 
 4792 
 
 .5625 
 
 .6458 
 
 .7292 
 
 .8125 
 
 .8958 
 
 9792 
 
 4 %4 
 
 .0638 
 
 .1471 
 
 .2305 
 
 .3138 
 
 3971 
 
 .4805 
 
 .5638 
 
 .6471 
 
 .7305 
 
 .8138 
 
 .8971 
 
 .9805 
 
 2 V32 
 
 .0651 
 
 .1484 
 
 .2318 
 
 .3151 
 
 .3984 
 
 .4818 
 
 .5651 
 
 .6484 
 
 .7318 
 
 .8151 
 
 .8984 
 
 .9818 
 
 5 ^64 
 
 .0664 
 
 .1497 
 
 .2331 
 
 .3164 
 
 3997 
 
 .4831 
 
 .5664 
 
 .6497 
 
 .7331 
 
 .8164 
 
 .8997 
 
 .9831 
 
 13 /16 
 
 .0677 
 
 .1510 
 
 .2344 
 
 3177 
 
 .4010 
 
 .4844 
 
 .5677 
 
 .6510 
 
 7344 
 
 .8177 
 
 .9010 
 
 .9844 
 
 53 /64 
 
 .0690 
 
 .1523 
 
 .2357 
 
 .3190 
 
 .4023 
 
 .4857 
 
 .5690 
 
 .6523 
 
 7357 
 
 .8190 
 
 .9023 
 
 .9857 
 
 27 /82 
 
 .0703 
 
 .1536 
 
 .2370 
 
 .3203 
 
 .4036 
 
 .4870 
 
 .5703 
 
 .6536 
 
 7370 
 
 .8203 
 
 .9036 
 
 .9870 
 
 55 /64 
 
 .0716 
 
 .1549 
 
 .2383 
 
 .3216 
 
 .4049 
 
 .4883 
 
 .5716 
 
 .6549 
 
 .7383 
 
 .8216 
 
 .9049 
 
 .9883 
 
 
 .0729 
 
 .1562 
 
 .2396 
 
 .3229 
 
 .4062 
 
 .4896 
 
 .5729 
 
 .6562 
 
 .7396 
 
 .8229 
 
 .9062 
 
 .9896 
 
 57 /64 
 
 .0742 
 
 .1576 
 
 .2409 
 
 .3242 
 
 .4076 
 
 .4909 
 
 5742 
 
 .6576 
 
 .7409 
 
 .8242 
 
 .9076 
 
 .9909 
 
 2 %2 
 
 0755 
 
 .1589 
 
 .2422 
 
 3255 
 
 .4089 
 
 .4922 
 
 5755 
 
 .6589 
 
 7422 
 
 .8255 
 
 .9089 
 
 .9922 
 
 5 %4 
 
 .0768 
 
 .1602 
 
 . 2435 
 
 .3268 
 
 .4102 
 
 4935 
 
 .5768 
 
 .6602 
 
 .7435 
 
 .8268 
 
 .9102 
 
 9935 
 
 15 /16 
 
 .0781 
 
 .1615 
 
 .2448 
 
 .3281 
 
 .4115 
 
 .4948 
 
 .5781 
 
 .6615 
 
 .7448 
 
 .8281 
 
 .9U5 
 
 .9948 
 
 6 %4 
 
 .0794 
 
 .1628 
 
 .2461 
 
 .3294 
 
 .4128 
 
 .4961 
 
 5794 
 
 .6628 
 
 .7461 
 
 .8294 
 
 .9128 
 
 .9961 
 
 8^,30 
 
 .0807 
 
 .1641 
 
 .2474 
 
 .3307 
 
 .4141 
 
 4974 
 
 .5807 
 
 .6641 
 
 7474 
 
 .8307 
 
 .9141 
 
 9974 
 
 6 %I 
 
 .0820 
 
 .1654 
 
 .2487 
 
 3320 
 
 .4154 
 
 .4987 
 
 .5820 
 
 .6654 
 
 .7487 
 
 .8320 
 
 -9IS4 
 
 .9987 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. 0000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
368 
 
 Decimals of an Inch 
 
 Decimals of an Inch for Each Ve4th 
 
 V32 
 
 %4> 
 
 Decimal 
 
 Fraction 
 
 %2 
 
 %4 
 
 Decimal 
 
 Fraction 
 
 
 I 
 
 .015625 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 .515625 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 .03125 
 
 
 17 
 
 34 
 
 .53125 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .046875 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 .546875 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 .0625 
 
 Vie 
 
 18 
 
 36 
 
 .5625 
 
 9 /16 
 
 
 5 
 
 .078125 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 578125 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 .09375 
 
 
 19 
 
 38 
 
 59375 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 . 109375 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 .609375 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 .125 
 
 % 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 .625 
 
 % 
 
 
 9 
 
 .140625 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 .640625 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 . 15625 
 
 
 21 
 
 42 
 
 .65625 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 . 171875 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 .671875 
 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 .1875 
 
 3 /16 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 .6875 
 
 *H 
 
 
 13 
 
 .203125 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 .703125 
 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 .21875 
 
 
 23 
 
 46 
 
 .71875 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 .234375 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 .734375 
 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 .25 
 
 & 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 .75 
 
 8 /4 
 
 
 17 
 
 .265625 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 .765625 
 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 .28125 
 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 .78125 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 .296875 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 .796875 
 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 .3125 
 
 5 /16 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 .8125 
 
 13 /16 
 
 
 21 
 
 .328125 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 .828125 
 
 
 II 
 
 22 
 
 34375 
 
 
 27 
 
 54 
 
 .84375 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 .359375 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 .859375 
 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 375 
 
 % 
 
 28 
 
 56 
 
 .875 
 
 % 
 
 
 25 
 
 .390625 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 .890625 
 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 .40625 
 
 
 29 
 
 58 
 
 .90625 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 .421875 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 .921875 
 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 .4375 
 
 7 /16 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 .9375 
 
 m& 
 
 
 29 
 
 .453125 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 .953125 
 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 .46875 
 
 
 31 
 
 62 
 
 .96875 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 .484375 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 .984375 
 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 .5 
 
 % 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
Wire and Sheet Metal Gages 369 
 
 Wire and Sheet Metal Gages in Approximate Decimals of an Inch 
 
 (Adopted by the Association of American Steel Manufacturers, Dec. 10, 1908.) 
 
 | 
 
 
 <* 
 
 08 .^ 
 
 | 
 
 ls 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 A 
 
 || 
 
 a3 
 
 c ^ rt 
 v Q-z 
 
 ^H (U tH 
 
 1 
 
 ffsf 
 
 'gee g 
 
 - . 
 
 jfl 
 
 || 
 
 tlfrO 
 
 H 
 
 ID co 
 
 gpq 1 ^ 
 
 4jwlfcff 
 
 
 
 !* 
 
 & 
 
 *c a 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 < 
 
 &* 
 
 H 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 pq 
 
 O 
 
 7-0 
 
 .500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .500 
 
 7-O 
 
 6-0 
 
 .469 
 
 
 .460 
 
 
 
 
 .464 
 
 6-0 
 
 5~o 
 
 438 
 
 
 .430 
 
 .450 
 
 
 
 .432 
 
 5~o 
 
 4-0 
 
 .406 
 
 .460 
 
 .394 
 
 .400 
 
 454 
 
 
 .400 
 
 4-o 
 
 ooo 
 
 375 
 
 .410 
 
 .363 
 
 .360 
 
 .425 
 
 
 372 
 
 ooo 
 
 oo 
 
 344 
 
 ^365 
 
 .331 
 
 .330 
 
 .380 
 
 
 o/^ 
 
 .348 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 313 
 
 .325 
 
 307 
 
 .305 
 
 .340 
 
 
 .324 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 .281 
 
 .289 
 
 .283 
 
 .285 
 
 .300 
 
 .227 
 
 .300 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 .266 
 
 .258 
 
 .263 
 
 .265 
 
 .284 
 
 .219 
 
 .276 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 .250 
 
 .229 
 
 .244 
 
 .245 
 
 .259 
 
 .212 
 
 .252 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 .234 
 
 .204 
 
 .225 
 
 .225 
 
 .238 
 
 .207 
 
 .232 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 .219 
 
 .182 
 
 .207 
 
 .205 
 
 .220 
 
 .204 
 
 .212 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 .203 
 
 .162 
 
 .192 
 
 .190 
 
 .203 
 
 .201 
 
 .192 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 .188 
 
 144 
 
 .177 
 
 .175 
 
 .180 
 
 .199 
 
 .176 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 .172 
 
 .128 
 
 .162 
 
 .160 
 
 .165 
 
 .197 
 
 .I60 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 .156 
 
 .114 
 
 .148 
 
 .145 
 
 .148 
 
 .194 
 
 .144 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 .141 
 
 .102 
 
 .135 
 
 .130 
 
 .134 
 
 .191 
 
 .128 
 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 .125 
 
 .0907 
 
 .121 
 
 .118 
 
 .120 
 
 .188 
 
 .116 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 .109 
 
 .0808 
 
 .106 
 
 .105 
 
 .109 
 
 .185 
 
 .104 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 .0938 
 
 .072 
 
 .0915 
 
 .0925 
 
 .095 
 
 .182 
 
 .092 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 .0781 
 
 .0641 
 
 .080 
 
 .0806 
 
 .083 
 
 .180 
 
 .080 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 .0703 
 
 .0571 
 
 .072 
 
 .070 
 
 .072 
 
 .178 
 
 .072 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 .0625 
 
 .0508 
 
 .0625 
 
 .061 
 
 .065 
 
 .175 
 
 .064 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 .0563 
 
 0453 
 
 .054 
 
 .0525 
 
 .058 
 
 .172 
 
 .056 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 .050 
 
 .0403 
 
 .0475 
 
 .045 
 
 .049 
 
 .168 
 
 .048 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 .0438 
 
 0359 
 
 .041 
 
 .040 
 
 .042 
 
 .164 
 
 .040 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 .0375 
 
 .032 
 
 .0348 
 
 .035 
 
 .035 
 
 .161 
 
 .036 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 .0344 
 
 .0285 
 
 .0318 
 
 .031 
 
 .032 
 
 .157 
 
 .032 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 .0313 
 
 .0253 
 
 .0286 
 
 .028 
 
 .028 
 
 .155 
 
 .028 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 .0281 
 
 .0226 
 
 .0258 
 
 .025 
 
 .025 
 
 .153 
 
 .024 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 .025 
 
 .0201 
 
 .023 
 
 .0225 
 
 .022 
 
 .151 
 
 .022 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 .0219 
 
 0179 
 
 .0204 
 
 .020 
 
 .O2O 
 
 .148 
 
 .020 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 .0188 
 
 0159 
 
 .0181 
 
 .018 
 
 .018 
 
 .146 
 
 .018 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 .0172 
 
 .0142 
 
 .0173 
 
 .017 
 
 .Ol6 
 
 .143 
 
 .0164 
 
 27 
 
 | 28 
 
 .0156 
 
 .0126 
 
 .0162 
 
 .016 
 
 .014 
 
 .139 
 
 .0149 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 .0141 
 
 .0113 
 
 .015 
 
 .015 
 
 .013 
 .012 
 
 .134 
 . 127 
 
 .0136 
 .0124 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 .0109 
 
 .0089 
 
 .0132 
 
 .013 
 
 .010 
 
 .120 
 
 .0116 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 .0102 
 
 .008 
 
 .0128 
 
 .012 
 
 .009 
 
 .115 
 
 .0108 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 .0094 
 
 .0071 
 
 .0118 
 
 .Oil 
 
 .008 
 
 .112 
 
 .010 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 .0086 
 
 .0063 
 
 .0104 
 
 .010 
 
 .007 
 
 .110 
 
 .0092 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 .0078 
 
 .0056 
 
 .0095 
 
 .0095 
 
 .005 
 
 .108 
 
 .0084 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 .007 
 
 .005 
 
 .009 
 
 .009 
 
 .004 
 
 .106 
 
 .0076 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 .0066 
 
 .0045 
 
 .0085 
 
 .0085 
 
 
 .103 
 
 .0068 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 .0063 
 
 .004 
 
 .008 
 
 .008 
 
 
 .101 
 
 .006 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 
 .0035 
 
 .0075 
 
 .0075 
 
 
 .099 
 
 .0052 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 
 .0031 
 
 .007 
 
 .007 
 
 
 .097 
 
 .0048 
 
 40 
 
 
 
370 Proportions of Screw Threads, Nuts and Bolt Heads 
 
 PROPORTIONS OF SCREW THREADS 
 NUTS AND BOLT HEADS 
 
 (Recommended by the Franklin Institute.) 
 
 Screw Threads. 
 
 D = diameter of bolt, W = width of flat, top or bot- 
 Di = diameter at root of thread, torn of each thread, 
 
 P = pitch, T = depth of V, 
 
 N = number of threads per inch, T\ = depth of thread. 
 
 P = ~ T = cos 30 P = .866 P. 
 
 D = Di + 2 X 0.866 X 0.75 P = Di + 1.299 P. 
 
 Square and Hexagon Heads and Nuts. Short diameter of rough 
 nut = i l /2 X diameter of bolt + Vs inch. 
 
 Short diameter of finished nut = i% X diameter of bolt + Vie inch. 
 
 Thickness of rough nut = diameter of bolt. 
 
 Thickness of finished nut = diameter of bolt - Vie inch. 
 
 Short diameter of rough head = iV 2 X diameter of bolt+ Vs inch. 
 
 Short diameter of finished head = iM$ X diameter of bolt + Vie inch. 
 
 Thickness of rough head = Vz of short diameter of head. 
 
 Thickness of finished head = diameter of bolt V\Q inch. 
 
 The long diameter of a hexagon nut may be obtained by multiplying 
 the short diameter by 1.155 and the long diameter of a square nut by 
 multiplying the short diameter by 1.414. 
 
 In 1864, a committee of the Franklin Institute recommended the above 
 system of screw threads and bolts, which was devised by Mr. William 
 Sellers of Philadelphia. This system, as far as it relates to screw threads, 
 is generally used in the United States, but the proportions of bolt heads 
 and nuts have not been generally accepted because the sizes of bar re- 
 quired to make the nuts are special, and extra work is necessary to make 
 the bolt heads. Under the name of United States Standard, the U. S. 
 Navy Department in 1868 adopted the Sellers System, except for finished 
 heads and nuts, which it made the same as for rough heads and nuts. 
 
Dimensions of Screw Threads, Nuts and Bolt Heads 371 
 
 Dimensions of Screw Threads, Nuts and Bolt Heads 
 
 (Recommended by the Franklin Institute.) 
 
 Bolts and threads 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 Tensile strength 
 
 LJ 
 
 .2 
 
 1 w 
 
 *$ 
 
 I* 8 
 
 1' 
 
 Bottom of thread 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 ?1 
 
 ! $ 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 u -< 
 
 HI 
 
 05^3 
 
 *o 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 :? 
 
 0) 4-> 
 
 fa 
 
 1* 
 
 CTJ 
 
 E 
 
 O aj 
 
 2 o< D 
 
 Nt3 rt -o 
 
 |lil 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ^l"' a 
 
 ^l"' 5 
 
 ^I-' s 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 Inch 
 
 Inches 
 
 Square 
 inches 
 
 Square 
 inches 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 V4 
 
 20 
 
 .0063 
 
 .185 
 
 .027 
 
 .049 
 
 269 
 
 336 
 
 471 
 
 5 /16 
 
 18 
 
 .0069 
 
 .240 
 
 .045 
 
 .077 
 
 454 
 
 568 
 
 795 
 
 
 16 
 
 .0078 
 
 .294 
 
 .068 
 
 .110 
 
 678 
 
 848 
 
 I 187 
 
 i?6 
 
 14 
 
 .0089 
 
 345 
 
 .093 
 
 .150 
 
 933 
 
 i 166 
 
 I 633 
 
 t 
 
 13 
 
 .0096 
 
 .400 
 
 .126 
 
 .196 
 
 I 257 
 
 i 57i 
 
 2 2OO 
 
 9 /ie 
 
 12 
 
 .0104 
 
 .454 
 
 .162 
 
 249 
 
 I 621 
 
 2026 
 
 2837 
 
 5 /8 
 
 II 
 
 .0114 
 
 .507 
 
 .202 
 
 .307 
 
 2018 
 
 2523 
 
 3532 
 
 % 
 
 10 
 
 .0125 
 
 .620 
 
 .302 
 
 .442 
 
 3020 
 
 3775 
 
 5285 
 
 7 /8 
 
 9 
 
 .0139 
 
 .731 
 
 .419 
 
 .601 
 
 4 193 
 
 5241 
 
 7338 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 .0156 
 
 .838 
 
 551 
 
 .785 
 
 55io 
 
 6888 
 
 9643 
 
 
 7 
 
 .0179 
 
 .939 
 
 .693 
 
 .994 
 
 6931 
 
 8664 
 
 12 129 
 
 i% 
 
 7 
 
 .0179 
 
 1.064 
 
 .890 
 
 1.227 
 
 8899 
 
 II 124 
 
 15573 
 
 i 3/ 
 
 6 
 
 .0208 
 
 I.I58 
 
 1.054 
 
 1.485 
 
 10541 
 
 13 176 
 
 18447 
 
 iVz 
 
 6 
 
 .0208 
 
 1.283 
 
 1.294 
 
 1.767 
 
 12938 
 
 I6I73 
 
 22642 
 
 
 sV 2 
 
 .0227 
 
 1.389 
 
 I.5I4 
 
 2.074 
 
 IS 149 
 
 18936 
 
 26 511 
 
 
 5 
 
 .0250 
 
 1.490 
 
 1-744 
 
 2.405 
 
 17 441 
 
 21 801 
 
 30522 
 
 I 7 /8 
 
 5 
 
 .0250 
 
 I.6l5 
 
 2.048 
 
 2.761 
 
 20490 
 
 25613 
 
 35858 
 
 2 
 
 
 .0278 
 
 I.7II 
 
 2.300 
 
 3.142 
 
 23001 
 
 28751 
 
 40252 
 
 2*4 
 
 4% 
 
 .0278 
 
 1.961 
 
 3.021 
 
 3.976 
 
 30213 
 
 37766 
 
 52873 
 
 aj{ 
 
 4 
 
 .0313 
 
 2.175 
 
 3.715 
 
 4.909 
 
 37163 
 
 46454 
 
 65035 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 .0313 
 
 2.425 
 
 4.619 
 
 5-940 
 
 46 196 
 
 57745 
 
 80843 
 
 3 
 
 3% 
 
 .0357 
 
 2.629 
 
 5.427 
 
 7.069 
 
 54277 
 
 67 846 
 
 94985 
 
 3V4 
 
 3% 
 
 .0357 
 
 2.879 
 
 6.508 
 
 8.296 
 
 65092 
 
 81 365 
 
 113 911 
 
 
 3V4 
 
 .0385 
 
 3.100 
 
 7.548 
 
 9.621 
 
 75491 
 
 94364 
 
 132109 
 
 3 3 /4 
 
 3 
 
 .0417 
 
 3-317 
 
 8.640 
 
 11.045 
 
 86412 
 
 108 015 
 
 151 221 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 .0417 
 
 3.567 
 
 9-991 
 
 12.566 
 
 99929 
 
 124 911 
 
 174 876 
 
 4V4 
 
 2% 
 
 .0435 
 
 3.798 
 
 11.328 
 
 14.186 
 
 113 302 
 
 141 628 
 
 198 279 
 
 4Va 
 
 28/4 
 
 .0455 
 
 4.027 
 
 12.738 
 
 15.904 
 
 127 405 
 
 159 256 
 
 222 959 
 
 4 8 /4 
 
 2% 
 
 .0476 
 
 4-255 
 
 14.218 
 
 17.721 
 
 142 205 
 
 177 756 
 
 248 859 
 
 5 
 
 
 .0500 
 
 4.480 
 
 15.763 
 
 19.635 
 
 157 659 
 
 197 074 
 
 275903 
 
 
 2% 
 
 .0500 
 
 4-730 
 
 17.572 
 
 21.648 
 
 175 745 
 
 219 681 
 
 307 554 
 
 #! 
 
 2% 
 
 .0526 
 
 4-953 
 
 19.265 
 
 23.758 
 
 192 678 
 
 240 848 
 
 337 187 
 
 5% 
 
 2% 
 
 .0526 
 
 5.203 
 
 21 . 259 
 
 25.967 
 
 212 620 
 
 265 775 
 
 372085 
 
 6 
 
 2^4 
 
 .0556 
 
 5.422 
 
 23.091 
 
 28.274 
 
 230 947 
 
 288 684 
 
 404 157 
 
 
372 Dimensions of Screw Threads, Nuts and Bolt Heads 
 
 Dimensions of Screw Threads, Nuts and Bolt Heads (Concluded) 
 
 (Recommended by the Franklin Institute.) 
 
 Bolts and threads 
 
 Rough nuts and heads 
 
 
 Shearing strength 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sfwl 
 
 In 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 Full bolt 
 
 Bottom of threac 
 
 jj TJ 
 6 <i) o 
 
 o5 &} bo 
 
 <L> 
 OJ 0) 
 
 as 
 .5 ^ 
 
 fi 
 
 oj ra 
 
 a 
 "o 
 
 1-8 
 
 3 
 
 > M -^ 
 
 ^ 
 o, <u 
 
 M J3^ 
 
 |lj[ 
 
 s g ^ 
 
 ^ oj rt 
 
 fi-l 
 
 
 g-Q 
 
 _o 
 
 |l 
 
 
 PI -a 
 
 o-d gc 
 
 -d c 
 
 O T3 j| C 
 
 ro 
 
 jj 
 
 3 
 
 ' t t* 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 < - s 
 
 "! 
 
 <5 ^ "" 
 
 ^ g 1 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 < a 
 
 a 
 
 < a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In. 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 14 
 
 368 
 
 491 
 
 202 
 
 269 
 
 y 2 
 
 .707 
 
 .578 
 
 & 
 
 1/4 
 
 %6 
 
 575 
 
 767 
 
 341 
 
 454 
 
 1%9 
 
 .840 
 
 .686 
 
 %6 
 
 X %4 
 
 % 
 
 828 
 
 i 104 
 
 509 
 
 678 
 
 Hie 
 
 972 
 
 794 
 
 % 
 
 11,^2 
 
 m 
 
 i 127 
 
 1503 
 
 700 
 
 933 
 
 25 /3 2 
 
 1.105 
 
 .902 
 
 7 /16 
 
 25 /64 
 
 y 2 
 
 1472 
 
 1963 
 
 943 
 
 I 257 
 
 7 /8 
 
 1.237 
 
 I. Oil 
 
 Jjl 
 
 7 /io 
 
 9 /ie 
 
 i 864 
 
 2485 
 
 I 216 
 
 I 621 
 
 31,32 
 
 1-370 
 
 I. Up 
 
 %6 
 
 3 -Ve4 
 
 
 2301 
 
 3068 
 
 1514 
 
 2018 
 
 lVl6 
 
 1.502 
 
 1.227 
 
 % 
 
 17 / 82 
 
 % 
 
 3314 
 
 44i8 
 
 2 265 
 
 3 020 
 
 iH 
 
 1.768 
 
 1-444 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 7 /8 
 
 45io 
 
 6013 
 
 3145 
 
 4 193 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 2.033 
 
 1. 660 
 
 7 /8 
 
 23 / S2 
 
 I 
 
 5891 
 
 7854 
 
 4 133 
 
 55io 
 
 I 5 /^ 
 
 2.298 
 
 1.877 
 
 I 
 
 18 /io 
 
 i-Vs 
 
 7455 
 
 9940 
 
 5198 
 
 6931 
 
 
 2.563 
 
 2.093 
 
 1-^8 
 
 2 % 2 
 
 i% 
 
 9 204 
 
 12272 
 
 6674 
 
 8899 
 
 2 
 
 2.828 
 
 2.310 
 
 1% 
 
 i 
 
 1% 
 
 II 137 
 
 14849 
 
 7006 
 
 I054I 
 
 2 3 /16 
 
 3-093 
 
 2.527 
 
 1%' 
 
 I%2 
 
 
 13253 
 
 17 671 
 
 9 704 
 
 12938 
 
 2% 
 
 3-358 
 
 2.743 
 
 1% 
 
 I%6 
 
 1% 
 
 15554 
 
 20739 
 
 n 362 
 
 15 149 
 
 2 9 /16 
 
 3.623 
 
 2.960 
 
 1% 
 
 I%2 
 
 13/4 
 
 18 040 
 
 24053 
 
 13081 
 
 I744I 
 
 2% 
 
 3-889 
 
 3.176 
 
 I 3 /4 
 
 1% 
 
 1% 
 
 20709 
 
 27 612 
 
 15368 
 
 20490 
 
 2l 5 /16 
 
 4-154 
 
 3-393 
 
 I 7 /8 
 
 I 15 /8 2 
 
 2 
 
 23562 
 
 31 4i6 
 
 17251 
 
 23001 
 
 3-^8 
 
 4-419 
 
 3-609 
 
 2 
 
 I 9 /16 
 
 2V4 
 
 29 821 
 
 39 76l 
 
 22660 
 
 30213 
 
 3V 2 
 
 4-949 
 
 4-043 
 
 2^4 
 
 1% 
 
 
 36 815 
 
 49087 
 
 27872 
 
 37163 
 
 3 7 /8 
 
 5-479 
 
 4.476 
 
 2l/ 2 
 
 i 15 /ie 
 
 2% 
 
 44547 
 
 59396 
 
 34647 
 
 46196 
 
 4V4 
 
 6.010 
 
 4-909 
 
 2% 
 
 2^8 
 
 3 
 
 53015 
 
 70686 
 
 40708 
 
 54277 
 
 4% 
 
 6.540 
 
 5,342 
 
 3 
 
 2 5 /16 
 
 
 62 219 
 
 82 958 
 
 48819 
 
 65092 
 
 5 
 
 7.070 
 
 5-775 
 
 3V4 
 
 2^2 
 
 iVa 
 
 72 158 
 
 96211 
 
 56618 
 
 75491 
 
 5% 
 
 7.600 
 
 6.208 
 
 3V 2 
 
 2 1 Vl6 
 
 3 8 /4 
 
 82835 
 
 no 447 
 
 64809 
 
 86 412 
 
 5% 
 
 8.131 
 
 6.641 
 
 3% 
 
 2% 
 
 4 
 
 94 248 
 
 125 664 
 
 74947 
 
 99929 
 
 61/8 
 
 8.661 
 
 7.074 
 
 4 
 
 3Vl6 
 
 4V4 
 
 106 397 
 
 141 863 
 
 84977 
 
 113 302 
 
 
 9.191 
 
 7.5o8 
 
 4-Vi 
 
 3H 
 
 
 119 282 
 
 159 043 
 
 95554 
 
 127 405 
 
 6% 
 
 9-721 
 
 7-941 
 
 4V 2 
 
 3 7 /16 
 
 4 3 /4 
 
 132904 
 
 177 205 
 
 106 654 
 
 142 205 
 
 7V4 
 
 10.252 
 
 8-374 
 
 4% 
 
 3% 
 
 5 
 
 147 263 
 
 196 350 
 
 118 244 
 
 157 659 
 
 7 5 / X 8 
 
 10.782 
 
 8.807 
 
 5 
 
 3 18 /ie 
 
 5V4 
 
 162 356 
 
 216 475 
 
 131 809 
 
 175 745 
 
 8 
 
 11.312 
 
 9.240 
 
 5^4 
 
 4 
 
 $* 
 
 178 187 
 
 237 583 
 
 144 509 
 
 192 678 
 
 8% 
 
 11.842 
 
 9.673 
 
 
 4 3 /ie 
 
 5 3 /4 
 
 194 754 
 
 259 672 
 
 159 465 
 
 212 620 
 
 83/4 
 
 12.373 
 
 10.106 
 
 5 3 /4 
 
 4% 
 
 6 
 
 212 057 
 
 282 743 
 
 173 210 
 
 230 947 
 
 PVs 
 
 12.903 
 
 10.539 
 
 6 
 
 4 9 /16 
 
 
Area Factors for Tubes 
 
 373 
 
 AREA FACTORS FOR TUBES 
 
 Explanation of Table 
 
 This table of area factors may be used to calculate the sectional area of tubes 
 of any diameter and any wall thickness, both being expressed to the nearest 
 one thousandth of an inch. To apply the table, use the following 
 
 Rule. Subtract the thickness of the tube wall from the outside diameter, 
 both expressed in inches and decimals; then multiply this remainder by the 
 tabular area factor corresponding to the given thickness. The result will be the 
 sectional area of the tube in square inches. 
 
 Example. Find the sectional area of a tube whose outside diameter is 8% 
 inches and thickness of wall 0.284 inch. 
 
 Solution. Outside diameter less thickness =8.625 0.284=8.341. 
 
 Tabular area factor corresponding to the given thickness, 0.284 inch, is 0.8922, 
 which is found in the column headed .004 and opposite .28 in column one. 
 
 The required area is 
 
 8.341 X .8922= 7.442 square inches. 
 
 Note. When the thickness of wall exceeds one inch, add to the tabular area 
 factor corresponding to the decimal part of the thickness, one, two, or three, 
 etc., times the factor corresponding to i.ooo inch, as the case may be, thus: 
 Area factor for thickness of 1.625 inch will be 
 
 Area factor for .625=1.9635 
 Area factor for 1.000=3.1416 
 Area factor for 1.625 =5.1051 
 
 In like manner the area factor corresponding to a thickness of 2.625 inches will 
 be 1.9635 +(2 X 3.1416) = 8.2467. 
 Basis of Table. This table was calculated by means of the formula 
 
 A = *t(D-t), 
 
 where A = sectional area in square inches; 
 
 D= outside diameter in inches; 
 t = thickness of wall in inches. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness in 
 inches 
 
 .000 
 
 .001 
 
 .002 
 
 .003 
 
 .004 
 
 .005 
 
 .006 
 
 .007 
 
 .008 
 
 .009 
 
 .00 
 
 
 .0031 
 
 .0063 
 
 .0094 
 
 .0126 
 
 .0157 
 
 .0188 
 
 .0220 
 
 .0251 
 
 .0283 
 
 .01 
 
 .0314 
 
 .0346 
 
 .0377 
 
 .0408 
 
 .0440 
 
 .0471 
 
 .0503 
 
 .0534 
 
 .0565 
 
 .0597 
 
 .02 
 
 .0628 
 
 .0660 
 
 .0691 
 
 .0723 
 
 .0754 
 
 .0785 
 
 .0817 
 
 .0848 
 
 .0880 
 
 .0911 
 
 .03 
 
 .0942 
 
 .0974 
 
 .1005 
 
 .1037 
 
 .1068 
 
 .IIOO 
 
 .1131 
 
 .1162 
 
 .1194 
 
 .1225 
 
 .04 
 
 .1257 
 
 .1288 
 
 .1319 
 
 .1351 
 
 .1382 
 
 .1414 
 
 .1445 
 
 .1477 
 
 .1508 
 
 .1539 
 
 .05 
 
 .1571 
 
 .1602 
 
 .1634 
 
 .1665 
 
 .1696 
 
 .1728 
 
 .1759 
 
 .1791 
 
 .1822 
 
 .1854 
 
 .06 
 
 .1885 
 
 .1916 
 
 .1948 
 
 .1979 
 
 .2011 
 
 .2042 
 
 .2073 
 
 .2105 
 
 .2136 
 
 .2168 
 
 .07 
 
 .2199 
 
 .2231 
 
 .2262 
 
 .2293 
 
 .2325 
 
 .2356 
 
 .2388 
 
 .2419 
 
 .2450 
 
 .2482 
 
 .08 
 
 .2513 
 
 .2545 
 
 .2576 
 
 .2608 
 
 .2639 
 
 .2670 
 
 .2702 
 
 .2733 
 
 .2765 
 
 .2796 
 
 .09 
 
 .2827 
 
 .2859 
 
 .2890 
 
 .2922 
 
 .2953 
 
 .2985 
 
 .3016 
 
 .3047 
 
 .3079 
 
 .3110 
 
 .10 
 
 .3142 
 
 3173 
 
 .3204 
 
 .3236 
 
 .3267 
 
 .3299 
 
 .3330 
 
 .3362 
 
 .3393 
 
 .3424 
 
 .11 
 
 .3456 
 
 .3487 
 
 .3519 
 
 3550 
 
 .3581 
 
 .3613 
 
 .3644 
 
 .3676 
 
 .3707 
 
 .3738 
 
 .12 
 
 3770 
 
 .3801 
 
 .3833 
 
 .3864 
 
 .3896 
 
 .3927 
 
 .3958 
 
 .3990 
 
 .4021 
 
 .4053 
 
 .13 
 
 .4084 
 
 4115 
 
 .4147 
 
 .4178 
 
 .4210 
 
 .4241 
 
 .4273 
 
 .4304 
 
 .4335 
 
 .4367 
 
 .14 
 
 .4398 
 
 4430 
 
 .4461 
 
 .4492 
 
 .4524 
 
 -.4555 
 
 .4587 
 
 .4618 
 
 .4650 
 
 .4681 
 
 .15 
 
 4712 
 
 4744 
 
 4775 
 
 .4807 
 
 ,4838 
 
 .4869 
 
 .4901 
 
 4932 
 
 .4964 
 
 .4995 
 
374 Area Factors for Tubes 
 
 Area Factors for Tubes (Continued) 
 
 Thick- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ness in 
 
 .000 
 
 .001 
 
 .002 
 
 .003 
 
 .004 
 
 .005 
 
 .006 
 
 .007 
 
 .008 
 
 .009 
 
 inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 4712 
 
 4744 
 
 4775 
 
 .4807 
 
 .4838 
 
 .4869 
 
 .4901 
 
 4932 
 
 .4964 
 
 4995 
 
 .16 
 
 .5027 
 
 .5058 
 
 .5089 
 
 .5121 
 
 .5152 
 
 .5184 
 
 .5215 
 
 .5246 
 
 .5278 
 
 .5309 
 
 .17 
 
 .5341 
 
 5372 
 
 .5404 
 
 5435 
 
 -5466 
 
 5498 
 
 .5529 
 
 .5561 
 
 .5592 
 
 .5623 
 
 .18 
 
 .5655 
 
 .5686 
 
 .5718 
 
 5749 
 
 .5781 
 
 .5812 
 
 .5843 
 
 .5875 
 
 .5906 
 
 .5938 
 
 .19 
 
 .5969 
 
 .6000 
 
 .6032 
 
 .6063 
 
 6095 
 
 .6126 
 
 .6158 
 
 .6189 
 
 .6220 
 
 .6252 
 
 .20 
 
 .6283 
 
 6315 
 
 .6346 
 
 .6377 
 
 .6409 
 
 .6440 
 
 .6472 
 
 .6503 
 
 .6535 
 
 .6566 
 
 .21 
 
 -6597 
 
 .6629 
 
 .6660 
 
 .6692 
 
 .6723 
 
 .6754 
 
 .6786 
 
 .6817 
 
 .6849 
 
 .6880 
 
 .22 
 
 .6912 
 
 .6943 
 
 .6974 
 
 .7006 
 
 .7037 
 
 .7069 
 
 .7100 
 
 .7131 
 
 .7163 
 
 .7194 
 
 .23 
 
 .7226 
 
 .7257 
 
 .7288 
 
 7320 
 
 .7351 
 
 .7383 
 
 .7414 
 
 .7446 
 
 .7477 
 
 .7508 
 
 .24 
 
 7540 
 
 7571 
 
 .7603 
 
 .7634 
 
 .7665 
 
 .7697 
 
 .7728 
 
 .7760 
 
 7791 
 
 .7823 
 
 .25 
 
 .7854 
 
 .7885 
 
 -79I7 
 
 .7948 
 
 .7980 
 
 .8011 
 
 .8042 
 
 .8074 
 
 .8105 
 
 .8137 
 
 .26 
 
 .8168 
 
 .8200 
 
 .-8231 
 
 .8262 
 
 .8294 
 
 .8325 
 
 .8357 
 
 .8388 
 
 .8419 
 
 .8451 
 
 .27 
 
 .8482 
 
 .8514 
 
 .8545 
 
 .8577 
 
 .8608 
 
 .8639 
 
 .8671 
 
 .8702 
 
 .8734 
 
 .8765 
 
 .28 
 
 .8796 
 
 .8828 
 
 .8859 
 
 .8891 
 
 .8922 
 
 .8954 
 
 .8985 
 
 .9016 
 
 .9048 
 
 .9079 
 
 .29 
 
 .9111 
 
 .9142 
 
 .9173 
 
 .9205 
 
 9236 
 
 .9268 
 
 .9299 
 
 9331 
 
 .9362 
 
 -9393 
 
 .30 
 
 9425 
 
 9456 
 
 .9488 
 
 .9519 
 
 9550 
 
 .9582 
 
 .9613 
 
 .9645 
 
 .9676 
 
 .9708 
 
 .31 
 
 9739 
 
 9770 
 
 .9802 
 
 .9833 
 
 .9865 
 
 .9896 
 
 .9927 
 
 9959 
 
 .9990 
 
 1.0022 
 
 .32 
 
 1.0053 
 
 1.0085 
 
 1.0116 
 
 1.0147 
 
 1.0179 
 
 I. 0210 
 
 1.0242 
 
 1.0273 
 
 .0304 
 
 1.0336 
 
 .33 
 
 1.0367 
 
 1.0399 
 
 1.0430 
 
 1.0462 
 
 1.0493 
 
 1.0524 1.0556 
 
 1.0587 
 
 .0619 
 
 1.0650 
 
 .34 
 
 i. 0681 
 
 1.0713 
 
 1.0744 
 
 1.0776 
 
 1.0807 
 
 1.0838 
 
 1.0870 
 
 1.0901 
 
 .0933 
 
 1.0964 
 
 .35 
 
 1.0996 
 
 I . 1027 
 
 i . 1058 
 
 1.1090 
 
 I.II2I 
 
 I.H53 
 
 1.1184 
 
 I. 1215 
 
 .1247 
 
 I . 1278 
 
 .36 
 
 i . 1310 
 
 I . 1341 
 
 i 1373 
 
 i . 1404 
 
 i 1435 
 
 i . 1467 
 
 i . 1498 
 
 I . 1530 
 
 .1561 
 
 I 1592 
 
 .37 
 
 i . 1624 
 
 I . 1655 
 
 1.1687 
 
 1.1718 
 
 I . 1750 
 
 i . 1781 
 
 i. 1812 
 
 I . 1844 
 
 .1875 
 
 I.I907 
 
 .38 
 
 i . 1938 
 
 1.1969 
 
 I.20OI 
 
 I . 2032 
 
 1.2064 
 
 1.2095 
 
 i . 2127 
 
 1.2158 
 
 .2189 
 
 I . 2221 
 
 39 
 
 i . 2252 
 
 I . 2284 
 
 I.23I5 
 
 1.2346 
 
 1.2378 
 
 1.2409 
 
 1.2441 
 
 I . 2472 
 
 .2504 
 
 1.2535 
 
 .40 
 
 1.2566 
 
 1.2598 
 
 I . 2629 
 
 1.2661 
 
 1.2692 
 
 1.2723 
 
 1.2755 
 
 1.2786 
 
 .2818 
 
 .2849 
 
 41 
 
 1.2881 
 
 I . 2912 
 
 1-2943 
 
 1.2975 
 
 1.3006 
 
 1.3038 
 
 1.3069 
 
 1.3100 
 
 .3132 
 
 ,3163 
 
 .42 
 
 I.3I95 
 
 1.3226 
 
 1.3258 
 
 1.3289 
 
 1.3320 
 
 1.3352 
 
 1.3383 
 
 I.34I5 
 
 .3446 
 
 3477 
 
 .43 
 
 1-3509 
 
 1.3540 
 
 1.3572 
 
 1.3603 
 
 1.3635 
 
 1.3666 
 
 1.3697 
 
 1.3729 
 
 .376o 
 
 .3792 
 
 44 
 
 1.3823 
 
 1.3854 
 
 1.3886 
 
 I.39I7 
 
 1.3949 
 
 i.398o 
 
 1.4012 
 
 1.4043 
 
 .4074 
 
 .4106 
 
 45 
 
 I.4I37 
 
 1.4169 
 
 I . 4200 
 
 1.4231 
 
 1.4263 
 
 1.4294 
 
 1.4326 
 
 1.4357 
 
 .4388 
 
 .4420 
 
 .46 
 
 I.445I 
 
 1.4483 
 
 I.45I4 
 
 1.4546 
 
 1.4577 
 
 1.4608 
 
 1.4640 
 
 1.4671 
 
 4703 
 
 .4734 
 
 .47 
 
 1.4765 
 
 1-4797 
 
 1.4828 
 
 1.4860 
 
 1.4891 
 
 1.4923 
 
 1.4954 
 
 1.4985 
 
 .5017 
 
 .5048 
 
 .48 
 
 1.5080 
 
 1.5111 
 
 I.5I42 
 
 L5I74 
 
 1.5205 
 
 1.5237 
 
 1.5268 
 
 1.5300 
 
 5331 
 
 .5362 
 
 .49 
 
 1.5394 
 
 1.5425 
 
 1-5457 
 
 1.5488 
 
 I.55I9 
 
 I.555I 
 
 1.5582 
 
 1.5614 
 
 .5645 
 
 .5677 
 
 .50 
 
 I.57o8 
 
 1.5739 
 
 I-577I 
 
 1.5802 
 
 1.5834 
 
 1.5865 
 
 1.5896 
 
 1.5928 
 
 .5959 
 
 5991 
 
 .51 
 
 1.6022 
 
 1.6054 
 
 1.6085 
 
 1.6116 
 
 1.6148 
 
 1.6179 
 
 1.6211 
 
 1.6242 
 
 .6273 
 
 .6305 
 
 .52 
 
 1.6336 
 
 1.6368 
 
 1.6399 
 
 1.6431 
 
 I . 6462 
 
 1.6493 
 
 1.6525 
 
 1.6556 
 
 .6588 
 
 .6619 
 
 53 
 
 1.6650 
 
 1.6682 
 
 1.6713 
 
 1.6745 
 
 1.6776 
 
 i. 6808 
 
 1.6839 
 
 1.6870 
 
 1.6902 
 
 .6933 
 
 .54 
 
 1.6965 
 
 1.6996 
 
 1.7027 
 
 1.7059 
 
 1.7090 
 
 1.7122 
 
 I.7I53 
 
 I.7I85 
 
 1.7216 
 
 1.7247 
 
 55 
 
 1.7279 
 
 I.73IO 
 
 1.7342 
 
 1.7373 
 
 1.7404 
 
 1.7436 
 
 1.7467 
 
 1.7499 
 
 1.7530 
 
 1.7562 
 
 .56 
 
 1.7593 
 
 1.7624 
 
 1.7656 
 
 1.7687 
 
 I . 7719 
 
 1-7750 
 
 1.7781 
 
 I.78I3 
 
 1.7844 
 
 1.7876 
 
 57 
 
 1.7907 
 
 1-7939 
 
 1.7970 
 
 1.8001 
 
 1.8033 
 
 1.8064 
 
 1.8096 
 
 1.8127 
 
 1.8158 
 
 1.8190 
 
 .58 
 
 I.822I 
 
 1.8253 
 
 1.8284 
 
 I.83I5 
 
 1.8347 
 
 1.8378 
 
 1.8410 
 
 1.8441 
 
 1.8473 
 
 1.8504 
 
 
Area Factors for Tubes 375 
 
 Area Factors for Tubes (Concluded) 
 
 Thick- 
 ness in 
 inches 
 
 .000 
 
 .001 
 
 .002 
 
 .003 
 
 .004 
 
 .005 
 
 .006 
 
 .007 
 
 .008 
 
 .009 
 
 .58 
 59 
 .60 
 .61 
 
 .8221 
 .8535 
 .8850 
 .9164 
 
 1.8253 
 1.8567 
 I. 8881 
 1.9195 
 
 1.8284 
 1.8598 
 I.89I2 
 1.9227 
 
 1.8315 
 1.8630 
 1.8944 
 1.9258 
 
 1.8347 
 1.8661 
 1.8975 
 1.9289 
 
 1.8378 
 1.8692 
 I.9OO7 
 I.932I 
 
 1.8410 
 1.8724 
 1.9038 
 1-9352 
 
 .8441 
 8755 
 .9069 
 .9384 
 
 1.8473 
 1.8787 
 1.9101 
 I.94I5 
 
 1.8504 
 I. 8818 
 I.9I32 
 1.9446 
 
 .62 
 .63 
 .64 
 .65 
 
 .9478 
 9792 
 2.0106 
 2.0420 
 
 1.9509 
 1.9823 
 
 2.0138 
 2.0452 
 
 I-954I 
 1.9855 
 2.0169 
 2.0483 
 
 1.9572 
 1.9886 
 
 2.O200 
 2.0515 
 
 I .9604 
 1.9918 
 2.0232 
 
 2 .0546 
 
 1.9635 
 
 1.9949 
 2.0263 
 2.0577 
 
 1.9666 
 1.9981 
 2.0295 
 2.0609 
 
 .9698 
 .0012 
 2.0326 
 2.0640 
 
 1.9729 
 2.0043 
 2.0358 
 2.0672 
 
 I.976I 
 2.0075 
 2.0389 
 2.0703 
 
 .66 
 .67 
 .68 
 .69 
 
 2.0735 
 2.1049 
 2.1363 
 2.1677 
 
 2.0766 
 2.1080 
 
 2.1394 
 2.1708 
 
 2.0797 
 
 2.III2 
 2.1426 
 2.1740 
 
 2.0829 
 2.H43 
 
 2.1457 
 2.1771 
 
 2.0860 
 2.II74 
 2.1489 
 2.1803 
 
 2.0892 
 2 . 1206 
 
 2 . 1520 
 2 . 1834 
 
 2.0923 
 
 2 . 1237 
 2.I55I 
 2.1865 
 
 2.0954 
 2.1269 
 2.1583 
 2.1897 
 
 2.0986 
 2.1300 
 2.1614 
 2.1928 
 
 2.IOI7 
 2.I33I 
 2.1646 
 2.1960 
 
 .70 
 71 
 .72 
 73 
 
 2.1991 
 
 2.2305 
 
 2 . 2619 
 2.2934 
 
 2 . 2023 
 
 2.2337 
 
 2.2651 
 2.2965 
 
 2.2054 
 2 . 2368 
 2.2682 
 2.2996 
 
 2.2085 
 2.2400 
 2.2714 
 
 2 . 3028 
 
 2.2II7 
 2 . 2431 
 
 2 . 2745 
 2 - 3059 
 
 2 . 2148 
 2 . 2462 
 2.2777 
 2.3091 
 
 2. 2180 
 
 2.2494 
 2.2808 
 2.3122 
 
 2.22II 
 2.2525 
 2.2839 
 2.3154 
 
 2.2242 
 2.2557 
 2.2871 
 2.3185 
 
 2.2274 
 2.2588 
 2.2902 
 2.3216 
 
 74 
 75 
 .76 
 
 77 
 
 2.3248 
 2.3562 
 2.3876 
 2.4190 
 
 2.3279 
 
 2-3593 
 2.3908 
 2.4222 
 
 2.33II 
 2.3625 
 2-3939 
 2.4253 
 
 2.3342 
 2.3656 
 2.3970 
 2.4285 
 
 2-3373 
 2.3688 
 2.4002 
 
 2 . 4316 
 
 2.3405 
 2.3719 
 2.4033 
 
 2-4347 
 
 2.3436 
 2.3750 
 2.4065 
 2.4379 
 
 2.3468 
 2.3782 
 2.4096 
 2.4410 
 
 2.3499 
 2.3813 
 2.4127 
 2.4442 
 
 2.3531 
 2.3845 
 2.4159 
 
 2.4473 
 
 78 
 79 
 .80 
 .81 
 
 2.4504 
 2.4819 
 2.5133 
 
 2.5447 
 
 2.4536 
 2.4850 
 2.5164 
 2.5478 
 
 2.4567 
 2.4881 
 2.5196 
 2.5510 
 
 2 . 4599 
 2 . 4913 
 2.5227 
 
 2 . 5541 
 
 2 . 4630 
 2 . 4944 
 2.5258 
 2.5573 
 
 2.4662 
 2.4976 
 2.5290 
 2.5604 
 
 2.4693 
 2.5007 
 2.5321 
 2.5635 
 
 2.4724 
 2.5038 
 
 2.5353 
 2.5667 
 
 2.4756 
 2.5070 
 2.5384 
 2.5698 
 
 2.4787 
 2.5101 
 2.5415 
 2.5730 
 
 .82 
 .83 
 -84 
 .85 
 
 2.5761 
 
 2.6075 
 2.6389 
 2.6704 
 
 2.5792 
 2 . 6l07 
 2.6421 
 2.6735 
 
 2.5824 
 2.6138 
 2.6452 
 2.6766 
 
 2.5855 
 2.6l69 
 2 . 6484 
 2.6798 
 
 2.5887 
 
 2 . 62OI 
 2 . 6515 
 2 . 6829 
 
 2.5918 
 2.6232 
 2.6546 
 
 2 . 686l 
 
 2.5950 
 
 2 . 6264 
 2.6578 
 2.6892 
 
 2.5981 
 2.6295 
 2.6609 
 2.6923 
 
 2. 6OI2 
 2.6327 
 2.6641 
 2.6955 
 
 2.6044 
 2.6358 
 2.6672 
 2.6986 
 
 .86 
 .87 
 .88 
 .89 
 
 .90 
 91 
 .92 
 .93 
 
 2.7018 
 2-7332 
 2.7646 
 2.7960 
 
 2.8274 
 2.8589 
 2.8903 
 2.9217 
 
 2.7049 
 2.7363 
 2.7677 
 2.7992 
 
 2.8306 
 2.8620 
 2.8934 
 2.9248 
 
 2.7081 
 
 2.7395 
 2.7709 
 2.8023 
 
 2.8337 
 2.8651 
 2.8965 
 2.9280 
 
 2.7II2 
 2 . 7426 
 2.7740 
 2.8054 
 
 2.8369 
 2.8683 
 2.8997 
 2.93II 
 
 2 . 7143 
 2.7458 
 2.7772 
 2.8086 
 
 2.8400 
 2.8714 
 2.9028 
 2.9342 
 
 2 . 7175 
 2.7489 
 2.7803 
 
 2 . 72O6 
 2.7520 
 2.7835 
 
 2.7238 
 2.7552 
 2.7866 
 2.8180 
 
 2.8494 
 2.8808 
 2.9123 
 2.9437 
 
 2.7269 
 2.7583 
 2.7897 
 2.8212 
 
 2.8526 
 2.8840 
 2.9154 
 2.9468 
 
 2.7300 
 2.7615 
 2.7929 
 2.8243 
 
 2.8557 
 2.8871 
 2.9185 
 2.9500 
 
 2.8431 
 2.8746 
 2.9060 
 
 2.9374 
 
 2.8463 
 2.8777 
 2.9091 
 2-9405 
 
 94 
 -95 
 96 
 97 
 
 2.9531 
 2.9845 
 3-0159 
 3-0473 
 
 2.9562 
 2.9877 
 3.0I9I 
 3.0505 
 
 2-9594 
 2.9908 
 3.0222 
 3.0536 
 
 2.9625 
 2.9939 
 3-0254 
 3.0568 
 
 2.9657 
 2.9971 
 3.0285 
 3-0599 
 
 2.9688 
 3.0002 
 3.0316 
 3.0631 
 
 2.9719 
 3-0034 
 3.0348 
 3.0662 
 
 2.9751 
 3.0065 
 3-0379 
 3.0693 
 
 2.9782 
 3.0096 
 3.04H 
 3.0725 
 
 2.9814 
 3.0128 
 3.0442 
 3.0756 
 
 98 
 -.99 
 
 1. 00 
 
 1 
 
 3-0788 
 3.1102 
 
 3.1416 
 
 3.0819 
 3-II33 
 3-1447 
 
 3.0850 
 3.H65 
 3.1479 
 
 3.0882 
 3.H96 
 3.I5IO 
 
 3^0913 
 3-1227 
 3.1542 
 
 3-0945 
 3-1259 
 3-1573 
 
 3.0976 
 3.I29O 
 3.1604 
 
 3.1008 
 3.1322 
 3.1636 
 
 3-1039 
 3-1353 
 3.1667 
 
 3.1070 
 3.1385 
 3.1699 
 
 
376 Weight Factors for Steel Tubes 
 
 WEIGHT FACTORS FOR STEEL TUBES 
 
 This table of weight factors may be used to calculate the weights per 
 foot length of steel pipe and tubes of any diameter and for any thick- 
 ness, both being expressed to the nearest one-thousandth inch. To 
 apply the table use the following: 
 
 Rule. Subtract the thickness of tube wall from the outside diameter, . 
 both being expressed in inches and decimals, then multiply the remainder 
 by the tabular weight factor corresponding to the given thickness. The 
 result will be the weight of tube in pounds per foot length. 
 
 Example. Find the weight in pounds per foot of a tube whose out- 
 side diameter is 8% inches and thickness of wall 0.284 inch. 
 
 Solution, (i) Outside diameter less thickness = 8.625 0.284 = 
 8.341; (2) tabular weight factor corresponding to the given thickness 
 of 0.284 inch is 3.033, which is found in column headed .004 and opposite 
 .28 in column one; (3) the required weight equals 8.341 X 3.033 = 
 25.30 pounds per foot. 
 
 Note. When the thickness of tube wall exceeds one inch, add to the 
 tabular weight factor corresponding to the decimal part of the given 
 thickness, once, twice, thrice, etc., that corresponding to i.ooo inch, 
 as the case may be, thus: 
 
 Weight factor for thickness of 1.625 will be 
 
 Weight factor for .625= 6.675 
 Weight factor for i . ooo = 10. 6802 
 
 Weight factor for 1.625 = 17.355 
 
 In like manner the weight factor corresponding to a thickness of 
 2.625 inches will be 6.675 + (2 X 10.6802) = 28.035. 
 
 Basis of Table. This table was calculated on an eight-slot Burk- 
 hardt machine by means of the formula 
 
 W = 10.680158 (D - i) t, 
 
 where W = weight of steel tube in pounds per foot; 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; 
 / = thickness of tube wall in inches. 
 
 Weight one cubic inch steel = 0.2833 pound. 
 
Weight Factors for Steel Tubes 377 
 
 Weight Factors for Steel Tubes, Pounds per Lineal Foot 
 
 (Based on weight of one cubic inch of steel equals .2833 pound.) 
 
 Thick- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ness in 
 
 .000 
 
 .001 
 
 .002 
 
 .003 
 
 .004 
 
 .005 
 
 .006 
 
 .007 
 
 .008 
 
 .009 
 
 inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 
 .Oil 
 
 .021 
 
 .032 
 
 .043 
 
 .053 
 
 .064 
 
 .075 
 
 .085 
 
 .096 
 
 .01 
 
 .107 
 
 .117 
 
 .128 
 
 .139 
 
 .150 
 
 .160 
 
 .171 
 
 .182 
 
 .192 
 
 .203 
 
 .02 
 
 .214 
 
 .224 
 
 .235 
 
 .246 
 
 .256 
 
 .267 
 
 .278 
 
 .288 
 
 .299 
 
 .310 
 
 .03 
 
 .320 
 
 .331 
 
 .342 
 
 .352 
 
 .363 
 
 374 
 
 .384 
 
 395 
 
 .406 
 
 .417 
 
 .04 
 
 .427 
 
 .438 
 
 .449 
 
 .459 
 
 .470 
 
 .481 
 
 .491 
 
 .502 
 
 513 
 
 .523 
 
 .05 
 
 534 
 
 .545 
 
 555 
 
 .566 
 
 .577 
 
 .587 
 
 .598 
 
 .609 
 
 .619 
 
 .630 
 
 .06 
 
 .641 
 
 .651 
 
 .662 
 
 .673 
 
 .684 
 
 .694 
 
 .705 
 
 .716 
 
 .726 
 
 737 
 
 .07 
 
 .748 
 
 .758 
 
 .769 
 
 .780 
 
 790 
 
 .801 
 
 .812 
 
 .822 
 
 .833 
 
 .844 
 
 .08 
 
 .854 
 
 .865 
 
 .876 
 
 .886 
 
 .897 
 
 .908 
 
 .918 
 
 .929 
 
 940 
 
 951 
 
 .09 
 
 .961 
 
 .972 
 
 .983 
 
 993 
 
 1.004 
 
 1.015 
 
 1.025 
 
 1.036 
 
 1.047 
 
 1.057 
 
 .10 
 
 .068 
 
 .079 
 
 1.089 
 
 I.IOO 
 
 .in 
 
 1. 121 
 
 .132 
 
 .143 
 
 1. 153 
 
 .164 
 
 .11 
 
 .175 
 
 .185 
 
 1.196 
 
 1.207 
 
 .218 
 
 1.228 
 
 .239 
 
 .250 
 
 1.260 
 
 .271 
 
 .12 
 
 .282 
 
 .292 
 
 1-303 
 
 I.3M 
 
 .324 
 
 1-335 
 
 .346 
 
 .356 
 
 1.367 
 
 -378 
 
 .13 
 
 .388 
 
 399 
 
 1.410 
 
 1.420 
 
 431 
 
 1.442 
 
 .453 
 
 .463 
 
 I -474 
 
 .485 
 
 .14 
 
 495 
 
 .506 
 
 I.5I7 
 
 1.527 
 
 .538 
 
 1.549 
 
 559 
 
 570 
 
 1.581 
 
 .591 
 
 .15 
 
 .602 
 
 .613 
 
 1.623 
 
 1.634 
 
 .645 
 
 1.655 
 
 .666 
 
 .677 
 
 1.687 
 
 .698 
 
 .16 
 
 .709 
 
 .720 
 
 1-730 
 
 i.74i 
 
 752 
 
 1.762 
 
 773 
 
 .784 
 
 1-794 
 
 .805 
 
 .17 
 
 .816 
 
 .826 
 
 1.837 
 
 1.848 
 
 .858 
 
 1.869 
 
 .880 
 
 .890 
 
 1.901 
 
 .912 
 
 .18 
 
 .922 
 
 .933 
 
 1.944 
 
 1-954 
 
 .965 
 
 1.976 
 
 .987 
 
 997 
 
 2.008 
 
 2.019 
 
 .19 
 
 2.029 
 
 .040 
 
 2.051 
 
 2.061 
 
 2.072 
 
 2.083 
 
 2.093 
 
 2.104 
 
 2. 115 
 
 2.125 
 
 .20 
 
 2.136 
 
 2.147 
 
 2.157 
 
 2.168 
 
 2.179 
 
 2.189 
 
 2.200 
 
 2. 211 
 
 2.221 
 
 2.232 
 
 .21 
 
 2.243 
 
 2.254 
 
 2.264 
 
 2.275 
 
 2.286 
 
 2.296 
 
 2.307 
 
 2.318 
 
 2.328 
 
 2.339 
 
 .22 
 
 2-350 
 
 2.360 
 
 2.371 
 
 2.382 
 
 2.392 
 
 2.403 
 
 2.414 
 
 2.424 
 
 2.435 
 
 2.446 
 
 .23 
 
 2.456 
 
 2.467 
 
 2.478 
 
 2.488 
 
 2.499 
 
 2.510 
 
 2.521 
 
 2.531 
 
 2.542 
 
 2.553 
 
 .24 
 
 2.563 
 
 2.574 
 
 2.585 
 
 2.595 
 
 2.606 
 
 2.617 
 
 2.627 
 
 2.638 
 
 2.649 
 
 2.659 
 
 .25 
 
 2.670 
 
 2.681 
 
 2.691 
 
 2.702 
 
 2.713 
 
 2.723 
 
 2-734 
 
 2.745 
 
 2.755 
 
 2.766 
 
 .26 
 
 2.777 
 
 2.788 
 
 2.798 
 
 2.809 
 
 2.820 
 
 2.830 
 
 2.841 
 
 2.852 
 
 2.862 
 
 2.873 
 
 .27 
 
 2.884 
 
 2.894 
 
 2.905 
 
 2.916 
 
 2.926 
 
 2.937 
 
 2.948 
 
 2.958 
 
 2.969 
 
 2.980 
 
 .28 
 
 2.990 
 
 3.001 
 
 3-012 
 
 3.022 
 
 3-033 
 
 3-044 
 
 3-055 
 
 3.065 
 
 3-076 
 
 3-087 
 
 .29 
 
 3-097 
 
 3.108 
 
 3.119 
 
 3-129 
 
 3.140 
 
 3-I5I 
 
 3.l6l 
 
 3.172 
 
 3.183 
 
 3.193 
 
 .30 
 
 3.204 
 
 3-215 
 
 3.225 
 
 3.236 
 
 3.247 
 
 3-257 
 
 3.268 
 
 3-279 
 
 3.289 
 
 3-300 
 
 .31 
 
 3-3II 
 
 3-322 
 
 3.332 
 
 3-343 
 
 3-354 
 
 3.364 
 
 3-375 
 
 3.386 
 
 3.396 
 
 3.407 
 
 .32 
 
 3.418 
 
 3.428 
 
 3.439 
 
 3-450 
 
 3.46o 
 
 3-471 
 
 3.482 
 
 3-492 
 
 3-503 
 
 3.514 
 
 .33 
 
 3.524 
 
 3-535 
 
 3.546 
 
 3.556 
 
 3.567 
 
 3.578 
 
 3.589 
 
 3.599 
 
 3.610 
 
 3.621 
 
 .34 
 
 3.631 
 
 3.642 
 
 3.653 
 
 3.663 
 
 3.674 
 
 3-685 
 
 3.695 
 
 3.7o6 
 
 3.717 
 
 3.727 
 
 35 
 
 3.738 
 
 3-749 
 
 3.759 
 
 3-770 
 
 3.781 
 
 3-791 
 
 3.802 
 
 3-813 
 
 3.823 
 
 3.834 
 
 .36 
 
 3.845 
 
 3.856 
 
 3.866 
 
 3.877 
 
 3.888 
 
 3.898 
 
 3.909 
 
 3.920 
 
 3-930 
 
 3.941 
 
 .37 
 
 3-952 
 
 3.962 
 
 3-973 
 
 3.984 
 
 3-994 
 
 4.005 
 
 4.OI6 
 
 4.026 
 
 4-037 
 
 4.048 
 
 .38 
 
 4.058 
 
 4.069 
 
 4.080 
 
 4.091 
 
 4.101 
 
 4. 112 
 
 4.123 
 
 4.133 
 
 4-144 
 
 4.155 
 
 .39 
 
 4-165 
 
 4.176 
 
 4-187 
 
 4-197 
 
 4.208 
 
 4.219 
 
 4.229 
 
 4.240 
 
 4-251 
 
 4.261 
 
 .40 
 
 4.272 
 
 4.283 
 
 4-293 
 
 4.304 
 
 4-315 
 
 4.325 
 
 4.336 
 
 4-347 
 
 4.358 
 
 4.368 
 
 .41 
 
 4.379 
 
 4-390 
 
 4.400 
 
 4.411 
 
 4.422 
 
 4-432 
 
 4-443 
 
 4-454 
 
 4.464 
 
 4-475 
 
 .42 
 
 4.486 
 
 4.496 
 
 4.507 
 
 4.518 
 
 4.528 
 
 4-539 
 
 4-550 
 
 4.500 
 
 4-571 
 
 4.582 
 
 .43 
 
 4.592 
 
 4-603 
 
 4.614 
 
 4.625 
 
 4.635 
 
 4.646 
 
 4.657 
 
 4-667 
 
 4.678 
 
 4.689 
 
 .44 
 
 4.699 
 
 4-710 
 
 4.721 
 
 4-731 
 
 4.742 
 
 4-753 
 
 4.763 
 
 4.774 
 
 4.785 
 
 4-795 
 
 .45 
 
 4.806 
 
 4.817 
 
 4.827 
 
 4.838 
 
 4.849 
 
 4.859 
 
 4.870 
 
 4.881 
 
 4.892 
 
 4.902 
 
 .46 
 
 4.913 
 
 4.924 
 
 4-934 
 
 4-945 
 
 4.956 
 
 4.966 
 
 4-977 
 
 4.988 
 
 4.998 
 
 5.009 
 
 .47 
 
 5.020 
 
 5.030 
 
 5.041 
 
 5.052 
 
 5.062 
 
 5-073 
 
 5.084 
 
 5-094 
 
 5-105 
 
 5.n6 
 
 .48 
 
 5.126 
 
 5.137 
 
 5.148 
 
 5-159 
 
 5.169 
 
 5.180 
 
 5.I9I 
 
 5.201 
 
 5-212 
 
 5-223 
 
 .49 
 
 5-233 
 
 5-244 
 
 5-255 
 
 5.265 
 
 5.276 
 
 5.287 
 
 5-297 
 
 5.308 
 
 5.319 
 
 5-329 
 
 50 
 
 5.340 
 
 5.351 
 
 5.36i 
 
 5-372 
 
 5-383| 5.393 
 
 5.404 
 
 5-415 
 
 5.426 
 
 5.436 
 
 
378 Weight Factors for Steel Tubes 
 
 Weight Factors for Steel Tubes, Pounds per Lineal Foot (Concluded) 
 
 (Based on weight of one cubic inch of steel equals .2833 pound.) 
 
 1 Thick- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ness in 
 
 .000 
 
 .001 
 
 .002 
 
 .003 
 
 .004 
 
 .005 
 
 .006 
 
 .007 
 
 .008 
 
 .009 
 
 inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 So 
 
 5.340 
 
 5-351 
 
 5.36i 
 
 5-372 
 
 5.383 
 
 5-393 
 
 5.404 
 
 5.415 
 
 5.426 
 
 5.436 
 
 .51 
 
 5.447 
 
 5-458 
 
 5.468 
 
 5-479 
 
 5-490 
 
 5-500 
 
 5-5II 
 
 5-522 
 
 5-532 
 
 5-543 
 
 52 
 
 5.554 
 
 5.564 
 
 5-575 
 
 5-586 
 
 5.596 
 
 5-607 
 
 5-6l8 
 
 5.628 
 
 5.639 
 
 5-650 
 
 53 
 
 5.660 
 
 5.671 
 
 5-682 
 
 5-693 
 
 5.703 
 
 5.714 
 
 5.725 
 
 5-735 
 
 5-746 
 
 5-757 
 
 54 
 
 5.767 
 
 5-778 
 
 5.789 
 
 5-799 
 
 5-Slo 
 
 5.821 
 
 5.831 
 
 5.842 
 
 5-853 
 
 5-863 
 
 55 
 
 5.874 
 
 5-885 
 
 5.895 
 
 5.906 
 
 5.917 
 
 5.927 
 
 5-938 
 
 5-949 
 
 5.96o 
 
 5-970 
 
 .56 
 
 5.981 
 
 5-992 
 
 6.002 
 
 6.013 
 
 6.024 
 
 6.034 
 
 6.O45 
 
 6.056 
 
 6.066 
 
 6.077 
 
 57 
 
 6.088 
 
 6.098 
 
 6.109 
 
 6.120 
 
 6.130 
 
 6.141 
 
 6.152 
 
 6.162 
 
 6.173 
 
 6.184 
 
 .58 
 
 6.194 
 
 6.205 
 
 6.216 
 
 6.227 
 
 6.237 
 
 6.248 
 
 6.259 
 
 6.269 
 
 6.280 
 
 6.291 
 
 59 
 
 6.301 
 
 6.312 
 
 6.323 
 
 6.333 
 
 6.344 
 
 6.355 
 
 6.365 
 
 6.376 
 
 6.387 
 
 6.397 
 
 .60 
 
 6.408 
 
 6.419 
 
 6.429 
 
 6.440 
 
 6.451 
 
 6.461 
 
 6.472 
 
 6.483 
 
 6.404 
 
 6.504 
 
 .61 
 
 6-515 
 
 6.526 
 
 6.536 
 
 6.547 
 
 6.558 
 
 6.568 
 
 6.579 
 
 6.590 
 
 6.600 
 
 6.611 
 
 .62 
 
 6.622 
 
 6.632 
 
 6.643 
 
 6.654 
 
 6.664 
 
 6.675 
 
 6.686 
 
 6.696 
 
 6.707 
 
 6.718 
 
 .63 
 
 6.728 
 
 6.739 
 
 6.750 
 
 6.761 
 
 6.771 
 
 6.782 
 
 6.793 
 
 6.803 
 
 6.814 
 
 6.825 
 
 .64 
 
 6.835 
 
 6.846 
 
 6.857 
 
 6.867 
 
 6.878 
 
 6.889 
 
 6.899 
 
 6.910 
 
 6.921 
 
 6-931 
 
 .65 
 
 6.942 
 
 6.953 
 
 6.963 
 
 6.974 
 
 6.985 
 
 6.996 
 
 7.006 
 
 7-017 
 
 7.028 
 
 7-038 
 
 .66 
 
 7.049 
 
 7.060 
 
 7.070 
 
 7.081 
 
 7.092 
 
 7.102 
 
 7- H3 
 
 7.124 
 
 7-134 
 
 7-145 
 
 .6? 
 
 7.156 
 
 7.166 
 
 7.177 
 
 7.188 
 
 7.198 
 
 7.209 
 
 7.220 
 
 7.230 
 
 7.241 
 
 7-252 
 
 .68 
 
 7.263 
 
 7-273 
 
 7.284 
 
 7-295 
 
 7.305 
 
 7.3i6 
 
 7-327 
 
 7-337 
 
 7.348 
 
 7-359 
 
 .69 
 
 7.369 
 
 7.38o 
 
 7-391 
 
 7.401 
 
 7.412 
 
 7-423 
 
 7-433 
 
 7-444 
 
 7.455 
 
 7.465 
 
 .70 
 
 7.476 
 
 7.487 
 
 7-497 
 
 7.508 
 
 7.519 
 
 7-530 
 
 7-540 
 
 7-551 
 
 7.562 
 
 7-572 
 
 .71 
 
 7.583 
 
 7-594 
 
 7.604 
 
 7-615 
 
 7.626 
 
 7-636 
 
 7.647 
 
 7-658 
 
 7.668 
 
 7.679 
 
 .72 
 
 7.690 
 
 7.700 
 
 7-7II 
 
 7.722 
 
 7-732 
 
 7-743 
 
 7-754 
 
 7.764 
 
 7-775 
 
 7-786 
 
 .73 
 
 7-797 
 
 7.807 
 
 7.818 
 
 7-829 
 
 7.839 
 
 7.850 
 
 7.861 
 
 7-871 
 
 7.882 
 
 7-893 
 
 .74 
 
 7.903 
 
 7.914 
 
 7.925 
 
 7-935 
 
 7.946 
 
 7-957 
 
 7.967 
 
 7-978 
 
 7.989 
 
 7-999 
 
 75 
 
 8.010 
 
 8.021 
 
 8.031 
 
 8.042 
 
 8.053 
 
 8.064 
 
 8.074 
 
 8.085 
 
 8.096 
 
 8.106 
 
 .76 
 
 8.117 
 
 8.128 
 
 8.138 
 
 8.149 
 
 8.160 
 
 8.170 
 
 8.181 
 
 8.192 
 
 8.202 
 
 8.213 
 
 .77 
 
 8.224 
 
 8.234 
 
 8.245 
 
 8.256 
 
 8.266 
 
 8.277 
 
 8.288 
 
 8.298 
 
 8.309 
 
 8.320 
 
 .78 
 
 8.331 
 
 8.341 
 
 8.352 
 
 8.363 
 
 8.373 
 
 8.384 
 
 8.395 
 
 8.405 
 
 8.416 
 
 8.427 
 
 79 
 
 8.437 
 
 8.448 
 
 8.459 
 
 8.469 
 
 8.480 
 
 8.491 
 
 8.501 
 
 8.512 
 
 8.523 
 
 8.533 
 
 .80 
 
 8.544 
 
 8,555 
 
 8.565 
 
 8.576 
 
 8-587 
 
 8.598 
 
 8.608 
 
 8.619 
 
 8.630 
 
 8.640 
 
 .81 
 
 8.651 
 
 8.662 
 
 8.672 
 
 8.683 
 
 8.694 
 
 8.704 
 
 8.715 
 
 8.726 
 
 8.736 
 
 8.747 
 
 .82 
 
 8.758 
 
 8.768 
 
 8.779 
 
 8.790 
 
 8.800 
 
 8.811 
 
 8.822 
 
 8.832 
 
 8.843 
 
 8.854 
 
 .83 
 
 8.865 
 
 8.875 
 
 8.886 
 
 8.897 
 
 8.907 
 
 8.918 
 
 8.929 
 
 8.939 
 
 8.950 
 
 8.961 
 
 .84 
 
 8.971 
 
 8.982 
 
 8.993 
 
 9.003 
 
 9-014 
 
 9.025 
 
 9-035 
 
 9.046 
 
 9.057 
 
 9.067 
 
 .85 
 
 9.078 
 
 9.089 
 
 9.099 
 
 9.110 
 
 9.121 
 
 9.132 
 
 9.142 
 
 9.153 
 
 9.164 
 
 9-174 
 
 .86 
 
 9.185 
 
 9.196 
 
 9.206 
 
 9.217 
 
 9.228 
 
 9.238 
 
 9-249 
 
 9.260 
 
 9.270 
 
 9.281 
 
 .87 
 
 9.292 
 
 9-302 
 
 9.313 
 
 9-324 
 
 9-334 
 
 9-345 
 
 9.356 
 
 9-366 
 
 9-377 
 
 9-388 
 
 .88 
 
 9-399 
 
 9.409 
 
 9.420 
 
 9-431 
 
 9-441 
 
 9.452 
 
 9.463 
 
 9-473 
 
 9.484 
 
 9-495 
 
 .89 
 
 9.505 
 
 9.5i6 
 
 9.527 
 
 9-537 
 
 9.548 
 
 9-559 
 
 9.569 
 
 9.58o 
 
 9-591 
 
 9.601 
 
 .00 
 
 9.612 
 
 9.623 
 
 9.634 
 
 9.644 
 
 9.655 
 
 9.666 
 
 9.676 
 
 9-687 
 
 9.698 
 
 9.708 
 
 .91 
 
 9.719 
 
 9-730 
 
 9-740 
 
 9-751 
 
 9.762 
 
 9.772 
 
 9.783 
 
 9-794 
 
 9.804 
 
 9.815 
 
 .92 
 
 9.826 
 
 9.836 
 
 9.847 
 
 9-858 
 
 9.868 
 
 9.879 
 
 9.890 
 
 9.901 
 
 9.911 
 
 9.922 
 
 93 
 
 9-933 
 
 9-943 
 
 9-954 
 
 9-965 
 
 9-975 
 
 9.986 
 
 9-997 
 
 10.007 
 
 10.018 
 
 0.029 
 
 .94 
 
 10.039 
 
 10.050 
 
 10.061 
 
 10.071 
 
 10.082 
 
 10.093 
 
 10.103 
 
 10.114 
 
 10.125 
 
 0.135 
 
 .95 
 
 0.146 
 
 10.157 
 
 10.168 
 
 10.178 
 
 10.189 
 
 IO.2OO 
 
 10.210 
 
 10.221 
 
 10.232 
 
 0.242 
 
 .96 
 
 0.253 
 
 10.264 
 
 10.274 
 
 10.285 
 
 10.296 
 
 I0.3O6 
 
 10.317 
 
 10.328 
 
 10.338 
 
 0.349 
 
 97 
 
 0.360 
 
 10.370 
 
 10.381 
 
 10.392 
 
 10.402 
 
 10.413 
 
 10.424 
 
 10.435 
 
 10.445 
 
 0.456 
 
 .98 
 
 0.467 
 
 10.477 
 
 10.488 
 
 10.499 
 
 10.509 
 
 10.520 
 
 10.531 
 
 10.541 
 
 10.552 
 
 10.563 
 
 .99 
 
 0.573 
 
 10.584 
 
 10.595 
 
 10.605 
 
 10.616 
 
 IO.627 
 
 10.637 
 
 10.648 
 
 10.659 
 
 10.669 
 
 1. 00 
 
 0.6802 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 379 
 
 WEIGHT IN POUNDS PER LINEAL FOOT FOR 
 PIPE AND TUBING 
 
 Table II was calculated for steel pipe or tubes on the basis of one 
 cubic inch of steel = .2853 pound. To convert these weights to weights 
 for other materials, see weight factors, page 423. This table was calcu- 
 lated on an eight-slot Burkhardt machine by means of the formula: 
 
 W = 10.680158 (D - /, 
 
 where W = weight of steel tube in pounds per foot; 
 D = outside diameter of tube in inches; 
 / = thickness in inches. 
 
 Table I may be used to interpolate for the weights of tubes varying 
 by even 32nds or 64ths of an inch where the wall remains the same as in 
 Table II. Table I was calculated by the formula: 
 
 D = 10.680158/5, 
 
 where D difference in weight per foot; 
 / = thickness of wall in inches; 
 a = difference in outside diameters in inches. 
 
 Use of Table I. Example. Find weight per foot of tube iHta 
 inch outside diameter X %2 inch wall. The next size, given in Table 
 II, smaller than i 41 /&4 inch is i% inch. Difference between i 41 ?^ inch 
 and i% inch is VG& inch. 
 
 Weight per foot, from Table II, of tube i% inch outside diameter 
 X %2 inch wall = i . 533 pounds 
 
 Difference in weight per foot, from Table I, 
 for %2 inch wall and for difference, in out- 
 side diameter, of %4 inch = .016 
 
 Weight per foot of tube iHta inch outside 
 
 diameter X %2 inch wall = i . 549 pounds 
 
380 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table I. Difference in Weight per Foot for Difference in Outside Diameter 
 
 of "a", the Wall Remaining the Same for Steel Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Difference in outside diameter, "a" 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 1/64 
 
 1/32 
 
 %4 
 
 Vl6 
 
 %4 
 
 %2 
 
 m 
 
 24 
 
 
 .0037 
 
 .0073 
 
 .OIIO 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 .0042 
 
 .0083 
 
 .OI25 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 .0047 
 
 .0093 
 
 .0140 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 .0053 
 
 .0107 
 
 .Ol6o 
 
 
 
 
 
 2O 
 
 
 .0058 
 
 .0117 
 
 .0175 
 
 .0234 
 
 .O292 
 
 .0350 
 
 .0409 
 
 19 
 
 
 .0070 
 
 .0140 
 
 .0210 
 
 .0280 
 
 .0350 
 
 .0421 
 
 .0491 
 
 18 
 
 
 .0082 
 
 .0164 
 
 .0245 
 
 .0327 
 
 .0409 
 
 .0491 
 
 .0572 
 
 17 
 
 
 .0097 
 
 .0194 
 
 .0290 
 
 .0387 
 
 .0484 
 
 .0581 
 
 .0678 
 
 
 Vi 6 
 
 .0104 
 
 .0209 
 
 .0313 
 
 .0417 
 
 .0521 
 
 .0626 
 
 .0730 
 
 16 
 
 
 .0108 
 
 .0217 
 
 .0325 
 
 0434 
 
 .0542 
 
 .0651 
 
 .0759 
 
 IS 
 
 
 .0120 
 
 .0240 
 
 .0360 
 
 .0481 
 
 .0601 
 
 .0721 
 
 .0841 
 
 14 
 
 
 .0139 
 
 .0277 
 
 .0416 
 
 .0554 
 
 .0693 
 
 .0831 
 
 .0970 
 
 
 "' 8 /3 2 ' 
 
 .0156 
 
 .0313 
 
 .0469 
 
 .0626 
 
 .0782 
 
 .0939 
 
 .1095 
 
 13 
 
 
 0159 
 
 .0317 
 
 .0476 
 
 .0634 
 
 .0793 
 
 .0951 
 
 .IIIO 
 
 12 
 
 
 .0182 
 
 .0364 
 
 .0546 
 
 .0728 
 
 .0909 
 
 .1091 
 
 .1273 
 
 II 
 
 
 .O2OO 
 
 .0401 
 
 .0601 
 
 .0801 
 
 .IOOI 
 
 .1202 
 
 .1402 
 
 
 Vs 
 
 .0209 
 
 .0417 
 
 .0626 
 
 .0834 
 
 .1043 
 
 .1252 
 
 .1460 
 
 IO 
 
 
 .O224 
 
 .0447 
 
 .0671 
 
 .0894 
 
 .1118 
 
 .1342 
 
 .1565 
 
 9 
 
 
 .O247 
 
 .0494 
 
 .0741 
 
 .0988 
 
 .1235 
 
 .1482 
 
 .1729 
 
 
 %2 
 
 .026l 
 
 .0521 
 
 .0782 
 
 .1043 
 
 .1304 
 
 .1464 
 
 .1825 
 
 8 
 
 
 .0275 
 
 .0551 
 
 .0826 
 
 .IIOI 
 
 -1377 
 
 . 1652 
 
 .1927 
 
 7 
 
 
 .0300 
 
 .0601 
 
 .0901 
 
 . 1202 
 
 .1502 
 
 .1802 
 
 .2103 
 
 
 '" 8 /16* 
 
 .0313 
 
 .0626 
 
 .0939 
 
 .1252 
 
 .1564 
 
 .1877 
 
 .2190 
 
 6 
 
 
 .O339 
 
 .0678 
 
 .1016 
 
 .1355 
 
 .1694 
 
 .2033 
 
 .2371 
 
 
 T/82 
 
 .0365 
 
 .0730 
 
 .1095 
 
 .1460 
 
 .1825 
 
 .2190 
 
 .2555 
 
 5 
 
 
 .0367 
 
 .0734 
 
 .IIOI 
 
 .1469 
 
 .1836 
 
 .2203 
 
 .2570 
 
 4 
 
 
 .O397 
 
 .0794 
 
 .1192 
 
 .1589 
 
 .1986 
 
 .2383 
 
 .2780 
 
 
 % 
 
 .0417 
 
 .0834 
 
 .1252 
 
 .1669 
 
 .2086 
 
 .2503 
 
 .2920 
 
 3 
 
 
 .O432 
 
 .0864 
 
 .1297 
 
 .1729 
 
 .2161 
 
 .2593 
 
 .3025 
 
 
 %2 
 
 .0469 
 
 .0939 
 
 .1408 
 
 .1877 
 
 .2347 
 
 .2816 
 
 .3285 
 
 2 
 
 
 .O474 
 
 .0948 
 
 .1422 
 
 .1896 
 
 .2370 
 
 .2844 
 
 .3318 
 
 I 
 
 
 .O5OI 
 
 .IOOI 
 
 .1502 
 
 .2OO3 
 
 .2503 
 
 .3004 
 
 .3504 
 
 
 5 /ie 
 
 .0521 
 
 .1043 
 
 .1564 
 
 .2086 
 
 .2607 
 
 .3129 
 
 .3650 
 
 
 *%a 
 
 .0574 
 
 .1147 
 
 .1721 
 
 .2295 
 
 .2868 
 
 .3442 
 
 .4015 
 
 
 % 
 
 .0626 
 
 .1252 
 
 .1877 
 
 .2503 
 
 .3129 
 
 .3755 
 
 .4381 
 
 
 7 /l6 
 
 .0730 
 
 .1460 
 
 .2190 
 
 .2920 
 
 .3650 
 
 .4381 
 
 .5in 
 
 
 % 
 
 .0834 
 
 .1669 
 
 .2503 
 
 .3338 
 
 .4172 
 
 .5006 
 
 .5841 
 
 
 9 /ie 
 
 .0939 
 
 .1877 
 
 .2816 
 
 .3755 
 
 .4693 
 
 .5632 
 
 .6571 
 
 
 % 
 
 .1043 
 
 .2086 
 
 .3129 
 
 .4172 
 
 .5215 
 
 .6258 
 
 .7301 
 
 
 !%6 
 
 .1147 
 
 .2295 
 
 .3442 
 
 .4589 
 
 .5736 
 
 .6884 
 
 .8031 
 
 
 % 
 
 .1252 
 
 .2503 
 
 .3755 
 
 .5006 
 
 .6258 
 
 .7509 
 
 .8761 
 
 
 18 /16 
 
 .1356 
 
 .2712 
 
 .4068 
 
 .5424 
 
 .6779 
 
 .8135 
 
 .9491 
 
 
 % 
 
 .1460 
 
 .2920 
 
 .4381 
 
 .5841 
 
 .7301 
 
 .8761 
 
 .022 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 .1564 
 
 .3129 
 
 .4693 
 
 .6258 
 
 .7822 
 
 .9387 
 
 .095 
 
 
 I 
 
 .1669 
 
 .3338 
 
 .5006 
 
 .6675 
 
 .8344 
 
 1. 001 
 
 .168 
 
 
 11/16 
 
 .1773 
 
 .3546 
 
 .5319 
 
 .7092 
 
 .8865 
 
 1.064 
 
 .241 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 .1877 
 
 .3755 
 
 .5632 
 
 .7509 
 
 .9387 
 
 1.126 
 
 .314 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 .1982 
 
 .3963 
 
 5945 
 
 .7927 
 
 .9908 
 
 1.189 
 
 .387 
 
 
 l"U 
 
 .2086 
 
 .4172 
 
 .6258 
 
 .8344 
 
 1.043 
 
 1.252 
 
 .460 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 .2190 
 
 .4381 
 
 .6571 
 
 .8761 
 
 1-095 
 
 1.314 
 
 .533 
 
 
 1% 
 
 .2295 
 
 .4589 
 
 .6884 
 
 .9178 
 
 1. 147 
 
 1.377 
 
 .606 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 .2399 
 
 .4798 
 
 .7197 
 
 .9595 
 
 1. 199 
 
 1.439 
 
 .679 
 
 
 m 
 
 .2503 
 
 .5006 
 
 .7509 
 
 1. 001 
 
 1.252 
 
 1.502 
 
 1.752 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 381 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 W6 
 
 Vs 
 
 8 /16 
 
 % 
 
 5 /4e 
 
 % 
 
 7 /16 
 
 y 2 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 21 
 
 20 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 IS 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 
 .0095 
 
 .0242 
 ,0267 
 .0290 
 .0318 
 
 .0336 
 .0372 
 
 .0389 
 
 .0434 
 .0477 
 .0531 
 
 .0570 
 .0653 
 .0725 
 .0802 
 
 .0834 
 
 .0536 
 
 .0601 
 .0664 
 0745 
 
 .0804 
 .0933 
 .1052 
 .1189 
 
 .1252 
 .1284 
 .1369 
 .1480 
 
 .0683 
 .0768 
 .0851 
 .0959 
 
 .1037 
 .1213 
 .1379 
 .1577 
 
 .1669 
 .1718 
 .1849 
 .2034 
 
 .2190 
 .2207 
 
 .0829 
 .0935 
 .1038 
 .1172 
 
 .1271 
 .1494 
 .1706 
 .1964 
 
 .2086 
 .2152 
 .2330 
 .2588 
 
 .2816 
 .2841 
 .3097 
 .3268 
 
 .3338 
 
 .0976 
 .1101 
 .1225 
 .1386 
 
 .1505 
 
 -1774 
 
 .2033 
 .2351 
 
 .2503 
 .2586 
 .2811 
 .3142 
 
 3442 
 .3475 
 .3824 
 .4069 
 
 .4172 
 .4344 
 .4576 
 
 .1123 
 .1268 
 .1411 
 
 .1599 
 
 .1738 
 .2054 
 .2360 
 .2738 
 
 .2920 
 .3020 
 .3291 
 .3697 
 
 .4068 
 .4109 
 4552 
 .4870 
 
 .5006 
 .5238 
 .5564 
 .5736 
 
 .5903 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 We 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 %2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 %2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
382 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 9 /16 
 
 % 
 
 m Q 
 
 3 /4 
 
 13 /16 
 
 7 /8 
 
 15 /16 
 
 I 
 
 24 
 23 
 
 22 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 .1270 
 .1435 
 .1598 
 .1813 
 
 .1972 
 .2335 
 .2687 
 3125 
 
 .3338 
 .3454 
 3772 
 .4251 
 
 .4693 
 4743 
 .5279 
 .5671 
 
 .5841 
 .6132 
 .6552 
 .6779 
 
 7005 
 .7353 
 .7509 
 
 .1417 
 .1602 
 .1785 
 .2027 
 
 .2205 
 .2615 
 3014 
 3512 
 
 .3755 
 .3888 
 .4252 
 .4805 
 
 .5319 
 5377 
 .6007 
 .6472 
 
 .6675 
 
 .7027 
 7540 
 .7822 
 
 .8106 
 .8555 
 .8761 
 9149 
 
 .1564 
 .1769 
 .1972 
 .2240 
 
 .2439 
 
 .2895 
 .3341 
 .3899 
 
 .4172 
 4321 
 4733 
 5359 
 
 5945 
 .6012 
 .6735 
 .7273 
 
 7509 
 7921 
 .8528 
 .8865 
 
 .9208 
 9756 
 
 1. 001 
 
 1.050 
 
 1.095 
 1.098 
 
 .1711 
 .1936 
 
 .2159 
 .2454 
 
 .2673 
 .3176 
 .3669 
 .4287 
 
 .4589 
 4755 
 .5214 
 .5913 
 
 .6571 
 .6646 
 .7462 
 .8074 
 
 .8344 
 .8816 
 .9516 
 .9908 
 
 1.031 
 1.096 
 1.126 
 1.186 
 
 1.241 
 1. 245 
 1.301 
 1.335 
 
 .1857 
 
 .2103 
 
 .2346 
 .2667 
 
 .2906 
 .3456 
 .3996 
 .4674 
 
 .5006 
 
 .5189 
 .5694 
 
 .6467 
 
 .7197 
 .7280 
 .8190 
 
 .8875 
 
 .9178 
 .9710 
 1.050 
 1.095 
 
 1.141 
 1. 216 
 1.252 
 1.321 
 
 1.387 
 1.392 
 1.460 
 1.502 
 
 I.53I 
 
 .2O04 
 .2270 
 
 .2533 
 .2881 
 
 .3140 
 3737 
 .4323 
 .5061 
 
 .5424 
 .5623 
 .6175 
 .7021 
 
 .7822 
 .7914 
 .8917 
 .9676 
 
 .001 
 .060 
 .149 
 .199 
 
 .251 
 .336 
 .377 
 457 
 
 533 
 .539 
 .619 
 .669 
 
 .704 
 .784 
 793 
 
 .2151 
 
 .2436 
 .2720 
 .3095 
 
 .3374 
 .4017 
 .4650 
 5448 
 
 .5841 
 .6057 
 .6655 
 7575 
 
 .8448 
 .8548 
 .9645 
 1.048 
 
 .085 
 .150 
 .248 
 304 
 
 .361 
 .456 
 .502 
 592 
 
 .679 
 .686 
 .778 
 .836 
 
 -877 
 .971 
 .982 
 .043 
 
 2.086 
 
 .2298 
 .2603 
 .2907 
 .3308 
 
 .3607 
 
 .4297 
 4977 
 .5835 
 
 .6258 
 .6491 
 .7136 
 .8129 
 
 .9074 
 .9182 
 037 
 .128 
 
 .168 
 .239 
 
 347 
 .408 
 
 471 
 .576 
 .627 
 .728 
 
 .825 
 .833 
 .937 
 .003 
 
 2.050 
 2.159 
 2.172 
 2.243 
 
 2.295 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vie 
 
 
 
 %2 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 %2 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 %2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 %2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 /16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 383 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 itte 
 
 iVs 
 
 I%6 
 
 $A 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 i% 
 
 i%e 
 
 W 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 ii 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 .3841 
 .4578 
 .5304 
 .6222 
 
 .6675 
 .6925 
 .7617 
 .8683 
 
 .9700 
 .9816 
 
 I. IIO 
 
 1.208 
 
 1.252 
 1.329 
 1.446 
 1.512 
 
 1.582 
 1.697 
 1.752 
 1.863 
 
 1.971 
 1.980 
 2.096 
 2.169 
 
 2.223 
 2.347 
 2.361 
 2.443 
 
 2.503 
 2.639 
 
 .4074 
 .4858 
 .5631 
 .6610 
 
 .7092 
 .7359 
 .8097 
 .9237 
 
 1.033 
 
 1.045 
 1.183 
 1.288 
 
 1.335 
 1.418 
 1-544 
 1.617 
 
 1.692 
 1.817 
 1.877 
 1-999 
 
 2. 117 
 2.126 
 2.255 
 2.336 
 
 2.395 
 2.534 
 2.551 
 2.643 
 
 2.712 
 2.868 
 3.004 
 
 .4308 
 .5138 
 5958 
 .6997 
 
 .7509 
 7793 
 .8578 
 .9791 
 
 .095 
 .108 
 .256 
 .368 
 
 .418 
 .508 
 .643 
 .721 
 
 .802 
 937 
 2.003 
 2.134 
 
 2.263 
 2.273 
 2.414 
 2.503 
 
 2.568 
 2.722 
 
 2.740 
 2.844 
 
 2.920 
 3.098 
 3-254 
 
 .4542 
 .5419 
 .6285 
 .7384 
 
 .7927 
 .8226 
 .9058 
 1.034 
 
 1.158 
 1.172 
 1.328 
 1.448 
 
 1.502 
 
 1-597 
 1.742 
 1.825 
 
 1.912 
 2.057 
 2.128 
 2.270 
 
 2.409 
 2.420 
 2.572 
 2.670 
 
 2.741 
 2.910 
 2.930 
 3-044 
 
 3.129 
 3.327 
 3.504 
 
 .4775 
 .5699 
 .6612 
 7771 
 
 .8344 
 .8660 
 9539 
 1.090 
 
 .220 
 .235 
 
 .401 
 .528 
 
 .585 
 .687 
 .841 
 930 
 
 2. 022 
 
 2.177 
 
 2.253 
 
 2.405 
 
 2.555 
 2.567 
 2.731 
 2.837 
 
 2.914 
 3.098 
 3.120 
 3-244 
 
 3.338 
 3-557 
 3.755 
 4.088 
 
 .5009 
 5979 
 .6939 
 .8158 
 
 .8761 
 .9094 
 
 1.002 
 
 1. 145 
 
 1.283 
 1.299 
 1.474 
 1. 608 
 
 1.669 
 1.776 
 1-939 
 2.034 
 
 2.132 
 2.297 
 2.378 
 2.541 
 
 2.701 
 
 2.714 
 2.890 
 3.004 
 
 3.o87 
 3.285 
 3.309 
 3-444 
 
 3.546 
 3-786 
 4.005 
 4.381 
 
 .5243 
 .6260 
 .7266 
 .8545 
 
 .9178 
 .9528 
 1.050 
 
 1. 201 
 
 1-345 
 1.362 
 1.547 
 1.689 
 
 1.752 
 1.865 
 2.038 
 2.138 
 
 2.242 
 2.417 
 2.503 
 2.676 
 
 2.847 
 2.861 
 3-049 
 3.I7I 
 
 3.260 
 3-473 
 3-499 
 3.645 
 
 3-755 
 4.015 
 4-255 
 4.673 
 
 .5476 
 .6540 
 7594 
 .8932 
 
 .9595 
 .9962 
 .098 
 .256 
 
 .408 
 .426 
 .619 
 .769 
 
 .836 
 955 
 2.137 
 2.242 
 
 2-353 
 2.538 
 2.628 
 2.812 
 
 2.993 
 3.008 
 3.208 
 3-338 
 
 3-433 
 3.66i 
 3.688 
 3.845 
 
 3.963 
 
 4-245 
 4.506 
 4.965 
 
 5-340 
 
 
 
 }46 
 
 
 %2 
 
 Vs 
 
 "% 2 " 
 
 
 3 /16 
 
 7 /32 
 
 "ii"' 
 
 "% 2 " 
 
 
 5 /16 
 H32 
 % 
 Tfy 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
384 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 I 9 /16 
 
 1% 
 
 HVlG 
 
 1% 
 
 I 18 /io 
 
 1% 
 
 I 15 /16 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 IO 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 .5710 
 .6820 
 .7921 
 9320 
 
 .001 
 .040 
 .146 
 .312 
 
 471 
 .489 
 .692 
 .849 
 
 919 
 .044 
 .236 
 347 
 
 .463 
 .658 
 753 
 2.947 
 
 3-139 
 3-154 
 3.367 
 3.504 
 
 3.606 
 3.849 
 3.878 
 4-045 
 
 4.172 
 4-474 
 4.756 
 5-257 
 
 5.674 
 
 5944 
 .7101 
 .8248 
 .9707 
 
 043 
 083 
 194 
 .367 
 
 .533 
 552 
 .765 
 .929 
 
 .003 
 134 
 335 
 451 
 
 573 
 778 
 .879 
 3-083 
 
 3.285 
 3-301 
 3.526 
 3-671 
 
 3-779 
 4.036 
 4-067 
 4.245 
 
 4.381 
 4.704 
 5.006 
 5-549 
 
 6.008 
 
 .6177 
 .7381 
 
 .8575 
 1.009 
 
 1.085 
 1.126 
 1.242 
 1.422 
 
 1-596 
 1.616 
 1-838 
 2.009 
 
 2.086 
 2.223 
 2.433 
 2.555 
 
 2.683 
 2.898 
 3-004 
 3.219 
 
 3-431 
 
 3.448 
 3-684 
 3.838 
 
 3-951 
 
 4.224 
 4-257 
 4.446 
 
 4.589 
 4-933 
 5-257 
 5.841 
 
 6.341 
 6.759 
 
 .6411 
 .7662 
 .8902 
 1.048 
 
 1.126 
 1.170 
 1.290 
 
 1.478 
 
 1.658 
 1.679 
 1.910 
 2.089 
 
 2.169 
 2.313 
 2.532 
 2.660 
 
 2.793 
 3.018 
 3-129 
 3-354 
 
 3-577 
 3-595 
 3.843 
 4.005 
 
 4-124 
 4.412 
 4-447 
 4.646 
 
 4.798 
 5.163 
 5-507 
 6.133 
 
 6.675 
 7-134 
 
 .6644 
 .7942 
 .9229 
 1.087 
 
 .168 
 .213 
 
 .338 
 
 533 
 
 .721 
 743 
 .983 
 2.169 
 
 2.253 
 2.402 
 2.631 
 2.764 
 
 2.903 
 
 3.138 
 
 3.254 
 3.490 
 
 3.723 
 
 3.742 
 4.002 
 4.172 
 
 4.297 
 
 4.600 
 
 4.636 
 4.846 
 
 5.006 
 5.392 
 5.757 
 6.425 
 
 7.009 
 7.509 
 
 .6878 
 
 .8222 
 .9556 
 1.126 
 
 .210 
 
 .257 
 .386 
 .589 
 
 .784 
 .806 
 .056 
 2.249 
 
 2.336 
 2.492 
 2.730 
 2.868 
 
 3-013 
 3.259 
 3-379 
 3.625 
 
 3.869 
 3-889 
 4.161 
 4.339 
 
 4-470 
 4.787 
 4.826 
 5.046 
 
 5-215 
 5.622 
 6.008 
 6.717 
 
 7-343 
 7-885 
 8.344 
 
 .7112 
 .8503 
 .9883 
 1.164 
 
 1.252 
 1.300 
 1.435 
 1.644 
 
 1.846 
 1.869 
 2.129 
 2.329 
 
 2.420 
 2.581 
 2.829 
 2.973 
 
 3-124 
 3-379 
 3.504 
 3.761 
 
 4.015 
 4-035 
 4.320 
 4.506 
 
 4.643 
 4-975 
 5.015 
 5-247 
 
 5.424 
 5.851 
 6.258 
 7.009 
 
 7.676 
 8.260 
 8.761 
 
 7345 
 .8783 
 
 I.O2I 
 1.203 
 
 1.293 
 
 1.343 
 1.483 
 1.699 
 
 1.909 
 1-933 
 
 2.201 
 
 2.409 
 
 2.503 
 2.671 
 2.927 
 3-077 
 
 3-234 
 3-499 
 3-630 
 3.896 
 
 4.162 
 4.182 
 4-479 
 4.673 
 
 4.816 
 5.163 
 5.205 
 
 5-447 
 
 5.632 
 6.081 
 6.508 
 7-301 
 
 8.010 
 8.636 
 9.178 
 9.637 
 
 
 Vie 
 
 %2 
 
 
 % 
 "% 2 " 
 
 " 8 ^ 6 " 
 
 %2 
 
 "ii"' 
 
 %2 
 
 
 %6 
 % 
 
 8, 
 
 1/2 
 9 /16 
 % 
 J %6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 385 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 2% 
 
 2V* 
 
 2% 
 
 2*/2 
 
 2% 
 
 2% 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 . 18 
 17 
 
 16 
 IS 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 .7813 
 
 9344 
 1. 086 
 1.280 
 
 1.377 
 1-430 
 1-579 
 1.810 
 
 2.034 
 
 2.060 
 2.347 
 2-570 
 
 2.670 
 2.849 
 3-125 
 3.285 
 
 3-454 
 3-739 
 3-88o 
 4.167 
 
 4-454 
 4.476 
 4-797 
 5.oo6 
 
 5.162 
 5-538 
 5.584 
 5.847 
 
 6.049 
 6.540 
 7.009 
 7-885 
 
 8.678 
 9.387 
 
 10.01 
 
 10.55 
 
 .8280 
 .9904 
 .152 
 .358 
 
 .460 
 .517 
 .675 
 .921 
 
 2.159 
 2.186 
 2.492 
 2.730 
 
 2.837 
 3-028 
 3 323 
 3-494 
 
 3.674 
 3-979 
 4-130 
 4.438 
 
 4.746 
 4-770 
 5.H4 
 5-340 
 
 5.507 
 5.914 
 5.963 
 6.248 
 
 6.467 
 6.998 
 7.509 
 8.469 
 
 9-345 
 10.14 
 10.85 
 11.47 
 
 12. 02 
 
 .8747 
 
 .047 
 .217 
 435 
 
 544 
 .604 
 771 
 .032 
 
 2.284 
 2.313 
 2.638 
 2.890 
 
 3.004 
 3.207 
 3-520 
 3-703 
 
 3.895 
 4.220 
 4.381 
 4.709 
 
 5.038 
 5.063 
 5-432 
 5.674 
 
 5.853 
 6.289 
 6.342 
 6.648 
 
 6.884 
 7-457 
 8.010 
 9-053 
 
 10.01 
 
 10.89 
 11.68 
 12.39 
 
 13.02 
 13.56 
 
 -9214 
 I.I03 
 1.283 
 I.5I3 
 
 1.627 
 1.690 
 1.867 
 2.143 
 
 2.409 
 2.440 
 2.783 
 3.050 
 
 3-I7I 
 3.386 
 3-718 
 3-9II 
 
 4-II5 
 4.460 
 4.631 
 4.980 
 
 5-330 
 
 5-357 
 5-750 
 6.008 
 
 6-199 
 6.665 
 6.721 
 7.049 
 
 7-301 
 7.916 
 8.511 
 9.637 
 
 10.68 
 11.64 
 12.52 
 I3-3I 
 
 14.02 
 14.64 
 
 .9682 
 
 -159 
 -348 
 590 
 
 .710 
 
 777 
 .963 
 2.253 
 
 2.534 
 2.567 
 2.929 
 3.210 
 
 3-338 
 3.565 
 3.915 
 4.120 
 
 4-335 
 4-700 
 4.881 
 5.251 
 
 5.622 
 5.651 
 6.067 
 6.341 
 
 6-545 
 7.040 
 7.101 
 7-449 
 
 7.718 
 8.375 
 9.011 
 10.22 
 
 H.35 
 12.39 
 13-35 
 14-23 
 
 15.02 
 15-73 
 16.35 
 
 1. 015 
 
 1. 215 
 
 1.414 
 
 1.668 
 
 1-794 
 1.864 
 2.059 
 2.364 
 
 2.660 
 2.694 
 3-074 
 3-371 
 
 3.504 
 3-744 
 4-II3 
 4.328 
 
 4-555 
 4-941 
 5-I3I 
 5-522 
 
 5.914 
 
 5-945 
 6-385 
 6.675 
 
 6.891 
 7.416 
 7.48o 
 7.850 
 
 8.135 
 8.834 
 9-512 
 10.81 
 
 12.02 
 13.14 
 I4.I8 
 15.14 
 
 16.02 
 16.81 
 17.52 
 18.15 
 
 I.O62 
 I.27I 
 
 1.479 
 1-745 
 
 1.877 
 I-95I 
 2.155 
 2.475 
 
 2.785 
 2.821 
 
 3-220 
 
 3.531 
 
 3.671 
 3.923 
 4.310 
 
 4-537 
 
 4.776 
 5.181 
 5.382 
 5-793 
 
 6.206 
 6.238 
 6.703 
 7.009 
 
 7.236 
 7-791 
 7-859 
 8.250 
 
 8.552 
 9-293 
 
 10.01 
 
 H.39 
 
 12.68 
 13-89 
 15.02 
 16.06 
 
 17.02 
 17-90 
 18.69 
 19.40 
 
 1.108 
 1.327 
 1-544 
 1.822 
 
 1.961 
 2.038 
 2.252 
 2.586 
 
 2.910 
 2-947 
 3.366 
 3-691 
 
 3.838 
 
 4-102 
 
 4.508 
 4.746 
 
 4.996 
 5.421 
 5.632 
 
 6.064 
 
 6.498 
 
 6.532 
 
 7.021 
 
 7.343 
 
 7.582 
 8.167 
 8.238 
 8.651 
 
 8.970 
 9.752 
 
 10.51 
 11.97 
 
 13-35 
 14-64 
 15.85 
 16.98 
 
 18.02 
 18.98 
 19.86 
 20.65 
 
 21.36 
 
 
 
 Vie 
 
 
 %2 
 
 % 
 "% 2 " 
 
 "%e" 
 
 % 
 
 "ii"' 
 "% 3 " 
 
 
 5 /16 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 7 /i6 
 
 4 
 
 9 /16 
 
 % 
 
 Hie 
 
 S /4 
 13 /16 
 
 7 /8 
 
 15 /4e 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
386 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 3Vs 
 
 3*4 
 
 3% 
 
 3V2 
 
 3% 
 
 3 3 /4 
 
 3% 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 "'Vie' 
 
 1.610 
 1.900 
 2.044 
 2.124 
 
 2.348 
 2.697 
 3-035 
 3-074 
 
 3-Sii 
 3.851 
 
 4.005 
 4.281 
 
 4.706 
 4-954 
 5.216 
 5.662 
 
 5-882 
 6.335 
 6.790 
 6.826 
 
 7.338 
 7.676 
 7.928 
 8.542 
 
 8.617 
 9-061 
 9.387 
 
 10.21 
 II. 01 
 
 12.56 
 14.02 
 15.39 
 
 16.69 
 17.90 
 
 19.02 
 20.07 
 
 21.03 
 21.90 
 22.70 
 23.40 
 
 1.675 
 1.977 
 2.128 
 
 2. 211 
 
 2.444 
 2.807 
 3.160 
 3-201 
 
 3.657 
 4. oil 
 4.172 
 4-459 
 
 4.903 
 5.163 
 5.436 
 5-902 
 
 6.133 
 6.606 
 7.082 
 7.119 
 
 7.656 
 8.010 
 8.274 
 8.918 
 
 8.996 
 9-452 
 9.804 
 10.67 
 
 ii.Si 
 13.14 
 14.69 
 16.15 
 
 17.52 
 18.82 
 20.03 
 21.15 
 
 22.19 
 23.15 
 24.03 
 24.82 
 
 I.74I 
 2.055 
 
 2. 211 
 2.298 
 
 2.540 
 2.918 
 3.285 
 3.328 
 
 3.802 
 4.172 
 
 4-339 
 4-638 
 
 5.101 
 S.37I 
 5.657 
 6.142 
 
 6.383 
 6.877 
 7-374 
 7-413 
 
 7-974 
 8.344 
 8.619 
 9-293 
 
 9.376 
 9.852 
 
 IO.22 
 II. 13 
 
 12.02 
 13-73 
 15-35 
 16.90 
 
 18.36 
 19-73 
 21.03 
 22.24 
 
 23.36 
 24.41 
 25-37 
 26.24 
 
 27.03 
 
 1. 806 
 
 2.132 
 
 2.295 
 
 2.385 
 
 2.636 
 3.029 
 3.411 
 
 3.455 
 
 3.948 
 4.332 
 4.506 
 4.817 
 
 5.298 
 5.580 
 5.877 
 6.382 
 
 6.633 
 
 7.148 
 
 7.666 
 7.707 
 
 8.292 
 8.678 
 8.965 
 9.668 
 
 9-755 
 10.25 
 10.64 
 11-59 
 
 12.52 
 I4-3I 
 16.02 
 17.65 
 
 19.19 
 20.65 
 22.03 
 23.32 
 
 24-53 
 25.66 
 26.70 
 27.66 
 
 28.54 
 29-33 
 
 1.871 
 
 2.2IO 
 2.378 
 2.471 
 
 2.732 
 3.140 
 3.536 
 3.582 
 
 4-093 
 4-492 
 4.673 
 4.996 
 
 5.496 
 5.789 
 
 6.097 
 6.623 
 
 6.884 
 7-419 
 7.958 
 8.001 
 
 8.609 
 9.011 
 9-3II 
 10.04 
 
 10.13 
 10.65 
 II. 06 
 12.05 
 
 13.02 
 
 14.89 
 16.69 
 18.40 
 
 20.03 
 21.57 
 23.03 
 24.41 
 
 25.70 
 26.91 
 28.04 
 29.08 
 
 30.04 
 30.91 
 
 1.937 
 2.287 
 2.461 
 2.558 
 
 2.828 
 3-251 
 3.66i 
 3.708 
 
 4-239 
 4.652 
 4.839 
 5-175 
 
 5.694 
 5-997 
 6.318 
 6.863 
 
 7-134 
 7.690 
 8.250 
 8.294 
 
 8.927 
 9-345 
 9.657 
 10.42 
 
 10.51 
 11.05 
 n.47 
 12.51 
 
 13.52 
 15.48 
 17.36 
 19 15 
 
 20.86 
 22.49 
 24.03 
 25-49 
 
 26.87 
 28.16 
 29-37 
 30.50 
 
 31-54 
 32.50 
 33.38 
 
 2.002 
 2.364 
 
 2.545 
 2.645 
 
 2.924 
 3.36i 
 3-786 
 3.835 
 
 4.384 
 4.812 
 5.oo6 
 5-354 
 
 5.891 
 6.206 
 6.538 
 7-103 
 
 7.384 
 7.96i 
 8.542 
 8.588 
 
 9-245 
 9.679 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 10.79 
 
 10.89 
 11.45 
 11.89 
 12.96 
 
 14.02 
 16.06 
 18.02 
 19.90 
 
 21.69 
 23.40 
 25.03 
 26.58 
 
 28.04 
 29.41 
 30.71 
 31.92 
 
 33-04 
 34.o8 
 35-04 
 35-92 
 
 2.068 
 2.442 
 2.628 
 2.732 
 
 3.O2I 
 3-472 
 3-9II 
 3.962 
 
 4-530 
 4-973 
 5-173 
 5-533 
 
 6.089 
 6.414 
 6.758 
 
 7-344 
 
 7.635 
 8.232 
 8.834 
 8.882 
 
 9.563 
 
 10.01 
 
 10.35 
 11.17 
 
 11.27 
 11.85 
 12.31 
 13.42 
 
 14.52 
 16.65 
 18.69 
 20.65 
 
 22.53 
 
 24.32 
 26.03 
 27.66 
 
 29.20 
 30.66 
 32.04 
 33-33 
 
 34-54 
 35.67 
 36.71 
 37-67 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 
 '"%" 
 
 '"%2 
 /16 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 V4 
 
 %2 
 
 
 5 /16 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 %e 
 
 V 2 
 
 9 /16 
 
 % 
 H/16 
 8 /4 
 13 /16 
 
 % 
 15 /16 
 
 lVl6 
 
 iVs 
 
 I%6 
 1% 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 387 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 4Vs 
 
 4% 
 
 4% 
 
 M 
 
 4% 
 
 4 3 /4 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 '"iie' 
 
 2.133 
 2.519 
 2.712 
 
 2.818 
 
 3-H7 
 3.583 
 4-036 
 4.089 
 
 4-675 
 5-133 
 5-340 
 5-712 
 6.286 
 6.623 
 6.978 
 7.584 
 7-885 
 8.503 
 9.126 
 9-175 
 9.880 
 10.35 
 10.69 
 11-55 
 11.65 
 12.26 
 12.72 
 13-88 
 15.02 
 17.23 
 19.36 
 21.40 
 23.36 
 25-24 
 27.03 
 28.74 
 30.37 
 31.92 
 33-38 
 34-75 
 36.05 
 37-26 
 38.38 
 39-42 
 40.38 
 
 2.199 
 2.597 
 2.795 
 2.905 
 3-213 
 3.694 
 4.162 
 4.216 
 4.821 
 5-293 
 5.507 
 5.891 
 6.484 
 6.832 
 7.199 
 7.824 
 
 8.135 
 
 8.774 
 9.418 
 9.469 
 
 O.2O 
 
 0.68 
 1.04 
 1.92 
 2.03 
 2.66 
 3-14 
 14-34 
 15-52 
 17.81 
 20.03 
 
 22.15 
 24.20 
 26.16 
 28.04 
 29.83 
 31.54 
 33-17 
 34.71 
 36.17 
 
 37-55 
 38.84 
 40.05 
 41.18 
 
 42.22 
 43-18 
 
 2.264 
 2.674 
 2.879 
 2.992 
 
 3.309 
 3.805 
 4.287 
 4-343 
 4-966 
 5-453 
 5-674 
 6.069 
 
 6.681 
 7-040 
 7.419 
 8.065 
 8.386 
 9-045 
 9.710 
 9.763 
 10.52 
 
 II. OI 
 
 H-39 
 12.30 
 
 12.41 
 13-06 
 13-56 
 14-80 
 16.02 
 18.40 
 20.69 
 22.90 
 
 25.03 
 
 27.08 
 29.04 
 30.91 
 
 32.71 
 34.42 
 36.05 
 37.59 
 39.05 
 
 40.43 
 41.72 
 42.93 
 44.06 
 45.10 
 
 2.329 
 2.752 
 2.962 
 3-079 
 3-405 
 3.915 
 4.412 
 4.469 
 
 5- H2 
 
 5.613 
 5.841 
 6.248 
 
 6.879 
 7.249 
 7.639 
 8.305 
 8.636 
 9.316 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 10. 06 
 
 10.83 
 
 11.35 
 H.73 
 12.67 
 
 12.79 
 13-46 
 13.98 
 15.26 
 16.52 
 18.98 
 21.36 
 23.65 
 25-87 
 27.99 
 30.04 
 32.00 
 
 33-88 
 35.67 
 37.38 
 39-01 
 
 40.55 
 42.01 
 43-39 
 44.68 
 
 45.89 
 47-02 
 48.06 
 
 2.395 
 2.829 
 3.046 
 3.166 
 
 3-501 
 4.026 
 4-537 
 4-596 
 
 5-257 
 5-774 
 6.008 
 6.427 
 7-077 
 7-457 
 7.860 
 8-545 
 8.886 
 9.587 
 10.29 
 10.35 
 
 II. 15 
 11.68 
 12.08 
 13.05 
 
 13.17 
 13.86 
 14-39 
 15-72 
 17.02 
 19-57 
 22.03 
 24.41 
 26.70 
 28.91 
 31.04 
 33.o8 
 
 35.04 
 36.92 
 38.72 
 40.43 
 42.05 
 43.6o 
 45.o6 
 46.43 
 47-73 
 48.94 
 50.06 
 
 2.460 
 2.906 
 3-129 
 3-252 
 
 3-597 
 4-137 
 4.662 
 4-723 
 5.403 
 5-934 
 6.174 
 6.606 
 
 7-274 
 7.666 
 8.080 
 8.785 
 
 9-137 
 9-858 
 10.59 
 10.64 
 
 II.47 
 
 12.02 
 
 12.42 
 
 13.42 
 
 13.55 
 14.26 
 14.81 
 
 16.18 
 
 17.52 
 20.15 
 22.70 
 25.16 
 
 27-53 
 29-83 
 32.04 
 34-17 
 36.21 
 38.17 
 40.05 
 41.84 
 43.56 
 45.18 
 46.73 
 48.19 
 49.56 
 50.86 
 52.07 
 
 2.526 
 2.984 
 
 3-212 
 3-339 
 
 3.693 
 4.248 
 4.787 
 4.850 
 
 5.548 
 6.094 
 6.341 
 6.785 
 7.472 
 7.875 
 8.300 
 9.026 
 
 9.387 
 10.13 
 
 10.88 
 10.94 
 
 11.79 
 12.35 
 12.77 
 13-80 
 
 13-93 
 14.66 
 15.23 
 16.64 
 
 18.02 
 20.73 
 23-36 
 25.91 
 28.37 
 30.75 
 33-04 
 35-25 
 37-38 
 39-42 
 41-39 
 43-26 
 
 45-o6 
 46.77 
 48.39 
 49-94 
 51-40 
 52.77 
 54-07 
 
 2.591 
 3.061 
 3.296 
 3.426 
 
 3.789 
 4-359 
 4.912 
 4.977 
 
 5.694 
 6.254 
 6.508 
 6.964 
 
 7.669 
 8.083 
 8.520 
 9.266 
 
 9.637 
 10.40 
 11. 17 
 11.23 
 
 12. IO 
 
 12.68 
 
 13.11 
 14.17 
 
 14.30 
 15.06 
 15.64 
 17.09 
 
 18.52 
 21.32 
 24.03 
 26.66 
 
 29.20 
 31.66 
 34-04 
 36.34 
 
 38.55 
 40.68 
 
 42.72 
 44.68 
 
 46.56 
 48.35 
 50.06 
 51-69 
 53.23 
 54.69 
 56.07 
 
 
 %2 
 
 :::..:: 
 
 '"%2 
 
 8 /16 
 "' 7 /3 2 ' 
 
 -%, 
 
 7 /16 
 9 /i6 
 
 3 /f 
 
 7 /8 
 15 /16 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
388 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table H. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 SVs 
 
 5V4 
 
 5% 
 
 5V 2 
 
 5% 
 
 5 3 /4 
 
 5% 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 5.839 
 6.415 
 6.675 
 7.143 
 
 7.867 
 8.292 
 8.741 
 9.506 
 
 9-887 
 10.67 
 11.46 
 11.52 
 
 12.42 
 13.02 
 13.46 
 14.55 
 
 14.68 
 15.46 
 16.06 
 17-55 
 
 19.02 
 21.90 
 
 24.70 
 27.41 
 
 30.04 
 32.58 
 35-04 
 37.42 
 
 39-72 
 41.93 
 44-06 
 46.10 
 
 48.06 
 49-94 
 51.73 
 53-44 
 
 55-07 
 56.61 
 58.07 
 
 5.985 
 
 6.575 
 6.842 
 7-322 
 
 8.065 
 8.500 
 8.961 
 9-747 
 
 10.14 
 10.94 
 H.75 
 
 6.130 
 6.735 
 7.009 
 7-501 
 
 8.262 
 8.709 
 9.181 
 9.987 
 
 10.39 
 
 II. 21 
 
 12.05 
 
 6.276 
 6.895 
 7.176 
 7.680 
 
 8.460 
 8.918 
 9.401 
 10.23 
 
 10.64 
 11.48 
 12.34 
 
 6.421 
 7-055 
 7-343 
 7.858 
 
 8.657 
 9.126 
 9.622 
 10.47 
 
 10.89 
 11.76 
 12.63 
 
 6.567 
 
 7.216 
 7.509 
 
 8.037 
 
 8.855 
 9-335 
 9.842 
 10.71 
 
 11.14 
 12.03 
 12.92 
 
 6.712 
 
 7.376 
 7.676 
 8.216 
 
 9-052 
 9-543 
 10. 06 
 10.95 
 
 H.39 
 12.30 
 13.21 
 13.29 
 
 14-33 
 15.02 
 15-53 
 16.80 
 
 16.96 
 17.86 
 18.57 
 20.31 
 
 22.03 
 25.41 
 28.70 
 31.92 
 
 35-04 
 38.09 
 41-05 
 43-93 
 
 46.73 
 49-44 
 52.07 
 54.6i 
 
 57-07 
 59.45 
 6i.74 
 63.96 
 
 66.08 
 68.13 
 70.09 
 
 6.858 
 7.536 
 7.843 
 8.395 
 
 9.250 
 9-752 
 10.28 
 11.19 
 
 11.64 
 12.57 
 I3-5I 
 13.58 
 
 14.65 
 15-35 
 15-88 
 17.18 
 
 17-34 
 18.26 
 18.98 
 20.77 
 
 22.53 
 25-99 
 29.37 
 32.67 
 
 35-88 
 39-01 
 42.05 
 45-02 
 
 47.89 
 50.69 
 53-40 
 56.03 
 
 58.57 
 61.04 
 63.41 
 65.71 
 
 67.92 
 70.05 
 72.09 
 
 % 
 
 %2 
 
 
 S /i6 
 
 %2 
 
 12.74 
 13-35 
 13.81 
 14-93 
 
 15.06 
 15-86 
 16.48 
 18.01 
 
 19.52 
 22.49 
 
 25.37 
 28.16 
 
 30.87 
 33.50 
 36.05 
 38.51 
 
 40.88 
 43-18 
 45-39 
 47.52 
 
 49.56 
 51.52 
 53-40 
 55-19 
 
 56.91 
 58.53 
 60.08 
 
 13.06 
 13-68 
 I4-I5 
 15.30 
 
 15-44 
 16.26 
 16.90 
 18.47 
 
 20.03 
 
 23.07 
 26.03 
 28.91 
 
 31.71 
 34.42 
 37.05 
 39.59 
 
 42.05 
 44.43 
 46.73 
 48.94 
 
 51.06 
 53.ii 
 55-07 
 56.95 
 
 58.74 
 60.45 
 62.08 
 
 13.38 
 14.02 
 14.50 
 15-68 
 
 15-82 
 16.66 
 17.31 
 18.93 
 
 20.53 
 23.65 
 26.70 
 29.66 
 
 32.54 
 35-34 
 38.05 
 40.68 
 
 43-22 
 
 45-68 
 48.06 
 50.36 
 
 52.57 
 54.69 
 56.74 
 58.70 
 
 60.58 
 62.37 
 64.08 
 
 13.69 
 14-35 
 14.84 
 16.05 
 
 16.20 
 17.06 
 17-73 
 19.39 
 
 21.03 
 24.24 
 27-37 
 30.41 
 
 33.38 
 36.25 
 39-05 
 41.76 
 
 44.39 
 46.93 
 49-40 
 51.77 
 
 54.07 
 56.28 
 58.41 
 6o.45 
 
 62.41 
 64.29 
 66.08 
 
 14.01 
 14.69 
 15.19 
 16.43 
 
 16.58 
 17.46 
 18.15 
 19.85 
 
 21.53 
 
 24.82 
 28.04 
 31.16 
 
 34.21 
 37-17 
 40.05 
 42.85 
 
 45.56 
 48.19 
 50.73 
 53-19 
 
 55-57 
 57-86 
 60.08 
 62.20 
 
 64.25 
 66.21 
 68.09 
 
 % 
 
 "'%i' 
 '"&' 
 
