U A 15 U6 UC-NRLF B ^ 532 lb? F THE CHIEF OF STAFF A COTLi::EXit^Lnvi;:>iuiN, ^^I:.NERAL STAFF, No. 17 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMIES OF FRANCE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, ENGLAND, ITALY, MEXICO, AND JAPAN WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1911 -J WAR DEPARTMENT : : OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF WAR COLLEGE DIVISION, GENERAL STAFF, No. 17 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMIES OF FRANCE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, ENGLAND, ITALY, MEXICO, AND JAPAN WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1911 V/ar DepA.RTME.'VT Document No. 385 Office of the Chief of Staff (2) War Department, Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington, February 15, 1911. The followin<2; data concernino; the strength and organization of the armies of France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Enghmd, Italy, Mexico, and Ja]:)an are pubUshed for the information of the Regular Army and the Organized ^lilitia of the United States. B}' order of the Secretary of War: Leonard Wood, Major General, Chief of Staf. (3) M83612 INTRODUCTION. A great many authorities have been consulted in the preparation of the data, and it is beUeved that the figures are very nearly exact. Wherever they have been available the detailed budgets and organic laws have been used as the foundation of the work. It will be noted that all the data obtained have been summed up in tables which immediately follow this introduction. It should be borne in mind, however, that the separate studies on the several countries should be carefully considered before /di'awing conclusions from the tables. Before introducing the tables it seems desirable to formulate a few general facts on the organization of foreign armies, as too much insist- ence can not be laid on the fact that a bare inspection of the tables is liable to lead to false conclusions. Classifying the general remarks on organization under appropriate headings we have — • INFANTRY. The real basis of the infantry organization of all foreign armies is the battalion. Except for England, the typical battalion is composed of 4 companies and has a strength on the war footing of some 20 to 25 officers and 900 to 1,100 men, counting from about 900 to 1,000 rifles. In England the battalion numbers S companies and counts about 860 rifles on the war footing. In speaking of a foreign battalion it must, therefore, be borne in mind that its fighting strength is roughly equal to that of two of our battalions. CAVALRY. The basis of all foreign cavalry organization is the squadron. The foreign squadron numbers on a war footing from 120 to 150 sabers. Regiments contain from 3 to 6 squadrons. It will therefore be noted that in speaking of a foreign squadron we mean a force of about one-half the strength of the United States squadron. Similarly, the cavalry regiment of foreign services is about one-half, or less, the strength of our regiments. FIELD ARTILLERY. ^ The battery is usually taken as the iniit of field artillery organiza- tion. For the purposes of comparison a more correct iniit is the battalion. (5) Leaving? Russia fls'oe, it may be said tliat there are two great sys- tems of field artillery organization. These may be called, naming them, aft^r their gj'eat exponents, the French and the German. The essential differeiices between these two systems may be sum- marized as follows: The French system takes 4 guns as the firing unit, the battery, and assigns all of the ammunition which should be available wpon entry into action to the battery; batteries count 5 officers, sometimes 4, and 170 men. Under the German S3'stem the firing unit, battery, coimts 6 guns, and only so much ammunition as is needed for the immediate service of the pieces is assigned to the batteries: the remainder of the ammu- nition which should be available wpon entry into action being assem- bled in an ammunition battery (light ammunition column), which forms an integral part of the battalion. In both systems the number of firing batteries in the battalion is three, the German system having an additional battery for ammuni- tion gives that system 4 battery organizations to the battahon. Under the German system the strength of firing batteries is about 5 officers and 150 men and that of ammunition batteries is 4 officers and 188 men. The strength of battalion staffs is not dependent upon the particular system. Leaving aside battahon staffs it will be noted that under the French system the battalion counts about 15 officers, 510 men, and 12 guns, whereas under the German system it counts 19 officers, 638 men, and 18 guns. It is thus apparent that under the French system the bat- tahon has \\ officers and 42^ men per gun, while the German system allows IjV officers and 35| men per gun. If the strength of the ammunition columns of the army corps be considered it will be foimd that the slight diiTerences in the number of officers and men required per gun under the two systems ])ractically vanish. The advantages and disadvantages of the two systems as set forth by the adherents of one or the other are too well known to make it necessary to repeat them here. Moreover, the arguments of tliose who have really studied the question have but little weight with their opponents who have equally given it serious consideration. The Russian system is obsolete, but is considered in the s])ecial study on that country. FORTRESS ARTILLKHY. In most foreign services all artillery is on one list. That branch of artillery known as fortress artillery has no counterpart in our service. Fortress artillery garrisons the land fortresses of the country and furnishes artillery of various tyjjes (o (lu> niohile troo))s. The MiiKtiiiil of niobiU' arlillcry which would he proxith'd hy (he foot artillorv in war is naturally (Io|)(M1(1(mi1 u|)()ii the cliaraclor of the war, whether ofTensive or defensive, ete. It is, therefore, impossible to say by how much the artillery with the mobile troops, as shown in the tables, woiikl be augmented in war. COAST ARTILLERY. The coast artillery show^n for Germany does not give a correct idea, for many of the coast fortifications of that country are garrisoned by marines. SANITARY TROOPS. While the number of sanitary troops shown by the tables is small for foreign armies as compared with the number maintained by the United States, it should be borne in mind that in war much of the ''bearer and first-aid duty" is performed in foreign services by men drawn from and forming part of the line. Furthermore, drivers for ambulances and for other nontechnical purposes are drawn from the train. The necessity for maintainmg a nucleus in peace for expan- sion in war does not therefore exist in the same degree in foreign countries as in the United States. Similar remarks are, however, true for services other than sanitary. EXPANSION ON MOBILIZATION. In all foreign countries of any consequence large numbers of fully trained reserves exist. These men are assigned to organizations and in those organizations complete ecjuipment of every kind and descrip- tion is so stored as to facilitate immediate issue. Every horse in civil life has its place assigned and its ow^ner is warned as to where it is to be turned in on mobilization; the same is true of vehicles. In the formation of certain classes of trains the Government simply directs teamsters with their teams, harness, and wagons to report at previously specified places. It is thus simply a matter of hours for the great powers to mobilize. Inasmuch as the frontiers of possible enemies adjoin their own, and the functioning of the mobilization of those enemies is eciually com- plete, all nations on the continent of Europe maintain their cavalry and horse artillery at practically war strength and station those arms on the frontiers to secure the few hours wliich are necessary for mobilization. It is thus evident that the lessons (obtained by a study of the organization of the armies of those nations which trust to prepara- tion rather than to luck) as to the relative and actual degree of expan- sion of which the several arms are capable can have but little appli- cability to the conditions obtaining in the United States. 83641°— 11 2 CONDITIONS or SERVICE. Aside fioni tlic features of c()m])iils()iy service and tlie consequent existence of large masses of reserves in foreign countries, there are certain conditions of service with reference to (hiily duties which should be borne in mind in applying principles of foreign organiza- tion to conditions as they actually exist in the United States. In all foreign services the efhciency of peace training with respect to its eflPect in war is the sole object in view. But the real point is that this is put into practice and does not savor of a mere theory. Every- thing is, in foreign services, subordinated with absolute rigor to the tactical training of troops and the preparation by various depart- ments and services for war. Organizations, departments, and serv- ices, as well as individuals, are judged solely from the standpoint of their preparation to at once pass to a condition of war. Fatigue duties, guard, paper work, and kindred duties of the kind common in the United States service are, in foreign states of import- ance, either absolutely unknown or exist in such minor degree as to be infinitesimal. Special duties, such as officers and men for various schools, detached service of all kinds, mobilization, command and training of territorial and reserve forces, information duty, etc., are performed by officers and men who are additional to those serving with organizations. Moreover, the headqiuxrters of such organiza- tions have the men and officers they need as part of the headquarters of the units; accordingly company units are not drained for clerks, messengers, laborers, etc. The absence of fatigue duties and the other facts above stated results in a condition which can hartlly be appreciated in the United States, namely: If a company unit is, under the budget, entitled to 4 officers and 100 men, it has that number for daily ckity. The ])oint of this condition is apparent. The tables showing principal (hit a and the detailed studies are a])])ended in the order named. The forces of the United States have been included in tlie tables to facilitate comj)arison. Table Showixc, TTigher OTtr.AxizATinxs Existint, in Time of Peace. XO MILITIA, RESERVE, OR TERRITORIAL TROOPS ARE INCLUDED. Army corps. Cavalry divisions. Infantry .cavalry | ^^ France Germany Austria! Russia England 3 Italy Mexico Japan United States 38 49 I 19 '■46 4 > Common army only. 2 Possiblv more. . . . , ^ ■ , 3 Figures" are for regulars in the British Isles only. In addition there are 14 divisions, 42 infantry brigades, 14 fleld-artillerv brigades, and 14 mounted brigades of territorial troops i- ''-~ ^--^-^ ^-'— ^- ^~-"- *' are 9 divisions,"9 field-artillery brigades, and S cavalry brigades. the British Isles. In India there Table Showing Peace Strength, by Arms of the Service, only officers and men with the colors are considered. Infan- try. France 2 Germany Austria^ Russia England < Italy Mexico Japan UNITED .STATES. Regulars ^ Organized militia.. . Total 379,640 404, 765 194, 123 580, 000 151,261 167,000 20,326 149, 402 27.370 97,035 124,405 Field Foot Coast airy. artil- artil- artil- lery. lery. lery. 75,510 76,419 4,446 7,246 73,368 (i9, 735 24,673 2,000 47,541 33,012 6.040 2,100 115,000 94,110 18,056 14, 152 20,716 34,649 628 14,965 24,000 27,000 7,000 5,000 7,318 1,912 (?) (?) 