RS//- %a3AiNn]v\v %. ^OFCAIIFO% ^. ^OF-CAllFO%. 3 ^(?AavaaB^ "^(^Auvaan^ :^YQc. ^^IIIBRARYO^ \\\EUNIVERy/A .5MEUNIVEl?5/7> ^lOSANCfl£A>. CO so 3> 30 %a3AiNn-3y\v^ .nvIOSANCFICTa RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE AMERICAN MANUAL. Extracts from Letters, d'c, received hi/ 'he PiihlisJiers. From Rtv fl dntphin. Prhirivnl of Ihf lli'ih Srhm! nl E'islr./!!f. Northmniiinn Cmmtv. Viraitiia. — Mv sfhiilni-s l.aVH l':ill(-ti in Inve with llie Anievican A!arin;il. iind Uihm- inipriiverjieiit ileliKlitfiilly (-<)n-es[Kimls if I i!i> init mistake, it will bo aiiiirc-ihtfa and iiilnuliircd iti"i Srhtiols just in pro- portion as il btciirnes linown It ouglil In Iib in every family and in every library. From Dr. J I'nlrirk. Presklait of Mmliaon Co/krii. pn —The (I'le^tions and ninreinal notes are of nir.alcnlalile scrvi™ to tl^e pupil ; wlide at ti'.i' same lime tlie an'hor'.s evposition combines tlie ulinost tierspiouiiy. precision, and clearness, tnakini very attractive llie study of lliose great prin- ciples wiiicli are tlie soul of tlie charier of our liberties Tlie elTerls of tlie extensive use of fbe American Manual must he to elevate onr national clia- ract(!r, by preparini the American boy to act the part of a soveiciu'ii citizen, eillier in the i)i.-ice of authority as an oifiei r. or as a private individual ; and the American girl for enimeiating at the fireside the princip es of true patriotism and wirVwe.— Baltimore Palriul. The principle.? inculcated are sound, and lend to the improvement of the heart as well as the enUglitenment of tlie \nmi\.— Lutheran Otistrvcr, Baltimore. This Manual of Mr. Biirleisti's is. in our opinion, the most valuable school book that has issued from the prolific Ameiiciu pre.«s for many years. Its value is icreally iiieieased by llie lactlha: iiuineroiis qiieslioiis are given in an uiii(|ue marciiial arrtuiseiiieut, liy which the skill ot Ihe pupils IS much exercivi-d in menially trai-ius Hie analogy of synouyniy, thus rendering perlect their knowledge of the language.— G«2c«t 0/ llie Union. The conci.seness and beauty of the stvle. the unequalled excellence of the marginal exercises in drawing out Ihe mind, and' thoroughly di.scipliiimg the mental powei-s, and tr.iiiimg the pupils to reason wiih accnnicy ami precisioii, renders it, in my opinion, the best school-book extant. I shall introduce it into the female seuiiiiarv over which I preside, at the commenceiiient of next session. D. R ASH TON, Fifth Street below Arch, Pniladelplua. I have e.tamined the American Slanual, and heartily concur with Professor Ashton in regard to its merits, and shall introduce it into the French seminary over which 1 [ireside. C. PICOT, No 15 Washington Square. I h.ave criticallv examined the American Manual. Having taken much pains in a.scertaining the true tenor of the republican histitntions of mv adopted couiiliy, 1 had previously read the leading authors on Kovernment with much .saiisfViction. but I have not met vvilh any work, in any languau;e. th.it so clearlv, so concisely, and so heaulifully conveys to the mind the principles 'if political seieiii'e. Tiie hiarsinal exercises all'ord much and valuable assistance 10 tlie forei:;iier 111 acquiring a knowledge of the Knglish language The exercises also allord lo Ihe iiientui powers a similar discipline that is obtained 111 studying the ancient classics. A. FlitlTAU. L.I..L). Professor of Uermaii m St. .Mary's College, Baltimore, A text-book prepared by a man so distinguished for scholarship, experience, and success in teaching, as Prcshleul Burleigh, cannot fail to secure uniiersal favor. The general arrangement of Ihe work is reiiul.ir. The inargmal exercises and ([Uestioiis placed at the loot of each pa^-e, .