:;::::;;t;:;;!::;;;;;'!;;;;;!;:i;;;;r;': APR 4 '"^^^^ ■R 19 192' iMAR 2 1 1347 Lb / Itr.t IIIAR27W7? )rm L-9-2ni-7,'22 79*^ GEORGE W A.SUINGTON STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS A Reader for Second Year's Work or for Immigrants with Some Knowledge of English BY CHARLES ROADS ASSISTED BY C. p. FUTCHER and W. Q. BENNETT THE ABINGDON PRESS NEW YORK CINCINNATI J ', ^/Nj > '..'19^7/ i^ : .V. : : ;. / , -,.. t^ : - * *• ;*°. ,.•/ ... . • . ' ,' t * 'j*j' »»JJ3 .»..€ ... » • ! •• • >-> 3 > ..... *•» A^ve-sc, Copyright, 1915, by CHARLES ROADS ^ S'Ss CONTENTS chapter page Suggestions to Teachers 7 I. The Discovery of America 9 II. Colonizing with Europeans 12 III. Becoming the United States 15 IV. The Extent and Resources of America. ... 19 V. The American Government 22 VI. Freedom, but Not License 28 VII. The American People 32 VIII. The Coming Americans 36 IX. America as Opportunity 40 X. Immigrants Who Have Become Great in America 44 XI. Duties of Citizenship 48 XII. American Ideals 52 XIII. The Public Schools for All People 56 XIV. The American Home 60 XV. Free Churches in the Free State 64 XVI. American Inventors and Inventions 67 XVII. Great Heroes of America 71 XVIII. American Reform Movements 75 XIX. American Books and Papers 78 XX. America's Future 82 ILLUSTRATIONS George Washington frontispiece facing page Map of the United States 15 The Liberty Bell 52 Abraham Lincoln 71 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS This book is designed to follow the very admirable and practical scries of leaflets for teaching English to immigrants which have been prepared by Dr. Peter Eoberts and ])ut)]ishcd by the Association Press, New York. There can be nothing better than Dr. Roberts's leaflets for first studies with immigrants. The present lessons arc necessarily suggestive in general plan. They could not attempt completeness on any topic. The instruction should be reading together and conversational. The teaching will go beyond the lesson text but should not go far afield. The lessons should be studied by the pupils. The Word Studies come first most helpfully. Ex- plain simply, using objects and pictures where pos- sible. Have them written, repeatedly pronounced, and used in conversation. Have memorized at least a few -of the "Best Thoughts" after explanation. Very much of the value of the lessons depends upon the complete mastery of pronunciation of the words, the eradication of all "brogue," and such use of English that no one could suspect the particular nationality. The immigrants eagerly respond to this effort. 7 CHAPTER I THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA First Look at Words Explain simply, have the students write and pronounce Descriptives, Action Wordi, Names, Nouns Adjectives V'erbs America bold discovered Europe ruined published people shorter aided sailor round sailed Norway small landed Norsemen long named buildings roving talk discovery many refused nation steadily went Italian gave Columbus build East Indies claimed Spain inhabit Isabella live San Salvador Cuba Cabot Cartier De Soto Indians America was not known to the people of Eu- 9 10 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS rope until one thousand years after Christ. Then some bold sailors from Norway called Norsemen dis- covered Greenland, just as they had Iceland some time before, and sailed southward as far as Rhode Island. 2. They left some ruined buildings which show they were there. But they did not settle there nor publish any account of their discovery to Europe at that time. So America was not known to other na- tions then. 3. Five hundred years more passed and then an Italian sailor, named Christopher Columbus, began to talk about sailing west to reach the East Indies by a shorter way. He believed that the earth was round like a great ball, and if so, India could be reached that way. 4. His own city, Genoa, refused to aid Columbus; and so did England and Portugal also refuse. 5. Columbus went to Spain to enlist King Fer- dinand in his enterprise. Finally, the Queen, Isabella, gave him money to build three small ships for the voyage. 6. In 1492 he sailed, and after a long voyage Columbus and his three ships landed at San Salvador, an island of the West Indies. Afterward he dis- covered Cuba and the mainland of America. 7. Another Italian, Amerigo Vespucci, sailed after Columbus. He returned to Europe and pub- lished an account of his voyage, the first story of the STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 11 New "World. After him the new continent was called America. It should have been named after Columbus — Columbia. 8. John Cabot and his son Sebastian discovered the mainland of what is now the United States and claimed it for the English, 9. The French under Verrazani and Cartier ex- plored the Atlantic Coast in the North and the Saint Lawrence and named the region New France. 10. The Spanish under De Leon discovered Florida. Under Balboa they first saw the Pacific Ocean, and under De Soto the Mississippi River. 11. America was inhabited before Columbus came by roving bands or tribes of savages, who lived by hunting, fishing, and small crops of corn. The early discoverers called these savages Indians, and had many wars with them. The Indians have been steadily driven to the Far West, where they still live. "V Best Thoughts to Memorize America seemed reserved by God to plant true liberty. The best blood of Europe produced America. Every great nation sent its noblest men here. The discovery of America was the greatest event in a thousand years. y^ Columbus and Queen Isabella both deserve honor for the discovery of America. So it is a continent for good men and women both. CHAPTER II COLONIZING WITH EUROPEANS A Look at Words Explain simply, have the students write and pronounce Descriptives, Action Words, Names, Nouns Adjectives Verbs colony first founded Virginia English told immigrants successful saved Smith many passed governor religious Avas Pocahontas full formed Indian other sailed trials latest chose struggles great came Massachusetts driven Puritans began Holland explored "Mayflower" built Carver captured Williams settled religion given Dutch established. Hudson Daid New York lurt Maryland opened Carolina Pennsylvania 12 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 13 1. The English were the first people to colonize in America. They founded Virginia in 1G07 by one hundred and five English immigrants. Captain John Smith was their first successful governor. He told how an Indian girl, Pocahontas, had saved his life from her father's tribe. This Virginia colony passed tlirough many trials and struggles in its early his- tory. After 1688 it was prosperous. 2. In 1620 Massachusetts colony was formed by Puritans, who had lived in Holland for some time because they were persecuted in England. They sailed from Holland in the ship "Mayflower," and before landing in Ameri^-a they formed a govern- ment and chose John Carter governor. Other immi- grants followed and the colony grew and prospered. 3. Roger Williams, a Baptist minister, was driven out of Massachusetts for his religion and he began a colony in Rhode Island. 4. The Dutch under Henry Hudson explored what is now New York Bay and the Hudson River in 1609. In 1614 the Dutch built huts on Manhattan Island, now New York city. It was a Dutch colony until 1664 when the English captured it. 5. Maryland colony was settled by about two hun- dred English Roman Catholics in 1634 under Leonard Calvert, the brother of Lord Baltimore, who had been given the territory by the king of England. Full religious freedom became the law in Maryland. 6. Other colonies, like New Hampshire, Con- 14 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS necticut and Delaware, were formed of people over- flowing from the older colonies, and prospered. 7. So North and South Carolina were settled in 1663 by other colonial emigrants. 8. Pennsylvania was settled by the Friends, or "Quakers," an earnest body of English Christians, under William Penn, in 1682. Penn made a friendly treaty of peace with the Indians, and paid them for their land. No Quaker was ever hurt by the Indians. Philadelphia was founded in 1682. 9. Georgia was the latest of the first colonies. It was begun in 1733 by Oglethorpe of England. 10. The Central States and the Far West were opened after the War for Freedom. They were set- tled by people from the Atlantic States, but now are filling up with great numbers of immigrants from Europe. Best Thoughts to Memorize The struggles and hardships of the early settlers made them a strong and good people. Peace has its victories no less renowned than war. The early immigrants came for religious liberty rather than for better homes and wages. Of many nations and races but all of one spirit for freedom, justice, brotherhood. God does not give results, but only opportunities. Genius and ambition laugh at all the past. a- o > o CHAPTER III BECOMING THE UNITED STATES Word Studies Explain simply, have the students write and pronounce Descriptives, Action Words, Names, Nouns Adjectives Verbs George III. unjust oppress government English united taxes American declared laws famous became federation State led Congress free adopted England new given general many wanting Washington strong signed commander much recognized peace different had Declaration vice wrote Independence original make Britain thirteen went rule great called treaty frame nation met house adopted representatives voted Hancock ratified President chosen Jefferson grown farm adding constitution developing Philadelphia election State 16 16 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 1. When the American colonies became prosperous the English king, George III, and his government began to oppress them with taxes and unjust laws. 2. In 1775 the colonies, which had now become united into a federation and had held a Continental Congress, declared war against England. General George Washington was made commander-in-chief and led the armies for six years until peace came. 3. July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the Declara- tion of Independence from England. It is a famous state paper giving the American reasons for wanting to be free from English rule. 4. In 1873 England signed the treaty of peace and recognized the United States as a free nation. 