 H'32 
 
 % 
 %6 
 
 % 
 
 *%6 
 
 % 
 
 *%6 
 
 % 
 
 15 /ie 
 ^ie 
 
 i% 
 
 I 3 /16 
 1% 
 I 5 /16 
 
 1% 
 I 7 /16 
 
 i% 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 389 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 61/8 
 
 6H 
 
 6% 
 
 6V 2 
 
 6% 
 
 6% 
 
 6% 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 6 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 7.003 
 7.696 
 8.010 
 8.574 
 
 9.448 
 9.960 
 10.50 
 n.43 
 
 11.89 
 12.84 
 13.80 
 13.87 
 
 14.96 
 15.69 
 16.23 
 17-55 
 
 17.72 
 18.66 
 19.40 
 
 21.22 
 
 23.03 
 26.58 
 30.04 
 33-42 
 
 36.71 
 39-93 
 43-05 
 46.10 
 
 49-06 
 51-94 
 54-74 
 57-45 
 
 60.08 
 62.62 
 65.08 
 67.46 
 
 69.75 
 71-97 
 74-09 
 
 7-149 
 7-856 
 8.177 
 8.753 
 
 9.645 
 10.17 
 10.72 
 11.67 
 
 12.14 
 13- II 
 14.09 
 14.17 
 
 15.28 
 16.02 
 16.57 
 17-93 
 
 18.10 
 19.06 
 19.82 
 21.68 
 
 23-53 
 27.16 
 30.71 
 34-17 
 
 37-55 
 
 40.84 
 44.06 
 47.18 
 
 50.23 
 53-19 
 56.07 
 58.87 
 
 61.58 
 64.21 
 66.75 
 69.21 
 
 71-59 
 73.89 
 76.10 
 
 7-294 
 8.017 
 
 8-344 
 8.932 
 
 9.843 
 10.38 
 10.94 
 11.91 
 
 12.39 
 13.38 
 14.38 
 14.46 
 
 I5.6o 
 16.35 
 16.92 
 18.30 
 
 18.48 
 19.46 
 20.23 
 22.14 
 
 24.03 
 
 27-74 
 31-37 
 34-92 
 
 38.38 
 41.76 
 45-o6 
 48.27 
 
 51-40 
 54-44 
 57-41 
 60.28 
 
 63.08 
 65.79 
 68.42 
 70.96 
 
 73-43 
 
 75-80 
 78.10 
 
 7.440 
 8.177 
 8.511 
 9.111 
 
 10.04 
 10.59 
 ii. 16 
 12.15 
 
 12.64 
 13.65 
 14.67 
 14.76 
 
 15.92 
 16.69 
 17.26 
 18.68 
 
 18.85 
 19-87 
 20.65 
 22.60 
 
 24-53 
 28.33 
 32.04 
 35.67 
 
 39-22 
 42.68 
 46.06 
 49.35 
 
 52.57 
 55-70 
 58.74 
 61.70 
 
 64.58 
 67.38 
 70.09 
 72.72 
 
 75.26 
 
 77-72 
 80.10 
 
 7-586 
 8.337 
 8.678 
 9.290 
 
 10.24 
 10.79 
 11.38 
 12.39 
 
 12.89 
 13.92 
 14-97 
 15-05 
 
 16.23 
 17.02 
 17.61 
 19.06 
 
 19.23 
 20.27 
 21.07 
 23.06 
 
 25.03 
 28.91 
 32.71 
 36.42 
 
 40.05 
 43-6o 
 47.06 
 50.44 
 
 53-73 
 56.95 
 60.08 
 63.12 
 
 66.08 
 68.96 
 71.76 
 
 74-47 
 
 77.10 
 79.64 
 82.10 
 
 7-731 
 8.497 
 8.845 
 9.468 
 
 10.44 
 
 II. OO 
 
 ii. 60 
 12.63 
 
 13.14 
 14.19 
 15.26 
 15-34 
 
 16.55 
 17.36 
 17 .-96 
 19-43 
 
 19.61 
 20.67 
 21.49 
 23.52 
 
 25-53 
 29.50 
 33.38 
 37.17 
 
 40.88 
 44-51 
 48.06 
 51.52 
 
 54-90 
 58.20 
 61.41 
 64.54 
 
 67.59 
 70.55 
 73-43 
 76.22 
 
 78.93 
 81.56 
 84.11 
 
 7.877 
 8.657 
 9. on 
 9.647 
 
 10.63 
 
 II. 21 
 11.82 
 12.87 
 
 13-39 
 
 14-47 
 
 15-55 
 15-64 
 
 16.87 
 17-69 
 18.30 
 19.81 
 
 19-99 
 21.07 
 21.90 
 23-98 
 
 26.03 
 30.08 
 34-04 
 37-92 
 
 41.72 
 45-43 
 49-06 
 52.61 
 
 56.07 
 59-45 
 62.75 
 65.96 
 
 69.09 
 72.13 
 75-09 
 77-97 
 
 8o.77 
 83.48 
 86.11 
 
 8.022 
 
 8.818 
 9.178 
 9.826 
 
 10.83 
 11.42 
 12.04 
 13.11 
 
 13-64 
 14-74 
 15.84 
 15-93 
 
 17.19 
 18.02 
 18.65 
 20.18 
 
 20.37 
 21.47 
 22.32 
 24.44 
 
 26.53 
 30.66 
 34-71 
 38.67 
 
 42.55 
 46.35 
 50.06 
 53.69 
 
 57-24 
 60.70 
 64.08 
 67.38 
 
 70-59 
 73.72 
 76.76 
 79-73 
 
 82.60 
 85.40 
 88.11 
 
 % 
 
 
 %2 
 
 
 3Ae 
 
 %2 
 
 
 V4 
 
 %2 
 
 5 Ae 
 
 7 /?6 
 
 9 Ae 
 
 18 A6 
 
 15 Ae 
 iMe 
 
 I%6 
 
 
390 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 7% 
 
 7% 
 
 7% 
 
 7V2 
 
 7% 
 
 7 3 /4 
 
 7 7 /8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 
 10.01 
 
 10.18 
 
 10.36 
 
 10.54 
 
 10.72 
 
 10.90 
 
 11.08 
 
 11.26 
 
 9 
 
 
 11.03 
 
 11.23 
 
 11.42 
 
 11.62 
 
 11.82 
 
 12.02 
 
 12.21 
 
 12.41 
 
 
 %2 
 
 11.63 
 
 11.84 
 
 12.05 
 
 12.26 
 
 12.46 
 
 12.67 
 
 12.88 
 
 13.09 
 
 8 
 
 
 12.27 
 
 12.49 
 
 12.71 
 
 12.93 
 
 13.15 
 
 13-37 
 
 13-59 
 
 13.81 
 
 7 
 
 
 13.35 
 
 13-59 
 
 13.83 
 
 14.07 
 
 I4-3I 
 
 14-55 
 
 14.79 
 
 15.03 
 
 
 "' S A'Q' 
 
 13.89 
 
 14.14 
 
 14-39 
 
 14.64 
 
 14.89 
 
 15.14 
 
 15-39 
 
 15.64 
 
 6 
 
 
 15.01 
 
 15.28 
 
 15-55 
 
 15-82 
 
 16.09 
 
 16.36 
 
 16.63 
 
 16.90 
 
 
 "'% 2 ' 
 
 16.13 
 
 16.43 
 
 16.72 
 
 17.01 
 
 17.30 
 
 17.60 
 
 17-89 
 
 18.18 
 
 5 
 
 
 16.22 
 
 16.52 
 
 16.81 
 
 17.11 
 
 17.40 
 
 17.69 
 
 17.99 
 
 18.28 
 
 4 
 
 
 17 51 
 
 17.82 
 
 18.14 
 
 18.46 
 
 18.78 
 
 19.09 
 
 19.41 
 
 19-73 
 
 
 V* 
 
 18.36 
 
 18.69 
 
 19.02 
 
 19.36 
 
 19.69 
 
 2O.03 
 
 20.36 
 
 20.69 
 
 3 
 
 
 18.99 
 
 19.34 
 
 19.68 
 
 20.03 
 
 20.38 
 
 2O.72 
 
 21.07 
 
 21.41 
 
 
 %2 
 
 20.56 
 
 20.93 
 
 21.31 
 
 21.68 
 
 22.06 
 
 22.43 
 
 22.81 
 
 23.19 
 
 2 
 
 
 20.75 
 
 21.13 
 
 21.51 
 
 21.89 
 
 22.27 
 
 22.65 
 
 23.02 
 
 23.40 
 
 I 
 
 
 21.87 
 
 22.27 
 
 22.67 
 
 23.07 
 
 23.47 
 
 23.87 
 
 24.27 
 
 24.67 
 
 
 5 /16 
 
 22.74 
 
 23.15 
 
 23-57 
 
 23-99 
 
 24.41 
 
 24.82 
 
 25.24 
 
 25.66 
 
 
 Hb 
 
 24.90 
 
 25-35 
 
 25.81 
 
 26.27 
 
 26.73 
 
 27.19 
 
 27.65 
 
 28.11 
 
 
 % 
 
 27.03 
 
 27-53 
 
 28.04 
 
 28.54 
 
 29.04 
 
 29.54 
 
 30.04 
 
 30.54 
 
 
 7 /ie 
 
 31.25 
 
 31-83 
 
 32.42 
 
 33-00 
 
 33.58 
 
 34.17 
 
 34-75 
 
 35-34 
 
 
 % 
 
 35.38 
 
 36.05 
 
 36.71 
 
 37-38 
 
 38.05 
 
 38.72 
 
 39.38 
 
 40.05 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 39-42 
 
 40.18 
 
 40.93 
 
 41.68 
 
 42.43 
 
 43.18 
 
 43-93 
 
 44-68 
 
 
 % 
 
 43-39 
 
 44.22 
 
 45.06 
 
 45.89 
 
 46.73 
 
 47.56 
 
 48.39 
 
 49-23 
 
 
 Hie 
 
 47.27 
 
 48.19 
 
 49.10 
 
 50.02 
 
 50.94 
 
 51 86 
 
 52.77 
 
 53.69 
 
 
 % 
 
 5l.o6 
 
 52.07 
 
 53-07 
 
 54-07 
 
 55-07 
 
 56.07 
 
 57-07 
 
 58.07 
 
 
 1 3 /16 
 
 54.78 
 
 55-86 
 
 56.95 
 
 58.03 
 
 59-12 
 
 60.20 
 
 61.29 
 
 62.37 
 
 
 % 
 
 58.41 
 
 59.58 
 
 60.74 
 
 61.91 
 
 63.08 
 
 64.25 
 
 65.42 
 
 66.58 
 
 
 15 /ie 
 
 61.95 
 
 63.20 
 
 64.46 
 
 65.71 
 
 66.96 
 
 68.21 
 
 69.46 
 
 70.71 
 
 
 i 
 
 65.42 
 
 66.75 
 
 68.09 
 
 69.42 
 
 70.76 
 
 72.09 
 
 73-43 
 
 74.76 
 
 
 lVl6 
 
 68.80 
 
 70.21 
 
 71.63 
 
 73-05 
 
 74-47 
 
 75.89 
 
 77.31 
 
 78.72 
 
 
 i% 
 
 72.09 
 
 73-59 
 
 75-09 
 
 76.60 
 
 78.10 
 
 79.6o 
 
 81.10 
 
 82.60 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 75-30 
 
 76.89 
 
 78.47 
 
 80.06 
 
 81.64 
 
 83.23 
 
 84.82 
 
 86.40 
 
 
 m 
 
 78.43 
 
 80.10 
 
 81.77 
 
 83.44 
 
 85.11 
 
 86.78 
 
 88.45 
 
 90.11 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 81.48 
 
 83.23 
 
 84.98 
 
 86.73 
 
 88.49 
 
 90.24 
 
 91.99 
 
 93-74 
 
 
 ' 1% 
 
 84.44 
 
 86.28 
 
 88.11 
 
 89.95 
 
 91.78 
 
 93.62 
 
 95-45 
 
 97-29 
 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 87.32 
 
 89.24 
 
 91.16 
 
 93.o8 
 
 95-00 
 
 96.91 
 
 98.83 
 
 100.8 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 90.11 
 
 92.12 
 
 94.12 
 
 96.12 
 
 98.12 
 
 100. 1 
 
 102. 1 
 
 104.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 391 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 81/8 
 
 w 
 
 8% 
 
 8% 
 
 8% 
 
 83/4 
 
 8% 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 11.44 
 
 11.62 
 
 11.79 
 
 H.97 
 
 12.15 
 
 12.33 
 
 12.51 
 
 12.69 
 
 9 
 
 
 12. 6l 
 
 12.81 
 
 13.00 
 
 13.20 
 
 13.40 
 
 I3.6o 
 
 13-79 
 
 13-99 
 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 13 30 
 
 13.51 
 
 13.72 
 
 13.92 
 
 14.13 
 
 14-34 
 
 14-55 
 
 14.76 
 
 8 
 
 
 14.03 
 
 14.25 
 
 14.47 
 
 14.69 
 
 14.91 
 
 15.13 
 
 15.35 
 
 15-57 
 
 7 
 
 
 15-27 
 
 15.51 
 
 15-75 
 
 15-99 
 
 16.23 
 
 16.48 
 
 16.72 
 
 16.96 
 
 
 "'%e' 
 
 15.90 
 
 16.15 
 
 16.40 
 
 16.65 
 
 16.90 
 
 I7-I5 
 
 17.40 
 
 17-65 
 
 6 
 
 
 17.18 
 
 17.45 
 
 17.72 
 
 17.99 
 
 18.26 
 
 18.53 
 
 18.80 
 
 19.07 
 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 18.47 
 
 18.76 
 
 19.06 
 
 19-35 
 
 19.64 
 
 19-93 
 
 20.22 
 
 20.52 
 
 5 
 
 
 18.57 
 
 18.87 
 
 19.16 
 
 19-45 
 
 19.75 
 
 20.04 
 
 20.34 
 
 20.63 
 
 4 
 
 
 20.05 
 
 20.37 
 
 20.68 
 
 21.00 
 
 21.32 
 
 21.6^ 
 
 21.95 
 
 22.27 
 
 
 '"%" 
 
 21.03 
 
 21.36 
 
 21.69 
 
 22.03 
 
 22.36 
 
 22.70 
 
 23.03 
 
 23.36 
 
 3 
 
 
 21.76 
 
 22. IO 
 
 22.45 
 
 22.8O 
 
 23.14 
 
 23.49 
 
 23.83 
 
 24.18 
 
 
 %2 
 
 23 56 
 
 23-94 
 
 24.31 
 
 24.69 
 
 25.06 
 
 25-44 
 
 25.81 
 
 26.19 
 
 2 
 
 
 23.78 
 
 24.16 
 
 24.54 
 
 24.92 
 
 25.30 
 
 25.68 
 
 26.06 
 
 26.44 
 
 I 
 
 
 25.07 
 
 25-47 
 
 25.87 
 
 7 y 
 26.27 
 
 26.67 
 
 27.07 
 
 27.47 
 
 27.88 
 
 
 '"%e" 
 
 26.07 
 
 26.49 
 
 26.91 
 
 27-33 
 
 27.74 
 
 28.16 
 
 28.58 
 
 29.00 
 
 
 i*ifo 
 
 28.57 
 
 29.03 
 
 29-49 
 
 29-94 
 
 30.40 
 
 30.86 
 
 31.32 
 
 31.78 
 
 
 % 
 
 31.04 
 
 31-54 
 
 32.04 
 
 32.54 
 
 33.04 
 
 33-54 
 
 34-04 
 
 34-54 
 
 
 & 
 
 35.92 
 
 36.50 
 
 37-09 
 
 37.67 
 
 38.26 
 
 38.84 
 
 39-42 
 
 40.01 
 
 
 V 2 
 
 40.72 
 
 41-39 
 
 42.05 
 
 42.72 
 
 43.39 
 
 44-06 
 
 44.72 
 
 45-39 
 
 
 %6 
 
 45.43 
 
 46.18 
 
 46.93 
 
 47-69 
 
 48.44 
 
 49-19 
 
 49-94 
 
 50.69 
 
 
 % 
 
 50.06 
 
 50.90 
 
 51-73 
 
 52-57 
 
 53.40 
 
 54-24 
 
 55-07 
 
 55-90 
 
 
 Hie 
 
 54.61 
 
 55-53 
 
 56.45 
 
 57.36 
 
 58.28 
 
 59-20 
 
 60.12 
 
 61.04 
 
 
 % 
 
 59.07 
 
 60.08 
 
 61.08 
 
 62.08 
 
 63.08 
 
 64.08 
 
 65.08 
 
 66.08 
 
 
 !%6 
 
 63.46 
 
 64.54 
 
 65.62 
 
 66.71 
 
 67.79 
 
 68.88 
 
 69.96 
 
 71.05 
 
 
 % 
 
 67 75 
 
 68.92 
 
 70.09 
 
 71.26 
 
 72.42 
 
 73-59 
 
 74.76 
 
 75-93 
 
 
 !%6 
 
 71.97 
 
 73-22 
 
 74-47 
 
 75-72 
 
 76.97 
 
 78.22 
 
 79.48 
 
 80.73 
 
 
 I 
 
 76.10 
 
 77.43 
 
 78.77 
 
 80.10 
 
 81.44 
 
 82.77 
 
 84.11 
 
 85-44 
 
 
 lVl6 
 
 80.14 
 
 81.56 
 
 82.98 
 
 84.40 
 
 85.82 
 
 87.24 
 
 88.65 
 
 90.07 
 
 
 i% 
 
 84.11 
 
 85.61 
 
 87.11 
 
 88.61 
 
 90.11 
 
 91.62 
 
 93-12 
 
 94.62 
 
 
 i%e 
 
 87.99 
 
 89.57 
 
 91.16 
 
 92.74 
 
 94.33 
 
 95.91 
 
 97-50 
 
 99.08 
 
 
 i% 
 
 91.78 
 
 93.45 
 
 35-12 
 
 96.79 
 
 98.46 
 
 100. 1 
 
 101. 8 
 
 103-5 
 
 
 i 5 /ie 
 
 95-50 
 
 97.25 
 
 99.00 
 
 100.8 
 
 102.5 
 
 104-3 
 
 106.0 
 
 107.8 
 
 
 i% 
 
 99-13 
 
 IOI O 
 
 102.8 
 
 104.6 
 
 106.5 
 
 108.3 
 
 no. i 
 
 112. 
 
 
 i%e 
 
 102.7 
 
 104.6 
 
 106.5 
 
 108.4 
 
 iio. 3 
 
 112. 3 
 
 114.2 
 
 116.1 
 
 I iy 2 
 
 106.1 
 
 108.1 
 
 IIO. I 
 
 112. 1 
 
 114. 1 
 
 116.1 
 
 118.1 
 
 120.2 
 
 
392 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 9 l /8 
 
 9V4 
 
 9% 
 
 9Va 
 
 9% 
 
 9% 
 
 9% 
 
 J!_ 
 
 10 
 
 
 12.87 
 
 13.05 
 
 13.23 
 
 13.40 
 
 13.58 
 
 13.76 
 
 13-94 
 
 14.12 
 
 9 
 
 
 14. 19 
 
 14 . 39 
 
 14.58 
 
 14.78 
 
 14.98 
 
 I5.I8 
 
 15.38 
 
 15.57 
 
 
 %2 
 
 14-97 
 
 I5.i8 
 
 15.38 
 
 15-59 
 
 15.80 
 
 16.01 
 
 16.22 
 
 16.43 
 
 8 
 
 
 15-79 
 
 16.01 
 
 16.23 
 
 16.45 
 
 16.67 
 
 16.89 
 
 17.11 
 
 17.33 
 
 7 
 
 
 17.20 
 
 17 44 
 
 17.68 
 
 17 92 
 
 18.16 
 
 18.40 
 
 18.64 
 
 18.88 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 17.90 
 
 18. 15 
 
 18.40 
 
 18.65 
 
 18.90 
 
 19.15 
 
 19.40 
 
 19.65 
 
 6 
 
 
 19.34 
 
 19.61 
 
 19.89 
 
 20 16 
 
 20.43 
 
 20.70 
 
 20.97 
 
 21.24 
 
 
 7 /82 
 
 20.81 
 
 21.10 
 
 21.39 
 
 21.68 
 
 21.98 
 
 22.27 
 
 22.56 
 
 22.85 
 
 5 
 
 
 20.92 
 
 21.22 
 
 21.51 
 
 21.80 
 
 22. IO 
 
 22.39 
 
 22.69 
 
 22.98 
 
 4 
 
 
 22 . 59 
 
 22.91 
 
 23.23 
 
 23.54 
 
 23.86 
 
 24.18 
 
 24.50 
 
 24.81 
 
 
 # 
 
 23.70 
 
 24.03 
 
 24.36 
 
 24.70 
 
 25.03 
 
 25-37 
 
 25.70 
 
 26.03 
 
 3 
 
 
 24.52 
 
 24.87 
 
 25.22 
 
 25.56 
 
 25.91 
 
 26.25 
 
 26.60 
 
 26.95 
 
 
 %2 
 
 26.56 
 
 26.94 
 
 27.32 
 
 27.69 
 
 28.07 
 
 28.44 
 
 28.82 
 
 29.19 
 
 2 
 
 
 26.82 
 
 27.2O 
 
 27.57 
 
 27.95 
 
 28.33 
 
 28.71 
 
 29.09 
 
 29.47 
 
 I 
 
 
 28.28 
 
 28.68 
 
 29.08 
 
 29 48 
 
 29.88 
 
 30.28 
 
 30.68 
 
 31.08 
 
 
 5 /16 
 
 29.41 
 
 29.83 
 
 30.25 
 
 30.66 
 
 31.08 
 
 3i.5o 
 
 31.92 
 
 32.33 
 
 
 !%a 
 
 32.24 
 
 32.70 
 
 33.16 
 
 33.62 
 
 34-07 
 
 34-53 
 
 34-99 
 
 35-45 
 
 
 % 
 
 35.04 
 
 35-54 
 
 36.05 
 
 36.55 
 
 37-05 
 
 37-55 
 
 38.05 
 
 38.55 
 
 
 %6 
 
 40.59 
 
 4I.I8 
 
 41.76 
 
 42.35 
 
 42.93 
 
 43-51 
 
 44.10 
 
 44-68 
 
 
 y 2 
 
 46.06 
 
 46.73 
 
 47-39 
 
 48.06 
 
 48.73 
 
 49-40 
 
 50.06 
 
 50.73 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 51.44 
 
 52.19 
 
 52.94 
 
 53.69 
 
 54-44 
 
 55.19 
 
 55-95 
 
 56.70 
 
 
 % 
 
 56.74 
 
 57-57 
 
 58.41 
 
 59.24 
 
 60.08 
 
 60.91 
 
 6i.74 
 
 62.58 
 
 
 iVie 
 
 61.95 
 
 62.87 
 
 63.79 
 
 64.71 
 
 65.62 
 
 66.54 
 
 67.46 
 
 68.38 
 
 
 % 
 
 67.08 
 
 68.09 
 
 69.09 
 
 70.09 
 
 71.09 
 
 72.09 
 
 73.09 
 
 74-09 
 
 
 l8 /le 
 
 72.13 
 
 73-22 
 
 74-30 
 
 75.39 
 
 76.47 
 
 77.56 
 
 78.64 
 
 79-73 
 
 
 7 /8 
 
 77.10 
 
 78.27 
 
 79-43 
 
 80.60 
 
 81.77 
 
 82.94 
 
 84.11 
 
 85.27 
 
 
 15 Ae 
 
 81.98 
 
 83.23 
 
 84.48 
 
 85-73 
 
 86.98 
 
 88.24 
 
 89-49 
 
 90.74 
 
 
 i 
 
 86.78 
 
 88.11 
 
 89.45 
 
 90.78 
 
 92.12 
 
 93.45 
 
 94-79 
 
 96.12 
 
 
 itte 
 
 91.49 
 
 92.91 
 
 94.33 
 
 95.75 
 
 97.16 
 
 98.58 
 
 IOO.O 
 
 101.4 
 
 
 i% 
 
 96.12 
 
 97.62 
 
 99-13 
 
 100.6 
 
 O2. 1 
 
 03.6 
 
 105.1 
 
 106.6 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 100.7 
 
 102.3 
 
 103.8 
 
 105-4 
 
 07.0 
 
 08.6 
 
 IIO. 2 
 
 in. 8 
 
 
 1% 
 
 105.1 
 
 106.8 
 
 108.5 
 
 IIO. I 
 
 II. 8 
 
 13-5 
 
 115- 1 
 
 116.8 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 109.5 
 
 HI. 3 
 
 II3-0 
 
 114.8 
 
 16.5 
 
 18.3 
 
 120.0 
 
 121. 8 
 
 
 1% 
 
 H3.8 
 
 115.6 
 
 II7-5 
 
 119.3 
 
 21.2 
 
 23.0 
 
 124.8 
 
 126.7 
 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 118.0 
 
 H9.9 
 
 121.9 
 
 123.8 
 
 125-7 
 
 127.6 
 
 129-5 
 
 I3i. 5 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 122.2 
 
 124.2 
 
 126.2 
 
 128.2 
 
 130.2 
 
 132.2 
 
 134-2 
 
 136.2 
 
 *. 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 393 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 *M 
 
 10% 
 
 10% 
 
 I0 y 2 
 
 10% 
 
 4* 
 
 10% 
 
 II 
 
 
 3 /16 
 
 19.90 
 
 20.15 
 
 20.40 
 
 20.65 
 
 20.90 
 
 21.15 
 
 21.40 
 
 21.65 
 
 6 
 
 
 21.51 
 
 21.78 
 
 22.O5 
 
 22.32 
 
 22.60 
 
 22.87 
 
 23.14 
 
 23.41 
 
 
 % 2 
 
 23.14 
 
 23-44 
 
 23-73 
 
 24.O2 
 
 24.31 
 
 24.60 
 
 24.90 
 
 25.19 
 
 5 
 
 
 23.27 
 
 23.57 
 
 23.86 
 
 24.15 
 
 24.45 
 
 24.74 
 
 25.04 
 
 25.33 
 
 4 
 
 
 25.13 
 
 25-45 
 
 25-77 
 
 26.08 
 
 26.40 
 
 26.72 
 
 27.04 
 
 27.36 
 
 
 V4 
 
 26.37 
 
 26.70 
 
 27.03 
 
 27-37 
 
 27.70 
 
 28.04 
 
 28.37 
 
 28.70 
 
 3 
 
 
 27.29 
 
 27.64 
 
 27.98 
 
 28.33 
 
 28.67 
 
 29.02 
 
 29-37 
 
 29.71 
 
 
 % 2 
 
 29-57 
 
 29-94 
 
 30.32 
 
 30.70 
 
 31-07 
 
 31.45 
 
 31.82 
 
 32.20 
 
 2 
 
 
 29-85 
 
 30.23 
 
 30.6l 
 
 30.99 
 
 31-37 
 
 31.75 
 
 32.12 
 
 32.50 
 
 I 
 
 
 31.48 
 
 31-88 
 
 32.28 
 
 32.68 
 
 33-oS 
 
 33.48 
 
 33.88 
 
 34-28 
 
 
 %6 
 
 32.75 
 
 33-17 
 
 33-58 
 
 34-00 
 
 34-42 
 
 34.84 
 
 35-25 
 
 35.67 
 
 
 1 V&2 
 
 35.91 
 
 36.37 
 
 36.83 
 
 37-29 
 
 37-75 
 
 38.20 
 
 38.66 
 
 39-12 
 
 
 % 
 
 39-05 
 
 39-55 
 
 40.05 
 
 40.55 
 
 41.05 
 
 41.55 
 
 42.05 
 
 42.55 
 
 
 T/IQ 
 
 45-27 
 
 45-85 
 
 46.43 
 
 47-02 
 
 47.6o 
 
 48.19 
 
 48.77 
 
 49-35 
 
 
 i& 
 
 51.40 
 
 52.07 
 
 52.73 
 
 53-40 
 
 54-07 
 
 54.74 
 
 55-40 
 
 56.07 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 57-45 
 
 58.20 
 
 58.95 
 
 59-70 
 
 6o.45 
 
 61.20 
 
 61.95 
 
 62.70 
 
 
 % 
 
 63.41 
 
 64-25 
 
 65.08 
 
 65.92 
 
 66.75 
 
 67.59 
 
 68.42 
 
 69.25 
 
 
 ll^g 
 
 69.30 
 
 70.21 
 
 71.13 
 
 72.05 
 
 72.97 
 
 73.88 
 
 74.8o 
 
 75-72 
 
 
 3 /4 
 
 75-09 
 
 76.10 
 
 77-10 
 
 78.10 
 
 79-10 
 
 80.10 
 
 81.10 
 
 82.10 
 
 
 13 /16 
 
 80.8l 
 
 81.90 
 
 82.98 
 
 84.06 
 
 85-15 
 
 86.23 
 
 87.32 
 
 88.40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 86.44 
 
 87.61 
 
 88.78 
 
 89.95 
 
 91.12 
 
 92.28 
 
 93-45 
 
 94.62 
 
 
 
 91.99 
 
 93-24 
 
 94-49 
 
 95-75 
 
 97.00 
 
 98.25 
 
 99-50 
 
 100.8 
 
 
 I 
 
 97.46 
 
 98.79 
 
 100. 1 
 
 101.5 
 
 102.8 
 
 104.1 
 
 105.5 
 
 106.8 
 
 1 *- '-: 
 
 itte 
 
 102.8 
 
 108 i 
 
 104-3 
 
 ioS-7 
 
 107.1 
 
 108.5 
 
 109.9 
 
 ill. 3 
 
 112. 8 
 
 118.6 
 
 
 I 3 /?6 
 
 II3-4 
 118.5 
 
 II4-9 
 
 I2O.2 
 
 116.5 
 121. 8 
 
 118.1 
 123.5 
 
 119.7 
 125.2 
 
 121. 3 
 
 126.8 
 
 122.9 
 128.5 
 
 124.4 
 130.2 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 123.5 
 
 125-3 
 
 127.0 
 
 128.8 
 
 130.5 
 
 132.3 
 
 134-0 
 
 135-8 
 
 
 1% 
 
 128.5 
 
 130.3 
 
 132.2 
 
 134.0 
 
 135.8 
 
 137-7 
 
 139-5 
 
 I4L3 
 
 
 !%6 
 
 133-4 
 
 135-3 
 
 137.2 
 
 139 I 
 
 141.1 
 
 143.0 
 
 144.9 
 
 146.8 
 
 
 iV 2 
 
 138.2 
 
 140.2 
 
 142.2 
 
 144.2 
 
 146.2 148.2 
 
 150.2 
 
 152.2 
 
 
394 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 11% 
 
 ni/4 
 
 11% 
 
 11% 
 
 11% 
 
 n% 
 
 11% 
 
 12 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 21.90 
 
 22.15 
 
 22.40 
 
 22.65 
 
 22.90 
 
 23 15 
 
 23.40 23.65 
 
 6 
 
 
 23.68 
 
 23 .95 
 
 24 22 
 
 24 . 40 
 
 24 . 76 
 
 
 
 
 %2 
 
 25.48 
 
 25.77 
 
 26^06 
 
 26^36 
 
 26^65 
 
 *J -^O 
 
 26.94 
 
 *5 .}* ^o-oo 
 27-23 27.52 
 
 5 
 
 
 25.62 
 
 25.92 
 
 26.21 
 
 26.50 
 
 26.80 
 
 27 .09 
 
 27 . 38 v f\R \ 
 
 4 
 
 
 27.67 
 
 27.99 
 
 28.31 
 
 28.63 
 
 28.94 
 
 20. 26 
 
 29.58 
 
 29.90 
 
 
 V4 
 
 29.04 
 
 29-37 
 
 29.70 
 
 30.04 
 
 30.37 
 
 30.71 
 
 31.04 
 
 31-37 
 
 3 
 
 
 30.06 
 
 30.40 
 
 30.75 
 
 31.09 
 
 31.44 
 
 31-79 
 
 32.13 
 
 32.48 
 
 
 '"%2 
 
 32.57 
 
 32.95 
 
 33-32 
 
 33.70 
 
 34.07 
 
 34-45 
 
 34.83 
 
 35-20 
 
 2 
 
 
 32.88 
 
 33.26 
 
 33.64 
 
 34.02 
 
 34.40 
 
 34.78 
 
 35.16 
 
 35.54 
 
 I 
 
 
 34-68 
 
 35.08 
 
 35,48 
 
 35.89 
 
 36.29 
 
 36.69 
 
 37-09 
 
 37-49 
 
 
 '"iie 
 
 36.09 
 
 36.50 
 
 36.92 
 
 37.34 
 
 37.76 
 
 38.17 
 
 38.59 
 
 39-01 
 
 
 ^32 
 
 39-58 
 
 40.04 
 
 40.50 
 
 40.96 
 
 41.42 
 
 41.88 
 
 42.33 
 
 42.79 
 
 
 % 
 
 43-05 
 
 43.56 
 
 44.06 
 
 44.56 
 
 45.06 
 
 45.56 
 
 46.06 
 
 46.56 
 
 
 7 Ae 
 
 49-94 
 
 50.52 
 
 51. ii 
 
 51.69 
 
 52.27 
 
 52.86 
 
 53-44 
 
 54-03 
 
 
 y 2 
 
 56.74 
 
 57.41 
 
 58.07 
 
 58.74 
 
 59.41 
 
 60.08 
 
 60.74 
 
 61.41 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 63.46 
 
 64.21 
 
 64.96 
 
 65.71 
 
 66.46 
 
 67.21 
 
 67.96 
 
 68.71 
 
 
 % 
 
 70.09 
 
 70.92 
 
 71.76 
 
 72.59 
 
 73.43 
 
 74.26 
 
 75-09 
 
 75-93 
 
 
 !%6 
 
 76.64 
 
 77-56 
 
 78.47 
 
 79.39 
 
 80.31 
 
 81.23 
 
 82.15 
 
 83-06 
 
 
 % 
 
 83.10 
 
 84.11 
 
 85.11 
 
 86.11 
 
 87.11 
 
 88.11 
 
 89.11 
 
 90.11 
 
 
 18 /ie 
 
 89.49 
 
 90.57 
 
 91.66 
 
 92.74 
 
 93.83 
 
 94.91 
 
 96.00 
 
 97.08 
 
 
 % 
 
 95-79 
 
 96.96 
 
 98.12 
 
 99-29 
 
 100.5 
 
 ior.6 
 
 102.8 
 
 104.0 
 
 
 5 /16 
 
 102.0 
 
 103.3 
 
 104-5 
 
 105.8 
 
 107.0 
 
 108.3 
 
 109.5 
 
 no. 8 
 
 
 
 I08.I 
 
 109.5 
 
 no. 8 
 
 112. 1 
 
 II3-5 
 
 114.8 
 
 116.1 
 
 H7.5 
 
 
 Vie 
 
 II4.2 
 
 115.6 
 
 117.0 
 
 118.4 
 
 119.9 
 
 121. 3 
 
 122.7 
 
 124.1 
 
 
 % 
 
 120.2 
 
 121. 7 
 
 123.2 
 
 124.7 
 
 126.2 
 
 127.7 
 
 129.2 
 
 130.7 
 
 
 %e 
 
 I26.O 
 
 127.6 
 
 129.2 
 
 130.8 
 
 132.4 
 
 134.0 
 
 135-5 
 
 I37-I 
 
 
 1/4 
 
 I3I.8 
 
 133.5 
 
 135.2 
 
 136.8 
 
 138.5 
 
 140.2 
 
 141.8 
 
 143.5 
 
 
 i 5 /ie 
 
 137-5 
 
 139.3 
 
 141.1 
 
 142.8 
 
 144.6 
 
 146.3 
 
 148.1 
 
 149.8 
 
 
 i% 
 
 143-2 
 
 145.0 
 
 146.9 
 
 148.7 
 
 150.5 
 
 152.4 
 
 154-2 
 
 156.0 
 
 
 i 7 /4e 
 
 148.7 
 
 150.6 
 
 152.6 
 
 154.5 
 
 156.4 
 
 158.3 
 
 160.2 
 
 162.2 
 
 
 1% 
 
 154-2 
 
 156.2 
 
 158.2 
 
 160.2 
 
 162.2 
 
 164.2 
 
 166.2 
 
 168.2 
 
 ' . ' 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 395 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter hi inches 
 
 B.W.G 
 
 Inches 
 
 12% 
 
 I2V4 
 
 12% 
 
 12% 
 
 12% 
 
 12% 
 
 12% 
 
 13 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 23.91 
 
 24.16 
 
 24.41 
 
 24.66 
 
 24.91 
 
 25.16 
 
 25.41 
 
 25.66 
 
 6 
 
 
 25.85 
 
 26. 12 
 
 26.39 
 
 26 66 
 
 26.93 
 
 27.2O 
 
 27.47 
 
 27.74 
 
 
 7 /82 
 
 27.82 
 
 28.11 
 
 28.40 
 
 28.69 
 
 28.98 
 
 29.28 
 
 29.57 
 
 29.86 
 
 5 
 
 
 27.97 
 
 28.27 
 
 28.56 
 
 28.85 
 
 29.15 
 
 29.44 
 
 29-73 
 
 30.03 
 
 4 
 
 
 30.22 
 
 30.53 
 
 30.85 
 
 31.17 
 
 31-49 
 
 31.80 
 
 32.12 
 
 32.44 
 
 
 '"U" 
 
 3i.7i 
 
 32.04 
 
 32.37 
 
 32.71 
 
 33-04 
 
 33.38 
 
 33-71 
 
 34-04 
 
 3 
 
 
 32.82 
 
 33-17 
 
 33.51 
 
 33.86 
 
 34-21 
 
 34-55 
 
 34-90 
 
 35.24 
 
 
 '"%2 
 
 35-58 
 
 35-95 
 
 36.33 
 
 36.70 
 
 37.08 
 
 37-45 
 
 37.83 
 
 38.20 
 
 2 
 
 
 35.92 
 
 36.29 
 
 36 67 
 
 37.O5 
 
 37-43 
 
 37.81 
 
 38.19 
 
 38.57 
 
 I 
 
 
 37.89 
 
 38^29 
 
 38.69 
 
 39-09 
 
 39-49 
 
 39-89 
 
 40.29 
 
 40.69 
 
 
 "'%e' 
 
 39-42 
 
 39.84 
 
 4O.26 
 
 40.68 
 
 41.09 
 
 4I.5I 
 
 41-93 
 
 42.35 
 
 
 !%2 
 
 43.25 
 
 43-71 
 
 44-17 
 
 44.63 
 
 45-09 
 
 45.55 
 
 46.01 
 
 46.46 
 
 
 % 
 
 47.o6 
 
 47.56 
 
 48.06 
 
 48.56 
 
 49-06 
 
 49.56 
 
 50.06 
 
 50.56 
 
 
 7 /16 
 
 54.6i 
 
 55-19 
 
 55.78 
 
 56.36 
 
 56.95 
 
 57-53 
 
 58.12 
 
 58.70 
 
 
 % 
 
 62.08 
 
 62.75 
 
 63.41 
 
 64.08 
 
 64.75 
 
 65.42 
 
 66.08 
 
 66.75 
 
 
 9 /i 
 
 69.46 
 
 70.21 
 
 70.96 
 
 71.72 
 
 72.47 
 
 73-22 
 
 73-97 
 
 74-73 
 
 
 % 
 
 76.76 
 
 77.6o 
 
 78.43 
 
 79-27 
 
 80.10 
 
 80.94 
 
 81.77 
 
 82.60 
 
 
 Hie 
 
 83.98 
 
 84.90 
 
 85.82 
 
 86.73 
 
 87.65 
 
 88.57 
 
 89.49 
 
 90.41 
 
 [ -' -&>*| 
 
 8 /4 
 
 91.12 
 
 92.12 
 
 93.12 
 
 94.12 
 
 95-12 
 
 96.12 
 
 97-12 
 
 98.12 
 
 
 18 /16 
 
 98.17 
 
 99-25 
 
 100.3 
 
 101.4 
 
 102.5 
 
 103.6 
 
 104.7 
 
 105.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 105.1 
 
 106.3 
 
 107.5 
 
 108.6 
 
 109.8 
 
 III.O 
 
 112. 1 
 
 II3-3 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 112. 
 
 H3.3 
 
 H4.5 
 
 115.8 
 
 117.0 
 
 118.3 
 
 II9-5 
 
 120.8 
 
 
 I 
 
 II8.8 
 
 I2O.2 
 
 121. 5 
 
 122.8 
 
 124.2 
 
 125-5 
 
 126.8 
 
 128.2 
 
 
 I Me 
 
 125-5 
 
 127.0 
 
 128.4 
 
 129.8 
 
 I3L2 
 
 132.6 
 
 134.0 
 
 135.5 
 
 
 i% 
 
 132.2 
 
 133-7 
 
 135.2 
 
 136.7 
 
 138.2 
 
 139-7 
 
 I4I.2 
 
 142.7 
 
 
 i s /ie 
 
 138.7 
 
 140.3 
 
 141.9 
 
 143-5 
 
 I45-I 
 
 146.6 
 
 148.2 
 
 149-8 
 
 
 1% 
 
 145.2 
 
 146.9 
 
 148.5 
 
 150.2 
 
 I5I.9 
 
 153.5 
 
 155-2 
 
 156.9 
 
 
 i 5 /ie 
 
 151. 6 
 
 153-3 
 
 155.1 
 
 156.8 
 
 158.6 
 
 160.3 
 
 I62.I 
 
 163.8 
 
 
 i% 
 
 157-9 
 
 159-7 
 
 161.5 
 
 163.4 
 
 165.2 
 
 167.0 
 
 168.9 
 
 170.7 
 
 
 I 7 /] 6 
 
 164.1 
 
 166.0 
 
 167.9 
 
 169.8 
 
 171.8 
 
 173-7 
 
 175.6 
 
 177-5 
 
 
 1% 
 
 170.2 
 
 172.2 
 
 174.2 
 
 176.2 
 
 178.2 
 
 180.2 
 
 182.2 
 
 184.2 
 
 
396 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 13 y 8 
 
 I3V4 
 
 13% 
 
 I3V2 
 
 13% 
 
 I3 3 /4 
 
 13% 
 
 14 
 
 
 91e 
 
 25.91 
 
 26.16 
 
 26.41 
 
 26.66 
 
 26.91 
 
 27.16 
 
 27.41 
 
 27.66 
 
 6 
 
 
 28.02 
 
 28.29 
 
 28.56 
 
 28.83 
 
 29. 10 
 
 29.37 
 
 29.64 
 
 29.91 
 
 
 %2 
 
 30.15 
 
 30.44 
 
 30-74 
 
 31.03 
 
 31.32 
 
 31.61 
 
 31.90 
 
 32.20 
 
 5 
 
 
 30.32 
 
 30.62 
 
 30.91 
 
 31.20 
 
 31.50 
 
 31.79 
 
 32.08 
 
 32.38 
 
 4 
 
 
 32 76 
 
 33.07 
 
 33-39 
 
 33.71 
 
 34.03 
 
 34 .'35 
 
 34.66 
 
 34-98 
 
 
 V4 
 
 34.38 
 
 34.71 
 
 35-04 
 
 35.38 
 
 35-71 
 
 36.05 
 
 36.38 
 
 36.71 
 
 3 
 
 
 35-59 
 
 35-94 
 
 36.28 
 
 36.63 
 
 36.97 
 
 37.32 
 
 37-66 
 
 38.01 
 
 
 %2 
 
 38.58 
 
 38.96 
 
 39-33 
 
 39.71 
 
 40.08 
 
 40.46 
 
 40.83 
 
 41.21 
 
 2 
 
 
 38.95 
 
 39.33 
 
 39.71 
 
 40.09 
 
 40.47 
 
 40.84 
 
 41.22 
 
 41.60 
 
 I 
 
 
 41.09 
 
 41.49 
 
 41.89 
 
 42.29 
 
 42.69 
 
 43.09 
 
 43-49 
 
 43.00 
 
 
 5 /i 
 
 42.76 
 
 43.18 
 
 43.6o 
 
 44-01 
 
 44-43 
 
 44.85 
 
 45-27 
 
 45-68 
 
 
 
 46.92 
 
 47.38 
 
 47.84 
 
 48.30 
 
 48.76 
 
 49-22 
 
 49-68 
 
 50.14 
 
 
 3/ 8 
 
 51.06 
 
 51-57 
 
 52.07 
 
 52.57 
 
 53-07 
 
 53.57 
 
 54.07 
 
 54-57 
 
 
 7 /ie 
 
 59-28 
 
 59-87 
 
 6o.45 
 
 61.04 
 
 61.62 
 
 62.20 
 
 62.79 
 
 63.37 
 
 
 
 67.42 
 
 68.09 
 
 68.75 
 
 69.42 
 
 70.09 
 
 70.76 
 
 71.42 
 
 72.09 
 
 
 lie 
 
 75-47 
 
 76.22 
 
 76.97 
 
 77-72 
 
 78.47 
 
 79-23 
 
 79.98 
 
 8o.73 
 
 
 % 
 
 83.44 
 
 84.27 
 
 85.11 
 
 85-94 
 
 86.78 
 
 87.61 
 
 88.45 
 
 89.28 
 
 
 l^Q 
 
 91.32 
 
 92.24 
 
 93.i6 
 
 94-08 
 
 94-99 
 
 95-91 
 
 96.83 
 
 97-75 
 
 
 % 
 
 99-13 
 
 100. 1 
 
 IOI.I 
 
 IO2.I 
 
 103.1 
 
 104.1 
 
 105.1 
 
 106.1 
 
 
 18 /le 
 
 106.8 
 
 107.9 
 
 IOO.O 
 
 IIO.I 
 
 III. 2 
 
 112. 3 
 
 113.4 
 
 II4-4 
 
 
 % 
 
 H4.5 
 
 115.6 
 
 116.8 
 
 118.0 
 
 119.2 
 
 120.3 
 
 121. 5 
 
 122.7 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 122,0 
 
 123-3 
 
 124.5 
 
 125.8 
 
 127.0 
 
 128.3 
 
 129-5 
 
 130.8 
 
 
 I 
 
 129.5 
 
 130.8 
 
 132.2 
 
 133-5 
 
 134.8 
 
 136.2 
 
 137-5 
 
 138.8 
 
 
 I%8 
 
 136.9 
 
 138.3 
 
 139.7 
 
 141.1 
 
 142.6 
 
 144.0 
 
 145-4 
 
 146.8 
 
 
 1% 
 
 144.2 
 
 145-7 
 
 147.2 
 
 148.7 
 
 150.2 
 
 151.7 
 
 153-2 
 
 154-7 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 I5I.4 
 
 153-0 
 
 154-6 
 
 156.2 
 
 157-7 
 
 159.3 
 
 160.9 
 
 162.5 
 
 
 1% 
 
 158.5 
 
 160.2 
 
 161.9 
 
 163-5 
 
 165.2 
 
 166.9 
 
 168.5 
 
 170.2 
 
 
 
 165.6 
 
 167.3 
 
 169.1 
 
 170.8 
 
 172.6 
 
 174.3 
 
 176.1 
 
 177.8 
 
 
 1% 
 
 172.6 
 
 174-4 
 
 176.2 
 
 178.1 
 
 179-9 
 
 181.7 
 
 183.6 
 
 185.4 
 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 179-4 
 
 181.4 
 
 183.3 
 
 185.2 
 
 187.1 
 
 189.0 
 
 190.9 
 
 192.9 
 
 
 
 186.2 
 
 188.2 
 
 190.2 
 
 192.2 
 
 194-2 
 
 196.2 
 
 198.3 
 
 200.3 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 397 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 141/8 
 
 14% 
 
 14% 
 
 I4V 2 
 
 14% 
 
 14% 
 
 14% 
 
 15 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 27.91 
 
 28.16 
 
 28.41 
 
 28.66 
 
 28.91 
 
 29.16 
 
 29.41 
 
 29.66 
 
 6 
 
 
 30.18 
 
 30.45 
 
 30.73 
 
 3i.oo 
 
 31-27 
 
 31-54 
 
 3i.8i 
 
 32.08 
 
 
 ""%*' 
 
 32.49 
 
 32.78 
 
 33-07 
 
 33-37 
 
 33-66 
 
 33-95 
 
 34-24 
 
 34-53 
 
 5 
 
 
 32.67 
 
 32.97 
 
 33.26 
 
 33-55 
 
 33-85 
 
 34.14 
 
 34-43 
 
 34-73 
 
 4 
 
 
 35.30 
 
 35.62 
 
 35-93 
 
 36.25 
 
 36.57 
 
 36.89 
 
 37.21 
 
 37-52 
 
 
 y 
 
 37-05 
 
 37.38 
 
 37-71 
 
 38.05 
 
 38.38 
 
 38.72 
 
 39-05 
 
 39.38 
 
 3 
 
 
 38.36 
 
 38.70 
 
 39-05 
 
 39-39 
 
 39-74 
 
 40.08 
 
 40.43 
 
 40.78 
 
 
 '"%* 
 
 41.58 
 
 41.96 
 
 42.33 
 
 42.71 
 
 43-09 
 
 43.46 
 
 43.84 
 
 44-21 
 
 2 
 
 
 41.08 
 
 42.36 
 
 42.74 
 
 43-12 
 
 43-50 
 
 43.88 
 
 44.26 
 
 44.64 
 
 I 
 
 
 44-30 
 
 44-70 
 
 45-10 
 
 45-50 
 
 45.90 
 
 46.30 
 
 46.70 
 
 47-10 
 
 
 "Vie" 
 
 46.10 
 
 46.52 
 
 46.93 
 
 47-35 
 
 47-77 
 
 48.19 
 
 48.60 
 
 49-02 
 
 
 *% 
 
 50.60 
 
 51.05 
 
 51.51 
 
 51-97 
 
 52.43 
 
 52.89 
 
 53-35 
 
 53-81 
 
 
 % 
 
 55.07 
 
 55-57 
 
 56.07 
 
 56.57 
 
 57-07 
 
 57 57 
 
 58.07 
 
 58.57 
 
 
 7 /16 
 
 63.96 
 
 64.54 
 
 65.12 
 
 65.71 
 
 66.29 
 
 66.88 
 
 67.46 
 
 68.04 
 
 
 V2 
 
 72.76 
 
 73-43 
 
 74-09 
 
 74.76 
 
 75-43 
 
 76.10 
 
 76.76 
 
 77.43 
 
 
 %6 
 
 81.48 
 
 82.23 
 
 82.98 
 
 83.73 
 
 84.48 
 
 85.23 
 
 85.98 
 
 86.73 
 
 
 % 
 
 90.11 
 
 90.95 
 
 91.78 
 
 92.62 
 
 93-45 
 
 94-29 
 
 95.12 
 
 95-95 
 
 
 iH 
 
 98.67 
 
 99.58 
 
 100.5 
 
 101.4 
 
 102.3 
 
 103.3 
 
 104.2 
 113. 1 
 
 105.1 
 114. i 
 
 
 13 /16 
 
 II5-5 
 
 116.6 
 
 II7-7 
 
 118.8 
 
 119.9 
 
 120.9 
 
 122. 
 
 123.1 
 
 
 % 
 
 123.8 
 
 125.0 
 
 126.2 
 
 127-3 
 
 128.5 
 
 129.7 
 
 130.8 
 
 132.0 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 132.0 
 
 133-3 
 
 134-5 
 
 135-8 
 
 137-0 
 
 138.3 
 
 139-6 
 
 140.8 
 
 
 I 
 
 140.2 
 
 I4I.5 
 
 142.8 
 
 144-2 
 
 145-5 
 
 146.9 
 
 148.2 
 
 149-5 
 
 
 !Vl6 
 
 148.2 
 
 149.6 
 
 I5I.I 
 
 152.5 
 
 153-9 
 
 155-3 
 
 156.7 
 
 158.2 
 
 
 1% 
 
 156.2 
 
 157-7 
 
 159.2 
 
 160.7 
 
 162.2 
 
 163.7 
 
 165.2 
 
 166.7 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 164.1 
 
 165.7 
 
 167.3 
 
 168.8 
 
 170.4 
 
 172.0 
 
 173-6 
 
 175-2 
 
 
 IV* 
 
 171.9 
 
 173.6 
 
 175-2 
 
 176.9 
 
 178.6 
 
 180.2 
 
 I8I.9 
 
 183.6 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 179-6 
 
 181.4 
 
 183.1 
 
 184.9 
 
 186.6 
 
 188.4 
 
 I90.I 
 
 191.9 
 
 
 1% 
 
 187.2 
 
 189.1 
 
 190.9 
 
 192.7 
 
 194.6 
 
 196.4 
 
 198.3 
 
 200.1 
 
 
 i 7 /ie 
 
 194-8 
 
 196.7 
 
 198.6 
 
 200.5 
 
 202.5 
 
 204.4 
 
 206.3 
 
 208.2 
 
 
 4j 
 
 202.3 
 
 204.3 
 
 206.3 
 
 208.3 
 
 210.3 
 
 212.3 
 
 214.3 
 
 216.3 
 
 

 398 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 15% 
 
 I5H 
 
 15% 
 
 15% 
 
 15% 15% 
 
 15% 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 3 /16 
 
 29.91 
 32.35 
 34-83 
 35-02 
 
 30.16 
 32.62 
 35-12 
 35-32 
 
 30.41 
 32.89 
 35-41 
 35.6i 
 
 30.66 
 33-i6 
 35-70 
 35-90 
 
 30.91 
 
 33-44 
 35-99 
 36.20 
 
 31.16 
 33.71 
 36.29 
 36.49 
 
 31.41 
 33.98 
 36.58 
 36.78 
 
 31.66 
 34-25 
 36.87 
 37.o8 
 
 %2 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 '"U" 
 '"% 2 ' 
 
 37-84 
 39-72 
 41.12 
 44-59 
 
 38.16 
 40.05 
 41-47 
 44.96 
 
 38.48 
 40.38 
 41.81 
 45-34 
 
 38.79 
 
 40.72 
 42.16 
 45-71 
 
 39-11 
 41.05 
 42.50 
 46.09 
 
 39.43 
 41.39 
 42.85 
 
 46.46 
 
 39.75 
 
 41.72 
 
 43-20 
 
 46.84 
 
 40.07 
 42.05 
 43-54 
 
 47-22 
 
 2 
 I 
 
 
 45- C2 
 
 47-50 
 49-44 
 54-27 
 
 45-39 
 47.90 
 49.85 
 54-73 
 
 45-77 
 48.30 
 50.27 
 55.18 
 
 46.15 
 
 48.70 
 50.69 
 55.64 
 
 46.53 
 49.10 
 51- II 
 56.10 
 
 46.91 
 49.50 
 51.52 
 56.56 
 
 47.29 
 49.90 
 51.94 
 57-02 
 
 47.67 
 50.30 
 52.36 
 
 57.48 
 
 5 /16 
 *%2 
 
 
 % 
 7 /16 
 
 Va 
 
 9 /16 
 
 59-07 
 68.63 
 78.10 
 87.49 
 
 59-58 
 69.21 
 78.77 
 88.24 
 
 60.08 
 69.80 
 79-43 
 88.99 
 
 60.58 
 70.38 
 80.10 
 89.74 
 
 61.08 
 70.96 
 80.77 
 90.49 
 
 61.58 
 71.55 
 
 81.44 
 
 91.24 
 
 62.08 
 72.13 
 82.10 
 
 91.99 
 
 62.58 
 72.72 
 82.77 
 92.74 
 
 
 % 
 
 m* 
 
 % 
 
 13 /16 
 
 96.79 
 106.0 
 US. i 
 124.2 
 
 97-62 
 107.0 
 116.1 
 125.3 
 
 98.46 
 107.8 
 117.1 
 126.4 
 
 99-29 
 108.8 
 118.1 
 127.5 
 
 100. 1 
 
 109.7 
 119.2 
 
 128.5 
 
 IOI.O 
 
 no. 6 
 
 I2O.2 
 
 129.6 
 
 101.8 
 in. 5 
 
 121. 2 
 
 130.7 
 
 102.6 
 112. 4 
 122.2 
 I3I.8 
 
 
 % 
 15 A6 
 
 iVlG 
 
 133-2 
 142.1 
 150.9 
 159-6 
 
 134-3 
 143-3 
 152.2 
 161.0 
 
 135-5 
 
 144-6 
 153-5 
 162.4 
 
 136.7 
 145-8 
 154-9 
 163.8 
 
 137.8 
 147.1 
 156.2 
 
 165.3 
 
 139.0 
 148.3 
 157.5 
 166.7 
 
 140.2 
 149.6 
 
 158.9 
 168.1 
 
 I4I-3 
 150.8 
 l6o.2 
 169.5 
 
 
 H/8 
 I 3 /16 
 1% 
 I 5 /16 
 
 168.2 
 176.8 
 185.2 
 193.6 
 
 169.7 
 178.4 
 186.9 
 195-4 
 
 171.2 
 
 179-9 
 188.6 
 197-1 
 
 172.7 
 181.5 
 190.2 
 198.9 
 
 174.2 
 183.1 
 191.9 
 
 2O0.6 
 
 175.7 
 184.7 
 193.6 
 
 202.4 
 
 177.2 
 186.3 
 195.2 
 
 204.1 
 
 178.7 
 187.9 
 196.9 
 205.9 
 
 
 1% 
 IT/10 
 
 i% 
 
 201.9 
 
 2IO.I 
 218.3 
 
 203.8 
 
 212. 1 
 220.3 
 
 205.6 
 214.0 
 222.3 
 
 207.4 
 215-9 
 224.3 
 
 209.3 
 217.8 
 226.3 
 
 211. 1 
 
 219.7 
 228.3 
 
 212.9 
 
 221.7 
 230.3 
 
 214.8 
 223.6 
 232.3 
 
 ',-' "" 
 . 
 
 ', 
 ,. 
 
 . 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 399 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 16% 
 
 *% 
 
 16% 
 
 i6y 2 
 
 16% 
 
 i<% 
 
 16% 
 
 17 
 
 
 3/16 
 
 31.92 
 
 32.17 
 
 32.42 
 
 32.67 
 
 32.92 
 
 33-17 
 
 33-42 
 
 33.67 
 
 6 
 
 
 34.52 
 
 34-79 
 
 35.06 
 
 35-33 
 
 35.6o 
 
 35 88 
 
 36. 15 
 
 36.42 
 
 
 %2 
 
 37.16 
 
 37-45 
 
 37-75 
 
 38.04 
 
 38.33 
 
 38.62 
 
 38.91 
 
 39-21 
 
 5 
 
 
 37-37 
 
 37-66 
 
 37-96 
 
 38.25 
 
 38.55 
 
 38.84 
 
 39- 13 
 
 39-43 
 
 4 
 
 
 40.38 
 
 40.70 
 
 41.02 
 
 41.34 
 
 41.65 
 
 4I.97 
 
 42.29 
 
 42.61 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 42.39 
 
 42-72 
 
 43-05 
 
 43-39 
 
 43.72 
 
 44.06 
 
 44-39 
 
 44-72 
 
 3 
 
 
 43.89 
 
 44.23 
 
 44.58 
 
 44-93 
 
 45.27 
 
 45.62 
 
 45.96 
 
 46.31 
 
 
 %2 
 
 47-59 
 
 47-97 
 
 48-34 
 
 48.72 
 
 49-09 
 
 49-47 
 
 49-84 
 
 50.22 
 
 2 
 
 
 48.05 
 
 48. 43 
 
 48.81 
 
 49- 19 
 
 49.56 
 
 49.94 
 
 50.32 
 
 50. 70 
 
 I 
 
 
 50.70 
 
 51.10 
 
 51-51 
 
 51-91 
 
 52.31 
 
 52.71 
 
 53-11 
 
 53-51 
 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 52.77 
 
 53-19 
 
 53.6i 
 
 54-03 
 
 54-44 
 
 54.86 
 
 55-28 
 
 55-70 
 
 
 H'32 
 
 57-94 
 
 58.40 
 
 58.86 
 
 59-31 
 
 59-77 
 
 60.23 
 
 60.69 
 
 61.15 
 
 
 % 
 
 63.08 
 
 63.58 
 
 64.08 
 
 64-58 
 
 65.08 
 
 65.58 
 
 66.08 
 
 66.58 
 
 
 Ttti 
 
 73-30 
 
 73-88 
 
 74-47 
 
 75-05 
 
 75.64 
 
 76.22 
 
 76.81 
 
 77-39 
 
 
 V 2 
 
 83.44 
 
 84.11 
 
 84.77 
 
 85-44 
 
 86.11 
 
 86.78 
 
 87.44 
 
 88.11 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 93-49 
 
 94.24 
 
 95.00 
 
 95-75 
 
 96.50 
 
 97-25 
 
 98.00 
 
 98.75 
 
 
 % 
 
 103-5 
 
 104-3 
 
 105.1 
 
 106.0 
 
 106.8 
 
 107.6 
 
 108.5 
 
 109.3 
 
 
 Hie 
 
 113- 4 
 
 H4-3 
 
 115.2 
 
 116.1 
 
 117.0 
 
 117.9 
 
 118.9 
 
 119-8 
 
 
 8 /4 
 
 123.2 
 
 124.2 
 
 125.2 
 
 126.2 
 
 127.2 
 
 128.2 
 
 129.2 
 
 130.2 
 
 
 13 /16 
 
 132.9 
 
 134-0 
 
 135-0 
 
 136.1 
 
 137-2 
 
 138.3 
 
 139-4 
 
 140.5 
 
 
 % 
 
 142.5 
 
 143-7 
 
 144 8 
 
 146.0 
 
 147-2 
 
 148.4 
 
 149-5 
 
 150.7 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 I52.I 
 
 153-3 
 
 154-6 
 
 155-8 
 
 I57-I 
 
 158.3 
 
 159-6 
 
 160.8 
 
 
 I 
 
 161.5 
 
 162.9 
 
 164.2 
 
 165-5 
 
 166.9 
 
 168.2 
 
 169.5 
 
 170.9 
 
 
 lVl6 
 
 170.9 
 
 172-3 
 
 173.8 
 
 175.2 
 
 176.6 
 
 178.0 
 
 179-4 
 
 180.9 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 180.2 
 
 181.7 
 
 183.2 
 
 184.7 
 
 186.2 
 
 187.7 
 
 189.2 
 
 190.7 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 189-4 
 
 191.0 
 
 192.6 
 
 194.2 
 
 195-8 
 
 197-4 
 
 199.0 
 
 200.5 
 
 
 1% 
 
 198.6 
 
 200.3 
 
 201.9 
 
 203.6 
 
 205.3 
 
 206.9 
 
 208.6 
 
 210.3 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 207.6 
 
 209.4 
 
 211. 1 
 
 212.9 
 
 214.6 
 
 216.4 
 
 218.2 
 
 219-9 
 
 
 1% 
 
 216.6 
 
 218.4 
 
 220.3 
 
 222.1 
 
 223.9 
 
 225.8 
 
 227.6 
 
 229.5 
 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 225-5 
 
 227.4 
 
 229-3 
 
 231.3 
 
 233-2 
 
 235-1 
 
 237.0 
 
 238.9 
 
 
 IV 2 
 
 234-3 
 
 236.3 
 
 238.3 
 
 240.3 
 
 242.3 
 
 244.3 
 
 246.3 
 
 248-3 
 
400 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 [nches 
 
 ifH 
 
 I7V4 
 
 17% 
 
 I7V2 
 
 17% 
 
 17% 
 
 17% 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 %6 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 33-92 
 36.69 
 39-50 
 39-72 
 
 34.17 
 
 36.96 
 
 39-79 
 40.01 
 
 34-42 
 37-23 
 40.08 
 40.31 
 
 34-67 
 37-50 
 40.37 
 40.60 
 
 34-92 
 37-77 
 40.67 
 40.90 
 
 35-17 
 38.04 
 40-96 
 41.19 
 
 35-42 
 38.31 
 41.25 
 41.48 
 
 35.67 
 38.59 
 
 4L54 
 41.78 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 '"%" 
 
 '"%2 
 
 42.92 
 45-o6 
 46-65 
 50.60 
 
 51.08 
 53-91 
 56.11 
 61.61 
 
 43-24 
 45.39 
 47-00 
 50.97 
 
 51.46 
 54-31 
 56.53 
 62.07 
 
 43.56 
 45-72 
 47.35 
 5L35 
 
 51.84 
 54-71 
 56.95 
 62.53 
 
 43-88 
 46.06 
 47.69 
 5L72 
 
 52.22 
 
 55.ii 
 57.36 
 62.99 
 
 44.20 
 46.39 
 48.04 
 52.10 
 
 52.60 
 55-51 
 57-78 
 63.44 
 
 44-51 
 46.73 
 48.38 
 52.47 
 
 52.98 
 55-91 
 58.20 
 63.90 
 
 44.83 
 47-06 
 48.73 
 52.85 
 
 53-36 
 56.31 
 58.62 
 64.36 
 
 45-15 
 47-39 
 49-07 
 
 53-22 
 
 53-74 
 56.71 
 59-03 
 64.82 
 
 '"%i* 
 ^32 
 
 
 % 
 %6- 
 
 y 2 
 
 9 /16 
 
 67.08 
 77-97 
 88.78 
 99-50 
 
 67.59 
 78.56 
 89-45 
 100.3 
 
 68.09 
 79-14 
 90.11 
 
 IOI.O 
 
 68.59 
 79-73 
 90.78 
 101.8 
 
 69.09 
 80.31 
 91-45 
 102.5 
 
 69.59 
 80.89 
 92.12 
 103-3 
 
 70.09 
 81.48 
 92.78 
 104.0 
 
 70.59 
 82.06 
 93-45 
 104.8 
 
 
 % 
 ^6 
 % 
 13 /10 
 
 no. i 
 120.7 
 
 131 2 
 I4I.6 
 
 III.O 
 121. 6 
 
 132.2 
 
 142.6 
 
 HI. 8 
 
 122.5 
 
 133-2 
 
 143 7 
 
 112. 6 
 
 123.4 
 134-2 
 144-8 
 
 II3-5 
 124.4 
 135-2 
 145-9 
 
 II4-3 
 125-3 
 136.2 
 
 147-0 
 
 IIS- 1 
 
 126.2 
 137-2 
 148,1 
 
 116.0 
 127.1 
 138.2 
 149- 1 
 
 
 % 
 15 /16 
 I 
 lVl6 
 
 I5I.9 
 I62.I 
 172.2 
 182.3 
 
 153 o 
 163.3 
 173-6 
 183-7 
 
 154-2 
 164.6 
 174-9 
 185.1 
 
 155-4 
 165.8 
 176.2 
 186.5 
 
 156.5 
 167.1 
 177-6 
 187.9 
 
 157-7 
 168.3 
 178.9 
 189-4 
 
 158.9 
 169.6 
 180.2 
 190.8 
 
 160.0 
 170.8 
 181.6 
 192.2 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 I 8 /16 
 IV4 
 I 5 /16 
 
 192.2 
 202.1 
 2II.9 
 221.7 
 
 193-7 
 203.7 
 213.6 
 223.4 
 
 195-2 
 205.3 
 215-3 
 225.2 
 
 196.7 
 206.9 
 216.9 
 226.9 
 
 198.3 
 208.5 
 218.6 
 228.7 
 
 199-8 
 
 2IO.I 
 220.3 
 230.4 
 
 201.3 
 
 211. 6 
 
 221.9 
 
 232.2 
 
 202.8 
 
 213.2 
 223.6 
 233.9 
 
 
 1% 
 
 i 7 /ie 
 iV 2 
 
 231.3 
 
 240 8 
 250.3 
 
 233-1 
 
 242.8 
 252.3 
 
 235-0 
 244-7 
 254-3 
 
 236.8 
 246.6 
 256-3 
 
 238.6 
 248.5 
 258.3 
 
 240.5 
 250.4 
 260.3 
 
 242.3 
 252.4 
 262.3 
 
 244.1 
 254.3 
 264.3 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 401 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 18% 
 
 i8V 4 
 
 18% 
 
 isi/2 
 
 18% 
 
 18% 
 
 187/8 
 
 19 
 
 
 3 /16 
 
 35-92 
 
 36.17 
 
 36.42 
 
 36.67 
 
 36.92 
 
 37-17 
 
 37-42 
 
 37.67 
 
 6 
 
 
 38.86 
 
 39-13 
 
 39-40 
 
 39.67 
 
 39-94 
 
 40.21 
 
 40.48 
 
 40.75 
 
 
 "' 7 /3 2 ' 
 
 41-83 
 
 42.13 
 
 42.42 
 
 42.71 
 
 43-00 
 
 43-29 
 
 43-59 
 
 43-88 
 
 5 
 
 
 42.07 
 
 42.36 
 
 42.66 
 
 42.95 
 
 43-25 
 
 43-54 
 
 43.83 
 
 44.13 
 
 4 
 
 
 45-47 
 
 45.78 
 
 46.10 
 
 46.42 
 
 46.74 
 
 47.o6 
 
 47-37 
 
 47.69 
 
 
 '"ii" 
 
 47-73 
 
 48.06 
 
 48.39 
 
 48.73 
 
 49-06 
 
 49-40 
 
 49-73 
 
 50.06 
 
 3 
 
 
 49.42 
 
 49-77 
 
 50.11 
 
 50.46 
 
 50.80 
 
 51.15 
 
 51.49 
 
 51.84 
 
 
 %2 
 
 53.6o 
 
 53-97 
 
 54-35 
 
 54.73 
 
 55-10 
 
 55.48 
 
 55.85 
 
 56.23 
 
 2 
 
 
 54.11 
 
 54-49 
 
 54.87 
 
 55.25 
 
 55.63 
 
 56.01 
 
 56.39 
 
 56.77 
 
 I 
 
 
 57.11 
 
 57.51 
 
 57.91 
 
 58.31 
 
 58.71 
 
 59-11 
 
 59-52 
 
 59.92 
 
 
 5 /16 
 
 59-45 
 
 59.87 
 
 60.28 
 
 60.70 
 
 61.12 
 
 61.54 
 
 jy j~ 
 61.95 
 
 62.37 
 
 
 H'32 
 
 65-28 
 
 65.74 
 
 66.20 
 
 66.66 
 
 67.12 
 
 67.57 
 
 68.03 
 
 68.49 
 
 
 % 
 
 71.09 
 
 71.59 
 
 72.09 
 
 72.59 
 
 73-09 
 
 73-59 
 
 74-09 
 
 74-59 
 
 
 7 Ae 
 
 82.65 
 
 83.23 
 
 83.81 
 
 84.40 
 
 84.98 
 
 85.57 
 
 86.15 
 
 86.73 
 
 
 % 
 
 94.12 
 
 94-79 
 
 95-45 
 
 96.12 
 
 96.79 
 
 97.46 
 
 98.12 
 
 98.79 
 
 
 9 /ie 
 
 105-5 
 
 106.3 
 
 107.0 
 
 107.8 
 
 108.5 
 
 109-3 
 
 IIO.O 
 
 no. 8 
 
 
 % 
 
 116.8 
 
 117.6 
 
 118.5 
 
 II9-3 
 
 120.2 
 
 121. 
 
 121. 8 
 
 122.7 
 
 
 l Vl6 
 
 128.0 
 
 129.0 
 
 129.9 
 
 130.8 
 
 I3I.7 
 
 132.6 
 
 133.5 
 
 134-5 
 
 
 % 
 
 139-2 
 
 140.2 
 
 141.2 
 
 142.2 
 
 143-2 
 
 144.2 
 
 145-2 
 
 146.2 
 
 
 13 /16 
 
 150.2 
 
 I5I-3 
 
 152.4 
 
 153-5 
 
 154-6 
 
 155-7 
 
 156.7 
 
 157.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 161.2 
 
 162.4 
 
 163.5 
 
 164.7 
 
 165.9 
 
 167.0 
 
 168.2 
 
 169.4 
 
 
 15 Ae 
 
 172.1 
 
 173-3 
 
 174.6 
 
 175-8 
 
 I77-I 
 
 178.4 
 
 179-6 
 
 180.9 
 
 
 i 
 
 182.9 
 
 184.2 
 
 185.6 
 
 186.9 
 
 188.2 
 
 189-6 
 
 190.9 
 
 192.2 
 
 
 I*/16 
 
 193-6 
 
 I95-I 
 
 196.5 
 
 197-9 
 
 199-3 
 
 200.7 
 
 202. i 
 
 203.5 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 204.3 
 
 205.8 
 
 207.3 
 
 208.8 
 
 210.3 
 
 211. 8 
 
 213-3 
 
 214.8 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 214.8 
 
 216.4 
 
 218.0 
 
 219.6 
 
 221.2 
 
 222.7 
 
 224.3 
 
 225.9 
 
 
 1% 
 
 225.3 
 
 227.0 
 
 228.6 
 
 230.3 
 
 232.0 
 
 233-6 
 
 235 3 
 
 237.0 
 
 
 I 5 /i6 
 
 235-7 
 
 237-4 
 
 239.2 
 
 240.9 
 
 242.7 
 
 244.4 
 
 246.2 
 
 247-9 
 
 
 1% 
 
 246.0 
 
 247.8 
 
 249.6 
 
 251.5 
 
 253-3 
 
 255-2 
 
 257 o 
 
 258.8 
 
 
 i%e 
 
 256.2 
 
 258.1 
 
 260.0 
 
 262.0 
 
 263.9 
 
 265.8 
 
 267.7 
 
 269.6 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 266.3 
 
 268.3 
 
 270.3 
 
 272.3 
 
 274-3 
 
 276.3 
 
 278.4 
 
 280.4 
 
 
402 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 19% 
 
 191/4 
 
 19% 
 
 191/2 
 
 19% 
 
 19% 
 
 19% 
 
 20 
 
 
 3 /ie 
 
 37.92 
 
 38.17 
 
 38.42 
 
 38.67 
 
 38.92 
 
 39-17 
 
 39-43 
 
 39.68 
 
 6 
 
 
 41.02 
 
 4i.3o 
 
 41-57 
 
 41.84 
 
 42.11 
 
 42.38 
 
 42.65 
 
 42.92 
 
 
 7/ 
 732 
 
 44.17 
 
 44.46 
 
 44-75 
 
 45-05 
 
 45-34 
 
 45.63 
 
 45-92 
 
 46.21 
 
 5 
 
 
 44.42 
 
 44-71 
 
 45-01 
 
 45-30 
 
 45-59 
 
 45.89 
 
 46.18 
 
 46.48 
 
 4 
 
 
 48.01 
 
 48.33 
 
 48.64 
 
 48.96 
 
 49.28 
 
 49.60 
 
 49.91 
 
 So. 23 
 
 
 ii 
 
 50.40 
 
 50.73 
 
 5i.o6 
 
 51.40 
 
 51-73 
 
 52.07 
 
 52.40 
 
 53.73 
 
 3 
 
 
 52. 19 
 
 52 53 
 
 52.88 
 
 53. 22 
 
 53-57 
 
 53 92 
 
 54 . 26 
 
 P AT 
 
 
 %2 
 
 56.60 
 
 56.98 
 
 57-35 
 
 57-73 
 
 58.10 
 
 58^8 
 
 58.86 
 
 5 .uj. 
 
 5 23 
 
 2 
 
 
 57.15 
 
 57-53 
 
 57-91 
 
 58.29 
 
 58.66 
 
 59-04 
 
 59-42 
 
 5 50 
 
 I 
 
 
 60.32 
 
 60.72 
 
 61.12 
 
 61.52 
 
 6l.92 
 
 62.32 
 
 62.72 
 
 63 12 
 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 62.79 
 
 63.20 
 
 63.62 
 
 64.04 
 
 64.46 
 
 64.87 
 
 65.29 
 
 65.71 
 
 
 Hb 
 
 68.95 
 
 69.41 
 
 69.87 
 
 70.33 
 
 70.79 
 
 71.25 
 
 71.71 
 
 72.16 
 
 
 % 
 
 75-09 
 
 75.6o 
 
 76.10 
 
 76.60 
 
 77-10 
 
 77.6o 
 
 78.10 
 
 78.60 
 
 
 %6 
 
 87.32 
 
 87.90 
 
 88.49 
 
 89.07 
 
 89.65 
 
 90.24 
 
 90.82 
 
 91.41 
 
 
 % 
 
 99.46 
 
 IOO.I 
 
 100.8 
 
 101.5 
 
 IO2.I 
 
 102.8 
 
 102.5 
 
 IO4.I 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 in. 5 
 
 112. 3 
 
 113.0 
 
 113.8 
 
 II4-5 
 
 115.3 
 
 116.0 
 
 II6.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 123-5 
 
 124.3 
 
 125.2 
 
 126.0 
 
 126.8 
 
 127.7 
 
 128.5 
 
 129.3 
 
 
 *Vi6 
 
 135-4 
 
 136.3 
 
 137-2 
 
 138.1 
 
 I39-I 
 
 140.0 
 
 140.9 
 
 I4I.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 147.2 
 
 148.2 
 
 149.2 
 
 150.2 
 
 I5I.2 
 
 152.2 
 
 153 2 
 
 154-2 
 
 
 18 /16 
 
 158.9 
 
 160.0 
 
 161.1 
 
 162.2 
 
 163.2 
 
 164.3 
 
 165.4 
 
 166.5 
 
 
 % 
 
 170.5 
 
 171.7 
 
 172.9 
 
 I74-I 
 
 175-2 
 
 176.4 
 
 175-6 
 
 178.7 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 182.1 
 
 183.4 
 
 184.6 
 
 185.9 
 
 I87.I 
 
 188.4 
 
 189.6 
 
 190.9 
 
 
 I 
 
 193.6 
 
 194-9 
 
 196.2 
 
 197.6 
 
 198.9 
 
 200.3 
 
 201.6 
 
 202.9 
 
 
 iVie 
 
 205.0 
 
 206.4 
 
 207.8 
 
 209.2 
 
 210.6 
 
 212. 1 
 
 213.5 
 
 214-9 
 
 
 1 1/8 
 
 216.3 
 
 217.8 
 
 219-3 
 
 220.8 
 
 222.3 
 
 223.8 
 
 225.3 
 
 226.8 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 227.5 
 
 229.1 
 
 230.7 
 
 232.3 
 
 233-8 
 
 235-4 
 
 237.0 
 
 238.6 
 
 
 1% 
 
 238.6 
 
 240.3 
 
 242.0 
 
 243-6 
 
 245-3 
 
 247-0 
 
 248.6 
 
 250.3 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 249-7 
 
 251.4 
 
 253-2 
 
 254-9 
 
 256.7 
 
 258.5 
 
 260.2 
 
 262.0 
 
 
 1% 
 
 260.7 
 
 262.5 
 
 264.3 
 
 266.2 
 
 268.0 
 
 269.8 
 
 271.7 
 
 273-5 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 271.6 
 
 273-5 
 
 275.4 
 
 277-3 
 
 279-2 
 
 28I.I 
 
 283.1 
 
 285.0 
 
 
 i% 
 
 282.4 
 
 284.4 
 
 286.4 
 
 288.4 
 
 290.4 
 
 292.4 
 
 294.4 296.4 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 403 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 2oy 8 
 
 20% 
 
 208/8 
 
 20 y 2 
 
 2o5/ 8 
 
 20% 
 
 20% 
 
 21 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 39.93 
 
 -40.18 
 
 40.43 
 
 40.68 
 
 40.93 
 
 4I.I8 
 
 41.43 
 
 41.68 
 
 6 
 
 
 43.19 
 
 43.46 
 
 43-73 
 
 44.01 
 
 44.28 
 
 44-55 
 
 A A 8? 
 
 45 .09 
 
 
 7 /32 
 
 46.51 
 
 46.80 
 
 47-09 
 
 47.38 
 
 47.67 
 
 47-97 48.26 
 
 48^55 
 
 5 
 
 
 46.77 
 
 47.06 
 
 47.36 
 
 47.65 
 
 47-94 
 
 48.24 
 
 48.53 
 
 48.83 
 
 4 
 
 
 50.55 
 
 5O.87 
 
 51.19 
 
 51.50 
 
 51.82 
 
 52.14 
 
 52.46 
 
 52. 77 
 
 
 ii 
 
 53.07 
 
 53-40 
 
 53-73 
 
 54.07 
 
 54-40 
 
 54-74 
 
 55-07 
 
 55-40 
 
 3 
 
 
 54-95 
 
 55-30 
 
 55.64 
 
 55-99 
 
 56.34 
 
 56.68 
 
 57-03 
 
 57.37 
 
 
 "'% 2 ' 
 
 59.6i 
 
 59.98 
 
 60.36 
 
 6o.73 
 
 .61.11 
 
 61.48 
 
 61.86 
 
 62.23 
 
 2 
 
 
 60. 18 
 
 60.56 
 
 60.94 
 
 61.32 
 
 61.70 
 
 62.08 
 
 62.46 
 
 62.84 
 
 I 
 
 
 63 52 
 
 63 92 
 
 64 32 
 
 64 72 
 
 65.12 
 
 65 52 
 
 65 92 
 
 66.32 
 
 
 5 /16 
 
 66.13 
 
 66.54 
 
 66.96 
 
 67.38 
 
 67.79 
 
 68^21 
 
 68^63 
 
 69.05 
 
 
 *%2 
 
 72.62 
 
 73.o8 
 
 73-54 
 
 '74.00 
 
 74.46 
 
 74-92 
 
 75.38 
 
 75-84 
 
 
 % 
 
 79-10 
 
 79.60 
 
 80.10 
 
 80.60 
 
 81.10 
 
 81.60 
 
 82.10 
 
 82.60 
 
 
 %a 
 
 91.99 
 
 92.58 
 
 93.16 
 
 93-74 
 
 94-33 
 
 94-91 
 
 95-50 
 
 96.08 
 
 
 y 2 
 
 104.8 
 
 105-5 
 
 106.1 
 
 106.8 
 
 107.5 
 
 108.1 
 
 108.8 
 
 109.5 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 H7.5 
 
 118.3 
 
 119.0 
 
 119.8 
 
 120.5 
 
 121. 3 
 
 122.0 
 
 122.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 130.2 
 
 131 o 
 
 131.8 
 
 132.7 
 
 133.5 
 
 134-3 
 
 135-2 
 
 136.0 
 
 
 !Vl6 
 
 142.7 
 
 143.6 
 
 144.6 
 
 145-5 
 
 146.4 
 
 147-3 
 
 148.2 
 
 149 -I 
 
 
 3 /4 
 
 155.2 
 
 156.2 
 
 157-2 
 
 158.2 
 
 159-2 
 
 160.2 
 
 161.2 
 
 162.2 
 
 
 13 /16 
 
 167.6 
 
 168.7 
 
 169.8 
 
 170.8 
 
 171.9 
 
 173-0 
 
 174.1 
 
 175.2 
 
 
 7 /8 
 
 179-9 
 
 181.1 
 
 182.2 
 
 183.4 
 
 184.6 
 
 185.7 
 
 186.9 
 
 188.1 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 192.1 
 
 193-4 
 
 194-6 
 
 195-9 
 
 197.1 
 
 198.4 
 
 199.6 
 
 200.9 
 
 
 I 
 
 204.3 
 
 205.6 
 
 206.9 
 
 208.3 
 
 209.6 
 
 210.9 
 
 212.3 
 
 213.6 
 
 
 iVio 
 
 216.3 
 
 217.7 
 
 219.2 
 
 220.6 
 
 222. 
 
 223.4 
 
 224.8 
 
 226.2 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 228.3 
 
 229.8 
 
 231.3 
 
 232.8 
 
 234-3 
 
 235-8 
 
 237-3 
 
 238.8 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 240.2 
 
 241.8 
 
 243.3 
 
 244-9 
 
 246.5 
 
 248.1 
 
 249-7 
 
 251.3 
 
 
 il4 
 
 252.0 
 
 253-7 
 
 255-3 
 
 257-0 
 
 258.7 
 
 260.3 
 
 262.0 
 
 263.7 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 263.7 
 
 265.5 
 
 267.2 
 
 269.0 
 
 270.7 
 
 272.5 
 
 274.2 
 
 276.0 
 
 
 1% ' 
 
 275-3 
 
 277.2 
 
 279.0 
 
 280.9 
 
 282.7 
 
 284.5 
 
 286.4 
 
 288.2 
 
 
 I 7 /l6 
 
 286.9 
 
 288.8 
 
 290.7 
 
 292.7 
 
 294.6 
 
 296.5 
 
 298.4 
 
 300.3 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 298.4 
 
 300.4 
 
 302.4 
 
 304.4 
 
 306 4 
 
 308.4 
 
 310.4 
 
 312.4 
 
 
404 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table H. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 2iVs 
 
 2iy 4 
 
 218/8 
 
 2iy 2 
 
 21% 
 
 213/4 
 
 21% 
 
 22 
 
 
 8/16 
 
 41-93 
 
 42.18 
 
 42.43 
 
 42.68 
 
 42.93 
 
 43-18 
 
 43-43 
 
 43.68 
 
 6 
 
 
 45.36 
 
 45.63 
 
 45.90 
 
 46.17 
 
 46.44 
 
 46.72 
 
 46.99 
 
 47.26 
 
 
 '"%i* 
 
 48.84 
 
 49.13 
 
 49.43 
 
 49.72 
 
 50.01 
 
 50.30 
 
 50.60 
 
 50.89 
 
 5 
 
 
 49.12 
 
 49.41 
 
 49.71 
 
 50.00 
 
 5O.29 
 
 5O.59 
 
 50.88 
 
 51.18 
 
 4 
 
 
 53.09 
 
 53.41 
 
 53.73 
 
 54.05 
 
 54.36 
 
 54-68 
 
 55-00 
 
 55-32 
 
 
 '"%" 
 
 55-74 
 
 56.07 
 
 56.40 
 
 56.74 
 
 57-07 
 
 57-41 
 
 57-74 
 
 58.07 
 
 3 
 
 
 57-72 
 
 58.06 
 
 58.41 
 
 58.76 
 
 59-10 
 
 59-45 
 
 59-79 
 
 60.14 
 
 
 '"%2 
 
 62.61 
 
 62.99 
 
 63.36 
 
 63.74 
 
 64.11 
 
 64.49 
 
 64.86 
 
 65.24 
 
 2 
 
 
 63 21 
 
 63.59 
 
 63. 97 
 
 64 35 
 
 64 73 
 
 65 ii 
 
 65.49 
 
 65.87 
 
 I 
 
 "% 6 " 
 
 66^72 
 69.46 
 
 67.12 
 69.88 
 
 67^53 
 7P-30 
 
 67.93 
 70.71 
 
 68^33 
 7I-I3 
 
 68^73 
 71-55 
 
 69'i3 
 71.97 
 
 69.53 
 72.38 
 
 
 % 
 
 76.29 
 
 76.75 
 
 77.21 
 
 77.67 
 
 78.13 
 
 78.59 
 
 79-05 
 
 79-51 
 
 
 8/8 
 
 83.10 
 
 83.61 
 
 84.11 
 
 84.61 
 
 85.11 
 
 85.61 
 
 86.11 
 
 86.61 
 
 
 %6 
 
 Vo 
 
 96.66 
 
 IIO. I 
 
 97.25 
 
 97.83 
 
 98.42 
 
 99-0 
 
 99.58 
 
 IOO.2 
 
 100.8 
 
 
 72 
 
 9 /4e 
 
 123.5 
 
 124.3 
 
 125.0 
 
 125.8 
 
 126.5 
 
 127-3 
 
 128.0 
 
 128.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 136.8 
 
 137.7 
 
 138.5 
 
 139-3 
 
 140.2 
 
 141.0 
 
 I4I.8 
 
 142.7 
 
 
 i% 
 
 150.1 
 
 151.0 
 
 I5I-9 
 
 152.8 
 
 153-7 
 
 154-7 
 
 155-6 
 
 156.5 
 
 
 8/4 
 
 163.2 
 
 164.2 
 
 165 . 2 
 
 166.2 
 
 167.2 
 
 168.2 
 
 169.2 
 
 170.2 
 
 
 18 Ae 
 
 176.3 
 
 177.3 
 
 178.4 
 
 179-5 
 
 180.6 
 
 181.7 
 
 182.8 
 
 183.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 189.2 
 
 190.4 
 
 I9I.6 
 
 192.7 
 
 193.9 
 
 I9S-I 
 
 196.2 
 
 197-4 
 
 
 15 /ie 
 
 2O2.I 
 
 203.4 
 
 2O4.6 
 
 205.9 
 
 207.1 
 
 208.4 
 
 209.6 
 
 210.9 
 
 
 i 
 
 214-9 
 
 216.3 
 
 217.6 
 
 218.9 
 
 220.3 
 
 221.6 
 
 222.9 
 
 224.3 
 
 
 I%8 
 
 227.7 
 
 229.1 
 
 230.5 
 
 231-9 
 
 233-3 
 
 234-8 
 
 236.2 
 
 237.6 
 
 
 i% 
 
 240.3 
 
 241.8 
 
 243-3 
 
 244-8 
 
 246.3 
 
 247-8 
 
 249-3 
 
 250.8 
 
 
 I 8 /16 
 
 252.9 
 
 254.4 
 
 256.0 
 
 257-6 
 
 259-2 
 
 260.8 
 
 262.4 
 
 264.0 
 
 
 IV4 
 
 265.3 
 
 267.0 
 
 268.7 
 
 270.3 
 
 272.0 
 
 273-7 
 
 275-3 
 
 277.0 
 
 
 I 6 /16 
 
 277-7 
 
 279.5 
 
 281.2 
 
 283.0 
 
 284.7 
 
 286.5 
 
 288.2 
 
 290.0 
 
 
 18/8 
 
 290.0 
 
 291.9 
 
 293-7 
 
 295-5 
 
 297.4 
 
 299-2 
 
 301.0 
 
 302.9 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 302.3 
 
 304.2 
 
 306.1 
 
 308.0 
 
 309.9 
 
 3H.9 
 
 313.8 
 
 315.7 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 314.4 
 
 316.4 
 
 318.4 
 
 320.4 
 
 322.4 
 
 324.4 
 
 326.4 
 
 328.4 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 405 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 22l/ 8 
 
 2214 
 
 223/ 8 
 
 2&/2 
 
 225/ 8 
 
 228/ 4 
 
 227/ 8 
 
 23 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 43-93 
 
 44.18 
 
 44-43 
 
 44-68 
 
 44-93 
 
 45.18 
 
 45-43 
 
 45-68 
 
 6 
 
 
 47-53 
 
 47.80 
 
 48.07 
 
 48.34 
 
 48.61 
 
 48.88 
 
 49-15 
 
 49-43 
 
 
 '"%2 
 
 51.18 
 
 51-47 
 
 51.76 
 
 52.06 
 
 52.35 
 
 52.64 
 
 52.93 
 
 53-22 
 
 5 
 
 
 51-47 
 
 51.76 
 
 52.06 
 
 52.35 
 
 52.64 
 
 52.94 
 
 53-23 
 
 53-52 
 
 4 
 
 ..._. 
 
 55.63 
 
 55-95 
 
 56.27 
 
 56.59 
 
 56.91 
 
 57-22 
 
 57-54 
 
 57-86 
 
 
 
 58.41 
 
 58.74 
 
 59-07 
 
 59-41 
 
 59-74 
 
 60.08 
 
 60.41 
 
 60.74 
 
 3 
 
 
 60.48 
 
 60.83 
 
 61.18 
 
 61.52 
 
 61.87 
 
 62.21 
 
 62.56 
 
 62.91 
 
 
 '"%2 
 
 65.61 
 
 65.99 
 
 66.37 
 
 66.74 
 
 67.12 
 
 67.49 
 
 67.87 
 
 68.24 
 
 2 
 
 
 66.25 
 
 66.63 
 
 67.01 
 
 67.38 
 
 67.76 
 
 68.14 
 
 68.52 
 
 68.90 
 
 I 
 
 
 69.93 
 
 7O.33 
 
 7O 77 
 
 71.13 
 
 71-53 
 
 71 _ Q^ 
 
 72.33 
 
 72. 73 
 
 
 %6 
 
 72.80 
 
 73-22 
 
 I*- 1 - 10 
 73.63 
 
 74-05 
 
 74-47 
 
 74^89 
 
 75-30 
 
 75-72 
 
 
 Hfal 
 
 79-97 
 
 80.42 
 
 80.88 
 
 8i.34 
 
 81.80 
 
 82.26 
 
 82.72 
 
 83.18 
 
 
 % 
 
 87.11 
 
 87.61 
 
 88.11 
 
 88.61 
 
 89.11 
 
 89.61 
 
 9O.II 
 
 90.61 
 
 
 Vl6 
 
 101.3 
 
 101.9 
 
 102.5 
 
 103.1 
 
 103.7 
 
 104.3 
 
 104.8 
 
 105.4 
 
 
 % 
 
 II5-5 
 
 116.1 
 
 116.8 
 
 H7.5 
 
 118.1 
 
 118.8 
 
 II9-5 
 
 I2O.2 
 
 
 9 /ie 
 
 129.5 
 
 130.3 
 
 131.0 
 
 131.8 
 
 132.5 
 
 133.3 
 
 134-0 
 
 134-8 
 
 
 % 
 
 143-5 
 
 144-3 
 
 145-2 
 
 146.0 
 
 146.9 
 
 147.7 
 
 148.5 
 
 149-4 
 
 
 4? 
 
 157-4 
 
 158.3 
 
 159-2 
 
 160.2 
 
 161.1 
 
 162.0 
 
 162.9 
 
 163.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 171.2 
 
 172.2 
 
 173-2 
 
 174.2 
 
 175-2 
 
 176.2 
 
 177.2 
 
 178.2 
 
 
 !%6 
 
 184.9 
 
 186.0 
 
 187.1 
 
 188.2 
 
 189.3 
 
 190.4 
 
 I9L5 
 
 192.5 
 
 
 % 
 
 198.6 
 
 199-8 
 
 200.9 
 
 202.1 
 
 203.3 
 
 204.4 
 
 205.6 
 
 206.8 
 
 
 15 /ie 
 
 212. 1 
 
 213-4 
 
 214.6 
 
 215-9 
 
 217.1 
 
 218.4 
 
 219-7 
 
 220.9 
 
 
 i 
 
 225.6 
 
 227.0 
 
 228,3 
 
 229.6 
 
 231.0 
 
 232.3 
 
 233.6 
 
 235-0 
 
 
 iVie 
 
 239-0 
 
 240.4 
 
 241.8 
 
 243-3 
 
 244-7 
 
 246.1 
 
 247-5 
 
 248.9 
 
 
 i% 
 
 252.3 
 
 253-8 
 
 255-3 
 
 256.8 
 
 258.3 
 
 259.8 
 
 261.3 
 
 262.8 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 265.5 
 
 267.1 
 
 268.7 
 
 270.3 
 
 271.9 
 
 273.5 
 
 275-1 
 
 276.6 
 
 
 *% 
 
 278.7 
 
 280.4 
 
 282.0 
 
 283.7 
 
 285.4 
 
 287.0 
 
 288.7 
 
 290.4 
 
 
 i 5 /ie 
 
 291.7 
 
 293.5 
 
 295.2 
 
 297.0 
 
 298.8 
 
 300.5 
 
 302.3 
 
 304.0 
 
 
 i% 
 
 304-7 
 
 306.6 
 
 308.4 
 
 310.2 
 
 312. i 
 
 313.9 
 
 315.7 
 
 317 6 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 317.6 
 
 319.5 
 
 321.4 
 
 323.4 
 
 325.3 
 
 327.2 
 
 329.1 
 
 331.0 
 
 
 iV 2 
 
 330.4 
 
 332.4 
 
 334-4 
 
 336.4 
 
 338.4 
 
 340.4 
 
 342.4 
 
 344-4 
 
 
406 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table H. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 23Vs 
 
 23V4 
 
 23% 
 
 23V2 
 
 23% 
 
 23% 
 
 23% 
 
 24 
 
 
 3 /16 
 
 45-93 
 
 46.18 
 
 46.43 
 
 46.68 
 
 46.93 
 
 . 47.18 
 
 47-43 
 
 47.69 
 
 6 
 
 
 49-70 
 
 49-97 
 
 50.24 
 
 50.51 
 
 50.78 
 
 51.05 
 
 51-32 
 
 51-59 
 
 
 ":%* 
 
 53-52 
 
 53.81 
 
 54.10 
 
 54-39 
 
 54.68 
 
 54.98 
 
 55-27 
 
 55-56 
 
 5 
 
 
 53-82 
 
 54-11 
 
 54-41 
 
 54-70 
 
 54-99 
 
 55-29 
 
 55-58 
 
 55-87 
 
 4 
 
 
 58.18 
 
 58.49 
 
 58.81 
 
 59-1" 
 
 59-45 
 
 59.76 
 
 60.08 
 
 60.40 
 
 
 U 
 
 61.08 
 
 61.41 
 
 6i.74 
 
 62.08 
 
 62.41 
 
 62.75 
 
 63-08 
 
 63.41 
 
 3 
 
 
 63.25 
 
 63 60 
 
 63.94 
 
 64.29 
 
 64.63 
 
 64.98 
 
 65.33 
 
 65.67 
 
 
 %2 
 
 68.62 
 
 68.99 
 
 69.37 
 
 69.74 
 
 70.12 
 
 70.50 
 
 70.87 
 
 71-25 
 
 2 
 
 
 69.28 
 
 69.66 
 
 70.04 
 
 70.42 
 
 70.80 
 
 71. 18 
 
 71.56 
 
 71 .93 
 
 I 
 
 
 73-13 
 
 73 53 
 
 73-93 
 
 74-33 
 
 74-73 
 
 75 13 
 
 75-54 
 
 75 -94 
 
 
 5 /le 
 
 76.14 
 
 76.'s6 
 
 76.97 
 
 77-39 
 
 77^81 
 
 78^22 
 
 78.64 
 
 79-06 
 
 
 Wa 
 
 83.64 
 
 84.10 
 
 84.55 
 
 85.01 
 
 85.47 
 
 85.93 
 
 86.39 
 
 86.85 
 
 
 % 
 
 91.12 
 
 91.62 
 
 92.12 
 
 92.62 
 
 93-12 
 
 93.62 
 
 94-12 
 
 94.62 
 
 
 7 /16 
 
 106.0 
 
 106.6 
 
 107.2 
 
 107.8 
 
 108.3 
 
 108.9 
 
 109.5 
 
 IIO. I 
 
 
 % 
 
 120.8 
 
 121. 5 
 
 122.2 
 
 122.8 
 
 123-5 
 
 124.2 
 
 124.8 
 
 125.5 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 135-5 
 
 136.3 
 
 137-0 
 
 137.8 
 
 138.6 
 
 139.3 
 
 140.1 
 
 140.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 150.2 
 
 151.0 
 
 I5I.9 
 
 152.7 
 
 153-5 
 
 154.4 
 
 155-2 
 
 156.0 
 
 
 iMe 
 
 164.7 
 
 165.7 
 
 166.6 
 
 167.5 
 
 168.4 
 
 169.3 
 
 170.3 
 
 171.2 
 
 
 % 
 
 179.2 
 
 180.2 
 
 181.2 
 
 182.2 
 
 183.2 
 
 184.2 
 
 185.2 
 
 186.2 
 
 
 13 /10 
 
 193-6 
 
 194-7 
 
 195-8 
 
 196.9 
 
 198.0 
 
 199.0 
 
 200. 1 
 
 201.2 
 
 
 % 
 
 207.9 
 
 209.1 
 
 210.3 
 
 211.4 
 
 212.6 
 
 213.8 
 
 214.9 
 
 216.1 
 
 
 15 A6 
 
 222.2 
 
 223.4 
 
 224-7 
 
 225.9 
 
 227.2 
 
 228.4 
 
 229.7 
 
 230.9 
 
 
 I 
 
 236.3 
 
 237.6 
 
 239.0 
 
 240.3 
 
 241.6 
 
 243.0 
 
 244-3 
 
 245.6 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 250.4 
 
 251.8 
 
 253.2 
 
 254-6 
 
 256.0 
 
 257.5 
 
 258.9 
 
 260.3 
 
 
 i% 
 
 264.3 
 
 265.8 
 
 267.3 
 
 268.8 
 
 270.3 
 
 271.8 
 
 273-3 
 
 274.8 
 
 
 I 8 /16 
 
 278.2 
 
 279-8 
 
 281.4 
 
 283.0 
 
 284.6 
 
 286.2 
 
 287.7 
 
 289.3 
 
 
 iV4 
 
 2Q2.0 
 
 293-7 
 
 295-4 
 
 297.0 
 
 298.7 
 
 300.4 
 
 302.0 
 
 303.7 
 
 
 i 5 /ie 
 
 305.8 
 
 307.5 
 
 309.3 
 
 311.0 
 
 312.8 
 
 314.5 
 
 316.3 
 
 318.0 
 
 
 i% 
 
 319.4 
 
 321.2 
 
 323.1 
 
 324.9 
 
 326.7 
 
 328.6 
 
 330.4 
 
 332.3 
 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 333.0 
 
 334-9 
 
 336.8 
 
 338.7 
 
 340.6 
 
 342.6 
 
 344-5 
 
 346.4 
 
 
 i% 
 
 346.4 
 
 348.4 
 
 350.4 
 
 352.4 
 
 354-4 
 
 356.5 
 
 358.5 
 
 360.5 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 407 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 24% 
 
 24V4 
 
 24% 
 
 24V 2 
 
 24% 
 
 24 8 /4 
 
 24 7 /8 
 
 25 
 
 
 s /le 
 
 47.94 
 
 48.19 
 
 48.44 
 
 48.69 
 
 48.94 
 
 49-19 
 
 49-44 
 
 49-69 
 
 6 
 
 
 51-86 
 
 52.14 
 
 52.41 
 
 52.68 
 
 52.95 
 
 53-22 
 
 53-49 
 
 53-76 
 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 55.85 
 
 56.14 
 
 56.44 
 
 56.73 
 
 57-02 
 
 57.31 
 
 57.6o 
 
 57-90 
 
 5 
 
 
 56.17 
 
 56.46 
 
 56.76 
 
 57.05 
 
 57 . 34 
 
 57.64 
 
 57-93 
 
 58.22 
 
 4 
 
 
 60.72 
 
 6l.O4 
 
 61.35 
 
 61.67 
 
 61.99 
 
 62.31 
 
 62.62 
 
 62.94 
 
 
 tt 
 
 63-75 
 
 64.08 
 
 64.41 
 
 64.75 
 
 65.08 
 
 65.42 
 
 65-75 
 
 66.08 
 
 3 
 
 
 66.02 
 
 66.36 
 
 66.71 
 
 67.05 
 
 67.40 
 
 67.75 
 
 68.09 
 
 68.44 
 
 
 %2 
 
 71.62 
 
 72.OO 
 
 72-37 
 
 72.75 
 
 73.12 
 
 73.50 
 
 73-87 
 
 74.25 
 
 2 
 
 
 72.31 
 
 72.69 
 
 73.O7 
 
 73-45 
 
 73.83 
 
 74.21 
 
 74-59 
 
 74-97 
 
 I 
 
 
 76.34 
 
 76.74 
 
 77-14 
 
 77-54 
 
 77-94 
 
 78.34 
 
 78.74 
 
 79-14 
 
 
 '"% 
 
 79.48 
 
 79.89 
 
 80.31 
 
 80.73 
 
 81.14 
 
 81.56 
 
 81.98 
 
 82.40 
 
 
 H'82 
 
 87-31 
 
 87.77 
 
 88.23 
 
 88.68 
 
 89.14 
 
 89.60 
 
 90.06 
 
 00.52 
 
 
 % 
 
 95.12 
 
 95.62 
 
 96.12 
 
 96.62 
 
 97-12 
 
 97.62 
 
 98.12 
 
 98.62 
 
 
 %e 
 
 110.7 
 
 ill. 3 
 
 in. 8 
 
 112.4 
 
 113.0 
 
 113.6 
 
 114.2 
 
 114.8 
 
 
 V 2 
 
 126-2 
 
 126.8 
 
 127-5 
 
 128.2 
 
 128.8 
 
 129.5 
 
 130.2 
 
 130.8 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 141.6 
 
 142.3 
 
 I43-I 
 
 143.8 
 
 144-6 
 
 145.3 
 
 146.1 
 
 146.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 156,9 
 
 157-7 
 
 158.5 
 
 159-4 
 
 160.2 
 
 161.0 
 
 161.9 
 
 162.7 
 
 
 i%e 
 
 172.1 
 
 173-0 
 
 173-9 
 
 174-8 
 
 175-8 
 
 176.7 
 
 177.6 
 
 178.5 
 
 
 % 
 
 187.2 
 
 188.2 
 
 189.2 
 
 190.2 
 
 191.2 
 
 192.2 
 
 193.2 
 
 194.2 
 
 1 , 
 
 18 /16 
 
 202.3 
 
 203.4 
 
 204.5 
 
 205.6 
 
 206.6 
 
 207.7 
 
 208.8 
 
 209.9 
 
 r 8 f v ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 217- ,3 
 
 218.4 
 
 219.6 
 
 220.8 
 
 221.9 
 
 223.1 
 
 224.3 
 
 225.5 
 
 
 15 Ae 
 
 232.2 
 
 233-4 
 
 234-7 
 
 235-9 
 
 237-2 
 
 238.4 
 
 239-7 
 
 240.9 
 
 
 i 
 
 247-0 
 
 248.3 
 
 249.6 
 
 25I.O 
 
 252.3 
 
 253-7 
 
 255.0 
 
 256-3 
 
 
 itte 
 
 261.7 
 
 263.1 
 
 264.5 
 
 266.0 
 
 267.4 
 
 268.8 
 
 270.2 
 
 271.6 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 276.3 
 
 277-9 
 
 279.4 
 
 280.9 
 
 282.4 
 
 283.9 
 
 285.4 
 
 286.9 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 290.9 
 
 292.5 
 
 294.1 
 
 295-7 
 
 297-3 
 
 298.8 
 
 300.4 
 
 302.0 
 
 
 iH 
 
 305.4 
 
 307.1 
 
 308.7 
 
 310.4 
 
 312. 1 
 
 313-7 
 
 315-4 
 
 3I7.I 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 319.8 
 
 321.5 
 
 323.3 
 
 325.0 
 
 326.8 
 
 328.5 
 
 330.3 
 
 332-0 
 
 
 1% 
 
 334-1 
 
 335-9 
 
 337-8 
 
 339-6 
 
 341.4 
 
 343-3 
 
 345-1 
 
 346.9 
 
 
 lVl6 
 
 348.3 
 
 350.2 
 
 352.2 
 
 354-1 
 
 356.0 
 
 357-9 
 
 359-8 
 
 361.7 
 
 
 lV 2 
 
 362.5 
 
 364.5 
 
 366.5 
 
 368.5 
 
 370.5 
 
 372.5 
 
 374-5 
 
 376-5 
 
 
408 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 25% 
 
 25U 
 
 25% 
 
 25^2 
 
 25% 
 
 25 8 /i 
 
 25 7 /8 
 
 26 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 49.94 
 
 50.19 
 
 50.44 
 
 50.69 
 
 50.94 
 
 51.19 
 
 51.44 
 
 51.69 
 
 6 
 
 
 54.03 
 
 54-30 
 
 54.57 
 
 54-85 
 
 55-12 
 
 55.39 
 
 55-66 
 
 55-93 
 
 
 '"%2* 
 
 58.19 
 
 58.48 
 
 58.77 
 
 59-o6 
 
 59.36 
 
 59-65 
 
 59-94 
 
 60.23 
 
 5 
 
 
 58.52 
 
 58 81 
 
 59.ii 
 
 59.40 
 
 59.69 
 
 59-99 
 
 60.28 
 
 60.57 
 
 4 
 
 
 63.26 
 
 63.58 
 
 63.90 
 
 64.21 
 
 64.53 
 
 64.85 
 
 65.17 
 
 65.48 
 
 
 V4 
 
 66.42 
 
 66.75 
 
 67.08 
 
 67.42 
 
 67-75 
 
 68.09 
 
 68.42 
 
 68.75 
 
 3 
 
 
 68.78 
 
 69. 13 
 
 69.47 
 
 69.82 
 
 70.17 
 
 70.51 
 
 70.86 
 
 71.20 
 
 
 %2 
 
 74-63 
 
 75-00 
 
 75.38 
 
 75-75 
 
 76.13 
 
 76.50 
 
 76.88 
 
 77-25 
 
 2 
 
 
 75-35 
 
 75.73 
 
 76.11 
 
 76.48 
 
 76.86 
 
 77.24 
 
 77.62 
 
 78.00 
 
 I 
 
 
 79-54 
 
 79-94 
 
 80 34 
 
 80.74 
 
 81.14 
 
 81.54 
 
 81.94 
 
 82.34 
 
 
 %6 
 
 82.81 
 
 83.23 
 
 83-65 
 
 84.06 
 
 84-48 
 
 84-90 
 
 85-32 
 
 85-73 
 
 
 H'32 
 
 90.98 
 
 91.44 
 
 91.90 
 
 92.36 
 
 92.82 
 
 93-27 
 
 93-73 
 
 94-19 
 
 
 % 
 
 99-13 
 
 99.63 
 
 100 I 
 
 100.6 
 
 IOI.I 
 
 101.6 
 
 IO2.I 
 
 102.6 
 
 
 7 Ae 
 
 II5-4 
 
 II5-9 
 
 116.5 
 
 117.1 
 
 117.7 
 
 118.3 
 
 II8.9 
 
 119.4 
 
 
 y 2 
 
 I3I-5 
 
 132.2 
 
 132.8 
 
 133-5 
 
 134-2 
 
 134-8 
 
 135-5 
 
 136.2 
 
 
 9 /10 
 
 147-6 
 
 148.3 
 
 149-1 
 
 149 8 
 
 150.6 
 
 I5I-3 
 
 I52.I 
 
 152.8 
 
 
 %. 
 
 163.5 
 
 164.4 
 
 165.2 
 
 166.0 
 
 166.9 
 
 167 7 
 
 168.5 
 
 169.4 
 
 
 iMe 
 
 179-4 
 
 180.4 
 
 181.3 
 
 182 2 
 
 183.1 
 
 184 o 
 
 184.9 
 
 185.9 
 
 
 8/4 
 
 195-2 
 
 196.2 
 
 197.2 
 
 198.3 
 
 199-3 
 
 200.3 
 
 201.3 
 
 202.3 
 
 
 18/46 
 
 211. 
 