14.585 IS. 918 6,889 Tech- nical troops. 18,020 26, 708 10,507 37, 448 9,096 11,000 657 16, 727 13,540 i ■ 5,456 4,167 j 4,565 17,707 I 10.021 27, 249 10, 520 8, 038 5,070 (?) 6,772 2,500 215 11,427 Sani- Total tary peace troops, strength. 6,123 6, 615 4,307 (?) 5,069 3,729 (?) 3,484 4,117 2,146 6,263 634, 638 634,320 327,580 1,200,000 255, 438 288, 409 31,000- 32,000 230,000 81,361 119, 660 201,021 1 Includes miscellaneous organizations, staffs, school detachments, etc. 2 Includes troops stationed in Algiers and Tunis and such colonial troops as are stationed in France. 3 Common armv onlv. For Landwehr, see studv on Austria. ^ Regular armv" onlv". Indian armv, colonial forces, and territorial forces are mentioned in study on Eng- land. Territorial force (British Isles) numbers 315,408. Canadian permanent force and organized militia numbers 67,037. . , 5 Based on Army List, 20 November, 1910. The Porto Rican Regiment is counted as infantr>'. Technical troops include Engineers and Signal Corps. 8,000 recruits included in total. 5,000 Philippine Scouts are not counted. Table Showing Percentages of Several Arms of Total Peace Strength. Country. Infan- try. Caval- ry. Field artil- lery. Foot artil- lery. Coast artil- lery. Tech- nical troops. Train. Sani- tary troops. Miscel- laneous. Perct. 59.77 63.81 59.34 48.33 59.21 57.90 63.50 64.95 Perct. 11.89 11.56 14.51 9.58 8.10 8.32 22.86 ■ 6.34 Perct. 12.05 10.99 10.07 7.84 13.56 9.36 5.97 8.22 Perct. 0.70 i;84 L50 .24 2.42 (?) Perct. L14 .33 .64 L17 5.85 1.73 C?1 Perct. 2.83 4.21 3.20 3.12 3.56 3.81 2.05 7.27 Perct. L65 1.26 1.54 .86 .37 4.96 Perct. 0.96 L04 L31 (?) L98 L29 (?) 1.51 Perct. 9.01 2.02 Austria 7.55 28.46 4.85 Italy 14.31 Mexico 5.25 ^ 2.99" ' 3.76 UNITED STATES. - Regulars 33.64 81.09 16.64 3.48 6.66 3.81 24.57 6.06 4.23 2.12 5.06 1.79 9.20 Organized Militia 1.65 Total . . 61.70 8.80 5.07 13.55 2.97 .3.11 4.80 (9) 10 Tablk Showinc FioHTiNt; Stkkncth of Tukkk Arms on Mobilization. EXISTING OHC.ANIZATIONS ONLY CONSIDERED. Country. Infantry rifles. Cavalry sabers. Field guns. Sabers per thousand infantry bayonets. Field guns per thou- sand in- fantry bay- onets.' Fully trained reserves available for passing from peace to war foot- ing. France 2 (118,450 633,000 420, .300 973, 152 135,020 300, 000 53, 7(i0 228,000 66, 750 76,500 37,800 111,825 15,000 20,880 14,016 14,550 2,936 3,866 1,854 4, 4,32 1,170 1,470 176 954 107.93 120. 85 89. 93 114.91 111.09 69.99 260. 71 63.81 4.74 6.10 4.41 4.55 8.66 4.90 3.27 4.18 2, .300, 000 4,000,000 1,600,000 3,800,000 England '■• 215,000 Italy 1,250,000 Mexico 6 None. Japan' 1,000,000 ITNITED STATES. Uegularss Organized Militia " 39, COO 167,000 15, 225 5,800 144 200 384. 46 34.73 3.63 1.19 None. None. Total'" 206.600 21,025 344 101. 76 1.66 None. 1 No deductions made for horse guns. 2 For all existing units, for mobilization in France, see .separate study. 8 Common army onlv. Figures are approximate. (See study.) < The peculiar situation of Russia makes it impossible for her to assemble her total force upon any one theater of war. i Regulars only. For territorial forces, extra reserves, etc., see study. « Total strength in ranks considered. The deductions which should be made for noncombatants are not accurately known. Laws for compulsorv service exist and might be put into effect in war. 7 Japan forms a very large number of new organizations which are not considered here. Neither are Ihe special troops in Formosa and elsewhere considered. The foot artillery mobilizes an additional number of heavy field guns, possibly 1 gun pei- I hoiisaml lines. 8 Porto Rican Regiment and Philipiiiiie Scdiiis are excluded from this table. B The infantry in the Organized Miliiia is ohiaiiied byreducing all incomplete regiments to the standard organizations. Separate companies and cadet corps, etc. , have not been considered. The Organized Militia has no complete regiments of Cavalry. The figures are obtained by multiplying the number of troops by the troop fighting strength. All batteries of the Organized Militia are included, although 6 batteries (24 guns) have not yet reached the stage where it is deemed expedient to issue modem material. Only a few batteries are organized into complete battalions and there are no regiments. 11 This assumes that organizations can be raised to the war Strength. As a matter of fact framed men are not available for this purpose, and if tliey were clothing and equipments are not available for passmg to the war strength. Note.— For probable inilinl mobilization see studies on several countries. The plan on pat^e 11 shows the above o;raphica"llY. Tlie outline drawmgs on ])ages 12, 13, and 14 give an additional graphical representation of the war strength ol' the several countires, considering existing regular organizations only. In the figures the areas are pro))ortional to the actual war strength of the several arms. As a matter of fact the figures for the United States are too large, for the reason that trained men are not available for passing to the war footing which (he drawings represent. Note.— Due lo an error: the li^'ui(^ on page 13 represent iug bo about midway between its actual size and that for Japan. llalian cavalry is too large. It should 11 n 3"; sM s5j- 5s: h [& IL Km fK IL Ek (i^ i m s \& i L ir ^iri- 12 ^i 13 14 t^AR COLLEGE DIVISON GEN. STAFF CH Smith Del- FRANCP]. The F'rench Army proper is known as the Metropohtan Army. This army is divided between Franc-e and Algiers. This study will confine itself to the Metropolitan Army witli a bare mention of colonial forces. HIGHER ORGANIZATION. There are 20 army corps organized in peace. In addition there is one colonial army corps. Army corps usually have two divisions, in exceptional cases three. The number of corps troops varies con- siderably. There are 47 divisions and 92 infantry brigades; 21 field artillery brigades are distributed among the 21 corps. There are also 8 cavalry divisions organized in peace. As a rule, the cavalry division contains 20 squadrons and 2 horse batteries. Two of the divisions depart fi-om this rule by having 30 squadrons each. There is a total of 38 cavalry brigades. INFANTRY. The battalion usually has 4 companies; sometimes 3, sometimes 5 or 6, or even more. The number of battalions in regiments varies greatly. The maximum is 4 battalions to the regiment. There are 163 regiments. Figures as to the total number of battalions vary. The budget shows 163 regiments with 124 battalion staff's missing. Taking tliis as a basis and adding battalions not parts of regiments gives 615 battalions; to this must be added 36 battalions of colonial troops stationed in France, making a total of 651 battalions. A"on Loebell and Veltze each give 657 battalions. The difference is probably due to the fact that those authorities count native Saharian troops not considered here. As a rule, the infantry company has 3 officers and 125 men in peace. The total infantry strength in peace is as follows: Officers and men. Stationed in France: Metropolitan Army Colonial army Stationed in Algiers and Tunis: Metropolitan Army . . . Total 83641°— 11 3 (15) 311,339 22,012 4^,289 16 It will bo soon that the total nuinhor of battalions allows an aver- ao;e of 31 battalions to the army corps. It is probable that in war France would organize at once new battalions to bring this up to 32. The typical war organization for infantry would then be: ( 'ompanies to the battalion 4 Brigades to the diviKioii 2 Battalions to the regiment 4 Divisions to the corps 2 Regiments to the brigade 2 A total of 32 battalioius to the corps. The war strength of battalions is given by Von Loebell as 19 olli- cers and 1,009 men. This would give a strength of infantry rifles of from 900 to 950. This would give the army corps on the type footing about 29,000 infantry rifles with a total of some 32,228 infantry soldiers. These figures are believed to be very nearly exact. FIELD ARTILLERY. The French field artillery was reorganized in 1909. The typical formations are: Batteries to the battalion 3 1 Regiments to the brigade 3 Battalions to the regiment 4 | One brigade is assigned to each corps; the Sixth and Seventh Corps have brigades of 4 regiments each. The brigade is divided between corps and divisional artillery — 1 regiment to the corps and 1 to each division. The total number of batteries for the type formation has not quite been reached. There are 64 regiments and 5 separate battalions with a total of 689 batteries. To this must be added 3 regiments of colonial artil- lery stationed in France with 36 batteries, giving a total of 725 batteries. Batteries have 4 guns each. There are no light-ammu- nition columns. The peace strength of batteries varies according to several sched- ules, viz, 3 ollicers, 90 men; 3 ollicers, 100 men; 3 ollicers, 120 men; 3 ofhcers, 130 men; 3 ollicers, 160 men. There is a considerable number of men belonging to tiie regiment not assigned to batteries. In addition each regiment has a "section of workmen" numbering 17 men. The total numbers of field artillery and the peace distri- bution are as follows: stationed ia Franpo: Metropolitan Army Coloiiirtl arm V • — Stationed in Ali^iers and Tunis: Mctropoliliui Army Total Uut- teries. Officers, and men. (58,384 5,350 2.