5. The government of the colonies during the war for freedom was in the Continental Congress. This Congress had only one house with representatives from all the colonies. John Hancock was the Presi- dent of the Congress. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. 6. Many of the colonists wanted to make George Washington king after the war. But he refused and resigned his office of general to Congress and went back to his farm in Virginia. 7. A convention was called to frame a form of free government and a constitution. Delegates from all the colonies met in Philadelphia and George Wash- ington was elected President of the convention. STUDIES FOR IMMIGRAXTS 17 After mouths of discussion the constitution was adopted by the convention, in 1787. 8. The colonies were asked to ratify the constitu- tion, and after it was ratified they were called States of the Union, thirteen original States. Hence we have thirteen stripes in the national flag, one for each of these original States. 9. At the election by the people George Washing- ton was chosen the first President and John Adams the Vice-President. The people had selected men called electors and these electors chose the President and Vice-President. 10. From the original thirteen States have now grown forty-eight States by adding the great West out to the Pacific Ocean, Texas in the South, and other sections as they acquired enough people to be formed into States. 11. Each State has its own government within the United States, retaining all power not directly given to the national government. Best Thoughts for Memorizing The United States are really many nations in a peaceful and prosperous union. Great statesmen are hoping that some time all the nations of the world will form a league like the United States with home rule for each nation but union of all for world peace and prosperity. The national flag has white stripes for purity and 18 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS justice, red stripes for patriotic sacrifice unto blood, and the stars in a blue field for trust in God. Look up and not down ; Look forward and not back; Look out and not in, and Lend a hand. "The citizen's perfecting is the spinal cord of civilization in America." To-day is a better day than the world ever saw before, but to-morrow will be still better. Washington said in his inaugural: "No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the invisible Hand which conducts the affairs of men more than the people of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an in- dependent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency." The "Liberty Bell," in Philadelphia," has upon it a passage from Leviticus 25. 10, from the Bible, "Proclaim liberty throughout the land to all the inhabitants thereof." It was rung when the Declara- tion of Independence was signed by Congress, July 4, 1776. CHAPTER IV THE EXTENT AND RESOURCES OF AMERICA WoED Studies Explain simply, have the students write pronounce Descriptives, Action Words, Names, Nouns Adjectives Verbs miles next contains territory many stretches area single lies countries larger grown Atlantic extreme raises Pacific some abound lakes tropical support gulf pleasant supply temperate mild wasted zone richest reached fruits mineral adopted climate common trying region vast grains whole crops partial vegetables wiser animals bright mines stone forests products lomes resources education 19 20 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 1. The United States contains about three million square miles of territory. It is next to Russia in size, and has many single States larger in area than many European countries. The United States stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, and from the great Lakes on the north to the Gulf of Mexico. 2. It lies chiefly in the temperate zone of the earth. In the extreme south some tropical fruits can be growTi, and on the Pacific Coast is a climate mild and pleasant all the year. / 3. It is the greatest farm region in the world. It grows all grains, wheat, rye, oats, and corn in vast crops, and rice in the South. It grows the many vegetables, fruits, flowers, plants, and trees of the temperate zone, and has the animals, domestic and wild, of that zone. It raises cotton, wool, hemp, flax, silk, and furs, chiefly for clothing. 4. In mineral wealth it ranks first in coal, iron, copper, zinc, lead, coal oil, and other such products. In gold and silver it is among the first. In building stone, marble, limestone, granite, and cement it is rich. 5. The forests of America abound in common and hard woods. 6. Domestic animals and fowl are raised in vast numbers. Horses, cattle, sheep, poultry, eggs, milk and its products of butter and cheese; fish, oysters, STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 21 crabs and other water food; and many other pro- ducts are rapidly increasing every year. 7. America could support the people of the whole world with food and clothing; and plenty of room is here to build houses to live in comfortably. Our great States, like Texas and California, could prob- ably each alone supply the world's food. 8. All the resources of America are only in their beginnings of development and use. Very much is wasted and only partial crops are yet reached. The government is aiding and teaching the farmers, miners, and manufacturers, and better methods and larger results are coming. The future is bright with promise of prosperity for all good citizens. 9. Best of all, America is trying to produce the noblest kind of men and women in the world, and to give the richest opportunity to all the children. Best Thoughts foe Memokizixg "Here there is no rest, Better climbs to best." "Progress is man's distinctive mark alone, Man partly is and wholly hopes to be." To be good is to be happy. "We raise men here." The highest product of all life is good and honest character. "He is the freeman whom the truth makes free." CHAPTER V THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT Word Studies Descriptives, Action Words, Names, Nouns A djectives Verbs kings hereditary are elected princes short give nobility- permanent based cities free framed towns repeated changed terms several remade nation equal called State every adopted principles sovereign may become changes simple form citizen easy make voters political have arisen residence different succeeds expense temporary signs parties official agrees ideas high may pass candidates full require policies improved branches Court departments Cabinet 1. There are no hereditary kings, nor princes, nor any orders of nobility in the United States. The rulers in America in towns, cities, States, and the 22 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 23 nation are elected by the people for short terms, and they must give up office to those who are next elected. 2. The American government of the nation and of the States, is based upon constitutions, or perma- nent principles of free governments, in set and com- plete form. These constitutions were framed by representatives of the people in convention, and can be changed only after repeated elections by voters with a majority of all voters desiring the changes. State constitutions can be remade by conventions called by the people, and then adopted by the people. 3. Every citizen is free and equal to every other under the privileges and protection of the law. 4. Every man, and in many States the woman also, who was born in America, when they reach twenty-one years of age is a sovereign voter to elect the rulers. 5. Immigrants from all European nations may become citizens by being naturalized after five years residence. Naturalization is simple and easy with small expense. It is given upon application to the courts of the State. 6. Citizen voters form themselves into political parties now chiefly the Democratic and the Repub- lican parties. These parties hold to different great ideas of free government within the constitution. They try to elect candidates upon their principles and to make laws in accord with them. 24 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 7. Other political parties have arisen at different times such as the Federal, the Whig, the Prohibition, the Greenback, the Progressive, tlie Socialist, and the Labor parties. 8. A great number of voters call themselves in- dependent of all parties and vote for such candidates and policies as they think best at elections, or these independent voters name independent candidates and form temporary parties. 9. There are three great branches of the United States government: the Executive, which includes the President and the administrative officers under him; the law-making body called Congress, which contains representatives from all the States accord- ing to the number of their people, and two senators from each State, the Congress being in two bodies; thirdly, the Supreme Court and the lower Federal Courts, which try cases under the law and whose judges are appointed by the President, 10. With the President there is elected also a Vice-President, who succeeds the President in case of his death or removal from office before the end of his term. 11. The President appoints the heads of depart- ments of the government who form his Cabinet, or body of official advisers in the affairs of govern- ment. There are now ten Cabinet officers called the Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of the Army, of the Navy, of the Interior, of Commerce, of Agricul- STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 25 tiire, of Labor, the Attorney-General, and the Post- master-General. 