•really faeihtaie lie- iaiinr both of the teacher and scliular. and serve lo iiileiest ihe niiii.l of Ihe latler. Ill llie acquisilion of knowledse. The ippeiidix servos as a key to the whole work, which renders it complete. It is a book which, in my opinion, should be phi'-ed in the hands of every American citizen. ROBERT KtiKK, Principal of W est. Female High School, Baltimore. The arrangenienl of Ihe book is such as greatly to fhcilitate the labor of instruction, and no candid mind cm lo.ik over its pages without coming to the conclusion, that the work is the bevt of any yet pnhlislnd to promote among pujiils geiiei'ally an exact and thorough knowledge of the principles of rephlilicau ijoverimieut. WM K CIok into the Public Schools of BaUunore. J. W. TILYARD, Clerk Com. of Pub. Schools. Baltimore. At a niectin; of the Board of Public School Commissioners for the City of Baltimore, held on Tue.sday, 10: h ■February, 18.52, the foUowine resolution v.as H«r7n(mCT(.'/y adopted :—Re.solved. That the "Practical S|iellini; Book." by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh, LL D., be introduced as a class-book into the Public Schools of Baltimore. . , „ . J. W. TILYARD. Clerk Com. of Pub. Schools, Baltimore. "The Practical Spelline-Book." bv Joseph Bartlett BnrleiKh. L.L D.is hajipily calculated to teach the infant mind sell-reluiiice. the wa'iit of which blishts the iirospect of so many youth. GEORGE S. GRAPE, Wll KKRR, and many other principals of Public .Schools in Baltimore The " Thinker" is one of the very best books that can be put into the hands of youth Apart from the morality which it inculc.iies. it cannot fail to secure a facility m the choice of words, a command of laniuase, and a faniiliaritv with the construction and component parts ot aseiitenc*. HIRAM JOH^SO.\■, Prin Pub. .School >risned, Teachers of the Public Sidiools in the city of Steubenville, find, on trial, that Burleigh's " Amer.can Manual" is the b>st book with which we are acquainted for waking up the mind of vouth. for training them to under.siaiid what they read, lor leading theni to inves- tigate and reason for themselves, and thorou^-hlv fitting them for the duties of after life. I he .sf"hool. the nif'.llilile ti'sl of the mcnis of a class-book, proves that Us proper use need only be witnessed to receive the approbation of every friend of thorough edtjca'iou „r.„i,-AT FRINCIS TLR.NEK, M. A. WALKER, M. KIDDO. MHITLL, XBRO\\N, M. ALLEN, WxM. McCAY, L B. BUITER, E. KELL, M. ORR. The "American Manual cannot fail to command general {M-or.—BnUimore Sun. From John B Strange, A M . and R B. Tsehudi. A.M.. Principals ofthe Norfolk Acndr-my, Vn — We do noi hesiiate to pronounce it (the Aniencau Manual) one of the best school-books we hjive ever extiiiimed not only as regards the m.itter. hut also the maimer ot communicating it 1 he Manual is ada|)ted to the capacity of the youngest, and must prove highly interesting and instruc- tive to the older pupils. From Prof. S. C. Alkijisoii.—So far as my ob.servation extends, no school-book is so well cal- culated 10 enlarge and ennoble the mind of youth as the American Manual. A lawyer by profession and a teacher fnnn choice. Mr. Burleigh pos.se.sses at the sarno time a consciousness of what is needed and the ability to supply it.— Franklvrd HnaUl. We, the undersigned, teachers in the Public .Scliools of Pittsburg, have used Burleigh's Ameri- can Manual with great satisfaction and delight. The plan of the woi k is iii all respects judi- cious The marginal e.xereises are a novel and cn-igiiial feature, and are arranged with great accuracy and discrimmati..n Their u.se not only excites the liveliest interest among the pupils, but iiroduces great, salutary, and lasting etfects, in arousing the mental powers, and leading the scholars conslantlv to investigate, reason, and judge for themselves. T he Manual is eh^gaii.ly written, and must have the eiTect to give a taste to what is pure and ol;v in the Lngiish htn- ^u;,sre. Signed