 212. 1 
 
 213.1 
 
 214.2 
 
 215-3 
 
 216.4 
 
 217.5 
 
 218.6 
 
 
 % 
 
 226.6 
 
 227.8 
 
 229.0 
 
 230.1 
 
 231-3 
 
 232.5 
 
 233.6 
 
 234-8 
 
 
 15 /i6 
 
 242.2 
 
 243.4 
 
 244-7 
 
 245-9 
 
 247-2 
 
 248.4 
 
 249.7 
 
 250.9 
 
 
 I 
 
 257-7 
 
 259.0 
 
 260.3 
 
 261.7 
 
 263.0 
 
 264.3 
 
 265.7 
 
 267.0 
 
 
 1^6 
 
 273.1 
 
 274-5 
 
 275-9 
 
 277-3 
 
 278.7 
 
 280.1 
 
 281.6 
 
 283.0 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 288.4 
 
 289.9 
 
 291.4 
 
 292.9 
 
 294-4 
 
 295-9 
 
 297.4 
 
 298.9 
 
 
 I 3 /l6 
 
 303-6 
 
 305.2 
 
 306.8 
 
 308.3 
 
 309-9 
 
 3H.5 
 
 313.1 
 
 314.7 
 
 
 I*/4 
 
 318.7 
 
 320-4 
 
 322.1 
 
 323.7 
 
 325-4 
 
 327-1 
 
 328.7 
 
 330.4 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 333-8 
 
 335.5 
 
 337-3 
 
 339-1 
 
 340.8 
 
 342.6 
 
 344-3 
 
 3~46.I 
 
 
 18/8 
 
 348.8 
 
 350.6 
 
 352.4 
 
 354-3 
 
 356.1 
 
 358.0 
 
 359-8 
 
 361.6 
 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 363.7 
 
 365-6 
 
 367.5 
 
 369.4 
 
 371-3 
 
 373-3 
 
 375-2 
 
 377.1 
 
 
 1% 
 
 378.5 
 
 380.5 
 
 382 5 
 
 384-5 
 
 3865 
 
 388 5 
 
 390.5 
 
 392.5 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 409 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 26V 8 
 
 26U 
 
 263/ 8 
 
 26y 2 
 
 265/ 8 
 
 268/4 
 
 267/ 8 
 
 27 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 51-94 
 
 52.19 
 
 52.44 
 
 52.69 
 
 52.94 
 
 53-19 
 
 53-44 
 
 53.69 
 
 6 
 
 
 56.20 
 
 56.47 
 
 56.74 
 
 57-01 
 
 57-28 
 
 57.56 
 
 57-83 
 
 58.10 
 
 
 "' 7 /3 2 ' 
 
 60.52 
 
 60.82 
 
 61. ii 
 
 61.40 
 
 61.69 
 
 61.98 
 
 62.28 
 
 62.57 
 
 5 
 
 
 60.87 
 
 61.16 
 
 6i.45 
 
 6i.75 
 
 62.04 
 
 62.34 
 
 62.63 
 
 62.92 
 
 4 
 
 
 65.80 
 
 66.12 
 
 66.44 
 
 66.75 
 
 67.07 
 
 67.39 
 
 67.71 
 
 68.03 
 
 
 % 
 
 69.09 
 
 69.42 
 
 69.75 
 
 70.09 
 
 70.42 
 
 70.76 
 
 71.09 
 
 71.42 
 
 3 
 
 
 7i "; 
 
 71 .90 
 
 72 24 
 
 72 59 
 
 72.93 
 
 73.28 
 
 73.62 
 
 73-97 
 
 
 %2 
 
 /A -00 
 
 77.63 
 
 78^00 
 
 78^38 
 
 78^76 
 
 79.13 
 
 79-51 
 
 79-88 
 
 80.26 
 
 2 
 
 
 78.38 
 
 78.76 
 
 79-14 
 
 79-52 
 
 79-90 
 
 80.28 
 
 80-65 
 
 81.03 
 
 i 
 
 
 82 74 
 
 83 15 
 
 83 55 
 
 83.95 
 
 84 35 
 
 84.75 
 
 85-15 
 
 85.55 
 
 
 5 Ae 
 
 86^15 
 
 86^57 
 
 86^98 
 
 87.40 
 
 87^82 
 
 88.24 
 
 88.65 
 
 89-07 
 
 
 H32 
 
 94.65 
 
 95.ii 
 
 95-57 
 
 96.03 
 
 96.49 
 
 96.95 
 
 97-40 
 
 97.86 
 
 
 % 
 
 103.1 
 
 103.6 
 
 104.1 
 
 104.6 
 
 105.1 
 
 105.6 
 
 106.1 
 
 106.6 
 
 
 Vie 
 
 I2O.O 
 
 120.6 
 
 121. 2 
 
 121. 8 
 
 122.4 
 
 122.9 
 
 123-5 
 
 124.1 
 
 
 2 
 
 136.8 
 
 137-5 
 
 138.2 
 
 138.8 
 
 139-5 
 
 140.2 
 
 140.8 
 
 I4L5 
 
 
 %6 
 
 153.6 
 
 154-3 
 
 155. 1 
 
 155-8 
 
 156.6 
 
 157-3 
 
 158.1 
 
 158.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 170.2 
 
 171.0 
 
 171.9 
 
 172.7 
 
 173-6 
 
 174-4 
 
 175-2 
 
 176.1 
 
 
 !M6 
 
 186.8 
 
 187.7 
 
 188.6 
 
 189-5 
 
 190.4 
 
 191.4 
 
 192.3 
 
 193.2 
 
 
 8 /4 
 
 203.3 
 
 204.3 
 
 205.3 
 
 206.3 
 
 207.3 
 
 208.3 
 
 209-3 
 
 210.3 
 
 
 18 Ae 
 
 219-7 
 
 220.7 
 
 211. 8 
 
 222.9 
 
 224.0 
 
 225.1 
 
 226.2 
 
 227.2 
 
 
 % 
 
 236.0 
 
 237-1 
 
 238.3 
 
 239-5 
 
 240.6 
 
 241.8 
 
 243-0 
 
 244.1 
 
 
 15 /ie 
 
 252.2 
 
 253-4 
 
 254-7 
 
 255-9 
 
 257-2 
 
 258.5 
 
 259.7 
 
 261.0 
 
 
 i 
 
 268.3 
 
 269.7 
 
 271.0 
 
 272.3 
 
 273-7 
 
 275-0 
 
 276.3 
 
 277-7 
 
 
 i!/i6 
 
 284.4 
 
 285.8 
 
 287.2 
 
 288.7 
 
 290.1 
 
 29L5 
 
 292.9 
 
 294-3 
 
 
 i% 
 
 300.4 
 
 301.9 
 
 303.4 
 
 304.9 
 
 306.4 
 
 307.9 
 
 309.4 
 
 310.9 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 316.3 
 
 317.9 
 
 319.4 
 
 321.0 
 
 322.6 
 
 324-2 
 
 325.8 
 
 327.4 
 
 
 1% 
 
 332.1 
 
 333-8 
 
 335-4 
 
 337-1 
 
 338.8 
 
 340.4 
 
 342.1 
 
 343-8 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 347-8 
 
 349-6 
 
 351-3 
 
 353-1 
 
 354-8 
 
 356.6 
 
 358.3 
 
 360.1 
 
 
 1% 
 
 363.5 
 
 365.3 
 
 367.1 
 
 369.0 
 
 370.8 
 
 372.6 
 
 374-5 
 
 376.3 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 379-0 
 
 380.9 
 
 382.9 
 
 384.8 
 
 386.7 
 
 388.6 
 
 390.5 
 
 392.5 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 394-5 
 
 396.5 
 
 398.5 
 
 400.5 
 
 402.5 
 
 404.5 
 
 406.5 
 
 408.5 
 
 ' 
 
410 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 271/8 
 
 2774 
 
 27% 
 
 27V2 
 
 27% 
 
 27% 
 
 27% 
 
 28 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 53-94 
 
 54.19 
 
 54-44 
 
 54.69 
 
 54-94 
 
 55.19 
 
 55.45 
 
 55.70 
 
 6 
 
 
 58.37 
 
 58.64 
 
 58.91 
 
 59-18 
 
 59-45 
 
 59.72 
 
 59.99 
 
 60.27 
 
 
 %2 
 
 62.86 
 
 63.15 
 
 63.44 
 
 63.74 
 
 64.03 
 
 64.32 
 
 64.61 
 
 64.90 
 
 5 
 
 
 63.22 
 
 63.51 
 
 63.80 
 
 64.10 
 
 64.39 
 
 64.69 
 
 64.98 
 
 65.27 
 
 4 
 
 
 68.34 
 
 68.66 
 
 68.98 
 
 69.30 
 
 69.61 
 
 69.93 
 
 70.25 
 
 70.57 
 
 
 '"ii" 
 
 71.76 
 
 72.09 
 
 72.42 
 
 72.76 
 
 73.09 
 
 73.43 
 
 73.76 
 
 74.09 
 
 3 
 
 
 74.32 
 
 74.66 
 
 75-01 
 
 75-35 
 
 75.70 
 
 76.04 
 
 76.39 
 
 76.74 
 
 
 "'% 2 ' 
 
 80.63 
 
 8l.oi 
 
 81.38 
 
 81.76 
 
 82.14 
 
 82.51 
 
 82.89 
 
 83.26 
 
 2 
 
 
 81.41 
 
 8i.79 
 
 82.17 
 
 82.55 
 
 82.93 
 
 83.31 
 
 83.69 
 
 84.07] 
 
 I 
 
 
 85-95 
 
 86.35 
 
 86.75 
 
 87.15 
 
 87-55 
 
 87.95 
 
 88.35 
 
 88.75 
 
 
 "'<H6' 
 
 i\L n 
 
 89.49 
 
 08 72 
 
 89.91 
 08 78 
 
 90.32 
 
 90.74 
 
 91.16 
 
 91.57 
 
 91-99 
 
 92.41 
 
 
 782 
 
 % 
 
 yo.5^ 
 107.1 
 
 yo. /o 
 107.6 
 
 99. 24 
 108.1 
 
 99- 7O 
 108.6 
 
 109.1 
 
 109.6 
 
 IIO. I 
 
 no. 6 
 
 
 7 /l6 
 
 124.7 
 
 125-3 
 
 125-9 
 
 126.5 
 
 127.0 
 
 127.6 
 
 128.2 
 
 128.8 
 
 
 V2 
 
 142.2 
 
 142.8 
 
 143-5 
 
 144-2 
 
 144-8 
 
 145.5 
 
 146.2 
 
 146.9 
 
 
 %6 
 
 159-6 
 
 160.3 
 
 161.1 
 178 6 
 
 161.8 
 
 162.6 
 
 163.3 
 
 164.1 
 
 164.8 
 
 
 *&8 
 
 176.9 
 I94-I 
 
 177-7 
 195-0 
 
 196.0 
 
 179-4 
 196.9 
 
 197^8 
 
 198.7 
 
 199.6 
 
 200.5 
 
 
 % 
 
 211. 3 
 
 212.3 
 
 213-3 
 
 214.3 
 
 215-3 
 
 216.3 
 
 217.3 
 
 218.3 
 
 
 18 /4e 
 
 228.3 
 
 229.4 
 
 230.5 
 
 231.6 
 
 232.7 
 
 233.8 
 
 234.8 
 
 235.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 245.3 
 
 246.5 
 
 247.6 
 
 248.8 
 
 250.0 
 
 251.2 
 
 252.3 
 
 253.5 
 
 
 15 /ie 
 
 262.2 
 
 263.5 
 
 264.7 
 
 266.0 
 
 267.2 
 
 268.5 
 
 269.7 
 
 271.0 
 
 
 i 
 
 279.0 
 
 280.4 
 
 281.7 
 
 283.0 
 
 284.4 
 
 285.7 
 
 287.0 
 
 288.4 
 
 
 lVl6 
 
 295.7 
 
 297-2 
 
 298.6 
 
 300.0 
 
 301.4 
 
 302.8 
 
 304.3 
 
 305.7 
 
 
 i% 
 
 312.4 
 
 313 9 
 
 315.4 
 
 316.9 
 
 318.4 
 
 319 9 
 
 321.4 
 
 322.9 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 329.0 
 
 330.5 
 
 332.1 
 
 333-7 
 
 335.3 
 
 336.9 
 
 338.5 
 
 340.1 
 
 
 .1% 
 
 345.4 
 
 347-1 
 
 348.8 
 
 350.4 
 
 352.1 
 
 353-8 
 
 355.4 
 
 357-1 
 
 
 i 5 /4e 
 
 361.8 
 
 363.6 
 
 365.3 
 
 367.1 
 
 368.8 
 
 370.6 
 
 372.3 
 
 374.1 
 
 
 i% 
 
 378.1 
 
 380.0 
 
 381.8 
 
 383.7 
 
 385.5 
 
 387.3 
 
 389-2 
 
 391-0 ! 
 
 
 i 7 /i6 
 
 394.4 
 
 396.3 
 
 398.2 
 
 400.1 
 
 402.0 
 
 404.0 
 
 405.9 
 
 407.8 
 
 
 i% 
 
 410.5 
 
 412.5 
 
 414.5 
 
 416.5 
 
 418.5 
 
 420.5 
 
 422.5 
 
 424.5 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 - ' '--'.- v 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 411 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 28% 
 
 2814 
 
 283/ 8 
 
 281/ 2 
 
 285/ 8 
 
 283/4 
 
 287/ 8 
 
 29 
 
 
 3 /16 
 
 55-95 
 
 56.20 
 
 56.45 
 
 56.70 
 
 56.95 
 
 57-20 
 
 57-45 
 
 57-70 
 
 6 
 
 
 60.54 
 
 60. 81 
 
 61.08 
 
 61.35 
 
 61.62 
 
 61.89 
 
 62.16 
 
 62.43 
 
 
 "' 7 /3 2 ' 
 
 65.20 
 
 65.49 
 
 65-78 
 
 66.07 
 
 66.37 
 
 66.66 
 
 66.95 
 
 67.24 
 
 5 
 
 
 65.57 
 
 65.86 
 
 66.15 
 
 66.45 
 
 66.74 
 
 67.04 
 
 67.33 
 
 67.62 
 
 4 
 
 
 70.89 
 
 71.20 
 
 71.52 
 
 71.84 
 
 72.16 
 
 72-47 
 
 72.79 
 
 73-11 
 
 
 '"ii" 
 
 74-43 
 
 74.76 
 
 75-09 
 
 75-43 
 
 75.76 
 
 76.10 
 
 76.43 
 
 76.76 
 
 3 
 
 
 77.08 
 
 7743 
 
 77-77 
 
 78 12 
 
 78.46 
 
 78.81 
 
 79 16 
 
 79.50 
 
 
 %2 
 
 83.64 
 
 84.01 
 
 84.39 
 
 84.76 
 
 85.14 
 
 85.51 
 
 85.89 
 
 86.27 
 
 2 
 
 
 84.45 
 
 84.83 
 
 85.20 
 
 85.58 
 
 85.96 
 
 86.34 
 
 86.72 
 
 87.10 
 
 I 
 
 
 89.15 
 
 89.55 
 
 89.95 
 
 90.35 
 
 90.75 
 
 91.16 
 
 91.56 
 
 91.96 
 
 
 '"%' 
 
 92.83 
 
 93.24 
 
 93-66 
 
 94.08 
 
 94-49 
 
 94-91 
 
 95-33 
 
 95-75 
 
 
 11/32 
 
 102.0 
 
 102.5 
 
 102.9 
 
 103-4 
 
 103.8 
 
 104.3 
 
 104-7 
 
 105.2 
 
 
 % 
 
 III. I 
 
 in. 6 
 
 112. 1 
 
 112. 6 
 
 113. i 
 
 113.6 
 
 114. 1 
 
 114.6 
 
 
 %6 
 
 129.4 
 
 130.0 
 
 130.5 
 
 131. 1 
 
 I3I.7 
 
 132.3 
 
 132.9 
 
 133-5 
 
 
 % 
 
 147.5 
 
 148.2 
 
 148.9 
 
 149.5 
 
 150.2 
 
 150.9 
 
 I5I-5 
 
 152.2 
 
 
 e /16 
 
 165.6 
 
 166.3 
 
 I67.I 
 
 167.8 
 
 168.6 
 
 169.3 
 
 I70.I 
 
 170.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 183.6 
 
 184.4 
 
 185.2 
 
 186.1 
 
 186.9 
 
 187.7 
 
 188.6 
 
 189.4 
 
 
 Hie 
 
 201.5 
 
 202.4 
 
 203.3 
 
 204.2 
 
 205.1 
 
 206.1 
 
 207.0 
 
 207.9 
 
 
 8 /i 
 
 219-3 
 
 220.4 
 
 221.3 
 
 222.3 
 
 223.3 
 
 224.3 
 
 225.3 
 
 226.3 
 
 
 13 /16 
 
 237-0 
 
 238.1 
 
 239-2 
 
 240.3 
 
 241.3 
 
 242.4 
 
 243-5 
 
 244.6 
 
 
 % 
 
 254.7 
 
 255.8 
 
 257-0 
 
 258.2 
 
 259-3 
 
 260.5 
 
 261.7 
 
 262.8 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 272.2 
 
 273-5 
 
 274-7 
 
 276.0 
 
 277.2 
 
 278.5 
 
 279-7 
 
 281.0 
 
 
 I 
 
 289.7 
 
 291-0 
 
 292.4 
 
 293-7 
 
 295.0 
 
 296.4 
 
 297.7 
 
 299.0 
 
 
 iVie 
 
 307.1 
 
 308.5 
 
 309.9 
 
 3H.4 
 
 312.8 
 
 314.2 
 
 315.6 
 
 317.0 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 324-4 
 
 325.9 
 
 327.4 
 
 328.9 
 
 330.4 
 
 331-9 
 
 333.4 
 
 334-9 
 
 
 I 8 /16 
 
 341-6 
 
 343-2 
 
 344.8 
 
 346.4 
 
 348.0 
 
 349-6 
 
 351-2 
 
 352.7 
 
 
 IV4 
 
 358.8 
 
 360.5 
 
 362.1 
 
 363.8 
 
 365.5 
 
 367.1 
 
 368.8 
 
 370.5 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 375-8 
 
 377-6 
 
 379-4 
 
 38I.I 
 
 382.9 
 
 384-6 
 
 386.4 
 
 388.1 
 
 
 1% 
 
 392.8 
 
 394-7 
 
 396.5 
 
 398.3 
 
 400.2 
 
 402.0 
 
 403-8 
 
 405.7 
 
 
 I%8 
 
 409.7 
 
 411.6 
 
 413.6 
 
 415.5 
 
 417-4 
 
 419.3 
 
 421.2 
 
 423.2 
 
 
 i% 
 
 426.5 
 
 428.5 
 
 430.5 
 
 432.5 
 
 434-5 
 
 436.6 
 
 438.6 
 
 440.6 
 
 
412 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 291/8 
 
 291/4 
 
 29% 
 
 29% 
 
 29% 
 
 29% 
 
 29% 
 
 3o 
 
 
 %6 
 
 57-95 
 
 58.20 
 
 58.45 
 
 58.70 
 
 58.95 
 
 59-20 
 
 59.45 
 
 59-70 
 
 6 
 
 
 62 70 
 
 62.98 
 
 63 25 
 
 63 52 
 
 63.79 
 
 64.06 
 
 64.33 
 
 64 60 
 
 
 %2 
 
 67^53 
 
 67.83 
 
 68.12 
 
 68.41 
 
 68.70 
 
 68.99 
 
 69.29 
 
 69^58 
 
 5 
 
 
 67.92 
 
 68.21 
 
 68.50 
 
 68.80 
 
 69.09 
 
 69.38 
 
 69.68 
 
 69.97 
 
 4 
 
 
 73-43 
 
 73-74 
 
 74 06 
 
 74.38 
 
 74-7 
 
 75 02 
 
 75-33 
 
 75.65 
 
 
 a 
 
 77.10 
 
 77-43 
 
 77.76 
 
 78.10 
 
 78.43 
 
 78.77 
 
 79-10 
 
 79-43 
 
 3 
 
 
 79 85 
 
 80.19 
 
 80 14 
 
 80 89 
 
 81.23 
 
 81.58 
 
 81 92 
 
 82.27 
 
 
 9 /32 
 
 86.64 
 
 87.02 
 
 w.^H 
 
 87.39 
 
 87.77 
 
 88.14 
 
 88.52 
 
 88.89 
 
 89.27 
 
 2 
 
 
 87.48 
 
 87.86 
 
 88.24 
 
 88.62 
 
 89.00 
 
 89.38 
 
 89.75 
 
 00.13 
 
 I 
 
 
 92.3^ 
 
 92.76 
 
 93-1^ 
 
 93.56 
 
 93.96 
 
 94.36 
 
 94-7^ 
 
 95-i6 
 
 
 5 /ie 
 
 96.16 
 
 96.58 
 
 97-00 
 
 97-41 
 
 97.83 
 
 98.25 
 
 98.67 
 
 99.08 
 
 
 H'82 
 
 105-7 
 
 106.1 
 
 106.6 
 
 107.0 
 
 107-5 
 
 108.0 
 
 108.4 
 
 108.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 II5-I 
 
 115.6 
 
 116.1 
 
 116.6 
 
 117.1 
 
 117.6 
 
 118.1 
 
 118.6 
 
 
 %6 
 
 134-0 
 
 134-6 
 
 135-2 
 
 135.8 
 
 136.4 
 
 137-0 
 
 137-5 
 
 138.1 
 
 
 % 
 
 152.9 
 
 153-5 
 
 154-2 
 
 154.9 
 
 155-5 
 
 156.2 
 
 156.9 
 
 157-5 
 
 
 %6 
 
 I7I.6 
 
 172.3 
 
 I73.I 
 
 173.8 
 
 174-6 
 
 175-3 
 
 176.1 
 
 176.8 
 
 
 % 
 
 190.2 
 
 191.1 
 
 I9L9 
 
 192.7 
 
 193.6 
 
 194-4 
 
 195-2 
 
 196.1 
 
 
 %6 
 
 208.8 
 
 209.7 
 
 210.6 
 
 211. 6 
 
 212.5 
 
 213-4 
 
 214-3 
 
 215.2 
 
 
 % 
 
 227-3 
 
 228.3 
 
 229.3 
 
 230.3 
 
 231.3 
 
 232.3 
 
 233-3 
 
 234-3 
 
 
 !%e 
 
 245-7 
 
 246.8 
 
 247-9 
 
 248.9 
 
 250.0 
 
 251.1 
 
 252.2 
 
 253-3 
 
 
 % 
 
 264.0 
 
 265.2 
 
 266.3 
 
 267.5 
 
 268.7 
 
 269.8 
 
 271.0 
 
 272.2 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 282.2 
 
 283.5 
 
 284.7 
 
 286.0 
 
 287.2 
 
 288.5 
 
 289.7 
 
 291.0 
 
 
 I 
 
 300.4 
 
 301.7 
 
 303-0 
 
 304.4 
 
 305.7 
 
 307.1 
 
 308.4 
 
 309-7 
 
 
 I%8 
 
 318.4 
 
 319.9 
 
 321.3 
 
 322.7 
 
 324.1 
 
 325.5 
 
 327.0 
 
 328.4 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 336.4 
 
 337-9 
 
 339-4 
 
 340.9 
 
 342.4 
 
 343-9 
 
 345-4 
 
 346.9 
 
 
 I 8 /16 
 
 354-3 
 
 355-9 
 
 357.5 
 
 359-1 
 
 36o.7 
 
 362.2 
 
 363.8 
 
 365.4 
 
 
 1% 
 
 372.1 
 
 373-8 
 
 375-5 
 
 377-1 
 
 378.8 
 
 380.5 
 
 382.1 
 
 383.8 
 
 
 I 5 /i6 
 
 389.9 
 
 391.6 
 
 393-4 
 
 395-1 
 
 396.9 
 
 398.6 
 
 400.4 
 
 402.1 
 
 
 1% 
 
 407.5 
 
 409.4 
 
 411.2 
 
 413.0 
 
 414.9 
 
 416.7 
 
 418.5 
 
 420.4 
 
 
 iVie 
 
 425.1 
 
 427.0 
 
 428.9 
 
 430.8 
 
 432.8 
 
 434-7 
 
 436.6 
 
 438.5 
 
 
 i% 
 
 442.6 
 
 444-6 
 
 446.6 
 
 448.6 
 
 450.6 
 
 452.6 
 
 454-6 
 
 456.6 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 413 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 30% 
 
 3oV 4 
 
 303/8 
 
 3oy 2 
 
 30% 
 
 303/4 
 
 30% 
 
 31 
 
 
 %e 
 
 59-95 
 
 60.20 
 
 60.45 
 
 60.70 
 
 60.95 
 
 61.20 
 
 6i.45 
 
 61.70 
 
 6 
 
 
 64 87 
 
 65.14 
 
 65,42 
 
 65.69 
 
 65.96 
 
 66.23 
 
 66.50 
 
 66.77 
 
 
 7 /32 
 
 69.87 
 
 70.16 
 
 70.45 
 
 70.75 
 
 71.04 
 
 71.33 
 
 71.62 
 
 71.91 
 
 5 
 
 
 70.27 
 
 70.56 
 
 70.85 
 
 71.15 
 
 71.44 
 
 71-73 
 
 72.03 
 
 72.33 
 
 4 
 
 
 75-97 
 
 76.29 
 
 76.6o 
 
 76.92 
 
 77.24 
 
 77.56 
 
 77-88 
 
 78.19 
 
 
 H 
 
 79-77 
 
 80. 10 
 
 80.43 
 
 80.77 
 
 81.10 
 
 81.44 
 
 81.77 
 
 82.10 
 
 3 
 
 
 82.61 
 
 82.96 
 
 83.31 
 
 83.65 
 
 84.00 
 
 84.34 
 
 84.69 
 
 85.03 
 
 
 %2 
 
 89.64 
 
 90.02 
 
 90.40 
 
 90.77 
 
 91.15 
 
 91.52 
 
 91.90 
 
 92.27 
 
 2 
 
 
 90.51 
 
 90.89 
 
 91.27 
 
 91.65 
 
 92.03 
 
 92.41 
 
 92.79 
 
 93-17 
 
 I 
 
 
 95.56 
 
 95.96 
 
 96.36 
 
 96.76 
 
 97.16 
 
 97.56 
 
 97-96 
 
 98.36 
 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 99.50 
 
 99.92 
 
 100.3 
 
 100.8 
 
 IOI.2 
 
 101.6 
 
 102.0 
 
 102.4 
 
 
 *% 
 
 109.3 
 
 109.8 
 
 110.3 
 
 110.7 
 
 III. 2 
 
 in. 6 
 
 112. 1 
 
 112. 5 
 
 
 % 
 
 119.2 
 
 119.7 
 
 I2O.2 
 
 120.7 
 
 121. 2 
 
 121. 7 
 
 122.2 
 
 122.7 
 
 
 7 /i6 
 
 138.7 
 
 139-3 
 
 139-9 
 
 140.5 
 
 I4I.I 
 
 141.6 
 
 142.2 
 
 142.8 
 
 
 y 2 
 
 158.2 
 
 158.9 
 
 159-5 
 
 160.2 
 
 160.9 
 
 161.5 
 
 l62.2 
 
 162.9 
 
 
 9 /i6 
 
 177-6 
 
 178.4 
 
 I79-I 
 
 179-9 
 
 180.6 
 
 181.4 
 
 I82.I 
 
 182.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 196.9 
 
 197-7 
 
 198.6 
 
 199-4 
 
 200.3 
 
 2OI.I 
 
 201-9 
 
 202.8 
 
 
 Hie 
 
 216. i 
 
 217.1 
 
 218.0 
 
 218.9 
 
 219.8 
 
 220.7 
 
 221.7 
 
 222.6 
 
 
 % 
 
 235-3 
 
 236.3 
 
 237.3 
 
 238.3 
 
 239-3 
 
 240.3 
 
 241.3 
 
 242.3 
 
 
 18 Ae 
 
 254-4 
 
 255-4 
 
 256.5 
 
 257-6 
 
 258.7 
 
 259-8 
 
 260-9 
 
 262.O 
 
 
 7 /s 
 
 273-3 
 
 274-5 
 
 275.7 
 
 276.8 
 
 278.0 
 
 279-2 
 
 280.4 
 
 281.5 
 
 
 15 A6 
 
 292.2 
 
 293-5 
 
 294.7 
 
 296.0 
 
 297-3 
 
 298.5 
 
 299-8 
 
 301.0 
 
 
 i 
 
 3H. I 
 
 312.4 
 
 313.7 
 
 3I5.I 
 
 316.4 
 
 317.7 
 
 3I9.I 
 
 320.4 
 
 
 Itte 
 
 329.8 
 
 331.2 
 
 332.6 
 
 334-0 
 
 335-5 
 
 336.9 
 
 338.3 
 
 339-7 
 
 
 i% 
 
 348.4 
 
 349-9 
 
 351-4 
 
 352.9 
 
 354-4 
 
 355-9 
 
 357-5 
 
 359-0 
 
 
 I 8 /16 
 
 367.0 
 
 368.6 
 
 370.2 
 
 371-8 
 
 373-3 
 
 374-9 
 
 376.5 
 
 378.1 
 
 
 IV4 
 
 385.5 
 
 387.2 
 
 388.8 
 
 390.5 
 
 392.2 
 
 393-8 
 
 395-5 
 
 397-2 
 
 
 i 5 Ae 
 
 403.9 
 
 405.6 
 
 407.4 
 
 409.1 
 
 410.9 
 
 412.6 
 
 414-4 
 
 416.2 
 
 
 i% 
 
 422.2 
 
 424.0 
 
 425.9 
 
 427.7 
 
 429.5 
 
 43L4 
 
 433-2 
 
 435-0 
 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 440.4 
 
 442.4 
 
 444-3 
 
 446.2 
 
 448.1 
 
 450.0 
 
 451-9 
 
 453 9 
 
 
 iV 2 
 
 458.6 
 
 460.6 
 
 462.6 
 
 464.6 
 
 466.6 
 
 468.6 
 
 470.6 
 
 472.6 
 
 
414 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 3iVs 
 
 3IV4 
 
 31% 
 
 3iy 2 
 
 31% 
 
 3I 3 /4 
 
 31% 
 
 32 
 
 
 S A Q 
 
 61.95 
 
 62.20 
 
 62.45 
 
 62.70 
 
 62.95 
 
 63.20 
 
 63.46 
 
 63.71 
 
 6 
 
 
 67.04 
 
 67.31 
 
 67.58 
 
 67.85 
 
 68.13 
 
 68.40 
 
 68.67 
 
 68.94 
 
 
 7 /32 
 
 72.21 
 
 72.50 
 
 72.79 
 
 73.o8 
 
 73-37 
 
 73.67 
 
 73.96 
 
 74-25 
 
 5 
 
 
 72.62 
 
 72.91 
 
 73.20 
 
 73-50 
 
 73-79 
 
 74-08 
 
 74-38 
 
 74.67 
 
 4 
 
 
 78.51 
 
 78.83 
 
 79-15 
 
 79.46 
 
 79-78 
 
 80.10 
 
 80.42 
 
 80.74 
 
 
 '"ii" 
 
 82.44 
 
 82.77 
 
 83.10 
 
 83-44 
 
 83-77 
 
 84.11 
 
 84.44 
 
 84.77 
 
 3 
 
 
 85.38 
 
 85-73 
 
 86.07 
 
 86.42 
 
 86.76 
 
 87.11 
 
 87.45 
 
 87.80 
 
 
 %2 
 
 92.65 
 
 93-02 
 
 93-40 
 
 93-77 
 
 94-15 
 
 94-53 
 
 94-90 
 
 95-28 
 
 2 
 
 
 93-55 
 
 93-92 
 
 94-30 
 
 94-68 
 
 95.o6 
 
 95-44 
 
 95-82 
 
 96.20 
 
 I 
 
 
 98.76 
 
 99.17 
 
 99-57 
 
 99-97 
 
 100.4 
 
 100.8 
 
 IOI.2 
 
 101.6 
 
 
 5 /16 
 
 102.8 
 
 103-3 
 
 103-7 
 
 104.1 
 
 104-5 
 
 104.9 
 
 105-3 
 
 105.8 
 
 
 H'32 
 
 113.0 
 
 II3-5 
 
 H3-9 
 
 114.4 
 
 114.8 
 
 II5-3 
 
 II5-8 
 
 116.2 
 
 
 % 
 
 123.2 
 
 123-7 
 
 124.2 
 
 124-7 
 
 125.2 
 
 125-7 
 
 126.2 
 
 126.7 
 
 
 7 /ie 
 
 143-4 
 
 144-0 
 
 144-6 
 
 145- 1 
 
 145-7 
 
 146.3 
 
 146.9 
 
 147.5 
 
 
 % 
 
 163.5 
 
 164.2 
 
 164.9 
 
 165-5 
 
 166.2 
 
 166.9 
 
 167.5 
 
 168.2 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 183.6 
 
 184.4 
 
 185.1 
 
 185.9 
 
 186.6 
 
 187.4 
 
 188.1 
 
 188.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 203.6 
 
 204.4 
 
 205.3 
 
 206.1 
 
 206.9 
 
 207.8 
 
 208.6 
 
 209.4 
 
 
 Hie 
 
 223.5 
 
 224.4 
 
 225.3 
 
 226.2 
 
 227.2 
 
 228.1 
 
 229.0 
 
 229.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 243-3 
 
 244-3 
 
 245-3 
 
 246.3 
 
 247-3 
 
 248.3 
 
 249-3 
 
 250.3 
 
 
 13 /10 
 
 263.0 
 
 264.1 
 
 265.2 
 
 266.3 
 
 267.4 
 
 268.5 
 
 269.5 
 
 270.6 
 
 
 % 
 
 282.7 
 
 283.9 
 
 285.0 
 
 286.2 
 
 287.4 
 
 288.5 
 
 289.7 
 
 290.9 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 302.2 
 
 303.5 
 
 304.8 
 
 306.0 
 
 307-3 
 
 308.5 
 
 309.8 
 
 311. 
 
 
 I 
 
 321-7 
 
 323-1 
 
 324.4 
 
 325.7 
 
 327-1 
 
 328.4 
 
 329-7 
 
 331. 1 
 
 
 1^6 
 
 341. 1 
 
 342.6 
 
 344-0 
 
 345-4 
 
 346.8 
 
 348.2 
 
 349-6 
 
 351. 1 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 360.5 
 
 362.0 
 
 363.5 
 
 365.0 
 
 366.5 
 
 368.0 
 
 369.5 
 
 371-0 
 
 
 I%0 
 
 379-7 
 
 38L3 
 
 382.9 
 
 384.4 
 
 386.0 
 
 387.6 
 
 389-2 
 
 390.8 
 
 
 1% 
 
 398.8 
 
 400.5 
 
 402.2 
 
 403-8 
 
 405.5 
 
 407.2 
 
 408.9 
 
 410.5 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 417.9 
 
 419.7 
 
 421.4 
 
 423.2 
 
 424.9 
 
 426.7 
 
 428.4 
 
 430.2 
 
 
 1% 
 
 436.9 
 
 438-7 
 
 440.6 
 
 442.4 
 
 444-2 
 
 446.1 
 
 447-9 
 
 449-7 
 
 
 i 7 /i 
 
 455.8 
 
 457-7 
 
 459-6 
 
 461.5 
 
 463.5 
 
 465.4 
 
 467.3 
 
 469.2 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 474-6 
 
 476.6 
 
 478.6 
 
 480.6 
 
 482.6 
 
 484.6 
 
 486.6 
 
 488.6 
 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 415 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 32V 8 
 
 32V4 
 
 32% 
 
 32l/ 2 
 
 32% 
 
 32% 
 
 327/ 8 
 
 33 
 
 
 3 /16 
 
 63.96 
 
 . 64.21 
 
 64.46 
 
 64.71 
 
 64.96 
 
 65.21 
 
 65.46 
 
 65.71 
 
 6 
 
 
 69.21 
 
 69.48 
 
 69.75 
 
 70.02 
 
 70.29 
 
 70.56 
 
 70.84 
 
 71. II 
 
 
 '"%2 
 
 74.54 
 
 74.83 
 
 75-13 
 
 75.42 
 
 75-71 
 
 76.00 
 
 76.29 
 
 76.59 
 
 5 
 
 
 74.97 
 
 75.26 
 
 75-55 
 
 75-85 
 
 76.14 
 
 76.43 
 
 76.73 
 
 77-02 
 
 4 
 
 
 81.05 
 
 81.37 
 
 81.69 
 
 82.01 
 
 82.32 
 
 82.64 
 
 82.96 
 
 83.28 
 
 
 '"%" 
 
 85.11 
 
 85.44 
 
 85.78 
 
 86.11 
 
 86.44 
 
 86.78 
 
 87.11 
 
 87.44 
 
 3 
 
 
 88.15 
 
 88.49 
 
 88.84 
 
 89.18 
 
 89.53 
 
 89.88 
 
 90.22 
 
 90.57 
 
 
 '"%2 
 
 95.65 
 
 96.03 
 
 96.40 
 
 96.78 
 
 97-15 
 
 97-53 
 
 97.90 
 
 98.28 
 
 2 
 
 
 96.58 
 
 96.96 
 
 97-34 
 
 97.72 
 
 98.10 
 
 98.47 
 
 98.85 
 
 99-23 
 
 I 
 
 
 102.0 
 
 102.4 
 
 102.8 
 
 103.2 
 
 103.6 
 
 104.0 
 
 104-4 
 
 104.8 
 
 
 "'s/ie' 
 
 106.2 
 
 106.6 
 
 107.0 
 
 107.4 
 
 107.8 
 
 108.3 
 
 108.7 
 
 109.1 
 
 
 ma 
 
 116.7 
 
 117.1 
 
 117.6 
 
 118.1 
 
 118.5 
 
 119.0 
 
 II9.4 
 
 119.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 127.2 
 
 127.7 
 
 128.2 
 
 128.7 
 
 129.2 
 
 129.7 
 
 130.2 
 
 130.7 
 
 
 K 
 
 148.1 
 
 148.6 
 
 149-2 
 
 149-8 
 
 150.4 
 
 151.0 
 
 I5I.6 
 
 152.2 
 
 
 % 
 
 168.9 
 
 169.5 
 
 170.2 
 
 170.9 
 
 171.6 
 
 172.2 
 
 172.9 
 
 173.6 
 
 
 % 
 
 189.6 
 
 190.4 
 
 191.1 
 
 I9I.9 
 
 192.6 
 
 193-4 
 
 I94-I 
 
 194-9 
 
 
 % 
 
 210.3 
 
 211. 1 
 
 211.9 
 
 212.8 
 
 213.6 
 
 214-4 
 
 215-3 
 
 216. i 
 
 
 *M* 
 
 230.8 
 
 231.8 
 
 232.7 
 
 233.6 
 
 234-5 
 
 235-4 
 
 236.3 
 
 237-3 
 
 
 3 /4 
 
 251.3 
 
 252.3 
 
 253-3 
 
 254-3 
 
 255-3 
 
 256.3 
 
 257-3 
 
 258.3 
 
 
 13 /16 
 
 271.7 
 
 272.8 
 
 273.9 
 
 275-0 
 
 276.1 
 
 277-1 
 
 278.2 
 
 279.3 
 
 
 7 /8 
 
 292.0 
 
 293-2 
 
 294-4 
 
 295-5 
 
 296.7 
 
 297.9 
 
 299.0 
 
 300.2 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 312.3 
 
 313.5 
 
 314.8 
 
 316.0 
 
 317.3 
 
 318.5 
 
 319.8 
 
 321.0 
 
 
 I 
 
 332.4 
 
 333-8 
 
 335-1 
 
 336.4 
 
 337-8 
 
 339-1 
 
 340.4 
 
 341.8 
 
 
 !Vl6 
 
 352.5 
 
 353-9 
 
 355.3 
 
 356.7 
 
 358.2 
 
 359-6 
 
 361.0 
 
 362.4 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 372.5 
 
 374-0 
 
 375.5 
 
 377.0 
 
 378.5 
 
 380.0 
 
 381-5 
 
 383.0 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 392.4 
 
 394-0 
 
 395-5 
 
 397-1 
 
 398.7 
 
 400.3 
 
 401.9 
 
 403.5 
 
 
 IV4 
 
 412.2 
 
 413.9 
 
 415.5 
 
 417.2 
 
 418.9 
 
 420.5 
 
 422.2 
 
 423.9 
 
 
 I 5 /16 
 
 431.9 
 
 433-7 
 
 435-4 
 
 437.2 
 
 438.9 
 
 440.7 
 
 442-4 
 
 444.2 
 
 
 1% 
 
 451.6 
 
 453-4 
 
 455.2 
 
 457.1 
 
 458.9 
 
 460.7 
 
 462.6 
 
 464.4 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 471. 1 
 
 473-1 
 
 475.0 
 
 476.9 
 
 478.8 
 
 480.7 
 
 482.7 
 
 484.6 
 
 
 iy a 
 
 490.6 
 
 492.6 
 
 494-6 
 
 496.6 
 
 498.6 
 
 500.6 
 
 502.6 
 
 504.6 
 
 
416 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 331/8 
 
 33V4 
 
 33% 
 
 33V 2 
 
 33% 
 
 33% 
 
 33% 
 
 34 
 
 
 8 /ie 
 
 65.96 
 
 66.21 
 
 66.46 
 
 66.71 
 
 66.96 
 
 67.21 
 
 67.46 
 
 67.71 
 
 6 
 
 
 71 38 
 
 71.65 
 
 71.92 
 
 72. 19 
 
 72.46 
 
 72.73 
 
 73.00 
 
 73 27 
 
 
 7 /32 
 
 76.88 
 
 77-17 
 
 77.46 
 
 77.75 
 
 78.05 
 
 78.34 
 
 78.63 
 
 'X 
 
 78.92 
 
 5 
 
 
 77.31 
 
 77.61 
 
 77.90 
 
 78.20 
 
 78.49 
 
 78.78 
 
 79.08 
 
 79-37 
 
 4 
 
 
 83.59 
 
 83.91 
 
 84.23 
 
 84.55 
 
 84.87 
 
 85.18 
 
 85 50 
 
 85.82 
 
 
 y* 
 
 87-78 
 
 88.11 
 
 88.45 
 
 88.78 
 
 89.11 
 
 89.45 
 
 89.78 
 
 90.11 
 
 3 
 
 
 90.91 
 
 91.26 
 
 91.60 
 
 91.95 
 
 92.30 
 
 92.64 
 
 92 99 
 
 93-33 
 
 
 %2 
 
 98.66 
 
 99-03 
 
 99.41 
 
 99.78 
 
 IOO.2 
 
 100.5 
 
 100.9 
 
 101.3 
 
 IO2 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 99- 01 
 105.2 
 109-5 
 
 99-99 
 105.6 
 109.9 
 
 106.0 
 110.3 
 
 106.4 
 no. 8 
 
 106.8 
 
 III. 2 
 
 107.2 
 in. 6 
 
 107 6 
 
 112. 
 
 108.0 
 
 112. 4 
 
 5 /16 
 
 
 HS2 
 
 120.3 
 
 120-8 
 
 121. 3 
 
 121. 7 
 
 122.2 
 
 122.6 
 
 123.1 
 
 123.6 
 
 
 % 
 
 I3L2 
 
 131.7 
 
 132.2 
 
 132.7 
 
 133-2 
 
 133.7 
 
 134 2 
 
 134.7 
 
 
 Vie 
 
 152.7 
 
 153.3 
 
 153-9 
 
 154-5 
 
 155- 1 
 
 155.7 
 
 156.2 
 
 156.8 
 
 
 y 2 
 
 174.2 
 
 174.9 
 
 175-6 
 
 176.2 
 
 176.9 
 
 177.6 
 
 178 2 
 
 178.9 
 
 
 9 /16 
 
 195.6 
 
 196.4 
 
 197.1 
 
 197.9 
 
 198.6 
 
 199.4 
 
 200.1 
 
 200.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 216.9 
 
 217.8 
 
 218.6 
 
 219-4 
 
 220.3 
 
 221. 1 
 
 221.9 
 
 222.8 
 
 
 *%6 
 
 238.2 
 
 239.1 
 
 240.0 
 
 240.9 
 
 241.8 
 
 242.8 
 
 243-7 
 
 244.6 
 
 
 % 
 
 259.3 
 
 260.3 
 
 261.3 
 
 262.3 
 
 263.3 
 
 264.3 
 
 265.3 
 
 266.3 
 
 
 !%6 
 
 280.4 
 
 281.5 
 
 282.6 
 
 283.6 
 
 284.7 
 
 285.8 
 
 286 9 
 
 288.0 
 
 
 % 
 
 301.4 
 
 302.5 
 
 303.7 
 
 304.9 
 
 306.1 
 
 307.2 
 
 308.4 
 
 309.6 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 322.3 
 
 323.5 
 
 324.8 
 
 326.0 
 
 327.3 
 
 328.5 
 
 329.8 
 
 331.0 
 
 
 I 
 
 343-1 
 
 344.4 
 
 345.8 
 
 347-1 
 
 348.4 
 
 349-8 
 
 351. 1 
 
 352.4 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 363.8 
 
 365.3 
 
 366.7 
 
 368.1 
 
 369.5 
 
 370.9 
 
 372.3 
 
 373.8 
 
 
 i% 
 
 384.5 
 
 386.0 
 
 387.5 
 
 389.0 
 
 390.5 
 
 392.0 
 
 393-5 
 
 395-0 
 
 
 I 3 /16 
 
 405.1 
 
 406.6 
 
 408.2 
 
 409.8 
 
 411.4 
 
 4i3.o 
 
 414.6 
 
 416.2 
 
 
 *% 
 
 425.5 
 
 427.2 
 
 428.9 
 
 430.5 
 
 432.2 
 
 433-9 
 
 435.6 
 
 437-2 
 
 
 i 5 /4e 
 
 445-9 
 
 447.7 
 
 449.4 
 
 451.2 
 
 452.9 
 
 454-7 
 
 456.5 
 
 458.2 
 
 
 i% 
 
 466.3 
 
 468.1 
 
 469.9 
 
 471.8 
 
 473-6 
 
 475-4 
 
 477-3 
 
 479.1 
 
 
 I7i6 
 
 486.5 
 
 488.4 
 
 490.3 
 
 492.2 
 
 494-2 
 
 496.1 
 
 498.0 
 
 499-9 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 506.6 
 
 508.6 
 
 510.6 
 
 512.6 
 
 514.7 
 
 516.7 
 
 518.7 
 
 520.7 
 
 ' ' 
 
Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 417 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Continued) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 34Vs 
 
 34^4 
 
 34% 
 
 34% 
 
 34% 
 
 34% 
 
 34% 
 
 35 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 67.96 
 
 68.21 
 
 68.46 
 
 68.71 
 
 68.96 
 
 69.21 
 
 69.46 
 
 69.71 
 
 6 
 
 
 73 55 
 
 73.82 
 
 74.09 
 
 74.36 
 
 74.63 
 
 74 9O 
 
 75-17 
 
 75 44 
 
 
 7 /32 
 
 79.21 
 
 79-51 
 
 79.8o 
 
 80.09 
 
 80.38 
 
 80.67 
 
 80.97 
 
 81^26 
 
 5 
 
 
 79.66 
 
 79.96 
 
 80.25 
 
 80.55 
 
 80.84 
 
 81.13 
 
 81.43 
 
 81.72 
 
 4 
 
 
 86.14 
 
 86.45 
 
 86.77 
 
 87.09 
 
 87.41 
 
 87.73 
 
 88.04 
 
 88.36 
 
 
 V4 
 
 90.45 
 
 90.78 
 
 91.12 
 
 91-45 
 
 91.78 
 
 92.12 
 
 92.45 
 
 92^78 
 
 3 
 
 
 93-68 
 
 94.02 
 
 94-37 
 
 94.72 
 
 95.06 
 
 95-41 
 
 95-75 
 
 96. 10 
 
 
 %2 
 
 101.7 
 
 102.0 
 
 102.4 
 
 102.8 
 
 103.2 
 
 103-5 
 
 103-9 
 
 104.3 
 
 2 
 
 
 102.6 
 
 103.0 
 
 103-4 
 
 103.8 
 
 104.2 
 
 104-5 
 
 104.9 
 
 105.3 
 
 I 
 
 
 108.4 
 
 108.8 
 
 109.2 
 
 109.6 
 
 IIO.O 
 
 no. 4 
 
 no. 8 
 
 III. 2 
 
 
 "'%i' 
 
 112.9 
 
 H3.3 
 
 II3-7 
 
 114.1 
 
 114.5 
 
 114.9 
 
 iiS-4 
 
 II5-8 
 
 
 *%2 
 
 124.0 
 
 124-5 
 
 124.9 
 
 125.4 
 
 125-9 
 
 126.3 
 
 126.8 
 
 127.2 
 
 
 % 
 
 135-2 
 
 135-7 
 
 136.2 
 
 136.7 
 
 137-2 
 
 137-7 
 
 138.2 
 
 138.7 
 
 
 7 /16 
 
 157-4 
 
 158.0 
 
 158.6 
 
 159.2 
 
 159-7 
 
 160.3 
 
 160.9 
 
 l6l.5 
 
 
 % 
 
 179-6 
 
 180.2 
 
 180.9 
 
 181.6 
 
 182.2 
 
 182.9 
 
 183.6 
 
 184.2 
 
 
 9 /i6 
 
 2OI.6 
 
 202.4 
 
 203.1 
 
 203.9 
 
 204.6 
 
 205.4 
 
 206.1 
 
 206.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 223.6 
 
 224.5 
 
 225.3 
 
 226.1 
 
 227.0 
 
 227.8 
 
 228.6 
 
 229.5 
 
 
 Hie 
 
 245.5 
 
 246.4 
 
 247-4 
 
 248.3 
 
 249.2 
 
 250.1 
 
 251.0 
 
 251-9 
 
 
 % 
 
 267.3 
 
 268.3 
 
 269.3 
 
 270.3 
 
 27L3 
 
 272.3 
 
 273-3 
 
 274-3 
 
 
 18 /4e 
 
 289.1 
 
 290.2 
 
 291.2 
 
 292.3 
 
 293.4 
 
 294-5 
 
 295-6 
 
 296.7 
 
 
 % 
 
 310.7 
 
 3H.9 
 
 3I3.I 
 
 314.2 
 
 315.4 
 
 316.6 
 
 317.7 
 
 318.9 
 
 
 15 /16 
 
 332.3 
 
 333-5 
 
 334-8 
 
 336.0 
 
 337-3 
 
 338.6 
 
 339-8 
 
 341. 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 353.8 
 
 355.1 
 
 356.5 
 
 357-8 
 
 359-1 
 
 360.5 
 
 361.8 
 
 363.1 
 
 
 lVl6 
 
 375-2 
 
 376.6 
 
 378.0 
 
 379-4 
 
 380.9 
 
 382.3 
 
 383.7 
 
 385.1 
 
 
 i% 
 
 396.5 
 
 398.0 
 
 399-5 
 
 401.0 
 
 402.5 
 
 404.0 
 
 405.5 
 
 407.0 
 
 
 i% 
 
 417.7 
 
 419.3 
 
 420.9 
 
 422.5 
 
 424.1 
 
 425-7 
 
 427.2 
 
 428.8 
 
 
 IV4 
 
 438.9 
 
 440.6 
 
 442.2 
 
 443-9 
 
 445-6 
 
 447-2 
 
 448.9 
 
 450.6 
 
 
 I 5 A6 
 
 460.0 
 
 461.7 
 
 463.5 
 
 465.2 
 
 467.0 
 
 468,7 
 
 470.5 
 
 472.2 
 
 
 1% 
 
 480.9 
 
 482.8 
 
 484.6 
 
 486.4 
 
 488.3 
 
 490.1 
 
 492.0 
 
 493.8 
 
 
 I 7 /16 
 
 501.8 
 
 503.8 
 
 505.7 
 
 507.6 
 
 509.5 
 
 5II-4 
 
 513.4 
 
 515-3 
 
 
 1% 
 
 522.7 
 
 524.7 
 
 526.7 
 
 528.7 
 
 530.7 
 
 532.7 
 
 534-7 
 
 536.7 
 
 
418 Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Pipe and Tubing 
 
 Table II. Weight in Pounds per Lineal Foot for Steel Pipe 
 
 and Tubing (Concluded) 
 
 Weight i cubic inch Steel = .2833 pound 
 
 Wall thickness 
 
 Outside diameter in inches 
 
 B.W.G. 
 
 Inches 
 
 35% 
 
 35 l /4: 
 
 35% 
 
 351/2 v 
 
 35% 
 
 35% 
 
 35% 
 
 36 
 
 
 8 /16 
 
 69.96 
 
 70.21 
 
 70.46 
 
 70.71 
 
 70.96 
 
 71.21 
 
 71-47 
 
 71.72 
 
 6 
 
 
 75-71 
 
 75.98 
 
 76.26 
 
 76.53 
 
 76.80 
 
 77-07 
 
 77-34 
 
 77.61 
 
 
 %2 
 
 Si.55 
 
 81.84 
 
 82.13 
 
 82.43 
 
 82.72 
 
 83.01 
 
 83-30 
 
 83-60 
 
 5 
 
 
 82.01 
 
 82.31 
 
 82.60 
 
 82.90 
 
 83.19 
 
 83-48 
 
 83.78 
 
 84.07 
 
 4 
 
 
 88.68 
 
 89.00 
 
 89.31 
 
 89.63 
 
 89.95 
 
 90.27 
 
 90.58 
 
 90.90 
 
 
 V4 
 
 93-12 
 
 93.45 
 
 93-79 
 
 94.12 
 
 94-45 
 
 94-79 
 
 95-12 
 
 95-45 
 
 3 
 
 
 96.45 
 
 96.79 
 
 97.14 
 
 97.48 
 
 97-83 
 
 98.17 
 
 98.52 
 
 98.87 
 
 
 %2 
 
 104.7 
 
 105.0 
 
 105.4 
 
 105.8 
 
 106.2 
 
 106.5 
 
 106.9 
 
 107.3 
 
 2 
 
 
 105.7 
 in . 6 
 
 106.1 
 
 106.4 
 
 106.8 
 
 107.2 
 
 107.6 
 
 108.0 
 
 108.3 
 
 I 
 
 " 5 /ie' 
 
 116.2 
 
 116.6 
 
 117.0 
 
 117.4 
 
 117.9 
 
 118.3 
 
 118.7 
 
 II9.I 
 
 
 *%2 
 
 127.7 
 
 128.2 
 
 128.6 
 
 129.1 
 
 129.5 
 
 130.0 
 
 130.4 
 
 130.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 139-2 
 
 139-7 
 
 140.2 
 
 140.7 
 
 141.2 
 
 141.7 
 
 142.2 
 
 142.7 
 
 
 7 /l6 
 
 162.1 
 
 162.7 
 
 163.2 
 
 163.8 
 
 164.4 
 
 165.0 
 
 165.6 
 
 166.2 
 
 
 V2 
 
 184-9 
 
 185.6 
 
 186.2 
 
 186.9 
 
 187.6 
 
 188.2 
 
 188.9 
 
 189.6 
 
 
 %6 
 
 207.6 
 
 208.4 
 
 209.1 
 
 209.9 
 
 210.6 
 
 211. 4 
 
 212. 1 
 
 212.9 
 
 
 % 
 
 230.3 
 
 231.1 
 
 232.0 
 
 232.8 
 
 233.6 
 
 234.5 
 
 235-3 
 
 236.1 
 
 
 'VIS 
 
 252.9 
 
 253-8 
 
 254-7 
 
 255-6 
 
 256.5 
 
 257.5 
 
 258.4 
 
 259-3 
 
 
 3 /4 
 
 275-3 
 
 276.3 
 
 277.4 
 
 278.4 
 
 279.4 
 
 280.4 
 
 281.4 
 
 282.4 
 
 
 13 /16 
 
 297-8 
 
 298.8 
 
 299-9 
 
 301.0 
 
 302.1 
 
 303.2 
 
 304-3 
 
 305.3 
 
 
 % 
 
 320.1 
 
 321.2 
 
 322.4 
 
 323.6 
 
 324.7 
 
 325.9 
 
 327.1 
 
 328.2 
 
 
 lr >i 6 
 
 342.3 
 
 343-6 
 
 344-8 
 
 346.1 
 
 347.3 
 
 348.6 
 
 349-8 
 
 351. 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 364.5 
 
 365.8 
 
 367.1 
 
 368.5 
 
 369.8 
 
 371- 1 
 
 372.5 
 
 373.8 
 
 
 lVl6 
 
 386.5 
 
 387.9 
 
 389.4 
 
 390.8 
 
 392.2 
 
 393-6 
 
 395-0 
 
 396.5 
 
 
 iVs 
 
 408.5 
 
 410.0 
 
 4H.5 
 
 4i3.o 
 
 414.5 
 
 416.0 
 
 417.5 
 
 419.0 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 430.4 
 
 432.0 
 
 433-6 
 
 435.2 
 
 436.8 
 
 438.3 
 
 439-9 
 
 44L5 
 
 
 1% 
 
 452.2 
 
 453-9 
 
 455-6 
 
 457-2 
 
 458.9 
 
 460.6 
 
 462.3 
 
 463.9 
 
 
 I%6 
 
 474-0 
 
 475.7 
 
 477-5 
 
 479-2 
 
 481.0 
 
 482.7 
 
 484.5 
 
 486.2 
 
 
 1% 
 
 495-6 
 
 497-5 
 
 499-3 
 
 SOLI 
 
 503.0 
 
 504.8 
 
 506.6 
 
 508.5 
 
 
 lVl6 
 
 517.2 
 
 5I9.I 
 
 521.0 
 
 523.0 
 
 524.9 
 
 526.8 
 
 528.7 
 
 530.6 
 
 
 iy 2 
 
 538.7 
 
 540.7 
 
 .542.7 
 
 544-7 
 
 546.7 
 
 548.7 
 
 550.7 
 
 552.7 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 419 
 
 Fig. 133 
 
 Fig. 134 
 
 TABLE OF THE PROPERTIES OF TUBES AND 
 ROUND BARS 
 
 Plan of Table. This table was planned with a view of stating the 
 properties of tubes and pipe in the best form for application to practice. 
 The scheme is based upon the fact 
 that a hollow cylinder, or tube, may 
 always be considered as the differ- 
 ence of two solid cylinders. Thus 
 the hollow cylinder or tube, Fig. 
 134, may be considered as result- 
 ing from the removal of the smaller 
 cylinder, Fig. 133, from the center 
 of the larger cylinder, Fig. 132. Fig. 132 
 
 In order to be able to 
 apply this table to the solu- 
 tion of problems in tubular 
 mechanics, it will only be 
 necessary, in addition to 
 having the above funda- 
 mental relation clearly in 
 mind, to remember that 
 the table states the proper- 
 ties of a series of solid round bars, each one foot long, whose diameters 
 advance by .01 inch to 16 inches, and thereafter by % inch. 
 
 Calculation of Table. The table was calculated on an eight-slot 
 Burkhardt machine, making use of the following data: 
 D = diameter of a round bar in inches. 
 C = irD = 3.1415927 D = circumference of a cross-section in inches. 
 
 A = - D 2 = 0.78539816 D 2 = area of cross-section in square inches. 
 
 4 
 
 S = = D = 0.26179939 D = cylindrical surface hi square feet per 
 
 foot length. 
 V = 12 A = 3 wD 2 = 9.4247780 D 2 = volume in cubic inches per foot 
 
 length. 
 W = 0.2833 V = 3.3996 A = 2.6700396 D 2 = weight of a round steel bar 
 
 in pounds per foot length. 
 
 D 2 
 & ~7 0.0625 D 2 = radius of gyration of cross-section, squared. 
 
 / = D 4 = 0.049087385 D 4 = - Z) 2 X = AR 2 = moment of inertia of 
 
 64 4 16 
 
 cross-section. 
 y = | D = distance of farthest fiber from the axis of a round bar in 
 
 inches. 
 Weight of one cubic inch of steel = 0.2833 pound. 
 
420 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 The last value stated in each of the above formulae is the one actually 
 used in making the calculations. 
 
 The machine calculations, except for the moment of inertia, /, were 
 all carried out to the respective degrees of accuracy indicated by the 
 constants of the above formulae. Each result was then contracted to 
 a lesser number of significant figures for the reason explained below. The 
 moment of inertia, /, was obtained by multiplying the area of cross-sec- 
 tion, A, by the corresponding radius of gyration squared, R 2 , both being 
 taken to six significant figures. 
 
 Precision of Tabular Statement. While entering the calculated 
 values in this table, care was taken to have the precision of state- 
 ment just sufficient to meet the demands of practice. The number of 
 significant figures given in the different columns corresponding to any 
 tabular diameter is based upon the assumption that diameters are meas- 
 ured to the nearest one-thousandth of an inch, thus involving a possible 
 error of 0.0005 inch. This error in the diameter of a round bar will 
 give rise to corresponding errors in its volume, weight, moment of inertia, 
 and other properties. An investigation has shown these resulting errors 
 to be as follows: For C, 0.00157 inch; for A, 0.000785 D; for S, 0.000131 
 square inch; for V, 0.00942 D; for W, 0.00267 D; for R 2 , 0.0000625 Z>; 
 for /, 0.000098 D s ', and for y, 0.00025 inch. 
 
 Checking of Tabular Values. Each individual entry of this table 
 has been calculated twice, and wherever a difference was found a third 
 independent calculation was made to decide which of the two values in 
 question was in error. The second calculation was made after the table 
 had been traced, and all errors found were corrected directly on the 
 tracings. A set of blue-prints was then made, and this was finally 
 checked by the well-known method of differences. 
 
 APPLICATION OF TABLE TO ROUND BARS 
 
 For the properties of round bars use the different tabular 
 values direct. Thus for a round steel bar 6.35 inches in diameter, 
 
 turn to the table, page 436, headed / inches, and opposite 6.35, 
 
 in column D, take the required properties from the table as follows: 
 For circumference of cross-section, 19.949 inches; for area of cross- 
 section, 31.669 square inches; for cylindrical surface, 1.6624 square 
 feet per foot length; for volume, 380.03 cubic inches per foot length; 
 for weight of steel bar, 107.66 pounds per foot length; for moment of 
 inertia of cross-section, 79.81, from which the polar moment of inertia, 
 being equal to twice the moment of inertia, is 79.81 X 2, or 159.62; for 
 distance from axis of the bar to the most remote fiber, 3.175 inches; 
 and for the square of the radius of gyration of cross-section, 2.5202. 
 
 The table is applicable to diameters when stated in inches and 
 hundredths to 16 inches and thereafter when stated in inches and eighths. 
 
 When diameters are stated to thousandths of an inch, interpolate in 
 the usual way as follows: For example, to find the weight in pounds 
 
Application of Table to Tubes and Pipe 421 
 
 per lineal foot, of a round steel bar 6.356 inches diameter, add to the 
 tabular weight corresponding to 6.35, six-tenths of the difference of 
 weights corresponding to diameters of 6.36 and 6.35; thus, difference of 
 these weights is 108.00 107.66 = 0.34; and six-tenths of this difference 
 is 0.34 X 0.6= 0.204; which added to the weight corresponding to 6.35 
 diameter gives 107.66+0.204= 107.86 pounds per lineal foot as the 
 weight of a bar 6.356 inches in diameter. Similarly all the other prop- 
 erties may be obtained; thus, moment of inertia, /, = 79.81 + 0.6 (80.32 
 79.81) = 79.81 + 0.31 = 80.12. 
 
 When diameters are stated to sixteenths, thirty-seconds, or sixty-fourths, 
 above 16 inches interpolate similarly. Thus the weight of a round 
 bar i8%2 inches in diameter, since this diameter lies between iSVs 
 
 and i8V4, will be (weight for i8V 8 ) + ( %2 ~ Vs ) (weight for 18%- 
 
 \ i/i-Vs/ 
 
 weight for iSVs) or 877.15 + 14 of (889.29 - 877.15) = 877.15 + 
 3.04 = 880.19 pounds per lineal foot. 
 
 To Find Diameter of Bar Corresponding to a Given Property. 
 
 This is accomplished by taking the diameter opposite the tabular prop- 
 erty nearest to that stated. For example, to find what diameter of round 
 bar will correspond to a moment of inertia of 46, look down column I 
 of the table until 45.91 is reached, which is the nearest tabular value, 
 and then read opposite, in column A 5.53 inches as the diameter required. 
 Similarly a round bar of 15 square inches cross-sectional area will have 
 a diameter of 4.37 inches, as read opposite 14.999 in column A. 
 
 APPLICATION OF TABLE TO TUBES AND PIPE 
 
 Let it be required to find the properties of a tube having outside and 
 inside diameters of 7.62 and 7.02 inches respectively. 
 
 It will be observed that according to the plan of this table (see page 
 419) the different properties of a tube may be grouped as follows: 
 
 (1) The circumference, surface, fluid capacity, and distance of the 
 farthest fiber from the axis are to be used direct 
 
 as taken from the table. For the above example 
 these will be as follows: From the table, col- 
 umn C, the outside circumference, opposite 
 7.62, is 23.939 inches; and the inside circum- 
 ference, opposite 7.02, is 22.054 inches; from 
 column S, similarly the outside and inside sur- 
 faces are found to be respectively 1.9949 and 
 1.8378 square feet per foot length of tube; from 
 
 column V, the fluid capacity will be found opposite 7.02, the inside diam- 
 eter, and is 464.46 cubic inches per foot length; while from column y, the 
 distance of the farthest fiber from the axis of the tube will be found 
 opposite the outside diameter, 7.62, and is 3.810 inches. 
 
 (2) The area of cross-section, volume of wall, weight, and moment of 
 inertia for a tube are obtained by taking the difference of the respective 
 
422 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 tabular values corresponding to the outside and inside diameters of the 
 tube. For the above example they will be as follows: From column A, 
 opposite 7.62, the outside diameter of the tube, 
 read 45.604, and opposite 7.02, the inside diam- 
 eter, read 38.705- The difference of these, or 
 45.604 38.705 = 6.899 square inches, is the 
 required sectional area of tube wall. Similarly 
 from column V, the volume of the tube wall is 
 547.24 464.46 = 82.78 cubic inches; from col- 
 umn W, the weight of tube is 155.03 - 131.58 = 
 2 3 -45 pounds per foot length; and from column/, 
 the moment of inertia of cross-section is 165.50 
 119.21=46.29. Note that the polar moment of 
 inertia, being equal to twice the moment of inertia, 
 will be 46.29 X 2, or 92.58. 
 
 (3) The radius of gyration, squared, for a lube 
 is obtained by taking the sum of the radii of gyra- 
 tion, squared, corresponding to the outside and in- 
 side diameters of the tube. For the above example, 
 from column R 2 , opposite 7.62, the outside diam- 
 eter of the tube, read 3.6290, and opposite 7.02, 
 the inside diameter, read 3.0800. The sum of 
 these, or 3.6290 + 3.0800=6.7090 is the square 
 of the require^! radius of gyration. Note that 
 the sum is to be taken here, and not the differ- 
 ence, as in the preceding case. 
 
 To Find the Diameters of Tubes Cor- 
 Fig. 136 responding to Given Properties. This table 
 
 may be used for the solution of a great variety 
 
 of problems of this character, of which the following is a representative 
 example: 
 
 When one diameter and either the sectional area, weight, or moment of 
 inertia are given, to find the other diameter and thickness of wall. 
 
 Remembering that a tube may be considered as the difference be- 
 tween two solid cylinders, it is evident that the weight, for example, 
 of the smaller cylinder will equal the weight of the larger cylinder minus 
 the weight of the tube, and that the required inside diameter of the tube 
 is the same as the diameter of the smaller cylinder, we proceed as follows: 
 
 For a tube that shall weigh 16 pounds per foot, for example, when the 
 outside diameter is six inches, we find from the table, opposite 6.00 
 in column D, 96.12 in column W, which is the weight of a six-inch round 
 steel bar in pounds per foot length. Subtracting 16.00 pounds, the given 
 weight of tube per foot, we get 96.12 16.00 = 80.12 as the weight per 
 foot of a round steel bar whose diameter must be the same as the required 
 inside diameter of the tube. From column W, the nearest tabular weight 
 is found to be 80. 1 8, opposite which we read, in column D, 5.48 inches 
 as the inside diameter required. The thickness of wall will then be one- 
 half the difference of the diameters, or y 2 (6.00 - 5.48) = 0.26 inch. 
 
Application of Table to Tubes and Pipe 423 
 
 When the inside diameter is given and the outside diameter required, 
 we must add the weight of the tube to that of the smaller cylinder; 
 otherwise the two solutions are identical. 
 
 In a similar manner to the above we can find the thickness of wall 
 corresponding to a given sectional area or moment of inertia. For exam- 
 ple, to find the inside diameter of a six-inch tube that shall have a moment 
 of inertia of 32, proceed as follows: From column /, opposite 6.00, we read 
 63.62, which is the moment of inertia of a solid bar six inches in diameter. 
 Subtracting 32, we get 63.62 - 32 = 31.62 as the moment of inertia of a 
 solid round bar that would just fill up the interior of the required tube. 
 The nearest tabular value in column / we find to be 31-67, opposite 
 which we read 5.04 inches as the required inside diameter of the tube. 
 The thickness of wall will then be M> (6.00- 5.04) = 0.48 inch. 
 
 Weight Factors for Different Materials 
 
 In the following formulae V is the tabular volume in cubic inches, and 
 W the tabular weight for wrought steel. 
 
 Weight of wrought iron = V X .278 = W 2 per cent. 
 
 Weight of cast iron = V X .260 = W - 8 per cent. 
 
 Weight of wrought copper = V X .320 = W + 13 per cent. 
 
 Weight of wrought brass = V X .303 = W + 7 per cent. 
 
 Weight of wrought nickel = V X .313 = W + 10% per cent. 
 
 Weight of lead = V X .4" = W + 45 per cent. 
 
 Weight of tin = V X .267 = W - 6 per cent. 
 
 Weight of cast aluminum = V X .092 = W 6jy 2 per cent. 
 
 Weight of wrought aluminum = V X .097 = W 66 per cent. 
 
 These multipliers are the weights of a cubic inch of the respective materi- 
 als. They have been compiled from various sources and may be accepted 
 as representing good average values for use in case more exact values are not 
 at hand. The percentage column was calculated from the column of mul- 
 tipliers here given, and is expressed to the nearest one-half per cent only. 
 The weight of a cubic inch of soft wrought steel used in the calculation 
 of the tabular weights, column W, was taken as 0.2833 pound, the value 
 that is commonly accepted for rolled steel. More exact average values 
 are 0.2831 for welded steel tubes, and 0.2834 for seamless steel tubes. It 
 should be noted (i) that the adopted tabular value is the average of 
 these two, and (2) that the three values are in substantial agreement, so 
 far as commercial weighing is concerned, the differences being iM? and % 
 pounds per ton respectively for welded and seamless tubes. 
 
 Capacity Factors for Tubes 
 
 The different capacities of a tube or pipe per lineal foot may be obtained 
 by applying the following formulae, where V is the tabular volume in 
 cubic inches: 
 
 Capacity in cubic feet = V -5- 1728 = V X .0005787 
 
 Capacity in gallons (U. S.) = V -5- 231 = V X .004329 
 
 Capacity in cubic centimeters = V X 16 .387 
 
 Capacity in liters. = V X .016387 
 
 Capacity in pounds pure water at 39.2 F = V X .03613 
 
 Capacity in pounds pure water at 62 F = V X .03609 
 
 Capacity in pounds carbonic acid for density of .62 ... = V X .02240 
 
424 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 06 inch 
 
 .50 inch 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 .R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 7i 
 
 S-c 
 
 Cir- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 Jl 
 
 ence in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 " & 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 bs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 & 
 
 .00 
 
 .000 
 
 .000000 
 
 .0000 
 
 .00000 
 
 .00000 
 
 .0000000000 
 
 .000 
 
 .0000000 
 
 .01 
 
 .031 
 
 .000079 
 
 .0026 
 
 .00094 
 
 .00027 
 
 .0000000005 
 
 .005 
 
 .0000063 
 
 .02 
 
 .063 
 
 .00031 
 
 .0052 
 
 .0038 
 
 .00107 
 
 0000000079 
 
 .010 
 
 .000025 
 
 .03 
 
 .094 
 
 .00071 
 
 .0079 
 
 .0085 
 
 .00240 
 
 000000040 
 
 .015 
 
 .000056 
 
 .04 
 
 .126 
 
 .00126 
 
 .0105 
 
 .0151 
 
 .0043 
 
 000000126 
 
 .020 
 
 .000100 
 
 05 
 
 .157 
 
 .00196 
 
 .0131 
 
 .0236 
 
 .0067 
 
 00000031 
 
 .025 
 
 .000156 
 
 .06 
 
 .188 
 
 .00283 
 
 .0157 
 
 .0339 
 
 .0096 
 
 .00000064 
 
 .030 
 
 .000225 
 
 .07 
 
 .220 
 
 .00385 
 
 .0183 
 
 .0462 
 
 .0131 
 
 .00000118 
 
 -035 
 
 .000306 
 
 .08 
 
 .251 
 
 .00503 
 
 .0209 
 
 .0603 
 
 .0171 
 
 .00000201 
 
 .040 
 
 .000400 
 
 .09 
 
 .283 
 
 .00636 
 
 .0236 
 
 .0763 
 
 .0216 
 
 .00000322 
 
 .045 
 
 .000506 
 
 .10 
 
 .314 
 
 .00785 
 
 .0262 
 
 .0942 
 
 .0267 
 
 .00000491 
 
 .050 
 
 .000625 
 
 .11 
 
 .346 
 
 .00950 
 
 .0288 
 
 .114 
 
 .0323 
 
 .0000072 
 
 .055 
 
 .000756 
 
 .12 
 
 .377 
 
 .01131 
 
 .0314 
 
 .136 
 
 .0384 
 
 .0000102 
 
 .060 
 
 .000900 
 
 .13 
 
 .408 
 
 .0133 
 
 .0340 
 
 .159 
 
 .0451 
 
 .OOOOI40 
 
 .065 
 
 .001056 
 
 .14 
 
 .440 
 
 .0154 
 
 .0367 
 
 .185 
 
 .0523 
 
 .0000189 
 
 .070 
 
 .001225 
 
 .15 
 
 471 
 
 .0177 
 
 .0393 
 
 .212 
 
 .0601 
 
 . 0000248 
 
 .075 
 
 .001406 
 
 .16 
 
 .503 
 
 .0201 
 
 .0419 
 
 .241 
 
 .0684 
 
 .0000322 
 
 .080 
 
 .00160 
 
 .17 
 
 .534 
 
 .0227 
 
 .0445 
 
 .272 
 
 .0772 
 
 .00004IO 
 
 .085 
 
 .00181 
 
 .18 
 
 .565 
 
 .0254 
 
 .0471 
 
 305 
 
 .0865 
 
 .0000515 
 
 .090 
 
 .00203 
 
 .19 
 
 597 
 
 .0284 
 
 .0497 
 
 .340 
 
 .0964 
 
 .000064O 
 
 .095 
 
 .00226 
 
 .20 
 
 .628 
 
 .0314 
 
 .0524 
 
 377 
 
 .1068 
 
 .0000785 
 
 .100 
 
 .00250 
 
 .21 
 
 .660 
 
 .0346 
 
 .0550 
 
 .416 
 
 .1177 
 
 .0000955 
 
 .105 
 
 .00276 
 
 .22 
 
 .691 
 
 .0380 
 
 .0576 
 
 .456 
 
 .1292 
 
 .000115 
 
 .110 
 
 .00303 
 
 .23 
 
 .723 
 
 .0415 
 
 .0602 
 
 .499 
 
 .1412 
 
 .000137 
 
 .115 
 
 ,00331 
 
 .24 
 
 .754 
 
 .0452 
 
 .0628 
 
 .543 
 
 .1538 
 
 .000163 
 
 .120 
 
 .00360 
 
 .25 
 
 .785 
 
 .0491 
 
 .0654 
 
 .589 
 
 .1669 
 
 .000192 
 
 .125 
 
 .00391 
 
 .26 
 
 .817 
 
 .0531 
 
 .0681 
 
 .637 
 
 .1805 
 
 . 000224 
 
 .130 
 
 .00423 
 
 .2? 
 
 .848 
 
 .0573 
 
 .0707 
 
 .687 
 
 .1946 
 
 .000261 
 
 .135 
 
 .00456 
 
 .28 
 
 .880 
 
 .0616 
 
 .0733 
 
 .739 
 
 .2093 
 
 .000302 
 
 .140 
 
 .00490 
 
 .29 
 
 .911 
 
 .0661 
 
 .0759 
 
 .793 
 
 .2246 
 
 .000347 
 
 .145 
 
 .00526 
 
 .30 
 
 942 
 
 .0707 
 
 .0785 
 
 .848 
 
 .2403 
 
 .000398 
 
 .150 
 
 .00563 
 
 .31 
 
 .974 
 
 .0755 
 
 .0812 
 
 .906 
 
 .2566 
 
 .000453 
 
 .155 
 
 .00601 
 
 .32 
 
 1. 005 
 
 .0804 
 
 .0838 
 
 .965 
 
 .2734 
 
 .000515 
 
 .160 
 
 .00640 
 
 .33 
 
 1.037 
 
 .0855 
 
 .0864 
 
 1.026 
 
 .2908 
 
 .000582 
 
 .165 
 
 .00681 
 
 .34 
 
 1. 068 
 
 .0908 
 
 .0890 
 
 1.090 
 
 .3087 
 
 .000656 
 
 .170 
 
 .00723 
 
 .35 
 
 1. 100 
 
 .0962 
 
 .0916 
 
 1. 155 
 
 .3271 
 
 .000737 
 
 .175 
 
 .00766 
 
 .36 
 
 I.I3I 
 
 .1018 
 
 .0942 
 
 1. 221 
 
 .3460 
 
 .000824 
 
 .180 
 
 .00810 
 
 37 
 
 1.162 
 
 .1075 
 
 .0969 
 
 1.290 
 
 .3655 
 
 .000920 
 
 .185 
 
 .00856 
 
 .38 
 
 1.194 
 
 1134 
 
 .0995 
 
 I.36I 
 
 .386 
 
 .001024 
 
 .190 
 
 .00903 
 
 .39 
 
 1.225 
 
 .1195 
 
 .1021 
 
 1.434 
 
 .406 
 
 .001136 
 
 .195 
 
 .00951 
 
 .40 
 
 1.257 
 
 .1257 
 
 .1047 
 
 1.508 
 
 .427 
 
 .001257 
 
 .200 
 
 .01000 
 
 .41 
 
 1.288 
 
 .1320 
 
 .1073 
 
 1.584 
 
 449 
 
 .001387 
 
 .205 
 
 .01051 
 
 .42 
 
 I.3I9 
 
 .1385 
 
 .IIOO 
 
 1.663 
 
 .471 
 
 .001527 
 
 .210 
 
 .01103 
 
 43 
 
 1. 351 
 
 .1452 
 
 .1126 
 
 1.743 
 
 .494 
 
 .001678 
 
 .215 
 
 .01156 
 
 .44 
 
 1.382 
 
 .1521 
 
 .1152 
 
 1.825 
 
 517 
 
 . 001840 
 
 .220 
 
 .OI2IO 
 
 45 
 
 I.4I4 
 
 .1590 
 
 .1178 
 
 1.909 
 
 541 
 
 .002013 
 
 .225 
 
 .01266 
 
 .46 
 
 1-445 
 
 .1662 
 
 .1204 
 
 1.994 
 
 .565 
 
 .002198 
 
 .230 
 
 .01323 
 
 47 
 
 1.477 
 
 .1735 
 
 .1230 
 
 2.082 
 
 590 
 
 .00240 
 
 .235 
 
 .01381 
 
 .48 
 
 1.508 
 
 .1810 
 
 .1257 
 
 2.171 
 
 .615 
 
 .00261 
 
 .240 
 
 .01440 
 
 .49 
 
 1.539 
 
 .1886 
 
 .1283 
 
 2.263 
 
 .641 
 
 .00283 
 
 .245 
 
 .01501 
 
 .50 
 
 1. 571 
 
 .1963 
 
 .1309 
 
 2.356 
 
 .668 
 
 .00307 
 
 .250 
 
 .01563 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 425 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 5O inch 
 1.00 inch 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R?, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 el 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 il 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 01 gyra- 
 tion 
 
 " a 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq.ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 1 " cl " lrt 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 zf 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W I 
 
 y 
 
 #2 
 
 -50 
 
 I-57I 
 
 .1963 
 
 .1309 
 
 2.356 
 
 .668 
 
 .00307 
 
 .250 
 
 .01563 
 
 .51 
 
 1.602 
 
 .2043 
 
 .1335 
 
 2.451 
 
 .694 
 
 .00332 
 
 255 
 
 .01626 
 
 .52 
 
 1-634 
 
 .2124 
 
 .1361 
 
 2.548 
 
 .722 
 
 .00359 
 
 .260 
 
 .Ol600 
 
 .53 
 
 1.665 
 
 .2206 
 
 .1388 
 
 2.647 
 
 750 
 
 .00387 
 
 .265 
 
 .01756 
 
 .54 
 
 1.696 
 
 .2290 
 
 .1414 
 
 2.748 
 
 779 
 
 .00417 
 
 .270 
 
 .01823 
 
 .55 
 
 1.728 
 
 .2376 
 
 .1440 
 
 2.851 
 
 .808 
 
 .00449 
 
 .275 
 
 .01891 
 
 .56 
 
 1-759 
 
 .2463 
 
 .1466 
 
 2.956 
 
 .837 
 
 .00483 
 
 .280 
 
 .01960 
 
 57 
 
 1.791 
 
 .2552 
 
 .1492 
 
 3.062 
 
 .867 
 
 .00518 
 
 .285 
 
 .02031 
 
 58 
 
 1.822 
 
 .2642 
 
 .1518 
 
 3.170 
 
 .898 
 
 00555 
 
 .290 
 
 .02103 
 
 59 
 
 1.854 
 
 -2734 
 
 1545 
 
 3.281 
 
 .929 
 
 .00595 
 
 .295 
 
 .02176 
 
 .60 
 
 1.885 
 
 .2827 
 
 1571 
 
 3-393 
 
 .961 
 
 .00636 
 
 .300 
 
 .02250 
 
 .61 
 
 1.916 
 
 .2922 
 
 .1597 
 
 3-507 
 
 994 
 
 .00680 
 
 .305 
 
 .02326 
 
 .62 
 
 1.948 
 
 .3019 
 
 . 1623 
 
 3.623 
 
 .026 
 
 .00725 
 
 .310 
 
 .02403 
 
 .63 
 
 1.979 
 
 -3II7 
 
 .1649 
 
 3.741 
 
 .060 
 
 .00773 
 
 .315 
 
 .02481 
 
 .64 
 
 2. on 
 
 .3217 
 
 . . 1676 
 
 3.860 
 
 .094 
 
 .00824 
 
 .320 
 
 .02560 
 
 .65 
 
 2.042 
 
 -33i8 
 
 .1702 
 
 3.982 
 
 .128 
 
 .00876 
 
 .325 
 
 .02641 
 
 .66 
 
 2.073 
 
 3421 
 
 .1728 
 
 4-105 
 
 .163 
 
 .00931 
 
 330 
 
 .02723 
 
 .67 
 
 2.105 
 
 .3526 
 
 .1754 
 
 4.231 
 
 .199 
 
 .00989 
 
 335 
 
 .02806 
 
 .68 
 
 2.136 
 
 .3632 
 
 .1780 
 
 4.358 
 
 .235 
 
 .01050 
 
 -340 
 
 .02890 
 
 .69 
 
 2.168 
 
 3739 
 
 .1806 
 
 4.487 
 
 .271 
 
 .01113 
 
 .345 
 
 .02976 
 
 70 
 
 2.199 
 
 .3848 
 
 -I833 
 
 4.618 
 
 .308 
 
 .01179 
 
 .350 
 
 .03063 
 
 71 
 
 2.231 
 
 .3959 
 
 .1859 
 
 4-751 
 
 346 
 
 .01247 
 
 .355 
 
 .03151 
 
 .72 
 
 2.262 
 
 .4072 
 
 .1885 
 
 4.886 
 
 .384 
 
 .01319 
 
 .360 
 
 .03240 
 
 73 
 
 2.293 
 
 .4185 
 
 .1911 
 
 5.022 
 
 .423 
 
 .01394 
 
 .365 
 
 .03331 
 
 74 
 
 2.325 
 
 4301 
 
 .1937 
 
 5.161 
 
 .462 
 
 .01472 
 
 370 
 
 .03423 
 
 75 
 
 2.356 
 
 .4418 
 
 .1963 
 
 5-301 
 
 -502 
 
 .01553 
 
 -375 
 
 .03516 
 
 .76 
 
 2.388 
 
 -4536 
 
 .1990 
 
 5-444 
 
 .542 
 
 .01638 
 
 .380 
 
 .03610 
 
 77 
 
 2.419 
 
 .4657 
 
 .2016 
 
 5.588 
 
 .583 
 
 .01726 
 
 .385 
 
 .03706 
 
 78 
 
 2.450 
 
 4778 
 
 .2042 
 
 5-734 
 
 .624 
 
 .01817 
 
 390 
 
 .03803 
 
 .79 
 
 2.482 
 
 .4902 
 
 .2068 
 
 5.882 
 
 .666 
 
 .01912 
 
 .395 
 
 .03901 
 
 .80 
 
 2.513 
 
 .5027 
 
 .2094 
 
 6.032 
 
 .709 
 
 .02011 
 
 .400 
 
 .04000 
 
 .81 
 
 2.545 
 
 .5153, 
 
 .2121 
 
 6.184 
 
 752 
 
 .02113 
 
 405 
 
 .04101 
 
 .82 
 
 2.576 
 
 .5281 
 
 .2147 
 
 6.337 
 
 795 
 
 .O22I9 
 
 .410 
 
 .04203 
 
 .83 
 
 2.608 
 
 5411 
 
 .2173 
 
 6.493 
 
 .839 
 
 .02330 
 
 415 
 
 .04306 
 
 .84 
 
 2.639 
 
 5542 
 
 .2199 
 
 6.650 
 
 .884 
 
 .02444 
 
 .420 
 
 . 04410 
 
 .85 
 
 2.670 
 
 .5675 
 
 .2225 
 
 6.809 
 
 .929 
 
 .02562 
 
 .425 
 
 .04516 
 
 .86 
 
 2.702 
 
 .5809 
 
 .2251 
 
 6.971 
 
 975 
 
 .02685 
 
 430 
 
 .04623 
 
 .87 
 
 2.733 
 
 5945 
 
 .2278 
 
 7-134 
 
 .021 
 
 .02812 
 
 .435 
 
 .04731 
 
 .88 
 
 2.765 
 
 .6082 
 
 .2304 
 
 7.299 
 
 .068 
 
 .02944 
 
 440 
 
 .04840 
 
 .89 
 
 2.796 
 
 .6221 
 
 .2330 
 
 7.465 
 
 2. 115 
 
 .O3O80 
 
 445 
 
 .04951 
 
 90 
 
 2.827 
 
 .6362 
 
 .2356 
 
 7.634 
 
 2.163 
 
 .03221 
 
 .450 
 
 .05063 
 
 91 
 
 2.859 
 
 .6504 
 
 .2382 
 
 7-805 
 
 2. 211 
 
 .03366 
 
 .455 
 
 .05176 
 
 92 
 
 2.890 
 
 .6648 
 
 .2409 
 
 7-977 
 
 2.260 
 
 .03517 
 
 .460 
 
 .05290 
 
 -93 
 
 2.922 
 
 .6793 
 
 .2435 
 
 8.151 
 
 2.309 
 
 .03672 
 
 .465 
 
 .05406 
 
 94 
 
 2.953 
 
 .6940 
 
 .2461 
 
 8.328 
 
 2.359 
 
 .03832 
 
 470 
 
 .05523 
 
 95 
 
 2.985 
 
 .7088 
 
 .2487 
 
 8.506 
 
 2.410 
 
 .03998 
 
 .475 
 
 .05641 
 
 .96 
 
 3.016 
 
 .7238 
 
 .2513 
 
 8.686 
 
 2.461 
 
 .04169 
 
 .480 
 
 .05760 
 
 .97 
 
 3-047 
 
 7390 
 
 .2539 
 
 8.868 
 
 2.512 
 
 .04346 
 
 .485 
 
 .05881 
 
 98 
 
 3-079 
 
 7543 
 
 .2566 
 
 9.052 
 
 2.564 
 
 .04528 
 
 .490 
 
 .06003 
 
 -99 
 
 3.110 
 
 .7698 
 
 .2592 
 
 9-237 
 
 2.617 
 
 .04715 
 
 .495 
 
 .06126 
 
 1. 00 
 
 3-142 
 
 .7854 
 
 .2618 
 
 9.425 
 
 2.670 
 
 .04909 
 
 .500 
 
 .06250 
 
 
426 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) J-gg ^mch 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R?, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 i 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 ii 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 Q'S 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 tr 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 .00 
 
 3.142 
 
 .7854 
 
 .2618 
 
 9-425 
 
 2.670 
 
 .04909 
 
 .500 
 
 .06250 
 
 .01 
 
 3-173 
 
 .8012 
 
 .2644 
 
 9.614 
 
 2.724 
 
 .0511 
 
 .505 
 
 .06376 
 
 .02 
 
 3.204 
 
 .8171 
 
 .2670 
 
 9.806 
 
 2.778 
 
 .0531 
 
 .510 
 
 .06503 
 
 .03 
 
 3.236 
 
 .8332 
 
 .2697 
 
 9.999 
 
 2.833 
 
 .0552 
 
 .515 
 
 .06631 
 
 .04 
 
 3.267 
 
 .8495 
 
 .2723 
 
 10.194 
 
 2.888 
 
 .0574 
 
 .520 
 
 .06760 
 
 .05 
 
 3.299 
 
 .8659 
 
 .2749 
 
 10.391 
 
 2.944 
 
 .0597 
 
 525 
 
 .06891 
 
 .06 
 
 3-330 
 
 .8825 
 
 .2775 
 
 10.59 
 
 3.000 
 
 .0620 
 
 530 
 
 .07023 
 
 .07 
 
 3.362 
 
 .8992 
 
 .2801 
 
 10.79 
 
 3-057 
 
 .0643 
 
 535 
 
 .07156 
 
 .08 
 
 3-393 
 
 .9161 
 
 .2827 
 
 10.99 
 
 3.H4 
 
 .0668 
 
 .540 
 
 .07290 
 
 .09 
 
 3.424 
 
 9331 
 
 .2854 
 
 11.20 
 
 3.172 
 
 .0693 
 
 .545 
 
 .07426 
 
 .10 
 
 3.456 
 
 .9503 
 
 .2880 
 
 11.40 
 
 3.231 
 
 .0719 
 
 .550 
 
 .07563 
 
 .11 
 
 3.487 
 
 .9677 
 
 .2906 
 
 ii. 61 
 
 3.290 
 
 .0745 
 
 555 
 
 .07701 
 
 .12 
 
 3-519 
 
 .9852 
 
 .2932 
 
 11.82 
 
 3-349 
 
 .0772 
 
 .560 
 
 .07840 
 
 .13 
 
 3-550 
 
 .0029 
 
 .2958 
 
 12.03 
 
 3.409 
 
 .0800 
 
 .565 
 
 .07981 
 
 .14 
 
 3.581 
 
 .0207 
 
 .2985 
 
 12.25 
 
 3-470 
 
 .0829 
 
 570 
 
 .08123 
 
 IS 
 
 3.6i3 
 
 .0387 
 
 .3011 
 
 12.46 
 
 3-531 
 
 .0859 
 
 575 
 
 .08266 
 
 .16 
 
 3.644 
 
 .0568 
 
 .3037 
 
 12.68 
 
 3-593 
 
 .0889 
 
 .58o 
 
 .08410 
 
 .17 
 
 3.676 
 
 .0751 
 
 .3063 
 
 12.90 
 
 3.655 
 
 .0920 
 
 .585 
 
 .08556 
 
 .18 
 
 3.707 
 
 .0936 
 
 .3089 
 
 13.12 
 
 3.718 
 
 .0952 
 
 590 
 
 .08703 
 
 .19 
 
 3-738 
 
 .1122 
 
 .3115 
 
 13-35 
 
 3.781 
 
 .0984 
 
 595 
 
 .08851 
 
 .20 
 
 3-770 
 
 .1310 
 
 .3142 
 
 13-57 
 
 3.845 
 
 .1018 
 
 .600 
 
 .09000 
 
 .21 
 
 3.8oi 
 
 .1499 
 
 .3168 
 
 13.80 
 
 3.909 
 
 .1052 
 
 .605 
 
 .09151 
 
 .22 
 
 3-833 
 
 .1690 
 
 .3194 
 
 14.03 
 
 3-974 
 
 .1087 
 
 .610 
 
 .09303 
 
 .23 
 
 3-864 
 
 .1882 
 
 .3220 
 
 14.26 
 
 4.040 
 
 .1124 
 
 .615 
 
 -09456 
 
 .24 
 
 3.896 
 
 .2076 
 
 .3246 
 
 14-49 
 
 4-105 
 
 .1161 
 
 .620 
 
 .09610 
 
 .25 
 
 3.927 
 
 .2272 
 
 .3272 
 
 14-73 
 
 4.172 
 
 .1198 
 
 .625 
 
 .09766 
 
 .26 
 
 3.958 
 
 .2469 
 
 .3299 
 
 14.96 
 
 4-239 
 
 .1237 
 
 .630 
 
 .09923 
 
 .27 
 
 3-990 
 
 .2668 
 
 .3325 
 
 15.20 
 
 4.307 
 
 .1277 
 
 .635 
 
 .10081 
 
 .28 
 
 4.021 
 
 .287 
 
 3351 
 
 15-44 
 
 4-375 
 
 .1318 
 
 .640 
 
 . 10240 
 
 .29 
 
 4-053 
 
 .307 
 
 3377 
 
 15-68 
 
 4-443 
 
 .1359 
 
 .645 
 
 . 10401 
 
 30 
 
 4.084 
 
 327 
 
 3403 
 
 15-93 
 
 4-512 
 
 .1402 
 
 .650 
 
 . 10563 
 
 31 
 
 4.H5 
 
 348 
 
 3430 
 
 16.17 
 
 4.582 
 
 . 1446 
 
 .655 
 
 . 10726 
 
 32 
 
 4-147 
 
 .368 
 
 .3456 
 
 16.42 
 
 4-652 
 
 .1490 
 
 .660 
 
 .10890 
 
 33 
 
 4.178 
 
 .389 
 
 .3482 
 
 16.67 
 
 4.723 
 
 .1536 
 
 .665 
 
 .11056 
 
 .34 
 
 4.210 
 
 .410 
 
 .3508 
 
 16.92 
 
 4-794 
 
 .1583 
 
 .670 
 
 .11223 
 
 35 
 
 4.241 
 
 431 
 
 3534 
 
 17.18 
 
 4.866 
 
 .1630 
 
 .675 
 
 .11391 
 
 .36 
 
 4-273 
 
 453 
 
 .3560 
 
 17-43 
 
 4-939 
 
 .1679 
 
 .680 
 
 .11560 
 
 37 
 
 4.304 
 
 474 
 
 .3587 
 
 17.69 
 
 5. on 
 
 .1729 
 
 .685 
 
 -II73I 
 
 .38 
 
 4-335 
 
 .496 
 
 .3613 
 
 17-95 
 
 5-085 
 
 .1780 
 
 .690 
 
 .11903 
 
 39 
 
 4.367 
 
 .517 
 
 .3639 
 
 18.21 
 
 5.159 
 
 .1832 
 
 .695 
 
 . 12076 
 
 40 
 
 4.398 
 
 539 
 
 .3665 
 
 18.47 
 
 5-233 
 
 .1886 
 
 .700 
 
 . 12250 
 
 41 
 
 4-430 
 
 .561 
 
 .3691 
 
 18.74 
 
 5.308 
 
 .1940 
 
 -70S 
 
 . 12426 
 
 42 
 
 4.461 
 
 .584 
 
 .3718 
 
 19.00 
 
 5.384 
 
 .1996 
 
 .710 
 
 .12603 
 
 .43 
 
 4-492 
 
 .606 
 
 .3744 
 
 19.27 
 
 5.46o 
 
 .2053 
 
 .715 
 
 . 12781 
 
 44 
 
 4-524 
 
 .629 
 
 3770 
 
 19.54 
 
 5-537 
 
 .2111 
 
 .720 
 
 .12960 
 
 45 
 
 4-555 
 
 .651 
 
 .3796 
 
 19.82 
 
 5-614 
 
 .2I7O 
 
 .725 
 
 .13141 
 
 .46 
 
 4.587 
 
 .674 
 
 .3822 
 
 20.09 
 
 5.691 
 
 .2230 
 
 730 
 
 . 13323 
 
 47 
 
 4.618 
 
 .697 
 
 .3848 
 
 20.37 
 
 5-770 
 
 .2292 
 
 .735 
 
 . I35o6 
 
 .48 
 
 4.650 
 
 .720 
 
 .3875 
 
 20.64 
 
 5-848 
 
 .2355 
 
 740 
 
 .13690 
 
 49 
 
 4.681 
 
 744 
 
 3901 
 
 20.92 
 
 5.928 
 
 .2419 
 
 745 
 
 .13876 
 
 50 
 
 4-712 
 
 .767 
 
 .3927 
 
 21.21 
 
 6.008 
 
 .2485 
 
 750 
 
 .14063 I 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 427 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 1-gO inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 &, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 
 ii 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 
 . a 
 Qa 
 
 in 
 inches 
 
 section, 
 sq. in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 of 
 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 1.50 
 
 4.712 
 
 1.767 
 
 .3927 
 
 21.21 
 
 6.008 
 
 .2485 
 
 .750 
 
 .14063 
 
 1.51 
 
 4-744 
 
 1.791 
 
 .3953 
 
 21.49 
 
 6.088 
 
 .2552 
 
 .755 
 
 . 14251 
 
 52 
 
 4-775 
 
 1.815 
 
 .3979 
 
 21.78 
 
 6.169 
 
 .2620 
 
 .760 
 
 14440 
 
 S3 
 
 4.807 
 
 1.839 
 
 .4006 
 
 22.06 
 
 6.250 
 
 .2690 
 
 .765 
 
 14631 
 
 54 
 
 4-838 
 
 1.863 
 
 .4032 
 
 22.35 
 
 6.332 
 
 .2761 
 
 .770 
 
 . 14823 
 
 .55 
 
 4.869 
 
 1.887 
 
 .4058 
 
 22.64 
 
 6.415 
 
 .2833 
 
 .775 
 
 . 15016 
 
 .56 
 
 4.901 
 
 1.911 
 
 .4084 
 
 22.94 
 
 6.498 
 
 .2907 
 
 .780 
 
 . 15210 
 
 57 
 
 4-932 
 
 1.936 
 
 .4110 
 
 23.23 
 
 6.581 
 
 .2982 
 
 .785 
 
 .15406 
 
 .58 
 
 4.964 
 
 1.961 
 
 .4136 
 
 23.53 
 
 6.665 
 
 .3059 
 
 790 
 
 .15603 
 
 -59 
 
 4-995 
 
 1.986 
 
 .4163 
 
 23.83 
 
 6.750 
 
 .3137 
 
 .795 
 
 .15801 
 
 .60 
 
 5.027 
 
 2. Oil 
 
 .4189 
 
 24.13 
 
 6.835 
 
 .3217 
 
 .800 
 
 .1600 
 
 .61 
 
 5-058 
 
 2.036 
 
 .4215 
 
 24.43 
 
 6.921 
 
 .3298 
 
 .805 
 
 .1620 
 
 .62 
 
 5.089 
 
 2.061 
 
 .4241 
 
 24.73 
 
 7.007 
 
 .3381 
 
 .810 
 
 .1640 
 
 .63 
 
 5- 121 
 
 2.087 
 
 .4267 
 
 25.04 
 
 7.094 
 
 .3465 
 
 .815 
 
 .1661 
 
 .64 
 
 5-152 
 
 2. 112 
 
 .4294 
 
 25.35 
 
 7.181 
 
 .3551 
 
 .820 
 
 .1681 
 
 .65 
 
 5.184 
 
 2.138 
 
 4320 
 
 25.66 
 
 7-269 
 
 .3638 
 
 .825 
 
 .1702 
 
 .66 
 
 5-215 
 
 2.164 
 
 .4346 
 
 25.97 
 
 7.358 
 
 .3727 
 
 .830 
 
 .1722 
 
 .67 
 
 5.246 
 
 2.190 
 
 4372 
 
 26.28 
 
 7.446 
 
 .3818 
 
 .835 
 
 .1743 
 
 .68 
 
 5.278 
 
 2.217 
 
 .4398 
 
 26.60 
 
 7-536 
 
 3910 
 
 .840 
 
 .1764 
 
 .69 
 
 5.309 
 
 2.243 
 
 4424 
 
 26.92 
 
 7.626 
 
 .4004 
 
 .845 
 
 .1785 
 
 .70 
 
 5-341 
 
 2.270 
 
 .4451 
 
 27.24 
 
 7.7i6 
 
 .4100 
 
 .850 
 
 .1806 
 
 71 
 
 5-372 
 
 2.297 
 
 4477 
 
 27.56 
 
 7.807 
 
 .4197 
 
 .855 
 
 .1828 
 
 72 
 
 5.404 
 
 2.324 
 
 .4503 
 
 27.88 
 
 7.899 
 
 .4296 
 
 .860 
 
 .1849 
 
 73 
 
 5-435 
 
 2.351 
 
 .4529 
 
 28.21 
 
 7-991 
 
 .4397 
 
 .865 
 
 .1871 
 
 74 
 
 5.466 
 
 2.378 
 
 .4555 
 
 28.53 
 
 8.084 
 
 .45oo 
 
 .870 
 
 .1892 
 
 75 
 
 5.498 
 
 2.405 
 
 .4581 
 
 28.86 
 
 8.177 
 
 .4604 
 
 .875 
 
 .1914 
 
 76 
 
 5.529 
 
 2.433 
 
 .4608 
 
 29.19 
 
 8.271 
 
 .4710 
 
 .880 
 
 .1936 
 
 77 
 
 5.56i 
 
 2.461 
 
 .4634 
 
 29.53 
 
 8.365 
 
 .4818 
 
 .885 
 
 .1958 
 
 78 
 
 5-592 
 
 2.488 
 
 .4660 
 
 29.86 
 
 8.460 
 
 .4928 
 
 .890 
 
 .1980 
 
 79 
 
 5.623 
 
 2.516 
 
 .4686 
 
 30.20 
 
 8-555 
 
 .5039 
 
 .895 
 
 .2003 
 
 .80 
 
 5.655 
 
 2-545 
 
 4712 
 
 30.54 
 
 8.651 
 
 .5153 
 
 .900 
 
 .2025 
 
 .81 
 
 5.686 
 
 2.573 
 
 4739 
 
 30.88 
 
 8.747 
 
 .5268 
 
 .905 
 
 .2048 
 
 .82 
 
 5.7i8 
 
 2.602 
 
 .4765 
 
 31-22 
 
 8.844 
 
 .5386 
 
 .910 
 
 .2070 
 
 .83 
 
 5-749 
 
 2.630 
 
 4791 
 
 3L56 
 
 8.942 
 
 .5505 
 
 915 
 
 .2093 
 
 .84 
 
 5.78i 
 
 2.659 
 
 .4817 
 
 3L9I 
 
 9.040 
 
 .5627 
 
 .920 
 
 .2116 
 
 .85 
 
 5.812 
 
 2.688 
 
 .4843 
 
 32.26 
 
 9.138 
 
 .5750 
 
 925 
 
 .2139 
 
 .86 
 
 5.843 
 
 2.717 
 
 .4869 
 
 32.61 
 
 9-237 
 
 .5875 
 
 930 
 
 .2162 
 
 .87 
 
 5.875 
 
 2.746 
 
 .4896 
 
 32.96 
 
 9-337 
 
 .6003 
 
 935 
 
 .2186 
 
 .88 
 
 5.9o6 
 
 2.776 
 
 .4922 
 
 33-31 
 
 9-437 
 
 .6132 
 
 940 
 
 .2209 
 
 .89 
 
 5.938 
 
 2.806 
 
 .4948 
 
 33.67 
 
 9.538 
 
 .6263 
 
 .945 
 
 .2233 
 
 .90 
 
 5.969 
 
 2.835 
 
 .4974 
 
 34-02 
 
 9.639 
 
 .6397 
 
 .950 
 
 .2256 
 
 91 
 
 6.000 
 
 2.865 
 
 .5000 
 
 34-38 
 
 9-741 
 
 .6533 
 
 .955 
 
 .2280 
 
 92 
 
 6.032 
 
 2.895 
 
 .5027 
 
 34-74 
 
 9.843 
 
 .6671 
 
 .960 
 
 .2304 
 
 93 
 
 6.063 
 
 2.926 
 
 .5053 
 
 35-11 
 
 9.946 
 
 .6811 
 
 .965 
 
 .2328 
 
 94 
 
 6.095 
 
 2.956 
 
 -5079 
 
 35-47 
 
 10.049 
 
 .6953 
 
 970 
 
 .2352 
 
 .95 
 
 6.126 
 
 2.986 
 
 .5105 
 
 35.84 
 
 10.153 
 
 .7098 
 
 .975 
 
 -2377 
 
 .96 
 
 6.158 
 
 3.017 
 
 .5131 
 
 36.21 
 
 10.257 
 
 .7244 
 
 .980 
 
 .2401 
 
 97 
 
 6.189 
 
 3.048 
 
 .5157 
 
 36.58 
 
 10.362 
 
 .7393 
 
 .985 
 
 .2426 
 
 .98 
 
 6.220 
 
 3-079 
 
 .5184 
 
 36.95 
 
 10.468 
 
 .7544 
 
 990 
 
 .2450 
 
 99 
 
 6.252 
 
 3. no 
 
 .5210 
 
 37-32 
 
 10.574 
 
 .7698 
 
 995 
 
 .2475 
 
 2.00 
 
 6.283 
 
 3.142 
 
 .5236 
 
 37-70 
 
 10.680 
 
 .7854 
 
 I. COO 
 
 .2500 
 
 
428 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) g 00 inches 
 
 4.50 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use ail tabular values direct. 
 
 1 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 5 o 
 .2 3 
 
 ference 
 in 
 inches 
 
 cross 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 ot gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 zT 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 2.0O 
 
 6.283 
 
 3.142 
 
 .5236 
 
 37-70 
 
 10.680 
 
 .7854 
 
 .000 
 
 .2500 
 
 2.01 
 
 6.315 
 
 3-173 
 
 .5262 
 
 38.08 
 
 10.787 
 
 .8012 
 
 .005 
 
 .2525 
 
 2. 02 
 
 6.346 
 
 3.205 
 
 .5288 
 
 38.46 
 
 10.895 
 
 -8173 
 
 .010 
 
 .2550 
 
 2.03 
 
 6.377 
 
 3-237 
 
 .5315 
 
 38.84 
 
 11.003 
 
 .8336 
 
 .015 
 
 .2576 
 
 2.04 
 
 6.409 
 
 3.269 
 
 .5341 
 
 39-22 
 
 II. 112 
 
 -8501 
 
 .020 
 
 .2601 
 
 2.05 
 
 6.440 
 
 3-301 
 
 .5367 
 
 39.61 
 
 II. 221 
 
 .8669 
 
 .025 
 
 .2627 
 
 2.06 
 
 6.472 
 
 3-333 
 
 -5393 
 
 39.99 
 
 11.331 
 
 .8840 
 
 .030 
 
 .26=52 
 
 2.07 
 
 6.503 
 
 3.365 
 
 .5419 
 
 40.38 
 
 11.441 
 
 -9013 
 
 .035 
 
 .2678 
 
 2.08 
 
 6.535 
 
 3.398 
 
 .5445 
 
 40.78 
 
 11-552 
 
 .9188 
 
 .040 
 
 .2704 
 
 2.09 
 
 6.566 
 
 3-431 
 
 -5472 
 
 41.17 
 
 11.663 
 
 -9366 
 
 .045 
 
 .2730 
 
 2.IO 
 
 6.597 
 
 3.464 
 
 .5498 
 
 41.56 
 
 11-775 
 
 -9547 
 
 .050 
 
 .2756 
 
 2. II 
 
 6.629 
 
 3-497 
 
 .5524 
 
 41.96 
 
 11.887 
 
 -9730 
 
 .055 
 
 -2783 
 
 2.12 
 
 6.660 
 
 3-530 
 
 5550 
 
 42.36 
 
 I2.OOO 
 
 -9915 
 
 .060 
 
 .2809 
 
 2.13 
 
 6.692 
 
 3.563 
 
 .5576 
 
 42.76 
 
 12.114 
 
 1.0104 
 
 .065 
 
 .2836 
 
 2.14 
 
 6.723 
 
 3-597 
 
 .5603 
 
 43.16 
 
 12 . 228 
 
 .0295 
 
 .070 
 
 .2862 
 
 2. IS 
 
 6.754 
 
 3.631 
 
 .5629 
 
 43-57 
 
 12.342 
 
 .0489 
 
 .075 
 
 .2889 
 
 2.16 
 
 6.786 
 
 3.664 
 
 .5655 
 
 43-97 
 
 12.457 
 
 .0685 
 
 .080 
 
 .2916 
 
 2.17 
 
 6.817 
 
 3.698 
 
 .5681 
 
 44.38 
 
 12.573 
 
 .088 
 
 .085 
 
 .2943 
 
 2.18 
 
 6.849 
 
 3-733 
 
 .5707 
 
 44-79 
 
 12.689 
 
 .109 
 
 .090 
 
 .2970 
 
 2.19 
 
 6.880 
 
 3.767 
 
 .5733 
 
 45-20 
 
 12.806 
 
 .129 
 
 .095 
 
 .2998 
 
 2.20 
 
 6.912 
 
 3-801 
 
 .576o 
 
 45-62 
 
 12.923 
 
 .150 
 
 .100 
 
 -3025 
 
 2.21 
 
 6.943 
 
 3-836 
 
 -5786 
 
 46.03 
 
 13.041 
 
 .171 
 
 -105 
 
 .3053 
 
 2.22 
 
 6.974 
 
 3-871 
 
 .5812 
 
 46.45 
 
 13.159 
 
 .192 
 
 .110 
 
 .3080 
 
 2.23 
 
 7.006 
 
 3.906 
 
 .5838 
 
 46.87 
 
 13-278 
 
 .214 
 
 .115 
 
 .3108 
 
 2.24 
 
 7-037 
 
 3-941 
 
 -5864 
 
 47-29 
 
 13-397 
 
 .236 
 
 .120 
 
 .3136 
 
 2.25 
 
 7.069 
 
 3.976 
 
 .5890 
 
 47-71 
 
 13.517 
 
 .258 
 
 -125 
 
 .3164 
 
 2.26 
 
 7.100 
 
 4.011 
 
 -5917 
 
 48.14 
 
 13.637 
 
 .281 
 
 .130 
 
 .3192 
 
 2.27 
 
 7.I3I 
 
 4.047 
 
 .5943 
 
 48.56 
 
 13.758 
 
 -303 
 
 -135 
 
 -3221 
 
 2.28 
 
 7.163 
 
 4-083 
 
 .5969 
 
 48.99 
 
 13.880 
 
 -327 
 
 .140 
 
 -3249 
 
 2.2Q 
 
 7-194 
 
 4-II9 
 
 .5995 
 
 49-42 
 
 14.002 
 
 -350 
 
 .145 
 
 .3278 
 
 2.30 
 
 7.226 
 
 4-155 
 
 .6021 
 
 49-86 
 
 14.125 
 
 -374 
 
 .150 
 
 .3306 
 
 2.31 
 
 7-257 
 
 4.I9I 
 
 .6048 
 
 50.29 
 
 14.248 
 
 -398 
 
 .155 
 
 3335 
 
 2.32 
 
 7.288 
 
 4.227 
 
 .6074 
 
 50.73 
 
 14.371 
 
 .422 
 
 .160 
 
 .3364 
 
 2.33 
 
 7-320 
 
 4.264 
 
 .6100 
 
 5LI7 
 
 14-495 
 
 447 
 
 .165 
 
 .3393 
 
 2.34 
 
 7-351 
 
 4-301 
 
 .6126 
 
 5i.6i 
 
 14.620 
 
 472 
 
 .170 
 
 .3422 
 
 2.35 
 
 7.383 
 
 4-337 
 
 .6152 
 
 52.05 
 
 14-745 
 
 -497 
 
 .175 
 
 .3452 
 
 2.36 
 
 7.414 
 
 4-374 
 
 .6178 
 
 52.49 
 
 14.871 
 
 .523 
 
 .180 
 
 .3481 
 
 2.37 
 
 7.446 
 
 4.412 
 
 .6205 
 
 52.94 
 
 14-997 
 
 .549 
 
 .185 
 
 3511 
 
 2.38 
 
 7-477 
 
 4-449 
 
 .6231 
 
 53-39 
 
 15.124 
 
 -575 
 
 .190 
 
 .3540 
 
 2.39 
 
 7.508 
 
 4.486 
 
 .6257 
 
 53.84 
 
 15-252 
 
 .602 
 
 .195 
 
 .3570 
 
 2.40 
 
 7-540 
 
 4.524 
 
 .6283 
 
 54-29 
 
 15-379 
 
 .629 
 
 .200 
 
 .3600 
 
 2.41 
 
 7.S7I 
 
 4.562 
 
 .6309 
 
 54-74 
 
 15.508 
 
 .656 
 
 .205 
 
 .3630 
 
 2.42 
 
 7.603 
 
 4.600 
 
 .6336 
 
 55-20 
 
 15.637 
 
 .684 
 
 .210 
 
 .3660 
 
 2.43 
 
 7.634 
 
 4-638 
 
 .6362 
 
 55-65 
 
 15.766 
 
 .712 
 
 .215 
 
 .3691 
 
 2.44 
 
 7.665 
 
 4-676 
 
 .6388 
 
 56.11 
 
 15.896 
 
 -740 
 
 .220 
 
 .3721 
 
 2.45 
 
 7.697 
 
 4-714 
 
 .6414 
 
 56.57 
 
 16.027 
 
 .769 
 
 .225 
 
 3752 
 
 2.46 
 
 7.728 
 
 4-753 
 
 .6440 
 
 57-03 
 
 16.158 
 
 .798 
 
 .230 
 
 .3782 
 
 2.47 
 
 7.760 
 
 4.792 
 
 .6466 
 
 57-50 
 
 16.290 
 
 .827 
 
 -235 
 
 .3813 
 
 2.48 
 
 7-791 
 
 4-831 
 
 .6493 
 
 57-97 
 
 16.422 
 
 .857 
 
 .240 
 
 .3844 
 
 2.49 
 
 7.823 
 
 4.870 
 
 .6519 
 
 58.43 
 
 16.555 
 
 .887 
 
 .245 
 
 .3875 
 
 2.50 
 
 7-854 
 
 4-909 
 
 .6545 
 
 58.90 
 
 16.688 
 
 .917 
 
 .250 
 
 .3906 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 429 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 3.50 inches 
 
 3.OO inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 H 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 .$ 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 Q' 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 if 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 2.50 
 
 7-854 
 
 4.909 
 
 .6545 
 
 58.90 
 
 16.688 
 
 1.917 
 
 .250 
 
 .3906 
 
 2.51 
 
 7.885 
 
 4.948 
 
 .6571 
 
 59.38 
 
 16.822 
 
 1.948 
 
 .255 
 
 3938 
 
 2.52 
 
 7.917 
 
 4-988 
 
 .6597 
 
 59-85 
 
 16 . 956 
 
 1.980 
 
 .260 
 
 .3969 
 
 2.53 
 
 7.948 
 
 5.027 
 
 .6624 
 
 60.33 
 
 17.091 
 
 2. Oil 
 
 .265 
 
 .4001 
 
 2.54 
 
 7.980 
 
 5.067 
 
 .6650 
 
 60.80 
 
 17.226 
 
 2.043 
 
 .270 
 
 .4032 
 
 2-55 
 
 8. on 
 
 5.107 
 
 .6676 
 
 61.28 
 
 17.362 
 
 2.076 
 
 .275 
 
 .4064 
 
 2.56 
 
 8.042 
 
 5-147 
 
 .6702 
 
 6i.77 
 
 17.498 
 
 2.108 
 
 .280 
 
 .4096 
 
 2.57 
 
 8.074 
 
 5.187 
 
 .6728 
 
 62.25 
 
 17.635 
 
 2.141 
 
 .285 
 
 .4128 
 
 2.58 
 
 8.105 
 
 5.228 
 
 .6754 
 
 62.74 
 
 7-773 
 
 2.175 
 
 .290 
 
 .4160 
 
 2.59 
 
 8.137 
 
 5.269 
 
 .6781 
 
 63.22 
 
 7.911 
 
 2.209 
 
 .295 
 
 .4193 
 
 2.6o 
 
 8.168 
 
 5.309 
 
 .6807 
 
 63.71 
 
 8.049 
 
 2.243 
 
 .300 
 
 .4225 
 
 2.61 
 
 8.200 
 
 5-350 
 
 .6833 
 
 64.20 
 
 8.189 
 
 2.278 
 
 .305 
 
 .4258 
 
 2.62 
 
 8.231 
 
 5-391 
 
 .6859 
 
 64.70 
 
 8.328 
 
 2.313 
 
 .310 
 
 .4290 
 
 2.63 
 
 8.262 
 
 5-433 
 
 .6885 
 
 65-19 
 
 18.468 
 
 2.349 
 
 .315 
 
 4323 
 
 2.64 
 
 8.294 
 
 5-474 
 
 .6912 
 
 65-69 
 
 18.609 
 
 2.384 
 
 .320 
 
 .4356 
 
 2.65 
 
 8.325 
 
 5.515 
 
 .6938 
 
 66.19 
 
 18.750 
 
 2.421 
 
 .325 
 
 .4389 
 
 2.66 
 
 8.357 
 
 5-557 
 
 .6964 
 
 66.69 
 
 18.892 
 
 2.458 
 
 .330 
 
 .4422 
 
 2.67 
 
 8.388 
 
 5-599 
 
 .6990 
 
 67.19 
 
 19.034 
 
 2.495 
 
 335 
 
 .4456 
 
 2.68 
 
 8.419 
 
 5.641 
 
 .7016 
 
 67.69 
 
 19.177 
 
 2.532 
 
 340 
 
 .4489 
 
 2.69 
 
 8.451 
 
 5.683 
 
 .7042 
 
 68.20 
 
 19.321 
 
 2.570 
 
 .345 
 
 .4523 
 
 2.70 
 
 8.482 
 
 5.726 
 
 .7069 
 
 68.71 
 
 19.465 
 
 2.609 
 
 350 
 
 .4556 
 
 2.71 
 
 8.514 
 
 5-768 
 
 .7095 
 
 69.22 
 
 19.609 
 
 2.648 
 
 .355 
 
 4590 
 
 2.72 
 
 8.545 
 
 5-8ii 
 
 .7121 
 
 69.73 
 
 19-754 
 
 2.687 
 
 .360 
 
 .4624 
 
 2.73 
 
 8.577 
 
 5.853 
 
 .7147 
 
 70.24 
 
 19.900 
 
 2.727 
 
 .365 
 
 .4658 
 
 2.74 
 
 8.608 
 
 5.896 
 
 .7173 
 
 70.76 
 
 20.046 
 
 2.767 
 
 370 
 
 .4692 
 
 2.75 
 
 8.639 
 
 5-940 
 
 .7199 
 
 71.27 
 
 20.192 
 
 2.807 
 
 .375 
 
 .4727 
 
 2.76 
 
 8.671 
 
 5.983 
 
 .7226 
 
 71.79 
 
 20.339 
 
 2.848 
 
 .380 
 
 .476i 
 
 2.77 
 
 8.702 
 
 6.026 
 
 .7252 
 
 72.32 
 
 20.487 
 
 2.890 
 
 .385 
 
 .4796 
 
 2.78 
 
 8.734 
 
 6.070 
 
 .7278 
 
 72.84 
 
 20.635 
 
 2.932 
 
 390 
 
 .4830 
 
 2.79 
 
 8.765 
 
 6.114 
 
 .7304 
 
 73.36 
 
 20.784 
 
 2.974 
 
 .395 
 
 .4865 
 
 2.80 
 
 8.796 
 
 6.158 
 
 .7330 
 
 73-89 
 
 20.933 
 
 3-017 
 
 .400 
 
 .4900 
 
 2.81 
 
 8.828 
 
 6.202 
 
 .7357 
 
 74-42 
 
 21.083 
 
 3.061 
 
 .405 
 
 .4935 
 
 2.82 
 
 8.859 
 
 6.246 
 
 .7383 
 
 74-95 
 
 21.233 
 
 3-104 
 
 .410 
 
 .4970 
 
 2.83 
 
 8.891. 
 
 6.29O 
 
 .7409 
 
 ' 75.48 
 
 21.384 
 
 3-149 
 
 .415 
 
 .5006 
 
 2.84 
 
 8.922 
 
 6.335 
 
 .7435 
 
 76.02 
 
 21 . 535 
 
 3-193 
 
 .420 
 
 .5041 
 
 2.85 
 
 8.954 
 
 6.379 
 
 .7461 
 
 76.55 
 
 21.687 
 
 3-239 
 
 .425 
 
 .5077 
 
 2.86 
 
 8.985 
 
 6.424 
 
 .7487 
 
 77.09 
 
 21 . 840 
 
 3.284 
 
 .430 
 
 .5112 
 
 2.87 
 
 9.016 
 
 6.469 
 
 .7514 
 
 77.63 
 
 21.993 
 
 3-330 
 
 .435 
 
 .5148 
 
 2.88 
 
 9.048 
 
 6.514 
 
 7540 
 
 78.17 
 
 22.146 
 
 3-377 
 
 .440 
 
 -5184 
 
 2.89 
 
 9.079 
 
 6.560 
 
 .7566 
 
 78.72 
 
 22.300 
 
 3.424 
 
 445 
 
 .5220 
 
 2.90 
 
 9. in 
 
 6.605 
 
 7592 
 
 79.26 
 
 22.455 
 
 3-472 
 
 450 
 
 .5256 
 
 2.91 
 
 9.142 
 
 6.651 
 
 .7618 
 
 79.8i 
 
 22.610 
 
 3-520 
 
 .455 
 
 .5293 
 
 2.92 
 
 9-173 
 
 6.697 
 
 .7645 
 
 80.36 
 
 22.766 
 
 3.569 
 
 .460 
 
 .5329 
 
 2.93 
 
 9.205 
 
 6.743 
 
 .7671 
 
 80.91 
 
 22.922 
 
 3.6i8 
 
 .465 
 
 .5366 
 
 2.94 
 
 9.236 
 
 6.789 
 
 .7697 
 
 81.46 
 
 23.079 
 
 3.667 
 
 .470 
 
 .5402 
 
 2.95 
 
 9.268 
 
 6.835 
 
 .7723 
 
 82.02 
 
 23.236 
 
 3.718 
 
 .475 
 
 5439 
 
 2.96 
 
 9.299 
 
 6.881 
 
 .7749 
 
 82.58 
 
 23-394 
 
 3.768 
 
 .480 
 
 .5476 
 
 2.97 
 
 9-331 
 
 6.928 
 
 .7775 
 
 83.14 
 
 23.552 
 
 3.819 
 
 .485 
 
 5513 
 
 2.98 
 
 9.362 
 
 6.975 
 
 .7802 
 
 83.70 
 
 23.711 
 
 3.871 
 
 .490 
 
 .5550 
 
 2.99 
 
 9-393 
 
 7.022 
 
 .7828 
 
 84.26 
 
 23.870 
 
 3.923 
 
 495 
 
 .5588 
 
 3.oo 
 
 9.425 
 
 7.069 
 
 .7854 
 
 84.82 
 
 24.030 
 
 3.976 
 
 .500 
 
 .5625 
 
 
430 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 3.00 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R?, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 Diam. 
 in inches 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 in 
 inches 
 
 Area 
 cross 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 3-00 
 
 9-425 
 
 7.069 
 
 .7854 
 
 84.82 
 
 24.030 
 
 3.976 
 
 .500 
 
 .5625 
 
 3.01 
 
 9.456 
 
 7.116 
 
 .7880 
 
 85.39 
 
 24.191 
 
 4.029 
 
 505 
 
 .5663 
 
 3-02 
 
 9.488 
 
 7.163 
 
 .7906 
 
 85.96 
 
 24.352 
 
 4.083 
 
 .510 
 
 5700 
 
 3-03 
 
 9-519 
 
 7. 211 
 
 7933 
 
 86.53 
 
 24.513 
 
 4.138 
 
 515 
 
 .5738 
 
 3-04 
 
 9-550 
 
 7.258 
 
 .7959 
 
 87.10 
 
 24 . 675 
 
 4.192 
 
 .520 
 
 .5776 
 
 3-05 
 
 9-582 
 
 7.306 
 
 .7985 
 
 87.67 
 
 24.838 
 
 4.248 
 
 .525 
 
 .5814 
 
 3-06 
 
 9.613 
 
 7-354 
 
 .Son 
 
 88.25 
 
 25.001 
 
 4.304 
 
 530 
 
 .5852 
 
 3-07 
 
 9.645 
 
 7-402 
 
 .8037 
 
 88.83 
 
 25.165 
 
 4.360 
 
 .535 
 
 .5891 
 
 3.08 
 
 9.676 
 
 7-451 
 
 .8063 
 
 89.41 
 
 25.329 
 
 4.417 
 
 540 
 
 .5929 
 
 3-09 
 
 9.7o8 
 
 7-499 
 
 .8090 
 
 89.99 
 
 25-494 
 
 4-475 
 
 .545 
 
 .5968 
 
 3.io 
 
 9-739 
 
 7.548 
 
 .8116 
 
 90.57 
 
 25.659 
 
 4-533 -550 
 
 .6006 
 
 3. II 
 
 9-770 
 
 7.596 
 
 .8142 
 
 91.16 
 
 25.825 
 
 4.592 
 
 .555 
 
 .6045 
 
 3-12 
 
 9.802 
 
 7.645 
 
 .8168 
 
 91-74 
 
 25.991 
 
 4.651 
 
 .560 
 
 .6084 
 
 3-13 
 
 9.833 
 
 7.694 
 
 .8194 
 
 92.33 
 
 26.158 
 
 4-7II 
 
 .565 
 
 .6123 
 
 3-14 
 
 9.865 
 
 7-744 
 
 .8221 
 
 92.92 
 
 26.326 
 
 4.772 
 
 570 
 
 .6162 
 
 3-15 
 
 9.896 
 
 7-793 
 
 .8247 
 
 93-52 
 
 26.493 
 
 4.833 
 
 575 
 
 .6202 
 
 3-l6 
 
 9.927 
 
 7.843 
 
 .8273 
 
 94.ii 
 
 26.662 
 
 4.895 
 
 .580 
 
 .6241 
 
 3-17 
 
 9-959 
 
 7.892 
 
 .8299 
 
 94-71 
 
 26.831 
 
 4-957 
 
 .585 
 
 .6281 
 
 3-18 
 
 9-990 
 
 7-942 
 
 .8325 
 
 95-31 
 
 27.001 
 
 5-020 
 
 .590 
 
 .6320 
 
 3-19 
 
 10.022 
 
 7-992 
 
 .8351 
 
 95-91 
 
 27.171 
 
 5.083 
 
 595 
 
 .6360 
 
 3-20 
 
 10.053 
 
 8.042 
 
 .8378 
 
 96.51 
 
 27.341 
 
 5.147 
 
 .600 
 
 .6400 
 
 3-21 
 
 10.085 
 
 8.093 
 
 .8404 
 
 97-11 
 
 27.512 
 
 5.212 
 
 .605 
 
 .6440 
 
 3-22 
 
 10.116 
 
 8.143 
 
 .8430 
 
 97.72 
 
 27.684 
 
 5-277 
 
 .610 
 
 .6480 
 
 3 23 
 
 10.147 
 
 8.194 
 
 .8456 
 
 98.33 
 
 27.856 
 
 5-343 
 
 .615 
 
 .6521 
 
 3.24 
 
 10.179 
 
 8.245 
 
 .8482 
 
 98.94 
 
 28.029 
 
 5.409 
 
 .620 
 
 .6561 
 
 3.25 
 
 10.210 
 
 8.296 
 
 .8508 
 
 99-55 
 
 28 . 202 
 
 5-477 
 
 .625 
 
 .6602 
 
 3.26 
 
 10.242 
 
 8.347 
 
 .8535 
 
 100.16 
 
 28.376 
 
 5-544 
 
 .630 
 
 .6642 
 
 3.27 
 
 10.273 
 
 8.398 
 
 .8561 
 
 100.78 
 
 28.550 
 
 5.613 
 
 .635 
 
 .6683 
 
 3.28 
 
 10.304 
 
 8.450 
 
 .8587 
 
 101 . 40 
 
 28.725 
 
 5.682 
 
 .640 
 
 .6724 
 
 3.29 
 
 10.336 
 
 8.501 
 
 .8613 
 
 102.01 
 
 28.901 
 
 5-751 
 
 .645 
 
 .6765 
 
 3-30 
 
 10.367 
 
 8.553 
 
 .8639 
 
 102 . 64 
 
 29.077 
 
 5.821 
 
 .650 
 
 .6806 
 
 3-31 
 
 10.399 
 
 8.605 
 
 .8666 
 
 103.26 
 
 29.253 
 
 5.892 
 
 .655 
 
 .6848 
 
 3.32 
 
 10.430 
 
 8.657 
 
 .8692 
 
 103.88 
 
 29.430 
 
 5.964 
 
 .660 
 
 .6889 
 
 3-33 
 
 10.462 
 
 8.709 
 
 .8718 
 
 104.51 
 
 29.608 
 
 6.036 
 
 .665 
 
 .6931 
 
 3-34 
 
 10.493 
 
 8.762 
 
 .8744 
 
 105.14 
 
 29.786 
 
 6.109 
 
 .670 
 
 .6972 
 
 3-35 
 
 10.524 
 
 8.814 
 
 .8770 
 
 105 . 77 
 
 29.965 
 
 6.182 
 
 .675 
 
 .7014 
 
 3.36 
 
 10.556 
 
 8.867 
 
 .8796 
 
 106.40 
 
 30.144 
 
 6.256 
 
 .680 
 
 .7056 
 
 3.37 
 
 10.587 
 
 8.920 
 
 .8823 
 
 107.04 
 
 30.323 
 
 6.331 
 
 .685 
 
 .7098 
 
 3.38 
 
 10.619 
 
 8.973 
 
 .8849 
 
 107.67 
 
 30.504 
 
 6.407 
 
 .690 
 
 .7140 
 
 3-39 
 
 10.650 
 
 9.026 
 
 .8875 
 
 108.31 
 
 30.684 
 
 6.483 
 
 .695 
 
 .7183 
 
 3-40 
 
 10.681 
 
 9-079 
 
 .8901 
 
 108.95 
 
 30.866 
 
 6.560 
 
 .700 
 
 .7225 
 
 3.41 
 
 10.713 
 
 9.133 
 
 .8927 
 
 109-59 
 
 31.047 
 
 6.637 
 
 .705 
 
 .7268 
 
 3-42 
 
 10.744 
 
 9.186 
 
 .8954 
 
 110.24 
 
 31.230 
 
 6.715 
 
 .710 
 
 .73io 
 
 3-43 
 
 10.776 
 
 9.240 
 
 .8980 
 
 110.88 
 
 3L4I3 
 
 6.794 
 
 715 
 
 7353 
 
 3.44 
 
 10.807 
 
 9-294 
 
 .9006 
 
 in. 53 
 
 31.596 
 
 6.874 
 
 .720 
 
 .7396 
 
 3.45 
 
 10.838 
 
 9.348 
 
 .9032 
 
 112.18 
 
 31.780 
 
 6-954 
 
 725 
 
 .7439 
 
 3.46 
 
 10.870 
 
 9.402 
 
 .9058 
 
 112.83 
 
 31.965 
 
 7-035 
 
 730 
 
 .7482 
 
 3.47 
 
 10.901 
 
 9-457 
 
 .9084 
 
 H3.48 
 
 32.150 
 
 7.H7 
 
 .735 
 
 .7526 
 
 3-48 
 
 10.933 
 
 9-5II 
 
 .9111 
 
 114.14 
 
 32.335 
 
 7.199 
 
 740 
 
 .7569 
 
 3.49 
 
 10.964 
 
 9-566 
 
 9137 
 
 H4.79 
 
 32.521 
 
 7.282 
 
 .745 
 
 .7613 
 
 3-50 
 
 10.996 
 
 9.621 
 
 .9163 
 
 115-45 
 
 32.708 
 
 7.366 
 
 750 
 
 .7656 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 431 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 3.50 inches 
 
 4.00 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular va ues direct. 
 