12. The President is elected for four years and may be reelected. He commands the army and the navy. He signs all laws of Congress if he agrees with them, and vetoes them if he disapproves. Con- gress may pass the law he vetoes by a two-thirds vote. The Senate gives advice and approval to all officers the President appoints. 13. Immigrants may be elected to any office in the United States except that of President or Vice- President, which requires native-born Americans. The child of any immigrant born in America may become President. 1-i. In the States immigrants may be elected to the governorship or to any other office. Many im- migrants of only a few years in America have been honored by election to high office in the government. 15. The laws and government of the United States and of the States, cities, and towns are steadily being improved so as to give largest freedom to all, full justice to every citizen, the greatest opportunity for prosperity and happiness to all, and complete protection against crime and injuries to the people. Best Thoughts foe the Memory President Lincoln said that the United States is to be "a government of the people, by the people, for the people." 2fi STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS Freedom, law, equal rights and privileges, and re- sponsibility to God are the foundations of our gov- ernment. The President and all other officers when they leave office are only citizens like all other citizens in the land. Anarchy and rebellion are without excuse against our free government by the people. The Declaration of Independence says: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." The Government of the United States Legislative Executive in The President Congress Vice-President composed of Cabinet of S^^^^^ Ten Departments . T.*""^ ... The Army House of Representatives rp. -vr / President? Approval ^^^^^^ states Marshals or his Veto STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 27 Judicial The Supreme Court Circuit Courts District Courts United States Commissioners A State Government Legislative Executive in The Governor State Senate Lieutenant-Governor House of Representatives Executive Departments State Police State :Militia Judicial The Supreme Court The Superior Court A County Government Executive Judicial County Commissioners Judges of Criminal Treasurer and Civil Cases Auditor Orphans' Court Register Judges etc. City, town, and village governments differ widely. CHAPTER VI FREEDOM, BUT NOT LICENSE Word Studies Descriptives, Action Words, Names, Nouns Adjectives Verbs right free has speech new teach doctrine good desires DFogress evil tell ies full incite slander public publish crime other rebel license any may hold press freely pleases news religious live science largest move history possible may choose falsehoods every pursue assembly many injure anarchy hard can compel restriction brotherly belong employment all punish partners contribute employers chooses enterprise grant church aims home ends conditions know 1. The American citizen has the right of free 28 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 29 speech. He may teach any doctrine of liuman liberty or progress tliat he desires to teach. But he must not tell lies about men, which is the crime of slander, against the law, nor incite men to crime or rebellion. That is not liberty, which is good, but license, which is evil. 2. The American citizen has the liberty of a free press. He may publish any news he knows, any facts of science or history, any truths he desires to teach. But he must not publish falsehoods about men nor teach men to rob or murder others or to rebel ag-ainst government. He has full liberty to good, but no license to evil. 3. The American citizen has the liberty of public assembly or meeting with other citizens for any pur- pose which is good. He may hold meetings with other citizens as often as he pleases for any purpose which does not incite to crime or anarchy. 4. The American citizen may freely live in any part of the country and may move from place to place as he desires with no restriction from the government. 5. He may choose any employment he pleases and pursue it with energy in ways agreeable to him, his partners or employers. So long as he does not injure others by his work there is no limit in law to his enterprise or success or remuneration. 6. He is free in his religious life. No one can compel him to belong to any church nor to contrib- ute to any religion, nor punish him for his religious 30 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS views or practices. It is his liberty unless he does harm to other people in some way. This harm the law forbids. 7. American home life is free. A man or a woman freely chooses a life partner, and makes the home whatever is possible, within the limits of no harm to others. 8. In all these particulars immigrants know that American life and liberty are different from the hard conditions of countries under kings born to rule without the people^s consent. Good immigrants, therefore, will be careful not to step beyond liberty into license. They will use all their freedom with brotherly care for all men. 9. America aims to grant the largest possible lib- erty to all people. But when many people live to- gether every man must be careful in his liberty not to take away another's property or liberty. Liberty ends where rights begin. 10. American liberty is built upon a Christian con- science. Every American ought gladly to be a good Christian, join the church he loves, and do all the good he can to all men. Best Thoughts foe Memory The Supreme Court of the United States has decided that America is a Christian nation. "The swing of my arm's liberty ends where another man's nose begins." STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 31 When all citizens are good citizens every one will have the largest liberty. It is not right to license any business which is evil or hvniful. ThJk laws of America are a guide to the good citizens. Law should make it easy to do right and hard to do wrong. Obedience is the first good lesson of citizenship in a free country. Be a patriot every day in the year. CHAPTER VII THE AMERICAN PEOPLE Study of Words Descriptives, Action Words, Names, Nouns Adjectives Verbs rulers real rule people only to make representatives short to enforce officers first administer judges Anglo-Saxon came Indians united formed immigrants middle settled beginning strong freed element good formed Holland long received Germany terrible wronged France peaceable began Ireland free to hate Scandinavians other to fight Swedes equal raged Danes full have become Norwegians was held West stopped Northwest continued wars Negro Italians Greeks Syrians Polish Lithuanian Russian 32 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 33 1. The real rulers of iVmerica are the people, and only the people. They rule by electing representa- tives to make laws for them, by electing officers to enforce the law and judges to administer them. All the officers are elected for short terms and must give way to others elected after them. 2. The American people, except a few hundred thousand Indians, all came as immigrants to America. 3. First to the United States came the English people, and at the beginning they formed the largest part, called the Anglo-Saxon element of the nation. They settled the country, freed it from English rule, framed the constitution and the government as we have it. 4. Then came the people of Holland, Germany, France, Ireland. In most cases they settled among the English, intermarried with them, and formed the united American nation. 5. Later came the Scandinavians, the Swedes, the Danes, the Norwegians, who settled mostly in the Middle West and Northwest. They are a strong and good element of the people. 6. The Indians, who were scattered all over Amer- ica when the Europeans came, at first received them kindly. But some of the settlers wronged the In- dians and the Indians soon began to hate and to fight the white men. Long and terrible wars raged 34 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS between them until lately, when nearly all the In- dians have become peaceable. 7. The Negro came to America a slave from Africa. He was held a slave at one time both in the North and the South. Slave-trading was ended in 1808, but the slavery of the Negroes here was con- tinued until 18G3. During the terrible war between the States President Lincoln freed all the slaves. They are now free and growing in prosperity, edu- cation, and good citizenship. ^ 8. Chinese and Japanese have also come, but are not yet admitted to citizenship. 9. The latest coming Americans are from South- ern and Eastern Europe and are Italians, Greeks, Syrians, Polish, Lithuanians, Russians, and Aus- trians. 10. But all these peoples may become good Amer- icans and are free. They are equal Jjefore the law with the first comers, who are now the native Amer- icans. 