(i85 17 It will be noted that the total number of batteries provides about 34^ batteries per army corps. Various authorities unite in su|)- posing that the initial mobilization of France will see for the artillery a similar expansion to that already noted for the infantry (excejjt in a smaller degree), and that the number of batteries for a mobilized corps will be 36. The number of guns per corps will thus be 144 — the same as the German corps except for heavy guns. It is possible that the fortress artillery would mobilize some mobile batteries, but there are no definite data. The war strength of batteries is 4 officers, possibly 5, and 170 men, except that mountain batteries have 200 men. Mountain batteries have 6 guns in war. FOOT ARTILLERY. All officers of artillery, including field artillery, are on one list. Foot artillery is divided into two branches: Coast artillery and for- tress artillery. The latter garrisons the land fortifications. It is beheved that, in certain cases, a part of the fortress artillery may be used with the mobile forces. There are in all 11 regiments with 89 batteries in P'rance and 2 battalions with 8 batteries in Algiers and Tunis. Separating the two branches, we have: Fortress artillery. — There are 47 batteries in France with none in Algiers and Tunis. The peace strength of batteries is 3 officers and 110 men. The total strength of the fortress artillery is about 4,446 oilicers and men. The war strength is not definitely known, but is probably double the peace strength. Coast artillery. — There are 42 batteries in P'rance and 8 in Algiers. The peace strength of batteries in P'rance is 3 officers and 110 men; in Alders and Tunis, 3 oflicers and 200 men. The total is as follows: Bat- teries. Officers and men. 42 s 3,9S5 3,201 'P^Jgl . 50 7/246 The war strength of batteries is not definitely known. It may be noted, however, that organizations in Africa are somewhat under war strength, though they are nearer that strength than organizations in France. It is, therefore, safe to say that the average war strength of batteries of coast artillery is at least 3 officers and 200 men. 18 Artillery workmen. — The foot artillery has sections and companies of workmen aggre<:jating 2,321 officers and men. It is not known just how these are divided between the coast and fortress artillery; they are probably about equally divided. CAVALRY. The typical formations of cavalry are: Five s(}uadrons to the regi- ment; 2 rejjjiments to the brigade; 2 brigades to the division. The number of brigades and divisions has already been given. There are 79 regiments in France, 10 in Africa, and also some mis- cellaneous organizations. The peace strength of s(|uatlrons is 5 officers and 150 men, 141 of whom may be counted as sabers. It is said that the actual strength is somewhat below the authorized strength. The total strength and distribution of tlio cavalry in jx'ace is as follows : Squad- rons. 3,., 50 445 Officers and men. France 65,910 9,«)00 75,510 The war strength of squadrons is 5 officers and 160 men, the strength in sabers being about 150. In war one squadron of each regiment is left behind as a depot squadron. TECHNICAL TROOPS. There is no division, as in the United States, between signal troops and engineers. All technical trooi)s are known as engineers. There is some question as to the organization of engineers in so far as concerns the numbers of companies and battalions. The budget shows 7 regiments and 1 separate battalion. The number of com- panies per battalion varies from 'A to 7. The total numi)or of com- panies is probably 101. The peace strength of companies varies; the strongest companies number 4 officers and 160 men. The total strength and its distribution is as follows: Officers. Men. France 504 31 10,220 Algiers and ' 'link 1,800 535 18,020 The war strength of the major portion of engineer companies is 4 officers and 252 men. 19 The train troops are organized into "squadrons." Each squadron contains 3 companies. There are 20 "squadrons " stationed in France and 12 separate companies in Algiers and Tunis. The normal peace footing of companies is 4 officers and 87 men. The total peace strength and its distribution is as follows: Officers. Men. France 360 45 7,770 2,750 Total 405 10,520 In war each "squadron" forms additional companies. The total w^ar footing is not accurately known. SANITARY TROOPS. The authorized peace strength of the medical department is 1,475 officers and 6,123 men. The budget for 1910, however, only allows 1,462 officers. The distribution is as follows: Officers. Men. France 952 510 3888 2,235 Total 1,462 0, 123 VETERINARIANS. The peace footing is 467 officers. REMARKS ON TROOPS. In addition to the organizations noted above there are a great many special organizations, schools, etc. In addition there are, of course, administrative officers, general staff, etc. There are, for example, 1,345 officers of the intendance, of whom 1,050 are in France. TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. The total peace strength of the French Army, exclusive of colonial troops but including gendarmes and "republican guards," is as follows: Officers 29, 209 Men 577,303 20 Of those 20,368 officers and 507,764 men are stationed in France. There are, in addition, 2,083 officers and 26,043 men of tlie colonial army stationed in P'rance. This brings the total force stationed in France up to 28,451 officers and 533,807 men. Tlie grand total of the Metropolitan Army and the colonial troops stationed in France is 31,292 officers and 603,346 men, including gendarmes and republican guards. There are, in addition, a great many reserve officers, but the exact numbers are unknown. It is to be noticed that the actual number of men with the colors in France is less than that in Germany. This, together with certain con- ditions of service and the fact that there is sometimes a hiatus between the discharge of one class and the receipt of another, results in France's total trained strength being inferior to the German. On the other hand, it is to ])e noted that, presumably on that account, France maintains more officers in peace than does Germany. TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. The organization of the maximum mobilization of France can not be given with any degree of accuracy. The sum total of trained men which she is able to mobilize amounts to about 3,000,000 men; pos- sibly a little more. It is probable that her initial mobilization would be devoted to bringing her army corps and cavalry divisions up to tlie typical for- mations alread}^ mentioned. This assumption would give a strength of the three arms in France, on the initial mobilization, of: Battalions of infantry (540 I Batteries 736 Squadrons of cavalry ;^95 ] The fighting strength of the three arms on initial mobilization would thus be : Infantry rides 518,000 I Field kii"s -',944 Cavalry sabers 59, 250 ' The above estimate is a minimum. It is jiossible that even the initial mobilization woidd see a considerable increase in infantry and art illery over the figures given. COLONIAL TROOPS. Besides the troops already mentioned, there are about 40,500 colonial troops. About 14,500 of these are Europeans and the renuiinder are natives. These ( r()o])s are stationed in various colonies, such as Indo-Ghina. They areorgaiii/ed as follows: lUitlalions of infantry 5!) I S(iua(lr(iii of cavalry 1 r.altfrii's of artillery :U | ('onij)aiii<'s of cii^iuecrs 3 21 In addition to the 49,500 just mentioned, there appear to be about 3,723 Euroj)cans and S,254 natives in the forces of Mada^jascar. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. The Metroi)ohtan Army alone is considered. Service is compulsory, and liability extends from the twentieth to the forty-fifth year of the citizen's ao;e. Service with the colors is two years for all arms. After servino; with the colors the men pass into the reserve of the active army, in which they serve for 11 years, during which they are subject to two periods of instruction, one for 23 days, the other for 17 days. From the reserve of the active army the men pass to the "territorial army," in which they serve for six years, subject to one period of seven days' instruction. The final service is with the "reserve of the territorial army"; this service is for six years; the men receive no training, but are subject to muster. GERMANY, The German Army as now organized in peace consists of 23 army corps and 1 cavalry division, besides certain special troops, schools, recruiting districts, etc. The organization into armies is provided for by existing head- quarters and staffs of six so-called inspection districts. Normally the army corps is composed of 2 infantry divisions and certain train troops and other auxiliaries. There are now, however, 2 corps having 3 di^nsions each, making a total of 48 divisions and 1 cavalry di^dsion. While the cavahy divisions which would mobilize in war are not all formed in time of peace, there exist certain staffs for such divisions and they are assembled for instruction from time to time. The di\dsion in peace varies somewhat in organization. There is, liowever, a definite normal division, and such di^dsions would be the rule in war. The reason for the variations in time of peace is found in the fact that the strength of the army is established by a law oper- ative over a period of five years. Each periodical law increases the strength of the army, but the staffs