 [g * 
 
 Circum 
 
 Area 
 cross 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 
 Radius 
 
 .1"| 
 
 in 
 inches 
 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. stee 
 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 if 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 R2 
 
 3.50 
 
 10.996 
 
 9.621 
 
 .9163 
 
 115-45 
 
 32.708 
 
 7-366 
 
 1-750 
 
 .7656 
 
 3.51 
 
 11.027 
 
 9.676 
 
 .9189 
 
 116.11 
 
 32.895 
 
 7.451 
 
 1.755 
 
 .7700 
 
 3.52 
 
 11.058 
 
 9-731 
 
 .9215 
 
 116.78 
 
 33.083 
 
 7.536 
 
 1.760 
 
 7744 
 
 3-53 
 
 11.090 
 
 9.787 
 
 .9242 
 
 117.44 
 
 33.271 
 
 7.622 
 
 1.765 
 
 .7788 
 
 3-54 
 
 II. 121 
 
 9.842 
 
 .9268 
 
 Ii8.ii 
 
 33.46o 
 
 7.709 
 
 1.770 
 
 .7832 
 
 3-55 
 
 II. 153 
 
 9.898 
 
 .9294 
 
 118.78 
 
 33.649 
 
 7.796 
 
 1-775 
 
 .7877 
 
 3-56 
 
 11.184 
 
 9 954 
 
 .9320 
 
 119-45 
 
 33-839 
 
 7-884 
 
 1.780 
 
 7921 
 
 3-57 
 
 11.215 
 
 IO.OIO 
 
 .9346 
 
 120.12 
 
 34-029 
 
 7-973 
 
 1.785 
 
 .7966 
 
 3.58 
 
 11.247 
 
 10.066 
 
 9372 
 
 120.79 
 
 34-220 
 
 8.063 
 
 1-790 
 
 .8010 
 
 3-59 
 
 11.278 
 
 10.122 
 
 9399 
 
 121.47 
 
 34.412 
 
 8.154 
 
 1-795 
 
 .8055 
 
 3.6o 
 
 11.310 
 
 10.179 
 
 .9425 
 
 122.15 
 
 34.604 
 
 8.245 
 
 1.800 
 
 .8100 
 
 3-6i 
 
 11.341 
 
 10.235 
 
 9451 
 
 122.82 
 
 34.796 
 
 8.337 
 
 1.805 
 
 .8145 
 
 3-62 
 
 H-373 
 
 10.292 
 
 9477 
 
 123.51 
 
 34.989 
 
 8.430 
 
 1.810 
 
 .8190 
 
 3-63 
 
 11.404 
 
 10.349 
 
 9503 
 
 124.19 
 
 35.183 
 
 8.523 1.815 
 
 .8236 
 
 3.64 
 
 11-435 
 
 10.406 
 
 .9529 
 
 124.87 
 
 35.377 
 
 8.617 
 
 1.820 
 
 .8281 
 
 3.65 
 
 11.467 
 
 10.463 
 
 .9556 
 
 125.56 
 
 35.572 
 
 8.712 
 
 1.825 
 
 .8327 
 
 3-66 
 
 11.498 
 
 10.521 
 
 -9582 
 
 126.25 
 
 35.767 
 
 8.808 
 
 1.830 
 
 .8372 
 
 3.67 
 
 11-530 
 
 10.578 
 
 .9608 
 
 126.94 
 
 35.962 
 
 8.905 
 
 1.835 
 
 .8418 
 
 3-68 
 
 11.561 
 
 10.636 
 
 .9634 
 
 127.63 
 
 36.159 
 
 9.002 
 
 1.840 
 
 .8464 
 
 3.69 
 
 II-592 
 
 10.694 
 
 .9660 
 
 128.33 
 
 36.356 
 
 9.101 
 
 1.845 
 
 .8510 
 
 3-70 
 
 11.624 
 
 10.752 
 
 .9687 
 
 129.03 
 
 36.553 
 
 9.200 
 
 1.850 
 
 .8556 
 
 3-71 
 
 11.655 
 
 10.810 
 
 9713 
 
 129.72 
 
 36.751 
 
 9-300 
 
 1.855 
 
 .8603 
 
 3-72 
 
 11.687 
 
 10.869 
 
 9739 
 
 130.42 
 
 36.949 
 
 9.400 
 
 1. 860 
 
 .8649 
 
 3-73 
 
 11.718 
 
 10.927 
 
 .9765 
 
 131.13 
 
 37.148 
 
 9-502 
 
 1.865 
 
 .8696 
 
 3-74 
 
 11.750 
 
 10.986 
 
 .9791 
 
 131.83 
 
 37.347 
 
 9.604 
 
 1.870 
 
 .8742 
 
 3-75 
 
 11.781 
 
 11.045 
 
 .9817 
 
 132.54 
 
 37-55 
 
 9.707 
 
 1.875 
 
 .8789 
 
 3.76 
 
 11.812 
 
 11.104 
 
 .9844 
 
 133.24 
 
 37-75 
 
 9.811 
 
 I.88o 
 
 .8836 
 
 3 77 
 
 11.844 
 
 11.163 
 
 .9870 
 
 133.95 
 
 37-95 
 
 9.916 
 
 1.885 
 
 .8883 
 
 3.78 
 
 11.875 
 
 11.222 
 
 .9896 
 
 134.66 
 
 38.15 
 
 O.O22 
 
 1.890 
 
 .8930 
 
 3-79 
 
 11.907 
 
 11.282 
 
 .9922 
 
 135.38 
 
 38.35 
 
 0.128 
 
 1.895 
 
 .8978 
 
 3-80 
 
 n.938 
 
 11.341 
 
 .9948 
 
 136.09 
 
 38.56 
 
 0.235 
 
 1.900 
 
 .9025 
 
 3.8i 
 
 11.969 
 
 II.4OI 
 
 9975 
 
 136.81 
 
 38.76 
 
 0.344 
 
 1.905 
 
 .9073 
 
 3-82 
 
 12.001 
 
 II.46I 
 
 .0001 
 
 137.53 
 
 38.96 
 
 0.453 
 
 1.910 
 
 .9120 
 
 3-83 
 
 12.032 
 
 11.521 
 
 .0027 
 
 138.25 
 
 39.17 
 
 0.562 
 
 I.9I5 
 
 .9168 
 
 3-84 
 
 12.064 
 
 II.58I 
 
 0053 
 
 138.97 
 
 39-37 
 
 0.673 
 
 1.920 
 
 .9216 
 
 3.85 
 
 12.095 
 
 11.642 
 
 .0079 
 
 139.70 
 
 39.58 
 
 0.785 
 
 1.925 
 
 .9264 
 
 3.86 
 
 12.127 
 
 11.702 
 
 .0105 
 
 140.43 
 
 39.78 
 
 0.897 
 
 1.930 
 
 9312 
 
 3-87 
 
 12.158 
 
 11.763 
 
 .0132 
 
 141.15 
 
 39-99 
 
 I. Oil 
 
 1-935 
 
 .9361 
 
 3.88 
 
 12.189 
 
 11.824 
 
 .0158 
 
 141 . 88 
 
 40.20 
 
 1.125 
 
 1.940 
 
 9409 
 
 3.89 
 
 12.221 
 
 11.885 
 
 .0184 
 
 142 . 62 
 
 40.40 
 
 1.240 
 
 1-945 
 
 .9458 
 
 3-90 
 
 12.252 
 
 11.946 
 
 .0210 
 
 143.35 
 
 40.61 
 
 1.356 
 
 1-950 
 
 .9506 
 
 3-91 
 
 12.284 
 
 12.007 
 
 .0236 
 
 144.09 
 
 40.82 
 
 1-473 
 
 1.955 
 
 .9555 
 
 3-92 
 
 12.315 
 
 12.069 
 
 .0263 
 
 144.82 
 
 41.03 
 
 I.59I 
 
 1.960 
 
 .9604 
 
 3-93 
 
 12.346 
 
 12.130 
 
 .0289 
 
 145.56 
 
 41.24 
 
 1.710 
 
 1.965 
 
 .9653 
 
 3-94 
 
 12.378 
 
 12.192 
 
 .0315 
 
 146.31 
 
 41-45 
 
 1.829 
 
 1.970 
 
 .9702 
 
 3-95 
 
 12.409 
 
 12.254 
 
 .0341 
 
 147.05 
 
 41.66 
 
 1.950 
 
 1.975 
 
 9752 
 
 3.96 
 
 12.441 
 
 12.316 
 
 .0367 
 
 147.80 
 
 41.87 
 
 2.071 
 
 1.980 
 
 .9801 
 
 3-97 
 
 12.472 
 
 12.379 
 
 0393 
 
 148.54 
 
 42.08 
 
 2.194 
 
 1.985 
 
 .9851 
 
 3.98 
 
 12.504 
 
 12.441 
 
 .0420 
 
 149.29 
 
 42.29 
 
 12.317 
 
 1.990 
 
 .9900 
 
 3-99 
 
 12.535 
 
 12.504 
 
 .0446 
 
 150.04 
 
 42.51 
 
 12.441 
 
 1-995 
 
 9950 
 
 4.00 
 
 12.566 
 
 12.566 
 
 .0472 
 
 150.80 
 
 42.72 
 
 12.566 
 
 2.000 
 
 I.OOOO 
 
 
432 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) |-0g inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R?, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity) . For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 . w 
 
 S.S 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 rt o 
 /> ^ 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 " 3 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 4.00 
 
 12.566 
 
 12.566 
 
 .0472 
 
 150.80 
 
 42.72 
 
 12.566 
 
 2 OOO 
 
 I.OOOO 
 
 4.01 
 
 12.598 
 
 12 . 629 
 
 .0498 
 
 151.55 
 
 42.93 
 
 12.693 
 
 2.005 
 
 1.0050 
 
 4.02 
 
 12.629. 
 
 12.692 
 
 .0524 
 
 152.31 
 
 43-15 
 
 12.820 
 
 2.010 
 
 I.OIOO 
 
 4.03 
 
 12.661 
 
 12.756 
 
 .0551 
 
 153.07 
 
 43.36 
 
 12.948 
 
 2.015 
 
 1.0151 
 
 4.04 
 
 12.692 
 
 12.819 
 
 0577 
 
 153.83 
 
 43.58 
 
 13.077 
 
 2. 020 
 
 I.02OI 
 
 4-05 
 
 12.723 
 
 12.882 
 
 .0603 
 
 154-59 
 
 43-So 
 
 13.207 
 
 2.025 
 
 1.0252 
 
 4.06 
 
 12.755 
 
 12.946 
 
 .0629 
 
 155-35 
 
 44.01 
 
 13.338 
 
 2.030 
 
 1.0302 
 
 4.07 
 
 12.786 
 
 I3.OIO 
 
 .0655 
 
 156.12 
 
 44-23 
 
 13.469 
 
 2.035 
 
 1.0353 
 
 4.08 
 
 12.818 
 
 13.074 
 
 .0681 
 
 156.89 
 
 44-45 
 
 13.602 
 
 2.040 
 
 1.0404 
 
 4.09 
 
 12.849 
 
 13.138 
 
 .0708 
 
 157-66 
 
 44-66 
 
 13.736 
 
 2.045 
 
 1.0455 
 
 4.10 
 
 12.881 
 
 13.203 
 
 .0734 
 
 158.43 
 
 44-88 
 
 13.871 
 
 2.050 
 
 1.0506 
 
 4. ii 
 
 12.912 
 
 13.267 
 
 .0760 
 
 159.20 
 
 45.10 
 
 14.007 
 
 2.055 
 
 1.0558 
 
 4.12 
 
 12.943 
 
 13.332 
 
 .0786 
 
 159.98 
 
 45-32 
 
 14.144 
 
 2.060 
 
 1.0609 
 
 4-13 
 
 12.975 
 
 13.396 
 
 .0812 
 
 160.76 
 
 45-54 
 
 14.281 
 
 2.065 
 
 I. 0661 
 
 4.14 
 
 13.006 
 
 I3.46I 
 
 .0838 
 
 161.54 
 
 45.76 
 
 14.420 
 
 2.070 
 
 1.0712 
 
 4-15 
 
 13.038 
 
 13.527 
 
 .0865 
 
 162.32 
 
 45.98 
 
 14.560 
 
 2.075 
 
 1.0764 
 
 4.16 
 
 13.069 
 
 13.592 
 
 .0891 
 
 163.10 
 
 46.21 
 
 14.701 
 
 2.080 
 
 i. 0816 
 
 4.1? 
 
 13.100 
 
 13.657 
 
 .0917 
 
 163.89 
 
 46.43 
 
 14.843 
 
 2.085 
 
 1.0868 
 
 4.18 
 
 13.132 
 
 13.723 
 
 0943 
 
 164.67 
 
 46.65 
 
 14.986 
 
 2.090 
 
 i . 0920 
 
 4.19 
 
 13.163 
 
 13.789 
 
 .0969 
 
 165 . 46 
 
 46.88 
 
 15.130 
 
 2.095 
 
 I.Q973 
 
 4.20 
 
 13.195 
 
 13.854 
 
 .0996 
 
 166.25 
 
 47-10 
 
 15.274 
 
 2.IOO 
 
 I . 1025 
 
 4.21 
 
 13 . 226 
 
 13.920 
 
 .1022 
 
 167.05 
 
 47-32 
 
 15.421 
 
 2.105 
 
 I . 1078 
 
 4.22 
 
 13.258 
 
 13.987 
 
 .1048 
 
 167.84 
 
 47-55 
 
 15.568 
 
 2. IIO 
 
 1.1130 
 
 4.23 
 
 13.289 
 
 14.053 
 
 .1074 
 
 168.64 
 
 47-77 
 
 15.716 
 
 2. 115 
 
 .1.1183 
 
 4.24 
 
 13.320 
 
 I4.I2O 
 
 .1100 
 
 169.43 
 
 48.00 
 
 15.865 
 
 2.I2O 
 
 1.1236 
 
 4-25 
 
 13.352 
 
 14.186 
 
 .1126 
 
 170.24 
 
 48.23 
 
 16.015 
 
 2.125 
 
 I . 1289 
 
 4.26 
 
 13.383 
 
 14.253 
 
 .1153 
 
 171.04 
 
 48.45 
 
 16.166 
 
 2.130 
 
 I 1342 
 
 4.27 
 
 13.415 
 
 14.320 
 
 .1179 
 
 171.84 
 
 48.68 
 
 16.319 
 
 2.135 
 
 I 1396 
 
 4.28 
 
 13.446 
 
 14.387 
 
 .1205 
 
 172.65 
 
 48.91 
 
 16.472 
 
 2.I4O 
 
 i . 1449 
 
 4.29 
 
 13-477 
 
 14-455 
 
 .1231 
 
 173-45 
 
 49-14 
 
 16.626 
 
 2.145 
 
 I . 1503 
 
 4-30 
 
 13.509 
 
 14-522 
 
 .1257 
 
 174.26 
 
 49-37 
 
 16.782 
 
 2.150 
 
 i - 1556 
 
 4-31 
 
 13.540 
 
 14.590 
 
 .1284 
 
 I75.o8 
 
 49-60 
 
 16.939 
 
 2.155 
 
 i . 1610 
 
 4-32 
 
 13.572 
 
 14.657 
 
 .1310 
 
 175.89 
 
 49.83 
 
 17.096 
 
 2.l6o 
 
 1.1664 
 
 4-33 
 
 13.603 
 
 14.725 
 
 .1336 
 
 176.70 
 
 50.06 
 
 17.255 
 
 2.165 
 
 1.1718 
 
 4-34 
 
 13.635 
 
 14-793 
 
 .1362 
 
 177.52 
 
 50.29 
 
 17.415 
 
 2.170 
 
 i . 1772 
 
 4-35 
 
 13.666 
 
 14.862 
 
 .1388 
 
 178.34 
 
 50.52 
 
 17.576 
 
 2.175 
 
 1.1827 
 
 4.36 
 
 13.697 
 
 14.930 
 
 .1414 
 
 179.16 
 
 50.76 
 
 17.738 
 
 2. .180 
 
 1.1881 
 
 4-37 
 
 13.729 
 
 14.999 
 
 .1441 
 
 179.98 
 
 50.99 
 
 17.902 
 
 2 . 185 
 
 i . 1936 
 
 4.38 
 
 13.760 
 
 15.067 
 
 .1467 
 
 180.81 
 
 51.22 
 
 18.066 
 
 2.190 
 
 1.1990 
 
 4-39 
 
 13.792 
 
 15.136 
 
 1493 
 
 181.64 
 
 51.46 
 
 18.232 
 
 2.195 
 
 1.2045 
 
 4-40 
 
 13.823 
 
 15.205 
 
 .1519 
 
 182 . 46 
 
 51.69 
 
 18.398 
 
 2. 2OO 
 
 I.2IOO 
 
 4.41 
 
 13.854 
 
 15-275 
 
 .1545 
 
 183.29 
 
 51-93 
 
 18.566 
 
 2.205 
 
 I. 2155 
 
 4-42 
 
 13.886 
 
 15 - 344 
 
 .1572 
 
 184.13 
 
 52.16 
 
 18.735 
 
 2.210 
 
 I . 2210 
 
 4-43 
 
 13.917 
 
 15.413 
 
 .1598 
 
 184.96 
 
 52.40 
 
 18.905 
 
 2.215 
 
 I . 2266 
 
 4-44 
 
 13-949 
 
 15.483 
 
 .1624 
 
 185.80 
 
 52.64 
 
 19.077 
 
 2.220 
 
 I . 2321 
 
 4-45 
 
 13.980 
 
 15-553 
 
 .1650 
 
 186.63 
 
 52.87 
 
 19-249 
 
 2.225 
 
 1.2377 
 
 4.46 
 
 14.012 
 
 15.623 
 
 .1676 
 
 187.47 
 
 53.11 
 
 19.423 
 
 2.230 
 
 1.2432 
 
 4-47 
 
 14.043 
 
 15.693 
 
 .1702 
 
 188.32 
 
 53-35 
 
 19.598 
 
 2.235 
 
 1.2488 
 
 4.48 
 
 14.074 
 
 15.763 
 
 .1729 
 
 189.16 
 
 53-59 
 
 19-773 
 
 2.240 
 
 1.2544 
 
 4-49 
 
 14 . 106 
 
 15.834 
 
 .1755 
 
 190.00 
 
 53-83 
 
 I9.95I 
 
 2.245 
 
 1.2600 
 
 4-So 
 
 14.137 
 
 15.904 
 
 .1781 
 
 190.85 
 
 54-07 
 
 20.129 
 
 2.250 
 
 I . 2656 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 433 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 4. 5O inches 
 
 5.00 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 K*, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 el 
 
 Circum 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 
 Radius 
 
 a! 
 
 in 
 inches 
 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 4-50 
 
 14.137 
 
 15.904 
 
 .1781 
 
 190.85 
 
 54-07 
 
 20.129 
 
 2 . 25O . 2656 
 
 4-51 
 
 14.169 
 
 15-975 
 
 .1807 
 
 191 . 70 
 
 54-31 
 
 20.309 
 
 2.255 
 
 2713 
 
 4-52 
 
 14.200 
 
 16.046 
 
 .1833 
 
 192.55 
 
 54-55 
 
 20.489 
 
 2.260 
 
 .2769 
 
 4-53 
 
 14.231 
 
 16.117 
 
 .1860 
 
 193.40 
 
 54-79 
 
 20.671 
 
 2.265 
 
 .2826 
 
 4-54 
 
 14.263 
 
 16.188 
 
 .1886 
 
 194 . 26 
 
 55-03 
 
 20.854 
 
 2.270 
 
 .2882 
 
 4-55 
 
 14.294 
 
 16.260 
 
 .1912 
 
 195.12 
 
 55-28 
 
 2 .039 
 
 2.275 
 
 2939 
 
 4.56 
 
 14.326 
 
 16.331 
 
 .1938 
 
 195.98 
 
 55-52 
 
 2 .224 
 
 2.280 
 
 .2996 
 
 4-57 
 
 14-357 
 
 16.403 
 
 .1964 
 
 196.84 
 
 55.76 
 
 2 .411 
 
 2.285 
 
 3053 
 
 4-58 
 
 14-388 
 
 16.475 
 
 .1990 
 
 197 - 70 
 
 56.01 
 
 2 .599 
 
 2.29O 
 
 .3110 
 
 4-59 
 
 14.420 
 
 16.547 
 
 .2017 
 
 198.56 
 
 56.25 
 
 2 .788 
 
 2.295 
 
 .3168 
 
 4.60 
 
 I4-45I 
 
 16.619 
 
 .2043 
 
 199 43 
 
 56.50 
 
 2 .979 
 
 2.300 
 
 .3225 
 
 4.61 
 
 14.483 
 
 16.691 
 
 .2069 
 
 200 . 30 
 
 56.74 
 
 22.171 
 
 2.305 
 
 .3283 
 
 4.62 
 
 14.514 
 
 16.764 
 
 .2095 
 
 201 . 17 
 
 56.99 
 
 22.364 
 
 2.310 
 
 3340 
 
 4.63 
 
 14.546 
 
 16.837 
 
 .2121 
 
 202.04 
 
 57-24 
 
 22.558 
 
 2.315 
 
 -3398 
 
 4.64 
 
 14-577 
 
 16.909 
 
 .2147 
 
 202 . 91 
 
 57-48 
 
 22.753 
 
 2.320 
 
 .3456 
 
 4.65 
 
 14.608 
 
 16.982 
 
 .2174 
 
 203-79 
 
 57-73 
 
 22.950 
 
 2.325 
 
 .3514 
 
 4.66 
 
 14.640 
 
 17.055 
 
 .2200 
 
 204 . 66 
 
 57.98 
 
 23.148 
 
 2.330 
 
 3572 
 
 4-67 
 
 14.671 
 
 17.129 
 
 .2226 
 
 205.54 
 
 58.23 
 
 23-35 
 
 2.335 
 
 .3631 
 
 4.68 
 
 14.703 
 
 17.202 
 
 .2252 
 
 206.43 
 
 58.48 
 
 23-55 
 
 2.340 
 
 .3689 
 
 4.69 
 
 14-734 
 
 17.276 
 
 .2273 
 
 207.31 
 
 58.73 
 
 23-75 
 
 2.345 
 
 .3748 
 
 4.70 
 
 14.765 
 
 17-349 
 
 .2305 
 
 208.19 
 
 58.98 
 
 23-95 
 
 2.350 
 
 .3806 
 
 4-71 
 
 14-797 
 
 17.423 
 
 .2331 
 
 209.08 
 
 59-23 
 
 24.16 
 
 2.355 
 
 .3865 
 
 4-72 
 
 14.828 
 
 17-497 
 
 .2357 
 
 209.97 
 
 59-48 
 
 24.36 
 
 2.360 
 
 .3924 
 
 4-73 
 
 14.860 
 
 17.572 
 
 -2383 
 
 210.86 
 
 59-74 
 
 24-57 
 
 2.365 
 
 .3983 
 
 4-74 
 
 14.891 
 
 17.646 
 
 .2409 
 
 2H.75 
 
 59-99 
 
 24.78 
 
 2.370 
 
 .4042 
 
 4-75 
 
 14.923 
 
 17.721 
 
 2435 
 
 212.65 
 
 60.24 
 
 24.99 
 
 2.375 
 
 .4102 
 
 4.76 
 
 14-954 
 
 17-795 
 
 .2462 
 
 213.54 
 
 60.50 
 
 25.20 
 
 2.380 
 
 .4161 
 
 4 77 
 
 14.985 
 
 17.870 
 
 .2488 
 
 214.44 
 
 60.75 
 
 25.41 
 
 2.385 
 
 .4221 
 
 4-78 
 
 15.017 
 
 17-945 
 
 .2514 
 
 215-34 
 
 61.01 
 
 25.63 
 
 2.390 
 
 .4280 
 
 4-79 
 
 15.048 
 
 18.020 
 
 .2540 
 
 216.24 
 
 61.26 
 
 25-84 
 
 2.395 
 
 4340 
 
 4.80 
 
 15.080 
 
 18.096 
 
 .2566 
 
 217.15 
 
 61.52 
 
 26.06 
 
 2.400 
 
 .4400 
 
 4.81 
 
 15.111 
 
 18.171 
 
 .2593 
 
 218.05 
 
 6i.77 
 
 26.28 
 
 2.405 
 
 .4460 
 
 4.82 
 
 15.142 
 
 18.247 
 
 .2619 
 
 218.96 
 
 62.03 
 
 26.49 
 
 2.410 
 
 4520 
 
 4-83 
 
 15.174 
 
 18.322 
 
 .2645 
 
 219.87 
 
 62.29 
 
 26.72 
 
 2.415 
 
 .4581 
 
 4.84 
 
 15.205 
 
 18.398 
 
 .2671 
 
 220 . 78 
 
 62.55 
 
 26.94 
 
 2.420 
 
 .4641 
 
 4-85 
 
 15.237 
 
 18.475 
 
 .2697 
 
 221 . 69 
 
 62.81 
 
 27.16 
 
 2.425 
 
 4702 
 
 4.86 
 
 15.268 
 
 I8.55I 
 
 .2723 
 
 222.61 
 
 63.07 
 
 27-39 
 
 2.430 
 
 .4762 
 
 4.87 
 
 15.300 
 
 18.627 
 
 .2750 
 
 223-53 
 
 63.33 
 
 27.61 
 
 2.435 
 
 -4823 
 
 4.88 
 
 I5.33I 
 
 18.704 
 
 .2776 
 
 224-45 
 
 63.59 
 
 27.84 
 
 2.440 
 
 .4884 
 
 4.89 
 
 15.362 
 
 18.781 
 
 .2802 
 
 225-37 
 
 63.85 
 
 28.07 
 
 2.445 
 
 .4945 
 
 4-90 
 
 15-394 
 
 18.857 
 
 .2828 
 
 226.29 
 
 64.11 
 
 28.30 
 
 2.450 
 
 .5006 
 
 4-91 
 
 15.425 
 
 18.934 
 
 .2854 
 
 227.21 
 
 64.37 
 
 28.53 
 
 2.455 
 
 .5068 
 
 4-92 
 
 15-457 
 
 19.012 
 
 .2881 
 
 228 . 14 
 
 64-63 
 
 28.76 
 
 2.460 
 
 .5129 
 
 4-93 
 
 15.488 
 
 19.089 
 
 .2907 
 
 229.07 
 
 64.90 
 
 29.00 
 
 2.465 
 
 .5191 
 
 4-94 
 
 15.519 
 
 19.167 
 
 .2933 
 
 23O.OO 
 
 65-16 
 
 29.23 
 
 2.470 
 
 .5252 
 
 4-95 
 
 I5.55I 
 
 19 . 244 
 
 .2959 
 
 230.93 
 
 65.42 
 
 29-47 
 
 2.475 
 
 .5314 
 
 4.96 
 
 15.582 
 
 19.322 
 
 .2985 
 
 231.86 
 
 65.69 
 
 29-71 
 
 2.480 
 
 .5376 
 
 4-97 
 
 15.614 
 
 19.400 
 
 .3011 
 
 232.80 
 
 65-95 
 
 29-95 
 
 2.485 
 
 5438 
 
 4.98 
 
 15.645 
 
 19.478 
 
 .3038 
 
 233-74 
 
 66.22 
 
 30.19 
 
 2.490 
 
 .5500 
 
 4-99 
 
 15.677 
 
 19.556 
 
 .3064 
 
 234-68 
 
 66.48 
 
 30.43 
 
 2.495 .5563 
 
 S.oo 
 
 15.708 
 
 19.635 
 
 3090 
 
 235.62 
 
 66.75 
 
 30.68 
 
 2.500 .5625 
 
 
434 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 5-00 inches 
 
 5. 5O inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R?, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 a! 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 cross 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 2 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 oi gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Q'S 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est'fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
 & 
 
 S.oo 
 
 15.708 
 
 19.635 
 
 1.3090 
 
 235.62 
 
 66.75 
 
 30.68 
 
 2.500 
 
 1.5625 
 
 5. oi 
 
 15-739 
 
 19.714 
 
 1.3116 
 
 236.56 
 
 67.02 
 
 30.93 
 
 2.505 
 
 1.5688 
 
 5.02 
 
 I5.77I 
 
 19.792 
 
 .3142 
 
 237.51 
 
 67.29 
 
 3I.I7 
 
 2.510 
 
 1-5750 
 
 5-03 
 
 15.802 
 
 19.871 
 
 .3169 
 
 238.46 
 
 67.55 
 
 31.42 
 
 2.515 
 
 1.5813 
 
 5-04 
 
 15.834 
 
 19.950 
 
 .3195 
 
 239.40 
 
 67.82 
 
 31.67 
 
 2.520 
 
 1.5876 
 
 5-05 
 
 15.865 
 
 20.030 
 
 .3221 
 
 240.36 
 
 68.09 
 
 31-93 
 
 2.525 
 
 1-5939 
 
 S.o6 
 
 15.896 
 
 20.109 
 
 .3247 
 
 241.31 
 
 68.36 
 
 32.18 
 
 2.530 
 
 1.6002 
 
 5-07 
 
 15.928 
 
 20.189 
 
 .3273 
 
 242.26 
 
 68.63 
 
 32.43 
 
 2.535 
 
 1. 6066 
 
 5.o8 
 
 15-959 
 
 20.268 
 
 .3299 
 
 243.22 
 
 68.90 
 
 32.69 
 
 2.540 
 
 1.6129 
 
 S.op 
 
 I5.99I 
 
 20.348 
 
 .3326 
 
 244.18 
 
 69.18 
 
 32.95 
 
 2.545 
 
 1.6193 
 
 S.io 
 
 16.022 
 
 20.428 
 
 3352 
 
 245.14 
 
 69.45 
 
 33-21 
 
 2.550 
 
 I . 6256 
 
 5- ii 
 
 16.054 
 
 20.508 
 
 3378 
 
 246.10 
 
 69.72 
 
 33-47 
 
 2.555 
 
 I . 6320 
 
 5-12 
 
 16.085 
 
 20.589 
 
 .3404 
 
 247.06 
 
 69.99 
 
 33-73 
 
 2.560 
 
 1.6384 
 
 5-13 
 
 16.116 
 
 20.669 
 
 3430 
 
 248.03 
 
 70.27 
 
 34-00 
 
 2.565 
 
 1.6448 
 
 5-14 
 
 16.148 
 
 20.750 
 
 .3456 
 
 249.00 
 
 70.54 
 
 34.26 
 
 2.570 
 
 1.6512 
 
 5-15 
 
 16.179 
 
 20.831 
 
 .3483 
 
 249.97 
 
 70.82 
 
 34-53 
 
 2 575 
 
 1.6577 
 
 5.16 
 
 16.211 
 
 20.912 
 
 .3509 
 
 250.94 
 
 71.09 
 
 34.8o 
 
 2.580 
 
 1.6641 
 
 5.17 
 
 16.242 
 
 20.993 
 
 .3535 
 
 251.91 
 
 71-37 
 
 35-07 
 
 2.585 
 
 I . 6706 
 
 5.18 
 
 16.273 
 
 21.074 
 
 .3561 
 
 252.89 
 
 71.64 
 
 35-34 
 
 2.590 
 
 I . 6770 
 
 5-19 
 
 16.305 
 
 21 . 156 
 
 .3587 
 
 253.87 
 
 71-9" 
 
 35.62 
 
 2.595 
 
 1.6835 
 
 5.20 
 
 16.336 
 
 21 . 237 
 
 .3614 
 
 254.85 
 
 72.20 
 
 35.89 
 
 2.600 
 
 1.6900 
 
 5-21 
 
 16.368 
 
 21.319 
 
 .3640 
 
 255.83 
 
 72.48 
 
 36.17 
 
 2.605 
 
 1.6965 
 
 5.22 
 
 16.399 
 
 21.401 
 
 .3666 
 
 256.81 
 
 72.75 
 
 36.45 
 
 2.610 
 
 1.7030 
 
 5.23 
 
 16.431 
 
 21.483 
 
 .3692 
 
 257.80 
 
 73-03 
 
 36.73 
 
 2.615 
 
 1.7096 
 
 5.24 
 
 16.462 
 
 21.565 
 
 -37I8 
 
 258.78 
 
 73.31 
 
 37.01 
 
 2.620 
 
 I.7l6l 
 
 5.25 
 
 16.493 
 
 21 . 648 
 
 .3744 
 
 259-77 
 
 73-59 
 
 37-29 
 
 2.625 
 
 1.7227 
 
 5.26 
 
 16.525 
 
 21.730 
 
 3771 
 
 260.76 
 
 73.87 
 
 37.58 
 
 2.630 
 
 1.7292 
 
 5.27 
 
 16.556 
 
 21.813 
 
 3797 
 
 261.75 
 
 74-15 
 
 37-86 
 
 2.635 
 
 1-7358 
 
 5.2S 
 
 16.588 
 
 21.896 
 
 .3823 
 
 262.75 
 
 74-44 
 
 38.15 
 
 2.640 
 
 1.7424 
 
 5.29 
 
 16.619 
 
 21.979 
 
 .3849 
 
 263.74 
 
 74.72 
 
 38.44 
 
 2.645 
 
 I . 7490 
 
 5.30 
 
 16.650 
 
 22.062 
 
 .3875 
 
 264.74 
 
 75.00 
 
 38.73 
 
 2.650 
 
 I 7556 
 
 5.31 
 
 ro.682 
 
 22.145 
 
 .3902 
 
 265.74 
 
 75.28 
 
 39-03 
 
 2.655 
 
 1.7623 
 
 5.32 
 
 16.713 
 
 22.229 
 
 .3928 
 
 266.74 
 
 75-57 
 
 39-32 
 
 2.660 
 
 1.7689 
 
 5.33 
 
 16.745 
 
 22.312 
 
 .3954 
 
 267.75 
 
 75.85 
 
 39.62 
 
 2.665 
 
 1.7756 
 
 5-34 
 
 16.776 
 
 22.396 
 
 .3980 
 
 268.75 
 
 76.14 
 
 39-92 
 
 2.670 
 
 I . 7822 
 
 5-35 
 
 16.808 
 
 22.480 
 
 .4006 
 
 269.76 
 
 76.42 
 
 40.21 
 
 2.675 
 
 1.7889 
 
 5.36 
 
 16.839 
 
 22.564 
 
 .4032 
 
 270.77 
 
 76.71 
 
 40.52 
 
 2.680 
 
 1.7956 
 
 5-37 
 
 16.870 
 
 22.648 
 
 .4059 
 
 271.78 
 
 77.00 
 
 40.82 
 
 2.685 
 
 1.8023 
 
 5-38 
 
 16.902 
 
 22.733 
 
 .4085 
 
 272.79 
 
 77-28 
 
 41.12 
 
 2.690 
 
 1.8090 
 
 5-39 
 
 16.933 
 
 22.817 
 
 .4111 
 
 273.81 
 
 77-57 
 
 41-43 
 
 2.695 
 
 1.8158 
 
 5-40 
 
 16.965 
 
 22.902 
 
 4137 
 
 274.83 
 
 77-86 
 
 41-74 
 
 2.700 
 
 1.8225 
 
 5-41 
 
 16.996 
 
 22.987 
 
 .4163 
 
 275.85 
 
 78.15 
 
 42.05 
 
 2.705 
 
 1.8293 
 
 5.42 
 
 17.027 
 
 23.072 
 
 .4190 
 
 276.87 
 
 78.44 
 
 42.36 
 
 2.710 
 
 1.8360 
 
 5.43 
 
 17.059 
 
 23.157 
 
 .4216 
 
 277.89 
 
 78.73 
 
 42.67 
 
 2.715 
 
 1.8428 
 
 5-44 
 
 17.090 
 
 23.243 
 
 .4242 
 
 278.91 
 
 79-02 
 
 42.99 
 
 2.720 
 
 1.8496 
 
 5-45 
 
 17.122 
 
 23.328 
 
 .4268 
 
 279-94 
 
 79-31 
 
 43-31 
 
 2.725 
 
 1.8564 
 
 5.46 
 
 17.153 
 
 23.414 
 
 .4294 
 
 280.97 
 
 79.6o 
 
 43.63 
 
 2.730 
 
 1.8632 
 
 5.47 
 
 17.185 
 
 23.500 
 
 4320 
 
 282.00 
 
 79.89 
 
 43-95 
 
 2.735 
 
 1.8701 
 
 5.48 
 
 17.216 
 
 23.586 
 
 4347 
 
 283.03 
 
 80. 18 
 
 44-27 
 
 2-740 
 
 1.8769 
 
 5-49 
 
 17.247 
 
 23.672 
 
 4373 
 
 284.06 
 
 80.48 
 
 44-59 
 
 2.745 
 
 1.8838 
 
 5-50 
 
 17.279 
 
 23.758 
 
 .4399 
 
 285 . 10 
 
 80.77 
 
 44-92 
 
 2.750 
 
 1.8906 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 435 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 5.50 inches 
 
 o.OO inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R*, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 f % 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 M 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8* 
 
 in 
 inches 
 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 of 
 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 01 gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 5-50 
 
 17.279 
 
 23.758 
 
 .4399 
 
 285.10 
 
 80.77 
 
 44.92 
 
 2.750 
 
 1.8906 
 
 5-51 
 
 17.310 
 
 23.845 
 
 .4425 
 
 286.14 
 
 81.06 
 
 45-25 
 
 2.755 
 
 1.8975 
 
 5-52 
 
 17.342 
 
 23.931 
 
 4451 
 
 287.18 
 
 81.36 
 
 45-57 
 
 2.760 
 
 1.9044 
 
 5-53 
 
 17-373 
 
 24.018 
 
 .4478 
 
 288.22 
 
 81.65 
 
 45-91 
 
 2.765 
 
 I.9H3 
 
 5-54 
 
 17.404 
 
 24.105 
 
 .4504 
 
 289.26 
 
 8i.95 
 
 46.24 
 
 2.770 
 
 1.9182 
 
 5-55 
 
 17.436 
 
 24.192 
 
 4530 
 
 290.31 
 
 82.24 
 
 46.57 
 
 2.775 
 
 1.9252 
 
 5-56 
 
 17.467 
 
 24.279 
 
 .4556 
 
 291.35 
 
 82.54 
 
 46.91 
 
 2.780 
 
 I.932I 
 
 5-57 
 
 17-499 
 
 24.367 
 
 .4582 
 
 292.40 
 
 82.84 
 
 47-25 
 
 2.785 
 
 I.939I 
 
 5-58 
 
 17.530 
 
 24-454 
 
 .4608 
 
 293-45 
 
 83.14 
 
 47-59 
 
 2.790 
 
 1.9460 
 
 5-59 
 
 17.562 
 
 24-542 
 
 .4635 
 
 294-51 
 
 83.43 
 
 47-93 
 
 2.795 
 
 1-9530 
 
 5.6o 
 
 17-593 
 
 24.630 
 
 .4661 
 
 295.56 
 
 83.73 
 
 48.27 
 
 2.800 
 
 1.9600 
 
 5.6i 
 
 17.624 
 
 24.718 
 
 .4687 
 
 296.62 
 
 84.03 
 
 48.62 
 
 2.805 
 
 1.9670 
 
 5-62 
 
 17.656 
 
 24.806 
 
 .4713 
 
 297.68 
 
 84.33 
 
 48.97 
 
 2.810 
 
 1.9740 
 
 5.63 
 
 17.687 
 
 24.895 
 
 4739 
 
 298.74 
 
 84.63 
 
 49-32 
 
 2.815 
 
 1.9811 
 
 5-64 
 
 17.719 
 
 24.983 
 
 .4765 
 
 299.80 
 
 84.93 
 
 49.67 
 
 2.820 
 
 1.9881 
 
 5-65 
 
 17.750 
 
 25.072 
 
 4792 
 
 300.86 
 
 85.23 
 
 50.02 
 
 2.825 
 
 1-9952 
 
 5-66 
 
 17.781 
 
 25.161 
 
 .4818 
 
 301.93 
 
 85.54 
 
 50.38 
 
 2.830 
 
 2.OO22 
 
 5.6? 
 
 17-813 
 
 25.250 
 
 .4844 
 
 303.00 
 
 85.84 
 
 50.73 
 
 2.835 
 
 2.0093 
 
 5-68 
 
 17.844 
 
 25-339 
 
 .4870 
 
 304.07 
 
 86.14 
 
 51.09 
 
 2.840 
 
 2.0164 
 
 5.69 
 
 17.876 
 
 25.428 
 
 .4896 
 
 305.14 
 
 86.45 
 
 51.45 
 
 2.845 
 
 2.0235 
 
 5-70 
 
 17.907 
 
 25.518 
 
 .4923 
 
 306.21 
 
 86.75 
 
 51.82 
 
 2.850 
 
 2.0306 
 
 5-71 
 
 17.938 
 
 25.607 
 
 4949 
 
 307.29 
 
 87-05 
 
 52.18 
 
 2.855 
 
 2.0378 
 
 5-72 
 
 17.970 
 
 25.697 
 
 4975 
 
 308.36 
 
 87.36 
 
 52.55 
 
 2.860 
 
 2.0449 
 
 5-73 
 
 18.001 
 
 25.787 
 
 .5001 
 
 309.44 
 
 87-67 
 
 52.92 
 
 2.865 
 
 2.0521 
 
 5-74 
 
 18.033 
 
 25.877 
 
 .5027 
 
 310.52 
 
 87.97 
 
 53-29 
 
 2.870 
 
 2.0592 
 
 5-75 
 
 18.064 
 
 25.967 
 
 .5053 
 
 311.61 
 
 88.28 
 
 53-66 
 
 2.875 
 
 2.0664 
 
 5-76 
 
 18.096 
 
 26.058 
 
 .5080 
 
 312.69 
 
 88.59 
 
 54-03 
 
 2.880 
 
 2.0736 
 
 5-77 
 
 18.127 
 
 26.148 
 
 .5106 
 
 313.78 
 
 88.89 
 
 54-41 
 
 2.885 
 
 2.0808 
 
 5-78 
 
 18.158 
 
 26.239 
 
 .5132 
 
 314-87 
 
 89.20 
 
 54-79 
 
 2.890 
 
 2.0880 
 
 5-79 
 
 18.190 
 
 26.330 
 
 .5158 
 
 315.96 
 
 89.51 
 
 55.17 
 
 2.895 
 
 2.0953 
 
 5.8o 
 
 18.221 
 
 26.421 
 
 .5184 
 
 317.05 
 
 89.82 
 
 55-55 
 
 2.900 
 
 2.1025 
 
 5.8i 
 
 18.253 
 
 26.512 
 
 .5211 
 
 318.14 
 
 90.13 
 
 55-93 
 
 2.905 
 
 2.1098 
 
 5-82 
 
 18.284 
 
 26.603 
 
 .5237 
 
 319.24 
 
 90.44 
 
 56.32 
 
 2.910 
 
 2.1170 
 
 5-83 
 
 18.315 
 
 26.695 
 
 .5263 
 
 320.34 
 
 90.75 
 
 56.71 
 
 2.915 
 
 2.1243 
 
 5.84 
 
 18.347 
 
 26.786 
 
 .5289 
 
 321.44 
 
 91.06 
 
 57-10 
 
 2.920 
 
 2.1316 
 
 5.85 
 
 18.378 
 
 26.878 
 
 5315 
 
 322.54 
 
 91.38 
 
 57-49 
 
 2.925 
 
 2.1389 
 
 5.86 
 
 18.410 
 
 26.970 
 
 5341 
 
 323.64 
 
 91.69 
 
 57.88 
 
 2.930 
 
 2.1462 
 
 5-87 
 
 18.441 
 
 27.062 
 
 .5368 
 
 324.75 
 
 92.00 
 
 58.28 
 
 2.935 
 
 2.1536 
 
 5-88 
 
 18.473 
 
 27.155 
 
 5394 
 
 325-86 
 
 92.32 
 
 58.68 
 
 2.940 
 
 2.1609 
 
 5-89 
 
 18.504 
 
 27.247 
 
 5420 
 
 326.97 
 
 92.63 
 
 59.o8 
 
 2-945 
 
 2.1683 
 
 5-90 
 
 18.535 
 
 27.340 
 
 .5446 
 
 328.08 
 
 92.94 
 
 59.48 
 
 2.950 
 
 2.1756 
 
 5.91 
 
 18.567 
 
 27.432 
 
 5472 
 
 329:19 
 
 93.26 
 
 59-89 
 
 2.955 
 
 2.1830 
 
 5-92 
 
 18.598 
 
 27.525 
 
 5499 
 
 330.30 
 
 93-58 
 
 60.29 
 
 2.960 
 
 2.1904 
 
 5-93 
 
 18.630 
 
 27.618 
 
 .5525 
 
 331.42 
 
 93.89 
 
 60.70 
 
 2.965 
 
 2.1978 
 
 5-94 
 
 18.661 
 
 27.712 
 
 .5551 
 
 332.54 
 
 94-21 
 
 6i.n 
 
 2.970 
 
 2.2052 
 
 5-95 
 
 18.692 
 
 27.805 
 
 5577 
 
 333-66 
 
 94-53 
 
 61.52 
 
 2.975 
 
 2.2127 
 
 5.96 
 
 18.724 
 
 27.899 
 
 .5603 
 
 334-78 
 
 94.84 
 
 61.94 
 
 2.980 
 
 2.2201 
 
 5-97 
 
 18.755 
 
 27.992 
 
 .5629 
 
 335-91 
 
 95.16 
 
 62.35 
 
 2.985 
 
 2.2276 
 
 5-98 
 
 18.787 
 
 28.086 
 
 .5656 
 
 337-03 
 
 95.48 
 
 62.77 
 
 2.990 
 
 2.2350 
 
 5-99 
 
 18.818 
 
 28.180 
 
 .5682 
 
 338.16 
 
 95.8o 
 
 63.19 
 
 2.995 
 
 2.2425 
 
 6.00 
 
 18.850 
 
 28.274 
 
 .5708 
 
 339-29 
 
 96.12 
 
 63.62 
 
 3.000 
 
 2.2500 
 
 
436 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars. 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 6.00 inches 
 6.50 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 al 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 11 
 
 in 
 inches 
 
 section 
 sq.in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 D~ 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 & 
 
 6.00 
 
 18.850 
 
 28 . 274 
 
 i.57o8 
 
 339-29 
 
 96.12 
 
 63.62 
 
 3.000 
 
 2.2500 
 
 6.01 
 
 18.881 
 
 28 369 
 
 1.5734 
 
 340.42 
 
 96.44 
 
 64.04 
 
 3.005 
 
 2.2575 
 
 6.02 
 
 18.912 
 
 28.463 
 
 i.576o 
 
 341.56 
 
 96.76 
 
 64.47 
 
 3.010 
 
 2.2650 
 
 6.03 
 
 18.944 
 
 28.558 
 
 1.5787 
 
 342.69 
 
 97-09 
 
 64.90 
 
 3.015 
 
 2 . 2726 
 
 6.04 
 
 18.975 
 
 28.653 
 
 1.5813 
 
 343-83 
 
 97-41 
 
 65-33 
 
 3.020 
 
 2.2801 
 
 6.05 
 
 19.007 
 
 28.748 
 
 I 5839 
 
 344-97 
 
 97-73 
 
 65-76 
 
 3-025 
 
 2.2877 
 
 6.06 
 
 19.038 
 
 28 . 843 
 
 1.5865 
 
 346.11 
 
 98.05 
 
 66.20 
 
 3-030 
 
 2.2952 
 
 6.07 
 
 19.069 
 
 28.938 
 
 1.5891 
 
 347-26 
 
 98.38 
 
 66.64 
 
 3-035 
 
 2.3028 
 
 6.08 
 
 19.101 
 
 29.033 
 
 I-59I7 
 
 348.40 
 
 98.70 
 
 67 08 
 
 3-040 
 
 2.3104 
 
 6.09 
 
 19-132 
 
 29.129 
 
 1-5944 
 
 349-55 
 
 99-03 
 
 67.52 
 
 3-045 
 
 2.3180 
 
 6.10 
 
 19.164 
 
 29.225 
 
 1-5970 
 
 350.70 
 
 99-35 
 
 67-97 
 
 3-050 
 
 2 3256 
 
 6. ii 
 
 19.195 
 
 29.321 
 
 1.5996 
 
 351-85 
 
 99-68 
 
 68.41 
 
 3-055 
 
 2.3333 
 
 6.12 
 
 19.227 
 
 29.417 
 
 I. 6022 
 
 353-00 
 
 IOO.OO 
 
 68.86 
 
 3.060 
 
 2.3409 
 
 6.13 
 
 19-258 
 
 29.513 
 
 1.6048 
 
 354-15 
 
 100.33 
 
 69-31 
 
 3-065 
 
 2.3486 
 
 6.14 
 
 19.289 
 
 29.609 
 
 1.6074 
 
 355-31 
 
 100-66 
 
 69.77 
 
 3-070 
 
 2.3562 
 
 6.15 
 
 19.321 
 
 29.706 
 
 I.6ioi 
 
 356.47 
 
 100.99 
 
 70.22 
 
 3-075 
 
 2.3639 
 
 6.16 
 
 19.352 
 
 29.802 
 
 1.6127 
 
 357.63 
 
 101.32 
 
 70.68 
 
 3.080 
 
 2 3716 
 
 6.17 
 
 19.384 
 
 29.899 
 
 I.6I53 
 
 358.79 
 
 101 65 
 
 71.14 
 
 3.085 
 
 2.3793 
 
 6.18 
 
 I9-4I5 
 
 29.996 
 
 I.6I79 
 
 359 95 
 
 101 98 
 
 71.60 
 
 3.090 
 
 2.3870 
 
 6.19 
 
 19.446 
 
 30.093 
 
 I . 6205 
 
 361.12 
 
 102.31 
 
 72.07 
 
 3-095 
 
 2.3948 
 
 6.20 
 
 19.478 
 
 30.191 
 
 I . 6232 
 
 362.29 
 
 102 64 
 
 72.53 
 
 3.100 
 
 2.4025 
 
 6.21 
 
 19.509 
 
 30.288 
 
 I . 6258 
 
 363-46 
 
 102 97 
 
 73.00 
 
 3-105 
 
 2.4103 
 
 6.22 
 
 19-541 
 
 30.366 
 
 1.6284 
 
 364-63 
 
 103 30 
 
 73-47 
 
 3.110 
 
 2.4180 
 
 6.23 
 
 19.572 
 
 30.484 
 
 1.6310 
 
 365-80 
 
 103 63 
 
 73.95 
 
 3."5 
 
 2.4258 
 
 6.24 
 
 19-604 
 
 30.582 
 
 1.6336 
 
 366.98 
 
 103 96 
 
 74-42 
 
 3.120 
 
 2.4336 
 
 6.25 
 
 I9-635 
 
 30.680 
 
 I . 6362 
 
 368.16 
 
 104.30 
 
 74-90 
 
 3-125 
 
 2.4414 
 
 6.26 
 
 19.666 
 
 30.778 
 
 1.6389 
 
 369.33 
 
 104-63 
 
 75-38 
 
 3.130 
 
 2.4492 
 
 6.27 
 
 19-698 
 
 30.876 
 
 1.6415 
 
 370.52 
 
 104-97 
 
 75-86 
 
 3-135 
 
 2 4571 
 
 6.28 
 
 19.729 
 
 30-975 
 
 1.6441 
 
 37L70 
 
 105-30 
 
 76.35 
 
 3.140 
 
 2.4649 
 
 6.29 
 
 19-761 
 
 31-074 
 
 I . 6467 
 
 372.88 
 
 105-64 
 
 76.84 
 
 3-145 
 
 2.4728 
 
 6.30 
 
 19.792 
 
 31.172 
 
 1.6493 
 
 374-07 
 
 105-97 
 
 77-33 
 
 3-150 
 
 2.4806 
 
 6.31 
 
 19 823 
 
 31.271 
 
 I . 6520 
 
 375-26 
 
 106.31 
 
 77-82 
 
 3-155 
 
 2.4885 
 
 6.32 
 
 19.855 
 
 31 371 
 
 1.6546 
 
 376.45 
 
 106.65 
 
 78.31 
 
 3.160 
 
 2.4964 
 
 6.33 
 
 19.886 
 
 31-470 
 
 I 6572 
 
 377.64 
 
 106.99 
 
 78.81 
 
 3.165 
 
 2.5043 
 
 6-34 
 
 19.918 
 
 31.570 
 
 I 6598 
 
 378.83 
 
 107.32 
 
 79-31 
 
 3-170 
 
 2.5122 
 
 6.35 
 
 19.949 
 
 31.669 
 
 I 6624 
 
 380.03 
 
 107.66 
 
 79.81 
 
 3-175 
 
 2.5202 
 
 6.36 
 
 19.981 
 
 31.769 
 
 I 6650 
 
 381.23 
 
 108 oo 
 
 80.32 
 
 3.180 
 
 2.5281 
 
 6.37 
 
 20.012 
 
 31-869 
 
 I 6677 
 
 382.43 
 
 108.34 
 
 80.82 
 
 3-185 
 
 2.5361 
 
 6.38 
 
 2O.O43 
 
 31.969 
 
 I 0703 
 
 383-63 
 
 108.68 
 
 81.33 
 
 3.190 
 
 2-5440 
 
 6-39 
 
 20.075 
 
 32.069 
 
 I 6729 
 
 384-83 
 
 109.02 
 
 81.84 
 
 3-195 
 
 2.5520 
 
 6.40 
 
 20.106 
 
 32.170 
 
 I 6755 
 
 386.04 
 
 109-36 
 
 82.35 
 
 3.200 
 
 2.5600 
 
 6.41 
 
 20.138 
 
 32.271 
 
 I . 6781 
 
 387.25- 
 
 109.71 
 
 82.87 
 
 3-205 
 
 2.5680 
 
 6.42 
 
 20.169 
 
 32.371 
 
 I . 6808 
 
 388.46 
 
 110.05 
 
 83.39 
 
 3.210 
 
 2.5760 
 
 6.43 
 
 20.200 
 
 32.472 
 
 1.6834 
 
 389-67 
 
 110-39 
 
 83 91 
 
 3-215 
 
 2.5841 
 
 6.44 
 
 20.232 
 
 32.573 
 
 I . 6860 
 
 390.88 
 
 110.74 
 
 84-43 
 
 3.220 
 
 2.5921 
 
 6.45 
 
 20.263 
 
 32.675 
 
 I . 6886 
 
 392.09 
 
 111.08 
 
 84.96 
 
 3-225 
 
 2 60O2 
 
 6 46 
 
 20.295 
 
 32.776 
 
 1.6912 
 
 393-31 
 
 ill. 43 
 
 85-49 
 
 3.230 
 
 2.6o82 
 
 6.47 
 
 20.326 
 
 32.877 
 
 1.6938 
 
 394-53 
 
 111.77 
 
 86.02 
 
 3.235 
 
 2.6l63 
 
 6.48 
 
 20.358 
 
 32.979 
 
 1.6965 
 
 395-75 
 
 112. 12 
 
 86.55 
 
 3-240 
 
 2 . 6244 
 
 6-49 
 
 20.389 
 
 33.o8i 
 
 1.6991 
 
 396.97 
 
 112.46 
 
 87.09 
 
 3.245 
 
 26325 
 
 6 50 
 
 20 . 420 
 
 33-I83 
 
 i . 7017 
 
 398-20 
 
 112-81 
 
 87-62 
 
 3.250 
 
 2-6406 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 437 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 6. 50 inches 
 7.00 inches 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R?, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 il 
 
 Circum 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 H 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 ot gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Q o 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs.stee 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 rf 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 Ri 
 
 6.50 
 
 20.420 
 
 33.183 
 
 1.7017 
 
 398.20 
 
 112.81 
 
 87.62 
 
 3 250 
 
 2 . 6406 
 
 6.51 
 
 20.452 
 
 33.285 
 
 1.7043 
 
 399-42 
 
 113.16 
 
 88.16 
 
 3-255 
 
 2 6488 
 
 6.52 
 
 20.483 
 
 33.388 
 
 1.7069 
 
 400.65 
 
 H3.50 
 
 88.71 
 
 3.260 
 
 2.6569 
 
 6-53 
 
 20.515 
 
 33-490 
 
 1.7096 
 
 401.88 
 
 113-85 
 
 89.25 
 
 3-265 
 
 2.6651 
 
 6.54 
 
 20.546 
 
 33-593 
 
 I . 7122 
 
 403.11 
 
 114.20 
 
 89.80 
 
 3.270 
 
 2.6732 
 
 6-55 
 
 20.577 
 
 33.696 
 
 1.7148 
 
 404.35 
 
 114-55 
 
 90.35 
 
 3-275 
 
 2.6814 
 
 6.56 
 
 20.609 
 
 33-799 
 
 I.7I74 
 
 405.58 
 
 114.90 
 
 90.90 
 
 3.280 
 
 2.6896 
 
 6.57 
 
 20.640 
 
 33-902 
 
 1.7200 
 
 406.82 
 
 115.25 
 
 91.46 
 
 3-285 
 
 2.6978 
 
 6.58 
 
 20.672 
 
 34-005 
 
 I . 7226 
 
 408.06 
 
 115.60 
 
 92.02 
 
 3.290 
 
 2.7060 
 
 6-59 
 
 20.703 
 
 34-io8 
 
 I 7253 
 
 409.30 
 
 "5-95 
 
 92.58 
 
 3-295 
 
 2.7143 
 
 6.60 
 
 20.735 
 
 34-212 
 
 I . 7279 
 
 410.54 
 
 116.31 
 
 93-14 
 
 3-300 
 
 2.7225 
 
 6.61 
 
 20.766 
 
 34-316 
 
 1.7305 
 
 4H.79 
 
 116.66 
 
 93-71 
 
 3-305 
 
 2.7308 
 
 6.62 
 
 20.797 
 
 34.420 
 
 I - 7331 
 
 413.04 
 
 117.01 
 
 94-28 
 
 3-310 
 
 2.7390 
 
 6.63 
 
 20.829 
 
 34.524 
 
 1.7357 
 
 414-28 
 
 117-37 
 
 94.85 
 
 3.315 
 
 2-7473 
 
 6-64 
 
 20.860 
 
 34.628 
 
 I 7383 
 
 415.53 
 
 117.72 
 
 95.42 
 
 3-320 
 
 2.7556 
 
 6.65 
 
 20 . 892 
 
 34.732 
 
 1.7410 
 
 416.79 
 
 118.08 
 
 96.00 
 
 3.325 
 
 2.7639 
 
 6.66 
 
 20.923 
 
 34.837 
 
 1.7436 
 
 418.04 
 
 118.43 
 
 96.58 
 
 3-330 
 
 2.7722 
 
 6.67 
 
 20.954 
 
 34.942 
 
 I . 7462 
 
 419.30 
 
 118.79 
 
 97.16 
 
 3-335 
 
 2.7806 
 
 6.68 
 
 20.986 
 
 35.046 
 
 I . 7488 
 
 420.56 
 
 119.14 
 
 97-74 
 
 3-340 
 
 2.7889 
 
 6.69 
 
 21.017 
 
 35.151 
 
 I.75M 
 
 421.82 
 
 119.50 
 
 98.33 
 
 3-345 
 
 2.7973 
 
 6.70 
 
 21.049 
 
 35.257 
 
 I 7541 
 
 423.08 
 
 119.86 
 
 98.92 
 
 3-350 
 
 2.8056 
 
 6.71 
 
 21.080 
 
 35.362 
 
 I 7567 
 
 424.34 
 
 120.22 
 
 99-51 
 
 3-355 
 
 2 . 8140 
 
 6.72 
 
 21. 112 
 
 35.467 
 
 I 7593 
 
 425.61 
 
 120.57 
 
 IOO . IO 
 
 3.36o 
 
 2.8224 
 
 6.73 
 
 21.143 
 
 35.573 
 
 I . 7619 
 
 426.88 
 
 120.93 
 
 100.70 
 
 3.365 
 
 2.8308 
 
 6-74 
 
 21 . 174 
 
 35.679 
 
 I 7645 
 
 428.15 
 
 121.29 
 
 101.30 
 
 3-370 
 
 2.8392 
 
 6.75 
 
 21.206 
 
 35.785 
 
 I . 7671 
 
 429.42 
 
 121.65 
 
 101.90 
 
 3-375 
 
 2.8477 
 
 76 
 
 21.237 
 
 35.891 
 
 I . 7698 
 
 430.69 
 
 122.01 
 
 102.51 
 
 3.38o 
 
 2.8561 
 
 77 
 
 21.269 
 
 35.997 
 
 I . 7724 
 
 431.96 
 
 122.38 
 
 103.12 
 
 3.385 
 
 2.8646 
 
 .78 
 
 21.300 
 
 36.103 
 
 I - 7750 
 
 433-24 
 
 122.74 
 
 103.73 
 
 3-390 
 
 2.8730 
 
 79 
 
 21.331 
 
 36.210 
 
 I . 7776 
 
 434-52 
 
 123.10 
 
 104.34 
 
 3-395 
 
 2.8815 
 
 .80 
 
 21.363 
 
 36.317 
 
 I . 7802 
 
 435-8o 
 
 123.46 
 
 104.96 
 
 3-400 
 
 2.8900 
 
 .81 
 
 21.394 
 
 36.424 
 
 I . 7829 
 
 437-08 
 
 123.83 
 
 105.57 
 
 3-405 
 
 2.8985 
 
 .82 
 
 21 . 426 
 
 36.531 
 
 1.7855 
 
 438.37 
 
 124.19 
 
 106 . 20 
 
 3-410 
 
 2.9070 
 
 83 
 
 21-457 
 
 36.638 
 
 I . 7881 
 
 439-66 
 
 124.55 
 
 106.82 
 
 3.415 
 
 2.9156 
 
 .84 
 
 21 . 488 
 
 36.745 
 
 I - 7907 
 
 440-94 
 
 124.92 
 
 107-45 
 
 3-420 
 
 2.9241 
 
 85 
 
 21.520 
 
 36.853 
 
 I 7933 
 
 442.23 
 
 125.28 
 
 108.08 
 
 3.425 
 
 2.9327 
 
 .86 
 
 21.551 
 
 36.961 
 
 I - 7959 
 
 443-53 
 
 125.65 
 
 108.71 
 
 3-430 
 
 2.9412 
 
 87 
 
 21.583 
 
 37.068 
 
 1.7986 
 
 444-82 
 
 126.02 
 
 109.34 
 
 3-435 
 
 2.9498 
 
 .88 
 
 21 6l4 
 
 37.176 
 
 1.8012 
 
 446-12 
 
 126.38 
 
 109.98 
 
 3-440 
 
 2.9584 
 
 .89 
 
 21 . 646 
 
 37.284 
 
 I . 8038 
 
 447-41 
 
 126.75 
 
 110.62 
 
 3-445 
 
 2.9670 
 
 .90 
 
 21.677 
 
 37.393 
 
 1.8064 
 
 448.71 
 
 127.12 
 
 111.27 
 
 3-450 
 
 2.9756 
 
 .91 
 
 21 . 708 
 
 37.501 
 
 1.8090 
 
 450.02 
 
 127.49 
 
 111.91 
 
 3-455 
 
 2.9843 
 
 .92 
 
 21.740 
 
 37.610 
 
 1.8117 
 
 451.32 
 
 127.86 
 
 112.56 
 
 3.46o 
 
 2.9929 
 
 93 
 
 21.771 
 
 37.719 
 
 I 8143 
 
 452.62 
 
 128.23 
 
 113.21 
 
 3.465 
 
 3.0016 
 
 .94 
 
 21.803 
 
 37.828 
 
 I 8169 
 
 453-93 
 
 128.60 
 
 113-87 
 
 3-470 
 
 3.0102 
 
 95 
 
 21.834 
 
 37.937 
 
 I 8195 
 
 455-24 
 
 128.97 
 
 114-53 
 
 3-475 
 
 3.0189 
 
 .96 
 
 21.865 
 
 38.046 
 
 I 8221 
 
 456.55 
 
 129.34 
 
 H5.I9 
 
 3.480 
 
 3.0276 
 
 97 
 
 21.897 
 
 38.155 
 
 1.8247 
 
 457-86 
 
 129.71 
 
 115.85 
 
 3.485 
 
 3 0363 
 
 .98 
 
 21.928 
 
 38.265 
 
 1.8274 
 
 459-18 
 
 130.09 
 
 116.52 
 
 3-490 
 
 3-0450 
 
 99 
 
 21.960 
 
 38.375 
 
 1.8300 
 
 460.50 
 
 130.46 
 
 117-19 
 
 3-495 
 
 3 0538 
 
 .00 
 
 21.991 
 
 38.485 
 
 1.8326 
 
 461-81 
 
 130.83 
 
 117-86 
 
 3-500 
 
 3-0625 
 
 
438 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 7.00 Inches 
 7. 50 Inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 IP, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 el 
 
 Circum 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Mom en 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 11 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight 
 
 of . 
 
 to farth- 
 
 oi gyra 
 tion 
 
 Q .2 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. stee 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 7.00 
 
 21.991 
 
 38.485 
 
 1.8326 
 
 461.81 
 
 130.83 
 
 117.86 
 
 3-500 
 
 3-0625 
 
 7.01 
 
 22.023 
 
 38.595 
 
 1.8352 
 
 463.13 
 
 131.21 
 
 118.53 
 
 3.505 
 
 3.0713 
 
 7.02 
 
 22.054 
 
 38.705 
 
 1.8378 
 
 464.46 
 
 131.58 
 
 119.21 
 
 3-Sio 
 
 3.0800 
 
 7-03 
 
 22.085 
 
 38.815 
 
 1.8404 
 
 465-78 
 
 131.96 
 
 119.89 
 
 3.515 
 
 3.0888 
 
 7.04 
 
 22.117 
 
 38.926 
 
 1.8431 
 
 467.11 
 
 132.33 
 
 120.58 
 
 3-520 
 
 3.0976 
 
 7-05 
 
 22.148 
 
 39.036 
 
 1.8457 
 
 468.44 
 
 132.71 
 
 121.26 
 
 3.525 
 
 3.1064 
 
 7.06 
 
 22.180 
 
 39-147 
 
 1.8483 
 
 469.76 
 
 133.08 
 
 121.95 
 
 3-530 
 
 3.1152 
 
 7 07 
 
 22.211 
 
 39.258 
 
 1.8509 
 
 471.10 
 
 133.46 
 
 122.64 
 
 3-535 
 
 3.1241 
 
 7.08 
 
 22.242 
 
 39.369 
 
 1.8535 
 
 472.43 
 
 133.84 
 
 123-34 
 
 3-540 
 
 3.1329 
 
 7.09 
 
 22.274 
 
 39.48o 
 
 i . 8562 
 
 473-77 
 
 134.22 
 
 124.04 
 
 3-545 
 
 3.1418 
 
 7.10 
 
 22.305 
 
 39-592 
 
 1.8588 
 
 475.10 
 
 134.60 
 
 124-74 
 
 3.550 
 
 3.1506 
 
 7. II 
 
 22.337 
 
 39.704 
 
 1.8614 
 
 476.44 
 
 134.98 
 
 125-44 
 
 3-555 
 
 3.1595 
 
 7.12 
 
 22.368 
 
 39.815 
 
 1.8640 
 
 477.78 
 
 135.36 
 
 126.15 
 
 3.56o 
 
 3.1684 
 
 7-13 
 
 22.400 
 
 39.927 
 
 1.8666 
 
 479-13 
 
 135-74 
 
 126.86 
 
 3.565 
 
 3-1773 
 
 7-14 
 
 22.431 
 
 40.039 
 
 1.8692 
 
 480.47 
 
 136.12 
 
 127-57 
 
 3-570 
 
 3.1862 
 
 7-lS 
 
 22.462 
 
 40.152 
 
 1.8719 
 
 481.82 
 
 136.50 
 
 128.29 
 
 3-575 
 
 3.1952 
 
 7.16 
 
 22.494 
 
 40.264 
 
 1.8745 
 
 483.17 
 
 136.88 
 
 129.01 
 
 3.58o 
 
 3-2041 
 
 7-17 
 
 22.525 
 
 40.376 
 
 1.8771 
 
 484-52 
 
 137.26 
 
 129.73 
 
 3.585 
 
 3.2131 
 
 7.18 
 
 22.557 
 
 40.489 
 
 1.8797 
 
 485-87 
 
 137.65 
 
 130.46 
 
 3.590 
 
 3.2220 
 
 7.19 
 
 22.588 
 
 40.602 
 
 1.8823 
 
 487.22 
 
 138.03 
 
 131.19 
 
 3-595 
 
 3.2310 
 
 7.20 
 
 22.619 
 
 40.715 
 
 1.8850 
 
 488.58 
 
 138.41 
 
 131.92 
 
 3.600 
 
 3.2400 
 
 7.21 
 
 22.651 
 
 40.828 
 
 1.8876 
 
 489.94 
 
 138.80 
 
 132.65 
 
 3.605 
 
 3.2490 
 
 7-22 
 
 22.682 
 
 40.942 
 
 1.8902 
 
 491-30 
 
 I39.I8 
 
 133-39 
 
 3.610 
 
 3.2580 
 
 7-23 
 
 22.714 
 
 41.055 
 
 1.8928 
 
 492.66 
 
 139-57 
 
 I34-I3 
 
 3.6iS 
 
 3.2671 
 
 7.24 
 
 22.745 
 
 41.169 
 
 1-8954 
 
 494-02 
 
 139.96 
 
 134.87 
 
 3.620 
 
 3.2761 
 
 7-25 
 
 22.777 
 
 41.282 
 
 1.8980 
 
 495-39 
 
 140.34 
 
 135.62 
 
 3-625 
 
 3.2852 
 
 7-26 
 
 22.808 
 
 41.396 
 
 1.9007 
 
 496.76 
 
 140.73 
 
 136.37 
 
 3.630 
 
 3.2942 
 
 7.27 
 
 22.839 
 
 4I.5H 
 
 1.9033 
 
 498.13 
 
 141.12 
 
 137.12 
 
 3.635 
 
 3-3033 
 
 7.28 
 
 22.871 
 
 41.625 
 
 1.9059 
 
 499-50 
 
 141.51 
 
 137.88 
 
 3.640 
 
 3.3124 
 
 7.29 
 
 22.902 
 
 41-739 
 
 1.9085 
 
 500.87 
 
 141.90 
 
 138.64 
 
 3.645 
 
 3.3215 
 
 7-30 
 
 22.934 
 
 41.854 
 
 1.9111 
 
 502.25 
 
 142.29 
 
 139.40 
 
 3.650 
 
 3.3306 
 
 7 31 
 
 22.965 
 
 41.969 
 
 I.9I38 
 
 503-62 
 
 142.68 
 
 140.17 
 
 3-655 
 
 3.3398 
 
 7-32 
 
 22.996 
 
 42.084 
 
 1.9164 
 
 505-00 
 
 143-07 
 
 140.93 
 
 3.66o 
 
 3.3489 
 
 7.33 
 
 23.028 
 
 42.199 
 
 1.9190 
 
 506.38 
 
 143-46 
 
 141.71 
 
 3.665 
 
 3.3581 
 
 7-34 
 
 23-059 
 
 42.314 
 
 1.9216 
 
 507.77 
 
 143.85 
 
 142.48 
 
 3.670 
 
 3.3672 
 
 7-35 
 
 23.091 
 
 42.429 
 
 1.9242 
 
 509.15 
 
 144.24 
 
 143.26 
 
 3.675 
 
 3.3764 
 
 7-36 
 
 23.122 
 
 42.545 
 
 1.9268 
 
 510.54 
 
 144-63 
 
 144.04 
 
 3-680 
 
 3.3856 
 
 7-37 
 
 23.154 
 
 42.660 
 
 1.9295 
 
 511-92 
 
 145 03 
 
 144.82 
 
 3-685 
 
 3.3948 
 
 7.38 
 
 23.185 
 
 42.776 
 
 1.9321 
 
 513-31 
 
 145-42 
 
 145.61 
 
 3.690 
 
 3.4040 
 
 7.39 
 
 23.216 
 
 42.892 
 
 1-9347 
 
 514.71 
 
 145-82 
 
 146.40 
 
 3.695 
 
 3.4133 
 
 7 40 
 
 23.248 
 
 43.oo8 
 
 1-9373 
 
 516 10 
 
 146 21 
 
 147-20 
 
 3.7oo 
 
 3.4225 
 
 7-41 
 
 23.279 
 
 43-125 
 
 1-9399 
 
 517.50 
 
 146 61 
 
 147-99 
 
 3.705 
 
 3.4318 
 
 7-42 
 
 23.311 
 
 43-241 
 
 1.9426 
 
 518.89 
 
 147 00 
 
 148.79 
 
 3-710 
 
 3.4410 
 
 7-43 
 
 23.342 
 
 43 358 
 
 1.9452 
 
 520.29 
 
 147.40 
 
 149.60 
 
 3.715 
 
 3.4503 
 
 7-44 
 
 23-373 
 
 43-475 
 
 1.9478 
 
 521.70 
 
 147 80 
 
 150.40 
 
 3.720 
 
 3.4596 
 
 7-45 
 
 23.405 
 
 43-592 
 
 1.9504 
 
 523-10 
 
 148.19 
 
 151 . 22 
 
 3.725 
 
 3.4689 
 
 7.46 
 
 23.436 
 
 43.709 
 
 1-9530 
 
 524-50 
 
 148.59 
 
 152.03 
 
 3-730 
 
 3.4782 
 
 7-47 
 
 23.468 
 
 43-826 
 
 1.9556 
 
 525.91 
 
 148.99 
 
 152.85 
 
 3-735 
 
 3.4876 
 
 7-48 
 
 23-499 
 
 43 943 
 
 1.9583 
 
 527-32 
 
 149-39 
 
 153.67 
 
 3-740 
 
 3.4969 
 
 7-49 
 
 23.531 
 
 44.061 
 
 1.9609 
 
 528.73 
 
 149 79 
 
 154.49 
 
 3-745 
 
 3.5063 
 
 7 So 
 
 23.562 
 
 44-179 
 
 1.9635 
 
 530.14 
 
 150 19 
 
 155 32 
 
 3-750 
 
 3.5156 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 439 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) g'oolSches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 HI 
 
 Q"" 1 -S 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 in 
 
 Area 
 cross 
 section 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 of 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 to farth- 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia, 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 /? 
 
 7-50 
 
 23.562 
 
 44-179 
 
 1.9635 
 
 530.14 
 
 150.19 
 
 155-32 
 
 3-750 
 
 3.5156 
 
 7-51 
 
 23-593 
 
 44-297 
 
 1.9661 
 
 531.56 
 
 150.59 
 
 156.15 
 
 3-755 
 
 3.5250 
 
 7-52 
 
 23.625 
 
 44.415 
 
 1.9687 
 
 532.97 
 
 150.99 
 
 156.98 
 
 3.760 
 
 3-5344 
 
 7-53 
 
 23.656 
 
 44-533 
 
 I.97I3 
 
 534-39 
 
 151.39 
 
 157.82 
 
 3.765 
 
 3.5438 
 
 7-54 
 
 23.688 
 
 44.651 
 
 1.9740 
 
 535.81 
 
 151-80 
 
 158.66 
 
 3-770 
 
 3-5532 
 
 7-55 
 
 23.719 
 
 44-770 
 
 1.9766 
 
 537.24 
 
 152.20 
 
 159-50 
 
 3-775 
 
 3.5627 
 
 7.56 
 
 23.750 
 
 44-888 
 
 1.9792 
 
 538.66 
 
 152.60 
 
 160.35 
 
 3.78o 
 
 3-5721 
 
 7-57 
 
 23.782 
 
 45-007 
 
 1.9818 
 
 540.09 
 
 153-01 
 
 161 . 20 
 
 3.785 
 
 3.5816 
 
 7.58 
 
 23.813 
 
 45.126 
 
 1.9844 
 
 541-51 
 
 I53-4I 
 
 162.05 
 
 3-790 
 
 3-5910 
 
 7-59 
 
 23.845 
 
 45-245 
 
 1.9871 
 
 542.94 
 
 153-82 
 
 162.91 
 
 3.795 
 
 3.6005 
 
 7.60 
 
 23.876 
 
 45.365 
 
 1.9897 
 
 544.38 
 
 154-22 
 
 163.77 
 
 3.800 
 
 3.6100 
 
 7.61 
 
 23.908 
 
 45.484 
 
 1.9923 
 
 545.81 
 
 154.63 
 
 164.63 
 
 3.805 
 
 3.6195 
 
 7.62 
 
 23 939 
 
 45.604 
 
 1.9949 
 
 547 24 
 
 155-03 
 
 165.50 
 
 3.810 
 
 3.6290 
 
 7-63 
 
 23.970 
 
 45.723 
 
 1-9975 
 
 548.68 
 
 155-44 
 
 166.37 
 
 3.815 
 
 3.6386 
 
 7.64 
 
 24.002 
 
 45.843 
 
 2.0001 
 
 550.12 
 
 155.8s 
 
 167.24 
 
 3.820 
 
 3-6481 
 
 7-65 
 
 24-033 
 
 45.963 
 
 2.OO28 
 
 551.56 
 
 156.26 
 
 168.12 
 
 3.825 
 
 3.6577 
 
 7.66 
 
 24.065 
 
 46.084 
 
 2.0054 
 
 553-00 
 
 156.67 
 
 169.00 
 
 3.830 
 
 3.6672 
 
 767 
 
 24.096 
 
 46.204 
 
 2.0080 
 
 554-45 
 
 I57.o8 
 
 169.88 
 
 3.835 
 
 3.6768 
 
 7.68 
 
 24.127 
 
 46.325 
 
 2.0106 
 
 555-90 
 
 157.49 
 
 170.77 
 
 3.840 
 
 3.6864 
 
 7.69 
 
 24.159 
 
 46.445 
 
 2.0132 
 
 557-34 
 
 157.90 
 
 171.66 
 
 3.845 
 
 3.6960 
 
 7-70 
 
 24.190 
 
 46.566 
 
 2.0159 
 
 558.8o 
 
 158.31 
 
 172.56 
 
 3.850 
 
 3.7056 
 
 7.71 
 
 24.222 
 
 46.687 
 
 2 0185 
 
 560.25 
 
 158.72 
 
 173.46 
 
 3.855 
 
 3.7153 
 
 7-72 
 
 24-253 
 
 46.808 
 
 2 0211 
 
 561.70 
 
 159.13 
 
 174.36 
 
 3.860 
 
 3.7249 
 
 7 73 
 
 24.285 
 
 46.930 
 
 2 0237 
 
 563.16 
 
 159-54 
 
 175.26 
 
 3.86s 
 
 3.7346 
 
 7-74 
 
 24.316 
 
 47-051 
 
 2.0263 
 
 564.62 
 
 159-96 
 
 176.17 
 
 3.870 
 
 3-7442 
 
 7-75 
 
 24-347 
 
 47-173 
 
 2.0289 
 
 566.08 
 
 160.37 
 
 177.08 
 
 3.875 
 
 3-7539 
 
 7-76 
 
 24-379 
 
 47-295 
 
 2.0316 
 
 567.54 
 
 160.78 
 
 178.00 
 
 3.880 
 
 3.7636 
 
 7-77 
 
 24.410 
 
 47.417 
 
 2.0342 
 
 569.00 
 
 161.20 
 
 178.92 
 
 3.885 
 
 3-7733 
 
 7-78 
 
 24.442 
 
 47-539 
 
 2.0368 
 
 570.47 
 
 161.61 
 
 179.84 
 
 3.890 
 
 3.7830 
 
 7-79 
 
 24-473 
 
 47-661 
 
 2.0394 
 
 571-93 
 
 162.03 
 
 180.77 
 
 3-895 
 
 3.7928 
 
 7.80 
 
 24.504 
 
 47.784 
 
 2.0420 
 
 573-40 
 
 162.45 
 
 181 . 70 
 
 3.900 
 
 3.8025 
 
 7.81 
 
 24.536 
 
 47.906 
 
 2.0447 
 
 574.87 
 
 162.86 
 
 182.63 
 
 3.905 
 
 3.8123 
 
 7.82 
 
 24.567 
 
 48.029 
 
 2.0473 
 
 576.35 
 
 163.28 
 
 183.57 
 
 3.9io 
 
 3.8220 
 
 7-83 
 
 24-599 
 
 48.152 
 
 2.0499 
 
 577-82 
 
 163.70 
 
 184.51 
 
 3.915 
 
 3.8318 
 
 7.84 
 
 24.630 
 
 48.275 
 
 2.0525 
 
 579-30 
 
 164.12 
 
 185.45 
 
 3.920 
 
 3.8416 
 
 7.85 
 
 24.662 
 
 48.398 
 
 2.0551 
 
 580.78 
 
 164.53 
 
 186.40 
 
 3.925 
 
 3.8514 
 
 7.86 
 
 24.693 
 
 48.522 
 
 2.0577 
 
 582.26 
 
 164.95 
 
 187.35 
 
 3-930 
 
 3.8612 
 
 7-87 
 
 24.724 
 
 48.645 
 
 2.0604 
 
 583.74 
 
 165.37 
 
 188.31 
 
 3-935 
 
 3.87H 
 
 7.88 
 
 24.756 
 
 48.769 
 
 2.0630 
 
 585-23 
 
 165.79 
 
 189.27 
 
 3-940 
 
 3.8809 
 
 7.89 
 
 24.787 
 
 48.893 
 
 2.0656 
 
 586.71 
 
 166.22 
 
 190.23 
 
 3-945 
 
 3-8908 
 
 7-90 
 
 24.819 
 
 49-017 
 
 2.0682 
 
 588.20 
 
 166.64 
 
 191.20 
 
 3-950 
 
 3.9006 
 
 7-91 
 
 24.850 
 
 49.141 
 
 2.0708 
 
 589-69 
 
 167.06 
 
 192.17 
 
 3-955 
 
 3-9105 
 
 7-92 
 
 24.881 
 
 49.265 
 
 2.0735 
 
 591 . 18 
 
 167.48 
 
 193.14 
 
 3.96o 
 
 3.9204 
 
 7-93 
 
 24.913 
 
 49-390 
 
 2.0761 
 
 592.68 
 
 167.91 
 
 194.12 
 
 3.965 
 
 3-9303 
 
 7-94 
 
 24.944 
 
 49.5U 
 
 2.0787 
 
 594-17 
 
 168.33 
 
 195.10 
 
 3-970 
 
 3-9402 
 
 7-95 
 
 24.976 
 
 49.639 
 
 2.0813 
 
 595.67 
 
 168.75 
 
 196.08 
 
 3-975 
 
 3-9502 
 
 7.96 
 
 25.007 
 
 49.764 
 
 2.0839 
 
 597.17 
 
 169.18 
 
 197.07 
 
 3.98o 
 
 3.96oi 
 
 7-97 
 
 25.038 
 
 49-889 
 
 2.0865 
 
 598.67 
 
 169.60 
 
 198.06 
 
 3.985 
 
 3-9701 
 
 7-98 
 
 25.070 
 
 50.014 
 
 2.0892 
 
 600.17 
 
 170.03 
 
 199-06 
 
 3-990 
 
 3.98oo 
 
 7-99 
 
 25 . 101 
 
 50.140 
 
 2.0918 
 
 601.68 
 
 170.46 
 
 200.06 
 
 3-995 
 
 3-9900 
 
 8.00 
 
 25.133 
 
 50.265 
 
 2.0944 
 
 603.19 
 
 170.88 
 
 201.06 
 
 4.000 
 
 4.0000 
 
 
440 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 8. 00 inches 
 
 O.5O inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, 7 and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 a|j 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 .$% 
 
 Q'S 
 
 in 
 inches 
 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 or gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 7?2 
 
 8.00 
 
 25.133 
 
 50.265 
 
 2.0944 
 
 603.19 
 
 170.88 
 
 201.06 
 
 4.000 
 
 4.0000 
 
 8.01 
 
 25.164 
 
 50.391 
 
 2.0970 
 
 604.69 
 
 171.31 
 
 202.07 
 
 4-005 
 
 4.0100 
 
 8.02 
 
 25.196 
 
 50.517 
 
 2.0996 
 
 606.21 
 
 171-74 
 
 203.08 
 
 4.010 
 
 4.0200 
 
 8.03 
 
 25 . 227 
 
 50.643 
 
 2 . 1022 
 
 607.72 
 
 172.17 
 
 204.10 
 
 4.015 
 
 4.0301 
 
 8.04 
 
 25.258 
 
 50.769 
 
 2.1049 
 
 609.23 
 
 172.60 
 
 205.11 
 
 4.020 
 
 4.0401 
 
 8.05 
 
 25.290 
 
 50.896 
 
 2.1075 
 
 610.75 
 
 173.03 
 
 206.14 
 
 4-025 
 
 4.0502 
 
 8.06 
 
 25.321 
 
 51.022 
 
 2.IIOI 
 
 612.27 
 
 173.46 
 
 207.16 
 
 4-030 
 
 4.0602 
 
 8.07 
 
 25 - 353 
 
 5I.I49 
 
 2.II27 
 
 613.79 
 
 173-89 
 
 208.19 
 
 4-035 
 
 4.0703 
 
 8.08 
 
 25.384 
 
 51-276 
 
 2.II53 
 
 615.31 
 
 174-32 
 
 209.23 
 
 4.040 
 
 4.0804 
 
 8.09 
 
 25.415 
 
 51-403 
 
 2.1180 
 
 616.83 
 
 174-75 
 
 210.26 
 
 4.045 
 
 4.0905 
 
 8.10 
 
 25-447 
 
 51.530 
 
 2.1206 
 
 618.36 
 
 I75.I8 
 
 211.31 
 
 4-050 
 
 4.1006 
 
 8. II 
 
 25.478 
 
 51.657 
 
 2.1232 
 
 619.89 
 
 I75.6i 
 
 212.35 
 
 4-055 
 
 4.1108 
 
 8.12 
 
 25.510 
 
 51.785 
 
 2.1258 
 
 621 . 42 
 
 176.05 
 
 213.40 
 
 4.060 
 
 4.1209 
 
 8.13 
 
 25-541 
 
 51.912 
 
 2.1284 
 
 622.95 
 
 176.48 
 
 214.45 
 
 4-065 
 
 4.1311 
 
 8.14 
 
 25-573 
 
 52.040 
 
 2.1310 
 
 624 . 48 
 
 176.92 
 
 215.51 
 
 4.070 
 
 4.1412 
 
 8.15 
 
 25.604 
 
 52.168 
 
 2.1337 
 
 626.02 
 
 177-35 
 
 216.57 
 
 4.075 
 
 4.1514 
 
 8.16 
 
 25.635 
 
 52.296 
 
 2.1363 
 
 627.55 
 
 177-79 
 
 217.64 
 
 4.080 
 
 4.1616 
 
 8.17 
 
 25-667 
 
 52.424 
 
 2.1389 
 
 629 . 09 
 
 178.22 
 
 218.71 
 
 4-085 
 
 4-1718 
 
 8.18 
 
 25.698 
 
 52.553 
 
 2.1415 
 
 630.63 
 
 178.66 
 
 219.78 
 
 4.090 
 
 4.1820 
 
 8.19 
 
 25.730 
 
 52.681 
 
 2.1441 
 
 632.18 
 
 179.10 
 
 220.85 
 
 4-095 
 
 4.1923 
 
 8.20 
 
 25.761 
 
 52.810 
 
 2.1468 
 
 633.72 
 
 179 53 
 
 221.93 
 
 4.100 
 
 4.2025 
 
 8.21 
 
 25.792 
 
 52.939 
 
 2.1494 
 
 635.27 
 
 179-97 
 
 223.02 
 
 4.105 
 
 4.2128 
 
 8.22 
 
 25.824 
 
 53.o68 
 
 2.1520 
 
 636.82 
 
 180.41 
 
 224.11 
 
 4.110 
 
 4.2230 
 
 8.23 
 
 25.855 
 
 53-197 
 
 2.1546 
 
 638.37 
 
 180.85 
 
 225 . 20 
 
 4-II5 
 
 4-2333 
 
 8.24 
 
 25.887 
 
 53.327 
 
 2 . 1572 
 
 639.92 
 
 181 . 29 
 
 226.30 
 
 4.120 
 
 4.2436 
 
 8.25 
 
 25.918 
 
 53.456 
 
 2.1598 
 
 641 . 47 
 
 181.73 
 
 227.40 
 
 4.125 
 
 4-2539 
 
 8.26 
 
 25-950 
 
 53-586 
 
 2.1625 
 
 643.03 
 
 182.17 
 
 228.50 
 
 4.130 
 
 4 . 2642 
 
 8.27 
 
 25.981 
 
 53.7i6 
 
 2.I65I 
 
 644.59 
 
 182.61 
 
 229.61 
 
 4-135 
 
 4.2746 
 
 8.28 
 
 26.012 
 
 53.846 
 
 2.1677 
 
 646.15 
 
 183.05 
 
 230.72 
 
 4.140 
 
 4 . 2849 
 
 8.29 
 
 26.044 
 
 53.976 
 
 2.1703 
 
 647 71 
 
 183.50 
 
 231.84 
 
 4-145 
 
 4-2953 
 
 8.30 
 
 26.075 
 
 54.io6 
 
 2.1729 
 
 649.27 
 
 183.94 
 
 232.96 
 
 4.150 
 
 4.3056 
 
 8.31 
 
 26.107 
 
 54-237 
 
 2.1756 
 
 650.84 
 
 184.38 
 
 234.09 
 
 4-155 
 
 4.3i6o 
 
 8.32 
 
 26.138 
 
 54.367 
 
 2.1782 
 
 652.41 
 
 184.83 
 
 235.21 
 
 4.160 
 
 4.3264 
 
 8.33 
 
 26.169 
 
 54.498 
 
 2.1808 
 
 653.97 
 
 185.27 
 
 236.35 
 
 4.165 
 
 4.3368 
 
 8.34 
 
 26.201 
 
 54.629 
 
 2.1834 
 
 655.55 
 
 185.72 
 
 237.48 
 
 4.170 
 
 4-3472 
 
 8.35 
 
 26.232 
 
 54.760 
 
 2.l86o 
 
 657.12 
 
 186.16 
 
 238.63 
 
 4-175 
 
 4-3577 
 
 8.36 
 
 26.264 
 
 54.891 
 
 2.1886 
 
 658.69 
 
 186.61 
 
 239.77 
 
 4.180 
 
 4-3681 
 
 8.37 
 
 26.295 
 
 55.023 
 
 2.I9I3 
 
 660.27 
 
 187.05 
 
 240.92 
 
 4.185 
 
 4-3786 
 
 8.38 
 
 26.327 
 
 55-154 
 
 2.1939 
 
 661.85 
 
 187.50 
 
 242.07 
 
 4.190 
 
 4-3890 
 
 8.39 
 
 26.358 
 
 55.286 
 
 2.1965 
 
 663.43 
 
 187.95 
 
 243.23 
 
 4-195 
 
 4-3995 
 
 8.40 
 
 26.389 
 
 55.418 
 
 2.I99I 
 
 665.01 
 
 188.40 
 
 244.39 
 
 4.200 
 
 4.4100 
 
 8.41 
 
 26.421 
 
 55-550 
 
 2.2017 
 
 666.60 
 
 188.85 
 
 245.56 
 
 4.205 
 
 4.4205 
 
 8.42 
 
 26.452 
 
 55.682 
 
 2.2044 
 
 668.18 
 
 189.30 
 
 246.73 
 
 4.210 
 
 4-4310 
 
 8.43 
 
 26.484 
 
 55.814 
 
 2 . 2070 
 
 669.77 
 
 189.75 
 
 247.90 
 
 4.215 
 
 4.4416 
 
 8.44 
 
 26.515 
 
 55-947 
 
 2.2096 
 
 671.36 
 
 190.20 
 
 249.08 
 
 4.220 
 
 4-4521 
 
 8.45 
 
 26.546 
 
 56.079 
 
 2.2122 
 
 672.95 
 
 190.65 
 
 250.26 
 
 4-225 
 
 4.4627 
 
 8.46 
 
 26.578 
 
 56.212 
 
 2.2148 
 
 674.55 
 
 191.10 
 
 251.45 
 
 4.230 
 
 4-4732 
 
 8.47 
 
 26.609 
 
 56.345 
 
 2.2174 
 
 676.14 
 
 I9I-55 
 
 252.64 
 
 4-235 
 
 4-4838 
 
 8.48 
 
 26.641 
 
 56.478 
 
 2.2201 
 
 677.74 
 
 192.00 
 
 253.84 
 
 4.240 
 
 4.4944 
 
 8.49 
 
 26.672 
 
 56.612 
 
 2.2227 
 
 679.34 
 
 192.46 
 
 255.04 
 
 4-245 
 
 4.5050 
 
 8.50 
 
 26.704 
 
 56.745 
 
 2.2253 
 
 680.94 
 
 192.91 
 
 256.24 
 
 4.250 
 
 4.5156 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 441 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 8. 50 inches 
 
 9. OO inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R*, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 al 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 11 
 
 in 
 inches 
 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 01 gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 R> 
 
 8.50 
 
 26 . 704 
 
 56.745 
 
 2.2253 
 
 680.94 
 
 192.91 
 
 256.24 
 
 4.250 
 
 4.5156 
 
 8.51 
 
 26.735 
 
 56.879 
 
 2.2279 
 
 682.54 
 
 193.36 
 
 257-45 
 
 4.255 
 
 4.5263 
 
 8.52 
 
 26.766 
 
 57-012 
 
 2.2305 
 
 684.15 
 
 193-82 
 
 258.66 
 
 4.260 
 
 4.5369 
 
 8.53 
 
 26.798 
 
 57.146 
 
 2.2331 
 
 685.76 
 
 194.27 
 
 259-88 
 
 4.265 
 
 4.5476 
 
 8.54 
 
 26.829 
 
 57.28o 
 
 2.2358 
 
 687.36 
 
 194-73 
 
 261 . 10 
 
 4.270 
 
 4.5582 
 
 8.55 
 
 26.861 
 
 57.415 
 
 2.2384 
 
 688.97 
 
 195.19 
 
 262.32 
 
 4.275 
 
 4.5689 
 
 8.56 
 
 26 . 892 
 
 57-549 
 
 2.2410 
 
 690.59 
 
 195.64 
 
 263.55 
 
 4.280 
 
 4.5796 
 
 8.57 
 
 26.923 
 
 57.683 
 
 2.2436 
 
 692.20 
 
 196.10 
 
 264.79 
 
 4-285 
 
 4.5903 
 
 8.58 
 
 26.955 
 
 57.8i8 
 
 2 . 2462 
 
 693.82 
 
 196.56 
 
 266.02 
 
 4.290 
 
 4.6010 
 
 8.59 
 
 26.986 
 
 57-953 
 
 2.2489 
 
 695.44 
 
 197.02 
 
 267.27 
 
 4-295 
 
 4.6118 
 
 8.60 
 
 27.018 
 
 58.088 
 
 2.2515 
 
 697-06 
 
 197.48 
 
 268.51 
 
 4-300 
 
 4.6225 
 
 8.61 
 
 27.049 
 
 58.223 
 
 2.2541 
 
 698.68 
 
 197-94 
 
 269.76 
 
 4.305 
 
 4.6333 
 
 8.62 
 
 27.081 
 
 58.359 
 
 2.2567 
 
 700.30 
 
 198.40 
 
 271.02 
 
 4-310 
 
 4.6440 
 
 8.63 
 
 27.112 
 
 58.494 
 
 2.2593 
 
 701.93 
 
 198.86 
 
 272 . 28 
 
 4.315 
 
 4.6548 
 
 8.64 
 
 27-143 
 
 58.630 
 
 2.2619 
 
 703.56 
 
 199.32 
 
 273.54 
 
 4.320 
 
 4.6656 
 
 8.65 
 
 27.175 
 
 58.765 
 
 2.2646 
 
 705.19 
 
 199-78 
 
 274.81 
 
 4.325 
 
 4.6764 
 
 8.66 
 
 27 . 206 
 
 58.901 
 
 2.2672 
 
 706.82 
 
 200.24 
 
 276.08 
 
 4-330 
 
 4.6872 
 
 8.67 
 
 27-238 
 
 59.038 
 
 2.2698 
 
 708.45 
 
 200.70 
 
 277.36 
 
 4-335 
 
 4.6981 
 
 8.68 
 
 27.269 
 
 59-174 
 
 2.2724 
 
 710.09 
 
 201 . 17 
 
 278.64 
 
 4-340 
 
 4.7089 
 
 8.69 
 
 27.300 
 
 59-310 
 
 2.2750 
 
 711.72 
 
 201 . 63 
 
 279-93 
 
 4-345 
 
 4.7198 
 
 8.70 
 
 27-332 
 
 59-447 
 
 2.2777 
 
 713.36 
 
 202.10 
 
 281.22 
 
 4-350 
 
 4.7306 
 
 8.71 
 
 27-363 
 
 59.584 
 
 2.2803 
 
 7i5.oo 
 
 202.56 
 
 282.52 
 
 4-355 
 
 4.7415 
 
 8.72 
 
 27 395 
 
 59-720 
 
 2.2829 
 
 716.65 
 
 203.03 
 
 283.82 
 
 4.360 
 
 4.7524 
 
 8.73 
 
 27.426 
 
 59.857 
 
 2.2855 
 
 718.29 
 
 203.49 
 
 285.12 
 
 4.365 
 
 4.7633 
 
 8.74 
 
 27.458 
 
 59-995 
 
 2.2881 
 
 719.94 
 
 203.96 
 
 286.43 
 
 4-370 
 
 4-7742 
 
 8.75 
 
 27.489 
 
 60.132 
 
 2.2907 
 
 721.58 
 
 204.42 
 
 287.74 
 
 4-375 
 
 4.7852 
 
 8.76 
 
 27-520 
 
 60.270 
 
 2.2934 
 
 723.23 
 
 204 . 89 
 
 289.06 
 
 4.38o 
 
 4.7961 
 
 8-77 
 
 27.552 
 
 60.407 
 
 2.2960 
 
 724.89 
 
 205.36 
 
 290.38 
 
 4.385 
 
 4.8071 
 
 8.78 
 
 27-583 
 
 60.545 
 
 2.2986 
 
 726.54 
 
 205.83 
 
 291 . 71 
 
 4-390 
 
 4.8180 
 
 8.79 
 
 27.615 
 
 60.683 
 
 2.3012 
 
 728 . 20 
 
 206.30 
 
 293-04 
 
 4-395 
 
 4.8290 
 
 8.80 
 
 27 . 646 
 
 60.821 
 
 2.3038 
 
 729.85 
 
 206.77 
 
 294-37 
 
 4.400 
 
 4.8400 
 
 8.81 
 
 27.677 
 
 60.960 
 
 2.3065 
 
 731.51 
 
 207.24 
 
 295.72 
 
 4.405 
 
 4.8510 
 
 8.82 
 
 27.709 
 
 61.098 
 
 2.3091 
 
 733.18 
 
 207.71 
 
 297.06 
 
 4.4io 
 
 4.8620 
 
 8.83 
 
 27-740 
 
 61.237 
 
 2.3II7 
 
 734.84 
 
 208.18 
 
 298.41 
 
 4.415 
 
 4.8731 
 
 8.84 
 
 27 772 
 
 61-375 
 
 2.3143 
 
 736.50 
 
 208.65 
 
 299.76 
 
 4.420 
 
 4.8841 
 
 8.85 
 
 27.803 
 
 61.514 
 
 2.3169 
 
 738.17 
 
 209.12 
 
 301 . 12 
 
 4.425 
 
 4.8952 
 
 8.86 
 
 27.835 
 
 61.653 
 
 2.3195 
 
 739.84 
 
 209.60 
 
 302.49 
 
 4-430 
 
 4.9062 
 
 8.87 
 
 27-866 
 
 61.793 
 
 2.3222 
 
 74L5I 
 
 210.07 
 
 303.85 
 
 4-435 
 
 4 9173 
 
 8.88 
 
 27.897 
 
 61.932 
 
 2.3248 
 
 743-19 
 
 210.54 
 
 305.23 
 
 4-440 
 
 4.9284 
 
 8.89 
 
 27.929 
 
 62.072 
 
 2.3274 
 
 744-86 
 
 211.02 
 
 306.60 
 
 4-445 
 
 4-9395 
 
 8.90 
 
 27.960 
 
 62.211 
 
 2.3300 
 
 746.54 
 
 211.49 
 
 307.99 
 
 4-450 
 
 4.95o6 
 
 8.91 
 
 27.992 
 
 62.351 
 
 2.3326 
 
 748.22 
 
 211.97 
 
 309.37 
 
 4-455 
 
 4.9618 
 
 8.92 
 
 28.023 
 
 62 . 491 
 
 2.3353 
 
 749-90 
 
 212.45 
 
 310.76 
 
 4.460 
 
 4.9729 
 
 8.93 
 
 28.054 
 
 62.631 
 
 2.3379 
 
 751.58 
 
 212.92 
 
 3I2.I6 
 
 4.465 
 
 4.9841 
 
 8.94 
 
 28.086 
 
 62.772 
 
 2.3405 
 
 753.26 
 
 213.40 
 
 313.56 
 
 4.470 
 
 4-9952 
 
 8.95 
 
 28.117 
 
 62.912 
 
 2.3431 
 
 754-95 
 
 213.88 
 
 314.97 
 
 4-475 
 
 5.0064 
 
 8.96 
 
 28 149 
 
 63.053 
 
 2.3457 
 
 756.64 
 
 214.36 
 
 316.37 
 
 4.480 
 
 5.0176 
 
 8.97 
 
 28 180 
 
 63.194 
 
 2.3483 
 
 758.33 
 
 214.83 
 
 317 79 
 
 4.485 
 
 5.0288 
 
 8.98 
 
 28 212 
 
 63.335 
 
 2 35io 
 
 760.02 
 
 215-31 
 
 319-21 
 
 4-490 
 
 5 0400 
 
 8.99 
 
 28.243 
 
 63.476 
 
 2.3536 
 
 761.71 
 
 215-79 
 
 320 63 
 
 4-495 
 
 5.0513 
 
 9.00 
 
 28.274 
 
 63,617 
 
 2.3562 
 
 763.41 
 
 216,27 
 
 322.06 
 
 4-500 
 
 5.0625 
 
 
442 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 9.00 inches 
 9.50 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 K*, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 p 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 si 
 
 in 
 inches 
 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 01 gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
 & 
 
 9.00 
 
 28.274 
 
 63.617 
 
 2.3562 
 
 763.41 
 
 216.27 
 
 322.06 
 
 4-500 
 
 5-0625 
 
 9.01 
 
 28.306 
 
 63.759 
 
 2.3588 
 
 765 . 10 
 
 216.75 
 
 323.50 
 
 4.505 
 
 5.0738 
 
 9.02 
 
 28.337 
 
 63.900 
 
 2.3614 
 
 766.80 
 
 217.24 
 
 324.93 
 
 4-510 
 
 5-0850 
 
 9.03 
 
 28.369 
 
 64.042 
 
 2.3640 
 
 768.50 
 
 217.72 
 
 326.38 
 
 4.515 
 
 5-0963 
 
 9.04 
 
 28.400 
 
 64.184 
 
 2.3667 
 
 770.21 
 
 218.20 
 
 327.83 
 
 4.520 
 
 5-1076 
 
 9.05 
 
 28.431 
 
 64.326 
 
 2.3693 
 
 77I.9I 
 
 218.68 
 
 329.28 
 
 4.525 
 
 5-1189 
 
 9.06 
 
 28.463 
 
 64-468 
 
 2.3719 
 
 773-62 
 
 219.17 
 
 330.74 
 
 4-530 
 
 5-1302 
 
 9.07 
 
 28.494 
 
 64.611 
 
 2.3745 
 
 775-33 
 
 219.65 
 
 332.20 
 
 4-535 
 
 5.1416 
 
 9.08 
 
 28.526 
 
 64.753 
 
 2.3771 
 
 777-04 
 
 220.14 
 
 333-67 
 
 4-540 
 
 5.1529 
 
 9.09 
 
 28.557 
 
 64.896 
 
 2.3798 
 
 778.75 
 
 220.62 
 
 335.14 
 
 4-545 
 
 5-1643 
 
 9.10 
 
 28.588 
 
 65.039 
 
 2.3824 
 
 780.47 
 
 221. II 
 
 336.62 
 
 4-550 
 
 5 . 1756 
 
 9. II 
 
 28.620 
 
 65.182 
 
 2.3850 
 
 782.18 
 
 221.59 
 
 338.10 
 
 4-555 
 
 5-1870 
 
 9.12 
 
 28.651 
 
 65.325 
 
 2.3876 
 
 783.90 
 
 222.08 
 
 339-59 
 
 4.56o 
 
 5-1984 
 
 9-13 
 
 28.683 
 
 65.468 
 
 2.3902 
 
 785.62 
 
 222.57 
 
 34i.o8 
 
 4.565 
 
 5-2098 
 
 9.14 
 
 28.714 
 
 65.612 
 
 2.3928 
 
 787.34 
 
 223.05 
 
 342.57 
 
 4-570 
 
 5.2212 
 
 9-15 
 
 28 . 746 
 
 65.755 
 
 2.3955 
 
 789.07 
 
 223.54 
 
 344.o8 
 
 4-575 
 
 5.2327 
 
 9.16 
 
 28.777 
 
 65.899 
 
 2.3981 
 
 790.79 
 
 224.03 
 
 345-58 
 
 4.58o 
 
 5.2441 
 
 9-17 
 
 28.808 
 
 66.043 
 
 2.4007 
 
 792.52 
 
 224.52 
 
 347-09 
 
 4.585 
 
 5.2556 
 
 9.18 
 
 28.840 
 
 66.187 
 
 2.4033 
 
 794-25 
 
 225.OI 
 
 348.61 
 
 4-590 
 
 5.2670 
 
 9-19 
 
 28.871 
 
 66.332 
 
 2.4059 
 
 795.98 
 
 225.50 
 
 350.13 
 
 4-595 
 
 0.2785 
 
 9.20 
 
 28.903 
 
 66.476 
 
 2.4086 
 
 797-71 
 
 225-99 
 
 351-66 
 
 4.600 
 
 5-2900 
 
 9.21 
 
 28.934 
 
 66.621 
 
 2.4112 
 
 799-45 
 
 226.48 
 
 353.19 
 
 4.605 
 
 5.3015 
 
 9.22 
 
 28.965 
 
 66.765 
 
 2.4138 
 
 801.19 
 
 226.98 
 
 
 4.610 
 
 5.3130 
 
 9-23 
 
 28.997 
 
 66.910 
 
 2.4164 
 
 802.92 
 
 227.47 
 
 356.27 
 
 4.6i5 . 
 
 5.3246 
 
 9-24 
 
 29.028 
 
 67.055 
 
 2.4190 
 
 804.66 
 
 227.96 
 
 357.81 
 
 4.620 
 
 5.3361 
 
 9-25 
 
 29.060 
 
 67 . 201 
 
 2.4216 
 
 806.41 
 
 228.46 
 
 359-37 
 
 4.625 
 
 5-3477 
 
 9.26 
 
 29.091 
 
 67.346 
 
 2.4243 
 
 808.15 
 
 228.95 
 
 360.92 
 
 4.630 
 
 5-3592 
 
 9.27 
 
 29.123 
 
 67.492 
 
 2.4269 
 
 809.90 
 
 229.44 
 
 362.48 
 
 4.635 
 
 5.3708 
 
 9.28 
 
 29.154 
 
 67.637 
 
 2.4295 
 
 811.65 
 
 229.94 
 
 364-05 
 
 4.640 
 
 5-3824 
 
 9.29 
 
 29.185 
 
 67.783 
 
 2.4321 
 
 813.40 
 
 230-44 
 
 365-62 
 
 4 645 
 
 5-3940 
 
 9-30 
 
 29.217 
 
 67.929 
 
 2-4347 
 
 815-15 
 
 230.93 
 
 367.20 
 
 4.650 
 
 5-4056 
 
 9-31 
 
 29.248 
 
 68.075 
 
 2-4374 
 
 816.90 
 
 23L43 
 
 368.78 
 
 4.655 
 
 5-4173 
 
 9-32 
 
 29.280 
 
 68.222 
 
 2.4400 
 
 818.66 
 
 231.93 
 
 370.37 
 
 4.660 
 
 5.4289 
 
 9-33 
 
 29.311 
 
 68.368 
 
 2.4426 
 
 820.42 
 
 232.42 
 
 37L96 
 
 4-665 
 
 5.4406 
 
 9-34 
 
 29.342 
 
 68.515 
 
 2.4452 
 
 822.18 
 
 232.92 
 
 373.56 
 
 4.670 
 
 5-4522 
 
 9-35 
 
 29-374 
 
 68.661 
 
 2.4478 
 
 823.94 
 
 233.42 
 
 375.16 
 
 4.675 
 
 5.4639 
 
 9.36 
 
 29.405 
 
 68.808 
 
 2.4504 
 
 825.70 
 
 233.92 
 
 376.77 
 
 4.680 
 
 5.4756 
 
 9-37 
 
 29-437 
 
 68.956 
 
 2.4531 
 
 827.47 
 
 234.42 
 
 378.38 
 
 4-685 
 
 5-4*73 
 
 9-38 
 
 29.468 
 
 69.103 
 
 2.4557 
 
 829.23 
 
 234-92 
 
 380.00 
 
 4.690 
 
 5-4990 
 
 9-39 
 
 29.500 
 
 69.250 
 
 2.4583 
 
 831.00 
 
 235.42 
 
 381.62 
 
 4.695 
 
 5.5108 
 
 9.40 
 
 29.531 
 
 69.398 
 
 2.4609 
 
 832.77 
 
 235.92 
 
 383.25 
 
 4.700 
 
 5.5225 
 
 9 41 
 
 29.562 
 
 69.546 
 
 2.4635 
 
 834-55 
 
 236.43 
 
 384.88 
 
 4.705 
 
 5-5343 
 
 9-42 
 
 29-594 
 
 69.693 
 
 2 . 4662 
 
 836.32 
 
 236.93 
 
 386.52 
 
 4.710 
 
 5.546o 
 
 9 43 
 
 29.625 
 
 69.841 
 
 2.4688 
 
 838.10 
 
 237-43 
 
 388.17 
 
 4.715 
 
 5.5578 
 
 9-44 
 
 29.657 
 
 69.990 
 
 2.4714 
 
 839.88 
 
 237-94 
 
 389-81 
 
 4.720 
 
 5.5696 
 
 9-45 
 
 29.688 
 
 70.138 
 
 2.4740 
 
 841.66 
 
 238.44 
 
 391-47 
 
 4.725 
 
 5.5814 
 
 9.46 
 
 29.719 
 
 70.287 
 
 2.4766 
 
 843.44 
 
 238.95 
 
 393-13 
 
 4-730 
 
 5-5932 
 
 9-47 
 
 29.751 
 
 70.435 
 
 2.4792 
 
 845.22 
 
 239-45 
 
 394-79 
 
 4-735 
 
 5 6051 
 
 9.48 
 
 29.782 
 
 70.584 
 
 2.4819 
 
 847.01 
 
 239.96 
 
 396.46 
 
 4-740 
 
 5.6169 
 
 9-49 
 
 29.814 
 
 70.733 
 
 2.4845 
 
 848.80 
 
 240.46 
 
 398.14 
 
 4-745 
 
 5.6288 
 
 9-50 
 
 29.845 
 
 70.882 
 
 2.4871 
 
 850.59 
 
 240.97 
 
 399-82 
 
 4-750 
 
 5.6406 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 443 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 9. 50 inches 
 10. OO inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 R? t and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 si 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 ll 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of . 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 Q .s 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 9-50 
 
 29.845 
 
 70-882 
 
 2.4871 
 
 850.59 
 
 240.97 
 
 399.82 
 
 4-750 
 
 5.6406 
 
 9-51 
 
 29.877 
 
 71.031 
 
 2.4897 
 
 852.38 
 
 241.48 
 
 401.51 
 
 4-755 
 
 5-6525 
 
 9-52 
 
 29.908 
 
 71.181 
 
 2.4923 
 
 854.17 
 
 241.99 
 
 403.20 
 
 4.76o 
 
 5.6644 
 
 9-53 
 
 29-939 
 
 7I-33I 
 
 2.4949 
 
 855.97 
 
 242.50 
 
 404.89 
 
 4.765 
 
 5.6763 
 
 9-54 
 
 29.971 
 
 71.480 
 
 2.4976 
 
 857.76 
 
 243.00 
 
 406.60 
 
 4.770 
 
 5.6882 
 
 9-55 
 
 30.002 
 
 71-630 
 
 2.5002 
 
 859.56 
 
 243.51 
 
 408.30 
 
 4-775 
 
 5-7002 
 
 9.56 
 
 30.034 
 
 71.780 
 
 2.5028 
 
 861.36 
 
 244.02 
 
 410.02 
 
 4.78o 
 
 5-7I2I 
 
 9-57 
 
 30.065 
 
 7L93I 
 
 2.5054 
 
 863.17 
 
 244-54 
 
 411.74 
 
 4.785 
 
 5.7241 
 
 9.58 
 
 30.096 
 
 72.081 
 
 2.5080 
 
 864.97 
 
 245.05 
 
 413.46 
 
 4-790 
 
 5.736o 
 
 9-59 
 
 30. 128 
 
 72.232 
 
 2.5107 
 
 866.78 
 
 245.56 
 
 4I5.I9 
 
 4-795 
 
 5.748o 
 
 9.60 
 
 30.159 
 
 72-382 
 
 2.5133 
 
 868.59 
 
 246.07 
 
 416.92 
 
 4.800 
 
 5.7600 
 
 9.61 
 
 30.191 
 
 72.533 
 
 2.5159 
 
 870.40 
 
 246.58 
 
 418.66 
 
 4.805 
 
 5.7720 
 
 9.62 
 
 30.222 
 
 72.684 
 
 2.5185 
 
 872.21 
 
 247.10 
 
 420.41 
 
 4.810 
 
 5.7840 
 
 9.63 
 
 30.254 
 
 72.835 
 
 2.5211 
 
 874.02 
 
 247.61 
 
 422 . 16 
 
 4.815 
 
 5.7961 
 
 ?.64 
 
 30.285 
 
 72.987 
 
 2.5237 
 
 875.84 
 
 248.13 
 
 423.91 
 
 4.820 
 
 5.8081 
 
 9.65 
 
 30.316 1 73.138 
 
 2.5264 
 
 877-66 
 
 248.64 
 
 425.68 
 
 4-825 
 
 5.8202 
 
 9.66 30.348 
 
 73.290 
 
 2.5290 
 
 879.48 
 
 249.16 
 
 427.44 
 
 4.830 
 
 5.8322 
 
 9.67 30.379 
 
 73-442 
 
 2.5316 
 
 881.30 
 
 249.67 
 
 429.22 
 
 4.835 
 
 5.8443 
 
 9.68 
 
 30.411 
 
 73-594 
 
 2.5342 
 
 883.12 
 
 250.19 
 
 430.99 
 
 4.840 
 
 5.8564 
 
 9-69 30.442 
 
 73.746 
 
 2.5368 
 
 884.95 
 
 250.71 
 
 432.78 
 
 4.845 
 
 5.8685 
 
 9.70 30-473 
 
 73.898 
 
 2.5395 
 
 886.78 
 
 251.22 
 
 434-57 
 
 4.850 
 
 5.8806 
 
 9.71 
 
 30.505 
 
 74-051 
 
 2.5421 
 
 888.61 
 
 251 74 
 
 436.36 
 
 4-855 
 
 5.8928 
 
 9.72 
 
 30.536 
 
 74.203 
 
 2.5447 
 
 890.44 
 
 252.26 
 
 438.16 
 
 4.860 
 
 5.9049 
 
 9-73 
 
 30.568 
 
 74.356 
 
 2.5473 
 
 892.27 
 
 252.78 
 
 439-97 
 
 4-865 
 
 5.9I7I 
 
 9-74 
 
 30.599 
 
 74.509 
 
 2.5499 
 
 894.11 
 
 253-30 
 
 441.78 
 
 4.870 
 
 5.9292 
 
 9-75 
 
 30.631 
 
 74-662 
 
 2.5525 
 
 895.94 
 
 253.82 
 
 443.6o 
 
 4.875 
 
 5.9414 
 
 9.76 30.662 
 
 74.815 
 
 2.5552 
 
 897.78 
 
 254-34 
 
 445-42 
 
 4.880 
 
 5.9536 
 
 9-77! 30.693 
 
 74.969 
 
 2.5578 
 
 899-62 
 
 254-86 
 
 447-25 
 
 4-885 
 
 5.9658 
 
 9.78 
 
 30.725 
 
 75-122 
 
 2.5604 
 
 901.46 
 
 255-39 
 
 449.o8 
 
 4.890 
 
 5.978o 
 
 9-79 
 
 30.756 
 
 75.276 
 
 2.5630 
 
 903.31 
 
 255.91 
 
 450.92 
 
 4.895 
 
 5-9903 
 
 9.80 
 
 30.788 
 
 75.430 
 
 2.5656 
 
 905.16 
 
 256.43 
 
 452.77 
 
 4.900 
 
 6.0025 
 
 9.81 
 
 30.819 
 
 75.584 
 
 2.5683 
 
 907.00 
 
 256.95 
 
 454.62 
 
 4-905 
 
 6.0148 
 
 9.82 
 
 30.850 
 
 75.738 
 
 2.5709 
 
 908.85 
 
 257.48 
 
 456-47 
 
 4.910 
 
 6.0270 
 
 9.83 
 
 30.882 
 
 75.892 
 
 2.5735 
 
 910.71 
 
 258.00 
 
 458.34 
 
 4.915 
 
 6.0393 
 
 9.8 4 
 
 30.913 
 
 76.047 
 
 2.5761 
 
 912.56 
 
 258.53 
 
 460.20 
 
 4.920 
 
 6.0516 
 
 9-85 
 
 30-945 
 
 76.201 
 
 2.5787 
 
 914.42 
 
 259-05 
 
 462.08 
 
 4.925 
 
 6.0639 
 
 9.86 
 
 30.976 
 
 76.356 
 
 2.5813 
 
 916.27 
 
 259.58 
 
 463.96 
 
 4-930 
 
 6.0762 
 
 9.87 
 
 31.008 
 
 76.511 
 
 2.5840 
 
 918.13 
 
 260.11 
 
 465.84 
 
 4-935 
 
 6.0886 
 
 9.88 
 
 31.039 
 
 76.666 
 
 2.5866 
 
 919.99 
 
 260.63 
 
 467.73 
 
 4-940 
 
 6.1009 
 
 9-89 
 
 31.070 
 
 76.821 
 
 2.5892 
 
 921.86 
 
 261 . 16 
 
 469.63 
 
 4-945 
 
 6. H33 
 
 9.90 
 
 31 . 102 
 
 76.977 
 
 2.5918 
 
 923.72 
 
 261.69 
 
 471-53 
 
 4-950 
 
 6 . 1256 
 
 9-91 
 
 31 133 
 
 77.132 
 
 2.5944 
 
 925.59 
 
 262.22 
 
 473-44 
 
 4-955 
 
 6.1380 
 
 9.92 
 
 31 165 
 
 77.288 
 
 2.5970 
 
 927.46 
 
 262.75 
 
 475-35. 
 