11. The American people desire for themselves and their children education, peace, prosperity, and full justice to all. Best Thoughts for Memory President Lincoln said, "God must have loved the common people, for he made so many of them." . America has been called the "melting-pot" of the STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 35 world. All kinds of human nature are cast in and fused together for the pure gold of good citizens. Immigrants send their children to the schools and some of these children take the highest honors year after year. y It is desirable that all immigrants learn English as soon as possible and speak only English to their children and in business. The evil customs and superstitions of Europe ought not to be kept up in America. Immigrants ought to turn away from the evils yet lingering in America and help good citizens to overthrow them. Idleness leads to drunkenness, crime, and want. Live right whether others do or not. Abraham Lincoln, in his Gettysburg address, says, "Our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. It is for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth." CHAPTER VIII THE COMING AMERICANS Word Studies Descriptives, Action Words, Names, Nouns Adjectives Verbs laws certain keep classes good are kept health political sent character contract would liave murder free to support crimes bad permitted army diseased to enter changes bond are sent diseases vast persuaded cripples many given manufacturers move to work money native to repay laborers real allowed wages foreign exclude purpose better lower privileges have come Boston learn New York mingle Chicago to live language to learn business to adopt friendships to know movement avoid progress copy sections should be sent customs trained children 36 STUDIES FOE IMMIGRANTS 37 1. The laws concerning immigrants keep ont cer- tain classes, but not one man, woman, or child who is in good health and has good character. 2. Men guilty of murder or other crimes in their home land are kept out or sent back, but not for political crimes like refusing to serve in the army or agitating for changes in government. 3. Immigrants who have diseases that are con- tagious, or who are crippled, sick, or aged so that the State would have to support them, are not per- mitted to enter America. They also are sent back to Europe. 4. Immigrants who were persuaded to come by manufacturers or other employers of labor in Amer- ica, and who were given money to come, and are bound to these manufacturers or others to work to repay the money given to them are not allowed to enter. These are called contract laborers and are excluded because they are not free, and would lower the wages of those already here. 5. Every other law relating to immigration is for the purpose only of keeping out the bad or the dis- eased or the bond laborer, and of freely admitting the good man to all the privileges of American citi- zenship. 6. Vast numbers of immigrants have come to America. As many as one million and more came in a single year. In many great cities, like Boston, New York, and Chicago, there are more immigrants 38 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS than native Americans. In New York there are more Jews than in Jerusalem, and more Irish than in Dublin. Some Western cities, like Cincinnati and Milwaukee, are largely German, and some States, like Minnesota, are chiefly Scandinavian, or, like Louisiana, chiefly French. 7. It is desirable that all immigrants should at once learn the English language and mingle in busi- ness, in friendships, and in every good movement with all other Americans. It will be harmful to the immigrant and to the real progress of our America j to have foreign languages continued here, or for im- \ migrants to live together in certain towns, or sec- tions of cities, continuing their foreign language and old-country customs apart. 8. It is better for immigrants to learn all good -^ American ways at once and to adopt them in their homes, business, and society; also, to know what is evil in America and to avoid it from the first and always. Some immigrants copy everything in Amer- ica, good and bad, and are strong supporters of what is bad. 9. The immigrant children should be sent to good schools and trained in all good American life and customs. Best Thoughts for Memory America is the "Promised Land" to all the op- pressed of earth. STUDIES FOE IMMIGRANTS 39 Good Americans hold out a warm hand of wel- come to every good immigrant. It depends upon immigrants aiding good Amer- icans whether America shall continue to be the best land for the struggling races. Good immigrants will be liberal in giving to every good cause. They must help to keep America pure and true by their money and their service. The churches in America lead in every good cause, and immigrants must work in and through the churches as Americans do. "Look up and lift up." "Habits are soon assumed but when we strive To strip them off, it is being flayed alive." "A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches." Never sell your vote. CHAPTER IX AMERICA AS OPPORTUNITY Word Studies Names, Nouns Descriptives, Adjectives Action Words, Verbs Emerson opportunity great another say said doors work open honest means pay wages best paid world richest to work factory richer will learn field rich will try mines faithful started trades industrious spared professions honest were made business fellow are filled employer errands laborers useful good able can reach to keep rise apprentices workmen greater thorough lead will avoid inventions kind teach machines electricity neighborly strong farming evil employ colleges universities education misfortunes hardships criminals gamblers rowdies 40 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 41 1. A great American thinker, Ralph A¥aldo Emer- son, said, "America is only another name for oppor- tunity." Opportunity is a picture word and means open doors for everybody to success. 2. America has open doors to honest work at best wages for all men. In factory, in field, in the mines, at all trades, professions, and callings, and in busi- ness doors are wide open for good men who want to work honestly and efficiently. The good citizen will learn all he can about his work, will try to do it well and profitably both for himself and for his employer. 3. Many of the richest men in America started life as poor boys running errands, or office boys, or laborers, or apprentices to trades. They were faith- ful, industrious, honest; they learned their business, spared no effort to do their best, and were courteous to employers and kind to fellow workmen. 4. Many great inventions were made by Amer- icans, especially in useful machines, in electricity, in tools for farming and the trades, and in many other ways. The greatest of these inventors, like Thomas A. Edison, say that there are many more useful in- ventions possible than all that have yet been made. Thousands of men are working to produce inven- tions. 5. In government employ there are open doors for immigrants. Many offices, like governors of States, congressmen, judges, State legislators and officials, 42 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS and other positions of trust in the city, State, and national governments, are filled hy good and able im- migrants, and many more by the children of im- migrants born and educated in the United States. 6. These children of immigrants have still greater opi^ortunities in America. By learning the English language thoroughly, by using the public free schools, and, if possible, the colleges and uni- versities for a thorough education, and by develop- ing a good name for honesty, faithfulness, and ability these sons and daughters can reach the best places of honor, power, and wealth in America. There is nothing in the law or customs of America to keep any man down and out of the best that America has to offer. 7. Every man gets the best for himself by being kind, neighborly, and good to all other people. We must never try to rise upon the misfortunes and hardships of other people, nor rise by cheating and oppressing other men. 8. There are opportunities to become criminals or saloonkeepers, gamblers, and rowdies in America. Bad company, strong drink, evil moving pictures and books, and other influences lead to these bad ways. Our jails and penitentiaries have many im- migrants who go astray. But the good immigrant will avoid these evils and teach his children to keep away from them. STUDIES FOR IiM MIGRANTS 43 Best Thoughts for Me:mory America is only in small measure yet opened in her resources. Europe has been worked out for cen- turies. Large parts of the United States have a small number of people. Millions more can find room before there will be the crowded condition of Eu- rope. Open doors to work, to good homes, to line schools, to helpful churches, to warm friends, to every good thing, is the opportunity of America. It takes a good man to make the best of a rich opportunity. "The thing I am most afraid of is fear." "The only real help is self-help." "It is easier to climb a mountain than to level it." "Genius is the power to take a hint." CHAPTER X IJ^IMIGRANTS WHO HAVE BECOME GEEAT IN AMERICA Word Studies Descriptive!!, Action Words, Names, Nouns Adjectives Verbs war noted came freedom valuable to assist Frenchmen famous made Lafayette eminent have become De Kalb great give generals living called heroes poor fled Count Pulaski rich became Kosciuszko unsuccessful investigates De Steuben noble has written adviser civil history electrical millions eloquent physicians famous artists popular musicians jrofessors awyers Carnegie Sc'hurz Ebcrhart scientist engineer inventor lecturer 44 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 45 1. In the War for Freedom, 177G to 1T81, two Boted Frenchmen came to America to assist in the struggle. They were Lafayette and Baron De Kalb. Washington made them generals in his army. Two Polish heroes, Count Pulaski and Thaddeus Kos- ciuszko, also gave valuable help, and, a German, Baron de Steuben, was with Washington as adviser and officer, 2. In later American history out of millions of immigrants many hundreds have become famous. They are noted physicians, artists, musicians, busi- ness men, college professors, lawyers, and ministers of religion. There are so many of these great men of foreign birth in America we cannot even give a list of their names. 