are not always created at the same time as the troops. It thus happens that each period sees cer- tain troops for whom staffs do not exist for the formation of the t>^)e units. As a rule each periodical law, however, establishes the nec- essary staffs for those units which were created by the ])receding law. INFANTRY. The ty]:)ical infantry formations are as follows: Four companies to the battalion, 3 battalions to the regiment, 2 regiments to the brigade, 2 brigades to the division, with one of the divisions in a corps having an exti-a battalion of sharpshooters (Jager-sor Schutzen). There are 106 irrfantry brigades ^vith 21 6 r-egiments. Ther-e are 633 battalions of infantry. The strength of battalions in peace is either IS officers and 571 men, or 22 offrcers and 641 men, de])crrding u])on circumstances. The infantry number-s in ])eace, including machine- gun (k'tachments, 13,071 officers and 391,604 men. The str-ength of the battalion in war- is variously estimated at from OSO r-illes to 1.000 lides. It is ])rol)abie that the war-str-errgth battaliorr is able to count 25 officers and l.OOO rillcs nnd tlint llic nilioii strvngth is about 1.100 officers and nreri. (22) 23 ARTILLERY. All officers of uitilleiy are on one list. The artilleiy is divided into field and foot (fortress) artillery. The fortress artillery garrisons the land fortresses, such as Metz, etc., and furnishes the heavy field and siege artillery needed with the mobile army. Seacoast fortifications are under the navy, but at present the Second Foot Artillery Regiment is serving in Danzig as coast artillery. FIELD ARTILLERY. The typical field artillery formations are as follows: Three batteries to the battalion, 2 battalions to the regiment, 2 regiments to the brigade. The battery has 6 guns. There are 46 field artillery brigades and 95 regiments. There are 583 batteries. The peace strength of batteries varies according to circumstances, as follows: Four officers and 128 men, 4, officers and 115 men, 4 offi- cers and 102 men. The field artillery numbers in peace 3,084 officers and 66,651 men. The battery in war counts 5 officers and 150 men. Each battalion in war has a light-ammunition column of 4 officers and 188 men. The total war strength of a battalion is thus about 660 officers and men. FOOT (fortress) ARTILLERY. The organization of the foot artillery varies greatly. It may be said, however, that the typical formations are as follows: Four batteries to the battalion, 2 battalions to the regiment. There are 18 regiments, 41 battalions, 169 batteries. As already stated, 1 regiment (3 battalions) is serving as coast artillery. The peace strength of a battalion is usually about 21 officers and 571 men. The foot artillery numbers in peace 1,008 officers and 25,665 men. The war strength varies according to the service. For a heavy howitzer battalion the strength in officers and men is 1,230, including its light-ammunition column. As a rule 1 battalion of heav;>^ field howitzers is, in war, assigned each army corps. Each of these battalions consists of 4 batteries of 4 guns each. Heavy field mortar batteries and siege batteries are assigned according to particular necessities. 83641°— 11 4 24 The ty])ical formations of cavalry are as follows: Five squadrons to the regiment, 2 regiments to the brigade. There are 1 cavalry division, 49 brigades, 103 regiments, 510 squadrons. The squad- ron should not be confused with the squadron in the United ^States. In i)eace the regiment has either 25 officers and 725 men, or 25 officers and 695 men. The cavalry numbers in peace 2,585 officers and 70,783 men. The squadron on a war footing numbers 6 officers and, probably, 172 men, of whom 150 are counted as sabers. It is ])robable that the regiment only mobilizes 4 squadrons, the lifth squadron being left behind as a depot squadron. TECHNICAL TROOPS. It is necessary to consider engineer and signal troops together if we wish to make any comj^arison between these organizations and those of the United States. Germany divides troops of this class into pioneer troops and "Ver- kerstruppen," literally communication troops. The latter are fur- ther subdivided, for example, railroad troops, telegraph troops, airship troops, etc. These troops number altogether in peace 1,030 officers and 25,678 men. These troops are capable of almost indefinite expansion in war. It may be noticed that the normal composition of pioneer companies serving with divisions on a war footing is 270 men. SUPPLY TKAIN. Each battalion is composed of 3 companies and a bakery detach- ment. There are 23 battalions. The peace strength of a battafion is 14 officers and about 349 men. The total peace strength is 346 officers and 7.692 men. The train can be almost indefinitely expanded in war. SANITARY TROOPS. The medical department is composed in peace of a total of 2,288 officers and 4,327 men. It is impossible to give any accurate idea of the strength of the sanitary troops in war, except for those serving with the army corps. 25 REMARKS ON TROOPS. In addition to tlie troops noted ab(jvc, there uro a ^reat many special organizations, schools, castle guards, etc. In addition there are, of course, administrative oflicers, general staff, etc. VETERINARIANS. The peace footing is 7(51 . TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFICERS. The total number of officers, exclusive of medical officers and veterinarians, on a peace footing is 25,722. These are divided among grades as follows: General officers 389 Captains «, 535 Regimental commanders (colo- Lieutenants 15, 554 nels) ti68 Special grades (usually high) .... 220 Majors 2, 356 A noticeable feature of the German officer corps is the number of nonregimental officers — 2,916. All detached service is performed by extra officers. An organiza- tion has the officers to which it is entitled constantly with it. In addition to the above there are about 25,000 reserve officers. TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. The total peace strength amounts to 622,320 officers and men. To these there should be added from 10 to 12 thousand "Einjahrigfrei- willigers." These men serve for one year, defraying their own expenses. TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. The organization of Germany's maximum mobilization can not be given with any degree of accuracy. The sum total of trained men which she is able to mobilize amounts to 4,610,000. What is believed to be a conservative estimate of her initial mobilization is as follows: Battalions of infantry 902 I Batteries (light) 828 Squadrons of cavalry 528 | Batteries (heavy) 92 The fighting strength of the three arms on the initial mobilization would thus be: Infantry rifles 962,000 I Field guns 5,336 Cavalry sabers 79, 200 | 26 COLONIAL TROOPS. No German troops of the army proper serve outside the home country in time of peace. Exact data as to the numbers of cohjnial troops are not avaihible, but it is a conservative estimate that such troops total over 10,000 officers and men. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. Service is compulsory and liability extends fi-om the seventeenth to the forty-fifth year of the citizen's age. The total period of service is divided into numerous categories of which only the more important will be mentioned. Service with the colors is three years with the cavalry and horse artillery, and two years for other arms. After serving with the colors, the men pass into the reserve, in which they serve 4 years and 6 months or 5 years and 6 months, according to the arm of the sirvice During their service the men of the reserve may be called out for two periods of training of 8 weeks each. In practice the majority of the reserve is seldom held longer than 28 days for each period. Passing from the reserve the men go into various other categories. The characteristic of this transition is the constant diminution of the period for which the men are liable to be called out for peace train- ing. This diminution is continued until reaching the "Landstrum" ; they are only liable for call in war. Germany has more men annu- ally arriving at the age of military service than she needs for duty with the colors. Somewhat over one million men annually present themselves, of whom a little more than 250,000 are actually drafted for duty with the colors. Note.— The new " Quinquennate" for 19n-1915 provides (or increases as follows: 1 battalion of infantry, 112 machine-gun companies; 2 field artillery brigade staffs, 2 field artillery regimental staffs, 4 field artillery battalion staffs, IS field batteries, :\ foot artillery brigade staffs, (i foot artillery regimental stalTs. several battalion stalls, and 15 foot batteries. In addition, there are certain increases in other staffs and technical troops. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary maintains three separate armies supported by tlie Empire, by Austria, and by Huno:ary, respectively. These armies are known as the common army, the Austrian (Cis- leithane) Landwehr, and the Hungarian I.andwehr, respectively. The two Landwehr armies differ, however, from the Landwehr of other countries in that they are maintained with the colors in time of peace. At the same time their organization is somewhat miscel- laneous, and it is beheved that to gain a clear idea of the Austrian system it is necessary to consider the common army separately from the two Landwehr armies. To save space all the Landwehr troops are grouped together. It may also be noted that the common army is known as the first line, and the two Landwehr armies as the second line. HIGHER ORGANIZATION. In the common army there are 16 army corps with 33 divisions. There are 15 divisions in the Landwehr. There are 5 cavalry divisions organized in peace; they are attached to army corps and all belong to the common army. The common army has 58 brigades of infantry and 19 brigades of cavalry. In the Landwehr there are 30 brigades of infantry and probably 6 of cavalry. There are IG brigades of field artillery in the common army, organized in peace. The above is believed to be correct, although some authorities give a greater number of brigade organizations for infantry and cavalry. INFANTRY. The formations of infantry vary, but it may be said tliat the typical formations are 4 companies to the battalion; 4 battalions to the regiment; 2 regiments to the brigade; 2 brigades to the division. In the common army there are 110 regiments with 4(j7 battalions. In the Landwehr there are fiS regiments with 214^ battalions. (27) 28 The strength varies greatly in peace. Some of the Landwelir com- |)anies have as low as 5 oflicers and 50 men. For the common army tlie usual strength is 5 officers and 92 men to the company. Tiie total peace strength is as follows: Officers. Men. 9,810 4,009 184,31.3 52, .581 15,419 236, 894 In war the battalion numbers about 1,000 officers and men, count- ing about 900 rifles. The typical army corps thus has a war strength of about 28,800 infanlrv rifles. FIEI>D ARTILT.ERY. The Austrian field artillery is reported by Yeltze to be in a transi- tory stage. It is known that it has recently been rearmed and the current Austrian periodicals point toward a reorganization and con- siderable increase. The latest budget is not, however, available and there are no reports on ffie giving any definite clue as to what is to be done regarding reorganization. The present organization is as follows : Brigades. Regiments. Battalions. Batteries. 16 62 131 8 309 16 The peace strength varies greatly; the usual battery strength is 5 officers and 90 or 109 men. In addition to the battery strength regi- ments have a reserve of men. The total peace strength is as follows (minimum hgures) : Common armv. Oflicers. Men 1,728 120 31,284 1.84U It is understood that in war the regiments mobihze a large addi- tional number of batteries, but iKxh'finite information is available. The entire subject of the war strength of Austrian artillery is little understood l)y foreigners. The United States military attache reports that he has been unable to get any reliable detailed informa- tion on this subject. The opinion is ventiu-ed that the war organiza- tion corresponds, so far as concerns artillery, to that of CJermauy. 29 This would give 3 batteries and a light ammunition column to the battalion, the strength of batteries being about 150 men. This would require the mobilization of an extra battery for the majorit}' of battalions and the division of the existing regimental ammunition column into two columns, one for each battalion of the regiment. As to the number of pieces in the battery on a war footing the con- sensus of opinion seems to point to 6. "With the old material it was 8 with 6 officers and 190 men. It is believed that the ''transitory state" already mentioned is responsible for the lack of i-easonably accurate information on this subject. FORTRESS ARTIT>LERY, The fortress artillery is divided between coast artillery and the garrisons of land fortresses as distinguished from coast fortifica- tions. It is all part of the common army. The total is 6 regiments with 19 battalions and 72 batteries. The total number of officers and men on a peace footing are 383 and 7,757, respectively. Dividing them by the character of their service we have: COAST ARTILLERY. There are 19 companies serving as coast artillery. Definite data as to the total peace strength of these troops are not available. Estimating the strength as slightly greater than that of other fortress organizations would give 100 officers and 2,000 men. The war strength is probably 250 men per company. FORTRESS ARTILLERY (lAND). Admitting the strength assigned the coast artillery the total peace strength of the 53 companies (4 regiments) of fortress artillery is 283 officers and 5,757 men. This artillery garrisons the various land fortifications and furnishes siege and heavy field artillery as well as, probably, some machine guns, to the mobile forces. The war strength of batteries is 6 officers and about 250 men. It seems probable that in any war, except with Russia, in which Austria might engage, the major portion of the fortress artillery ]) roper would be used to supplement the shortage of field artillery in the Landwehr. Am])le material is believed to be in the hands of the fortress artillery for that purpose. (See Veltze.) The typical formations of cavalry are: Six scjuadrons to the regi- ment, 2 regiments to the brigade, 2 brigades to the division. 30 There are 19 bricrades with 42 regiments and 252 squadrons in the common army, and G l)ri.0G() men. all belonging to K KM ARKS ON TROOPS. In addition to the lrooi)s notiMJ there are special formations, schools, stalls, etc. 31 rOTAr, PKACK STI{RN(iTTr. The total peace strength is .Jl.oLlS oiiicers, including a certain number of oflicials chissed as ofhcers, and .']68,919 men. TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. It is impossible to give any definite accurate statements as to Austria's maximum mobilization or even as to her initial mobiliza- tion. Estimates as to the total number of fully trained men subject to call vary. Following the conservative plan which lias been used in estimating the strength of other countries, it may be said tliat Austria has 2,000,000 fully trained men subject to call. Assuming that the initial mobilization would be confined to raising existing organizations to a war footing we would have: Common army: I Lanchvehr: Infantry battalions 467 ' Infantry battalions 214| Batteries field artillery 309 Batteries field artillery 16 Squadrons cavalry 252; Squadrons cavalry 101 This would give the following fighting strengtli of the three armies: Common army: Infantry rifles 420, 300 Field guns 1, 854 Cavalry sabers 37, 800 Landwehr: Infantry rifles 192, 850 Field guns 96 Cavalry sabers 15, 150 It will be noted that the above figures do not consider the use of any fortress artillery as field artillery, nor do they consider the for- mation of additional organizations of any arm. It is not certain that Landwehr organizations mobilize at the strengtli of regulars. All in all, the figures for the common army may be considered reliable, while those for the Landwehr, so far as concerns war organ- ization, are but little more than an incomplete guess. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. Service is compulsory and liability extends from the nineteenth to the forty-second year of the citizen's age. Service is divided into numerous categories. The most important of these are as follows; Common army, 3 years with the colors and 7 years in the first reserve; during the latter period the men are subject to call for 3 periods of training of 4 weeks each. Landwehr, 2 years with the colors and 10 years in the first reserve; during the latter period the men may be recalled for instruction under vaiying and complex rules. RUSSIA. It is difficult to make a satisfactory briol' resume of the Russian Army. This is due to several causes. In the first place, the vast extent of Russia's territory, the internal conditions of the nation, and the character of the countries adjoinino; her, make it necessary for her to maintain what amounts to three separate armies, namely, tlie Army of Europe and the Caucasus ; tlie Army of Central Asia ; the Army of Siberia and Eastern Asia. Then the troops are divided up into numerous categories, some of which are most unusual and about which there is little information that can be depended upon. For example we find, "active troops," "reserve troops," "2d reserve troops," and "fortress troops." For these reasons it is thought well to confine this study to the active troops and to the fortress troops. HIGHER ORGANIZATION. The entire territory is divided into i:^ districts, each district having a commander who presumably commands the forces mobilized in the district in war. There are 31 army corps, with 56 divisions organized in ])ea; two brigades to the division. There are, however, regiments with 1, 2, or 'A battalions, and battalions with .'> or inor(> companies. There ai(> 11.'! brigades with 2S1 regiineuts in tlu> active aiiny. The total nunihei' of battalions in the acti\'e Mrin\- is 1,1 Ml. (32) 33 Of fortress troops there are 44 infantry battalions. The infantry battahon numbers in peace, on the average, about 500 officers and men. The total peace strength of the infantry of the active army and of the fortress troops is, therefore, as follows: Omcers and men. Active army 558, 000 Fortress troops 22, 000 Grand total 580, 000 The war strength of the battalion io, probably, 872 rifles with a total of 1,000 officers and men. ARTILLERY. The artillery is divided between the artillery of the active army, and that of the fortress troops, as well as the categories not con- sidered here. The batteries of the fortress troops are further divided into "sortie" batteries, "siege" (including heavy field batteries) batteries, and "fortress batteries." Of the latter class some are serving as coast artiller}^ Separating these various classes we have: FIELD ARTILLERY. The Russian artillery organization is pecuHar. Batteries contain 8 guns and are commanded by lieutenant colonels. As the battery is so organized as to be divisible into two self-sustaining "half bat- teries," it may be said that the Russian "battery" is in reality a battalion. Two or three batteries form a group (regiment), and two or three groups a brigade, commanded by a general officer. As a rule there are 6 batteries (48 guns) in one of the divisions of a corps and 8 batteries (64 guns) in the other division. Horse artillery batteries have 6 guns. There are 61 artillery brigades in the active army, with 199 "groups" (regiments). The total number of batteries (battalions) in the active army is 549. In the fortress troops there are 5 "sortie batteries," giving a total of 554 batteries (battalions). The battery in peace has 6 officers and 164 men. The total peace strength of the field artillery is therefore as follows: Officers and men. Active army 93, 260 Fortress troops 850 Grand total 94, 110 The war strength of batteries is at least 6 officers and 227 men, possibl}^ more. 34 SIEGE (heavy field) ARTILLERY. There are 58 batteries, all of which are carried as a j)art of the fortress troops. The peace strength is .'