 4.960 
 
 6.1504 
 
 9-93 
 
 31.196 
 
 77-444 
 
 2.5997 
 
 929.33 
 
 263.28 
 
 477-27 
 
 4.965 
 
 6.1628 
 
 9-94 
 
 31.227 
 
 77.600 
 
 2.6023 
 
 931.20 
 
 263.81 
 
 479-20 
 
 4.970 
 
 6.1752 
 
 9-95 
 
 31.259 
 
 77.756 
 
 2.6049 
 
 933-08 
 
 264.34 
 
 481 . 13 
 
 4-975 
 
 6.1877 
 
 9.96 
 
 31.290 
 
 77.913 
 
 2.6075 
 
 934-95 
 
 264.87 
 
 483.07 
 
 4-980 
 
 6.2OOI 
 
 9-97 
 
 31.322 
 
 78.069 
 
 2.6101 
 
 936.83 
 
 265.40 
 
 485.01 
 
 4.985 
 
 6.2126 
 
 9.98 
 
 3L353 
 
 78.226 
 
 2.6128 
 
 938.71 
 
 265.94 
 
 486.96 
 
 4-990 
 
 6.2250 
 
 9-99 
 
 3L385 
 
 78.383 
 
 2.6154 
 
 940.59 
 
 266.47 
 
 488.91 
 
 4-995 
 
 6.2375 
 
 10.00 
 
 3I.4I6 
 
 78.540 
 
 2. 6l8o 
 
 942.48 
 
 267.00 
 
 490.87 
 
 5.000 
 
 6.2500 
 
 
444 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 10.00 inches 
 
 10. 5O inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 .R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 dl 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 
 Radius 
 
 sj 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Q'3 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 J& 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 31.416 
 
 78.540 
 
 2.6180 
 
 942.48 
 
 267.00 
 
 490.87 
 
 5.000 
 
 6.2500 
 
 IO.OI 
 
 31-447 
 
 78.697 
 
 2.6206 
 
 944.36 
 
 267.54 
 
 492.84 
 
 5.005 
 
 6.2625 
 
 IO.O2 
 
 31-479 
 
 78.854 
 
 2 . 6232 
 
 946.25 
 
 268.07 
 
 494-Si 
 
 5.010 
 
 6.2750 
 
 10.03 
 
 3i.5io 
 
 79.012 
 
 2.6258 
 
 948.14 
 
 268.61 
 
 496.79 
 
 5.015 
 
 6.2876 
 
 10.04 
 
 31.542 
 
 79.169 
 
 2.6285 
 
 950.03 
 
 269.14 
 
 498.78 
 
 5.020 
 
 6.3001 
 
 10.05 
 
 31.573 
 
 79-327 
 
 2.63H 
 
 951-93 
 
 269.68 
 
 500.77 
 
 5.025 
 
 6.3127 
 
 10. 06 
 
 31.604 
 
 79.485 
 
 2.6337 
 
 953-82 
 
 270.22 
 
 502.76 
 
 5.030 
 
 6.3252 
 
 10.07 
 
 31.636 
 
 79.643 
 
 2.6363 
 
 955-72 
 
 270.76 
 
 504.76 
 
 5-035 
 
 6.3378 
 
 10.08 
 
 31.667 
 
 79.801 
 
 2.6389 
 
 957.62 
 
 271 . 29 
 
 506.8 
 
 5.040 
 
 6.3504 
 
 10.09 
 
 31.699 
 
 79.960 
 
 2.6416 
 
 959-52 
 
 271.83 
 
 508.8 
 
 5-045 
 
 6.3630 
 
 10.10 
 
 31.730 
 
 80.118 
 
 2.6442 
 
 961.42 
 
 272.37 
 
 510.8 
 
 5.050 
 
 6.3756 
 
 IO.II 
 
 31.762 
 
 80.277 
 
 2.6468 
 
 963.33 
 
 272.91 
 
 512.8 
 
 5-055 
 
 6.3883 
 
 10.12 
 
 31-793 
 
 80.436 
 
 2.6494 
 
 965.23 
 
 273-45 
 
 514.9 
 
 5.o6o 
 
 6.4009 
 
 10.13 
 
 31.824 
 
 8o.595 
 
 2.6520 
 
 967.14 
 
 273-99 
 
 516.9 
 
 5.065 
 
 6.4136 
 
 10.14 
 
 31-856 
 
 8o.754 
 
 2.6546 
 
 969.05 
 
 274-53 
 
 518.9 
 
 5.070 
 
 6.420 
 
 IO.I5 
 
 31.887 
 
 80.914 
 
 2.6573 
 
 970.96 
 
 275.07 
 
 521.0 
 
 5-075 
 
 6.4389 
 
 10.16 
 
 31.919 
 
 81 .073 
 
 2.6599 
 
 972.88 
 
 275.62 
 
 523.1 
 
 5.080 
 
 6.4516 
 
 10.17 
 
 31.950 
 
 81.233 
 
 2.6625 
 
 974-79 
 
 276.16 
 
 525.1 
 
 5.085 
 
 6.4643 
 
 10.18 
 
 31.981 
 
 81.393 
 
 2.6651 
 
 976.71 
 
 276.70 
 
 527.2 
 
 5.090 
 
 6.4770 
 
 10.19 
 
 32.013 
 
 81.553 
 
 2.6677 
 
 978.63 
 
 277.25 
 
 529.3 
 
 5.095 
 
 6.4898 
 
 IO.20 
 
 32.044 
 
 8i.7i3 
 
 2.6704 
 
 980.55 
 
 277.79 
 
 531-3 
 
 5.100 
 
 6.5025 
 
 IO.2I 
 
 32.076 
 
 81.873 
 
 2.6730 
 
 982.48 
 
 278.34 
 
 533-4 
 
 5.105 
 
 6.5153 
 
 IO.22 
 
 32.107 
 
 82.034 
 
 2.6756 
 
 984.40 
 
 278.88 
 
 535-5 
 
 5. no 
 
 6.5280 
 
 10.23 
 
 32.138 
 
 82.194 
 
 2.6782 
 
 986.33 
 
 279-43 
 
 537-6 
 
 5.II5. 
 
 6.5408 | 
 
 IO.24 
 
 32.170 
 
 82.355 
 
 2.6808 
 
 988.26 
 
 279.97 
 
 539-7 
 
 5-120 
 
 6.5536 ! 
 
 10.25 
 
 32.201 
 
 82.516 
 
 2.6834 
 
 990.19 
 
 280.52 
 
 541-8 
 
 5.125 
 
 6.5664 j 
 
 IO.26 
 
 32.233 
 
 82.677 
 
 2.6861 
 
 992.12 
 
 281.07 
 
 544.0 
 
 5.130 
 
 6.5792 
 
 10.27 
 
 32.264 
 
 82.838 
 
 2.6887 
 
 994.06 
 
 281 . 62 
 
 546.1 
 
 5.135 
 
 6.5921 
 
 10, 28 
 
 32.296 
 
 83.000 
 
 2.6913 
 
 996.00 
 
 282.17 
 
 548.2 
 
 5.140 
 
 6.6049 
 
 10.29 
 
 32.327 
 
 83.161 
 
 2.6939 
 
 997-93 
 
 282.71 
 
 550.3 
 
 5-145 
 
 6.6178 
 
 10.30 
 
 32.358 
 
 83-323 
 
 2.6965 
 
 999.87 
 
 283.26 
 
 552.5 
 
 5.150 
 
 6.6306 
 
 10.31 
 
 32.390 
 
 83.485 
 
 2.6992 
 
 1001.82 
 
 283.81 
 
 554-6 
 
 5.155 
 
 6.6435 
 
 10.32 
 
 32.421 
 
 83 647 
 
 2.7018 
 
 1003 . 76 
 
 284.37 
 
 556.8 
 
 5-i6o 
 
 6.6564 
 
 10.33 
 
 32.453 
 
 83.809 
 
 2.7044 
 
 1005 . 71 
 
 284.92 
 
 558.9 
 
 5.165 
 
 6.6693 
 
 10.34 
 
 32.484 
 
 83-971 
 
 2.7070 
 
 1007 . 66 
 
 285.47 
 
 561.1 
 
 5.170 
 
 6.6822 
 
 10.35 
 
 32.515 
 
 84.134 
 
 2.7096 
 
 1009.61 
 
 286.02 
 
 563.3 
 
 5-175 
 
 6.6952 
 
 10.36 
 
 32.547 
 
 84.296 
 
 2.7122 
 
 1011.56 
 
 286.57 
 
 565.5 
 
 5.180 
 
 6.7081 
 
 10.37 
 
 32.578 
 
 84.459 
 
 2.7149 
 
 1013.51 
 
 287.13 
 
 567.7 
 
 5.185 
 
 6.7211 
 
 10.38 
 
 32.610 
 
 84.622 
 
 2.7175 
 
 1015.47 
 
 287.68 
 
 569-8 
 
 5.190 
 
 6.7340 
 
 10.39 
 
 32.641 
 
 84-785 
 
 2.7201 
 
 1017.42 
 
 288.24 
 
 572.0 
 
 5-195 
 
 6.7470 
 
 10.40 
 
 32.673 
 
 84.949 
 
 2.7227 
 
 1019.38 
 
 288.79 
 
 574-3 
 
 5.200 
 
 6.7600 
 
 10.41 
 
 32.704 
 
 85.112 
 
 2.7253 
 
 1021.35 
 
 289.35 
 
 576.5 
 
 5.205 
 
 6.7730 
 
 10.42 
 
 32.735 
 
 85.276 
 
 2.7279 
 
 1023.31 
 
 289.90 
 
 578.7 
 
 5-210 
 
 6.7860 
 
 10.43 
 
 32.767 
 
 85.439 
 
 2.7306 
 
 1025.27 
 
 290.46 
 
 580.9 
 
 5.215 
 
 6.7991 
 
 10.44 
 
 32.798 
 
 85.603 
 
 2.7332 
 
 1027.24 
 
 291.02 
 
 583.1 
 
 5-220 
 
 6.8121 
 
 10.45 
 
 32.830 
 
 85-767 
 
 2.7358 
 
 1029.21 
 
 291.57 
 
 585.4 
 
 5-225 
 
 6.8252 
 
 10.46 
 
 32.861 
 
 85.932 
 
 2.7384 
 
 1031 . 18 
 
 292.13 
 
 587.6 
 
 5.230 
 
 6.8382 
 
 10.47 
 
 32.892 
 
 86.096 
 
 2.7410 
 
 1033.15 
 
 292.69 
 
 589.9 
 
 5-235 
 
 6.8513 
 
 10.48 
 
 32.924 
 
 86.261 
 
 2.7437 
 
 1035.13 
 
 293.25 
 
 592.1 
 
 5.240 
 
 6.8644 
 
 10.49 
 
 32.955 
 
 86.425 
 
 2.7463 
 
 1037.10 
 
 293.81 
 
 594-4 
 
 5-245 
 
 6.8775 
 
 10.50 
 
 32.987 
 
 86.590 
 
 2.7489 
 
 1039.08 
 
 294-37 
 
 596.7 
 
 5.250 
 
 6.8906 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 445 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) }9'ooJSch es 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 3 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 .11 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Q'ja 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 0.50 
 
 32.987 
 
 86.590 
 
 2.7489 
 
 1039.08 
 
 294.37 
 
 596.7 
 
 5.250 
 
 6.8906 
 
 0.51 
 
 33 018 
 
 86.755 
 
 2.7515 
 
 1041.06 
 
 294-93 
 
 598.9 
 
 5-255 
 
 6.9038 
 
 0.52 
 
 33 050 
 
 86.920 
 
 2.7541 
 
 1043.04 
 
 295-49 
 
 601.2 
 
 5.260 
 
 6.9169 
 
 0.53 
 
 33 081 
 
 87.086 
 
 2.7567 
 
 1045.03 
 
 296.06 
 
 603.5 
 
 5-265 
 
 6.9301 
 
 o.54 
 
 33.H2 
 
 87-251 
 
 2.7594 
 
 1047.01 
 
 296.62 
 
 605.8 
 
 5.270 
 
 6.9432 
 
 0.55 
 
 33.144 
 
 87.417 
 
 2 . 7620 
 
 1049.00 
 
 297.18 
 
 608. i 
 
 5-275 
 
 6.9564 
 
 0.56 
 
 33-175 
 
 87-583 
 
 2 . 7646 
 
 1050.99 
 
 297-75 
 
 610.4 
 
 5.280 
 
 6.9696 
 
 0.57 
 
 33-207 
 
 87.749 
 
 2.7672 
 
 1052.98 
 
 298.31 
 
 612.7 
 
 5-285 
 
 6.9828 
 
 0.58 
 
 33.238 
 
 87.915 
 
 2.7698 
 
 1054.98 
 
 298.87 
 
 615.1 
 
 5.290 
 
 6.9960 
 
 0.59 
 
 33 269 
 
 88.081 
 
 2.7725 
 
 1056.97 
 
 299-44 
 
 617.4 
 
 5.295 
 
 7.0093 
 
 0.60 
 
 33-301 
 
 88.247 
 
 2.7751 
 
 1058.97 
 
 300.01 
 
 619.7 
 
 5-300 
 
 7 0225 
 
 0.61 
 
 33-332 
 
 88.414 
 
 2.7777 
 
 1060 . 97 
 
 300.57 
 
 622.1 
 
 5.305 
 
 7.0358 
 
 0.62 
 
 33.364 
 
 88.581 
 
 2.7803 
 
 1063.0 
 
 301 . 14 
 
 624.4 
 
 5-310 
 
 7.0490 
 
 0.63 
 
 33-395 
 
 88.748 
 
 2.7829 
 
 1065.0 
 
 301.71 
 
 626.8 
 
 5.315 
 
 7.0623 
 
 0.64 
 
 33.427 
 
 88.915 
 
 2.7855 
 
 1067.0 
 
 302.27 
 
 629.1 
 
 5-320 
 
 7.0756 
 
 0.65 
 
 33.458 
 
 89.082 
 
 2.7882 
 
 1069.0 
 
 302.84 
 
 631.5 
 
 5.325 
 
 7.0889 
 
 0.66 
 
 33.489 
 
 89.249 
 
 2.7908 
 
 1071.0 
 
 303.41 
 
 633.9 
 
 5-330 
 
 7.1022 
 
 0.67 
 
 33.521 
 
 89.417 
 
 2.7934 
 
 1073.0 
 
 303.98 
 
 636.2 
 
 5-335 
 
 7.1156 
 
 0.68 
 
 33-552 
 
 89.584 
 
 2.7960 
 
 1075.0 
 
 304-55 
 
 638.6 
 
 5-340 
 
 7.1289 
 
 0.69 
 
 33.584 
 
 89.752 
 
 2.7986 
 
 1077.0 
 
 305.12 
 
 641.0 
 
 5-345 
 
 7.1423 
 
 0.70 
 
 33 615 
 
 89.920 
 
 2.8013 
 
 1079.0 
 
 305-69 
 
 643.4 
 
 5-350 
 
 7.1556 
 
 0.71 
 
 33.646 
 
 90.088 
 
 2.8039 
 
 1081.1 
 
 306.26 
 
 645.8 
 
 5-355 
 
 7.1690 
 
 0.72 
 
 33 678 
 
 90.257 
 
 2.8065 
 
 1083.1 
 
 306.84 
 
 648.3 
 
 5.36o 
 
 7.1824 
 
 0.73 
 
 33-709 
 
 90.425 
 
 2.8091 
 
 1085.1 
 
 307.41 
 
 650.7 
 
 5.365 
 
 7.1958 
 
 0.74 
 
 33-741 
 
 90.594 
 
 2.8117 
 
 1087.1 
 
 307.98 
 
 653.1 
 
 5-370 
 
 7.2092 
 
 0.75 
 
 33-772 
 
 90.763 
 
 2.8143 
 
 1089.2 
 
 308.56 
 
 655.5 
 
 5-375 
 
 7.2227 
 
 0.76 
 
 33.804 
 
 90.932 
 
 2.8170 
 
 1091.2 
 
 309.13 
 
 658.0 
 
 5.38o 
 
 7.2361 
 
 0.77 
 
 33-835 
 
 91.101 
 
 2.8196 
 
 1093.2 
 
 309.71 
 
 660.4 
 
 5.385 
 
 7.2496 
 
 0.78 
 
 33.866 
 
 91.270 
 
 2.8222 
 
 1095.2 
 
 310.28 
 
 662.9 
 
 5-390 
 
 7.2630 
 
 o.79 
 
 33.898 
 
 91-439 
 
 2.8248 
 
 1097-3 
 
 310.86 
 
 665.4 
 
 5-395 
 
 7.2765 
 
 0.80 
 
 33.929 
 
 91.609 
 
 2.8274 
 
 1099-3 
 
 311-43 
 
 667.8 
 
 5-400 
 
 7.2900 
 
 0.81 
 
 33.961 
 
 91.779 
 
 2.8301 
 
 HOI. 3 
 
 312.01 
 
 670.3 
 
 5.405 
 
 7.3035 
 
 0.82 
 
 33-992 
 
 91.948 
 
 2.8327 
 
 1103.4 
 
 312.59 
 
 672.8 
 
 5-410 
 
 7.3170 
 
 0.83 
 
 34.023 
 
 92.118 
 
 2.8353 
 
 1105.4 
 
 313.17 
 
 675.3 
 
 5.415 
 
 7.3306 
 
 0.84 
 
 34-055 
 
 92.289 
 
 2.8379 
 
 1107.5 
 
 313.74 
 
 677-8 
 
 5-420 
 
 7-3441 
 
 0.85 
 
 34-086 
 
 92.459 
 
 2.8405 
 
 1109.5 
 
 314.32 
 
 680.3 
 
 5.425 
 
 7-3577 
 
 0.86 
 
 34.H8 
 
 92.630 
 
 2.8431 
 
 IIII. 6 
 
 314.90 
 
 682.8 
 
 5-430 
 
 7-3712 
 
 0.87 
 
 34-149 
 
 92.800 
 
 2.8458 
 
 1113.6 
 
 315.48 
 
 685.3 
 
 5-435 
 
 7.3848 
 
 0.88 
 
 34 181 
 
 92.971 
 
 2.8484 
 
 1115.7 
 
 316.06 
 
 687.8 
 
 5-440 
 
 7.3984 
 
 0.89 
 
 34-212 
 
 93.142 
 
 2.8510 
 
 1117.7 
 
 316.65 
 
 690.4 
 
 5-445 
 
 7.4120 
 
 0.90 
 
 34.243 
 
 93.313 
 
 2.8536 
 
 1119.8 
 
 317.23 
 
 692.9 
 
 5-450 
 
 7.4256 
 
 0.91 
 
 34-275 
 
 93.484 
 
 2.8562 
 
 II2I.8 
 
 3I7.8I 
 
 695.5 
 
 5-455 
 
 7-4393 
 
 0.92 
 
 34.306 
 
 93.656 
 
 2.8588 
 
 1123.9 
 
 318.39 
 
 698.0 
 
 5.460 
 
 7.4529 
 
 0.93 
 
 34-338 
 
 93.828 
 
 2.8615 
 
 1125.9 
 
 318.98 
 
 700.6 
 
 5.465 
 
 7.4666 
 
 0.94 
 
 34.369 
 
 93-999 
 
 2.8641 
 
 1128.0 
 
 319.56 
 
 703.1 
 
 5-470 
 
 7.4802 
 
 0-95 
 
 34-400 
 
 94.171 
 
 2.8667 
 
 1130.1 
 
 320.14 
 
 705.7 
 
 5-475 
 
 7-4939 
 
 0.96 
 
 34-432 
 
 94-343 
 
 2.8693 
 
 1132.1 
 
 320.73 
 
 708.3 
 
 5.48o 
 
 7.5076 
 
 10.97 
 
 34.463 
 
 94.516 
 
 2.8719 
 
 1134.2 
 
 321.31 
 
 710.9 
 
 5.485 
 
 7.5213 
 
 10.98 
 
 34-495 
 
 94.688 
 
 2.8746 
 
 1136.3 
 
 321.90 
 
 713-5 
 
 5-490 
 
 7-5350 
 
 10.99 
 
 34.526 
 
 94.860 
 
 2.8772 
 
 1138.3 
 
 322.49 
 
 716.1 
 
 5-495 
 
 7.5488 
 
 11.00 
 
 34-558 
 
 95.033 
 
 2.8798 
 
 1140.4 
 
 323.07 
 
 718.7 
 
 5-500 
 
 7.5625 
 
 
446 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 11-00 } nc es 
 
 11.5O Inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R?, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 P 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 in 
 
 Area 
 cross 
 section 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 of 
 
 inot-f 10 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 to farth- 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 P a 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 JK* 
 
 11.00 
 
 34-558 
 
 95-033 
 
 2.8798 
 
 1140.4 
 
 323.07 
 
 718.7 
 
 5-500 
 
 7.5625 
 
 II. OI 
 
 34.589 
 
 95.206 
 
 2.8824 
 
 1142.5 
 
 323.66 
 
 721.3 
 
 5-505 
 
 7.5763 - 
 
 II 02 
 
 34 620 
 
 95-379 
 
 2.8850 
 
 H44-5 
 
 324.25 
 
 723.9 
 
 5-Sio 
 
 7-5900 
 
 II.O3 
 
 34.652 
 
 95-552 
 
 2.8876 
 
 1146.6 
 
 324.84 
 
 726.6 
 
 5.515 
 
 7-6038 
 
 11.04 
 
 34.683 
 
 95.726 
 
 2.8903 
 
 1148.7 
 
 325.43 
 
 729.2 
 
 5-520 
 
 7.6176 
 
 II.O5 
 
 34-715 
 
 95.899 
 
 2.8929 
 
 1150.8 
 
 326.02 
 
 731-8 
 
 5.525 
 
 7-6314 
 
 II. 06 
 
 34.746 
 
 96.073 
 
 2.8955 
 
 1152.9 
 
 326.61 
 
 734-5 
 
 5-530 
 
 7.6452 
 
 II.O7 
 
 34-777 
 
 96.247 
 
 2.8981 
 
 H55- o 
 
 327.20 
 
 737-2 
 
 5-535 
 
 7.6591 
 
 II.08 
 
 34.809 
 
 96.421 
 
 2.9007 
 
 II57-0 
 
 327.79 
 
 739-8 
 
 5-540 
 
 7.6729 
 
 II.O9 
 
 34.840 
 
 96.595 
 
 2.9034 
 
 1159.1 
 
 328.38 
 
 742.5 
 
 5-545 
 
 7.6868 
 
 II. 10 
 
 34.872 
 
 96.769 
 
 2.9060 
 
 1161.2 
 
 328.98 
 
 745-2 
 
 5-550 
 
 7.7006 
 
 II. II 
 
 34.903 
 
 96.943 
 
 2.9086 
 
 1163.3 
 
 329.57 
 
 747-9 
 
 5-555 
 
 7.7145 
 
 II. 12 
 
 34-935 
 
 97.118 
 
 2.9112 
 
 1165.4 
 
 33o.i6 
 
 750.6 
 
 5.56o 
 
 7.7284 
 
 II. 13 
 
 34.966 
 
 97-293 
 
 2.9138 
 
 1167.5 
 
 330.76 
 
 753-3 
 
 5.565 
 
 7.7423 
 
 II. 14 
 
 34 997 
 
 97-468 
 
 2.9164 
 
 1169.6 
 
 331-35 
 
 756.0 
 
 5-570 
 
 7.7562 
 
 II. 15 
 
 35-029 
 
 97.643 
 
 2.9191 
 
 1171.7 
 
 331-95 
 
 758.7 
 
 5 575 
 
 7.7702 
 
 II. 16 
 
 35.o6o 
 
 97.818 
 
 2.9217 
 
 1173.8 
 
 332.54 
 
 761.4 
 
 5.58o 
 
 7.7841 
 
 11.17 
 
 35.092 
 
 97-993 
 
 2.9243 
 
 1 175 --9 
 
 333-14 
 
 764.2 
 
 5.585 
 
 7.7981 
 
 11.18 
 
 35-123 
 
 98.169 
 
 2.9269 
 
 1178.0 
 
 333-73 
 
 766.9 
 
 5-590 
 
 7.8120 
 
 11. 19 
 
 35-154 
 
 98.344 
 
 2.9295 
 
 1180.1 
 
 334-33 
 
 769.6 
 
 5-595 
 
 7.8260 
 
 11.20 
 
 35-186 
 
 98.520 
 
 2.9322 
 
 1182.2 
 
 334-93 
 
 772.4 
 
 5.6oo 
 
 7.8400 
 
 II. 21 
 
 35-217 
 
 98.696 
 
 2.9348 
 
 1184.4 
 
 335-53 
 
 775-2 
 
 5.605 
 
 7.8540 
 
 11.22 
 
 35-249 
 
 98.873 
 
 2.9374 
 
 1186.5 
 
 336.13 
 
 777-9 
 
 5.6io 
 
 7.8680 
 
 11.23 
 
 35.28o 
 
 99-049 
 
 2.9400 
 
 1188.6 
 
 336.73 
 
 780.7 
 
 5.615 
 
 7.8821 
 
 11.24 
 
 35-312 
 
 99-225 
 
 2.9426 
 
 1190.7 
 
 337-33 
 
 783.5 
 
 5.620 
 
 7.8961 
 
 11.25 
 
 35-343 
 
 99-402 
 
 2.9452 
 
 1192.8 
 
 337-93 
 
 786.3 
 
 5.625 
 
 7.9102 
 
 11.26 
 
 35-374 
 
 99-579 
 
 2.9479 
 
 II94-9 
 
 338.53 
 
 789.1 
 
 5-630 
 
 7.9242 
 
 11.27 
 
 35.4o6 
 
 99.756 
 
 2.9505 
 
 II97-I 
 
 339-13 
 
 791.9 
 
 5.635 
 
 7.9383 
 
 11.28 
 
 35-437 
 
 99.933 
 
 2.9531 
 
 1199.2 
 
 339-73 
 
 794-7 
 
 5-640 
 
 7-9524 
 
 11.29 
 
 35.469 
 
 100. 110 
 
 2.9557 
 
 1201 . 3 
 
 340.33 
 
 797-5 
 
 5.645 
 
 7.966s 
 
 11.30 
 
 35-500 
 
 100.287 
 
 2.9583 
 
 1203.4 
 
 340.94 
 
 800.4 
 
 5-650 
 
 7.9806 
 
 11.31 
 
 35-531 
 
 100.465 
 
 2.9610 
 
 1205.6 
 
 341-54 
 
 803.2 
 
 5.655 
 
 7.9948 
 
 11.32 
 
 35.563 
 
 100.643 
 
 2.9636 
 
 1207.7 
 
 342.15 
 
 806.0 
 
 5.66o 
 
 8.0089 
 
 11.33 
 
 35-594 
 
 100.821 
 
 2.9662 
 
 1209.8 
 
 342.75 
 
 808.9 
 
 5-665 
 
 8.0231 
 
 11.34 
 
 35.626 
 
 100.999 
 
 2.9688 
 
 I2I2.0 
 
 343.36 
 
 811.8 
 
 5.670 
 
 8.0372 
 
 11.35 
 
 35.657 
 
 101.177 
 
 2.9714 
 
 I2I4.I 
 
 343.96 
 
 814.6 
 
 5-675 
 
 8.0514 
 
 11.36 
 
 35-688 
 
 101.355 
 
 2.9740 
 
 I2I6.3 
 
 344-57 
 
 817.5 
 
 5.68o 
 
 8.0656 
 
 H.37 
 
 35-720 
 
 101.534 
 
 2.9767 
 
 I2I8.4 
 
 345-17 
 
 820.4 
 
 5.685 
 
 8.0798 
 
 11.38 
 
 35-751 
 
 101 . 713 
 
 2.9793 
 
 1220.6 
 
 345.78 
 
 823.3 
 
 5.690 
 
 8.0940 
 
 11.39 
 
 35.783 
 
 101.891 
 
 2.9819 
 
 1222.7 
 
 346.39 
 
 826.2 
 
 5.695 
 
 8.1083 
 
 11.40 
 
 35.814 
 
 102.070 
 
 2.9845 
 
 1224.8 
 
 347-00 
 
 829.1 
 
 5.700 
 
 8.1225 
 
 11.41 
 
 35.846 
 
 102 . 249 
 
 2.9871 
 
 1227.0 
 
 347-61 
 
 832.0 
 
 5-705 
 
 8.1368 
 
 11.42 
 
 35.877 
 
 102.429 
 
 2.9897 
 
 I229.I 
 
 348.22 
 
 834.9 
 
 5-710 
 
 8.1510 
 
 11-43 
 
 35.908 
 
 102.608 
 
 2.9924 
 
 I23I.3 
 
 348.83 
 
 837-8 
 
 5-715 
 
 8.1653 
 
 11.44 
 
 35-940 
 
 102.788 
 
 2.9950 
 
 1233-5 
 
 349-44 
 
 840.8 
 
 5.720 
 
 8.1796 
 
 11.45 
 
 35-971 
 
 102.968 
 
 2.9976 
 
 1235-6 
 
 350.05 
 
 843.7 
 
 5-725 
 
 8.1939 
 
 11.46 
 
 36.003 
 
 103.148 
 
 3.0002 
 
 1237-8 
 
 350.66 
 
 846.7 
 
 5-730 
 
 8.2082 
 
 11.47 
 
 36.034 
 
 103.328 
 
 3.0028 
 
 1239-9 
 
 351.27 
 
 849.6 
 
 5-735 
 
 8.2226 
 
 11.48 
 
 36.065 
 
 103.508 
 
 3-0055 
 
 I242.I 
 
 351.89 
 
 852.6 
 
 5-740 
 
 8.2369 
 
 11.49 
 
 36.097 
 
 103.688 
 
 3.0081 
 
 1244-3 
 
 352.50 
 
 855-6 
 
 5-745 
 
 8.2513 
 
 H.50 
 
 36.128 
 
 103.869 
 
 3-0107 
 
 1246.4 
 
 353.ii 
 
 858.5 
 
 5-750 
 
 8.2656 j 
 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 447 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 1 |-gO j^hes 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 ii 
 
 Circum- 
 erence 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 rom axis 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 
 11 
 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 Q .2 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 /?2 
 
 11.50 
 
 36.128 
 
 103.869 
 
 3.0107 
 
 1246.4 
 
 353-11 
 
 858.5 
 
 5-750 
 
 8.2656 
 
 11.51 
 
 36.160 
 
 104.050 
 
 3.0133 
 
 1248.6 
 
 353-73 
 
 861.5 
 
 5-755 
 
 8.2800 
 
 11.52 
 
 36.191 
 
 104.231 
 
 3-0159 
 
 1250.8 
 
 354-34 
 
 864.5 
 
 5.760 
 
 8.2944 
 
 H.53 
 
 36.223 
 
 104.412 
 
 3.0185 
 
 1252.9 
 
 354.96 
 
 867.5 
 
 5-765 
 
 8.3088 
 
 11-54 
 
 36.254 
 
 104-593 
 
 3.0212 
 
 1255.1 
 
 355-57 
 
 870.6 
 
 5-770 
 
 8.3232 
 
 H.55 
 
 36.285 
 
 104.774 
 
 3.0238 
 
 1257.3 
 
 356.19 
 
 873.6 
 
 5-775 
 
 8.3377 
 
 11.56 
 
 36.317 
 
 104.956 
 
 3.0264 
 
 1259.5 
 
 356.81 
 
 876.6 
 
 5.78o 
 
 8.3521 
 
 H.57 
 
 36.348 
 
 105.137 
 
 3.0290 
 
 1261.6 
 
 357-42 
 
 879-6 
 
 5.785 
 
 8.3666 
 
 11.58 
 
 36.380 
 
 105.319 
 
 3.0316 
 
 1263.8 
 
 358.04 
 
 882.7 
 
 5.790 
 
 8.3810 
 
 H.59 
 
 36.411 
 
 105.501 
 
 3.0343 
 
 1266.0 
 
 358.66 
 
 885.7 
 
 5-795 
 
 8.3955 
 
 ii. 60 
 
 36.442 
 
 105.083 
 
 3.0369 
 
 1268.2 
 
 359-28 
 
 888.8 
 
 5.8oo 
 
 8.4100 
 
 n. 61 
 
 36.474 
 
 105.865 
 
 3-0395 
 
 1270.4 
 
 359-90 
 
 891.9 
 
 5.805 
 
 8.4245 
 
 11.62 
 
 36.505 
 
 106.048 
 
 3.0421 
 
 1272.6 
 
 360.52 
 
 894.9 
 
 5.8io 
 
 8.4390 
 
 11.63 
 
 36.537 
 
 106.231 
 
 3-0447 
 
 1274.8 
 
 36i . 14 
 
 898.0 
 
 5.815 
 
 8.4536 
 
 11.64 
 
 36.568 
 
 106.413 
 
 3-0473 
 
 1277.0 
 
 361 . 76 
 
 901.1 
 
 5.820 
 
 8.4681 
 
 11.65 
 
 36.600 
 
 106.596 
 
 3.0500 
 
 1279.2 
 
 362.38 
 
 904.2 
 
 5.825 
 
 8.4827 
 
 11.66 
 
 36.631 
 
 106.779 
 
 3.0526 
 
 1281.4 
 
 363-01 
 
 907.3 
 
 5.830 
 
 8.4972 
 
 11.67 
 
 36.662 
 
 106.963 
 
 3.0552 
 
 1283.6 
 
 363.63 
 
 910.4 
 
 5.835 
 
 8.5118 
 
 11.68 
 
 36.694 
 
 107.146 
 
 3.0578 
 
 1285.8 
 
 364.25 
 
 913.6 
 
 5.840 
 
 8.5264 
 
 11.69 
 
 36.725 
 
 107.329 
 
 3.0604 
 
 1288.0 
 
 364.88 
 
 916.7 
 
 5.845 
 
 8.5410 
 
 11.70 
 
 36.757 
 
 107.513 
 
 3.0631 
 
 I2OO.2 
 
 365.50 
 
 919.8 
 
 5.850 
 
 8.5556 
 
 11.71 
 
 36.788 
 
 107.697 
 
 3.0657 
 
 1292.4 
 
 366.13 
 
 923-0 
 
 5.855 
 
 8-5703 
 
 11.72 
 
 36.819 
 
 107.881 
 
 3.0683 
 
 1294.6 
 
 366.75 
 
 926.1 
 
 5.86o 
 
 8.5849 
 
 H.73 
 
 36.851 
 
 108.065 
 
 3.0709 
 
 1296.8 
 
 367.38 
 
 929.3 
 
 5-865 
 
 8.5996 
 
 n. 74 
 
 36.882 
 
 108 . 250 
 
 3-0735 
 
 1299-0 
 
 368.01 
 
 932.5 
 
 5.870 
 
 8.6142 
 
 H.75 
 
 36.914 
 
 108.434 
 
 3.0761 
 
 1301 . 2 
 
 368.63 
 
 935-7 
 
 5.875 
 
 8.6289 
 
 11.76 
 
 36.945 
 
 108.619 
 
 3.0788 
 
 1303.4 
 
 369.26 
 
 938.9 
 
 5.88o 
 
 8.6436 
 
 11.77 
 
 36.977 
 
 108.803 
 
 3.0814 
 
 1305.6 
 
 369.89 
 
 942.1 
 
 5-885 
 
 8.6583 
 
 11.78 
 
 37.oo8 
 
 108.988 
 
 3.0840 
 
 1307.9 
 
 370.52 
 
 945-3 
 
 5.890 
 
 8.6730 
 
 H-79 
 
 37-039 
 
 109.174 
 
 3.0866 
 
 I3IO.I 
 
 37LI5 
 
 948.5 
 
 5.895 
 
 8.6878 
 
 il.8o 
 
 37-071 
 
 109-359 
 
 3.0892 
 
 I3I2.3 
 
 37L78 
 
 951-7 
 
 5-900 
 
 8.7025 
 
 II.8I 
 
 37.102 
 
 109.544 
 
 3.0919 
 
 I3I4.5 
 
 372.41 
 
 954-9 
 
 5.905 
 
 8.7173 
 
 11.82 
 
 37.134 
 
 109.730 
 
 3-0945 
 
 I3I6.8 
 
 373-04 
 
 958.2 
 
 5-910 
 
 8.7320 
 
 11.83 
 
 37.165 
 
 109.916 
 
 3.0971 
 
 I3I9.0 
 
 373.67 
 
 961.4 
 
 5.915 
 
 8.7468 
 
 11.84 
 
 37.196 
 
 IIO. 102 
 
 3-0997 
 
 1321 . 2 
 
 374-30 
 
 964.7 
 
 5.920 
 
 8.7616 
 
 11.85 
 
 37.228 
 
 110.288 
 
 3.1023 
 
 1323.5 
 
 374-93 
 
 967.9 
 
 5.925 
 
 8.7764 
 
 11.86 
 
 37-259 
 
 H0.474 
 
 3-1049 
 
 1325.7 
 
 375.57 
 
 971.2 
 
 5-930 
 
 8.7912 
 
 11.87 
 
 37.291 
 
 110.660 
 
 3.1076 
 
 1327.9 
 
 376.20 
 
 974-5 
 
 5-935 
 
 8. 8061 
 
 11.88 
 
 37-322 
 
 110.847 
 
 3 1 102 
 
 1330.2 
 
 376.83 
 
 977-8 
 
 5 940 
 
 8.8209 
 
 11.89 
 
 37-354 
 
 in. 033 
 
 3.1128 
 
 1332.4 
 
 377-47 
 
 981.1 
 
 5-945 
 
 8.8358 
 
 11.90 
 
 37.385 
 
 III. 220 
 
 3.1154 
 
 1334-6 
 
 378.10 
 
 984.4 
 
 5.950 
 
 8.8506 
 
 11.91 
 
 37.4i6 
 
 III.407 
 
 3.1180 
 
 1336.9 
 
 378.74 
 
 987.7 
 
 5-955 
 
 8.8655 
 
 11.92 
 
 37.448 
 
 HI. 594 
 
 3.1206 
 
 1339 I 
 
 379.38 
 
 991.0 
 
 5.96o 
 
 8.8804 
 
 11-93 
 
 37-479 
 
 111.782 
 
 3-1233 
 
 I34L4 
 
 380.01 
 
 994-3 
 
 5.965 
 
 8.8953 
 
 H.94 
 
 37-511 
 
 111.969 
 
 3-1259 
 
 1343-6 
 
 380.65 
 
 997-7 
 
 5-970 
 
 8.9102 
 
 11.95 
 
 37-542 
 
 112. 157 
 
 3.1285 
 
 1345-9 
 
 381.29 
 
 IOOI.O 
 
 5-975 
 
 8.9252 
 
 11.96 
 
 37-573 
 
 H2.345 
 
 3.I3H 
 
 I348.I 
 
 381.93 
 
 1004.4 
 
 5.98o 
 
 8.9401 
 
 11.97 
 
 37-605 
 
 H2.533 
 
 3-1337 
 
 1350.4 
 
 382.57 
 
 1007.7 
 
 5.985 
 
 8.9551 
 
 11.98 
 
 37.636 
 
 112.721 
 
 3.1364 
 
 1352.6 
 
 383-21 
 
 ion. i 
 
 5-990 
 
 8.9700 
 
 H-99 
 
 37-668 
 
 112.909 
 
 3.1390 
 
 1354.9 
 
 383.85 
 
 1014.5 
 
 5-995 
 
 8.9850 
 
 12.00 
 
 37.699 
 
 113.097 
 
 3.I4I6 
 
 1357-2 
 
 384.49 
 
 1017.9 
 
 6.000 
 
 9.0000 
 
 
448 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 12. 00 inches 
 12. 50 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 R z , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 _! 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 
 Radius 
 
 .2 g 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of . 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 P' 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 b 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 12.00 
 
 37.699 
 
 113.097 
 
 3.1416 
 
 1357-2 
 
 384.49 
 
 1017.9 
 
 6.000 
 
 9.0000 
 
 12. OI 
 
 37-731 
 
 113.286 
 
 3.1442 
 
 1359-4 
 
 385.13 
 
 021.3 
 
 6.005 
 
 9.0150 
 
 12.02 
 
 37.762 
 
 113-475 
 
 3.1468 
 
 1361.7 
 
 385.77 
 
 024.7 
 
 6.010 
 
 9.0300 
 
 I2.O3 
 
 37-793 
 
 113.664 
 
 3.1494 
 
 1364.0 
 
 386.41 
 
 028.1 
 
 6.015 
 
 9.0451 
 
 12.04 
 
 37.825 
 
 113.853 
 
 3.1521 
 
 1366.2 
 
 387.05 
 
 031.5 
 
 6.020 
 
 9.0601 
 
 12.05 
 
 37.856 
 
 114.042 
 
 3-1547 
 
 1368.5 
 
 387.70 
 
 034.9 
 
 6.025 
 
 9.0752 
 
 12. 06 
 
 37-888 
 
 114.231 
 
 3-1573 
 
 1370.8 
 
 388.34 
 
 038.4 
 
 6.030 
 
 9.0902 
 
 12.07 
 
 37.919 
 
 114.421 
 
 3-1599 
 
 1373-0 
 
 388.98 
 
 1041.8 
 
 6.035 
 
 9-1053 1 
 
 12. 08 
 
 37-950 
 
 114.610 
 
 3.1625 
 
 1375-3 
 
 389.63 
 
 1045.3 
 
 6.040 
 
 9.1204 
 
 12.09 
 
 37.982 
 
 114.800 
 
 3.1652 
 
 1377-6 
 
 390.27 
 
 1048.8 
 
 6.045 
 
 9-1355 
 
 12.10 
 
 38.013 
 
 114.990 
 
 3.1678 
 
 1379-9 
 
 390.92 
 
 1052.2 
 
 6.050 
 
 9-1506 
 
 12. II 
 
 38.045 
 
 115.180 
 
 3.1704 
 
 1382.2 
 
 391-57 
 
 1055.7 
 
 6.055 
 
 9 1658 
 
 12.12 
 
 38.076 
 
 115.371 
 
 3.1730 
 
 1384.4 
 
 392.21 
 
 1059.2 
 
 6.060 
 
 9.1809 
 
 12.13 
 
 38.108 
 
 115.561 
 
 3.1756 
 
 1386.7 
 
 392.86 
 
 1062.7 
 
 6.065 
 
 9.1961 
 
 12.14 
 
 38.139 
 
 115.752 
 
 3.1782 
 
 1389.0 
 
 393-51 
 
 1066.2 
 
 6.070 
 
 9.2112 
 
 12.15 
 
 38.170 
 
 115.942 
 
 3.1809 
 
 I39L3 
 
 394-16 
 
 1069.7 
 
 6.075 
 
 9.2264 
 
 i 12:16 
 
 38.202 
 
 116.133 
 
 3.1835 
 
 1393 6 
 
 394 81 
 
 1073.3 
 
 6.080 
 
 9.2416 
 
 12.17 
 
 38.233 
 
 116.324 
 
 3.1861 
 
 1395-9 
 
 395.46 
 
 1076.8 
 
 6.085 
 
 9.2568 
 
 12.18 
 
 38.265 
 
 116.516 
 
 3.1887 
 
 1398.2 
 
 396.11 
 
 1080.3 
 
 6.090 
 
 9.2720 
 
 12.19 
 
 38.296 
 
 116.707 
 
 3.1913 
 
 1400.5 
 
 396.76 
 
 1083.9 
 
 6.095 
 
 9.2873 
 
 12.20 
 
 38.327 
 
 116.899 
 
 3.1940 
 
 1402.8 
 
 397-41 
 
 1087.5 
 
 6.100 
 
 9.3025 
 
 12.21 
 
 38.359 
 
 117.090 
 
 3.1966 
 
 1405.1 
 
 398.o6 
 
 1091.0 
 
 6.105 
 
 9.3178 
 
 12.22 
 
 38.390 
 
 117.282 
 
 3.1992 
 
 1407.4 
 
 398.71 
 
 1094.6 
 
 6.110 
 
 9-3330 
 
 12.23 
 
 38.422 
 
 117-474 
 
 3.2018 
 
 1409.7 
 
 399-37 
 
 1098.2 
 
 6.115 
 
 9.3483 
 
 12.24 
 
 38.453 
 
 117.666 
 
 3.2044 
 
 1412.0 
 
 400.02 
 
 1101.8 
 
 6.I2O 
 
 9.3636 
 
 12.25 
 
 38.485 
 
 117.859 
 
 3.2070 
 
 I4I4.3 
 
 400.67 
 
 1105.4 
 
 6.125 
 
 9.3789 
 
 12.26 
 
 38.516 
 
 118.051 
 
 3.2097 
 
 1416.6 
 
 401.33 
 
 1109.0 
 
 6.130 
 
 9-3942 
 
 12.27 
 
 38.547 
 
 118.244 
 
 3.2123 
 
 1418.9 
 
 401.98 
 
 III2.6 
 
 6.135 
 
 9.4096 
 
 12.28 
 
 38.579 
 
 118.437 
 
 3.2149 
 
 1421.2 
 
 402.64 
 
 1116.3 
 
 6.140 
 
 9.4249 
 
 12.29 
 
 38.610 
 
 118.630 
 
 3-2175 
 
 1423-6 
 
 403.29 
 
 1119.9 
 
 6.145 
 
 9.4403 
 
 12.30 
 
 38 642 
 
 118.823 
 
 3.2201 
 
 1425.9 
 
 403.95 
 
 1123.5 
 
 6.150 
 
 9.4556 
 
 12.31 
 
 38.673 
 
 119.016 
 
 3.2228 
 
 1428.2 
 
 404.61 
 
 1127.2 
 
 6.155 
 
 9.4710 
 
 12.32 
 
 38.704 
 
 119.210 
 
 3.2254 
 
 1430.5 
 
 405.27 
 
 1130.9 
 
 6.160 
 
 9.4864 
 
 12.33 
 
 38.736 
 
 119.403 
 
 3.2280 
 
 1432.8 
 
 405.92 
 
 1134.5 
 
 6.165 
 
 9.5018 
 
 12.34 
 
 38.767 
 
 119-597 
 
 3.2306 
 
 1435.2 
 
 406.58 
 
 1138.2 
 
 6.170 
 
 9.5172 
 
 12.35 
 
 38.799 
 
 119.791 
 
 3.2332 
 
 1437-5 
 
 407.24 
 
 1141.9 
 
 6.175 
 
 9.5327 
 
 12.36 
 
 38.830 
 
 119.985 
 
 3-2358 
 
 1439.8 
 
 407.90 
 
 1145.6 
 
 6.180 
 
 9.5481 
 
 12.37 
 
 38.862 
 
 120.179 
 
 3-2385 
 
 1442.2 
 
 408.56 
 
 1149.3 
 
 6.185 
 
 9-5636 
 
 12.38 
 
 38 893 
 
 120.374 
 
 3.2411 
 
 1444 5 
 
 409.22 
 
 1153.1 
 
 6.190 
 
 9-5790 
 
 12.39 
 
 38.924 
 
 120.568 
 
 3-2437 
 
 1446.8 
 
 409.88 
 
 1156.8 
 
 6.195 
 
 9 5945 
 
 12.40 
 
 38.956 
 
 120.763 
 
 3.2463 
 
 1449-2 
 
 410.55 
 
 1160.5 
 
 6.200 
 
 9.6100 
 
 12.41 
 
 38.987 
 
 120.958 
 
 3.2489 
 
 I45I-5 
 
 411.21 
 
 1164.3 
 
 6.205 
 
 9 6255 
 
 12.42 
 
 39-019 
 
 121. 153 
 
 3.2515 
 
 1453-8 
 
 411.87 
 
 1168.0 
 
 6.210 
 
 9.6410 
 
 12.43 
 
 39-050 
 
 121.348 
 
 3.2542 
 
 1456.2 
 
 412.53 
 
 1171.8 
 
 6.215 
 
 9 6566 
 
 12-44 
 
 39.o8i 
 
 121.543 
 
 3-2568 
 
 1458.5 
 
 413.20 
 
 1175.6 
 
 6.220 
 
 9.6721 
 
 12.45 
 
 39.H3 
 
 121.739 
 
 3-2594 
 
 1460.9 
 
 413.86 
 
 1179.4 
 
 6.225 
 
 9.6877 
 
 12.46 
 
 39 144 
 
 121.934 
 
 3.2620 
 
 1463.2 
 
 414.53 
 
 1183.2 
 
 6.230 
 
 9.7032 
 
 12.47 
 
 39.176 
 
 122.130 
 
 3.2646 
 
 1465.6 
 
 415.19 
 
 1187.0 
 
 6.235 
 
 9.7188 
 
 12.48 
 
 39-207 
 
 122.326 
 
 3.2673 
 
 1467.9 
 
 415.86 
 
 1190.8 
 
 6.240 
 
 9-7344 
 
 12.49 
 
 39.238 
 
 122.522 
 
 3.2699 
 
 1470.3 
 
 416.53 
 
 1194.6 
 
 6.245 
 
 9.7500 
 
 12.50 
 
 39.270 
 
 122.718 
 
 3.2725 
 
 1472.6 
 
 417.19 
 
 1198.4 
 
 6.250 
 
 9.7656 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 449 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 12.50 inches 
 13. 00 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 Rt, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 w 
 
 si 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 1.1 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 Q'S 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 12.50 
 
 39.270 
 
 122.718 
 
 3.2725 
 
 1472.6 
 
 417.19 
 
 1198.4 
 
 6.250 
 
 9.7656 
 
 12.51 
 
 39-301 
 
 122.915 
 
 3-2751 
 
 1475-0 
 
 417-86 
 
 1202.3 
 
 6.255 
 
 9.7813 
 
 12.52 
 
 39-333 
 
 123.111 
 
 3-2777 
 
 1477-3 
 
 418.53 
 
 1206. i 
 
 6.260 
 
 9.7969 
 
 12.53 
 
 39.364 
 
 123.308 
 
 3.2803 
 
 1479-7 
 
 419.20 
 
 I2IO.O 
 
 6.265 
 
 9.8126 
 
 12.54 
 
 39.396 
 
 123.505 
 
 3 2830 
 
 1482.1 
 
 419.87 
 
 I2I3.8 
 
 6.270 
 
 9.8282 
 
 12.55 
 
 39.427 
 
 123 . 702 
 
 3.2856 
 
 1484 . 4 
 
 420.54 
 
 I2I7.7 
 
 6.275 
 
 9 8439 
 
 12.56 
 
 39.458 
 
 123 . 899 
 
 3 . 2882 
 
 1486 . 8 
 
 421.21 
 
 I22I.6 
 
 6.280 
 
 9.8596 
 
 12.57 
 
 39-490 
 
 124.097 
 
 3-2908 
 
 1489.2 
 
 421.88 
 
 1225.5 
 
 6.285 
 
 9-8753 
 
 12.58 
 
 39-521 
 
 124.294 
 
 3-2934 
 
 I49I.5 
 
 422.55 
 
 1229.4 
 
 6.290 
 
 9.8910 
 
 12.59 
 
 39-553 
 
 124.492 
 
 3.2961 
 
 1493 9 
 
 423.22 
 
 1233-3 
 
 6.295 
 
 9.9068 
 
 12.60 
 
 39.584 
 
 124.690 
 
 3-2987 
 
 1496.3 
 
 423.90 
 
 1237.2 
 
 6.300 
 
 9.9225 
 
 12. 6l 
 
 39.615 
 
 124.888 
 
 3 3013 
 
 1498.7 
 
 424.57 
 
 I24I.2 
 
 6.305 
 
 9.9383 
 
 12.62 
 
 39.647 
 
 125.086 
 
 3.3039 
 
 1501.0 
 
 425.24 
 
 I245.I 
 
 6.310 
 
 9-9540 
 
 12.63 
 
 39.678 
 
 125.284 
 
 3.3065 
 
 1503.4 
 
 425.92 
 
 I249.I 
 
 6.315 
 
 9.9698 
 
 12.64 
 
 39-710 
 
 125.483 
 
 3.3091 
 
 1505.8 
 
 426.59 
 
 1253-0 
 
 6.320 
 
 9.9856 
 
 12.65 
 
 39-741 
 
 125.681 
 
 3.3H8 
 
 1508.2 
 
 427.27 
 
 1257-0 
 
 6.325 
 
 10.0014 
 
 12.66 
 
 39-773 
 
 125.880 
 
 3.3144 
 
 I5I0.6 
 
 427.94 
 
 I26l.O 
 
 6.330 
 
 10.0172 
 
 12.67 
 
 39.804 
 
 126.079 
 
 3.3170 
 
 I5I2.9 
 
 428.62 
 
 I265.O 
 
 6.335 
 
 0.0331 
 
 12.68 
 
 39-835 
 
 126 . 278 
 
 3.3196 
 
 I5I5.3 
 
 429-30 
 
 1269.0 
 
 6.340 
 
 0.0489 
 
 12.69 
 
 39.867 
 
 126.477 
 
 3-3222 
 
 I5I7.7 
 
 429.97 
 
 1273-0 
 
 6.345 
 
 0.0648 
 
 12.70 
 
 39.898 
 
 126.677 
 
 3.3249 
 
 1520.1 
 
 430.65 
 
 1277.0 
 
 6.350 
 
 0.0806 
 
 12.71 
 
 39-930 
 
 126.876 
 
 3.3275 
 
 1522.5 
 
 431-33 
 
 I28I.O 
 
 6.355 
 
 0.0965 
 
 12.72 
 
 39.961 
 
 127.076 
 
 3-3301 
 
 1524.9 
 
 432.01 
 
 1285.0 
 
 6.360 
 
 0.1124 
 
 12.73 
 
 39-992 
 
 127.276 
 
 3.3327 
 
 1527.3 
 
 432.69 
 
 I289.I 
 
 6.365 
 
 0.1283 
 
 12.74 
 
 40.024 
 
 127.476 
 
 3-3353 
 
 1529.7 
 
 433-37 
 
 I293-I 
 
 6.370 
 
 0.1442 
 
 12.75 
 
 40.055 
 
 127 . 68 
 
 3-3379 
 
 I532.I 
 
 434-05 
 
 1297.2 
 
 6-375 
 
 0.1602 
 
 12.76 
 
 40.087 
 
 127.88 
 
 3.3406 
 
 1534-5 
 
 434-73 
 
 I30I.3 
 
 6.380 
 
 0.1761 
 
 12.77 
 
 40.118 
 
 128.08 
 
 3-3432 
 
 1536.9 
 
 435-41 
 
 1305.4 
 
 6.385 
 
 0.1921 
 
 12.78 
 
 40.150 
 
 128.28 
 
 3-3458 
 
 1539-3 
 
 436.09 
 
 1309.5 
 
 6.390 
 
 0.2080 
 
 12.79 
 
 40.181 
 
 128.48 
 
 3.3484 
 
 I54L7 
 
 436.78 
 
 I3I3.6 
 
 6-395 
 
 0.2240 
 
 12.80 
 
 40.212 
 
 128.68 
 
 3-3510 
 
 1544-2 
 
 437.46 
 
 I3I7.7 
 
 6.400 
 
 0.2400 
 
 12. 8l 
 
 40.244 
 
 128.88 
 
 3-3537 
 
 1546.6 
 
 438.14 
 
 I32I.8 
 
 6.405 
 
 0.2560 
 
 12.82 
 
 40.275 
 
 129.08 
 
 3.3563 
 
 1549-0 
 
 438.83 
 
 1325.9 
 
 6.410 
 
 10.2720 
 
 12.83 
 
 40.307 
 
 129.28 
 
 3.3589 
 
 I55I-4 
 
 439-51 
 
 I330.I 
 
 6.415 
 
 10.2881 
 
 12.84 
 
 40.338 
 
 129.49 
 
 3.3615 
 
 1553-8 
 
 440 . 20 
 
 1334-2 
 
 6.420 
 
 10.3041 
 
 12.85 
 
 40.369 
 
 129.69 
 
 3.3641 
 
 1556.2 
 
 440.88 
 
 1338.4 
 
 6.425 
 
 10.3202 
 
 12.86 
 
 40.401 
 
 129.89 
 
 3.3667 
 
 1558.7 
 
 441-57 
 
 1342.6 
 
 6.430 
 
 10.3362 
 
 12.87 
 
 40.432 
 
 130.09 
 
 3.3694 
 
 1561 . I 
 
 442.26 
 
 1346.7 
 
 6.435 
 
 10.3523 
 
 12.88 
 
 40.464 
 
 130.29 
 
 3.3720 
 
 1563.5 
 
 442.94 
 
 1350.9 
 
 6.440 
 
 10.3684 
 
 12.89 
 
 40-495 
 
 130.50 
 
 3.3746 
 
 1565.9 
 
 443.63 
 
 I355-I 
 
 6-445 
 
 10.3845 
 
 12.90 
 
 40.527 
 
 130.70 
 
 3-3772 
 
 1568.4 
 
 444 32 
 
 1359-3 
 
 6.450 
 
 10.4006 
 
 12.91 
 
 40.558 
 
 130.90 
 
 3.3798 
 
 1570.8 
 
 445-01 
 
 1363.6 
 
 6.455 
 
 10.4168 
 
 12.92 
 
 40.589 
 
 131.10 
 
 3.3824 
 
 1573.2 
 
 445-70 
 
 1367.8 
 
 6.460 
 
 10.4329 
 
 12.93 
 
 40.621 
 
 131.31 
 
 3.3851 
 
 1575-7 
 
 446.39 
 
 1372.0 
 
 6.465 
 
 10.4491 
 
 12.94 
 
 40.652 
 
 131.51 
 
 3.3877 
 
 I578.I 
 
 447.08 
 
 1376.3 
 
 6.470 
 
 10.4652 
 
 12.95 
 
 40.684 
 
 131.71 
 
 3.3903 
 
 1580.6 
 
 447-77 
 
 1380.5 
 
 6.475 
 
 10.4814 
 
 12.96 
 
 40.715 
 
 131.92 
 
 3.3929 
 
 1583.0 
 
 448.46 
 
 1384.8 
 
 6.480 
 
 10.4976 
 
 12.97 
 
 40.746 
 
 132.12 
 
 3-3955 
 
 1585.4 
 
 449.16 
 
 I389.I 
 
 6.485 
 
 10.5138 
 
 12.98 
 
 40.778 
 
 132.32 
 
 3.3982 
 
 1587.9 
 
 449.85 
 
 1393-4 
 
 6.490 
 
 10.5300 
 
 12.99 
 
 40.809 
 
 132.53 
 
 3.4008 
 
 1590.3 
 
 450.54 
 
 1397-7 
 
 6.495 
 
 10.5463 
 
 13-00 
 
 40.841 
 
 132.73 
 
 3.4034 
 
 1592.8 
 
 451 . 24 
 
 I402.O 
 
 6.500 
 
 10.5625 
 
 
450 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 13.00 inches 
 13. 50 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 R?, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 el 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 
 Area 
 cross 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 11 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 Q 2 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 R 2 
 
 13.00 
 
 40.841 
 
 132.73 
 
 3.4034 
 
 1592.8 
 
 451-24 
 
 1402.0 
 
 6.500 
 
 0.5625 
 
 13.01 
 
 40.872 
 
 132.94 
 
 3.4060 
 
 1595-2 
 
 451-93 
 
 1406.3 
 
 6.505 
 
 0.5788 
 
 13.02 
 
 40.904 
 
 133.14 
 
 3.4086 
 
 1597-7 
 
 452.63 
 
 1410.6 
 
 6.510 
 
 o.595o 
 
 13.03 
 
 40-935 
 
 133-35 
 
 3.4112 
 
 1600. i 
 
 453-32 
 
 1415.0 
 
 6.515 
 
 0.6113 
 
 13.04 
 
 40.966 
 
 133-55 
 
 3.4139 
 
 1602.6 
 
 454-02 
 
 1419.3 
 
 6.520 
 
 0.6276 
 
 13.05 
 
 40.998 
 
 133.76 
 
 3.4165 
 
 1605.1 
 
 454.71 
 
 1423.7 
 
 6.525 
 
 0.6439 
 
 13.06 
 
 41.029 
 
 133.96 
 
 3.4I9I 
 
 1607.5 
 
 455-41 
 
 1428.0 
 
 6.530 
 
 0.6602 
 
 13.07 
 
 41.061 
 
 134-17 
 
 3.4217 
 
 1610.0 
 
 456.11 
 
 1432.4 
 
 6.535 
 
 0.6766 
 
 13.08 
 
 41.092 
 
 134-37 
 
 3.4243 
 
 1612.5 
 
 456.81 
 
 1436.8 
 
 6.540 
 
 0.6929 
 
 13.09 
 
 41.123 
 
 134.58 
 
 3.4270 
 
 1614.9 
 
 457-51 
 
 1441.2 
 
 6.545 
 
 0.7093 
 
 13.10 
 
 4LI55 
 
 134.78 
 
 3.4296 
 
 1617.4 
 
 458.21 
 
 1445.6 
 
 6.550 
 
 0.7256 
 
 13.11 
 
 41.186 
 
 134.99 
 
 3-4322 
 
 1619.9 
 
 458.91 
 
 1450.0 
 
 6.555 
 
 0.7420 
 
 13 12 
 
 41.218 
 
 I35-I9 
 
 3.4348 
 
 1622.3 
 
 459.6i 
 
 1454-5 
 
 6.560 
 
 0.7584 
 
 13.13 
 
 41.249 
 
 135.40 
 
 3-4374 
 
 1624.8 
 
 460.31 
 
 1458.9 
 
 6.565 
 
 0.7748 
 
 13.14 
 
 41.281 
 
 I35.6i 
 
 3-4400 
 
 1627.3 
 
 461.01 
 
 1463.4 
 
 6.570 
 
 0.7912 
 
 13.15 
 
 41.312 
 
 I35.8I 
 
 3.4427 
 
 1629.8 
 
 46i . 71 
 
 1467.8 
 
 6.575 
 
 0.8077 
 
 I3.I6 
 
 41-343 
 
 136.02 
 
 3-4453 
 
 1632.2 
 
 462.41 
 
 1472.3 
 
 6.580 
 
 0.8241 
 
 I3-I7 
 
 41.375 
 
 136.23 
 
 3-4479 
 
 1634.7 
 
 463.12 
 
 1476.8 
 
 6.585 
 
 0.8406 
 
 13.18 
 
 41.406 
 
 136.43 
 
 3-4505 
 
 1637.2 
 
 463.82 
 
 1481.3 
 
 6.590 
 
 0.8570 
 
 13.19 
 
 4L438 
 
 136.64 
 
 3-4531 
 
 1639.7 
 
 464 52 
 
 1485.8 
 
 6.595 
 
 0.8735 
 
 13-20 
 
 41.469 
 
 136.85 
 
 3-4558 
 
 1642.2 
 
 465.23 
 
 1490.3 
 
 6.600 
 
 0.8900 
 
 13-21 
 
 41.500 
 
 137.06 
 
 3.4584 
 
 1644.7 
 
 465.93 
 
 1494-8 
 
 6.605 
 
 0.9065 
 
 13-22 
 
 4L532 
 
 137.26 
 
 3.4610 
 
 1647.2 
 
 466.64 
 
 1499-3 
 
 6.610 
 
 0.9230 
 
 13.23 
 
 41-563 
 
 137-47 
 
 3.4636 
 
 1649.6 
 
 467.34 
 
 1503.9 
 
 6.615 
 
 0.9396 
 
 13.24 
 
 41-595 
 
 137.68 
 
 3-4662 
 
 1652.1 
 
 468.05 
 
 1508.4 
 
 6.620 
 
 10.9561 
 
 13.25 
 
 41.626 
 
 137-89 
 
 3.4688 
 
 1654.6 
 
 468.76 
 
 1513-0 
 
 6.625 
 
 10.9727 
 
 13.26 
 
 41.658 
 
 138.09 
 
 3.4715 
 
 1657.1 
 
 469.47 
 
 1517-6 
 
 6.630 
 
 10.9892 
 
 13.27 
 
 41.689 
 
 138.30 
 
 3-4741 
 
 1659.6 
 
 470.18 
 
 1522.1 
 
 6.635 
 
 11.0058 
 
 13.28 
 
 41.720 
 
 138.51 
 
 3.4767 
 
 1662.1 
 
 470.88 
 
 1526.7 
 
 6.640 
 
 11.0224 
 
 13.29 
 
 4L752 
 
 138.72 
 
 3-4793 
 
 1664.6 
 
 471-59 
 
 I53I-3 
 
 6.645 
 
 11.0390 
 
 13.30 
 
 41.783 
 
 138.93 
 
 3.4819 
 
 1667.1 
 
 472.30 
 
 1535-9 
 
 6.650 
 
 11.0556 
 
 13.31 
 
 41.815 
 
 I39-I4 
 
 3.4845 
 
 1669.7 
 
 473-01 
 
 1540.6 
 
 6.655 
 
 11.0723 
 
 13-32 
 
 41.846 
 
 139-35 
 
 3.4872 
 
 1672.2 
 
 473-72 
 
 1545.2 
 
 6.660 
 
 11.0889 
 
 13-33 
 
 41.877 
 
 139.56 
 
 3.4898 
 
 1674.7 
 
 474-44 
 
 1549-9 
 
 6.665 
 
 11.1056 
 
 13-34 
 
 41.909 
 
 139-77 
 
 3.4924 
 
 1677.2 
 
 475-15 
 
 1554-5 
 
 6.670 
 
 I I. 1222 
 
 13-35 
 
 41.940 
 
 139.98 
 
 3-4950 
 
 1679.7 
 
 475-86 
 
 1559-2 
 
 6.675 
 
 11.1389 
 
 13.36 
 
 41.972 
 
 140.19 
 
 3.4976 
 
 1682.2 
 
 476.57 
 
 1563.8 
 
 6.680 
 
 11.1556 
 
 13-37 
 
 42.003 
 
 140.40 
 
 3.5003 
 
 1684.7 
 
 477-29 
 
 1568.5 
 
 6.685 
 
 11.1723 
 
 13.38 
 
 42.035 
 
 140.61 
 
 3.5029 
 
 1687.3 
 
 478.00 
 
 1573-2 
 
 6.690 
 
 II.I890 
 
 13-39 
 
 42.066 
 
 140.82 
 
 3.5055 
 
 1689.8 
 
 478.72 
 
 1578.0 
 
 6.695 
 
 11.2058 
 
 13.40 
 
 42.097 
 
 141-03 
 
 3.5o8i 
 
 1692.3 
 
 479-43 
 
 1582.7 
 
 6.700 
 
 11.2225 
 
 13.41 
 
 42.129 
 
 141.24 
 
 3.5107 
 
 1694.8 
 
 480.15 
 
 1587.4 
 
 6.705 
 
 11.2393 
 
 13.42 
 
 42.160 
 
 141.45 
 
 3.5133 
 
 1697.4 
 
 480.86 
 
 1592.1 
 
 6.710 
 
 I .2560 
 
 13-43 
 
 42.192 
 
 141.66 
 
 3.5i6o 
 
 1699.9 
 
 481.58 
 
 1596.9 
 
 6.715 
 
 I .2728 
 
 13-44 
 
 42.223 
 
 141.87 
 
 3-5186 
 
 1702.4 
 
 482.30 
 
 1601.6 
 
 6.720 
 
 I .2896 
 
 13-45 
 
 42.254 
 
 142.08 
 
 3-5212 
 
 1705.0 
 
 4^j ~>2 
 
 1606.4 
 
 6.725 
 
 I .3064 
 
 13.46 
 
 42.286 
 
 142.29 
 
 3.5238 
 
 1707.5 
 
 483.74 
 
 1611.2 
 
 6.730 
 
 I .3232 
 
 13-47 
 
 42.317 
 
 142.50 
 
 3.5264 
 
 1710.0 
 
 484.45 
 
 1616.0 
 
 6.735 
 
 I -3401 
 
 13.48 
 
 42.349 
 
 142.72 
 
 3.5291 
 
 1712.6 
 
 485.17 
 
 1620.8 
 
 6.740 
 
 11.3569 
 
 13-49 
 
 42.380 
 
 142.93 
 
 3.5317 
 
 1715.1 
 
 485.89 
 
 1625.6 
 
 6.745 
 
 11.3738 
 
 13-50 
 
 42.412 
 
 143.14 
 
 3-5343 
 
 1717.7 
 
 486.61 
 
 1630.4 
 
 6.750 
 
 11.3906 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 451 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) J?*58{[|dI2 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 Fit 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 cross 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 
 Radius 
 
 11 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 01 gyra- 
 tion 
 
 Q g 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 13.50 
 
 42.412 
 
 143.14 
 
 3-5343 
 
 1717.7 
 
 486.61 
 
 1630.4 
 
 6.750 
 
 11.3906 
 
 I3.5I 
 
 42.443 
 
 143-35 
 
 3.5369 
 
 1720.2 
 
 487.34 
 
 1635.3 
 
 6.755 
 
 11.4075 
 
 13.52 
 
 42.474 
 
 143.56 
 
 3-5395 
 
 1722.8 
 
 488.06 
 
 1640.1 
 
 6.760 
 
 11.4244 
 
 13-53 
 
 42.506 
 
 143.78 
 
 3-5421 
 
 1725.3 
 
 488.78 
 
 1645.0 
 
 6.765 
 
 H.44I3 
 
 13-54 
 
 42.537 
 
 143-99 
 
 3.5448 
 
 1727.9 
 
 489-50 
 
 1649.8 
 
 6.770 
 
 11.4582 
 
 13-55 
 
 42.569 
 
 144.20 
 
 3-5474 
 
 1730.4 
 
 490.23 
 
 1654.7 
 
 6.775 
 
 H.4752 
 
 13.56 
 
 42.600 
 
 I44-4I 
 
 3.55oo 
 
 1733-0 
 
 490.95 
 
 1659.6 
 
 6.780 
 
 11.4921 
 
 13-57 
 
 42.631 
 
 144.63 
 
 3.5526 
 
 1735-5 
 
 491.67 
 
 1664.5 
 
 6.785 
 
 11.5091 
 
 13.58 
 
 42.663 
 
 144-84 
 
 3-5552 
 
 1738.1 
 
 492.40 
 
 1669.4 
 
 6.790 
 
 11.5260 
 
 13-59 
 
 42.694 
 
 145.05 
 
 3-5579 
 
 1740.6 
 
 493-12 
 
 1674.4 
 
 6.795 
 
 11.5430 
 
 13.60 
 
 42.726 
 
 145.27 
 
 3.5605 
 
 1743.2 
 
 493.85 
 
 1679.3 
 
 6.800 
 
 11.5600 
 
 13.61 
 
 42.757 
 
 145.48 
 
 3.5631 
 
 1745-8 
 
 494.58 
 
 1684.2 
 
 6.805 
 
 11.5770 
 
 13.62 
 
 42.788 
 
 145.69 
 
 3.5657 
 
 1748.3 
 
 495-30 
 
 1689.2 
 
 6.810 
 
 11.5940 
 
 13.63 
 
 42.820 
 
 I45.9I 
 
 3.5683 
 
 1750.9 
 
 496.03 
 
 1694.2 
 
 6.815 
 
 11.6111 
 
 13.64 
 
 42.851 
 
 146.12 
 
 3.5709 
 
 1753-5 
 
 496.76 
 
 1699.1 
 
 6.820 
 
 11.6281 
 
 13.65 
 
 42.883 
 
 146.34 
 
 3.5736 
 
 1756.0 
 
 497-49 
 
 1704.1 
 
 6.825 
 
 11.6452 
 
 13.66 
 
 42.914 
 
 146.55 
 
 3.5762 
 
 1758.6 
 
 498.22 
 
 1709.1 
 
 6.830 
 
 11.6622 
 
 13.67 
 
 42.946 
 
 146.77 
 
 3.5788 
 
 I76l . 2 
 
 498.95 
 
 1714.1 
 
 6.835 
 
 11.6793 
 
 13-68 
 
 42-977 
 
 146.98 
 
 3.5814 
 
 1763.8 
 
 499.68 
 
 1719.1 
 
 6.840 
 
 11.6964 
 
 13.69 
 
 43.oo8 
 
 147.20 
 
 3.5840 
 
 1766.4 
 
 500.41 
 
 1724.2 
 
 6.845 
 
 11-7135 
 
 13.70 
 
 43.040 
 
 I47.4I 
 
 3.5867 
 
 1768.9 
 
 501.14 
 
 1729.2 
 
 6.850 
 
 11.7306 
 
 I3.7I 
 
 43-071 
 
 147.63 
 
 3.5893 
 
 I77L5 
 
 5oi . 87 
 
 1734-3 
 
 6.855 
 
 n.7478 
 
 13.72 
 
 43-103 
 
 147-84 
 
 3.5919 
 
 I774.I 
 
 502.60 
 
 1739-3 
 
 6.860 
 
 11.7649 
 
 13-73 
 
 43-134 
 
 148.06 
 
 3-5945 
 
 1776.7 
 
 503.34 
 
 1744-4 
 
 6.865 
 
 11.7821 
 
 13-74 
 
 43.165 
 
 148.27 
 
 3-5971 
 
 1779-3 
 
 504.07 
 
 1749-5 
 
 6.870 
 
 11.7992 
 
 13-75 
 
 43-197 
 
 148.49 
 
 3-5997 
 
 I78I.9 
 
 504.80 
 
 1754-6 
 
 6.875 
 
 11.8164 
 
 13.76 
 
 43.228 
 
 148.71 
 
 3.6024 
 
 1784.5 
 
 505.54 
 
 1759-7 
 
 6.880 
 
 11.8336 
 
 13-77 
 
 43.260 
 
 148.92 
 
 3.6050 
 
 I787.I 
 
 506.27 
 
 1764 . 8 
 
 6.885 
 
 11.8508 
 
 13.78 
 
 43.291 
 
 149.14 
 
 3.6076 
 
 1789.7 
 
 507.01 
 
 1770.0 
 
 6.890 
 
 11.8680 
 
 13-79 
 
 43.323 
 
 149-35 
 
 3.6102 
 
 1792.3 
 
 507.75 
 
 I775-I 
 
 6.895 
 
 11.8853 
 
 13.80 
 
 43-354 
 
 149-57 
 
 3.6128 
 
 1794-9 
 
 508.48 
 
 1780.3 
 
 6.000 
 
 11.9025 
 
 13.81 
 
 43.385 
 
 149-79 
 
 3.6154 
 
 1797-5 
 
 509.22 
 
 1785.4 
 
 6.905 
 
 11.9198 
 
 13.82 
 
 43.417 
 
 150.01 
 
 3.6181 
 
 ISOO.I 
 
 509.96 
 
 1700.6 
 
 6.910 
 
 11.9370 
 
 13.83 
 
 43.448 
 
 150.22 
 
 3.6207 
 
 1802.7 
 
 510.70 
 
 1795-8 
 
 6.915 
 
 11-9543 
 
 13.84 
 
 43.48o 
 
 150.44 
 
 3.6233 
 
 1805.3 
 
 5H.43 
 
 1801.0 
 
 6.920 
 
 11.9716 
 
 13.85 
 
 43-511 
 
 150.66 
 
 3.6259 
 
 1807.9 
 
 512.17 
 
 1806.2 
 
 6.925 
 
 11.9889 
 
 13.86 
 
 43-542 
 
 150.87 
 
 3.6285 
 
 I8l0.5 
 
 512.91 
 
 1811.4 
 
 6.930 
 
 12.0062 
 
 13.87 
 
 43-574 
 
 151.09 
 
 3.6312 
 
 I8I3.I 
 
 513.65 
 
 1816.7 
 
 6.935 
 
 12.0236 
 
 13.88 
 
 43.605 
 
 151.31 
 
 3.6338 
 
 I8I5.7 
 
 514.39 
 
 1821.9 
 
 6.940 
 
 12.0409 
 
 13.89 
 
 43.637 
 
 151.53 
 
 3.6364 
 
 I8l8.3 
 
 515.14 
 
 1827.2 
 
 6.945 
 
 12.0583 
 
 13.90 
 
 43.668 
 
 151-75 
 
 3.6390 
 
 I82I.O 
 
 515.88 
 
 1832.4 
 
 6.950 
 
 12.0756 
 
 13.91 
 
 43.700 
 
 151.97 
 
 3.6416 
 
 1823.6 
 
 516.62 
 
 1837.7 
 
 6.955 
 
 12.0930 
 
 13.92 
 
 43-731 
 
 152.18 
 
 3.6442 
 
 1826.2 
 
 517.36 
 
 1843.0 
 
 6.960 
 
 12.1104 
 
 13-93 
 
 43.762 
 
 152.40 
 
 3.6469 
 
 1828.8 
 
 5i8. II 
 
 1848.3 
 
 6.965 
 
 12.1278 
 
 13-94 
 
 43-794 
 
 152.62 
 
 3.6495 
 
 I83I.5 
 
 518.85 
 
 1853.6 
 
 6.970 
 
 12.1452 
 
 13.95 
 
 43.825 
 
 152.84 
 
 3.6521 
 
 I834.I 
 
 519.60 
 
 1858.9 
 
 6.975 
 
 12.1627 
 
 13.96 
 
 43.857 
 
 153-06 
 
 3.6547 
 
 1836.7 
 
 520.34 
 
 1864.3 
 
 6.980 
 
 12.1801 
 
 13-97 
 
 43.888 
 
 153.28 
 
 3.6573 
 
 1839.3 
 
 521.09 
 
 1869.6 
 
 6.985 
 
 12.1976 
 
 13.98 
 
 43.919 
 
 153-50 
 
 3.6600 
 
 1842.0 
 
 521.83 
 
 1875.0 
 
 6.990 
 
 12.2150 
 
 13-99 
 
 43-951 
 
 153-72 
 
 3.6626 
 
 1844.6 
 
 522.58 
 
 1880.4 
 
 6.995 
 
 12.2325 
 
 '14.00 
 
 43.982 
 
 153.94 
 
 3.6652 
 
 1847 3 
 
 523.33 
 
 1885.7 
 
 7.000 
 
 12.2500 
 
 
452 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) iJ'SjiJIIdles 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 
 jR 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 3 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 01 gyra- 
 tion 
 
 P'3 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 zf 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 14.00 
 
 43.982 
 
 153-94 
 
 3 6652 
 
 1847-3 
 
 523.33 
 
 1885.7 
 
 7.000 
 
 2.2500 
 
 14.01 
 
 44.014 
 
 154-16 
 
 3-6678 
 
 1849-9 
 
 524.08 
 
 1891.1 
 
 7.005 
 
 2.2675 
 
 14.02 
 
 44-045 
 
 154-38 
 
 3-6704 
 
 1852.5 
 
 524-82 
 
 1896.5 
 
 7.010 
 
 2 . 2850 
 
 14.03 
 
 44-077 
 
 I54.6o 
 
 3.6730 
 
 1855.2 
 
 525.57 
 
 1902.0 
 
 7.015 
 
 2 . 3O26 
 
 14.04 
 
 44-108 
 
 154-82 
 
 3.6757 
 
 1857-8 
 
 526.32 
 
 1907.4 
 
 7.020 
 
 2.3201 
 
 14.05 
 
 44-139 
 
 155-04 
 
 3-6783 
 
 1860.5 
 
 527.07 
 
 1912.8 
 
 7.025 
 
 2.3377 
 
 14.06 
 
 44.171 
 
 155-26 
 
 3.6809 
 
 1863.1 
 
 527.82 
 
 1918.3 
 
 7.030 
 
 2.3552 
 
 14.07 
 
 44.202 
 
 155-48 
 
 3.6835 
 
 1865.8 
 
 528.57 
 
 1923-7 
 
 7.035 
 
 2.3728 
 
 14.08 
 
 44-234 
 
 155-70 
 
 3.6861 
 
 1868.4 
 
 529.33 
 
 1929.2 
 
 7.040 
 
 2.3904 
 
 14.09 
 
 44.265 
 
 155.92 
 
 3-6888 
 
 1871.1 
 
 530.08 
 
 1934-7 
 
 7.045 
 
 2.4080 
 
 14.10 
 
 44.296 
 
 156.15 
 
 3.6914 
 
 1873-7 
 
 530.83 
 
 1940.2 
 
 7.050 
 
 2.4256 
 
 14.11 
 
 44.328 
 
 156.37 
 
 3.6940 
 
 1876.4 
 
 531-58 
 
 1945-7 
 
 7.055 
 
 2.4433 
 
 14.12 
 
 44-359 
 
 156.59 
 
 3.6966 
 
 1879-1 
 
 532.34 
 
 1951-2 
 
 7.060 
 
 2.4609 
 
 14.13 
 
 44-391 
 
 156.81 
 
 3-6992 
 
 1881.7 
 
 533-09 
 
 1956.8 
 
 7.065 
 
 2.4786 
 
 14.14 
 
 44-422 
 
 157.03 
 
 3.7oi8 
 
 1884.4 
 
 533-85 
 
 1962.3 
 
 7.070 
 
 2.4962 
 
 14.15 
 
 44-454 
 
 157.25 
 
 3.7045 
 
 1887.1 
 
 534-6o 
 
 1967.9 
 
 7.075 
 
 2.5139 
 
 14.16 
 
 44.485 
 
 157.48 
 
 3.7071 
 
 1889.7 
 
 535.36 
 
 1973-4 
 
 7.080 
 
 2.5316 
 
 14.17 
 
 44.516 
 
 157-70 
 
 3.7097 
 
 1892.4 
 
 536.11 
 
 1979.0 
 
 7.085 
 
 2.5493 
 
 14.18 
 
 44-548 
 
 157.92 
 
 3.7123 
 
 1895.1 
 
 536.87 
 
 1984.6 
 
 7.090 
 
 2.5670 
 
 14.19 
 
 44-579 
 
 158.14 
 
 3.7149 
 
 1897-7 
 
 537.63 
 
 1990.2 
 
 7.095 
 
 2.5848 
 
 14.20 
 
 44.611 
 
 158.37 
 
 3.7176 
 
 1900.4 
 
 538.39 
 
 1995.8 
 
 7.100 
 
 2.6025 
 
 14.21 
 
 44.642 
 
 158.59 
 
 3-7202 
 
 1903.1 
 
 539 15 
 
 2001.5 
 
 7.105 
 
 2 . 6203 
 
 14.22 
 
 44.673 
 
 158.81 
 
 3-7228 
 
 1905.8 
 
 539 90 
 
 2007.1 
 
 7.110 
 
 2.6380 
 
 14.23 
 
 44.705 
 
 159-04 
 
 3.7254 
 
 1908.5 
 
 540.66 
 
 2OI2 . 8 
 
 7.115 
 
 2.6558 
 
 14.24 
 
 44.736 
 
 159.26 
 
 3.7280 
 
 1911.1 
 
 541.42 
 
 2018.4 
 
 7.120 
 
 2.6736 
 
 14.25 
 
 44.768 
 
 159.48 
 
 3.7306 
 
 1913.8 
 
 542.18 
 
 2O24 . I 
 
 7.125 
 
 2.6914 
 
 14.26 
 
 44-799 
 
 I59.7I 
 
 3-7333 
 
 1916.5 
 
 542.95 
 
 2029.8 
 
 7.130 
 
 2.7092 
 
 14.27 
 
 44.831 
 
 159-93 
 
 3-7359 
 
 1919.2 
 
 543-71 
 
 2035-5 
 
 7.135 
 
 2.7271 
 
 14.28 
 
 44.862 
 
 160.16 
 
 3.7385 
 
 1921.9 
 
 544-47 
 
 2041.2 
 
 7.140 
 
 2 . 7449 
 
 14.29 
 
 44.893 
 
 160.38 
 
 3 7411 
 
 1924.6 
 
 545-23 
 
 2046 . 9 
 
 7.145 
 
 2.7628 
 
 14.30 
 
 44.925 
 
 160.61 
 
 3-7437 
 
 1927.3 
 
 546.00 
 
 2052.6 
 
 7.150 
 
 2.7806 
 
 14.31 
 
 44-956 
 
 160.83 
 
 3.7463 
 
 1930.0 
 
 546.76 
 
 2058.4 
 
 7.155 
 
 2.7985 
 
 14.32 
 
 44-988 
 
 161.06 
 
 3-7490 
 
 1932.7 
 
 547-52 
 
 2064 . 2 
 
 7.160 
 
 2.8164 
 
 .14.33 
 
 45-019 
 
 161 . 28 
 
 3.7516 
 
 1935-4 
 
 548.29 
 
 2069.9 
 
 7.165 
 
 2.8343 
 
 14.34 
 
 45.050 
 
 161.51 
 
 3-7542 
 
 1938.1 
 
 549.o6 
 
 2075-7 
 
 7.170 
 
 2.8522 
 
 14.35 
 
 45-082 
 
 161.73 
 
 3.7568 
 
 1940.8 
 
 549.82- 
 
 2081.5 
 
 7.175 
 
 2.8702 
 
 14^36 
 
 45-113 
 
 161.96 
 
 3-7594 
 
 1943-5 
 
 550.59 
 
 2087.3 
 
 7.180 
 
 2.8881 
 
 14.37 
 
 45 145 
 
 162.18 
 
 3.7621 
 
 1946.2 
 
 551-35 
 
 2093-1 
 
 7.185 
 
 2.9061 
 
 14.38 
 
 45.176 
 
 162.41 
 
 3.7647 
 
 1948.9 
 
 552.12 
 
 2099-0 
 
 7.190 
 
 2.9240 
 
 14.39 
 
 45.208 
 
 162.63 
 
 3.7673 
 
 1951-6 
 
 552.89 
 
 2104.8 
 
 7.195 
 
 2.9420 
 
 14.40 
 
 45-239 
 
 162.86 
 
 3.7699 
 
 1954-3 
 
 553-66 
 
 2IIO.7 
 
 7.200 
 
 2.9600 
 
 14.41 
 
 45-270 
 
 163.09 
 
 3-7725 
 
 1957-0 
 
 554-43 
 
 2II6.5 
 
 7.205 
 
 2.9780 
 
 14.42 
 
 45-302 
 
 163.31 
 
 3-7751 
 
 1959-8 
 
 555-20 
 
 2122.4 
 
 7.210 
 
 2.9960 
 
 14.43 
 
 45-333 
 
 163.54 
 
 3-7778 
 
 1962.5 
 
 555-97 
 
 2128.3 
 
 7-215 
 
 3.0141 
 
 14.44 
 
 45.365 
 
 163.77 
 
 3-7804 
 
 1965.2 
 
 556.74 
 
 2134-2 
 
 7.22-0 
 
 3-0321 
 
 14.45 
 
 45.396 
 
 163.99 
 
 3.7830 
 
 1967.9 
 
 557-51 
 
 2I40.I 
 
 7-225 
 
 3.0502 
 
 14.46 
 
 45-427 
 
 164 . 22 
 
 3.7856 
 
 1970.6 
 
 558.28 
 
 2I46.I 
 
 7-230 
 
 3.0682 
 
 14.47 
 
 45-459 
 
 164.45 
 
 3.7882 
 
 1973.4 
 
 559.o6 
 
 2152.0 
 
 7-235 
 
 3-0863 
 
 14.48 
 
 45-490 
 
 164.67 
 
 3.7909 
 
 1976.1 
 
 559-83 
 
 2158.0 
 
 7.240 
 
 3-1044 
 
 14.49 
 
 45-522 
 
 164.90 
 
 3-7935 
 
 1978 . 8 
 
 560.60 
 
 2163.9 
 
 7-245 
 
 3.1225 
 
 14.50 
 
 45-553 
 
 165.13 
 
 3.7961 
 
 1981.6 
 
 561.38 
 
 2169 9 
 
 7.250 
 
 3-i4o6 
 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 453 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 14.50 inches 
 15.00 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 I&, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 il 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 
 Radius 
 
 la 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 inertia, 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 P a 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 & 
 
 14.50 
 
 45-553 
 
 165.13 
 
 3.796i 
 
 1981.6 
 
 561.38 
 
 2169.9 
 
 7.250 
 
 13.1406 
 
 14.51 
 
 45.585 
 
 165.36 
 
 3.7987 
 
 1984.3 
 
 562.15 
 
 2175-9 
 
 7.255 
 
 13.1588 
 
 14.52 
 
 45.616 
 
 165-59 
 
 3-8013 
 
 1987.0 
 
 562.93 
 
 2181.9 
 
 7.260 
 
 13.1769 
 
 14-53 
 
 45-647 
 
 165.81 
 
 3.8039 
 
 1989.8 
 
 563-70 
 
 2187.9 
 
 7.265 
 
 I3.I95I 
 
 14-54 
 
 45.679 
 
 166.04 
 
 3.8066 
 
 1992.5 
 
 564.48 
 
 2193-9 
 
 7.270 
 
 13-2132 
 
 14-55 
 
 45.7io 
 
 166.27 
 
 3.8092 
 
 1995.2 
 
 565-25 
 
 22OO.O 
 
 7.275 
 
 13.2314 
 
 14.56 
 
 45-742 
 
 166.50 
 
 3.8118 
 
 1998.0 
 
 566.03 
 
 22O6.0 
 
 7.280 
 
 13-2496 
 
 14-57 
 
 45-773 
 
 166.73 
 
 3-8144 
 
 2000.7 
 
 566.81 
 
 2212. I 
 
 7.285 
 
 13.2678 
 
 14.58 
 
 45.804 
 
 166.96 
 
 3-8170 
 
 2003,5 
 
 567.59 
 
 2218.2 
 
 7.200 
 
 13.2860 
 
 14-59 
 
 45.836 
 
 167.19 
 
 3.8197 
 
 2006.2 
 
 568.37 
 
 2224.3 
 
 7-295 
 
 13.3043 
 
 14.60 
 
 45.867 
 
 167.42 
 
 3-8223 
 
 2009.0 
 
 569-15 
 
 2230.4 
 
 7.300 
 
 13.3225 
 
 14.61 
 
 45.899 
 
 167.64 
 
 3.8249 
 
 2011.7 
 
 569.93 
 
 2236.5 
 
 7.305 
 
 13.3408 
 
 14.62 
 
 45-930 
 
 167.87 
 
 3.8275 
 
 2014.5 
 
 570.71 
 
 2242 . 6 
 
 7.310 
 
 13.3590 
 
 14.63 
 
 45.962 
 
 168.10 
 
 3.8301 
 
 2017.3 
 
 571-49 
 
 2248 . 8 
 
 7.315 
 
 13.3773 
 
 14.64 
 
 45-993 
 
 168.33 
 
 3.8327 
 
 2020.0 
 
 572.27 
 
 2254.9 
 
 7.320 
 
 13.3956 
 
 14.65 
 
 46.024 
 
 168.56 
 
 3.8354 
 
 2O22 . 8 
 
 573-05 
 
 2261 . i 
 
 7-325 
 
 13.4139 
 
 14.66 
 
 46.056 
 
 168.79 
 
 3.8380 
 
 2025.5 
 
 573.83 
 
 2267.3 
 
 7.330 
 
 13.4322 
 
 14.67 
 
 46.087 
 
 169.02 
 
 3.8406 
 
 2028.3 
 
 574.62 
 
 2273-5 
 
 7-335 
 
 13.4506 
 
 14.68 
 
 46.119 
 
 169.26 
 
 3.8432 
 
 2031 . I 
 
 575-40 
 
 2279.7 
 
 7-340 
 
 13.4689 
 
 14.69 
 
 46.150 
 
 169.49 
 
 3.8458 
 
 2033-8 
 
 576.18 
 
 2285.9 
 
 7-345 
 
 13.4873 
 
 14.70 
 
 46.181 
 
 169.72 
 
 3.8485 
 
 2036.6 
 
 576.97 
 
 2292 . i 
 
 7-350 
 
 13.5056 
 
 14.71 
 
 46.213 
 
 169.95 
 
 3-8511 
 
 2039-4 
 
 577-75 
 
 2298.4 
 
 7-355 
 
 13-5240 
 
 14.72 
 
 46.244 
 
 170.18 
 
 3.8537 
 
 2042 . I 
 
 578.54 
 
 2304.6 
 
 7.36o 
 
 13-5424 
 
 14-73 
 
 46.276 
 
 170.41 
 
 3-8563 
 
 2044.9 
 
 579-33 
 
 2310.9 
 
 7.365 
 
 13.5608 
 
 14-74 
 
 46.307 
 
 170.64 
 
 3.8589 
 
 2047.7 
 
 580.11 
 
 2317.2 
 
 7-370 
 
 13.5792 
 
 14-75 
 
 46.338 
 
 170.87 
 
 3.8615 
 
 2050.5 
 
 580.90 
 
 2323.5 
 
 7-375 
 
 13-5977 
 
 14.76 
 
 46.370 
 
 171.10 
 
 3.8642 
 
 2053-3 
 
 581.69 
 
 2329.8 
 
 7.38o 
 
 13.6161 
 
 14-77 
 
 46.401 
 
 I7L34 
 
 3.8668 
 
 2056.0 
 
 582.48 
 
 2336.1 
 
 7.385 
 
 13.6346 
 
 14.78 
 
 46.433 
 
 I7L57 
 
 3-8694 
 
 2058.8 
 
 583.27 
 
 2342.4 
 
 7-390 
 
 13.6530 
 
 14-79 
 
 46.464 
 
 171.80 
 
 3.8720 
 
 2061 . 6 
 
 584.06 
 
 2348.8 
 
 7-395 
 
 13.6715 
 
 14.80 
 
 46.496 
 
 172.03 
 
 3.8746 
 
 2064 . 4 
 
 584 . 85 
 
 2355-1 
 
 7.400 
 
 13-6900 
 
 14.81 
 
 46.527 
 
 172.27 
 
 3.8772 
 
 2067 . 2 
 
 585.64 
 
 2361.5 
 
 7.405 
 
 13.7085 
 
 14.82 
 
 46.558 
 
 172.50 
 
 3-8799 
 
 2070.0 
 
 586.43 
 
 2367.9 
 
 7.410 
 
 13.7270 
 
 14.83 
 
 46.590 
 
 172.73 
 
 3.8825 
 
 2072.8 
 
 587.22 
 
 2374-3 
 
 7-415 
 
 13.7456 
 
 14.84 
 
 46.621 
 
 172.96 
 
 3.8851 
 
 2075.6 
 
 588.01 
 
 2380.7 
 
 7-420 
 
 13.7641 
 
 14-85 
 
 46.653 
 
 173.20 
 
 3.8877 
 
 2078 . 4 
 
 588.80 
 
 2387-1 
 
 7-425 
 
 13.7827 
 
 14.86) 46.684 
 
 173-43 
 
 3.8903 
 
 2081 . 2 
 
 589.60 
 
 2393-6 
 
 7-430 
 
 13.8012 
 
 14.87 
 
 46.715 
 
 173-66 
 
 3-8930 
 
 2084.0 
 
 590.39 
 
 2400.0 
 
 7-435 
 
 13.8198 
 
 14.88 
 
 46.747 
 
 173.90 
 
 3.8956 
 
 2086.8 
 
 591 . 19 
 
 2406.5 
 
 7-440 
 
 13-8384 
 
 14.89 
 
 46.778 
 
 174.13 
 
 3.8982 
 
 2089.6 
 
 591.98 
 
 2412.9 
 
 7-445 
 
 13.8570 
 
 14.90 
 
 46.810 
 
 174-37 
 
 3.9oo8 
 
 2092.4 
 
 592.78 
 
 2419.4 
 
 7-450 
 
 13.8756 
 
 14.91 
 
 46.841 
 
 174.60 
 
 3.9034 
 
 2095-2 
 
 593-57 
 
 2425.9 
 
 7-455 
 
 13.8943 
 
 14.92 
 
 46.873 
 
 174.83 
 
 3.9o6o 
 
 2098.O 
 
 594-37 
 
 2432.5 
 
 7.460 
 
 13 9129 
 
 14-93 
 
 46.904 
 
 175.07 
 
 3.9087 
 
 2100.8 
 
 595.16 
 
 2439-0 
 
 7.465 
 
 I3.93I6 
 
 14-94 
 
 46.935 
 
 175.30 
 
 3.9H3 
 
 2103.6 
 
 595.96 
 
 2445-5 
 
 7-470 
 
 13 9502 
 
 14-95 
 
 46.967 
 
 175-54 
 
 3.9139 
 
 2106.5 
 
 596 76 
 
 2452 . i 
 
 7-475 
 
 13-9689 
 
 14.96 
 
 46.998 
 
 175-77 
 
 3.9165 
 
 2109.3 
 
 597-56 
 
 2458 . 6 
 
 7.48o 
 
 13.9876 
 
 14-97 
 
 47.030 
 
 176.01 
 
 3.9I9I 
 
 2II2.I 
 
 598.36 
 
 2465 . 2 
 
 7.485 
 
 14.0063 
 
 14.98 
 
 47.061 
 
 176.24 
 
 3 92i8 
 
 2II4.9 
 
 599-16 
 
 2471-8 
 
 7-490 
 
 14.0250 
 
 14.99 
 
 47.092 
 
 176.48 
 
 3.9244 
 
 2II7-7 
 
 599.96 
 
 2478.4 
 
 7-495 
 
 14.0438 
 
 15-00 
 
 47.124 
 
 176.71 
 
 3.9270 
 
 2120.6 
 
 600 76 
 
 2485.1 
 
 7.500 
 
 14.0625 
 
 
454 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) J-?8! nc !? es 
 
 15. 50 inches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 .R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 '1 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 Radius 
 
 JS 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 Q S 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D_ 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 15.00 
 
 47-124 
 
 176.71 
 
 3.9270 
 
 2120.6 
 
 600.76 
 
 2485.1 
 
 7.500 
 
 14.0625 
 
 15.01 
 
 47-155 
 
 176.95 
 
 3.9296 
 
 2123-4 
 
 601.56 
 
 2491.7 
 
 7-505 
 
 14.0813 
 
 15.02 
 
 47-187 
 
 177.19 
 
 3.9322 
 
 2126.2 
 
 602.36 
 
 2498.3 
 
 7-510 
 
 14.1000 
 
 15.03 
 
 47-218 
 
 177.42 
 
 3.9348 
 
 2I29.I 
 
 603.16 
 
 2505.0 
 
 7.515 
 
 14,1188 
 
 15.04 
 
 47-250 
 
 177-66 
 
 3-9375 
 
 2I3I.9 
 
 603.97 
 
 2511.7 
 
 7.520 
 
 14-1376 
 
 15.05 
 
 47.281 
 
 177.89 
 
 3-9401 
 
 2134-7 
 
 604.77 
 
 2518.4 
 
 7.525 
 
 14-1564 
 
 15.06 
 
 47-312 
 
 178.13 
 
 3.9427 
 
 2137-6 
 
 605.57 
 
 2525.0 
 
 7-530 
 
 14-1752 
 
 15.07 
 
 47-344 
 
 178.37 
 
 3-9453 
 
 2140.4 
 
 606.38 
 
 2531.8 
 
 7-535 
 
 14.1941 
 
 15.08 
 
 47-375 
 
 178.60 
 
 3-9479 
 
 2143-3 
 
 607.18 
 
 2538.5 
 
 7-540 
 
 14.2129 
 
 15.09 
 
 47.407 
 
 178.84 
 
 3.9506 
 
 2I46.I 
 
 607.99 
 
 2545.2 
 
 7-545 
 
 14.2318 
 
 15.10 
 
 47.438 
 
 179-08 
 
 3-9532 
 
 2148.9 
 
 608.80 
 
 2552.0 
 
 7-550 
 
 14.2506 
 
 15.11 
 
 47.469 
 
 179.32 
 
 3.9558 
 
 2I5I.8 
 
 609.60 
 
 2558.7 
 
 7-555 
 
 14-2695 
 
 15.12 
 
 47-501 
 
 179-55 
 
 3.9584 
 
 2154-6 
 
 610.41 
 
 2565.5 
 
 7.500 
 
 14.2884 
 
 15-13 
 
 47-532 
 
 179-79 
 
 3.9610 
 
 2157-5 
 
 611.22 
 
 2572.3 
 
 7.565 
 
 14-3073 
 
 15.14 
 
 47.564 
 
 180.03 
 
 3.9636 
 
 2160.3 
 
 612.03 
 
 2579-1 
 
 7-570 
 
 14.3262 
 
 I5.I5 
 
 47-595 
 
 180.27 
 
 3.9663 
 
 2163.2 
 
 612.83 
 
 2586.0 
 
 7-575 
 
 14.3452 
 
 15.16 
 
 47.627 
 
 180.50 
 
 3.9689 
 
 2I66.I 
 
 613.64 
 
 2592.8 
 
 7.58o 
 
 14.3641 
 
 15-17 
 
 47.658 
 
 180.74 
 
 3.9715 
 
 2168.9 
 
 6i4.45 
 
 2599-6 
 
 7.585 
 
 14-3831 
 
 15.18 
 
 47-689 
 
 180.98 
 
 3-9741 
 
 2I7I.8 
 
 615.26 
 
 2606.5 
 
 7-590 
 
 14.4020 
 
 15-19 
 
 47.721 
 
 181.22 
 
 3.9767 
 
 2174-6 
 
 616.07 
 
 2613.4 
 
 7-595 
 
 14.4210 
 
 15.20 
 
 47-752 
 
 181.46 
 
 3-9794 
 
 2177-5 
 
 616.89 
 
 2620.3 
 
 7.600 
 
 14.4400 
 
 15.21 
 
 47.784 
 
 181.70 
 
 3.9820 
 
 2180.4 
 
 617.70 
 
 2627.2 
 
 7.605 
 
 14-4590 
 
 15.22 
 
 47.815 
 
 181.94 
 
 3.9846 
 
 2183.2 
 
 618.51 
 
 2634.1 
 
 7.610 
 
 14.4780 
 
 15.23 
 
 47.846 
 
 182.18 
 
 3.9872 
 
 2I86.I 
 
 619.32 
 
 2641.0 
 
 7.615 . 
 
 14-4971 
 
 IS 24 
 
 47.878 
 
 182.41 
 
 3.9898 
 
 2189.0 
 
 620.14 
 
 2648.0 
 
 7.620 
 
 14 5161 
 
 15.25 
 
 47.909 
 
 182.65 
 
 3.9924 
 
 2I9I.8 
 
 620.95 
 
 2654.9 
 
 7-625 
 
 14-5352 
 
 15.26 
 
 47-941 
 
 182.89 
 
 3-9951 
 
 2194-7 
 
 621.77 
 
 2661.9 
 
 7-630 
 
 14-5542 
 
 15.27 
 
 47-972 
 
 183.13 
 
 3-9977 
 
 2197-6 
 
 622.58 
 
 2668.9 
 
 7.635 
 
 14-5733 
 
 15.28 
 
 48.004 
 
 183.37 
 
 4.0003 
 
 2200.5 
 
 623.40 
 
 2675.9 
 
 7.640 
 
 14.5924 
 
 15.29 
 
 48.035 
 
 183.61 
 
 4.0029 
 
 2203.4 
 
 624.21 
 
 2682.9 
 
 7.645 
 
 14.6115 
 
 15.30 
 
 48.066 
 
 183.85 
 
 4.0055 
 
 2206.2 
 
 625.03 
 
 2689.9 
 
 7.650 
 
 14.6306 
 
 I5.3I 
 
 48.098 
 
 184.09 
 
 4.0081 
 
 22O9 . I 
 
 625.85 
 
 2696.9 
 
 7.655 
 
 14.6498 
 
 15.32 
 
 48.129 
 
 184.33 
 
 4.0108 
 
 2212.0 
 
 626.66 
 
 2704.0 
 
 7.660 
 
 14.6689 
 
 15-33 
 
 48.161 
 
 184.58 
 
 4-0134 
 
 2214.9 
 
 627.48 
 
 2711.1 
 
 7-665 
 
 14.6881 
 
 15-34 
 
 48 . 192 
 
 184.82 
 
 4.0160 
 
 2217.8 
 
 628.30 
 
 2718.1 
 
 7-670 
 
 14.7072 
 
 15-35 
 
 48.223 
 
 185.06 
 
 4.0186 
 
 2220.7 
 
 629.12 
 
 2725.2 
 
 7-675 
 
 14.7264 
 
 15.36 
 
 48.255 
 
 185.30 
 
 4.0212 
 
 2223.6 
 
 629.94 
 
 2732.3 
 
 7.680 
 
 14.7456 
 
 15-37 
 
 48.286 
 
 185.54 
 
 4.0239 
 
 2226.5 
 
 630.76 
 
 2739-5 
 
 7-685 
 
 14.7648 
 
 15.38 
 
 48.318 
 
 185.78 
 
 4.0265 
 
 2229-4 
 
 631.58 
 
 2746.6 
 
 7.690 
 
 14.7840 
 
 15-39 
 
 48.349 
 
 186.02 
 
 4.0291 
 
 2232.3 
 
 632.40 
 
 2753-8 
 
 7.695 
 
 14-8033 
 
 15.40 
 
 48.381 
 
 186.27 
 
 4.0317 
 
 2235-2 
 
 633.23 
 
 2760.9 
 
 7,700 
 
 14.8225 
 
 I5.4I 
 
 48.412 
 
 186.51 
 
 4-0343 
 
 2238.1 
 
 634.05 
 
 2768.1 
 
 7.705 
 
 14.8418 
 
 15.42 
 
 48.443 
 
 186.75 
 
 4.0369 
 
 224I.O 
 
 634.87 
 
 2775-3 
 
 7.710 
 
 14.8610 
 
 15 43 
 
 48.475 
 
 186.09 
 
 4.0396 
 
 2243.9 
 
 635.70 
 
 2782.5 
 
 7.715 
 
 14.8803 
 
 15-44 
 
 48.506 
 
 187.23 
 
 4.0422 
 
 2246.8 
 
 636.52 
 
 2789.7 
 
 7.720 
 
 14.8996 
 
 15-45 
 
 48.538 
 
 187.48 
 
 4.0448 
 
 2249.7 
 
 637.35 
 
 2797.0 
 
 7.725 
 
 14.9189 
 
 15.46 
 
 48.569 
 
 187.72 
 
 4.0474 
 
 2252.6 
 
 638.17 
 
 2804.2 
 
 7-730 
 
 14.9382 
 
 15-47 
 
 48.600 
 
 187.96 
 
 4.0500 
 
 2255-5 
 
 639.00 
 
 2811.5 
 
 7-735 
 
 14.9576 
 
 15.48 
 
 48.632 
 
 188.21 
 
 4.0527 
 
 2258.5 
 
 639.82 
 
 2818.7 
 
 7-740 
 
 14.9769 
 
 15-49 
 
 48.663 
 
 188.45 
 
 4-0553 
 
 2261 . 4 
 
 640.65 
 
 2826.0 
 
 7-745 
 
 14.9963 
 
 15-50 
 
 48.695 
 
 188.69 
 
 4 0579 
 
 2264.3 
 
 641.48 
 
 2833.3 
 
 7 750 
 
 15.0156 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 455 
 
 15. 50 inches 
 16. 00 inches 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 .ft 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 il 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 
 .11 
 
 Q'S 
 
 in 
 inches 
 
 section, 
 sq. in. 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 R* 
 
 15.50 
 
 48.695 
 
 188.69 
 
 4-0579 
 
 2264.3 
 
 641.48 
 
 2833.3 
 
 7-750 
 
 15.0156 
 
 15.51 
 
 48.726 
 
 188.94 
 
 4.0605 
 
 2267.2 
 
 642.30 
 
 2840.6 
 
 7-755 
 
 15.0350 
 
 15-52 
 
 48.758 
 
 189.18 
 
 4.0631 
 
 2270.2 
 
 643.13 
 
 2848.0 
 
 7.76o 
 
 15.0544 
 
 15-53 
 
 48.789 
 
 189.42 
 
 4-0657 
 
 2273.1 
 
 643.96 
 
 2855.3 
 
 7.765 
 
 15.0738 
 
 15-54 
 
 48.820 
 
 189.67 
 
 4.0684 
 
 2276.0 
 
 644.79 
 
 2862.7 
 
 7.770 
 
 15.0932 
 
 iS-55 48.852 
 
 189.91 
 
 4.0710 
 
 2278.9 
 
 645 62 
 
 2870.1 
 
 7-775 
 
 15.1127 
 
 15-56 
 
 48.883 
 
 190.16 
 
 4.0736 
 
 2281.9 
 
 646.45 
 
 2877.5 
 
 7.78o 
 
 15.1321 
 
 iS-57 
 
 48.915 
 
 190.40 
 
 4.0762 
 
 2284.8 
 
 647.28 
 
 2884.9 
 
 7.785 
 
 15.1516 
 
 15.58 
 
 48.946 
 
 190.64 
 
 4.0788 
 
 2287.7 
 
 648.12 
 
 2892.3 
 
 7-790 
 
 15-1710 
 
 15-59 
 
 48.977 
 
 190.89 
 
 4.0815 
 
 2290.7 
 
 648.95 
 
 2899.7 
 
 7-795 
 
 15.1905 
 
 15.60 49.009 
 
 191.13 
 
 4.0841 
 
 2293.6 
 
 649.78 
 
 2907.1 
 
 7.800 
 
 15.2100 
 
 15.61 49.040 
 
 191.38 
 
 4.0867 
 
 2296.6 
 
 650.61 
 
 2914.6 
 
 7.805 
 
 15.2295 
 
 15.62 49-072 
 
 191 . 62 
 
 4.0893 
 
 2299.5 
 
 6SI.4S 
 
 2922.1 
 
 7.810 
 
 15.2490 
 
 15.63 49.103 
 
 191.87 
 
 4.0919 
 
 2302.4 
 
 652.28 
 
 2929.6 
 
 7-815 
 
 15.2686 
 
 15.64 49-135 
 
 192.12 
 
 4-0945 
 
 2305.4 
 
 653.12 
 
 2937-1 
 
 7.820 
 
 15.2881 
 
 15.651 49-166 
 
 192.36 
 
 4.0972 
 
 2308.3 
 
 653.95 
 
 2944.6 
 
 7-825 
 
 15.3077 
 
 15-66 
 
 49.197 
 
 192.61 
 
 4.0998 
 
 2311.3 
 
 654.79 
 
 2952.1 
 
 7.830 
 
 15.3272 
 
 15.67 
 
 49.229 
 
 192.85 
 
 4 . 1024 
 
 2314.2 
 
 655.63 
 
 2959-7 
 
 7.835 
 
 15.3468 
 
 15.68 
 
 49.260 
 
 193.10 
 
 4 1050 
 
 2317.2 
 
 656.46 
 
 2967.3 
 
 7-840 
 
 15.3664 
 
 15.69 
 
 49-292 
 
 193-35 
 
 4 . 1076 
 
 2320.2 
 
 657.30 
 
 2974-8 
 
 7.845 
 
 15.3860 
 
 15.70 
 
 49.323 
 
 193-59 
 
 4.1103 
 
 2323.1 
 
 658.14 
 
 2982.4 
 
 7-850 
 
 15.4056 
 
 15.71 
 
 49-354 
 
 193.84 
 
 4.1129 
 
 2326.1 
 
 658.98 
 
 2990.0 
 
 7.855 
 
 15.4253 
 
 15.72 
 
 49-386 
 
 194-09 
 
 4-II55 
 
 2329.0 
 
 659-82 
 
 2997.6 
 
 7.860 
 
 15-4449 
 
 15-73 
 
 49-417 
 
 194-33 
 
 4.1181 
 
 2332.0 
 
 660.66 
 
 3005.3 
 
 7.865 
 
 15.4646 
 
 iS-74 
 
 49.449 
 
 194.58 
 
 4.1207 
 
 2335-0 
 
 661.50 
 
 3012.9 
 
 7-870 
 
 15.4842 
 
 is.75 
 
 49-480 
 
 194-83 
 
 4-1233 
 
 2337-9 
 
 662.34 
 
 3020.6 
 
 7.875 
 
 15.5039 
 
 15-76 
 
 49.512 
 
 195.08 
 
 4.1260 
 
 2340.9 
 
 663.18 
 
 3028.3 
 
 7.880 
 
 15.5236 
 
 15-77 
 
 49-543 
 
 195.32 
 
 4.1286 
 
 2343-9 
 
 664.02 
 
 3036.0 
 
 7-885 
 
 15-5433 
 
 15.78 
 
 49-574 
 
 195-57 
 
 4.I3I2 
 
 2346.8 
 
 664.86 
 
 3043.7 
 
 7.890 
 
 15.5630 
 
 iS-79 
 
 49.606 
 
 195-82 
 
 4.1338 
 
 2349-8 
 
 665.71 
 
 305L4 
 
 7.895 
 
 15.5828 
 
 15.80 
 
 49.637 
 
 196.07 
 
 4.1364 
 
 2352.8 
 
 666.55 
 
 3059.1 
 
 7.900 
 
 15.6025 
 
 15.81 
 
 49.669 
 
 196.32 
 
 4.1390 
 
 2355-8 
 
 667.39 
 
 3066.9 
 
 7.905 
 
 15-6223 
 
 15.82 
 
 49.7oo 
 
 196.56 
 
 4 I4I7 
 
 2358.8 
 
 668.24 
 
 3074.6 
 
 7.910 
 
 15.6420 
 
 15.83 
 
 49-731 
 
 196.81 
 
 4-1443 
 
 2361 . 7 
 
 669.08 
 
 3082.4 
 
 7-915 
 
 15.6618 
 
 15.84 
 
 49.763 
 
 197.06 
 
 4.1469 
 
 2364.7 
 
 669.93 
 
 3090.2 
 
 7.920 
 
 15.6816 
 
 15.85 
 
 49-794 
 
 I97.3I 
 
 4-1495 
 
 2367.7 
 
 670.77 
 
 3098.0 
 
 7.925 
 
 15.7014 
 
 15.86 
 
 49 . 826 
 
 197.56 
 
 4.I52I 
 
 2370.7 
 
 671.62 
 
 3105.9 
 
 7-930 
 
 15.7212 
 
 15.87 
 
 49.857 
 
 197.81 
 
 4.1548 
 
 2373-7 
 
 672.47 
 
 3H3.7 
 
 7-935 
 
 I5.74H 
 
 15.88 
 
 49-888 
 
 198.06 
 
 4-1574 
 
 2376.7 
 
 673.32 
 
 3121.6 
 
 7-940 
 
 15.7609 
 
 15.89 
 
 49.920 
 
 198.31 
 
 4.1600 
 
 2379-7 
 
 674.16 
 
 3129.4 
 
 7-945 
 
 15.7808 
 
 15.90 
 
 49 951 
 
 198.56 
 
 4.1626 
 
 2382.7 
 
 675.01 
 
 3137.3 
 
 7-950 
 
 15.8006 
 
 15.91 
 
 49.983 
 
 198.81 
 
 4.1652 
 
 2385.7 
 
 675.86 
 
 3145.2 
 
 7-955 
 
 15.8205 
 
 15.92 
 
 50.014 
 
 199.06 
 
 4-1678 
 
 2388.7 
 
 676.71 
 
 3I53.I 
 
 7.960 
 
 15.8404 
 
 15.93 
 
 50.046 
 
 I99.3I 
 
 4.1705 
 
 2391 7 
 
 677.56 
 
 3161.1 
 
 7.965 
 
 15.8603 
 
 15.94 
 
 50.077 
 
 199.56 
 
 4.I73I 
 
 2394-7 
 
 678.41 
 
 3169.0 
 
 7-970 
 
 15.8802 
 
 j 15-95 
 
 50.108 
 
 199.81 
 
 4-1757 
 
 2397.7 
 
 679 . 26 
 
 3177.0 
 
 7-975 
 
 15.9002 
 
 15.96 
 
 50.140 
 
 200.06 
 
 4.1783 
 
 2400.7 
 
 680.12 
 
 3184.9 
 
 7.980 
 
 15.9201 
 
 15-97 
 
 50.171 
 
 200.31 
 
 4.1809 
 
 2403.7 
 
 680.97 
 
 3192.9 
 
 7.985 
 
 15 . 9401 
 
 15.98 
 
 50.203 
 
 200.56 
 
 4.1836 
 
 2406.7 
 
 681.82 
 
 3200.9 
 
 7-990 
 
 15.9600 
 
 15.99 
 
 50.234 
 
 200.81 
 
 4.1862 
 
 2409.7 
 
 682.68 
 
 3209.0 
 
 7-995 
 
 15.9800 
 
 16.00 
 
 50.265 
 
 201.06 
 
 4.1888 
 
 2412.7 
 
 683.53 
 
 3217.0 
 
 8.000 
 
 16.0000 
 
 
456 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) |6 { * 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 J? 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 1 
 
 jta 
 
 : 
 
 D 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 in 
 inches 
 C 
 
 Area 
 cross 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 A 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 / 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 y 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 & 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 5 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 V 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 W 
 
 16 
 
 50.265 
 
 201.06 
 
 4.1888 
 
 2412.7 
 
 683-53 
 
 3217.0 
 
 8.000 
 
 16.000 
 
 Vs 
 
 50.658 
 
 204 . 22 
 
 4.2215 
 
 2450.6 
 
 694.25 
 
 3318.7 
 
 8.063 
 
 16.251 
 
 V4 
 
 51.051 
 
 207.39 
 
 4.2542 
 
 2488.7 
 
 705.06 
 
 3422.8 
 
 8.125 
 
 16.504 
 
 % 
 
 51-444 
 
 210.60 
 
 4.2870 
 
 2527.2 
 
 715.95 
 
 3529.4 
 
 8.188 
 
 16.759 
 
 V2 
 
 51.836 
 
 213.82 
 
 4-3197 
 
 2565.9 
 
 726.92 
 
 3638.4 
 
 8.250 
 
 17.016 
 
 % 
 
 52.229 
 
 217.08 
 
 4.3524 
 
 2604.9 
 
 737-97 
 
 3749-9 
 
 8.313 
 
 17.274 
 
 % 
 
 52.622 
 
 220.35 
 
 4-3851 
 
 2644.2 
 
 749-11 
 
 3863.9 
 
 8.375 
 
 17-535 
 
 7 /8 
 
 53-014 
 
 223.65 
 
 4.4179 
 
 2683.9 
 
 760.34 
 
 398o.6 
 
 8.438 
 
 17.798 
 
 17 
 
 53.407 
 
 226.98 
 
 4.45o6 
 
 2723-8 
 
 771.64 
 
 4099-8 
 
 8.500 
 
 18.063 
 
 y 8 
 
 53.8oo 
 
 230.33 
 
 4.4833 
 
 2764.0 
 
 783-03 
 
 4221.7 
 
 8.563 
 
 18.329 
 
 4 
 
 54.192 
 
 233.71 
 
 4.5i6o 
 
 2804.5 
 
 794-50 
 
 4346.4 
 
 8.625 
 
 18.598 
 
 % 
 
 54.585 
 
 237.10 
 
 4-5488 
 
 2845.3 
 
 806.06 
 
 4473-7 
 
 8.688 
 
 18.868 
 
 y 2 
 
 54.978 
 
 240.53 
 
 4.5815 
 
 2886.3 
 
 817.70 
 
 4603. z 
 
 S.75Q 
 
 19.141 
 
 % 
 
 55-371 
 
 243.98 
 
 4.6142 
 
 2927.7 
 
 829.42 
 
 4736.8 
 
 8.813 
 
 19.415 
 
 8/4 
 
 55.763 
 
 247.45 
 
 4.6469 
 
 2969.4 
 
 841.23 
 
 4872.6 
 
 8.875 
 
 19.691 
 
 % 
 
 56.156 
 
 250.95 
 
 4.6797 
 
 3011.4 
 
 853-12 
 
 50H.3 
 
 8.938 
 
 19-970 
 
 iS.' 1 
 
 56.549 
 
 254.47 
 
 4.7124 
 
 3053.6 
 
 865.09 
 
 5153.0 
 
 9.000 
 
 20.250 
 
 Vs 
 
 56.941 
 
 258.02 
 
 4-7451 
 
 3096.2 
 
 877-15 
 
 5297.6 
 
 9.063 
 
 20.532 
 
 V4 
 
 57-334 
 
 261.59 
 
 4.7778 
 
 3i39.o 
 
 889.29 
 
 5445-3 
 
 9-125 
 
 20.816 
 
 8/8 
 
 57.727 
 
 265.18 
 
 4.8106 
 
 3182.2 
 
 901.51 
 
 5596.0 
 
 9.188 
 
 21.103 | 
 
 % 
 
 58.119 
 
 268.80 
 
 4.8433 
 
 3225.6 
 
 913.82 
 
 5749-9 
 
 9.250 
 
 21.391 
 
 % 
 
 58.512 
 
 272.45 
 
 4.8760 
 
 3269.4 
 
 926.21 
 
 5906.8 
 
 9.313 
 
 21.681 
 
 3/4 
 
 58.905 
 
 276.12 
 
 4.9087 
 
 3313.4 
 
 938.69 
 
 6067.0 
 
 9-375 
 
 21.973 
 
 % 
 
 59.298 
 
 279.81 
 
 4.9415 
 
 3357-7 
 
 95L24 
 
 6230.4 
 
 9.438 
 
 22.267 
 
 19 
 
 59.690 
 
 283.53 
 
 4-9742 
 
 3402.3 
 
 963.88 
 
 6397.1 
 
 9-500 
 
 22.563 
 
 Vs 
 
 60.083 
 
 287.27 
 
 5.0069 
 
 3447-3 
 
 976.61 
 
 6567.2 
 
 9.563 
 
 22.860 
 
 V4 
 
 60.476 
 
 291 .04 
 
 5.0396 
 
 3492.5 
 
 989.42 
 
 6740.5 
 
 9-625 
 
 23.160 
 
 % 
 
 60.868 
 
 294.83 
 
 5.0724 
 
 3538.0 
 
 1002.31 
 
 6917.3 
 
 9.688 
 
 23.462 | 
 
 % 
 
 61 . 261 
 
 298.65 
 
 5-I05I 
 
 3583.8 
 
 1015.28 
 
 7097.5 
 
 9-750 
 
 23.766 
 
 5 /8 
 
 61.654 
 
 302.49 
 
 5.1378 
 
 3629.9 
 
 1028 . 34 
 
 7281.3 
 
 9-813 
 
 24.071 
 
 8 /4 
 
 62.046 
 
 306.35 
 
 5-1705 
 
 3676.3 
 
 1041.48 
 
 7468.6 
 
 9.875 
 
 24-379 
 
 7 /8 
 
 62.439 
 
 310.24 
 
 5.2033 
 
 3722.9 
 
 1054.71 
 
 7659.5 
 
 9-938 
 
 24.688 
 
 20 
 
 62.832 
 
 314 16 
 
 5-2360 
 
 3769.9 
 
 1068.02 
 
 7854-0 
 
 o.ooo 
 
 25.000 
 
 Vs 
 
 63.225 
 
 318.10 
 
 5-2687 
 
 3817.2 
 
 1081.41 
 
 8052.2 
 
 0.063 
 
 25.313 
 
 V4 
 
 63.617 
 
 322.06 
 
 5-3014 
 
 3864.7 
 
 1094.88 
 
 8254.1 
 
 0.125 
 
 25 629 
 
 8/8 
 
 64.010 
 
 326.05 
 
 5.3342 
 
 3912.6 
 
 1108.44 
 
 8459.8 
 
 0.188 
 
 25.946 
 
 V2 
 
 64.403 
 
 33o.o6 
 
 5.3669 
 
 3960.8 
 
 I 122. 08 
 
 8669.3 
 
 0.250 
 
 26.266 
 
 % 
 
 64.795 
 
 334-10 
 
 5.3996 
 
 4009.2 
 
 H35.8I 
 
 8882.7 
 
 0.313 
 
 26.587 
 
 8/4 
 
 65.188 
 
 338.16 
 
 5.4323 
 
 4058.0 
 
 IT49.62 
 
 9100.0 
 
 0.375 
 
 26.910 
 
 % 
 
 65.581 
 
 342.25 
 
 5.4^51 
 
 4107.0 
 
 1163 51 
 
 9321.3 
 
 0.438 
 
 27.235 
 
 21 
 
 65.973 
 
 346.36 
 
 5.4978 
 
 4156.3 
 
 1177.49 
 
 9546.6 
 
 10.500 
 
 27.563 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 457 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) laches 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 R*, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity;. For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 . Diam. 
 in inches 
 
 Circum- 
 ference 
 in 
 inches 
 C 
 
 Area 
 cross 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 A 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 I 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 y 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 R* 
 
 Surface 
 sq.ft. 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 V 
 
 Weight, 
 Ibs. steel 
 W 
 
 21 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 65.973 
 66.366 
 66.759 
 67.152 
 
 346.36 
 350.50 
 354-66 
 358.84 
 
 5.4978 
 5.5305 
 5.5632 
 5.596o 
 
 4156.3 
 4206.0 
 4255.9 
 43o6.i 
 
 1177-49 
 H9I.55 
 1205.69 
 1219.92 
 
 9546.6 
 9775-9 
 10009.3 
 10247.0 
 
 10.500 
 10.563 
 10.625 
 10.688 
 
 27.563 
 27.892 
 28.223 
 28.556 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 8 /4 
 7 /8 
 
 67.544 
 67.937 
 68.330 
 68.722 
 
 363-05 
 367.28 
 371-54 
 375-83 
 
 5.6287 
 5.6614 
 5.6941 
 5.7269 
 
 4356.6 
 
 4407.4 
 4458.5 
 4509.9 
 
 1234.23 
 1248.62 
 1263.10 
 1277.66 
 
 10488.7 
 10734.8 
 10985 
 11240 
 
 10.750 
 10.813 
 10.875 
 10.938 
 
 28.891 
 29.228 
 29.566 
 29.907 
 
 22 
 
 Vs 
 
 y 
 % 
 
 69.115 
 69.508 
 69.900 
 70.293 
 
 380.13 
 384.46 
 388.82 
 393-20 
 
 5.7596 
 5-792.3 
 5.8250 
 5.8578 
 
 4561 . 6 
 4613.6 
 4665.9 
 47i8.4 
 
 1292.30 
 1307.03 
 1321.84 
 1336.73 
 
 II 499 
 11763 
 12031 
 12303 
 
 II.OOO 
 
 11.063 
 11.125 
 11.188 
 
 30.250 
 30.595 
 30.941 
 31.290 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 S A 
 
 % 
 
 70.686 
 71.079 
 71.471 
 71.864 
 
 397.61 
 402.04 
 406.49 
 410.97 
 
 5.8905 
 5.9232 
 5-9559 
 5.9887 
 
 4771-3 
 4824.5 
 4877.9 
 4931-7 
 
 1351.71 
 1366.77 
 1381.91 
 1397.14 
 
 12581 
 12862 
 I3I49 
 13440 
 
 11.250 
 11.313 
 11.375 
 11.438 
 
 31.641 
 31.993 
 32.348 
 32.704 
 
 23 
 
 Vs 
 
 y 
 
 % 
 
 72.257 
 72.649 
 73.042 
 73-435 
 
 415.48 
 420.00 
 424.56 
 429.13 
 
 6.0214 
 6.0541 
 6.0868 
 6.1196 
 
 4985.7 
 5040.0 
 5094.7 
 5149.6 
 
 1412.45 
 1427.85 
 1443.32 
 1458.88 
 
 13737 
 14038 
 14344 
 14655 
 
 11.500 
 11.563 
 11.625 
 11.688 
 
 33.063 
 33.423 
 33.785 
 34-149 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 3 /4 
 
 % 
 
 73.827 
 74.220 
 74.613 
 75.oo6 
 
 433-74 
 438.36 
 443-01 
 447.69 
 
 6.1523 
 6.1850 
 6.2177 
 6.2505 
 
 5204.8 
 5260.4 
 53i6.2 
 5372.3 
 
 1474-53 
 1490.26 
 1506.07 
 1521.96 
 
 I497I 
 15292 
 15618 
 15949 
 
 11.750 
 11.813 
 n.875 
 n.938 
 
 34.5i6 
 34.88 4 
 35.254 
 35.626 
 
 24 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 75.398 
 75-791 
 76.184 
 76.576 
 
 452.39 
 457.ii 
 461.86 
 466.64 
 
 6.2832 
 6.3159 
 6.3486 
 6.3814 
 
 5428.7 
 5485.4 
 5542.4 
 5599-6 
 
 1537-94 
 1554-00 
 1570.15 
 1586.38 
 
 16286 
 16628 
 16975 
 17328 
 
 I2.OOO 
 12.063 
 12.125 
 12.188 
 
 36.000 
 36.376 
 36.754 
 37.134 
 
 & 
 
 % 
 
 8 /4 
 % 
 
 76.969 
 77.362 
 77-754 
 78.147 
 
 471-44 
 476.26 
 481.11 
 485.98 
 
 6.4141 
 6.4468 
 6.4795 
 6.5123 
 
 5657.2 
 57I5.I 
 5773-3 
 583L7 
 
 1602.69 
 1619.09 
 1635.57 
 1652.13 
 
 17686 
 18050 
 18 419 
 18794 
 
 12.250 
 12.313 
 
 12.375 
 12.438 
 
 37.516 
 37.899 
 38.285 
 38.673 
 
 25 
 
 y 8 
 % 
 % 
 
 78.540 
 78.933 
 79.325 
 79.718 
 
 490.87 
 495.79 
 500.74 
 505.71 
 
 6.5450 
 6.5777 
 6.6104 
 6.6432 
 
 5890.5 
 5949.5 
 6008.9 
 6068.5 
 
 1668.77 
 1685.50 
 1702.32 
 1719.21 
 
 19 175 
 19561 
 19953 
 20351 
 
 12.500 
 12.563 
 12.625 
 12.688 
 
 39.063 
 39-454 
 39.848 
 40.243 
 
 y 2 
 
 % 
 
 8 /4 
 ! 7 /8 
 
 80. in 
 80.503 
 80.896 
 81 . 289 
 
 5I0.7I 
 515.72 
 520.77 
 525.84 
 
 6.6759 
 6.7086 
 6.7413 
 6.7741 
 
 6128.5 
 6188.7 
 6249.2 
 6310.0 
 
 1736.19 
 1753.26 
 1770.40 
 1787.63 
 
 20755 
 21 165 
 21 581 
 22003 
 
 12.750 
 12.813 
 12.875 
 12.938 
 
 40.641 
 41.040 
 41.441 
 41.845 
 
 !26 
 
 81.681 
 
 530.93 
 
 6.8068 
 
 637L2 
 
 1804.95 
 
 22432: 
 
 13.000 
 
 42.250 
 
 
458 Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Continued) 2? inches 
 
 ol incnes 
 
 For Tubes use differences for A , W, I and V (for volume of wall only) , sum for 
 ]&, and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity). For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 il 
 
 Circum- 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Moment 
 
 Distance 
 
 1 
 Radius 
 
 SJ 
 
 in 
 
 section 
 
 Surface 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weight, 
 
 of 
 
 to farth- 
 
 tion 
 
 .s 
 
 inches 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 cu. in. 
 