3. In the American book of famous living men. Who's Who in America, in 1915, there are 11 great men who came from Poland, 2 from Lithuania, 22 from Hungary, 10 from Bohemia, 39 from Austria, 26 from Denmark, 2 from Greece, 3 from Roumania, 11 from Syria, 47 from Italy, 58 from Russia, and 385 from Germany, besides many others from France and England. 4. Of men who have become very rich, Andrew Carnegie, the iron master, came from Scotland, a poor boy; Henry Clews, the banker, from England; Jacob H, Schiff from Germany. 5. In public offices Carl Schurz, a German pa- triot who fled to America after the unsuccessful rev- 46 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS olutioii of 1848, became a general in the Union army, a United States Senator from Missouri, and Secretary of the Interior in the Cabinet of Presi- dent Hayes. He was a noble patriot and leader in many good movements. Adolph 0. Eberhart, a Swede, was elected governor of Minnesota; Victor L. Berger, of Austria-Hungary, a congressman from "Wisconsin; Oscar Straus, a German Jew, United States Minister to Turkey; Eugene Lentz, a Ger- man, rear-admiral in the United States navy. 6. Of great scientists who are immigrants there are Professor Jacques Loeb, who investigates life problems; Waldemar Kaempffavt, editor of the Sci- entific American; John A. Roebling, builder of great bridges; Ralph Modjeska, Polish, famous civil engineer; the Jastrow brothers, Polish. 7. Nikola Tesla, Hungarian, is an electrical in- ventor, next only to Tliomas A. Edison. Edison himself is the child of foreign parents. 8. John Sobieski, Polish, is an eloquent lecturer; Felix Adler, a famous teacher; Dr. Edward A. Steiner, Austrian, writer and speaker on immigra- tion questions. 9. Mary Antin, a Russian Jewess, has written the most popular books on immigrants ; Jacob Riis, Dane, was a noted author and reformer. 10. The number of famous singers, and musical directors, artists, and rich business men who came to America poor and unknown is very large. They STUDIES FOE IMMIGRANTS 47 show what a great opportunity for an industrious, honest, aspiring young man or woman America has always been. Best Thoughts for Memory Character and ability are the open doors in Amer- ica to great success. The children of immigrants in America are among her most noted men and women. All national prejudices and racial dislikes die out in our free and equal privileges for all people. The Jew finds the "Promised Land" in the United States, where he is respected and honored. The Polish, Finnish, and Lithuanian peoples, op- pressed in Europe, may become rulers in America. "Trying will do anything in the world." "The gifted man is he who sees the essential point." "If you are not too large for the place you oc- cupy, you are too small for it." (President Gar- field.) "What is more pathetic than the unconscious pos- session of great power ?" CHAPTER XI DUTIES OF CITIZENSHIP Word Studies Descriptives, Action Words, Names, Nouns Adjectives Verbs citizen grave has citizenship splendid have duties all must do freedom right must develop privileges just stand force good stood conscience every to protect soldier first units character harmful must study weak vast can study oppressed common will study liberty foreign is called prosperity moral can vote examples material knows questions real mean tariff strong affect enterprises corrupt must act relation religious stand business rich guard phases poor welcomed welfare ungrateful receive progress selfish give drink hard to put gambling unjust sent bigotry later looks wrongs true women brotherly children peace arbitration sympathy distress 48 STUDIES FOR IMMIGEANTS 49 1. Citizenship in America has grave duties along Avith its splendid freedom and privileges. 2. The citizen being free from all force from Avithout must from his own conscience do what is right, just, and good. No soldier or king being over him, he must himself develop a good character in every respect. 3. The first citizens of America were neighborly and helpful to each other; they were ready to pro- tect the weak and the oppressed; they stood for lib- erty and prosperity for all the people; they united against every harmful thing. They are the true examples for the new citizens now coming to Amer- ica. 4. The good citizen must study the questions of government as fully as he can. He is called upon to vote on the tariff, on questions of vast enterprises and importance for the common good, on changes in government's relation to business or other phases of life, and on many things new and old affecting the moral and material welfare of the people. He cannot vote wisely unless he knows what these ques- tions mean and how they will affect the people. So he must read up, think, discuss with fellow voters, decide honestly. 5. The good citizen must act courageously with others in promoting real progress in America. He must stand against the evils of strong drink, gam- bling, corrupt politics, religious or race bigotry, op- 50 STUDIES FOR nniKiKANTS pression of working people, or wrongs to women and children. He must guard against politics that leads to crime or to the overthrow of the rights of men, rich or poor, or to the subversion of real liberty for all men, 6, He must stand for international peace and ar- bitration, for the earliest possible disarming of all nations, and the end of war, 7, As the immigrant has been welcomed to Amer- ica, so he as a citizen must heartily receive later comers and give them every assistance in his power. It is very ungrateful and selfish for earlier immi- grants to put hard and unjust restrictions in the way of those now coming, 8, The true American is a lover of freedom and has the spirit of real brotherly sympathy for all who are oppressed or in distress in all the world. Vast sums of money and supplies have been sent out by Americans to famine sufferers, to the victims of great wars, earthquakes, fires, and other disasters in all lands. All the world when in distress looks to America for help, and heretofore has not been dis- appointed. The new citizens are all helping in this world-wide beneficence. Best Thoughts for Mt:MORY "No rights without duties, no duties without rights." The good citizen in time of war gives his life to STUDIES FOR BIMIGPtANTS 51 his country and in time of peace he votes right and lives honestly. The good President, governor, or judge and all other good officers should he honored and upheld by all citizens. It is a great evil to slander good men in public office. Laws in America may be changed if unjust, but they should be obeyed unless against our conscience. Law abiding, intelligent, conscientious, faithful, are terms descriptive of a good citizen in America. "Never do evil that good may come of it." The Bible, the Sabbath, and the home are great institutions in America. CHAPTER XII AMERICAN IDEALS Word Studies Names, Nouns Descriptirp.s, Adjectives Action Words, Verba founders noble was Washington Franklin Jefferson Penn lofty highest helpful honest were to be cherished could be made Baltimore Oglethorpe ideals industrious patriotic famous to promote thought welcomed oppression welfare perfect more expects has stood prosperity happiness other weaker want cultivated time refuge special most expected to engage nations high are closed standard higher sends merchant leads manufacturer exists benevolence desire shiploads doctors to help quarrel nurses Canada century favors courts Constitution 62 THE I.IBERTY BELL 54 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS olence to the suffering of all lands. It sends ship- loads of food to those in famine, it sends doctors and nurses to great plagues; it sends millions in money to the needy. The Red Cross Society leads in these good works, but there are hundreds of other so- cieties or groups of men and women doing these acts of charity. 7. America leads the world in peace between the nations and in arbitration of disputes between na- tions. The United States and Canada have been at peace for a century. Not a fort nor an army nor a war vessel exists in all the three thousand miles of border by land and the great lakes. America and England have been at peace for a hundred years. Our country does not desire any more land nor any power over other nations. She wants to help all peo- ples, not quarrel with any, nor take advantage of weaker nations. 8. American ideals of freedom and justice to all men are written in the Declaration of Independence, in the constitution of the United States, in the vari- ous State constitutions, and in the great decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, and other courts. 9. American laws aim to secure perfect justice to all her citizens, native and immigrant. 