by B. M. KERR, J. VVHllUER, and""twenty-three other principals of Public Schools in Pennsylvania. . From tie Frederirksb'irq. Va . Herald —The American Manual possesses a kind of railroad facility in arousing the minds of vouth; no one who is entrusted with the educ.a'ion ol the nsmg generation should he ignorant of its conlents, m a sti-aiiger to its thorough and efficient mode ol imparting knowledge It contains a condensed, lucid, ex.ict, and comprehensive view ot our social and political instiliitions. and ought to be in every family. From Hon. Tim. Rohrrti:, Pnsidrnt of the Bd Pub. Sh. Com. nf Princrns Ann Co.. Yirqinia — I consider The American .Manual the best book for Iraining the young mmd, in the earner stages of itji education, 1 have ever seen. TC) CONTENTS. LESSON I. Design of the Work — ."-rarsinal Exercises — Explanation of their Use and AJvantase — Aiialvzationof Parasrai)hs— Marfjin-il words to he spelled, and tlieir varied Detinitions, Svnonyius, Roots, etc.. Riven— Their Appli- cation ill coniposiu? Simple Sentences— Pro- gress of the Pupil— Pages 9-11. LESSON n. Definitions and Synonyms not found in the Mar-in, to be giveii hy the Scholar— Pams must he taken to arouse Thought and Inves- tisaiiou— Attention of a Class lo be secured — Mode of putting Questions to accomplish this End expl.dned — Tact necessary in the Teaclier — Meihod of Readnig most advanta- geous to the Scholar— Pages 11-12. LESSON in. Marginal Exercises to be varied according to the Proficiency of the Pupils — Necessity of distinct Articulation and correct Pronuncia- tion—The Instructor to coninnt Errors Pur- posely, in order that the Scholars may make Corrections — Each Feature to be made a leading Subject, until well understood — Anecdote of a Paris Rhetoncian— Necessity for the ^cholar to comprehend what he reads — Paramount importance of the Reading Lesson— Pages 13-14. LESSON IV. An oral or written Account of the Reading Lesson to he given by tlie Pupil from Memory — Conseqnent Improvement of the Learner in Writing, Spelling, Application of Words, and Ease and Rapidity of Composition— At- tention of tlie Scholar thus riveted — Habit of relaling Incidents with Accuracy and Preci- sion thus acquired — Immeasurable benefit thereliy accruing to all the Sons and Daught- ers of the Land— Pages 11-15. LESSON V. Judgment of the Teacher to be used in sim- phfvmg, suppressnig, or extending the Mar- ginal Exercises, and in illustrating and vary- ing the Lessons— Local Prejudices to be thus overcome— The same Plan will not suit every Part of the Union— Extended application of the Marginal Words— Suggestions— Marginal Terms lo be employed in the construction of Literary and Scientitic Themes— Nice shades of Distinction in the varied Use of the same Word pointed out by them— Pages 15-17. LESSON VI. Errors to be corrected by the Pupils — Easy Answers to be at first permitted — Further directions — Attractivene?s of the System — Necessity of cultivating the Moral Powers— The young must rely upon tuemst^lves — Pre- vention better than Cure— Pages 17-19. LESSON VIL The Pupil's own Tlioughts to be elicited— .U- tribules of the Mind to be exercised— Exer- tion required in Educators— Opposition to be met by them; their final Success— Kqual Benefit not derived by all from the same Book— Thoroushiiess necessaiy in Keadui;; — Error sonieiimcs printed — Some Books to be shunued—ReHections— Appeal on behalf of proper Eilucation— 'i'he American Cousti- tulloii— Pages 19-21. LESSON VIII. Our principles of Action formed in early Life from the Books studied in Sciiool— Lxit-oMve influence of Teachers on the Dest.iiyol .Man- kind— Their Labors often inaJe.pia'ely re- warded—Plan of rigid Moral and mlelieci iial Training lo be carried out — Enthusiasm for Critical Study thereby excited- Consequeut Advantages to Society— Pages 21—21. LESSON IX. Political Science