^ officers and 119 men, giving a total of some 7,076 officers and men.. The war strength of those batteries is probably -i officers and 238 men. FORTRESS artillery. There are 264 companies of fortress artillery. Of these 116 are serving at fortresses situated on the seacoast; for the purposes of this paper it is assumed that these 116 companies are all serving as coast artillery, although such is not believed to be the case. The peace strength of these organizations varies. An average is probably 3 officers and 119 men per company. We thus have: Officers and men. Fortress artillery 18, 056 Coast artillery 14, 152 It is to be remembered that the figures given for coast artillery are the maximum . The war strength of organizations of fortress and coast artillery is not definitely known, but probably averages 3 officers and 238 men per battery. cavalry. The cavalry organizations vary greatly. The regmient contains from 2 to 6 squadrons — 6 being the most frequent number. As already stated there are 23 cavalry divisions organized in peace. There are 7453^ squadrons in the active army. The strength of the squatlron varies greatly. The maximum average is probably 5 officers and 150 men. There are thus in the active army in peace about 115,000 officers and men. There are no cavalry organizations in the "fortress troops." The war strength of the squadron probably averages 5 officers and 163 men, counting 150 sabers. TECHNICAL TROOPS. These troops comprise engineer and signal troops. In the active army there are 266 companies of these troops. In the "fortress troops" there are 36 companies. In the active army the technical troops are usually organized into battalions of 4 coini)anies each. They are further organized into 17 brigades of a varying number of battalions. In peace the strength of organizations varies very greatly. As an average 4 officers and 120 men per company is believed to be about 35 correct. This would give a total for the active and fortress troops of 37,448 officers and men. The war strength varies also. A mitii- mum average is about 4 officers and 200 men. SUPPLY TRAIN. On a peace footing there are 5 battaliv)ns of 4 companies each in Europe, and there are 2 companies in Siberia. The peace strength of these organizations is not known. It is probably very large, consid- ering the number of organizations, as on mobilization they furnish a complete supply train for each army corps. SANITARY TROOPS. The sanitary officers have no military rank, but instead have civil rank. The total peace strength of surgeons is 3,500; this includes surgeons of classes of troops other than those considered here. The peace strength of enlisted sanitary troops is not known. The war footing of sanitary troops is not known. GENERAL REMARKS ON TROOPS. It is to be noted that there are many officers of infantry, cavalry, and artillery not included in the above. Neither are the men of various staffs, etc., included. Neither are the staff officers included. There are also a great many special formations for schools, police, etc., concerning which no accurate information is available. TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. The total peace strength amounts all told to about 1,200,000 officers and men. TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. The total number of trained men subject to call amounts to .5,000,000. The organization of these troops probably would follow the same proportions as those in the active army raised to a war footing. The vast extent of Russia, the semicivilized condition of many of her subjects and of more of her neighbors, and the peculiar political difficulties of much of her interior, combine to render it very prob- lematical as to the number of troops Russia can mobilize on any one theater of war. vSome authorities maintain that the difficulties cited limit the number which she can mobilize on any one theater to about 1,000,000 trained men. If, however, we remember that in the war with Japan, Russia mobilized and had in the field at the end of the war a million men and that the theater of war w^as only to be reached 36 by a single lino of railway several thousand miles in length, it seems that on a conservative estimate Kussia could mobilize 2,000,000 fully trained men upon her European frontiers. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. Military service is obligatory. Passing from service with the colors the men pass into various reserves. On account of the great variety of reserves, liability to call, etc., no further statements can be given in a brief form. Note.— Since the aliovc was prepared brief notice has l)een received statinj; that the reorganization of the Russian Army has l)eon completed. This reorganization had to do chiefly with doing away with the numerous miscellaneous organizations and incorporating the men in the army jiroper. According to this information, the war strength of infantry and field artillery is somewhat greater and that of cavalry is somewhat less than the figures given in this study. This information is not in sufBeient detail to justify forming new tables, etc. ENGLAND. The iiiilitaiy forces of Eiij>;laii(l fall under several categories. The principal of these are: The legular forces, and the territorial forces. The regular forces are again divided into British forces — Indian forces, and colonial forces. Exact data are not available for the native Indian forces; accordingly, this study will not take those forces up in the detail devoted to other forces. In addition to the forces already enumerated certain of the colonies, Canada, for example, maintain considerable forces of militia. As has already been indicated, exact data as to the number of men of the several arms are lacking for some of the various categories. Moreover, it is thought that the purposes of this study would be served by detailed statements of the British forces (regular). How- ever, as the territorial forces are considerable and correspond more nearly to our militia forces than any other body maintained by a first-class power, a brief statement will be made of those forces. The territorial force is not yet completely filled up, but the latest returns of 1910 as compared with those of 1909 indicate that the maximum strength will be reached in the near future. Accordhigly, the authorized strength forms the basis of the detailed statements concerning the territorial forces. HIGHER ORGANIZATION. The British forces (regular) within the British Islands are organized into six divisions and four cavalry brigades. The territorial force is to have higher organizations as follows: Fourteen divisions (similar to those of the regulars), 14 mounted brigades. The forces in India, including regular and native, are dividetl into two armies. These armies contain a total of 9 divisions and 8 cavalry brigades. The division in India is smaller than is usually the rule (about 13,000). REGULAR FORCES. INFANTRY. The battahon consists of 8 companies. Regiments exist, but as they are not used in practice they will not be considered here. The battalion is commanded by a lieutenant colonel, the company by a major or captain. (37) 38 Four hattalions loiin a l)ri cavalry divisions organized in peace.. The general officers are as follows: Five generals, 4') lieutenant generals, 97 major generals, and 4 medical officers with rank of general officer. INFANTRY. The tyi)i(al formations are 4 c()m|)anics to the battalion, 3 bat- talions to the regiment, 2 regiments to the brigade, 2 brigades to the division. Battalions of " Bersaglieri " and "Alpine troops" have 3 companies eacli, while rcginiouts of these troops have 3 or 4 bat- talions. (4tt) 47 Apportioning all existing organizations among the 12 army corps would give 114)^ companies to the corps. There are 51 brigades, 116 regiments, 362 battalions, 1,374 com- panies. Each regiment has a ''depot." Under the new law the total number of infantry officers is 7,189. A close approximation to the total number of officers and men of infantry is 167,000 for the peace footing. The war strength of units is difficult to estimate. A considerable part of the infantry is composed of cyclists and of Alpine troops. The war strength of these organizations runs from 120 to 150 men per company. On the other hand, the infantry of the line probably numbers 250 men to the company. The maximum w^ar strength of the army corps is about 25,000 infantry rifles. ARTILLERY. All artillery officers are on one list. The organization is some- what complicated, no less than 13 separate establishments appearing in the new law. The main subdivisions are the field artillery and the fortress artillery. The latter is composed of coast artillery and of fortress (land) artillery proper. There are 9 headquarters of field artillery and 5 of fortress. These headquarters correspond to brigades. The total number of officers of artiffery under the new law is 2,242. The law provides that the increase in captains shall be made gradually so as to be complete July 1, 1912. Dividing the artillery among the several classes we have: FIELD ARTILLERY. There are 36 regiments of field artillery, with 72 battalions, 193 six-gun batteries, 36 train companies, and 36 depots (train com- panies form light ammunition columns). There are 2 regiments of heavy field artillery, with 10 battalions, 20 batteries, and 2 depots. There is 1 regiment of horse artillery, witli 4 battalions, 8 bat- teries, 4 companies of train and 1 depot. There are 2 regiments of mountain artillery, with S battalions, 24 batteries, and 2 depots. Totaling the above, we have: Forty-one regiments, 90 battalions, 245 batteries, 40 train companies (light ammunition colunms), 41 depots. At least a portion of the depots are used in connection with the mobile militia. In addition to the above, there are various remount establishments, "directorates," etc. These organizations are fixed under the law bv royal decree, but no definite data are available. It 48 will be seen that, deducting 6 batteries for the 3 cavalry divisions, about 20 batteries