10. American rulers, from the President to the police officer, seek to protect all and to favor no one. 11. American courts of law are formed for justice STUDIES FOE IMMIGRANTS 55 to all. Judges are careful of the rights of accused men. Lawyers are provided by the Court for those too poor to pay for a lawyer. The trial is by jury of citizens selected by lot and further selected by the lawyers on each side, who may object to a certain number of the jurors drawn for their case to be tried. Best Thoughts for Memoey "Hitch your wagon to a star." (Emerson.) Aim always to reach the highest character as citi- zen, as neighbor, as workman, as father, brother, son, or friend, or husband. A good life is a rich contribution to a nation's power. A lie is never justifiable. Pay all your debts promptly. A wrong done to another is a greater wrong done to one's own life. Christ is our perfect example, the Bible our sure guide. The saloon is the maker of crime, poverty, and disgrace. It is being rapidly driven out of State after State. Help the other fellow first. CHAPTER XIII THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS FOR ALL PEOPLE Word Studies Kouns Adjectives Verbs statesman good realize 30wer ignorant educate lands evil train people wicked will go citizenship young deceived country youngest support ruin great perfect schools better are graded child best undertakes life medical prepares system physical furnish colleges special may have universities little provide books early to help education fourteen compel meals outreach ing forbid inspection older teach ' parents adult fitted employment broader become training helpful defend playgrounds destroy lectures divide schemes 1. American statesmen realize that in our govern- ment, where all power is in the hands of the people, 56 STUDIES FOR IMiMIC RANTS 57 the people must be educated and trained in good cit- izenship, or the country will go to ruin. Ignorant voters may be deceived by bad men into supporting corrupt officers, wicked laws, and oppression of men. 2. So the United States government and the State governments support and perfect schools for all the people. These schools are graded to begin with the young child and to prepare him step by step for life's work, for citizenship, and success. The States now have a system that leads to State colleges and universities, or prepares for the best great univer- sities and colleges. 3. Most of the States now furnish books to pupils so that the poorest of the poor may have the highest education. Some communities even provide car- riages to schools at a distance and morning meals for children not fully fed at home. Medical inspection is given to children to detect any diseases or phys- ical defects, and special schools for children back- ward in learning. 4. The laws in most States compel the parents to send their children to school, for there are parents who would make the little child work from early years and receive no education. Laws forbid the em- ployment of children under fourteen years of age and require some schooling for working children even after fourteen years of age. 6. The public schools in many places teach the handling of tools in working in wood, iron, and other 58 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS materials in manual training toward carpentry, blacksmithing, and electrical work; they teach sew- ing, cooking, millinery, care of babies and little chil- dren, and housework, music, drawing, and commer- cial courses. 7. Most of the cities have evening schools for working people. 8. Playgrounds in cities are another outreaching service of the public school system. Teachers of plays and attendants care for the children of the playgrounds, and some of the grounds are expen- sively fitted up. 9. Evening lectures are provided for parents and older people in schemes of adult education. 10. The free schools are steadily being improved to make them broader and more helpful to all the people. 11. All good citizens should defend the public schools against those who would destroy them and divide their funds for sectarian religious schools. 12. America has 20,000,000 children in public schools, 1,000,000 in high schools, GOO colleges with over 3,000,000 pupils, and spends $500,000,000 a year for public education. Best Thoughts foe Memory Knowledge is power. Right education brings out the best in a man and increases his power, pleasure, and usefulness. STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 59 Faith in God and faith in man are contagious. Man copies after another and he repeats without thought the opinions of another who has adopted them without stud}'. "Because the goal is distant, is that any reason why we should not march toward it?" (Victor Hugo.) Teachers can only help. Every man must educate himself by his own mental activity. A full education trains body, mind, and soul for all man's work and all his duties. CHAPTER XIV 'riii' ami: I new ii o:\iE WoHD Stud IKS Nouns ideal marriage luve man woman courtship restrictions caste family fortune society responsibility counsel example union couple home comfort money punishment conscience conduct rooms evening street bell Adjectives Verbs pure is based each make true develop equal have great give wise to show :)roper to force egal may desire "better-half" may love harsh ciioose cruel own many furnish curfew save to buy liuild treated speaks gives :)racticcd )eat reasoned appealed provide furnish required to leave 60 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 61 1. The American ideal of marriage is based upon the pure love of a man and a woman for each other. The man and the woman themselves make the choice and develop the love for each other by a pure court- ship in the home of the woman. 2. There are no restrictions of caste or family or fortune in the true American marriage. There are no orders of nobility. All are the American people with equal standing before the law and in society. 3. Parents of young people have a great responsi- bility to give wise counsel in the marriage of their children and to show a good example to them. But they have no right to force any marriage they may desire nor to prevent a proper and legal union of their son or daughter with one he or she may love and choose. 4. In America it is possible for any married couple to own a home and to furnish it with comfort and attractiveness. It is a good thing to save money for a home, to buy or build one, and to make it the best place for all the family that is possible. 5. The wife in the American home is not the in- ferior of the husband but is treated by him as his equal. He speaks of her as his "better half," and gives her every kindness and care. 6. Harsh and cruel punishment of children is not practiced in the American home. When whipping is done it is not rough, nor do good parents beat G2 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS their children ahout the head. As far as possible children are reasoned with and their conscience and love is appealed to for obedience and good conduct, 7. Homes are more and more provided with pic- tures, organs, and pianos; with books and regular papers and magazines; and with carpets, good beds, tables, closets, and bath rooms. 8. More rooms are furnished in good homes, such as kitchen, dining room, sitting room, parlor, bath room; bedrooms separate for parents, and separate for boys and girls. Around the houses yards and lawns are cultivated with ilowers, garden plants, and vegetables. 9. Children are required to be in the house early in the evening. Many towns and cities have curfew laws compelling every child under fifteen to leave the street at nine o'clock. The curfew hour is announced by a bell or a whistle. This is a good law for health, morals, study, and for home happiness. But the good home attracts and holds the children all the evenmg. Best Thoughts for Memory "Home, sweet home, there is no place like home" True and deepest love makes home joyful. Respect and courtesy between husband and wife belong to the best American home. Fathers who are wise make comrades of their sons, and mothers do of their daughters. STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 63 Stay at home in the evening and keep company with wife and children. Always take your family on any pleasure trip you take. Share all your joys with them. So live in your home that you may always have God's approval and blessing. CHAPTER XV FREE CHURCHES IN THE FREE STATE Word Studies Nouns Adjectives Verbs church several are supported government every established patronage free to teach control own protects doctrines physical to disturb methods many exist contributions different are united attack each can do persecution national have learned lawful special use worship independent are made assembly friendly receives organization Christian will unions earnest federations faithful denominations Council language Association Army relations 1. America has no state church and no churches that are supported by the government. In this it differs from Russia, which has established the Greek Catholic Church; Germany, in its several kingdoms, 64 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 65 the Lutheran Church, placed under government pat- ronage and control ; Austria, which has adopted the Roman Catholic Church; and Great Britain, which has estahlished the Episcopal Church in England and the Presbyterian Church in Scotland. 2. In the United States every church is abso- lutely free to teach its own doctrines and to organize by its own methods. But it must be supported by the contributions of its own people. 3. The government, however, protects every church from physical attack or persecution by other churches or people. And it is not lawful to disturb the worship or assembly of any church. 4. There are in the United States many different church organizations, each carrying on its own work by the money given by its members and friends. About one hundred and seventy-five such church or- ganizations now exist. 5. There are unions or federations of many of these different churches or "denominations." About forty great denominations in America are united in the National Council of Church Federation for work they can do together. 6. Because many immigrants have not yet learned the English language there are many churches using only foreign languages, such as German, Welsh, Lith- uanian, Polish, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Italian, and others. But many churches formerly German and Welsh now use English wholly. 