an important Study — Excel- lencies of the National Constitution— .Some knowledge of the Rise and Progress of the Science of Government necessary lor all — Origin of Government — Far reaching clia- racter of the Mosaic History — Only reliable account of the Antediluvian Worid — Mo- mentous Events only related- Paternal Au- thority the source of Government— Longevity of the Antcdi luvians-Consequeut early dense Population of tlie Worid — Absolute Sway over FamiUes fm-merly exercised by lathers — Blcssuigs at present enjoyed by us— Pages 21-29. LESSON X. Difference between Familv Law and Law ge- nerally— lm|ieifection of early Governiiients — Pievalence of Licentiousness and Depr.av- itv— Wickedness destroyed by the Almighty thi-oUL-h a Deluge— Reilections—.\ge ot the World— Wise Laws enjoved by but a small Portiunof lis Inhaiiitauts— Noah and his Sous co'iiniaudtd to replenish the Earth- A Por- tion of Noah's Desiuiidants. regardless of the Alim-'hly's commands, build the Tower ol BaheT, to make themselves a Name— Fuldity of their Scheme — A l-essou for us— Contu- sion of Languages-Resolution of Society to its Primitive State— Result of Man's painful and long-coutiuued Elforls— Pages 29-34. LESSON XI. Early Governments not the restilt of Delibera- tion— innuence and Dominion acquired m Primitive Times bv .Men noted for Sirength, Bravery, and Skill — Niiiirod founder of the first Empire — Primeval Governments de.s- potic— Herodotus' account ot the Election oi the ftrst Median kins. IVjoces— Early Cro-.vus often elective— I irciiinscnbed Dominions ol the first Monarchs— Kin;;s consequently iiu- [ncroos — Onumal divisions of Egypt, China, and Japan — .■^iinil ir examples now exis ins: in Afnra— Ri'^'lil^ of the Ruled disiv-anloJ as the power of Kuk-rs increase — Rul^■, at firs' delegtited, usurped and made heredilar" —Pages 31-JO. J! (') CONTENTS. LESSON Xn. Ceremonies (if M;in-i;i!fe. resulaticm of I'rn- i-.crtv. :iiul ^lllil^ll!•l^:Il^ of Crimes, anioiiK the lii'^r l.a«> ;ll^t|lnte(l — Pciiiil Luws at tirst extrt-iiielv scviie— Many I'nmes puaislieil Willi lir-iili I'V I'll- Mosiiir Cu.lu— Its lemler- nessol ;: v...:u^n.l,o,i-lsIlie Basis of i,u,- .1 M, 1 .1 '. - l'ulii,i-iiy iiercssary to auth -W link: Laws tiaosmuud U,' I'ostenly iii uial Verse —Executive power needed— 1 lie early Kuler aMacistrate and I'riest — Land assigned to every Family- Proliiljiiion to remove Land- marks— Til le to Land gained by oiUtivation — Jlnderu CliiUiges in old Keguiations— Pages 40^7. LESSON XIIL Laws of some Sort have always govenied the whole human Race- Examples— I he Uni- verse pervaded by Law— All protected and restrained by it — Condition of Society in which human Restrictions would not be needed, impossible under present Circuin- st;,„(.^.«_l,icorreclness of a common Asser- tion shown — Non-existence of natural Li- berty—Human Laws detective and inade- quate— '1 hose of God perfect in all Respects —Even Americans are not governed by Laws of their own making— Demonstration— All are dependent — Reflections— An Appeal- Pages 47-57. LESSON XIV. Man created for Civil Society —Canses which biiiil Mi-ii K.gelher- Each Individual should reli.Kl'iitli tlie cluini of .Manilammg and Ke- dresMi'K I'ersonal Higlits and Wrongs, to Au- thorities delegated by the Community —The ablest Minds generally selected to establish Rules — Security and Haiipmess afforded by Chrislian t'ommonvvealths — Law of Nations — Ba^rd up.m t:iiristiinity— Not enforced by any ilunian Tribunal— No Courts for adjust- ni'' National dis[iule.s— Moral obligations dis- vegarded by ancient Empires and Republics —The fiiine of Rome taniislied by her Per- fidy—Superior Moral Character ot Modern iSuliuus— Additional Remarks— Pages 57-ti:i, LESSON XV. Divisions of the Law of Nations — Necessary Liw of Nalioiis defined— Positive or liiter- nalioiial Law explained at large — Applica- tion of the two Divisions contrasted- Each Nation at liberty to legislate for ii self, |iro- vided that by so doing it does not injure an- other—A State breaking the Law ol Nations Uabie to attack from idl the Rest— Nationa rights of Navigation — Passports — National Agents— Ambassadors— Pages 62pHi8. LESSON XVL fjnvoys— rienipotentiaries- Ministers— Nat^ire of the disiinclion between Anibiussadors. En- vovs. Pu iiipi>teiiliaries, and Resident Miins- tt.i',s.L( liaiiies d'Atlii res — Consuls — 'I'lieir |)u'^,,„.vs— \\ ar— lis Fomiahties and Laws— Duclaialion of— The Tax-payer a belligerent as well as the Soldier — Difference between Oflensive and Defensive War— Dangers aris- ing from Military Ambition and Renown- Pages 6t!-72. LESSON XVU. Nature and Effect of a Blockade— Truces and Armistices defined— Con-sequences of a Ue- claratKin of War— An Embargo— Letters of Marque and Reprisal— Privateers— Treaties —Observations on the tendency of War — Pages 72-76. LESSON XVIII. Origin of the American Const itution—Recapi- tuhition — Early instances of Associations formed bv the People of America for niuMial Defence and Prolection— Congress of 17;)t— l)ilfereiice belween the objects of the Crown and those of its Men.bers gineralij — Plan of United Government drawn up by Franklin, rejected not only by the King, but by all the Colonies— Reasons and Causes— hKbgiiation roused by the passage of the Stamp-Act — Congress of ]7&'i — Its Declaration of Rights Adopts an Address to the King, and a Petition to each House of Parliament — Congress ot 1774_Flr^."l■ecomnlended by the People of Providence, Rhode Island— Pages Iti-S'Z. LESSON XIX. The " Revolutionary Government," or " Conti- nental Congress"— Passes the Declaration of Rights, October Uih, 177-t, and the Declara- tion of Independence, JulyJIh, 177R — The separate nationality of the United States dates from the first, and the Constitution is based upon both— Various prior forms of Co- lonial Government — General Remarks — Pages 82-86. LESSON XX. Declaration -of Rights — Its reception by the whole Counlry — Comnienceinent of Hostili- ties-Pages 86-94. LESSON XXI. Declaration of Independence— Pages 91-102. LESSON XXII. Sketch of a Confederation submitted by Dr. Franklin to Congress in 1175, not discussed —Congress takes .Measures to form a Consti- tutional plan of Union — Confirms the Arti- cles of Confederation, November loth, 1/ / . —They are sanctioned by all the States ; the last one. Maryland, agreeing on the 1st of March. 1781 — Congress assembles the next day under the new Powers — The two Pe- riods of I he Continental Congress— Us Powers gradually progressive— Beginning of the Na- tionality of the Colonies, and rise of the Ge- neral Government — The Colonies known abroad as the "United Stales"- Powers ot Congre.ss inadequate— Amended and extend- ed from I ime to time— Pecuniary embarrass- ments of the Country on the reiurn ol Peace — A Governnii lit of and from the People wanted -liicnipeleiicy of Ihe Articles ol Confederalioii for mimasmg National .\ttairs denioiisl rated to Madison, ILimilion, and Jay. — Wasliinglon in Retirement broods over the Distriss of the Comitiy, and disMppomted H,, pes— First idea of a Revision of the Arti- cles of Coiifedera'ion slarled at Mount Ver- non— A Convrnuon proposed by Virgima- Held at Aimiii.olis, with but five .Mates re- i.resented-Recouimends another lo meet in Pbiladelplua — Constitnlion of the United Stales framed by this Last — Remarlvs— Pages 102-ld9. LESSON XXIIL Violation of the essential Principles of rational liberlyand English Common Law, the im- mediate Cause of the Declaration of Indc- peudence— Proceedings of Congress pending CONTENTS. it— " Committee of the Whole" exphiimil in full— Extracts from ilie Jouniuls of ('uii^rcss of 1776 — Couimitice of rive apiminteil lo pre- pare the Poclaraliou — i?y asreenient e;ich draws up a Form lulepcncleiit of tlip o'hers — Jnfferson's tirst read in r-omniittce, and adop ed unaninnm-iv — TroK Causes and Nature of III.' Rrvolnlion exliibitc.l l/y the Dcrluritinn— Allthe Kxci-Uenciosofthe Ens- lisli CnnvUMUion fuiliiHicd in our own — A Copy surp.i-sni^' Uie On^mal — The Revolu- to . no will o il nriTi.di-nis— 'nl^'nl■•rlt()lour Ani-cstors is. that tin v ininsmiili-il lo us tlie Frei'doi?! oStainyd ln-'tlicir Braverv— I'ritica'. pi>si:ion of the Ss'it-rs of the D.