are available for each of the 12 army corps. If the heavy batteries have 6 guns each, the number of guns per corps would be about 120. The peace strength of batteries is not definitely known. The Italian artillery is being rearmed with modern guns and the strength of organizations somewhat increased. Under the old organization the strength of battci-ios varied between 3 odicers and 90 men and 4 officers and 141 men. The total peace strength is about 27,000 officers and men and is probably being increased. The war strength })robably follows the German organization, at least for the new materiel, viz, 5 officers, 150 men. COAST ARTILLERY. There are 3 regiments of coast artillery, with ])arts of 2 regiments of fortress artillery actually employed as coast artillery. The total number of companies of coast artillery, including those of fortress artillery employed as coast artillery, is 41. The peace strength of companies is 3 officers and 107 men. The total peace strength of the coast artillery, including headquarters detachments, is about 5,000 officers and men. The war strength of companies is 5 officers and 200 men. FORTRESS ARTILLERY. There are 7 regiments, but ])arts of 2 of these regiments are actually employed as coast artillery. The total number of C()mi)anies actually em|)loyed as fortress artifiery is 57. One regiment of fortress artillery is supposed to be trained as siege artillery (the Tenth). The regiments of fortress artillery are the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Ninth, and Tenth; the Third and Fifth are the mixed regiments. The peace strength of companies is 3 ollicers and 107 men. The total peace strength of fortress artillery, including detach- ments, is about 0,500 to 7,000 officers and men. The war strength of companies is 5 oflicers and 200 men. According to Veltze, materiel exists at Alessandria, Mantua, and Pianceza for forming 3 groups of 9 batteries each of mobile artillery. There are S brigades with 29 regiments and a certain number of depots. The total number of cax alrv ollicers under the new law is 985. 49 Tn peace each regiment has 5 squadrons with a nominal strength of 4 ofiicers and 155 men each. The total ])eace strength is thus ahout 24,000 officers and men. It appears that in war each regiment would have 6 squadrons with 5 officers and 133 men each, counting 120 sahers. TECHNICAL TROOPS. The engineers have various establishments, head(|uarters, etc. There are 6 regiments, 24 })attalions, 79 companies, depots. The total number of engineer offiicers is 610. The peace strength varies, the usual strength is 3 officers and 110 or 120 men per company. The total peace strength is about 11,000 officers and men. In war, companies haA^e from 200 to 250 officers and men. SITPPLY TRAIN. There is one company for each of the 12 army corps. The total peace strength is abont 2,500 officers and men. The war strength is unknown. SANITARY TROOPS. The new law provides 763 medical officers. According to the Almanach de Gotha the number of noncommissioned officers and men of the Sanitary Corps in 1909 was 3,729. GENDARMES. The poHce might, in war, be employed to a limited extent. Some authorities go so far as to think they would all be so employed. They actually form an integral part of the army. There are 12 so-called legions, with 671 officers and about 26,000 men. About 4,000 of these men are mounted. The remainder are dismounted. It is probable that in w^ar the carbineers would mobilize one infantry brigade, numbering about 7,000 officers and men. GENERAL REMARKS. In addition to the troops enumerated there are numerous special formations, schools, etc. As has already been indicated, many of the "depots" are supposed to be used in connection wath the mobile militia. For example, it is supposed that no fewer than 672 officers and 8,640 men of the regular infantry, already enumerated, are used for the mobile mihtia. 50 TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. The total peace strength of the regular army in 1909-10 was 13,942 oilicers and 274,467 men, but it is doubtful if more than 250,000 men were actually with tlic colors at any one time. TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. The complex system and the custom of giving indefinite \eaxo to untrained men render it difficult to estimate Italy's strength in fully trained men. On paper she could mobilize 3,500,000 men. A con- servative estimate would seem to be 1,500,000 fnlli/ trained men. Assuming that the initial mobihzation would be confined to existing organizations of the regular service, the fighting strength of the three arms on initial mobilization would be: Infantry rifles ?,00, 000 Cavalry sabers , 20, 880 Field guns (with probably an additional 1G2 heavy field guns manned by fortress artillery) ] , 470 COLONIAL TROOPS. In addition to the troops already mentioned, Italy maintains in her African possessions 132 oilicers and 4,530 men; of the latter, 660 are Italians and tlie remainder natives. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE, Service is compulsory, and liability extends from the twentieth ■to the thirty-ninth year of the citizen's life. Service with the colors is nominally for three years, but as the budget is seldom sufTicient, many men are released with one or two years' training. These pass from the colors to a form of leave status, in which they serve to complete a total period in the regular army of eight or nine years. The men then pass into the mobile militia, from wdience they go into the territorial militia. During their stay in the categoiy of the "conge ilhmite," as well as in the militia, the men are subject to calls for instiTiction — 30 days per year for the leave status and mobile militia, 30 days in 4 years for territorial militia. Actually, training periods for the militia have, due to insuflicient budgets, only been undertaken since 1909. MEXICO. HIGHER ORGANIZATION. There is no organization, at present, higher than tlie regiment iu time of peace. Divisional organization is said by some autliorities to be in contemplation. General officers are now provided as fohows: Generals of divisions 7 Generals of brigades 'll Brigadier generals 55 INFANTRY. All organization in Mexico is somewhat peculiar. The underlying idea of Mexican organization is to arrange for the maximum possible expansion in war. The battalion has 4 companies. Regiments of infantry do not exist in peace, but battalions are commanded by colonels, with a full regi- mental staff. In war each battalion forms an additional battalion, thus constituting a regiment of 2 battalions. In peace there are 30 battalions; in addition there are 4 skeleton battalions (2 companies each) and 2 regional companies. The peace strength of the company proper is 9 officers and 145 men. The total infantry strength in peace is 1,182 officers and 19,144 men. The war strength of regiments is 47 officers and 1,745 men. The exact number of rifles in the regiment is unknown. The total infantry strength in war is 3,100 officers and 53,706 men. FIELD ARTILLERY. The artillery in peace has 2 batteries to the battalion antl 2 battal- ions to the regiment. There are in peace 1 regiment (4 batteries) of mountain artillery, 1 regiment (4 batteries) of horse artillery, 2 regi- ments (8 batteries) of light artillery, and in addition a so-called "squadron" of rapid-fire guns. There is little definite information concerning this latter organization; an inspection of the army list would indicate that it is the skeleton organization of another regiment of mountain artillery. The total number of batteries on the peace footing is therefore 16, with, in addition, the skeleton organization just referred to. Batteries each have 6 guns, except horse batteries, which have 4, (51) The peace strength of batteries A^aries between 6 officers and 79 men and 8 officers and 120 men, except that mountain batteries each have 10 officers and 88 men. The total peace strength is 1,912 officers and men. The expansion in batteries on mobilization is as follows: The mountain artillery doubles, other regiments each h^rm 2 additional batteries. The "squadron" is doubled in personnel and has 32 guns. The total war strength is 3,142, with 176 guns. In addition there are ammunition columns, the strength of which is not known. COAST ARTILLERY. There are a few minor and unimjjortant detachments of coast artillery. No definite data are available. CAVALRY. In peace 4 troops form a regiment at full peace strength, anil 2 troops form a regiment at skeleton strength. Troops have two peace footings — skeleton and full peace. The respective footings are 6 officers and 72 men and 8 officers and 105 men. There are 14 regiments and 4 skeleton regiments. The total peace strength is 496 officers and 6,822 men. In war each regiment has 6 troops. The war strength of troops is 5 officers and 140 men; the exact number of sabers counted is not known. The total war strength is 548 officers and 14,016 men. TP]CIIX1CAL TROOPS. There are a number of miscoUaneous organizations totaling 56 officers and 601 men. The war strength is about 100 olliccrs and 1.000 nu>n. TRAIN. The peace strength is officers and 2()() men. The war strength is not known. SANITARY TllOOrS. No exact data are available. RK.MARKS ox TROOPS. In additl(»n to the troops noted, there are 12 rcginients of nirales (police) of 250 men each. Ther(^ are also sonic miscellaneous organi- zations. 53 TOTAL PEACK STRENGTH. The total })eace strenojtli is between 81,000 and 32,000. TOTAL WAU STUENGTII. Aside from new organizations, Mexico's total war strength may be reckoned at about 100,000 officers and men. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. In theory, service is compulsory. Actually, it is not so, except, perhaps, for some of the lower and of the criminal classes. It is probable that conscription would be resorted to upon mobili- zation. Note: Since the above was prepared information has been received indicating that all skeleton organizations have been expanded to the usual footing. Whether this is temporary or not is not definitely known. JAPAN, The rapid profjress of Japan as a militaiy nation, the secrecy maintained by her concerning reserves, territorial organizations, etc., as well as the system of training Japanese school children in the rudiments of drill and military discipline, make it extremely difficult to make an accurate inventory of the Japanese military resources. This study is then to be regarded as showing the minimum forces which Japan has available, for it will confine itself to those forces which are definitely known to be available. As indicating the constant and rapid progress made by Japan in preparation for war, it may be mentioned that in the period from 1894 to 1904 Japan's fully trained force about doubled. Still more striking is the fact that the trained force which she is able to put into the field to-day is at least double that which she had available at the period of the Russo-Japanese War. IIIGHEIl ORGANIZATIOX. The division is the highest permanent organization in time of i)eace. There are, however, 11 generals and 22 lieutenant generals, besides other officers, available for the command and staff of such armies as may be formed in war. There are 19 divisions organized in peace. In addition there are certain special organizations outside the Japa- nese islands proper. In these special organizations the regiment is the highest unit, exce])t that tlie Korean troops arc organized into an infantry brigade. Including the brigade just referred to, there are 39 brigades, 4 cavalry brigades, and 3 field artillery brigades organ- ized in peace. The normal composition of a division is: Two brigades of infantry, 1 regiment of cavalry, 1 regiment of field artillery, and the necessary auxiliary troops. Brigades of cavalry and of field artillery appear to be assigned to divisions in time of ])eace. Thcj-e are also 1 1 mountain batteries which are apportioned among the divisions in peace. INFANTRY. There are 4 companies to the battalion, 3 battalions to the legi- ment, 2 regiments to the brigade. Theie aie 80 regiments, 4 of which are special troops (already mentioned), with 247 battalions. Seven of the battalions are not assigned to regiments; of these 7 (54) 55 battalions, all oxcopt 1 bclon<]:; to the spocial troops. Th(» poaco strength of reiiiments is 80 officers and 1,734 men. The total j^eace strength is 6,547 officers and 142,855 men. It is nndei-stood that the mobilization jilan upon which Japan is working contemplates the organization of a duplicate for each battalion maintained in peace and also a depot for each regiment. This doubling does not apply- to the special troops. It is not believed that these reserve organi- zations have been completely worked out. There are 229 battalions in the army proper; assuming that the arrangements for increasing the number of battalions have been completed, mobilization would see 456 battalions and 76 depots, besides 18 special battalions. The special battalions would probably not be available, unless the theater of war were in the territories in which they are stationed. The number of men per battalion upon mobilization is variously estimated. The maximum of these estimates would give the bat- talion about 1,000 rifles, while the minimum would give it about 900. In view of what was done in the Russo-Japanese War, it is believed that, notwithstanding the increased number of organizations, the estimate of 1,000 rifles to the battalion on the war footing is about correct. It would thus appear that Japan can mobilize 456,000 fully trained infantry, in addition to 18,000 special troops and 76,000 in depots. ARTILLERY. All Japanese artillery officers are on one list. A portion of the artillery (heavy) is now reorganizing. This latter artillery is partly mobile and partly coast. It is practically impossible to separate the heavy artillery into classes. Tliis study will therefore consider all heavy artillery under one heading. FIELD ARTILLERY. The German system — 6 guns to the battery, 3 batteries to the bat- talion, 2 battalions to the regiment — is followed. There are 25 regiments, with 3 separate battalions, giving a total of 161 batteries; 2 of these batteries belong to the special troops. The 3 separate battalions, 11 batteries, are mountain battalions. The peace strength of batteries is 5 officers and about 120 men. The regimental strength is 42 officers and 662 men. The total peace strength is 1,114 officers and 17,804 men. The field artillery on mobilization undergoes a similar expansion to that already noted for the infantry. The completed project would see 322 batteries of 6 guns each available. According to some authorities the artillery expansion has not yet been comjjletely worked out, so that at present 56 only 100 additional batteiics would be formed on mobilization. This would mobilize 261 six-gun batteries. The war strength of batteries is 5 ofhcers and 154 men each. The strength of light ammunition columns is not definitely known, but is probably identical with that of the Germans — 4 officers and 188 men. HEAVY ARTILLERY. As already noted, this branch is l)eing reorganized and there is con- siderable uncertainty regarding all its phases. That this branch furnishes heavy field, siege, and coast artillery is definitely known. It is also known that there are in existence 6 regiments with a total of 32 companies and 10 independent battalions with 2.3 companies, making a total of 55 companies. All authorities appear to agree that this artillery is being increased. Like the field artillery and the infantry, this branch ex{)ands in war. Indications point to 116 batteries as the number that would be mobi- lized under present conditions. The division of these batteries into the several classes can not be given with any assurance. It is believed, as an approximation, that Japan would endeavor to accom- pany each 1,000 rifles with one heavy field gun; this, of course, is in addition to the field artillery already noted. CAVALRY. The scarcity of horses in Japan, the great demands on the available supply, and the expense of maintenance of cavalry have combined to retard the development of this arm. There are 27 regiments with a total of 97 squadrons. The j^eace footing of squadrons is about 5 officers and 136 men. The total peace footing is 663 officers and 13,922 men. In war it is supposed that each regiment would form a reserve regi- ment of two squadrons and, in addition, a depot squadron. The war strength of squadrons is but slightly greater than that in peace. The total war strength in sabers, exclusive of reserve organizations, may be reckoned at 14,550. TECHNICAL TROOPS. There are 19 battalions of engineers of 3 comj^anics each. The ])eace strength of l)a(tali<)ns is 21 odicers and 374 men each. There is also a "communication biigadc," consisting of 1 railway regiment, 1 tclegiaj)h section, and 1 balloon section. The i)eace strength of the engineers i)roper is 399 ofiicei's and 13,490 men. The i)eacc strength of the railway troops is 75 officers and 2,100 meiL Tiie strength of the telegraph section is 38 odicers and 625 men. The sti-eng(h of tlic balloon s(>('liou is unknown. Each battalion of eno;inoers forms an exti-a l)attalion in war as well as a depot company. The war streno;tJ) of battalions is abont (UK) men. The total war strength, including railway and telegraph troops, is about 32,862 officers and men. TRAIN. The train troops are organized into battalions of 2 companies each. On the peace footing there are 19 battalions of 2 companies each; 1 battahon is assigned to each division. The peace footing of battahons is 17 officers and 596 men. The total peace strength of the train is 303 officers and 17,124 men. The train expands enormously in war; some authorities state that each battalion in war forms an extra company. The war strength of companies is probably 10 officers and SSO men. The total war footing is not accurately known. Various authori- ties indicate that the war strength of the train of the 19 divisions existing in peace is about 51,000 officers and men. SANITARY TROOPS. In 1910, the Japanese Army list shows 1,247 sanitary officers. The present strength in sanitary men is not known. As an indication, it may be noted that in 1906 there were 2,202 men with 1,282 officers. As the strength in officers has not materially changed since 1906, it may be assumed that the present strength in men is about 2,200. The war strengtli is unknown. VETERINARIANS. The army list for 1910 shows 229 officers. REMARKS ON TROOPS. Besides the troops above mentioned, there are a number of special organizations, schools, gendarmes, etc. The number of officers of intendance borne on the 1910 army list is 999. TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. The peace strength is variously estimated. It is certain that it is at least 230,000 men, and it is possibly more. TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. As already indicated, there is some difference of opinion as to tlie extent to which the ultimate ]5lan of mobilization has been developed. Bringing the existing organizations to the war footing, ignoring 58 sppcirtl troops and rosorvo organizations, would give a fighting strength of the three arms about as follows: Infantry rifles 228, 000 Cavalry sabers 14, 550 Field guns (with possibly 228 heavy Held guns in addition) 954 If we assume that the plans for niobihzation have been completed, the above figures for infantry rifles and field guns would be doubled, while the cavalry would ])e increased by about one-half. There are at least 1,000, 000 /"*///// trained reserves subject to call on mobilization. o J RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT TO^^^ 202 Main Library LOAN PERIOD 1 HOME USE 2 3 4 5 b ALL BOOKS AAAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 1 month loons may be renewed by colling 642-3405 6-month loons moy be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desk Renewals and recharges may be mode 4 days prior to due dote NOV rflHf AS STAMPED BELOW '"^^ U WW 7 :•-:;. CIR. MAY 2 6 1981 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. 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