6^ STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 7. The Young Men's Christian Association and the Young Women's Christian Association are bodies of Christian workers made up of members of many different churches uniting in special work but still continuing as members of their several churches. 8. The Salvation Army is independent of all the churches, but is in friendly relations to all and re- ceives much help from all. 9. The churches in America have all greatly pros- pered and increased in numbers. 10. America is a Christian nation in all its prin- ciples, and every good citizen will belong to a church and live an earnest and faithful Christian life. Best Thoughts for Memory All the discoverers of America and all the pioneer settlers came for the cause of their religion. The Old World at that time meant forced reli- gious life or bitter persecution; the New World was to mean perfect freedom of conscience. Now many countries of the Old World also have religious liberty like America. Every American citizen is free to join any church he desires, but every American citizen ought to join the church he loves and earnestly work in it. CHAPTER XVI AMERICAN INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS Word Studies Nouns Adjectives workingman famous inventions wonderful country appliances machines many labor-saving valuable devices other patents inventor poor few sale Fulton only four steamboat unwieldy Morse workable telegraph Field cable vast important Bell telephone Howe sewing machine Scholes typewriter Edison phonograph jictures light automobile Whitney cotton gin Verbs produced permit has made protected allowed become learn built laid invented perfected worked developed began used have 67 68 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 1. The free workingman in America is famous for his wonderful inventions. No other country or peo- ple has produced so many appliances, machines, and general labor-saving devices. Out of the whole world's three million patents the United States has supplied over one million. 2. United States laws permit an inventor to patent what he has made, and he is thus protected for years in manufacturing for sale his valuable invention. No other man is allowed during that time to make it for sale. There are many poor men who have become very rich through their inventions. 3. Robert Fulton built the first large boat that was run by steam power, the Clermont, on the Hud- son River, New York, in 1807. She traveled only five miles an hour. Four patents for steamboats had been granted before 1791, but the craft were small and unwieldy. The Savannah, on May 26, 1819, was the first steamboat to start across the Atlantic, and it took her twenty-five days to reach Liverpool. 4. Samuel F. B. Morse made the first telegraph between Baltimore and Washington in 1845. An- other American, Cyrus W. Field, laid the first At- lantic cable telegraph in 1866. 5. Another American, Professor Graham Bell, in- vented the telephone in 1875. 6. Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in 1846. Other Americans, like Isaac Singer, A. B. Wil- STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 69 son, and John Baclielder, perfected it for woman's use. 7. Eli Wliitney invented tlic cotton gin in 1784, and this has made possible the vast cotton industry in America. 8. Charles Latham Scholes in 1876 invented the first workable typewriter, though W. A. Burt had worked on it for years before. 9. An American, Ottmar Mergenthaler, invented the wonderful linotype machine for setting type. 10. John Ericsson, an immigrant from Sweden, invented the monitor war vessel during the Civil War, which gave the Union side a great victory over the terrible ironclad Merrimac, and has changed all modern naval warfare. 11. Greatest of all inventors is Thomas A. Edison, who has more than a thousand patents to his honor, lie invented the talking machine, the moving picture machine, the electric light by incandescent system, and many other wonderful machines. 12. Coal, natural gas, and coal oil are all Amer- ican products first used by Americans. 13. The Wright brothers made the first aeroplane, or flying machine, that was a complete success. 14. Americans have developed and perfected the automobile, though it was Leon Serpollet, a French- man, who made the first steam tricycle in 1892. The great American making of automobiles began in 1898. 70 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS Best Thoughts foe Memory The perfectly free mind in America has become the world's greatest genius. / America's sublime opportunities inspire men to noblest daring and doing. Edison says he can do his wonderful work only because he keeps his brain clear of strong drink. Many immigrants and their children are among the great inventors of America. Here is a glorious field for them to cultivate. 'God's spirit in ancient Jewish history inspired Bezaleel and Aholiab to invent the wonders of the Tabernacle of the Jews. There are Christian men to-day who believe that God's Spirit helped them to do great things in in- vention and science. "The difference between one man and another is not mere ability — it is energy" (Arnold). "Necessity is the mother of invention." AHU.MIAM LINCOLN CHAPTER XVII GREAT HEROES OF AMERICA Word Studies Nouns Adjectives Verbs heroes leaders great noble has had patriots Columbus pioneer terrible honors come Cabot first came Hudson naval discover settlers explorers De Soto recent public famous opened held has had Smith heroic penetrated Pilgrims reached Puritans lost Penn has aided Washington relieved Franklin extended Jefferson built signers cleansed Declaration made statesmen go Garrison Grant goes erected Lee Barton « put find Girard Carnegie Rockefeller Goethals Gorgas 71 72 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 1. Every nation has its great heroes and America has a long roll of noble leaders, patriots, and men of power in every walk of life whom she honors. 2. After Columbus and Cabot, the discoverers, came the pioneer settlers and exj)lorers, like Ilenry Hudson, who found and sailed the great river that bears his name; De Soto, who discovered the Missis- sippi River; Captain John Smith, of Virginia; the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England, William Penn, and Lord Baltimore, who opened the way to settlements that are now great States of the Union. 3. Then came the Revolutionary patriots, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Patrick Henry, Alexander Hamilton, and Robert Morris. The signers of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 are held in high honor. 4. America has had great statesmen in Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Charles Sumner, and AYilliam H. Seward. 5. Many men were leaders in freeing the Negro slaves, like John Brown, Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd Garrison, James Russell Lowell, and Owen Love joy. 6. An American, Robert S. Peary, penetrated through terrible cold and first reached the north pole. 7. An American naval officer, Commodore M. C. Perry, first opened Japan to the world in 1855. 8. The great generals of the Civil War, 1861 to STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 73 1865, were General U. S. Grant and General Robert E. Lee. 9. Three great Presidents of the United States lost their lives while in office, Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, and William McKiuiey. 10. The American Red Cross society, which has aided the wounded and suffering in recent wars, and relieved distress in all the world, has had as its great leader, Miss Clara Barton, who extended the Red Cross work to relieve sufferers from famines, floods, fires, earthquakes, pestilences, and other calamities of great extent. 11. Great American phikuthropists who gave large fortunes for the public benefit are Peter Cooper, Stephen Girard, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rocke- feller, and many others. 12. General Goethals built the Panama Canal and General Gorgas cleaned and made healthful Cuba and Panama. 13. America has a Hall of Fame in New York into which go the names of the heroes, geniuses, and great men of the past. Monuments are erected all over America to our heroes. In the old hall of the House of Representatives in Washington each of the States is putting two of her greatest men in statues. Illinois put as one of her heroes. Miss Frances E. Willard, the famous leader in the cause of temperance in America. 14. Never before were there so many and inspiring >^ 74 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS opportunities for heroic service to our country. Im- migrants can find these opportunities in daily work. Andrew Carnegie has honored and paid with large sums of money hundreds of working people who have rescued their friends from fires, drowning, and other accidents. Best Thoughts for Memory A hero friend is one who will die for a man. Life is divine when duty is a joy. Not to be ministered unto, Init to minister. "Charity blesses him that gives and him that takes." "Fear not him who can kill only the body, fear God." Every man has some ideal of a hero and he becomes like his ideal, whether it be a prize fighter, a soldier, a noble citizen, or a philanthropist. CHAPTEE XVIII AMERICAN REFORM MOVEMENTS Word Studies Nouns Adjectives Verbs America first began conditions great to improve living free made statesmen personal to govern occupations supposed had seen travel long to stop conscience public abolished religion national prohibited reform obscene are stopped trade immoral i. 1 improved duel slavish shortened lottery safety stopped polygamy sanitary required gambling political jassed races independent lave given books will study pictures act workingman to make apprentice appliance factories railroads neaiin hospitals nomination 1. America began by trying to improve conditions of man's living as they were found in Europe. 