 Ibs. stee 
 
 inertia 
 
 est fiber 
 
 squared 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
 y 
 
 R2 
 
 26 
 
 81.681 
 
 530-93 
 
 6.8068 
 
 6371.2 
 
 1804.95 
 
 22432 
 
 13.000 
 
 42.250 
 
 % 
 
 82.074 
 
 536-05 
 
 6.8395 
 
 6432.6 
 
 1822.34 
 
 22866 
 
 - 13-063 
 
 42.657 
 
 y* 
 
 82.467 
 
 54I-I9 
 
 6.8722 
 
 6494.3 
 
 1839.82 
 
 23307 
 
 13-125 
 
 43.o66 
 
 
 82.860 
 
 546.35 
 
 6.9050 
 
 6556.3 
 
 1857.39 
 
 23754 
 
 13.188 
 
 43.478 
 
 Va 
 
 83.252 
 
 551-55 
 
 6.9377 
 
 6618. 6 
 
 1875.04 
 
 24208 
 
 13.250 
 
 43-891 
 
 % 
 
 83.645 
 
 556.76 
 
 6.9704 
 
 6681 . i 
 
 1892.77 
 
 24668 
 
 13.313 
 
 44.306 
 
 8 /4 
 
 84.038 
 
 562.00 
 
 7-0031 
 
 6744.0 
 
 1910.58 
 
 25 134 
 
 13 375 
 
 44.723 
 
 
 84.430 
 
 567-27 
 
 7-0359 
 
 6807.2 
 
 1928.48 
 
 25607 
 
 13.438 
 
 45.142 
 
 27 
 
 84.823 
 
 572.56 
 
 7.0686 
 
 6870.7 
 
 1946.46 
 
 26087 
 
 13.500 
 
 45.563 
 
 Vs 
 
 85.216 
 
 577.87 
 
 7.1013 
 
 6934.4 
 
 1964.52 
 
 26574 
 
 13.563 
 
 45.985 
 
 
 85.608 
 
 583-21 
 
 7-1340 
 
 6998.5 
 
 1982 . 67 
 
 27067 
 
 13.625 
 
 46.410 
 
 % 
 
 86.001 
 
 588.57 
 
 7.1668 
 
 7062.8 
 
 2000.90 
 
 27567 
 
 13.688 
 
 46.837 
 
 Va 
 
 86.394 
 
 593.96 
 
 7-1995 
 
 7127.5 
 
 2019.22 
 
 28074 
 
 13.750 
 
 47.266 
 
 % 
 
 86.786 
 
 599-37 
 
 7.2322 
 
 7192.4 
 
 2037.62 
 
 28588 
 
 13-813 
 
 47.696 
 
 % 
 
 87.179 
 
 604.81 
 
 7.2649 
 
 7257.7 
 
 2056 . 10 
 
 29 109 
 
 13-875 
 
 48.129 
 
 % 
 
 87.572 
 
 610.27 
 
 7.2977 
 
 7323.2 
 
 2074 . 66 
 
 29637 
 
 13.938 
 
 48.563 
 
 28 
 
 87.965 
 
 615.75 
 
 7.3304 
 
 7389.0 
 
 2093-31 
 
 30172 
 
 14.000 
 
 49.000 
 
 Vs 
 
 88.357 
 
 621 . 26 
 
 7.3631 
 
 7455-1 
 
 2112.04 
 
 30714 
 
 14.063 
 
 49.438 
 
 
 88.750 
 
 626.80 
 
 7.3958 
 
 7521.6 
 
 2130.86 
 
 31 264 
 
 14.125 
 
 49.879 
 
 % 
 
 89.143 
 
 632.36 
 
 7.4286 
 
 7588.3 
 
 2149.76 
 
 31 821 
 
 14.188 
 
 50.321 
 
 Va 
 
 89-535 
 
 637.94 
 
 7.4613 
 
 7655.3 
 
 2168 . 74 
 
 32385 
 
 14-250 
 
 50.766 
 
 
 89.928 
 
 643.55 
 
 7.4940 
 
 7722.6 
 
 2187.81 
 
 32957 
 
 14.313 
 
 51.212 
 
 % 
 
 90.321 
 
 649.18 
 
 7.5267 
 
 7790.2 
 
 2206 . 95 
 
 33537 
 
 14-375 
 
 51.660 
 
 
 90.713 
 
 654.84 
 
 7-5595 
 
 7858.1 
 
 2226.19 
 
 34 124 
 
 14.438 
 
 52.110 
 
 29 
 
 91 . 106 
 
 660.52 
 
 7-5922 
 
 7926.2 
 
 2245.50 
 
 34719 
 
 14.500 
 
 52.563 
 
 
 91.499 
 
 666.23 
 
 7.6249 
 
 7994-7 
 
 2264.90 
 
 35321 
 
 14-563 
 
 53-017 
 
 Vi 
 
 91.892 
 
 671.96 
 
 7.6576 
 
 8063.5 
 
 2284.39 
 
 35931 
 
 14-625 
 
 53-473 
 
 % 
 
 92.284 
 
 677.71 
 
 7.6904 
 
 8132.6 
 
 2303.95 
 
 36550 
 
 14.688 
 
 53-931 
 
 Va 
 
 92.677 
 
 683.49 
 
 7.7231 
 
 8201 . 9 
 
 2323.60 
 
 37 176 
 
 14.750 
 
 54-391 
 
 % 
 
 93-070 
 
 689.30 
 
 7.7558 
 
 8271.6 
 
 2343-34 
 
 378io 
 
 14-813 
 
 54-853 
 
 % 
 
 93.462 
 
 695.13 
 
 7.7885 
 
 834L5 
 
 2363.15 
 
 38452 
 
 14-875 
 
 55.3i6 
 
 % 
 
 93-855 
 
 700.98 
 
 7.8213 
 
 8411.8 
 
 2383.05 
 
 39102 
 
 14.938 
 
 55.782 
 
 30 
 
 94.248 
 
 706.86 
 
 7.8540 
 
 8482.3 
 
 2403.04 
 
 3976i 
 
 15.000 
 
 56.250 
 
 Vs 
 
 94.640 
 
 712.76 
 
 7.8867 
 
 8553-1 
 
 2423.10 
 
 40428 
 
 15.063 
 
 56.720 
 
 
 95-033 
 
 718.69 
 
 7.9194 
 
 8624.3 
 
 2443-25 
 
 41 103 
 
 15.125 
 
 57.I9I 
 
 8 /8 
 
 95.426 
 
 724-64 
 
 7-9522 
 
 8695.7 
 
 2463.49 
 
 41786 
 
 15.188 
 
 57.665 
 
 Va 
 
 95.819 
 
 730.62 
 
 7.9849 
 
 8767.4 
 
 2483.80 
 
 42479 
 
 15.250 
 
 58.141 
 
 % 
 
 96.211 
 
 736.62 
 
 8.0176 
 
 8839.4 
 
 2504.21 
 
 43 179 
 
 15.313 
 
 58.618 
 
 
 96.604 
 
 742.64 
 
 8.0503 
 
 8911.7 
 
 2524-69 
 
 43888 
 
 15-375 
 
 59-098 
 
 % 
 
 96.997 
 
 748.69 
 
 8.0831 
 
 8984.3 
 
 2545.26 
 
 44606 
 
 15.438 
 
 59-579 
 
 31 
 
 97.389 
 
 754-77 
 
 8.1158 
 
 9057.2 
 
 2565.91 
 
 45333 
 
 15.500 
 
 60.063 
 
 
Table of the Properties of Tubes and Round Bars 459 
 
 Properties of Tubes and Round Bars (Concluded) 31 inches 
 
 36 inches 
 For Tubes use differences for A, W, I and V (for volume of wall only), sum for 
 R 2 , and direct tabular values for C, S, y and V (for capacity) . For Round 
 Bars use all tabular values direct. 
 
 P 
 
 Circum 
 
 Area 
 
 Per foot length 
 
 Momen 
 of 
 inertia 
 
 I 
 
 Distance 
 from axis 
 to farth- 
 est fiber 
 
 y 
 
 Radius 
 of gyra- 
 tion 
 squared 
 
 S.g 
 
 b 
 
 31 
 % 
 
 H 
 
 8/8 
 
 in 
 inches 
 C 
 
 section 
 sq. in. 
 A 
 
 Surface 
 sq. ft. 
 5 
 
 Volume 
 cu. in. 
 V 
 
 Weight 
 Ibs. stee 
 W 
 
 97.389 
 97.782 
 98.175 
 98.567 
 
 754-77 
 760.87 
 766.99 
 773-14 
 
 8.1158 
 8.1485 
 8.1812 
 8.2140 
 
 9057.2 
 9130.4 
 9203.9 
 9277.7 
 
 2565.91 
 2586.64 
 2607.46 
 2628.36 
 
 45333 
 46069 
 46813 
 47567 
 
 15.500 
 15.563 
 15.625 
 15.688 
 
 60.063 
 60.548 
 61.035 
 61.524 
 
 % 
 
 98.960 
 99-353 
 99.746 
 100.138 
 
 779-31 
 785.51 
 791 . 73 
 797.98 
 
 8.2467 
 8.2794 
 8.3121 
 8.3449 
 
 9351 . 7 
 
 9426.1 
 9500.8 
 9575-7 
 
 2649.35 
 2670.42 
 2691.57 
 2712.80 
 
 48329 
 49 ioi 
 49882 
 50672 
 
 15.750 
 15.813 
 15.875 
 15.938 
 
 62.016 
 62.509 
 63.004 
 63.501 
 
 32 ^ 
 8 /8 
 
 100.531 
 100.924 
 101.316 
 ioi . 709 
 
 804 . 25 
 810.54 
 816.86 
 823.21 
 
 8.3776 
 8.4103 
 8.4430 
 8.4758 
 
 9651.0 
 9726.5 
 9802.4 
 9878.5 
 
 2734.12 
 2755.52 
 2777.01 
 2798.58 
 
 51 472 
 52281 
 53099 
 53927 
 
 16.000 
 16.063 
 16.125 
 16.188 
 
 64.000 
 64.501 
 65.004 
 65.509 
 
 1/2 
 % 
 
 102.102 
 
 102 . 494 
 102.887 
 103.280 
 
 829.58 
 835.97 
 842.39 
 848.83 
 
 8.5085 
 8.5412 
 8-5739 
 8.6067 
 
 9954-9 
 10031 . 6 
 10108.7 
 10186.0 
 
 2820.23 
 2841.97 
 2863.78 
 2885.69 
 
 54765 
 55612 
 56470 
 57337 
 
 16.250 
 16.313 
 16.375 
 16.438 
 
 66.016 
 66.524 
 67.035 
 67.548 
 
 33 '. 
 
 v! 
 
 103.673 
 104.065 
 104.458 
 104.851 
 
 855.30 
 861.79 
 868.31 
 874.85 
 
 8.6394 
 8.6721 
 8.7048 
 8.7376 
 
 10263.6 
 10341.5 
 10419.7 
 
 10498 . 2 
 
 2907.67 
 2929.74 
 2951.90 
 2974.13 
 
 58214 
 59 ioi 
 59998 
 60905 
 
 16.500 
 16.563 
 16.625 
 16.688 
 
 68.063 
 68.579 
 69.098 
 69.618 
 
 1/2 
 
 % 
 
 7 /8 
 
 105.243 
 105 . 636 
 106.029 
 106.421 
 
 881.41 
 888.00 
 894 . 62 
 901.26 
 
 8.7703 
 8.8030 
 8.8357 
 8.8685 
 
 10577.0 
 10656.0 
 10735-4 
 I08I5.I 
 
 2996.45 
 3018.86 
 3041.34 
 3063.91 
 
 61 823 
 62751 
 63689 
 64638 
 
 16.750 
 16.813 
 16.875 
 16.938 
 
 70.141 
 70.665 
 71.191 
 71.720 
 
 34 / 
 
 8 
 
 106.814 
 107 . 207 
 107 . 600 
 107.992 
 
 907.92 
 914.61 
 921.32 
 928.06 
 
 8.9012 
 8.9339 
 8.9666 
 8.9994 
 
 10895.0 
 10975-3 
 II055-9 
 III36.7 
 
 3086.57 
 3109.30 
 3132.12 
 3155.03 
 
 65597 
 66567 
 67548 
 68539 
 
 17.000 
 17-063 
 17.125 
 17.188 
 
 72.250 
 72.782 
 73.316 
 73-853 
 
 % 
 
 7 /8 
 
 108.385 
 108.778 
 109.170 
 109.563 
 
 934.82 
 941-61 
 948.42 
 955-25 
 
 9.0321 
 9.0648 
 9-0975 
 9.1303 
 
 II2I7.8 
 II299.3 
 1I38I.O 
 H463.0 
 
 3178.01 
 3201.09 
 3224.24 
 3247.48 
 
 69542 
 70555 
 7i58o 
 72615 
 
 17.250 
 I7-3I3 
 17-375 
 17.438 
 
 74-391 
 74-931 
 75-473 
 76.017 
 
 1 35 
 
 Vs 
 
 1/4 
 8/ 8 
 
 109.956 
 110.348 
 110.741 
 III. 134 
 
 962.11 
 969.00 
 975-91 
 982.84 
 
 9.1630 
 9-1957 
 9.2284 
 9.2612 
 
 II545-4 
 II628.0 
 II7I0.9 
 II794-I 
 
 3270.80 
 3294.20 
 3317.69 
 3341.26 
 
 73662 
 
 74720 
 75789 
 76870 
 
 17.500 
 17.563 
 17.625 
 17.688 
 
 76.563 
 77-110 
 77-660 
 78.212 
 
 % 
 
 7 /8 
 
 III.527 
 111.919 
 112.312 
 112.705 
 
 989.80 
 996.78 
 003.79 
 010.82 
 
 9-2939 
 9.3266 
 9-3593 
 9-3921 
 
 II877.6 
 II96I.4 
 12045.5 
 I2I29.8 
 
 3364.92 
 3388.66 
 3412.48 
 3436.38 
 
 77962 
 79066 
 80182 
 81309 
 
 17.750 
 17.813 
 17.875 
 17.938 
 
 78.766 
 79-321 
 79.879 
 80.438 
 
 36 
 
 "3.097 
 
 017.88 
 
 9.4248 
 
 I22I4.5 
 
 3460.37 
 
 82448 
 
 18.000 
 
 81.000 
 
 
460 
 
 The Metric System 
 
 THE METRIC SYSTEM 
 
 (Extract from tables of equivalents published by the Department of Commerce 
 and Labor, Bureau of Standards.) 
 
 The fundamental unit of the metric system is the METER (the unit of 
 length). 
 
 From this the units of mass (GRAM) and capacity (LITER) are derived. 
 
 All other units are the decimal subdivisions or multiples of these. 
 These three units are simply related, so that for all practical purposes 
 the volume of one kilogram of water (one liter) is equal to one cubic 
 decimeter. 
 
 Prefixes 
 
 Meaning 
 
 Units 
 
 Milll- 
 
 =one thousandth .001 
 
 
 
 IOOO 
 
 
 Centi- 
 
 =one hundredth .01 
 
 IOO 
 
 METER for length 
 
 Deci- 
 
 =one tenth . i 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 unit 
 
 =one i. 
 
 GRAM for mass 
 
 Deka- 
 
 10 
 
 =ten 10. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Hecto- 
 
 =one hundred 100. 
 
 i 
 
 LITER for capacity 
 
 Kilo- 
 
 , IOOO 
 
 = one thousand 1000. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 The metric terms are formed by combining the words "Meter," 
 'Gram" and "Liter" with the six numerical prefixes. 
 
 Length 
 
 10 milli-meters (mm) = i centi-meter (cm). 
 10 centi-meters = i deci-meter (dm). 
 
 10 deci-meters = i METER (about 40 inches) (m). 
 
 10 meters = i deka-meter (dkm). 
 
 10 deka-meters = i hecto-meter (hm). 
 
 10 hecto-meters = i kilo-meter (about % mile) (km). 
 
 Mass 
 
 10 milli-grams (mg) = i centi-gram (eg). 
 
 10 centi-grams = i deci-gram (dg). 
 
 10 deci-grams = i GRAM (about 15 grains) (g). 
 
 10 grams = i deka-gram (dkg). 
 
 10 deka-grams = i hecto-gram (hg). 
 
 10 hecto-grams = i kilo-gram (about 2 pounds) (kg). 
 
 Capacity 
 
 10 milli-liters (ml) = i centi-liter (cl). 
 
 10 centi-liters = i deci-liter (dl). 
 
 10 deci-liters = i liter (about i quart) (1). 
 
 10 liters = i deka-liter (dkl). 
 
 10 deka-liters = i hecto-liter (about a barrel) (hi). 
 
 10 hecto-liters = i kilo-liter (kl). 
 
Equivalents 461 
 
 The square and cubic units are the squares and cubes of the linear 
 units. 
 
 The ordinary unit of land area is the Hectare (about 2^2 acres). 
 
 For ordinary mental comparison it is convenient to know the approxi- 
 mate relations; e.g., i meter = 40 inches; 3 decimeters = i foot; i deci- 
 meter = 4 inches; i liter = i liquid quart; i kilogram = 2^ pounds; 
 30 grams = i avoirdupois ounce; i metric ton = i gross ton (see 
 tables). 
 
 Equivalents 
 
 All lengths, areas and cubic measures in the following tables are 
 derived from the international meter, the legal equivalent being i 
 METER = 39.37 INCHES (law of July 28, 1866). In 1893 the United 
 States Office of Standard Weights and Measures was authorized to derive 
 the yard from the meter, using for the purpose the relation legalized in 
 
 1866, i YARD EQUALS METER. The customary weights are like- 
 
 3937 
 
 wise referred to the kilogram. (Executive order approved April 5, 
 1893.) This action fixed the values, inasmuch as the reference standards 
 are as perfect and unalterable as it is possible for human skill to make 
 them. 
 
 All capacities are based on the practical equivalent i cubic decimeter 
 equals i liter. The decimeter is equal to 3.937 inches in accordance 
 with the legal equivalent of the meter given above. The gallon referred 
 to in the tables is the United States gallon of 231 cubic inches. The 
 bushel is the United States bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches. There 
 units must not be confused with the British units of the same name, 
 which differ from those used in the United States. The British gallon 
 is approximately 20 per cent larger, and the British bushel 3 per cent 
 larger, than the corresponding units used in this country. 
 
 The customary weights derived from the international kilogram are 
 based on the value i avoirdupois pound = 453.5924277 grams. This 
 value is carried out farther than that given in the law, but is in accord 
 with the latter as far as it is there given. The value of the troy pound 
 
 is based upon the relation just mentioned, and also the equivalent 
 
 7000 
 
 avoirdupois pound equals i troy pound. 
 
 Length 
 
 Centimeter = 0.3937 inch. 
 
 Meter =3.28 feet. 
 
 Meter = 1.094 yards. 
 
 Kilometer = 0.621 statute mile. 
 
 Kilometer = 0.5396 nautical mile. 
 
 Inch = 2.540 centimeters. 
 
 Foot = 0.305 meter. 
 
 Yard = 0.914 meter. 
 
 Statute mile = 1.61 kilometers. 
 
 Nautical mile = 1.853 kilometers. 
 
462 
 
 Equivalents 
 
 Square centimeter 
 Square meter 
 Square meter 
 Hectare 
 
 Square kilometer 
 Square inch 
 Square foot 
 Square yard 
 Acre 
 Square mile 
 
 Cubic centimeter 
 Cubic meter 
 Cubic meter 
 Cubic inch 
 Cubic foot 
 Cubic yard 
 
 Milliliter 
 
 Milliliter 
 
 Liter 
 
 Liter 
 
 Liter 
 
 Dekaliter 
 
 Hectoliter 
 
 U. S. liquid ounce 
 
 U. S. apothecaries' dram 
 
 U. S. liquid quart 
 
 U. S. dry quart 
 
 U. S. liquid gallon 
 
 U. S. peck 
 
 U. S. bushel 
 
 Gram 
 
 Gram 
 
 Gram 
 
 Gram 
 
 Gram 
 
 Kilogram 
 
 Kilogram 
 
 Metric ton 
 
 Metric ton 
 
 Grain 
 
 U. S. apothecaries' scruple 
 
 U. S. apothecaries' dram 
 
 Avoirdupois ounce 
 
 Troy ounce 
 
 Avoirdupois pound 
 
 Troy pound 
 
 Gross or long ton 
 
 Short or net ton 
 
 Area 
 
 = 0.155 square inch. 
 = 10.76 square feet. 
 = 1.196 square yards. 
 = 2.47 acres. 
 = 0.386 square mile. 
 = 6.45 square centimeters. 
 = 0.0929 square meter. 
 = 0.836 square meter. 
 = 0.405 hectare. 
 = 2.59 square kilometers. 
 
 Volume 
 
 = 0.0610 cubic inch. 
 = 35-3 cubic feet. 
 = 1.308 cubic yards. 
 = 16.39 cubic centimeters. 
 = 0.0283 cubic meter. 
 = 0.765 cubic meter. 
 
 Capacity 
 
 = 0.0338 U. S. liquid ounce. 
 
 = 0.2705 U. S. apothecaries' dram. 
 
 = 1.057 U. S. liquid quarts. 
 
 = 0.2642 U. S. liquid gallon. 
 
 = 0.908 U. S. dry quart. 
 
 = 1.135 U. S. pecks. 
 
 = 2.838 U. S. bushels. 
 = 29.57 milliliters. 
 
 = 3.70 milliliters. 
 
 = 0.946 liter. 
 
 = i.ioi liters. 
 
 = 3.785 liters. 
 
 = 0.881 dekaliter. 
 
 = 0.3524 hectoliter. 
 
 Weight 
 
 = 15.43 grains. 
 
 = 0.772 U. S. apothecaries' scruple. 
 = 0.2572 U. S. apothecaries' dram. 
 = 0-0353 avoirdupois ounce. 
 = 0.03215 troy ounce. 
 = 2.205 avoirdupois pounds. 
 = 2.679 troy pounds. 
 = 0.984 gross or long ton. 
 = 1. 102 short or net tons. 
 = 0.0648 gram. 
 = 1.296 grams. 
 = 3-89 grams. 
 = 28.35 grams. 
 = 31.10 grams. 
 = 0.4536 kilogram. 
 = 0.373 kilogram. 
 = i .016 metric tons. 
 = 0.907 metric ton. 
 
Comparison of 
 
 Customary and 
 
 Metric Units 
 
 463 
 
 Comparison of Customary and Metric Units from i to 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lengths 
 
 
 
 
 Inches meters 
 
 I'hes 1. 
 
 Feet Meters 
 
 
 
 
 03937= i 
 
 07874= 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 3937= I 
 7874= 2 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 =0 
 
 =o 
 
 304801 
 609601 
 
 
 
 n8n 
 
 = 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 = 2.54001 
 
 
 3 
 
 = 
 
 914402 
 
 
 
 15748 
 
 = 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1811= 3 
 
 
 3- 
 
 28083= I 
 
 
 
 
 19685 
 
 = 5 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 5748= 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 = 1 
 
 219202 
 
 o 
 
 23622 
 
 = 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 9685= 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 = 1 
 
 524003 
 
 o 
 
 27559 
 
 = 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 = 5 08001 
 
 
 6 
 
 = 1 
 
 828804 
 
 0.31496 
 
 = 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3622= 6 
 
 
 6. 
 
 56167=2 
 
 
 
 
 35433 
 
 = 9 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7559= 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 = 2 
 
 133604 
 
 I 
 
 
 = 25.4001 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 = 7.62002 
 
 
 8 
 
 = 2 
 
 438405 
 
 2 
 
 
 = 50.8001 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1496= 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 = 2 
 
 743205 
 
 3 
 
 
 = 76.2002 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5433= 9 
 
 
 9- 
 
 84250 = 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 = 101.6002 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 = 10 16002 
 
 
 13- 
 
 12333=4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 = 127.0003 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 = 12.70003 
 
 
 16. 
 
 40417 = 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 = 152.4003 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 = 15 24003 
 
 
 19. 
 
 68500=6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 = 177.8004 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 = 17-78004 
 
 
 22. 
 
 96583=7 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 = 203-2004 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 = 20.32004 
 
 
 26. 
 
 24667=8 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 = 228.6005 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 = 22.86005 
 
 .9. 
 
 52750=9 
 
 
 u. s. Meters 
 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Kilo- 
 
 
 
 miles 
 
 meters 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 = 
 
 914402 
 
 
 
 
 0.62137= 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 .093611 = 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i = 
 
 i . 60935 
 
 
 
 _ t '2 
 
 = 1 
 
 828804 
 
 
 
 
 1.24274= 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 L *_* j 
 
 .187222=2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.86411 = 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 :i;0 3 
 
 = 2 
 
 743205 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3.21869 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .280833=3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.48548 = 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 = 3 
 
 657607 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 82804 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 .374444 = 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-10685 = 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 = 4 
 
 572009 
 
 
 
 
 3.72822 = 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 .468056 = 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6.43739 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 = 5 
 
 486411 
 
 
 
 
 4 34959 = 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 .561667=6 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 97096 =* 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 =6.400813 
 
 
 5 = 
 
 8.04674 
 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 .655278=7 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.59233= 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 = 7 
 
 3I52I5 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 . 65608 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 .748889 = 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 = 
 
 11.26543 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 = 8 
 
 229616 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 12.87478 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 .842500=9 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 = 
 
 14.48412 
 
 
 
464 Comparison of Customary and Metric Units 
 
 Comparison of Customary and Metric Units from i to 10 (Continued) 
 
 Areas 
 
 Square S ^ e 
 ->- meter; 
 
 Square Squ f. re 
 - h - meters 
 
 Square Square 
 feet meters 
 
 0.00155= I 
 
 0.003IO= 2 
 
 o 00465= 3 
 0.00620= 4 
 
 0.1550= i 
 
 O.3IOO= 2 
 
 0.4650= 3 
 0.6200= 4 
 
 i =0.09290 
 2 =0.18581 
 3 =0.27871 
 4 =0.37161 
 
 o.oo775= 5 
 0.00930= 6 
 0.01085= 7 
 0.01240= 8 
 o-oi395= 9 
 
 0.7750= 5 
 0.9300= 6 
 i = 6.452 
 1.0850= 7 
 1.2400= 8 
 
 5 =0.46452 
 6 =0.55742 
 7 =0.65032 
 8 =0.74323 
 9 =0.83613 
 
 I = 645.16 
 2 =1290.33 
 3 =1935-49 
 4 =2580.65 
 
 1.3950= 9 
 
 2 =12.903 
 
 3 =19-355 
 
 4 =25.807 
 
 10 764=1 
 21 528 = 2 
 32 292=3 
 43 055 = 4 
 
 5 =3225.81 
 6 =3870.98 
 7 =4516.14 
 8 =5161.30 
 9 =5806.46 
 
 5 =32.258 
 6 =38.710 
 7 =45.i6i 
 8 =51.613 
 9 =58.065 
 
 53 8i9=5 
 64 583=6 
 75 347 = 7 
 86 m = 8 
 96 875=9 
 
 Square Square 
 yards meters 
 
 as 3E 
 
 Acres Hectares 
 
 i =0.8361 
 1.1960=1 
 2 =1.6723 
 2.3920=2 
 
 0.3861= I 
 0.7722= 2 
 I = 2.5900 
 
 1.1583= 3 
 
 i =0.4047 
 
 2 =0.8094 
 2.471 = 1 
 
 3 =1.2141 
 
 3 =2.5084 
 3.588o=3 
 4 =3-3445 
 4-7839 = 4 
 5 =4.1807 
 
 1.5444= 4 
 1.9305= 5 
 
 2 = 5.1800 
 
 2.3166= 6 
 2.7027= 7 
 
 4 =1.6187 
 4.942=2 
 5 =2.0234 
 6 =2.4281 
 7 =2.8328 
 
 5 9799=5 
 6 =5.0168 
 7 =5.8529 
 7 1759=6 
 
 3 = 7.7700 
 3.0888= 8 
 3.4749= 9 
 4 =10.3600 
 
 7-413=3 
 8 =3-2375 
 9 =3.6422 
 9-884=4 
 
 8 =6.6890 
 8.3719=7 
 9 =7-5252 
 9-5679=8 
 10 7639=9 
 
 5 =12.9500 
 6 =15.5400 
 7 =18.1300 
 8 =20.7200 
 9 =23.3100 
 
 12-355=5 
 14.826=6 
 17.297=7 
 19.768=8 
 22.239=9 
 
 
Comparison of Customary and Metric Units 465 
 
 Comparison of Customary and Metric Units from i to 10 (Continued) 
 Volumes 
 
 Cubic Cubic 
 '* Tetlrs 
 
 Cubic ^ 
 - hes rSrs 
 
 Cubic Cubic 
 feet meters 
 
 Cubic Cubic 
 yards meters 
 
 O.O0006l = I 
 0-000122 = 2 
 
 0' 000183 =3 
 0.000244=4 
 
 0.0610= i 
 
 O.I22O= 2 
 
 0.1831= 3 
 0.2441= 4 
 
 i =0.02832 
 2 =0.05663 
 3 =0.08495 
 4 =0.11327 
 
 i =0.7645 
 1.3079=1 
 2 =1.5291 
 2.6159=2 
 
 0.000305=5 
 0.000366=6 
 0.000427=7 
 0.000488=8 
 o.ooo549=9 
 
 0.3051= 5 
 0.3661= 6 
 0.4272= 7 
 0.4882= 8 
 0.5492= 9 
 
 5 =0.14159 
 6 =0.16990 
 7 =0.19822 
 8 =0.22654 
 9 =0.25485 
 
 3 =2.2937 
 3-9238=3 
 4 =3-0582 
 5 =3.8228 
 5.2318=4 
 
 I = 16387-2 
 2 = 32774-3 
 3 =49 161.5 
 4 = 65548.6 
 
 I = 16.3872 
 2 = 32.7743 
 3 = 49-1615 
 4 = 65-5486 
 
 35-314 = 1 
 70.629=2 
 105-943=3 
 141-258=4 
 
 6 =4.5874 
 6.5397=5 
 7 =5.3519 
 7.8477=6 
 
 5 = 81935-8 
 6 =98 323.0 
 7 =114710.1 
 8 =131097-3 
 9 =147484-5 
 
 5 = 81.9358 
 6 = 98.3230 
 7 =114.7101 
 8 =131.0973 
 9 =147-4845 
 
 176.572 = 5 
 211.887=6 
 247-201 = 7 
 282.516=8 
 317-830=9 
 
 8 ,=6.1165 
 9 =6.8810 
 9.1556=7 
 10.4635=8 
 11.7715=9 
 
466 Comparison of 
 
 Customary and Metric Units 
 
 Comparison of Customary and Metric Units from i to 10 (Continued) 
 
 
 Capacities 
 
 F' S j Milliliters 
 
 liqmd (cc.) 
 ounces 
 
 drams ^ 
 
 U. S. M'lniters 
 apothecaries' / % 
 scruples 
 
 0.03381= i 
 
 
 0.2705= i 
 
 0.8115= i 
 
 0.06763= 2 
 
 
 0.5410= 2 
 
 i = 1.2322 
 
 0.10144= 3 
 
 
 0.8115= 3 
 
 1.6231= 2 
 
 0.13526= 4 
 
 
 I = 3.6967 
 
 2 = 2.4645 
 
 
 
 
 ' ' 1 
 
 0.16907= 5 
 
 
 1.0820= 4 
 
 2.4346= 3 
 
 0.20288= 6 
 
 
 1.3525= 5 
 
 3 = 3.6967 
 
 0.23670= 7 
 
 
 1.6231 = 6 
 
 3.2461= 4 
 
 0.27051= 8 
 
 
 1.8936= 7 
 
 4 = 4.9290 
 
 0.30432= 9 
 
 
 2 = 7-3934 
 
 4-0577= 5 
 
 I = 29.574 
 
 
 2.1641= 8 
 
 4.8692= 6 
 
 2 = 59-147 
 
 
 2.4346= 9 
 
 5 = 6.1612 
 
 3 = 88.721 
 
 
 3 =11.0901 
 
 5.6807= 7 
 
 4 =118.295 
 
 
 4 =14.7869 
 
 6 = 7-3934 
 
 5 =147-869 
 
 
 5 =18.4836 
 
 6.4923= 8 
 
 6 = 177 . 442 
 
 
 6 =22.1803 
 
 7 = 8.6257 
 
 7 =207.016 
 
 
 7 =25.8770 
 
 7.3038= 9 
 
 8 =236.590 
 
 
 8 =29.5737 
 
 8 = 9-8579 
 
 9 =266.163 
 
 
 9 =33.2704 
 
 9 =11.0901 
 
 U.S. 
 
 
 U.S. 
 
 liquid Liters 
 
 
 liquid Liters 
 
 quarts 
 
 
 gallons 
 
 I =0.94636 
 
 
 0.26417= i 
 
 1.05668=1 
 
 
 0.52834= 2 
 
 2 =1.89272 
 
 
 0.79251= 3 
 
 2.11336=2 
 
 
 i = 3.78543 
 
 3 =2.83908 
 
 
 1.05668= 4 
 
 3.17005=3 
 
 
 1.32085= 5 
 
 4 =3.78543 
 
 
 1.58502= 6 
 
 4.22673 = 4 
 
 
 1.84919= 7 
 
 5 =4-73179 
 
 
 2 = 7.57087 
 
 5.28341=5 
 
 
 2.11336= 8 
 
 6 =5.67815 
 
 
 2.37753= 9 
 
 6.34009=6 
 
 
 3 =11.35630 
 
 7 =6.62451 
 
 
 4 =15.14174 
 
 7 39677 = 7 
 
 
 5 =18.92717 
 
 8 =7.57o88 
 
 
 6 =22.71261 
 
 8.45345=8 
 
 
 7 =26.49804 
 
 9 =8.51723 
 
 
 8 =30.28348 
 
 9.51014=9 
 
 
 9 =34-06891 
 
 
Comparison of 
 
 Customary and 
 
 Metric Units 467 
 
 Comparison of Customary and Metric Units from i to 10 (Continued) 
 
 Capacities (Concluded) 
 
 - U qU S ar r "ters 
 
 p U ecks Liters 
 
 U. S. Deka- 
 pecks liters 
 
 0.908l = I 
 
 
 
 
 H33i= i 
 
 
 i =0.8810 
 
 I =1.1012 
 
 
 
 
 22702= 2 
 
 
 i.i35i = i 
 
 I.8l62 = 2 
 
 0.34053= 3 
 
 2 =1.7620 
 
 2 =2.2025 
 
 
 
 
 45404= 4 
 
 
 2.2702=2 
 
 2.7242=3 
 
 
 
 
 56755= 5 
 
 
 3 =2.6429 
 
 3 =3.3037 
 
 
 o 
 
 68106= 6 
 
 
 3.4053=3 
 
 3.6323=4 
 
 
 
 
 79457= 7 
 
 
 4 =3.5239 
 
 4 =4.4049 
 
 
 
 
 90808= 8 
 
 
 4.5404=4 
 
 4.5404=5 
 
 
 I 
 
 = 8.80982 
 
 
 5 =4.4049 
 
 5 =5.5o6i 
 
 
 I 
 
 02157= 9 
 
 
 5.6755=5 
 
 5.4485=6 
 
 
 2 
 
 = 17.61964 
 
 
 6 =5.2859 
 
 6 =6.6074 
 
 
 3 
 
 = 26.42946 
 
 
 6.8106=6 
 
 6.3565 = 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 = 35.23928 
 
 
 7 =6.1669 
 
 7 =7.7o86 
 
 
 5 
 
 = 44.04910 
 
 
 7-9457 = 7 
 
 7.2646=8 
 
 
 6 
 
 = 52.85892 
 
 
 8 =7-0479 
 
 8 =8.8098 
 
 
 7 
 
 =61.66874 
 
 
 9 =7-9288 
 
 8.1727=9 
 
 
 8 
 
 = 70.47856 
 
 
 9.0808=8 
 
 9 =9.9110 
 
 
 9 
 
 = 79-28838 
 
 
 10.2159=9 
 
 U. S. Hecto- 
 bushels liters 
 
 K U 'A Hectoliters 
 P P- hectare 
 
 i =0.35239 
 
 
 
 
 i =0.87078 
 
 2 =0.70479 
 
 
 
 
 1.14840=1 
 
 2.83774=1 
 
 
 
 
 2 =1.74156 
 
 3 =1.05718 
 
 
 
 
 2.29680 = 2 
 
 4 =1.40957 
 
 
 
 
 3 =2.61233 
 
 5 = I . 76196 
 
 
 
 
 3.44519=3 
 
 5.67548=2 
 
 
 
 
 4 =3.48311 
 
 6 =2.11436 
 
 
 
 
 4-59359 = 4 
 
 7 =2.46675 
 
 
 
 
 5 =4.35389 
 
 8 =2.81914 
 
 
 
 
 5.74199=5 
 
 8.51323=3 
 
 
 
 
 6 =5.22467 
 
 9 =3.17154 
 
 
 
 
 6.89039=6 
 
 11.35097=4 
 
 
 
 
 7 =6.09545 
 
 14.18871=5 
 
 
 
 
 8 =6.96622 
 
 17.02645=6 
 
 
 
 
 8.03879=7 
 
 19.86420=7 
 
 
 
 
 9 =7.83700 
 
 22.70194 = 8 
 
 
 
 
 9.18719=8 
 
 25.53968=9 
 
 
 
 
 io.33558=9 
 
 
468 Comparison of 
 
 Customary and Metric Units 
 
 
 Comparison of Customary and Metric Units from i to 10 (Concluded) 
 
 
 Masses 
 
 
 Grains Grams 
 
 i^ Grams 
 
 %. Grams 
 
 i =0.06480 
 2 =0.12960 
 3 =0.19440 
 4 =0.25920 
 
 0.03527= i 
 
 0.07O55= 2 
 
 0.10582= 3 
 0.14110= 4 
 
 0.03215= I 
 
 0.06430= 2 
 
 0.09645= 3 
 0.12860= 4 
 
 
 5 =0.32399 
 6 =0.38879 
 7 =0.45359 
 8 =0.51839 
 9 - =0.58319 
 
 0.17637= 5 
 0.21164= 6 
 0.24692= 7 
 0.28219= 8 
 o.3i747= 9 
 
 0.16075= 5 
 0.19290= 6 
 0.22506= 7 
 0.25721= 8 
 0.28936= 9 
 
 
 IS 4324=1 
 30.8647 = 2 
 46.2971=3 
 61.7294=4 
 
 I = 28.3495 
 2 = 56.6991 
 3 = 85.0486 
 4 =H3.398l 
 
 I =31 
 2 =62 
 3 =93 
 4 =124 
 
 10348 
 20696 
 31044 
 41392 
 
 77-1618=5 
 92.5941 = 6 
 108.0265 = 7 
 123.4589 = 8 
 138.8912=9 
 
 5 =141.7476 
 6 =170.0972 
 7 =198.4467 
 8 =226.7962 
 9 =255.1457 
 
 5 =155.51740 
 6 =186.62088 
 7 =217.72437 
 8 =248.82785 
 9 =279.93133 
 
 Avoirdupois Kilo- 
 pounds grams 
 
 Troy Kilo- 
 pounds grams 
 
 i =0.45359 
 2 =0.90718 
 2.20462 = 1 
 3 =1.36078 
 
 
 i =0.37324 
 
 2 =0.74648 
 2.67923=1 
 
 3 =1.11973 
 
 
 4 =i.8i437 
 4.40924=2 
 5 =2.26796 
 6 =2.72155 
 6.61387=3 
 
 
 4 =1.49297 
 5 =1.86621 
 5.35846=2 
 6 =2.23945 
 7 = 2 . 61269 
 
 
 7 =3.17515 
 8 =3.62874 
 8.81849=4 
 9 =4.08233 
 
 
 8 =2.98593 
 8 03769 = 3 
 9 =3 359i8 
 10.71691=4 
 
 
 11.02311=5 
 13.22773=6 
 15.43236=7 
 17.63698=8 
 19.84160=9 
 
 
 13.39614=5 
 16 07537=6 
 18.75460=7 
 21.43383 = 8 
 24.11306=9 
 
 
 
Lengths Millimeters to Decimals of an Inch 469 
 
 Lengths Hundredths of an Inch to Millimeters 
 
 (From i to 100 hundredths.) 
 
 Hun- 
 dredths of 
 an inch 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 60 
 70 
 80 
 90 
 
 
 
 2.540 
 5.080 
 
 7.620 
 10.160 
 
 12.700 
 15-240 
 17.780 
 20.320 
 22.860 
 
 .254 
 2.794 
 5-334 
 7.874 
 10.414 
 
 12.954 
 15-494 
 18.034 
 20.574 
 23.114 
 
 .508 
 3.048 
 5-588 
 8.128 
 
 10.668 
 
 13.208 
 15.748 
 18.288 
 20.828 
 23.368 
 
 .762 
 3.302 
 5.842 
 8.382 
 10.922 
 
 13.462 
 16.002 
 18.542 
 21.082 
 23.622 
 
 1.016 
 3.556 
 6.096 
 8.636 
 11.176 
 
 13.716 
 16.256 
 18.796 
 21.336 
 23.876 
 
 Hun- 
 dredths of 
 an inch 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 I 
 
 70 
 80 
 90 
 
 1.270 
 3.8io 
 6.350 
 8.890 
 11.430 
 
 13-970 
 16.510 
 19.050 
 21.590 
 24.130 
 
 i 524 
 4.064 
 6.604 
 9.144 
 11.684 
 
 14.224 
 16.764 
 19 304 
 21.844 
 24.384 
 
 1.778 
 4.318 
 6.858 
 9.398 
 11.938 
 
 14.478 
 17.018 
 19-558 
 22.098 
 24.638 
 
 2.032 
 4.572 
 7. 112 
 9.652 
 12.192 
 
 14.732 
 17.272 
 19.812 
 22.352 
 24.892 
 
 2.286 
 4.826 
 7.366 
 9.9o6 
 12.446 
 
 14.986 
 17-526 
 20.066 
 22.606 
 25.146 
 
 Lengths Millimeters to Decimals of an Inch 
 
 (From i to 100 units.) 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 20 
 
 3o 
 40 
 
 So 
 60 
 70 
 80 
 90 
 
 
 
 39370 
 . 78740 
 1.18110 
 i.5748o 
 
 1.96850 
 2.36220 
 2.75590 
 3.i496o 
 3 54330 
 
 .03937 
 .43307 
 .82677 
 1.22047 
 1.61417 
 
 2.00787 
 2.40157 
 2.79527 
 3-18897 
 3.58267 
 
 .07874 
 47244 
 .86614 
 1.25984 
 1.65354 
 
 2.04724 
 2.44094 
 2.83464 
 3.22834 
 
 3 . 62204 
 
 .11811 
 .51181 
 .90551 
 I 29921 
 I . 69291 
 
 2.08661 
 2.48031 
 2.87401 
 3.26771 
 3.66141 
 
 .15748 
 .55118 
 .94488 
 1.33858 
 1.73228 
 
 2.12598 
 2.51968 
 2.91338 
 3.30708 
 3.70078 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 So 
 60 
 70 
 80 
 90 
 
 .19685 
 .59055 
 .98425 
 1-37795 
 I.77I65 
 
 2.16535 
 2.55905 
 2.95275 
 3.34645 
 3.74015 
 
 . 23622 
 .62992 
 1.02362 
 I.4I732 
 1.81102 
 
 2.20472 
 2.59842 
 2.99212 
 3.38582 
 3-77952 
 
 .27559 
 .66929 
 1.06299 
 1.45669 
 1.85039 
 
 2.24409 
 2.63779 
 3.03149 
 3.42519 
 3.81889 
 
 .31496 
 .70866 
 1.10236 
 1.49606 
 1.88976 
 
 2. 28346 
 2.67716 
 3.07086 
 3-46456 
 3.85826 
 
 35433 
 .74803 
 I.I4I73 
 1-53543 
 I.929I3 
 
 2.32283 
 2.71653 
 3-H023 
 3 50393 
 3.89763 
 
 
470 Lengths Inches and Millimeters 
 
 Lengths Inches and Millimeters. Equivalents of Decimal and 
 Common Fractions of an Inch in Millimeters 
 (From %4 to i inch.) 
 
 V 2 's 
 
 V4'S 
 
 8ths 
 
 i6ths 
 
 32nds 
 
 64ths 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Decimals 
 of an inch 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 
 = .397 
 = .794 
 = 1.191 
 = 1.588 
 
 = 1.984 
 = 2.381 
 = 2.778 
 = 3-175 
 
 = 3-572 
 = 3.969 
 = 4.366 
 = 4.763 
 
 = 5-159 
 = 5-556 
 = 5-953 
 = 6.350 
 
 = 6.747 
 = 7.144 
 = 7-541 
 = 7-938 
 
 = 8.334 
 = 8.731 
 = 9.128 
 = 9.525 
 
 = 9-922 
 = 10.319 
 = 10.716 
 = II.H3 
 
 = 11-509 
 = 11.906 
 = 12.303 
 = 12.700 
 
 015625 
 03125 
 046875 
 .0625 
 I 
 .078125 
 09375 
 109375 
 .1250 
 
 . 140625 
 - 15625 
 I7I875 
 1875 
 
 .203125 
 .21875 
 234375 
 .2500 
 
 265625 
 . 28125 
 .296875 
 .3125 
 
 328125 
 34375 
 .359375 
 3750 
 
 .390625 
 .40625 
 421875 
 -4375 
 
 453125 
 .46875 
 .484375 
 .5 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 i inch = .02540 meter. 4 inches = . 10160 meter. 
 2 inches == .05080 meter. 5 inches = . 12700 meter. 
 3 inches = .07620 meter. 6 inches = .15240 meter. 
 
 
Lengths Inches and Millimeters 471 
 
 Lengths Inches and Millimeters. Equivalents of Decimal and 
 Common Fractions of an Inch in Millimeters (Concluded) 
 (From % to i inch.) 
 
 Inch 
 
 w* 
 
 tt's 
 
 8ths 
 
 i6ths 
 
 32nds 
 
 64ths 
 
 Milli- 
 meters 
 
 Decimals 
 of an inch 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 
 45 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 60 
 
 61 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 
 = 13.097 
 = 13-494 
 = 13.891 
 = 14.288 
 
 = 14.684 
 = 15.081 
 = 15.478 
 = 15.875 
 
 = 16.272 
 = 16.669 
 = 17.066 
 = 17.463 
 
 = 17.859 
 = 18.256 
 = 18.653 
 = 19.050 
 
 = 19.447 
 = 19.844 
 = 20.241 
 = 20.638 
 
 = 21.034 
 = 21.431 
 = 21.828 
 = 22.225 
 
 = 22.622 
 = 23.019 
 = 23.416 
 = 23.813 
 
 = 24.209 
 = 24.606 
 = 25.003 
 = 2^.400 
 
 .515625 
 . 53125 
 .546875 
 .5625 
 
 - 578125 
 59375 
 .609375 
 .625 
 
 .640625 
 .65625 
 .671875 
 .6875 
 
 .703125 
 .71875 
 .734375 
 75 
 
 .765625 
 .78125 
 .796875 
 .8125 
 
 .828125 
 .84375 
 .859375 
 .875 
 
 .890625 
 .90625 
 .921875 
 9375 
 
 .953125 
 .96875 
 .984375 
 
 1. 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 '"is" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 7 inches = . 17780 meter. 10 inches = . 25400 meter. 
 8 inches = . 20320 meter. 1 1 inches = . 27940 meter. 
 9 inches = .22860 meter. 12 inches = .30480 meter. 
 
 
472 Comparison of Tons and Pounds 
 
 Comparison of the Various Tons and Pounds in Use in the 
 
 United States 
 
 (From i to 10 units.) 
 
 Long tons 
 
 Short 
 tons 
 
 Metric 
 tons 
 
 Kilograms 
 
 Avoirdupois 
 pounds 
 
 Troy pounds 
 
 .00036735 
 
 .00041143 
 
 .00037324 
 
 .37324 
 
 .822857 
 
 i 
 
 .00044643 
 
 .00050000 
 
 .00045359 
 
 .45359 
 
 i 
 
 1.21528 
 
 .00073469 
 
 .00082286 
 
 .00074648 
 
 .74648 
 
 1.64571 
 
 2 
 
 .00089286 
 
 .00100000 
 
 .00090718 
 
 .90718 
 
 2 
 
 2.43056 
 
 .00098421 
 
 .00110231 
 
 .00100000 
 
 
 2.20462 
 
 2.67923 
 
 .00110204 
 
 .00123429 
 
 .00111973 
 
 I 1973 
 
 2.46857 
 
 3 
 
 .00133929 
 
 .00150000 
 
 .00136078 
 
 .36078 
 
 3 
 
 3.64583 
 
 .00146939 
 
 .00164571 
 
 .00149297 
 
 .49297 
 
 3.29143 
 
 4 
 
 .00178571 
 
 .00200000 
 
 .00181437 
 
 .81437 
 
 4 
 
 4.86111 
 
 .00183673 
 
 .00205714 
 
 .00186621 
 
 .86621 
 
 4.11429 
 
 5 
 
 .00196841 
 
 .00220462 
 
 .00200000 
 
 2 
 
 4.40924 
 
 5.35846 
 
 .00220408 
 
 .00246857 
 
 .00223945 
 
 2.23945 
 
 4.93714 
 
 6 
 
 .00223214 
 
 .00250000 
 
 .00226796 
 
 2.26796 
 
 5 
 
 6.07639 
 
 .00257143 
 
 .00288000 
 
 .00261269 
 
 2 . 61269 
 
 5.76000 
 
 7 
 
 .00267857 
 
 .00300000 
 
 .00272155 
 
 2.72155 
 
 6 
 
 7.29167 
 
 .00293878 
 
 .00329143 
 
 .00298593 
 
 2.98593 
 
 6.58286 
 
 8 
 
 .00295262 
 
 .00330693 
 
 .00300000 
 
 3 
 
 6.61387 
 
 8.03769 
 
 .00312500 
 
 .00350000 
 
 .00317515 
 
 3.I75I5 
 
 7 
 
 8.50694 
 
 .00330612 
 
 .00370286 
 
 .00335918 
 
 3.35918 
 
 7.40571 
 
 9 
 
 .00357143 
 
 .00400000 
 
 .00362874 
 
 3.62874 
 
 8 
 
 9.72222 
 
 .00393683 
 
 .00440924 
 
 .00400000 
 
 4 
 
 8.81849 
 
 10.71691 
 
 .00401786 
 
 .00450000 
 
 .00408233 
 
 4.08233 
 
 9 
 
 10.93750 
 
 .00492103 
 
 .00551156 
 
 .00500000 
 
 5 
 
 11.0231 
 
 13.39614 
 
 .00590524 
 
 .00661387 
 
 .00600000 
 
 6 
 
 13.2277 
 
 16.07537 
 
 .00688944 
 
 .00771618 
 
 .00700000 
 
 7 
 
 15.4324 
 
 18.75460 
 
 .00787365 
 
 .00881849 
 
 .00800000 
 
 8 
 
 17.6370 
 
 21.43383 
 
 .00885786 
 
 .00992080 
 
 .00900000 
 
 9 
 
 19.8416 
 
 24.11306 
 
 .89287 
 
 i 
 
 .90718 
 
 907.18 
 
 2 OOO.OO 
 
 2430.56 
 
 .98421 
 
 i . 10231 
 
 
 I OOO.OO 
 
 2 204.62 
 
 2679.23 
 
 i 
 
 I. 12000 
 
 .01605 
 
 I 016.05 
 
 2 24O.OO 
 
 2 722.22 
 
 1.78571 
 
 2 
 
 .81437 
 
 I 814.37 
 
 4 ooo.oo 
 
 486l.II 
 
 1.96841 
 
 2.20462 
 
 
 2000.00 
 
 4 409.24 
 
 5358.46 
 
 2 
 
 2.24000 
 
 .03209 
 
 2032.09 
 
 4480.00 
 
 5444-44 
 
 2.67857 
 
 3 
 
 72155 
 
 2721.55 
 
 6 ooo.oo 
 
 7 291.67 
 
 2.95262 
 
 3.30693 
 
 3 
 
 3 ooo.oo 
 
 6613.87 
 
 8037.69 
 
 3 
 
 3.36ooo 
 
 3.04814 
 
 3048.14 
 
 6 720.00 
 
 8 166.67 
 
 3.57143 
 
 4 
 
 3.62874 
 
 3628.74 
 
 8 ooo.oo 
 
 9722.22 
 
 3.93683 
 
 4.40924 
 
 4 
 
 4 ooo.oo 
 
 8818.49 
 
 10 716.91 
 
 4 
 
 4.48000 
 
 4.06419 
 
 4064.19 
 
 8960.00 
 
 10888.89 
 
 4.46429 
 
 5 
 
 4.53592 
 
 4535.92 
 
 10 ooo.oo 
 
 12 152.78 
 
 4.92103 
 
 5.5JI56 
 
 5 
 
 5 ooo.oo 
 
 11023.11 
 
 13396.14 
 
 5 
 
 S.TOooo 
 
 5.08024 
 
 5080.24 
 
 ii 200.00 
 
 I36lI.II 
 
 5.35714 
 
 6 
 
 5.443H 
 
 5443.li 
 
 12 OOO.OO 
 
 14 583.33 
 
 5.90524 
 
 6.61387 
 
 6 
 
 6 ooo.oo 
 
 13227.73 
 
 16075.37 
 
 6 
 
 6.72000 
 
 6.09628 
 
 6096.28 
 
 13 440.00 
 
 16333.33 
 
 6.25000 
 
 7 
 
 6.35029 
 
 6350.29 
 
 14000.00 
 
 17013.89 
 
 6.88944 
 
 7.71618 
 
 7 
 
 7 ooo.oo 
 
 15 432.36 
 
 18754-60 
 
 7 
 
 7.84000 
 
 7.11232 
 
 7 112.32 
 
 15 680.00 
 
 19055.56 
 
 7.14286 
 
 8 
 
 7.25748 
 
 7 257.48 
 
 16 ooo.oo 
 
 19 444-44 
 
 7.87365 
 
 8.81849 
 
 8 
 
 8000.00 
 
 17 636.98 
 
 21 433.83 
 
 8 
 
 8.96000 
 
 8.12838 
 
 8 128.38 
 
 17 920.00 
 
 21 777.78 
 
 8.03571 
 
 9 
 
 8.16466 
 
 8164.66 
 
 18 ooo.oo 
 
 21 875.OO 
 
 8.85786 
 
 9.92080 
 
 9 
 
 9 ooo.oo 
 
 19 841.60 
 
 24 113.06 
 
 9 
 
 10.08000 
 
 9.14442 
 
 9 144.42 
 
 20 IOO.OO 
 
 24 500.00 
 
 
Table of Centigrade to Fahrenheit 473 
 
 Centigrade to Fahrenheit 
 
 Temperature Fahrenheit = f Temperature Centigrade +32 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 273.00 
 
 460.7 
 
 Zero 
 
 +32.0 
 
 46 
 
 114.8 
 
 470 
 
 878 
 
 930 
 
 1706 
 
 260.00 
 
 -436.0 
 
 +i 
 
 +33-8 
 
 47 
 
 116.6 
 
 480 
 
 896 
 
 940 
 
 1724 
 
 250.00 
 
 418.0 
 
 2 
 
 35.6 
 
 48 
 
 118.4 
 
 490 
 
 914 
 
 950 
 
 1742 
 
 240.00 
 
 400.0 
 
 3 
 
 37-4 
 
 49 
 
 120.2 
 
 500 
 
 932 
 
 960 
 
 1760 
 
 230.00 
 
 382.0 
 
 4 
 
 39.2 
 
 50 
 
 122. 
 
 5io 
 
 950 
 
 970 
 
 1778 
 
 220.00 
 
 364.0 
 
 5 
 
 41.0 
 
 60 
 
 140.0 
 
 520 
 
 968 
 
 980 
 
 1796 
 
 2IO.OO 
 
 346.0 
 
 6 
 
 42.8 
 
 70 
 
 158.0 
 
 530 
 
 986 
 
 990 
 
 1814 
 
 200.00 
 
 -328.0 
 
 7 
 
 44-6 
 
 80 
 
 176.0 
 
 540 
 
 1004 
 
 1000 
 
 1832 
 
 IQO.OO 
 
 310.0 
 
 8 
 
 46.4 
 
 90 
 
 194.0 
 
 550 
 
 1022 
 
 1010 
 
 1850 
 
 iSo.OO 
 
 292.0 
 
 9 
 
 48.2 
 
 100 
 
 212.0 
 
 560 
 
 1040 
 
 IO2O 
 
 1868 
 
 170.00 
 
 -274-0 
 
 10 
 
 50.0 
 
 no 
 
 23O.O 
 
 570 
 
 1058 
 
 1030 
 
 1886 
 
 l6o.OO 
 
 256.0 
 
 ii 
 
 51.8 
 
 120 
 
 248.0 
 
 58o 
 
 1076 
 
 1040 
 
 1904 
 
 150.00 
 
 238.0 
 
 12 
 
 53-6 
 
 130 
 
 266.0 
 
 590 
 
 1094 
 
 1050 
 
 1922 
 
 I4O.OO 
 
 220.0 
 
 13 
 
 55-4 
 
 140 
 
 284.0 
 
 600 
 
 III2 
 
 1060 
 
 1940 
 
 130.00 
 
 202.0 
 
 14 
 
 57-2 
 
 150 
 
 302.0 
 
 610 
 
 1130 
 
 1070 
 
 1958 
 
 120. OO 
 
 184.0 
 
 15 
 
 59-0 
 
 160 
 
 320.0 
 
 620 
 
 1148 
 
 1080 
 
 1976 
 
 IIO.OO 
 
 -166.0 
 
 16 
 
 60.8 
 
 170 
 
 338.0 
 
 630 
 
 1166 
 
 1090 
 
 1994 
 
 100. OO 
 
 148.0 
 
 17 
 
 62.6 
 
 180 
 
 356.0 
 
 640 
 
 1184 
 
 1 100 
 
 2012 
 
 9O.OO 
 
 130 o 
 
 18 
 
 64.4 
 
 190 
 
 374-0 
 
 650 
 
 1 202 
 
 IIIO 
 
 2O3O 
 
 SO.OO 
 
 112. 
 
 19 
 
 66.2 
 
 200 
 
 392.0 
 
 660 
 
 1220 
 
 1120 
 
 2048 
 
 70.OO 
 
 94.0 
 
 20 
 
 68.0 
 
 210 
 
 410.0 
 
 670 
 
 1238 
 
 1130 
 
 2066 
 
 60.00 
 
 76.0 
 
 21 
 
 69.8 
 
 22O 
 
 428.0 
 
 680 
 
 1256 
 
 1140 
 
 2084 
 
 50.00 
 
 - 58.0 
 
 22 
 
 71.6 
 
 230 
 
 446.0 
 
 690 
 
 1274 
 
 1150 
 
 2102 
 
 4O.OO 
 
 40.0 
 
 23 
 
 73-4 
 
 240 
 
 464.0 
 
 700 
 
 1292 
 
 1160 
 
 2I2O 
 
 30.00 
 
 22. 
 
 24 
 
 75-2 
 
 250 
 
 482.0 
 
 710 
 
 1310 
 
 1170 
 
 2138 
 
 20.00 
 
 - 4.0 
 
 25 
 
 77-0 
 
 260 
 
 500.0 
 
 720 
 
 1328 
 
 1180 
 
 2156 
 
 I9.OO 
 
 2.2 
 
 26 
 
 78.8 
 
 270 
 
 5i8.o 
 
 730 
 
 1346 
 
 1190 
 
 2174 
 
 - 18.00 
 
 - 0.4 
 
 27 
 
 80.6 
 
 280 
 
 536.0 
 
 740 
 
 1364 
 
 I2OO 
 
 2192 
 
 - 17-77 
 
 Zero 
 
 28 
 
 82.4 
 
 290 
 
 554-0 
 
 750 
 
 1382 
 
 I2IO 
 
 2210 
 
 17.00 
 
 + 1-4 
 
 29 
 
 84.2 
 
 300 
 
 572.0 
 
 760 
 
 1400 
 
 1220 
 
 2228 
 
 16.00 
 
 + 3-2 
 
 30 
 
 86.0 
 
 3io 
 
 590.0 
 
 770 
 
 1418 
 
 1230 
 
 2246 
 
 15.00 
 
 + 5.o 
 
 31 
 
 87.8 
 
 320 
 
 608.0 
 
 780 
 
 1436 
 
 1240 
 
 2264 
 
 14.00 
 
 + 6.8 
 
 32 
 
 89.6 
 
 330 
 
 626 
 
 790 
 
 1454 
 
 1250 
 
 2282 
 
 13.00 
 
 + 8.6 
 
 33 
 
 91.4 
 
 340 
 
 644 
 
 800 
 
 1472 
 
 1260 
 
 2300 
 
 12.00 
 
 4- 10.4 
 
 34 
 
 93-2 
 
 350 
 
 662 
 
 810 
 
 1490 
 
 1270 
 
 2318 
 
 11.00 
 
 + 12.2 
 
 35 
 
 95-0 
 
 360 
 
 680 
 
 820 
 
 1508 
 
 1280 
 
 2336 
 
 10. OO 
 
 + 14-0 
 
 36 
 
 96.8 
 
 370 
 
 698 
 
 830 
 
 1526 
 
 1290 
 
 2354 
 
 9.00 
 
 + 15.8 
 
 37 
 
 98.6 
 
 38o 
 
 716 
 
 840 
 
 1544 
 
 1300 
 
 2372 
 
 - 8 oo 
 
 + 17-6 
 
 38 
 
 100.4 
 
 390 
 
 734 
 
 850 
 
 1562 
 
 1310 
 
 2390 
 
 - 7-00 
 
 + 19-4 
 
 39 
 
 IO2.2 
 
 400 
 
 752 
 
 860 
 
 1580 
 
 1320 
 
 2408 
 
 6.00 
 
 + 21.2 
 
 40 
 
 I04.O 
 
 410 
 
 770 
 
 870 
 
 1598 
 
 1330 
 
 2426 
 
 - 5.00 
 
 + 23.0 
 
 41 
 
 105.8 
 
 420 
 
 788 
 
 880 
 
 1616 
 
 1340 
 
 2444 
 
 4.00 
 
 + 24.8 
 
 42 
 
 107.6 
 
 430 
 
 806 
 
 890 
 
 1634 
 
 1350 
 
 2462 
 
 - 3.00 
 
 + 26.6 
 
 43 
 
 109.4 
 
 440 
 
 824 
 
 900 
 
 1652 
 
 1360 
 
 2480 
 
 2.00 
 
 + 28.4 
 
 44 
 
 III. 2 
 
 450 
 
 842 
 
 910 
 
 1670 
 
 1370 
 
 2498 
 
 I.OO 
 
 4- 30.2 
 
 45 
 
 II3.0 
 
 460 
 
 860 
 
 920 
 
 1688 
 
 1380 
 
 2516 
 
 
474 Table of Fahrenheit to Centigrade 
 
 Centigrade to Fahrenheit (Concluded) 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 1390 
 
 2534 
 
 1550 
 
 2822 
 
 1710 
 
 3110 
 
 1870 
 
 3398 
 
 2030 
 
 3686 
 
 1400 
 
 2552 
 
 1560 
 
 2840 
 
 1720 
 
 3128 
 
 1880 
 
 34i6 
 
 2040 
 
 3704 
 
 1410 
 
 2570 
 
 1570 
 
 2858 
 
 1730 
 
 3146 
 
 1890 
 
 3434 
 
 2050 
 
 3722 
 
 1420 
 
 2588 
 
 1580 
 
 2876 
 
 1740 
 
 3164 
 
 1900 
 
 3452 
 
 2060 
 
 3740 
 
 1430 
 
 2606 
 
 1590 
 
 2894 
 
 1750 
 
 3182 
 
 1910 
 
 3470 
 
 2070 
 
 3758 
 
 1440 
 
 2624 
 
 1600 
 
 2912 
 
 1760 
 
 3200 
 
 1920 
 
 3488 
 
 2080 
 
 3776 
 
 1450 
 
 2642 
 
 1610 
 
 2930 
 
 1770 
 
 3218 
 
 1930 
 
 35o6 
 
 2090 
 
 3794 
 
 1460 
 
 2660 
 
 1620 
 
 2948 
 
 1780 
 
 3236 
 
 1940 
 
 3524 
 
 2IOO 
 
 3812 
 
 1470 
 
 2678 
 
 1630 
 
 2966 
 
 1790 
 
 3254 
 
 1950 
 
 3542 
 
 21 IO 
 
 3830 
 
 1480 
 
 2696 
 
 1640 
 
 2984 
 
 1800 
 
 3272 
 
 1960 
 
 356o 
 
 2120 
 
 3848 
 
 1490 
 
 2714 
 
 1650 
 
 3002 
 
 1810 
 
 3290 
 
 1970 
 
 3578 
 
 2130 
 
 3866 
 
 1500 
 
 2732 
 
 1660 
 
 3020 
 
 1820 
 
 3308 
 
 1980 
 
 3596 
 
 2140 
 
 3884 
 
 1510 
 
 2750 
 
 1670 
 
 3038 
 
 1830 
 
 3326 
 
 1990 
 
 3614 
 
 2150 
 
 3902 
 
 1520 
 
 2768 
 
 1680 
 
 3056 
 
 1840 
 
 3344 
 
 20OO 
 
 3632 
 
 2l6o 
 
 3920 
 
 1530 
 
 2786 
 
 1690 
 
 3074 
 
 1850 
 
 3362 
 
 2010 
 
 3650 
 
 2l8o 
 
 3956 
 
 1540 
 
 2804 
 
 1700 
 
 3092 
 
 1860 
 
 338o 
 
 202O 
 
 3668 
 
 2200 
 
 3992 
 
 Fahrenheit to Centigrade 
 
 Temperature Centigrade = | (Temperature Fahrenheit 32) 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 -5 
 
 -20.55 
 
 ii 
 
 -11.66 
 
 27 
 
 -2.77 
 
 43 
 
 6. ii 
 
 59 
 
 15.00 
 
 ~4 
 
 20.00 
 
 12 
 
 ii. ii 
 
 28 
 
 2.22 
 
 44 
 
 6.66 
 
 60 
 
 15.55 
 
 -3 
 
 -19.44- 
 
 13 
 
 -10.55 
 
 29 
 
 -1.66 
 
 45 
 
 7.22 
 
 61 
 
 16.11 
 
 2 
 
 -18.88 
 
 14 
 
 10. OO 
 
 30 
 
 i. ii 
 
 46 
 
 7-77 
 
 62 
 
 16.66 
 
 _! 
 
 -18.33 
 
 15 
 
 - 9.44 
 
 31 
 
 - .55 
 
 47 
 
 8.33 
 
 63 
 
 17.22 
 
 Zero 
 
 -17-77 
 
 16 
 
 - 8.88 
 
 32 
 
 Zero 
 
 48 
 
 8.88 
 
 64 
 
 17.77 
 
 +i 
 
 17.22 
 
 17 
 
 - 8.33 
 
 33 
 
 + -55 
 
 49 
 
 9-44 
 
 65 
 
 18.33 
 
 2 
 
 -16.66 
 
 18 
 
 - 7-77 
 
 34 
 
 I. II 
 
 50 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 66 
 
 18.88 
 
 3 
 
 i6.n 
 
 19 
 
 - 7-22 
 
 35 
 
 1.66 
 
 51 
 
 10.55 
 
 67 
 
 19.44 
 
 4 
 
 -15-55 
 
 20 
 
 - 6.66 
 
 36 
 
 2.22 
 
 52 
 
 II. II 
 
 68 20.00 
 
 5 
 
 15.00 
 
 21 
 
 - 6. ii 
 
 37 ' 
 
 2.77 
 
 53 
 
 11.66 
 
 69 20.55 
 
 6 
 
 -14.44 
 
 22 
 
 - 5-55 
 
 38 
 
 3-33 
 
 54 
 
 12.22 
 
 7o 
 
 21. II 
 
 7 
 
 -13.88 
 
 23 
 
 - 5-00 
 
 39 
 
 3-88 
 
 55 
 
 12.77 
 
 71 
 
 21.66 
 
 8 
 
 -13-33 
 
 24 
 
 - 4-44 
 
 40 
 
 4-44 
 
 56 
 
 13-33 
 
 72 
 
 22.22 
 
 9 
 
 -12.77 
 
 25 
 
 - 3.88 
 
 41 
 
 S.oo 
 
 57 
 
 13-88 
 
 73 
 
 22.77 
 
 10 
 
 12.22 
 
 26 
 
 - 3-33 
 
 42 
 
 5-55 
 
 58 
 
 14.44 
 
 74 23.33 
 
 
Table of Fahrenheit to Centigrade 475 
 
 Fahrenheit to Centigrade (Concluded) 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 75 
 
 23.88 
 
 121 
 
 49-44 
 
 167 
 
 75.00 
 
 213 
 
 100.55 
 
 259 
 
 126.11 
 
 76 
 
 24-44 
 
 122 
 
 50.00 
 
 168 
 
 75-55 
 
 214 
 
 IOI.II 
 
 260 
 
 126.66 
 
 77 
 
 25.00 
 
 123 
 
 50.55 
 
 169 
 
 76.11 
 
 215 
 
 101.66 
 
 261 
 
 127.22 
 
 78 
 
 25-55 
 
 124 
 
 Si- ii 
 
 170 
 
 76.66 
 
 216 
 
 102.22 
 
 262 
 
 127-77 
 
 79 
 
 26.11 
 
 125 
 
 51.66 
 
 171 
 
 77.22 
 
 217 
 
 102.77 
 
 263 
 
 128.33 
 
 80 
 
 26.66 
 
 126 
 
 52.22 
 
 172 
 
 77-77 
 
 218 
 
 103-33 
 
 264 
 
 128.88 
 
 8l 
 
 27.22 
 
 127 
 
 52.77 
 
 173 
 
 78.33 
 
 219 
 
 103.88 
 
 265 
 
 129.44 
 
 82 
 
 27.77 
 
 128 
 
 53-33 
 
 174 
 
 78.88 
 
 220 
 
 104.44 
 
 266 
 
 130.00 
 
 83 
 
 28.33 
 
 129 
 
 53.88 
 
 175 
 
 79-44 
 
 221 
 
 105.00 
 
 267 
 
 130.55 
 
 84 
 
 28.88 
 
 130 
 
 54-44 
 
 176 
 
 80.00 
 
 222 
 
 105-55 
 
 268 
 
 131-11 
 
 85 
 
 29.44 
 
 131 
 
 55-00 
 
 177 
 
 80.55 
 
 223 
 
 io6.n 
 
 269 
 
 131.66 
 
 86 
 
 30.00 
 
 132 
 
 55-55 
 
 178 
 
 8i.ii 
 
 224 
 
 106.66 
 
 270 
 
 132.22 
 
 87 
 
 30.55 
 
 133 
 
 56.11 
 
 179 
 
 81.66 
 
 225 
 
 107.22 
 
 271 
 
 132.77 
 
 88 
 
 31.11 
 
 134 
 
 56.66 
 
 180 
 
 82.22 
 
 226 
 
 107.77 
 
 272 
 
 133- 33 
 
 89 
 
 31-66 
 
 135 
 
 57-22 
 
 181 
 
 82.77 
 
 227 
 
 108.33 
 
 273 
 
 133-88 
 
 90 
 
 32.22 
 
 136 
 
 57-77 
 
 182 
 
 83.33 
 
 228 
 
 108.88 
 
 274 
 
 134-44 
 
 9i 
 
 32.77 
 
 137 
 
 58.33 
 
 183 
 
 83.88 
 
 229 
 
 109.44 
 
 275 
 
 135-00 
 
 92 
 
 33-33 
 
 138 
 
 58.88 
 
 184 
 
 84.44 
 
 230 
 
 110.00 
 
 276 
 
 135.55 
 
 93 
 
 33-88 
 
 139 
 
 59 44 
 
 185 
 
 85.00 
 
 231 
 
 110.55 
 
 277 
 
 136. n 
 
 94 
 
 34-44 
 
 140 
 
 60.00 
 
 186 
 
 85-55 
 
 232 
 
 in. n 
 
 278 
 
 136.66 
 
 95 
 
 35-00 
 
 141 
 
 6o.55 
 
 187 
 
 86.il 
 
 233 
 
 in. 66 
 
 279 
 
 137.22 
 
 96 
 
 35-55 
 
 142 
 
 6i.n 
 
 188 
 
 86.66 
 
 234 
 
 112.22 
 
 280 
 
 137-77 
 
 97 
 
 36.11 
 
 143 
 
 61.66 
 
 189 
 
 87.22 
 
 235 
 
 112.77 
 
 281 
 
 138.33 
 
 98 
 
 36.66 
 
 144 
 
 62.22 
 
 190 
 
 87.77 
 
 236 
 
 113-33 
 
 282 
 
 138-88 
 
 99 
 
 37.22 
 
 145 
 
 62.77 
 
 I9i 
 
 88.33 
 
 237 
 
 113.88 
 
 283 
 
 139-44 
 
 100 
 
 37-77 
 
 146 
 
 63.33 
 
 192 
 
 88.88 
 
 238 
 
 H4-44 
 
 284 
 
 140.00 
 
 101 
 
 38.33 
 
 147 
 
 63.88 
 
 193 
 
 89-44 
 
 239 
 
 115.00 
 
 285 
 
 140.55 
 
 102 
 
 38.88 
 
 148 
 
 64.44 
 
 194 
 
 90.00 
 
 240 
 
 115-55 
 
 286 
 
 141.11 
 
 103 
 
 39-44 
 
 149 
 
 65.00 
 
 195 
 
 90.55 
 
 241 
 
 ii6.ii 
 
 287 
 
 141.66 
 
 104 
 
 40.00 
 
 ISO 
 
 65.55 
 
 196 
 
 91.11 
 
 242 
 
 116.66 
 
 288 
 
 142.22 
 
 105 
 
 40-55 
 
 I5i 
 
 66.11 
 
 197 
 
 91.66 
 
 243 
 
 117.22 
 
 289 
 
 142.77 
 
 106 
 
 41.11 
 
 152 
 
 66.66 
 
 198 
 
 92.22 
 
 244 
 
 H7.77 
 
 290 
 
 143.33 
 
 107 
 
 41.66 
 
 153 
 
 67.22 
 
 199 
 
 92.77 
 
 245 
 
 118.33 
 
 291 
 
 143-88 
 
 108 
 
 42.22 
 
 154 
 
 67.77 
 
 200 
 
 93-33 
 
 246 
 
 118.88 
 
 292 
 
 144-44 
 
 109 
 
 42.77 
 
 155 
 
 68.33 
 
 201 
 
 93-88 
 
 247 
 
 119.44 
 
 293 
 
 145-00 
 
 no 
 
 43-33 
 
 156 
 
 68.88 
 
 202 
 
 94-44 
 
 248 
 
 I2O.OO 
 
 294 
 
 145-55 
 
 III 
 
 43-88 
 
 157 
 
 69.44 
 
 203 
 
 95-00 
 
 249 
 
 120.55 
 
 295 
 
 146.11 
 
 112 
 
 44.44 
 
 158 
 
 70.00 
 
 204 
 
 95-55 
 
 250 
 
 121. II 
 
 296 
 
 146.66 
 
 113 
 
 45-00 
 
 159 
 
 70.55 
 
 205 
 
 96.11 
 
 251 
 
 121.66 
 
 297 
 
 147-22 
 
 H4 
 
 45.55 
 
 160 
 
 71.11 
 
 206 
 
 96.66 
 
 252 
 
 122.22 
 
 298 
 
 147-77 
 
 H5 
 
 46.11 
 
 161 
 
 71.66 
 
 207 
 
 97.22 
 
 253 
 
 122.77 
 
 299 
 
 148.33 
 
 116 
 
 46.66 
 
 162 
 
 72.22 
 
 208 
 
 97-77 
 
 254 
 
 123-33 
 
 300 
 
 148.88 
 
 117 
 
 47.22 
 
 163 
 
 72.77 
 
 209 
 
 98.33 
 
 255 
 
 123-88 
 
 400 
 
 204.44 
 
 118 
 
 47-77 
 
 164 
 
 73-33 
 
 2IO 
 
 98.88 
 
 256 
 
 124.44 
 
 600 
 
 315.55 
 
 H9 
 
 48.33 
 
 165 
 
 73-88 
 
 211 
 
 99-44 
 
 257 
 
 125.00 
 
 800 
 
 426.66 
 
 1 20 
 
 48.88 
 
 166 
 
 74-44 
 
 212 
 
 100. OO 
 
 258 
 
 125-55 
 
 1000 
 
 537-77 
 
 
476 
 
 Conversion Chart 
 
 Conversion Chart for Lengths, Weights and Temperatures 
 
 a- -'" 
 
 
 C4 
 
 a-- 
 
Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 477 
 
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE PIPE AND 
 FITTING TRADE 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 A.I. = All iron (use limited to valves and cocks). 
 B.D. = Brass disc (use limited to valves). 
 Bd. = Beaded (use limited to malleable fittings). 
 
 ~ F _ ( (i) Blank flange. 
 ~ I (2) Blind flange. 
 
 ( (i) Ball joint. 
 B J. = < (2) Brass jacket. 
 ( (3) Bump joint. 
 
 B. & L. = Ball and lever (use limited to valves). 
 B.L. = Bill of lading. 
 B.M. = Brass mounted. 
 
 B.O.C. = Back outlet central (use limited to fittings). 
 B.O.E. = Back outlet eccentric (use limited to fittings). 
 
 B P = I ^ Brass plug ( use limited to cocks). 
 
 { (2) By-pass (use limited to valves). 
 Br. = Brass. 
 
 B. & S. = Bell and spigot. 
 
 B w _ i ( J ) Butt weld (use limited to pipe). 
 
 ~ I (2) Brass washer (use limited to cocks). 
 C.D. = Copper disc (use limited to valves). 
 
 C. & F. = Cost and freight. 
 C.I. = Cast iron. 
 
 C.I.F. = Cost, insurance and freight. 
 C.J. = Converse joint. 
 
 ( (i) Carload lots. 
 C.L. = < (2) Center line. 
 
 ( (3) Cut lengths. 
 
 C.P. = Close pattern (use limited to return bends). 
 C.S. = Countersunk. 
 D S _ J (*) Double screen (use limited to well points-). 
 
 ( (2) Double sweep (use limited to tees). 
 
 D.W. = Drive well (use limited to drive well points or supplies). 
 E.A. = Ends a-nnealed (use limited to pipes and tubes). 
 
 E. to E. = End to end. 
 Ex. Hvy. = Extra heavy. 
 
 F.A.S. = Free alongside steamer. 
 
 F. & D. = Faced and drilled. 
 F.E. = Flanged ends. 
 
 F. to F. = Face to face. 
 
 F.H. = Flat head (use limited to cylinders and cocks). 
 
 F.O. = Faced only. 
 
 f.o.b. = Free on board. 
 
 F.O.R. = Free on rails. 
 
478 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 F.P. 
 
 F. &R. 
 F.W. 
 
 G. &D. 
 H.D.M. 
 H.E. 
 I.E. 
 I.D. 
 I.P. 
 J.D. 
 KJ. 
 
 L. 
 L.C.L. 
 
 L.H. 
 L.R. 
 L.S. 
 
 L.W. 
 
 Mall. 
 
 M. &F. 
 
 M.I. 
 
 MJ. 
 
 m.m. 
 
 M.M.A. 
 
 M.P. 
 
 M.S. 
 
 M.S.F.Std, 
 
 N.P. 
 
 N.P.A.O. 
 
 N.P.T. 
 
 N.R.S. 
 
 O.D. 
 
 O.H.S. 
 
 O.P. 
 
 O.S. & Y. 
 
 P.C. 
 
 P.E. 
 
 P.E.N.R. 
 
 P.E.R. 
 
 P.F. 
 
 PI. 
 
 P. &R. 
 
 Q.O. 
 
 R.B. 
 
 R. &D. 
 
 R.H. 
 
 R. &L. 
 
 Fire plug. 
 
 Feed and return (use limited to radiators). 
 
 Full or card weight pipe. 
 
 Galvanized and dipped. 
 
 High duty metal (use limited to valves). 
 
 Hub end. 
 
 Iron body (use limited to valves). 
 
 Inside diameter. 
 
 Briggs' Standard Threads (poor usage). 
 
 Jenkins disc (use limited to valves). 
 
 Kimberley joint. 
 
 Elbow. 
 
 Less carload lots. 
 
 (1) Left hand. 
 
 (2) Lever handle (use limited to cocks). 
 = Long radius. 
 
 _ \ (i) Lock shield '(use limited to valves and cocks). 
 
 ~~ | (2) Long sweep (use limited to fittings). 
 
 = Lap weld. 
 
 = Malleable. 
 
 = Male and female. 
 
 = Malleable iron. 
 
 = Matheson joint. 
 
 = Millimeter. 
 
 = Master Mechanics Association. 
 
 _ j (i) Medium pattern (use limited to return bends). 
 
 \ (2) Medium pressure. 
 = Medium sweep (use limited to fittings). 
 = Master Steam Fitters' standard. 
 = Nickel plated (use limited to valves). 
 = Nickel plated all over (use limited to valves). 
 = Nickel plated trimmings (use limited to radiator valves) . 
 = Nonrising stem (use limited to valves). 
 = Outside diameter. 
 = Open hearth steel. 
 
 = Open pattern (use limited to return bends). 
 = Outside screw and yoke (use limited to valves). 
 = Pump column. 
 = Plain end. 
 = Plain end not reamed. 
 = Plain end reamed (use limited to nipples). 
 = Plain face. 
 
 = Plain (use limited to fittings). 
 = Plugged and reamed = R. and D. 
 = Quick opening (use limited to valves) 
 = Rough body (use limited to valves). 
 = Reamed and drifted = P. & R. 
 = Right hand. 
 = Right and left. 
 
Definitions 479 
 
 S.C. = Service clamp. 
 S.E. = Screwed ends. 
 ~ ~ _ j (i) Side outlet (use limited to fittings). 
 
 ~ { (2) Single opening (use limited to radiators). 
 Sq. H. = Square head. 
 S. & S. = Screw and socket = T. & C. 
 c c _ J (*) Single screened (use limited to well points). 
 
 "~ I (2) Single sweep (use limited to tees). 
 Std. = Standard. 
 T. = Tee. 
 
 T. & C. = Threads and couplings = S. & S. 
 
 T. & G. = Tongue and groove not understood as male and female. 
 T.H. = Tee handle (use limited to cocks). 
 T.noC. = Threads no couplings. 
 W.I. = Wrought iron. 
 
 W.W. = Wood wheel (use limited to valves). 
 X.H. = Extra heavy. 
 X.S. = Extra strong. 
 X.X.H.= Double extra heavy. 
 X.X.S. = Double extra strong. 
 Y. = Wye. 
 Y.T. = Yoke top (use limited to valves). 
 
 DEFINITIONS 
 
 (Definitions marked * are taken from Hawkins' Mechanical Dictionary.) 
 
 Ammonia Cock Thread. Ammonia cock thread is usually larger and 
 has more taper than Briggs' Standard thread. It lacks uniformity 
 and is made to suit customers' requirements. 
 
 Ammonia Fitting. A fitting whose material is especially homogeneous, 
 which usually has its mouth countersunk and both the mouth and 
 thread tinned. 
 
 Ammonia Joint. All joints should be made of wrought iron or steel, 
 as ammonia attacks and eats away copper and its alloys, brass and 
 gun-metal. In consequence of the penetrating nature "of ammonia, 
 all flanges should be screwed and then soldered on the pipes. Lead 
 washers should be used for gaskets on all flange joints. Lead or 
 white metal packing must also be used for all valves.* 
 
 Angle Gate Valve. A gate valve with an elbow cast on one end integral 
 with body. 
 
 Angle Valve. A stop-valve whose outlet is at right angles to its inlet 
 branch, thus combining in itself a valve and an elbow. It must not 
 be confused with angle gate valve. 
 
 Angus Smith Composition. A protective coating for valves, fittings, 
 and pipe used for underground work. It is composed of coal tar, 
 tallow, rosin and quicklime and must be applied hot. 
 
480 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Annealed End Tube. A tube whose ends have been annealed. For 
 annealing to be effective, it is necessary to heat above the critical 
 temperature, and this is higher as the carbon contents are less, so 
 that with the soft steel of which pipe and tubes are made, anneal- 
 ing must be done at a high heat, 1750 to 1800 degrees Fahrenheit, 
 which is a bright orange in shop daylight. The piece may be 
 allowed to cool in the air after being thoroughly heated to this 
 temperature. 
 
 Armstrong Joint. Designed by Sir W. Armstrong. It is a two bolt, 
 flanged or lugged connection for high pressures. The ends of the 
 pipes are peculiarly formed to properly hold a gutta-percha ring. 
 It was originally made in cast iron pipe. The two bolt feature has 
 much to commend it. There are various substitutes for this old, 
 high-class joint; the commonest employ rubber in place of gutta- 
 percha; others employ more bolts in the endeavor to cheapen. 
 
 Artesian Joint. See Cressed Artesian Joint. 
 
 Asphalted. Coated with asphalt literally, but usually some of the 
 special compositions such as California Oil (which has an asphaltic 
 base), coal tar, mineral wax or Gilsonite or Elaterite are added to 
 give the right consistency to suit the average temperature which 
 prevails when the coating is used. 
 
 Attemper -ator. A coil of pipe, sometimes working on a swivel or hinge, 
 through which refrigerated brine, or other liquor, is passed. Used 
 to cool vessels containing warm liquids, such as fermenting vats.* 
 
 B 
 
 Back Outlet Central. Meaning that such outlet is placed centrally or 
 at mid length. (Use limited to fittings.) 
 
 Back Outlet Eccentric. Meaning that back outlet of tee, elbow, etc., 
 is not placed at center. (Use limited to fittings.) 
 
 Back Outlet Ell. An ell with an outlet in the same plane as the run 
 and on the outside of the curve. 
 
 Back Pressure Valve. A valve that usually is made like a low pressure 
 safety valve but capable of being opened independently of the 
 pressure, thereby giving free exhaust. They are usually employed 
 on non-condensing engines when it is desired to use all or part of 
 the exhaust steam for heating, etc. The back pressure maintained 
 by them is usually between one and ten pounds. 
 
 Balling. Nearly the same as peening. 
 
 Ball Joint. A flexible joint made in the shape of a ball or sphere. 
 Many forms of joint employ such spherical surfaces. 
 
 Bar. See Sinker and Water Bar. 
 
 Barrel. See Working Barrel. 
 
 Bead. When applied to fittings means the slight reinforcing ring on 
 the end. A circular molding. 
 
 Beaded Tube. The ends of boiler tubes, after being expanded, are 
 beaded or rounded with a beading tool, just as rivet heads are 
 finished with a die or snap. The process is termed beading.* 
 
Definitions ' L 481 
 
 Beading. The name given to the slight flanging of the end of a boiler 
 tube over a tube sheet, or of the pipe, over a peened flange. 
 
 Bell. (i) In pipe fitting, the recessed or enlarged female end of a 
 pipe into which the male end of the next pipe fits; also called hub. 
 (2) In plumbing, the expanded female portion of a wiped joint.* 
 
 Bell and Spigot Joint. (i) The usual term for the joint in cast iron 
 pipe. Each piece is made with an enlarged diameter or bell at one 
 end into which the plain or spigot end of another piece is inserted 
 when laying. The joint is then made tight by cement, oakum, 
 lead, rubber, or other suitable substance which is driven in or 
 calked into the bell and around the spigot. When a similar joint 
 is made in wrought pipe by means of a cast bell (or Hub) it is at 
 times called hub and spigot joint (poor usage). Matheson Joint is 
 the name applied to a similar joint in wrought pipe which has the 
 bell formed of the pipe. 
 
 (2) Applied to fittings or valves, means that one end of the run is a 
 "bell," and the other end is a "spigot," similar to those used on 
 regular cast iron pipe. 
 
 Bell Mouthed. A term used to signify the open end of a vessel or 
 pipe when it expands or spreads out with an increasing diameter, 
 thus resembling a bell. Also called trumpet mouthed.* 
 
 Bend. (i) A curved length of pipe struck to a larger radius than the 
 elbow. 
 
 (2) Pipe bent to 45, 90 or 180 degrees is often specified as Vs, Vt or 
 1/2 bends. 
 
 (3) A slight bend is often called a spring. (Poor usage.) 
 
 See Close Return, Cross Over, Double, Eighth, Goose Neck, Open 
 
 Return, Pipe, Return, and Y Bend. 
 
 Bibb. A cock or valve with bent outlet; strictly the bent outlet. 
 Blank Flange. (i) A flange that is not drilled but which is otherwise 
 
 complete. 
 
 (2) At times used to signify a blind flange (this is poor usage). Com- 
 pare blind flange. 
 
 (3) At times used to signify a pipe flange that is not threaded, but 
 which is otherwise complete (this is bad usage). 
 
 Blanking Flange. A blind flange, which see (poor usage). 
 
 Bleeder. A small cock or valve to draw off water of condensation 
 from a range of piping.* 
 
 Blind Flange. (i) A flange used to close the end of a pipe. It pro- 
 duces a blind end which is also called a dead end. 
 
 (2) It is at times used erroneously to designate a blank flange. 
 
 (3) Compare blanking flange. 
 
 Block Joint. A joint used by plumbers in which an inserted joint is 
 combined with a wide flange; used for wiped joints on heavy verti- 
 cal pipes.* 
 
 Boiler Flange. See Saddle Flange. 
 
 Boiler Thimble. A ring placed between a boiler tube and the tube sheet 
 or header. The term is more often used in connection with loco- 
 motive and marine than stationary boilers. (Poor usage.) 
 
482 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Boiler Tube. One of the tubes by which heat from the furnace is dif- 
 fused through the water in a steam boiler. The tubes may contain 
 water and be surrounded by the furnace gases as in a water tube 
 boiler or they may act as flues and be surrounded by water as in a 
 tubular boiler. The usual sizes of boiler tubes are 2 to 4 inches. 
 
 Bonnet, (i) A cover used to guide and enclose the tail end of a valve 
 
 spindle. 
 (2) A cap over the end of a pipe. (Poor usage.) 
 
 Bowl. See Bell. 
 
 Box. See Service and Valve Box. 
 
 Box Coil. An arrangement of heating pipes made up in the form of a 
 rectangular box. 
 
 Boyle Union. Essentially a tongue and groove flange connection in 
 which the tongue is a separate piece placed between two grooved 
 flanges. Usually the groove extends to the threads so that the 
 gasket material seals that point and permits use of flanges that are 
 not screwed very tight. 
 
 Bracket Coil. A heating pipe usually one or two pipes wide, supported 
 by hooks or expansion plates. 
 
 Bracket Valve. A stop-valve with a bracket cast upon its body, so 
 that it may serve as an anchorage or support for the piping which 
 it controls.* 
 
 Branch. The outlet or inlet of a fitting not in line with the run but 
 which may make any angle. See H and Y Branch. 
 
 Branch Ell. (i) Used to designate an elbow having a back outlet in 
 line with one of the outlets of the run. It is also at times called a 
 heel outlet elbow. 
 (2) Incorrectly used to designate side outlet or back outlet elbow. 
 
 Branch Pipe. A very general term used to signify a pipe either cast 
 or wrought, that is equipped with one or more branches. Many 
 such pipes are used so frequently that they have acquired common 
 names such as tees, crosses, side or back outlet elbows, manifolds, 
 double branch elbows, etc. 
 
 The term branch pipe is generally restricted to such as do not con- 
 form to usual dimensions. 
 
 Branch Tee. Header. A tee having many side branches. See Manifold. 
 
 Brass Mounted. When used to describe a globe, angle, or cross valve, 
 it usually means that the valve has a brass bonnet, stem, seat, 
 ring and disc. When used to describe gate valves, usually means 
 brass stem, seat, ring and wedge or disc ring. 
 
 Brazed. Connected by hard solder which usually is copper and zinc 
 half and half. Such solder requires a full red heat and is commonly 
 used with Borax flux. 
 
 Breeches Pipe. A Y-shaped pipe used for many purposes, especially 
 in locomotives, leading the exhaust from the two cylinders to the 
 blast nozzle.* 
 
 Brick Arch Tube. One of a series of curved iron tubes, used to sup- 
 port the fire-box arch in certain locomotives, also providing in- 
 creased heating surface and promoting circulation.* 
 
Definitions 483 
 
 Briggs' Standard. A list of pipe sizes, thicknesses, threads, etc., com- 
 piled by Robert Briggs about 1862 and subsequently adopted as a 
 
 standard. 
 Bucket. The piston of a well pump. It always contains a valve. It 
 
 is connected to and operated by the sucker rods. 
 Bull Head Tee. A tee whose branch is larger than the run. 
 Bumped. Convex when applied to cylinder heads. 
 Bumped Joint. One having the end of one pipe so expanded that 
 
 the end of another may be driven in until the rivet holes register. 
 
 By slightly tapering both ends it is practical to increase the ease of 
 
 erection and lessen the calking required. 
 Bushing. A pipe fitting for the purpose of connecting a pipe with a 
 
 fitting of larger size, being a hollow plug with internal and external 
 
 threads to suit the different diameters.* See Flush Bushing. 
 Butted and Strapped Joint. A joint where the ends of two pieces of 
 
 pipe are united by a sleeve and riveted thereto. The strap may be 
 
 inside or outside and may be single or double riveted. 
 Butterfly. (i) The name applied to certain valves made after the 
 
 design of a damper in a stove pipe. 
 (2) In pumps this term signifies a double clack valve whose flaps 
 
 work on a diametral hinge, like the wings of a butterfly. 
 Butt-weld. Welded along a seam that is butted and not scarfed or 
 
 lapped. 
 By-Pass. A small passage to permit equalizing the pressure on the 
 
 two sides of a large valve so that it may be readily opened (or 
 
 closed). 
 By-Pass Valve. A small pilot valve used in connection with a larger 
 
 valve to equalize the pressure on both sides of the disc of the 
 
 larger valve before the larger valve is opened. 
 
 Caliber. An expression which is often used to mean the inner diameter 
 
 or bore. 
 Calking. (i) In iron working, the calking consists of striking a chisel, 
 
 or calking tool with a hammer, making a slight indentation along 
 
 the seam. The effect of this is to force the edge of one plate hard 
 
 against the other, and thus fill up any slight crevice between the 
 
 plates which the rivets failed to close.* 
 (2) The term is used in connection with lead joints or bell and spigot 
 
 joints in which case the lead is calked. 
 Calking Recess. A counterbore or recess in the back of the flange 
 
 into which lead may be calked for water, or copper for steam. 
 Calking Tool. Calking Iron. A blunt ended chisel used in calking. 
 Cap. A fitting that goes over the end of a pipe to close it, producing 
 
 a dead end. 
 Card Weight Pipe. A term used to designate Standard or Full .Weight 
 
 Pipe, which is the Briggs' Standard thickness of pipe. 
 
484 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Casing. A term applied to pipe when used to case an oil or gas well 
 It is usually characterized by light weight and fine threads. 
 
 Casing Dog. In boring, a fishing instrument provided with serrated 
 pieces or dogs sliding on a wedge, to grip severed casing.* 
 
 Casing Elevator. A well-boring device consisting of two semi-circular 
 clamps with a chain-link on either, which are hinged together 
 at one end, and secured by a latch at the other. This affords a 
 quickly applied and released attachment for casing to the lifting 
 tackle.* 
 
 Casing Fitting. A fitting threaded with a casing thread. 
 
 Ca-sing Head. (i) A fitting used at top of casing of a well to separate 
 oil and gas, to allow pumping, and cleaning out well, etc. There 
 are many forms. 
 
 (2) In well-boring, a heavy mass of iron screwed into the top of a 
 string of casing to take the blows produced by driving the pipe 
 home.* 
 
 Casing Shoe. In well-boring, a ring or ferrule of hard steel with a 
 sharp edge, screwed or shrunk on to the bottom of a string of cas- 
 ing, to cut its way through the formation as the casing is forced 
 down.* 
 
 Chain Tongs. A pipe-fitter's tool; a lever with a serrated end pro- 
 vided with a chain to enlace the pipe. The chain is wrapped 
 around the pipe to hold the lever in place, and the teeth on the 
 end of the latter grip into the pipe, thus affording a powerful lever- 
 age to screw or unscrew the joints.* 
 
 Chamfer. To cut at an angle or bevel. 
 
 Chasing. A term that designates the operation of cutting a thread in 
 a lathe, either with hand tools or by power feed. A single cutting 
 point is usually employed, but some mechanics finish by use of a 
 comb or chaser. Pipe threads are seldom chased but are usually 
 cut by taps, dies, etc. 
 
 Check. ' (i) To prevent flow except in one direction applied to 
 
 valves. 
 
 (2) To prevent rotation except to full open and full closed applied 
 to cocks. 
 
 Check Valve. An automatic non-return valve; or a valve which per- 
 mits a fluid to pass m one direction, but automatically closes when 
 the fluid attempts to pass in the opposite direction. 
 
 C.IJ?. A commercial transportation term meaning Cost, Insurance 
 and Freight. It is intended to cover the cost of certain goods at 
 point of destination; an expression of similar usage to F.O.B. but 
 C.I.F. is applied to ocean shipments. 
 
 Circular Flange. A curved or saddle flange. 
 
 Circular Weld. Safe end weld. A weld extending around a girth 
 seam. Such welds are sometimes butted, but frequently are 
 scarfed. 
 
 Clamp. See Leak, Pipe, Pouring, Service and Water Pipe Clamp. 
 
 Clean Out Fitting. One that is equipped with hand hole and cover so 
 that pipes may be cleaned. 
 
Definitions 485 
 
 Close Nipple. One whose length is about twice the length of a stand- 
 ard pipe thread and is without any shoulder. 
 
 Close Return Bend. A short cast or malleable iron U-shaped fitting 
 for uniting two parallel pipes. It differs from the open return bend 
 in having the arms joined together. 
 
 Coal Tar. A by-product of the destructive distillation of soft or 
 bituminous coal. 
 
 Coating for Pipe. Usually a coal tar composition sometimes called 
 asphalt. There are many on the market, such as *'Sarco," Mineral 
 Rubber Asphalt, California Asphalt, Trinidad Asphalt, Elaterite, 
 Gilsonite and Dr. Angus Smith's Composition. A well refined coal 
 tar pitch, softening at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and melting about no 
 degrees Fahrenheit, is one of the best and most durable coatings 
 known, when properly applied. See Angus Smith Composition, 
 Asphalted, Galvanizing, Kalameined and Smith's Coating. 
 
 Cock. A device for regulating or stopping the flow in a pipe, made by 
 a taper plug that may be rotated in a body having ports corre- 
 sponding to those in the plug. See Bibb, Bleeder, Corporation, 
 Four- way, Gage, Pet, Plug, and Telegraph Cock. 
 
 Coil. A number of turns of piping or series of connected pipes in 
 rows or layers for the purpose of radiating or absorbing heat.* See 
 Box, Bracket and Expansion Coil. 
 
 Cold Drawn. Drawn cold. See "Drawn." 
 
 Collar. (i) A term used in place of a coupling in such connections 
 as "Kimberley Collars." (Also used to mean threaded pipe coup- 
 ling.) 
 
 (2) The sleeve in the back of certain styles of flanges, such as a 
 riveted flange, is called a collar. 
 
 (3) Again, certain styles of flanges attached by peening and beading 
 are known as "Collar Flanges." 
 
 Collar Flange. One having sufficient collar on its back to allow it to 
 be securely attached to pipe by peening or riveting. 
 
 Common Thread. In machinery, an ordinary standard machine 
 thread, as distinguished from a pipe thread.* 
 
 Conduit Pipe. Wrought pipe used as armor for electric wires. 
 
 Converged End. A term used to signify the beveling in or converging 
 of the ends of certain styles of cylinders, as those used for anhy- 
 drous ammonia. Primarily intended to aid in handling by prevent- 
 ing fingers from slipping. 
 
 Converse Lock Joint. A joint for wrought pipe which is made up 
 with a cast iron hub. The joint is made by placing rivets in 
 the ends of the pipe which, in turn, lock in slots in the cast iron 
 hub. The lock is so shaped as to have a wedging action in drawing 
 the pipe tight against a ring in the center of the hub, after which 
 the pipe is leaded in place and calked. 
 
 Corporation Cock. (i) A term usually applied to the cock attached to 
 a street main, owned and operated by or under the supervision of 
 a supply corporation. It is distinct from the more accessible curb 
 cock which is placed in the service line for convenience. 
 
486 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 (2) Its essential peculiarities are usually that it has one threaded 
 end, a heavy body and a plug large enough to permit a drill to be 
 operated through it the diameter of the drill being the nominal 
 size of the cock. 
 
 Corrugated Joint. A short length corrugated like an accordion or 
 corrugated fire box. It allows a limited movement but requires 
 great force to distort, unless made so thin that it requires hooping 
 for ordinary pressures. 
 
 Counterbored. Bored to a diameter larger than the adjacent hole. 
 See Recessed. 
 
 Countersink. (i) A tool used to chamfer the mouth of a hole. 
 (2) The operation that uses a countersink tool. 
 
 Countersunk. (i) Having the shape given by the use of a countersink. 
 
 (2) Also applied to certain type of plug which has an opening de- 
 pressed to receive square wrench. 
 
 (3) When applied to fittings means chamfered at an angle of 45 at the 
 tapped opening. 
 
 Coupling. A threaded sleeve used to connect two pipes. Commer- 
 cial couplings are threaded inside to suit exterior thread of pipe. 
 The term coupling is occasionally used to mean any jointing device 
 and may be applied to either straight or reducing sizes. See Pipe, 
 Socket, Steam and Union Coupling. 
 
 Cressed. Reduced about Vs inch in diameter for a short distance at 
 ends. A foreign term used on artesian- well casing. 
 
 Cressed Artesian Joint. A British term used to describe a joint that 
 requires unusual perfection of workmanship. It may be specified 
 thus: Ends of pipe cressed exactly one-half length of coupling; 
 pipe threaded straight and exactly true to general axis thereof; 
 end of pipe faced true to same axis; vanish of thread (or lead of 
 dies) ground to exactly same taper as countersink of coupling; 
 coupling tapped straight and countersunk each end, same as lead 
 of dies; coupling nicely beveled at long taper so that there is no 
 shoulder at joint; ends must butt at same time as vanish screws 
 home. 
 
 Cross. A pipe fitting with four branches arranged in pairs, each pair 
 on one axis and the axes at right angles. When the outlets are 
 otherwise arranged the fittings are branch pipes or specials. 
 
 Cross-Over. A small fitting like a double offset or the letter "U" 
 with ends turned out. It is only made in small sizes and used to 
 pass the flow of one pipe past another when the pipes are in the 
 same plane. 
 
 Cross-Over Bend. A bent pipe used for the same purpose as the cross- 
 over fitting. 
 
 Cross-Over Tee. A fitting made along lines similar to the cross-over, 
 but having at one end two openings in a tee head whose plane is at 
 right angles to the plane of the cross-over bend. 
 
 Cross-Tube. In boiler making, a coned or Galloway water tube 
 placed transversely across a firebox or furnace flue to increase the 
 heating surface and improve circulation.* 
 
Definitions 487 
 
 Cross Valve. (i) A valve fitted on a transverse pipe so as to open 
 communication at will between two parallel lines of piping. Much 
 used in connection with oil and water pumping arrangements, espe- 
 cially on ship board.* 
 
 (2) Usually considered as an angle valve with a back outlet in the 
 same plane as the other two openings. 
 
 Crotch. A fitting that has the general shape of the Roman letter " Y. " 
 Caution should be exercised not to confuse the crotch and wye. 
 
 Crushing Test. A term describing test applied to tubes whose mate- 
 rial is tested the same as the "bending test" for plates and bars. 
 When applied to tubes, it is customary to take a ring or crop end 
 from the tube and crush, so that the weld comes at the points of 
 shortest radius of curvature, which is usually specified to be equal 
 to three (3) times the thickness under which condition the weld 
 must not open nor material crack. 
 
 Cup and Ball Joint. In gas fitting, a ball and socket joint fitted to 
 hanging gas chandeliers. It allows the chandelier to turn freely 
 without escape of gas.* 
 
 Cup Joint. In plumbing, a lead joint in which one pipe is tapered to 
 fit into a flared out cup on the other, and the joint soldered.* 
 
 Cupping. Means nearly the same as flanging a head, but the cupping 
 process forms a flat disc into a flanged head and then, by repeating 
 the operation and giving draft (drawing the metal), forms a deep 
 head; then a cup; then a deep cup; then a tube which, by repeat- 
 ing the process a sufficient number of times, becomes a long, thin 
 pipe. 
 
 Curved Flange. See Saddle Flange. 
 
 Cut Length. A term used to signify that the pipe is cut to length 
 ordered. 
 
 Cylinder. A term used to designate any tank, drum, retort, receiver 
 or reservoir, etc., that is made of pipe and closed at both ends, 
 except such test hole as must always be allowed. See Converged 
 End, Dished Head, Drum and Flat Head. 
 
 Dead End of a Pipe. The closed end of a pipe or system of pipes.* 
 
 Die. The name of a tool used for cutting threads usually at one pas- 
 sage. The essential distinctive feature of a die is its multiple cut- 
 ting edges, while a chasing or threading tool usually has one, or, 
 at most, only a few cutting edges. Some dies are highly complex 
 and ingenious pieces of mechanism, equipped to trip after cutting a 
 certain predetermined number of threads. See Master and Pipe Die. 
 
 Dip Pipe. A valve in a gas main, so arranged as to dip into water 
 and tar, and thus form a seal. Called also a seal pipe.* 
 
 Dished. Concave when applied to cylinder heads. 
 
 Dog. See Casing Dog, Dog Guard, Pipe Dog and River Dog. 
 
 Dog Guard. The name used to designate the sleeve that is frequently 
 swaged and shrunk about an electric line pole, for a short distance 
 
488 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 above and below the ground line, in order to prevent corrosion of 
 the pole at the ground line. It is the ordinary name of the "Patent 
 Protecting Sleeve" applied to electric line poles. 
 
 Double Bend. A pipe or fitting shaped like the letter S in outline. 
 
 Double Branch Elbow. A fitting that, in a manner, looks like a tee or 
 as though two elbows had been shaved and then placed together, 
 forming a shape something like the letter Y or a crotch. 
 
 Double Extra Strong. The correct term or name of a certain class of 
 very thick pipe, which is often, less correctly, called double extra 
 heavy pipe. 
 
 Double Sweep Tee. A tee made with easy curves between body and 
 branch, i.e., the center of curve between run and branch lies outside 
 the body. This is in contradistinction to the short fillet between 
 body and branch of standard tees. 
 
 Drainage Fittings. Those that have their interior flush with I.D. of 
 pipe, thereby securing an unobstructed surface for the passage of 
 solid matter. 
 
 Drawn. The term applied to that style of forging by which the 
 thickness is reduced and also, at times, the diameter by pushing 
 or pulling the material through a die and over a mandrel or plug 
 at the same time. In some cases the mandrel is long and moves 
 at nearly the same speed as the tubes, but in other cases, the man- 
 drel is anchored so as to hold it within the die. When there is no 
 inside mandrel, it is not called drawn product. See Cold and Hot 
 Drawn. 
 
 Dresser Joint. A peculiar form of Normandy Joint. There are vari- 
 ous styles. 
 
 Drifted. (i) Having had a drift or short mandrel passed through the 
 pipe in order to be certain that there are no inside irregularities or 
 that they have thereby been removed. It is also, but less correctly, 
 called plugged. 
 
 (2) Enlarged by forcing through a tapered mandrel. This meaning 
 of the word is uncommon in the pipe trade. 
 
 Drill. See Pole and Shot Drill. 
 
 Drilled. Used in connection with flanges to indicate that the bolt 
 holes have been made by a drill, i.e., not made by cores. 
 
 Drilling Machine. A name often applied to a tapping machine be- 
 cause many machines drill and tap. 
 
 Drive Head. Protecting end attached to the top of drive pipe and cas- 
 ing, etc. Also called Drive Caps. 
 
 Drive Pipe. A pipe which is driven or forced into a bored hole, to 
 shut off water courses, or prevent caving. 
 
 Drive Pipe Joint. A threaded joint in which the pipe butts in the 
 center of the coupling. 
 
 Drive Pipe Ring. A device for holding drive pipe while being pulled 
 from well. It means nearly the same as elevator but the device 
 is very different. 
 
 Drive Shoe. A protecting end attached to" the bottom of drive pipe 
 and casing. 
 
Definitions 489 
 
 Drop Elbow. A small sized ell that is frequently used where gas is put 
 into a building. These fittings have wings cast on each side. The 
 wings have small countersunk holes so that they may be fastened 
 by wood screws to ceiling or wall or framing timbers. 
 
 Drop Tee. One having the same peculiar wings as the drop elbow. 
 
 Drum. (i) Package used in shipping fittings and valves. 
 
 (2) A short cylinder of large diameter having flat heads, but often 
 used for a cylinder of any style. 
 
 Dry Joint. One made without gasket or packing or smear of any 
 kind, e.g., Ground Joint. 
 
 Dry Pipe. A slotted or perforated steam collecting pipe within a 
 boiler, insuring dryness.* 
 
 Eccentric Fitting. One having its openings on center lines that are not 
 concentric, usually arranged so that the interior walls of one side 
 are in one plane. So arranged for draining condensation. 
 
 Eckert Joint. A special design of a form of Armstrong Joint. 
 
 Eduction Pipe. The exhaust pipe from the low pressure cylinder to 
 the condenser.* 
 
 Eighth Bend. (i) A bent pipe whose curved portion deflects the line 
 
 one-eighth of a circle to (36o/8 = 45). 
 
 (2) At times applied to the cast fitting which is more properly called 
 a 45 elbow. 
 
 Elbow. Ell. A fitting that makes an angle between adjacent pipes. 
 
 The angle is always 90 degrees, unless other angle is stated. 
 See Back Outlet, Branch, Double Branch, Drop, Heel Outlet, Reducing 
 Taper, Return, Service, Side Outlet, Street, Three Way and Union 
 Ell. 
 
 Elevator. A device for raising or lowering tubing, casing or drive pipe 
 from or into well. See Casing Elevator. 
 
 Ell. See Elbow. 
 
 End. See Plain and Safe End. 
 
 Exhaust Relief Valve. Nearly the same meaning as a check valve. 
 They are used with condensing engines to allow atmospheric ex- 
 haust when condenser is not working. They may be loaded so as 
 to act as back pressure valves. 
 
 Expanded End Tube. Swelled end tube. These terms are used in- 
 terchangeably. See Swelled. 
 
 Expanded Joint. A term at times applied to the joint used on casing 
 and which is correctly called "Inserted Joint." 
 
 Expansion Coil. The series or coils of pipe placed in a refrigerating 
 box or brine tank, in which the ammonia vaporizes after passing 
 through an expansion valve.* 
 
 Expansion Diaphragm. An expansion joint of very limited travel 
 which it obtains by buckling the diaphragm. If the diaphragms 
 are corrugated, it is capable of greater motion. 
 
 Expansion Joint. (i) A device used in connecting up long lines of 
 pipe, etc., to permit linear expansion or contraction as the tempera- 
 
490 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 ture rises or falls. Usually patterns consist of a sleeve secured to 
 one length of pipe, which works within a stuffing box attached to 
 the next length.* 
 
 (2) There are several, such as slip, swing, balanced, diaphragm, loop, 
 swivel, etc. All are intended to accommodate the change in length 
 due to changes in temperature. 
 
 Expansion Loop. Either a bend shaped like the letter "U" or a coil 
 like a "pig tail." 
 
 Expansion Pipes. In cold storage, those pipes within the refrigeration 
 chambers in which the ammonia or other agent changes into a 
 gas under release of pressure, drawing heat in the process from its 
 surroundings.* 
 
 Expansion Ring. A hoop or ring of U section used to join lengths of 
 pipe together so as to permit of expansion, as the well known 
 Bowling hoop for boiler furnace flues.* 
 
 Expansion Valve. (i) A valve used to control flow of ammonia (or 
 
 other refrigerant). Usually capable of fine adjustment. 
 (2) The valve of a steam engine that determines the point of cut-off 
 i.e., point at which steam starts to work expansively. 
 
 Extension Piece. Usually a malleable iron nipple with male and 
 female thread. 
 
 Extra Heavy. When applied to pipe means pipe thicker than Stand- 
 ard Pipe; when applied to valves and fittings is to indicate goods 
 suitable for a working pressure of 250 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Extra Strong. The correct term or name of a certain class of pipe, 
 which is heavier than standard pipe and not as heavy as double 
 extra strong pipe. Often less correctly called extra heavy pipe. 
 
 F 
 
 Faced After. A term used on flanged work to mean that flanges are 
 faced after they are attached to pipe and that ends of pipe are 
 faced flush with flange, both being at right angles to general axis 
 of pipe. 
 
 Faucet. (i) A device to control the flow of liquid. Originally a hol- 
 low plug with a transverse hole in which was placed the spigot. 
 This latter was later bored and equipped with a handle now made 
 in great variety of forms. Commonly called a tap and used in 
 house plumbing to draw water. 
 
 (2) Enlarged end of a pipe to receive the spigot end of another pipe, 
 i.e., a bell end. 
 
 Ferro Steel. A special grade of steel that is intermediate in strength 
 between cast iron and cast steel. 
 
 Ferrule. A short piece of steel or copper pipe placed between tubes 
 and tube sheet of boiler. At times they are welded to tube. See 
 Tube Ferrule. 
 
 Field Joint. (i) For poles is made by swaging the inserted end to a 
 uniform taper, about y& inch in 18 inches, and then swaging the 
 exterior pipe so that its interior has same taper and size, due allow- 
 
Definitions 491 
 
 ance being made for shrinkage. It is assembled by placing the 
 two sections accurately in line, but separated a few inches, the 
 lighter section being on rollers. The bell end is then heated by 
 wood fire to a full red heat, and the other end slid in and the whole 
 allowed to cool. 
 (2) The joint in a pipe line which is made in the field. 
 
 Field Tube. An arrangement of two concentric tubes, which greatly 
 improves the circulation and steaming capacity of a vertical boiler; 
 the heated water rises in the annulus between the inner tube and 
 the exterior heating surface, while the cold water circulates down the 
 inner tube.* 
 
 Fire Hydrant. A hydrant suitable for serving fire hose or engines. 
 
 Fire Plug. See Fire Hydrant. 
 