-clara:.on— Brilws offtred to some of them by Ennssanes of t!ie Crown — Th'-irfrreat Merit— Am ■riiMns of the pres.-nl Dav should he Fn.'udly to their British hretli'cn— Brilisii Parhanii-n'ary Speeclies in favor of American KtnMiutionary Liberty — Exhortation- Fa^es 109-118. LESSONS XXIV —XXV.— XXVL sort given by the Constitulioii— Observations— Judici.d De- partment ; Treason — A Law-adiniuistering Tribunal needed — Montesquieu— No Liberty if the Judiciary is not separafed fr'Uii the Executive and Legislative Powers— Duties oi 10 CONTENTS. tlie JiuliCKiry— Rana;e of its Powers— Judjes —How appoi tiled — Duruiicm of tlitir Ti;mii of Oflioe — Subject to removal oiilv on !m- peacluiieiir, — Siipicme Court — Its "Jurisdic- tion, Orisitiiil iiiid Appell;iie, detiiied iiud de- scribed— Trml by Jury— Pages 195-203. LESSON XXXVIl. Treason— tts Nature— Two W'ilnesses needed EllL'llsIl Piivd.. -Itspi iif it— Eifcrts of Atiaiiider limili of U.H(ilIi-nil.-r— llornhle ;iiicip III of Tri- liM ^siouofnuw rrrildrirs — provided and Slaves— KoriiMlion and Adiiii Slates — Governiiiciil of I lie T Anieiidnienls to llie CimstHulii for— PuOliC Debt— .SiipreiiKioy of tlii tulion and Laws— Kebsious Test — (.)utli of Office— Kaiifirution of tlie Cuiislilulioa — Keinarks — Pages 2Uli-208. LESSON xxxvin. Commentary on tbe Amendments — No Reli- Rion to be established by Law— Freedom of Speech and Liberty of the Press guaranteed— Riffht of Petition confirmed lo the People— Militia — KiKht of the People to keep and bear Arms not to he infnni^ed- Remarks (m Standing Annies and Jlilitary Habits— Addi- tional observations — In time of Peace Sol- diers are not to be quartered in anv House without the Owner's Consent— Pages 208-216. LESSON XXXIX. Houses of the People protected against unrea- sonable Searches — Speedy trial guaranteed to those accu.sed of Crime— Life not to be twice jeoparded — Other Privileges — Jury trial extended to Civil Cases— Manner of ex- amining Causes once tried, prescribed — Pro- hihition of excessive Bail and Fines, and un- usual punishmem— Rights enumerated do not alfeei iliose retained — Reservation of Powers — Prohibition additional upon the Powers of the Supreme Court — Remarks — Present Manner of clerlmg the President and Vice- Presiileiit shown by Article XI I. —Reason of the Change- Uiiratioii of the Conslitution— General lielleclions— Washington's Farewell Address— Extract from Bryant — Pages 216- 225. LESSON XL. Duties and Responsibilities of Voters — Popular Phrases rendered obsolete by the peculiar Character of our Inslitutioiis — Subject con- sidered at Length— Reflections — Pages 225- 234. LESSON XLL Subject continued — Enlightenment necessary —Ignorance in any Part detrimental to the Whole— Apostrophe— Rights of the Minority —Parly Virulence dangerous- Admonition lo Voters— Pages 231-230. LESSON XLIL Duties and Responsibilities of Jurors— Prepa- ratory Mental Discipline an essenlial lliiiig to a Juryman — General Remarks— Two kinds of Juries — Grand Juries defined and ex phiined— Pieliminaiy Oaths of till ir Foremi-n and Members— Extent of I heir J iiris(lii:tioii— One Member appointed Secre'arv. but no re- cords kept— Bills of liidictinent "supplied by the Attorney-General— Secret examination ol Witnesses- Pages 2.39-245. LESSON XLtll. Subject continued- Vigilance and Caution re- quired — Presentments — Further Lx|ilana- tiofis