76 76 STUDIES FOR IMiMUiKANTS 2. The first great statesmen under George \Yash- ington made men free under wise and just laws; free to govern themselves; free in speech, m printing press, in public assemblings, in occupation, in travel, and in conscience and religion. This was the most sweeping reform the world had ever seen. 3. The first great American reform was to stop the slave trade in 1808. 4. Then came the gradual end of the duel, men killing each other for personal insult or supposed honor. 5. After a long struggle the public lottery was abol- ished, finally destroying the Louisiana Lottery. 6. Then polygamy in Utah was forbidden by law. 7. Most of the States have now prohibited all gambling in horse races, and gambling of all kinds is surely being driven out of all America. 8. Obscene and immoral books, papers, pictures, vile theater plays and moving pictures are now stopped by law. 9. Many reforms have improved the condition of the workingman. Hours of labor have been short- ened, slavish apprenticeships have been stopped, conditions of labor for women and children much improved, safety appliances are required by law in factories and on railroads, laws for compensation for injuries at work have been passed, and many other reforms are in progress or already in force. 10. Health conditions are improved by State offi- STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 77 cers of health, sanitary laws, hospitals provided free for the poor, and public dispensaries of medicine and treatment. 11. Political reforms have given rights to inde- pendent voters vi'ith free nomination of candidates at the primary elections, the initiative, the referendmn, and the recall, woman's ballot, local option and pro- hibition of the liquor traffic. 12. Other moral reforms are in progress. Every good American citizen will study how to improve the conditions of life for himself, his family and for all people, and then act with courage and wisdom with others to make the reforms successful. Best Thoughts to Memorize The American spirit is for progress, improvement, advance in everything, and this means reform. The Bible is the most powerful inspiration to every reform. Many reforms have started with individual Chris- tians, the church being slow to cooperate, but none have succeeded until the church came into line. The good citizen needs the soldier spirit, that fears not death nor sacrifice, to make his country the best country on earth. The greatest reform of our day is to destroy the saloon and it is sweeping all over America and the world. CHAPTER XIX AMERICAN BOOKS AND PAPERS Word Studies Noun* Adjectives Vo-b* thinkers new to be progress wonderful are Jefferson free suggest Paine notable has Independence ])olitii-al had rights many abound man popular form literature moral has had history interesting produced essays famous equaled oratory earliest have been education powerful played settlers front speeches fantastic poets able stories classical romances short novels public influence social humor monthly scientists philosophers magazines editors progress 1. American books or literature, in general, are 78 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 79 upon subjects of history, statesmanship, essays, ora- tory, education, progress, and reforms — just such books as a new and wonderful country opening to new settlers with a new free government and won- derful resources would suggest. 2. At first America had notable political thinkers like Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence ; Thomas Paine, who wrote The Rights of Man; John Marshall, the great first Supreme Court judge; Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and others, 3. Great political orators whose speeches form fine literature are Patrick Henry, Daniel "Webster, Ed- ward Everett, Rufus Choate, Wendell Phillips, Charles Sumner, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Abraham Lincoln, and many others. 4. Benjamin Franklin was a popular writer of es- says, moral sayings, and of his ovm interesting life. 5. Great historians abound in America: George Bancroft, John G. Palfrey, William H. Prescott, Theodore Roosevelt, and many others. 6. Our greatest poets are W. C. Bryant, Edgar A. Poe, Henry W. Longfellow, John G. Whittier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, James Russell Lowell. 7. Writers of stories and novels form a famous company. The earliest are Washington Irving, whose Knickerbocker Tales are very popular; James Feni- more Cooper, who wrote great Indian romances; Na- thaniel Hawthorne with his wonderful novels; Mrs. 80 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS Harriet Beecher Stowe, who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a story of powerful iniluence against slavery. 8. In humor America has had front rank in the world. Fantastic writers like Artemus Ward, Josh Billings, Nasby, Dooley, and others have produced many able articles and books. More classical writers like James Russell Lowell in Biglow Papers and short poems; Mark Twain in best of all humorous great books. 9. America has not equaled England or Germany in great scientists, philosophers, and theologians, but she has produced many notable books on these sub- jects. 10. In newspapers and magazines America is fa- mous. Great editors have been the people's advocates on every great public question of the government, of reforms, and of social progress; and the monthly magazine has played a powerful part in all America's progress. Best Thoughts for Memory Books are the best companions. Let us have many of the most inspiring and helpful. A good book enlarges life to take in the past and the future. The Bible is God's book, the thoughts and the guid- ance of Him who made all things and rules over all. Csesar read the life of Alexander the Great and be- came a great soldier like him; Napoleon Bonaparte STUDIES FOR IMMIGRANTS 8( read the life of Caesar and also became a niighty cou- queror. So do books make men. "Lives of great men all remind us We may make our lives sublime. And, departing, leave behind ut^ Footprints on the sands of Time." Be a lover of good books. Spend all the money you can to buy books. What folly to feed the body and to starve the mind and soul. CHAPTER XX AMERICA'S FUTURE Word Studies Nount Adjectives Verht Ktatesmeii profound have tried teachers wonderful to picture thinkers rich agree future best will be population improved support millions busy regards farms prosperous come country shorter to be used hours higher think labor warm will have wages warmer are putting protection reform being driven compensation pure be given movements new forbidden saloon richest need gambling broader developed amusements discovered vices share schools are taking playgrounds training peace resources place • 1. Many statesmen, teachers, and profound think- ers have tried to picture the future of America. All 82 STUDIES FOR IMMIGRAN'J'S 83 a^ee it will be wonderful and rich in everything that man regards best in life. 2. America is likely to have a population of five hundred millions by the end of the eentui^. She can easily support twice that number when the improved ways of farming come to be used on all farms. Think of what a busy, prosperous country we will have with five hundred millions of people, five times as many as we have now ! 3. The condition of working people is constantly growing better. There will be shorter hours of labor, full eiRcieucy in organization, higher wages, protec- tion by law against dangers and accidents, compensa- tion for injuries at work, warmer brotherliness be- tween employers and workmen ; woman's work guarded and better paid for, and child laboi' wisely under law. 4. Reform movements will finally ])ut the saloon out of business in State after State until the whole nation is free, gambling of all kinds is being driven out, bad amusements will be given up for good and pure ones, and all vices will be forbidden by law or willingly given up. We will have a country with only good surroundings for our children and our homes. 5. Children will have every good thing they need to make them happy and to enable them to grow into good citizens. Public schools are making progress in broader and richer education : playgrounds will come 84 STUDIES FOPt IMMIGKANTS into every city and town, and homes are being made right for them. Adults also will have evening- schools and lectures lor their further education, 6. International peace will be all over the earth. War will be forever euded. 7. The resources of America will be developed beyond all the past, and ever new sources of wealth and prosperity will be discovered. America will be the richest country in the world and all her citizens will share in it. 8. The churches are taking on new power and broader helpfulness to all the people. The church will have a larger place in all things in the future of America. 9. It will, therefore, mean more than ever before in any country or age to be able to say, "I am an American citizen !" Best Thoughts to Memorize It is foolish to think one's own age cannot be cor- rected by the next age. "The dreams of youth beciane the realities of man- liood." The wrand secret of success is to take a hundred times the trouble to reach it that men usually do. Trying will do anything in the world. God surely has still greater plans for America to accomplish. America has captured the world's future. ^ ?9i UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. REC'D LD-URL JAN 2 6 1982 315 3 1158 00753 8274 SOUTHERN BRANCH UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY LOS ANGELES. CALir _ UC SOUTHER?'. REG!' i'jAl LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 352 629