 Fillings. A term used to denote all those pieces that may be attached 
 to pipes in order to connect them or provide outlets, etc. except 
 that couplings and valves are not so designated. 
 See Ammonia, Back Outlet Ell, Branch Ell, Branch Tee, Bull Head 
 Tee, Bushing, Cap, Casing, Clean Out, Cross, Cross Over, Cross 
 Over Tee, Crotch, Double Branch Ell, Double Sweep Tee, Drainage, 
 Drop Elbow, Drop Tee, Eccentric, Elbow, Four- way Tee, H Branch, 
 Heel Outlet Elbow, Increaser, Inverted, Kewanee, Lateral, Long 
 Turn, Manifold, Pipe, Plug, Railing, Reducer, Reducing Taper El- 
 bow, Reducing Tee, Return Bend, Return Elbow, Saddle, Service 
 Ell, Service Tee, Siamese Connection, Side Outlet Ell, Side Outlet 
 Tee, Street Elbow, Tee, Three-way Elbow, Union, Union Ell, Union 
 Tee, Wye, and Yoke. 
 
 Flange. A projecting rim, edge, lip or rib. See Blank, Blanking, Blind, 
 Boiler, Circular, Collar, Curved, Internal, Peened, Pressed, Rein- 
 forced Pump Column, Riveted, Rolled Steel, Saddle and Spun 
 Flange. 
 
 Flanged. (i) When applied to a fitting it is used to distinguish from 
 screwed fittings which are always furnished, unless flanges or other 
 style of joint is specified. 
 (2) When applied to pipe it means fitted with flanges. 
 
 Flanged Joint A joint in pipes made by flanges bolted together. 
 
 Flanged Pipe. Pipe provided with flanges so that the ends can be held 
 together by means of bolts. 
 
 Flange Union. A fitting consisting of a pair of flanges and bolts to con- 
 nect them for use on threaded pipe. Compare union and lip union. 
 
 Flat Head. (i) Term applied to heads of cylinders meaning that they 
 
 are neither convex nor concave. 
 (2) Meaning shape of head when applied to brass or iron cocks. 
 
 Flexible Joint. Any joint between two pipes that permits one of them 
 to be deflected without disturbing the other pipe. 
 
 Flue. A British term used in the same sense as the term "tube" is 
 used in America. 
 
 Flue Boiler. A boiler having smoke flues which pass through the water. 
 When there are many flues of small size the term "tubular boiler" is 
 more usual. 
 
492 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Flue Cleaner. Tube cleaner. Frequently a wire brush or soot 
 
 scraper. At times called a "flue brush." 
 Flush Bushing. A fitting intended to reduce the opening of a given 
 
 fitting by screwing in flush with the face of the fitting. 
 Flush Joint. A threaded joint made by turning off nearly half the 
 
 thickness of the pipe at one end and boring in same manner at the 
 
 other end, and then threading with a fine thread. 
 Follower. A half coupling or lock nut used on a long screw. See Long 
 
 Screw. 
 Four-Way Cock. A cock so designed that the body has four passages 
 
 and the plug has two passages. It may serve to control the flow 
 
 of both a supply and exhaust. 
 Four-Way Tee. A side outlet tee. (Poor usage.) 
 Free on Rails. Signifying that all charges save those of railway trans- 
 portation are paid by the vender. 
 Full Way Valve. (i) A sluice or gate valve for steam, etc., contrived 
 
 to give a full bore opening of the same area as the pipe.* 
 (2) Used in error at times to signify a straight way valve. 
 Full Weight Pipe. A term used to designate Standard or Card Weight 
 
 Pipe, which is the Briggs' standard thickness of pipe. 
 
 Gage. The main gages used in the pipe trade are threaded plug and 
 ring gages. 
 
 Gage Cock. A small cock in a boiler at water line, to determine the 
 water level. 
 
 Gage Length. (i) The distance gage goes on threaded end of pipe by 
 
 hand. 
 (2) Used synonymously for cut lengths. 
 
 Gage Ring. A ring used for gaging the thread on pipe. 
 
 Galvanizing. The process by which the surface of iron and steel is 
 covered with a layer of zinc. 
 
 Gasket. A thin sheet of composition or metal used in making a joint. 
 
 Gas Thread. Briggs' Standard in America; but in England, use is 
 indefinite, though it usually means Whitworth thread on 4 inches 
 and under. 
 
 Gate Valve. A sluice valve; one having two inclined seats between 
 which the valve wedges down in closing, the passage through the 
 valve being in an uninterrupted line from one end to the other, 
 while the valve, when opened, is drawn up into a dome or recess, 
 thus leaving a straight passage the full diameter of the pipe.* 
 
 Globe Valve. A valve having a round, ball-like shell; it is much in use 
 for regulating or controlling the flow of gases or steam. 
 
 Go Devil. (i) A scraper with self-adjusting spring blades, inserted in a 
 pipe line, and carried forward by the fluid pressure, clearing away 
 accumulations of paraffin, etc., from the walls of the pipe.* 
 (2) In the oil well country this term is applied to a device for explod- 
 ing the nitroglycerine used to "shoot" an oil well. 
 
Definitions 493 
 
 Goose Neck. A return or 180 degree bend having one leg shorter than 
 the other. 
 
 Ground Joint. See Dry Joint. 
 
 Grummet or Grommet. A "cow tail" (frayed end of a piece of rope or 
 twine) smeared with red lead in oil and used about the threads to 
 make a tight joint in British pipe fitting practice. 
 
 H 
 
 Half Turn Socket. In oil well drilling, a fishing tool having jaws bent 
 around in an incomplete circle, to embrace lost tools lying against 
 the side of the well.* 
 
 Hand Tight. (i) Tightened by hand with such effort as an average 
 man can continuously exert. It does not refer to such forcing as 
 can be done by a man picked for his strength. 
 (2) The standard gages are correct as to size when put on hand tight. 
 
 Hard Solder. Brazing Solder. It usually is copper and zinc 
 half and half by weight. Other alloys are used for special work; 
 frequently, pure copper is used. The usual flux is Borax. 
 
 Hazelton Head. One formed by swaging the end of a pipe nearly to a 
 point, and then welding up the end, either alone or after insertion 
 of rivet or button. The head, when finished, is nearly hemi- 
 spherical. 
 
 H Branch. In plumbing, a pipe fitting having a branch parallel and 
 close to the main line.* 
 
 Head. See Bumped, Casing, Dished, Drive, Flat, Hazelton, and Pat- 
 terson Head. 
 
 Header. A large pipe into which one set of boilers are connected by 
 suitable nozzles or tees, or similar large pipes from which a number 
 of smaller ones lead to consuming points. Headers are often used 
 for other purposes, such as heaters or in refrigeration work. Headers 
 are essentially branch pipes with many outlets, which are usually 
 parallel. Largely used for tubes of water tube boilers. 
 
 Heel Outlet Elbow. See Branch Ell. 
 
 Horn Socket. In well boring, an implement to recover lost tools, 
 especially broken drill poles, etc. It consists of a conical socket, 
 the larger end downwards, which slides over the broken part, a 
 spring latch gripping it when entered. Frequently a flaring mouth- 
 piece is riveted to the horn socket, making it a bell mouth socket.* 
 
 Hot Drawn. A term used to signify the product of drawing, when the 
 operation is performed on material that is hot usually red hot, 
 e.g. hot drawn seamless tubes. The term is sometimes applied 
 to the Mannesmann product that has not been drawn. 
 
 Hot Tube. A tube or pipe lined inside with porcelain, to enable it to 
 withstand firing through without excessive oxidization.* 
 
 Hub. (i) Usually means a cast iron outside ring or collar used to 
 join two pipes. 
 
 (2) Bell end of cast iron pipe, or similar end in fitting or valve. 
 
 (3) Collar of a flange. 
 
494 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Hydrant. An outlet placed at or near a main, and provided with a 
 valve to control flow, and with an end suited to attach hose. Those 
 made to serve fire hose, or engines in cold climates, usually have the 
 valve below the frost line, and are so arranged, that when the flow 
 is shut off, the hydrant will drain to prevent freezing up. 
 
 Hydraulic Main. In gas making, the large pipe, partly filled with 
 water, into which the dip pipes discharge the gases, etc., coming 
 from the retorts.* 
 
 Hydrostatic Joint. Used in large water mains, in which sheet lead is 
 forced tightly into the bell of a pipe by means of the hydrostatic 
 pressure of a liquid, preferably tar.* 
 
 Increaser. (i) In plumbing, a fitting to join the female end of a small 
 
 pipe to the male end of a larger pipe. 
 
 (2) This is the name applied, at times, to a special type of reducer, 
 whose large end may be a male end for any type of joint and whose 
 small end is always female and tapped for Standard Pipe. (Poor 
 usage.) 
 
 Indicator. A device placed at a valve or fire hydrant and so arranged 
 that it shows whether the valve is open or closed. 
 
 Inserted Joint. The correct name of the joint which at times is called 
 "expanded joint" or "swelled joint." The joints are formed by 
 expanding one end of each pipe so that, when threaded on their in- 
 terior, they permit screwing in the exteriorly threaded ends that 
 have not been expanded. It is employed mostly on casing. 
 
 Internal Feed Pipe. A pipe perforated at the end, leading the feed 
 water from the check valve opening through the hotter portions 
 of the boiler to the coldest, thus assisting circulation, and gradu- 
 ally introducing the feed water without shock.* 
 
 Internal Flange. A flange that projects from the inner surface toward 
 the center. Used in contradistinction to external flange, which is 
 always meant when the word flange is used without qualification. 
 
 Inverted Fitting. In plumbing, a fitting reversed in order of position 
 upside down turned in contrary direction. 
 
 Jars. In well boring, a connection between the sinker bars and the 
 poles or cables, made in the form of two links, having a slide on each 
 other of about two feet. The jars permit the tools to fall on the 
 downward stroke, but on the upward jar them, or give them a sharp 
 pull, tending to loosen them from any crevices or cavings that may 
 hold them; a drill jar.* 
 
 Joint. In the pipe trade, applies to the means used to connect pipes to 
 
 each other or to fittings. 
 
 See Ammonia, Armstrong, Artesian, Ball, Bell and Spigot, Block, 
 Bumped, Butted and Strapped, Converse Lock, Corrugated, Cressed 
 
Definitions 495 
 
 Artesian, Cup, Cup and Ball, Dresser, Drive Pipe, Dry, Eckert, 
 Expanded, Expansion, Field, Flanged, Flexible, Flush, Ground, 
 Hydrostatic, Inserted, Kimberley, Knock-off, Lead, Lead and Rub- 
 ber, Line Pipe, Matheson, National, Normandy, Peened Flangod, 
 Perkins, Petit's, Pope, Pressure, Riedler, Rust, Shrunk, Siemens, 
 Slip, Socket, Spigot, Swing, Swivel, Thimble, Union, Van Stone, 
 Walker, Welded Flange and Wiped Joints. 
 
 Jointer. (i) A pipe trade term used to express a random length com- 
 posed of two pieces coupled together. Custom of the pipe trade 
 is that shipments include a small proportion of such lengths. 
 (2) The term jointer also is applied to very small style of flanges 
 that are suitable for connecting pipes to each other, but not suitable 
 for connecting to fittings. 
 
 Kalameined. Coated in a manner similar to galvanizing, but using a 
 composition of lead, tin and antimony. 
 
 "Kewanee." As applied to fittings and valves this word indicates that 
 the "Kewanee" Union principle is involved. 
 
 Kewanee Union. A patented pipe union having one pipe end of brass 
 and the other of malleable iron, with a ring or nut of malleable iron, 
 in which the arrangement and finish of the several parts is such as 
 to provide a non-corrosive ball and socket joint at the junction of 
 the pipe ends, and a non-corrosive connection between the ring and 
 brass pipe end. 
 
 Kimberley Joint. Originally a joint of English manufacture exten- 
 sively used in the South African Mining District. It consists of an 
 outer wrought sleeve or ring belled out on the ends to form a suit- 
 able lead recess for calking, the pipes butting in the center of the 
 sleeve. 
 
 Knock Of Joint. In well drilling, a joint used in the rods of deep well 
 pumps. The jointed ends of the rods are enlarged to a square 
 section and scarfed and notched to fit against one another, and are 
 confined by a clasp or bridle embracing them. The joint is ta- 
 pered lengthwise and the hole in the clasp is tapered to correspond, 
 so that the tendency is always for the clasp to tighten around the 
 joint.* 
 
 L 
 
 Laid Length. (i) The length measured after pipe is placed in posi- 
 tion. It is not the same as the "shipped length," which latter is 
 measured over all as shipped, and it is greater than the " cut length," 
 which applies to length of tubular goods only. The laid length 
 includes such items as gaskets or space between ends of pipe in 
 coupling or the insertion of bell and spigot joint or the central 
 ring of C. J. hub. 
 
 (2) Laid length is never considered unless order clearly refers to it. 
 To specify it on an order or a drawing always delays execution, 
 unless every essential detail is given. 
 
496 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Lap-weld. Welded along a scarfed longitudinal seam in which one 
 part is overlapped by the other. 
 
 Laterals. See Wye. 
 
 Lead. The advance made by one turn of a screw. Often confused 
 with pitch of thread, but not the same, unless in the case of a single 
 thread. With a double thread the lead is twice as much as the 
 pitch. 
 
 Lead and Rubber Joint. (i) The ordinary name for any joint in which 
 
 lead and rubber are employed. 
 
 (2) The combination of Matheson Joint and Dresser Clamp is not 
 usually called by this name but acts in the same manner. 
 
 Lead Joint. (i) Generally used to signify the connection between 
 pipes which is made by pouring molten lead into the annular space 
 between a bell and spigot and then making the lead tight by 
 calking. 
 
 (2) Rarely used to mean the joint made by pressing the lead between 
 adjacent pieces as when lead gasket is used between flanges. 
 
 Lead Joint Runner. See Pouring Clamp. 
 
 Lead Lined Pipe. A wrought pipe having a continuous interior lining 
 of lead. When used on flanged pipe the lining is often brought out 
 over the face of the flanges. The lead lining is usually as thick as 
 the same size of lead pipe. It is useful for conducting certain cor- 
 rosive fluids. 
 
 Lead Wool. A material used in place of melted lead for making pipe 
 joints. It is lead fiber, about as coarse as fine excelsior and when 
 made in a strand it can be calked into the joints making them very 
 solid. 
 
 Leak Clamp. Packing Clamp Half Dresser Joint. Usually super- 
 posed on some other joint as that made with a coupling. 
 
 Line Pipe. Special brand of pipe that employs recessed and taper 
 thread couplings, and usually greater length of thread than Briggs' 
 Standard. The pipe is also subjected to higher test. 
 
 Line Pipe Joint. The screwed joint used on line pipe. 
 
 Lip Union. (i) A special form of union characterized by the lip that 
 prevents the gasket from being squeezed into the pipe so as to ob- 
 struct the flow. 
 (2) It is a ring union, unless flange is specified. 
 
 Lock Nut. (i) A nut placed on a parallel threaded portion of pipe at a 
 
 joint in order to stop leaks by means of a grummet, gasket or packing. 
 
 (2) Also used to make a joint where the long screw or lock nut 
 
 nipple has been run through the tank, the lock nuts being used to 
 
 wedge up against the tank on either side. 
 
 Long Length. A length of pipe greater than can ordinarily be made 
 from one length of plate. The long length is made by uniting two 
 pipes by a circular or safe end weld. Long lengths less than 
 40 feet can be produced in one piece, without weld, by certain 
 processes. 
 
 Long Screw. A short length of pipe having ordinary thread on one end, 
 and the other end threaded for such distance as will allow a lock 
 
Definitions 497 
 
 nut and a coupling to be screwed by hand without overhanging the 
 end of pipe. It is used in making up connections or joining lines 
 in place. 
 
 Long Screw Follower. A half coupling or lock nut used on a long screw. 
 
 Long Turn Fitting. A term variously employed to mean long sweep, 
 long radius or an angular branch, e.g., a long turn branch may be 
 one whose branch makes about 45 with the run, but end of branch 
 is sharply turned to 90 to run. 
 
 Loop. See Expansion Loop. 
 
 M 
 
 Male and Female. (i) Sometimes called recessed; usually written 
 M. & F. It means that one flange of a pair is faced so as to pro- 
 duce a flat, depressed face, extending from inside of pipe nearly 
 to bolt holes. The other flange is faced so as to have a raised 
 portion at same place and only slightly less diameter. The object 
 is to prevent the gasket from blowing out. 
 (2) Also means Male and Female thread. 
 
 Malleable Iron. Cast iron made from pig iron of the proper kind, so 
 treated as to render it capable of being bent or hammered to a 
 limited extent without breaking, that is, it is malleable. Its 
 strength is above that of cast iron. The treatment is known as 
 annealing. 
 
 Mandrel Socket. A well tool for straightening out the top of casing, 
 etc., within a well, consisting of a lemon-shaped swage within a 
 cone or bell-mouth, by means of which the casing is worked to a 
 circular shape. Also useful for straightening a lost sand pump, etc., 
 so that the dogs may enter.* 
 
 Manifold. (i) A fitting with numerous branches used to convey fluids 
 
 between a large pipe and several smaller pipes. See Branch Tee. 
 (2) A header for a coil. 
 
 Mannesmann. A name applied to the product of tube making proc- 
 ess, invented by Herr Mannesmann. 
 
 Master Die. A die made standard and used only for reference pur- 
 poses or for threading taps. 
 
 Master Tap. A tap cut to standard dimensions and used only for 
 reference purposes or for tapping master dies. 
 
 Matheson and Dresser Joint. A combination joint in which a Dresser 
 leak clamp of special form is used to reinforce a Matheson joint. 
 Its special advantage is that it allows repair without shutting off 
 the service pressure. Much used on Natural Gas lines on service 
 pressures up to 250 pounds and at times up to 500 pounds, and on 
 pipes 1 6 inches outside diameter and less and even on 20 inches 
 outside diameter. 
 
 Matheson Joint. A wrought pipe joint made by enlarging the one end 
 of the pipe to form a suitable lead recess, similar to the bell end of 
 a cast iron pipe, and which receives the male or spigot end of the 
 next length. Practically the same style of a joint as used for cast 
 iron pipe. 
 
498 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Measurement equals weight. A commercial transportation term indi- 
 cating that the specific weight is high enough to secure the freight 
 tariff that is based on weight under steamer's measurement for 
 ocean transit. 
 
 Medium Pressure. When applied to valves and fittings, means good 
 for a working pressure of 125 to 175 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Melting Furnace. A small portable furnace (some designs are mounted 
 on wheels) used for melting lead for lead joint pipe. 
 
 Mounted. When applied to pipe fittings, valves, etc., in such expres- 
 sions as brass-mounted, nickel-mounted, etc., means having the 
 rubbing or wearing surfaces composed of the material named. 
 
 N 
 
 National Joint. A bell and spigot joint whose bell is contracted at its 
 mouth, so as to retain self tightening (U shaped) ring of rubber or 
 other pliable material. 
 
 National Pole Socket. An extension piece for repairing wooden poles 
 that have rotted at ground line. It is a piece of pipe suitably 
 shaped to hold the tapered lower end of upper portion of such 
 pole. 
 
 Needle Valve. At times called a needle point valve. A valve provided 
 with a long tapering point in place of the ordinary valve disc. The 
 tapering point permits fine graduation of the opening. 
 
 Nested. Having one piece placed within another (i.e., telescoped) . A 
 thing that is done with pipes and fittings at times, to get a required 
 weight into a given space. See Steamer's Measurements. 
 
 Nipple. (i) A tubular pipe fitting usually threaded on both ends and 
 under 12 inches in length. Pipe over 12 inches long is regarded as 
 cut pipe. See Close, Long Screw, Short, Shoulder, Space, Sub and 
 Swaged Nipple. v. 
 
 (2) Boss or Pop A thickened or raised place outside or inside of 
 pipe made by welding on a button or pop. It is used on a thin wall 
 when it is desired to tap a hole. These reinforcements are usually 
 flush inside or outside as specified. 
 
 Non-Return Valve. A stop valve whose disc may move independently 
 of the stem so that valve may act as a check. Such valves are 
 largely used between boilers and headers to prevent accidents. 
 
 Normandy Joint. A joint by which the plain ends of two pipes are 
 connected by means of a sleeve whose ends are made tight by 
 rings of packing, compressed between bolting rings and sleeve. 
 There are many similar joints or modifications such as Dayton, 
 Dresser, Hammond, etc. 
 
 Nozzle. (i) A short piece of pipe with a flange on one end and a 
 saddle flange on the other end. May be made of cast iron, cast 
 steel or wrought steel. 
 
 (2) A side outlet attached to a pipe by such means as riveting, braz- 
 ing or welding. 
 
 Nut. See Lock Nut. 
 
Definitions 499 
 
 Offset Pipe. (i) A pipe bent so as to offset a line, i.e., move the line 
 to a position parallel to, but not in alignment with, balance of the 
 pipe. 
 
 (2) A fitting to accomplish the same. 
 
 (3) Erroneously used for crossover. 
 
 (4) Erroneously used for bend. 
 
 (5) Erroneously used for branch pipe. 
 
 Open Return Bend. A short cast or malleable iron U-shaped tube for 
 uniting two parallel pipes. It differs from a close return bend in 
 having the arms separated from each other. 
 
 Oval Socket. In well boring, a fishing tool used to slip over the ends 
 of broken and lost poles, to grip so as to recover them.* 
 
 Packer. A device used in an oil or gas well to stop flow in or around 
 the casing or tubing. See Water Packer. 
 
 Packing. (i) A general term relating to yielding material employed 
 to effect a tight joint. A common example is the sheet rubber used 
 for gaskets. The term is also applied to the braided hemp or 
 metallic rings used in some joints, that allow considerable or in- 
 cessant motion. The British grummet is another example. 
 (2) Any material used in packing stuffing boxes of valves. 
 
 Patterson Head. One that has the pipe reduced or swaged to about 
 half its diameter and then a flat head welded in. 
 
 Peened Flange Joint. A term used to indicate that the flanges are 
 attached to the pipe by peening just as welded flange, riveted 
 flange or screwed flange are terms that indicate the method of 
 attachment of flange to pipe. Many designs or almost any 
 design can be so attached. The flanges usually depend in part 
 upon beading of pipe at face, although some designs require grooves 
 inside of collar flange, into which grooves the metal is forced by 
 the peening. 
 
 Peening. The act or process of hammering sheet metals with the 
 peen of a hammer, either to straighten them or to impart a desired 
 curvature.* 
 
 Penstock. (i) The conductor between forebay and turbine casing. 
 At times that portion of a forebay that is subject to hydrostatic 
 pressure used for any type of water wheels. 
 
 (2) A railroad term applied to the pipe for supplying water to loco- 
 motive tenders. 
 
 Perforated. That in which holes have been bored or pierced. In 
 pipe it is usually accomplished by drilling holes, but the same 
 result can be accomplished cheaply by punching. 
 
 Perkins Joint. One made up with threaded pipe and coupling, both 
 threaded straight (no taper). The one end of the pipe is left 
 square and the other is beveled to a knife edge at mid-thickness. 
 Has been used in Baku oil region. 
 
500 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Pet Cock. A small cock used to drain a cylinder, fitting, etc. The 
 term means nearly the same as drip or drain cock. 
 
 Petit' 's Joint. One constructed with a double male and female in 
 which a round rubber is used. 
 
 Pilot. A small valve to operate or relieve pressure on a larger valve. 
 
 Pipe. A long conducting passage, usually a line of tubes; any long 
 tube or hollow body; especially one that is used as a conductor of 
 water or other fluids, as a drain pipe, water pipe, etc.* 
 See Branch, Breeches, Card Weight, Conduit, Converse Lock Joint, 
 Dip, Double Extra Strong, Drive, Dry, Eduction, Expansion, Extra 
 Strong, Flanged, Full Weight, Internal Feed, Kimberley Joint, Lead 
 Lined, Line, Matheson Joint, Offset, Plug, Reamed and Drifted, 
 Rifled, Riser, Service, Signal, Siphon, Socket, Soil, S, Stand, Stand- 
 ard, Tail, Tin Lined and Tuyere Pipe. 
 
 Pipe Bend. A bent pipe in contradistinction to a bend, which may 
 be a casting. See Bend. 
 
 Pipe Bending Machine. An apparatus by which pipe of any ductile 
 metal may be bent or coiled as desired. Some use rollers and internal 
 mandrels or coils, but the most usual type uses formers and saddles 
 and operates without internal mandrel or fitting. The necessity 
 for internal mandrel or fitting is determined mostly by the ratio of 
 the thickness to the diameter. Where the wall is relatively thin 
 something inside appears obligatory to prevent buckling, crumpling 
 or collapsing. 
 
 Pipe Clamp. A metallic strap or band, made to fit around a pipe, 
 gripping it closely, for the purpose of stopping leaks, etc., a piece 
 of jointing material being usually compressed between the clamp 
 and the pipe.* 
 
 Pipe Coupling. A sleeve or socket of cylindrical form with female 
 threads, which receives the ends of two adjacent pipe lengths.* 
 
 Pipe Covering. A jacket of non-conducting material placed around 
 steam (or other) pipes to prevent loss of heat. 
 
 Pipe Cutter. An instrument for cutting off wrought pipes. A com- 
 mon type is made with a hook-shaped frame on whose stem a slide 
 can be moved by a screw. On the slide or frame one or more cut- 
 ting discs are mounted, and forced into the metal as the whole 
 appliance is rotated about the pipe. 
 
 Pipe Die. A tool for cutting external threads on pipes. Many types 
 are composite with inserted cutters. 
 
 Pipe Dog. A hand tool that is much used to rotate a pipe whose end 
 is accessible. It is simply a small short steel bar whose end is bent 
 at right angles to the handle, and then quickly returned leaving only 
 enough space between the jaws to slip over the wall of pipe. 
 
 Pipe Fittings. Connections, appliances and adjuncts, designed to be 
 used in connection with pipes, such as elbows and bends to alter 
 the direction of a pipe; tees and crosses to connect a branch with a 
 main; plugs and caps to close an end; bushings, diminishers or re- 
 ducing sockets to couple two pipes of different dimensions, etc.* 
 See Fittings. 
 
Definitions 501 
 
 Pipe Grip. In steam and pipe fitting, an implement consisting of an 
 iron bar. with a curved end and provided with a chain of square 
 links to hook on to the jaws of the curved end.* See Chain Tongs. 
 
 Pipe Hanger. A suspension link or band (often split) used to support a 
 pipe without interfering with its expansion and contraction. 
 
 Pipe Line. (i) A line of pipe used for the transporting of liquids or 
 
 gases. 
 
 (2) It has an entirely different meaning from "Line Pipe," which 
 see. 
 
 Pipe Roller. In construction work, these are made of different lengths 
 of wrought pipes to suit the work, and used as rollers for moving 
 heavy articles and machinery. 
 
 Pipe Stay. A pipe hanger an unusual term. 
 
 Pipe Stock. A holder for dies by means of which threads are cut on 
 pipes by hand.* 
 
 Pipe Thread. A thread employed in connection with wrought pipe. 
 The standard thread is the Briggs', which has an angle of 60 degrees 
 between its sides, slightly rounded at top and bottom, and which 
 has a taper. See Briggs' Standard. 
 
 Pipe Tongs. A hand tool for gripping or rotating pipe. It is fre- 
 quently made like a large pair of pliers one of whose noses is hook- 
 shaped and the other is made shorter and sharpened so as to dig 
 into the pipe. Chain tongs and pipe wrenches are used for about 
 the same purpose. 
 
 Pipe Unions. Erroneously used, at times, to signify pipe joints. 
 
 Pipe Vise. A special type of vise usually attached to a work bench. 
 It is frequently made with three serrated jaws, one of which moves 
 between the other two and may be forced against the pipe by 
 screw or toggle. At times made with an open or latching side to 
 permit rapid work. 
 
 Pipe Wrench. A wrench whose jaws are usually serrated and arranged 
 to grip with increasing pressure as the handle is pulled. There are 
 many forms such as the Alligator, Stillson, Trimo, etc. 
 
 Piping. In plumbing, steam and gas fitting, the whole system of 
 pipes in a factory, mill or house; the act of laying a pipe system.* 
 
 Pitch. (i) The distance measured on a line parallel to the axis, be- 
 tween two adjacent threads or convolutions of a screw. 
 (2) The distance between the centers of holes, as of rivet holes in 
 boiler plates.* 
 
 Plain End. Usually contracted to P.E. Used to signify pipe cut 
 off and not threaded, i.e., ends left as cut. 
 
 Plug. (i) When used without qualification, it always means, in the 
 pipe trade, the ordinary plug or pipe plug that has an exterior 
 pipe thread and a projecting head (usually square), by which it 
 is screwed into the opening of a fitting, etc. 
 
 (2) Compare countersunk plug. 
 
 (3) The movable part of a tap, cock or faucet.* 
 
 (4) Colloquially used for hydrant, penstock, standpipe, water plug, 
 etc. See Socket, Tap, Tube and Water Plug. 
 
502 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Plug Cock. Usually called a cock. All cocks are essentially plug cocks. 
 
 Plug Gage. A plug or internal gage for measuring inside dimensions. 
 
 Plug Pipe. A short piece of pipe, screwed with a male thread at one 
 end and closed or welded at the other, used as a plug to close an- 
 other pipe or an opening in a fitting, when a proper plug is not 
 obtainable.* 
 
 Plug Tap. A tap with threaded portion straight or without lead, 
 used for bottoming. 
 
 Pole Drill. In well boring, a system where a rigid connection is used 
 between the drilling tools and the reciprocating beam.* 
 
 Pop. (i) A spring loaded safety valve. 
 
 (2) A boss or nipple cast on a fitting or welded to a pipe. 
 
 Pope Joint. A joint very similar to the Van Stone. In one form the 
 flange is separately formed and welded to the pipe. 
 
 Pouring Clamp. Lead Joint Runner Some forms are made of metal, 
 others of rubber and others of asbestos. The commonest make- 
 shift is a piece of frayed rope smeared with clay. All styles serve 
 to guide the lead into space provided for it in lead joint pipe. 
 
 Pressed Flange. Usually signifies a light style of flange, made from 
 plate steel by press forging or forming. When the flange is so 
 made of heavy stock, whose thickness is changed by the forging, 
 it is better to call the product Press Forged. Some flanges are 
 Press Forged part way and then rolled. See Rolled Flanges. 
 
 Pressed Forged. A term used to indicate the operation of forming by 
 steady pressure as distinguished from forging by hammering or 
 rolling or drawing. The distinction between "Press Forging" and 
 "Press Forming" is that the former changes the thickness or sec- 
 tion materially, while the latter only changes the form and may 
 incidentally change the section or thickness. 
 
 Pressure Joint. A term used by British trade to signify that the 
 threads of both pipe and coupling are tapered. It closely corre- 
 sponds to American joints used on Line Pipe, Casing or Tubing, etc. 
 
 Protector. A ring threaded on its inside and used to protect threaded 
 end of pipe during transit. 
 
 Pump Column Flange. See Reinforced Pump Column Flange. 
 
 Radiator. That which radiates or sends forth heat, as by a coil of 
 steam or hot water heating pipes. 
 
 Radiator Valve. An angle valve such as is fitted to a steam or hot 
 water heating radiator. 
 
 Radius of Bend. (i) The distance measured always from the center 
 of curvature to the center of the pipe or fitting. The relation be- 
 tween length of radius and size of pipe is modified by the ratio of 
 the pipe's thickness to its diameter; in general the thinner the pipe 
 the longer the radius. 
 
 (2) The radial distance from the center line of a fitting to the center 
 of curvature, about which the body of a fitting is struck or swept. 
 
Definitions 503 
 
 Railing Fittings. Those used on hand rails. There are various 
 styles. To the trade, rail fittings are understood to be globe 
 shaped in the body, with ends reduced to take thread. 
 
 Raised Face. A term used to indicate that flanges are faced l /32 inch 
 or so higher inside of the bolt circle. 
 
 Random Length. The " catch length" or length of good quality pipe, 
 made from any piece of plate skelp after its ends have been 
 trimmed. For Butt and Lap Weld pipes usually about 20 feet or 
 less. 
 
 Reamed. In pipe trade, means having the burr from cutting off tool 
 removed from inside, at ends, by a slight countersinking. 
 
 Reamed and Drifted. Usually contracted to R. & D. See the separate 
 terms. 
 
 Receiver Filling Valve. A valve of peculiar construction for the ad- 
 mission of compressed gas to the receiver, so that it can be trans- 
 mitted to the regulator for consumption. 
 
 Recessed. (i) Counterbored for a short distance when applied to 
 couplings. 
 
 (2) Counterbored or provided at back with a calking recess when 
 applied to flanges. 
 
 (3) Erroneously applied, at times, to flanges to mean M. & F. to dis- 
 tinguish them from T. & G. or P. F. 
 
 Reducer. (i) A fitting having a larger size at one end than at the 
 other. Some have tried to establish the term "increaser" 
 thinking of direction of flow, but this has arisen from a misunder- 
 standing of the trade custom of always giving the largest size of 
 run of a fitting first; hence, all fittings having more than one size 
 are reducers. They are always inside thread, unless specified flanged 
 or for some special joint. 
 
 (2) Threaded type is made with abrupt reduction. 
 
 (3) Flanged pattern has taper body. 
 
 (4) Flanged eccentric pattern has taper body, but flanges at 90 de- 
 grees to one side of body. 
 
 (5) Misapplied at times, to a reducing coupling. 
 
 Reducing Taper Elbow. A reducing elbow whose curved body uni- 
 formly decreases in diameter toward the small end. 
 
 Reducing Tee. Any tee having two different sizes of openings. It 
 may reduce on the run or branch. 
 
 Reducing Valve. (i) A spring or lever loaded valve similar to a safety 
 valve, whereby a lower and constant pressure may be maintained 
 beyond the valve. 
 
 (2) A valve for reducing the pressure of air admitted to a train signal 
 pipe below that maintained in the brake pipe and main reservoir. 
 
 Reflux Valve. In hydraulics, a flap valve used for the purpose of taking 
 off the pressure of a head of water acting in a backward direction 
 against a set of pumps.* 
 
 Reinforced Pump Column Flange. A flange that is secured to, or fas- 
 tened to, pipe by rivets in addition to being peened and beaded. 
 
 Reservoir. An incorrectly used term to denote a cylinder. 
 
504 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Return Bend. 180 degree bend. Usually a fitting having inside 
 threads. Often applied to a bent pipe. Always means the fitting 
 unless otherwise specified. 
 
 Return Bend with Back Outlet. (i) A crotch having parallel outlet. 
 (2) A return bend with a back or outlet in line with one of the main 
 outlets. 
 
 Return Elbow. A return or U bend of small radius. 
 
 Ribbed Tube. In steam engineering, the ribbed tube introduced with 
 a view to improving the heating surface of the tubes of feed water 
 heaters. The tubes are simply rolled with internal deep ribs running 
 transversely. They are made in iron, steel, copper and brass. Also 
 called corrugated tubes.* 
 
 Riedler Joint. One in which a cup leather is used as packing or gasket. 
 Useful for high pressure. 
 
 Rifled Pipe. A pipe used for conveying heavy oils. The pipe is 
 rifled with helical grooves which make a complete turn through 
 360 degrees in about 10 feet of length. 
 
 Ring. See Drive Pipe, Expansion and Gage Ring. 
 
 Ring Union. The ordinary union used to connect pipes. The term 
 is used in contradistinction to flange union. 
 
 Riser Pipe. A pipe extending vertically and having side branches. 
 
 River Dog. A device to hold a pipe line on a river bottom. 
 
 River Sleeve. A long sleeve used over other joints to prevent injury to 
 joints laid on river bottom or under water. An excellent form 
 requires sleeves to be about six (6) diameters long and fit as neatly 
 as possible to the outside of the central joint. It is so made to 
 prevent bending or springing of the pipe, which might injure or 
 loosen the joint. 
 
 Riveted Flange. One whose collar is attached to pipe by rivets. The 
 pipe usually is not brought flush with face of flange, but stops about 
 iH inches to i% inches from center of rivets where it is calked. 
 One special design brings pipe flush with face of flange and another 
 design has end of pipe beaded into a recess. 
 
 Rod. See Sucker Rod. 
 
 Rolled Steel Flange. One that is forged from a steel bloom and then 
 rolled to shape by a mill similar to that used for rolling locomo- 
 tive or wheel tires. Some small sizes are drop forged, hammer 
 forged, or press forged. These processes are all considered to 
 yield rolled flanges, if the product is the required shape. See 
 Pressed Flange. 
 
 Run. (i) A length of pipe that is made of more than one piece of pipe. 
 (2) The portion of any fitting having its ends "in line" or nearly so, 
 in contradistinction to the branch or side opening as of a tee. 
 The two main openings of an Ell also indicate its run, and when 
 there is a third opening on an ell, the fitting is a "side outlet" or 
 "back outlet" elbow, except that when all three openings are in one 
 plane and the back outlet is in line with one of the run openings, 
 the fitting is a "heel outlet elbow" or a " single sweep tee " or some- 
 times (less correctly) a "branch tee." 
 
Definitions 505 
 
 Rust Joint. Employed to secure rigid connection. It generally can- 
 not be separated except by destroying some of the pieces. It is 
 made by packing an intervening space tightly with a stiff paste 
 which oxidizes the iron, the whole rusting together and hardening 
 into a solid mass. One recipe is 80 pounds cast iron borings or 
 filings, i pound sal-ammoniac, 2 pounds flowers of sulphur, mixed to 
 a paste with water. 
 
 Saddle. Strictly the saddle piece, which, assembled with the strap, or 
 straps, makes a service clamp. 
 
 Saddle Flange. In pipe fitting, a curved flange hollowed out to fit a 
 boiler, a pipe, or other cylindrical vessel.* 
 
 Safe End. A short piece of boiler tube of high quality that is, at times, 
 welded to a body of less quality or lighter gage or to old boiler 
 tubes whose ends have been injured. 
 
 Sand Line. In well boring, a wire line used to lower and raise the bailer 
 or sand pump, which frees the bore hole from cuttings.* 
 
 Sand Pump. A well drilling tool used for bailing out the muck pro- 
 duced by drilling. 
 
 Scarf Weld. A joint that is made by overlapping and welding to- 
 gether the scarfed ends or edges of metal sheets. 
 
 Screw. See Long and Temper Screw. 
 
 Screw Down Valve. A valve which is opened and closed against a 
 seat by means of a screw. A term little used in America, but usual, 
 colloquially, with British workmen. Familiar examples are the 
 needle and globe valves. The term is not commonly applied to 
 slide or sluice valves. 
 
 Screwed. Threaded. 
 
 Seamless. Without seam, especially without a welded seam. Pipes 
 and tubes are made seamless by the cupping, Mannesmann or 
 Stiefel processes. 
 
 Setters Thread. The standard screw thread of the United States, 
 having an angle of 60 degrees between the threads, and one-eighth 
 flattened at top and at bottom. It is also known as United States 
 Standard Thread and as the Franklin Institute Standard Thread. 
 
 Semi Steel. See Ferro Steel. 
 
 Service Box. Small Valve Box Service Box is the name usually 
 employed for those boxes used with corporation or curb cocks. 
 
 Service Clamp. A clamp applied to a main at a point of connection 
 for such use as a house service. It is also, but less correctly, called 
 "pipe saddle." 
 
 Service Ell. An elbow having an outside thread on one end. Also 
 known as street ell. 
 
 Service Pipe. A pipe connecting mains with a dwelling; as, in gas 
 pipes and the like.* 
 
 Service Tee. A tee having inside thread on one end and on branch, 
 but outside thread on other end of run. Also known as street 
 tee. 
 
506 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Sherardizing. A process in which clean surface of iron or steel is 
 coated with a zinc-iron alloy to protect against rust. 
 
 Shoe. See Casing and Drive Shoe. 
 
 Short Nipple. One whose length is a little greater than that of two 
 threaded lengths or somewhat longer than a close nipple. It 
 always has some unthreaded shoulder between the two threads. 
 
 Shot Drill. An earth boring drill using shot as an abrasive, somewhat 
 after the manner of a diamond drill.* 
 
 Shoulder Nipple. A nipple of any length, which has a shoulder of pipe 
 between two pipe threads. As generally used, however, it is a 
 nipple about half way between the length of a close nipple and a 
 short nipple. 
 
 Shrunk Joint. (i) A joint secured in place by shrinking a larger pipe 
 
 on a smaller one. 
 
 (2) A term at times applied to a form of collar flange that is attached 
 by shrinking the flange on the pipe and then expanding the pipe 
 to a trumpet mouth. This expanded mouth is its distinctive 
 feature. 
 
 Siamese Connection. A crotch fitting, usually arranged with union 
 inlets for fire hose. 
 
 Side Outlet Ell. An ell with an outlet at right angles to plane of run. 
 
 Side Outlet Tee. The same as four-way tee. 
 
 Siemens Joint. One for high pressure hydraulic work designed by 
 Dr. Siemens. It is extensively employed on the steam chests of 
 locomotives. Its essential feature is a soft copper wire in a groove. 
 
 Signal Pipe. (i) Pipe made to the Signal Association Standard as to 
 size, thread, coupling, weight, etc., but not equipped with plugs 
 and rivets. 
 
 (2) Special pipe used on interlocking switches and their signals on 
 railroads. It has a peculiar joint, that is both threaded and con- 
 nected by a plug riveted to the pipe. 
 
 Signal Thread. The thread used on Signal Pipe. Usually longer 
 than Briggs' Standard and of less taper. 
 
 Sinker Bar. A heavy bar of round iron which goes to make up the 
 weight in a string of well boring tools. The sinker connects the 
 drill bit with the jars, and is sometimes made in two lengths on 
 account of easy handling; in such a case, the upper half is some- 
 times known as the sinker and the lower part as the auger stem.* 
 
 Siphon. (i) A pipe bent in the form of U or D acting on the principle 
 of the hydrostatic balance so that the pressure of water in one leg 
 always tends to equalize that in the other. 
 
 (2) A bent tube or pipe with limbs of unequal length for transferring 
 liquids from a barrel or other receptacle. The action of the in 
 strument is due to the difference in weight of the liquid in the two 
 legs. 
 
 (3) A U shaped tube fitted to steam gages, etc., so that nothing but 
 water shall enter the gage. 
 
 (4) In railways, the curved pipe of gradually increasing section which 
 leads from a water scoop into the tender.* 
 
Definitions 507 
 
 Siphon Pipe. A bent tube with unequal limbs by means of which 
 
 liquids are drawn from a vessel; the shortest limb being placed in 
 
 the liquid to be drawn off; it is set in action by exhausting the air 
 
 from the longer.* 
 Skelp. A piece of plate prepared by forming and bending, ready for 
 
 welding into a pipe. Flat plates when used for butt-weld pipe are 
 
 called skelp. 
 Sleeve. A coupling, collar or hub Also a special form of Converse 
 
 Joint Hub that omits the central ring and permits the rivets to 
 
 pass clear through. See River Sleeve. 
 Slip Joint. An inserted joint in which the end of one pipe is slipped 
 
 into the flared or swaged end of an adjacent pipe. The two pipes are 
 
 often soldered together. 
 
 Smith's Coating. Dr. Angus See Angus Smith. 
 Socket. (i) A recess or piece furnished with a recess, into which 
 
 some other piece may be inserted and securely held; as, a socket in 
 
 the ground for the reception of a post or pole.* 
 
 (2) The British term for what is called a coupling in America. 
 
 (3) The enlarged and recessed end of a cast iron pipe into which the 
 opposite end of another pipe is inserted. See Half Turn, Horn, 
 Mandrel, National Pole, Oval and Wide Mouth Sockets. 
 
 Socket Coupling. British term for what is known in America as a 
 coupling. 
 
 Socket Iron. A bar from which pipe couplings are made. 
 
 Socket Joint. The British equivalent of the American term Coupling 
 Joint. 
 
 Socket Pipe. In pipe fitting, a cast iron pipe which is provided with a 
 socket at one end and a spigot at the other. The sockets of wrought 
 pipes are couplings, and are screwed over the ends on the outside 
 diameter.* 
 
 Socket Plug. In steam fitting, a plug for stopping the ends of pipes 
 or openings in pipe fittings. It differs from the ordinary plug, in 
 that it is provided with a recess into which a wrench fits. 
 
 Soft Solder. Tin and lead alloy. The first grade is half and half by 
 weight, which melts at a lower temperature than either lead or 
 tin. 
 
 Soil Pipe. In plumbing, a pipe which conveys away the waste from 
 water closets, etc., usually made of cast iron. 
 
 Solder. An alloy used for connecting two pieces that are less easily 
 melted. See Hard and Soft Solder. 
 
 Space Nipple. A nipple with a shoulder between the two threads. It 
 may be of any length long enough to allow a shoulder. 
 
 Special Product. Not Standard. Also used to mean a product that 
 is not made to any of the regular lists of goods. 
 
 Spellerizing. The method of treating metal, which consists in sub- 
 jecting the heated bloom to the action of rolls having regularly 
 shaped projections on their working surfaces, then subjecting the 
 bloom to the action of smooth faced rolls, and repeating the opera- 
 tion, whereby the surface of the metal is worked to produce a uni- 
 
508 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 formly dense texture, better adapted to resist corrosion, especially 
 
 in the form of pitting. 
 
 Spigot. (i) The end of a pipe, fitting or valve that is inserted into the 
 
 bell end. 
 
 (2) The tapered male part of an inserted joint, as in plumbers* 
 wiped joint.* 
 
 (3) A cock, tap or faucet used to draw water, etc. 
 
 Spigot Joint. A pipe joint made by tapering down the end of one 
 piece and inserting it into a correspondingly widened opening in 
 the end of another piece. Also called faucet joint (unusual). 
 
 Spinning. The operation of changing the shape of a rapidly revolving 
 plate or tube by the action of a spinning tool. In light work the 
 tool is usually similar to a burnishing point, but on heavy work a 
 wheel or revolving head is often used. At times the work is sta- 
 tionary and the tool moves. The product is called "Spun Work." 
 See Spun Flange. 
 
 5 Pipe. In pipe fitting, a pipe whose outline is roughly that of the 
 letter S, used for connecting parallel lengths of straight piping. 
 Also called offset elbow or offset bend.* 
 
 Spot Faced. A term used to indicate that an annular facing has been 
 made about a bolt hole, to allow a nut or head to seat evenly. 
 
 Spring. A pipe bent to a small angle. (Poor usage.) 
 
 Spud. (i) Oil Well Fishing Tool. In well boring, a tool shaped like 
 
 a spade, for freeing lost or broken tools by digging around them.* 
 (2) A bushing or coupling, by which the hole of a sink or water cooler 
 drip is connected with the drain or drain pipe. 
 
 Spun Flange. A flange formed from the material of the pipe by 
 spinning, e.g. A Van Stone flange may be made by press forming, 
 peening, or by spinning. 
 
 Squib. A detonator; in well boring, a vessel containing the explosive 
 and fitted with a time fuse which is lowered down a well to detonate 
 the nitroglycerin used to torpedo it.* 
 
 Standard Pipe.-(i) The standard adopted by the Wrought Pipe 
 makers in 1886. The Briggs' standard runs to 10 inch size inclu- 
 sive, and by extension the pipe sizes embrace the nominal sizes 
 11-12-13-14 and 15 inches. For the n and 12 inch sizes the out- 
 side diameters are 11.75 and 12.75 inches, while for 13-14 and 
 15 inches the outside diameters are one inch larger than the nominal 
 diameter. By later agreement 9 inch size was changed from Briggs' 
 size to 9.625 inches outside diameter. The thickness of all sizes 
 10 inches and under is determined by Briggs' rule; above 10 inches 
 it is 0.375 inch thick. 
 (2) Standard is a term frequently but unfortunately used to indicate 
 a regular or common product. 
 
 Standard Pressure. A term applied to valves and fittings good for a 
 working steam pressure of 125 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Stand Pipe. (i) In hot water heating, an upright pipe having its 
 top connected to the expansion tank to afford room for expan- 
 sion. 
 
Definitions 509 
 
 (2) A vertical pipe arrangement, often of great size, at pumping 
 
 stations into which water is pumped.* 
 Stay. (i) In the pipe trade, stay tube or upset tube. 
 
 (2) A bolt from tube sheet to tube sheet. This is also called a lon- 
 gitudinal or through stay. 
 
 (3) In boilers there are many different kinds of stays used, at times, 
 and their special names amply describe them, as crown, diagonal, 
 radial, girder gusset sling, cross, bolt, etc. See Tube Sheet Stay. 
 
 Stay Tube. A boiler tube, stouter than the others, which is threaded 
 at each end and screwed through both tube plates to brace them 
 together. The ends are either beaded over, or else secured with 
 lock nuts. The threads are usually plus and minus; that is, the 
 thread at the front is larger than the outside diameter of the tube, 
 while that at back is the same diameter as the tube. Upset tubes 
 are often used as stays.* 
 
 Steam Coupling. The word steam, when used in such phrase, means 
 that the coupling is threaded to suit Standard Pipe. 
 
 Steamer's Measurement. The cubic space obtained from the greatest 
 width, length and height; used in determining ocean freight 
 which is based on 56 pounds = one cubic foot, or 40 cubic feet = 
 one ton (2240 pounds). 
 
 Stiefel Process. A parallel process to Mannesmann or a modification 
 thereof The product is seamless tubes or pipe. 
 
 Stove. Stoved Upset. 
 
 Straight Way. (i) A term applied to valves to signify that the fluid 
 passes through without deviation. Such valves offer the least resist- 
 ance to flow, and permit the passage of such tools as "Go Devils." 
 (2) Full bore, straight flow, full way, full area are terms that at times 
 have been proposed to signify the same thing. 
 
 Street Elbow. Service Ell. 
 
 Strum. A strainer, or the like, to prevent the entrance of solid matter 
 into a pump chamber or suction pipe. 
 
 Sub Nipple. Substitute nipple; that is, a short piece of pipe having 
 different styles of thread on its ends. 
 
 Sucker Rod. In bored or drilled wells, the jointed pump rod, which 
 carries the bucket at its lower end, and is actuated by the walking 
 beam at its upper.* 
 
 Swaged. Reduced in diameter by use of blacksmith's swages or 
 swedges, hence the name. This is a hammering process, but the 
 same result may be attained by press forging or spinning. 
 
 Swaged Nipple. A nipple that has one end smaller than the other; a 
 reducing nipple. 
 
 Sweated. A term used synonymously with tinned, that is, coated with 
 soft solder or tin. It is usual in making sweated joints on pipe to 
 sweat both the pipe and the fitting or socket separately before 
 sweating them assembled. 
 
 Sweep. A term used to convey the idea that the curvature is not 
 abrupt: i.e., that the flow may take place easily and without the 
 formation of eddies. 
 
510 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Swelled. Enlarged. Swelled end tubes usually have their ends en- 
 larged for a short distance. Also see Inserted Joint. 
 
 Swing Joint. One made like a cock, except with only one outlet in the 
 body, and another outlet from the plug at right angle to axis of 
 plug. 
 
 Switch Valve. A device for conducting exhaust steam into the smoke- 
 stack or atmosphere. A three-way cock.* 
 
 Swivel. (i) In oil well drilling, a short piece of casing having one end 
 belled over a heavy ring, then a large hole through both walls, the 
 other end being threaded. 
 
 (2) Any device that prevents longitudinal motion but allows axial 
 rotation. See Water Swivel. 
 
 Swivel Joint. One that rotates about an axis without decreasing its 
 efficiency as a joint. 
 
 Symbols. See Abbreviations. 
 
 Tail Pipe. The suction pipe of a pump. It communicates with the 
 pump stock through a clack or check valve, and in the case of metal 
 pumps is in two parts, the upper one of which has a screw thread 
 at its lower-end, by which it is secured to the lower part, the latter 
 being cut to a suitable length.* 
 
 Tank. Often applied to a cylinder having closed ends. (Poor usage.) 
 
 Tap. A tool used for cutting internal threads. Small sizes are usually 
 made solid, but larger sizes are often made with inserted cutters, 
 so that they can be withdrawn from the work, without stopping, 
 when the desired threads are cut. See Master and Plug Tap. 
 
 Tapped. (i) The operation of making an internal thread by means 
 of taps. 
 
 (2) Often used loosely, to mean chased or threaded. 
 
 (3) In the pipe trade it means threaded regardless of the method of 
 production. 
 
 Tapping Machine. A machine for cutting and tapping a small hole 
 in a pipe (as a street main), that is either empty or carrying pressure. 
 Two classes of tapping machines are made, designated as "pres- 
 sure" and "dry" tapping machines. They are sometimes called 
 drilling machines. 
 
 Tee. A fitting, either cast or wrought, that has one side outlet at right 
 angles to the run. A single outlet branch pipe. See Branch, 
 Bull Head, Cross-over, Double Sweep, Drop, Four-way, Reducing, 
 Service, Side Outlet and Union Tee. 
 
 Telegraph Cock or Faucet. A self-closing cock, the lever of which 
 resembles the key of a telegraph instrument. When the water 
 enters the cocks horizontally they are called horizontal telegraph 
 cocks, when it enters vertically they are called vertical telegraph 
 cocks. 
 
 Telescoped. (i) When one pipe is slid inside of another, it is said to be 
 telescoped. When the term telescoped is applied to pipe, it means 
 
Definitions 511 
 
 that two pipes have been separately made, and then telescoped, 
 and then welded together so as to form one pipe. This is usually 
 done so perfectly that it is difficult to see the weld, except by special 
 or destructive treatment. 
 (2) Nested (poor usage). 
 
 Temper Screw. Part of a drilling rig used to regulate the force of 
 blow of the drill bit. 
 
 Templet. (i) A gage ring for thread. 
 (2) A drilling jig for holes in flanges. 
 
 Thimble. See Boiler Thimble. 
 
 Thimble Joint. A sleeve joint packed to allow longitudinal expansion. 
 A slip expansion joint. 
 
 Threads. See Ammonia Cock, Briggs', Common, Gas, Pipe, Sellers, 
 Signal, V, Vanishing, Whitworth and Wine Bore Threads. 
 
 Three Way Elbow. A double branch elbow (poor usage). 
 
 Tin Lined Pipe. A wrought pipe lined with block tin. Tin lining of 
 lead pipe was introduced by Anderson in 1804. 
 
 Tongs. See Chain Tongs, Pipe Grip, Pipe Tongs and Pipe Wrench. 
 
 Tong Tight. An expression used to indicate that coupling, flange or joint 
 has been tightened by tongs, frequently in a threading machine. 
 
 Tongue and Groove. Usually applied to flange connections by forming 
 a tongue on one flange and a groove on the other flange. Usually 
 placed about midway between bolts and inside diameter of pipe. 
 The gasket is placed in the groove. The male dimensions should 
 be equal to the depth of the groove. The depth of the groove 
 should equal the thickness of the gasket plus Me inch. 
 
 Trailing Water. The operation of drawing water a long distance 
 through pipes, by means of suction. As long as the total height 
 lifted, plus the friction in the pipe, does not exceed a head of 25 to 
 26 feet, water can be trailed a very great distance. The only 
 difficulty is possible leakage at the pipe joints, which impairs the 
 vacuum.* 
 
 Tube. (i) In America, means a boiler tube whose outside diameter 
 is its nominal size. In England, tubes mean tubular goods, whether 
 tubes, pipe or casing. 
 
 (2) In a steam boiler, the pipes, tubes, or flues employed for con- 
 ducting the products of combustion from the fire box to the chim- 
 ney, taking heat from them during their passage and transferring it 
 to the water in the boiler. The tubes are fitted into holes in the tube 
 sheet at each end of the boiler, being expanded or beaded therein, 
 or occasionally fastened with a copper or iron ferrule. The tubes 
 of water tube boilers usually extend between headers, legs, or drums, 
 into which they are secured as into tube sheets, but the tubes may 
 be made with closed ends, and circulation secured by special devices. 
 In water tube boilers, the water is inside the tubes and the hot 
 gases outside. See Annealed End, Beaded, Boiler, Brick Arch, 
 Cross, Expanded End, Field, Hot, Ribbed and Stay Tubes. 
 
 Tube Cleaner. (i) A stiff wire brush or metallic scraper attached to 
 the end of a rod and used to remove soot or scale from boiler tubes. 
 
512 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 (2) A steam jet may serve for tubes through which the furnace gases 
 pass. 
 
 (3) Some cleaners for removing hard scale from the interior of tubes 
 are highly ingenious pieces of mechanism. 
 
 Tube Expander. A tool for expanding boiler tubes within the tube 
 sheet, causing them to hold firmly. A center piece is fitted with 
 cylindrical rollers, and inserted within the tube end. A long taper 
 pin is placed between the rollers and rotated; as it revolves, it 
 turns the rollers around and forces the material of the tube into 
 a tiny ridge on each side of the plate, thus gripping it and pre- 
 venting leaks.* 
 
 Tube Ferrule. A ring of hard wood, used for holding condenser tubes 
 to their plates. The ferrule fits between the outside of the tube 
 and the hole in the plate, and being swelled by the action of the 
 water, renders the tubes water-tight.* 
 
 Tube Packing. A bag of flaxseed, or ring of rubber made to occupy 
 the space between the tube of an oil well and the bored hole, to 
 prevent access of water to the oil bearing stratum.* 
 
 Tube Plug. A tube stopper, to be used in case of leak of a boiler 
 tube. It usually consists of a double wooden plug with a smaller 
 central part. The plug is forced into the tube until the small 
 part is opposite the leak; the plug is then in equilibrium and will 
 not blow out, while the wood rapidly expands and fills the tube. 
 This device is rarely used, a special stopper being more frequently 
 applied in cases of emergency, or the tubes are cut off altogether, 
 when conditions permit, by means of a disc on either tube plate, 
 held together by a through stay.* 
 
 Tube Sealer. A tool for removing scale and other incrustation from 
 the inside of steam boilers. See Tube Cleaner. 
 
 Tube Scraper. An instrument or appliance for removing soot and 
 ashes from the interior of boiler tubes.* 
 
 Tube Sheet. One of the sheets of a boiler, condenser, etc., which is 
 drilled with holes for the reception and support of the tubes. 
 Each sheet is defined according to its position; as, fire box tube 
 sheet, middle condenser tube sheet, etc. 
 
 Tube Sheet Cutter. A trepanning tool, having a spindle guided by a 
 central hole, while a cranked tool cuts out a disc, corresponding 
 to the hole required for the reception of a boiler tube. 
 
 Tube Sheet Stay. A rod extending through a boiler from tube sheet to 
 tube sheet, and having heads or nuts on the exterior of the sheets. 
 It ties the tube sheets together so as to prevent disruption by steam 
 pressure. Another form of stay is riveted to the shell and to the 
 tube sheet. See also Stay, Stay Tube and Upset. 
 
 Tubing. A special grade of high test pipe fitted with threads and 
 couplings of special design. Tubing is made to the same outside 
 diameters as Standard Pipe. It is similar to what is known in 
 Europe as hydraulic pressure pipe. 
 
 Tubing Catcher. A device to prevent tubing from slipping back into 
 an oil well when it is being pulled. 
 
Definitions 513 
 
 Tuyere. (i) Tuyere pipe is the name applied to pipe of special quality. 
 It is used in making tuyere coolers, cinder monkeys, etc. It is only 
 made in small sizes. 
 
 (2) The name of the nozzle used where a blast of air is forced into a 
 furnace of fire such as that used by blacksmiths. 
 
 Under Reamer. An oil well tool used for enlarging the hole below a 
 drive shoe, etc. 
 
 Union. (i) The usual trade term for a device used to connect pipes. 
 It commonly consists of three pieces which are, first, the thread end 
 fitted with exterior and interior threads, second, the bottom end 
 fitted with interior threads and a small exterior shoulder and third, 
 the ring which has an inside flange at one end while the other end has 
 an inside thread like that on the exterior of the thread end. In use a 
 gasket is placed between the thread and bottom ends which are drawn 
 together by the ring. Unions are very extensively used because they 
 permit connecting with little disturbance of the pipe positions. 
 
 (2) The Kewanee Union is made with the thread end of brass, and 
 the thread and bottom ends are ground together so that no gasket 
 is required. 
 
 (3) The act of joining or uniting two or more things. The joint or 
 connection thereby made. Rarely used in this sense in the pipe 
 trade. 
 
 (4) There are many types of unions. See Boyle, Flange, Kewanee, 
 Lip, Pipe and Ring Union. 
 
 Union Coupling. A term sometimes applied to a right and left handed 
 turn buckle, or sleeve nut, whereby two parts might be connected 
 and drawn together without turning anything but the coupling.* 
 
 Union Ell. An ell with a male or female union at one end. 
 
 Union Joint. A pipe coupling usually threaded which permits dis- 
 connection without disturbing other sections.* 
 
 Union Tee. A tee with male or female union at connection on one 
 end of run. 
 
 Upset. The product of any cold or hot forming of material in which 
 the metal is thickened by being forced back into itself. It is usu- 
 ally done at a red heat by hammering or press forging. Upset tubes 
 are those whose ends have their walls so thickened for a short 
 distance; usually to such extent that the threading leaves as 
 great a thickness of metal below roots of threads as in main body 
 of tubes. Upset tubes are much used as stay tubes ; they are some- 
 times called stoved tubes. 
 
 Valve. A device used for regulating or stopping flow in a pipe, etc. 
 The form that allows an opening the full inside diameter of the 
 pipe is usually known as a Gate Valve or Straight Way Valve. 
 The same result is obtained in some forms of cocks. The essential 
 
514 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 difference between a valve and a cock is that the closure of the 
 latter is invariably accomplished by rotating a taper plug, which 
 has ports or holes in it that correspond to holes in the body. See 
 Angle, Angle Gate, Back Pressure, Bracket, Butterfly, By-pass, 
 Check, Cross, Exhaust Relief, Expansion, Fullway, Gate, Globe, 
 Needle, Non-return, Pop, Radiator, Receiver Filling, Reducing, 
 Reflux, Screw Down, Straight Way, Switch, Wedge Gate, and 
 Wheel Valve. 
 
 Valve Box. A pipe placed over a buried valve to allow access to the 
 valve stem or wheel for opening or closing. The top of the pipe is 
 usually closed by a plate or cap to exclude dirt, that would interfere 
 with operation. There are many designs, the most usual being 
 adjustable within limited range, to suit the depth planted, and are 
 called Extension Valve Boxes, Street Boxes or Service Boxes. 
 
 Valve Seat. A flat or conical fixed surface on which a valve rests, or 
 against which it presses. 
 
 Valve Stem. A rod attached to a valve by which the latter is moved; 
 it is also called a valve spindle. 
 
 Vanishing Thread. A pipe so threaded that the reaming or counter- 
 sinking of the coupling is at the same angle as the lead of the dies 
 that thread the pipe. The pipe is so threaded that the taper 
 comes into contact at same time as the threads tighten. The 
 term "Vanishing" comes from the peculiar bore of coupling. 
 
 Van Stone Joint. A flanged joint, in which the pipe itself is flanged 
 out over the face of the bolting ring. 
 
 V Thread. (i) A screw thread formed by means of a sharp pointed 
 
 tool, as contrasted with a square thread. 
 
 (2) A standard thread for pipes, tubing, etc., with an angle of 60 
 degrees between the sides.* See Briggs' Standard. 
 
 V Welding. In boiler making, a mode of welding the plates of boiler 
 flues in which there is neither butt nor lap properly so called, but 
 in which a strip of square rod is inserted angle ways between the 
 nearly abutting edges of the plate, so that it unites the edges upon 
 two sides of the rod.* 
 
 W 
 
 Walker Joint. One form of a flexible joint that is made with spherical 
 
 mating surfaces, and which permits a few degrees flexure in any 
 
 direction. 
 Water Arch. (i) In a steam boiler, a chamber of plates or of pipes 
 
 within a furnace, replacing the ordinary fire brick bridge, or arch, 
 
 or the deflecting arch over the firedoor of externally fired boilers. 
 
 The same as water table. 
 (2) A locomotive fire box arch, suspended by tubes, which adds to 
 
 the heating surface and promotes circulation.* 
 Water Bar. A tube serving as a fire bar in a water grate.* 
 Water Column. A special fitting connected to a boiler above and below 
 
 the water line. To it are usually connected the water gage and 
 
 gage cocks. 
 
Definitions 515 
 
 Water Flush. A system of well boring, in which percussive drills are 
 used in connection with water forced down to the bottom of the 
 hole through the drill rods. This water jet makes the tools cut 
 better, and washes the detritus up out of the hole. Its great 
 objections are, the great probability of waterlogging the surround- 
 ing territory, and the pressure of water forcing back bodies of oil, 
 which have only a small force behind them, thus leading to the 
 passing by of possibly valuable oil-bearing territory.* 
 
 Water Gage. A glass pipe connected to a boiler above and below water 
 line so as to see the water level. 
 
 Water Grate. When, as in certain steam boilers, to increase the 
 heating surface, hollow water tubes are used for grate bars, the 
 arrangement is termed a water grate.* 
 
 Water Hammer. The shock or blow struck by water whose flow in a 
 pipe is suddenly arrested, e.g., sudden closure of a faucet often 
 causes shocks that so shake the pipes that a clanking noise is pro- 
 duced. The term is more used in connection with steam piping, 
 where the condensed steam (water) is forced ahead by the steam 
 rushing into a cold empty pipe with such high velocity, that it 
 slams the water against bends, elbows, valves, etc., with terrific 
 force or shock. It is peculiarly violent when steam is admitted 
 suddenly to a cold vacuous pipe, because there is no air to cushion 
 the blow; but even air will not ordinarily eliminate its destructive 
 and dangerous violence. The main remedies are easy bends and 
 slow closure of the valve for liquids, and for vapors (steam, etc.), 
 slow admission until all pipes are brought to temperature. 
 
 Water Packer. A device intended to cut off water from the lower 
 levels of an oil well, or to separate two distinct flows of oil from 
 different strata; more especially in fountaining wells. It consists 
 essentially of two tubes sliding within one another, the inner tube 
 being swathed with rubber rings or with canvas and rope yarn, for 
 some length between its own upper socket and the socket on top of 
 the larger tube. The whole is lowered into the well, on the tubing, 
 until the perforated anchor pipe, connected with the outer tube, 
 rests on the bottom. The whole weight of the string of tubing 
 then rests upon the inner tube of the packer, compressing the 
 packing outward against the casing of the well, so that the upper 
 strata are cut off from communication with the lower.* 
 
 Water Pipe Clamps. A term used to indicate service clamps (poor usage). 
 
 Water Plug. It means stand pipe or penstock, or hydrant. Water plug 
 is the more general colloquial term used on railroads. 
 
 Water Swivel. In well boring, a combined universal joint and hose 
 coupling, forming the connection between the water supply pipe 
 and the drill rods, and permitting complete rotation of the tools.* 
 
 Water Tube Boiler. A steam boiler in which the boiler tubes contain 
 water. Used in contradistinction to the older type of boiler, in 
 which the tubes were used as flues and surrounded by water. 
 
 Wedge Gate Valve. A gate valve having inclined seats; usually a wedge 
 shaped disc is pressed down between these inclined seats. 
 
516 Glossary of Terms Used in the Pipe and Fitting Trade 
 
 Weight. A term that by trade custom has come to be frequently 
 attached to various tubular products. It has grown out of the 
 need in the trade for several thicknesses of the same outside diam- 
 eter and the practice of determining the thickness by the average 
 weight per foot. See Card and Full Weight. 
 
 Weld. See Butt, Circular, Lap, Safe End, Scarf and V Weld. 
 
 Welded Flange Joint. A joint made by flanges attached to pipe by 
 welding; for this it is necessary that material of flange be capable 
 of being welded (e.g., soft steel or wrought iron). The best known 
 style is made by slipping the end of pipe throug.li. the flange ring 
 forgings, and then bringing all to a welding .heat -and hammering 
 or pressing together. Another style uses a collar on the flange; 
 the collar is attached to flange by a circular or safe end weld. 
 
 Wheel Valve. A stop or gate valve opened by means of a hand. wheel 
 and screw, as distinguished from those- patterns of gate valves hi 
 which the valves are opened or closed quickly by means of levers, 
 or the many types of butterfly and other throttle valves.* 
 
 Whitworth Thread. The standard thread for screws, employed in 
 England and her colonies, and on the European Continent. The 
 angle of the thread is 55 degrees, one-sixth being rounded off at 
 top and bottom.* 
 
 Widemouth Socket. A well borer's fishing tool, in which the socket is 
 fitted with a bellmouth, nearly the full bore of the casing, thus 
 making it easy to grip the ends of broken poles or the like, when 
 lost at the bottom of a well.* 
 
 Wine Bore. A term used to indicate standard pipe thread (rare and 
 poor usage). 
 
 Wiped Joint. A lead joint in which the molten solder is poured upon 
 the desired place, after scraping and fitting the parts together, and 
 the joint is wiped up by hand with a moleskin or cloth pad while the 
 metal is in a plastic condition; it makes a neat and reliable connec- 
 tion in the pipe.* 
 
 Working Barrel. The body of a pump used in oil wells. 
 
 Wye. Y. A fitting either cast or wrought that has one side outlet 
 at any angle other than 90 degrees. Usually set 45 degrees, and 
 always so set unless angle is specified. It is usually indicated by 
 letter " Y." 
 
 Y 
 
 Y. Wye. Which see. 
 
 Y Base. The same as a crotch or back outlet return bend, except 
 that the horns are parallel. 
 
 Y Bend. Y. Wye. 
 
 Y Branch. (i) A wye. 
 
 (2) Sometimes used to designate a fitting whose shape is nearly like 
 that of a single sweep tee. 
 
 Yoke. (i) In a rising stem valve, the portion of the bonnet that 
 
 supports the nut, hand wheel, etc. 
 
 (2) A pipe with two branches; as, for hot and cold water, uniting 
 them to form one stream.* 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abbreviations of Terms Used 
 in the Pipe and Fitting 
 
 Trade 477~479 
 
 Absolute Zero 328 
 
 Absorption of Gases by Liquids . 316 
 
 Accuracy of Cut Length 21 
 
 Acid, Carbonic, Cylinders 15 
 
 Carbonic, Physical Proper- 
 ties of 209 
 
 Cylinders, Carbonic 15 
 
 in Boiler Water 276 
 
 Acre-foot 312 
 
 Acre-inch . 312 
 
 Acres to Hectares 462, 464 
 
 Adiabatic Compression of Air, 
 
 Work of 356 
 
 Compression of Natural 
 
 Gas ( .324,32$ 
 
 Expansion and Compression 
 
 of Air 35S,3S6 
 
 Advantages of Superheating. . . . 338 
 Advisable Radii for Wrought 
 
 Pipe Bends 162 
 
 Upsets for Lap-welded and 
 
 Seamless Tubes 160-161 
 
 After, Faced (Definition) 490 
 
 Air 351-364 
 
 Adiabatic Expansion and 
 
 Compression of 355, 356 
 
 Atmospheric Pressure 352 
 
 Bound Pipes, Obstruction to 
 
 Flow 284 
 
 Composition of 352 
 
 Compressed (see Compressed 
 
 Air) 360 
 
 Effects of Bends and Fit- 
 tings 364 
 
 Flow of, in Pipes 360 
 
 Flow of, Tables 361-364 
 
 Loss of Pressure in Trans- 
 mission 360 
 
 Velocity of Efflux, Tables. . 357 
 Compression and Expansion.. 355 
 Corrosion by, in Feed Water. . 277 
 
 Discharge from Pipes 358, 359 
 
 Coefficients of through an 
 Orifice 358 
 
 Air, Effect of Bends and 
 Fittings on Flow of in 
 
 Pipes 364 
 
 Expansion and Compression . 355 
 
 Flow 357-364 
 
 Affected by Bends and 
 
 Fittings 364 
 
 Coefficients of Discharge. . . 358 
 
 Compressed 360-364 
 
 Efflux 357-358 
 
 Hawksley's Rule 359 
 
 Loss of Pressure 359-364 
 
 Under Pressure from Ori- 
 fices into the Atmos- 
 phere 357 
 
 Sturtevant Rule 359 
 
 Weisbach's Rule 359 
 
 Index 351 
 
 in Feed Water 277 
 
 Isothermal Compression of, 
 
 Work of 356 
 
 Isothermal Expansion and 
 
 Compression of 356 
 
 Line Pipe, Section of Joint. . . 80 
 
 Test Pressures 73 
 
 Weights and Dimensions. . . 36 
 Loss of Pressure in Pipes. . .359-364 
 
 Pipe, Galvanized 364 
 
 Pressure 273, 352 
 
 Pressure, Volume and Tem- 
 perature of 352 
 
 Properties of 352-356 
 
 Relation of Pressure, Volume 
 
 and Temperature 352 
 
 Specific Heat of 355 
 
 Tables (Weight of Air at Vari- 
 ous Pressures and Tem- 
 peratures) 353, 354 
 
 Velocity in Pipes 359, 360 
 
 Velocity of Efflux of Com- 
 pressed 357 
 
 Volume 352 
 
 Weight of 352-354 
 
 Work of Adiabatic Compres- 
 sion of 356 
 
 Work of Isothermal Compres- 
 sion of 356 
 
 517 
 
518 
 
 Index 
 
 Allison Vanishing Thread 
 
 Tubing 33 
 
 Ends Upset, Section 
 
 of Joint 81 
 
 Ends Upset, Test Pres- 
 sure of 75 
 
 Ends Upset, Weights 
 
 and Dimensions of 33 
 Not Upset, Section of 
 
 Joint 81 
 
 Not Upset, Test Pres- 
 sure of 75 
 
 Not Upset, Weights 
 
 and Dimensions of . . 33 
 Allowances for Machining to 
 
 size Cream Separator Bowls 104 
 
 Aluminum, Weight of 423 
 
 American Soc. Mech. Engrs. 
 
 Pipe Thread Comm 209 
 
 Standard Flange. . . .169, 176 
 Steel Manufacturers' Gages . . 369 
 
 American Wire Gage 369 
 
 Ammonia, Absorption by 
 
 Water 316 
 
 Cock Thread (Definition) 479 
 
 Fitting (Definition) 479 
 
 Joint (Definition) 479 
 
 Pipe, Specifications for 
 
 Special 98 
 
 Analysis of Bessemer Pipe 
 
 Steel '. .10 
 
 of Open Hearth Pipe Steel. ... 10 
 of Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes 16, 18, 19 
 
 Anchor Poles 109 
 
 Angle Valves 169, 170, 479 
 
 Angle Gate Valve (Definition) . . 479 
 Angular Section Specialties, 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel 196 
 
 Angus Smith Composition 
 
 (Definition) 479 
 
 Animal Oils in Boiler Water, 
 
 Effect of 276 
 
 Annealed End Tube (Definition) 480 
 
 Annealing and Welding 10, 20 
 
 Pots, Heads for 190 
 
 Anneal of Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes 17-19 
 
 Apothecaries drams to milli- 
 
 liters 462, 466 
 
 scruples to milliliters 466 
 
 Applicability of Barlow's For- 
 mula 224 
 
 Application of Table to Round 
 
 Bars 420, 421 
 
 Tubes and Pipe 421, 422 
 
 Approximate Formula for Flow 
 
 of Water in Pipes , 280-281 
 
 Arch Tube, Brick (Definition) . . 482 
 
 Arch, Water (Definition) 514 
 
 Area, Circular 419-459 
 
 Comparison of Customary and 
 
 Metric Units 463-472 
 
 Cross Section of Pipes, 
 
 58-65, 419-459 
 
 Square Pipes 66 
 
 Rectangular Pipes .... 67 
 
 Shelby Tubing 200-201 
 
 Factors for Tubes 373~37S 
 
 Measures in Metric Equiva- 
 lents 462, 464 
 
 Surface of Pipe 57 
 
 Armstrong Joint (Definition) . . . 480 
 Artesian Joint, Cressed (Defi- 
 nition) 486 
 
 Artesian Joint (Definition) 480 
 
 Assembling Bump Joints 166 
 
 Butted and Strapped Joints . . 165 
 
 Pole Joints in Field 115 
 
 Association of Steel Mfgr's. 
 
 Gages 369 
 
 Asphalted (Definition) 480 
 
 Atmosphere, Flow of Air 
 
 into 357.- 358 
 
 Flow of Steam into 341 
 
 Pressure of 273, 352 
 
 Table for Readings of Barom- 
 eter , 352 
 
 Atmospheric Pressure 352 
 
 Attemperator (Definition) 480 
 
 Automobile Specialties, Shelby 
 
 Seamless Steel 193 
 
 Avogadro's Law of Gases 314 
 
 Avoirdupois Weight Equiva- 
 lents 462, 468, 472 
 
 Axles for Automobiles 193 
 
 B 
 
 Back Outlet, Central (Defini- 
 tion) 480 
 
 Back Outlet, Eccentric (Defini- 
 tion) 480 
 
 Back Outlet Ell (Definition) 480 
 
 Back Pressure Valve (Defini- 
 tion) 480 
 
 Ball and Cup Joint (Defini- 
 tion) 487 
 
 Balling (Definition) 480 
 
 Ball Joint (Definition) 480 
 
 Banded Fittings 168 
 
 Bar (Definition) 480 
 
 Bar, Sinker (Definition) 506 
 
Index 
 
 519 
 
 Bare Steam Pipes, Condensa- 
 tion in 348 
 
 Loss of Heat from 348, 349 
 
 Barlow's Formula, 
 
 214, 218-219, 223-226 
 
 Applicability of 224 
 
 Barometer Pressure 352 
 
 Barrels, Number of, in Cisterns 
 
 and Tanks 304-305 
 
 Working 187, 188, 516 
 
 Bars, Round, Properties of. . .419, 459 
 
 Application of Table to 420 
 
 Water (Definition) 514 
 
 Base Y (Definition) 516 
 
 Bead (Definition) 480 
 
 Beaded Boiler Tubes, Holding 
 
 Power of 210 
 
 Fittings 168 
 
 Tube (Definition) 480 
 
 Beading (Definition) 481 
 
 Beam and Column Sections, 
 
 Properties of (Tables) . . . 264-267 
 Beams, Bending Moment of.. 252, 253 
 
 Comparative Stiffness of 255 
 
 Comparative Strength of. ... 254 
 
 Cdrnpressive Stress in 250 
 
 Deflection of 251 
 
 Elastic Curve of 251 
 
 Elastic Deflection of 251 
 
 Elasticity 254-255 
 
 Equal Loading in any Direc- 
 tion 256 
 
 Formula for Flexure of 256-263 
 
 Loading of 256-263 
 
 Mechanical Properties of, 
 
 Solid and Tubular 250 
 
 Minimum Weight of 255 
 
 Modulus of Elasticity 255, 257 
 
 Moment of Inertia 254 
 
 Neutral Surface 250 
 
 of Uniform Cross Section, Me- 
 chanical Properties of 256-263 
 
 Properties of 250-263 
 
 Properties of Sections 264-267 
 
 Properties of Solid and Tubu- 
 lar 250-263 
 
 Reactions of Supports 252 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 67 
 
 Resisting Moment of 253 
 
 Section Modulus of 254 
 
 Sections of for Minimum 
 
 Weight 255, 256 
 
 Shearing Stress in 250 
 
 Solid, Properties of 250-256 
 
 Solid, Tables of, Properties 
 of 256-263 
 
 Beams, Solid and Tubular, 
 Mechanical Properties 
 
 of 250 
 
 Square Pipe 66 
 
 Stiffness of 255 
 
 Strength of 254, 255 
 
 Stresses in 250 
 
 Trolley Poles 197 
 
 Tensile and Compressive 
 
 Stresses in 250 
 
 Tubular, Properties of 250, 256 
 
 Tables of, Properties of, 
 
 256, 263 
 
 Vertical and Horizontal Load- 
 ing of 256 
 
 Vertical Shear of 250 
 
 Bearing, Shaft 195 
 
 Bedstead Tubing, Weights and 
 
 Dimensions of 31 
 
 Bell (Definition) 481 
 
 Bell and Spigot Joint (Defini- 
 tion) 481 
 
 Bell Mouthed (Definition) 481 
 
 Bend (Definition) 481 
 
 Close Return (Definition) .... 485 
 
 Cross-over (Definition) 486 
 
 Double (Definition) 488 
 
 Eighth (Definition) 489 
 
 Expansion 163, 168 
 
 Obstruction to flow of Air . . . 364 
 
 Gas 324 
 
 Steam 346 
 
 Water 283 
 
 Open Return (Definition) .... 499 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 500 
 
 Radius of (Definition) \ 502 
 
 Return (Definition) 504 
 
 Bending and Flanging, Specifi- 
 cation for Pipe for 95 
 
 Machine, Pipe (Definition) . . . 500 
 
 Moment Factor 58-65 
 
 Moment of Beams 252, 253 
 
 Pipe for 95 
 
 Properties of Rectangular 
 
 Pipe 67 
 
 Square Pipe 66 
 
 Wrought Pipe, Radii of 162 
 
 Bend, Y (Definition) 516 
 
 Bent Specialties, Shelby Seam- 
 less Steel Tubing 195 
 
 Bent Tubes and Pipe 162, 163 
 
 Bent Tubes, Seamless > I9S 
 
 Bernoulli's Theorem 298 
 
 Bessemer Pipe Steel, Chemical 
 
 and Physical Analysis 10 
 
 Bibb (Definition) 481 
 
520 
 
 Index 
 
 Bicarbonates of Lime, Magnesia 
 
 and Iron in Boiler Water. . . 276 
 
 Birmingham Wire Gage 360 
 
 Thickness of Pipe 46-49 
 
 Tubes 50-56 
 
 Birnie's Formula, Applicability 
 
 of 222-223 
 
 for Strength of Tubes, In- 
 ternal Pressure, 
 
 217, 218, 219, 221, 223 
 
 Bituminous Coating 107 
 
 Black Pipe, Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of, Standard (see 
 Standard Pipe) 
 
 Blank Flange (Definition) 481 
 
 Blanking Flange (Definition) ... 481 
 
 Blast Furnace Fittings 170 
 
 Bleeder (Definition) 481 
 
 Blind Flange (Definition) 481 
 
 Block Joint 481 
 
 Boiler Corrosion 275-277 
 
 Boiler Flange (Definition) 481 
 
 Boiler Flue (Definition) 491 
 
 Boiler Flue Joints 164, 165 
 
 Boiler Flues (see Boiler Tubes). 
 Boiler Incrustation and Cor- 
 rosion , 275-277 
 
 Boiler, Remedy for Troublesome 
 
 Substances in 276 
 
 Boiler Safe Ends, Specifica- 
 tions IOI-IO2 
 
 Boiler Shells 194 
 
 Boiler Thimble (Definition) .... 481 
 
 Boiler Tube (Definition) 482 
 
 Boiler Tubes, Flanging Tests. . . 13 
 
 Holding Power 210 
 
 Locomotive Lapweld Speci- 
 fications 99 
 
 Test Pressure 72 
 
 Weights 40 
 
 Locomotive, Seamless, 
 Shelby Specifications . . 101-102 
 
 Test Pressure 102 
 
 Weights 38-39 
 
 Merchant and Marine Spe- 
 cifications 100 
 
 Test Pressure 72 
 
 Weights 41 
 
 Slipping Point of 210-211 
 
 Standard Specifications 100 
 
 Test Pressure 72 
 
 Weights 41 
 
 Tests . ... 13, 20, 99, 100, 101, 102 
 
 Boiler Water, Acid in 276 
 
 Animal and Vegetable Oils 
 in 276 
 
 Boiler Water, Bicarbonate of 
 Lime, Magnesia and Iron 
 
 in 276 
 
 Carbonate of Soda in 276 
 
 Chloride and Sulphate of 
 
 Magnesium in 276 
 
 Dissolved Carbonic Acid 
 
 and Oxygen in 276 
 
 Grease in 276 
 
 Organic Matter in 276 
 
 Sediment in 276 
 
 Soluble Salts in 276 
 
 Sulphate of Lime in 276 
 
 Boiler, Water Tube (Defini- 
 tion) 515 
 
 Boiling Point of Water 272 
 
 Bolt and Nut Heads, Screw 
 
 Threads, Proportion of. .370-372 
 
 Bolts, Dimension of 37i~372 
 
 Strength of 371, 372 
 
 Bonnet (Definition) 482 
 
 Bore, Wine (Definition) 516 
 
 Boss on Cylinder Heads 189, 190 
 
 Boston Casing, Section of Joint . 78 
 
 Test Pressure of ; :*nb3fro 
 
 Weights of SKtfJtG 
 
 Pacific Coupling, Section 
 
 of Joint 78 
 
 Test Pressure of 70 
 
 Weights of 28 
 
 Standard (see Boston Casing). 
 
 Bowl (Definition) ,. 482 
 
 Bowls, Cream Separator. 103, 104, 194 
 
 Box (Definition) 482 
 
 Box Coil (Definition) 482 
 
 Box Service (Definition) 505 
 
 Boyle's Law 314 
 
 Boyle Union (Definition) 482 
 
 Bracket Coil (Definition) 482 
 
 Bracket Valve (Definition) 482 
 
 Branch (Definition) 482 
 
 Branch Ell (Definition) 482 
 
 Branch Pipe (Definition) 482 
 
 Branch Tee (Definition) 482 
 
 Branch Y (Definition) 516 
 
 Brass Cocks 170 
 
 Brass Mounted (Definition) .... 482 
 
 Brass Pipe Expansion 347 
 
 Brass Unions 169 
 
 Brass Valves 170 
 
 Brass, Weight 423 
 
 Brazed (Definition) 482 
 
 Breeches Pipe (Definition) 482 
 
 Brick Arch Tube (Definition).. . . 482 
 
 Briggs' Standard 21, 208 
 
 (Definition) 483 
 
Index 
 
 521 
 
 Briggs' Standard Gages 21 
 
 Pipe Threads 208-209 
 
 British Imperial Gallon Equiva- 
 lents 311-312 
 
 Wire Gage 369 
 
 Standard Poles 109, 112 
 
 Thermal Unit 327 
 
 Brown and Sharpe Gage 369 
 
 Bucket (Definition) 483 
 
 Buckling 244 
 
 Building Laws for Columns. . . 244-249 
 Bulk Measure (see Masses, Vol- 
 umes and Capacities).. . .460-476 
 (see Metric Conversion Tables) 
 
 Bull Head Tee (Definition) 483 
 
 Bump Joints, Riveted 165-166 
 
 Bumped (Definition) 483 
 
 Bumped Heads, Strength of. ... 190 
 
 Joint (Definition) 483 
 
 Bursting Strength Formula, Bar- 
 low 224 
 
 of Cylinders. . . 189-192, 212-226 
 
 Tubes 212-226 
 
 Stress, Formula 224 
 
 Tests 223-226 
 
 of Commercial Tubes and 
 
 Pipes 223-226 
 
 Table of 225 
 
 Bushels per Acre to Hectoliters 
 
 per Hectare 467 
 
 to Hectoliters 462, 467 
 
 Bushing (Definition) 483 
 
 Flush (Definition) 492 
 
 Butted and Strapped Joints . . 164, 483 
 
 Butterfly (Definition) 483 
 
 Butt Sections of Poles 118-157 
 
 Butt-weld (Definition) 483 
 
 Pipe Sizes 68-69 
 
 Process jmb g 
 
 BX Casing, California, Dia- 
 mond (see Cal. Diamond 
 BX Casing). 
 
 Drive Pipe, California Dia- 
 mond (see Cal. Diam. BX 
 Drive Pipe). 
 
 By-pass (Definition) 483 
 
 Valve (Definition) 483 
 
 Calculating Table of Water 
 
 Horse Power 299 
 
 Caliber (Definition) 483 
 
 California Diamond BX Casing, 
 
 Section of Joint 82 
 
 Test Pressure of 71 
 
 California Diamond BX Casing. 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 29 
 
 Drive Pipe, Section of 
 
 Joint 82 
 
 Test Pressures of. ... 76 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 31 
 
 California Miners' Inch 312 
 
 California Special External Up- 
 set Tubing, Section of 
 
 Joint 82 
 
 Test Pressure of 76 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 30 
 
 Calking (Definition) 483 
 
 Calking Recess (Definition) .... 483 
 
 Calking Tool (Definition) 483 
 
 Calorific Unit 327 
 
 Cap (Definition) 483 
 
 Caps for Cylinders 194 
 
 Capacities, Comparison of Cus- 
 tomary and Metric 
 
 Units 466-467 
 
 of Cylindrical Tanks, Table of 302 
 of Rectangular Tanks, Table 
 
 of 305 
 
 Capacity, Discharging of 
 
 Pipe 306-309 
 
 Factors for Tubes 423 
 
 Measurements (see Metric 
 
 Equivalents) 460-476 
 
 of Shelby Tubing, per Lineal 
 
 Foot 200-203 
 
 Carbon Dioxide, Physical 
 
 Properties of 209 
 
 Carbonate of Soda in Boiler 
 
 Water 276 
 
 Carbonic Acid and Oxygen in 
 
 Boiler Water 276 
 
 Carbonic Acid Cylinders, 
 
 15, 188, 209-210 
 
 Physical Properties of. . .209-210 
 Carbon in Bessemer Pipe Steel... 10 
 Open Hearth Pipe Steel. ... 10 
 Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes 16-19 
 
 Card Weight Pipe 22, 483 
 
 Casing (Definition) 484 
 
 Boston (see Boston Casing). 
 Pacific Couplings (see Bos- 
 ton Casing Pacific Coup- 
 ling). 
 
 California Diamond BX (see 
 California Djamond BX 
 Casing). 
 
522 
 
 Index 
 
 Casing Coupling (see Casing in 
 Question) . 
 
 Dog (Definition) 484 
 
 Elevator (Definition) 484 
 
 Expanded Joint 27 
 
 Fitting (Definition) 484 
 
 Head (Definition) 484 
 
 Inserted Joint (see Inserted 
 Joint Casing). 
 
 Nipples, Wrought 174 
 
 Shoes (Definition) 484 
 
 Size, Trade Practice 21 
 
 South Penn (see South Penn 
 
 Casing). 
 
 Standard, Boston (see Boston 
 Casing). 
 
 Swelled Joint 27 
 
 Cast Iron Fittings 168 
 
 Flanges Standard 176 
 
 Pipe, Expansion 347 
 
 Weight 423 
 
 Catalogue Pole Number. . . . 118-157 
 Catcher, Tubing (Definition). . . 512 
 
 Cause of Corrosion of Pipe 12 
 
 Center Poles 109 
 
 Centigrade-Fahrenheit Conver- 
 sion Tables 473-476 
 
 Centimeters to inches.. .461, 463, 476 
 Central Back Outlet (Defini- 
 tion). 480 
 
 Centrifugal Separator Forgings.. 194 
 
 Chain Tongs (Definition) 484 
 
 Champfer (Definition) 484 
 
 Charles' Law of Gases 314 
 
 Chart, Conversion for Lengths, 
 
 Weights and Temperatures. 476 
 
 Flow of Water 279 
 
 Metric Conversion 476 
 
 Chasers 10-11 
 
 Lead of n 
 
 Number in Die for Different 
 
 Pipe Sizes n 
 
 Threading 10-11 
 
 Clearance of 10 
 
 Chasing (Definition) 484 
 
 Check (Definition) 484 
 
 Valves 169, 170, 484 
 
 Chemical Analysis Pipe Steel. . . 10 
 Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes 15,16,18,19 
 
 Chezy Rule for Flow of 
 
 Water 281-282 
 
 Chicago Building Ordinances, 
 
 Formula for Columns . . . 244 
 Chip Space on Threading 
 
 Dies lo-n 
 
 Chloride of Magnesium in Boiler 
 
 Water 276 
 
 Chlorine, Absorption by Water. 316 
 Christie's Tests on Columns .... 230 
 
 C.I.F. (Definition) 4 8 4 
 
 Circular Flange (Definition) 484 
 
 Circular Weld (Definition) 484 
 
 Circumference, Table of 419-459 
 
 Circumferential Stresses, Inter- 
 nal Fluid Pressure 220-221 
 
 Cisterns, Barrels Contained in. . 304 
 
 Clamp (Definition) 484 
 
 Leak (Definition) 496 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 500 
 
 Pouring (Definition) 502 
 
 Service (Definition) 505 
 
 Water Pipe (Definition) 515 
 
 Classification of Pressures, 
 
 Valves and Fittings 167 
 
 Clavarino's Formula 215 
 
 Applicability 223 
 
 for Strength of Tubes, In- 
 ternal Pressure, 
 
 215-220, 222-224 
 
 Cleaner, Flue (Definition) 492 
 
 Cleaner, Tube (Definition) 511 
 
 Clean-out Fitting (Definition). . 484 
 Clearance of Threading Chasers. 10 
 Clegg's Experiment on Flow of 
 
 Gas 317 
 
 Close Nipple 171, 174, 485 
 
 Return Bend (Definition) 485 
 
 Coal Tar (Definition) 485 
 
 Coating, Bituminous 107 
 
 for Pipe (Definition) 485 
 
 for Poles 118 
 
 National 94, 107 
 
 Protective and Dip. 91, 94, 106, 107 
 
 Smith's (Definition) 479, 507 
 
 Specification, Dip 91 
 
 National 94 
 
 with Zinc 92 , 94 
 
 Cock (Definition) 485 
 
 Cock, Ammonia, Thread (Defi- 
 nition) 479 
 
 Corporation (Definition) .... 485 
 
 Four-way (Definition) 492 
 
 Gage (Definition) 492 
 
 or Faucet, Telegraph (Defi- 
 nition) 510 
 
 Pet (Definition) 500 
 
 Plug (Definition) 502 
 
 Cocks and Valves 169, 170, 485 
 
 Coefficient of Air Discharge .... 358 
 Expansion of Iron and Steel, 
 "Bureau of Standards".. 211 
 
Index 
 
 523 
 
 Coefficient Flow of Steam through 
 
 Orifices 341 
 
 Roughness, Kutter's For- 
 mula 281-282 
 
 Coil, Box (Definition) 482 
 
 Bracket (Definition) 482 
 
 (Definition) 485 
 
 Expansion (Definition) 489 
 
 Cold-drawn, Cold Finished 15 
 
 Cold-drawn (Definition) 485 
 
 Locomotive Boiler Tubes, 
 
 Specifications, Seamless. . 101 
 Safe Ends, Specification. . . 101 
 Steel Trolley Poles, Length 198 
 
 Weight of 198 
 
 Tubes for Cream Separa- 
 tor Bowls, Shelby 
 Seamless, Specification 103 
 Tubes for Diamond Drill 
 Rods, Shelby Seamless, 
 
 Specification for 104 
 
 Tubes for Hose Poles and 
 Hose Molds, Shelby 
 Seamless, Specification. 105 
 
 Tubes 15 
 
 Cold Finished Shelby Seamless 
 
 Steel Tubes xi&& 
 
 Collapse and Column Formulae, 
 
 Comparison of 230 
 
 Collapsing Pressures 227-243 
 
 Lilly's Formula for 231 
 
 Marine Law 229 
 
 of Pipes and Tubes 227-243 
 
 Results of Research 228 
 
 Stewart's Formula for 228 
 
 Tables 232-243 
 
 Tests 227 
 
 Collapse related to Strength 
 
 Column 230 
 
 Research 228 
 
 Under External Pressure, 
 
 227-243 
 
 Collar (Definition) 485 
 
 Collar Flange (Definition) 485 
 
 Collars, Kimberley 44, 83 
 
 Colorado Miner's Inch 294-312 
 
 Column and Collapse Formulae. 230 
 Column Flange, Pump, Rein- 
 forced (Definition) 503 
 
 Column, Pump, Flange (Defi- 
 nition) 502 
 
 Column Sections, Tables of, 
 
 Properties of 264-267 
 
 Column, Water (Definition). ... 514 
 Columns, Chicago Building Or- 
 dinances, Formula for 244 
 
 Columns, New York Building 
 
 Code, Formula for 244 
 
 of Pipe 244-249 
 
 Pipe, Double Extra Strong . . . 249 
 
 Safe Loads for 249 
 
 Extra Strong, Safe Loads 
 
 for 247-248 
 
 Standard Pipe, Safe Loads 
 
 for 245-246 
 
 Strength of 244 
 
 Relation to Collapse 230 
 
 Commercial Pipe, Yield Point 
 
 Tests on 222 
 
 Tubes and Pipes, Bursting 
 
 Tests of 223-226 
 
 Pipes and Cylinders to Re- 
 sist Internal Fluid Pres- 
 sures, Strength of .... 222-226 
 and Pipes, Strength of 
 
 Weld of 226 
 
 Common Formula for Flow of 
 
 Gas in Pipes 321 
 
 Internal Pressure, 
 
 213-214, 218-219, 224 
 
 Thread (Definition) 485 
 
 Comparative Stiffness of Beams. 255 
 
 Strength of Beams 254 
 
 Comparison of Collapse and 
 
 Column Formulae 230 
 
 Customary and Metric 
 Units from i to 10 
 
 Tables 463-469 
 
 Formulae for Discharge 
 
 of Gas 323 
 
 Internal Fluid Pressure For- 
 mulae for Tubes, Pipes 
 
 and Cylinders 218-219 
 
 Tons and Pounds 472 
 
 Wrought Iron and Pipe 
 
 Steel Columns 231 
 
 Competition Valve 170 
 
 Composition, Angus Smith 
 
 (Definition) 479 
 
 Chemical of Steel for Seam- 
 less Pipe 15, 16, 18, 19 
 
 Welded Pipe 10 
 
 of Air 352 
 
 of Pipe Steel, 
 
 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 2ii 
 
 of Water 272 
 
 Compressed Air, Flow of in 
 
 Pipes 360-364 
 
 Pressure Losses 360 
 
 Transmission, Loss of Pres- 
 sure of 360 
 
 Velocity of Efflux of 357 
 
524 
 
 Index 
 
 Compressibility of Water 275 
 
 Compression, Adiabatic of Natu- 
 ral Gas 324-325 
 
 Work of 356 
 
 and Expansion, Adiabatic 
 
 Air 355 
 
 Isothermal of Air 356 
 
 Natural Gas, Adiabatic.. . .324-325 
 
 Temperature of Gas 325 
 
 Compressive Stresses in 
 
 Beams 250 
 
 Columns 244 
 
 Condensation in Bare Steam 
 
 Pipes 348 
 
 Conditions of Tests of Poles .... 114 
 
 Conduit Pipe (Definition) 485 
 
 Cones, Seamless Steel 195 
 
 Connection, Flanged 167, 169 
 
 Screwed 167, 168 
 
 Siamese (Definition) 506 
 
 Contents in Gallons, Cylinders, 
 
 301, 302 
 
 Rectangular Tanks 305 
 
 of Cylindrical Vessels, Tanks, 
 
 etc., Table of 302, 304 
 
 Cylinders and Pipes, Table 
 
 of 301 
 
 Pipes in Pounds per 
 
 Foot .- 303 
 
 Contraction and Expansion of 
 
 Pipes 168 
 
 Lateral, Coefficient 215 
 
 Convenient Equivalents 312 
 
 Converged End 189, 190, 485 
 
 Converse Lock Joint. . . .108, 167, 485 
 
 Coating 109 
 
 Fittings 93 
 
 Hub and Pipe, Section 
 
 of 84 
 
 Pipe 43, 108 
 
 Specifications for 93~95 
 
 Test Pressures of 74 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 43 
 
 Reinforcement 109 
 
 Conversion Chart, Lengths, 
 
 Weights and Temperatures. 476 
 
 Table 311 
 
 Hydraulic 310-312 
 
 Volumes 311 
 
 Copper Pipe, Expansion of ..... 347 
 
 Copper Weight 423 
 
 Corporation Cock (Definition).. 485 
 Correct Sizes of House Pipes for 
 
 Gas, Table of 319 
 
 Corrosion i2-i3i 106 
 
 Corrosion and Incrustation in 
 
 Boilers 275-277 
 
 Cause of 12 
 
 of Boilers 275-277 
 
 of Pipes and Tubes 12-13 
 
 of Steel Pipe 12 
 
 Prevention of (see Dog 
 
 Guards) 113 
 
 Reference Books on 12 
 
 Corrugated Joint (Definition).. . 486 
 
 Counterbored (Definition) 486 
 
 Countersink (Definition) 486 
 
 Countersunk (Definition) 486 
 
 Coupling (Definition) 486 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 500 
 
 Socket (Definition) 507 
 
 Steam (Definition) 509 
 
 Union (Definition) 513 
 
 Couplings (see Product in Ques- 
 tion, also "Joint") 
 
 Covering, Pipe (Definition) 500 
 
 Coverings, Steam Pipe 348-350 
 
 Cox's Formula for Discharge 
 
 of Gas 321 
 
 Loss of Head by Friction 
 
 in Pipes 289-290 
 
 Cream Separator Bowls, Speci- 
 fications for Shelby Seamless 
 Cold-drawn Steel Tubes 
 
 for 103-104 
 
 Specialties 194 
 
 Cressed (Definition) : . 486 
 
 Artesian Joint (Definition) . . . 486 
 
 Crippling of Poles 1 16 
 
 Cross (Definition) - 486 
 
 Cross-over (Definition) 486 
 
 Bend (Definition) 486 
 
 Pipe Bend 163 
 
 Tee (Definition) 486 
 
 Rolls, Effect 105, 8-9 
 
 Section of Pipe 58-65 
 
 Square Pipe 66 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 67 
 
 Tube (Definition) 486 
 
 Valve (Definition) 487 
 
 Crotch (Definition) 487 
 
 Crushing Down Test. . 13, 95, 100, 102 
 
 Test (Definition) 487 
 
 Cubic Centimeters, Capacity 
 
 of Pipe 423 
 
 Contents, Pipes and Cylin- 
 ders 301-304, 419-459 
 
 Seamless Tubing 200-203 
 
 Tubes 419-459 
 
 Cubic Feet per Foot of Cylin- 
 ders, Table 301 
 
Index 525 
 
 Cubic Feet per Foot of Pipes . . 301 
 Second, Gallons per Min- 
 ute, Table ... .... 300 
 
 Dead End of a Pipe (Defini- 
 tion) 487 
 
 Decimal Equivalents of Feet 
 and Inches 366368 
 
 Foot Equivalents 311 
 
 Inch Equivalents 311 
 
 Fractions 368 
 
 Cup and Ball Joint 487 
 
 Vulgar Fractions 366-368 
 Wire and Sheet Metal 
 Gages 369 
 
 Cup Joint (Definition) 487 
 
 Cupped Cylinder Heads 189-190 
 Cupping (Definition) 487 
 
 Fractions of Inch. . . 368 
 
 Process 1 5 
 
 of a Foot for Each %4 of an 
 Inch 366 
 
 Current Motors, Water 298 
 
 Curve Collapsing Pressure. ... 231 
 Curve Elastic of Beams 251 
 
 an Inch for Each %4 368 
 Definitions (see Particular Defi- 
 nition). 
 Definitions of Terms Used in the 
 Pipe and Fitting Trade. .479-516 
 Deflection and Set Limits, 
 Tubular Electric Line Poles, 
 112-113, 119-157 
 Due to Load Shelby Seamless 
 Cold-drawn Steel Trolley 
 Poles 198 
 
 Curved Flange (Definition) 487 
 Curves, Effect of on Flow of 
 Water in Pipes 279 
 Customary Sizes of Poles 109 
 
 Cut Length (Definition) 487 
 
 Limits of Accuracy, Varia- 
 tion . 21 
 
 Cutter, Pipe (Definition) . . . . 500 
 
 Tube Sheet (Definition) 512 
 
 Cylinder (Definition) 487 
 Caps 194 
 
 Elastic of Beams 251 
 
 Dekaliters to Pecks 462, 467 
 Delivery, Compressed Air. . . .360-364 
 Water from Pipes. 278-279 
 
 Heads 189192 
 
 Dished, Thickness of 191 
 Flat, Thickness of 192 
 
 Density of Air -352354 
 
 Shapes of 189190 
 
 Water 272 
 
 Strength of ... 190-191 
 
 Densities of Elementary 
 Gases . 314 
 
 Specialties, Shelby Seamless 
 Steel. . 194 
 
 Depth of Thread, Briggs' Stand- 
 ard 208209 
 
 Cylinders, Bursting Strength. . . 189 
 Comparison of Internal Fluid 
 Pressure, Formulae for . . . 218-219 
 Contents of Table 301 
 
 Development of Pipe Industry. . 7 
 Diameter, Nominal, Internal 
 and External 21, 46-56, 58-65 
 of Pipe Required for Flow 
 of Known Quantity of 
 Water 290 
 
 for Gasoline Engines *95 
 
 Material of 15 
 
 Seamless Shelby 188 
 
 Strength of, Under Internal 
 Pressure 212226 
 
 Shelby Seamless Tubing. . . 199 
 Diamond BX Casing, Califor- 
 nia (see California Diamond 
 BX Casing). 
 Diamond BX Drive Pipe, Cali- 
 fornia (see California Dia- 
 mond BX Drive Pipe). 
 Drill Rods, Shelby Seamless 
 Cold-drawn Steel Tubes, 
 Specifications for 104-105 
 
 Table of Capacities of 301 
 
 to Resist Internal Fluid Pres- 
 sure Strength of 222226 
 
 Cylindrical Tanks, Table of, 
 Capacities of, in Barrels. . . . 304 
 Tanks and Cisterns, Table 
 of Contents of 302 
 
 Walls, Strength of 212-243 
 
 D 
 Dalton's Law of Gaseous Pres- 
 sures . 315 
 
 Diaphragm, Expansion (Defi- 
 nition) . . 489 
 
 Dictionary of Pipe Trade 
 Terms . . . .477516 
 
 Die (Definition) 487 
 
 Darcy's Formula for Flow of 
 Water in Pipes 282 
 
 Master (Definition) . 497 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 500 
 
 Steam in Pipes 344 
 
 DIPS. Threadiner . . . TO TT 
 
 
526 
 
 Index 
 
 Difference in Weight of Pipe 
 
 for Difference O. D 379-380 
 
 Dimensions, Air Line Pipe 36 
 
 Boiler Flues, Lap-welded 41 
 
 Boiler Tubes, Locomotive, 
 Lap-weld, Open Hearth 
 
 Steel 40 
 
 Seamless, Open 
 
 Hearth Steel 38-39 
 
 Casing, Boston 26 
 
 Pacific Coupling 28 
 
 California Diamond BX . . C _fi 29 
 
 Inserted Joint 27 
 
 South Penn 35 
 
 Converse Lock Joint 
 
 Pipe 43 
 
 Double Extra Strong Pipe, 
 
 Black and Galvanized 25 
 
 Drill Pipe Full Weight 36 
 
 Drive Pipe 24 
 
 Drive Pipe Cal. Dia. BX 31 
 
 Dry Kiln Pipe 37 
 
 Extra Strong Pipe, Black and 
 
 Galvanized 25 
 
 Kimberley Joint Pipe 44 
 
 Line Pipe 23 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 42 
 
 Pipe, Standard Black and 
 
 Galvanized 22 
 
 Poles 118-157 
 
 Reamed and Drifted Pipe. ... 35 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 45 
 
 Rotary Pipe, Special 34 
 
 Upset 34 
 
 Screw Threads, Nuts and 
 
 Bolts 37i 
 
 Square Pipe 45 
 
 Tubing, Allison Vanishing 
 
 Thread, Ends Upset 33 
 
 Not Upset 33 
 
 Bedstead 31 
 
 California Special Exter- 
 nal Upset.. 30 
 
 Flush Joint 32 
 
 Oil Well 30 
 
 Tuyere Pipe 37 
 
 Dip Coating (see also Coat- 
 ing) 91, 106 
 
 Specifications 91. 94 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 487 
 
 Dipping Poles 118 
 
 Discharge, Air, Coefficients of. . 358 
 Capacity of Pipes, Table of, 
 
 Relative 306, 309 
 
 Chart, Quantity, Diameter, 
 
 Velocity 279 
 
 Discharge, Coefficient of, Air. . . 358 
 
 Steam 341 
 
 Water 278 
 
 Gas at High Pressure, 
 
 Formula for 320-321 
 
 Low Pressure, Formula 317 
 
 Common Formula for. ... 321 
 
 Comparison of Formula 323 
 
 Cox's Formula 321 
 
 Oliphant's Formula 322 
 
 Pittsburgh Formula 321 
 
 Rix's Formula 321 
 
 Towl's Formula 321 
 
 Un win's Formula 323 
 
 Pipes Conveying Water. . 278-279 
 
 Relative 306-309 
 
 Pumping Engines 293 
 
 Steam from Pipes, Kent's 
 
 Formula 344 
 
 Water Through Pipes 278 
 
 Discharging Capacity of 
 
 Pipe 306-309 
 
 Dished (Definition) 487 
 
 Dished Cylinder Heads, Thick- 
 ness of 191 
 
 Heads, Strength of 191 
 
 Displacement per Lineal Foot 
 of Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubing 199 
 
 Dissolved Carbonic Acid and 
 
 Oxygen in Boiler Water. ... 276 
 
 Distribution of Gas 317-324 
 
 Dog (Definition) 487 
 
 Dog, Casing (Definition) 484 
 
 Guard (Definition) 487 
 
 Guards for Poles, Tubular 
 
 113-114 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 500 
 
 River (Definition) 504 
 
 Double Bend (Definition) 488 
 
 Branch Elbow (Definition) ... 488 
 Extra Strong Pipe (Defini- 
 tion) 488 
 
 Bursting Tests 225-226 
 
 Columns, Table of Safe 
 
 Loads for 249 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pres- 
 sure of 69 
 
 Length per Square Foot 
 
 of Surface 57 
 
 Process of Manufac- 
 ture, Lap-weld 8 
 
 Butt-weld 9 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 25 
 
 Offset U Bend 163 
 
Index 
 
 527 
 
 Double Riveted Bump Joints, 165-166 
 Butted and Strapped 
 
 Joints 164-165 
 
 Double-sweep Tee (Defini- 
 tion) 488 
 
 Drainage Fittings (Definition) . . 488 
 Drams, Apothecaries, to Mil- 
 
 liliters 462, 466 
 
 Drawing (see Seamless Pipe 
 
 Shelby) 14 
 
 Drawn (Definition) 488 
 
 Cold (Definition) 485 
 
 Hot (Definition) 493 
 
 Dresser (Definition) 488 
 
 Drifted and Reamed (Defini- 
 tion) 503 
 
 Pipe (see Reamed and 
 Drifted Pipe). 
 
 Drifted (Definition) 488 
 
 Drill (Definition) 488 
 
 Drill Pipe, Full Weight (see 
 Full Weight Drill Pipe) 
 
 Pole (Definition) 502 
 
 Rods, Diamond Shelby Seam- 
 less Steel Tubes for, Speci- 
 fication 104-105 
 
 Shot (Definition) 506 
 
 Drilled (Definition) 488 
 
 Drilling Machine (Definition) ... 488 
 
 Drive Head (Definition) 488 
 
 Pipe, California Diamond BX 
 (see California Diamond 
 BX Drive Pipe). 
 
 Joint (Definition) 488 
 
 Ring (Definition) 488 
 
 Section of Joint 77 
 
 Test Pressure of 69 
 
 Weights and Dimensions of. 24 
 
 Drive Shoe (Definition) 488 
 
 Drop Elbow (Definition) 489 
 
 of Pressure in Steam 
 
 Lines 344-346 
 
 Tee (Definition) 489 
 
 Test 116, 119 
 
 Drum (Definition) 489 
 
 Dry Joint (Definition) 489 
 
 Dry Kiln Pipe, Section of Joint. 83 
 
 Test Pressure of 76 
 
 Weights and Dimensions. 37 
 
 Dry Pipe (Definition) 489 
 
 Quarts to Liters 462, 467 
 
 Dry Steam 327 
 
 E 
 
 Eccentric Back Outlet (Defini- 
 tion) 480 
 
 Eccentric Fitting 489 
 
 Eckert Joint (Definition) 489 
 
 Eduction Pipe (Definition) 489 
 
 Eighth Bend (Definition) 489 
 
 Effect of Bends and Fittings 
 
 on Flow of Air in Pipes .... 364 
 Gas in Pipes.. 324 
 Steam in 
 
 Pipes 346 
 
 Curves and Valves on Flow 
 
 of Water in Pipes 283-284 
 
 Efficiency of a Fall of Water. . . 297 
 
 Efflux of Air 357-358 
 
 Gas 316 
 
 Steam 341-342 
 
 Velocity of 357 
 
 Elastic Curve of Beams 251 
 
 Deflection of Beams.. .251, 257-263 
 
 Elongation 113 
 
 Limit of Bessemer Pipe 
 
 Steel 10 
 
 Open Hearth Pipe 
 
 Steel : 10 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes 16-17 
 
 Elasticity Modulus 112, 255, 257 
 
 of Beams 254-255 
 
 Elbow (Definition) 489 
 
 Back Outlet 489 
 
 Double Branch (Definition) . . 488 
 
 Drop (Definition) 489 
 
 Heel Outlet (Definition) 493 
 
 Reducing Taper (Definition).. 503 
 
 Resistance to Flow 324 
 
 Return (Definition) 504 
 
 Service 489 
 
 Street (Definition) 509 
 
 Taper Reducing (Definition) . . 503 
 
 Three-way (Definition) 511 
 
 Union 489 
 
 Electric Line Poles (see Poles).. 109 
 
 Tables, Tubular 120-157 
 
 Electrolysis 13 
 
 Elementary Gases, Densities of. 314 
 Elevator Casing (Definition) 484 
 
 Elevator (Definition) 489 
 
 Ell Back Outlet (Definition) ... 480 
 
 Ell, Branch (Definition) 482 
 
 Ell (Definition) 489 
 
 Ell, Service (Definition) 505 
 
 Ell, Side Outlet (Definition) 506 
 
 Ell, Union (Definition) 513 
 
 Elongation Bessemer Pipe Steel. 10 
 
 Elastic 113 
 
 Open Hearth Pipe Steel 10 
 
 Pipe Caused by Heat 346-347 
 
528 
 
 Index 
 
 Elongation Shelby Seamless 
 
 Steel Tubes i6-ig 
 
 Tubes by Heat 211 
 
 End Annealed, Tube (Defini- 
 tion) 480 
 
 Converged (Definition) 485 
 
 Cylinder 189-190 
 
 Dead, of a Pipe (Definition) . . 487 
 Expanded, Tube (Definition) . 489 
 
 Plain (Definition) 501 
 
 Safe (Definition) 505 
 
 Energy of Water Flowing in 
 
 a Tube 298 
 
 Engine Cylinder Forgings 195 
 
 Engines, Pumping, Discharge 
 
 of .293-294 
 
 Sizes of Steam Pipes for 347 
 
 Thermal Waste 338 
 
 Entrance, Resistance to Flow of 
 
 Steam Due to 346 
 
 Entropy, Tabular Values, 
 
 329-333, 339-340 
 
 Entry Head , Flow of Water 277 
 
 Equation of Pipes 306-309 
 
 Equivalent Heads of Water and 
 
 Mercury, Table of Pressure 310 
 
 Equivalents, Convenient 312 
 
 Cubic Feet, Gallons, Seconds, 
 
 Minutes, Hours 300 
 
 Decimal 470-471, 476 
 
 Foot for Each ^ Inch 366-367 
 
 Heat, Mechanical 328 
 
 Hydraulic 310, 312 
 
 Inch for Each y 64 368 
 
 Masses, Metric, English 468 
 
 Mechanical of Heat 328 
 
 Metric 460-476 
 
 Charts... 476 
 
 Pressure to Head 274, 310 
 
 Water 310-312 
 
 Evaporation Factors 333-336 
 
 Exhaust Relief Valve (Defini- 
 tion) 489 
 
 Expanded Upset Tubes 158-161 
 
 End Tube (Definition) 489 
 
 Joint (Definition) 489 
 
 Joint Casing 27 
 
 Riveted 165-166 
 
 Expander, Tube (Definition) ... 512 
 Expanding of Boiler Tubes into 
 
 Tube Sheets 210 
 
 Test Boiler Tubes 102 
 
 Expansion and Compression, 
 
 Adiabatic of Air 355 
 
 Isothermal, of Air 356 
 
 Contraction of Pipes 168 
 
 Expansion and Compression, 
 
 Bend 163, 168 
 
 Coefficient 211 
 
 Coil 489 
 
 Diaphragm (Definition) 489 
 
 Gases 314-320 
 
 Joint 168,489 
 
 Expansion Loop 163, 168, 490 
 
 of Air Adiabatic 355 
 
 Isothermal 356 
 
 Gas, Mariotte's Law 314 
 
 Iron and Steel Tubes, 
 
 Thermal 211 
 
 Pipes by Heat 346-347 
 
 Steam 346-347 
 
 Tubes by Heat .... 211, 346-347 
 
 Water 272 
 
 Pipes (Definition) 490 
 
 Ring (Definition) 490 
 
 Valve (Definition) 490 
 
 Experimental Tests or Research, 
 
 Bursting 212-226 
 
 Carbonic Acid 209 
 
 Collapse 227-243 
 
 Elasticity 112-113 
 
 Holding Power of 
 
 Boiler Tubes 210-211 
 
 Strength of Pole 
 
 Joints 116 
 
 Exponential Formula, William's 
 
 and Hazen's 283 
 
 Extension Piece (Definition).. . . 490 
 
 External Diameter of Pipe 58-65 
 
 External Pressure to Produce 
 
 Collapse 227-243 
 
 Surface Length of Pipe per 
 
 Square Foot 38-41, 57, 199 
 
 per Lineal Foot 38-41, 199, 
 
 419-459 
 
 External Upset Tubes, Lap- 
 welded and Seamless 158-161 
 
 Tables of 160-161 
 
 Tubing, California Special 
 (see California Special Ex- 
 ternal Upset Tubing). 
 External Volume per Lineal 
 
 Foot of Pipe 419-459 
 
 External Volume per Lineal 
 Foot of Shelby Seamless 
 
 Tubing 190 
 
 Extra Heavy (Definition) 4QO 
 
 Extra Heavy Fittings 168-169 
 
 Pipe Flanges, Threaded.. 169, 175 
 
 Pressure 168 
 
 Unions 169 
 
 Valves 170 
 
Index 
 
 529 
 
 Extra Long Nipples . . . .171, 172, 174 
 
 Strong (Definition) 4QQ 
 
 Double (Definition) 488 
 
 Pipe 25 
 
 Bursting Tests 225-226 
 
 Columns, Table of Safe 
 
 Loads for 247-248 
 
 Hydraulic Test Pres- 
 sures 69 
 
 Length per Square Foot 
 
 of Surface 57 
 
 Used in Poles. . . .in, 118-157 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 25 
 
 Face, Raised (Definition) 503 
 
 Faced After (Definition) 490 
 
 Spot (Definition) 508 
 
 Factors, Area, for Tubes 373~375 
 
 Capacity for Tubes 423 
 
 Deflection of Poles 119-157 
 
 Evaporation of 333~336 
 
 Internal Fluid Pressure. . . .220-221 
 
 Safety 268-270 
 
 for Collapse 228 
 
 Strength, for Pipes 58-65 
 
 Weight for Different Ma- 
 terials 423 
 
 Steel Tubing 376-378 
 
 Fahrenheit Thermometer to Cen- 
 tigrade 473-476 
 
 Fairbairn's, Sir Wm., Tests 227 
 
 Fall of Water, Power and Effi- 
 ciency of 297-299 
 
 Faucet (Definition) 490 
 
 Faucet or Cock, Telegraph 
 
 (Definition) 510 
 
 Feed Pipe, Internal (Defini- 
 tion) 494 
 
 Feed Water Impurities 275-277 
 
 Regulator Floats 194 
 
 Feet, Decimal Equivalent of 
 
 Inches and 366-367 
 
 Feet to Meters 461 , 463 
 
 Female and Male (Definition) . . 497 
 
 Fence Railings 177-182 
 
 Ferro Steel (Definition) 490 
 
 Ferrule (Definition) 490 
 
 Tube (Definition) 512 
 
 Fiber Stresses, Beams, 
 
 250-251, 257-263 
 
 Collapse of Tubes 228 
 
 Internal Fluid Pres- 
 sures 212-226 
 
 Safe Working 268-270 
 
 Field Joint of Poles 115, 490 
 
 Field Tube (Definition) 491 
 
 Fifth Roots and Powers of 
 
 Numbers 365-366 
 
 Filling Valve, Receiver (Defini- 
 tion) 503 
 
 Finished Cold, Shelby Seamless 
 
 Steel Tubes 15 
 
 Finished Hot, Shelby Seamless 
 
 Steel Tubes 14 
 
 Fire Hydrant (Definition) 491 
 
 Plug (Definition) 491 
 
 Fitting, Ammonia (Definition).. 479 
 and Pipe Trade, Glossary of 
 
 Terms Used 479 
 
 Clean-out (Definition) ..... 484 
 
 Eccentric (Definition) 489 
 
 Inverted (Definition) 494 
 
 Long Turn (Definition) 497 
 
 Fittings 167, 491 
 
 Blast Furnace 170 
 
 Cast Iron 168 
 
 Converse Lock Joint . 93 
 
 Drainage (Definition) 488 
 
 Effect of, on Flow of Air 364 
 
 Gases 324 
 
 Steam 346 
 
 Water 283 
 
 Extra Heavy Pipe 175 
 
 Flanged 167 
 
 Malleable 168 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 500 
 
 Railing (Definition) 503 
 
 Railing 177-182 
 
 Screwed (Malleable and 
 
 Cast) 168 
 
 Their Obstruction to Flow of 
 
 Air 364 
 
 Gas 324 
 
 Steam 346 
 
 Water 283 
 
 Trade Terms (see Glossary) 477-516 
 
 Valves and, General 167-170 
 
 Working Pressures of 167-168 
 
 Flag Poles 115 
 
 Flange Blank (Definition) 481 
 
 Blanking (Definition) 481 
 
 Blind (Definition) 481 
 
 Boiler (Definition) 481 
 
 Circular (Definition) 484 
 
 Collar (Definition) 485 
 
 Curved (Definition) 487 
 
 (Definition) 491 
 
 Internal (Definition) 494 
 
 Joint, Peened (Definition).. . . 499 
 
 Welded (Definition) 516 
 
530 
 
 Index 
 
 Flange Pressed (Definition) .... 502 
 Pump Column (Definition).. . 502 
 Reinforced, Pump Column 
 
 (Definition) 503 
 
 Riveted (Definition) 504 
 
 Rolled Steel (Definition) 504 
 
 Saddle (Definition) 505 
 
 Spun (Definition) 508 
 
 Union 169, 491 
 
 Flanged (Definition) 491 
 
 Connections 167, 169 
 
 Fittings 167, 169 
 
 Joints '. . . .167, 491 
 
 Pipe 167, 491 
 
 Valves 167 
 
 Flanges, Extra Heavy Pipe, 
 
 Threaded 169, 175 
 
 Pipe Standard 169, 176 
 
 Flanging and Bending, Specifi- 
 cations of Pipe for 95 
 
 Flanging Test 13, 95, 100-102 
 
 Flat Cylinder Heads, Thick- 
 ness of 192 
 
 Flat Head (Definition) 491 
 
 Flat Heads, Strength of ....... 191 
 
 Flattening Test 13, 95, 100, 102 
 
 Flexible Joint (Definition) 491 
 
 Flexure of Beams, Formulae 
 
 for 256-263 
 
 Floats, Shelby Seamless Steel. .. 194 
 Flowing Water, Horse-power 
 
 of 297-298 
 
 Flowing Water, Measurement 
 
 of 291-296 
 
 Flow in House Service Pipes. . . . 285 
 
 Mean Velocity of 280 
 
 Measurement by Maximum 
 
 and Mean Velocity 292 
 
 Miner's Inch 294-296 
 
 Nozzles 293 
 
 Piezometer 291 
 
 PitotTube 291 
 
 Venturi Meter 292 
 
 Tubes 293 
 
 Obstruction to, Caused by 
 
 Bends and Fittings, Air . . . .364 
 
 Steam 346 
 
 Gas 324 
 
 Water 283 
 
 Flow of Air 357-364 
 
 Through Orifices 357-358 
 
 Compressed Air 360-364 
 
 Gases 316 
 
 Formula for Discharge 
 at High Pressure... .321-323 
 Low Pressure. .. 317 
 
 Flow of Air, Gill's Formula for 317 
 Gas in Pipes, High Pres- 
 sure 320-324 
 
 Gas in Pipes, Low Pres- 
 sure 317-320 
 
 Effect of Bends and 
 
 Fittings 324 
 
 Formulas. . . .317, 321-323 
 Humphrey Observa- 
 tions on 319 
 
 Flow of Gas in Pipes, Tables 
 from Molesworth's For- 
 mula 317-318 
 
 Steam 34i~347 
 
 in Low Pressure Heat- 
 ing Lines 345 
 
 into the Atmosphere.. .341-342 
 Resistance Due to En- 
 trance, Bends and 
 
 Valves 346 
 
 Water, Approx. Formula. 280 
 
 Darcy's Formula 282 
 
 Diameter of Pipe Re- 
 quired 290 
 
 Effect of Bends on 283 
 
 Curves on 283 
 
 Friction 286-288 
 
 in House Service Pipes. . . 285 
 
 Pipes 277 
 
 Air Bound 284 
 
 Chart 279 
 
 Hydraulic Grade 
 
 Line 284 
 
 Mean Velocity 280-283 
 
 Quantity Discharge 
 
 278-279 
 Water Hammer.. . 168, 284 
 
 Kutter's Formula 281 
 
 Williams and Hazen's 
 
 Formula 283 
 
 Flowing Water, Measurement 
 
 of 291-296 
 
 Flue (Definition) 491 
 
 Flue Boiler (Definition) 491 
 
 Flue Cleaner (Definition) 492 
 
 Joints 164-166 
 
 Flues, Boiler (see Boiler Tubes). 
 Fluid Pressure Factors, In- 
 ternal 220-221 
 
 Formulae, Comparison of 
 
 Internal 218-219 
 
 Pressures, Strength of Com- 
 mercial Tubes, Pipes and 
 Cylinders to Resist In- 
 ternal 212-226 
 
 Flush Bushing (Definition) 492 
 
Index 
 
 531 
 
 Flush Joint (Definition) 402 
 
 Tubing, Section of Joint . . 80 
 Dimensions of, Weights 
 
 of 32 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pres- 
 sure of 75 
 
 Flush, Water (Definition) 515 
 
 Follower (Definition) 492 
 
 Long Screw (Definition) 497 
 
 Foot, Cubic Equivalents. 311, 462, 465 
 Foot, Inches Reduced to Deci- 
 mals of 366-367 
 
 Forged, Pressed (Definition).. . . 502 
 
 Forgings, Various Kinds 193-196 
 
 Formula, Approximate 280 
 
 Common, Flow of Gas in 
 
 Pipes, High Pressure. . . .321-322 
 Cox's, Loss of Head by 
 
 Friction in Pipes 289 
 
 Darcy's 282 
 
 for Flow of Water in Pipes . . . 280 
 
 Kutter's 281 
 
 Oliphant's, Flow of Gas in 
 
 Pipes, High Pressure 322 
 
 (see the Given Problem or Author). 
 