and Remarks- Jury of Trials or Petit Jnry—The(Jatli— C^'ialiliiuilioiis. should be of an equally high order as iliose of ti Grand Jury— Deliniiioii-T rial Public- Evidence to be first given by the Plaiiilifl"— Cross-exami- nation— Challenged Questions decided upon by the Bench— Speeches of Counsel — Sum- ming up of Testimony by the Judge— His In- terpretalicm of the Law — The Facts deter- mined by the Jury— Pages 245-253. LESSON XLIV. Subject continued— Admonition— Way of pro- ceeding in plain Cases— In intricate ones — Common Law explained— Contrast between ancient and modern Jury treatment — Crimi- nal prosecutions— Surest preventive of Crime — Privileges of the Accused — Further Re- marks—Pages 252-2C0. LESSON XLV. Disclaimer— Danger to be apprehended — No- thing stationary — General Observations — Pages 260-268. LESSON XLVL Duties and Responsibilities of Civil Magistrates — Term defined — Improvement in llie Condi- tion of Society — Extracts from Locke and others, on the Subjects treated of — Accom- panying extracts from early English Statutes —Pages 2G8-276. LESSON XLVII. General Observations and Reflections — Pages 276-282. LESSONS XLVIII. & XLIX. Concluding Remarks— Pages 2S2-29O-301. STATISTICAL TABLES— Page 323. APPENDIX— Pages 1-54. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION — Pages 45-48. INDEX TO THE SYNONYMS, AND OTHER WORDS, EXPLAINED AND ILLUSTRATED IN THE APPENDIX. The synonyms have no designatory character. U. signifies unlike; S., used in different senses; M., meaning; and Q,., question, applied to words not properly be- longing to any of the other divisions. The numbers are;— first, the lesson; second, the question ; third, the page in Appendix. Words twice given are twice elucidated. Lei. O. P. A|>oI'-h. } XV. 16,18 Abrogate, ) .\blior3— detests xlvi. 44, 42 .■\hsence— recess, U xxvi. 11,28 Abuses— wrongs, (J xxi. 17, 24 .\cconnt— history xiii. 20, 14 .\ccurately— correctly xvi. 5, 20 ,\r,knowledged — recognized. . -xv. 15, 18 Acquire— receive, U., ix. 51, 8 .\cquittal— liberty, U xlv. 2i), 41 Actual— real xxiv. 8, 27 Ad (prefix) -journ, M xxv. 4, 28 ^''■"iP'*''* ( U xxiii. 23, 26 .■\dopted ( Adequate — commensurate* xv. 47,20 Adieu— farewell— good-bye. .xxii. 8, 25 Adjoining — contiguous xv. 30, 19 A;l,|i)urn— prorogue xix. 15, 22 Administer — contribute xiv. 9, 16 Admitted— received xxii. 17, 25 Advancement— progression . .. 16, 6 Advantage— benefit xxii. 6,25 .\ffiiniation— oath, (J xxvi. 7,28 Affirmed— sworn, (J xlii. 35,40 Atfront- insult xv. 41, lit Ages— generations xxxi. 18, 36 Asfs — periods xiii. 26, 14 -Agreement — contract xvii. 15, 21 Asreement — covenant xv. 10,18 AjTfpments— compacts xx. 11, 23 AllitcMation, M., xlix. 68, 43 Also — likewise xxv. 2, 27 Alter— change xv. 4, 18 Altered— changed xx. 20, 24 Amicable— friendly xv. 39, 19 Among— between, U., xxxi. 5,36 Analyze, M 4, 6 .\ngry ^offended xxiii. 27, 26 Annihilation — destruction. . .xxi. 26, 24 .\p (prefix) -prnpriations, M. xxv. 25, 28 .Apportioned — listributed. ..xxiv. 7, 27 Apprehended— feared xviii. 13, 21 •>I'P'!«'='H U xvii. 2,20 .Apprised \ Arms — weapons xxviii. 9, 31 Art — science xiii. 88. 16 Article, S xxvii. 3, 29 Asbestos, M xxiii. 3-2,26 .Assemble— meet xxviii. 38 32 Assembly — convocation xviii. 16, 21 Attainder, M xxvii. 8, 29 Authority — power — strength.. 20, 6 Authorizing — empowering. ..xvi. 12, 20 Avow — declare xxi. 6, 24 Axioms — self-evident truths xxii. 25, 25 Aye, M., xxix. 50, 35 Baffled— defeated xviii. 17,21 Bail— security xxviii. 28, 32 Ballot— ticket xxviii. 3!), 32 Banner— flag xxxi. 3.3, 37 Bargains — contracts xvii. 10, 2] Basis— foundation xx. 13,23 Bear — carry xvi. 11, 20 Before — preceding, (phrases syn. to) xxii. 1, 25 Behavior — conduct xxiv. 14, 27 Beneath— under xv. 35, 19 Benefit— advantage xxii. 6, 2.5 Bestow— confer xxix. 37, 35 Between— among, U., xxxi. 5, 36 Bill of attainder — ex post facto law xxxiv. 8, 38 Bliss— felicity xxix. 48, 35 Book of laws— code xii. 112, 14 Borne — supported xviii. 2.5, 22 Brands— swords xxix. 49, .35 Breach of the peace— felony xxiv. 18, 27 Break the seals of— open . .xxviii. 42, 33 Brethren j • ^ „, Brothers ( ^•^'- **' '* Business — concerns xvi. 8, 20 But, (dif parts of speech) . ..xliii. 36, 40 By d-'grees— gradually, (phrase syn. to) xxii. 10, 25 Calculated ) ,,.. ., or ,, . J ! XXIX. 47, .}5 Computed ) Called — named xvii. 13, 21 Carry — bear xvi. 11, -20 Case, S. xiii. 31, 14 Catalogues -lists xxviii. 40, 3-2 Cause — reason ...xxviii. 2-2,32 Cede — surrender xv. '27, 19 Celebrated— illustrious xiv. 28, 17 Ceremony— form xiv. 39, 18 Change — alter xv. 4, 18 Changed— altered xx. 20, 24 Changes — vicissitudes xvii. 17,21 Charge— office xxiv. 20, 27 Choice — option xv. 28, 19 Chosen — elected xxi. 25, 24 Chosen — selected xxiv. 6, 27 Christendom (its old M.) x. 1, 8 Chronological, M ix. 30, 8 Circumscribed — restricted ....xv. 12, IH (11) 12 INDEX. .xvu. Circumstantial — minute xv. Ciliz Ti— s.ibjfct xxxvi. Citiz lis — Juiiizeii? xxxi. Citiz(-!is— poople xiii. Civil tixio, M xii. Claim, S xxvii. Claims— rii; Ins xii. Class— orrliT xxiv. Class — order — rank xv. Client— patron, U xliii. Closiii2 I Concl'i;!iMS i Coalescence — ii nion xv. Code — book of laws xii. Columbia (whence derived). .xx.\. Com (prefix) -pose xii. Commensurate— adequate . . . xv. Comments — observations . . .xxix. Commonwealth— state. .. .x.wiii. Compacts — agreements xx. CompMisation— remuneration xxviii. Compile, M xxii. Complete— perfect xxix. Compose ) Constitute ( Con (piefi.x) -sequently and -tracts, M. xii. Concerns — business xvi. Conce.t those measures (syn. phrase to) xxii. Conc.rronce / ^^i^ Conseit \ Conilurt — b'haviour xxiv. Confe leralion — union xxvii. Confer— bestow xxix. Confidence — trust xlvi. Confirm — establish xxiv. Conqu'rod — vanquished xiv. Consecrated — devoted xxxi. Consecrated — hallowed xxix. Considered — regarded xix. Constant — perpetual xiv. Constitution (whence deriv.) xxix. Constitiition, S xxix. Cotiteiiipt — disdain xx. Conteutions- dissensions xxx. Contested — disputed xv. Contifruous — adjoining xv. Continuance ( ■ Continuation ( Contr:;ot— aiireement xvii. (jontriifts- bargains xvii. Contribute— administer xiv. ('ontnncrsv — dispute. xiv. Conveali.n'is ( -. Convo. alions ( aa»ii. Conve.itions — meetings xviii. Convocation — assembly. . . .xviii. Correctly -accurately xvi. Couns -l — lawyers xiv. Countenance — encouiage xvi. Co intenanceil — sanctioned.. . .xv. Countiy— land xxvii. Course— .scries xxix. Co- en.T nt— agreement xv. Cradle— dwillinir-place, U. ..xlvi. Oime — misilvmianor xxviii. 38, )0 14,38 31.37 48,15 103, 14 1-2, 29 110, 14 10,27 44, 10 41, 40 20,21 17, 18 112, 14 2, 35 56, 13 47,20 20,34 35, 32 11,23 13,31 3,25 29,34 xii. Ill, 14 30, 12 8,20 11,25 15,27 14,27 13, 30 37, 35 29, 42 4, 27 20, 17 12, 30 44,35 7,22 11, 17 2,34 3,34 9,23 13, 35 7, 18 30, 19 21,27 15,21 10,21 9, 16 18, 17 27,30 29, 22 16, 21 5, 20 21,41 6,20 3, 18 33, 30 25,34 10, 18 16,42 21,31 Lfs. d. r. Crown-lands — public domain, U. xxii. 5, 25 Custom — usage xv. 31, 19 Customs — practices xxix. 26,34 Customs — usages xiv. 20, 17 Cut— tear, U xlvi. 32, 42 Uanecr — jeopardy xxviii. 17, 31 IJialings — tratlic xvii. 9, 21 Debate — speech xxiv. 19, 27 IJeclare — avow xxi. 6, 24 Declare — proclaim xvi. 15, 20 Declined — refused xvii. 12. 21 Deeds, S xii. 32, 12 Defeated— baffled xviii 17, 21 Defi'ctive- imperfect xxix. 35, 35 Defence (two ways to spell), .xiv. 37, 41 Definition — synonym, U 10, 6 Degree, S xiv. 10, 17 Demand — requirement xv. 46, 20 Demoniacs — possessed persons xlvi. 11,42 Denizens— ciiBzens xxxi. 31, 37 Denoted— signified x. 35, 9 Depredation — robbery xv. 23, 19 Deputize (an Americanism), .xiii. 82, 16 Design -object xiii. 14, 40 Destroy ) Diss