 Towl's 321 
 
 Unwin's, Flow of Gas in 
 
 Pipes, High Pressure 323 
 
 Williams and Hazen's 283 
 
 Formulae, Comparison of High 
 
 Pressure Gas 323 
 
 Internal Fluid Pressures, 218-219 
 Thickness of Pipes and 
 Tubes under Collapsing 
 
 Pressure 228-231 
 
 Four-way Cock (Definition) .... 492 
 
 Tee (Definition) 492 
 
 Fractions, Decimal Equivalent 
 
 of 368 
 
 Franklin Institute Threads. . .370-372 
 
 Free on Rails (Definition) 492 
 
 Friction, Cox's Formula for . . . 289 
 
 Head of Water 278, 286-290 
 
 Loss of Head by, in Pipes . . 286- 288 
 
 Full Flow Joints 165 
 
 -way Valve (Definition) 492 
 
 Weight Drill Pipe, Dimen- 
 sions and Weights of 36 
 
 Coupling and Joint, 
 
 Typical Section of. . . 80 
 Hydrostatic Test Pres- 
 sure of 76 
 
 Pipe (see also Standard 
 
 Pipe). 22,492 
 
 Furnace Fittings, Blast 170 
 
 Melting (Definition) 498 
 
 Gage. 369, 492 
 
 Briggs' Standard... 21, 168, 208-209 
 
 Cock (Definition) 492 
 
 Length (Definition) 492 
 
 Plug (Definition) 502 
 
 Ring (Definition) 492 
 
 Thread, Valves and Fitt- 
 ings 168 
 
 Water (Definition) 515 
 
 Wire and Sheet Metal in 
 Decimals of an Inch. ...... 369 
 
 Gallon, British Imperial 311 
 
 Equivalents 311-312 
 
 Gallons, Cubic Feet and 
 
 Table 300 
 
 per Foot of Cisterns 302 
 
 per Foot of Cylinders 301 
 
 per Foot of Cylindrical Ves- 
 sels 302 
 
 per Foot of Pipes 301 
 
 per Foot of Rectangular 
 
 Tanks 305 
 
 per Foot of Tanks 302 
 
 per Lineal Foot Displaced by 
 
 Shelby Seamless Tubing. . . 199 
 per Minute, Cubic Feet per 
 
 Second ...... *.,. . . . 300 
 
 to Liters 462-466 
 
 Galvanized and Black Pipe 
 
 Standard 22 
 
 Extra and Double-extra 
 Strong, Pipe, Dimensions 
 
 of 25 
 
 Nipples, Long Screw, Wrought 
 
 Pipe 173 
 
 Wrought Pipe 171-172 
 
 Pipe 22, 92, 94, 107, 364 
 
 Weight 21 
 
 Galvanizing. 92, 94, 107, 492 
 
 Ganguillet's Formula, Flow of 
 
 Water in Pipes 281-282 
 
 Gas : 313-325 
 
 Absorption of , by Liquids 316 
 
 Adiabatic Compression of 
 
 Natural 324 
 
 Avogadro's Law 314 
 
 Charles' Law 314 
 
 Cocks 170 
 
 Common Formula for Dis- 
 charge of 321 
 
 Comparison of Formula for 
 
 Discharge of 323 
 
 Compression of 324-325 
 
 Cox's Formula 321 
 
 Density of 314 
 
532 
 
 Index 
 
 Gas, Effects of Bends and Fitt- 
 ings 324 
 
 Expansion of, Mariotte's Law 
 
 for 314 
 
 Flow in Pipes, High Pres- 
 sure 320-324 
 
 Low Pressure. .316, 317-325 
 Affected by Bends and 
 
 Fittings 324 
 
 under Pressure, Common 
 
 Rule 32 
 
 Cox's Rule 32 
 
 Oliphant's Rule 32 
 
 Pittsburgh Rule 32 
 
 Rix's Rule 32 
 
 Towl's Rule 32 
 
 Unwin's Rule 323 
 
 Formula for Discharge at 
 
 High Pressure 321 
 
 Low Pressure 317 
 
 General Index 313 
 
 Gill's Formula for Flow of . . 317 
 
 Law of Mariotte's 314 
 
 Maximum Supply of, Through 
 
 Pipes. 317 
 
 Mixtures of Gas and Vapors .. 315 
 Molesworth's Formula for 
 
 Flow of 317 
 
 Natural, Compression of. . .324-325 
 Oliphant's Formula for Dis- 
 charge of 322 
 
 Pipe 167 
 
 Pipes, Table of Sizes of, for 
 
 Different Service 319-320 
 
 Pittsburgh Formula for Dis- 
 charge of 321 
 
 Pole's Formula for Flow of ... 317 
 
 Properties of 314-316 
 
 Rix's Formula for Discharge . 321 
 
 Saturation Point of Vapors. . . 315 
 
 Sizes of House Pipes 319 
 
 Supply of Through Pipes 317 
 
 Temperatures Produced by 
 
 Compression 325 
 
 Thread (Definition) 492 
 
 Towl's Formula for Discharge 321 
 Unwin's Formula for Dis- 
 charge 323 
 
 Gaseous Pressures , D alton 's La w 315 
 
 Gasket (Definition) 492 
 
 Gasoline Engine Cylinder 195 
 
 Gate or Straightway Valve, 
 
 169, 170, 492 
 
 Gate Valve, Angle (Definition). . 479 
 
 Wedge (Definition) 515 
 
 General Notes 21 
 
 Gill's Formula for Flow of 
 
 Gases 317 
 
 Globe Valve 169-170, 492 
 
 Glossary of Terms Used in the 
 
 Pipe and Fittings Trade.. 47 7-51 6 
 
 Go Devil (Definition) 492 
 
 Goose Neck (Definition) 493 
 
 Grade Line, Hydraulic 284 
 
 Grains to Grams 462, 468 
 
 Gram 460 
 
 to Avoirdupois Ounces, 
 
 462, 468, 476 
 
 to Grains 462, 468 
 
 Troy Ounces 462, 468 
 
 Grashof's Formula for Flat- 
 heads 191 
 
 Grate, Water (Definition) 515 
 
 Grease in Boiler Water, Effect 
 
 of 276 
 
 Grip of Tubes on Tube Sheets .. 210 
 Grommet or Grummet (Defi- 
 nition) 493 
 
 Groove and Tongue (Defini- 
 tion) 511 
 
 Ground Joint (Definition) 493 
 
 Guards, Dog 113, 487 
 
 Gyration, Radius of, 
 
 244, 257, 264-267 
 
 Pipe 58-65,419-459 
 
 Shelby Seamless Tubing 
 
 206-207 
 
 Tubes and Round 
 Bars 419-459 
 
 H 
 
 Half Turn Socket (Definition) . . 493 
 Hammer Jarring While Under 
 
 Pressure Test 69, 76 
 
 Hammer, Water 168, 284, 515 
 
 Hand Railings 177-182 
 
 Hand Tight (Definition) 493 
 
 Hanger Pipe (Definition) 501 
 
 Hard Solder (Definition) 493 
 
 H-Branch (Definition) 493 
 
 Hawksley Rule f or Flow of Air . 359 
 Hazelton Head (Definition) .... 493 
 Hazen's Exponential Formula. . 283 
 
 Head (Definition) 493 
 
 Bull, Tee (Definition) 483 
 
 Casing (Definition) 484 
 
 Drive (Definition) 488 
 
 Flat (Definition) 491 
 
 Hazelton (Definition) 493 
 
 Loss of, by Friction 286-290 
 
 Water 277, 286-288, 297-299 
 
 Patterson (Definition) 499 
 
Index 
 
 533 
 
 Head Support, Cylinder, 
 
 212-213, 222-223 
 Heads, Bolt and Nut, Square 
 
 and Hexagon 370 
 
 Cylinder 189-192 
 
 Horse-power of Water. ..... 299 
 
 of Water and Mercury, Table 
 of Pressure in Equivalent. . . 310 
 
 Header (Definition) 493 
 
 Heat, Latent of Steam 327-333 
 
 Loss by Convection 348 
 
 from Steam Pipes. . 348 
 
 Mechanical Equivalent of 328 
 
 of Saturated Steam 327-333 
 
 of Vaporization 327-333 
 
 Required to Evaporate 328 
 
 Specific of Air 355 
 
 Ice 274 
 
 Saturated Steam 328 
 
 Superheated Steam 337 
 
 Water 275 
 
 Superheated Steam . 339-340 
 
 Total of Saturated Steam. .327-333 
 Treatment (see Seamless Prod- 
 ucts; also Annealing) 14-20 
 
 Unit, British Thermal 327 
 
 Water 327~333 
 
 Heating Lines, Flow of Steam. . . 345 
 
 Surface 38-41, 57 
 
 Heavy, Extra (Definition) 490 
 
 Hectares to Acres 462, 464 
 
 Hectoliters per Hectare to 
 
 Bushels per Acre 467 
 
 to Bushels 462, 467 
 
 Heel Outlet Elbow (Defini- 
 tion) . . 493 
 
 Height of Poles. no 
 
 Hexagon and Square Nuts and 
 
 Heads 370 
 
 High Pressure, Flow of Gas in 
 
 Pipes at 320-324 
 
 Holding Power of Boiler 
 
 Tubes 210 
 
 Hook, Threading Dies 10 
 
 Horn Socket (Definition) 493 
 
 Horse-power of a Running 
 
 Stream 297 
 
 Flowing Water 297, 298 
 
 Water Under Different 
 
 Heads 299 
 
 Hose Mold and Hose Pole Spe- 
 cification 105 
 
 Hot Drawn (Definition) 493 
 
 Hot Finished Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes 14 
 
 Tube (Definition) 493 
 
 House Pipes, Table of Sizes of, 
 for Different Lengths and 
 
 Number of Outlets 319-320 
 
 Service Pipes, Flow in 285 
 
 Horizontal Loading of Beams. . . 256 
 
 Hub (Definition) 493 
 
 Typical Section of Converse 
 
 Lock Joint 84 
 
 Humphrey Observations on Flow 
 
 of Gases in Pipes 319 
 
 JIundredths of an Inch to Milli- 
 meters 469 
 
 Hydrant (Definition) 494 
 
 Hydrant, Fire (Definition) 491 
 
 Hydraulic Conversion Table. .300, 311 
 
 Equivalents 311, 312 
 
 Fittings 168 
 
 Grade Line 284 
 
 Joint (Definition) 494 
 
 Main (Definition) 494 
 
 Pressure 168 
 
 Radius 281-282 
 
 Unions 169 
 
 Valves 170 
 
 Hydraulics 271-312 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressure of 
 Pipe (see Test Pressures). 
 
 Ice and Snow, Properties of 274 
 
 Ice on Wire 117-118 
 
 Illuminating Gas, Flow of 317 
 
 Impact Tests 16-19 
 
 Imperial Gage 369 
 
 Gallon, British 311 
 
 Impurities in Boiler Water 276 
 
 Inch, Miner's ... 294-296, 312 
 
 Inches and Millimeters 470 
 
 Decimals of a Foot 366-367 
 
 Decimals of Gages in 369 
 
 Decimals of, for Each M$4 .... 368 
 
 Increaser (Definition) 494 
 
 Incrustation, Boiler 275 
 
 Index, Air 351 
 
 Gas 313 
 
 Steam 326 
 
 Water 271 
 
 Indicator (Definition) 494 
 
 Inertia, Moment of 254 
 
 for Pipe 58-65 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 67 
 
 Shelby Seamless Tubing 204-205 
 
 Square Pipe 66 
 
 Tubes and Round Bars.4to~459 
 Ingersoll Rand Rule for Flow 
 
 of Compressed Air 360-364 
 
Index 
 
 Inserted Joint (Definition) . . . . . 494 
 Inserted Joint Casing, Test" 
 
 Pressure of 71 
 
 Section of Joint 78 
 
 Weights and Dimensions 
 
 of 27 
 
 Inside Diameter Pipe, Weight 
 
 of 21,46-49 
 
 Surface Length of Pipe per 
 
 Square Foot 38-41, 57 
 
 Surface per Lineal Foot, * 
 38-41, 206-207, 419-459 
 Inspection and Tests of Shelby 
 
 Seamless Steel Tubes 20 
 
 Welded Pipe 13,98 
 
 (see also "Specifications.") 
 
 of Tubes for Steamboats 229 
 
 Internal Feed Pipe (Definition) . 494 
 
 Flange (Definition) 494 
 
 Fluid Pressure Factors. . . . 220-221 
 Formulae, Comparison 
 
 of 218-219 
 
 Strength of Tubes, Pipes 
 
 and Cylinders 212-226 
 
 Surface 38-41, 206-207, 419-459 
 
 Upset Tubes, Lap-welded and 
 
 Seamless 158-161 
 
 Inverted Fitting (Definition) . . . 494 
 Iron and Steel Tubes, Thermal 
 
 Expansion of 211 
 
 Cast, Fittings 168-169 
 
 Charcoal Analysis 211 
 
 Malleable (Definition) 497 
 
 Pipe 7, 12, 106 
 
 Bursting Tests 223-226 
 
 Corrosion 12, 13, 106 
 
 Expansion 211, 347 
 
 Strength 223-226 
 
 Socket (Definition) 507 
 
 Weight 423 
 
 Isothermal Expansion and Com- 
 pression of Air, Work of . . . 356 
 
 J 
 
 Jarring by Hammer, While 
 
 Under Pressure Test 69, 76 
 
 Jars (Definition) 494 
 
 Joint (Definition) 494 
 
 Air Line Pipe 80 
 
 Allison Vanishing Thread 
 
 Tubing 81 
 
 Ammonia (Definition) 479 
 
 Armstrong (Definition) 480 
 
 Artesian (Definition) 480 
 
 Ball (Definition) 480 
 
 Ball and Cup (Definition) 487 
 
 Joint Bell and Spigot (Defini- 
 tion) 481 
 
 Block (Definition) 481 
 
 Boiler Tube, Slipping Point 
 
 of 210-211 
 
 Boston Casing, Pacific Coup- 
 ling 78 
 
 Standard 78 
 
 Briggs' Standard 208 
 
 Bumped 165,483 
 
 Butted and Strapped 164, 483 
 
 California Diamond BX 
 
 Casing 82 
 
 California Diamond BX Drive 
 
 Pipe 82 
 
 Special External Upset 82 
 
 Converse Lock, Pipe (see also 
 Converse Lock Joint Pipe), 
 
 84, 108-109, 167, 485 
 
 Corrugated (Definition) 486 
 
 Cressed Artesian (Definition). 486 
 
 Cup (Definition) 487 
 
 Cup and Ball (Definition) 487 
 
 Dresser (Definition) 488 
 
 Drive Pipe 77, 488 
 
 Dry (Definition) . . \ ^ l ": '.. . . 489 
 Dry Kiln Pipe. ;.;.,_, . .; ; .\ . 83 
 
 Eckert (Definition) 489 
 
 Expanded (Definition) 489 
 
 Expansion 168, 489 
 
 Field 115,490 
 
 Flanged 167,491 
 
 Flexible (Definition) 491 
 
 Flush (Definition) 492 
 
 Tubing 80 
 
 Full Weight Drill Pipe ...... 80 
 
 Ground (Definition) 493 
 
 Hydrostatic (Definition). . .'. . 494 
 
 Inserted (Definition) 494 
 
 Casing .... 78 
 
 Kimberley 83, 495 
 
 Knock Off (Definition) 495 
 
 Lead 83, 84, 167, 496 
 
 Lead and Rubber (Definition) 496 
 
 Runner (Definition) 496 
 
 Leaded, Valves and Fitt- 
 ings 167 
 
 Line Pipe 77, 496 
 
 Matheson, Pipe, 
 
 42, 84, 107-108, 497 
 
 National (Definition) 498 
 
 Normandy (Definition) 498 
 
 Oil Well Tubing 81 
 
 Peened Flange (Definition).. . 499 
 
 Perkins (Definition) 499 
 
 Petit's (Definition) 500 
 
Index 
 
 535 
 
 Joint Pipe 77-84 
 
 Pole in, 115, 116 
 
 Pope (Definition) 502 
 
 Pressure (Definition) 502 
 
 Reamed and Drifted Pipe... . 79 
 
 Riedler (Definition) . 504 
 
 Riveted Pipe 164-166 
 
 Rotary Pipe 79 
 
 Rust (Definition) 505 
 
 Screwed 167 
 
 Shop for Poles. . . .111-115, 116-119 
 
 Shrunk (Definition) . . . 506 
 
 Siemen's (Definition) 506 
 
 Signal Pipe 97 
 
 Slip (Definition) 507 
 
 Socket (Definition) 507 
 
 South Penn Casing 83 
 
 Special Rotary Pipe 79 
 
 Upset Rotary Pipe 79 
 
 Spigot (Definition) 508 
 
 Standard Pipe 77 
 
 Boston Casing 78 
 
 Strength of Poles 115 
 
 Swaged in, 115-116 
 
 Swing (Definition) 510 
 
 Swivel (Definition) 510 
 
 Thimble (Definition) 511 
 
 Union (Definition) 513 
 
 Upset Rotary Pipe 79 
 
 Vanishing Thread, Allison 81 
 
 Van Stone (Definition) 514 
 
 Walker (Definition) 514 
 
 Welded Flange (Definition). . 516 
 Wiped (Definition) . . 516 
 
 Joints and Couplings 77-84 
 
 Slipping Point of Rolled 
 Boiler Tube 210-211 
 
 Jointer (Definition) 495 
 
 Jointing, Special Sizes of Poles. . in 
 
 K 
 
 Kalameined (Definition) 495 
 
 Kent's Formula for Discharge 
 
 of Steam from Pipes 344 
 
 "Kewanee" (Definition) 495 
 
 Union (Definition) 495 
 
 Unions 169 
 
 Kiln Pipe, Dry (see Dry Kiln 
 Pipe). 
 
 Kilogram 460-462 
 
 Equivalents 472 
 
 to Avoirdupois Pounds, 
 
 462, 468, 472 
 
 Troy Pounds 462, 468, 472 
 
 Kilometers to Miles 461, 463 
 
 Kimberley Joint (Definition) . . . 495 
 
 Pipe Section of Joint 83 
 
 Test Pressures of . 74 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 44 
 
 Knock Off Joint (Definition) .... 495 
 Kutter's Formula for Flow of 
 
 Water in Pipes 281 
 
 Ladders, Pipe 183-186 
 
 Laid Length (Definition) 495 
 
 Lame's Formula for Strength 
 of Tubes, Internal Pres- 
 sure 215, 218, 219 
 
 Lap-weld (Definition) 496 
 
 (Process) 7 
 
 Lap-welded Boiler Tubes (see 
 Boiler Tubes). 
 
 Pipe, Bursting Tests 223-226 
 
 Expanded 158-161 
 
 Tubes, Upset and Expanded, 
 
 158-161 
 
 Latent Heat of Steam 327-333 
 
 Lateral (Definition) 496 
 
 Contraction, Coefficient 215 
 
 Law, Avogadro's 314 
 
 Charles' 314 
 
 Chicago Building for 
 
 Columns 244-249 
 
 Dalton's 315 
 
 Marine 229-230 
 
 Inspection for Cylinder 
 
 Heads 191 
 
 Mariotte's 314 
 
 New York Building, for 
 
 Columns 244-249 
 
 Lead (Definition) . 496 
 
 Lead and Rubber Joint (Defini- 
 tion) 496 
 
 Joint (Definition) 496 
 
 (see Converse, Kimberley 
 and Matheson Joint.) 
 
 Runner (Definition) 496 
 
 Lined Pipe (Definition) 496 
 
 of Threading Dies 10-11 
 
 Weight 423 
 
 Wool (Definition) 496 
 
 Leaded Joints 167 
 
 Leak Clamp (Definition) 496 
 
 Length, British Standard Pole . . 109 
 
 Columns 244-249 
 
 Converse Lock Joint 93, 109 
 
 Cut (Definition) 21, 487 
 
 Gage (Definition) 492 
 
 Laid (Definition) 495 
 
536 
 
 Index 
 
 Length, Long (Definition) 496 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe. . . .91, 92, 109 
 Measure (see Metric Equiva- 
 lents). . . .461, 463, 469-471, 476 
 Pipe for One Square Foot of 
 
 Surface 57 
 
 Poles 109, no, 120-157 
 
 Shelby Seamless Cold- 
 drawn Steel Trolley 
 
 Poles 198 
 
 Signal Pipe 96 
 
 Lengths, Comparison of Cus- 
 tomary and Metric Units. . 463 
 
 Conversion Chart for 476 
 
 Inches and Millimeters 469-471 
 
 of Locomotive Boiler Tubes . . 38-40 
 
 of Pipe, Variation in 21 
 
 of Threads 208 
 
 Random (Definition) 503 
 
 Weights and Temperatures, 
 
 Chart for Conversion 208, 476 
 
 Light Standard Valves 170 
 
 Lilly's Formula for Collapsing 
 
 Pressures 231 
 
 Lime in Feed Water 275-276 
 
 Limit of Accuracy of Cut 
 Length Pipes and Diam- 
 eters 21, 102 
 
 Straight ness, Hose Poles ... 105 
 
 Limits Deflection of Poles 112 
 
 Set of Poles 112 
 
 Linde's Equation 337 
 
 Line, Hydraulic Grade 284 
 
 Pipe, Dimensions of 23, 496 
 
 Section of Joint 77 
 
 Test Pressures 68 
 
 Air (see Air Line Pipe). 
 
 Joint (Definition) 496 
 
 Poles Tubular and Electric. 109-1 5 7 
 
 Sand (Definition) 505 
 
 Lineal Feet per Square Foot of 
 
 Shelby Seamless Tubing. . . 199 
 Linear Expansion of Pipes, 
 
 211,346-347 
 Lined Pipe Lead (Definition) . . . 496 
 
 Tin (Definition) 511 
 
 Lip of Threading Dies 10 
 
 Union 169, 496 
 
 Liquid Gallons to Liters 462, 466 
 
 Ounces to Milliliters 462, 466 
 
 Quarts to Liters 462, 466 
 
 Liquids, Absorption of Gases.. . 316 
 
 Liquor Marks 91, 93, 98 
 
 Liter 460-462 
 
 Capacity of Pipe 423 
 
 Equivalents 3" 
 
 Liter, to Dry Quarts 462, 467 
 
 to Liquid Gallons 462, 466 
 
 Quarts 462, 466 
 
 Pecks 462,467 
 
 Live Load on Poles 117 
 
 Loading of Beams 258-263 
 
 in Any Direction Equally. 256 
 Vertical and Horizontal 256 
 
 Pipe Columns 244-249 
 
 Poles 119-157 
 
 Safety Factors for Static 268 
 
 Variable 268 
 
 Seamless Trolley Poles Shelby 1 98 
 
 Wind on Poles 116-118 
 
 Lock Joint Pipe Converse (see 
 Converse Lock Joint Pipe). 
 
 Nut (Definition) 496 
 
 Locomotive Boiler Tubes and 
 Safe Ends (see Boiler Tubes). 
 
 Long Length (Definition) 496 
 
 Nipples 171, 172, 174 
 
 Screw (Definition) 496 
 
 Screw Follower (Definition) . . 497 
 
 Nipples 173 
 
 Ton Equivalents 462, 472 
 
 Turn Fitting (Definition) .... 497 
 Longitudinal Stresses, Internal 
 
 Fluid Pressure 212-220 
 
 Loop (Definition) 497 
 
 Expansion 163, 168, 490 
 
 Loss of Air Pressure in Pipes.35o~36o 
 
 Head by Bends 283 
 
 Friction in Pipes. . . . 286-290 
 
 Cox's Formula 289 
 
 Table from For- 
 mula 289-290 
 
 Valves 283 
 
 Heat from Engines 338 
 
 Heat from Steam Pipes . .348-350 
 Pressure due to Flow, Air, 
 
 359-360 
 
 Low Pressure Fittings 167, 169 
 
 Flow of Gas in Pipes at. .317-319 
 Heating Lines, Flow of 
 
 Steam in 345-346 
 
 Valves 170 
 
 Lubrication of Threading Dies . . 1 1 
 
 M 
 
 Machine, Drilling (Definition).. 488 
 
 Pipe Bending (Definition) 500 
 
 Tapping (Definition) 510 
 
 Machining Allowances, Cream 
 
 Separator Bowls 104 
 
 Male and Female (Definition) . . . 497 
 
Index 
 
 537 
 
 Magnesia in Feed Water 275-276 
 
 Malleable Iron (Definition) .... 497 
 
 Fittings 168 
 
 Unions 169 
 
 Mandrel Socket (Definition).. . . 497 
 
 Manganese in Pipe Steel 10 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes 16, 18, 19 
 
 Manifold (Definition) 497 
 
 Mannesmann (Definition) 497 
 
 Manufacture of Ammonia Pipe 98 
 Converse Lock Joint Pipe . . 93 
 Double-extra Strong Pipe . . 8,9 
 
 M atheson Joint Pipe 91 
 
 Pipe for Flanging and 
 
 Bending 95 
 
 Poles 115 
 
 Seamless Cylinders, Shelby 15, 188 
 Seamless Steel Tubes, 
 
 Shelby. , 14-20 
 
 Trolley Poles 197-198 
 
 Signal Pipe 96 
 
 Standard Welded Pipe 89 
 
 Tubular Goods 7-20 
 
 Working Barrels 187 
 
 Manufacturers' Gages 369 
 
 Standard Flanges 169, 175 
 
 Pipe Thread 209 
 
 Margin of Security 268 
 
 Marine Boiler Tubes, Specifica- 
 tions IOO-IOI 
 
 Law Formula for Collapse. ... 229 
 Law Inspection of Cylinder 
 
 Heads. 191 
 
 Law's Limitation of Pressure 
 
 on Tubes 229-230 
 
 Mariotte's Law for Expansion 
 
 of Gases 314, 320 
 
 Marking of Pipe 20 
 
 Mass Measures (see Metric 
 
 Equivalents) 468 
 
 Masses, Comparison of Custom- 
 ary and Metric Units of. ... 468 
 
 Master Die (Definition) 497 
 
 Master Steam Fitters Standard 
 
 Flanges 169, 176 
 
 Master Tap (Definition) 497 
 
 Material, Ammonia Pipe 98 
 
 Boiler Tubes for Merchant 
 
 and Marine Service 100 
 
 Converse Lock Joint Pipe .... 93 
 
 Cylinder 15 
 
 Lap-welded Locomotive Boiler 
 
 Tubes 99 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 91 
 
 Pipe 9, 10, 15-19 
 
 j Material, Pipe for Flanging and 
 
 Bending 95 
 
 Poles in 
 
 Properties of 9 
 
 Seamless Cylinders 188 
 
 Seamless Locomotive Boiler 
 
 Tubes ioi 
 
 Seamless Trolley Poles 198 
 
 Steel Tubes 15 
 
 Signal Pipe 96 
 
 Standard Welded Pipe 89-90 
 
 Tubes for Cream Separator 
 
 Bowls 103 
 
 Tubes for Diamond Drill 
 
 Rods 104 
 
 Tubes for Hose Poles and 
 
 Molds 105 
 
 Used in Manufacture of Tubu- 
 lar Goods 7-20 
 
 Weight Factor 423 
 
 Working Barrels 187 
 
 Matheson and Dresser Joint 
 
 (Definition) 497 
 
 Joint Pipe 107- 108, 497 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pres- 
 sure of 73 
 
 Length 91, 92, 108 
 
 Measurements 92 
 
 Protective Coatings 91 
 
 Section of Joint 84 
 
 Specifications for 91-92 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 42 
 
 Maximum Supply of Gas 
 
 Through Pipes 317 
 
 Mean Velocity of Flow in Pipes . 280 
 Measurement Equals Weight 
 
 (Definition) 498 
 
 Converse Lock Joint 
 
 Pipe 95 
 
 of Discharge of Pumping En- 
 gines by Means of Nozzles . . 293 
 Flowing Water by Ven- 
 
 turi Tubes 293 
 
 Piezometer 291 
 
 Pitot Tube 291 
 
 the Venturi Meter .... 292 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 92 
 
 Maximum and Mean Veloc- 
 ity of Flow in Pipes 292 
 
 Water by Nozzles 293 
 
 Miner's Inch 296 
 
 Steamer's (Definition) 509 
 
 Measures, Metric 460-472 
 
 Mechanical Equivalent of 
 
 Heat 328 
 
538 
 
 Index 
 
 Mechanical Properties of Solid 
 
 and Tubular Beams 250-267 
 
 Medium Pressure (Definition), 168, 498 
 
 Fittings 168, 170 
 
 Melting Furnace (Definition). . . 498 
 Point Influence by Pressure . . 274 
 Merchant and Marine Boiler 
 
 Tubes (See Boiler Tubes). 
 Mercury, Table of Pressure in 
 
 Equivalent Heads of Water 310 
 Metal Area of Pipe. . . .58-65, 419-459 
 Metal, Sheet and Wire Gages. . 369 
 
 Meter 460-463 
 
 to Feet 461, 463 
 
 Inches 470-471 
 
 Yards 461-463 
 
 Venturi 292 
 
 Metric and Customary Units . 462-467 
 
 Areas 464 
 
 Capacities 466-467 
 
 Equivalents 461 
 
 Lengths 463, 476 
 
 Millimeters to Decimals of 
 
 an Inch 469 
 
 Masses 468 
 
 System 460-476 
 
 Conversion Chart for 
 Lengths, Weights and 
 
 Temperatures 476 
 
 Equivalents of Inches. . .470-471 
 
 Ton Equivalents 462, 472 
 
 Units 460 
 
 Volumes 465 
 
 Miles to Kilometers 461, 463 
 
 Milliliters to Apothecaries 
 
 Drams 462, 466 
 
 Scruples 466 
 
 Liquid Ounces 462, 466 
 
 Millimeters to Inches. . . .463, 469-471 
 
 Mill Inspection 13, 14, 20 
 
 Tests (see also Hydrostatic 
 
 Tests 68-76) 13, 14, 20 
 
 Miner's Inch, California. ...... 312 
 
 Colorado 312 
 
 Flow Measurement 294-296 
 
 Minimum Weight of Beams. ... 255 
 
 Miscellaneous Specialties 195 
 
 Mixtures of Vapors and Gases. . 315 
 
 Module 295 
 
 Modulus of Elasticity. . .112, 255, 257 
 
 Section 253-267 
 
 Pipe 58-65 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 67 
 
 Seamless Tubing Shelby . 204-205 
 
 Square Pipe 66 
 
 Tubes and Round Bars. .419-459 
 
 Molesworth's Formula, Tables 
 from, for Flow of Gas in 
 
 Pipes 317-318 
 
 Moment, Bending 252 
 
 of Inertia for Shelby Seam- 
 less Tubing 204-205 
 
 of Beams 254 
 
 Moment of Inertia of Pipes 58-65 
 
 of Rectangular Pipes. ... 67 
 
 Square Pipes 66 
 
 Tubes and Round 
 
 Bars 419-459 
 
 Resisting 253 
 
 Motors, Water Current 298 
 
 Mounted (Definition) 498 
 
 Brass (Definition) 482 
 
 Mouthed-bell (Definition) 481 
 
 Mud in Feed-Water 275, 276 
 
 N 
 
 Napier f s Formula 342 
 
 National Coating (Specification), 
 
 94, 107, 108, 109 
 
 Joint (Definition) 498 
 
 Pole Socket (Definition) 498 
 
 Word Rolled on Welded Pipe . 20 
 Natural Gas, Adiabatic Com- 
 pression of 324-325 
 
 Nature of Stress in Tube Wall . . 212 
 
 Neck, Goose 493 
 
 Neck of Cylinders 189-190 
 
 Needle Valve (Definition) 498 
 
 Nested (Definition) 498 
 
 Neutral Surface Beams 250 
 
 New York Rule for Columns 244 
 
 Nickel in Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes .ri'hc&k 
 
 Weight 423 
 
 Ninety Degree Pipe Bend 163 
 
 Nipple (Definition) 498 
 
 Casing 174 
 
 Close (Definition) 485 
 
 Long Screw 173 
 
 Short (Definition) 506 
 
 Shoulder (Definition) 506 
 
 Space (Definition) 507 
 
 Swaged (Definition) 509 
 
 Tank 173 
 
 Nipples, Wrought Casing 174 
 
 Pipe 171-172 
 
 Nitric Acid in Boiler Water 276 
 
 Nominal Diameter, Internal 
 
 and External flj&J 21 
 
 Non-return Valve (Definition) . . 498 
 Normandy Joint (Definition) . . . 498 
 Notched Test 16-19 
 
Index 
 
 539 
 
 Notes General, of Pipe Trade. . 21 
 
 Nozzle (Definition) 498 
 
 Measurement 293 
 
 Number of Barrels in Cisterns 
 
 and Tanks 304 
 
 Chasers Required in Thread- 
 ing Dies ii 
 
 Threads per Inch 208 
 
 Nut (Definition) 498 
 
 Lock (Definition) 496 
 
 Unions 169 
 
 Nuts and Bolt Heads, Screw 
 
 Threads, Proportions of 370 
 
 O 
 
 Odd Sizes of Poles in 
 
 Offset Pipe (Definition) 499 
 
 Bends. 162, 163 
 
 Oil for Threading n 
 
 Oil Well Tubing, Section of 
 
 Joint.' 81 
 
 Test Pressure of 69 
 
 Weights and Dimensions 
 
 of 30 
 
 Oils in Boiler Water, Animal 
 
 and Vegetable, Effect of 276 
 
 Oliphant's Formula for Dis- 
 charge of Gas 322 
 
 Open Hearth Pipe Steel, Chemi- 
 cal and Physical Analysis 
 
 of 10, 211 
 
 Open Return Bend (Definition) . 499 
 Orifices, Flow of Air from . . . .357-358 
 
 Steam from 341 
 
 Ounces, Avoirdupois to Grams, 
 
 462, 468, 476 
 
 Liquid to Milliliters 462, 466 
 
 per Square Inch in Equiva- 
 lent Heads 310 
 
 Troy to Grams 462, 468 
 
 Outflow of Steam into Atmos- 
 phere 342 
 
 Outlet, Back, Central 480 
 
 Outlet, Back, Eccentric 480 
 
 Outlet Ell, Back (Definition) ... 480 
 
 Outlet, Heel Elbow 493 
 
 Side (Definition) 506 
 
 Tee, Side (Definition) 506 
 
 Outside Diameter 21 
 
 for Shelby Seamless Tubing 199 
 
 Pipe, Weight of 50-56 
 
 Surface per Lineal Foot of 
 Shelby Seamless Tubing. . . 199 
 Length of Pipe per Square 
 
 Foot. . .38-41, 57, 199, 410-459 
 per Lineal Foot.. .38-41, 419-459 
 
 Oval Socket (Definition) 499 
 
 Oxidation of Pipes 277 
 
 Oxygen Absorption by Water ... 316 
 
 Cylinders 188 
 
 Pacific Couplings, Boston Casing 
 (see Boston Casing, Pacific 
 Couplings). 
 
 Packer (Definition) 499 
 
 Water (Definition) 515 
 
 Packing (Definition) 499 
 
 Tube (Definition) 512 
 
 Painting Pipe 107 
 
 Poles 118 
 
 Palliation for Troublesome Sub- 
 stances in Boilers 276 
 
 Patterson Head (Definition) 499 
 
 Pecks to Dekaliters .462, 467 
 
 Liters... 467 
 
 Peened Flange Joint 167, 499 
 
 Peening (Definition) 499 
 
 Penn Casing, South 35 
 
 Penstock (Definition) 499 
 
 Perfect Threads 208 
 
 Perforated (Definition) 499 
 
 Perkins Joint (Definition) 499 
 
 Pet Cock (Definition) 500 
 
 Petit's Joint (Definition) 500 
 
 Phosphorus in Pipe Steel 10 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes 16, 18, 19 
 
 Physical Properties of Boiler 
 
 Tubes 99-102 
 
 Carbonic Acid 209 
 
 Converse Lock Joint 
 
 Pipe 93 
 
 Gases 314-316 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe .... 91 
 
 of Pipe Steel 10 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel 
 
 Tubes 16-19 
 
 Tubular Goods 10 
 
 Signal Pipe 96 
 
 Standard Pipe 90 
 
 Piece, Extension (Definition). . . 490 
 
 Piercing Process 14 
 
 Piezometer 291 
 
 Piles, Butted and Strapped 165 
 
 Pillars 244 
 
 Pilot (Definition) 500 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 500 
 
 Air Line, Hydrostatic Test 
 
 Pressure 73 
 
 Section of Coupling and 
 
 Joint 80 
 
540 
 
 Index 
 
 Pipe, Air Line, Weights and 
 
 Dimension of 36 
 
 Ammonia, Specifications for . . g8 
 and Fittings Trade, Glossary 
 
 of Terms Used in 477-516 
 
 Tubes, Application of Table 
 
 to 421-423 
 
 Tubing, Steel, Weight of 
 
 Tables 370-418 
 
 Welded Tubes 7-14 
 
 Annealing of 10 
 
 Area Factors 373~375 
 
 Area of 58-65, 419-459 
 
 Arranged by Outside Diam- 
 eter 58-65 
 
 Bend (Definition) 500 
 
 Bends 162-163 
 
 Wrought, Radii of 162 
 
 Bending Machine (Definition) 500 
 Properties of Rectangular. . 67 
 
 Square 66 
 
 Black 21, 22 
 
 Branch (Definition) 482 
 
 Breeches (Definition) 482 
 
 Bursting Tests 212-226 
 
 Butt Welded, How Made 9 
 
 California Diamond BX Drive, 
 
 Section of Joint . 82 
 
 Test Pressures of 76 
 
 Weights and Dimensions 
 
 of 31 
 
 Capacity 301, 303, 4i9~459 
 
 Factors 423 
 
 Card Weight (Definition) (see 
 
 also Standard Pipe) 483 
 
 Circumference 419-459 
 
 Clamp (Definition) 500 
 
 Clamps, Water (Definition). . 515 
 Coating for, 
 
 91, 94, 106-107, 277, 485 
 
 Collapsing Pressures of 227-243 
 
 Columns, Double Extra 
 
 Strong, Safe Loads for 249 
 
 Extra Strong, Safe Loads 
 
 for 247-248 
 
 General 244 
 
 Table of Safe Loads for . . 244-249 
 
 Tests on 230 
 
 Conduit (Definition) 485 
 
 Converse Lock Joint 108-109 
 
 Section of 84 
 
 Specifications for 93~95 
 
 Test Pressures of 74 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 43 
 
 Corrosion. . , 12, 13, 106 
 
 Pipe, Coupling (Definition) (see 
 
 also Joints) 500 
 
 Coverings, Steam 348-350, 500 
 
 Cutter (Definition) 500 
 
 Dead End of (Definition). . . . 487 
 
 Die (Definition) 500 
 
 Dies lo-i i 
 
 Dip (Definition) 487 
 
 Discharge Capacities of. . . .306-309 
 
 Dog (Definition) 500 
 
 Double Extra Strong, Dimen- 
 sions and Weights of 25 
 
 (see also Double Extra 
 Strong Pipe.) 
 
 Test Pressures of 69 
 
 Drifted and Reamed (see 
 Reamed and Drifted Pipe.) 
 Drill Dimensions and Weights 36 
 
 Section of Joint 80 
 
 Test Pressures of 76 
 
 Drive (Definition) 488 
 
 California Diamond BX, 
 Dimensions and Weights 31 
 
 Section of Joint 82 
 
 Test Pressures 76 
 
 Dimensions and Weights. .. 24 
 
 Section of Joint 77 
 
 Test Pressures of 69 
 
 Dry (Definition) 489 
 
 Kiln, Dimensions and 
 
 Weights of 37 
 
 Section of Joint 83 
 
 Test Pressures of 76 
 
 Eduction (Definition) 489 
 
 External Diameter. . . . 50-56, 58-65 
 Extra Strong, Dimensions 
 
 and Weights of 25 
 
 Test Pressures 69 
 
 Fittings (Definition) 500 
 
 Flanged 167, 491 
 
 Flanges, Extra Heavy 169, 175 
 
 Standard , 169, 176 
 
 Flanging and Bending, Speci- 
 fications for 95 
 
 Flow of Air 357-364 
 
 Flow of Gas in 317-324 
 
 Steam 341-346 
 
 Water 277-290 
 
 Full Weight (Definition) (see 
 
 also Standard Pipe) 492 
 
 Full Weight Drill (see Full 
 Weight Drill Pipe). 
 
 Gas 167 
 
 Pipe for House Service 
 
 319-320 
 General Notes 21 
 
Index 
 
 541 
 
 Pipe, Grip (Definition) 501 
 
 Hanger (Definition) 501 
 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressures. . . 68-76 
 Industry, Development of ... 7 
 
 Inspection and Test 13, 14, 20 
 
 Internal Diameter Sizes 
 
 (Weight per Foot) 46-49 
 
 Internal Feed (Definition).. . . 494 
 Iron. . . 7, 12, 106, 211, 223-226, 347 
 
 Joint Drive (Definition) 488 
 
 Line (Definition) 496 
 
 Leaded 83, 84, 107-108, 167 
 
 Riveted 164-166 
 
 Section of 77-84 
 
 Kimberley Joint, Dimensions 
 
 and Weights of 44 
 
 Section of Joint 83 
 
 Test Pressures of 74 
 
 Ladders 183-186 
 
 Lap-welded, How Made 7 
 
 Lead Lined (Definition) 496 
 
 Length of, for One Square 
 
 Foot of Surface 38-41, 57 
 
 Line (Definition) 501 
 
 Dimensions and Weights. . . 23 
 
 Section of Joint 77 
 
 Test Pressures of 68 
 
 Loss of Head by Friction 
 
 \ in 286-290 
 
 'Manufacture 7-20 
 
 Marking of 20 
 
 Matheson Joint 107-108, 167 
 
 Dimensions and Weights 42 
 
 Section of Joint 84 
 
 Specifications for 91 
 
 Test Pressures of 73 
 
 Moment of Inertia of, 
 
 58-65, 119,419-459 
 
 Nipples 168, 171-173 
 
 Nominal Internal Diameter 
 
 Weights per Foot 46-49 
 
 Outside Diameter Weights 
 
 per Foot 50-56 
 
 Offset (Definition) 499 
 
 Oxidation 277 
 
 Painting 107 
 
 Plug (Definition) 502 
 
 Plugged and Reamed (see 
 also Reamed and Drifted 
 Pipe). 
 
 Poles 109-157 
 
 Properties of 58-65, 419-459 
 
 Materials 9 
 
 Radius ot Gyration of, 
 
 58-65, 410-459 
 Railings 177-182 
 
 Pipe, Reamed and Drifted, 
 
 Dimensions and Weights of 35 
 Reamed and Drifted, Section 
 
 of Coupling and Joint 79 
 
 Test Pressure of 73 
 
 Rectangular, Bending Proper- 
 ties of 67 
 
 Dimensions and Weights . . 45 
 
 Ladders 184-185 
 
 Section of 87, 88 
 
 Rifled (Definition) 504 
 
 Ring, Drive (Definition) 488 
 
 Riser (Definition) 504 
 
 Roller (Definition) 501 
 
 Rotary, Special (see Special 
 Rotary Pipe). 
 
 S (Definition) 508 
 
 Screwed 167 
 
 Section Modulus 58-65 
 
 Service (Definition) 505 
 
 Signal (Definition) 506 
 
 Assembly of 97 
 
 Specifications for 96, 97 
 
 Siphon (Definition) 507 
 
 Size 21, 208-209 
 
 Socket (Definition) 507 
 
 Soil (Definition) 507 
 
 Special Ammonia Specifica- 
 tion 98 
 
 Special Rotary Section of 
 
 Joint 79 
 
 Test Pressure 76 
 
 Weights' and Dimen- 
 sions 34 
 
 Upset Rotary Section of 
 
 Joint 79 
 
 Test Pressure 76 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions 34 
 
 Specifications for Converse 
 
 Lock Joint 93 
 
 Flanging and Bending ... 95 
 
 Matheson Joint 91 
 
 Signal. 96 
 
 Special Ammonia 98 
 
 Standard 89 
 
 Square Bending Properties of. 66 
 
 Dimensions and Weights. . . 45 
 
 Ladders 184-186 
 
 Section of 85-86 
 
 Standard, Definition of 508 
 
 Heating Surface 57 
 
 Section of Joint 77 
 
 Specifications for 89 
 
 Test Pressure 68 
 
 Weights and Dimensions. . 22 
 
542 
 
 Index 
 
 Pipe, Stand (Definition) 508 
 
 Stay (Definition) 501 
 
 Steam Engine 347-348 
 
 Steam (see Standard Pipe). 
 
 Steel, Annealing 10 
 
 Bursting Tests 212-226 
 
 Chemical and Physical 
 
 Analysis 10 
 
 Expansion of Steam 347 
 
 Manufacture of 7-20 
 
 Protective Coatings for. ... 106 
 
 Thermal Expansion of 211 
 
 Stock (Definition) 501 
 
 Strength Factor of 58-65 
 
 Under Internal Pressure, 
 
 212-226 
 
 Surface of 57 
 
 per Foot of Length 419-459 
 
 Tail (Definition) 510 
 
 Terms Used in Trade 477-516 
 
 Test Pressure of 68-76 
 
 Thickness of. . .22-45, 46-56, 58-65 
 
 Briggs' Standard 208 
 
 Thread (Definition) 501 
 
 Depth of 209 
 
 Threading 10 
 
 Threads 21 
 
 Briggs' Standard 208-209 
 
 Used by National Tube 
 
 Company 21 
 
 Tin Lined (Definition) 511 
 
 Tongs (Definition) 501 
 
 Trade Usage 21 
 
 Tuyere, Dimensions and 
 
 Weights of 37 
 
 Test Pressures of 76 
 
 Unions (Definition) 501 
 
 Vise (Definition) 501 
 
 Volume 419-459 
 
 Weight 21 
 
 Factors 376-378 
 
 Weight per Foot, 
 
 21-56,58-65,379-459 
 
 per Foot of Water in 303 
 
 Welded, Manufacture of, 
 
 7-14, 89-90 
 
 Specification of 89-90 
 
 Wrench (Definition) 501 
 
 Wrought Nipples 171-172 
 
 Yield-point Tests on Commer- 
 cial 222 
 
 Pipes, Air Bound 284 
 
 Approximate Formula for Flow 
 
 of Water in . . 280 
 
 Bursting Tests of Commer- 
 cial 223-225 
 
 Pipes, Comparison of Internal 
 Fluid Pressure, Formulae for, 
 
 218-219 
 
 Condensation in 348 
 
 Contents of, per Foot Length. . 301 
 Expansion (Definition), 
 
 211, 346-347, 490 
 
 Flow in House Service 285 
 
 Flow of Air in 357~359 
 
 Compressed Air in. . . .360-364 
 Gas in, at High Pressure, 
 
 320-324 
 Low Pressure.. .317-319 
 
 Steam in 341-346 
 
 Water in. 277-290 
 
 Chart for 279 
 
 House Service. . . 285, 317, 319-320 
 Kent's Formula for Dis- 
 charge of Steam from 344 
 
 Loss of Air Pressure in 359 
 
 Head in, by Friction. . . 286-287 
 Maximum and Mean Veloc- 
 ity in j . . 292 
 
 Mean Velocity of Flow 280-283 
 
 Quantity of Water Discharged 
 
 Through 278 
 
 Relative Discharge Capacity 
 
 of, Table of 306-309 
 
 Steam, Bare, Condensation 
 
 in 348 
 
 Coverings 348-350 
 
 Expansion of 346-347 
 
 Loss of Heat from 348 
 
 Sizes of, for Engines 347 
 
 Strength of, Under Internal 
 
 Pressure 212-226 
 
 Weld of Commercial 226 
 
 Supply of Gas Through 317 
 
 Table of Capacities of 301 
 
 Thickness of, Formulas for, 
 Under Collapsing Pressure, 
 
 228-231 
 
 Velocities in 292 
 
 Water Hammer in. ... 168, 284, 515 
 
 Weight of -Water in 303 
 
 Piping (Definition) 501 
 
 Pitch (Definition) 501 
 
 of Threads, Briggs' Stand- 
 ard 208 
 
 Pitot Tube, Flow Measure- 
 ment 291 
 
 Pitting of Boiler Plates 277 
 
 Pittsburgh Formula for Dis- 
 charge of Gas 321 
 
 Plain End (Definition) 501 
 
 Plain Standard Fittings 168 
 
Index 
 
 543 
 
 Planting Poles no 
 
 Plates, Steel Tubes Made from. . 1 5 
 
 Plug (Definition) 501 
 
 Cock (Definition) 502 
 
 Fire (Definition) 491 
 
 Gage (Definition) 502 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 502 
 
 Signal Pipe 96, 97 
 
 Socket (Definition) 507 
 
 Tap (Definition) 502 
 
 Tube (Definition) 512 
 
 Water (Definition). . . . 515 
 
 Plugged and Reamed Pipe (see 
 Reamed and Drifted Pipe). 
 
 Plunger Forgings 195 
 
 Poisson's Ration 215 
 
 Polar Moment of Inertia.257, 420, 422 
 
 Pole Drill (Definition) 502 
 
 Pole's Formula for Flow of 
 
 Gas 317 
 
 Poles, Anchor 109 
 
 Assembling in, 115 
 
 Bending Stresses 117 
 
 British Standard 109 
 
 Butt Section 118-157 | 
 
 Center 109 
 
 Coating 118 
 
 Column Strength . , 117 
 
 Crippling 116 
 
 Customary Sizes 109 
 
 Deflection Due to Load, 
 
 ii2 : 113, 119-157, 198 
 
 Limit 112 
 
 Versus Weight 113 
 
 Dimensions of 118-157 
 
 Dog Guards for 113-114 
 
 Drop Test 116, 119 
 
 Elastic Limit in 
 
 Extra Strong Pipe for, 
 
 in, 118-157 
 
 Flag 115 
 
 Foundations 110 
 
 Height no 
 
 Joint in, 115, 116, 119 
 
 Length 109, 120-157 
 
 of Trolley Poles 198 
 
 Loads 117, 110-157, 198 
 
 Manufacture in 
 
 Modulus of Elasticity 112 
 
 Odd Sizes in 
 
 Painting 118 
 
 Planting no 
 
 Seamless Trolley Shelby. . . 197-198 
 
 Section Length no, 120-157 
 
 Service Conditions 116-118 
 
 Set Limits 112, 116, 119 
 
 Poles, Size 109, 120-157 
 
 Sleeves for 114 
 
 Snow Load 1 1 7-118 
 
 Span Wire 109 
 
 Special Sizes in 
 
 Specifications 
 
 Standard. . 
 Stiffnei 
 Strength. . 
 
 .in, i 
 
 .110, i 
 
 . . .110, i 
 
 2, 119 
 8-157 
 1-113 
 if H3 
 
 of Joints i 5-116 
 
 of Material in 
 
 Stresses 117, 197 
 
 Tables 118-157 
 
 Telegraph 110 
 
 Testing 114, 119 
 
 Thickness 118-157 
 
 Trolley 197-198 
 
 Use of Standard Pipe. . in, 118-157 
 
 Weight 110,113,120-157,198 
 
 Wind Loads 116-118 
 
 Yield Point 112 
 
 Pop (Definition) 502 
 
 Cylinder Heads 189-190 
 
 Pope Joint (Definition) 502 
 
 Posts 244 
 
 Pots, Annealing 190 
 
 Pounds and Tons, Comparison 
 
 of Various 473 
 
 Pounds, Avoirdupois to Kilo- 
 grams 462, 468, 472 
 
 of Water, Equivalents 311 
 
 per Square Inch to Heads. .274, 310 
 
 Troy to Kilograms. . . 462, 468, 472 
 
 Pouring Clamp (Definition) .... 502 
 
 Power of a Running Stream. ... 297 
 
 Waterfall 297 
 
 Water Heads 299 
 
 Powers of Numbers, Tables.. 365-366 
 
 Pratt and Whitney Gages 21, 209 
 
 Pressed Flange (Definition) .... 502 
 
 Forged (Definition) 502 
 
 Pressure Air 273, 352 
 
 Collapsing 227-243 
 
 Dalton's Law 315 
 
 Drop in Steam Lines 342-346 
 
 Equivalents of Water and 
 
 Mercury 310 
 
 External Fluid 227-243 
 
 Extra Heavy 168 
 
 Factors, Internal Fluid 220-221 
 
 Formulae, Comparison of In- 
 ternal Fluid 218-219 
 
 Gas 3i4,3iS 
 
 High, Flow of Gas in Pipes .320-325 
 
 Hydraulic 168 
 
 Ice and Snow 274 
 
544 
 
 Index 
 
 Pressure, Internal 212-226 
 
 Joint (Definition) 502 
 
 Losses, Compressed Air.. . .359-360 
 
 Low 167 
 
 Flow of Gas in Pipes .... 317-320 
 Steam in Heating 
 
 Lines 345 
 
 Marine Law 220-230 
 
 Medium 168, 498 
 
 of Air Related to Tempera- 
 ture and Volume 352 
 
 Permissible on Tubes Under 
 
 Marine Law 229-230 
 
 Standard (Definition) 167, 508 
 
 Steam 327-333 
 
 Strength of Tubes, Pipes and 
 Cylinders Under Internal 
 
 Fluid 212-226 
 
 Test, Hydrostatic of Pipe 68-76 
 
 (See also Test Pressure). 
 
 Volume Air Low 357 
 
 Volume, Temperature of Air. . 352 
 
 Water 273-274, 277, 310 
 
 Working 167-168 
 
 Priming, Remedy for 276 
 
 Processes Used in Manufacture. 7-20 
 
 Stiefel (Definition) 509 
 
 Properties of Air 352-356 
 
 Beams and Column Sec- 
 tions 250-267 
 
 Bending Rectangular Pipe . 67 
 
 Bending Square Pipe 66 
 
 Carbonic Acid 209-210 
 
 Gas 314-316 
 
 Ice 274 
 
 Materials Used for Welded 
 
 Pipe 9-10 
 
 Seamless Pipe (Shel- 
 by) 15-19 
 
 Properties of Pipe 58-65, 419-459 
 
 Steel, Physical 10 
 
 Saturated Steam 329~333 
 
 Screw Threads 370 
 
 Shelby Seamless Steel Tub- 
 ing 16-19, 199-207 
 
 Snow 274 
 
 Solid Beams 250-267 
 
 Steam 327-340 
 
 Superheated Steam 339~34O 
 
 Tubes and Round Bars, 
 
 Table 419-459 
 
 Tubular Beams 250-267 
 
 Water 272-275 
 
 Physical of Carbonic Acid. . . 209 
 Shelby Seamless Steel 
 Tubes 16-19 
 
 Protecting Caps for Valves 194 
 
 Protection of Threads 90, 98 
 
 Protective Coatings 106-107 
 
 Protector (Definition) 502 
 
 Pulling Tests 10 
 
 Pump Column Flange (Defini- 
 tion) 502 
 
 Reinforced (Definition). . 503 
 Pumping Engines, Measure- 
 ment of Discharge by 
 
 Means of Nozzles 293 
 
 Pump, Sand (Definition) 505 
 
 Quantity of Water Discharged. . 278 
 
 Quarts, Dry to Liters 462, 467 
 
 Liquid to Liters 462, 466 
 
 Radial Stress in Tube Wall. .. 212-213 
 Radiation from Steam Pipes. . . . 348 
 
 Radiator (Definition) 502 
 
 Valve (Definition) 502 
 
 Radii of Pipe Bends 162 
 
 Radius, Hydraulic 281-282 
 
 Radius of Bend (Definition) .... 502 
 Radius of Gyration of Columns 244 
 
 Pipe 58-65, 419-459 
 
 Seamless Tubes (Shelby), 
 
 206-207, 419-459 
 
 Pipe Bends 162 
 
 Railing Fittings (Definition). ... 503 
 
 Railings of Pipe, Hand 177-182 
 
 Rails, Free on (Definition) 492 
 
 Railway Poles 109 
 
 Signal Ass'n. Spec, for Signal 
 
 Pipe 96 
 
 Raised Face (Definition) 503 
 
 Rake, Threading Dies 10 
 
 Ram Water 168, 284 
 
 Random Lengths (Definition) . . 503 
 Ratio for Columns, Slenderness . 244 
 
 Poisson's 215 
 
 Reactions of Supports of Beams. 252 
 
 Reamed (Definition) 503 
 
 Reamed and Drifted (Defini- 
 tion) 503 
 
 Pipe, Test Pressure 73 
 
 Section of Joint 79 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 35 
 
 Reamer Under (Definition). ... 513 
 
 Reaming Ammonia Pipe 98 
 
 Standard Pipe 90 
 
Index 
 
 545 
 
 Receiver Filling Valve (Defini- 
 tion) 503 
 
 Recess Calking (Definition) .... 483 
 
 Recessed (Definition) 503 
 
 Rectangular Pipe. Bending 
 
 Properties of 67 
 
 Ladders 184, 185 
 
 Sections of 87-88 
 
 Weights and Dimensions 45 
 Tanks, Table of, Capacities 305 
 Redrawn Pipes, Bursting 
 
 Tests 225-226 
 
 Reducer (Definition) 503 
 
 Reducing Taper Elbow (Defi- 
 nition) 503 
 
 Tee (Definition) 503 
 
 Valve (Definition) 503 
 
 Reference Books on Corrosion . . 12 
 
 Reflux Valve (Definition) 503 
 
 Reinforced Pump Column 
 
 Flange (Definition) 503 
 
 Reinforcing Clamp, Converse 
 
 Lock Joint Pipe 109 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 108 
 
 Relative Discharge Capacity of 
 
 Pipes, Table of 306-309 
 
 Relief Valve, Exhaust (Defini- 
 tion) 489 
 
 Remedy for Troublesome Sub- 
 stances in Boilers 276 
 
 Repairing Poles 114 
 
 Research Tests of Pole Joints ... 116 
 
 Bursting 212-226 
 
 Carbonic Acid 209 
 
 Collapse 227-243 
 
 Elasticity 112, 113 
 
 Expansion 211 
 
 Reservoir (Definition) 503 
 
 Resistance Due to Bends, En- 
 trance and Valves 169 
 
 Air 364 
 
 Gas 324 
 
 Steam 346 
 
 Water 283-284 
 
 of Pipe to Internal Pres- 
 sure 212-226 
 
 External Pressure. . . 227-243 
 
 to Slipping of Boiler Tubes. . . 210 
 
 Resisting Moment of Beams. . . . 253 
 
 Return Bend (Definition) 504 
 
 Close (Definition) 485 
 
 Open (Definition) 499 
 
 with Back Outlet (Defini- 
 tion) 504 
 
 Elbow (Definition) 504 
 
 Ribbed Tube (Definition) 504 
 
 Riedler Joint (Definition) 504 
 
 Rifled Pipe (Definition) 504 
 
 Ring (Definition) 504 
 
 Drive Pipe (Definition) 488 
 
 Expansion (Definition) 490 
 
 Gage (Definition) 492 
 
 Tests 102 
 
 Union 169, 594 
 
 Riser Pipe (Definition) 504 
 
 River Dog (Definition) 504 
 
 Sleeve (Definition) 504 
 
 Riveted Bump Joints 165-166 
 
 Butted and Strapped Joints, 
 
 164-165 
 
 Flange (Definition) 504 
 
 Rivet Spacing, Pipe Joints . . . 165-166 
 
 Rivets, Signal Pipe 96, 97 
 
 Rix's Formula for Discharge of 
 
 Gas 321 
 
 Rod (Definition) 504 
 
 Sucker (Definition) 509 
 
 Rods, Diamond Drill 104-105 
 
 Roebling Wire Gage 369 
 
 Rolled Boiler Tube Joints, 
 
 Slipping Point of 210-211 
 
 Steel Flange (Definition) .... 504 
 
 Roller, Pipe (Definition) 501 
 
 Roots, Fifth, Table of 365-366 
 
 Rotary Pipe (see Special and 
 
 Special Upset Rotary Pipe). 
 
 Round Bars and Tubes, Table 
 
 of Properties of 419-459 
 
 Cylinder Heads 189-190 
 
 Rubber and Lead Joint 
 
 (Definition) 496 
 
 Run (Definition) 504 
 
 Rungs, Ladder 183-186 
 
 Runner, Lead Joint (Defini- 
 tion) 496 
 
 Runners, Pipe 183-186 
 
 Running Stream, Horse Power 297 
 Rust Joint (Definition) 505 
 
 Saddle (Definition) 505 
 
 Flange (Definition) 505 
 
 Safe End (Definition) 505 
 
 Ends (see Boiler Tubes). 
 Internal Pressure for Tubes, 
 
 220-221 
 Loads for Extra Strong Pipe 
 
 Columns 247-248 
 
 Double Extra Strong Pipe 
 
 Columns 249 
 
 Standard Pipe Columns, 
 
 245-246 
 
546 
 
 Index 
 
 Safety Factors for Static 
 
 Loading 268 
 
 Variable Loading 268-270 
 
 Railings 177-182 
 
 Working Fiber Stress 268-270 
 
 Salt in Feed Water 277 
 
 Sand Line (Definition) 505 
 
 Pump (Definition) 505 
 
 Saturated Steam (see Steam, 
 Saturated). 
 
 Saturation Point of Vapors 315 
 
 Scale in Boilers 276 
 
 Sealer, Tube (Definition) 512 
 
 Scarf Weld (Definition) 505 
 
 Scraper, Tube (Definition) 512 
 
 Screw (Definition) 505 
 
 Down Valve (Definition) .... 505 
 
 Long (Definition) 496 
 
 Follower (Definition) 497 
 
 Temper (Definition) 511 
 
 Threads, Dimensions of 371 
 
 Franklin Institute 370-372 
 
 Properties of 370 
 
 Sellers 370-372 
 
 Standard Pipe 208 
 
 U. S. Standard 370-372 
 
 Screwed (Definition) 505 
 
 Fittings, Cast Iron. 168 
 
 Malleable Iron 168 
 
 Flanges 167 
 
 Joints 167 
 
 Pipe 167 
 
 Scruples, Apothecaries to Milli- 
 
 liters 466 
 
 Seamless (Definition) 505 
 
 Boiler Tubes (see Boiler Tubes 
 
 (Shelby). 
 Bursting Tests (Shelby) . . . 223-225 
 
 Cylinders (Shelby) 15, 188 
 
 Diamond Drill Rods (Shelby), 
 
 104-105 
 Expanded Tubes (Shelby).. . . 158 
 
 Hose Poles 105 
 
 Hot Finished Tubes (Shelby) . 14 
 Locomotive Boiler Tubes (see 
 
 Boiler Tubes), Shelby. 
 Specialties, Angular Section 
 
 (Shelby) 196 
 
 Automobile (Shelby) 193 
 
 Axles (Shelby) 193 
 
 Bent (Shelby) 195 
 
 Cream Separator Bowl 
 
 (Shelby) 194 
 
 Cylinders (Shelby) 194 
 
 Miscellaneous (Shelby) .... 195 
 Shelby 192 
 
 Seamless Specialties, Tapered 
 
 (Shelby) 196 
 
 Square Tubing (Shelby) ... 196 
 Trolley Poles (Shelby). . . 197-198 
 Deflection Due to Load 
 
 (Shelby) 198 
 
 Length of (Shelby) 198 
 
 Load Carried (Shelby).. . 198 
 
 Weight of (Shelby) 198 
 
 Tubes (Shelby) 14 
 
 Annealing of (Shelby). . 17, 19, 20 
 Area of Wall (Shelby) . . . 200-201 
 Capacity per Lineal Foot 
 
 of (Shelby) 200-203 
 
 Chemical Analysis of 
 
 (Shelby) 16-19 
 
 Cold Finished (Shelby) 15 
 
 Diameter (Shelby) 199 
 
 Diamond Drill Rods, Spe- 
 cifications for (Shelby) . 104-105 
 Displacement (Shelby) .... 199 
 
 Expanded (Shelby) 158-159 
 
 Expansion of (Shelby) 211 
 
 External Volume (Shel- 
 by) 199. 
 
 for Cream Separator Bowls, 
 Specifications for (Shelby) , 
 
 103-104 
 Hose Molds, Specifications 
 
 for (Shelby) 105-106 
 
 Hot Finished (Shelby) 14 
 
 Impact Tests of (Shelby) . . 16 
 Inside Surface per Lineal 
 
 Foot of (Shelby) 206-207 
 
 Lineal Feet per Square Foot 
 of Outside Surface (Shel- 
 by) 199 
 
 Made from Steel Plates 
 
 (Shelby) 15 
 
 Materials Used in the Manu- 
 facture of (Shelby) 15 
 
 Method of Manufacture 
 
 (Shelby) 14 
 
 Mill Inspection and Tests 
 
 of (Shelby) 20 
 
 Moment of Inertia of 
 
 (Shelby) 204-205 
 
 Nickel Steel (Shelby) 19 
 
 Outside Diameter of 
 
 (Shelby) 199 
 
 Outside Surface per Lineal 
 
 Foot of (Shelby) 199 
 
 Properties of (Shelby), 
 
 16-19, 199-207 
 Radius of Gyration of 
 (Shelby) 206-207 
 
Index 
 
 547 
 
 Seamless Tubes, Section Modulus 
 
 of (Shelby) 204-205 
 
 Sectional Area of Wall 
 (Shelby), 
 
 200-201, 373-375, 4I9~459 
 
 Square (Shelby) 196 
 
 Strength of (Shelby) 
 
 16-19, 223-225 
 
 Surface of (Shelby) 199 
 
 Swaged (Shelby) 195 
 
 Temper of (Shelby) 16-19 
 
 Tensile Strength of 
 
 (Shelby)..... 16-19 
 
 Tests of (Shelby) 20 
 
 Upset and Expanded 
 
 (Shelby) 158-161 
 
 Volume of (Shelby) 199 
 
 Universal Joint Sleeve 
 
 (Shelby) 195 
 
 Sea Water 273 
 
 Seat, Valve (Definition) 514 
 
 Second, Foot 312 
 
 Sectional Area, Tubes 373~375 
 
 Pipe 58-65,419-459 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 45, 67 
 
 Seamless Tubing (Shelby), 
 
 2OO-2OI 
 
 Sections 264-267 
 
 Square Pipe 45, 66 
 
 Tubes and Round Bars . . 419-459 
 Section Length of Poles, .no, 120-157 
 
 Modulus of Beams 254 
 
 Pipe 58-65 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 67 
 
 Shelby Seamless Tubing . 204-205 
 
 Square Pipe 66 
 
 of Joints (see Joint). 
 Sections of Beams for Minimum 
 
 Weight 255-256 
 
 Columns .Tables of, Proper- 
 ties of 264-267 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 87-88 
 
 Square Pipe 85, 86 
 
 Security, Margin of 268 
 
 of Tubes in Tube Sheet 210 
 
 Sediment in Boiler Water 276 
 
 Seller's Thread 370-372, 505 
 
 Semi Steel (Definition) 505 
 
 Separator Bowls 103, 194 
 
 Service Box (Definition) 505 
 
 Clamp (Definition) 505 
 
 Conditions, Poles 116 
 
 Ell (Definition). . 505 
 
 Pipe, Flow of Gas in 319, 505 
 
 Flow of Water in House. ... 285 
 Tee (Definition) 505 
 
 Set Limits for Poles 112, 116, 119 
 
 Sewage in Boiler Water 276 
 
 Shaft Bearing 195 
 
 Shapes of Cylinder Heads. . . . 189-190 
 Shear of Beams, Vertical, 
 
 250, 251,254, 257-263 
 Sheet Cutter Tube (Definition) . 512 
 Metal Gages in Decimals of 
 
 an Inch 369 
 
 Stay Tube (Definition) 512 
 
 Tube (Definition) 512 
 
 Shelby Seamless (see Seamless 
 Tubes, also Product in 
 Question). 
 
 Shells for Boilers 194 
 
 Sherardizing (Definition) 506 
 
 Shipment, Converse Lock Joint 
 
 Pipe 94, 109 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 92 
 
 Tubes for Cream Separator 
 Bowls 103 
 
 Diamond Drill Rods 
 Hose Poles and Molds . 
 
 105 
 106 
 
 Shoe (Definition) 506 
 
 Casing (Definition) 484 
 
 Drive (Definition) 488 
 
 Shop Joint of Poles 115 
 
 Short Nipple 4171-172, 174, 506 
 
 Ton Equivalents 462, 472 
 
 Shot Drill (Definition) 506 
 
 Shoulder Nipple (Definition) . . . 506 
 
 Shrunk Joint (Definition) 506 
 
 Siamese Connection (Definition) 506 
 Sickle Rule of Flow of Steam 
 
 342-345 
 
 Side Outlet Ell (Definition) 506 
 
 Tee (Definition) 506 
 
 Siemen's Joint (Definition) 506 
 
 Signal Pipe (Definition) 506 
 
 Specifications .<- : ,g$ 
 
 Thread (Definition) 506 
 
 Single Offset Pipe Bends 163 
 
 Riveted Bump Joints 165-166 
 
 Butted and Strapped Joints, 
 
 164-165 
 
 Sinker Bar (Definition) 506" 
 
 Siphon (Definition) 506 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 507 
 
 Size, Casing, Trade Practice .... 21 
 Sizes of House Pipes for Gas 319 
 Pipe Arranged in Se- 
 quence 58-65 
 
 Briggs' Standard 208-209 
 
 Required for Engines 347 
 
 Pipe, Trade Practice 21 
 
 Tubing, Trade Practice 21 
 
548 
 
 Index 
 
 Skelp (Definition) 507 
 
 Sleeve (Definition) 507 
 
 Butted and Strapped Joint. 164, 165 
 
 Pole 114 
 
 River (Definition) 504 
 
 Universal Joint 195 
 
 Slenderness Ratio for Columns. 244 
 
 Slip Joint (Definition) 507 
 
 Slipping Point of Rolled Boiler 
 
 Tube Joints 210-211 
 
 Smith's Coating (Definition) 507 
 
 Snow and Ice Load of, on 
 
 Poles 117-118 
 
 Properties of 274 
 
 Socket (Definition) 507 
 
 Coupling (Definition) 507 
 
 Half Turn (Definition) 493 
 
 Horn (Definition) 493 
 
 Iron (Definition) 507 
 
 Joint (Definition) 507 
 
 Mandrel (Definition) 497 
 
 National Pole (Definition) 498 
 
 Oval (Definition) . . .- 499 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 507 
 
 Plug (Definition) 507 
 
 Widemouth (Definition) 516 
 
 Wrench Forgings 196 
 
 Soft Solder (Definition) 507 
 
 Soil Pipe (Definition) 507 
 
 Solder (Definition) 507 
 
 Hard (Definition) 493 
 
 Soft (Definition) 507 
 
 Solid Beams, Mechanical 
 
 Properties 250-267 
 
 South Penn Casing, Section 
 
 of Joint ; -\ $-83 
 
 Test Pressure of 71 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 35 
 
 Space for Chip in Threading 
 
 Dies 10-1 1 
 
 Nipple (Definition) 507 
 
 Spacing of Rivets, Pipe Joints 165, 1 66 
 
 Span Wire Poles 109 
 
 Special Ammonia Pipe, Speci- 
 fications for -. 98 
 
 External Upset Tubing, Cali- 
 fornia (see California Spe- 
 cial External Upset Tubing) 
 
 Product (Definition) 507 
 
 Rotary Pipe, Section of Joint . 79 
 
 Test Pressure of 76 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 34 
 
 Upset Rotary Pipe, Section 
 
 of Joint 79 
 
 Special Rotary Pipe, Test 
 
 Pressures of 76 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 34 
 
 Upsets 158 
 
 Specialties (see Seamless Special- 
 ties). 
 
 Specific Heat of Air 355 
 
 Ice 274 
 
 Saturated Steam 328 
 
 Superheated Steam 337 
 
 Water 275 
 
 Specification for Ammonia 
 
 Pipe 98 
 
 Boiler Tubes (see Boiler 
 
 Tubes). 
 Converse Lock Joint 
 
 Pipe 93-95 
 
 Cream Separator Bowl 
 
 Tubing 103 
 
 Diamond Drill Rod Tub- 
 ing 104 
 
 Hose Poles and Hose Molds 
 
 Tubing 105 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 91-92 
 
 Pipe for Flanging and Bend- 
 ing 95 
 
 Poles 119 
 
 Signal Pipe 96-97 
 
 Standard Welded Pipe. . . . ; . \ 89 
 
 Spellerizing (Definition) 507 
 
 Spherical Cylinder Heads. . . . 189-190 
 Spigot and Bell Joint (Defini- 
 tion) 481 
 
 (Definition) 508 
 
 Joint (Definition) 508 
 
 Spinning (Definition) 508 
 
 S-pipe (Definition) 508 
 
 Spot Faced (Definition) 508 
 
 Spring (Definition) 508 
 
 Spud (Definition) 508 
 
 Spun Flange (Definition) 508 
 
 Square Equivalents, Metric. .462, 464 
 Foot of Surface, 
 
 38-41,57, 199,419-459 
 Heads and Nuts, Propor- 
 tions of 370 
 
 Pipe, Bending Properties of.. . 66 
 Dimensions and Weights 
 
 of 45 
 
 Ladders 183-186 
 
 Sections of 85-86 
 
 Seamless Forgings (Shelby).. . 196 
 
 Squib (Definition) 508 
 
 Stair Railings 177-182 
 
 Stand Pipe (Definition) 508 
 
Index 
 
 549 
 
 Standard Boiler Tubes (see 
 
 Boiler Tubes). 
 
 Boston Casing (see Boston 
 Casing). 
 
 Briggs' 208, 483 
 
 Casing (see Boston Casing). 
 
 Cylinder Head 189-190 
 
 Fittings 167 
 
 Flanges for Pipe 176 
 
 Franklin Institute Threads 
 
 370-372 
 
 Gage, Briggs' 168, 208 
 
 Pipe (Definition) . 508 
 
 Bursting Tests 225-226 
 
 Columns 245-246 
 
 Coupling 22, 77, 90 
 
 Length per Square Foot 
 
 Surface 57 
 
 Manufacture 7-14, 89 
 
 Material. 7-14, 90 
 
 Physical Properties 10, 90 
 
 Reaming 90 
 
 Section of Joint 77 
 
 Specification 89 
 
 Surface Inspection 89 
 
 Test Pressure 68-76 
 
 Threading 90, 208-209 
 
 Thread Protection 90 
 
 Used for Poles in, 118-157 
 
 Weights and Dimensions 
 
 of 22 
 
 Poles in, 118-157 
 
 British 109 
 
 Pressure 167-508 
 
 Process and Materials Used in 
 the Manufacture of Tubu- 
 lar Goods 7-20 
 
 Specifications (see also Speci- 
 fications) 89 
 
 Threads, Briggs' 208 
 
 Unions 169 
 
 Upsets 158 
 
 Valves 170 
 
 Working Barrels 187-188 
 
 Static Loading, Safety Factor 
 
 for .- 268-270 
 
 Load on Poles 117 
 
 Stay (Definition) 509 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 501 
 
 Tube 158,509 
 
 Tube Sheet (Definition) 512 
 
 Steam 326-350 
 
 Absolute Zero 328 
 
 Advantages of Superheating. . 338 
 Boiler Incrustation and Cor- 
 rosion 275 
 
 Steam Boilers, Troublesome Sub- 
 stances in 276 
 
 British Thermal Unit 327 
 
 Cocks 170 
 
 Condensation in Pipes 348 
 
 Coupling (Definition) 509 
 
 Dry, Definition of 327 
 
 Entropy. 329-333, 339~34O 
 
 Expansion of Pipe 346-347 
 
 Factors of Evaporation. . . .333-336 
 
 Flow of, from Orifices 341 
 
 in Low Pressure Heating 
 
 Lines 345 
 
 Pipes 342-346 
 
 into Atmosphere 341 
 
 Heat 327-340 
 
 Kent's Formula for Discharge 
 
 of, from Pipes 344 
 
 Latent Heat of 327 
 
 Loss of Heat from Pipes 348 
 
 Mechanical Equivalent of. ... 328 
 
 Pipe Coverings 348-350 
 
 Pressure 327-333 
 
 Properties of 327-333 
 
 Radiation from Pipes 348 
 
 Resistance Due to Entrance, 
 
 Bends and Valves 346 
 
 Saturated, Definition of 327 
 
 Properties of, Table 329-333 
 
 Specific Heat of 328 
 
 Total Heat of 327 
 
 Volume of 328 
 
 Sizes of Pipes for Engines .... 347 
 Superheated, Advantages of . . 338 
 
 Definition of 327 
 
 Properties of 33Q-34O 
 
 Specific Heat of 337 
 
 Volume of 337 
 
 Temperature and Pressure 
 
 of 327,329-333 
 
 Total Heat of Water. .327, 329-333 
 
 Velocity in Pipe 347-348 
 
 of Flow into Atmosphere, 
 
 341-342 
 
 Volume Saturated 328 
 
 Superheated 337 
 
 Weight 329-333 
 
 Wet, Definition of 327 
 
 Steamboat Inspection of Tubes . 229 
 Steamer's Measurement (Defi- 
 nition) 509 
 
 Steel and Iron Tubes, Thermal 
 
 Expansion of 211 
 
 Steel, Bessemer, Analysis of .. .10, 211 
 
 Corrosion 12, 13, 106 
 
 Ferro (Definition) 490 
 
550 
 
 Index 
 
 Steel Flange, Rolled (Definition) 504 
 
 Modulus of Elasticity 112, 257 
 
 Nickel 19 
 
 Open Hearth 10, 211 
 
 Pipe and Tubing, Weight of, 
 
 Tables 370-418 
 
 Plates, Tubes Made from .... 15 
 
 Poles (see Poles) 100-157 
 
 Semi (Definition) 505 
 
 Trolley Poles 197-198 
 
 Tubes, Seamless Materials, 
 
 (Shelby) 15-19 
 
 Tubes, Weight Factor for, 
 
 Table 376-378 
 
 Stem, Valve (Definition) 514 
 
 Stewart's Formula for Collapsing 
 
 Pressures 228 
 
 Tests 227-229 
 
 Stiefel Process (Definition) 509 
 
 Stiffness of Beams 255 
 
 Poles 110-113 
 
 Stock, Pipe (Definition) 501 
 
 Storage of Carbonic Acid 209-210 
 
 Stove (Definition) 509 
 
 Stoved End Tubes (see Upset) . . 158 
 
 Straightness, Limit 105 
 
 Straight Way (Definition) 509 
 
 Straightway Valves 160-170 
 
 Strap Joints, Riveted 164-165 
 
 Strapped and Butted Joint 
 
 (Definition) 483 
 
 Stream, Power of Running 297 
 
 Street Elbow (Definition) 509 
 
 Street Poles 100-157 
 
 Strength, Beams 254-255 
 
 Bolts 371-372 
 
 Bumped Heads 190 
 
 Columns 244 
 
 Commercial Tubes Internal 
 
 Pressure 212-226 
 
 Cylinder 212-226 
 
 Heads 189-192 
 
 Dished Heads 191 
 
 Factors for Pipe 58-65 
 
 of Pipe Steel 10 
 
 to Resist External Fluid 
 
 Pressure 227-243 
 
 Under Internal Pressure, 
 
 212-226 
 
 Tubes, Internal Pressure, 
 Barlow's Formula, 
 
 214, 218, 219,223-226 
 Birnie's Formula, 
 
 217-219, 221, 223, 224 
 Claverino's Formula, 
 
 215-220, 222-224 
 
 Strength of Tubes, Common 
 Formula ..... 213-214, 218-219, 224 
 
 Lame's Formula. .215, 218, 219 
 Tests of ....... 68-76, 223, 225 
 
 Pole ........ no, in, 115, 120-157 
 
 Joints ................. 115, n6 
 
 Rectangular Pipe ........... 67 
 
 Rolled Tube Joints ........ 210, 211 
 
 Seamless Steel Tubes (Shel- 
 by) .................... 16-19 
 
 Trolley Poles (Shelby) . . . 197-198 
 Square Pipe ............... 66 
 
 Steel ...................... 223 
 
 Weld ..................... 226 
 
 Under Thrust or Compression 
 Columns (see Collapse 
 also) .................... 244 
 
 Stresses, Beams, Tensile and 
 
 Compressive ........... 257-263 
 
 Bending ................... 117 
 
 Stresses, Collapsing ......... 227-243 
 
 Column ................... 244 
 
 Combined ................. 117 
 
 Internal Fluid Pressure . . . .212-226 
 
 Poles (Shelby) ............ 117, 197 
 
 Safe Working, in Materials. 268-2 70 
 Shearing, in Beams ......... 250 
 
 Tensile, in Beams ........... 250 
 
 Trolley Pole . . ............. 197 
 
 Tube Wall, Nature of ....... 212 
 
 Wind ..................... 117 
 
 Strong, Double-extra (Defini- 
 tion) (see also, Double- 
 extra Strong) ............ 488 
 
 Extra (Definition) (see also 
 Extra Strong) ............ 490 
 
 Strum (Definition) ............ 509 
 
 Struts ....................... 244 
 
 Stubb's Gage ................ 369 
 
 Sturtevant Rule for Flow of 
 
 r ..................... 359 
 
 Sub-nipple (Definition) ........ 509 
 
 Sucker Rod (Definition) ....... 509 
 
 Sulphates in Boiler Water ____ 275-276 
 
 Sulphur in Pipe Steel .......... 10 
 
 Seamless Tubes (Shelby), 
 
 16, 18, 19 
 Superheated Steam (see Steam 
 
 Superheated). 
 Supervising Inspectors.... 101, 229-230 
 
 Supply of Gas Through 
 
 Pipes ................... 317 
 
 Supports, Beam ........ 252, 257-263 
 
 Reactions of ............... 252 
 
 Surface Area of Pipe .......... 58-65 
 
 Heating ................... 57 
 
Index 
 
 551 
 
 Surface Area Inside, of Shelby 
 
 Tubing 206-207 
 
 Length of Pipe for One Square 
 Foot of 57 
 
 of Cylinders, Table of 419-459 
 
 Surface Outside, per Lineal 
 
 Foot of 199 
 
 Square Foot per Foot of 
 
 Length 38-41, 419-459 
 
 Swaged (Definition) 509 
 
 Joints for Poles in, 115, 116 
 
 Nipple (Definition) 509 
 
 Tube Forgings. . 195 
 
 Sweated (Definition) 509 
 
 Sweep (Definition) 509 
 
 Tee, Double (Definition) 488 
 
 Swelled (Definition) 510 
 
 Joint Casing 27 
 
 Swing Joint (Definition) 510 
 
 Switch Valve (Definition) 510 
 
 Swivel (Definition) 510 
 
 Joint (Definition) 510 
 
 Water (Definition) 515 
 
 System, Metric, The 460-476 
 
 Symbols (see Abbreviations in 
 
 Glossary) 477~479 
 
 Table (see Article in Question). 
 Adiabatic Compression or Ex- 
 pansion of Air 355 
 
 of Natural Gas 325 
 
 Air Line Pipe 36 
 
 Allison Vanishing Thread 
 
 Tubing 33 
 
 Area Factors for Tubes. . . .373-375 
 Barrels Contained in Tanks... 304 
 
 Bedstead Tubing 31 
 
 Bending Properties of Rec- 
 tangular Pipe 67 
 
 Square Pipe 66 
 
 Boiler Incrustation and Cor- 
 rosion 276 
 
 Boston Casing, Pacific Coup- 
 ling 28 
 
 Bursting Tests of Commercial 
 
 Tubes and Pipes 225 
 
 California Diamond BX 
 
 Casing 29 
 
 Drive Pipe 31 
 
 Special External Upset 
 
 Tubing 30 
 
 Centigrade to Fahrenheit . . 473-474 
 Coefficients of Air Dis- 
 charge 358 
 
 Collapsing Pressures 232-243 
 
 Table Columns 244-249 
 
 Comparison Metric Units. .460-476 
 Various Tons and Pounds. . 472 
 
 Converse Lock Joint Pipe 43 
 
 Conversion 311 
 
 Cylinder Dished Heads 191 
 
 Decimals of a Foot 366-367 
 
 an Inch 368 
 
 Dimensions of Screw Threads, 
 
 371-372 
 
 Discharge of Air 358 
 
 Dog Guards 114 
 
 Double-extra Strong Pipe 25 
 
 Drive Pipe 24 
 
 Dry Kiln Pipe 37 
 
 Expansion of Steam Pipes. . . . 347 
 External Collapsing Pressures, 
 
 232-243 
 Steam Pressure Marine 
 
 Law. 229-230 
 
 Extra Strong Pipe 25 
 
 Heavy Pipe Flanges 175 
 
 Factors of Evaporation . . . .333-336 
 Fahrenheit to Centigrade... 474-475 
 
 Fifth Roots 365-366 
 
 Flat Cylinder Heads (Thick- 
 ness) 192 
 
 Flow of Compressed Air 361-364 
 
 Gas in Pipes .317-319 
 
 Steam in Atmosphere 342 
 
 Low Pressure Heat- 
 ing Lines 345 
 
 Pipes 342-345 
 
 Water in House Ser- 
 vice Pipes 285 
 
 Flush Joint Tubing 32 
 
 Full Weight Drill Pipe 36 
 
 Horse-power of Water Heads. 299 
 Hydrostatic Test Pressure of 
 Pipe (see Test Pres- 
 sure) 68-76 
 
 Inserted Joint Casing 27 
 
 Internal Fluid Pressure 220-221 
 
 Kimberley Joint Pipe 44 
 
 Lap-welded Locomotive Boiler 
 
 Tubes 40 
 
 Length of Pipe for One Square 
 
 Foot of Surface 57 
 
 Inches and Millimeters. .469-471 
 
 Line Pipe 23 
 
 Locomotive Seamless Boiler 
 
 Tubes 38-39 
 
 Long Screw Wrought Pipe 
 
 Nipples.. 173 
 
 Loss of Air Pressure in Pipes, 
 
 359-360 
 
552 
 
 Index 
 
 Table, Loss of Head by Friction 
 
 286-288 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 42 
 
 Miner's Inch Measurements. . 296 
 
 Oil Well Tubing 30 
 
 Pressure of Atmosphere 352 
 
 Properties of Beams 256-263 
 
 Column Sections 264-267 
 
 Pipe 58-65 
 
 Tubes and Round Bars, 
 
 419-459 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 45 
 
 Saturated Steam 329-333 
 
 South Penn Casing 35 
 
 Special Rotary Pipe 34 
 
 Upset Rotary Pipe. 34 
 
 Specific Heat of Superheated 
 
 Steam 337 
 
 Water 275 
 
 Square Pipe 45 
 
 Standard Boston Casing 26 
 
 Lap-welded Boiler Tubes 
 
 and Flues 40-41 
 
 Pipe 22 
 
 Flanges 176 
 
 Steam Pipe Coverings 349 
 
 Strength of Welds 226 
 
 Superheated Steam 339-34 
 
 Trolley Poles (Shelby Seam- 
 less) 198 
 
 Tubular Electric Line Pole. 119-157 
 
 Tuyere Pipe 37 
 
 Upsets 160-161 
 
 Velocity of Air Under Low 
 
 Pressures 357 
 
 Water Power 299 
 
 Pressure 274 
 
 Weight and Volume of Water 272 
 Factors for Steel Tubing. 3 7 7-378 
 
 of Air 353-354 
 
 Pipe 46-56, 379-4i8 
 
 Wire and Sheet Metal Gages. . 369 
 
 Working Barrels 188 
 
 Wrought Casing Nipples 174 
 
 Pipe Nipples 171-173 
 
 Tank Nipples 173 
 
 Tail Pipe (Definition) 510 
 
 Tank (Definition) 510 
 
 Capacity 302, 304, 305 
 
 Nipple 173 
 
 Tap (Definition) 510 
 
 Master (Definition) 497 
 
 Plug (Definition) 502 
 
 Taper Elbow, Reducing (Defi- 
 nition) 503 
 
 Pipe Thread 208 
 
 Tapered Specialties, Seamless 
 
 Steel (Shelby) 196 
 
 Tapped (Definition) 510 
 
 Tapping Machine (Definition). . 510 
 
 Tar, Coal (Definition) 485 
 
 Tee (Definition) 510 
 
 Branch (Definition) 482 
 
 Bull Head (Definition) 483 
 
 Cross Over (Definition) 486 
 
 Double Sweep (Definition) ... 488 
 
 Drop (Definition) 489 
 
 Four Way (Definition) 492 
 
 Reducing (Definition) ....... 503 
 
 Service (Definition) 505 
 
 Side Outlet (Definition) 506 
 
 Union (Definition) 513 
 
 Telegraph Cock or Faucet 
 
 (Definition) 510 
 
 Poles. Tubular 109-157 
 
 Telescoped (Definition) 510 
 
 Temper Screw (Definition) 511 
 
 Seamless Steel Tubes (Shel- 
 by) 16-19 
 
 Temperature, Air Weight at 
 
 Various 353~354 
 
 and Pressure of Steam 327 
 
 Centigrade to Fahrenheit, 
 
 473-474, 476 
 
 Compression of Gas 325 
 
 Fahrenheit to Centigrade, 
 
 474-475, 476 
 
 Pressure Volume of Air . . 352 
 
 Steam 327, 32O-333, 339~34O 
 
 Weights, Lengths, Conver- 
 sion Chart 476 
 
 Templet (Definition) 511 
 
 Tensile Strength, Pipe Steel - . . 10, 223 
 Seamless Steel Tubes (Shel- 
 by) 16-19 
 
 Stress Beams 250 
 
 Terms Used in Pipe and Fittings 
 
 Trade 477-516 
 
 Test Pressures 13, 14, 20, 68-76 
 
 Air Line Pipe 73 
 
 Allison Vanishing Thread 
 
 Tubing 75 
 
 Ammonia Pipe 98 
 
 Boiler Tubes (see also, 
 Boiler Tubes). 72, 100, 101, 102 
 
 Boston Casing 70 
 
 Pacific Coupling 70 
 
 California Diamond BX 
 
 Casing 71 
 
 Drive Pipe 76 
 
 Special External Upset 
 Tubing 76 
 
Index 
 
 553 
 
 Test Pressures, Card Weight Pipe 
 
 68, 90 
 Converse Lock Joint Pipe 
 
 74, 93 
 Double-extra Strong Pipe . . 69 
 
 Drill Pipe 76 
 
 Drive Pipe 69 
 
 Dry Kiln Pipe 76 
 
 Extra Strong Pipe 69 
 
 Flues (see Boiler Tubes). 
 
 Flush Joint Tubing 75 
 
 Full Weight Drill Pipe 76 
 
 Full Weight Pipe 68, 90 
 
 Hydrostatic of Pipe 68-76 
 
 Inserted Joint Casing 71 
 
 Kimberley Joint Pipe 74 
 
 Line Pipe 68 
 
 Locomotive Boiler Tubes 
 (see Boiler Tubes) . 72, 100, 102 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 73, 91 
 
 Oil Well Tubing 69 
 
 Pacific Casing 70 
 
 Reamed and Drifted Pipe . . 73 
 Seamless Boiler Tubes (see 
 Boiler Tubes). 
 
 Signal Pipe 96 
 
 South Penn Casing 71 
 
 Special Rotary Pipe 76 
 
 Upset Rotary Pipe 76 
 
 Standard Boston Casing . . . 70 
 
 Standard Pipe 68 
 
 Tuyere Pipe 76 
 
 Tests, Ammonia Pipe 98 
 
 Boiler Tube (see Boiler Tube). 
 
 Bursting 212-226 
 
 Conditions for Pole 114 
 
 Collapsing 227-243 
 
 Columns 230-231 
 
 Crushing (Definition) 487 
 
 Drop 116, 119 
 
 Expanding 102 
 
 Experimental Bursting. . . .223-226 
 
 Collapse 227-243 
 
 Flanging 100, 101-102 
 
 and Bending Pipe 95 
 
 Flattening 100, 102 
 
 Holding Power of Boiler 
 
 Tubes 210 
 
 Impact 16 
 
 Lap-welded Locomotive Boiler 
 
 Tubes 100 
 
 Mill 13-14, 20 
 
 Pipe 13-14, 20 
 
 Pole 114, 116, 119 
 
 Pulling 10 
 
 Ring 102 
 
 Tests, Seamless Tubes (Shelby) 
 
 20, 102 
 
 Signal Pipe go 
 
 Spellerized Locomotive Boiler 
 
 Tubes 99-100 
 
 Standard Welded Pipe 90 
 
 Tubes Under Internal Pres- 
 sure 222, 223, 225 
 
 Weld, Strength of 226 
 
 Theorem Bernouilli, Water 
 
 Power.... 298 
 
 Thermal Expansion of Iron and 
 
 Steel 211 
 
 Pipe 346-347 
 
 Unit, British 327 
 
 Waste of Engines 338 
 
 Thermo-Dynamics 327-350 
 
 Thermometer Measures 473-476 
 
 Thickness of Cylinder Heads, 
 
 Dished i 9I 
 
 Flat 192 
 
 Pipe 22-56,58-65 
 
 Briggs' Standard 208 
 
 for Weight per Foot. . .370-418 
 
 Poles 118-157 
 
 Tubes 38-41 
 
 Thimble (Definition) 511 
 
 Boiler (Definition) 481 
 
 Joint (Definition) 511 
 
 Threads (Definition) 511 
 
 Thread, Ammonia Cock (Defi- 
 nition) 479 
 
 Pipe 98 
 
 Briggs' Standard 168, 208-209 
 
 Common (Definition) 485 
 
 Depth 208-209 
 
 -Franklin Institute 370-372 
 
 Gage Standard 21, 208 
 
 Valves and Fittings 168 
 
 Gas (Definition) 492 
 
 Length 208 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 501 
 
 Pipe, Briggs' Standard 208-209 
 
 Protectors 90 
 
 Screw 370-372 
 
 Seller's (Definition) . . .370-372, 505 
 
 Thread, Signal (Definition) 506 
 
 Pipe 96 
 
 Standard Welded Pipe 90 
 
 Taper 208 
 
 U. S. Standard 370-372 
 
 V (Definition) 514 
 
 Vanishing (Definition) 514 
 
 Whitworth (Definition) 516 
 
 Working Barrel 187 
 
 Threaded Connections 167-168 
 
554 
 
 Index 
 
 Threaded Flanges for Extra 
 
 Heavy Pipe 167, i6g, 175 
 
 Standard Pipe.. . .167, 169, 176 
 
 Joints 167 
 
 Threading 10 
 
 Dies, Chasers 1 1 
 
 Chip Space on n 
 
 Clearance of 10 
 
 Lead on u 
 
 Lip ,,:-' '--lie* ' 
 
 Lubrication of n 
 
 Pipe lo-i i 
 
 Specifications 90, 96, 98 
 
 Three Way Elbow (Definition) . 511 
 
 Tight Hand (Definition) 493 
 
 Tong (Definition) 511 
 
 Tin Weight 423 
 
 Lined Pipe (Definition) 511 
 
 Ton Equivalents 462, 472 
 
 Tong (Definition) 511 
 
 Chain (Definition) 484 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 501 
 
 Tight (Definition) 511 
 
 Tongue and Groove (Defini- 
 tion) 511 
 
 Tool, Calking (Definition) 483 
 
 Total Heat of Saturated Steam, 
 
 327, 320-333 
 
 Superheated Steam 339-340 
 
 Water 327, 329~333 
 
 Towl's Formula for Discharge 
 
 of Gas 321 
 
 Trade Mark 20 
 
 Practice, Casing Size 21 
 
 Pipe Size 21 
 
 Tubing Size 21 
 
 Term Dictionary 477-516 
 
 Trailing, Water (Definition). ... 511 
 
 Transmission Line Poles no 
 
 of Compressed Air 360-364 
 
 Trautwine's Formula for Flow 
 
 of Water in Pipes 280 
 
 Trenton Iron Company's Wire 
 
 Gage 369 
 
 Trolley Poles (see Poles). 
 Troublesome Substances in 
 
 Boiler 276 
 
 Troy Ounces to Grams 462, 468 
 
 Pound Equivalents 472 
 
 to Kilograms 462, 468, 472 
 
 Tube (Definition) 5" 
 
 Annealed End (Definition) . . . 480 
 Area Factors for, Tables. . -373-375 
 
 Areas 419-459 
 
 Beaded (Definition) 480 
 
 Bent 162, 195 
 
 Tube, Boiler (Definition) 482 
 
 (see Boiler Tubes). 
 
 Brick Arch (Definition) 482 
 
 Bursting Tests of 223-226 
 
 Capacity Factors for 423 
 
 Chemical Analysis. . .10, 16-19, 211 
 
 Circumference 419-459 
 
 Cleaner (Definition) 511 
 
 Cold Finished 15 
 
 Collapsing Pressures of ... .227-243 
 Cream Separator Bowl, 
 
 103-104, 194 
 
 Cross (Definition) / 
 
 Diamond Drill Rods 104-105 
 
 Expanded 158-159 
 
 End (Definition) 489 
 
 Holding Power of 210 
 
 Expander (Definition) 512 
 
 Expansion of 211 
 
 Ferrule (Definition) 512 
 
 Field (Definition) 491 
 
 General Notes 21 
 
 Holding Power 210 
 
 Hose Molds and Poles 105-106 
 
 Hot (Definition) 493 
 
 Finished 14 
 
 Internal Fluid Pressure for. 2 12-2 2 6 
 Iron and Steel, Thermal Ex- 
 pansion Of 211 
 
 Joints, Slipping Point of Rolled 
 
 Boiler 210 
 
 Lap-welded and Seamless, Up- 
 set and Expanded 158-161 
 
 Manufacture of 7 
 
 Locomotive Boiler (see Boiler 
 
 Tubes). 
 
 Merchant and Marine Ser- 
 vice (see Boiler Tubes). 
 
 Mill Inspection and Tests 13, 20 
 
 Moment of Inertia 410-459 
 
 Packing (Definition) 512 
 
 Plug (Definition) 512 
 
 Properties of, Table 419-459 
 
 Physical Properties of. . . . 10, 16-19 
 
 Pitot 291-292 
 
 Radius of Gyration 419-459 
 
 Ribbed (Definition) 504 
 
 . Sealer (Definition) 512 
 
 ^Scraper (Definition) 512 
 
 Seamless (Shelby) (see Seam- 
 less Tubes). 
 
 Sheet (Definition) 512 
 
 Sheet Cutter (Definition) 512 
 
 Holding Power to Hold 
 
 Boiler Tubes 210 
 
 Stay (Definition) 512 
 
Index 
 
 555 
 
 Tube, Size, Trade Practice 21 
 
 Specifications (see Specifica- 
 tions). 
 
 Standard Boiler (see Boiler 
 Tubes). 
 
 Stay 158, 509 
 
 Steamboat, Inspection of 229 
 
 Steel, Impact Test of Seam- 
 less 16 
 
 Surface per Foot Length . . . 410-459 
 
 Temper, Seamless 16-19 
 
 Test, Pressure (see Test Pres- 
 sure). 
 
 (see Tests) 13, 20 
 
 Thermal Expansion of Iron 
 
 and Steel 211 
 
 Thickness of 38-41 
 
 Upset 158-161 
 
 Venturi 292-293 
 
 Volume 419-459 
 
 Wall, Nature of Stress in 212 
 
 Weight Factors for Steel. . .376-378 
 
 Weight of 46-56, 379-459 
 
 Welded, Manufacture of 7-14 
 
 Tubing (Definition) 512 
 
 Allison Vanishing Thread, 
 
 Section of Joint 81 
 
 Test Pressure 75 
 
 Weights and Dimensions 
 
 of 33 
 
 Bedstead Weights and Dimen- 
 sions of 31 
 
 California Special External 
 Upset, Dimensions of and 
 
 Weights 30 
 
 Section of Joint 82 
 
 Test Pressures of ... 76 
 
 Capacity of 200-203 
 
 Catcher (Definition) 512 
 
 Cream Separator Bowl 103 
 
 Diamond Drill Rods 104 
 
 Displacement 199 
 
 Flush Joint, Dimensions and 
 
 Weights of 32 
 
 Section of 80 
 
 Test Pressure of 75 
 
 General Notes 21 
 
 Hose Poles and Hose Molds . . 105 
 
 Inside Surface 206-207 
 
 Lineal Feet per Square Foot.. 199 
 
 Moment of Inertia 204-205 
 
 Oil Well, Dimensions and 
 
 Weight of 30 
 
 Section of Joint 81 
 
 Test Pressures of 69 
 
 Outside Diameter 199 
 
 Tubing, Outside Surface 199 
 
 Properties of 199 
 
 Radius of Gyration of 206-207 
 
 Tubing, Seamless (Shelby) (see 
 Seamless Tubes) 
 
 Section Modulus 204-205 
 
 Sectional Area of Wall 200-201 
 
 Steel, Weight Factors for.. .376-378 
 Test Pressure (see Test Pres- 
 sure). 
 
 Upset, California Special Ex- 
 ternal (Which see). 
 
 Weight of 379-459 
 
 Tubular Beams, Properties of, 
 
 250-267 
 Electric Line Poles (see Poles). 
 
 Goods, Manufacture of 7 
 
 Goods, Weights of, 
 
 379-418, 419-459 
 
 Swaged Forgings 195 
 
 Turn, Half, Socket (Definition) . 493 
 Long, Fitting (Definition). . . . 497 
 
 Tuyere (Definition) 513 
 
 Cocks 170 
 
 Pipe, Test Pressures of 76 
 
 Weights and Dimensions 
 
 of 37 
 
 Unions 170 
 
 U 
 
 U-bend 163 
 
 Ultimate Strength of Poles in 
 
 Tensile Strength, 
 
 10, 16-19, 90, 91, 93, 98, 223 
 
 Under Reamer (Definition) 513 
 
 Uniform Cross Section; Beams 
 
 of 256 
 
 Union 169, 513 
 
 Boyle (Definition) 482 
 
 Brass 169 
 
 Coupling (Definition) 513 
 
 Ell (Definition) 513 
 
 Flange 169, 491 
 
 Joint (Definition) 513 
 
 "Kewanee" (Definition) 495 
 
 Lip (Definition) 496 
 
 Malleable 169 
 
 Nut 169 
 
 Pipe (Definition) 501 
 
 Ring (Definition) 504 
 
 Tee (Definition) 513 
 
 Tuyere 170 
 
 Universal 170 
 
 Unit Heat, British Thermal 327 
 
 Metric, Equivalents of 460-472 
 
 Weight, Comparisons of 472 
 
556 Index 
 
 United States Wire Gage 369 
 
 Valves and Fittings, Receiver 
 Filling (Definition) 503 
 
 Gallon Equivalents, 
 300, 311, 312, 462, 466 
 Standard Thread 370-372 
 Universal Joint Sleeves 195 
 
 Reducing (Definition) 503 
 Reflux (Definition) 503 
 Resistance to Flow (see Val- 
 ves Effect). 
 Screw Down (Definition) .... 505 
 Seat (Definition) 514 
 
 Unions 170 
 
 Unwin's Formula, Flow of Gas 
 in Pipes 323 
 
 Upset (Definition) . 513 
 
 Stem (Definition) 514 
 
 Rotary Pipe, Special, Joint 
 Section of . 79 
 
 Straightway 169-170 
 
 Switch (Definition) 510 
 
 Test Pressure 76 
 
 Wedge Gate (Definition) 515 
 Wheel (Definition) 516 
 Vanishing Thread (Definition) . . 514 
 Tubing Allison (see Alli- 
 son Vanishing Thread 
 Tubing). 
 Van Stone Joint (Definition) ... 514 
 Vapor and Gases, Mixtures of. . . 315 
 Saturation Point 315 
 
 Weights and Dimen- 
 sions 34 
 
 Upset Table of .158-161 
 
 Upset Tubes for Diamond Drill 
 Rods 104 
 
 Upset Tubing, Allison Vanish- 
 ing Thread, Section of 
 joint 81 
 
 Test Pressure 75 
 Weights and Di- 
 mensions 33 
 California Special External, 
 Section of Joint 82 
 
 Vaporization Heat of 327 
 
 Variable Loading, Safety Fac- 
 tor for 268-270 
 
 Variation Permissible in Lengths, 
 21, 91, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106 
 Diameter, 
 89, 91, 96, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106 
 Threading 90, 98 
 Thickness 99, 100, 102 
 Weight (see footnote of 
 Product in Question) 
 of Signal Pipe 96 
 
 Test Pressure 76 
 Weights and Di- 
 mensions . 30 
 
 Upsetting 158 
 
 Uses for Upsets 158 
 
 V 
 
 Valves and Fittings 167-170, 513 
 Angle (Definition) 479 
 
 Vegetable Oils in Boiler Water, 
 Effect of 276 
 
 Angle 160-170 
 
 Velocity Air Flowing into 
 Atmosphere 3S7 - 358 
 
 Angle Gate (Definition) . . . 479 
 Back Pressure (Definition) . . . 480 
 Box (Definition) 514 
 
 in Pipes 359~ 360 
 
 Flow of Steam into Atmos- 
 phere. 341342 
 
 Bracket (Definition) 482 
 
 By-pass (Definition) 483 
 Check 169-170, 484 
 
 in Pipes 347 34^ 
 
 Water in Pipes 277-290 
 
 Cross (Definition) . . . .- 487 
 
 Wind . H7 
 
 Effect of, on Flow of Air 364 
 Gas 324 
 
 Venturi Meter 292 
 
 Tube Measurements 293 
 Vertical and Horizontal Load- 
 ing of Beams 256 
 Shear of Beams 250 
 
 Steam 346 
 
 Water in Pipes. . 283-284 
 Exhaust Relief (Definition) ... 489 
 Expansion (Definition) 490 
 Flanged 167 
 
 Vessels, Contents of, 
 301, 302, 304, 305 
 Volume, Air 352 
 
 Full-way (Definition) 492 
 Gate (Definition) 160-170, 492 
 Globe 169-170, 492 
 Needle (Definition) 498 
 
 Comparison of Units 465 
 Conversion Table 311 
 Cylinders Table of 419-450 
 
 Non-return (Definition) 498 
 
 Gas 314 
 
 Protecting Caps 194 
 
 Metric Equivalents 462, 465 
 Pressure, Temperature of Air. 352 
 
 Radiator (Definition) 502 
 
Index 
 
 557 
 
 Volume, Saturated Steam 328 
 
 Seamless Tubing (Shelby), 
 
 199, 419-459 
 
 Superheated Steam. . .337, 339-340 
 Tubes and Round Bars. . . .419-459 
 
 Water 272 
 
 Volumetric Measures (see Met- 
 ric Equivalents also) 460-472 
 
 V-thread (Definition) 514 
 
 Vulgar Fractions and Their 
 
 Decimal Equivalents. . . .366-368 
 V-welding (Definition) 514 
 
 W 
 
 Walker Joint (Definition) 514 
 
 Wall, Area Pipe 58-65, 419-459 
 
 Seamless Tubing (Shelby), 
 
 2OO-2OI 
 
 Tubes and Round Bars. .419-459 
 
 Nature of Stress in Tube 212 
 
 Washburn and Moen Wire 
 
 Gage 369 
 
 Water 271-312 
 
 Absorption of Gases 316 
 
 Air in 277 
 
 Arch (Definition) 514 
 
 Bar (Definition) 514 
 
 Boiling Point 272 
 
 Capacity of Pipe 301, 303, 423 
 
 Chart for Flow of in Wrought 
 
 Pipe 279 
 
 Column (Definition) 514 
 
 Composition of 272 
 
 Compressibility of 275 
 
 Contents of Cylinders. 301, 302, 304 
 
 Contents of Pipes 303 
 
 Rectangular Tanks 305 
 
 Density Maximum 272 
 
 Discharge 278-279, 285 
 
 Discharge Capacities of Pipe 
 
 306-309 
 
 Energy of 298 
 
 Equivalents 310-312 
 
 Expansion of 272 
 
 Fall, Efficiency of 297 
 
 Power of 297 
 
 Feed for Boilers 275-277 
 
 Flow Affected by Curves and 
 
 Valves 283 
 
 Flow Diameter Required .... 290 
 
 in Pipes 277-290 
 
 Flow in House Service Pipes. . 285 
 
 Lost Head in Pipes 286-290 
 
 Measurement 291-296 
 
 Flush (Definition) 515 
 
 Water Friction in Pipes 286- 290 
 
 Gage (Definition) 515 
 
 General Index 271 
 
 Grate (Definition) 515 
 
 Hammer 168, 284, 515 
 
 Head of 273-274, 277, 297-299 
 
 Heat of 327-333 
 
 Horse-power of Heads 297-299 
 
 Hydraulic Conversion Table. . 311 
 
 Equivalents 310 
 
 Ice and Snow 274 
 
 Impurities 275-277 
 
 Incrustation and Corrosion. . . 275 
 
 Lime in 275-276 
 
 Measurement of, by Nozzles. . 293 
 
 Flowing 291-296 
 
 Packer (Definition) 515 
 
 Pipe 167 
 
 Clamps (Definition) 515 
 
 Plug (Definition) 515 
 
 Power 297-299 
 
 Bernoulli's Theorem 298 
 
 Current Motors 298 
 
 Energy of Water Flowing 
 
 in a Tube 297 
 
 Horse-power of a Running 
 
 Stream 297 
 
 Calculating Table 299 
 
 Table 300-312 
 
 Table of Gallons and 
 
 Cubic Feet 300 
 
 Pressure Equivalents of 310 
 
 of Due to Weight 273 
 
 per Square Inch, Equiva- 
 lents of 273 
 
 on Vertical Surface 273 
 
 Properties 272 
 
 Quantity of Discharged 278 
 
 Ram 168,284 
 
 Relative Discharge of Pipes, 
 
 306-309 
 
 Specific Heat of 275 
 
 Swivel (Definition) 515 
 
 Table. of Contents 271 
 
 Weight and Volume 272 
 
 Total Heat of 327~333 
 
 Trailing (Definition) 511 
 
 Tube Boiler (Definition) 515 
 
 Units of Pressure and Head. . . 273 
 
 Velocity of Flow, Darcy 282 
 
 Kutter 281 
 
 Mean 280 
 
 Trautwine 280 
 
 Williams and Hazen. . . 283 
 Volume of, at Different Tem- 
 peratures 272 
 
558 
 
 Index 
 
 Water, Weight of, at Different 
 
 Temperatures 272 
 
 per Foot of Pipe 301 , 303 
 
 Wheel 297 
 
 Waterfall, Power of 297 
 
 Watertown Arsenal Tests, 
 
 223, 230-231 
 Wedge Gate Valve (Definition). 515 
 
 Weight (Definition) 516 
 
 Air 352-354 
 
 Line Pipe 36 
 
 Allison Vanishing Thread 
 
 Tubing 33 
 
 Aluminum 423 
 
 Bars, Round 419-459 
 
 Bedstead Tubing 31 
 
 Black Pipe 22 
 
 Boiler Tubes (see Boiler 
 Tubes). 
 
 Boston Casing : . . . . 26 
 
 Pacific Couplings 28 
 
 Brass 423 
 
 California Diamond BX 
 
 Casing . 3$ 39 
 
 Drive Pipe 31 
 
 Special External Upset 
 
 Tubing 30 
 
 Card, Pipe 22,483 
 
 Casing, Boston 26 
 
 Pacific Coupling 28 
 
 California Diamond BX ... 29 
 
 Inserted Joint .1*^*^7 
 
 South Penn 35 
 
 Cast Iron 423 
 
 Converse Lock Joint Pipe. ... 43 
 
 Conversion Chart for 476 
 
 Copper 423 
 
 Difference for Difference in 
 
 Outside Diameter 379-380 
 
 Double Extra Strong, Pipe, 
 
 Black 25 
 
 Drill, Full Weight Pipe 36 
 
 Drive Pipe 24 
 
 California Diamond BX . 31 
 
 Dry Kiln Pipe 37 
 
 Equals Measurement (Defi- 
 nition) 498 
 
 Extra Strong Pipe, Black 25 
 
 Factors for Different Ma- 
 terials 423 
 
 Steel Tubes 376-378 
 
 Flues, Boiler (see Boiler 
 Tubes). 
 
 Flush Joint Tubing 32 
 
 Full Weight Drill Pipe 36 
 
 Galvanized Pipe 21 
 
 Weight, Gas 315 
 
 Ice 274 
 
 Inserted Joint Casing 27 
 
 Inside Diameter, Pipe 46-49 
 
 Iron 21,423 
 
 Kimberley Joint Pipe 44 
 
 Lead 423 
 
 Lead Converse Lock Joint 
 
 Pipe ^ifcti 
 
 Kimberley Joint Pipe 44 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe ./-? 42 
 
 Lengths and Temperatures, 
 
 Conversion Chart 476 
 
 Line Pipe 23 
 
 Matheson Joint Pipe 42 
 
 Metric Equivalents, 
 
 462, 468, 472, 476 
 
 Nickel 423 
 
 Outside Diameter Pipe 50-56 
 
 Oil Well Tubing 30 
 
 Pacific Casing 28 
 
 Pipe 22-56, 58-65, 370-450 
 
 Poles no, 113, 120-157 
 
 Reamed and Drifted 35 
 
 Rectangular Pipe 45 
 
 Rotary Pipe, Special 34 
 
 Upset 34 
 
 Round Steel Bars 419-459 
 
 Saturated Steam 329-333 
 
 Seamless Tubes (Shelby) (see 
 Seamless Tubes). 
 
 Trolley Poles 197-198 
 
 Sections 264-266 
 
 Snow 274 
 
 South Penn Casing 35 
 
 Special Rotary Pipe 34 
 
 Upset Rotary Pipe 34 
 
 Square Pipe 45 
 
 Standard Boston Casing 26 
 
 Standard Pipe, Table of 22 
 
 Steel 21, 423 
 
 Pipe and Tubing, Tables. 3 70~450 
 
 Tin 423 
 
 Tubes 419-459 
 
 by Outside Diameter 50-56 
 
 Tubing, Allison Vanishing 
 
 Thread 33 
 
 Bedstead 31 
 
 California Special External 
 
 Upset 30 
 
 Flush Joint -iror&a 
 
 Oil Well .ni 30 
 
 Tubular Goods, Tables, 
 
 22-56, 58-65, 370-450 
 
 i. Tuyere Pipe 37 
 
 Various Materials 4 2 3 
 
Index 
 
 559 
 
 Weight, Water 272 
 
 in Pipes, Table of 301, 303 
 
 Wrought Iron 423 
 
 Working Barrels 188 
 
 Weisbach Rule for Water 
 
 Flow 289 
 
 Air Flow 359 
 
 Weld (Definition) 516 
 
 Butt 9,483 
 
 Circular (Definition) 484 
 
 Lap 7,8,496 
 
 Scarf (Definition) 505 
 
 Strength of, in Pipes 226 
 
 Welded Cylinder Heads 190 
 
 Flange Joint (Definition) .... 516 
 
 Flanges 167 
 
 Pipe Bursting Tests 223-226 
 
 Manufacturing 7-14 
 
 Marking , 20 
 
 Standard Specifications. . . .89-90 
 
 Welding and Annealing 10 
 
 of Pipe Steel 10 
 
 V (Definition) 514 
 
 Wet Steam 327 
 
 Wheel Valve (Definition) 516 
 
 Whitworth Thread (Definition) . 516 
 Widemouth Socket (Definition) . 516 
 William s and Hazen's Formula. 283 
 
 Wind Loads, Poles 116-117 
 
 Velocity 117 
 
 Wine Bore (Definition) 516 
 
 Wiped Joint (Definition) 516 
 
 Wire and Sheet Metal Gages 369 
 
 Wool Lead (Definition) 496 
 
 Work of Adiabatic Compression 
 
 of Air 356 
 
 Isothermal Compression of 
 Air 356 
 
 Working Barrel (Definition) 516 
 
 Working Barrels, Dimensions . . 188 
 
 Weights of 188 
 
 Fiber Stresses, Safe 268 
 
 Pressure, Classification of. ... 167 
 
 Valves and Fittings 167 
 
 Stresses in Beams 250 
 
 Wrench Pipe (Definition) 501 
 
 Wrenches, Socket 196 
 
 Wrought Casing Nipples 174 
 
 Iron Corrosion 12, 13, 106 
 
 Weight 21, 423 
 
 Iron Pipe 7, 12, 106 
 
 Bursting Tests 223-226 
 
 Corrosion 12, 13, 106 
 
 Expansion 211, 347 
 
 Strength 223-226 
 
 Pipe Bends 162-163 
 
 Radii of. 162 
 
 Long Screw Nipples 173 
 
 Nipples 168, 171-172 
 
 Tank Nipples 173 
 
 Wye, Y (Definition) 516 
 
 Y (Definition) 516 
 
 Yards to Meters 461, 463 
 
 Y Base (Definition) 516 
 
 Y Bend (Definition) 516 
 
 Y Branch (Definition) 516 
 
 Yield Point 112, 222 
 
 Yoke (Definition) 516 
 
 Zero, Absolute 328 
 
 Zinc Coating 92-94, 107 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY