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 THE 
 
 lEII§'ff®IRY 
 
 if i m §01 \Mi% JES1I8 iimi, 
 
 FROM fflS INCARNATION UNTIL fflS ASCENSION, 
 
 DENOTING AND ISCOEPOKATmO 
 
 €\}i tDnrïis .nf tjie larrrh Ctrt frnm tjie ulgnte 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 l'Hïi ISEgfOIEY OF 
 
 ^HH A(D^§ (DIF ^HM AIP®©!"!!^ 
 
 CONNECTED, EXPI^AINED, AND BLENDED WITH REFLECTIONS 
 
 TRAVàLATED FKOM TIIE FI!E>Cn Or 
 
 FATHER FRANCIS DE LIGNY, 
 
 OF TDE SOCIETT Or JESUS, 
 
 %\ Sîirs. 3. InMirr. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 D. k J. SADLIER & CO., 1G4 WILLIAM SlTtEET, 
 
 liOSTON :— 123 FEUEKAL STREET. 
 AN!) 179 NOTRE-DAME STREET, MONTR£(iL, C. E. 
 
 1853. 
 
 Wi 
 
1 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1851, 
 
 Br D. & J. Sadlier & Company, 
 
 In the Clerk's OiEce of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of 
 New York. 
 
 LOAN StACK 
 
13 ■' -^^^ Il 
 
 • i! 
 
 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 The first part of tliis work, viz., the " Life of Our Lord Jesas 
 Christ," has been already published on the other side of the Atlantic ; 
 but somehow the translation was not approved of by American read- 
 ers, and I have endeavored to place before them a new version of a 
 work so justly esteemed. In looking over the translation already 
 made by a learned gentleman of Dublin, I very soon perceived that 
 his great error lay in a too close adherence to the original, thereby 
 ci'amping and constraining, to a certain extent, the English mean- 
 ing. There is no denying that the translation is, in the main, a 
 fiiithful one ; but it is in many instances too faithful to the French 
 to Ije altogether true to the English, seeing that the genius of the 
 I wo languages is so very, very different. If I have succeeded, even 
 j)artially, in making this great work acceptable to the American 
 public, I shall be well repaid for my labor. 
 
 With respect to the second part, the " Lives of the Apostles," I 
 am not aware that it has been as yet translated, and I feel happy 
 to offer it to those who cannot enjoy it in the beauty of the original. 
 I am fully conscious that my translation will give but a faint idea 
 of the author's style, but I have the poor consolation of knowing 
 that very few translations ever do. I have done it to the best of 
 my ability ; and if it be not all that the reader coidd wish, surely it 
 is better than having a work so rare and so valuable locked up in 
 the recesses of a foreign language. I am only sorry that this most 
 valuable production of the leai'ued and j)ious De Ligny has not 
 
 675 
 
4 TRANSLATORS PREFACE. 
 
 fallen into better hands; but as the task has devolved on me, I 
 have endeavored to perform it in what I considered the most suita- 
 ble manner — that is to say, without any of those meretricious orna- 
 ments of style which might infringe on the chaste simplicity of the 
 learned author. The Scriptural portions of the work, I have, of 
 course, copied with the most scrupulous care from an approved ver- 
 sion of the New Testament, and I trust they will be found correct. 
 
 Montreal, August, 1851. 
 
 L.._ 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 jNIany pious and enlightened persons have considered that a work 
 like this might not be altogether useless ; and hence it is that its 
 author has placed it before the public. He first undertook it with 
 the sole idea that it was a good and suitable work for the leisure 
 hours of a priest ; and even in occupying those hours, it was pro- 
 ductive of some advantage to himself, so that he could not consider 
 such time ill spent. But if this work may also serve to instruct the 
 faithful, he believes it his duty not to withhold it from them. His 
 idea is not a new one, and he has no desire to claim the merit of in- 
 vention. There are in existence numberless concordances of the 
 four Gospels, wherein the word of God and the word of man are in- 
 terwoven, as in this work. Many, almost numberless, are the com- 
 mentaries and reflections on the Gospels ; so that the present writer 
 can lay claim to nothing peculiar, excepting only his style and his 
 selections, together with some observations which he believed neces- 
 sary, in order to explain certain obscure texts. Even for these he 
 cannot venture to claim originality : he can only say that he has 
 never seen them in any of the authors consulted by him. To these 
 are added some moral reflections, which grew out of the subjects 
 before him, and which appeared to the author as calculated to ex- 
 cite and nourish piety. He has also endeavored to explain some of 
 the evangelical dogmas. The nature of the work required that 
 these explanations should be brief, and it was, moreover, necessary 
 to make them clear and simple : it is for the I'cader to judge wheth- 
 
6 PEEFACE TO THE FIEST EDITION 
 
 er lie lias succeeded in tliese points. Tliese explanatory notes are 
 not intended for professed theologians. Far be it from the author's 
 mind to think of giving instruction to those whom he considers as 
 his masters. No ; they are solely intended for that numerous class 
 who, in matters concerning religion, have no more than the limited 
 knowledge usually obtained in what is called " a Christian educa- 
 tion." They may also be found of some value to those ecclesiastics 
 who have as yet made no very profound study of Scri^oture or the- 
 ology, or to those who may have forgotten, in the multitude of theii' 
 avocations, a portion of what they had in early life acquired. Many 
 of these ex])lanations are directed against heretics, for it is always 
 useful to know how they pervert the Scriptures in support of their 
 errors, and the manner in which the Church cojifute§ them. Prot- 
 estants in particular are frequently referred to, as . being more 
 known to us, and coming in closer contact with us. But there is 
 yet another reason — shall we venture to confess it? There are 
 sometimes found among us Catholics (at least by profession) who 
 advance in conversation the same opinions as they do ; and who, 
 though not daring to maintain them as dogmas, at least propose 
 them speculatively. This mode of speaking is seldom found in coun- 
 tries where the leaven of Protestantism has not penetrated, which 
 fact shows plainly the origin of the evil. Whether those who as- 
 sume this tone believe or do not believe what they say — for it gen- 
 erally happens that there is more of vanity than of conviction in 
 these flippant remarks — yet every Catholic, who is truly attached 
 to the faith of his fathers, will be very glad to have the means either 
 of enlightening or confounding them, as the case may require. The 
 authorities whom the author has followed in explaining the sacred 
 text are, generally speaking, the Fathers of the Church, and the 
 best authorized commentators. He emlwaces no particular system, 
 and gives no opinion of his own on those questions ; he simply fol- 
 
PREFACE TO TOE FERST EDITION, Y 
 
 lows the teaching and tradition of the Catholic Chui'ch. Whatever 
 is at all opposed to that appears to him suspicious, and he therefore 
 . scrupulously avoids it. He cannot hope that his work ■vrill be found 
 free from errors, but he implores his readers to place them solely 
 to the account of his limited inteUigeuce, and to rectify them by 
 the same standard which has guided him in his work — the common 
 teachinars of the Catholic Church. 
 
INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND FRENCH EDITION 
 
 There are few who have not wished, when reading over the New 
 Testament, to have its contents arranged in one regular history, 
 giving the Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ, according to the order of 
 time, and disengaged from the numerous repetitions unavoidable in 
 four different narratives. This was the intention with which Father 
 De Ligny commenced his work, and there is no doubt that he has 
 cai-ried it out with complete success. Taking for his basLs the His- 
 tory of the Life of Jesus Clir-ist, he has compiled it from the text 
 of the four Evangelists. In this new edition, all the Scriptural part 
 has been marked by inverted commas, and the references are every- 
 where given, so that the reader may at any time compare this nai-- 
 rative with the Gospel history. 
 
 iVlthough this History of tlie Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ forms 
 a complete work in itself, yet we have thought it expedient to fol- 
 low it up by a sutnmary of wJuxt is contained in the Acts of the 
 Apostles. In order to render this edition still more complete, we 
 have furnished it with an Analytical TaUe of Contents^ aiTauged 
 with the utmost care and attention. Such a Table we considered 
 necessary, in order to point out the various and important subjects 
 treated of in the notes. 
 
 There are now very few of the faithful who cannot provide them- 
 selves with a work so useful, so precious. Its merit is universally 
 recognized, and its reputation is daily increasing. It is, beyond all 
 dijubt, the best concordance which vce. have of the four Gospels, as 
 
10 INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND FRENCH EDITION. 
 
 well as the most faitliful and exact translation of them wliicli we 
 have in our language {Fatlier De Ligny speahs, of course, of tlie 
 French language'). 
 
 " Father De Ligny's paraphrase has no interference with the di- 
 vine oiiginal, and it is so written as to exclude all modern idioms 
 or peculiarities of style which might detract from the dignity and 
 severe simplicity of the ancient phraseology, of which the Scriptures 
 are the most perfect model. Leaving the text in all its integrity, 
 he has contrived to introduce short reflections, so skilfully construct- 
 ed, that, without at all infringing on the sacred text, they serve, as 
 it were, to fill up the interstices, and to preserve the thread of the 
 history, correcting and arranging its valions incidents, so as to make 
 one complete whole. Exj^lanations of the Word of God may he 
 given by men, without at all compromising the dignity of the text. 
 Finally, the work is enriched by critical notes, equally useful to the 
 true loeliever, and to the skeptic or infidel : to the former for con- 
 firming him in his faith, and to the latter for dissipating his doubts 
 and convincing him of his error. 
 
 " Another recommendation for this work is the very name of its 
 author. Father De Ligny was a member of that illustrious society 
 whose fall has been a grievous disaster to France, and whose mem- 
 ory is still so fondly cherished.* He first appeared with success in 
 the pulpits of the French caj^ital, and had even been appointed to 
 preach at court, when the genius of destruction, which had been so 
 long laboring to undermine all the religious orders, commenced with 
 destroying the most useful as well as the most distinguished. Father 
 
 * Happily, the fall of the Jesuits was but temporary, and their society has risen again, 
 phœnix-like, from its OTrn ashes, to shed renewed light on the darkening countries of 
 Eiu'ope. — (Translator.) 
 
INTKODUCTIOX TO TIIE SECOXD FKEXCH EDITION. 11 
 
 De Ligny then retired to Avignon, where he continued to exercise 
 his rare talents for preaching. Ilis elocution had in it something 
 very original, not without a certain degree of quaintness ; but it 
 was so analogous to his character, that it excited more interest than 
 the most studied oratory could ever produce, and gave added charms 
 to hi^ discoui-se. Xor were his \'irtues at all inferior to his talents. 
 He was distinguished by tliat modesty of demeanor and suavity of 
 manner which are usually characteristic of the members of his order, 
 and which serve to smooth do-mi the prejudices of worldlings, while 
 they secure the respect due to religion. He preached through all 
 the southern provinces of France, and everywhere addressed crowd- 
 ed audiences, till the very close of his life. He died at A^^gnon in 
 1788, in the seventy-eighth year of his age, happy in being taken 
 hence on the very eve of the dread catastrophe, and in having heard 
 but the distant growling of that storm which soon after burst over 
 the fail" fields of France. He died Mith only a presentiment of the 
 evil to come." — (M. De Boulogxe.) 
 
 It may be well to mention here that the learned and pious author 
 of this work was born at Amiens, on the -Ith of May, 1709, and en- 
 tered the Society of Jesus while yet very young. He was for some 
 time Professor of Humanities in certain of the colleges belonging to 
 his order ; but having shown very decided talents for the pulpit, he 
 in his more advanced years devoted himself to tlic holy office of 
 preaching the ^Yord. 
 
 While stationed at A^^gnon, Father De Ligny published, under 
 his own superintendence, the first edition of this work, undoubtedly 
 the greatest of all his productions. He had previously published at 
 Paris, in 1759, "The Life of Ferdinand, King of Castile and Leon." 
 In his latter years he composed " Tlie History of thé Acts of the 
 Apostles," but it was not published till after his death. 
 
Q^jl_|crM.^" • ABB 
 THE HISTORY 
 
 ■Q ? 
 
 OF THE LIFE OF OUR LORD 
 
 JESUS CHRIST, 
 
 FBOM fflS IÎÎCAKÎÎATIOÎI TO HIS ASCENSION. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 FROM TIIE INCARNATION OF THE WORD UNTIL TIIE CURE OP THE 
 MAN BORN BUND. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PEEFACE OF SAINT LUKE.^ETEKNAL GENERATION OF THE WOED AND KB INCARNA- 
 TION. ^TESTIUONT RENDERED TO HTM KY SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST. THE HOLY 
 
 PRECURSOR ANNOtTNCED AND PROMISED. 
 
 (a) "The beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ the Son of 
 God." 
 
 (h) " Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order 
 a narration of the things that have been accomplished among us, ac- 
 cording as they have delivered them unto us who from the begin- 
 ning were eye-witnesses and ministers of the Word ; it seemed good 
 to me also, having diligently attained to all things from the begin- 
 ning, to write to thee in order, most excellent Tlieophilus, that thou 
 mayest know the verity of those words in which thou hast been in- 
 structed." 
 
 Thus speaks Saint Luke; and Saint JMark, the other disciple, 
 might have used the same language. Nay, both evangelists could 
 have said what, in pomt of fact, Saint John hits declared : (c) " That 
 which was from the beginning, which avc have heard, which 
 we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and 
 
 (a) St. Mark, i. 1. 
 
 (J) St. Luke, i. 1. 
 
 (c) I. St. John, i. 1, 3. 
 
14 
 
 THE niSTOKY OF THE LIEE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 our Lands liave liandlecl, of the Word of life We declare unto 
 
 j'ou ; tliat you also may Lave fellowship witL us, and our fellowship 
 maybe with the Father and his Son Jesus Christ." Viz.: whilst 
 some recount what they actually saw, others relate what they heard 
 from those who had ^àewed the facts ; the first class of evangelists 
 being intelligent witnesses, and the latter attentive hearers, all were 
 faithful historians. The coincidences of their statements are so per- 
 fect, that no inconsistency can i)0ssibly be detected, and there is just 
 enough of variation in the details to rebut the slightest presumption 
 of collusion or conspiracy. Through all these minute difierences we 
 may recognize the organs of the same sj^irit, just as in the varieties 
 of family features we acknowledge the ofispring of the same father. 
 We shall now enter on their narrative, by stating what was before 
 the origin of time, this Eternal Word, whose temporal life is the sub- 
 ject of this History. 
 
 («) " In the beginning was (1) the Word:~(3), and the Word was 
 with God, and the Word was God (3) ; the same was in the begin- 
 ning with God (4). All things were made by him (5);- and with- 
 out him was made nothing that was made. 
 
 (a) St. John, i. 1-18. 
 
 (1) The word of the Father ; the' interior expression of his intelligence ; the eternal and 
 infinite prodiiction of his infinite knowledge. The term of this knowledge is a divine per- 
 son distinct from the di™e person which produces it. If undoubtedly this is a great m)-»- 
 tcry, may we not add that it is the only mysteiy here ? For that this person must be 
 consubstantial and coetemal with his principle, is as evident as that the knowledge, rea- 
 son, iuid wisdom of the Godhead cannot be of any other substance or of shorter duration 
 itian God himself. We must needs say the same of tlie Holy Ghost, who is the substan- 
 ti:il love of the Father and the Son. 
 
 -(•2) When every object which had a beginning began its existence, the Word was al- 
 ready : hence he is without beginning ; hence he is eternal. 
 
 (3) Skeptics might perhaps cavil at the other expressions in this verse which declare 
 ihe divinity of the Wijrd, but this proposition narrows them explicitly to the sense of di- 
 \ inity strictly speaking ; for is it possible to say more precisely that the Word was God, 
 tlian bv saying the Word was Ood ? 
 
 (4) This resiunption represents, if we may presume to use such a fomi of expression, 
 the situation of the Word during that eternity which preceded creation. He dwelt shroud- 
 ed in the bosom of his Father: as yet he had not been produced, or, as we might say, 
 brought forward to view ;'lie was displayed by the creation and incarnation. This may 
 be considered as an abstract of what the Evangelist states and is going to state concern- 
 ing him. 
 
 (û) God made all Ihings by his word, since lie created them by his intelligence ; hence 
 
 i 
 
CIIAP. I.] OF OUR XOED JESUS CHKIST. 15 
 
 " In him was life (6), and the life was the light of men (7). The 
 light shineth in darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend 
 it (8). There was a man sent from God whose name was John. 
 This man came for a witness, to give testimony of the light, that all 
 men might believe through him. He was not the light, but was to 
 give testimony of the light. The icord was the true light which en- 
 lighteneth every man that cometh into this world." 
 
 " He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the 
 world knew him not. He came to his own, and his own received 
 him not. But as many as received him, he gave them power to be 
 made the sons of God, to them that believe in his name, who are 
 born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of 
 man, but of God (9). Ajsd the word was made flesh (10). 
 
 we say (and in as strict a sense of the Word as of the Father) that all things were made 
 by liim. The Arians concluded from this that the Son was inferior to the Father, since 
 he acted in the subordinate character of his instrument at the creation. Yet the intelU- 
 gence which actuates was never denominated an insti-ument ; and supposing the denomi- 
 nation were correct, we must admit that such an instrument should be coequal to his em- 
 ployer. For who ever advanced or thought tliat an intelligent being, no matter what that 
 miglit be, was greater than his own intelligence, or somewhat less than himself ? 
 
 (6) He was the author and the meritorious cause of the life of grace to bo followed by 
 an eternal Ufe of gloiy. This meaning explains the passage of Saint John, by Saint John 
 himself, who says. Epistle I. John, v. 11, "God has given to us elefnftl life, and this 
 life is in his Son." Here, alluding to the Son, he says, "In him was life." Both es- 
 pressions convey ob\nously the same meaning. 
 
 (7) The Word gave life to men by iiTadiating their souls, and that light refeiTcd to 
 hi're is the light of faith, and not, as many say, the natural light of reason. This is de- 
 Jucible from many reasons. The following is conclusive : The Evangelist speaks here of 
 that light to which he is just going to state that Saint John the Baptist gave testimony. 
 Now, the direct object of Saint John the Baptist's testimony was not Jesus Chiist as 
 author of the light of reason, but Jesus Christ as author of the Christian faith and evan- 
 gelical law. 
 
 (8) Mankind were immersed in the darkness of ignorance and error. They could not 
 discern the light, because they did not wish to discern it. Those who bandage their own 
 eyes cannot see the light of day. Ought they, therefore, to blame the sun ? 
 
 (0) Here the Evangelist speaks simultaneously of the incarnation of the word, and the 
 spiritual birth of the children of God, as the fii-st is the meritorious cause, and also the 
 e^^dence of the latter. At least it is a further argument, inasmuch iis it is more difficult 
 to believe that the word of God was made flesh, than that flesh and blood could become 
 the adopted child of God.' 
 
 (1 0) That is to say, that he was made man. Tlie evangelist names the part for the whole ; 
 and that, too, the mast despicable part, to impress us more deeply with the prodigious 
 
16 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LITE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 " He dwelt among us full of grace and truth ; and we have seen 
 his glory (11), the glory as it were of the only begotten of the 
 Father. 
 
 " John beareth witness of him, and crieth out, saying : This was 
 he of whom I spoke, he that shall come after me is preferred before 
 me, because he was before me. Of his fulness we all have receiv- 
 ed (12), and grace (13) for grace. For the law was given by Moses, 
 grace and truth came by Jesus Christ." 
 
 Let none be surprised at our descanting on matters rising so high 
 above the sphere of human understanding. They may be heard 
 with astonishment, but our testimony is not the less admissible. 
 "No man, it is trm^ hath seen God; but the only begotten Son, who 
 is in the bosom of the Father,, he hath 'declared him to vs." 
 
 The most ob^^ious characteristics should designate that man who 
 was commissioned to point out first to the world the incarnate word. 
 Nothing else could give irresistible weight to his testimony. God 
 provided for this emergency, and we shall now see that at the out- 
 
 humiliation of the Son of God. There is great energy in the juxtaposition of the two 
 terms the word was made Jîesh. Hence, some of the earlier heretics took occasion to 
 say that the word merely assumed the flesh, which he animated as its soul. Jesus Christ 
 anticipated them by saying, " Mi/ soul is troubled ; my soul is sorrowful unto death ; 
 Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit." Supposing even that he had not spoken 
 thus, he is styled man more than once in Scripture, which is quite enough to clear up all 
 doubts of hU having assumed a rational soul. A human body without a soul would no 
 more be a man than a tree is ; and if its soul was irrational, such an object would differ 
 in figure only from the brute. This observation is directed against the heretic AppoUo- 
 narius, who attributed mere sensation, or a sensitive soul, to Jesus Chiist, and not a ra- 
 tional soul. It would be an endless task to review all the impious absiu-dities and fanci- 
 ful \Tsions which the heretics ran into with reference to the Incamation. We evince our 
 faith and good sense by thoroughly acquiescing in all that it has pleased God to reveal 
 t<ijis on the subject. 
 
 (11) His gloiy was made manifest by his miracles. Saint John had the further ad- 
 vantage of having been one of tho^e three who had seen him in his transfiguration. 
 
 (12) All graces come from the plenitude of Jesus Christ, as the showers which fertilize 
 the earth are exhaled from the ocean, and the rivers roll back again the mass of waters 
 which they derived from that mighty element. 
 
 (13) The law of grace as contradistinguished from the grace of the law ; for this really 
 was a grace ; but the latter is so superior to the former, that, when spoken of by way of 
 comparison, the first miglit simply be called the law, and the second the grace; the more 
 so, as all the grace of the old law sprang from the grace of the new law, wliich gashed 
 forth by anticipation. 
 
CHAP. I.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 17 
 
 set such an individual attracted the attention of all Judea by the 
 pi'odigies Avhich preceded and accomjjanied his birth. 
 
 (a) "There was in the days of Herod (14), the king of Judea, a 
 certain priest named Zachary of the course of Abia(15), and his^ 
 wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name Elizabeth. They 
 ^\■ere both just before God, walking in all the commandments and 
 justificatioas of the Lord, without blame. They had no sou, for that 
 Elizabeth was barren, and they both were well advanced in years. 
 It came to pass that M'hile Zachary executed the priestly office be- 
 fore God in the order of his course, according to the custom of the 
 priestly office, it was his lot to offer incense, going into the temple 
 of the Lord (16); and all the multitude of the people was prayiug 
 without at the hour of incense (17). In the mean while there ap- 
 peared to him an angel of the Lord, standing on the right side of 
 the altar of incense. Zachary seeing him, was troubled, and fear 
 fell upon him. But the angel said to him: Fear not, Zachaiy; for 
 thy prayer is heard, and thy wife Elizabeth shall bear thee a son, 
 
 (a) St. Luke, i. 5-25. 
 
 (1-1) 'We find three Ilerods mentioned in the Xcw Testament. This Herod, an Idu- 
 mcan by birth, and surnamed Ilerod the Great, was the first of his family who reigned 
 in Judea. His jurisdiction extended over the whole country, and it was he who ordered 
 the massacre of the innocents. The second wa-s Antipas, son of the former Herod : he 
 was Tetrarch of Galilee, and, having contracted an incestuous marriage with Herodias, 
 murdered Saint John the Baptist. This was the man who sent Jesus Christ to Pilate, 
 and had him robed in derision with a white garment. A third Herod, sumamed Agrip- 
 pa, is spoken of m the Acts of the Apostles. He was the son of Aristobulus, who, to- 
 gether with his brother Alexander, was put to death by Herod the Great, their father. 
 Mariamne was their mother. It was he who caused Saint James to be beheaded ; who 
 cast Saint Peter into prison ; who was at length stricken by an angel, and died, gnawed 
 ■ bvjrorras, because he had not referred the vrlon- to God when a fawning multitude cried 
 » out : " His voice is the voice of God, not of man." He w!i.s the father of that Agnppa 
 before whom Saint Paul pleaded his own cause. 
 
 (15) David had divided all the sacerdotal order into families or societies, each of which 
 was distinguished by the surname of its chief or head. They performed service by turns, 
 and llie j)e<.-uliar functions of each priest were assigned to him b}' lot. 
 
 (10) In the jKirt of the temple where tlie altar of incense w;ts erected ; this was sep- 
 arated by a veil from tlie more inward recess, called the Holy of Holies, into which the 
 high priest alone was admissible, and tliat but once a year. 
 
 (17) In the vestibule, or lobby, where the people staid praying. Priests alone were 
 iUlowed to enter that part where the altar of incense was. 
 
 2 
 
18 THE IIISTOKT OF TUE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 and tliou slialt call his name John (18). Thou shalt have joy and 
 gladness, and many shall rejoice at his birth ; For he shall be great 
 before the Lord. He shall drink no wine nor strong drink; and he 
 shall be filled with the Holy Ghost even from his mother's womb (19). 
 He shall convert many of the children of Israel to the Lord their 
 God (20): And he shall go before him in the sj^irit and jîower of 
 Elias, that he may turn the hearts of the fathers to the cliildren (21), 
 and the incredulous to the wisdom of the just, to prepare for the 
 Lord a perfect people. 
 
 " Zachary said to the angel, Whereby shall I know this ? for I am 
 an old man, and my wife is advanced in years. 
 
 " The angel answering said to him : I am Gabriel, who stand be- 
 fore God. I am sent to speak to thee, and to bring thee these 
 
 (18) The words thy prayer is heard being followed immediately by the prediction, ihy 
 wife Elizabeth shall bear thee a son, would at first sight lead us to infer that the object 
 of Zachaiy's prayer was to have a son ; yet had he made tliis his petition, he would 
 scarcely have been incredulous to tlie voioe of an angel promising fulfilment, unless we 
 assume tliat he made a request which he thought that he never could obt;iin, whichj in- 
 deed, would be a very unreasonable request. It is highly probable that be prayed for 
 the coming of the hberator of Israel, sole object of the vows and prayers of the just of 
 the old law. The birth of a son was evidence to Zachary that his prayer was favorably 
 lieard ; therefore the discourse of the angel bears the following explanation : your prayer 
 to accelerate the coming of the Messiah is heard, and the proof I give you is, that you 
 yourself shall have a son, and that son shall be his precursor. 
 
 (19) Saint Aiigustine says that Saint John had not been sanctified, that is, purified from 
 original sin from his mother's womb, but merely that he had been thenceforth destined to 
 the office of precursor much in the same sense as Saint Paul said of himself, that God 
 had separated him, that is, chosen him for the apostleship, from his mother's womb. 
 The words now before us, he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost even from his mother's 
 tiiomb, would seem to refute this sentiment, the plenitude of the Holy Ghost being incom- 
 patible with the state of sin. 
 
 (20) Never, perhaps, at any former period were the Jews more scnipulously attached 
 to the adoration of one God the Creator, than at the period of the coming of Christ ; so 
 that the Lord then- God, to whom Saint John converted many of the children of Israel, 
 can be no other than Jesus Christ. Besides, it is added that he shall go before him (the 
 Lord their God), that is to say, be his precursor. Now, of whom was Saint John pre- 
 cwsor, if not of Jesus Christ ? Wherefore Jesus Christ is not different from the Lord 
 God, and this is an unanswerable proof of his divinity. 
 
 (21) The patriarchs who .shall rejoice to behold then- posterity imitating their faith and 
 piety. Other interpreters constioie the passage thus : to yive to the children the Jiearts 
 of their fathers, that is, upright and virtuous hearts, like those of their fathers. Both 
 meanings are good — the first is most generally followed. 
 
 ~T~» 
 
CHAP. II.] OF OUE LORD JTSrS CHRIST. 19 
 
 good tidings ;" and, as a token both to pmiist and to cure your in- 
 credulity, " behold tliou shalt be dumb, and slialt not be able to 
 speak until the day wherem these things shall come to pa.<3 ; be- 
 cause thou hast not beUeyed my (22) words which shall be fulfilled 
 in their time. 
 
 "The people were waiting.for Zachary, and they wondered that 
 he staid so long in the temple. When he came out, he could not 
 speak to them ; and they understood that he had seen a vision, for 
 he made signs to them, and remained dumb. After the days of 
 his office were accomplished, he departed to his own house. And 
 after those days his wife Elizabeth conceived and hid herself five 
 months (23). Thus," said she, concealing her secret joy within her- 
 self, " Thus hath the Lord dealt with me, in the days wherein he 
 hathr had regard to take away my reproach among men." 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 ANJa:T«"ClATIOX. ^nSITATTON. ^BIRTH OF SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST. CANTICLE OF 
 
 ZACHAKY. 
 
 The time was fulfilled, and all was prepared for the incarnation 
 of the word, when, " in the sixth month" after the conception of the 
 divine Precursor, (a) " the angel Gabriel was sent from God into a 
 
 (a) St. Luke, i. 2G-80. 
 
 (2'2) Zachaiy, it seems, was merely in doubt; yet to doubt is not to believe, and the 
 word of the angel is exact. However, call it doubt or incredulity, it was reprehensible, 
 and was justly punished : some say he sinned mortally, but such is not the general opin- 
 ion ; surprise and want of thought give a complexion to his incredulity similar to the fault 
 of Moses, which did not deprive him of grace, though it entailed exclusion from the land 
 of promise. 
 
 (23) î^izabeth was unwilling to expose to public derision the first signs of a pregnancy 
 which might at lea.st seem equivocal in a woman so far advanced in years. She felt no 
 une;»siness at being seen when her pregnancy became a fact so incontestible as to chal- 
 lenge surprise . and admiration. Tills is the most likely reason that can be assigned for 
 her conduct under these circumstances. 
 
20 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE fpART I. 
 
 city of Galilee called ISTazareth, to a virgin espoused (1) to a man 
 whose name was Joseph, of the house of David, and the virgin's 
 name was Mary. The angel being come in, said unto her. Hail full 
 of grace ; the Lord is with thee ; blessed art thou among women. 
 When she had heard, she was troubled at his saying, and thought 
 with herself what manner of salutation this should be. Fear not, 
 Mary, the angel said to her ; for thou hast found grace with God. 
 Behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb ; and shalt bring forth a 
 son, and thou shalt call his name Jesus. He shall be great, and shall 
 be called the son of the Most High ; the Lord God shall give unto 
 him the throne of David (2) his father ; he shall reign in the house 
 of Jacob for ever, and of his kingdom there shall be no end (3). 
 
 (1) There are several reasons assigned why God wished that the Virgin who was to be 
 the mother of God, should be espoused. The following may be considered as the prin- 
 cipal reason : mankind could not recognize the ^-irginity of Mary until they had first rec- 
 ognized Christ to be the Messiah. It would have been monstrous indecency that until 
 then he might pass for illegitimate, and his mother for an indifferent character. 
 
 The Latin word desponsata of the Vulgate, which the Douay version as well as our 
 author translates by the word espoused, avait pour époux, may signify affianced as well 
 as espoused. Oux author states that this induced many holy doctors to say that Joseph 
 and Mary were merely affianced, but that the great majority hold that they were really 
 espoused ; and for a very good reason. To ward off all suspicion injurious to the mother 
 and son by the veil of a marriage, it was imperative that Joseph and Mary shoidd be pub- 
 licly recognized as espoused, at least nine months before the birth of Christ. 
 
 (■2) The throne of which that of David was merely the figure. Yet this may be called 
 the Throne of David, and we may add, as did the angel, that Jesus Christ shall reign in 
 the House of David, which was originally formed from the children of David, who recog- 
 nized the Redeemer, and ranged themselves under his laws. Those who rejected him no 
 longer constituted the true Israel, being no longer a part of the people of God. They 
 lopped themselves off from the parent stem, the Gentiles took their .place, and fomied, 
 with the posterity of Jacob, one undivided people, of whom Jacob is the common stem 
 to which all the branches are united, whether they spring from or are engrafted on it. 
 Such is the comparison of Saint Paul, which likens the people of God to an immense 
 trunk that has always subsisted, and during the lapse of centuries has but lost some 
 branches to acquire others. 
 
 (3) The kingdom of Christ on earth, which is the visible church, shall not end like all 
 the monarchies which have successively appeared on earth ; but it shall last as long as 
 the world. The universal dominion which Jesus Christ exercises over all nature, he of 
 whom it is TOtten that every knee shall bend, in heaven, on earth, and in hell — this em- 
 pire, I say, sball last as long as God himself In both these senses the angel saith here, 
 of his kingdom there shall be no end. 
 
CHAP. II.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 21 
 
 Marj^ said to the augel, How shall this be done (4), because I know 
 not man (5) ? The angel answering, said to her, The Holy Ghost 
 sliall come upon thee, and the power of the Most High shall over- 
 shadow thee. Therefore (6) also the Holy which shall l)e born of 
 thee shall be called the Son of God. Behold thy cousin Elizabeth, 
 she hath also conceived a son in her old age, and this is the sixth 
 • month with her that is called barren ; because no word shall be im- 
 possible with God. Mary then said, Behold the handmaid of the 
 Lord ; be it done to me according to thy word. Then the augel de- 
 parted from- her," and Mary found she was pregnant of the man God, 
 whom the Holy Ghost formed in her sacred womb directly when she 
 gave her consent to this great mystery. 
 
 Having had intelligence from the angel of the event which had 
 occurred to Ehzabeth, and docile to the inspiration which taught 
 her the duties she had to perform, " Mary rising up, went into the 
 
 (4) Mary was not in any doubt, but she wished to be enlightened as to the manner in 
 which the words of the angel were to be accomplished. The sequel explains the reason. 
 
 (5) This would not be a proper saying had not Mary made a vow, or at least an un- 
 cliangoable resolution to remain always a virgin. She was too judicious not to perceive 
 that it might be answered to her : That which has not been may be, and then you shall 
 conceive a son. Wherefore when she said, I know not man, we must construe : I know 
 not and I never shall know man. Ko other meaning can be reasonably assigned to her 
 reply. AVe tlms see the rea.«on why the Fathers availed themselves of it against those 
 heretics who dared to assert that after the birth of Jesus Christ, Maiy had known Joseph, 
 and had cliitdren by him. What gre<it motive or powerful interest could induce her to 
 cliange a resolution which she alleged as a hindrance to the choice which God had made 
 of her to be the mother of the Messiah ? 
 
 (6) It did not necessarily follow from the fact of a \Trgin conceiving by vii-tue of the 
 Holy Ghost, that the son she should bear must be truly God. Adam was not God, al- 
 
 'I'lugh he was the immediate production of Almighty power. Hence, to understand 
 lis and Iherffore^ihal is, to know the connection between this proposition the Holy Ghost 
 ^hiill come ujHjH thee, ikc, and this other, l/ie Holy which shall be horn of thee shall be 
 ••■'lied the l§on of God, observe that two things were foretold : one, that a virgin should 
 (■ .iiceive without losing her virginity ; the other, that the son she should bring forth was 
 to \)c truly God. We must presume that Marj', enhghtcned as she was, had not been 
 ignorant of the prophecies: but supposing she were ignorant, this and therefore may still 
 be explained. The discourse of the angel signifies, You are the Virgin of whom it is fore- 
 told that she shall conceive without the agency of man ; and there/ore, the child which 
 shall be bom of you is he of whom it is foretold that he shall be verily God. Wherefore 
 the Divinity of Christ is not a necessary sequel of his birth by a virgin, though it is an in- 
 fallible sequel, in;ismuch as all that God foretold must happen. 
 
22 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 hill country witli haste, into a city of Juda. She entered into the 
 house of Zachary, and saluted Elizabeth. When Elizabeth heard 
 the salutation of Mary, the infant leaped in her womb (7), and Eliz- 
 abeth Y'ls filled with the Holy Ghost, and she cried out with a loud 
 voice, Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy 
 womb. Whence is this to me that the mother of my Jjord should 
 come to me (8) ? for behold, as soon as the voice of thy salutation 
 sounded in my ears, the infant in my womb leaped for joy (9). 
 Blessed art thou that hast believed, because those things shall be ac- 
 complished that were spoken to thee by the Lord. Mary said tlien. : 
 My soul doth magnify the Lord, and my spirit hath rejoiced in Grod, 
 my Saviour, because he hath regarded the humility of his hand- 
 maid ; for behold from henceforth all generations shall call me bless- 
 ed, because he that is mighty hath done great things to me (10). 
 Holy is his name, and his mercy is from generation unto generation 
 to them that fear him." Cease to be siirj^rised at such a Vonderful 
 sight. He has showed the might in his arm ; and in exalting my 
 lowliness to such a prodigious degree, he has merely acted in unison 
 with his usual course of proceeding. His ordinary conduct is to ele- 
 vate the lowly, to humble the proud and the great. We know that 
 at all times "he hath scattered the proud in the conceit of their heart. 
 He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and hath exalted 
 
 (7) This -was the moment of the sanctification of Saint John the Baptist. This sancti- 
 fication was the first fruit of tlie Incarnation of the Word. Maiy's voice was the instni- 
 mcnt, and, as it were, tlie sensible sign of the invisible operation of grace. It is a motive 
 of confidence in Mary, to find her assisting in the first application that was made of the 
 merits of Jesus Christ, after his incarnation, and in the sanctification of the holiest of the 
 children of women. 
 
 (8) Had Saint Joseph made the joumcv, and further, had he been present at this in- 
 terview, he would have been instnicted in that mystery, by his ignorance of which lie 
 was subsequently thrown into such great pei'plexities. This note regards paintere, who, 
 in their pictures of the Visitation, scarcely ever fail to represent Saint Joseph. 
 
 (9) Joy seems to include knowledge. Such knowledge, it is generally believed, was 
 imparted to Saint John, with the enhghtened sentiment of the incarnate Word's presence 
 and of the miracle of sanctification, which the Holy Ghost, whose plenitude he then re- 
 ceived, worked within him. 
 
 (10) By this canticle it is visible that Mary dwelt alone upon the power and goodness 
 of God — the lowlmess and happiness of herself. Saint Ambrose calls this the ecstasy 
 of her humility. 
 
CHAP. II.] ' OF OUR LORD JE3C3 CHRIST. 23 
 
 tlie huni])le. He Lath filled tlie liungiy wltli good things, aiid the 
 rich he hath sent away empty." 
 
 • Thus his fidelity and goodness appear -n-ith no less lustre than his 
 power. By performing that which now makes the subject of your 
 admiration, " He hath received Israel his servant, being mindful of 
 his niercy as he spoke to our fiithers, to Abraham, and to his seed 
 for evei"." 
 
 " Mary abode with Elizabeth about three mouths, and she return- 
 ed to her own house (11)." 
 
 " Now Elizabeth's full time of being delivered was come, and she 
 brought forth a son. Her neighbors and kinsfolk heard that the 
 Lord had shewed his great mercy towards her, and they congratu- 
 lated with her. On the eighth day they came to circumcise the 
 child, and they called him by his father's name (12), Zachary. Not 
 so, said his mother, but he shall be called John. They said to her : 
 There is none of thy kindred that is called by this name. And they 
 made signs (13) to his father how he would have him called. De- 
 manding a writing-table, he wrote, saying : John is his name ; and 
 they all -wondered. Immediately his mouth was opened and his 
 tongue loosed ; he spoke, blessing God. Fear came upon all their 
 neighbors ; and all these things were noised abroad over all the hill 
 country of Judea. All they that heard them laid them up in their 
 heart, saying : What a one think ye shall this child be ? for the hand 
 of the Lord was ^-ith him." This was the moment which God had 
 chosen to accumulate his choicest blessings on this happy tamily. 
 He gave to Zachary in addition to his speech, which he recovers by 
 
 (11) Without waiting for Elizabeth's confinement, although many other -syriters come 
 to a difFerent conclusion, and seem to think that Mary must have been present at the 
 birth of Saint John. But besides that the Evangelist's recital naturally inclines us to 
 believe that her departure was precedent, does it not seem that the absence was much 
 more likely than the presence of the purest of virgins ? 
 
 (12) The name was not conferred until the eighth day, and after the circumcision, for 
 bv circumcision alone the child was incorporated into the society of the people of God. 
 'Tis apparently for the same reason that, in Christianity, the name is given to the child 
 when baptized. 
 
 (1-3) This statement gives ils to understand that Zachary had also been rendered deaf, 
 for had he been simply dumb, it would not have been necessary to speak to him by 
 sisms. 
 
24 THE HISTORY OP THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 miracle, tlie gift of prophecy. This holy old man was filled with 
 the Holy Ghost, and he poured forth that divine Canticle which com- 
 prises the entire plan of the Gospel, and a description of the Church 
 in its sunniest days. 
 
 " Blessed be the Lord, God of Israel, because he hath visited and 
 wrought the redemption of his j^eoj^le ; and hath raised up a horn 
 of salvation to us in the house of David his servant." 
 
 " As he spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets who are from 
 the beginning, salvation from our enemies, and from the hand of all 
 that hate us." 
 
 " To perform mercy to our fathers, and to remember his holy tes- 
 tament, the oath which he swore to Abraham our father, that he 
 would grant to us ; that being delivered from the hand of our ene- 
 mies, we may serve him without fear in holiness and justice before 
 him, all our days." 
 
 Zachary, foreseeing the high destinies of his son, turns to him then, 
 and addresses to him these sublime words, which the child of eight 
 days old heard and understood : " And thou, child, shalt be called 
 the prophet of the Highest ; for thou shalt go before the face of the 
 Lord, to prepare his ways, to give knowledge of salvation to his peo- 
 ple, unto the remission of their sins." 
 
 So great a favor cannot be deserved; but it shall come to us 
 " through the bowels of the mercy of our God, in which the Orient 
 from on high hath visited us, to enlighten them that sit in darkness 
 and in the shadow of death, to direct our feet in the way of jjeace." 
 Therefore the Messiah as represented here is not what the J ews rep- 
 resented to themselves — a warrior king and a conqueror ; he is a 
 Sa^^our, who, without a single motive but his mercy, and without 
 a single interest but our salvation, brings down to us the remission 
 of our sins. Thenceforth a new order of things succeeds to the an- 
 cient disj^ensation. Fear is replaced by love, and the just man passes 
 his days in holiness and innocenqei He enjoys the peace of a pure 
 and tranquil conscience — a peace superior to all others, and which 
 leads him by the only true happiness we can relish in this life to that 
 eternal happiness which the Messiah has merited for us, and which, 
 prop§rly speaking, is the conquest he has made. Such is the pic- 
 ture which Zachary has drawn of the Messiah's reign. The apostles, 
 
y $! * 
 
CHAP, m.] OF OUR LOKD JiSUS CHBIST. 25 
 
 after tlie descent of tlie Holy Ghost, had not a more just idea of the 
 subject, nor one more free from vulgar prejudices. 
 
 " Meantime the" miraculous " child grew up and was strengthened 
 in spirit, and was in the deserts, where he remained until the day of 
 his manifestation to lai-ael (14)," which did not occur until the time 
 when the Messiah was himself on the point of manifesting his pres- 
 ence. Foi- the preaching of the Precursor was to be du-ectly follow- 
 ed by the preaching of the Saviour, as his bii-th shortly preceded 
 the bu-th of Christ. («) " Now the birth of Christ was thus." 
 
 CHAPTEK in. 
 
 DOUBT OF SATN'T JOSEPH. BIETU OF JESUS CIIKIST. HIS CIKCU5ICISI0X. HIS GEXE- 
 
 JO-OGY. 
 
 (U) " WiiEX Mary, his Mother, was espoused to Joseph [^we have 
 seen that^ before they came together, she was found with child of 
 the Holy Ghost. "Whereupon Joseph (1), her husband, being a just 
 man (2), and not willing publicly to expose her, was minded to put 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, i. 18. (&) St. Matthew, i. 18-25. 
 
 (14) We do not precisely know at what age he retiied into the d^rt. It was /com 
 his tender years, according to the general impression which appears to have been adopted 
 by the Church. AVe must not inquire whether he had sufficient discretion to guMe him- 
 self, he to whom God had granted the use of this faculty in his mother's womb ! The 
 Holy Ghost, who had conducted him into solitude, continued still to be his director and 
 master. There he led an evangelical life ; and with good reason was he reckoned by the 
 ancient Solitaries as their leader, and in some sort the founder of the anchorite life. Thus 
 it was that he disposed himself for the sublime ministry to which he was destined, and 
 warned those who were to follow him that the mould for forming apostolic men is the 
 mortification of the solitary lite. 
 
 ( 1 ) Mary had not informed hira of any thing. There were two causes for her silence : 
 1st, her confidence in God, in whose care for her reputation she reposed entire confi- 
 dence ; 2d, her prudence : an occurrence of this nature could not be credited ou her re- 
 port ; heaven must speak to make it credible. 
 
 (2) Had he denounce ïier, it seems that he would not have been unjust. But he 
 liked better not to avail hitaself of the right given to him by appearances. He deemed 
 a mild and moderate demeaiior preferable, under these circumstances, to rigorous jus- 
 
26 -jièi' THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 her away privately. But while he thought on these things, behold 
 the Auge|j|^*the Lord appeared to him in his sleep, saying : Joseph, 
 son of Da\ad,4^ear not to take unto thee Mary, thy wife ; for that 
 which is conc^^id in her is of (3) the Holy Ghost. She shall bring 
 forth a son, and thou shalt call his name Jesus ; for he shall save his 
 people from their sins." 
 
 This supernatural conception had been foi'etold. Had Joseph 
 been but slightly versed in the knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, 
 he ought not have been ignorant of it, and such knowledge served 
 
 tice. Besides, the quality of the just man given to him in the Gospel does not merely 
 signify an equitable man ; it expresses the assemblage of all virtues in a most exalted de- 
 gree. Another cause, which is more than likely, is given for this proceeding. The vir- 
 tue of bis incomparable wife was of so unequivocal a character, that when confronting it, 
 if we may venture so to speak, with, what he perceived, he knew not what to believe or 
 what to disbeheve. Wlierefore he endeavored to reconcile both things by separating 
 from her, on account of the semblance of ciime, and by saving her honor, on account of 
 the persuasion of her virtue, which was so forcible as to counterbalance in his mind such 
 appearances. 
 
 (3) Ever)' thing which God performs outside of his essence (ad extra) is common to 
 the three divine persons. Nevertheless, the Incarnation is attributed to the Holy Ghost, 
 because it is a work of love and goodness. 
 
 The Holy Ghost ought not, however, to be called the father of Jesus Christ, becaiise, 
 when formmg his body, he furnished nothing from his own substance. 
 
 In this work there was no fresh creation. The entire matter which seiTcd to fomi the 
 body of Jesus Christ was extracted from the blood of Maiy. On this account we may 
 say correctly, that she contributed more than any other mother to the formation of the 
 body of her son. 
 
 It does not follow from this that Mary, who certainly was Jesus Christ's mother, should 
 be called the father of Jesus Christ, because that particle of her blood from which the 
 body of Jesus Christ was formed was not a germ, and the same particle took the fonn 
 of a human body only by the supernatural operation of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 God was not the natural father of Adam, although God himself immediately produced 
 Adam, since he did not produce him from his own substance. 
 
 Adam was not the father of Eve, although -she was produced from his substance, be- 
 cause the side of the first man, which served in the constiiiction of the fii'st woman, was 
 not a human germ : thus it is that Jesus Christ, inasmuch as he is God, has a father and 
 not a mother : and inasmuch as he is man, he has a mother and no father. As God, he 
 was begotten, not made {genitum non factum); and as man, he was made, and not be- 
 gotten, properly so speaking. 
 
 We deem it right to add, the body of Jesus Christ was not formed successively and 
 by degrees, nor animated some time after conception, as happens to other children. Per- 
 fect organization, yet of suitable diminutiveness, animation, and hypostatic union of body 
 and soul with the person of the Word, were all the work of one and the same insfent, 
 and the instant was, as has been said, that of Mary's consent. 
 
CHAP, m.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 27 
 
 aiiparently to facilitate his belief. " Now all this m\is done tliat the 
 word might be fulfilled which the Lord spoke by the Prophet : Be- 
 hold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and 
 they shall call his name Emanuel, which, being interpreted, is God 
 with us. Joseph rising up from sleep, did as the Angel of the Lord 
 had commanded him, and took unto him his wife. He knew her not 
 until she brought forth her first-bom son, and he called his name 
 Jesus." 
 
 It was at Xazareth that Joseph had these perplexities, and the 
 vision of the angel which dissipated them. No doubt he did not 
 then intend to quit that town where he usually resided. But the 
 ■prophets had already foretold that the Christ should be born at 
 Bethlehem ; and God, who does every thing, even when he seems 
 least active, obliged Joseph to remove there with his wife precisely 
 at the time when Mary was to bring forth her son. The occasion 
 of this journey was as follows : 
 
 (a) " In thos« days there went out a decree from Cœsar Augustus, 
 that the whole world (4) should be enrolled. This enrolling was 
 fii-st made by Cp-imus, the governor of Syria ; and all went to be 
 enrolled, every one to his own city. Because he was of the house 
 and family of David, Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the 
 city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of Judea, w-hich is called 
 Bethlehem, to be enrolled with INIary, his espoused wife, who was 
 with child. "\i\Tien they came, her days were accomplished that she 
 should be delivered, and she brought forth her first-born son (5), 
 wrapped him up in swaddling-clothes, and laid him in a manner, be- 
 cause there was no room for them in the inn. There were in the 
 same country shepherds watching and keeping the night-watches 
 
 (a) St. Luke, ii. 1-21. • 
 
 (4) That is to say, all the subjects of the Rflman empire. The Romans c»Ued them- 
 s.lves masters of the world, although their empire, in its widest extent, liad never been 
 one-fourth part of the habitable world. It is true, tliat the part which they occupied 
 constituted the greatest part that was known in those times. 
 
 (.i) .\nd at the same time her only son. To enable him to be called first-lorn, it is 
 enough, especially in th« language of Scripture, that no othci- should have preceded him. 
 It is thus that he is called by S^iint John, the only begotten son of the Father; and his 
 first-begotten, by Saint Paul (Heb. i. C). 
 
28 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 over tlieir flocks (6). An angel of the Lord stood by them ; the 
 brightness of God shone round about them, and they feared with a 
 great fear. But the angel said to them : Fear not, for I bring you 
 good tidings of great joy, that shall be to all the people. This day 
 is born to you a Saviour, who is Christ, the Lord, in the city of Da- 
 vid. This shall be a sign to you : you shall find the infant wrapped 
 in swaddling-clothes, and laid in a manger. Suddenly there was 
 with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host, praising God, and 
 saying : Glory to God in the highest, and on the earth peace to men 
 of good will. 
 
 " After the angels departed from them into heaven, the shepherds 
 said one to another : Let us go over to Bethlehem, and let us see 
 this word that is come to pass, which the Lord hath shewed to us. 
 They came with haste, and they found Mary and Joseph, and the 
 infant lying in a manger. Seeing, they understood the word that 
 had been spoken to them concerning this child ; and all they that 
 heard wondered ; also at those things that were told them by the 
 shepherds. But Mary kept all these words, pondering them in her 
 heai't. The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all 
 the things they had heard and seen, as it was told unto them. 
 
 " After eight days were accomplished that the cliild should be cir- 
 cumcised, his name was called Jesus (7), the name which was called 
 by the angel before he was conceived in the womb." 
 
 (0) Yet it was the 25tb of December; but the ^vintel"s in Palesthie are much less 
 harsh tllan ours. 
 
 (7) No one is ignorant of this name's siguif3-ing Saviom- in Hebrew. We shajl not 
 descant upon the properties of this adorable name, which maketh erery knee bend in 
 heaven, on earth, and in hell. We shall only remark, that by being the proper name of 
 Jesus Christ, it gave ground to the objection that Jesus Christ did not, therefore, call 
 liiraself Emanuel, as the Prophet Isaias had foretold. All the enemies of religion — Jews, 
 Pagans, and ancient heretics — reproached him with this apparent contradiction; yet 
 notliing is more easily explained. The name Emanuel had been foretold, not inasmuch 
 as it was to be the proper name for Jesus Christ, but as significative of what Christ was 
 to be : and in point of fact, since he is at the same time both God and man, and that he 
 has conversed with men, he truly was God viitk us. Thus the same Isaias said : His 
 name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, God the mighty. Father of the world to 
 come, Prince of pence (ix. 6). This does not mean that any of these names was to be 
 his proper name, but that he should be all that is signified by these names, and that not 
 one of tlicm is unsuitable to him. 
 
CHAP. HT.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. h- 29 
 
 "VVe place here the genealogy of the Saviour, such as Saint INIat- 
 thew and Saint Luke have given it to us. The first, whose principal 
 ohject was to make known the accomplishment of the pro^^hecies in 
 the pei-son of J'esus Christ, opens by calling him the Son of David, 
 the Son of Abraham, because those two Pati-iarchs had a special 
 promise that the IMessiah should be born of their blood. Then run- 
 ning over the several degrees, («) " Abraham," says he, " begot Isaac, 
 Isaac begot Jacob, Jacob begot Judas and his brethren, and Judas 
 begot Phares and Zara of Thamur, Phares begot Esron, Esron begot 
 Aram, Aram begot Aminadab, Aminadab begot Naasson, Naasson 
 begot Salmon, Salmon begot Booz of Rahab, Booz of Rahab begot 
 Obed of Ruth, Obed begot Jesse, Jesse begot David the King, Da- 
 A-id the King begot Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias, 
 Solomon begot Roboam, Roboam begot Abias, Abias begot Asa, 
 Asa begot Josaphat, Josaphat begot Joram, Joram begot Ozias (8), 
 Ozias begot Joatham, Joatham begot Achaz, Achaz begot Ezechias, 
 Ezechias begot Manasses, INIanasses begot Anion, Anion begot Josi- 
 as, Josias begot Jechonias and his brethren about the time they were 
 carried away to Babylon, and after they were carried to Babylon 
 Jechonias begot Salathiel, Salathiel begot Zorobabel, Zorobabel begot 
 Abuid, Abuid begot Eliacim, Eliacim begot Azor, Azor begot Sadoc, 
 Sadoc begot Achim, Achira begot Eliud, Eliud begot Eleazor, Ele- 
 azor begot Mathan, Mathan begot Jacob, Jacob begot Joseph (9), 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, i. 1-17. 
 
 (8) Tliree are omitted — Ochosias, Joas, and' Ama-sias. The mixture of the blood of 
 Achab with that of David was the cause. God had declared to Achab that, in punish- 
 ment of his crimes and impiety, all his race should be extemiinated. He had promised 
 David that his race should always subsist, and would reign during many centuries. Here 
 we see the accomplishment of both promise and threat : David's blood is perpetuated, 
 and continues to reign in .Juda ; but three kings of Juda, descended from Achab by kia 
 d;uightcr Athalie, wife of .loram, are suppressed in the list of King.*, and by this sup- 
 pri'-i-sion are, as much as it was feasible, included in the proscription of the impious Achab. 
 
 (0) As Jesus Christ was son of Mary, and not of Joseph, persons are always tempted 
 in ;.^k — Why the Evangelists have given tlie genealogj- of Joseph, and not that of Mary ? 
 'J'his dithculty may be considered as the rock on which all the interpreters that endeav- 
 ored to ^plain it away liavc split: some give explanations by no means reasonable, and 
 the most rational interpreters have stated nothing cerUiin. It is more than probable that 
 iiifoiTTiation respecting this point was extensively circulated at (he time the evangelists 
 wrote. Tlie just must know clearly that Jesus Christ was the son of David. Therefore 
 
30 THE mSTOKY OF THE LIFE [PABT I. 
 
 tlie husband of Mary, of wlioin was born Jesus, wbo is called Christ. 
 So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen, from 
 David until the carrying away to Babylon fourteen, and from the 
 carrying away to Babylon till Christ fourteen." 
 
 The genealogy which Saint Luke gives differs from this in many 
 particulars. In the first place, he progresses directly in the reverse 
 of Saint Matthew ; and whilst the latter descends from Abraham un- 
 til Joseph and down to Jesus Christ, Saint Luke ascends from Jesus 
 Christ and Joseph not only until Abraham, but even up to Adam. 
 A second difference is, that he traces the descent of Joseph not 
 through Solomon, but through Nathan, another son of David. The 
 third discrepancy is, that he makes Joseph not the son of Jacob, as 
 Saint Matthew says; but (a) the sou of Heli (10), "who was of 
 
 (a) St. Luke, iii. 23-38. 
 
 the intelligence was necessary, and when it ceased to be so, was lost. We must not be 
 surprised, for nothing is useless in Scripture. / am the Lord thy God, that teach thee 
 profitable things. — Isaias, 48. Now eveiy thing is not equally useful at all times. It is 
 enough that God confers the understanding of each test at the time of its utility. Thus 
 our predecessors had information on several points which those had not who came after 
 them ; and our successors shall be infoi-med on many points imintelligible to those who 
 went before them. Such are the many prophecies of the Apocalypse which regard later 
 times. Faith believes all things ; but the reason of the faithful rests satisfied with know- 
 ing what God has placed within the reach of our information. 
 
 (10) This third difference is the most embarrassing. Still, although Joseph truly v.'as 
 the son of Jacob, he might be called son of Heli, for one or other of the following rea- 
 sons : 1. By title of adoption. 2. As son of the widow of Heli, man-icd a second time 
 by Jacob, according to the disposition of the law obliging the brother or nearest relative 
 to marry the widow of the brother or parent who had died wthout children ; and the 
 offspring of the second marriage were considered as belonging to the deceased. 3. Jo- 
 seph might be called son of Heli, because he was his son-in-law ; for, supposing this, Heli 
 is not different from Joachim, father of the Blessed Virgin. Out of these three explana- 
 tions, the first is the least followed ; the second is the most ancient and the best author- 
 ized. Saint Augustine, who originally adopted the first, and to whom the third was by 
 no means objectionable, finally returned to this view of the subject, as may be seen in 
 the eighth book of the Retrac, ch. vii. The third, which has been relished by a great 
 number of modern writers, has this fortunate circumstance in its favor, that it presents 
 the genealogy of the Blessed Virgin, and by this means the true genealogy of our Sa- 
 viour, and his descent from David. All this, nevertheless, does not go beyond conjec- 
 ture, and each mdividual has a right to rely upon the explanation which seems most 
 probable to him. What we are bound to believe is, that the evangelists do not contradict 
 one another, and in this there exists no difficulty. For, as the sundry suppositions ad- 
 
 L. 
 
ciiAP. rn.] OF OUR lord jesus christ. 31 
 
 Matliat, wlio was of Levi, who was of Melchi, wlio was of Janue, wlio 
 was of Joseph, who was of Mathatliias, who was of Amos, who was 
 of Nahum, who was of Hesli, who was of Nagge, who was of Ma- 
 hath, who was of Matliathias, who was of Sernei, who was of Joseph, 
 who was of Juda, who was of Joanna, who was of Reza, who was of 
 Zorobahel, who was of Salathiel, who was of Neri (11), who was of 
 Melchi, who was of Addi, who was of Cosan, who was of Helmadan, 
 who was of Her, who was of Jesus, who was of Eliezer, who was of 
 Jorim, who was of Mathat, who was of Le\a, who was of Simeon, 
 who was of Jiidas, who was of Joseph, who was of Jona, who was of 
 Eliakim, who was of Melea, who was of Menna, who was of Matha- 
 tha, who was of Nathan, who was of David, who was of Jesse, who. 
 was of Obed, who was of Booz, who was of Salmon, who was of 
 Kaasson, who was of Aminadab, who was of Aram, who was of Es- 
 ron, who was of Phares, who was of Judas, who was of Jacob, who 
 was of Isaac, who was of Abraham, who was of Thare, who was of 
 Nachor, who was of Sarug, who was of Ragau, who was of Phaleg, 
 who was of Heber, who was of Sale, who was of Cainan, who was of 
 Arphaxad, who was of Sem, who was of Noe, who was of Lamech, 
 who was of Mathusale, who was of Henoch, who was of Jared, who 
 was of Malaleel, who was of Cainan, who was of Henos, who was of 
 Seth, who was of Adam, who was of God (12)." 
 
 These genealogies were mainly for the Jews, who could not rec- 
 ognize a Messiah that might not have Ijeen of the blood of David, 
 "NMiatever difficulties we may meet in them, it is certain that Jesus 
 Christ's descent from David was never questioned, as it never could 
 be, in point of fact. For those who deemed him simply the son of 
 Joseph could not moot an objection ; ho more than those who be- 
 z : \ 7 
 
 vanced to harmonize them are all possible, it follows, at all events, that no contradiction 
 can be proved, and this is quite assurance enough for our faith. 
 
 (11) Saint Matthew says Jcchoniaa wasiiathcr of Salathiel. Yet the hitter miglit be 
 called son of Neri, either ina.-much as he was his son-in-law, or inasmucli as he was his 
 grandson by this motlier, the daughter of Neri, who had man-ied Jechonias, which again 
 suffices to obviate contradiction. 
 
 (12) That is to say, who hiid God for the immediate author of ïùa existence. We 
 may remark, in coimection with this, that Saint Luke, who here employs the term of son 
 in a sense different fmra that of eternal generation, thereby authorizes the different mean- 
 'm<^> "•■ l):iv.- "ivi'ii to ilii> ii-rni ill lli.' jirrci'diiiL^ notes. 
 
32 TUE HISTORY OF TUE LIFE FrART I. 
 
 lieve ke was Lorn of a vir2:iu can doubt for one moment but that lie 
 was all that the Prophets announced he was to have been, all that 
 the Evangelists assure us, all that he has declared of himself. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ADORATION OF THE MAGI. PUEIFICATION. FLIGUT INTO EGYPT. MASSACRE OF 
 
 THE INNOCENTS. RETURN TO NAZARETH. JESUS LOST AND FOUND IN THE 
 
 TEMPLE. 
 
 Another sign, just as plainly foretold, was to manifest him to 
 the Gentiles ; and this sign, whether it appeared at the moment of 
 his birth, or a little before, immediately produced its effect. For, 
 (a) " When Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Juda, in the days of 
 King Herod, behold there came wise men (1) from the East (2) to 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, ii. 1-12. 
 
 (1) Wc find the tenn Magi used by the ancient authors to signify, 1. Magicians and 
 enchanters ; 2. The inhabitants of a certain district of Arabia which was called Magodie ; 
 S.'Wisfe men and philosophers of Pei-sia, who perhaps were called Magi because there 
 was a good deal of astronomy mixed up with their philosophy, and the simplicity of the 
 ancients identified astronomy with the magic art. 
 
 Tlie nimiber of the Magi who came to adore the Saviour is not recorded. The tradi- 
 tionary mimber of three, which is usually fixed upon, seems to be grounded upon the 
 number of presents which they offered. 
 
 Tiieir royalty is not acknowledged by some interpreters. Being commonly credited, 
 the antiguity of the idea entitles it to respect. Yet we must not be undei-stood to mean 
 I hat they were great and powerful. We know that there -are still several countries 
 v'here the title King is conferred on petty potentates, whose sovereign jurisdiction only 
 extends over two or three boroughs. 
 
 (2) According' to some, they came from Persia, which is directly east of Palestine. 
 The name of Magi helps to support this \'iew of the case, which probably would have 
 prevailed, if the distance of nearly five hundred leagues from Persia to Judea did not 
 present a difficulty highly embarrassing ■ and unanswerable to any one who adopts the 
 generally received idea that the Magi arrived at Bethlehem on the thirteenth day after the 
 birtli of the Saviour. The knowledge of stars which they are supposed to have possess- 
 ed, induced others to say that they came from Chaldea, a country fertile in astronomers, sit- 
 uate northeast of Judea. Finallv, the quality of the presents they carried has gi\-en rise to 
 
CHAP. rv.~\ OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 33 
 
 Jerusalem, saying: Where is he that is born King of the Jews? 
 for we have seen his star (3) in the East, and are come to adore 
 him. King Herod hearing this, was troubled, and all Jerusalem 
 Avith him; and assembling together all the chief priests and the 
 scribes of the people, he inquired of them where Christ should be 
 born. They said to him, In Bethlehem of Juda ; for so it is written 
 by the prophet : And thou, Bethlehem, the land of Juda, art not 
 the least among the piinces of Juda; for out of thee shall come 
 forth the captain that shall rule my people Israel. Then^jlerod, 
 privately calling the wise men, learned diligently of them tft time 
 of the star which appeared to them, and sending them into Bethle- 
 hem, said : Go (-4), and diligently inquire after the child, and when 
 you have found him bring me word again, that I also may come 
 and adore him. Having heard the king, they went their way," 
 
 the opinion of their having come from Arabia, which is placed southeast of Judea, from 
 which it is not rery far distant ; and this opinion is generally adopted. 
 
 (3) We have nothing but conjecture as to the nature of the star which appeared to 
 Iheni, in what part of the heavens they descried it, and the manner in which their course 
 was thereby directed. Here are the most probable' which have been made. This was 
 not a real star, but a meteor more brilliant than stars usually are, inasmuch as its lustre 
 was not eclipsed by the brightness of daylight. They saw the star over Judea ; for how 
 could it have made them think of the birth of a new King of the Jews, had they seen it 
 over the country which they inhabited ; and could the prophec}' which said, a star shall 
 be born of Jacob, be applicable to a star which may have suddenly arben over Arabia? 
 Placed over Judea, this star, by its position alone, furnished them with a guide ; nor was 
 it necessary to see it set in motion to ascertain whither they should direct their steps. 
 Once arrived at Jerusalem, they no longer saw the star. If it were, as has been said, in 
 order to test their faith that God made the star disappear, his principal intention was to 
 disclose to the Jews, by means of the Magi, ^he Messiah's birth, and to the Magi, by 
 means of the Jews, the spot where the Messiah should be born, and the accordance of 
 the prophecies with the miraculous sign which had attracted them. 
 
 (4) Herod reasoned thus : should the inquiry be made in my name and by my people, 
 mistnist will make them conceal the child, whereas they will be all eagerness to find 
 out the child for these good-natiu-ed East-men, of whom no one has the slightest diffi- 
 dence. This wiis subtle reasoning ; but the man did not reason when he ordered the 
 murder of the innocents. For this murder was useless if the Messiah were not bom ; 
 and if the Me.s.-siah were bom, God, who had promised him to the world, could not allow 
 him to be enveloped in the general massacre. AVlien Herod was subtle, God made a 
 mockery of his subtlety; when he was irrational, God allowed him to commit, without 
 reaping any fruit to himself, a crime wliich has rendered him the execration of all ages. 
 Ye wise and mighty of the world, how foolish, how weak arc ye when you dare to cross 
 the designs of the Deity ! 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [I 
 
 without distrust, and disposed to satisfy him ; and " behold the star 
 which they had seen in the East went before them until it came 
 and stood over where the child was. Seeing the star, they rejoiced 
 with exceeding great joy, and entering into the house (5), they 
 found the child with Mary his mother (G), and falling down, they 
 adored (7) him." Afterivards " opening their treasures, they offer- 
 ed him gifts, gold, frankincense, and myrrh (8), and having received 
 an answer in sleep that they should not return to Herod, they went 
 back another way into their country." 
 
 That prince awaited thwr return ; and since he reckoned upon 
 them, it seems that he made no other inquiries («), " when, after the 
 days of her purification, according to the law of Moses (9), were 
 
 (a) St. Luke, ii. 22-32. 
 
 (5) The majority of the old ■nriters affirm that this was in the stable of Bethlehem; 
 others think Maiy had quitted a by-place so inconvenient, and had taken another lodg- 
 ing. The tnith is not know-n ; but if we confine ourselves to the text, we will find it 
 difficult to credit that what is called simply the house could have been a stable. 
 
 (6) Joseph is not named, which gives ground to the presumption of Ms absence ; for 
 when the shepherds came to the manger, and on the other occasions when Joseph was 
 present, the Evangelists make mention of liim. Those who are anxious to give a reason 
 for every thing, say that God pemiitted his absence, lest the Magi might fancy him the 
 father of Jesus Christ. This idea was utterly independent of his presence or absence, 
 and must still have been prevalent m the minds of the Magi, had not God revealed to 
 them that the cliUd whom they adored was the son of a vii-gin. 
 
 (7) Scripture frequently employs this temi to signify the homage rendered to kings or 
 personages for whom we have a high respect. In this passage the term is more com- 
 monly taken in the sense of adoration properly speaking, because there is veiy little 
 doubt but the Magi knew by a supematiu-al light the divinity of Jesus Christ. 
 
 (8) These presents were mysterious. By gold, they recognized the royalty of Jesus 
 Christ ; by incense, his divinity ; and by myiTh, which was used in embalming bodies, 
 his humanity in suffering and mortal flesh. We shall imitate them, said a holy father, 
 by offering to God the gold of charity, the incense of prayer, and the mjTrh of mortifi- 
 cation. 
 
 These were our first fruits, and the vocation of the Gentiles commenced by them. 
 Hence the unusual joy with which we celebrate the feast of the Epiphany. 
 
 (0) Here we should notice two distinct laws — one, which obliged those who had borne 
 children to come and be purified at the temple after a certain number of days ; the other, 
 which presciibed the offering of every first-born male to the Lord. It may be asked, 
 whether both these laws regard Jesus Christ and Mar}' ? Jesus Christ, who is God, is 
 above eveiy law. Yet, having voluntarily submitted liimself to the observation of the 
 Mosaic law, he could not, as he was the first-born, fail in accomplishing the law referring 
 

 / 
 
 
 c^- 
 
 'i-^^ 
 
 /■■■ 
 
CHAP. I\-.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 35 
 
 accomplished, she carried Jesus to Jerusalem to present him to the 
 Lord, as it is written in the law of the Lord, that every male open- 
 ing the womb shall be called holy to the Lord, and to offer a sacri- 
 fice, as it is written in the law of the Lord, a pair of turtle-doves, 
 or two pigeons. At iliis time there was a man in Jerusalem named 
 Simeon. This man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation 
 of Israel, and the Holy Ghost was in him : he had even received an 
 answer from the Holy Ghost that he should not see death before 
 he had seen the Christ of the Lord. He came by the Spiiit into 
 the temple ; and when his parents brought in the child Jesus, to do 
 for hira according to the custom of the law (10), he took" him into 
 his arras, and blessed God, and said : Now thou dost dismiss thy 
 servant, O Lord, according to thy word in peace, because my eyes 
 have seen thy salvation, which thou hast prepared before the face 
 of all people: a light to the revelation of the Gentiles, and the 
 glory of thy people Israel." 
 
 Thus we see literally accomplished in this holy old man that ex- 
 pression of the Psalmist: (»)-"I will fill him with length of days, 
 and I will show him the salvation." But the favor surpassed the 
 promise : for, not content with allowing him to see, the Lord j^ermit- 
 ted him to clasp his Saviour in his arms ; and besides the consola- 
 tion of Israel which he expected, he was moreover gladdened by 
 the knowledge of the vocation of the Gentiles, and that salvation 
 was thrown open to all people — a truth which was pointed out by 
 all the prophets, but which was then scarcely known, and which 
 the Apostles themselves did not entirely understand until some 
 time after the descent of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 (a) Psalms, xc. 16. 
 
 to this qualification. The law of purification had for its object the expiation of the legal 
 impurity which women contracted in consequence of their child-bearing. Mar)', whose 
 divine parturition had been purer than the sunbeam, w;is not in the case contemplated 
 by the law ; still her perfect puritj- was an unknown mystery, and the time was not yet 
 come to reveal it. Wherefore she could not dispense herself from the common obliga- 
 tion, without causing herself to be regarded as a prevaricator, that is to say, without giv- 
 ing scandal. Thenceforth did it not become an obligation on charitable grounds ? 
 
 (lOJThat is to say, offer him to the Lord, and redeem him aftenvards, by giving five 
 shekels of silver, as Ls marked out in the 18th chapter of the book of Numbers; for the 
 offering of the lamb or of the turtles was only for the purification of the mother. 
 
36 THE HISTOEY OP THE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 " His father and mother were wondering at those things which 
 were spoken concerning him. Simeon blessed them" both. But en- 
 lightened as he was on the difference he should make between her 
 who was really the mother, and him who, merely in public opinion, 
 was the father, he said, speaking only to Mary, his mother : {a) " Be- 
 hold, this child is set for the ruin and for the resurrection of many 
 in Israel, and for a sign which shall be contradicted (11). And thy 
 own soul," he adds to her, " a sword shall pierce, that out of many 
 hearts thoughts may be revealed." 
 
 He also pi-ophesied the passion of the Saviour. God wished that 
 this awful futurity should be ever present to the mind of Mary dur- 
 ing the entire course of her Son's life. The object was to prepare her 
 for the catastrophe, and also to temper the joy of possessing such a 
 treasure. , Had this joy been utterly unalloyed, she would not have 
 acquired sufficient merit; her consent to the sa-crifice of her son 
 would only have been, like that of Abraham, the merit of one day, 
 had she not, by anticipating the intelligence, been fui-nished with 
 an occasion to make that sacrifice qyery day of her life, nay, per- 
 haps at every moment of the days and years which preceded the 
 event. 
 
 (F) " The Lord saith : In the last days I will pour out of my 
 spirit ujjon all flesh, your sons and your daughters shall prophesy." 
 This prediction, which was entirely accomplished after the descent 
 of the Holy Ghost, began from this day to be verified. God included 
 both sexes in the glorious testimony which he designed should be 
 rendered to his son. With the holy old man Simeon he associated 
 (c) " a prophetess called Anna. She was the daughter of Phanuel, 
 of the tribe of Aser. She was far advanced in years, and had lived 
 with her husband seven years from her virginity. And she was a 
 widow until fourscore and four years, who departed not from the 
 temple, by fastings and prayers serving night and day. Coming 
 in at the same hour, she gave praise to the Lord, and spoke 
 
 (a) St. Liike, ii. 33-35. (6) Acts, ii. 17. (c) St. Luke, ii. 36-39. 
 
 (11) Jesus Christ always had true and false disciples. In the calm of peace it is hardly 
 possible to distinguish between them, but the flail of persecution separates in a sensible 
 manner the ffrain from the chaff. 
 
CHAP. IV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHEIST. 37 
 
 of liim to all that looked for the redemption of Israel (12). Final- 
 ly, when Joseph and Mary had performed all things according to 
 the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city 
 Nazai-eth." 
 
 Scarcely had they arrived there (13), when (a) "an an^el of the 
 Lord appeared in sleep to Joseph (14), saying : Arise, take the child 
 and his mother, fly into Egypt, and be there until I shall tell thee : 
 for it will come to pass that Herod will seek the child to destroy 
 him. Joseph arose, and took the child and his mother by night (15), 
 and retired into Egypt, and (16) he was there until the death of 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, ii. 13-23. 
 
 (12) In a city so large and so populous as Jei-usalem, at a period when those who 
 were in charge of police regulations were neither aa intelligent as at present in every 
 matter which concerned government, nor apparently as exact in the repoits which they 
 made, it was possible, nay, very probable, that Herod knew nothing whatever of what 
 had occurred at the temple, or that he did not receive the information until the holy 
 family had already departed for Nazareth, whilst he thought them returned to Bethle- 
 hem. What fortifies this conjecture is the certainty that Herod only ascertained from 
 the Magi the birth of the Saviour, although bniited about with such notoriety at Beth- 
 lehem and all the surrounding country. This remark helps to make us comprehend 
 how it is that the purification is found placed between the adoration of the Magi and the 
 flight into Egvpt, and goes to support the common opinion, which must not be departed 
 from except when we are coerced by evident reasons. 
 
 (13) According to this arrangement, we should admit that the angel appeared to Jo- 
 soph at Nazareth, and there gave him the order to fly into Egypt. Still the recital of 
 Saint Matthew leads us naturally to believe that this apparition took place at Bethlehem. 
 This raises a very considerable difliculty, but not greater than those which are met in the 
 diflerent systems imagined by the interpreters. We hare hazarded one, which shall ap- 
 pear in the note on the return of Saint Joseph from Egypt to Nazareth. 
 
 (14) The revelation w;is made to Joseph. Joseph orders and directs the journey. 
 This was so because God had established him head of the family : authority is attached 
 to station, not to science and sanctity, wliich were far superior in Jesus and in Mary. 
 
 (15) The conduct pursued by Saint Joseph in this circumstance has ever been regard- 
 ed the model of a perfect obedience. His was simple, and without reasoning. He did 
 not allege that, in order to secure his son from the fury of Herod, God had an infinity 
 of means less painful to the child, to tliC mother, and to himself His obedience was 
 prompt, and without reluctance : having had notice at night, he did not delay liis de 
 parture until the light of morning began to break. Generous and full of confidence in 
 Providence, he starts without preparation or provisions. 
 
 H' was poor in earthlv goods, yet, possessing Jesus and Mary, how rich ! 
 (IC) We do not exactly know what time Jesus Christ pas.sed in Egypt. Following 
 the most authorized calculations, he cannot possibly have dwelt there less than four 
 
38 THE IIISTÔKY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 Herod ; that it might be fulfilled which the Lord spoke by the 
 proj^het, saying: Out of Egypt (17) have I called my son. Herod, 
 perceiving that he was deluded by the wise men, was exceeding 
 angry ; and sending, killed all the men-children that were in Beth- 
 lehem, and in all the borders thereof, from two years old and under, 
 according to the time which he had diligently inquired of the wise 
 men. Then was fulfilled that which was sjDoken by Jeremias the 
 prophet, saying : A voice in Rama was heard, lamentation, and great 
 mourning : Rachel bewailing her children, and would not be com- 
 forted, because they are not. When Herod was dead, behold, an 
 angel of the Lord appeared in sleep to Joseph in Egypt, saying: 
 Arise, and take the child and his mother, and go into the land of 
 Israel, for they are dead that sought the life of the child. He arose, 
 took the child, and came into the laud of Israel. But, hearing that 
 Archelaus reigned in Judea, in the room of Herod his father, he 
 was afraid to go thither ; and being wai'ned in sleep, retired into 
 the quarters of Galilee, and dwelt in a city called Nazareth (18) : 
 
 yearsnor more than seven. We must regard as apocryphal the statements of miracles 
 •wrought there by liim. One alone is founded on a tradition rendered respectable by its 
 antiquity. Yet there is no clear evidence of this tradition resting upon any historical 
 monument ; and it may, indeed, have no other foundation than this prophecy of Isaiah, 
 which several interpreters have thought applicable to other times and other events : The 
 Lord shall mount upon a slight cloud, and he shall enter into Egypt, and the idols of 
 Egypt shall be shaken before his face. 
 
 (17) These words are read in Osec, chap, ii., v. 1. The prophet spoke of the depart- 
 ure from Egypt, when God broke the fetters of his people, whom he here calls his son, 
 to mark how much dearer to him this was than all other people. The name of son is so 
 inapplicable to this people, and so very apphcable to Jesus Christ, that we plainly see 
 that this text can be applied to Jesus Christ alone, in its natural and literal meaning. 
 
 The entire ancient Testament is figiu-ative of the new. What was greater in the fii-st 
 than the captivity of the people of God in Egypt, and their miraculous delivery? Wliat 
 more apparently inconsiderable in the life of Jesus Christ than the particular spot wliither 
 he retires to screen himself from the pursuit of Herod ? Still the first was merely a fig- 
 lu-e of the second. On the other side, what more interesting in the life of Jesus Christ 
 than his passion, and every thing connected with the same ? and in the eating of the 
 Pascal lamb, what less considerable than the prohibition of breaking the bones ? Yet 
 this observance, so trifling if considered by itself alone, was prophetic and figurative of 
 one of the principal circumstances of our Saviour's passion. 
 
 (18) Should not Joseph, of his own accord, and without admonition from the angel, 
 have returned back to Nazareth, supposing be had left this city to go into Egypt ? He 
 had there his house, his furniture, with all the implements of his trade, which he miglit 
 
CHAP. IV.] 
 
 OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 39 
 
 that it might be fullilled which was said by the pi'ophets : He shall 
 be called a Xazarite." 
 
 (a) " Meantime the child full of wisdom grew and waxed strong, 
 and the grace of God was in him. His parents went every year to 
 Jerusalem at the solemn day of the pasch. And when he was twelve 
 years old, they going up unto Jerusalem according to the custom 
 of the feast, having fulfilled the days, when they returned, the child 
 Jesus remained in Jerusalem, and his parents knew it not. Think- 
 ing that he was in the company, they came a day's journey, and 
 sought him among their kinsfolks and acquaintances ; not finding 
 him, they returned into Jerusalem seeking him. After three days 
 they found him in the temple sitting in the midst of the doctors, 
 hearing them and asking them questions. And all that heard him 
 were astonished at his wisdom and his answers. Seeing him they 
 wondered, and his mother said to him : Son, why hast thou done 
 so to us ? behold, thy father and I have sought thee sorrowing. 
 
 (a) St. Luke, ii. 40-52. 
 
 expect to find there. Or if Joseph were to have established himself elsewhere than at 
 Nazareth, where else could that be tlian at Bethlehem, whence he originated, and where 
 he might presume that God, who made his son be there bom, should wish him to be 
 there educated ; the more so, inasmuch as the birth of the Messiah at Bethlehem, which 
 would be better known if he continued to dwell tliere, was one of the marks that should 
 serve to make him known. This obsenation led us to fancy an an-angement diftering 
 from what has just been seen. After the purification, which must be placed before the 
 Epiphany, .Joseph returns with Mary and the infant to Nazareth, as stated by Saint Luke ; 
 but he only returns there to settle his alTaii-s, and to have his effects brought to Bethle- 
 •hem, where he was going to establish himself and his family. Tlie Magi amve, and find 
 at Bethlehem the infant and his mother ; not a few days, but several months after his birth, 
 a.s many interpreters have thought. For it struck them, that the order given by Herod, 
 to kill all male children in Bethlehem and the environs, _/Vo7ft two years old arid under, ac- 
 cording/ to the time which he had diligently inquired of the wise men, could not be other- 
 wise explained. Tlius everj' thing is arranged, and all harmonized. Tlie purification took 
 place after the forty days prescribed by the law of Moses ; the holy family return immedi- 
 ately to Nazareth, conformably to Saint Luke's recital, and at Bethlehem, as Saint Mat- 
 thew states, directlv after the departure of the Miigi, Joseph receives orders to fly into 
 Egypt. For this \iew, the supposition of the establishment of the holy family at Bethle- 
 hem is quite enough — a supposition the more likely, inasmuch as Joseph, on his return 
 from Eg%'pt, would naturally, and of his own accord, return to the spot where he w;\s 
 established before his departure. Yet as all this is only conjecture, I did not think it a 
 sufficient reason to change the common arrangement. 
 
40 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 How is it that you sought me ? said lie to them ; did you not know 
 that I must be about my Father's business (19) ? And they under- 
 stood not the word that he spoke unto them. He then went down 
 with them, and came to Nazareth, and was subject to them (20). 
 As to his mother^ she kept all these words in her heart (21). And J e- 
 sus advanced in wisdom and age and grace with God and man (22)." 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MANIFESTATION OF JOHN THE BAPTIST AND mS PEEACHING. BAPTISM OF JESDS 
 
 CUBIST.- — ^FASTING AND TEMPTATION OF JESUS CHRIST IN THE DESERT. TESTIMO- 
 NY OF JOHN THE BAPTIST. ANDREW AND PETER CALLED FOR THE FIRST TIME. 
 
 VOCATION OF PHILIP AND NATHAJilEL. 
 
 Jesus thus dwelt concealed until nearly his thirtieth year. His 
 precursor being six months older than he, might have completed 
 that term. We have seen that John, from his infancy, inhabited 
 the desert, whither divine inspiration had conducted him. Des- 
 tined for a ministry the most sublime to which mortal man had yet 
 been called, God disposed him for it by retirement and austerity of 
 
 (19) The will of the Heavenly Father should be prefened'to all human considerations 
 and to all the ties of blood. The apparent rigor which Jesus Christ here displays might 
 be designed to impress us with this great lesson. If to Mary a subject of mortification, 
 she was well indemnified for this moment by thirty years of the most tender and sub- 
 missive respect. 
 
 (20) These words comprise the history of thirty years of the most precious of all lives. 
 Rejoice, ye humble who cherish obscurity, and exult in your lowliness. 
 
 (21) Mary did not at first conceive his meaning, but she treasured up the saying in 
 her memory. It is written tliat she kept all these words in her heart : undoubtedly she 
 succeeded in getting at their meaning. She was led to understand them by meditation ; 
 by what other means can we venture to hope for proper understanding ? 
 
 (22) All the treasures of grace, as well as those of wisdom, and science, were sluit up in 
 Jesus Christ, so as to be concealed. As he advanced in years he disclosed them in a 
 way proportioned to the age he attained. The indications of them he gave at twenty 
 years of age were, therefore, as different from those he evinced at twelve years of age, 
 as the difference which exists between both these ages. The saying here, he advanced 
 in zvisdom and age, conveys both these meanings. 
 
CHAP, v.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 41 
 
 life, (o) " He had liis garment of camel's hair, a leathern girdle 
 about his loins, and his meat was locusts (1) and wild honey." Thus 
 he awaited, and no doubt he hastened by his aspirations the day of 
 his manifestation, which was to be, as it were, the dawn of the great 
 luminary that was about to enlighten the -world. This moment so 
 longed after arrived, and whilst heaven and earth were in expecta- 
 tion of the wondei-3 which God was going to bring about, at last 
 (b) " in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Cesar, Pontius 
 Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Gali- 
 lee, and Philip his brother tetrarch of Iturea and the country of 
 Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilina, under the high pnests 
 Annas and Caiphas (2), the word of the Lord was made unto John, 
 the son of Zachary, in the desert, (c) as it is written in Isaias the 
 prophet : I send my angel before thy face, who shall prepare the 
 way before thee. John commenced^ therefore^ in the desert of Ju- 
 dea, and id') he came into all the country about the Jordan bap- 
 tizing (3) and preaching the baptism {è) of penance for the remis, 
 sion of sins, saying : Do penance ; for the kingdom of heaven is at 
 hand (4). For this is he that was spoken of by Isaias the prophet, say- 
 ing : A voice (shall he heard of one crying in the wilderness : (/) Pre- 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, iii. 4. {d) St. Luke, iii. 3. 
 
 (6) St. Luke, iii. 1, 2. \e) St. Mark, i. 4 ; St. Matt. iii. 2, 3. 
 
 (c) St. Mark, i. 2-4. (/) St. Luke, iii. 3, 5, G. 
 
 (1) Pliny and other ancient authors speak of a species of locusts -n-hich the lower or- 
 ders among Eastern nations used for food. 
 
 (2) Annas and Caiphas his son-in-law exercised by turns the sovereign pontificate, each 
 during one year, by an agreement seemingly approved of by the Romans, who at that 
 time had the control of every thing in Judea. This explanation is confinned by the 
 expression of Saint John when speaking of Caiphas, who was the high j'riesl of that year, 
 ch. xviii. ver. 13. 
 
 (3) The baptism of John was a religious ceremonv by which a profession of penance 
 was embraced. It did not confer the remission of sins ; but disposed towards the re- 
 mission by penance which should ensue, and which became the next disposition to the 
 baptism of Jesus Christ, in which alone is to be found the remission of sins. John's bap- 
 tism preceded penance ; the baptism of Je-sus Christ followed penance. Do penance, and 
 be baptized every one of you — Peter, Acts ii. 38. The first, properlj' speaking, belonged 
 neither to the ancient law nor the new law ; a medium between both ; this baptism par- 
 ticipated of both one and the other, -as twilight participates of both day and night. 
 
 (4) Heaven, closed until this hour, is now to be thrown open. Saint John begins by 
 disabusing the Jews of the prejudice about a temporal kingdom. 
 
42 THE HISTOBY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 pare ye the way of the Lord, make straight his paths (5). Every 
 valley shall be filled, every mountain and hill shall be brought 
 low, the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough ways plain ; 
 and all flesh shall see the salvation of God." 
 
 When this first preaching was noised about, the j^eople thronged 
 in crowds ; («) " then went out (5) to him Jerusalem, and all Judea, 
 and all the country about Jordan, and were baptized by him in the 
 (c) Jordan, confessing their sins. He said to the multitudes, and 
 many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to his baptism with 
 tJie people : Ye brood of vipers, who hath shewed you to. flee from 
 the wrath to come ? Bring forth, therefore, fruit worthy of penance, 
 and think not to say within yourselves : We have Abraham for our 
 father ; for, I tell you, that God is able of these stones to raise up 
 children to Abraham (6). The axe is now laid to the root of the 
 trees ; every tree, therefore, that doth not yield good fruit, shall be 
 cut down and cast into the fire. (<^) And the peojîle asked him : 
 What then shall we do ? He, answering, said to them : Let he that 
 hath two coats give to him that hath none, and he that hath meat, 
 let him do in like manner (Y). Publicans also came to be baptized, 
 and said to him: Master, what shall we do? Do nothing more 
 than that which is appointed you, said he to them (8). Soldiers 
 also asked him : And what shall we do ? He said to them : Do 
 violence to no man, neither calumniate any man, and be content 
 with your pay." 
 
 Yet as the people were of opinion, "and all were thinking in 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, iii. 5, 6. (c) St. Matthew, iii. 7-10. 
 
 (6) St. Luke, iii. 7. {d) St. Luke, iii. 10-16. 
 
 (5) A metaphorical expression, taken from the custom of levelling and even decorating 
 the roads over which kings were to pass. 
 
 (6) The true children of Abraham are the imitators and inheritors of his faith, and 
 these God could produce from other sources. The vocation of the Gentiles is insinuated 
 by these words. 
 
 (7) Each profession lias its particular duties ; almsgiving is a luiiversal precept obliga- 
 toi-y on all who can fulfil it. 
 
 (.8) He does not mean to say this is enough for salvation ; but he spoke with refer- 
 ence to the profession of those who asked advice. Moreover, Saint John might think 
 they would easily abstain from other sins, if they abstained from the one to which they 
 were most subject. 
 
CHAP, v.] OF OUR LORD JESPS CHRIST. 43 
 
 their hearts of John, that perhaps he might be the Christ, John 
 ((/) said to all : I indeed baptize you in water unto peuance (9), 
 but he that shall come after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I 
 am not worthy to bear." No, said he, impressed with the great- 
 ness of him whose arrival he announced — no, (i) " the latchet of 
 whose shoes I am not worthy to loose ; he shall (c) baptize you in 
 the Holy Ghost and in fire (10). Whose fan is in his hand ; he 
 will purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his barn, but 
 the chaff he (d) will burn with unquenchable fire. And exhorting, 
 he preached many other things to the people." 
 
 (e) " He that knew no sin, for us he hath made sin :" having taken 
 upon himself the entire- debt, Jesus was willing to mingle in the sin- 
 ful throng, and enter along viith. them into the career of penance. 
 (/) " He came in those days from Xazareth of Galilee unto John, , 
 to be baptized by him in the Jordan. But John stayed him, say- 
 ing, I ought to be baptized by thee, and comest thou to me ! Jesus 
 answered to him: Suffer it to be so (^) now, for so it becometh us 
 to fulfil all justice. Then he suffered him (11), and Jesus was bap- 
 tized by John in the Jordan. And forthwith coming up out of the 
 water, he saw the heavens opened, and the Spirit as a dove descend- 
 ing, and remaining on him, and there came a voice from heaven 
 tchich .said: Thou art my beloved Son (12), in thee I am well 
 pleased." We have already said that (A) " Jesus was" then " be- 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, iii. 11. (e) II. Corinthians, v. 21. 
 
 (6) St. Mark, i. 7. - (/) St. Mark, i. 9 ; St. Mattliew, iii. 13. 
 
 (c) St. Matthew, iii. 11, 12. (y) St. Mark, i. 9, 10, 11 ; St. Luke, iii. 
 
 (rf) St. Luke, iii. 17. 21, 22 ; St. Matthew, iii. 16. 
 
 (A) St. Luke, iii. 23. 
 
 (9) An inordinate attachment to a preacher or to a spiritual director has been more 
 than once an occasion of error and of heresy. 
 
 (10) Tliis is the fire which descended upon the apostles on the day of Pentecost, the 
 same by which the Holy Ghost continues to purify the hearts of ihe truly fqithful. 
 
 (11) True humility at first resists God himself, when he wishes elevation to honorable 
 ministers ; yet should God persist in wisliing, humility obeys, because, if not obedient, it 
 would no longer be true humility. , » 
 
 (12) 'Tis thus the expression is reported by Saint Mark and Saint Luke. 9hint Mat- 
 thew makes the voice s.iv, this is my Moved Son, in whom I am tocll pleased. The lat- 
 ter likely rendered the sense, .ind the other two tlie very words. 
 
44 THE HISTORY OP THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 ginmng atout tlie age of thirty years, being (as it was supposed) 
 the son of Joseph." 
 
 The baptism which Jesus just received was not a ceremony of no 
 consequence to him ; it was, as has been said, a profession of pen- 
 ance. He wished to exercise its rigors upon himself, and show be- 
 forehand to his Church the penance which she should prescribe for 
 her children in all futui-e ages, (a) " He returned from the Jordan, 
 full of the Holy Ghost, and was led by the Spirit into tTie desert, 
 to be tempted by the devil (13). He was there for the space of 
 forty days and forty nights, during which he ate nothing. He was 
 tempted by Satan (14); he lived with beasts. When those days 
 were ended, he was hungry. Then the tempter coming, said to 
 him: If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be 
 made bread. Jesus answered him: It is written (Deut. viii. 3): 
 That man liveth not by bread alone (15), but by every word that 
 proceedeth from the mouth of God." He avails himself of Scrip- 
 ture to repel the enemy, and the text which he employs expresses 
 the .confidence in Providence which we ought to entertain in all the 
 emergencies of life. ' Satan, on his side, endeavored to turn these 
 same weapons against the Son of God ; and after having attacked 
 him at what he thought to be hLs weak point, that is to say, the 
 hunger which he was then enduring, he attacked him in his strong- 
 hold, that is to say, by confidence in God, and by Scripture. (Jj) "He 
 
 {a) St. Luke, iv. 1, 2 ; St. Matthew, (6) St. Matthew, iv. 5 ; St. Luke, iv. 
 
 iv. 1, 3, 4 ; St. Mark, i. 13. 10. 
 
 (13) He who was the author of all strength might advance to meet the enemy: those 
 who are weakness itself cannot do better than shun the encounter. Jesus is here merely 
 the model of resistance, when we cannot avoid the combat. 
 
 (14) The expression is taken from Saint Mark, and is usually understood to mean temp- 
 tations which Jesus Christ endured after his fast. Some understand this to mean a se- 
 ries of temptations which lasted during forty days, three of which are reported and con- 
 stituted the hist and most vigorous assault. 
 
 (15) God does not require bread in order to support man ; he can do so wilh any 
 thing, since by manna, which was oply a species of condensed dew, he nourished an en- 
 tire people during forty years. For it was written, with reference to manna, Deuterono- 
 my, viii. 3 : "He afflicted thee with want, and gave thee manna for thy food, which nei- 
 ther thou nor thy fathers knew : to shew that not in bread alone doth man live, but in 
 every word that proceedeth from the mouth of God." 
 
CHAP, v.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 45 
 
 took Lim up into the holy city ; set him upou the pinnacle of the 
 temple, and said to him : K thou be the Son of God, cast thyself 
 down; for it is written (Psalm xc): He hath given his angels 
 charge over thee, that they keep thee, and in their hands they shall 
 bear thee up, lest thou dash thy foot against a stone. It is written 
 again, said Jesus to him {Deut. vi.) : Thou shalt not tempt the Lord 
 thy God." 
 
 After this reply Satan thought there was nothing now left for 
 him but one last effort ; he set in motion the most violent of all temp- 
 tations, or rather all temptations concentrated into one. (a) " He 
 took Jesus up into a very high mountain, and shewed to him in a 
 moment of time all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of 
 them (16), and said to him : To thee will I give all these things, all 
 this power, and glory ; for they are delivered to me, and to whom 
 I will I give them (17); if thou, therefore, wilt adore me, all shall 
 be thine. Jesus answered to him: Begone, Satan (18), for it is 
 written thou shalt adore the Lord thy God, and him only shalt 
 thou serve. Then the devil, when all the temptation was ended, 
 departed from him for a time (19), and behold an angel came and 
 ministered to him (20)." 
 
 It seems that when quitting the desert Jesus passed the Jordan, 
 and that John had also crossed over to tlie other side of the river. 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, iv. 8-11 ; St. Luke, iv. 5-8, 13. 
 
 (16) This expression has induced the opinion that Satan, clever in the art of trickery, 
 started up before him, as it were in a miniature, all the kingdoms of the world, with 
 every thing connected with them most capable of dazzling the eyes and tempting to 
 covetousness. 
 
 (17) This feature alone was enough to utunask the father of lies. Per6dious, he 
 promises every thing, yet disposes of nothing. Still, if in point of fact he did dispose 
 of all the kingdoms of the world, give them he would for a single soul: he knows their 
 value better than we do. 
 
 (18) This is the proper tone for an answer to the propo.sal of crime. 
 
 (19) Wliether it be that he in person attacked Jesus Christ again, or whether this be 
 said of the persecutions which Jesus Christ had to suffer from those who, as we have said, 
 were in this point ministers of Satan. For Satan and his agents are never at rest ; and 
 this is, perhaps, the surest mark by which we may recognize them. 
 
 (20) This repast is the image of the feast which God serves up to the soul which has 
 vanquished the enemy. The moment wliich follows the victory over a great temptation 
 is the most delicious of all moments. 
 
46 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 PerLajos John was forced to do so by the persecutions which he en- 
 dured from the Scribes and Pharisees, whom he had not spared in 
 his preaching. For the manner in which Jesus Christ speaks of 
 him on more than one occasion leaves no room to doubt that the 
 holy precursor encountered much persecution, which we must not 
 confound with what he subsequently suffered on the part of Herod. 
 Still, whether they had changed their sentiments with regard to 
 him — whether they wished to undeceive the people already prepos- 
 sessed with the idea that John might be the Messiah — or because 
 of the testimony he had rendered to another, they sought to inter- 
 dict his preaching and baptism, as having no title to authorize him 
 in his functions ; or finally, suj)posing he should declare himself the 
 Messiah, to make the declaration a crime and a cause of condemna- 
 tion, as they did afterwards to Jesus Christ ; whatever was their 
 motive, (fi')"they sent from Jerusalem priests and Lévites to him 
 to ask him ; Who art thou ? He confessed, and did not deny, and 
 he confessed : I am not the Christ. What, then, they asked him, 
 art thou Elias (21)? He said: I am not. Art thou a prophet? 
 No, he answered. They said, therefore, unto him : Who art thou, 
 that we may give an answer to them that sent us ? what sayest thou 
 of thyself? He said: I am the voice of one crying in the wilder- 
 ness. Make straight the way of the Lord, as said the Prophet Isaias. 
 They that were sent were of the sect of Pharisees. They asked him 
 another question : Why, then, dost thou baptize, if thou be not 
 Christ, nor Elias, nor the prophet ? John answered them : I bap- 
 tize with water, but there hath stood one in the midst of you whom 
 you know not. He is the same that shall come after me, who is pre- 
 ferred before me, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to 
 
 (a) St. John, i. 19-51. 
 
 (21) John was not Elias in person, but he was such in the sense of having his spirit 
 and virtue. He was not a prophet, meaning the foreteller of future events ; but he an- 
 nounced and he showed the Messiah actually present, whom he knew by the revelation 
 of the Holy Ghost, and in this sense he was a prophet, and more than a prophet. John 
 says he is not Elias, nor a prophet, in that sense, in which neither is he. Jesus Christ 
 says that John is Elias, and is a prophet, in the sense in which he is both one and the 
 other. By this difference ,they do not contradict each other ; and we are taught by Je- 
 sus Christ how to speak of our neighbor, by John how to speak of oiu'selves. 
 
CHAP, v.] OF OtlR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 4Y 
 
 loose. These things Avere done in Bethania(22) beyond the Jor- 
 dan, where John was baptizing." 
 
 " Next day John saw Jesus coming to him, and he saith : Behold 
 the Lamb of God (23), behold him who taketh away the sin of the 
 world. This is he of A\liom I said : After me there cometh a man 
 who is preferred before me, because he was before me ; and I knew 
 him not, but that he may be made manifest in Israel, therefore am 
 I come baptizing with water. And John gave testimony, saying : 
 I saw the Spirit coming down as a dove from heaven, and he re- 
 mained upon him. I knew him not ," this he Baid to remove any 
 id'ea of collusion ; " but he who sent me to baptize with water said 
 to me : He upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending and re- 
 maining upon him, he it is that baptizeth with the Holy Ghost (24). 
 I saw, and I gave testimony that this is the Son of God. 
 
 " The next day John and two of his disciples stood, and behold- 
 ing Jesus walking, he saith : Behold the Lamb of God. And the 
 two disciples heard him speak, and they followed Jesus (25): Jesus 
 turning, and seeing them following him, saith to them : What seek 
 you (26) ? They said to him, Eabbi (which is interpreted master), 
 where dwellest thou ? Come, he saith to them, and see. They 
 
 (22) Different from another Bethania a short distance'from Jerusalem, where Lazariis 
 resided with his two sisters, Mary and Martha. 
 
 (23) Lamb by his meekness : Lamb of God, because the victim God gives to us, and 
 the only one he will accept for the remission or the expiation of sins. 
 
 (24) The Holy Ghost did not visibly descend upon Jesus Christ until after he had re- 
 ceived baptism. John, who refused, through hiunility, to baptize him, therefore knew 
 him previously by revelation ; yet he does not speak of this revelation which might be 
 contested, and he merely alleges the descent of the dove, which was the sign that God 
 had given to himself, that tl-.oroughly assured him of the trutli thus revealed to him ; a 
 truth made so strikingly sensible, having had as many witnesses as there were men actu- 
 ally present, who had come to receive John's baptism. 
 
 (25) Jesus was condescending enough to be indebted for his fii-st disciples to his pre- 
 cursor, whose testimony was, as it were, at once the supplement of our Sanour's mira- 
 cles. This was to honor the ministry of John, for thenceforth Jesus Christ no longer 
 required that ministrj', and he made this be well understood, when at the same lime he 
 attached Philip to his person by these sole vi^ords, follow me. 
 
 (20) Jc^us doth not interrogate to get instruction upon a point unknown to him, but 
 to accommodate himself to our manner of conversing, and to give those whom he inter- 
 rogates the occ;u-iion of saying what was opportune for them to say. This remark is.^p- 
 plicable in all ci'scs similar to the present, * 
 
48 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 came, and saw where he abode (27). It was about the tenth hour 
 that day" (which corresjwnds with our four o'clock in the after- 
 noon). "Andrew the brother of Simon Peter was one of the two 
 who had heard of John, and followed Jesus. He findeth first his 
 brother Simon, and saith to him : We have found the Messias (which 
 is interpreted the Christ). He brought him to Jesus. Jesus look- 
 ing upon him, said: Thou art Simon the son of Jona; thou shalt be 
 called Cephas, which is interpreted Peter. 
 
 " On the following day Jesus would go forth into Galilee : he find- 
 eth Philip, and saith to him : Follow me. Philip was of Bethsaida, 
 the city of Andrew and Peter : he findeth Nathaniel, and saith : 
 We have found him of whom Moses in the law and the prophets 
 did write ; Jesus the son of Joseph of Nazareth. Nathaniel sa;id to 
 him: Can anything of good come from Nazareth (28)? Come and 
 see, saith Philip to him. Jesus saw Nathaniel coming to him, and 
 saith of him : Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom there is no guile. 
 Whence knowest thou me ? saith Nathaniel to him." Perhaps he 
 knewme by the report of Philip, was apparently the current of 
 Nathaniel's thoughts ; for " Jesus aaswered him : I saw thee when 
 thou wast under the fig-tree, before that Philip called thee. Rabbi, 
 replied Nathaniel to him, thou art the Son of God, thou art the 
 King of Israel. Jesus answered him : Because I saw thee under the 
 fig-tree, thou believest. Greater things than these shalt thou see. 
 And he added : Amen, amen, I say to you : you shall see the heaven 
 opened upon the Son of man (29), and the angels of God ascending 
 and descending (30)." 
 
 (2'i') Jesus Christ had a retreat in the neighborhood, but he had no house which was 
 his own ; he could, therefore, say with truth : The Son of man hath not where to rest 
 his head. 
 
 (28) Not merely on account of the smallness of the place, but also on account of the 
 bad character of its inhabitants, which bordered on brutality, as appears by their treat- 
 ment of Jesus Christ. 
 
 (29) The Son of man properly signified man, or the posterity of Adam. This expres- 
 sion has no other meaning in all the texts of Scripture wherein it is employed, and it 
 would be useless to seek any other meaning for it when uttered by Jesus Chiist. 
 
 (30) 'Tis hard to find out in Scripture the accompMshment of this magnificent prom- 
 ise, but 'tis enough to know that all is not written. 
 
OIIAP. VI.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 49 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 MAEEIAGE OF CANA. SOJOURN AT CAPHAENAUM. SECOND VOCATION OF PETEB 
 
 AND OF ANDKEW, FOLLOWED BY THAT OF JAMES AND JOHN. JOUENEY TO JEEU 
 
 SALEM FOE THE FEAST OF THE PASSOVEE. SELLEES DEIVEN FEOM THE TEMPLE. 
 
 (a) " The third day after there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee, 
 and the mother of Jesus was there (1)." Jesus, who had spent these 
 three days coming from the shores of the Jordan, " was invited to 
 the marriage with, his disciples. The wine failing, the mother of Je- 
 sus saith to him : They have no wine. Jesus saith to her : Woman, 
 what is that to me and to thee (2)? my hour is not yet come (3). 
 His mother saith to the waiters : Do ye whatsoever he shall say to 
 you. Now there were set there six water-pots of stone, according 
 to the manner of the purifying of the Jews, containing two or three 
 measures apiece. Jesus saith to them : Fill the water-pots with wa- 
 ter ; and they filled them up to the brim. Jesus added: Draw out 
 
 (a) St. John, u. 1-12. 
 
 (1) Saint Joseph is no longer mentioned. The common opinion is, that he liad died 
 before Jesiis Christ commenced his evangelical life ; and the remark ha.s been very ju- 
 diciously made, that it was highly proper he should bo no longer of this world. For, 
 since Jesus Christ must frequently have to speak of his father as of a person liring, the 
 Jews would not have failed to refer to Joseph every thing he should say on the subject, 
 and to substitute liim in the place of the eternal Father — a perplexing ambiguity, which 
 woidd extend to all the discourses of Jesus, and could not fail to confuse all the ideas of 
 the Jews. 
 
 (2) Jesus Christ wishes to teach that he should not work miracles, from considerations 
 of flesh and blood ; I say he wishes to teach that tnith, not to Mary, who was not igno- 
 rant of this, but to his disciples, to whom he was one day to communicate the power of 
 working miracles, and perhaps to his brethren, that is to saj', his kindred, who, seeing 
 such power in the hands of a man whom they called their relative and their brother, 
 might think he could dispose of it as family property. 
 
 (3) The time when he had resolved to work miracles. Still he anticipated the time in 
 consideration of Mary, and the exception confirms tlic rule. If the answer seems severe, 
 the act is obliging ; perhaps, too, this answer was made with an !Ùr and a tone which con- 
 siderably softened down what appe^irs to us rather blunt. Certain it is, that Mary, after 
 having heard this, had no hesitation in believing that her prayer had been heard, since she 
 .said directly to the waiters : Do ye whatsoever he shall say to you. 
 
 4 
 
60 THE HISTORY OF TI£E LITE [PAET I. 
 
 now, and carry to tlie cliief steward of tbe feast, and tliey carried it. 
 When the cliief steward had tasted the water made wine, and knew 
 not whence it was (but the waiter knew who had drawn the water), 
 he calleth the bridegroom, and saith to him : Every man at first set- 
 tetli forth good wine ; and wlien men tave well drunk, then tkat 
 which is worse ; but tbou hast kept the good wine until now, Je- 
 sus did this beginning of miracles in Cana of Galilee. He thus mani- 
 fested his glory, and his disciples believed in him (4). After tliis 
 be and his mother, his brethren, and his disciples went down to Ca- 
 pharnaum ; tbey remained there not many days." 
 
 This town was subsequently his usual dwelling-place, and, as it 
 were, the centre of his missions. Capharnaum was a very opulent 
 city, and thickly inhabited. It was situate upon the confines of tbe 
 tribes of Zabulon and Nephtlialim, at the influx of the Jordan into 
 the sea of Galilee or of Tiberias. His coming there, and the great 
 light which thence sprung up (Isaias ix.), fulfilled tliat which was 
 said by Isaias the Prophet : (a) " The land of Zabulon and land of 
 Nephthalim, the way of the sea beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the 
 Gentiles (5). The peoj^le that sat in darkness hath seen great hght ; 
 and to them that sat in the region of the shadow of death, light is 
 sprung up." This light was announced by that truth which must 
 ever be fii'st presented to the eyes of sinful men, the necessity of 
 penance, which Jesus began to preach and to say, like his precursor : 
 (5) " The time is accomplished ; the kingdom of God is at hand : re- 
 pent, and believe the Gospel." This is the discourse which an Evan- 
 gehst terms preaching " the Gospel of the Kingdom of God." Mean- 
 time Jesus, who was never more to cease preaching it until his death, 
 began to seek his co-opei"ators, and quickly found them. His disci- 
 ples, who as yet were not inseparably attached to him, had left him, 
 to return to their work. He attached them more closely to his per- 
 son in the manner we are now going to state, by blending, on ac- 
 
 (a) St.Mattbew, iv. 14-17. (J) St. Mark, i. 15. 
 
 (4) That is to say, they were confirmed in the faith they had in him ; for they miist 
 have already believed, since they became his disciples. 
 
 (5) So called on accoimt of the vicinity of the Gentiles, perhaps also on account of the 
 amalgamation of these people with the tribes of Aser, of Zabidon, and of Nephthalim. 
 
CHAP. VI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 51 
 
 count of the similarity of facts, two things wliich some separate and 
 othei-s unite. It cannot well be decided whether in point of fact 
 there were two different vocations, or whether there was but one 
 single vocation, recorded by the sacred authors, •with different cir- 
 cumstances, some of which are not recounted by the two other Evan- 
 gelists. 
 
 (a) " Jesus passing by the sea of Galilee, saw Simon and Andrew 
 his brother casting nets into the sea (for they were fishermen), and 
 he said to them : Come after me, and I will make you to become 
 flshei-s of men. Going on from thence a little farther, he saw James 
 the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, who also were in the ship 
 mending theii" nets, and forthwith he called them. (Ji) It came to 
 pass that multitudes to hear the word of God, pressed upon him 
 when he stood by the sea. He saw two ships standing ; the fisher- 
 men were gone out of them, and were washing their nets." In or- 
 der to join this circumstance with the preceding one, we must sup- 
 pose these fishermen (whom Jesus had just called), after alighting 
 from their ships, were still washing their nets either from habit or 
 for the service of those who were afterwards to use them. " Jesus 
 going into one of the ships that was Simon's, desired him to draw 
 back a little from the land ; and sitting, he taught the multitudes 
 out of the ship (6). When he had ceased to speak, he said to Si- 
 mon ; Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a 
 draught. Master, said Simon to him, we have labored all the night, 
 and have taken nothing : but at thy word I will let down the net. 
 When they had done this, they enclosed a very great multitude of 
 fishes, and their net broke (7), and they beckoned to their partnere, 
 
 (a) St. Mark, i. 16, 17, 19. (6) St. Luke, v. 1-11. 
 
 (G) The Ship of the Church lohich the Lord ascends is no other than that one of which 
 Peter was established the pilot, when the Lord said to him : Thou art Peter, and upon 
 this rock I shall build my Church. — Ambr. Serin, ii. 
 
 (7) This miraculous fishing is the figure, or rather the prophetic histoiy, of what was 
 to happen to the Church. The prophets had labored almost without any fruit under the 
 Old Law, which was a state of shade and obscurity. At last the great day of grace hav- 
 ing appeared, Peter, on tlie word of Jesus Christ, casts the net of the Gospel. AH na- 
 tions enter there in throngs : both ships, that is to say, the two Churches of the East and 
 West, are filled. This gathering occasions the rupture of (he net, whose integrity marks 
 
52 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 that were in tlie other ship, that they should come and help them. 
 They came, and filled both the ships, so that they were almost sink- 
 ing ; which, when Simon Peter saw, he fell down at Jesus' knees, 
 saying : Depart from me, O Lord (8), for I am a sinful man. For 
 he was wholly astonished, and all that were with him, at the draught 
 of the fishes which they had taken, and so were also James and John 
 the sons of Zebedee, who were Simon's partners. But Jesus saith to 
 Simon : Fear not, from henceforth thou shalt catch men ; and having 
 brought their ships to land, leaving all things, they followed him. 
 (a) Simon and Andrew left their nets ; James and John," not only 
 " their nets they were mending, but their father, Zebedee, Q>) in the 
 ship with his hired men." 
 
 FIRST PASSOYER. 
 
 We have said that this first sojourn which Jesus made at Caphar- 
 naum was but for a few days, (r;) " The pasch of the Jews was at 
 hand," and the time was come when Jesus should make known to all 
 Israel its Messiah and its King. " He went up" then with his new 
 disciples " to Jerusalem," whither the festival had gathered together 
 Jews from all nations under the sun. He made himself remarkable 
 there at the outset, by an action which attracted all eyes towards 
 him. " He found in the temple them that sold oxen, sheep, and 
 doves, and the changers of money (9), sitting. When he had made, 
 as it were, a scourge of little cords (10), he drove them all out of 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, iv. 20, 21. {h) St. Mark, i. 20. (c) St. John, ii. 13-25. 
 
 the unity of the Church ; and whose rupture the schisms and tlie heresies by which she 
 loses part of her fishing, if we can call a loss a circumstance which delivers her from those 
 cruel children who only were fostered in her bosom to tear her asunder. 
 
 (8) The same humility that makes the centurion say : Lord, I am not ivorthy that thou 
 shouldst enter under my roof, made Peter say here: Depart from me, Lord, for I am 
 a sinful man. Some have wished to give a difiFerent meaning to this .saying ; but the 
 reason which Peter adds, because I am a sinful man, seems to exclude them, and fixes 
 the sense to our construction. 
 
 (9) The money-changers gave small change in exchange for large coin, and drew a 
 profit from this sort of traffic. 
 
 (10) In order that the weakness of the instrument should make more apparent the power 
 
 
CHAP, vr.] 
 
 OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 53 
 
 the temj)le, the sheep, aud also the oxen ; the money of the changers 
 he poured out, and the tables he overthrew. To those who sold 
 doves he said : Take these things hence (11), and make not the house 
 of my Father (12) a house of traffic. His disciples remembered that 
 it was written : The zeal of my house hath eaten me up. The Jews 
 said to him : What sign dost thou shew unto us, seeing thou dost 
 these things (13)? Jesus answered: Destroy this temple, and in 
 thj;ee days I will raise it up. The Jews then said: Six-and-forty 
 years was this temple in building, and wilt thou raise it up in three 
 days ? But he spoke of the temjjle of his bodj". When, therefore, 
 he was risen again from the dead, his disciples remembered that he 
 had said this, and they believed (14) the Scripture, and the word 
 that Jesus had said. When he was at Jerusalem at the pasch, upon 
 the festival day, many believed in hLs name, seeing his signs which 
 he did. But Jesus did not trust himself unto them, for that he knew 
 all men, and he needed not that any should give testimony of man ; 
 for he knew what was in man." 
 
 of him who employed it. This miracle seemed to Saint Jerome the most surprising of 
 all those which Jesus Christ performed. 
 
 (11) Had he acted towards these as with the others, the pigeons would have flown off, 
 and be lost to the owners. Jesus, who wishes to frighten all, wishes to wrong none of 
 them ; and in an action so calculated to excite, he further teaches us that zeal should ever 
 be regulated by prudence and tempered by charity. 
 
 (12) An expression till then unheard Of. Who, therefore, is this man who calls the 
 house of God the house of my father, and who exhibits himself there wth all the author- 
 ity of a master ? 
 
 (13) Jeius Christ never worked miracles when either ctiriosity or malignity was the mo- 
 tive which made them be sought after. 
 
 (14) They then comprehended the sense of this expression, which they had not at first 
 understood ; they saw its confonnity with those passages of Scripture where the resiu- 
 rection of Jesus Christ is so clearly figured, and they were corroborated in their faith. 
 
 What served to establish the faith of the disciples furnished matter to the Jews for 
 calumniating the Saviour. The same results follow from the word of Jesus Christ as 
 from the flesh of Jesus Christ ; both one and the other are a bread of life for the good, 
 and a mortal poison for the wicked. Mors est malts, vita bonis. 
 
54 
 
 THE HISTOBY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [PABT I. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 DISCOUKSE WITH NICODEMUS. 
 
 This regards those who at first believed in him, but whose incon- 
 stancy, known clearly to him before whose eyes all is naked and un- 
 covered, obliged him to take certain precautious with them. Others 
 had even then openly declared against him, and his miracles and 
 doctrine had already produced the double effect always produced 
 by great merit when signalized by great actions, viz.: esteem and 
 veneration in upright hearts ; in perverse hearts, envy and hatred. 
 These two passions ever persecuting, and at last accomplishing the 
 death of the Saviour, were inflamed at the sight of his first successes, 
 and thenceforth menaced those who ventured to declare themselves 
 in his favor. This apjjears by the conduct («) " Of a man then of 
 the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews ;" already faith- 
 ful, yet timid, anxious for instruction, still dreading persecution, 
 " He came to Jesus by night, and said to him : Eabbi, we know that 
 thou art come a teacher from God, for no man can do these signs 
 which thou dost, unless God be with him." 
 
 This introduction expressed the object of his visit ; he came to be 
 instructed. Jesus stated to him in a few words the entire plan of 
 Christianity, and commencing by regeneration, which is the ground- 
 work, " Answered him : Amen, amen, I say to thee, unless a man be 
 born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God." This reply sur- 
 prised Nicodemus, who, aware of but one way of being born, could 
 imagine no other. " How can a man be born, saith he, when he is 
 old ? Can he enter a second time into his mother's womb, and be 
 born again ?" He asked for an explanation, which Jesus immediate- 
 ly gave him. " Amen, amen, he answered, I say to thee, unless a 
 man be born again of water (1) and the Holy Ghost, he cannot en- 
 
 (d) St. John, iii. 1-13. 
 
 (1) This water is that of baptism ; for it is not allowable to seek here for another mean- 
 
CHAP. VII.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 55 
 
 ter into the kingdom of God. That which is born of the flesh is 
 flesh, and that which is born of the spirit is spirit. Wonder not 
 that I said to thee : You must be born again. The spirit breatheth 
 where he will (2) ; and thou hearest his voice ; but thou knowest 
 not whence he cometh, and whither he goeth : so is every one that 
 is born of the Spirit." AVhich is tantamount to the known maxim : 
 Every thing produces its kind. The production of the spint is, 
 therefore, spiritual, like its principal, wherefore it falls not under 
 the senses. Yet it has effects which hinder us from doubting its 
 reality, like the air or wind, which, though not perceptible to the 
 eyes of the body, is known by sound or other peculiar effects. 
 
 The mystery had been explained as clearly as it could be : still 
 " Nicodemus answered :- How can these things be done ? Art thou, 
 said Jesus to him, a master in Israel, and kuowest not these things ! 
 Amen, amen, I say to thee, that we speak what we know, and we 
 testify what we have seen, and you receive not our testimony. K I 
 have spoken to you earthly things, and you believe not, how will 
 you believe when I speak to you heavenly things ? No man hath 
 ascended into heaven but he that descended from heaven — the Son 
 of man who is in heaven (3)." 
 
 These words, all full of depth, signify, 1st, That faith in mysteries 
 
 ing after the decision of the Council of Trent, Sess. 7, Can. 2 : Should any one say that 
 very and natural water is not necessary in baptism, and consequently if he gives a meta- 
 phorical sense to those words of our Saviour Jesus Christ. Unless a man be born again 
 of water and the Holy Ghost, d:c., let him be anathema. 
 
 (2) This expression signifies here properly either the breath or the wind. Tliis does 
 not hinder an appropriate application of the expression to the free and independent opera- 
 tion of the Holy Ghost in our souls. 
 
 (3) Yet the humanity of the Sa>-iour had not descended from heaven, but only ascend- 
 ed there on the day of the ascension. This is explained -by the personal union of the 
 Word with human nature. By this ineflfable union, the Sovereign God who reigns in the 
 highest heavens is tnily the Son of man ; in tliis sense he could have said that tlie Son of 
 man hath a.scended into heaven, since he wlio is in heaven became the Son of man, which 
 he was not previously. He might also have said that he descended from heaven, because 
 this Son of man, who conversed on earth with man, was the same person with the Sover- 
 eign God who reigns in the highest heaven. He could have added that he w;is still in 
 heaven, because his immensity renders him present ever)-where, and his persevering 
 union with humanity makes him who is eveiywhere present be everywhere and always 
 with the character of Son of man, although his humanity be not cverywliere present, as 
 the Lutherans say, by an error, the absurdity of which equals at least its impiety. 
 
56 THE HISTORY OP THE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 is not grounded on the evidence of the object, but on the authority 
 of the testimony of Jesus Christ, a proposition which Nicodemus 
 could not gainsay, he having just recognized the divinity of a mis- 
 sion proved manifestly by miracles ; 2d, that the explanation just 
 given to him was the most proper to make him comprehend the 
 mystery which Jesus Christ had proposed to him ; I say, to make 
 him comprehend it in such a way as it can be comprehended, at least 
 in this life, he clothed it in sensible and corporal images, such as 
 birth, the wind, and its effects. Whence the Saviour concluded 
 that, if he did not place faith in him when speaking such language 
 as he calls earthly, because proportioned to the human intellect ever 
 cleaving to that earth to which it is bound, much less would he be- 
 lieve had expressions been used as sublime as the things themselves 
 that- were proposed, viz.: such expressions as no mortal man could 
 understand, and such apparently as human language could not fur- 
 nish. "What Jesus Christ adds, " No man hath ascended unto heaven 
 but he that descended from heaven," relates to two parts of his an- 
 swer, and signifies that, both as to mysteries and tlie manner of pro- 
 posing them, we must refer alone to him who, having descended 
 from that heaven which he always continues to inhabit, and having 
 alone seen them in their origin, is the only person who knows them, 
 and who is in a position to speak of them ; which we find similarly 
 expressed in these words of the first chapter of Saint John : (a) " No 
 man hath seen God at any time : the only begotten Son, who is in 
 the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him." 
 
 Nicodemus, thus disposed, was prepared to listen with docility to 
 the other truths in M-hich Jesus Christ was going to instruct him ; 
 the Saviour continued iu these terms : (b) " As Moses lifted up the 
 serpent in the desert, so must the Son of man be lifted up, that who- 
 soever believeth in him (4) may not perish, but may have life ever- 
 
 (a) St. John, i. 18. (b) St. John, iii. 14-21. 
 
 (4) Here faith alone is spoken of : Doth faith, then, suffice, without works ? No more 
 than good works can suffice without faith, although in many places of Scripture salvation 
 is attributed to works, without mention being at all made of feith. Join these texts, and 
 in their union you will find the Catholic truth ; separate them, or merely consider them 
 in theh- apparent opposition, and you evidently come in collision with one of these two 
 
CHAP. Vir.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CIIBIST. 5Y 
 
 lasting. For God so loved the world as to give his only begotten 
 Son (5), that whosoever believeth in hira may not perish, but may 
 have life everlasting : for God sent not his Son into the world to 
 judge the world, but that the world may be saved by him. He 
 that believeth in him is not judged; but he that doth not believe 
 is already judged, because he believeth not in the name of the only 
 begotten Son of God. And this is the judgment ; because the light 
 is come into the world, and men have loved darkness rather than 
 the light, for their works were evil : for every one that doth evil 
 hateth the light, and cometh not to the light, that his works may 
 not be reproved ; but he that doth truth (6) cometh' to the light, that 
 his works may be made manifest, because they are done in God." 
 
 Such is the discourse which the Sa\àour made to this learned man 
 of the synagogue. It comprises, as I have said, the entire plan of 
 Christianity, and its principal mysteries are here clearly proposed. 
 We see here the three persons of the adorable Trinity, and the part 
 which each of them condescended to take ujîon himself in the re- 
 demption. The Father gives his only Son ; the Son consents to be 
 immolated ; and the regenerating Spirit, uniting with the water of 
 baptism his all-mighty action, transforms the old man into a new 
 creature, gives brothers to the Son, and adopted children to the 
 Father. The motive of so great a gift is, on the part of the Father, 
 immense, we may say, excessive love, actuating him to deliver up 
 his only Son, the object of all his complacency, for the salvation of 
 an impious and perverse world : in the Son there is a voluntary im- 
 molation upon the tree of the cross ; and in regenerated man a live- 
 ly faith replete with confidence in him whose charity was so extreme 
 
 stumbling-blocks : You will think that Tvorks suffice without faith, which annihilates all 
 religion ; or with some Protestant sects, that faith suffices without works, which opens 
 the road to every crime. 
 
 (5) A Jew might tliink tliat God had only given his Son for the salvation of Jews. 
 Jesus Christ anticipates this onor, by declaring that the Son was given for the salvation 
 of the world, and o{ every man, saith clsewlierc the beloved disciple, I. John, 22. 
 
 (6) It may be, as some have thought, that the original believers in Jesus Christ were 
 the best class among the Jews, although this was not without exception ; or it may be 
 that the expression he that doth truth, or to do truth, signifies in sinners the knowledge 
 and detestation of sin, according to this thought of Saint Augustme : the confession of 
 crime is the beginning of \Trtue. 
 
58 THE IirSTOKY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 as to suffer for bim torment and death. The brazen serpent is given 
 here as a figure of the Old Testament, representing in the most nat- 
 ural manner many wonderful things therein detailed. It resembles 
 the serpent, though without its venom, thus shadowing him forth 
 who, himself without a blemish, assumed the semblance of sin ; its 
 elevation in the desert typifies the cross raised on high, and exposed 
 to all eyes. Faith in Him crucified, which may be called the glance 
 of the soul, produces an effect in souls similar to that produced in 
 bodies on corporeally beholding the brazen serpent. Yet, as the 
 brazen serpent, although salutary to many, and injurious to none, 
 hindered not those from perishing who, when mortally wounded by 
 the serjDents of fire, refused thus to seek recovery by so easy a rem- 
 edy, so also those who shall be saved are to be saved by him alone 
 whom the servient prefigured, and the damned shall be condemned 
 by their own fault. The Saviour goes so far as to declare that the 
 latter are already condemned, inasmuch as, in the sin of their first 
 father and their own personal iniquities, they carry with them the 
 manifest cause of their condemnation ; as the Israelites stung by the 
 serpents carried, in the venom which they had received, the impend- 
 ing cause of inevitable death. Those who perish, therefore, perish 
 merely because they choose to do so ; and from themselves alone 
 originates the judgment which condemns them. The Messiah's first 
 coming had salvation, not the condemnation, of the world for its 
 object. But this fearful and eternal condemnation only comes upon 
 them for having shunned another transient and salutary condemna- 
 tion, that which they themselves should have passed upon their 
 own crimes, had they wished to open their eyes to the startling 
 light which disclosed to them theii* enormity. Still the same fund 
 of corruption which wedded them to their vices made them love 
 the darkness which concealed their enormity, and hate the light 
 which would have revealed it to them ; that light which is earnest- 
 ly sought after and beheld with joy by those who are pure in heart 
 and of virtuous life. An upright mind is always cheered by the 
 light which irradiates it, and -sdrtue must always experience the 
 highest satisfiiction from the favorable testimony of such a witness. 
 The grace with which the Sa\àour accompanied the instruction he 
 imparted to Nicodemus made that proselyte a faithful disciple. 
 
■t 
 
 CHAP. Tin.] OF OUR LOKD JE3US CHEBT. 59 
 
 Though he measured cautiously his firet advances, yet Nicodemus 
 ne-çer betrayed his conscience. True it is, he did not as yet openly 
 declare himself for Jesus Christ, but far from being implicated in 
 the unjust conspii'acy of his enemies, he knew well, when the occa- 
 sion presented itself, how to make them feel the whole extent of 
 their injustice. Cured of his timidity after he had viewed the mys- 
 terious serpent elevated upon the mountain, when the apostles were 
 flying in all directions, this prince of the synagogue joined with Jo- 
 seph of Ai'imathea in rendering to his divine Master the rites of bu- 
 rial ; and la%T.shed uj^on him the most costly perfumes with a liber- 
 ality worthy of his opulence and his piety. He- persevered till 
 death in the confession of the faith, and in the practice of every 
 Christian \'irtue ; and the Church has placed him in the rank of 
 the saints to be invoked. 
 
 CHAPTER Vm. 
 
 JESTIS CmUST PEEAdlES AND BAPTIZES. NEW TESTIMONT OF SAINT JOHN. IMPKIS- 
 
 ONMENT OF THE UOLT PEEOURSOE. EETUEN OF JESUS TO GALILEE TmJOUGH SA- 
 
 IIAEIA. 
 
 (ff) " Jestjs," after having made this conquest, " came into the 
 land of Judea ;" that is to say, he quitted the capital to travel over 
 the country '■'■with his discijiles. There he abode with them, and 
 baptized (though Jesus himself did not baptize, (h) but his disci- 
 ples)." A very remarkable difference between him and John. The 
 former baptized by himself alone, because, being merely the minis- 
 ter of his baptism, he could not substitute instead of himself any 
 other minister ; whereas Jesus, author of his own baptism, could 
 appoint any administrator he wished, and preserve to the rite its 
 entire virtue, no matter by what hand it was administered. Yet 
 the baptism of John was not immediately abolished, after the in- 
 
 (o) St. John, iii. 22. (Ô) Si. John, iv. 2. 
 
60 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 troduction of Christ's baptism. Every thing is gradually shaded 
 in the works of God ; and until the precursor's imprisonment, the 
 baptism of water subsisted at the same time with the baptism of 
 the Holy Ghost and of fire, as the Jewish j^ractices subsisted side 
 by side with infant Christianity, until the destruction of Jerusalem. 
 While, therefore, Jesus was conferring baptism by the hands of his 
 disciples, accustoming the world from thenceforth (ci) " to account 
 them his ministers, and the disjîensers of the mysteries of God, 
 (i) John also was baptizing in Ennon, near Salim, because there 
 was much water there, and they came, and were baptized ; for John 
 was not yet cast into prison. There arose a question between some 
 of John's disciples and the Jews (1) concerning purification (2)," 
 which here must be understood to mean baptism. The Jews who 
 had declared themselves in favor of Jesus Christ, maintained that 
 their new Master being much sujjerior to John (Aug. tract. 13 in 
 Joan.), his baptism should be preferred to that of the precursor. 
 Whereupon " John's disciples came to him, and said : Rabbi, he that 
 was with thee beyond the Jordan, to whom thou gavest testimony, 
 behold, he baptizeth, and all men come to him." 
 
 The disciples disputed ; but the masters were of the same mind. 
 " John," who never had attributed any merit to himself, and who 
 always returned back to Jesus the glory due to him, " answered and 
 said : A man cannot receive any thing unless it be given him from 
 heaven. You yourselves do bear me witness that I said : I am not 
 Christ, but that I am sent before him. He that hath the bride is 
 the bridegroom (3) ; but the friend of the bridegroom who stand- 
 eth, and heareth him, rejoiceth with joy, because of the bride- 
 
 (a) I. Corintliians, iv. 1. (6) St. John, iii. 2.3-36. 
 
 (1) Apparently the disciples of John were mostly Galileans, whereas those who had 
 just received the baptism of Jesus Christ were from Judea, properly speaking. For 
 which reason the latter are called Jews in this passage ; although, in a more comprehen- 
 sive sense, the name also belongs to the disciples of John. 
 
 (2) Baptisrti might be called by the name of purification, as purifications elsewhere go 
 under the name of baptism. 
 
 (3) The bride is the Church, composed of the multitude of those who believe in Jesus 
 Christ. Its foi-mation was commenced, and the disciples of John brought him the intel- 
 ligence. Thus, while seeking to excite his jealousy, they ravished him with joy. 
 
CHAP. VIU.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 61 
 
 groom's voice ; this my joy, therefore, is fulfilled (4). He must in- 
 crease, but I must decrease (5)." The difference of origin is the 
 reason which John assigns for this extreme diffei'ence between Jesus 
 Christ and himself. " He, said John, that cometh from above is 
 above all. He that is of the earth, of the earth he is, and of the 
 earth he speaketh (6). He that cometh from heaven is above all, 
 and he testifieth what he hath seen and heard (7), and no man re- 
 ceiveth his testimony (8). He that hath received his testimony (9) 
 
 (4) Comparisons only extend to a certain point. John did not actually see Jesus Christ, 
 nor did he hear his voice ; but he knew him to be near at hand, and preachmg, and he 
 heard the rumor of his first successes. This it is that inspires him with joy comparable 
 to that caused by the voice of the person we love most, which is said to be the sweetest 
 of all music. 
 
 (.5) In public estimation. For, in reality, there neither was increase in Jesus Christ 
 nor diminution in Saint John. 
 
 (G) When he speaks from himself. For, by inspiration, he can know and utter heavenly 
 things, and John himself is proof of this. But those heavenly things which the Son ut- 
 tered had been taught him by no one ; he spoke them from his own wUl. Others con- 
 sider Saint John to term earthly those things which lie said himself, in opposition to the 
 more sublime tniths which Chiist Jesus came to reveal to the world. 
 
 (7) These words, and those which close the discoui-se, are sufficiently explained in the 
 preceding discourse of our Lord with Nicodemus. 
 
 (8) Passion ever exaggerates. En\y made John's disciples state, all men come to him, 
 becaxise several did go ; and an affectionate zeal for the glory of Jesus Christ made John 
 say, no man receiveth his testimony, because all men did not receive it. 
 
 (9) To believe Lis word, who is sent by God, is to believe the word of God ; and to 
 believe the word of God is an authentic declaration that God is incapable of a lie, and 
 that he always speaks the truth. Faith i.s wholly ;ind (Mitirely comprised in these few 
 words. 
 
 God has sent his Son ; the Son ha.s sent his apostles. These, by his order, have com- 
 municated their mi.ssion to their successore, who have transmitted it to us, and wlio will 
 transmit it from age to age, until the end of the world. To believe these, therefore, is 
 to believe the apostles, who have transmitted the mission to them ; the Son, who hath 
 sent the apostles : and God, who hath sent the Son. The simple-minded enter without 
 trouble and without diffidence the road that lies open before them : the road which is 
 straight, level, spacious, trodden by the Christian throng, and in which they see theii- 
 guides marching before them. Those who combine great abilities with superior judg- 
 ment, seeing the natural inability of the masses to conduct themselves, agree that they 
 could not be conducted by another course : that there must be a course marked out for 
 them, since they are not excluded from salvation ; that it was natural that this road, 
 which suffices for all, should be the same for all. The more so, as when they recollected 
 the great wanderings in which men of eminent talents frequently indulge, they deemed 
 this road at least as necessary for those who reason with over-subtlety as for those who 
 
62 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 hath set to his seal that God is true : For he whom God hath sent 
 speaketh the words of God, for God doth not give the Sjiirit by 
 measure. The Father loveth the Son, and he hath given all things 
 into his hand. He that beHeveth in the Son hath life everlasting ; 
 but he that believeth not the Son shall not see life ; the wrath of 
 God abideth on him." 
 
 The imprisonment of the holy precursor quickly followed this 
 magnificent testimony which he had just rendered to Jesus Christ. 
 The country which he then inhabited, if not actually part of the di- 
 vision allotted to Herod the tetrarch, at least bordered on his do- 
 minions. John had occasion to see and to speak to him. («) " Her- 
 od was reproved by him for Herodias, his brother's wife, and for all 
 the evils he had done. He added this also, above all, and shut up 
 John in prison, (b) When Jesus had heard that John was delivered 
 up, (g) and understood that the Pharisees had heard that he maketh 
 more disciples, and baptizeth more than John, (d) he left Judea, and 
 returned, in the power of the Spirit, into Galilee, preaching the Gos- 
 pel of the kingdom of God." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, iii. 19, 20. (c) St. John, iv. 1-3. 
 
 (b) St. Matthew, iv. 12. {d) St. Luke, iv. 14 ; St. Mark, i. 14. 
 
 do not reason enough. Still there exist subtle minds, who cannot sympathize with 
 what is simple : men of a curious turn of mind, which disdains every thing that is ancient, 
 for the sole reason that it is not new ; smgular characters, who ever try to distinguish 
 themselves from the multitude ; presumptuous men, who wish to lead themselves, and 
 show the way to their veiy guides ; wrangling dispositions, who could scarce live if they 
 did not find matter for contradiction. Such characters quit the high-road, band them- 
 selves together, seek for crooked by-ways, thi-ust themselves into them, and tliere wan- 
 der — that is to say, become heretics — for the same reasons which produce in the world 
 blunderers, originals, the headstrong, bad reasoners, bad debaters, and bad lawyers. 
 
CHAP. IX.J OF OUE LORD JESUS CHRIST. 63 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE SAMARITAN 'WOSIAil. 
 
 (a) " He was of necessity to pass througli Samaria. He cometh, 
 therefore, to a city of Samaria which is called Sichar (1), near the 
 land which Jacob gave to his son Joseph. Jacob's well was there. 
 Jesus, therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus on the well. 
 It was about the sixth hour (2). There cometh a woman of Sama- 
 ria (3) to draw water. Jesus saith to her : Give me to drink (for 
 his disci])lc3 were gone into the city to buy meats). Then that Sa- 
 maritan woman saith to him : How dost thou, being a Jew, ask of 
 me to drink, who am a Samaritan woman ? for the Jews do not com- 
 municate with the Samaritans." To this reply, which perhaps sa- 
 vored more of a jest than of a refusal, " Jesus answered : K thou 
 didst know the gift of God, and who is he that saith to thee : Give 
 
 (a) St. Jolin, iv. 4-30. 
 
 (1) The same which is called Sicheni hi Scriptm-e. It was situated near the mountain 
 of Garizim. 
 
 (2) About noonday. 
 
 (3) These Samaritans were originally a Chaldean colony, sent by Salraanasar to inhabit 
 the coimtry, which remained a desert in coasequence of the transportation of the ten 
 tribes into the States of this prince. These Chaldeans carried along with them their idol- 
 atrous worship. God sent lions, which committed fearful ravages over the country. To 
 be delivered from this scourge, they brought from AssjTia a priest of the race of Aaron, 
 who was to instruct them in tin; religion of the God of the country ; such was the title 
 they first gave him. They acknowledged revelation ; but they only received the five 
 books of Moses, and they allered even them in several passages. But what most of all 
 contributed to make them be regarded as schismatics by the Jews, was the temple, which 
 Sanabelleth, one of their governors, caused to be built on the mountain of Garizim. They 
 constantly preferred it to the temple of Jeinisalcni, the only place on earth where it was 
 then allowable to offer sacrifice to God. Tliis hatred still exists between the Jews and 
 Samaritans, although the latter are reduced to almost nothing, and are sunk in the most 
 orofound ignorance. 
 
 L 
 
Ô4 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 me to driuk, thou perhaps (4) wouldst have asked of him, and he 
 would have given thee living water (5)." 
 
 So far, if this discourse did not render this woman faithful, it made 
 her at least respectful. "Sir, she saith to him, thou hast nothing 
 wherein to draw, and the well is deep : from whence, then, hast thou 
 living water ? Art thou greater than our father Jacob (6), who gave 
 us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cat- 
 tle ? Jesus answered to her : Whosoever drinketh of this water 
 ■shall thirst again ; but he that shall drink of the water that I will 
 give him shall not thirst for ever, and the water that I will give him 
 shall become in him a fountain of water springing up into life ever- 
 lasting." 
 
 She seemed then to place faith in him ; but not understanding 
 what was the nature of this wonderful water, " Sir, she saith to him, 
 give me this water, that I may not thirst, nor come hither to draw. 
 Go, saith Jesus to her, call thy husband, and come hither. I have 
 no husband, the woman answered," whether she wished to speak sin- 
 cerely, or that the ardor of her desire made her deny every thing that 
 
 (4) Jesus Christ was not ignorant of what she would do had she this knowledge. 
 This perhaps should therefore be understood, according to the interpreters, to refer to 
 the power she would have still retained then to ask, or not to ask. The amazing pre- 
 rogative of grace, and that which most strikingly displays its power, is this triumph over 
 hearts, leaving them at the same time the actual power of resistance. If it were neces- 
 sary to deprive hearts of this power of resistance, grace would no longer be almighty, 
 since, being disabled from triumphing over hearts actually vested vnth. this power, there 
 would be a something that grace was unable to do. 
 
 (5) This gift of God and this living water are nothing else but the Holy Ghost, who 
 extinguishes in souls the thirst after the pleasures of sense and perishable goods, who 
 deadens the ardors of concupiscence, who waters the aridity of the heart by refreshing 
 sentiments of piety, and who renders the soul fertile in good works : truly living water 
 both in itself and in its eflfects, inasmuch as the Holy Ghost, being Mfe, gives life to those 
 souls who receive him. 
 
 (6) The Samaritans were not descendants of Jacob. Yet there is nothing to hinder 
 us from believinrr that in their district several families of Israelites resided ; whether or 
 not, they remained there duiing the transmigration, or came and estabhshed themselves 
 there with the Chaldeans, the latter associating with them in theh- form of worship. 
 Such families would, when speaking of Jacob and the patriarchs, call them their fathers. 
 Chaldeans might also descend from him by alliances with Israelitish women ; and sup- 
 posing none of these reasons existed, the mere habit of hearing the Jews repeat Our 
 Father Jacob, m.ight have introduced that fashion of speech into the Samaritan tongue. 
 
CHAP. IX.] OF OUR LORD JESl'S CHRIST. 65 
 
 might retard its accomplishment. " Jesus said to her : Tlioii hast 
 said well, I have no husl)and : for thon ha-^t five, and he whom thou 
 now hast is not thy husl>aud. This thou hast said truly." If this 
 was not naturally a good woman, she must have become so already 
 during the interview she had with Jesus Christ ; for, instead of giv- 
 ing him the lie, as many others would have done, and with greater 
 assurance the more foundation there was for the reproach, " she saith 
 to him," respectfully, but with shame, " Sir, I perceive that thou art 
 a pi'ophet :" an expression which comprises the doul)le confession 
 which she made of Jesus Christ's equality of prophet, and of her own 
 sinful life. This last avowal was so humiliating that she could not 
 dwell upon it, but takes advantage of the other to turn the conver- 
 sation upon the controversy which divided the two classes of people 
 iidiabitiug Palestine. " Our fathers (7)," added she, " adored (8) on 
 this mountain, and you say that at Jerusalem is the place where men 
 must adore." 
 
 This question has given occasion more than once for regarding the 
 Samaritan as an inquisitive woman, forward in entering on discus- 
 sions beyond her reach. It seems, nevertheless, that having had the 
 hapjnuess to meet a prophet, she acted wisely in asking him to in- 
 form her upon a point of religion deemed of capital importance. 
 Do not let us, therefore, blame what Jesus Christ himself has not 
 blamed. Nay, perhaps he himself insj)ired the question, that he 
 might take occasion therefrom to instruct the woman in that per- 
 fect worship which he came to establish upon the ruins of all the an- 
 cient systems, not even excejiting that which, though true in itself, 
 was merely preparatoiy. Tlierefore he thus spoke to her : " Wo- 
 man, believe me, that the hour cometh when you shall neither on 
 this mountain nor in Jerusalem adore the Father (9). You adore 
 
 (7) Our ancestors, if we prefer to sa)' that the Samaritans were under the impression 
 tliat the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob had offered sacrifices on the mountain of 
 Garizim, which left tlie question at issue still undecided ; for the place where sacrifices 
 must be offered was not wherever the patriarchs had sacrificed, but wherever God had 
 chosen, to the exclusion of all other places. 
 
 (8) To adore signifies here to sacrifice. Simple adoration was never forbidden in any 
 place. 
 
 (0) My father, or he who, by adopting you, is going to become yours, or better still, 
 
 5 
 
66 THE HISTORY OF Tire LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 tliat Avliicli you know not (10); v^e adore tliat wliicli we know: for 
 salvation is of the Jews (11). But tlie hour cometh, and now is, 
 when the true adorers shall adore the Father in spirit and in 
 truth (12); for the Father also seeketh such to adore him. God is 
 a spirit, and they that adore him must adore him in spirit and in 
 truth. The woman saith to him : I know that the Messias cometh 
 who is called Christ. Therefore when he is come (13) he will tell 
 us all things." In the mean time she was. still obliged, by the dec- 
 laration of him whom she recognized for a prophet, to acknowledge 
 the supei'iority of the Jewish worship over the Samaritan — a truth 
 which she seems inclined to elude. As to what regards the new 
 worship which the Messiah alone could establish, she very properly 
 said they should wait for the Messiah. " I am he, who am speaking 
 with thee, saith Jesus to her. Immediately his disciples came, and 
 they wondered that {contrarij to Ms custoni) he talked with the 
 woman. Yet no man said : What seekest thou ? or, Why talkest 
 thou with her? The woman, therefore, left her water-pot, went 
 her way into the city, and saith to the men there : Come and see 
 a man who has told me all things whatsoever I have done ; is not 
 he the Chi'ist ?" Such was, in regard of this woman, the conduct of 
 Jesus Christ, and such was its success. Few examples can be found 
 of so prompt a conversion, and of one whose several degrees are so 
 
 both together, that is to say, my father and yours. The two meanings are tnie — both 
 suit the text ; and Scripture, according to the remark of Saint Augustine, frequently 
 comprises more than one sense in a single word. 
 
 (10) Whether it be that the Samaritans had blended with the idea of God some gross 
 error, or whether these words signify that they could not tell upon what grounds they 
 worshipped, their worship having, in point of fact, no divine institution. 
 
 (11) It was proper that God should more highly instruct that people, from whom sal- 
 vation, or the Saviour, was to issue. 
 
 (12) Tiiith is going to succeed .shadows, spiritual objects those of sense. Both forms 
 of worship are opposed in what forms their leading quality ; for the new worship is in 
 some things addressed to the senses, while the old must have contained much that was 
 spiritual. 
 
 ([13) Although the Jews were unwilling to acknowledge the fact, eveiy one, even the 
 Samaritans, expected the Messiah, and expected him at no distant period. For to refer 
 the decision of an essential point of reUgion to a Messiah who was only to come at some 
 distant and indefinite period, would have been as senseless a proceeding as to refer now- 
 a-days a similar deci.sion to the coming of Elias. 
 
CIIAP. IX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 67 
 
 distinctly marked. We see her pass successively from respect of tlie 
 \Tlrtuous man who speaks to her, to the desire of obtaining that M'hich 
 he promises her, although as yet she is ignorant of its nature. Next 
 she recognizes him for a prophet, and in this very avowal which she 
 makes admits herself to be a sinner. She wisely profits by the oc- 
 casion to get instruction ; she listens with docility, and, when once 
 enlightened, she burns with the desire of communicating to her fel- 
 low-citizens the light which has just sparkled before her eyes. She 
 leaves her pitcher, as the apostles left their nets : she i-uns to the 
 city, which she immediately fills with the rumor of the wonderful 
 discovery she had just made. Her zeal for the glory of him whom 
 she announces goes to the extent of prompting her to sacrifice her 
 own fame, by adducing, to prove that he was a prophet, her own 
 misdeeds, which he could have known only by a supernatural light. 
 She invites all the inhabitants to come and satisfy themselves as to 
 the truth of the things she recounts ; and, with a success which we 
 may compare to that of the first preaching of St. Peter, she succeed- 
 ed in as short a time in gaining over to him an entire people. In- 
 comprehensible eftect of grace, which in a moment makes a sinner a 
 penitent, and a penitent an apostle. But whilst no better illustra- 
 tion can be given of the efiicacy of divine grace, where else is to be 
 found, a more affecting picture of its soothing operation, or where 
 can we find a better instance of that admirable art which shrouds, 
 as it were, with the veil of chance, the designs of God, and the rno.-t 
 maturely reflected projects of his mercy ? Jesus returns from Jeru- 
 salem to Galilee ; he traverses Samaria, which happens to be upon 
 his route ; he halts about mid-day, while his disciples wei*e gone in 
 search of provisions to a neighboring city : he is tired, and he sits 
 down near a well. A woman comes there to draw water ; he is 
 thirsty, and he asks her for a drink ; she refuses, or seems to refuse 
 it, under pretence of the division which exists between the two na- 
 tions. What have we here that does not appear the effect of pure 
 chance ? Yet all this is nothing else but the execution of the de- 
 crees of the Almighty. God, from all eternity, had determine^l" to 
 inspire the woman with a wish to come to this spot on the day and 
 at the hour when she actually came there. She came there of lur 
 own free will ; but there she must have come inevitably. Ileaviu 
 
68 THE HISTORY OF THE LtFE [PAKT I. 
 
 and earth must hnve perislied ere slie missed the appointment. The 
 discourse which Jesus Christ hehl with her, and which seemed en- 
 tirely occasioned by the good or had things which she said — that 
 discourse was also preconcerted in the councils of the Most High ; 
 and that portion of knowledge which was to be communicated to 
 her had been weighed in the eternal scale. Before she was in the 
 world, yea, before the world existed, it was settled that Jesus Christ 
 should originate in her mind the idea of, and the thirst for, a water 
 which should forever quench thirst, and whose inexhaustible source 
 gushed forth unto life everlasting. Also, that in order to give her 
 at the same time both faith and jienance, he should disclose to her 
 both what he was, and what she herself was, that he should enlight- 
 en her on the errors of Samaritan worship and the imperfection of 
 the Jewish ; that thereupon he should elevate her to the knowledge 
 of a universal and eternal worship, which should extend itself over 
 all times and every people, making truth succeed to figures, spirit to 
 the letter, and the homage of the heart to legal ceremonies. More- 
 over, it was also settled from eternity that she should be informed 
 at the time of which we speak, tliat this interior and spiritual wor- 
 ship, alone capable of worthily honoring God who is a spirit, was 
 going to be established ; nay, that it actually was established, inas- 
 much as he who was to be its author and its object — this Messiah 
 whose coming she expected — he himself now spoke to her, and she 
 heard his voice. All these great truths, I say, it was settled that 
 Jesus Christ should reveal unto her, and that independently of her 
 own voluntary effusions, although he said nothing to her that did 
 not seem to flow naturally from her own discourse. Nothing is 
 chance in the eye of God. Nothing happens in the universe but 
 what he has foreseen, but what he has wished, and what has its first 
 cause in his decrees ever free, yet eternal and eternally immutable. 
 I except sin, which, like all the rest, he hath foreseen, but which he 
 can only permit, and which he makes subservient to the execution 
 of his designs. I return to what immediately followed the discourse 
 that gave rise to these reflections. 
 
 The following is the instruction which Christ gave to his disciples. 
 As they found him exhausted with fatigue and hunger, (a) " They 
 
 («) St. John, iv. 31-43. 
 
CHAP. IX.] OF OrR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 69 
 
 prayed liim, saying : Eablii, eat." Every occurrence presented to 
 Jesus an occasion of instruction and edification : water liad been 
 sucli for the Samaritan ; here food was so for those who offered it 
 him. " I have meat to eat, he said to them, which you know not. 
 The disciples said one to another : Hath any man brought him to 
 eat ? Jesus saith to them : My meat is to do the will of him that 
 sent me, that I may perfect his work." He then added, to teach 
 them what that work was in which they were incessantly to co-op- 
 erate with him : " Do not you say there are yet four months, and 
 tlien the harvest cometh (14)? Behold, I say to you: Lift up your 
 eyes, and see the countries, for they are white already to harvest." 
 The apostles did not say what Jesus supposes them to say. These 
 words, " there are yet four mouths, and then the harvest cometh," 
 was a proverbial way of saying that there was no jjressing hurry, 
 and that there was still time for rest. The disciples so understood 
 it with reference to the functions of their ministry. Jesus unde- 
 ceives them by showing them the countries all yellowing into ripe- 
 ness, figurative of those people who were ready to receive the Gos- 
 pel, and of the Samaritans in jiarticular, who, at the moment he wa.s 
 speaking, thronged to him in crowds. Yet, as the apostles might 
 have said to him, the harvest doth not come till after seed-time, 
 Jesus Christ informs them that the seed was ah'eady sowed by the 
 jDi'ophets their predecessors, whose toil, though at first sight un- 
 productive, was now going to yield a harvest that should glad- 
 den both sowers and i-eapers : this is what the Saviour meant to 
 convey by the following words: "He that reapeth receiveth wa- 
 ges, and gathereth fruit unto life everlasting, that both he that 
 soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together. For in this is 
 the saying true: That it is one man that sowetli, and it is another 
 that reapeth (15). I have sent yon to reap that in which you did 
 
 (14) They then were between Easter and Pentecost, and it is known that Pentecost is 
 the time wlien han-est is reaped in Palestine : a proof of wliat we presently stat«, that 
 tliis wiis a proverb of tiie country, and n(jt a sayin<( of the apostles. 
 
 (15) This proverb only has, in the ciivurastances in which used by >Iesus Christ, half 
 its appli<'atiori. It signifies, in the ordinary application, that one luis all the trouble, an- 
 other all the profit. Jesus Christ wishes merely to convey that the reaper is different 
 from the sower, although one and the other were equally to share the crop. 
 
70 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 not labor: others liave labored, aud you liave entered into tlieir 
 labors (16)." 
 
 " Now many of tlie Samaritans of that city believed in him for 
 the word of the woman gi^■ing testimony (17): He told me all things 
 whatsoever I have done. So when the Samaritans were come to 
 him, they desired that he would tarry there, and he abode there 
 two days ; and many more believed in him, because of his own 
 word. They said to the woman (18): We now beheve not for thy 
 saying, for we ourselves have heard him, aud know that this is in- 
 deed the Saviour of the world (19)." 
 
 After the two days which Jesus had granted to the earnest so- 
 licitations of the Samaritans, "he departed thence, and went into 
 Galilee. For Jesus himself gave testimony that a prophet (20) hath 
 
 (16) Have not, then, the apostles toiled as much as the prophets? Yes, but when 
 toiling they had the consolation of reaping the fi-uit of then- labors. Theirs was the toil 
 of the han'cst-timc, wherein pain is mingled with joy, and the joy exceeds the pain. 
 
 Sow always, ye laborers in the field of the Lord : the seed will be productive at the 
 time when your hopes are at the lowest ; or, if it produce nothing, your reward is not 
 the less assui-ed by a Master who recompenses the toil, and not the success. 
 
 (17) It is strange to see them crediting so easily the testimony of a lewd woman. 
 This has induced some to believe that she had contrived to save appearances, and pre- 
 serve the reputation of a decent widow. Whatever weight there is in this conjeotm'C, 
 grace might give sufficient force to the word of a disgraced woman to make her find 
 credence in people's minds, and to make this trust in her neither precipitate nor impru- 
 dent. 
 
 (18) This woman, according to Origen, represents the Church. We believe at the 
 present day on her testimony ; but when we shall have the happiness to see Jesus Christ 
 face to face, we shall say with the Samaritans: We believe now not for thy saying, for 
 we ourselves have heard him, and know that this is indeed the Saviour of the world. 
 
 (19) This was the first people who recognized in Jesus Christ the amiable character of 
 Saviour of the world. There is no doubt but Jesus Christ declared unto them who he 
 was, and we see here what faith they reposed in his words ; but, moreover, they who 
 were not Jews, and who expected the Messiah, could not be fettered by the prejudice of 
 those who regarded him as t'ae- Saviour of the Jews merely; wherefore they could only 
 expect him as Saviour of the world, and this, therefore, disposed them towards the be- 
 lief of this article of Chi-istian faith. 
 
 (20) Elsewhere we shall explain this sentence, whicli seemingly Jesus Christ did not 
 advance, but Saint John gives as the motive of the journey he made into Galilee. This 
 foi-ms a very embarrassing difficulty. For the little welcome that a prophet receives in 
 his country was a reason for Jesus to remain in Samaria, where he was so well received, 
 and not to leave it and return to Galilee, which to him was that ungrateful country, 
 whose .disgraceful proceedings made him say that a prophet enjoys no consideration in 
 
CHAP. X.] OF OUU LORD JESUS CHKLST. 71 
 
 no houor in liis own country, \\nien he was come into Galilee, tlie 
 Galileans received him, having seen all the things he had done at 
 Jerusalem on the festival day ; for they also went to the festival 
 day. (ff) And the fame of him went out through the whole coun- 
 try. He taught in the synagogues, and was magnified by all." 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 AN officer's son HEALED. CCTÎE OF ONE POSSESSED, AND OF THE MOTnEE-IN-LAW 
 
 OF SAINT PETEE. — ^THKEE SIEN EEPEOVED. 
 
 (Z>) " Jesus came again, therefore, into Cana of Galilee, where he 
 made the water wine. And there was a certain ruler, whose son 
 was sick at Capharnaum. He having heard that Jesus was come 
 from Judea into Galilee, went to him, and pi-ayed him to come 
 down and heal his son, for he was at the point of death." Since he 
 thus had recourse to Jesus Christ, he may have some time previously 
 commenced belie^■ing ; but his incipient faith was as yet merely a 
 
 (a) St. Luke, iv. 14, 15. (i) St. John, iv. 46-54. 
 
 his countn" and among liis kindred. This is explained by saying that what was called 
 the Saviour's country is not entire Galilee, but solely the city of Nazareth, whither he 
 did not wish to return, for the rca.son assigned by the Evangelist, choosing rather to dwell 
 at Capharnaum or in other parts of Galilee. Tliis e.xplanation, which appeared to me 
 more satisfactorj' than five or si.x others given by the interpreters, is still fiir from being 
 satisfactory. Those who will not content themselves, may consider this pa.ssage as not 
 explained : what inconvenience can result from tliis ? There are enough of matters clear 
 in Scripture to support faith and maintain piety. Those wlio wish to undei-stand everj- 
 thing are not aware that intelligence of every thing is not granted to all ; what you can- 
 not understand another does understand, and the latter in his turn does not understand 
 what you do. Besides, the explanations which are not satisfactory to me are so to others, 
 and there is no decision whether thej' or I judge the best. Whatever be the case, let us 
 seek and iisk for light ; yet let us respect the obscurity which should not at all weaken 
 the faith and veneration due to the divine Scriptures, because, as I have said, there re- 
 main enough of things so clear as incontestably to a.ssure both one and the other. And 
 reason alone teaches us that we arc to judge, not what is clear by what is obscure, but 
 what is obscure bv that which is clear. 
 
Y 2 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 doubt to he res;olve(l into true faith, once lie had seeu or expeii- 
 euced himself the truth of those things which he had heard con- 
 cerning the Saviour. Jesus, aware of his disposition, reproached 
 him for it by these words : " Unless you see signs and wonders, you 
 Ijelieve not." The father, who was entirely engrossed with his son's 
 danger, " saith to Jesus : Come down, Lord, before that my son die. 
 Go thy way, saith Jesus to him ; thy son liveth." This efficacious 
 ex]3ression ojierated simultaneously upon the son's body and the 
 father's soul. " He believed the word which Jesus said to him, and 
 went his way." The next day, " as he was going down, his servants 
 met him, and they brought him word that his son lived. He asked 
 therefore of them the hour wherein he grew better, and they said 
 to him : Yesterday at the seventh hour the fever left him (1). The 
 father therefore knew that it was at the same hour that Jesus said 
 to him : Thy son liveth ; and himself believed, and his whole house. 
 This is again the second miracle (2) that Jesus did, when he was 
 come out of Judea into Galilee." 
 
 It has been said already that («) " Jesus, leavnng the city of Naz- 
 areth, came and dwelt in Capliarnaum on the sea-coast, in the bor- 
 ders of Zabulon and of Nephthalim." He went there after the mir- 
 acle at the marriage of Caua, (I) " he and his mother, his brethren 
 and his disciples." But as " the pasch of the Jews was at hand, they 
 remained there not many days," during which they scarcely had 
 time to do more than prepare their place of abode. Jesus returned 
 thither again from Cana, (c) " and forthwith," when he had arrived 
 there, " upon the Sabbath-day, going into the synagogue, he taught 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, iv. 13. (c) St. Mark, i. 21-26 ; St. 
 
 (6) St. John, ii. 12, 13. Luke, iv. 35. 
 
 (1) One hour after mid-day. 
 
 (2) The second which he wrought in tliis journey from Judea to Galilee ; or the second 
 which he wrought in Galilee, counting as tlie first the miracle at the marriage feast of 
 Cana, which he wrought in like manner after arriving from Judea ; or perhaps the Evan- 
 gelist merely remarks those which Jesus wrought under the special circumstances of his 
 retm-n, because they signalized his arrival in the country, and disposed the people to re- 
 ceive him and hearken to him. The interprétera are divided upon these different expla- 
 nations, imiong which it is optional to choose whichever we find best, without being 
 fearful of falling into any prejudicial error. 
 
CHAP. X.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 73 
 
 them. They were astonished at his doctrine ; for he was teaching 
 them as one (3) havnng power, and not as the Scribes. There was 
 in their synagogue a man -nath an unclean spirit ; he cried out, say- 
 ing : What have we to do with thee, Jesus of Nazareth ? art thou 
 come to destroy us ? I know who thou art, the Holy One of God." 
 It is hard to say what motive made him speak thas ; but, whether 
 he hoped to soften Jesus Christ by flattery, or whether his design 
 was to spite him in some manner by divulging his divinity, which 
 the Sa%nom- wished to make known by degrees only, still it is quite 
 certain that his intention was bad. Wherefore Jesus Christ, who 
 did not wish to be at all indebted to such evidence, imposed silence 
 upon him (4), " and threatened him, saying : Speak no more, and go 
 
 (3) Jesus spoke as a lawgiver, and the Scribes merely as interpreters of the law. He 
 had the power of working miracles, and they had not. In these two respects he had 
 an advantage which they could neither contest nor assume to themselves. But there 
 were others in which they might have imitated, if not equalled him ; and failing in these, 
 their ministry was stripped of dignity, and their word of efficacy. Jesus Christ prac- 
 tised what he taught, while the acts of the Scribes notoriously belied their doctrines. 
 Jesus Christ had only in view the glory of his Father, and the salvation of men, while 
 the Scribes sought nothing but their own glory and the spoils of the widow, whose 
 house they devoured, after hanng insinuated themselves, by their hypocrisy, into esteem 
 and respect. The zeal of Christ was authorized by example, and ennobled by that 
 perfect devotedness which, forgetful of self, seeks only the salvation of those for whom 
 it is e.xercised. What tone may not such zeal assume ? — or who can resist the power 
 which both reason and nature confer upon it ? That of the Scribes being, on the con- 
 traiy, inspired by pride and self-interest, could not be made to appear natural, when it 
 was only artificial ; nor dignified, since it must have been changeful as the chameleon — 
 having to pass incessantly from severity to indulgence, from censure to adulation. Nor 
 could it have authority, because through all its grimaces were seen, at one time the 
 shifts and artifices of inordinate vanity, and at another the selfish schemes of interest, 
 these being the evident springs of action, determining and guiding its course. 
 
 He who acts not, but only tiilks, is a babbler. He who speaks for the love of praise 
 is a declaimer. He who speaks only for vile profit might be called a buffoon, if his 
 abuse of the div-ine word, by employing it for his own base purpose, did not aggravate 
 his crinle into sacrileire. 
 
 (4) The disciples have imitated their Master in this point. Wlien the demon said by 
 the mouth of the girl having a pythonical spirit : These men are the servants of (he most 
 hiijh God, tvho preach unto you the way of salvation ; Paul, being grieved, turned and 
 said touthc spirit : I command thee, in the name of Jesus Christ, to go out from her 
 (Acts, xvi.) Coming from the father of lies, every thing, even truth, should be sus- 
 pected. When he speaks truth, he does so to make it subser\'ient to lying. 
 
 TJkc father, like sons, Luther zealously defended the dogma of the real presence 
 
74 THE inSTOKY OF THE LIFE [PAKT L 
 
 out of the man. Tlie unclean spii-it tearing him, had thrown him 
 into the midst, and, crying out with a loud voice, went out of him, 
 and hurt him not at all." This impotent rage was, for those who 
 might have doubted the fact, proof of the possession, and of the di- 
 vine strength of him Lefore whom aU the powers of hell are sheer 
 weakness, {a) " There came fear upon all" present, at this prodigy, 
 and all " were amazed (5), insomuch that they questioned among 
 themselves : What thing is this ? What is this new docti-ine (6) ? 
 For with authority he commandeth even the unclean spirits, and 
 they obey him. And the fame of him was spread forthwith into all 
 the country of Galilee." 
 
 Jesus, after this miracle, might have chosen a residence in any of 
 the principal houses in the city ; for it w^ould have been considered 
 a high honor to receive and splendidly entertain him. He gave the 
 preference to that house whither friendship called him, and whose 
 poverty attracted instead of repelling him. (J)) " Immediately 
 rising up out of the synagogue they came, Jesus with James and 
 John, into the house of Simon and Andrew." The occasion w^hich 
 Jesus there found for exercising his charity was a fiii'ther reason for 
 his visit. " Simon's wife's mother lay in a fit of fever. Forthwith 
 they teU. him, and they besought him for her. (c) Coming to her, 
 he lifted her up, taking her by the hand: and immediately the- 
 fever left her, and she ministered unto them." Many other sick 
 persons desii-ed and hoped for the like favor. But they must be 
 brought to him, and the repose of the Sabbath-day, which it is well 
 known was scrupulously observed by the Jews, had hindered their 
 
 (a) St. Luke, iv. 36 ; St. Mark, (c) St. Mark, i. 31 ; St. Luke, 
 
 i. 27, 28. iv. 39. 
 
 (6) St. Mark, i. 29, 30 ; St. Luke, iv. 38. 
 
 against the Sacramentarians. This seeming zeal imposed upon the simple, and, by com- 
 bating the Zuinglians, he created Lutherans. 
 
 (5)What caused this great astonishment was, that this possessed is the first whom 
 Jesus Christ had delivered. He soon familiarized the Jews to this prodigy, one of these 
 which he worked most frequently ; and his disciples subsequently aecustorfied the 
 universe to it. This power has remained in the Church, who employs it ^vith efficacy 
 in incontestable cases of possession. Yet they are become rare. 
 
 (6) Whois this new teacher who speaks such new and such wonderful things ? 
 
CHAP. X.] OF OCR LORD JESCS CHRIST. 75 
 
 ueiglilioi-s from reuderiug tliem this cLaritable office. This obliga- 
 tion emled with the light of day, iu accordance Anth that law of 
 Leviticus : (a) " It is a Sabbath of rest, and you shall afflict your 
 souls beginning on the ninth day of the month : from evening until 
 evening you shall celebrate yom- Sabbaths." (Ji) " It was," thei'e- 
 fore, only " when it was evening, after simset, they brought to Jesus 
 all that were ill and that were possessed with deAols. (c) All the 
 city was gathered together at the door. Jesus, laying his hands on 
 every one of them, healed many (7) that were troubled with divei-s 
 diseases : he cast out many dcATls with his word, and all that were 
 sick he healed, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken," of the 
 evils of the body as well as those of the soul, "by the prophet 
 Isaias: He took our infirmities and bore our diseases. ((?)The 
 devils went out of many, crying out and sajnng : Thou art the Son 
 of God. Rebuking them, he suffered them not to speak, for they 
 knew that he was Christ." 
 
 But he was not to confine his instructions or his bounties to a 
 single city, and he foresaw the eftbrta that would be made here to 
 arrest him. On which account, Ce) " rising very early, going out, 
 he went into a desert place, and there he prayed." This was appa- 
 rently the spot agreed upon, whither " Simon and they that were 
 with him followed after Jesus. And when they had found him, 
 they said to him : All seek for thee. He said to them : Let us go 
 into the neighboring towns and cities, that I may preach there also ; 
 for to this purpose am I come." In the mean time, the inhabitants, 
 who Ijecame appiised of his departure, rushed out of the city, (/) 
 " and the multitudes sought him. They came unto him ; and they 
 stayed him that he should not depart fi-om them. To whom he 
 said," as before to his disciples : " To other cities also I must preach 
 the kingdom of God ; for therefore am I sent." After this reply, 
 
 (a) Leviticus, .xxiii. 32. (d) St. Luke, iv. 41. 
 
 (i) St. Mark, i. 32. (c) St. Mark, i. 35-38. 
 
 (r) St. Luke, iv. 40 ; St. Mark, i. 34 ; ( /) St. Luke, iv. 42, 43. 
 St. Matthew, viii. IG, 17. 
 
 (7) All were healed, as is narrated subsequently, and the word many is employed 
 here to signify that they were a great number. 
 
TG THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 wliicli, wMlst it iuformed them of his resolution to leave them for a 
 time, did not deprive them of all hope of seeing him again, they in- 
 sisted no more, (a) " And Jesus went about aU Galilee, teaching in 
 their synagogues, and preaching thé Gospel of the kingdom of God, 
 healing all manner of sickness and every infirmity among the peo- 
 ple. His fame went throughout aU Syria, and they presented to 
 him all sick people that were taken mth divers diseases and tor- 
 ments, such as were possessed hj devils, and limatics (8), and those 
 that had the palsy, and he cured them : and much people followed 
 him from Galilee, from Decapolis (9), from Jerusalem, from Judea, 
 and fi'om beyond the Jordan. 
 
 (il) " Jesus seeing great multitudes about hhn, gave orders to pass 
 over the water." After he had reached the opposite side, (<?) " as 
 he walked in the way, a certain Scribe came and said to him : Mas- 
 ter, I will follow thee whithersoever thou shalt go. Jesus," to teach 
 him by what sacrifices he should merit the honor of being his fol- 
 lower, " saith to him : The foxes have holes, and the birds of the 
 air nests, but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head (10)." 
 It was not diflicult to convince this doctor that the disciple should 
 not exjject to be better off than the master, and he must have found 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, iv. 23-25. (c) St. Luke, ix. 57 ; St. Matthew, 
 
 (6) St. Matthew, viii. 18. viii. 19, 20. 
 
 (8) The epileptic and 'f^ols with lucid intervals are denominated by this term. Their 
 fits were anciently attributed to lunar influence ; and from this they derived their name. 
 In later times the error of the conjecture was ascertained, yet the name has remained ; 
 and because the name remains, the error is still prevalent in the minds of the multitude, 
 who easily believe things to be what they are called. 
 
 (9) This word signifies the country of ten cities. It was situated to the north and 
 west of the sea of Tiberias, among the tribes of Zabulon and Nephthalim. Writers are 
 not perfectly agreed now-a-days as to its limits, nor upon the names of several of its 
 cities. 
 
 (10) Poverty has several degrees among men. That of animals, generally speaking, 
 surpasses that of even those men whom we reckon poorest. Among animals, those 
 which men take no care of, and which, abandoned to themselves, have neither park 
 whither they may retire, nor stable wherein to shelter, may be deemed poorest of all. 
 Yet still these have, some of them their nests, others their dens ; and in that respect 
 they have more than Jesus Christ. Such is the poverty to which, for us, the Son of 
 man has reduced himself ; he who, at the same time, is the only Son of the Most High. 
 If this comparison were not his own, should we dare to make it ? 
 
CHAP. X.] OF OVK LOED JESUS CHRIST. YY 
 
 himself far indeed from his ex|:)ectations, if it be tme, as is generally 
 thought, that when tendering himself to Jesus Christ with such ajî- 
 parent generosity of purpose, his sole aim was his own fortune, 
 which he thought to make by attaching himself to this Messiah, of 
 whom he had no more correct ideas than the bulk of his nation. 
 Another tmth, of which he seems to have been ignorant, is, that 
 Jesus Christ, who was not always followed by those whom he called 
 to be his followers, never was followed, and never could be followed, 
 except by those whom he fii'st called. («) "Jesus" taught him tliis 
 by saying "to another" in the throng: "Follow me." This latter 
 was ah'eady one of his disciples, but yet not so as to be inseparably 
 attached to him. Having now received such a special call by this 
 second vocation, (^) " he said to Mm : Lord, suffer me first to go and 
 buiy my father." He meant by this to assist his father in his ex- 
 treme old age, and not to quit him until he had closed his eyes. 
 For if, as some have thought, he had received recent intelligence of 
 the death or extremity of his father, it is natural to suppose that 
 this man, who had not as yet fettered himself by final engage- 
 ments with Jesus Chi-ist, would have hurried off on the sjiot, and if 
 he were in the act of asking permission from Jesus Christ, even sup- 
 posing he had asked him, he never would have calmly tarried until 
 the Lord issued the unexpected order to follow him. (c) " Jesus 
 said to him : Follow me : Let the dead bury their dead (11)." That 
 is to say, let the children of the world take care of the things of the 
 world (12). " But go thou," he added to him, " and preach the king- 
 dom of God." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, ix. 59. (6) St. Matthew, i-iii. 21. (c) St. Matthew, riii. 22. 
 
 (11) Let the dead of soul take the care of burying those who are dead both in soul 
 and body. The world is full of dead, and those who are mourned for are not more to 
 be pitied tlian the other class, because death of the body, which is the only subject of 
 tears, impresses the last seal upon the death of the soul, for which we never think of 
 shedding tears, although it is only by the latter that the former death is rendered truly 
 deplorable. 
 
 (12) This saying of our Saviour still ser\"es to strengthen the constancy of those 
 whom God calls to a perfect state against the efforts which the world makes to retain 
 them. The world even adopts it in worldly concerns, and would be the first to treat 
 as a rebel or a coward whoever would oppose to an order for marching in the service 
 
Y 8 TIIE HISTORY OF TIIK LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 To tliese two transactions wliicli are reported in tlie same way l)y 
 Saint Matthew and by Saint Lnke, the hitter adds a thii'd, supposed 
 not to have taken phice upon this same day, yet which the Evan- 
 gelist thought proper to place here, on account of the resemblance 
 it bears to the two jDreceding. («) " Another (^man also) said : I 
 will follow thee, Lord, but let me first take my leave of them that 
 are at my house." It does not appear l^y his request that he sought 
 to pursue a different com'se of action from that which was subse- 
 quently by Jesus Chiist himself recommended to the young man to 
 whom he said : (b) " Go, sell what thou hast ; give to the poor ; and 
 come, follow me." But apparently the renunciation he was project- 
 ing was one requii-ing a very long discussion, for (c) " Jesus said to 
 him : No man putting his hand to the plough, and looking back, is 
 fit for the kingdom of God ;" giving him to understand by these 
 words, that if there are in the world certain professions, requiring 
 from those who pursue them connected and uninterrupted attention, 
 such as that of a laborer who never could plough a furrow straight, 
 if he amused himself looking behind, and let the horses tread off 
 right and left as they pleased ; such for a much stronger reason is 
 the apostleship, the most laborious, as well as the most sublime of 
 all ministries, and one that requires imperatively the entire man, 
 which is tantamoimt to the saying of Saint Paul (13): (fi)"No 
 
 (a) St. Luke, ix. 60, 61. (c) St. Luke, ix. 62. 
 
 (6) St. Matthew, xix. 21. {d) IL Timothy, ii. 4. 
 
 of a prince, the most pressing duties of nature. Yet the world chafes with indignation 
 when hearing the words applied to the service of God ; and cruelty is the mildest term 
 which is then given to piety. Then, is i^t^ world in contradiction with itself ? No ; 
 for it thinks, and, if you press the matter a little, will tell you that a prince is of more 
 consequence than God, the earth is of more value than heaven, and that care of the 
 body is preferable to the salvation of souls. 
 
 (13) Perhaps Jesus Christ only wished to give this man notice to weigh maturely 
 the step he was desirous of taking, and thus to anticipate the regret which might be 
 caused by the reminiscence of those goods he had too inconsiderately renounced. Such 
 a result would be doubly mischievous to him, since, when stripped of every thing by a 
 sacrifice he might repent, his repenting thereof would render him unworthy of the per- 
 fect state for which he had sacrificed every thing. The explanation inserted in the 
 text is that of the majority of interpreters. This, which is not so followed by the 
 learned, seems to be the popular interpretation. For when it is said, that when put- 
 
CILVP. XI.] OF OUK LOKD JESUS CHEIST. 79 
 
 man, being a soklier to God, entangletli himself with secular busi- 
 nesses (14)." 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE TEMPEST STELLED. TWO DEMONIACS CURED. SWINE PREdPITATED INTO THE 
 
 SEA. PARALYTIC CURED. — VOCATION OF SAINT MATTHEW. JESUS EATS AMONGST 
 
 SES'NEKS. DISPUTE RELATIVE TO FASTING. 
 
 Ox that same day (a) " Jesus, when evening was come, saith to 
 his disciples: Let us pass over to the other side. And, sendhig 
 away the multitude, he went into a httle ship with them. They 
 laimched forth, and there were other ships with him. When they 
 were saUiag, Jesus slept. Behold, a great tempest arose in the sea : 
 there came down a storm of wind upon the lake, and the waves beat 
 into the ship, so that it was covered. The ship was filled, and they 
 were in danger. (Jj) Jesus was in the hinder part of the sliip, sleep- 
 ing upon a pillow (1). His disciples came to Mm and awaked him. 
 
 (a) St. Mark, iv. 35 ; St. Luke, (6) St. Matthew, viii. 25, 26 ; 
 
 viii. 22, 23. St. Mark, iv. 38-40. 
 
 ting hand to the plough no man should look back again, the common meaning is, that 
 when once a first step has been taken, we must support it with constancy, and not re- 
 trace our steps. 
 
 (14) Of these three men, it is thought that only the second followed Jesus Christ. 
 The conclusion is probable enough, from the fact of his being the only one to whom 
 Jesus Christ said, and that even twice : Foliota me. He therefore had a vocation, 
 which the two others, who came to oflFer themselves, had not. Moreover, the difficulty 
 which he made for the present moment sprang from a good principle, and apparently 
 from the persuasion he was under, that the assistance he meant to give his father was 
 to him a duty from which he could not dispense himself without crime. And, in 
 point of fact, before the great maxims of the Gospel had appeared to the world, what 
 obligation could be more binding ? 
 
 (1) This sleep was not counterfeit, as some have unreasonably contended. Jesus 
 Christ truly slept, and had assumed this weakness of our nature with all the others. 
 Yet there wius this differem^e, tliat sleep wliich suspended the use of the senses in the 
 rast of mankind, never deprived him of knowledge. Ilis mind actually knew every 
 thing, and thought of ever}' thing ; but he s;iw notiiing, and he heard nothing, with the 
 eyes or ears of the body. He might say of himself, and to the letter : / sleep ; but my 
 heart (and mind) watcheth (Cant. 5). 
 
80 THE mSTOEY OF TltE LITE [pART L 
 
 Lord, say they to liim, save us, or we perisli. Dotli it not couceru 
 thee that we perish ? Jesus," who chose to see in this reproach only 
 the effect of their terror, merely " saith to them" the following words : 
 " Wliy are you fearful, O ye of little faith ? Then, rising up, he re- 
 buked the T\'iud, and said to the sea : Peace, he still. And the wind 
 ceased, and there was made a great calm ; and he said to them" a 
 second time, but in a milder tone than at fii'st, when it requu'ed a 
 firm tone to quiet their apprehensions : (a) " Why are you fearful ? 
 Have you not faith ? yet they feared exceedingly ;" but theii- fear 
 was now of a very different sort ; " and they said one to another : 
 Who is this, thiukest thou, that he commandeth both the winds and- 
 the sea ; and both wind and sea obey him ?" 
 
 It has been thought that the demons had excited the frightful 
 tempest we have just spoken of. The foUoiving narrative, by in- 
 forming us what interest they had in thwarting this journey, gives 
 ground to the conjecture: — ^When the calm returned, they continued 
 to sail onward, (Zi) " and they came over the strait of the sea, on the 
 other side of the water, to the country of the Gerasens, which is 
 over against Galilee. As Jesus went out of the ship, there met him 
 two that were possessed with devils, coming out of the sepulchres, 
 exceeding fierce, so that none could pass by that way." One of the 
 two, apparently the best kno-mi, and, for this reason, the only one 
 spoken of l)y two of the three Evangelists who recount this fact, 
 (p) " had a devil now a very long time," and that in a very violent 
 manner. " He wore no clothes ; neither did he aliide in a house, 
 but in the sepulchres. No man now could bind him, not even with 
 chains. For ha%HLUg been often bound with fetters and chains, he 
 had burst the chains and broken the fetters in pieces, and no one 
 could tame him. He was always day and night in the monu- 
 ments (2), and in the mountains, crying, and cutting himself with 
 
 »■ 
 
 (a) St. Mark, iv. 40 ; St. Luke, (b) St. Mark, v. 1 ; St. Luke, \m. 26, 27 ; 
 
 ^^m. 35. St. Matthew, viii. 28. 
 
 (c) St. Luke, viii. 27 ; St. Mark, v. 3-6. 
 
 (2) The sepulchres of the Jews were outside the towns. They were grottoes built 
 of stone and brick, like our cellars, or hewn out of the rock, as was that of Jesus Christ ; 
 which shows that they were spacious enough for a living man to dwell therein. We 
 
CHAP. XI.] OK OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 81 
 
 stones. ((?) Seeing Jesus afar off, lie ran, and adoi'ecl him ; and they 
 both cried out," at the same time, or ratlier tlie demons, by tlieii- 
 organ : " What have we to di) ^nth thee, Jesus, Son of the Most High 
 God? Art thou come hither to torment us before" the time (3)? 
 I adjure thee Ijy God that thou torment me not," added the de\-il 
 who possessed the unfortunate man we have just been speaking of 
 " For Jesus commanded the unclean spuit to go out of the man, and 
 said unto him : Go out of the man, thou unclean spuit." ^NTien the 
 unclean spuit still Imgered, "Jesus," who desired to make manifest 
 the splendor of his victory over the powers of hell, (b) " asked him : 
 . ^^^lat is thy name \ My name is Legion, he said, for we are many. 
 Because [in reality] many de^^ls were entered into him. The de- 
 mons," forced by the word of Jesus to depart thence, (e) " besought 
 him much that he would not drive them out of the country, and 
 that he would not command them to go into the aliyss. Tliere was 
 then a herd of many svt-ine feeding on the moimtain. The de-sils 
 besought him, saying : If thou cast us out hence, send us mto the 
 swine, that we may enter into them (4). Jesus immediately gave 
 leave to them ; and the unclean spints going out, entered into the 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, viii. 29 ; St. Mark, v. 1 ; (6) St. Luke, \'iii. 30, 31, 32 ; St. 
 
 St. Luke, viii. 29 ; St. Mark, v. 8. Mark, v. 9, 10. 
 
 (f) St. Matthew, viii. 31 ; St. Mark, v. 12, 13. 
 
 also read of the sepulchre of Jesus Christ, that Peter and John entered there, as well as 
 the holy women who came to embalm the body of the Saviour. 
 
 (3) Tills saving induced several ancient interpretei-s of respectable authority to believe 
 that the demons were not as yet tormented, and that they should not commence their 
 torments until after the last judgment. This opinion is now-a-days abandoned, and the 
 prevailing one now in the Church is, that the demons suffer, and have suffered from the 
 time of their fall ; and that, wherever they go, they carry their hell along with them. 
 Yet they retain a rehc of liberty, and the pleasure of doing injury. Now, they will lose 
 both one and the other when, after the last judgment, they shall be closed up in the 
 abyss, whence they shall never more be permitted to emerge. They were apprehensive 
 lest Jesus Christ, who waged against them so temble a war, might precipitate them 
 there before that time. Hence their complaints and their entreaties not to command them 
 to go into the abyss. 
 
 (4) Among the many motives which are supposed to have induced them to make 
 such a demand, the most likely is, that, unable any longer to torment men in their 
 bodies and in their souls, they desired to be allowed to cause them damage in their 
 goods. 
 
 6 
 
82 THE IIISTORr OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 swine. The herd, Leiug about two tliousaud, ran violently down 
 a steep place into the sea, and they perished in the waters (5). 
 («) Which when they that fed them saw done, they fled, and told 
 in the city and in the villages every thing ; and concerning them 
 that had been possessed by the devil. The whole city went out to 
 meet Jesus, to see what was done, (b) They came to Jesus, and 
 found the man out of whom the devils were dej)arted sitting at his 
 feet, clothed, and in his right mind, and they were afraid. They 
 also that had seen told them in what manner he had been dealt 
 
 (a) St. Luke, viii. 34 ; St. Matthew, (b) St. Luke, viii. 35; St. Mark, 
 
 viii. 33, 34. • v. 15, 16. 
 
 (5) To saj' the least, it would be veiy improper to imagine that, in granting this leave, 
 Jesus Christ committed a wrong towards those to whom the flock belonged. The 
 earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof. — Psalm x.Yiii. Wherefore, he can take from 
 us, when he pleases, those goods which we hold from his, pure liberality ; and the reli- 
 gious mm says then, as the holy man, Job: The Lord hath given, the Lord hath tahen 
 awa'j ; blessed be the name of the Lord. Yet still, we are surprised that Jesus Christ, 
 the meekest of all men, whose every step was marked by so many benefits, should have 
 caused, or at least permitted, on this single occasion, a species of damage. The answer 
 given is: — 1st. That in transferring the swine to the power which the demons exercised 
 previously over men, he performed a much greater good than the e\al which he permitted ; 
 for, whatever notions on the subject may be entertained by certain modern philosophers, 
 two men, or even one man, is of more value than two thousand swine. 2d. Jesus Christ 
 punished the Gerasenians. If Jews, they deserved this ; for keeping, as they did, such 
 a great quantity of these animals, the use of which was interdicted by law, was furnish- 
 ing an immediate occasion of prevarication to all the people of the surrounding district. 
 But some have thought the inhabitants of Geresa were Greeks, and a portion of the col- 
 ony of Gadara, an adjacent city, where the emperors had granted a right to the Greeks 
 to form an establishment. In this case, they, too, deserved to be punished, on account 
 of their excessive attachment to these vile animals, which they preferred to the word of 
 God, that Jesus Christ came to announce to them. This is apparent by the prayer they 
 made Jesus Christ, to retire from them, not venturing to endeavor to force him. Now, 
 not to prefer God to those goods which he has given to us, deserves that he should take 
 them from us. May we not add, that he tjien takes (hem away in point of fact? or 
 that he only leaves them for the misfortune of those who, by this unworthy preference, 
 deserN'e no favor on his part, or only merit those goods, the possession of which is of 
 greater mischief than their privation ? 
 
 The permission to enter into the swine, which was asked by the demon.'?, and granted 
 by Jesus Christ, further teaches us, that the demon can do nothing, in the whole com- 
 pass of nature, which God does not wish to allow him. Let us, therefore, fear neither 
 the demon, nor all the powers of hell, of earth, and of heaven ; but Him by whom alone 
 all the powers of heaven, of earth, and of hell become fearful. 
 
CHAP. XI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CUKIST. 83 
 
 with who had tlie devil, and concerning the swine, (ft) Tlien all 
 tlie multitude of the country of the Gerasens besought him to de- 
 part from them, for they were taken with great fear (6)." Jesus 
 punished this prayer, Ijy acceding to it ; — " he, going up into the 
 slii]), returned back again, ^^^len he went up mto the shij), he that 
 had been so highly trouliled with the devil Ijesought him that he 
 might be with him." It is not mentioned whether gratitude for 
 such a great blessing, or the dread of a second possession, inspired 
 this prayer. It may have sjirung from both motives. But, what- 
 ever was the motive, Jesus, who had other designs upon him, " ad- 
 mitted him not ;" and, substituting another sort of apostleship for 
 that to which he refused him admission, (p) " saith to him : Go into 
 thy house, to thy fiiends, and tell them how great things the Lord 
 hath done for thee, and hath had mercy on thee. He went his way, 
 and began to ])ublish in Decapolis how great things Jesus had done 
 for him, and all men wondered. 
 
 " When Jesus had passed agaia in the ship over the strait, a gi'eat 
 multitude assembled together unto him : for they were all waiting 
 for him." He did not stop long among them ; and (c) " again, 
 after " an absence of " some days, he entered into Caj)harnaum," 
 which here is called " his own city," on account of its being his usual 
 residence. " It was heard that he was in the house." We may 
 presume that this was still the house of Peter and Andrew. " Many 
 came together, so that there was no room ; no, not even at the door. 
 ((/ ) Jesus spoke to them the word. lie sat teaching ; and there 
 were also " in the assembly " Pharisees and doctors of the law 
 
 (a) St. Luke, viii. 37 ; St. Mark, (c) St. Matthew, ix. 1 ; St. Mark, 
 
 V. 18. ii. 1, 2. 
 
 (6) St. Mark, v. 19-21 ; St. Luke, (d) St. Luke, v. 17. 
 
 viii. 40. 
 
 (6) Intere.st had truly as great a share in this prayer a.s fe;vr, unless, perliaps, tlieir fe.ir 
 was exclusively produced by interest. Thus, under all the circumstances of the ca.*ic. 
 these subtle Gerasenians concluded that the herd of swine Wius much more useful to tl,,- 
 Slate than wa.s Jesus Christ and his doctrine. It would not be difiicult to find their 
 apology in the wrilin<js of some of our good patriots. [Our author here alludes to tl^"- 
 utilitarians of the old French School.] 
 
84 THE HISTORY OF TIIE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 sitting by, tliat were come out of every town of Galilee, and Judea, 
 and Jerusalem ; and tlie power of the Lord was to heal them. 
 («) Behold, men came to him, hiiugmg one sick of the palsy, who 
 was cari'ied by four, and they sought means to bring him in, and to 
 lay him before Jesus. When they coidd not find by what way they 
 might bring him in, because of the multitude, they went upon the 
 roof, uncovered the roof where he was, and, ojjening it, let him down 
 through the tiles, with his bed," and laid him " in the midst" of the 
 assemhly " before Jesus. (J) Jesus seeing theii' faith, said to the 
 man sick of the palsy (7) : Son, be of good heart, thy sins are for- 
 given thee." There were, as we have said, sitting there some of the 
 Scribes, or doctors of the law. These Scribes and the Pharisees 
 thought and said -ndthin themselves : (c) " Why doth this man speak 
 thus ? He blasj^hemeth. Who can forgive sins but God only (8) ? 
 Jesus presently knowing in his spiiit (9) that they so thought 
 
 (a) St. Mark, ii. 3 ; St. Luke, v. 18, 19. (c) St. Luke, \-i. 2 ; St. Mark, ii. 6, 
 
 (6) St. Mark, ii. 5, 6 ; St. Matthew, 'i\. 2. V, 8 ; St. Matthew, ix. 4. 
 
 ("7) The cure of the body can be obtained by the faith of another, but not the remis- 
 sion of sins. Yet liere there is only mention made of tlie faith of those parties who had 
 carried the patient laboring under the palsy; and it is when seeing their faith, that Jesus 
 Christ said to him, thy sins are forgiven thee. This raises a difficulty, which we must 
 resolve. The faith of the paralytic, which here is not spoken of, is not, nevertheless, ex- 
 cluded. We ought, therefore, to think he had this faith, and with it contrition, without 
 ■which no adult has ever obtained, or shall ever obtain, the remission of his sins. When, 
 therefore, this remission is here attributed to the faith of the bearers, this can only be, 
 inasmuch as Jesus Christ, touched by this faith, had given to the paralytic faith, and all 
 the other dispositions necessary to justification. There is still another truth insinuated 
 in these words of Jesus Christ, viz., that sin is often the cause of bodily infirmity, the 
 cure of which may be one of the effects of conversion. 
 
 (8) Now, Jesus Christ is God : wherefore he had this power, and, in point of fact, 
 he exercised it at this moment. Still, let us remark that he did not say to the paralytic 
 that he remitted him his sins, but that his sins were remitted ; which is very different. 
 For, supposing that Jesus Christ had only been a prophet, he might have known by rev- 
 elation that God had remitted the sins of this man ; and his declaring this to the man, 
 as he did, was not aiTOgating to himself the divine right of remitting them. Hence, no 
 one could conclude from these words that he had arrogated this right to himself, and 
 this was the very point to which their attention should have been directed, since they 
 wished to censure him ; but malignity does not reason so closely. 
 
 (9) The Spirit of God alone can fathom souls, and penetrate into the most secret 
 
CHAP. XI.] OF OfR LORD JESl'S CHRIST. 85 
 
 witliiu tliemselves, saitli to tliem : AMiy do }oii thiiik e^^l in your 
 heai-ts (.10) i Wliich is ea.sier, to say to the sick of the palsy, 
 Thy sins are forgiven thee ? or to say, Arise, take up thy lied, and 
 walk (11)? But that you may know that the Son of man hath 
 power on earth to forgive sins, I say to thee, said he to the man 
 sick of the palsj' : Aiise, take up thy bed, and go into thy house. 
 Immediately (he man arose, in the sight o'^ all, and, taking up his 
 bed, went away to his house, glorifjTng God. (a) The multi- 
 tudes, seeing it, feared, and glorified God that gave such power to 
 man (12)." And they testified their admh'ation, some by saying, 
 " We never saw the like ;" othei-s, " "We have seen woudei-ful things 
 to-day." 
 
 (Î) " Jesus after these thing's went forth again to the sea-side. 
 All the multitude came to him, and he taught them," according to 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, ix. 8 ; St. Mark, ii. (6) St. Mark, ii. 1.3. 14 ; St. Mat- 
 
 12 ; St. Luke, v. 26, 27. thew, is. 9. 
 
 folds of the heart ; and he is God, with regard to whom the Spiiit of God is temicd 
 his Spirit. 
 
 ( 1 0) Tlie answer was easy to every one else but themselves. They were Phari-sees ; 
 and it is not more natural for birds to fly, and for fislies to swdm, than it is for Pharisees 
 to misinterpret whatever is susceptible in the slightest degree of a bad interpreta- 
 tion, even if there were one hundred more degrees of probability for the favorable con- 
 struction. 
 
 (11) 'Tis not more difficult, 'tis even easier to cure a paralytic, than to remit sins. 
 Yet is it much more difficult to impose upon the people as to the cure of a paralytic 
 than about the remission of sins, for we see the first and we do not see the second. 
 But what we see stands as a proof of what we do not see. Therefore, if Jesus Christ 
 d<3es not impose, when he said to the paralytic, arise, take tip thy bed, and go, it follows 
 that he hits not imposed, when lie said, thy sins are foryiven thee. The second is as 
 possible to him as the first, and what is equally possible is equall)- easy to Ijini. All 
 this bears upon the fundamental principle of all revealed religion : He incontestably 
 sjyeaks the truth, who, in order to prove the truth of what he says, works incontestable 
 miracles. 
 
 (12) The power of remitting sins, much more than the power of curing maladies. 
 Tliis was tiie end of the Incarnation of tiie Son of (iod — the object of his labors — the 
 fruit of his suffering.s — and the most necessarv, as well as the most preoious, of all the 
 favors he could procure for human nature. From th<-nce originates the surprise, the 
 admiration, and thi; joy of mankind. O, ve nations, be glad and rejoice ; never cease 
 praising tlie (rod of Mercy, who hîLs condescendc-d to i-ommunicate to men this divine 
 prerogativp, wliiili >finis in li • of ;i!l lij.; rights lln- nmst inrommunicfible. 
 
86 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 tis custom. " When lie was passing on from thence, he saw a man 
 named Matthew, otherwise Levi, the son of Alpheus, (a) sitting at 
 the receipt of custom, in the custom-house, and saith to him : Fol- 
 low me. He arose up, and leaving all things, followed him." Still 
 he wished to acknowledge beforehand his gratitude, after the fash- 
 ion of a converted jDublican, and in order to do so, " he made him a 
 great feast in his own house. It came to pass, as Jesus was sitting 
 at table in the house of Levi, there was a great company of publi- 
 cans and sinners sat down Avith him and his disciples, for they were 
 many, who also followed him." And we must remark, in reference 
 to this, a fact which will often appear in this history, viz., that Je- 
 sus was constantly cherished by sinners and hated by rigorists. 
 These, therefore, that is to say, " the Scribes and Pharisees, seeing 
 that he ate with publicans and sinners, said to his disciples : Why 
 doth your Master eat and drink with publicans and sinners ?" 
 
 They addressed themselves to these, undoubtedly, because they 
 deemed them less capable of answering than their Master. Per- 
 haps they still hojied that, by giving them a bad impression of Je- 
 sus, they could detach them from him. But " Jesus hearing it, saith 
 to them : They that are in health need not a physician, but they 
 that are ill (13)." A saying which should have made them feel 
 that there was no more sense in the reproach which they made 
 him, than there would have been in finding fault at a physician's 
 visiting the sick or those aflected with a jjlague. He then add- 
 ed, blending his usual instruction with self-justification; (J) " Go, 
 then, and learn what this meaneth : I will have mercy, and not 
 sacrifice (14). For I am not come to call the just, but siu- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, v. 28, 29; St. Mark, ii. 15-1 T. (6) St. Matthew, ix. 13. 
 
 (13) Ï0 go visit pei'sons afflicted with contagious diseases is temei'ity in those who can 
 render them no service ; it is charity in tlie physician, who still is not exempt from rash- 
 ness, if he visit them witliout adopting precautions and preventives. One man alone was 
 exempted from this lule ; that was the Man-God. 
 
 (14) A Hebrew idiom, meaning, / love mercy belter than sacrifice, which was com- 
 manded, instead of being inteidicted ; but mercy was preferred to it. But if mercy ex- 
 cels sacrifice, there is nothing, therefore, in religion over which it should not take prece- 
 dence. The entire morality of the Gospel is hinged on this maxim, which is not so pe- 
 culiar to Christianitv as not to have also belonged to the Old Law, since this text to 
 
CHAP. XI.] OF OUR LORD .TESTES CHRIST. St 
 
 ners(ir))." Whence it followed that the more sinful they were, 
 the better he worked out his rais,siou by seeking them out, and as- 
 .soeiating with them. 
 
 Tlie Pharisees, baffled upon this point, sought to renew the im- 
 peachment ; but to give greater weight to the fresh reproach whioli 
 they were framing against Jesus Christ, they took the precaution 
 of associating themselves with the disciples of John. The latter, 
 as Mell as the Pharisees, were accustomed to practise extraordinary 
 fasting, to which Jesus Christ had not subjected those who profess- 
 ed to follow him. These fasts were not prescribed by law ; t-hey 
 might, therefore, be observed or omitted at pleasui-e. But althongli 
 practices of devotion are matters of free choice, each individual i> 
 prepossessed in fiivor of his own; and it is very rare for this preju- 
 dice to stop short of condemning those who do not conform to those 
 practices. It was apparently this weakness which drew the disci- 
 ples of John into the plotting of the Pharisees. («) " They came 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, ix. 14 ; St. Mark, ii. 18 ; St. Luke, v. 33, 34. 
 
 ■which Jesus Christ here refers the Pliarisees is from the Prophet Osee. Tnese men, on 
 the contrary, preferred all the rest of religion to charity, which was, accurately speaking, 
 turning religion upside down, by placing last of all what should occupy the first place. 
 
 There is no neglect of divine worship in leaving the saciifice to exercise charity to- 
 wards man. This is rendering to God the worship most pleasing to him. God has no 
 need of our sacrifice, and he loves men : these two truths heighten this worship into a 
 very excellent religion. By this we recognize the perfect independence and infinite good- 
 ness of God, those two attributes wliich entitle him the most to the homage of our minds 
 and of our hearts. 
 
 This maxim has given rise to an abuse, \"iz., limiting religion to doing good towards 
 men. It is onlv in the competition of both duties, when they come in collision, that we 
 should prefer the sernce of our neighbor to the worship of God ; and then we should 
 merely do so because God wishes us so to act. To prefer, tlierefore, the external duties 
 of religion to charity towards our neighbor is Pharisaical ; and to comprise all religion in 
 the love and ser\nce of our neighbor, is acknowledging our fellow-citizens, and disowning 
 our King — embracing our brethren, and denying our Father ; it is impiety — it is declared 
 rebellion against the greatest and be.st of all kings and of all fathers. 
 
 (15) This ought not to hinder us from believing that Jesus Christ came to save all 
 men ; for all have sinned, saith Saint Paul, mid are in want of the phry of God, that !■ 
 to say, of the grace of the Redeemer. An ironical meaning is also given to these word-, 
 in reference to the Pharisees : You take scandal at seeing me prefer the company of sin- 
 ners to yours; are you ignorant, then, that /,a#» come lo call sinners, and not thrjitst, 
 such as you pretend to be ? 
 
88 THE HISTORY OF TILE LtFE [pART I. 
 
 and said to Jesus : Why do the disciples of John and of the Phari- 
 sees fast often and make prayers; but thine eat and drink, and 
 do not fast? He said to them: Can the children of the bride- 
 groom (16) mourn, and can you make them fast whilst the bride- 
 groom is with them ? But the days will come when the bride- 
 groom shall be taken away, and then they shall fast (17)." 
 
 Therefore, Jesus did not dispense his disciples from fasting ; he 
 merely disposed them to do so at a more convenient time ; and in 
 order to make them better understand that in acting thus he did 
 not mean to flatter their passions, but to accommodate himself to 
 their weakness, («) " he spoke a similitude to them. No man put- 
 teth a piece from a new garment uj^on an old garment, otherwise 
 he both rendeth the new, and the piece taken from the new agreeth 
 not with the old." It occurs also that " the new pieceing taketh 
 away from the old, and there is made a greater rent. And no man 
 putteth new wine into old bottles; otherwise the new wine will 
 break the bottles, and it will be spilled, and the bottles will be lost. 
 But new wine must be put into new bottles, and both are j^reserved. 
 And no man drinking old hath presently a mind to new ; for he 
 saith : The old is better." This means that, generally speaking, the 
 more excellent things are in themselves, the less likely are they to 
 be good for beginners. We should proportion ourselves to their 
 weakness. Perfection should only be jsresented to them at a dis- 
 tance, and as if it were rather an object for their admiration than 
 for their imitation ; they shoidd be merely invited, and not seem- 
 ingly forced to approach it, lest, by endeavoring to form perfect 
 
 (a) St. Luke, V. 36-39; St. Mark, ii. 21, 22. 
 
 (16) We ma)' recollect that John, in one of the testimonies he rendered to Jesiis Christ, 
 designated him by the title of bridegroom. The disciples of John could not have forgot- 
 ten this ; and Jesus Christ, in making use of the same expression, gives ground for be- 
 lieving that they introduced the expression here. 
 
 (IT) We are almost tempted to smile at the extravagance of heretics. The Calvinists 
 rejected the fast of Lent, because Jesus Christ said that his disciples should not fast 
 while he was with them, altliough he added tliat they should fiist after he was taken 
 away. And because he said that they should fast when he was taken away — that is to 
 say, if you will, immediately after his death — Montanus and Priscilla, according to the 
 report of Saint Jerome, placed Lent between Easter and Pentecost. 
 
Cll\P. Xn.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 89 
 
 men of those wlio Lave Imt receutly Ijecome just, relapsing sinners 
 may be the result of such mistaken zeal. Thus Jesus instructed his 
 Church ; and whilst he seemed merely answering an ill-founded re- 
 proach, he gave to his present and future ministers these admu-able 
 lessons of mildness and of condescension. 
 
 CHAPTER xn. 
 
 A WOMAN HEALED OF AN ISSUE OF BLOOD. TIIE DAUGHTER OF JATEUS EESCSCITA- 
 
 TED. THE BLIND SEE. DEVILS CAST OUT. 
 
 (<?) " As he was speaking these things unto them nigh unto the 
 sea, a ruler of the s}Tiagogue (1) named Jairas came up, and seeing 
 Jesus, falleth down at his feet, adored him, beseeching him that he 
 would come into his house, for he had an only daughter, about twelve 
 yeai"s old, and she was dj-ing." Pei'haps he thought that Jesus, who 
 had power to cure the sick, had not that of raising the dead ; and 
 he may also have been one of those who considered the Saviom"'s 
 j>resence necessary for a miracle. For this reason (i) " he besought 
 him much, saying : My daughter is at the point of death ; come lay 
 thy hand upon her, that she may be safe, and may live. Jesus ris- 
 ing up, went with him, and followed him, with his disciples." 
 
 (c) " It happened as he went that he wjxs thronged by the multi- 
 tudes. There was a certain woman there who was troubled with an 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, ix. 18 ; St. Mark, v. 21, (6) St. Mark, v. 2.3, 24 ; St. Matthew, 
 22; St. Luke, viii. U. ix. 19. 
 
 (c) St. Luke, viii. 42 ; St. Mark, v. 25-2'7 ; St. Matthew, ix. 20, 21. 
 
 (1) He who presided at the meetings of the Synagogue, which were held on Sabbath 
 day.s. The place where they were held was called Synagogue, a Greek word meaning 
 assembli/. At these meetings the Holy Scripture was read, e.\hortations given, and 
 psalms sung, the only exercises of religion allowed the Jews outside the Temple of Jeru- 
 salem. S'^me authors confidently assert that before the destruction of this great city, it 
 had not less than four hundred and eighty of these synagogues. Every one knows that 
 the Jews still have them in several cities of Europe where they are tolerated. 
 
 a 
 
90 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 issue of blood twelve years, and liad suffered many things from many 
 physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was nothing the l)et- 
 ter, but rather worse ; this wovuvn then, when she had heard of Je- 
 sus, came in the crowd behind him, and (a) touched the hem of his 
 garment, for she said to herself: If I shall touch only his garment, 
 I shall be healed. Forthwith the fountain of her blood was dried 
 up, and she felt in her body she was healed of the evil (2). Imme- 
 diately Jesus, knowing in himself the virtue which had proceeded 
 from him, turning to the multitude, said : Who hath touched my 
 garment ? And all denying, Peter and they that were with him 
 said : Master, the multitudes throng and press thee, and dost thou 
 say, Who touched me ? Jesus said : Somebody hath touched me, 
 for I know that virtue is gone out from me. And he looked about 
 to see her who had done this :" for he was not ignorant of her, but 
 he thus conformed himself to our method of acting; and because 
 he wished that the miracle which he had wrought should be known, 
 he thus prepared the way for its manifestation, by obliging her to 
 speak whose deposition alone could disclose and prove the fact. 
 For (5) " the woman knowing what was done in her, seeing that 
 she was not hid, fearing and trembling, came and fell down before 
 his feet, and told him all the truth, and declared before all the 
 people for what cause she had touched him, and how she was im- 
 mediately healed, (c) Jesus turning, and seeing her, said to her : 
 Be of good heart, daughter ; thy faith hath made thee whole. Go 
 in peace, and be thou whole of thy disease. And the woman was 
 made whole from that hour," perfectly and without any relapse. 
 As ((/) " Jesus was yet speaking, there cometh one to the ruler of 
 
 (a) St. Mark, v. 29, 30 ; St. Luke, viii. 45, (c) St. Mattliew, ix. 22 ; St. Mark, v. 
 
 46 ; St. Mark, v. 32. 34. 
 
 (i) St. Mark, v. 33 ; St. Luke, viii. 47. [d) St. Luke, viii. 49. 
 
 (2) The robe worn by Jesus Christ has, therefore, wrought a miracle. Calvin, who 
 was apprehensive, and reasonably so, that the inferences from this miracle must be favor- 
 able to relics, finds out indiscreet zeal and a dash of superstition in the action of this wo- 
 man. Jesus Christ finds in it faith : he openly praises this faith ; he accords to the meiit 
 of this faith a cure ; and this fiiith, by the report of the three evangelists, is the same 
 which made this woman say. If I shall touch only his garment, I shall be healed. Who 
 are we to believe in this matter ? 
 
 n 
 
 -, — 0- 
 
 n 
 
CHAP. XII.] OF OCR LORD JKSUS CHRIST. 91 
 
 the synagogue, saying to Jiim : Thy daughter is dead, trouble him 
 not" uselessly. Jairus, whose faitli had received a new impulse from 
 the miracle of whicli he had just been a witness, did not despair for 
 all that. (^) " Lord," said he, " my daughter is even now dead ; but 
 come lay thy hand ujjou her, and she shall Uve." For thus one of 
 the evangelists makes him speak ; and they are all unanimous in 
 placing here this expression, which is different from what the other 
 evangelists make him utter, who only make him speak of the ex- 
 tremity^ of his daughter, (p) " Jesus hearing this word, answered 
 the father of the maid : Fear not, believe only, and she shall be safe. 
 AVhen he was come to the house, he suffered not any man to go in 
 with him but Peter, and James, and John, and the father and mother 
 of the maiden. He saw the minstrels (3) and the multitude making 
 a tumult, weeping and wailing much ; all mourned for her. Why 
 make you this ado (saith he to them going in), and weep ? (c) Give 
 place, for the girl is not dead, but sleepeth (4). And they laughed 
 him to scorn, knowing that she was dead. He having put them all 
 out, taketh the father and the motlier of the damsel, and them 
 that were with them, and eutereth in where the damsel was lying, 
 (rt') Taking her by the hand, he cried out to her : Talitha cumi, which 
 is, being interpreted : Damsel, I say to thee arise, (e) Her sjîirit 
 returned. She arose immediately, and walked. She was twelve 
 years old. Jesus commanded that something should be given her 
 to eat. Her parents were astonished. He charged them strictly to 
 
 (a) St. Matthc-n-, ix. 18. (c) St. Matthew, \x. 24; St. Luke, viii. 
 
 (5) St. Luke, viii. 50, 51 ; St. Matthew, 53 ; St. Mark, v. 40. 
 
 is. 23 ; St. Mark, v. 38. {d) St, Luke, viii. 54 ; St. Mark, v. 41. 
 
 (e) St. Luke, viii. 55, 56 ; St. Mark, v. 42, 43 ; St. Matthew, ix. 26. 
 
 (3) It was a custom common to botli Jews and Gentiles to hire flute-players, who 
 accompanied with moumfid airs the lamentations which were made at funerals. Al- 
 thoui;;h we are ignorant whence the usage derived its origin, the probability is, that 
 the Jews borrowed it from the Gentiles. If we were to conclude from thence, as 
 some writer has done, tluit the flute-players in question here were Gentiles, must we 
 not contend also that all our painters are Italians, inasmuch as painting comes from 
 Italy? 
 
 (4) A death which was to be confined, by so speedy a resuiyection, to scarcely the 
 duration of a short slumber, should be called sleep rather than death. 
 
 L^.^ 
 
92 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 tell no man what was done (5)." Yet " the fame hereof went abroad 
 into all that country." 
 
 ((7.) " As JesQS passed from thence" into the house where he dwelt, 
 " there followed him two ])liud men, crying out and saying : O, son 
 of David, have mercy on us." It was undoubtedly in order to try 
 their faith that Jesus, who heard them, declined stopping. " AYhen 
 he was come to the house, the blind men," who had still kept follow- 
 ing him, "came to him, and he saith to them: Do you believe that 
 I can do this unto you? Yea, Lord, they say to him. Then he 
 touched their eyes, saying : According to your faith be it done unto 
 you. And their eyes were opened ; and Jesus strictly charged them, 
 saying : See that no man know this. But they going out, spread his 
 fame abroad in all that country." 
 
 " When they were gone out, they brought him a dumb man pos- 
 sessed with a devil." An evangelist conveys to us that he was dumb 
 by the influence of the devil himself, because the devil hindered the 
 possessed man from speaking, thus informing us that this hindrance 
 did not come upon the man from any natural cause, but from the de- 
 mon tying his tongue. This construction seems obvious, from the 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, ix. 27-34. 
 
 (5) There were too many witnesses of the death to give a mysterious character to the 
 resurrection, and tlie secrecy imposed by Jesus Christ upon this occasion can merely ap- 
 ply to the mode in which he wrought the miracle. Jesus Christ exacted the like secrecy 
 for the ensuing miracle, and in some other transactions. We may be asked what reason 
 had he for this line of conduct, be who wrought pubhcly so great a number of miracles, 
 and who, far from desiring to make a mystery of them, frequently gave orders to pub- 
 lish them. Out of the several reasons assigned, the only one which has some probability 
 is, that he wished to inform his disciples, and all those to whom he should communicate 
 the gift of miracles, to conceal them as much as in their power, and thus steal away from 
 the applause of men. Many saints have profited from this lesson, and we know the pre- 
 cautions they have taken to ■nnthdraw from the eyes of the world the wonders which God 
 operated by their means. Thus is explained why Jesus Christ wished some of his mira- 
 cles to be kept secret, but not why he pursued this course in regard of such and such a 
 miracle more than any other. Not that no reasons are advanced by those who imder- 
 take to explain every thing, but no satisfactory reason has been put forward. Let us be 
 content to know that he had reasons highly worthy of his wisdom, deduced from the cir- 
 cumstances of time, place, and person. The secret was not always kept by those upon 
 whom it was enjoined. Whatever the rigid Calvin may think, Catholic divines do not 
 tax them with this as a crime. Gratitude, which made them speak, excused this want 
 of submission to orders which they merely attributed to the modesty of their benefactor. 
 
CHAP. XII.] OF OCR LORD JESI'S CHRIST. 93 
 
 manner iu wliicli tlie cure is recounted ; for, " after the tle%àl was cast 
 out, the dumb man spoke. The multitudes wondered, saying : Never 
 was. the Hke seen in Isrueh But the Pharisees said : By the prince 
 of devils he casteth out de\nls." 
 
 Jesus did not then condemn this blasphemy, which jierhaps had 
 not been uttered in his presence. We shall see, upon another occa- 
 sion, that he answered it in a manner which covered with shame 
 those who dared to advance the like within his hearing ; the result 
 was, that they became his irreconcilable enemies. For to be utterly 
 devoid of blame is the highest offence in en^dous eyes. 
 
 SECOND PASSOVER. 
 
 Jesus left the Pharisees of Galilee for a time, to go seek those of 
 the capital. If the latter were not more malignant, they were more 
 formidable in point of number, as also by theh* proselytes and the 
 facility there exists in large cities for caballing and exciting popular 
 outbreaks. But it was not for the purpose of warring with them 
 that the mildest of men came to meet them ; he sought only to en- 
 lighten and convert them. It was a religious motive that induced 
 him to make this journey. It was the feast of the Jews, which we 
 believe, -with many interpreters, to have been that of Passover, were 
 it merely for the reason of its being called here simply " the Feast." 
 It is known that this was the principal of the three feasts for which 
 the law ordained that every Jew should repair to Jerusalem. Jesus, 
 the author of the law, had voluntarily made himself a subject of the 
 law, and he always observed it with the most perfect punctuality. 
 He came, therefore, to the feast with his disciples, and a miraculous 
 cure, by which he signalized his arrival, was for the Pharisees an oc- 
 casion to calumniate him ; to him an opportunity for instructing 
 them by an admii-able discoui*se. Here is the manner in which these 
 thinpfs occui'red. 
 
94 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 PEOBATICA. A MAN INFIRM THIRTY-EXGHT YEARS HEALED. DISCOUKSE OF JESUS 
 
 CHRIST TO THE JEWS. 
 
 (a) "There [teas'] (I) at Jerusalem a pond called Fvohatica (2), 
 which in Hebrew is named Bethsaida, having five porches. In these 
 lay a great multitude of sick, of bUud, of lame, of withered, waiting 
 
 (a) St. Jolin, V. 2-41. 
 
 (1) We read in the text: There is at Jerusalem a pond which has five porches. 
 
 This form of expi-ession seems to show clearly that Jerusalem still existed when Saint 
 John wrote this. Still the opinion of the most ancient doctors, and of those whose au- 
 thority ranks highest, is, that Saint John did not compose his Gospel until several years 
 after the ruin of Jerusalem. In referring to then- authority, I own I would have desired 
 to find an answer to this difficulty, which they seem not even to have thought of. 
 
 Two things are possible, each of which, if true, would suflSce to reconcile Saint John's 
 foiin of expression with the date which all antiquity assigns to his Gospel: 1st. After 
 the capture of Jerusalem by the Emperor Titus, the town was not so utterly destroyed 
 as not to leave some edifices standing, and some Jews occupying them. Some writers 
 even maintain that the}' still preserved there some synagogues until the time of their last, 
 and their utter and irrevocable expulsion, which was under the Emperor Adrian. The 
 pond and the porticoes might then still exist, and Saint John could speak of them as of 
 things actually existing. 2d. Saint John, who according to constant tradition did not 
 publish his Gospel until after the capture of Jerusalem, might very well have written 
 previously some passages which he may have inserted afterwards in the body of the work. 
 We have now only to suppose that the cure of the paralytic was one of these passages 
 written before the capture of Jerusalem, and the difficulty will be resolved, at least for 
 those who are satisfied to be content with these suppositions. 
 
 (2) This Greek word probatka signifies sheep-pond. This name was given either be- 
 cause it lay near the gate by which the sheep entered into the city, or because this pond 
 was in the market where thej' were exposed for sale, or because they were washed there 
 before being immolated, or perhaps because the waters which had been made use of in 
 washing the immolated victims were brought thither by subterraneous channels. This 
 last conjecture has induced several to think that it was for this reason God had com- 
 municated to these waters the miraculous virtue which is about to be related, and which 
 made them be regarded as a figure of the waters of baptism. These waters extract from 
 the blood of the Lamb immolated for the sins of the world, the vivifying virtue which 
 communicates to souls the supernatural life of grace, by a miracle far superior to all cures 
 and all corporeal resiu^rections. 
 
 The Anabaptists regard as fabulous this miraculous sheep-pond spoken of by Saint 
 
CHAP. Xin.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 95 
 
 for the moving of the water. An angel of the Lord descended at 
 certain times into the pond, and the water was moved. He that 
 went down first into the pond after the motion of the water was 
 made whole, of whatsoever infirmity he lay under. There was a 
 certain man there, that had been eight-and-thirty years under his 
 infirmity. When Jesus had seen him lying, and knew he had been 
 now a long time, he saitli to him : Wilt thou be made whole ? The 
 infirm man answered : Sii-, I have no man, when the water is troub- 
 led, to put me into the pond ; for whilst I am coming, another goeth 
 down before me. Arise, Jesus saith to him, take up thy bed and 
 walk. Immediately the man was made whole, and he took up his 
 bed, and walked. It was the Sabbath that day. The Jews there- 
 fore said to him that was healed : It is the Sabbath ; it is not 
 lawful for thee to take up thy bed. He answered : He that made 
 me whole, he said to me : Take up thy bed and walk." 
 
 The man was pertectly justified in doing as he did by the order 
 of him who had so miraculously efi'ected his cure, whilst the author 
 of that order was justified at the same time by the miracle which he 
 had wrought. The Jews, who merely sought to criticise, seemed to 
 pay no attention to what this man stated about his recovery, and 
 they did not ask htm, "WTio is that man who cured thee ? but only, 
 " Who is that man who said to thee : Take up thy bed and walk ? 
 But he who was healed knew not who it was ; for Jesus went aside 
 from the multitude standbig in the place. Afterwards, Jesus find- 
 eth him in the temple, and saith to him : Behold, thou art made 
 whole : sin no more, lest some worse thing happen thee. The man 
 wont his way, and told the Jews that it was Jesus who had made 
 him whole," and not that it was Jesus who had given him the order 
 to take away his bed. This shows that gratitude prompted him to 
 speak, and that his intention was not to denounce Jesus as a Nnola- 
 tor of the Sabbath, but to make him known as author of the mir- 
 acle. 
 
 Yet " the Jews," who were only willing to see in hira the first of 
 
 .Tohn, Ix'cause .Tosephus, tlio .Ii^wish historian, doos not speak of it. If Saint .Tohn did 
 not speak of it, and Joseplms did, apparently llicy would believe it. Wc believe just 
 whoever wc please when we believe only what wc like. 
 
96 THE HISTOEY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 these two characters, " therefore did persecute Jesus, because he did 
 these things on the Saljbath :" for here is the commenceinent of that 
 compLniut, which they renewed every time that the occasion pre- 
 sented itself, although the reproaches which they cast upon Jesus on 
 this subject turned always to their own confusion, by the replies he 
 made, and which they never could answer. Still, once that hatred 
 had induced them to say : "He breaks the Sabbath," they never 
 ceased repeating it ; and passion, Avhich Uindfolded them, so as to 
 hinder them from seeing the absurdity of this accusation, steeled 
 their hearts, rendering them insensible of the disgrace which recoiled 
 back uj)ou themselves every time they renewed the charge. Here, 
 then, is the answer which Jesus then made. " My Father worketh 
 until now (3) ; and I work." Sublime expression ! signifying that 
 the action which Jesus Christ had just performed was above all 
 criticism, because it was as much the action of his Father as his 
 own. Whence it followed, that as there was existmg l)etween him 
 and his Father unity of action, there must also have Ijeen unity of 
 nature ; and that when he called God his father, he did not do so 
 in the sense of adoption, which was not unknoMoi to the Jews, and 
 would not, therefore, have scandalized them, but in the sense of gen- 
 eration, l)y virtue of which he attril)uted to himself divine nature, 
 and perfect equality with God. I say that this was a manifest con- 
 secpience, for so the Jews understood it ; and as then* envy redoul)led 
 in proportion to the great things which Jesus disclosed to them in 
 reference to himself, "-they sought the more to kill him, because he 
 did not only break the Sabbath, but also said God was his father, 
 making himself equal to God (4)." To which he rephed by the 
 
 (3) My Father worketh until now, that is to say, there is no time or no day during 
 which my Father doth not act, not excepting the Sabbath-day. Tliis is the seventli day, 
 upon which day God rested, after employing six days in the creation of the -world. He 
 wished that in meriiory of this rest the seventh day might be consecrated to him by a 
 religious stillness. Yet God only rested inasmuch as he ceased to create new species ; 
 for he never ceases working their preservation and their production. The same ceaseless 
 action exists in the Son, and is not distinguished from that of the Father. 
 
 (4) If Jesus Christ is not equal to his Father, the duty was imperatively incumbent on 
 him of disabusing the Jews, when they thought they found this equality conveyed by his 
 words. Yet he has not done so, and we are going to hear him express himself upon the 
 point in terms much stronger than those he had heretofore made use of. Wherefore 
 
CHAP, xm.] 
 
 OF OIK L01ÎD JE3CS CHRIST. 
 
 91 
 
 follo-nàng discourse, in wliicli two different parts, as it were, are dis- 
 tinguished. Tlie fii-st is tlie furtlier development of the expression 
 we have just noted, and the direct justification of his own conduct 
 on the present occasion. The second establishes the divinity of his 
 mission, by all the proofs that can render it incontestable. He re- 
 sumed, therefore, in these terms : " Amen, I say to you, the Son can- 
 not do any thing of himself, but what he seeth the Father doing ; 
 for what things soever he doth, these the Son also doth in hke man- 
 ner: for the Father loveth the Son, and showeth him all things 
 which himself doth, and greater works than these will he show him, 
 that you may wonder." 
 
 Unity of operation and of natm'e, and perfect equality betwet.-ii 
 the Father and the Son, are found exjjlaiued in this passage. Still, 
 it is well to observe that here it is said, the Son cannot do any thing 
 of himself, but oidy what he seeth the Father doing. Not in the 
 meaning attached to these words by the Arians, viz. : — ^That he bor- 
 rows from the Father any knowledge which he had not in himself, 
 or any power in which he was deficient ; but, because the Son acts 
 solely through the knowledge and power which he receives fi'om 
 the Father through the eternal generation. This, very far from 
 limiting the one or the other, proves the infinitude of both; for 
 what the Father possesses from all eternity the same doth he com- 
 municate in all its plenitude to his Son, without losing any thing for 
 what he gives, or ceasing to possess what he incessantly communi- 
 cates. It is in this sense that the Son cannot do any thing without 
 the Father. But it is not the less true, as the fathers of the Chui'ch 
 said to the Arians, that the Father cannot do any tiling without the 
 Son, since the divine nature, which is common t') the Father and the 
 Son, cannot divide itself, nor, whdst it acts in the Son, cesise to act 
 in the Father. 
 
 Yet, as the cure of this man languishing under paralysis was but 
 
 there is no mediura : either he possesses divine nature, or he wishes to usurp its honors ; 
 and, if not God, he is an impostor. Now, he is not an impostor, iiccording to the avow;il 
 of the Arians and Socinians, wlio, when combating liis divinity, nevertheless acknowledge 
 him as the envoy of God, and subscribe to the truth of all his words. Tliis rcasoniiig 
 must ever be a rock against which their hollow subtleties shall dash to pieces. 
 
 7 
 
98 THE IIISTOIÎY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 a slight exertion of the infinite power which the Father has commu- 
 nicated to the Son, Jesus Christ prepares the Jews to see its effects 
 on a more extensive scale, and in a manner mol^ calculated to ex- 
 cite their admiration. " For," said he to them, " as the Father rais- 
 eth up the dead, and giveth life, so the Son also giveth life to whom 
 he will." Therefore the power of giving life, or of raising the dead, 
 is no more restricted in the Father than in the Son ; for, to say that 
 the Son giveth life to " whom he will," is saying veiy plainly that 
 his power hi this respect is unlimited. And as that great miracle 
 of the general resurrection, in which the Son shall operate conjointly 
 with the Father, must be followed immediately by universal judg- 
 ment, Jesus Christ takes therefrom an opportunity to declare to the 
 Jews, that, besides the power of resuscitating, he has received from 
 his Father authority to judge, which, in one sense, is peculiarly his 
 own. " For," he also says, " neither doth the Father judge any man, 
 but hath given all judgment to the Son, that aU may honor the Son 
 as they honor the Father (5)." This is done in the present state of 
 
 (5) The last judgment will be the judgment of God, and, considered as a divine act, 
 will be common to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, because the three persons 
 of the adorable Trinity concur equally in all the actions which God produces beyond 
 himself. By the sacred Immanity of the Man-God, which shall serve as their instniment 
 on this occasion, will the three persons exercise this judgment; and so far we see no dif- 
 ference between them. But this humanity, which alone shall appear in this great ac- 
 tion, is properly the Son's, who has united himself with it, and not the Father's or the 
 Holy Ghost's, who have not contracted with it a similar union. In this respect judg- 
 ment belongs more to the Son than to the Father or the Holy Ghost, because, when 
 judging by his humanity, the Son judges by an instrument united to himself, whereas 
 the Father and the Holy Ghost judge by an instrument separated from them respectively. 
 Divines express themselves thus ; and this may be better understood by saying that 
 when judging by the humanity, the Son judges by himself, whereas the Father — and 
 the same may be said of the Holy Ghost — ^judges by another person than himself, but 
 who at the same time is another self ; a fasliion of speech which can only have a literal 
 signification when speaking with reference to the three persons of the adorable Trinity. 
 
 The Fathers advance several reasons why God wished that judgment should be exer- 
 cised by the sacred humanity of the Saviour. 1st. To indemnify him for the profound 
 humiliation to which he voluntarily reduced himself, conformably to those words of Saint 
 
 Paul; He emptied himself, taking the form of a servant He humbled himself, 
 
 hccoming obedient unto death, and unto the death of the cross. For which cause God 
 also hath exalted him, and hath given him a name which is above all names, that in 
 the name of Jesus every knee should bow that are in heaven, on earth, and under the 
 
CHAP, xin.] OF oriî lord jisxrs ciikist. 99 
 
 existence by those who heheve in the Son, and cousequcutl}" who ren- 
 (h'r him the honors due to the only Son of the Father, and its accom- 
 plishment shall be seen in a much more dazzling manner at the day 
 (if judgment, when Jesus Christ shall be recognized and honored by 
 all men, not even exce])tiug those who shall have refused to believe 
 in hhn, but who can now no longer pretend not to know him, when 
 they shall see him come in a cloud of light, full of majesty and glory, 
 armed with might and power, and by the prodigies of his right arm 
 announcing to all nature its Lord and its King. Then, convinced 1 >}- 
 the e^•idence of their own eyes, they shall at least recognize him by 
 theii' involuntary tremor and forced adoration, and they shall have 
 nothing to plead in reply to the sentence by which they shall be 
 declared attainted and convicted of the crime of high treason against 
 the Di\Tne Majesty, for having refused him during life the faith and 
 homage which were due to him ; whereby they have as gi'ossly in- 
 sulted the Father as himself : " For he who honoreth not the Son, 
 honoreth not the Father, who hath sent him." And he that would 
 simply honor him as an envoy of the Father, could not escape a 
 similar condemnation ; because that, not honoring him as the Son, 
 in which quality he has been sent, is equally despising T)oth Father 
 and Son. 
 
 Happy those for whom this resurrection shall be the commence- 
 ment of a life eternally happy ! But to this end they must have 
 had share in the firet resurrection, which is from the death of sin to 
 
 earth. 2d. To confer on Jesus Christ the spocial glorj- of judging those by whom lie 
 has been judged, and of justly condemning those by whom he has been unjustly con- 
 demned. The latter shall see with unutterable dread the scars of the wounds which 
 their brutal fury imprinted on his innocent flesh, according to these words : Theij shall 
 look on him whom they pierced (St. John, xix. 3T). 3d. That men may have a judge to 
 whom they cannot object. He is man like themselves, bone of their bone and flesh of 
 their flesh. Will they object to him who has only become their judge because he con- 
 descended to become their brother ? He is their Sa%nour, who only acquired this quali- 
 fication at the expen.se of his peace, his glor)*, his bl<xid, and hLs life. Can any one desire 
 the perdition of those for whom he h;us made such sacrifices ? And is not a person a 
 thousand times more culpable for having neglected a salvation which had cost so dearly ? 
 Israel, from thynelf cometh thy destruction, accuse not, therefore, thy judge. His past 
 mercies cannot but authorize present severity, and in dying for thee he has justified by 
 anticipation the sentence of death which he shall pronounce against thee. 
 
100 
 
 THE lUSTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 tlie life of grace. In tliLs resuiTectiou tlie Sou dotli not less operate 
 than in the other ; but here there is one thing which belongs not to 
 the other resurrection, viz., the co-operation of man is requisite. All 
 shall have part in the second, because no one can resist the stern 
 command of Almighty power. Many shall resist the fii'st, and by 
 their resistance exclude themselves from it altogether. For this 
 reason Jesus Christ j^romises the fii'st to " him who heareth his 
 word ;" whereas of the second, he states absolutely and without any 
 condition : " All that are in the graves shall hear the voice of the 
 Son of God, and shall come forth." Here are his words, continuing 
 his address : " Amen, amen, I say to you, that he who heareth my 
 word, and believeth him that sent me, hath life everlasting (6) and 
 Cometh not into judgment ; but is j)assed from death to hfe. Amen, 
 amen, I say unto you, that the hour cometh, and now is, when the 
 dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God (7) : and they that hear 
 shall hve. For, as the Father hath life in himself, so he hath given 
 to the Sou also to have life in hhnself, aud he hath given him power 
 to do judgment because he is the Son of man (8). Wonder not at 
 
 (6) There is the principle of this in sanctifying grace, which is the life of the soul — a 
 life which, by its nature, must last always, and which shall procure for the body immor- 
 tal life, if the possessor of this life doth not voluntarily lose it by sinning again, and by 
 thus tafhcting death a second time on the soul. 
 
 (7) This is understood to allude to the particular resiuTections effected by Jesus Christ, 
 and which he was going to operate again. They are proof by anticipation, and, as it 
 were, the earnest of the general resm-rection. 
 
 (8) In a book so precise and so profound as Scripture, all the terms must have been 
 weighed. Wliat occasions this reflection is, that it is written that the dead shall hear 
 the voice of the Son of Ood, and that the Son is entitled to judge, because he is Son of 
 man. Still it is the same person, and there is no difficulty in saying, the Son of man 
 shall resuscitate the dead, and the Son of God shall judge them ; but here is attributed 
 to each of the two natures the act which it shall produce immediately by itself. To the 
 divine nature is attributed resun-ection, because nothing but an almighty nature can 
 effect this by its own proper A-irtue : to human natm-e is attributed judgment, because 
 tlie sitting of the judge, the pronouncing of judgment, and eveiy thing of a sensible 
 character in judgment, can be the immediate effect of a Umited nature. Yet the right 
 of sovereign judgment over the universe belongs to God alone. And so the Son enjoys 
 it, because he is at the same time Son of God, and, inasmuch as by the personal union 
 of the Word with human nature, humanity has been associated with aU the rights of the 
 divinity, who imparts to it the power of doing immediately, and by itself, every thing 
 wliich is not beyond the sphere of created nature. 
 
CIL\P. Xin.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 101 
 
 tliis. For the hour cometh, wherem all that are in the graves shall 
 hear the voice of the Son of God ; and they that have done good 
 things shall come forth nnto the resurrection of life ; but they that 
 have done evil, unto the resuiTection of judgment." Jesus Christ 
 adds, what is, iu two words, an apology for all his acts and judg- 
 ments, viz., that the former are produced by the power imparted to 
 him by his Father, whose judgments and wishes are equally the rule 
 of his wishes and his judgments : this he expresses by these words : 
 " I cannot of myself do any thing. As I hear, so I judge, and my 
 judgment is just. Because I seek not my own will, but the Avill of 
 him that sent me." 
 
 He has just announced great things : ho is now going to support 
 theu- truth by gi'eat testimony. The fii'st is that of John ; for what- 
 ever authority the purity of his morals and his irreproachable con- 
 duct gave to the statement of Jesus, he does not expect to be be- 
 lieved upon his own simple assertion. " If I bear witness of mj'- 
 self, my witness is not true (9). There is another that beareth wit- 
 ness of me, and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me 
 is true." You yourselves have recognized the legitimacy of his tes- 
 timony ; for " you sent to John, and he gave testimony to the truth. 
 But I receive not testimony from man," which is by no means neces- 
 sary to me. Wherefore it is not for myself, " but I say these things 
 that you may be saved." Besides, this testimony you have chosen 
 is void of all reproach, and I do not now cast any reproach upon it 
 to be reported by you to him. " John was a burning and a shining 
 light. You were willing for a time to rejoice in his light (10)," yet 
 
 (9) If we gave the literal meaning, it would be, My testimony is not true ; and Jesus 
 Christ would contradict himself, for he says in another phice : Although T give tentimony 
 of myself , my testimony is true (John viii.). No doubt it was tnie ; but if it were single 
 testimony it proved nothing, and tlie heaic- had a right to decline believing upon the 
 maxim that no one can be judge or witness in his own cause. Hence what he acquires 
 by extrinsic testimony is not tiiitli, but legitimate evidence, which renders truth availa- 
 ble, and compels it to be received. 
 
 (10) Since they sent a deputation to him, with the disposition, for the most part, of 
 recognizing him as the Messiah, supposing 4ie had declared himself such. We say /or 
 the most part, for the people proceeded in the matter with go<id faith, and the per\'ersc 
 intentions spoken of elsewhere are only attributed to the Sciibes and Pharisees. John 
 referred back this honor to him to whom it belonged. Yet the Jews did not believe him, 
 
102 TUE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 you turned away your eyes from this light, wliicli seemed at first so 
 welcome. But altliougli lie was worthy of all belief, "I have a 
 greater testimony than that of John ;" even that of my Father. 
 " For the" miraculoxis " works which the Father halh given me to 
 perfect, the works themselves which I do, give testimony of me, that 
 the Father hath sent me, and the Father himself who hath sent me 
 hath given testimony of me. Neither have you heard his voice at 
 any time, nor seen his shape ;" for God, who is a pure spirit, comes 
 not under the observation of the senses ; but by the works which 
 he has given me to perform, and which are, as it were, his voice, he 
 has made sensible the testimony which he has rendered concerning 
 me ; " and you have not his word abiding in you, for whom he hath 
 sent, him you believe not." 
 
 Meantime you deem yourselves the faithful depositories and mi- 
 nute searchers of 'this divine word. You "search the Scriptures, 
 for you think in them to have life everlasting. The same are they 
 that give testimony of me, and you will not come to me that you 
 -may have life (11)," which they only promise you through me. 
 You remove from, whilst you seem to be in search of it, because you 
 withdraw from the only road that conducts to it. "Whereas, if I 
 seek to attract you to me, I do so with a view to your interest, and 
 not my own. " I receive not glory from men. But" you, who wish 
 to justify by the motive of the love of God your unwillingness to 
 hear me, " I know that you have not the love of God in you," and 
 the conduct you pursue towards me is proof of this ; for " I am come 
 in the name of my Father, and you receive me not. If another shall 
 come in his own name, him you will receive (12)." Yet your incre- 
 
 althougli much more desei-ving of credit when rendering this testimony to another than 
 if he had rendered it to himself. 
 
 (11) Who is there who would not have life, and ahove all others, eternal life? The 
 Jews wished for it, and we also wish for it. But the Jews did not wish to have it through 
 f.iith in Jesus Christ ; and we do not loish to have it through the observance of the law 
 of Jesus Christ. They wished for the end like ourselves : like them, we do not wish for 
 the means. They perished \nih such a wish ; and what can we expect but to perish like 
 them, if we do not pass from this >vish (which I know not whether to call chimerical or 
 hypocritical) to a sincere, absolute, and efficacious wisli, tending to the end by the means, 
 and embi'acing every thing without exception and without reserve ? 
 
 (12) Tliis is not merely a threat, 'tis prophetic of what was going to happen immedi- 
 
CHAI». XJII.] OF OUK LOKD JESUS CHKISÏ. 103 
 
 (lulity should not excite surprise. There is nothing in faith that 
 flatters human pride ; being little esteemed amongst men, faith at- 
 tracts the complacency of God alone. " How can you believe, who 
 receive glory one from another, and the glory which is from God 
 
 ately after the death of Jesus Clirist. All those who wished to assiune to themselves 
 the title of Messiah, found followers amongst them, and the prodigy of their credulity in 
 this regard equals that of their incredulity. Tenible, yet just chastisement of that vol- 
 untary blindness which, after havhig closed their eyes to the truth, renders them the 
 dupes, and at last the victims of the grossest illusions and the most absurd lies ! Let us 
 dread this, s'mce it is daily renewed before our eyes. A\Tien men decline hearkening to 
 the voice of those whom God has established as interpreters of his oracles, they listen to 
 others, for after all the people do not know how to construct for themselves a system of 
 religion, and error, hke faith, cometh to them by hearing (Rom. x. 17). Wherefore to 
 them it Ls a necessity to hearken to other masters ; and to what masters do they hearken ? 
 First of all, to men without title, without credentials, without mission, who hear witness 
 of themselves, who must be credited on their word, when, with a boldness as ridiculous 
 as 'tis insolent, they come and teU, / alotie am more enhghtened bi mattere of religion, I 
 imderstand Scriptui-e better than all the doctors and all the piistore of the Chuixh. But 
 this is merely the beginning of the illusion. After having rejected those really sent by 
 God, the people receive as envoys of God every one who presents himself before them. 
 By means of considerable effronterj- and some strokes of jugglery, a man, quahfied at 
 most to figure as a mountebank, sets the rumor afloat that he is a prophet, and a thou- 
 sand voices are heard repeating, He is a prophet. Others come to enlist themselves, and 
 as all have an equal right, there soon appears formed a body of prophets and prophet- 
 esses, composed of the veiy dregs of the lowest populace. In language worthy of those 
 who use it, they retail the most monstrous conceits, such nn-ings as the excitement of 
 fever could scarcely engender in the brain of a distempered patient. All that is intelli- 
 gible is their palpable impiety ; but in general they do not understand themselves. 
 Whether we can understand them or not, still they are oracles, who are Ustened to with 
 religious attention, who are entertained, whose sajings are reported and treasured up like 
 a second Scripture, more respected than the first, which now is merely made use of to 
 clothe their extravagant whims in sacred expressions. The mind once fascinated and 
 carried away, the flesh has no longer any bridle : the filth of impurity mingles with the 
 visions of fanaticism, and comes to be incorporated with its fearful mysteries. And w^ell 
 would it be if they did not soon pass from lust to crucliy, from folly to phrensy ; if they 
 did not advance with torch and steel in hand to accomphsli the sanguinary predictions of 
 those prophets, who never cease announcing the impending and utter ruin of their adver- 
 saries ! To such a pitch does this rciison degrade and \ilify itself, when too proud to 
 bend under the salutary yoke of di\-ine authority. This is an abridgment of the history 
 of the Gnostics, the Montanists, the PrLscilianists, the Donatists, the Albigenses, the Huss- 
 ites, the Anabaptists, the fanatics of Cevennes, <fec., &c., itc, and in fine, of all those 
 who, walking in the s;irae paths, shall ever stray into the same wanderings, and shall ver- 
 ify in themselves the expression of the Saviour : / am come in tlie name of the Father, 
 and you receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him you will receive. 
 
104 THE HISTOET OP THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 alone you do not seek ? Think not that I will accuse you to my 
 Father." He who you are forever placing in opposition to me, and 
 of whom you would give peojjjle to understand that you are" most 
 zealous defenders, this " Moses, in wliom you trust, is" already " one 
 that accuseth you. For if you did believe Moses, you would per- 
 ha23s (13) believe me also ; for he wrote of me (14). But if you do 
 not believe his writings, how will you believe my words ?" 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 A PENITENT SINNER AT THE FEET OF JESTTS CHEIST. THE COEN PLUCKED. 
 
 Here we give a narrative which others place a little further on : 
 they think it occurred at Nairn, and we think it was at Bethany, 
 a borough or small town a short distance from Jerusalem. It fol- 
 lows, from the view we take, that the sinner whose conversion we 
 are going to relate is no other than Mary, sister of Lazarus and of 
 Martha. Neither shall we distinguish her from Mary Magdalen, so 
 well known by her tender and inviolable attachment to the saci'ed 
 person of the Savioui-. Many think that these are two, or even 
 three different persons. They ought not to bé blamed for maintain- 
 ing upon this i^oint the opinion which appeared to them most prob- 
 able ; yet it is desirable to know that their pi'oofs fall very short in- 
 deed of demonstration. After having examined their reasons, we 
 
 (13) See Note 4, page 64, where this "perhaps''' is explained. 
 
 (14) In the 18th chapter of Deuteronomy we read these words: The Lord thy Ood 
 
 tvill raise up to thee a prophet of thy nation, and of thy brethren, like unto me / 
 
 will put my words in his mouth, and he shall speak all that I shall command him. He 
 that 'Will not hear his words which he shall speak in my name, I will be llie revenger. 
 
 This pi-ophecy has always been applied to Jesus Christ, and undoubtedly Jesus Christ 
 had it then in view. These words, like unto me, signify, 1st. A man, like unto me, to 
 allay the apprehensions of the people, who, from fear of dying, had entreated the Lord 
 not to speak personally any more by himself, as he had done uponHIount Sinai. 2d. 
 They also signify a legislator, like unto me, to distinguish Jesus Christ from the other 
 prophets, and to prepare men for receiving- the new law which was to abrogate tlie old. 
 
CHAP. Xn'.] OF OrR LORD JISCS CHEIST. 105 
 
 tliink we may state with confidence tliat they merely oppose con- 
 jecture to conjecture, a new opinion to one, more ancient. Kow, 
 opinion for opinion, we feel no difficulty in stating that we side more 
 willingly with those which are ancient and common than those which 
 are new and singular. After this short digression, we shall j^roceed 
 to recount the narrative which occasioned it. 
 
 Despite of the declared hostihty of the Pharisees to Jesus Christ, 
 there was one of them who ventured to give him marks of attach- 
 ment and respect. His name was Simon, and it is thought very prob- 
 aole that he is no other than Simon the leper, who is also spoken of 
 in circumstances very like the present, '^^^lether from esteem for 
 Jesus ChiTst, or from that species of vanity which induces opulent 
 men to invite extraordinary characters to their tables, (a) " Simon 
 desired Jesus to eat ^àth him." Jesus consented, and thereby show- 
 ed that what he hated in the Pharisees was theii' vices, and not them- 
 selves. " Hè went therefore into his house, and sat down to meat. 
 Behold, a woman that was in the city, a sinner, when she knew that 
 he sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of 
 ointment ; and standing behind at his feet (1), she began to wash his 
 feet with tears, wiped them -n-ith the hau"s of her head, kissed them, 
 and anointed them with the ointment. The Pharisee, who had in- 
 vited him, seeing it, spoke within himself: This man, if he were a 
 prophet, would know surely who and what manner of woman this is 
 that toucheth him (2), that she is a sinner." He, before whose eyes 
 all things are laid bare, knew well what the Pharisee ventm-ed to 
 think, though not to utter, and by letting him know that he was cog- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, vii. 36. 
 
 (1) The postuie in which it was the custom of those times to recline at table, facilitated 
 to her the means of so doing. They reclined on beds (or couches), the head being turn- 
 ed towards the table and the feet outwards. 
 
 (2) To be a prophet, it is not necessary to know every thing by divine revelation ; it 
 is enough to know several. Eliseus was not the less a prophet, although he was igno- 
 rant of the death of the Sunamite's son, which the Lord, he said, had concealed from 
 him. Thus Jesus Christ might, as man, be ignorant what this woman was, and never- 
 theless be a prophet. Wherefore the Pharisee was mistaken on this point. We shall 
 sec that he also deceived himself on several others. Innumerable are the blunders of 
 malice, which, notwithstanding, thinks itself so subtle and penetrating. 
 
106 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 nizaut of what was passing witliin liim, should have fully satisfied 
 the Pharisee's mind that he was plainly invested with the quality of 
 prophet. But as he wished to use forbearance towards a man who 
 had invited him to his table, he not only did not address him until 
 he had in some manner asked his permission, but also made use of a 
 parable, which, without too sorely woimding his self-love, yet con- 
 vinced him of his error, liy showing him how blind he was in the 
 judgment he passed upon Jesus Christ, unjust in his strictures on the 
 penitent, and presumptuous in the estimate he formed of himself. 
 " He said to him then^ answeiing," not his words, but his thougfflS 
 " Simon, I have something to say to thee : Master, say it, said he. A 
 certain creditor had two debtors : the one owed five hundred pence, 
 and the other fifty. Whereas they had not wherewith to pay, he 
 forgave them both. ^Tiich, therefore, of the two loveth him most ? 
 I su^îpose, said Simon, answering, that he to whom he forgave most. 
 Jesus said, to him : Thou hast judged rightly." Ajid turning to the 
 woman, he justified the little attention which he had seemed to pay 
 to what she was doing, by m^ikiug it ajjpareut that he had remarked 
 every thing, that he gave her credit for all, and that her tears had 
 a more delicious relish for him than all the dainties which the Phar- 
 isee had served up before him. " Dost thou see this woman ? I en- 
 tered into thy house, thou gavest me no water for my feet, but she 
 with tears hath washed my feet, and with her hairs hath wij^ed them. 
 Thou gavest me no kiss, but she, since she came in, hath not ceased 
 to kiss my feet. My head with oU thou didst not anoint, but she 
 with ointment hath anointed my feet. Wherefore, I say to thee, 
 many sins are forgiven her, because she hath loved much (3). But 
 
 (3) The great love of this sinful woman is given here for the cause of the great 
 remission accorded to her. In the parable remission is granted to her on accoimt 
 of this great love. If you seek for the justice of the application, I am free to avow 
 there is much ado in finding it. Yet that it does not appear impossible, you may 
 form your own judgment by what we are going to say. It seems that there would 
 exist no further difficulty if we admitted a love which was at the same time the cause 
 and the effect of the remission, that is to say, a love that preceded the remission, and 
 which had at the same time the remission for its motive. This is, in point of fact, 
 the love of that penitent. According to the parable she loved much, because many sins 
 were remitted her ; and following the application, many sins are remitted her, because 
 she loved much. Now, here is the way in which aU this can be explained and recon- 
 
CHAP. XIV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 107 
 
 he to A\-liom less is forgiven, lie lovetli less. And lie said to her : 
 Thy sins are forgiven thee." 
 
 This was what she exclusively desired ; and what constituted the 
 glory of this illustrious penitent is, that she was the first who ad- 
 di'essed hereelf to Jesus Christ to obtain from him, not, like others, 
 delivei'ance from some corporeal infirmity, but the healing of those 
 mortal wounds which sin had made in her soul. In doing so, her 
 faith which Jesus Christ is going to eulogize seems to have perfectly 
 enlightened her, since she recognized him for her Saviour in the true 
 sense, viz., in the sense that he was (ci) " to save the people from 
 their sins." Now this is what was less understood than any thing 
 else even among those Jews who acknowledged him to be a prophet. 
 Very far from thinking that he was soon to confer upon sinful men 
 the power of remitting sin, they viewed him with astonishment when 
 he attributed this power to himself. Whence it followed that " they 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, i. 21. 
 
 ciled. Let us bear in mind these words of the Council of Trent, when it treats of the 
 dispositions for justification : They (the sinners) must begin to love God as the source of 
 all justice, that is to say, as author of the justification of sinners. This justification is 
 e\idently the effect of the merciful bounty by which God remits sins, and tliis mercy is 
 the attribute under which God is here proposed to the love of the sinner. Wlierefore he 
 is bound to love God, because God is sufficiently good to render him just, after being a 
 sinner, and to render him just by mercifully according to him the pardon of all his crimes. 
 Now, the heavier he is loaded with crimes, the greater is this bounty with respect to him, 
 and the more amiable should it appear to him ; and I can conceive that if I love God, 
 because I know that he is sufficiently good to grant to my repentance the pardon of all 
 my crimes, I ought to love him a thousand times more, being a thousand times more cul- 
 pable, than I should love him if I were a thousand times less guilty. I have said tliat 
 such was the love of this sinful woman ; and it is that at the same time that she was the 
 woman to whom many sins were remitted, because she loved much, she also discovers 
 herself to be the debtor, who loves the creditor not for what he has already remitted, but 
 because the debtor believes firmly that the creditor is sufficiently generous to remit him 
 even a hea\-ier debt. In a word, this is gratitude by anticipation, for a grace which is 
 sure to be obtained from the pure bounty of Him who can, and we know will accord it. 
 Let us say, however, that there never is any certainty of having obtained this grace. Yet 
 this uncertainty should be no obstacle to the love of which I speak ; because this does 
 not come from God, but from ourselves, that Is to say, from our own dispositions, for the 
 vahdity of which we never can answer. For could I be infallibly assured that they are 
 such as they ought to be, I should no longer be permitted to doubt of my pardon ; it 
 would be to me an article of faith, as it was to the penitent, after Jesus Cluist had said 
 to her: Thy sins are forgiven thee. 
 
108 THE HISTOKY OF THE LIFE [I'ART I. 
 
 tliat sat at meat with liim began to say within themselves," in sur- 
 prise, mingled with no little indignation : " Who is this that forgiv- 
 eth sins also ?" But without stopping to reply to them, " Jesus said 
 to the woman ; Thy faith hath made thee safe ; go in peace (4)." 
 This faith was evidently that by which she had believed that Jesus 
 Christ had the power and the will to remit her sins ; and Jesus, by 
 expressly declaring so, taught this murmm-ing throng that only by 
 similar faith could they meiit and obtain the like grace. 
 
 When the feast was over, Jesus, who was imder no obligation to 
 prolong his sojourn at Jerusalem, retm-ned back towards Galilee. 
 He arrived there, and was occupied, as usual, in pursuing his evan- 
 gelical missions, (a) " On the second-fii'st (5) Sabbath, as he went 
 through the corn-fields, it came to pass that his disciples being hun- 
 gry, began to pluck the ears, and rubbing them in their hands, did 
 eat." The law allowed this in express terms (Deut. 23), and the 
 thing, considered in itself, could not incur the slightest reproach from 
 those who piqued themselves on being scrupulous observers. Where- 
 fore it was on account of the particular day that those Pharisees who 
 were spectators of the action took occasion to find fault, (b) " ^^Tiy, 
 said they to the disciples, do you that which is not lawful on the 
 Sabbath days?" and as their animosity was much more inflamed 
 against the Master, " Behold," said they to him, with that bitter zeal 
 
 (a) St. Luke, vi. 1 ; St. Matthew, xii. 1. (b) St. Luke, vi. 2. 
 
 (4) Tlie abuse which Protestants have made of these words to establish then- justify- 
 ing faith, compels us to remember here that Jesus Christ had said previously : Mcmi/ 
 sins are forgiven lier, because she hath loved much. It is not, therefore, faith alone which 
 justifies, h\it faith that worketh by charity. — Gal. v. 
 
 (5) Second-first, that is to say, the first Sabbath after the second day of the feast of 
 Azimes. In the 23d chapter of Leviticus we read the following decree : " You shall 
 count, therefore, from the morrow after the Sabbath, wherein you offered the share of 
 the first-fruits, seven full weeks, even luito the morrow after the seventh week be expired, 
 that is to say, fifty days." This day after the seventh week was the day of Pente- 
 cost. Now it has been veiy happily conjectured that all the Sabbath days between the 
 feast of Easter and that of Pentecost were named from this second day of Easter, so that 
 the first Saturday follovving was termed the first Sabbath after the second day, and, by 
 abbreviation, the second-first, the second-second, &c., that is to say, second Sabbath after 
 the second day, thh-d Sabbath after the second day. Note that the circumstance of the 
 ripe ears of wheat leave no ground for doubting that it was then between Easter and 
 Pentecost. 
 
 '> 
 
CILVP. XIV.] OF OUU LORD JlSrS CHlilST. 109 
 
 wliicli rather unmasks tliau dkguises passion, (a) " beliold, thy disci- 
 ples do that which is not hiwful to do on the Sabbath days." " Have 
 you not read, said Jesus, ausweriug them, have you not read what 
 David did when he was hungry himself, and they that were with 
 him ? How he entered into the house of God (6) under Abiathar (7), 
 the high priest ; took and eat the bread of proposition (8), which it 
 is not lawful for him to eat, nor for them that were with him (9), 
 but for the priests only ? Or have you not read in the law, that on 
 the Sabbath days the priests in the temple break the Sabbath, and 
 ai'e without blame ? But I tell you that there is 7ie/'e a greater than 
 tÂe temple." 
 
 He spoke of himself, and this was one of those expressions which, 
 as it were, escaped him, whereby he discovered his di\dnity to those 
 who hearkened attentively to his words, and apphed themselves to 
 imderstand them ; for who is gi-eater^than the temple, if it be not 
 the Lord of the temple ? Afterwards he added, to let them know 
 that the motive for the reproach they made him was no other than 
 that zeal which they so pompously paraded ; (b) " K you knew what 
 this meaneth, I will have mercy (10), and not sacrifice, you would 
 never have condenmed the innocent." Jesus Chi-ist had akeady 
 
 («) St. Matthew, xii. 2, 3 ; St. Mark, ii. 26 ; St. Luke, vi. 4 ; St. Matthew, xii. 4-6. 
 (6) St. Matthew, xii. 1. 
 
 (6) In the first inclosui-e of the tahemacle, where laymen were allowed to enter. This 
 occurred at Nobe, a sacerdotal town, wliither the tabernacle was transported from SUo. 
 
 (") It is written in the 1st book of Kings, chap, xxi., that the high priest from whom 
 Da\id asked the bread was Achhnelech, the father of Abiathar. Several answers have 
 been given to this difficulty. The most decisive is, that it is settled by the 2d book of 
 Kings, chap, viii., and by the 1st of Paralipomenon, chap, xviii., that the father and the 
 son had each of them the two names of Achimelech and Abiathar. 
 
 (8) So called because the bread was proposed, or presented, before the face of the 
 Lord upon a table called, for this reason, the table of the bread of proposition. They 
 were piled up, six on each side. The twelve represented the twelve tribes of Israel who 
 protested by tliis offering that they held from the Lord all their subsistence. They were 
 renewed every Sabbath-day, and those which were taken away could only be eaten by 
 the priest, and that within the inclosure of the tabernacle. 
 
 (9) David presented himself alone ; but those that were with him were in the Wcinity, 
 as we also see in the 21st chap, of the 1st book of Kings. 
 
 (10) See the 14th note of the 11th chap., page 86. 
 
110 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 quoted tliis maxim against tliem iu a case similar to tliis, and thus 
 we see how earnestly he desired that this truth should be deeply 
 engraven on every mind. Finally, to wind up his reply and the les- 
 son which it had furnished him with an occasion of giving, (») " he 
 said to them: The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for 
 the Sabbath ; therefore, the Son of man is Lord of the Sabbath 
 also." 
 
 The one follows evidently from the other, since the Son of man 
 being the king and master of all men, hath under his control every 
 thing connected with men, and whatever is made for them, as was 
 the Sabbath. Wherefore, he hath a right to dispense them, and he 
 did so in the present circumstance ; for it is ackowledged by all, that 
 the disciples then required a dispensation — not, as we have already 
 said, for taking the ears of corn away fi-om the people's crops, nor 
 even for bruising them between their hands, which was equivalent 
 to breaking bread into pieces before eating, an action which could 
 never require any defence ; — but a dispensation was requisite to 
 enable them to gather these ears of com on the Sabbath-day, which 
 was expressly forbidden, and from this prohibition Jesus Christ dis- 
 jîensed them. Undoubtedly he had a right to do so ; and no one 
 was entitled to call him to account for the reasons upon which he 
 grounded the dispensation. Yet he condescended to give them, and, 
 on close examination, we find in them the foundation of a complete 
 apology : 1st. By declaring himself Lord of the Sabbath, he estab- 
 lished his sovereign right to dispense with it. 2d. The law was, by 
 its nature, susceptible of dispensation ; iaasmuch as, being made for 
 man, it was natural it should give way to his real and pressing neces- 
 sities. 3d. The motive which induced God to use this indulgence is 
 his goodness. He is better pleased that men should break the rest 
 which he commanded them, than allow themselves to be pressed by 
 hunger, so as to run the risk of falling from weakness. Such is the 
 direct meaning of this expression, " I will have mercy, and not sacri- 
 fice," without prejudice to the moral sense which we have affixed 
 to it, and which it likewise had when uttered by Jesus Christ. 
 4th. The disciples were in a position requiring dispensation for two 
 
 (a) St. Mark, ii. 27. 
 
CHAP. XX-I OF OtTî LORD JESUS CHRIST. Ill 
 
 i-easons : of these, necessity was the first. Tliis had aiithorizecl David 
 in an action which, under any other ch-cumstances, would have been 
 deemed a sort of sacrilege ; therefore, such necessity must, for a 
 much stronger reason, have authorized the disciples in the seeming 
 ■violation of a less important law. The second reason is, the sanctity 
 of the functions in which they were employed. This justifies, or 
 rather sanctifies, the working of the priests in the temple, for the 
 preparation and immolation of victims, whence arose the Jewish 
 proverb : There is no Sabbath in the temple. How much the more 
 ought it to justify and sanctify the actions of those who, being at- 
 tached to the person of Jesus Christ, and having become his co- 
 operators, are occupied in ministrations much more holy than all 
 those of the ancient priesthood ! The remark has been made that 
 Jesus Chiist justifies his disciples by the example of holy and reli- 
 gious men, yet that, when his object was to justify himself person- 
 ally, he merely alleges the example of his Father, comparing thus 
 man to man, and a God to a God. 
 
 CHAPTEE XV. 
 
 THE WITHERED HAND RESTORED. inLX)NES8 OF JESUS CHRIST FORETOLD. CAIXINO 
 
 OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES. 
 
 Tms complaint was soon renewed. Shortly after the fact we 
 have just related, (a) " it came to pass, also on another Sabbath- 
 day, that Jesus entered into the synagogue, and taught. There was 
 a man whose right hand was withered. The Scribes and the Phari- 
 sees watched if he would heal on the Sabbath, and they asked 
 Jesus : Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath days ?" They spoke thus, 
 " that they might find an accusation against him," or make him con- 
 tradict himself, if he hesitated at all in his reply. Either that, or 
 they designed to accuse him of gross prevarication, if he advanced 
 what, in their eyes, was a most scandalous maxim, viz., it is lawful 
 
 (a) St. Luke, vi. 6, 7 ; St. Matthew, xii. 10. 
 
112 
 
 THE HISTOET OF TKE LDE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 to Ileal ailments ou tlie Sabbath-day. (ci) " Jesus, who kuew tlieii' 
 thoughts," disconcerted them in a way which, while it covered them 
 with shame, did but render theii" hatred more fuiious, and their re- 
 sentment more implacable. " He said to the man who had the 
 withered hand : Arise, and stand forth in the midst. And, rising, 
 he stood forth." Then, addressing himself to the Pharisees, " I ask 
 you, if it be lawful on the Sabbath days to do good or to do evil — 
 to save life or to destroy (1) ?" — ^that is to say, not to save life when 
 it is within om* power to do so ; for between the two extremes of 
 saving and depriving of life by a positive act, there is a medium, 
 which consists in inaction, or doing neither good nor evil. But the 
 proof that Jesus used this expression in the sense which we attach to 
 it, is this, that whereas they might have replied to him, (5) " they 
 held their peace." Hence they acknowledged by their silence, that 
 doing good to om* neighbor on the Sabbath-day, when this good is 
 of a natm-e not to be deferred, is not an evil act ; and that we should 
 rather be doiug an evil to our neighbor, heinous in proportion to 
 this very good, if we omitted the good when in our power. But to 
 make them feel the utter cruelty of theii' false zeal, Jesus added this 
 comparison, drawn from their own conduct : (c) " What man, he 
 said to them, shall there be among you, that hath one sheep, and if 
 the same fall iato a pit on the Sabbath-day, will he not take hold on 
 it and lift it up (2) ? How much better is a man than a sheep ? 
 
 (a) St. Liike, vi. 8. 
 
 (b) St. Mark, iii. 4. 
 
 (c) St. Matthew, xii. 11, 12; St. Mark, 
 iii. 4 ; St. Matthew, xii. 13. 
 
 (1) Not to save tlic life of the soul or that of the body, when in our power so to do, 
 is taking away one or the other. Who is there that will not be alarmed at this ? But 
 who can excuse those whom God has charged with the care of souls, or to whom he has 
 given the means of relieving the wants of the body ? 
 
 (2) What then was permitted is expressly forbidden by the canon law of the Jews, and 
 the Rabbis are become more scnipulous on this point than the Pharisees were in the tirno 
 of Jesus Christ. They say, notwithstanding, that when an animal falls into a pit on a Sab- 
 bath-day, a person in that case can go down into the pit, place something under the ani- 
 mal to raise it, and that, if it then escapes, the Sabbath is not violated. Poor subtlety, 
 which would not hinder the Sabbath from being violated, in point of fact, if the law for- 
 bid acting in a ohcumstance hke the present ; because to act it evidently is — descending 
 into a pit, can-ying thither a stone or piece of stick, and placing it under qattle, which re- 
 quire this aid to get out of the pit. It is well to remark, that with all their scruples, this 
 class of people do not wish, nevertheless, to lose their sheep. 
 
CIIAP. XV.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS ( HUIST. 113 
 
 Therefore, it is lawful to do a good deed on the Sal)l)ath days," con- 
 tinues he, in conclusion. lie seemed to pause for any answer thev 
 might have to make ; " 1jut they hehl their peace," confounded with 
 shame and vexation. " Jesus, looking round about on them with 
 anger, being grieved for the Idindness of their hearts (3), saith to 
 the man : Stretch forth thy hand. He stretched it forth, and his 
 hand was restored to health, even as the other." 
 
 At the sight of this miracle, " the Pharisees wei'e filled MÙth mad- 
 ness," and assm-edly not wathout rea.son. Jesus Christ had clearly 
 shown them that it was allowable to cure this man upon the Sab- 
 bath-day, in whatever point of view the subject was examined. 
 Still, had lie applied his hand, their mahgnity might have found 
 room to ca%Tl anew ; but what could they say when they saw him 
 employ nothing but speech ? Was it forbidden to speak upon the 
 Sabbath-day ? — or, as to the words allowed to be spoken, must there 
 be an exception against those which worked miracles ? They saw 
 that the alisurdity would be too glaring did they hazard such objec- 
 tions, and so being forced to hold their peace, they no longer heark- 
 ened to any other impulse than that of exasperated and furious pas- 
 sion, (fl) " Going out, they immediately made a consultation -n-ith 
 the Ilerodians (4), how " they might destroy him" whom they could 
 nut confound. 
 
 (Jj) " Jesus knowing it" — he, whose power could nulhfy the efforts 
 of his enemies with the same facUity as his wisdom had disconcerted 
 the vain subtleties of their words, wished on this occasion to give 
 his disci])les the example of the conduct they shovdd pursue in the 
 pei-secutions they were to encounter. He appeared to j-ield before 
 the storm, (c) "and retired with them to the sea. A great multitude 
 
 (a) St. Mark, iii. 6. (6) St. Matthew, xii. 15. (c) St. Mark, iii. 7. 
 
 (3) Sin is injurious to God, whom it offends, and wretched for man, who commits it. 
 Inasmuch as it is an offence towards God, it excites tlio indignation of Jesus Christ, and 
 the evil it does men causes him grief. This is so, because Jesus Christ loves both God 
 and m;in. True zeal is that which has its origin in both these affections. 
 
 (4) We are ignorant who these Herodians were. They may have constituted a reli- 
 gious sect, or a political ))arty— perhaps both together. Verj- likely they derived the 
 name of Herodians from their declared attachment to the person of Herod Antipas, then 
 tetrarch of Galilee, or in general for the family of the Hcrods. 
 
 8 
 
114 THE niSTORT OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 followed him fi-oin Galilee and Judea, fVom Jerusalem, from Idiimea, 
 and beyond the Jordan. They about Tyre and Sidon, a great mul- 
 titude, hearing the things which he did, came to him. Jesus sjjoke 
 to his disciples, that a small ship should wait on him, because of the 
 multitude, lest they should throng him. For he healed many, so 
 that they pressed upon him for to touch him, as many as liad evils. 
 (c() He healed them all, and he charged them that they should not 
 make him known. (I)) The unclean spirits" — that is, the possessed, 
 who were their instruments — " when they saw him, fell down before 
 him, and they cried out, saying : Thou art the Sou of God. And he 
 strictly charged them, that they should not make him known (5) ; 
 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Isaias the prophet, 
 saying (6) : Behold my servant, whom I have chosen ; my beloved, 
 in whom my soul hath been well pleased. I will put my Spirit upon 
 him, and he shall show judgment to the Gentiles. He shall not con- 
 tend, nor cry out ; neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets. 
 The bruised reed he shall not break, and smoking flax he shall not 
 extinguish, till he send forth judgment unto victory. And in his 
 name the Gentiles shall hope." 
 
 Meekness, therefore, is one of the features which designate the Mes- 
 siah, and he ought to be recognized by this amiable character. Were 
 the Jews, then, mistaken when they figured to themselves a conquer- 
 ing Messiah ? No : mistaken they were not, excepting in the mode 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xii. 15, 16. (6) St. Mark, iii. 11, 12 ; St. Matthew, xii. 17-21. 
 
 (5) See note 4 of chapter x., page 73. 
 
 (6) To connect this prophecy with what precedes it, it is said that Jesus Christ's inten- 
 tion, in forbidding the publication of his divinity and his miracles, was to deprecate the 
 anger of the Pharisees, who were ah-eady but too much exasperated against him. This 
 motive was worthy of the meekness of Jesus Christ, who constitutes the object of this 
 prophecy. Envy should not be so humored as to make us abstain from works of zeal and 
 charity, at which it is unjust to take offence ; but we must soften their lustre as much as 
 possible, in order not to increase its pain or augment its torment. There is malignity in 
 insulting its grief, and putting straight before its eye the light which it hates and which 
 fires this passion. If envy is unworthy of being treated with caution, such caution is due 
 to charity, which nevfer allows us to take pleasiuc in another's pain ; this caution is also 
 due to our own safety. Envy, when hritated, is capable of any thing ; and how often 
 have its furious paroxysms, not treated with sufficient caution, upset the victor in his 
 chariot, and changed into funereal pomp the exhibition of a triumph indiscreetly dis- 
 played ! 
 
CHAI'. XV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 115 
 
 of his couquests ; for a conqueror he wjis to Le, iu point of fact. Tlie 
 justice alluded to here is the evangelical law, under which he was to 
 reduce all nations ; yet not by force or terror. The means which he 
 is to employ shall be a tone of voice so moderate, that no one shall 
 ever remark in it either the animosity of contention or the l)rilliancy 
 of dispute. He shall not advance amidst the overthi-ow and wreck 
 of every obstacle on his passage, crushing all before him ; his step 
 sliall be so soft, his tread so measm>ed, that he might put his foot 
 ii2)on a bruised reed without breaking it, and on smoking fla.x with- 
 out extinguishing the fire: terms of expression which, iu the hallow- 
 ed language of Scripture, signify a meekness not only unalteralile, but 
 also infinitely cautious not to shock the weak, and to soothe the in- 
 firm. These are the weapons by which he shall triumph over all 
 hearts, and, victorious over all nations, he shall first of all accomplish 
 in his person that magnificent promise which he is just going to make 
 to all the imitatoi-s of his incomparal)le meekness : (/i) " Blessed are 
 the meek, for they shall possess the land !" 
 
 He alone was more than sufficient for the execution of tliis great 
 project. Yet, for the honor of human nature, with which he had 
 not disdained to unite liimself, he wished that men should be his co- 
 operatoi-s. Ah-eady he had disciples ; stiU up to then they were all 
 nearly equal, and his wUl was that some of them should hold tlie 
 fii-st rank amongst their companions, and be, as it were, the fathers 
 and chiefs of the new jieople whom he was about consolidating on 
 the earth. The moment was come when he was to make this choice 
 of every one of those individuals — a choice of unparalleled impoi't- 
 ance to the universe, and confemng the utmost glory upon those 
 who had the happiness to be included. Before he commenced this 
 undertaking, (/>)"he went out into a mountain to pray." We know 
 that such a preparation was not requisite for him ; still it was dcsi- 
 i-able that he should give the example to his Church, which made it 
 incumbent on her to imitate him in this particular, as we see by the 
 fîists and the prayers preceding the choice and consecration of her 
 ministers, (e) " "When day was come, he called unto him his disciples, 
 and they came to him. He chose twelve of them, whom he would 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, v. 4. (c) St. Luke, vi. 13 ; St. Mark, iii. 
 
 (6) St. Luke, vi. 12. 13, 14. 
 
116 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 himself, that shouhl he with liim, and that he might send them to 
 jîreach. He named them apostles \ivliicli signifies sent\ and he gave 
 them the power to heal sicknesses and to cast out devils. («) The 
 names of the twelve apostles are : Simon, whom he sui'named Peter, 
 the first ; tlien James, the son of Zebedee, and John, the brother of 
 James ; he named them Boanerges, which is, the sons of thmider ; 
 Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, the publican; Thomas, 
 James, the son of Alpheus, and Jude, his brother, named Thaddeus ; 
 Simon, the Cananean, who is called Zelotes, and Judas Iscariot, who 
 was the traitor (7)." This is the reason why life is always placed the 
 last among the apostles. Peter is always named the first, as he was 
 appointed head of the Apostolic College, and first pastor of the 
 Church. James, son of Zebedee, is the same whom we call James 
 the Elder. It is not in the sense in which they themselves seem to 
 have originally understood the exj:)ression, that he and his brother 
 were termed sons of thunder ; this name was only given to them to 
 signify the lustre and energy of their preaching. James, the sou of 
 Alpheus, is known by the name of James the Minor. He also is 
 called in Scripture the brother of the Lord, with whom he, as well 
 as his brother Jude, or Thaddeus, was closely connected. Each of 
 them is the author of a separate canonical Epistle, bearing their re- 
 spective names. Matthew, who, out of humility, gives himself here 
 the title of Pul)lican, is the same as Levi, the son of another Alphe- 
 us, spoken of elsewhere. Some are of opinion that Bartholomew is 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, x. 2 ; St. Luke, vi. 14-16 ; St. Mark, iii. 17, 18. 
 
 (7) Jesus chose Judas because he sincerely wished him to be an apostle. Judas ren- 
 dered this choice woeful to himself by his treachery. This did not hinder the Savioui- 
 from choosing him, because he was to serve to teach us that the gifts from God of the 
 highest excellence always leave the man who has been endowed with -them the power of 
 using or abusing them at his option. Called by the diWne vocation to the holiest of states, 
 man may still be lost there ; and he should there work out his salvation with fear and 
 with trembling. This treachery serves to teach us further, that as Judas, when he preach- 
 ed by ■('irtuc of the mission he had received from Jesus Christ, should not have been less 
 listened to than Saint Peter, so we must, therefore, ever respect in pastors the divine mis- 
 sion, which they do not lose by their personal unworthiness ; and, lastly, we must know 
 how to distinguish, on occasion, the individual from the body corporate, and the minister 
 from the ministry, if we do not wish to be reduced to say that the apostles were a society 
 of traitors, and the apostleship the school of treachery. 
 
CHAP. XVI.] OF OI'K LORD JESUS CHRIST. Wj 
 
 not different from Natlianiel, one of the fii-st disciples in tlie order of 
 vocation. If we find some relations of the Saviour among the apos- 
 tles, Ave must not think that he chose them from motives of flesh and 
 blood. Kindred furnishes no ground for elevating our connectionâ 
 to ecclesiastical dignities ; yet neither does it furnLsh a reason for ex- 
 cluding them. Besides, a vocation to tlie apostleship was then a des- 
 tiny of labor, persecution, and martyrdom. If those who dispose of 
 church patronage employ theii- relatives in the like ministries, they 
 would rather be liable to the reproach of having sacrificed than of 
 having emiched or elevated their family. 
 
 Jesus was solicitous to make this choice in some quiet, remote place, 
 and for that purpose had retired to the mountain. When this rea- 
 son no longer detained him, he yielded to the desires and wants of 
 the people who were expecting him. (r/) " Coming down with them, 
 he stood in a plain ; and the company of his disciples, and a very 
 great multitude of people from all Judea and Jerusalem, and the sea- 
 coast both of Tyi-e and Sidon, who were come to hear him, and to be 
 healed of then- diseases. They that were troubled with unclean sj)ir- 
 its were healed; and aU the multitude sought to touch him, for vir- 
 tue went out fi'om him, and healed all." 
 
 CHAPTEK XVI. 
 
 THE SEKilON ON THE MOUNT. 
 
 After having cured bodily evils, he thought this was a fitting 
 time to work out the salvation and perfection of souls, (b) " Seeing" 
 then "the multitudes," who were come to hear him, and who were 
 disposed 1)y his benefits to listen to him, and to hear him with fruit, 
 " he went up \j7te vecond time] a mountain to an eminence," from which 
 he could be seen and heard in the plain ; " and when he was set 
 down, his disciples came unto him." Tlien " lifting up his eyes on 
 his disciples, he said, and taught them," l)y the ensuing discourse, 
 which he seems to have only addressed, at lea^st in great part, to 
 
 (a) St. Luke, vi. 17-10. {J>) St. Matthew, v. 1, 2 ; Si. Luke, vi. 20. 
 
118 TUE HISTOET OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 them alone, hut wliicli Le jironouuced in a tone of voice sufficiently 
 elevated to be heard by all the jjeoj^le, as we may easily judge by 
 the admiration which the sublime doctrine of this divine legislator 
 caused among the multitude. 
 
 He begins by laying down the foundation of true happiness, and 
 he annihilates at one stroke all the ideas which had been formed on 
 this point, not only by the passions, but by philosoj^hy, which was 
 merely the art of gratifying them more methodically after covering 
 them with a false gloss of reason, and by Judaism itself, which, tak- 
 ing it all in all, for the exceptions might be counted, imagined no 
 other happiness than what is found in the enjoyment of the goods, 
 the honors, and pleasures of the earth. («) " Blessed," said he, " are 
 the poor in spirit ; for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are 
 the meek ; for they shall possess the land. Blessed are they that 
 mourn ; for they shall be comforted. Blessed are they that hunger 
 and thirst after justice ; for they shall have their fill. Blessed are 
 the merciful ; for they shall obtain mercy. Blessed are the clean of 
 heart ; for they shall see God. Blessed are the peace-makers ; for 
 they shall be called the children of God. Blessed are they that suf- 
 fer persecution for justice' sake ; for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 
 Blessed are ye, when they shall revile you, and persecute you, and 
 speak all that is evil against you, untruly, for my sake. Be glad, 
 and rejoice, for your reward is very great in heaven. For so they 
 persecuted the jn-ophets that were before you (1)." 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, v. 3-12. 
 
 (1) Whole volumes would scarcely suffice to develop the morality comprised in these 
 eight beatitudes. We shall confine ourselves here to pointing out the sense which ap- 
 pears to us the most literal. The poor in spuit are by excellence those who have vol- 
 untarily stripped themselves of all their goods to follow Jesus Christ. Those, therefore, 
 whose hearts are detached from worldly goods, whether they do or do not possess them, 
 participate also in this beatitude, but in an inferior degree, and proportionably to theu- 
 merit. We shall make use of the term patient, because our language has not a more 
 proper term, to convey who those meek are to whom is promised the true land of the Uv- 
 ing. Those who mourn and who shall be comforted are they who suffer with resignation 
 the afflictions which God sends them. The heartfelt love of virtue is expressed by the 
 hunger and thirst after justice. To this noble passion is promised perfect satiety, which 
 can never be found in fleeting goods, that only sharpen the hunger and irritate the thirst 
 of their unhappy votaries. The word merciful extends here to every species of mercy. 
 
CHAP. XA-I.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CIIlilST. 119 
 
 Since it is finally laid down that what men regarded as evils are 
 the only true good, the conclusion was plain, that what they called 
 good things are the evils most to be dreaded. Yet lest this sequel 
 should escape inattention, or be evaded by subtlety, Jesus draws the 
 conclusion formally, and after having beatified the fii-st, he hurls this 
 tremendous anathema against the second : (a) " Woe to you that are 
 rich; for you have your consolation in this world. Woe to you 
 that are filled ; for you shall hunger. Woe to you that now laugh ; 
 for you shall mourn and weep. Woe to you when men shall bless 
 you ; for according to these things did their fetliers to the false 
 prophets." 
 
 These prophets, time and false, being cited at the close of the bless- 
 ings and maledictions, are proof that Jesus addressed his words di- 
 rectly to his apostles. "VMiat follows sets this in an equally clear 
 light ; for although ai)plicable within certain limits to all Christians, 
 still it does not bear its full meaning, except with reference to the 
 apostles and their successor, (b) " You are," saith he to them, " the 
 salt of the earth. But if the salt lose its savor, wherewith shall it 
 be salted (2) ? It is good for nothing any more, but to be cast out 
 
 (a) St. Luke, vi. 24-26. (6) St. Matthew, v. 1.3-16. 
 
 both spiritual and corporal. We do not see God with the eyes of the body, says Saint 
 Augustine, but with the eyes of the heart : wherefore those who have pure' eyes have 
 nothing to hinder them from seeing his ineffable beauties unveiled. Those are called 
 peace-makers who strive to re-establish and preserve peace amongst men. This great 
 feature of resemblance to the God of Peace will merit for them, in a very excellent man- 
 ner, the title of children of God. The kingdom of heaven, adjudged in the first place to 
 tlic voluntary poor, is also adjudged to those who suffer persecution for justice : the first 
 class receive it by right of exchange — the latter by right of conquest. The first are those 
 prudent traders, who sell all to purchase it ; the second are those violent invaders, who 
 gra-sp it by force, and carry it at the point of the sword. It is not the less insured to all 
 the others. For the recompense proposed to them is always the kingdom of God, under 
 different names, which correspond with the different merits to which it is promised. 
 These expressions are also understood to refer to the temporal rewards of virtue, and this 
 sense should not be excluded from them ; but it must only be admitted as secondary. To 
 advance it .is the fii-st and most literal, would be putting t(x> \isibly the accessory in place 
 , of the principal. 
 
 (2) Salt does not lose its savor ; but if it should lose its savor, with what can we salt, 
 or what is there in nature which can be as salt to siilt itself? This is what Jesus Christ 
 wishes to say here. Thus the doctor, if he deceives himsrlf, shall not be set right by an- 
 other doctor ; the pastor, if he wanders, shall not be brought back by another pastor ; 
 
120 THE HLSTORY OF THi; LIFE [PART I. 
 
 and to be trodden on by men (3). You are tlie liglit of tlie world ;" 
 destined to enlighten it ; you cannot escape its observation. " A 
 city seated on a mountain cannot be bid : neither do men light a 
 candle and put it under a bushel, but upon a candlestick, that it 
 may shine to all that are in the house. So let your light shine be- 
 fore men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Fa- 
 ther who is in heaven." 
 
 But in order that they may lie this mysterious salt, which imparts 
 to the earth, that is to say, to the men who iuhaliit it, the I'elish of 
 virtue, and, after ha^^ug imparted, preserves this relish ; that they 
 may become the light of the woi'ld, and that city seated on a mount- 
 ain, which rivets the traveller's eye, and prevents him from wander- 
 ing from his path ; that they may be the light put ujion the candle- 
 stick, that it may shine to all those who comjiose the house of the 
 great father of the family ; in short, that they may be, bj^ the lustre 
 of their preaching, and the example of their holiness, the reformers 
 of the world, and worthy ministers of the heavenly Father, to whom 
 those who witness their virtues and successes shall refer all the glory 
 thei-eof — they must teach all salutary truths, and be faithful to all 
 duties, without distinction of little or great, of what is important or 
 nnimportant. But that they may have in his person the most per- 
 fect model of such rare perfection, Jesus thus 23roceeds : " Do not 
 thiuk that I am come to destroy the law or the pi'ophets. I am not 
 come to destroy, 1 )ut to fulfil (4). For, amen, I say unto you : Till 
 
 and the apostle, if he becomes perverted, shall not be converted by another apostle. Not 
 that the thing is absolutely impossible ; but it occm-s so rarely, that we reckon it an ex- 
 ception, which does not hinder the truth of the general proposition. 
 
 (3) To be trodden on by men, an expression of the lowest contempt, but which is not 
 too strong to express that into which those ministère of the altar inevitably fall who dis- 
 honor their ministry by a publicly licentious life. 
 
 (4) Tlie -Jews have reproached the Christians with this saying of Jesus Christ, as a 
 falsehood in the mouth of hira who said that he was sent to establish a new law on the 
 ruins of the old. A more false reproach was never made, nor a more unfounded accusa- 
 tion. 1st. Jesus Christ has kept the law, if we consider it under the aspect of the moral 
 and ceremonious precepts. As to what regards the first, he was always perfectly irrep- , 
 rehensible ; and in order to confound his enemies, he had only to defy them to reproach 
 him with a single sin. As to the ceremonious precepts, although in no way bound to ob- 
 sen-e them, he has not, nevertheless, disdained to fulfil them. He wished to be circum- 
 cised ; for, although he was circumcised in his mere infancy, he was the onlv child of whom 
 
CHAP. X\a.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 121 
 
 lieaveu aud earth pass, one jot or one tittle sliall not pass of the law, 
 till all is fulfilled. He, therefore, that shall break one of these least 
 commandments, aud shall so teach men, shall be called the least in 
 the kingdom of heaven (5). But he that shall do, and teach, he 
 shall he called gi-eat in the kingdom of heaven. For I tell you, 
 that unless yom* justice abound more than that of the Scribes and 
 Pharisees, you shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven." 
 
 This conclusion shows clearly enough that these commandments 
 which Jesus Christ denominates " least," were not so in their own 
 natm-e, but only in the judgment of the Scribes and Pharisees. 
 These men were never accused of despising what are termed " little" 
 things : we know, on the contrary, that they relinquished important 
 duties to wed themselves scrupulously to minute observances. This 
 drew upon them from Jesus Christ this grave rebuke, inculcating 
 
 it was tme to say that he was only circumcised because he wished to be so. I say as 
 much of his presentation in the temple. Arrived at a mature age, he went to Jenisiilem 
 at the great festivals ; he celebrated the Passover ; and as to the Sabbath, concerning 
 which he encountered such great reproaches, he never objected to its obligation, but only 
 to the false or finical additions of the Pharisees. 2d. If we consider the ancient law as 
 the sketch of the new, not only did Jesus CiirLst accomplish it by realizing the tilings it 
 shadowed forth, and verifying its prophecies, but it could only receive its accomplishmept 
 from him alone : without him it should have eternally remained imperfect ; and, if we 
 wish to speak exactly, we should say that he rather perfected than abrogated it, as the 
 colors which cover the lines of a drawing do not efface the design, but set it off to perfec- 
 tion, by imparting the requisite animation to the figures of the body. 
 
 (5) According to the common interpretation, these words signify that he shall be ex- 
 cluded from the kingdom of heaven. According to some, they mean to say that he shall 
 have the last place. Wliat follows is in favor of the first interpretation. Those who pre- 
 fer the second, ground themselves on the fiict . that small precepts alone are spoken of, 
 that is to say, according to them, such as do not oblige to the extent of mortal sin. We 
 shiill see whether or not they are mistaken in this. But supposing that in pomt of fact 
 they are not mistaken, if then it be true that we may violate these small precepts with- 
 out being thereupon excluded from the kingdom of heaven, can any one venture to say 
 that we should not be excluded therefrom if we taught others to \'iolate them — above all, 
 if a person had the influence and character to teach ? Teaching people to contemn the 
 will of God, which is not the less declared, and, in one sense, is not the lejis entitled to 
 respect in small things as in great ; encouraging men .to emancipate tliem.selves from their 
 primary duties, by affording them facility in so doing in those which are regarded as of 
 lesser importance ; stripping virtue of all her outworks, and, like a stronghold, whose ex- 
 ternal works are all demolished, exposing it to be carried by the first a.ssault of vice ; 
 could the pastor, the preacher, the director who should have caused so great an evil, 
 have still a right to claim even the last place in the heavenly kingdom ? 
 
122 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 that the latter should not be omitted, but that we must commence 
 by fulfilling the first. The error, or rather the depravity, which 
 here seems to be the cause of the reproach cast upon them, is, their 
 regarding as a trifling matter the inward accomplishment of great 
 commandments or precejjts, condemning only the outward act. So 
 as they abstained from this, they deemed themselves just, and reck- 
 oned as naught a thousand criminal desires, to which they abandon- 
 ed themselves without scruple. Insufficient justice ! which at most 
 was merely a mask, since it did not dwell in the heart, which is the 
 only seat of true justice, man being never innocent when his heart 
 is guilty, as he never can be guilty when his heart is innocent. 
 What gives also to this explanation a new degree of probability, 
 are the following words of the Saviour, which are going to disclose 
 to us the malice of murder in a word uttered from the lips, and the 
 iniquity of adultery even in a desire of the heart. 
 
 " You have heard that it was said of old : Thou shalt not kill ; 
 and whoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment. But I 
 say to you, that whoever is angry with his brother shall be in dan- 
 ger of judgment (6) : whoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall 
 
 (6) Amongst tlie Jews there were two different tribunals, denominated the judtftnent : 
 one was only composed of three judges, and the other of twenty-three. The council 
 spoken of here was the Sanhedrim, the great senate of the nation, composed of seventy- 
 two judges. Causes were brought before these different tribunals, according to the im- 
 portance of the matter or the quality of the crime. The Jews had also three capital pun- 
 ishments — the sword, lapidation, and fire, the most rigorous of all. The words of the 
 Saviour allude to all these things without prejudice to the literal sense of the paiia of fire, 
 which should be understood with reference to the fire of the other life. 
 
 Since it is with reference to murder that Jesus Christ speaks in this way, it is natural 
 to suppose that, in order to deserve these severe judgments, anger must be accompanied 
 by ill-will. The word Raca, also, which, according to the greater number of interpre- 
 ters, is merely a vague expression of contempt, or which signifies at most a giddy person, 
 according to those who give a definite meaning to the word — this word, I say, must be 
 pronounced in a tone and in circumstances which make it an injury ; and the tone and 
 circumstances must also make the word fool, or any other equivalent thereto, an outrage. 
 This does not always occur, and, therefore, these faults are not always capital sins ; 
 but this criminal character occurs often enough to furnish just grounds of terror to those 
 who, when in anger, do not know how to moderate their resentment or temper their 
 speech. We ought not to except certain phlegmatic sallies of anger, less violent in ap- 
 pearance and less outrageous in language. Here the language is nothing — all depends 
 on the thing they signif}' ; and, in despite of his affected moderation and his smooth ex- 
 
CHAP. XVI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 123 
 
 be in danger of the council ; and whoever sliall say, Thon fool, shall 
 be in danger of hell fii-e." 
 
 Still there are means of avoiding this chastisement. But these 
 means, to which it hath pleased God to attach the forgiveness of 
 sin, are of indispensable obligation and a necessity so urgent, that 
 there is no duty, no matter of what nature, but should yield to this. 
 " If, therefore, thou offer thy gift at the altar, and there thou re- 
 member that thy brother hath any thing against thee, leave there 
 thy offering before the altar, and go first to be reconciled to thy 
 brother, and then coming, thou shalt offer thy gift. Be at agree- 
 ment with thy advereary betimes, whilst thou art in the way with 
 him, lest perhaps the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the 
 judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison. 
 Amen, I say to thee, thou shalt not go out from thence, till thou 
 repay the last farthing." 
 
 This sort of parable is not very difficult to explain. The party to 
 it is the person offended. The " agreement" referred to is the just 
 reparation of the offence ; " the way" is the time of life ; God is " the 
 judge;" "the officers" are the spirits executing his vengeance ; and 
 I heU or purgatory is the "prison" wherein, according to the quality 
 of the debt, thte debtor shall be inclosed, never to be enlarged from 
 the first species of confinement, where the prisoner remains always 
 insolvent, the crime which made him fall therein being always mor- 
 tal ; or, if the guilt be only venial, not to be enlarged from the sec- 
 ond species of confinement until after he has paid, according to the 
 ver}" ligor of justice, all the penalty he had deserved to undergo. 
 For it doth not suffice, when we have offended our brother, to ask 
 God's pardon for the offence ; we must also satisfy the injured party. 
 
 pressions, the polished man who gives any one to understand that he regards him as a 
 fool and a blockhead, shall be condemned to the punishment of fire. 
 
 If you object that there will, therefore, be many men condemned to the punishment of 
 fire, considering the great number of those with whom such modes of speaking are habit- 
 ual and ordinary, it is easily answered, that in the judgment of God the multitude will 
 not save the guilty ; that the habit, very far from justifying the sinner, renders him more 
 criminal, and that the same rule apphes to this case as to that of judging our neighbor; 
 that lastly, since the oracle hath spoken, there is no further question of considering the 
 matter, but of correcting one's self. 
 
124 THE HISTORY OF THE LITE [PAET I. 
 
 AVithout tliis preliminary tliere can be no remission. If this obliga- 
 tion were unknown to tlie Jews, it seems to be forgotten by Chris- 
 tians ; but, forgotten or unknown, it is not the less real, and the law 
 which prescribed it is too plain to leave the smallest doubt on the 
 subject. Whoever refuses to submit himself to it should es}3ect to 
 undergo one of those terril:)le judgments which have just been pro- 
 nounced ; and, even in this life, he should regard himself as excluded 
 from the altar, and, in some measure, excommunicated by this sen- 
 tence, coming from the mouth of the God of Justice and of Peace, 
 who still repeats to him from the recess of the tabernacle wherein 
 he invisibly resides : " Go first to be reconciled to thy brother." 
 
 The new legislator goes on to speak of adultery very nearly in 
 the same way he did of murder, that is to say, he discloses it where 
 men had not even suspected it to be. " You have heard," \jsait1i he 
 also to tJiem,] " that it was said of old : Thou shalt not commit adul- 
 tery ; but I say to you, that whoever shall look on a woman to lust 
 after her, hath already committed adultery in his heart." 
 
 Desire follows so close after sight, and sight appears so inevitable 
 to any one having eyes, that we are tempted to ask then. Must they 
 be plucked out ? Yes, said the Sa\àour, who, very far from endeav- 
 oring to elude, is the first to draw this consequence : " If thy right 
 eye scandalize thee, pluck it out and cast it from thee ; for it is ex- 
 pedient for thee that one of thy members should perish, rather than 
 thy whole body be cast into hell ; and if thy right hand scandalize 
 thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee ; for it is exjjedient for thee 
 that one of thy members should perish, rather than that thy whole 
 body go into hell." 
 
 The healing art does so every day, that is to say, sacrifices a fes 
 tered member for the preservation of the entire body, and these 
 figures of speech are obviously drawn from this art. Yet we must 
 not take them exactly to the letter. True, it is better to lose 
 the eye and the hand, than the whole body and soul, and that if 
 salvation depended on the like separation, we should endure it com- 
 ing from another; but it is not allowable to perform it on our- 
 selves, and the Church has ever condemned those who, deceived by 
 the literal sense, have made attempts against their own lives, or the 
 members of their bodies. Reduced to their true meaning, these 
 
CHAP. XVI.] OF OCR LORD JESl'S CHRIST. If? 5 
 
 words signify tliat we are obliged to separate ourselves fi'om every 
 thing whicb is a near occasion of sin, were it a thing so dear and so 
 precious as may be the right eye and the right hand, and were the 
 separation equally as painful. Here all tampering is mortal. Flight 
 or hell, separation or hell. Between these two things Jesus Christ 
 places no medium. At the sight of this fearful alternative, let every 
 attachment be broken, every repugnance surmounted, every inter- 
 est sacrificed ; let the sophistry of the passions disappear before the 
 flash of this lightning, and be silent at the crash of this thunder. 
 Yet, Jesus does not stop here ; and, after having pointed out adul- 
 tery in desire, he shows it again in a sort of union tolerated up to 
 that period : it was that which was formed after a marriage broken, 
 not by the death of one of the united parties, but by the divorce 
 permitted by the old law, which was finally and irrevocably abol- 
 ished l)y the author of the evangelical law, who thus brought back 
 marriage to the purity of its original. He thus expresses himself: 
 " It hath been said, whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give 
 her a l)ill of divorce (7). But I say to you, that whosoever shall 
 put away his wife, excepting for the cause of fornication (8), maketh 
 
 (7) We shall have occasion further on to speak of the law of divorce. We shall only 
 here remark the tenor of the act, and the formalities observed therein by the Jews. 1st. 
 It could not be granted, except with the permission of the husband. 2d. The husband 
 should transfer the deed to the woman with his own hand. 3d. There should not be 
 less than two witnesses, and all the witnesses should affix their seal to the instrument. 
 4th. The recital set forth three degrees of generation of the man and three of the wo- 
 man. 5th. The paper on which it was engrossed should be of a greater length than 
 breadth, the letters should be written in a round hand, and separated from one another ; 
 there should be no erasure ; and, if a drop of ink fell upon the paper, it would make 
 the act a nullity. We recognize in these minutiae the scruples of the Jews, who often 
 made no scruple in repudiating a woman from fancy or for trifles. The husband said to 
 the woman, when gi\'ing the deed : Receive the act nf divorce : be separated from vie, 
 and let any one be allowed to marry thee. This deed was couched in these terms : — 
 I, Rabbi N., son of Rabbi N., son of Rabbi N., such a day of such a month of such a 
 year from the creation of the world, being in such a place, of my own full and free deter- 
 mination, and without being coastrained to it, have repudiated X., daughter of Rabbi N., 
 son of Rabbi N., son of Rabbi N., and I have placed in her hands the deed of divorce, 
 the schedule of separation, and the testimony of division, that she may be separated 
 from me, and that she may go wheresoever it ple.i.'jeth her, without any one offering her 
 any opposition, conformably to the constitution of Moses and of the people of Israel. 
 
 (8) Several other reasons might authorize married people to separate ; but Jesus 
 
126 THE HISTOKT OF TIIE LITE [PART I. 
 
 her to commit adultery, and lie that shall marry her that is put 
 away," for whatever cause it may be, " committeth adultery." Un- 
 doubtedly the man who marries again, after having put away his 
 wife, also commits adultery, and the woman who consents to marry 
 him sins in like manner ; for what is said of one is equally under- 
 stood of the other, although not formally announced. In the same 
 way, when Jesus Christ said that the man who looks at a woman 
 with eyes of desire hath committed adultery in his heart, this is un- 
 derstood to mean, that by casting on a man similar glances, a wo- 
 man renders herself guilty of the same crime. 
 
 *rhe depravity of man coerced him to place first in the order of 
 reform these two precepts, which form the fifth and sixth of the 
 Decalogue. Having brought them to such high perfection, the 
 Lord comes to that which, in the order of the commandments, is 
 second. He likewise strips this of the false glosses put upon it by 
 the Pharisees, and he makes additions to it hitherto unknown to the 
 Jews. " Again, you have heard," added he, " that it was said to 
 them of old : Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but thou shalt per- 
 form thy oaths to the Lord (9). But I say to you, not to swear at 
 
 Christ only speaks of adultery. 1st. Because he only treats here directly of the dis- 
 missal of the woman by the husband, and that it was very rare that other legitimate 
 reasons arose on the woman's side. 2d. Because the other causes of separation do not 
 proceed from the veiy nature of marriage, like that of adultery, which openly violates 
 the contract. We are not unaware that violence carried to a certain excess, that danger 
 of perversion, wliich perversion appears inevitable, are reasons for married people to sep- 
 arate ; but this is only by virtue of the natural right which all have to provide by flight 
 or by separation for their life's safety, or for the salvation of their soul. 3d. The sep- 
 aration which has adultery for its cause is perpetual in its nature, which those separations 
 are not which arise from any other cause. In the latter case-s, when the culpable party 
 acknowledges his deUnquency, and that he coiTects himself of it, the wife is bound to 
 come back, and to live with him ; but no one is bound to do so in the case of adulteiy. 
 Supposing he repents, and is converted, he may be received into favor, or refused admit- 
 tance ; the parties may be reunited, or remain irrevocably separated. In Christianity 
 this right does not the less belong to the woman than to the man : I say in Christianity, 
 which, of all religions, is the most favorable to women, by re-estabhshing them in then' 
 legitimate riglits, elsewhere overlooked through the injustice, or usui'ped by the violence 
 of men. 
 
 (9) This regards more particularly the vow, which is only a species of oath ; but taking 
 occasion from this, Jesus Christ gives precepts regarding all sorts of oaths, of what na- 
 ture soever they may be. 
 
CHAP. XVI.] OF OUR LORD JISUS CHRIST. 127 
 
 all ; neither by heaven, for it is the throne of God ; nor Ly the 
 earth, for it is his foot-stool ; nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of 
 the great King (10). Xeither shalt thou swear by thy head, be- 
 cause thou canst not make one hair white or lilack ; but let your 
 speech be yea, yea ; no, no ; and that which is over and above these 
 is evil." 
 
 All the antecedent part Is of strict obligation ; what follows is 
 not equally so. Among the precepts there are to be found counsels 
 wliich are not ngorou^^ly binding, at least as to external practice ; 
 for, regarding the interior disposition, there exists no one who is not, 
 to a certain extent, bound, and whoever should refuse to adopt their 
 spirit, would not have the spiiit of the Gospel. Such is what Jesas 
 Chi'ist here opposes to the ancient lex talionis; which he abolishes. 
 
 (10) That is to say, in no manner, and not in no circumstance, whatever the followei's 
 of Wickliffe and the Anabaptists may have thought, following the example of some an- 
 cient obscure heretics, who concluded, from these expressions, that swearing is never al- 
 lowable. The sequel shows clearly enough that Jesns Christ had only in uew to pro- 
 scribe that series of oaths of all sorts which the Jews had perpetually in their mouths. 
 It has, therefore, been always permitted to take God for witness of a thing tliat is true, 
 when necessity or great utility obliges it to be done, and that it is done respectfully, and 
 in suitable circumstances. Such has been, at all times, the practice of the Church, au- 
 thorized by the great example of Saint Paul, who takes God as a witness of the great 
 things which he writes ; and of the Angel of the Apocalypse, who, after raising his 
 hand, swears by Him who Uves from age to age. But, beyond these cases which we 
 have just excepted, all swearing is forbidden, and we should confine ourselves simply to 
 affirmation or to negation. If this is not an addition which Jesus Christ makes to the 
 second precept, it is, at least, the explanation of a second sense, which the Jews did not 
 perceive in the.se words : Thou shalt not swear in vain. They only understood the words 
 with reference to the prohibition of swearing contrary to truth ; Jesus Christ discloses to 
 them the further sense of swearing without reason. 
 
 Another addition to this precept is the prohibition, which Jesus Christ subjoins, of not 
 swearing by any thing whatsoever. The Jews imagined themselves irrépréhensible 
 when they swore by any thing else than by the name of God. Jesus Christ teaches 
 them, that to swear by creattires is swearing by the Creator, and that to swear by one's 
 self or by one's head (a species of oath very much in use among the Greeks and Ro- 
 mans, whence, apparently, it had passed to the Jews), was also sinful, but for a different 
 reason. To swear by the head, is to offer it up as a sacrifice, supposing a person swears 
 falsely, and to sacrifice it is disposing of what properly belongs to God, as if it were our 
 own property. For can a person be the owner of his head, if he catmot change the 
 color of a single hair thereof ? 
 
 Every oath beyond those which we have excepted, is always a sin ; this follows evi- 
 dently from the prohibition of Jesus Christ, and the reasons upon which he grounds it. 
 
128 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 as incompatible witli the meekness of tlie new law. "You have 
 heard that it hath been said : An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a 
 tooth (11). But I say to you, not to resist e\'il ; but if one strike 
 thee on thy right cheek, turn to him also the other. If a man will 
 contend with thee in judgment, and take away thy coat, let go thy 
 cloak also to him ; and whosoever will force thee one mile (1-), go 
 %nth him other two." 
 
 Behold the new lex fal/'oms, which the Lamb of God substitutes 
 for the ancient. That of the law gave back injury for injury ; that 
 
 (11) We read this law in the twenty-first chapter of Exodus. It did not give private 
 persons the right of taking justice into their own hands ; it merely prescribed to judges 
 the measure of punishment which they should dispense to those who had used violence. 
 The Jews were not allowed to insist on this punishment throvigh a spirit of vengeance, 
 as appears by the passage of Leviticus, chapter xix : Seek not revenge, nor he mindful 
 of the injury of thy citizens. In Christianity, it is not forbidden to denounce the guilty, 
 and to demand in justice the reparation of the injury, provided it be done through some 
 other motive than that of resentment and vengeance. Here, then, we see no difference 
 between the two laws ; and there remains still to be known what .lesus Christ can have 
 in view, as he evidently appears to abrogate something of the ancient and substitute for 
 it something new. In two words, he reforms the abuse of the ancient law, and he estab- 
 lishes the perfection of the new. The abuse of the ancient law consisted in doing, 
 through a spirit of vengeance, what was only allowed to be done through some other 
 innocent motive. I say that this was done without any scruple, and, far from viewing 
 this vengeance as criminal, we have grounds for suspecting that the Pharisees made it a 
 duty and an obligation. The perfection of the new law consists not merely in not seek- 
 ing for reparation through a motive of vengeance ; it requires further, when there ex- 
 ists another reason for seeking it, to make charity supersede this reason — to prefer that 
 injury should remain unpunished, sooner than see it pimished b)' the suffering of the 
 guilty party, even although in consequence of this impunity an individual should be ex- 
 posed to fresh injuries. We are not always rigorously bound to take this course ; but 
 we are bound to mingle no resentment with the reason which makes us seek reparation. 
 It is so difficult to attain this precision, that timerous souls, who despair of reaching it, 
 rather prefer to relinquish the attempt, than to encounter the risk of so hazardous a pm'- 
 suit, and of a victory, which perhaps would only save their honor at the expense of their 
 conscience. For what man is sufficiently master of his heart, to answer for his not rel- 
 ishing with delight the always criminal pleasure of seeing at liis feet an enemy humbled 
 and confeundcd ? 
 
 (12) In Latin, angariaverii. This word comes from the Persian angar, which passed 
 into the Greek and Latin tongues, and even into the French, in which tongue it is used 
 in the familiar style. Its ordinary signification is, imblic courier. These couriers were 
 entitled to dismount all those whom they met, and oblige them to accompany them to 
 the next stage. The species of violence which they used is expressed by the verb anga- 
 riare. This usage still exists amongst many of the Eastern nations. 
 
CHAP. XYI.] OF OUR LORD JESIS CHRIST. 129 
 
 of tlie Gospel suffered it twice over ratlier tliau oiioe avenge. Such 
 is tlie disposition of heart to which these words of the Sa\-iour o1)lige 
 Tis, and not to present the left cheek to him who strikes the right. 
 Those who insist that there are cases wherein we are 1)ouud l>y thi.> 
 letter, are reduced to fixncy some which we may almost call chimeri- 
 cal. Some saints have done so to the edification of the whok^ 
 Church ; but not throngli obligation, since, in like circumstances, 
 Saint Paul, and even Jesus Christ, have not done so. We may a»ld, 
 that it is more proper not to do so, when we foresee that by so do- 
 ing we should merely redouble the audacity of aggression and en- 
 courage a new crime. The same reasoning must be pursued with ref- 
 erence to the treatment of a man who would -nash to rob us unjustly 
 or exact painful services from us to which he is not entitled. By 
 yielding to him what he would deprive us of, or by acquiescing in 
 his exactions, we are not bound to offer him double value ; but we 
 should do so, if necessary, rather than oppose violence to violence. 
 "Wlierefore, it is this meekness, which resisteth nothing— this unal- 
 teraljle patience, ever sui^erior to aU injuries and all injustice — 
 'wdiich is here commanded us by Jesus Christ. To a morality so 
 suldime, this God of charity and peace joins these short maxims, the 
 practice of which, if they were observed, would banish from society 
 many crimes and many miseries : (a) " Give to him that asketh, 
 and from him that would borrow fi'om thee turn not away ; of 
 him that taketh away thy goods ask them not again ; forgive, and 
 you shall be forgiven; give, and it shall be given to you (13). 
 Good measure, pressed down, and shaken together, and running 
 over, shall they give into your bosom. It is a more blessed thing 
 to give rather than to receive (14). And as you would that men 
 should do to you, do you also to them in like manner." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, \\. 30, 37, 38 ; Acts, xx. 35 ; St. Luke, vi. 31 ; St. Matthew, vii. 12. 
 
 (13) Should any one object, that if this counsel were followed, the world would be in- 
 undated with robbers, it is ensy to answer, that each of us is only responsible for liimself 
 alone, and not for the rest of the world. Be meek and patient, without being apprehen- 
 sive of ever exceeding in these virtues ; and, supposing that any inconvenience may result 
 therefrom, let us leave to God and to the civil authorities under him to regulate such 
 matters. 
 
 (14) In the twentieth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, Saint Paul says: Voti 
 
 9 
 
130 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 Nature had known notbing so pure, and pliilosopliy had not even 
 imagined any thing so noble as these doctrines. But it is useless to 
 know them imless we put them in practice ; and to do so, we must 
 have the j^rmciple in our hearts. This principle is, the love of all 
 men, without excepting those whom reason, when left to itself, rep- 
 resents to us as the most detestable — that is to say, without except- 
 ing our most cruel enemies. Whosoever loves these may assiu-e him- 
 self that he accomplishes the great precept of universal charity ; but 
 he who hates them dwells m death, because charity is incompatilile 
 with the hatred of a single man, were he the most odious and the 
 most wicked of all men : a truth heretofore openly resisted by the 
 human heart, which, after an oifeuce, found nothing so reasonable as 
 hatred, or so just as vengeance. New lights are about to produce 
 new feelings. The disagreeable man can be loved, and he should 
 be loved. Here is the precej^t uttered from His lips who can teach 
 no unreasonable doctrine, since he is the supreme and eternal rea- 
 son; and he would no longer be justice and goodness itself, if he 
 were capable of commanding impossibilities. 
 
 {a) " You have heard that it has been said : Thou shalt love thy 
 neighbor and h-xte thy enemy (15). But I say to you: Love your 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, v. 43 ; St. Luke, vi. 28, 32-35. 
 
 ought to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said : It is a more blessed thing 
 to give rather than to receive. These expressions are not to be met with in any of the 
 four evangelists. Saint Paul had learned it from the apostles, or from one of the disci- 
 ples who had seen the Lord. There is no doubt that these preserved the recollection of 
 several other expressions of their divine Master, which are not written. As this is writ- 
 ten, we deemed it our duty to treasure it, and to put it in this place where the Saviour 
 makes such magnificent promises to liberality, which serve to prove the truth of the 
 maxim in the sense that it is more advantageous to give than to receive. 
 
 It is also true in the sense that there is greater ple:xsure in giving than in receiving. 
 Generous souls find no difficulty in subscribing to this tnith, of which they have experi- 
 ence in their own sensations. Literested persons, who do not feel it, cannot comprehend 
 it ; the latter should believe it as they believe mysteries. 
 
 (15) In the nineteenth chapter of Leviticus, verse 18, we read these words: Thou 
 shalt lone thy friend as thyself. These words. Thou shalt hate thy enemy, we read in 
 no part of Scripture, unless we wish to find this meaning in the order which God issued 
 to his people, to exterminate the unfaithful nations, whose country his people were to oc- 
 cupy ; but even this construction would not be a just one. The order to exterminate 
 does not command hatred ; and that which is given to soldier.'', to kill the enemies of the 
 
CHAP. XVI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 131 
 
 enemies (16); do good to them that bate you ; Lless them that curse 
 you ; pray for tliem that pei-seeute aud cahimniate you ; that you 
 may be the children of your Father that is in heaven (17), who 
 maketh his sun to rise upon the good and bad, aud raineth upon 
 the just and the unjust. For if you love them that love you, what 
 reward shall you have (18)? Do not even the publicans these 
 things ? And if you salute your brethren only, what do you more ? 
 Do not also the heathens this ? If you do good to them who do 
 good to you, what thanks are to you ? for sinners also do this. And 
 if you lend to them of whom you hope to i-eceive, what thanks are 
 to you ? for sinners also lend to sinners for to receive as much. But 
 love ye your enemies ; do good ; lend, hoping for nothing thereby ; 
 
 State, is not an order to hate them. But even if the order of God had been such, Jesus 
 Christ revoked it, as he came to do away with the distinction between Jew and Gentile, 
 and to unite all people in the bonds of the same faith and the same charity. But tliis 
 is not the interpretation which the Saviour here contends against. It appears that from 
 these words. Thou shalt love thy friend, the Jews had concluded, by a contrary analogy, 
 that if they were not obliged, they were, at least, authorized, to hate their enemies. They 
 imderstood the word enemy in the sense opposed to friend — that is to say, in the sense 
 of private enemy. The description which Jesus Christ gives of it leaves no doubt as to 
 their meaning of the word. It is, according to him, the enemy, who hates us — who 
 persecutes us — who curses m, and calumniates us — all of which things are understood 
 more naturally with reference to a particular enemy than to the public enemy. 
 
 (16) The heart of man is impenetrable to himself, and it is very difficult, especially in 
 the struggles of resentment against charity, to discover its depth, and to decide what is 
 its predominant disposition. Love, says Jesus Christ ; but how can I assure myself that 
 I love him whom I am tempted one thousand times a day to hate mortally ? Listen to 
 what the Sanour adds : Do good to him, pray for him, bless him — that is to sa)', speak 
 Will of him. Tlien you have the greatest assurance which a Christian heart can have, 
 that you have preserved charity. On the contraiy, if you speak ill of him — if you seek 
 to injure or to thwart him — if you refuse to salute him, that is to say, if you refuse what 
 you owe to his rank and to the different relations which you may have with him, of citi- 
 zen, neighbor, relative — your state is decided ; you do not love, or rather there is proof 
 that you hate : and if still you say. As a Christian, I love him, the expression Ls well u:i- 
 derstood, and, in modem acceptation, signifies something worse than indifference. 
 
 (17) In order that, by this great feature of resemblance, you may be recognized for 
 the children of your heavenly Father. When you see a man who loves his enemy, stiy 
 boldly. Here is a child of God. No one can be mistaken here. 
 
 (18) There is merit in loving our friend when we also love our enemy.; but when a\c 
 do not love our enemy, there is no longer any merit in loving our friend. For in such a 
 case the latter is only through feeling or interest. For if charity had any part in it, char- 
 ity would make us also love our enemy. 
 
132 TUF. IIISTOr.Y OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 and your re-ward shall he great. And you sliall be tlie sons of tlie 
 Highest, for lie is kind to the unthankful and the e^^l. Be ye, there- 
 fore, merciful and perfect, as also your heavenly Father is perfect." 
 
 iSuch is the perfection to which we are called ; not that we may 
 equal it — f )r who is as perfect as God ? — but that we may labor to 
 acquire it, and to go on evermore in the path that leads to it, for 
 the very reason that we never can equal this perfection. In short, 
 we must either resemble our heavenly Father, or we shall resemble 
 publicans and Pagans. Here there is no medium, inasmuch as there 
 is none between love and hatred. We can never be indiiferent with 
 regard to our enemy, whom we are sure to hate from resentment, if 
 we do not love him from religion. 
 
 But, after having taught us to do good, Jesus Christ goes on to 
 teach us how to do it well. Prayer, alms, and fasting are works so 
 excellent, that all ràtues are comprised in them, or refer to them. 
 Yet nothing is sound for a diseased heart. Such was that of the 
 Pharisees, Avith whom every virtue was turned into vice, because of 
 tlie motive that made them exhibit these virtues. They forgot God, 
 and thought wholly of pleasing men. To shun the eye of man, and 
 to think wholly of pleasing God, is the great maxim which the Sa- 
 viour opposes to theii" hypocrisy, and, at the same time, the saluta- 
 ry instruction which he gives to his true disciples in the following 
 words : 
 
 (a) " Take heed that you do not your justice before men, to be 
 seen by them (19); otherwise you shall not have a reward of your 
 
 (o) St. Matthew, vi. 1-6. 
 
 (19) This maxim does not abrogate that which we have read at the commencement of 
 tlie Saviour's discourse : So let your light shine before men, that they may see your good 
 works, and glorify your Father who is in heaven. It is not always a crime — it is some- 
 times even a duty to do good before men, even with a design of their seeing it; all de- 
 pends upon the intention. To \vish to be seen when we do good — I say to wish it solely 
 to the end that God may be thereby glorified, is always a virtue, and, as we have said, 
 sometimes an obligation. In general, we must make public what is a matter of duty, 
 and keep secret what is a matter of superorogation. Neither of the two rules, however, 
 is without exception. Wien we are in doubt whether the good work shoidd be shown or 
 concealed, the second course is always the surest ; it is so ea.sy to lose one's seK through 
 vanity, and so difficult, not to say impossible, to sin through humility. 
 
 Humility and charity sometimes exceed bounds, or seem to exceed ; but they never sin. 
 
CHAP. XVI.] OF OrU LOUD JESUS CILRIST. 133 
 
 Father who is in heaven. Therefore, ^heu thou doost au alms-ckcd, 
 sound not a trumpet before thee (20), as the hypocrites do in the 
 synagogues and in the streets, that they may be honored by men. 
 Amen, I say to you, they have received their reward (21). But 
 when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy liglit 
 hand doeth (22), that thy alms may be in secret; and thy Father, 
 who seeth in secret, will repay thee. "When ye pray, you shall not 
 be as the hypocrites (23), that love to stand and pray in the syna- 
 gogues and comers of the streets, that they may be seen by men. 
 Amen, I say to you, they have received their reward. But thoxi, 
 when thou shalt pray, enter into thy chamber, and, having shut the 
 door, pray to thy Father in secret, and thy Father, ^ho seeth in se- 
 cret, will repay thee (24)." 
 
 This naturally led Jesus Christ to correct another error on i:)ray- 
 er — ^that of making the merit thereof consist in the multitude, and, 
 
 (20) This is, perhaps, a figurative expression, to signify the ostentation with which the 
 Pharisees dispensed their alms. Perhaps there was also among them the custom of really 
 having a trumpet sounded, to assemble the poor with more show and noise. 
 
 (21) Vain like themselves, since they are vain men. But, however, it is theirs, such 
 as they had in view, and as they desired. They have received it, and they are paid ; 
 God owes them nothing further. To speak with more precision, he owes them the ch.u;- 
 tisement of their criminal vanity, and he owes it to himself to avenge the injur)- which 
 they have done him, by preferring the glory that comes from men to that which comes 
 from God. 
 
 (22) This is an hyperbole, which conveys the idea that we ought to conceal om- alms 
 from the rest of men, and, if it be possible, even from ourselves, by forgetting them, or 
 setting little value upon them. Nothing is so great as to do great things, and to esteem 
 them httlc. There is a measure of alms which each person is bound to perform, accord- 
 ing to his means ; these alms ought not to be unknown to the world. For, otlierwise, 
 tho^je would be scandalized who might have grounds for believing that you failed to per- 
 form the precept. Secrecy refers only to superorogation. 
 
 (23) They prayed standing up, to be seen by a greater number of people. The words 
 of the text in Latin, stantts orare, may also signify stop, sloppiiiff to pray, which leaves 
 the posture undecided. This second construction would make tlie hypocrisy consist in 
 seeking out public places, and saying long prayere there, with a view of being seen and 
 praised by men. 
 
 (24) This is s;iid without prejudice to public praver. recommended and practised at all 
 liiii'S. Trifling distractions do not hinder it from being the better course for the heads 
 of families lo pray in the midst of their children and their servants than in the secrecy of 
 their private apartments. I speak here of moining and evening prayer. If they wisli lo 
 pray at other hotirs, let tliem apply to these prayers the lesson which the Saviour here 
 gives us. 
 
134 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PABT I. 
 
 pcrliap.-;, iu the elegance, of tlie words. Tliis is to treat God as we 
 would men, who suftei' themselves to be dazzled by tlie pomj) of dic- 
 tion, and pei'suaded by the force of eloquence. Very probably the 
 Jews were not exem2)t from this defect. Yet Jesus Christ only at- 
 tributes it here to the Gentiles. But, as his Chiu-ch was to form a 
 union of the two people, it was proper that the Gentiles, who were 
 to compose the gi-eater pai't of it, should also have that instruction 
 which was necessary for them. He proceeds, therefore, thus : 
 
 (a) " When you are praying, speak not much, as the heathens ; 
 for they think that iu their much speaking they may be heard (25). 
 Be not you, therefore, like to them. Your Father knoweth what is 
 needful for you before you ask him. Thus, therefore, shall you 
 pray : Our Father, Avho art in heaven, hallowed be thy name ; thy 
 kingdom come ; thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven ; give 
 us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also 
 forgive our debtors ; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver 
 us from evil. Amen (26)." 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, vi. 7-13 ; St. Luke, xi. 3. 
 
 (25) That which renders long discourses ■unnecessar}^ or a great display of our miser- 
 ies, is the knowledge which God has of them. Our sentiment thereof must be lively, 
 and accompanied with an ardent desu-e to be deUvered from them. This does not re- 
 quire many words. 
 
 (20) Can God, says Saint Cyprian, not hear this prayer, in which he recognizes the 
 very words of his Son ? Tertullian calls it the abridgment of the Gospel. It is in real- 
 ity, for those who meditate upon it, an inexhaustible source of light and instruction. We 
 shall confine ourselves to giving the sense of it which appears the most literal. 
 
 The name of Father is at the commencement, 1st, to excite our confidence ; it is to our 
 Father that we pray ; 2d, to touch the heart of God ; those who pray are his children. 
 
 When calling him our Father, we remember that we are all brethren, since we have a 
 common Father. The heathens, who have not received the grace of adoption, have "not, 
 like us, the right of calling him our Father, and the only Son whom he engendered from 
 all eternity is properly the only person who has tlie right of calling him — my Father. 
 
 HVio art in heaven. God is everywhere, but heaven is the abode of his glory, and 
 the inheritance which he has prepared for his children. Where can we more willingly 
 contemplate him than in the place where he reigns with the greatest lustre, and where 
 we are to reign eternally with him ? Hallowed be thy name. The name of God is essen- 
 tially holy, says Saint Augustine ; wherefore all that we can ask for here is, that his sanc- 
 tity may be known and confessed by all men. Thi/ kingdom eome. Reign everywhere 
 without opposition, and hasten the arrival of ihat gre:it day when all thy friends shall be 
 side by side with thee, and all thy enemies at ihy feet. Thy will he done, &c. Those 
 
CHAP. XVI.] OF oril LORD JESUS CHRIST. 135 
 
 After lia%'ing given us this admirable prayer, Jesus Christ refei-s 
 again to the fifth petition in it, to make us umlerstand that it com- 
 prehends a species of treaty between God and man, by wliich God 
 undertakes to forgive the man who forgives, and the man who doth 
 not forgive virtually refuses to obtain fi-om God the pardon of his 
 
 who love God desire the most perfect accomplishment of his will that can possibly he 
 imagined. In heaven but one will is accomplished, that of God, because all others are 
 perfcctlv conformable to it. We ask for the same state of things to be on earth ; if we 
 cannot obtain it for all men, each may obtain it for himself, and the earth has the happi- 
 ness of still possessing souls sufficiently angelical to render it eas)' for us to judge that 
 this petition is not without effect. Give us this day our daily bread — that is to saj-, 
 whatsoever is necessary and sufficient for the support of the life of the body. This day: 
 for who knows whether he shall see the morrow? Our daily bread : AVe read it thus 
 in Saint Luke. In Saint Matthew we read supcr-subulanlial bread. Tlie Greek word is 
 the same in the two evangelists, and there is every appearance that the super-substanlial 
 of Saint Matthew bears the same sense as the daily of Saint Luke. The first may signify 
 the bread necessary to the support of our substance, that is to say, of our body, or in- 
 deed the bread which corresponds to the substance of this day ; for the Hebrews, in or- 
 der to signify the present day, said the substance of I lie present day; and we know that 
 Saint Matthew wrote his Gospel in Hebrew (Maldon on Saint Matthew, p. 147). This 
 bread, above all substance, is also, according to the Fathers, the Eucharistie bread ; for 
 this sense, although mystic, is not the less on that account here a direct and literal sense. 
 If it be reasonable for us to ask for the bread which nourishes the body, how much more 
 so is it to ask for the bread which supports tlie life of our souls ? And can we pray to 
 our Father without asking from him the bread which is by excellence the bread of the 
 children ? 
 
 And forgive us our debts. Our offences, which render us, with regard to God, insol- 
 vent debtors. God, nevertheless, consents to remit to us these immense debts, these ten 
 thousand talents ; provided that we remit to our brethren the few pence wherein they may 
 stand indebted to us. This is drawing good from evil, and causing life to issue from -the 
 bosom of death, whilst we learn from oui- own sins to grant unto othei-s a pardon which 
 we are so much in want of ourselves. 
 
 And lead us not into temptation. God does not tempt us ; but he pennits us to be 
 tempted, and the experience which we have of our weakness makes us beg of God not 
 to allow it — a prayer which God grants by diminishing temptations and redoubling his 
 help. 
 
 But deliver us from evil. The Latin word signifies, equally, tlie evil or the wicked one. 
 The Greek word properly signifies the evil one, that is to say, the demon. As to the 
 sense, it is quite equal to ask from God that he should deliver us from the e\-il which 
 the wicked one doth, or from the wicked one that doth the evil. 
 
 There are two parts in this prayer : the fii-st appears to have only in view the interesU 
 of God ; the second part is for us. Good children should desire the prosperity of iheir 
 father before their own. The gloiy of God is more advantageous to ourselves than we 
 tliink. If it were not so, would the Church say to Gijd : We thank thee for tlie great- 
 ness of thy glory? • 
 
136 THE HISTORY OF THE LU'E [PART I. 
 
 sins. This trutli, equally terrible aud cousoling, is expressed by 
 these words : (a) " For if you will forgive men their offences, your 
 heavenl)" Father will forgive you also your oftences. But if you 
 will not forgive men, neither will yova- Father forgive you your 
 offences." 
 
 Now, if we pray after the manner prescribed to us, we may reck- 
 on as certain that our Father will hear us. His word is express, 
 and his goodness alone is as infallible a guarantee to us as his truth. 
 For Jesus Christ saith further : (U) " Ask, aud it shall be given you ; 
 seek, and you shall find; knock, and it shall be opened to you. 
 For every one that asketh receiveth, and he that seeketh fiudeth, 
 and to him that knocketh it shall be oj^ened. And which of you, 
 if he ask his father bread, will he give him a stone (27)? or a fish, 
 will he for a fish give him a serpent ? Or, if he shall ask an egg, 
 will he reach him a scorpion ? If you, then, being evil, know how 
 to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Fa- 
 ther from heaven give the good Spirit to them that ask him ? Wlieu 
 you fast," continues the Saviour^ " be not as the hypocrites, sad : for 
 they disfigure their faces (28), that they may appear unto men to 
 fiist. Amen, I say to you, they have received their reward. But 
 thou, when thou fastest, anoint thy head (29), and wash thy face, 
 that thou appear not to men to fast, but to thy Father who is in se- 
 ci'et ; and thy Father, who seeth in secret, will repay thee." 
 
 Therefore we must have God alone in view in all the good woi'ks 
 that we perform. This simplicity of purpose and purity of inten- 
 tion is what renders them virtuous and worthy of recomj^ense. But 
 
 (a) St. Mattbew, vi. 14, 15. (6) St. Luke, xi. 9-31 ; St. Mattbew, vi. 16-18. 
 
 (27) We ask from God what we tliink to be bread, and which is in reality a stone. 
 God gives to us what appears a stone, but which, nevertheless, is bread. God listens 
 when he seems to refuse. He would have refused if he liad appeared to hsten. For 
 after all, what is sought for is bread. 
 
 (28) Some think that they nibbed their faces with certain compositions, which ren- 
 dered them pale and livid. This was the artificial coloring of hypocrisy. 
 
 (29) Supposing, besides, you did mean to perfume the head upon that da)- : for if a 
 person only perfumed on fast days, then perfumery, instead of dissembling the fast, 
 would announce it. Therefore affect nothing, aud conceal the mortifications which you 
 sliould practise in secret. 
 
CHAP. XVII.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CpRIST. 137 
 
 if vanity or interest is tlieii" sole or principal object, that is to say, 
 if tlie intention be corrupt, this vitiates every act we jjerforni, as 
 Jesus Christ gives as to undei-stand by this elegant metajihor: 
 (a) " The hght of thy body is thy eye. K thy eye be single, thy 
 whole body shall be lightsome ; but if thy eye be evU, thy whole 
 body shall be darksome. If, then, the light that is in thee be dark- 
 ness, the dai-kness itself how great shall it be !" 
 
 CHAPTER XVn. 
 
 CONTINUATION OF THE SEEJION ON THE MOUNT. 
 
 Pride, lust, anger, and vindictiveness — ^that is to say, almost all 
 the passions — were overthi'own by these divine precepts. Jesus 
 Christ had attacked them even in the very heart of man, where 
 they could no longer exist after the deadly blows he had given 
 them. For, widely difterent from the Pharisees, who cleansed the 
 exterior, and left all corruption within, this wise physician applied 
 himself to rectify the interior, without which the exterior, even sup- 
 posing it were well regulated, would only be a deceitful show, and 
 vice glossed over with the colors of \'irtue. There remained one 
 more passion to be subdued — this waS avarice — of all the passions, 
 the one which strikes its roots the deepest into the soul, and is the 
 most difficult to be extirpated. Jesus Christ exhibits its folly, in 
 hoarding up gootls which it seldom enjoys ; its disorderly charac- 
 ter, engrossing as it does the whole heart, to the exclusion of every 
 thought and desire of heaven ; its illusion, in endeavoring against 
 reason and exiierience, cunningly to ally its schemes with the service 
 of God : for nearly all avaricious men would fain be devout, and 
 persuade themselves that they are so. Lastly, pursuant to his ordi- 
 nary method, Jesus Christ attacks this passion in the lieart, by 
 stripping it of the most specious of all its pretexts, which is the fear 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, u. 22, 23. 
 
138 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 of future want. Tliis excellent lesson constitutes the subject of the 
 following articles : 
 
 (a) " Lay not up to yourselves treasures on earth, where the rust 
 and moth consume, and where thieves break through and steal ; 
 but lay up to yourselves treasures in heaven (1), where neither the 
 rust nor moth doth consume, and where thieves do not break 
 through, nor steal. For where thy treasure is, there is thy heart 
 also." 
 
 " No man can serve two masters ; for either he will hate the one 
 and love the other ; or he will sustain the one, and despise the 
 other. You cannot serve God and mammon (2). Therefore, I say 
 to you : Be not solicitous for your life, what you shall eat, nor for 
 your body, what you shall put on. Is not the life more than the 
 meat, and the body more than the raiment ? Behold the birds of 
 the air : they neither sow, nor do they reap, nor gather into barns ; 
 and your heavenly Father feedeth them. Are not you of much 
 more value than they ? Now, which of you, by taking thought, 
 can add to his stature one cubit ? And for raiment why are you 
 solicitous ? Consider the lihes of the field, how they grow : they 
 laboi" not, neither do they spin ; but I say to you, not even Solomon, 
 in all his glory, was arrayed as one of these. Now, if the grass of 
 the field, which Ls to-day, and to-morrow is cast into the oven, God 
 doth so clothe, how much more ye, O ye of little faith ! Be not 
 solicitous, therefore, saying : What shall we eat, or what shall we 
 drink, or wherewith shall we be clothed ? For after these (3) things 
 do the heathens seek, and your Father knoweth that you have need 
 of all these things. Seek ye, therefore, first the kingdom of God 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, vi. 19-21 ; 24-34. 
 
 (1) This is principally done by alms. Keeping one's goods is, therefore, losing them ; 
 and giving them, is treasuring them up. 
 
 (2) Remark the propriety of the teiTa : for a person can possess riches and serve God; 
 but v/e cannot be subject to riches and serve God. 
 
 (3) God does not prohibit foresight, but he prohibits anxiety, as injurious to his paren- 
 tal piovidence. 
 
 Not to trouble ourselves about this present life, and to occupy ourselves entirely about 
 the future hfe, are, in two words, what we ought to do, and the contrary of what we ac- 
 tually do. 
 
CILVP. XVII.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 139 
 
 and liis justice, and all these tilings sliall be added unto you. Be 
 not, therefore, solicitous for to-morrow ; for the morrow -nail be so- 
 licitous for itself Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof" 
 
 The judgments which we are in the habit of passing upon one 
 another occupy a position here which shows how much more impor- 
 tant this matter seemed to Jesus Christ than to the majority of man- 
 kind, who scarcely reckon as faults the transgressions of this kind 
 which they daily commit. Theii- consequence will be better known, 
 when we shall have seen what recompense Jesus Chi'ist promises to 
 those who do not judge, and what a judgment he reserves for those 
 who do (4). " Judge not," he says, " and you shall not be judged ; 
 condemn not, and you shall not be condemned ; for with what judg- 
 ment you judge, you shall be judged (5). And why seest thou the 
 mote that is in thy brother's eye, and seest not the beam that is in 
 thy own eye ? Or how sayest thou to thy brother : Let me cast the 
 mote out of thine eye, and behold, a beam is in thy own eye ? 
 Thou hyjjocrite (6), cast out first the beam out of thy own eye, 
 and then shalt thou see to cast out the mote out of thy brother's 
 eye." 
 
 (4) We do not judge, but we see what is as clear as day. Beyond this never judge, 
 if you be not a judge. You are such with regard to those over whom you have a riglit 
 of correction. We may be allowed to act upon a legitimate suspicion ; but we are not 
 permitted to judge. That a man's fidelity is suspected is not enough to entitle us to 
 judge him faithless, although it be enougli to enable us in certain circumstances to dis- 
 place or discharge him, on account of the right which we have to make u-sc of only per- 
 sons of unsuspected fidelity. AVliilst this right is well known, its limits are scarcely ever 
 known ; for we do not only form the judgment, but we pronounce and we publish it, 
 witliout dreaming that a subordinate, and perhaps a servant, has no less a right to liis 
 reputation than the master has to his own, and that often this reputation is even more 
 neces-sarj' to the servant. This is one of those sins which are never remitted, if there be 
 not reparation made. 
 
 (5) That is to say, that those who shall have judged rigorously shall be judged with 
 rigor ; for tiie judgments of God shall neither be false nor rash, like ours. In what, 
 tlierefore, could they resemble ours, if not by severity ? There are two ways of judging 
 the guilty, even when attainted and convicted — one full of sternness and harshness — the 
 other meek and indulgent. The fiist was that of tlie Pharisees — the second that of Je- 
 sus Christ, who siiid to the adulterous woman : Neither will I condemn thee. 
 
 (6) Because censure supposes the zeal of justice, and is the expression of it. Now, 
 he who does not commence b)' condemning liimself, has, not truly the zeal of justice. 
 He, therefore, only wears the mask of justice, and (liis it is that makes him a hypo- 
 crite. 
 
140 THE HLSTORT OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 We have already remarked, tliat througliout tliis entire discourse 
 Jesus Christ had the apostles more du-ectly in view, and that 
 amongst the precepts he gives, some only apply to them and their 
 successors in the ministry. We now call the reader's attention to 
 one of the latter class. " Give not that which is holy to dogs, nei- 
 ther cast your pearls befoi-e swine, lest, perhaps, they trample them 
 imder tlieir feet, and, turning uj)on you, they tear you (7)." Which 
 signifies that we must not expose holy things to j)rofanatiou, nor an- 
 nounce the Gospel truths, when we could not reasonably expect 
 any other fruit than to irritate those to whom they are announced, 
 and to attract from these individuals a persecution detrimental to 
 the preacher, and perhaps to the whole Church. Zeal should, there- 
 fore, be intelligent — many people wiU tell you so. But intelligence 
 should not be devoid of zeal ; and, if indiscretion is blameworthy, 
 cowardice is more so. Let us add, that it is more common, because 
 human interests find here a good consideration. In the apostles' 
 time, it was necessary to recommend discretion rather than zeal. 
 At other periods, the reverse was the case : zeal, not discretion, re- 
 quired to be inculcated. 
 
 After having laid down the law, Jesus Christ had now nothing 
 more to do but to fortify his followers against the false construc- 
 tions which might be put upon it. These were to be of two kinds. 
 They might be explained, first of all, by custom, which is, they say, 
 the best interpreter of laws. Jesus Christ gives us to understand 
 that this maxim has no connection with his law. lie formally de- 
 clares that the majority shall be prevaricators, and that the number 
 of faithful observers shall be beyond comparison the smallest of the 
 two ; that, therefore, his law should be understood and observed to 
 
 (7) If any one be tempted to believe Jhat Jesus Chiist acted contrary to his own 
 maxim, when he announced his doctrine to the Jews, to whom it was useless, and to the 
 Pharisees, whose fury it excited, we answer: 1st. That many listened with docility and 
 profited by his instructions. 2d. When he taught the Jews, he taught all nations and 
 all ages, to whom his doctrine should he repeated. 3d. The contradictions which it 
 drew upon him shoiUd, by causing his death, occasion the redemption of mankind. 
 Persecxition, even when foreseen, should not hinder preaching : it should only suspend 
 that preaching, which could have no other effect than exciting persecution, or could not 
 produce sufficient fruit to counterbalance the evil of persecution. 
 
CHAP. XVII.] OF OVR LOUD .TESUS CHRIST. 141 
 
 the letter, or, if we wish to exj^lain it by practice, we seek the true 
 constructiou in the practice of the lesser number. The bad con- 
 struction of the folse prophets was the second rock that should be 
 avoided. Jesus Christ teaches us how to know these dangerous 
 men, and thus gives notes of them beforehand to those who are sin- 
 cerely desirous of not beiug seduced. For the false prophet, when 
 once he is unmasked, only takes in those who wish to be taken in. 
 Here are the very words of the Saviour : (a) " Enter ye in by the 
 narrow gate ; for wide is the gate, and broad is the way that lead- 
 eth to destructiou, and many there are who go in thereat. O, how 
 narrow is the gate !" he exclauus, in a tone which should strike dread 
 into every heart — " O, how narrow is the gate, and straight is the 
 way that leadeth to life, and few there are that find it !" This says 
 a great deal in a few words. Directly he adds : " Beware of false 
 prophets, who come to you in the clothing of sheep, but inwardly 
 they are ravening wolves. By theu" fi'uits you shall know them (8). 
 Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles ? Even so every 
 good tree })ringeth forth good fi-uit, and the evil tree bringeth forth 
 eA-il fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can an 
 evil tree bring forth good fruit (9). Every tree that bringeth not 
 
 (o) St. Matthew, vii. 13 ; St. Luke, \\. 45. 
 
 (8) That is to say, by their works. A work, if bad, may decide that the prophet is 
 false. A good work does not equally decide the tnie prophet. We have seen already 
 that there are ostentatious prayere, proud fastings, and pharisaical alms. Humility and 
 charity are the least equivocal marks. In vain may the false prophet disguise himself; he 
 is always despising and slandering, and he is not slow in appearing. Yet, a person may 
 neither be humble nor charitable, and still not be a false prophet. Tliere are men who 
 do wrong, and teach good. Works are not, therefore, an infallible rule to distinguish 
 the true from the false, and Jesus Christ only proposes them as a prudent nile to dis- 
 cern between those whom we ought to reprove, and those whom we ought, at least, to 
 distrust. 
 
 (9) It would be troublesome to reckon all the eiTors which have been built upon this 
 maxim. The most impious was that of the Manicheans, who made ase of it to defend 
 their dogma of men bom and necessitated to good, and of men bom wicked, and neces- 
 sitated to evil. Tlie most silly was that of the Pelagians, who inferred from it that there 
 was nij original sin, because then would a bad fruit spring from marriage, which is a 
 g(H)d tree. The most generally known is that whicli the Council of Trent condemns in 
 Protestants, who concluded from it that all the actions of sinners and of the imbclieving 
 are so rranv sins. 
 
142 THE HISTORY OF THE LITE [PART I. 
 
 fort]i good fruit shall be cut down, aud shall be cast into the fire. 
 Wherefore, by their fruits you shall know them. A good man, out 
 of the good treasure of his heart, bringeth forth that which is good ; 
 and an evil man, out of the evil treasure, bringeth forth that which 
 is evil : for out of the abvmdance of the heart the mouth sj^eaketh." 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 CLOSE OF THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT. 
 
 Jesus ended by saying that which is the natural conclusion of a 
 discourse like this — that he doth not give his law to men in order 
 to gratify their curiosity, or to furnish them with matter for elo- 
 quence, but in order that they may observe it, and save themselves 
 by the observance. He who shall have observed it shall be saved ; 
 but he who shall not have observed it shall be condemned, even if 
 in other respects he were a prophet and a man of all power ; for 
 these gifts, which God grants for the good of his Church, do not pre- 
 suppose sanctity in those who receive them. Judas, and several 
 others in the commencement of Christianity, are a proof that the 
 gift of miracles is not absolutely incompatible with the state of sin. 
 But had we not this fact in proof, it sufiices for conviction, to heai" 
 the anticipated judgment which Jesus Christ is going to pronoimce 
 against several of these prevaricating prophets and reprobate work- 
 
 The good or bad tree, and the good or bad man, have some points of resemblance : it 
 is in these points that Jesus Christ compares them. There are also essential diflFerences 
 between them, and it is by comparing these differences that persons are misled. The 
 good tree cannot render itself bad, and the good man can render himself bad, by abusing 
 his hberty. The bad tree cannot render itself good, and the bad man can, by his free 
 co-operation with grace, become good and just. The bad tree cannot produce a good 
 fruit, because its productions are always conformable to its nature, which is bad ; but 
 the bad man may absolutely produce an action which is not bad, because, being free, he 
 may not always act conformably to his bad disposition. We, therefore, judge infallibly 
 of the tree by its fruits, and morally of the man by his woiks. And, when we speak of 
 the man, we mean his doctrine ; for this is what is here referred to. 
 
CHAP. X\T^1T.] OF OUK LORD JÎSUS CHRIST. 143 
 
 ers of miracles. («) " AATiy," saith lie to them, " do yon call me 
 Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say ? 2sot every one 
 that saith to me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven. 
 Many will say to me in that day. Lord, Lord, have not we projjhe- 
 sied in thy name ? and done many mii-acles in thy name ? And 
 then I -«-ill profess imto them : I never knew you ; depart from me, 
 you that work iniquity." 
 
 Thus, it is by deeds, not by words, that Jesus Chi-ist will recog- 
 nize his own. We shall not be commended for what we shall have 
 said, or for what we shall have learned, but for what we shall have 
 done. Happy he who shall have put in practice the knowledge 
 which God has given him of his law ! Unfortunate, on the con- 
 trary, he who, limiting himself to knowledge, shall not have pro- 
 duced fruit therefrom ! But that which, on that great day, shall 
 constitute the difference between happiness and misfortune, makes 
 at present the distinction between wisdom and folly. Oh, how 
 many shall be foimd truly wise whom we at present treat as simple 
 and ignorant ; and how many silly amongst those whom we now re- 
 cognize, not merely as wise, but as masters of wisdom ! This is 
 what Jesus Christ intimates to us by these last words : " Every one 
 that Cometh to me, and heareth my words, and doeth them, I will 
 show you to whom he is like. He is like to a man building a house, 
 who digged deep, and laid the foundation upon a rock : the rain 
 fell, the floods came, the wdnds blew, and they beat upon that house ; 
 and it fell not, for it was founded on a rock. But he that heareth 
 these my words, and doeth them not, shall be like a foolish man, that 
 built his house upon the sand. The rain fell, the floods came, the 
 winds blew, and they beat upon that house ; it fell, and great was 
 the fall thereof. Jesus, having fully ended these words, the people 
 were in admiration of his doctrine. For \_/t was again said'\ he 
 was teaching them as one having power, and not as the Scribes, and 
 as the Pharisees (1)." 
 
 There are reasons for believing that the whole of this discourse 
 
 (a) St. Luke, \n. 46-48; St. Matthew, vii. 21-23; 25-29. 
 (1) See note 3 of chapter x., page 73. 
 
144 TlIE inSTORT OF TUE LIFE [PABT I. 
 
 was not spoken tlien uj^on tlie moimtain, but that on the occasion of 
 the sermon which Jesus Christ there gave, the Gospel reports sev- 
 eral other maxims of the Saviour, pronounced at other times, and 
 which, when added to those he proposed on this occasion, constitute 
 a body of doctrine, which may be regarded as the abridgment of 
 the Christian law. It might have been observed, that we did not 
 always constrain ourselves to follow the order in which they are 
 found 23laced in the sacred text. We have done this, in order to 
 place consecutively those which refer to the same subject. The in- 
 terpreters are not sufficiently agreed whether the evangelists them- 
 selves ranged them in the order in which the Saviom- spoke them. 
 This order was not necessary, since the Holy Ghost did not inspire 
 them to follow it ; but we were obliged to draw them together thus 
 in a work which has for its principal object to connect their sacred 
 words, and to compound from them a consecutive and methodical 
 narrative. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE LEPER CLEANSED. THE CENTURIOn's SERVANT. THE WIDOW OF NALm's SON 
 
 EESTOEED TO LIFE. JOHN SENDS TWO OF HIS DISCIPLES TO CHRIST. HE IS COM- 
 MENDED BY JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 "VVe return to the details of the actions of the Saviour, in which 
 an attentive mind will find no less instruction than in his discourses. 
 («) " When he was come down from the mountain, great multitudes 
 followed him : and behold a leper came to him, and adored him, be- 
 seeching him, and kneeling down, said to him : Lord, if thou wilt, 
 thou canst make me clean. Jesus having compassion on him, stretch- 
 ed forth his hand, touched him, and saith to him : I will ; be thou 
 cleansed. Immediately the leprosy departed from the man, and lie 
 was made clean. Jesus forthwith sent him away, and he strictly 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, viii. 1, 2 ; St. Mark, i. 40-45 ; St. Luke, v. 12, 13. 
 
CHAP. SIX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 145 
 
 charged Lim: See thou tell no man (1). But go show thyself to 
 the high priest (2), and for a testimony unto them, offer the things 
 that Moses commanded (3). But he being gone out, began to pub- 
 lish, and to blaze abroad the word ; so that Jesus could not openly 
 go into the city, but was without in desert j^laces. But they flocked 
 to him from all sides to hear him, and to be healed by him of their 
 infirmities. And Jesus" withdi'ew from them from time to time, and 
 " retii-ed into the desert and prayed." 
 
 Charity soon obliged him to leave it, and return to those places 
 which he avoided with so much care, (c?) " He entered [^7;e«] into 
 Capharuaum," where he found at his very arrival what his kind fore- 
 sight had come to seek. " The servant of a centm-ion, who was dear 
 
 (a) St. Luke, to. 1 ; St. Matthew, viii. 6, 1. 
 
 (1) We have aheady stated in note 5, chap, xii., page 92, the several rea-sons on ac- 
 count of which Jesus Christ sometimes exacted secrecy from those whom he had miracu- 
 lously cured. There remains one difficulty with regard to this man. It appears that he 
 was cured in the sight of a great number. Could Jesus Christ reasonably expect Ihatso 
 public an action should remain secret ? It is answered, that it was not impossible that 
 the miracle may only have been perceived by a very small number. In the crowd a 
 leper may not have been recognized as being a leper. Had this man been so recognized, 
 would the Jews have allowed him to p\ish himself so far forward, and to penetrate to the 
 very feet of tlie Saviour ? If the disease might not have been perceived, the cure might 
 equally have escaped so great a number. The cure being asked in so few words, and 
 obtained by a simple touch, accompanied by two words, it might only have been remark- 
 ed bv the disciples, who apparently suiroimded the Saviour, and concealed him, at least 
 in part, from the eyes of the multitude. 
 
 (2) Several interpreters have asserted that Jesus Christ sent the cured leper to show 
 himself to the priests, in order that they might not have it in their power to contest the 
 miracle after they themselves had recognized and declared it. There is no appearance 
 of his ha%nng had this design in view. A person might be cured of the leprosy by natu- 
 ral means, and the inspection of this man might be an a-ssurance of his cure, but not of 
 the miraculous manner in which it had been wrought. It was, therefore, out of defer- 
 ence to the law that Jesus Christ obliged him to take this step. But had he not also 
 \-iolated the law by touching this man ? Without here animadverting upon the incontes- 
 tible titles which dispensed him from the law, we may say that, in appearing to depart 
 from the letter, he had followed the spirit of it. Tlie law forbade to touch a leper, be- 
 cause leprosy, being a highly contagious disease, communicated itself by the touch. The 
 touch of Jesus Christ, whilst siilutary to the leper whom he touched, could not be dan- 
 gerous to himself; and the law, which forbid contact that might multiply lepers, was 
 very far from prohibiting that contact which diminished the number of lepers. 
 
 (3) The rite for the purification of lepers is to be found in the 14th chapter of Leviti- 
 cus, from the 2d to the 31st verse, inclusive. 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
146 THE IIISTOKY OF TUE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 to liim, "being sick, was ready to die. When he had heard of Jesus, 
 he sent uuto him the ancients of the Jews, desiring him to come and 
 heal his servant, saying : Lord, my servant lieth at home sick, and is 
 grievously tormented. When they came to Jesus, they besought 
 him earnestly, saying to him: He is worthy that thou should do 
 this for him ; for he loveth our nation, and he hath built us a sjTia- 
 gogue." The seeking to interest him by this motive was, notwith- 
 standing whatever may have since been said upon the subject, ac- 
 knowledging Jesus to be a good citizen. His answer must have con- 
 fii'med them in this idea. " I will come, said he to him, and heal 
 him." 
 
 " He went with them, and when he was not far from the house, 
 the centurion," whose faith had received a new im2:)ulse sent his 
 friends to him, saying, on his part, those words which Jesus Chiist 
 has praised so highly, and which the Church has treasured as the 
 exjiression of the most profound humility : (a) " Lord, trouble not 
 thyself, for I am not worthy that thou shouldst enter under my roof. 
 For which cause neither did I think myself worthy to come to thee : 
 but say the word, and my servant shall be healed. For I also am 
 a man subject to authority, having under me soldiers, and I say to 
 one : Go, and he goeth ; and to another : Come, and he cometh ; and 
 to my servant : Do this, and he doeth it." This was confessing that 
 for a much stronger reason, Jesus, who was master of all things, and 
 who recognized no master in the univei-se, had only to speak to be 
 obeyed by all nature. " Jesus, hearing this, marvelled (4), and turn- 
 ing about to the multitude that followed him, said : Amen, I say to 
 you, I have not found so great faith, not even in Israel (5). And I 
 
 (a) St. Luke, vii. 6-10; St. Matthew, viii. 11-13. 
 
 (4) Admii-ation, properly speaking, is excited by some unforeseen occurrence, or by 
 some unknown and new object ; it therefore always supposes some want of previous 
 knowledge, and cannot belong to Jesus Christ, who knows and is aware of every thing, 
 and who could not be ignorant, particularly of the centurion's faith, which was his own 
 work, since it had been produced by his grace ; but he assumed the air and the tone of 
 admiration to conform to our ways of acting, and to teach us what we should admire. 
 
 (5) Several interpreters except the apostles ; all, the Blessed Virgin and Saint John 
 the Baptist. Jesus Christ speaks here of the nation in general, without including special 
 vocations and privileged souls. A king may say, speaking of one of his subjects, there 
 
CUAP. XIX.] OF OL'K LORD JlSfS CliniSÏ. 14Y 
 
 say to you, that mauy shall come fi'om the east and the west, and 
 shall sit down (6) with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom 
 of heaven (7), but the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into 
 exterior darkness. There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. 
 [Then] Jesus said to the centurion," through the intervention of 
 those whom the latter had deputed : " Go, and as thou hast believed, 
 so be it done to thee (8) ; and the servant was healed at the same 
 hour ; and they who were sent being returned to the house, found 
 the servant whole who had been sick." 
 
 (a) " Jesus went [after] into a city called Xaim : there went with 
 him his disciples, and a great multitude." We have already seen 
 
 (a) St. Luke, \-ii. 11-17. 
 
 is no one in my kingdom who has such afiection for me as this person, although the king 
 be not ignorant that he is much dearer to his wife and to his children. 
 
 (C) The Latin word signifies supper, which was properly the repast of the ancients. 
 Scripture often compares to it the happiness of heaven. What follows continues the 
 comparison. Whilst strangers shall be sitting there with the patriarchs, the children of 
 the kingdom, that is to say, the Jews, who, by virtue of the promises, had that right to 
 it which children have to sit at the table of their father, shall be driven from it and cast 
 oui into exterior darkness. When supper is going on, the light is in the apartment, and 
 darkness is outside. There they shall weep from grief, and shall gnash their teeth with 
 rage, at seeing themselves excluded from the feast to which they first of all had been 
 called. 
 
 (7) By the kingdom of heaven some understand here the Church, or faith in Jesus 
 Christ. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob have beUeved in the Messiah who was to come, as 
 we believe in the Messiah who is come ; they, therefore, were members of the Church 
 as well as the Gentiles. Moreover, we know that the Gentilas shall have their place in 
 heaven with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The kingdom, therefore, is both the Church 
 and heaven, the happiness of which is represented by the feast, as exterior darkness is 
 the image of hell, the punishment of which is expressed b)' weeping and gnashing of 
 teeth. 
 
 (8) Jesus Christ appears to speak to the centurion as if he were present ; and it seems, 
 according to Saint Matthew, that in reality he was present in person. According to 
 Saint Luke, he did not deem himself worthj' to present himself before Jesus Christ, and 
 he first deputes the ancients of the Jews, and then his friends. This difference has in- 
 duced the belief that these were two different occurrences ; but there is a groundwork 
 of resemblance which decides that it is the same. In both narratives we have a centu- 
 rion, a sick servant, the same discourse of the Master, and the same prayer to Jesus 
 Christ not to come to his residence, the same faith, and on the part of Jesus Christ the 
 same admiration which makes him say that he hiis not foimd such great faith in Israel. 
 With all this, it is still in any one's power to cavil at the difference ; but at bottom it is 
 the same narrative, and good sense will not permit us to enterLiin a doubt on the subject. 
 
148 TIIE inSTORY OF TIIE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 tliat tlie Jews were in tlie liabit of interring their dead outside of 
 tlie cities, whether to avoid some legal penalty, or whether this was 
 merely a salutary ci\'ic regulation. " When, therefore^ he came nigh 
 to the gate of the city (9), behold," by one of those seeming chances 
 which were never such to the Saviour, " a dead man was carried out. 
 He was the only son of his mother, and she a widow, and a great 
 multitude of the city was with her. Whom, when the Lord had 
 seen, being moved with mercy towards her, Weep not, he said to 
 her. And he came near and touched the bier. They that carried 
 it stood still." Then assuming an absolute tone, which only suits 
 the sovereign arbiter of life and death : " Young man, said he, arise, 
 I say to thee. He that was dead sat up, and began to speak ; and 
 Jesus gave him to his mother. There came a [j'eligioiti-} fear upon 
 them all, and they glorified God, saying : A great prophet is risen 
 up amongst us, and God hath visited his people. This rumor of 
 him went forth throughout all Judea, and all the country round 
 about." 
 
 The miracle at last reached the ears of John, who, though detain- 
 ed in a prison, into which he had been cast by the incestuous Herod, 
 was not kept in such solitary confinement as to be deprived of out- 
 side communication. There he was visited, and in pui-suauce of the 
 practice of saints, who perform all the good they can, when they 
 cannot perform all they might wish to do, he announced the Mes- 
 siah, at least to his disciples, and profited by the occasions which 
 were ofi"ered to make him known to them. That which presented 
 
 (9) The meeting of the people who followed Jesus, with the crowd that accompanied 
 the funeral, furnished spectators to this mii-acle ; and it is certain that Jesus Christ wish- 
 ed to make it puhUc. The interpreter add, besides, to the gathering the people who 
 happened to be waiting at the gate of the city for the legal decisions. We read, in point 
 of fact, in Scriptwe, that the Israelites held there a sort of court, where causes were 
 decided ; but did this custom still exist in the time of Jesus Christ ? The texts which 
 are cited with reference to this matter are not posterior to the times of the kings of Juda. 
 In matters of custom, several centuries make great changes, especially among a people 
 who, during various transmigrations, might have quitted many of its usages to assume 
 those of the nation in whose midst it dwelt. It sometimes occurs to interpreters to give 
 thus as customs of the time of Jesus Christ those for which we find no example but in 
 centuries much anterior. Nothing is more uncertain, and we have thought that it might 
 not be useless to make this remark here. 
 
CHAP. XIX.] OF OUR LORD Jli^US CHRIST. 149 
 
 itself on tlie occasion of tliis miracle was one too favorable to he 
 overlooked by biui. («) " Wben, ilierefore^ be bad beard in prison," 
 tbe rigor of Avbicb tbis recital bad made bim forget ("bis discijiles 
 told bim of all tbese tbings), be called to bim two of bis disciples, 
 and sent them to Jesus, saying : Art tbou be tbat art to come, or 
 look we for anotber ?" It is not difficult to penetrate bis design. 
 Jobn could not be ignorant wbat Jesus was, be wbo made bim known 
 to otbei-s, nor could be begin to doubt if be were tbe Messiab wlieu 
 be beard of bim working miracles, after baving recognized bim be- 
 fore be bad worked any. But bis disciples, always too mucb pre- 
 possessed in favor of tbeii" master, still doubted wbetber Jesus was 
 preferable to bim. Jobn wisbed tbem to see bim witb tbeir owm. 
 eyes, tbe evidence of wbicb would complete tbeir conviction, al- 
 tbougb, witb regard to tbem, it sbould not bave gi-eater certainty 
 tbau tbe testimony tbey bad beard from bis lips. Tbe two depu- 
 ties, wbo apparently were some of tbe most incredulous, " wben tbey 
 were come unto Jesus : Jobn tbe Baptist," said tbey, " batb sent us 
 to tbee, saying : Art tbou be that art to come, or look we for an- 
 otber ?" Before replpng to tbem, Jesus did wbat Jobn bad fore- 
 seen. "In tbat same hour be cured many of tbeii" diseases and 
 hurts," witb wbicb tbey were afflicted, " and of evil spirits, wbicb 
 possessed tbem : to many tbat were blind be gave sight. J'Ae?i, 
 making answer, he said to John's disciples : Go, relate to John what 
 you have heard and seen: tbe blind see, the lame walk (10), tbe 
 lepei-s are made clean, the deaf hear, tbe dead rise again, to the pour 
 the Gospel is preached (11): blessed is he whosoever shall not be 
 scandalized in me." 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xi. 2 ; St. Luke, vii. 18-23. 
 
 (10) We read in the 35th chapter of Isaiah, that in the time of the Messiah the ej-es 
 of the "blind shall be opened, and the ears of the deaf shall be unclosed ; that then the 
 lame man shall leap as a hart, and the tongue of the dumb shall be free. .Jesus Christ 
 manifestly makes allusion to these words, which allusion furnishes the disciple^s of John 
 with a double proof — that of his miracles, and llie accomplishment of the prophecies re- 
 garding him. 
 
 (11) He who woidd preach only for the rich, would prove nothing, for he would not 
 even prove that he is persuaded of the truths tliat he preaches. So disinterested a char- 
 ity becomes a proof of religion, comparable to the cure of the blind and the resurrection 
 
150 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LITE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 This answer is addressed to Joliu, because the demand Avas made 
 in his name ; l:>ut, at 1 )ottom, it was for the disciples it was made. 
 The conclusion of the answer completely demonstrated this. Haj^p}', 
 in point of fact, whosoever does not become scandalized in Jesus 
 Christ ! The greatest misfortune of the Jews was their being scan- 
 dalized in him. But this had a particular application to the disci- 
 ples of John, who had taken scandal, because Jesus Christ did not 
 prescribe to his disciples a kind of life as austere as what they prac- 
 tised themselves ; and we have not forgotten that they combined 
 "with the Pharisees to make this a cause of reproach against him. 
 Here, then, they found all that they needed — proof of the mission 
 of Jesus Christ by miracles, to which he condescended to let them 
 be ocular witnesses, and, moreover, a preservative against every 
 thing that could alienate them from his person. Neither one nor 
 the other was necessary to John the Baptist. Wherefore the Sa- 
 viour had nothing to give him but eulogy, the most magnificent 
 that ever issued from his sacred lips, l:>ut of which no person could 
 have been less worthy than the precursor, if, after having been bless- 
 ed beforehand with so many lights, he had been capable of doubt- 
 ing, for one instant, that Jesus was truly the Messiah. 
 
 For whether Jesus Christ wished only to pi'aise John, or whether 
 his design was to hinder, at the same time, those who had witnessed 
 the deputation from believing that John vacillated in the testimony 
 he had rendered to him, (a) " when the messengers were departed, 
 Jesus began to speak concerning John," and beginning by praise of 
 his unshakable firmness, " he began to say to the multitudes" who 
 listened to him : " What went you out to the desert to see ? a reed 
 shaken with the wind ?" Could a soul so superficial, and a charac- 
 ter so frivolous, excite to such a pitch your curiosity and your admi- 
 ration ? " But what went you out to see ? a man clothed in soft 
 garments ? Behold, they that are clothed in costly apparel and live 
 delicately are in the houses of kings." Another circumstance which 
 gives weight to the testimony of John. A man devoted to such an 
 
 (a) St. Luke, vii. 24-26, 28 ; St. Matthew, xi. 10-14. 
 
 of the dead. Would to Heaven that it h:iJ no otlier point of resemblance to these prodi- 
 gies — that of being as rare ! 
 
CHAP. XIX.] OF OUR LORD JISCS CHRIST. 151 
 
 austere ooni-se of life, liaviug no wants, liad no interest in this world. 
 He could not, therefore, be suspected of flattery; for what profit 
 could he have derived from it ? " But," in short, adds the Saviour, 
 "what, tJieii^ went you out to see? 'a prophet? Yea, I say to you, 
 and more than a prophet. This is he of whom it is written : Behold, 
 I send my angel before thy face, who shall prepare the way before 
 thee (12). For, amen, I say to you, amongst those that are born of 
 women, there is not a greater than John the Baptist (13). Yet he 
 that is lesser in the kingdom of God is gi-eater than he." Such is 
 the superiority of the law which commences at the close of the ex- 
 isting law, that the fii-st of the one, in the order of the ministry, is 
 the last of the other. For here a new order of things is actually 
 being established, and John, placed between the two Testaments, 
 terminates the ancient, and announces the new. " From the days 
 of the preaching of John the Baptist until now, the kingdom of heav- 
 en," previously proposed to one nation alone, " is open to all people." 
 Let the Jews cease to boast of the rights to which they lay claim. 
 This is not an inheritance in which children must succeed to theu' 
 
 (12) God said, in Malacby, chapter iii. : Behold, I send mij angel, and he shaU prepare 
 the way before my face. In the prophet it is the Son who speaks ; in the evangelist it 
 is the Son who makes the Father speak ; in both ca-ses it is always God, and the same 
 God ; and the différence of the two texts shows the distinction and the equality of the 
 persons. This is the first proof which Jesus Christ gives of the superiority of John over 
 all the other prophets ; for lie is the only prophet who has been foretold. He is called 
 angel, which signifies sent, on account of his office, and also on account of his life, more 
 angehcal than human, which, as Eusebius reports (Demon. Evang., lib. ix., chap. 5), 
 made some believe that, in point of fact, and by natvu-e, John was not a man, but an an- 
 gel. No doubt they were deceived ; but then it was a matter in which they might 
 easily be so. 
 
 (13) Saint Matthew only says : There lias not arisen among them that are bom of wo- 
 men a greater than John the Baptist. What he says before and after lets us easily see 
 that it is with reference to prophecy that John is preferred to all that had appeared up 
 to that time. Saint Luke, who says plainly that there is no greater prophet than John 
 the Baptist, does not permit us to doubt any longer of this being its literal sense. The 
 text of Saint Matthew has made some believe that Saint John wiis the greatest siiint, as 
 well iiHWie Old as in the New Testen^t ; or, to speak with more precision, that none 
 was more saintly than he;, for the text does not exclude equality. This sense, although 
 not literal, sliouid always be respected, because it has been always followed by antiquity, 
 and the Churob seems to have adopted it in these words, which it sings in honor of the 
 holy precursor: Ko one in this vast universe lias been more holy than Saint John. 
 
152 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PABT I. 
 
 fathers ; it is a conquest reserved for whosoever shall have the cour- 
 age to carry it sword in hand : it suffereth violence, and the " \aolent 
 Lear it away. For all the prophets and the law j^rophesied until 
 John." But prophecy ceases when accomplishment begins. True, 
 you think that Elias should be the precursor of the Messiah ; but 
 " if you ■«'ill receive it,- John is Elias that is to come. He who hath 
 ears to hear, let him hear (14)." 
 
 Informed of what John the Baptist really was, and of the inter- 
 esting object of his mission, (ci) " the people and the puljlicans, be- 
 ing baptized with John's baptism, hearing, justified God," and recog- 
 nized his justice in the means by which he attained his ends. "But 
 the Phai-isees and the lawyers, being not baptized by John (15), 
 despised the council of God against themselves," and then- inflexible 
 stubbornness in rejecting all the means which God had set in mo- 
 tion to gain them over, drew down upon them this just reproach : 
 " Whereimto, said he, shall I liken the men of this generation, and 
 
 (a) St. Luke, \-ii. 29-35. 
 
 (14) Jesus Christ sometimes makes use of this conclusion when his words have a m3's- 
 terious and profomid sense, or wlien they propose a sublime perfection. The woi'ds 
 which he has just spoken are of the first kind ; and we do not flatter ourselves that the 
 explanation inserted in the text removes all the difficulties : here is an abstract thereof, 
 which may throw further light upon it. John is declared to be the greatest of the chil- 
 dren of women, not for his sanctity, if we confine cm-selves to the literal sense, but for 
 his quality of immediate precursor of the Messiah, a quality which raises him above all 
 the prophets. But the Church, which the Messiah came to foiuid, is so superior to the 
 synagogue, that the lowest of its ministers is, by Ms ministry, superior to John himself. 
 This Church is actually established, and is designated by the most magnificent character's, 
 by its universaUty, which embraces all people, called from the four parts of the world to 
 enter into it as into a conquered coimtry. The preaching of John was given to announce 
 its establishment, and the cessation of the law and of the prophets, which only served as 
 preparatives to it. The Jews were under the persuasion that Elias should precede the 
 Messiah. John has the spirit and wtue of Elias, and in this matter their expectation is 
 already fulfilled, Avithout reference as to what shall happen at the second coming, when 
 every one agrees that the Messiah shall be preceded by Elias in pei-son. 
 
 (15) It was through the baptism of John that God wished to bring them to the faith. 
 The contempt of the smallest grace made them miss the decisive grace of salvation. The 
 chain, being once broken, was never more renewed for them. Ijet us profit from every 
 thing, since the greatest things are often hinged upon the smallest, and that it is 
 not impossible that the veiy thing upon which all depends seems to dwindle to a mere 
 trifle. 
 
CHAP. XIX.] 
 
 OF OVR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 153 
 
 to -what are tliey like ? They are like to cliildren (16) sitting in the 
 market-place, speaking one to another, and sajiug : We have piped 
 to you, and you hare not danced ; we have mourned, and you have 
 not wept. For John the Baptist came, neither eating bread nor 
 drinking -nane ; and you say : He hath a devil. The Son of man is 
 come eating and drinking ; and you say : Behold a man that is a 
 glutton and a drinker of wine, a friend of publicans and sinners. 
 T7ius wisdom is justified by all her childi'en," not merely by those 
 who have been docile to her voice, but also by the rebellious. Did 
 the latter wish for an austere life ? They found that in Saint John 
 the Baptist. Did they hke a common life ? Such was the life of 
 Jesus Chi-ist. Take the two opposite kinds of life : criticism of the 
 one was apology for the other, and meant respectively preference of 
 one to the other. In this state of things, to be scandalized at both 
 one and the other, and not submit to either, is a declaration of pur- 
 pose to be scandalized at every thing, and submit to nothing. As 
 regarded God, the means did not fail, but they became useless, by 
 the obstinacy of the incredulous, and the reasons which the latter 
 advanced to elude them were at the same time the apology of God's 
 conduct, and the condemnation of their own incredulity. Let us 
 not be surprised that they should be included under the common 
 denomination of children of wisdom. AU the Jews had God for 
 their legislator, and his wisdom for their dii'ector ; and, though for 
 the most part bad disciples, they were not the less under her disci- 
 pline ; and in this sense all might be called her children. 
 
 (16) It is not the incredulous Jews, it is Jesus Christ and Saint John who are com- 
 pared to children who sing and weep ; and unbelievers are compared to children whom 
 others cannot induce by any means to share in their joys or sorrows. This mode of 
 comparison is not unexampled in Scripture, which often compares the whole to the 
 whole, leaving to the attentive reader the care of distributing the different members of 
 the comparison. 
 
154 THE HtSTORT OF THE LIFE [PABT I. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE HOLY WOITEN WHO FOLLOWED JESUS CHRIST. HIS FEIENDS WISH TO SEIZE 
 
 HIS PERSON. — HEALING OF A BLIND AND DUMB MAN WHO WAS POSSESSED. — • 
 BLASPHEMY OF THE PHARISEES. SIN AGAINST THE HOLY GHOST. 
 
 Meantime " Jesus," whose zeal could neither be Ijlunted by con- 
 tradiction, nor exhausted by toil, (a) " travelled through the cities 
 and towns, preaching and evangelizing the kingdom of God. The 
 twelve," to whom his examples were to serve as lessons for the same 
 ministry, " were with him. And [there also were] with him certain 
 women (1) who had been healed of evil sj^irits and infirmities, viz. : 
 Mary, who is called Magdalen (2), out of whom seven devils were 
 
 (a) St. Luke, viii. 1, 2. 
 
 (1) Perhaps we may be surprised that Jesus Christ should have suffered women in 
 his retinue. It was, says Saint Jerome, an established usage among the Jews, that wo- 
 men, and especially widows, should follow theii- religious teachers, and administer to 
 theii- wants. The custom took away the scandal, and assuredly the Jews took no scandal 
 at Jesus on this account, since they never made any reproach to him concerning it, 
 whilst they calumniated him upon every thing else. The apostles conducted themselves 
 in the same way as their divine Master. Saint Paul decides positively that they had a 
 right to do so. If he did not avail himself of this right, it was out of precaution for the 
 Gentiles, who, not being aware of this usage, might thereupon take scandal The her- 
 etics have much too far abused it ; and you will find very few sects, indeed, who have 
 failed to avail themselves of it. We, therefore, have a right to this usage founded on 
 the example of Jesus Christ. We have, in the example of Saint Paul, reserve, if, 
 when availing ourselves of the right, there be apprehensions lest people should be scan- 
 dalized ; and in heretics, we have the abuse ; the consequences of which should make 
 those persons tremble who are so badly ad\'ised as to attach themselves to these false 
 teachers. For, if she who serves the apostle shall have the same reward as he, the pun- 
 ishment of the heresiarch shall therefore be reserved for her who shall have served the 
 heresiarch. 
 
 (2) The reader has seen, page 104, Chap. XIV., the reasons on account of which we do 
 not distinguish her from the penitent woman, nor from Mary, the sister of Lazarus, and 
 of Martha. Some interpreters understand by the seven demons, the \-ices from which 
 she was delivered. Others hold that she really was possessed by seven demons, whom 
 Jesus Christ expelled from her body by the vii'tue of his word. Those who declare 
 themselves to be of this opinion should add, that this deUverance preceded, and appa- 
 rently occasioned the conversion of Magdalen. 
 
CHAP. XX.] OF OUeTSEd JESUS CHRLST. 155 
 
 gone forth ; Joanna, the wife of Chusa, Herod's steward ; Susanna, 
 and many others who ministered unto him* of their substance." 
 They, in this way, all contributed their part to the apostolical func- 
 tions, and deserved to shai;e the recomj^ense thereof; for the sup- 
 porting an apostle is preaching by his mouth, since he could not 
 preach if he were diverted from it by the care of procm-ing the 
 necessaries of life. 
 
 During the course of this mission, those who accompanied him 
 (rt) " came to a house" to rest themselves ; but " the multitude com- 
 eth together again, so that they could not so much as eat bread." 
 Meantime reports of what he had done were spreading throughout 
 the country. " T\Taen his friends had heard of it, they went out to 
 lay hold on him (3) ; for they said : He is become mad." These 
 good people could not persuade themselves that he whom they had 
 seen i-eared amongst them, and like one of themselves, could be a 
 prophet and a worker of miracles. They concluded, therefore, from 
 the rumors afloat about him, that he had lost his wits, and thought 
 they performed the office of good friends by seizing his person ; for 
 it does not appear to have been a malicious act on their part. This 
 was that weakness usual to persons of hmited understanding, and 
 who, having received no education, are incapable of belie\'ing any 
 thing beyond the sphere of their sight, or the range of their fancy. 
 
 (a) St. Mark, iii. 20, 21. 
 
 (3) There is something here which creates embarrassment, viz. : it seems, by the 
 .sequel, that Mary, the mother of .Jesus, was with them. To believe that she had the 
 same idea of Jesus which they had conceived, arid that she shared in the design of seiz- 
 ing him, is a thing the very thought of which stnkes us with honor ; but it is not diffi- 
 cult to exculpate her from this. 1st. Although it may be probable enough, yet it is 
 not certain that this is the same occasion whereon Jesus got notice that his mother and 
 his brothers were waiting for him at the door ; it is not, therefore, cert;iin tliat Mary 
 was to be found present upon this occasion, because this only could occur in the case of 
 its being certain that the fact occurred on one and the same occasion. 2d. Supposing 
 even that it were the same occasion, Marj- might have been ignorant of their design, and 
 have come with them, impelled by the desire of seeing her son. Perhaps they had even 
 induced her to join with them, hoping that the son, assured by the presence of his 
 mother, would let himself the more easily be drawn into the snare which they wished to 
 lay for him. Whatever may be the case, we should reject as impiety the very thought, 
 that Mary could have towards her son the idea which liis relatives entertained, and that 
 she took part in their plotting. 
 
156 THE Hi»lORT ©FfkE LIFE £pART I. 
 
 Now, they had not seeu the miracles of Jesus Christ, and they could 
 not imagine that he whom they had seen in the lowliness of infancy, 
 and in the obscmity of a jjoor workshop, was become suddenly such 
 an extraordinary man. Perhaps that at the same time some free- 
 thinker passed the same judgment upon him ; for extremes meet : 
 and as the simple believe nothing beyond what they see, the subtle 
 admit nothing beyond what they understand, as if the mind's eye 
 had not limits as certain, and marked as clearly, as the sight of the 
 body. Wherefore, to measure the extent of possibility by the nar- 
 row sphere of cm- knowledge, is, in both cases, the cause of error ; 
 and they are as hke each other in their principle as in their conse- 
 quences. Lastly, this low idea entertained of Jesus Christ by his 
 fi-iends, is a convincing assurance to us, that during the thirty years 
 he had passed at Nazareth, he allowed nothing to escape him which 
 could raise the suspicion of what he was, and that the only virtues 
 perceptible in him were only those suitable to his age and condition 
 — virtues ever estimable, and scarcely noticed by men, who only re- 
 mark and esteem virtue of a wonderful and dazzling cast. Yet 
 these virtues of each condition and age, when they are practised 
 with inviolable fidelity, and from sublime motives, are virtues which 
 command the approbation of God and the admiration of his angels. 
 For, was there ever an object so worthy of both as this young arti- 
 san, unknown to all the woiid, and, after him, as Mary, his holy 
 mother, shut up in the same cabin, covered with the same obscu- 
 rity, and similarly occupied in manual labor, of no consideration in 
 the eyes of men ? 
 
 Still, it does not appear that the Saviour's friends pushed any fur- 
 ther the project they had formed against his person ; whether they 
 were enlightened by his grace, or arrested by his power, or whether 
 he escaped from them, by rendering himself uivisible to their eyes, 
 as he did on another occasion. However the matter occurred, we do 
 not read that he permitted them to lay hands upon him, nor did he 
 discontinue those practices which had given rise to their strange 
 mistake. For it was (a) " then was ofiered to him one possessed 
 with a devil, bUnd and dumb, and he healed him, so that he 
 spoke and saw. All the multitudes were amazed, and said : Is not 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xii. 22-24 ; St. Mark, iii. 22 ; St. Luke, xi. 15, 16. 
 
CHAP. XS.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 1.57 
 
 this tlie son of David (4) ? The Scribes, who were come down 
 from Jerusalem, and the Pharisees, hearing it, said : He hath Beel- 
 zebub, and he casteth out devils by Beelzebub, the prince of devils. 
 Others, tempting, asked of him a sign from heaven." 
 
 We recognize in these traits, in addition to the dark thoughts of 
 envy, incredulity and its j^itiful subterfuges. The people, on the 
 contrary, who had neither passions nor predilections, had judged 
 correctly that the author of the great prodigy they had witnessed 
 must needs be the Messiah. For the peojile never err, when they 
 follow that upright sense which is common to all men, and which is 
 the more accurate and sure, inasmuch as it is the less mixed up with 
 science and subtlety. But if this has given ground for the assertion 
 that the voice of the people is the voice of God, signifying that the 
 people's judgments participate, in some manner, in the infallibility 
 of the divine judgments, still it is far from being as unchangeable. 
 Nothing is so easy as to make the people change their ideas and 
 sentiments, and to make them pass in a moment from admiration to 
 contempt, and from love to hatred. And this was precisely what 
 the envious and the incredulous actually aimed at bringing about. 
 Scattered through the crowd, they had spread the atrocious cal- 
 umny which we have just heard, when the Saviour, in order to 
 caution that weak and inconstant multitude against these base de- 
 signs, silenced the tongues of the calumniators, by making them 
 feel the absurdity of the reproach they cast upon him, and the enor- 
 mity of the crime they thereby committed. 
 
 (a) "Knowing tTten their thoughts," and aware of their pernicious 
 designs, " and after he had called them together, Jesus said to them 
 in parables : How can Satan cast out Satan ? Every kingdom di- 
 vided against its^f shall be brought to desolation ; and if a house 
 be divided against itself, that house cannot stand. And if Satan 
 
 (jû St. Luke, xi. 17, 18; St. Mark, iii. 2.3-26 ; St. Matthew, xii. 25, 26. 
 
 (4) By excellence, the Son of Da\-id, that is to say, the Messiah. Tliis name had 
 been consecrated by tradition with that signification. But was not the crowd who spoke 
 thus composed of Gentiles ? We should be driven Ui say so, if it were true, as some 
 have drcinied, that Gentiles alone gave to the Messiah the title of Son of David. 
 
158 • THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 cast ont Satan, lie is divided against himself. How, then, shall his 
 kingdom stand ? He cannot stand, but hath an end." 
 
 Although the irreconcilable enemies of union, still do the demons 
 unite to divide and to injure. They are wise enough to see that, ' 
 unless there be a certain confederacy amongst them, none of theii- 
 designs can succeed. This union is that of cabal and faction. Too 
 faithfully imitated by the wicked, it renders them but too effective 
 for mischief; whilst unhappy divisions often cause the failure of the 
 enterprises which the virtuous would wish to undertake for good 
 designs. But, although this first answer of the Saviour silenced his 
 enemies, he yet adds a second, which exhibits to the Pharisees their 
 condemnation, in their own sentiments and in theù- conduct. For, 
 in all the cases that ever arose in which demons were expelled, ex- 
 cept when exjjelled by Jesus Christ, the Pharisees constantly attrib- 
 uted the act to divine power, and it never occurred to their minds 
 that such acts could be the result of a compact with Satan. To ac- 
 cuse Jesus Christ alone of this, was, therefore, showing ujîon their 
 part the most glaring, and, at the same time, the most iniquitous 
 partiality. Such is the sequel deducible from these words. 
 
 (ct) " You say that through Beelzebub I cast out devils. Now, if 
 I cast out devils by Beelzebub, by whom do your children cast them 
 out (5) ?" You have always acknowledged that it was in the name 
 of God. "Therefore they shall be your judges." For, what shall 
 you answer to the reproach they will make you for having stigma- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xi. 18. 
 
 (5) An expression used in Scripture, when intending to say those of your nation. The 
 ancients understood it with reference to the apostles, who expelled the demons by the 
 power which Jesus Christ had given to them. The majority of modem interpreters lui- 
 derstand it with reference to the Jewish exorcists, who employed with success against 
 the demons certain formulas of conjuration which Solomon had taught them, as Josephus 
 reports, Book viii. of Jewish Antiquities, chapter ii. If the first opinion has JLits favor 
 the most respectable authorities, the second has more apparent reasons. 1st. It appears 
 that Jesus Christ had not yet given to his apostles the power of expeUing demons, or at 
 least that the apostles had not as yet exercised it. 2d. Supposing that they had then 
 already exercised it, this power being the same at bottom as that of Jesus Christ, the 
 Pharisees might have equally attributed it to the prince of demons, as Jesus Christ even 
 gives us to understand by these words : If Iheij have called the good man of the house 
 Beelzebub, how muck more them of his household f — (Matthew, x.) 
 
CHAP. XX.] 
 
 OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 159 
 
 tized as a diabolical operation in me what you regard in them a.s a 
 divine work ? (a) " But," adds Jesus Christ, " if I, by the finger of 
 God, cast out devils, doubtless the kingdom of God is come upon 
 you." 
 
 This was the main truth which Saint John had announced at the 
 outset, which Jesus Christ never ceased repeating, Mhich he had 
 proved by all the miracles he had hitherto worked, but of which 
 the expulsion of demons was in some sort a more dii-ect proof. For 
 this was a dii'ect proof of the destruction of the kingdom of Satau, 
 which kingdom could only be annihilated by the coming of the 
 kingdom of God, — a truth which the Saviour makes manifest by 
 this comj^arison : " How can any one enter into the house of the 
 strong, and rifle his goods, unless he first bind the strong ? When 
 a strong man armed keepeth his coui't, those things ai'e in peace 
 which he possesseth. But if a stronger than he come upon him and 
 overcome him, he will take away all his armor in which he trusted, 
 and will distribute his spoils." 
 
 These spoils wrested from Satan are the men whose arms and 
 bodies he possessed, and who are delivered from his tyranny by the 
 power of î^us Christ. Wherefore, his defeat is certain, and the 
 conqueror can no longer be mistaken. 
 
 And this is so e\àdent, that it would be criminal to act with in- 
 difference or neutrality towards Jesus Christ, as he assures us by 
 these words which he distinctly adds : (b) " He that is not with me, 
 is against me ; and he that gathereth not with me, scattereth." 
 Hence, what must be their crime who declare against him with 
 that excess of malignity and fury which goes to the e.xtent of at- 
 ti-ibuting to the infernal spirits the works of his almighty power ? 
 And should we be astonished at his immediately drawing this 
 dreadful conclusion ? " Therefore, I say to you, every sin and blas- 
 phemy shall be forgiven men ; but the blasphemy of the Spirit shall 
 not be forgiven (6). And whoever shall speak a word against the 
 
 (o) St. Matthew, xii. 28, 29 ; St. Luke, 
 xi. 21, 22. 
 
 (6) St. Matthew, xii. 30-32 ; 
 St. Mark, iii. 29. 
 
 (6) It is not blasphemy against the Holy Ghost, considered as the third person of the 
 adorable Trinity, but against the Spirit of God, author of the wonders which Jesus Christ 
 
160 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pAET I. 
 
 Son of man, it shall be forgiven him ; but he that shall speak against 
 the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world 
 nor in tlie world to come (7). He shall never have forgiveness, and 
 shall be guilty of an everlasting sin." He spoke thus, to them, " be- 
 cause they said : He hath an unclean sj^u'it (8)." 
 
 operated. Were we to understand it in the first sense, we should believe that the Eu- 
 nomians, who denied the divinity of the Holy Ghost, were the most hardened of all sin- 
 ners. Yet, Saint Chrysostom says that they were seen returning in crowds to the bo- 
 som of the Church. By blasphemy against the Son of man, the interpreters understand 
 commonly the reproachful calumnies of the Jews, which only affected the humanity of 
 the Saviour, for example, when they said that he loved good cheer and wine, that he 
 favored siimers, &c., <fec. These reproaches were always highly criminal. Still, because 
 they only attacked directly liis diNinity, Jesus, the meekest of men, seems to account 
 them as nothing, and is not unwilling to let it be known how ready he is to pardon 
 them. 
 
 (7) Therefore, there is some remission in the other world ; and the Protestants, who 
 deny it, and who consequently reject piu'gatory and prayer for the dead, are refuted by 
 this single saying. 
 
 (8) This expression decides what is the sin against the Holy Ghost, which is here in 
 question. It is visibly that which the Pharisees committed, by attributing to the demon 
 the works of Jesus Christ, which had the Spirit of God for author. I leave it to theolo- 
 gians to examine, if there be other sins against the Holy Ghost, what the^are, and how 
 many should be reckoned of this class. I content myself with remarking that, among 
 the sins which are committed in the woi-ld, that which approaches nearest to the sin of 
 the Pharisees, is to attribute to hypocrisy, or to any other vicious principle, the wtues 
 of the saints, which the Spirit of God operates by his grace — a sin as common as it is 
 enormous ; but it remains for us to see in what sense it is said that it shall never be par- 
 doned. 
 
 Saint Augustine, and, after him, the majority of interpreters, regard this passage as one 
 of the most difficult to explain. The difficulty arises from the fact that the Church does 
 not recognize any sins to be absolutely irrémissible, and that this seems to be declared 
 such. We are, therefore, forced to say, that when Jesus Christ assures that it shall 
 never be pardoned, he does not advance any thing further than that the remission shall 
 be more rare and more difficult. We agree that this mitigated interpretation is with 
 difficulty adjusted to the strong and absolute expressions which the Saviour employs 
 here. Nevertheless, we find, even in this passage, matter to justify it. Those who have 
 asserted that sin or blasphemy against the Son of man is merely a venial sin, have as- 
 serted an absurdity : this sin is mortal and inemissible in its nature, whether in this 
 world or in the other, if it be not expiated by penance. Yet Jesus Christ says simply 
 and absolutely, that he shall be pardoned, remittetur. Does he wish to give us to un- 
 derstand that it shall be so always ? No, but that it shall be so easily and so often, in 
 comparison with the sin against the Holy Ghost, which shall, therefore, only be par- 
 doned rarely, and vrith difficulty. In a word, Jesus Chiist says absolutely of the sin 
 against the Son of man, that it shall be pardoned, as he says absolutely of the sin against 
 
CHAP. XX.] 
 
 OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 161 
 
 Finally, inasmuch as tlie expulsion of tlie demons is evidently a 
 good work, there exists only one more consequence to be dravra, 
 viz., that Jesus Christ, the author of this, was good — that is to say, 
 holy and irreprehensil)le, and that those who calumniated him so 
 atrociously were wicked and corrupt. Tlie Sa^'iom■ did not leave 
 these perverse men to remain ignorant of this. " Either make the 
 tree good, he again said to them, and its fi'uit good ; or make the 
 tree evil, and its fruit evil ; for by the fruit the tree is known. O, 
 generation of vipers, how can you speak good things, whereas you 
 are evil ? For out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speak- 
 eth. A good man, out of a good treasure, bringeth forth good 
 things ; and an evil man, out of an evil treasm-e, bringeth forth evil 
 things (9). But I say to you, that every idle word that men shall 
 speak, they shall render an account for it at the day of judgment ; 
 for by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou 
 shalt be condemned." The latter words of the Saviour give us to 
 understand that the Pharisees reckoned as of little consequence the 
 sins of the tongue ; and those immediately preceding were meant to 
 inform us how rigoroasly blasphemous words shall be punished at 
 that exact and severe judgment, in which an idle word shall not re- 
 main unpunished. 
 
 the Holy Ghost, that it shall not be pardoned. It does not occur to our mind to be- 
 lieve that the first shall be always pardoned ; neither, therefore, should we conclude that 
 the second shall never be pardoned. 
 
 (9) Habitually, and not always. See Note 9 of Chapter XVII., page 141. It is not 
 necessary for the truth of moral propositions, that they shoiJd never sufiFer exceptions. 
 They are true when the things are, generally speakmg, such as these propositions an- 
 nounce. 
 
 11 
 
162 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE SIGN OF JONAS. ^THE NINIVITES. — THE QUEEN OF SABA. — THE EXPELLED DE- 
 MON ENTERS IN AGAIN. EXCLAMATION OF A "WOJIAN. ^TIIE MOTHER AND BRETH- 
 REN OF JESUS. PARABLE OF THE SEED. 
 
 (a) " Then some of the Scribes and Pharisees answering him, said : 
 Master, we would see a sign." Apparently these petitioners were 
 the same who had already asked him for a heavenly sign. Jesus 
 had left them unanswered, because he should first reply to the 
 odious accusation we have just spoken of. These inquisitive and 
 artful men renewed the tempting solicitation, and (I) " the multi- 
 tudes running together," to see the wonder they expected, " Je- 
 sus began to say: This generation is wicked and adulterous; it 
 asketh a sign, and a sign shall not be given it, but the sign of Jo- 
 nas the prophet (1). For as Jonas was a sign to the Ninivites, 
 so shall the Son of man also be to this generation. As f/ie/i Jo- 
 nas was in the whale's belly three days and three nights (2), so 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xii. 38. 
 
 (6) St. Luke, xi. 29, 30 ; St. Matthew, xii. 40. 
 
 (1) Jesus Clirist refuses to them the miracle which they asked, and ho promises one 
 to them which they did not ask. Was it reasonable that the divine power should be 
 subservient to their caprices, and that it should perform the miracles which they wished 
 for, because they did not wish to yield submission, in consequence of those which it 
 w)-ought ? Yet, if we are even slightly acquainted with the genius of incredulit}', we 
 shall not hesitate to believe that they were highly puffed up after the refusal, and that 
 they said more than once, and with an air of triumph : Why does he not work the mira- 
 cle which is asked of him ? 
 
 (2) Jesus Christ was not three entire days and three entire nights in the bosom of the 
 earth ; he only passed there one entire day and one entire night, with a part of two 
 other days and of two other nights. It is in this sense it is said that he passed there 
 three days and three nights. Here is the way in which this is explained. We must 
 just reckon the entire day from midnight unto midnight. We do so thus : and although 
 this was not the Jewish mode, it was that of the Egyptians, whom all people then re- 
 garded as legislators in astronomy, and that of the Romans, the masters of the world, 
 and particularly of Judea, where it is natural to think that they partly introduced this 
 usage, as well as in the other countries of their domination ; for they dated, apparently, 
 the public transactions according to their ordinary manner of reckoning the days. Sup- 
 
CHAP. XXI.] OF QUE LORD JESUS CHRIST. 163 
 
 shall the Son of man be in the heart of the earth (3) three days 
 and three nights." 
 
 This sign, more wonderful than that of Jonas, since it is more 
 wonderful to come forth ahve from the Ijosom of the earth, after 
 having entered it dead, than to come forth alive fi-om a fish, which 
 a living man had entered — this sign, I say, according to God's inten- 
 tion, was to be for the Jews a sign of convicticm and salvation ; but 
 because Jesus Christ foresaw that theh- increduUty would render it 
 useless, he proposes it to them here as a sign of judgment and of 
 condemnation, the equity and rigor of which are justified with re- 
 gard to them by the example of the Xinivites. He proceeds, there- 
 fore, as follows : (a) " The men of Ninive shall rise in judgment with 
 this generation, and shall condemn it : because they did penance at 
 the preaching of Jonas ; and behold a greater than Jonas here. The 
 Queen of the South shall lise in judgment with this generation, and 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xii. 41-45 ; St. Luke, xi. 24, 26. 
 
 posing this to be the ca.se, there exist no longer any difficulties. Je-sus Christ, having 
 died on Friday at three o'clock, aft«r mid-day, and being almost immediately taken down 
 from the cross, may have been laid in the tomb before sunset, which was then after si.x 
 o'clock. This is the more likely, as the repose of the festival, which obliged the Jews to 
 suspend their work, commenced at sunset. Thus .lesus Christ shall have pjussed in tlie 
 bosom of the earth the part of the day which remained from his deposition in the sepul- 
 chre until sunset. From sunset until midnight there are about six houi^s of the night 
 which belong to Friday. We therefore have ah-eady part of a day, and of the night of 
 Friday, passed in the tomb. The Saturday docs not puzzle us. As to Sunday, we have 
 firstly, the part of the night which commenced at midnight, when Saturday closed ; and 
 as to the day, although it be held that the Lord rose before sunrise, he may not have 
 risen until the day gleamed with sufficient light to enable us to say truly that it was day. 
 And that period of light, or day, parsed in the tomb, if it were only to have Lasted for a 
 moment, suffices to enable us to say with truth that he was there upon the day of .Sunday. 
 (3) There is in the Latin text in corde terra, in the heart of the earth : this woi-d is 
 usually understood with reference to the bosom of the earth, in which the body of the 
 Lord was inclosed. Yet as this is the only passage where Scripture makes use of this 
 mode of speech to express a sepulchre, and as, besides, the Hebrew phrase also signifi'S 
 the centre of the earth, an expression too strong for the sepulchres, which we may s;iy 
 were only on the surface. Catholic interpreters have thought, with re;ison. that it should 
 also be understood with reference to Limbo, whither the holy soul of tlio Saviour descend- 
 ed immediately after his death. Saint Paul h.is s;iid, in the same sense, that Jesus Christ 
 descended into the lower parts of the earth (Ephes. iv.). This truth is of fiiith ; it forms 
 a part of the Apostles' Creed, and we do not see upon what grounds, nor for what reason, 
 Protestants insist on rejecting it. 
 
164 THE IIISTOPvY OF THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 sliall condemn it : because slie came from the ends of the earth to 
 lifiar Solomon ; and behold a greater than Solomon here." 
 
 It was on the occasion of a man being possessed by the demon that 
 Jesus said all this. He closes by a sort of parable, in which, under 
 the figure of a man repossessed after deliverance, he announces to 
 the Jews the increase of their crimes, and the excess of their future 
 misfortunes. " When the unclean spirit," said he to them, " is gone 
 out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and not 
 finding, he saith : I will return into my house whence I came out ; 
 and coming, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished. Then he 
 goeth, and taketh with him seven other sjjirits more wicked than 
 himself They enter in, and dwell there : and the last state of that 
 man becomes worse than the fh'st. So shall it be also to this wick- 
 ed generation." 
 
 There are several ways of explaining this parable, but we pass 
 them over to confine ourselves to its clear signification. This is, that 
 the Jewish nation, so often criminal and so often penitent, having 
 again given entrance to the demon hj its outrageous contempt for 
 the person of the Sa\-iour, his doctrine and his mii-acles, shall again 
 become more criminal and more unfortunate than it had ever been 
 before. The event too truly justified the prophecy, and the applica- 
 tion tested by every day's exjierience, in the case of relapsing sinners, 
 is but too highly justified by experience. 
 
 (a) " As he spoke these things it came to pass, a certain woman 
 from the crowd lifting up her voice," midst the murmuring of the 
 Pharisees, " said to him : Blessed is the womb that bore thee, and 
 the paps that gave thee suck." She envied, as is usual with those 
 of her sex, the happiness of her who had brought into the world a 
 man so wonderful, and wished that herself could have been that 
 happy mother. Jesus Christ instructed her, by informing her that 
 there was a happiness preferable even to that of such an exalted ma- 
 ternity, and consoled her by giving her to understand that she could 
 procure for herself this happiness. " Yea, rather," he said, " blessed 
 are they who hear the word of God, and keep it." This expression 
 was not meant to depreciate that inestimable happiness which the 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xi. 27, 28. « 
 
CHAP. XXI.] 
 
 OF OCR LORD JïSl'S CHRIST. 
 
 165 
 
 mother of God lia-s foretolil in lier cautiele slionld be celebrated by 
 all tlie nations of tlie earth. Much less did it convey that the Bless- 
 ed Virgin had not cherished the word of God, or failed to jjraeti^e 
 it herself. The exj^ression merely denoted how prefei'able was the 
 happiness of her fidelity to that of her maternity : that her fidelity 
 surjiasses in point of fact her maternity, inasmuch as she would not 
 have been tlie hap2iiest of all creatures, if she had not been the most 
 faithful. 
 
 This was the moment which the Son of God had chosen to estab- 
 lish that great maxim, that l)y jierfect observance of the law of God, 
 we unite ourselves to him by closer and stronger ties than those of 
 flesh and blood. To imprint it still more deeply on the mind, he 
 contrived the follonang transaction, which furnished him with an oc- 
 casion to repeat it. («) " As he was yet speaking to the multitudes, 
 his mother and his bi'ethren (4) stood without, wishing to speak to 
 him. The}- could not come at him for the crowd. Standing A\'ith- 
 out, they sent unto him, wishing to speak to him. The multitude 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xii. 46-49, 50; St. Luke, viii. 19; St. Mark, iii. 31-33. 
 
 (4) Tliose who would say that after the birth of Jesus Clirist the Blessed Virgin had 
 several children by Saint Joseph, who are here called the brothers of the Lord, would 
 renew the heresy of the infamous Hehidius, who was victoriously opposed by Saint Je- 
 rome. The Greeks, and among the Latins, Saint Hilarias and Saint Ambrose, who are 
 followed on this point by some modems, have thought that the brothers of the Lord 
 were children of Saint Joseph, born from a firet wife, whom he had before he married 
 the Blessed Virgin. Saint Jerome has also refuted this opinion, and the perpetual vir- 
 ginity of the holy husband of Mary is recognized at the present day by the common be- 
 lief of the faithful. It is not, nevertheless, an article of faith, although the Cardinal Pe- 
 ter Daraien seems to assert it in a letter which he wTote to Pope Nicholas H. We, there- 
 fore, should believe that the brothei-s of the Loi-d were only his cousins. Four of them 
 are known to u-s — James the Lesser, Joseph, Jude or Thaddeus, and Simon. Saint Mat- 
 thew says expressly that the two tirst were the sons of Mary, the wife of Cleophas, or of 
 Alpheus, supposing that these two names belong to the same ma»; or, if they be two 
 different men, the daughter of one and wife of the other. Now, this Mary is called by 
 Saint John sister of the mother of Jesus, which no longer leaves us in ignorance of the 
 sense in which her sons might have been called the brothers of the Lord. Those who do 
 not wish to allow that Saint Joachim and Saint Anne have had other children besides 
 the Blessed Virgin, say that Mary of Cleophas was her aunt, or her cousin-german. Be 
 it so. This belief is pious, and Scripture may have employed here the name of sister, as 
 it makes use of that of brothers with regard to those who were only the cousins of the 
 Saviour. 
 
166 TlIE HISTOIiY OF THE LIFE [PARÏ I. 
 
 wlio sat about him say unto liim ; Beliold, tliy- mother and thy breth- 
 ren stand ■^\'ithout, seeking thee. Answering them, he said : Wlio 
 is my mother, and who are my brethren ? And looking round about 
 on them who sat about him, and stretching forth his hand towards 
 his disciples, he saith : Behold my mother and my brethren ; for 
 whosoever shall do the will of my Father A^^ho is in heaven, he is my 
 brother, and my sister, and my mother (5)." 
 
 "We shall add to what we have already said, that this instruction 
 was not for Mary, who was too enlightened to be ignorant of the 
 truth it comprises, too humble to think of valuing herself uj3on her 
 maternity, and, at the same time, too faithfid an observer of the 
 will of the heavenly Father, to i-equu-e any other prop or stay. 
 These words had reference, therefore, to the other relatives of the 
 Saviour, and to all the Jewish nation. The former, for the most 
 part, did not yet believe in him ; the majority of the nation were 
 never to believe in him ; and it was proper that all should have no- 
 tice that his relatives and fellow-citizens, if incredulous and jirevari- 
 cating, should become strangers to the new alliance, and that, by 
 the merit of an active and submissive faith, strangers would be 
 judged worthy of being admitted in their place. 
 
 (a) " Again, when a great multitude was gathered together, and 
 hastened out of the cities to Jesus, the same day, he going out of 
 the house, sat by the sea-side, and began to teach. And great mul- 
 titudes were gathered unto him, so that he went up into a boat, and 
 sat in the sea, and all the multitude was upon the land by the sea- 
 side. He taught them many things in parables, and said unto them, 
 in his doctrine : Hear ye. The sower went out to sow his seed ; and 
 as he sowed, some fell by the wayside, and the birds of the air 
 came and ate it up. Aivl others fell upon stony ground, ■^here it 
 had not much earth, and it shot up immediately, because it had no 
 depth of earth ; but when the sun was up, it was scorched, and 
 
 (a) St. Luke, \-iii. 4-6 ; St. Matthew, xiii. 1 ; St. Mark, iv. 1-9. 
 
 (5) Bj' faith we become, says Saint Gregory, the brethren of Jesus Christ ; but a per- 
 son becoreies in some manner his mother, by wliose preaching Jesus Christ is formed in 
 the heart of his audience, according to this e.xpres^^ion of Saint Paul : J/y lillk children, 
 vf whom I am in labor again, until Christ be formed in you (Galatians, iv. 19). 
 
CHAP. XXI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 16Y 
 
 witliored away, because it Lad no root and no moisture. And some 
 fell among tliorns ; the thorns grew up and choked it, and it yielded 
 no fruit. Some fell upon good ground, grew up and increased ; and 
 they yielded fruit, some one hundred-fold, some sixty-fold, and some 
 thii-t}-fuld. Saying these things, he cried out : He that hath ears 
 to hear, let him hear." 
 
 (a) " And when he Aras alone, the twelve that were vrith him 
 asked him the -sense of this parable, and said to him," on this sub- 
 ject : " Why speakest thou to them in parables ? Because, he an- 
 swered, to you it is given to know the mystery of the kiugduin uf 
 heaven ; but to them that are without, all things are done in par- 
 ables (r>) ; for he that hath, to him shall be given, and he shall 
 abound : but he that hath not, from him shall be taken away that 
 also which he hath. Therefore do I speak to them in parables, be- 
 cause seeing, they see not (7), and hearing, they hear not ; neither 
 
 (a) St. Mark, iv. 10, 11, 12 ; St. Matthew, xiii. lO-li ; St. Luke, \i\i. 10, x. 24 ; 
 St. Matthew, xiii. 13. 
 
 (6) Saint Augustine assigns as the reason for this diflference, that the first were pre- 
 destined, and the latter reprobate. The reason has not been admitted by the majority 
 of ancient and modem interpreters ; and, in point of fact, Jud;is, one of the twelve, was 
 reprobate, and it is not credible, that among the multitude, to whom Jesus Christ spoke 
 only in parables, there was not some of the elect. The reason of the preference given 
 to the first over the second should be t<iken from their actual disposition. The good use 
 which the first made of the fights that were communicated to them, deserved for them 
 an increase thereof, and the latter deserved the diminution, on account of the abuse or 
 the little ase they made tliereof. This explanation appeai-s to be that of Jesus Christ 
 himself, w^ho presently adds : For he that hath, to him shall be given, and he shall 
 abound : but he t/iat hath not, that is to say, who hath a little, /rom him shall be taken 
 a way that also which he hath, that is to say, the Uttle which he hath. This saying, re- 
 peated in several passages of the Gospel, has e\eiywhere the same sense. 
 
 (7) We give here the translation of Saint Matthew. Saint Mark and Saint Luk^', 
 when reporting the same words, make a remarkable diJlerence. Instead of saying, be- 
 cause seeing they see not, they make the Saviour say, that seeing they may not see; thai 
 is to say, that the first gives their preceding blindness as cause of the withdrawal of 
 light, and tliat the two otliere give the withdrawal of light <is cause of their subsequenl 
 blindness. Both are true. Jesus Christ makes use, in their regard, of the veil of par- 
 abli's, because they had not wished to open their eyes to the pure and sparkling light of 
 his miracles and of his doctrine, exposed in all iu simplicity and idl its clcaniess ; and 
 because he made use, in their regard, of the veil of panibles, they should see much le^s 
 than they had previously seen. Nevertheless, the intention of Jesus Chinst was not to 
 leave them absolutely without light : parables were not necessary for this ; his silence 
 
168 THE HISTOKY OP THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 do tliey understand. And the proj^liecy of Isaias is fulfilled in them, 
 who saith : By hearing you shall hear, and shall not understand ; 
 and seeing you shall see, and shall uo"t perceive, for the heart of this 
 people is grown gross : with theii* ears they have been dull of hear- 
 ing, and their eyes they have shut, lest at any time they should see 
 with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their 
 hearts, and be converted, and I should heal them. But blessed are 
 your eyes, because they see, and your ears, because they hear. For, 
 amen, I say to you, many prophets and just men have desired to 
 see the things Ihat you see, and to hear the things that you hear, 
 and have not heard them." 
 
 Then, reverting to the exj")lanation which they asked, " Jesus saith 
 to them : Are you ignorant of this parable ? And how shall you 
 know all parables ? Hear you, therefore, the parable of the sow- 
 er (8) : The seed is the word of God ; he that soweth, soweth the 
 woixl ; they by the wayside, where the word is sown, are they that 
 hear. As soon as they have heard, immediately Satan cometh, and 
 taketh out the word that was sown in their hearts, lest believing, 
 they should be saved (9). And they that received the seed upon 
 stony ground, are they who, when they hear, receive the word with 
 joy ; and these have no root in themselves. They believe for 
 a while (10) ; and then, when tribulation and persecution ariseth 
 
 would have sufficed : he only wished to dirauiish the lights ; and what, in point of fact, 
 is a parable, but a light shrouded in a cloud, which covers it in part, and which lets it 
 be partly seen? 
 
 (8) The parable, and the explanation which follows, would be only a useless specula- 
 tion, if this saymg of Saint Augustine were not true : Each indiuidual renders himself 
 ffood or bad ground — good, by the good use of grace ; bad, by the abuse of liberty, 
 which ever retains the power to use or not to use grace. 
 
 (9) There is scarcely any appearance that the div-ine word fructifieth, when it falls 
 upon a heart as badly prepared as is a high-road to receive the seed of the laborer. 
 Still it hath a vh-tue, regarding which the demon is ever uneasy. A word heard by 
 chance has produced more than once the most abundant and the most unhoped-for 
 fruits. Satan is not unaware of this ; and, to make sure of his aim, he hurries to snatch ' 
 away this seed, which might be already regarded as lost. 
 
 (10) They believed, therefore, and on their part it was not hypocrisy. We agree that 
 tliey were cowards ! let us not say that they were deceitful or perfidious. When sin is 
 manifest, we must desue to justify the guilty ; but justice does not permit to make him- 
 more guilty than he is, and charity inchnes rather to excuse evil deeds than to exagger- 
 ate them. 
 
CHAI'. XXI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CUEIST. 169 
 
 because of the viord, they are presently scandalized, and in time of 
 temptation, tliey fell away. That which fell amongst thorns, are 
 they who have heard the word'; but the cares of this world, the de- 
 ceitfuluess of riches (11), the pleasures of this life, and the lusts 
 after other thhigs, entering in, choke the word, and it is made fruit- 
 less (12). But that on the good ground, are they who hear the 
 word in a good, and a very good heart, keej) it, and bring forth 
 fruit in patience, the one thii-ty to oiie, another sixty, and another a 
 hundred." 
 
 Yet, this explanation which Jesus Chi'ist gave lo the apostles 
 alone, was not destined only for them, but was to be communicated 
 by them to all nations. They were the lamps which the Father of 
 the family was trimming, and setting, and lighting, in order that they 
 might one day illumine his .entire house, that is, his Chm'oh. This 
 is what Jesus Christ gives them to understand, by repeating those 
 words which he had already said on another occasion : (») " No 
 man, lighting a candle, covereth it with a vessel, or putteth it under 
 a bed ; but setteth it upon a candlestick, that the}' who come in may 
 see the light. For," added he, speaking of the shining jnililicity 
 which the doctrine he then explained to them in secrecy should one 
 day have, " there . is not any thing secret that shall not be made 
 manifest, nor hidden that shall not be known and come abroad." 
 
 (a) St. Mark, iv. 21-23 ; St. Luke, viii. 16-18. 
 
 He who abandons persecuted truth may only be weak ; but if he combines vnth those 
 who persecute it, he is perfidious. 
 
 (11) It might be translated the deceitful riches. They are so principally, inasmuch 
 as they promise a felicity which they do not give. We think that in doubling our 
 store we shall double om happiness : that expectation is never realized, and it often 
 happens in the exact reverse : incre<ise of riches generally brings increase of care and 
 tiouble. 
 
 (12) There are three sorts of hearers with whom the didne word produces no fruit. 
 1st. Those who pay no attention to it, or whose entire attention is limited to hearing it 
 ius the word of man. 2d. Those whose mind is attentive, but whose heart is not dis- 
 posed to put it in practice. 3d. Those whose mind is attentive, and whose heart is well 
 disjjoscd. but who, instead of meditating whin they have heard it, deliver themselves up 
 to the cares and distractions of the world. In the first class it pnxiuces nothing ; in 
 the second it produces words ; and the fruits which it produces in the third class are 
 almost immediately stifled when formed. Three (spposite dispositions make it fructify — 
 attention, good- will, recollection, and meditation. 
 
170 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 But as tliis prophecy, the aceomphshmeut of whic]j was to be con- 
 fided to their care, was not yet as clear to them as it subsequently 
 was, Jesus warned them to meditate on the sense thereof: " If any 
 man hath ears to hear, let him hear." 
 
 And, to awaken their attention further, " he said to them : Take 
 heed, therefore, what you hear. In what measure you shall mete, 
 it shall ])e measured to you again, and more shall be given to you ; 
 for he that hath, to him shall be given ; but whosoever hath not, 
 that also which he thinketh he hath shall be taken away." This 
 was not the first time that Jesus Christ gave them to undei-stand 
 these two truths ; but, when applied to the existing circumstances, 
 they became to the apostles a powerful exhortation to diffuse abun- 
 dantly the lights he had communicated to them, persuaded that the 
 diffusion of these lights would merit for them an increase thereof, 
 whereas they would be withdrawn fi-om him who attempted to with- 
 hold them from others. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 PAEABLES OF THE COCKLE, OP THE MUSTARD-SEED, OF THE LEAVEN, AND OF THE 
 
 NET CAST INTO THE SEA. — PREACHING OF JESUS CHRIST AT NAZARETH. ^PROPHET 
 
 WITHOUT HONOR IN HIS OWN COUNTRY. 
 
 Whether what follows was spoken on another day, or whether, 
 which does not appear unhkely, after having conversed for some 
 time apart with his disciples, Jesus began again immediately to ad- 
 dress the multitude : («) " He pi'oposed to them another parable, 
 saying : The kingdom of heaven is likened to a man that sowed good 
 seed in his field. But while men were asleep, his enemy came and 
 sowed cockle among the wheat, and went away. And when the 
 blade was sprung up, and had brought forth fruit, then appeared 
 also the cockle. The servants of the good man of the house com- 
 ing, said to him : Sir, didst thou not sow good seed in thy field ? 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xiii. 24-30. jj. 
 
CHAP. XXri.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. lYl 
 
 T^Tience, tlieu, liatli it cockle ? And he said to them : Au enemy 
 hatli done this. The servants said to him : "Wilt thou that we go 
 and gather it up ? No, he said, lest perhaps gathering uj) the cockle, 
 you I'oot up the wheat also together with it (1). Suffer Loth to grow 
 until the harvest, and in the time of the harvest I wUl say to the 
 reapei"3 (2) : Gather up fii-st the cockle, and loind it into bundles to 
 burn ; but the wheat gather ye into my barn." 
 
 Without pausing then for the explanation of this parable, which 
 his disciples desired, but which they would not venture to ask theii" 
 Divine Master for fear of interrupting him, (a) " Jesus" continued, 
 and " said : So is the kingdom of God, as if a man should cast seed 
 into the earth ; and should sleep and rise night and day, the seed 
 should spring and grow up night and day whilst he knoweth not (3) : 
 
 (a) St. Mark, iv. 26-29. 
 
 (1) ^Vherefore, if it were evident that, in gathering the cockle, we should not root up 
 the wheat, we should gather it, since the father of the family gives no other reason for 
 leaving it. Another consequence. — Therefore the doubt alone, whether if, when gather- 
 ing the cockle, we may not root up the wheat, obliges us to leave it, since the father of 
 the family does not sa)' absolutely. You should root up the wheat, but lest perhaps you 
 may root it up. In the application we oftener meet doubt than endence to the conlrarj-, 
 and the cases in which the cockle should be left are much more common than those in 
 which it must be prematurely gathered. Note that it is on account of the wheat that 
 the cockle is spared, and not upon its own account ; if we let it grow, it is only to cast it 
 into the fire. 
 
 (2) The reapers seem distinguished from the sers'ants ; the first are the angels, accord- 
 ing to the Saviour's explanation. As he does not say who the servants are, we may be 
 permitted to seek it, and it is natural to think that -they are the ministers of his Cliurch. 
 Those whom he speaks of here are not altogether faultless. The sleejjers give to the en- 
 emy time and opportunity to sow the cockle. The ardent would root it up immediately 
 when it appeared. These faults are not so opposite that they may not be met with in 
 the same persons. We may be too fond of sleeping, and not be overwise when we awake. 
 May we not also say that this gre<it zeal was the consequence of negligence ? The mis- 
 chief had occurred through their fault ; hence their ve.xation and their impatient desire to 
 root it up. 
 
 (-3) .JesuB Christ was never really to abandon his Cliurch ; but would appear to aban- 
 don it when, ascending to heaven, he should deprive it of his sensible presence. ' The state 
 of apparent weakness in which he left it might make his disciples apprehend lest it should 
 ilir-;ippear with its -founder, and that the epoch of its birth was only that of its ruin. Je- 
 >us Christ teaches them here that the seed of the word, being once cast by his dinne 
 liands, shall not fall in vain upon that blessed earth ; and that when he shall appear to 
 be the least occupied concerning it, they shall see it grow and ripen before their eyes, as 
 t 
 
1Y2 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 For tlie eartli of itself briiigetli forth fruit, first tlie blade, tlien tlie 
 ear, afterwards the full corn in the ear (4) : and when the fruit is 
 brought forth, immediately he puttetli in the sickle, because the har- 
 vest is come." 
 
 Two other parables directly followed this one, and the three have 
 the same oTyect, viz., the Cliurch of Jesus Christ, hidden at tu-st like 
 seed in the bosom of the earth, but afterwards making its appear- 
 ance, and by imperceptible degrees arriving at maturity : small as 
 the mustard-seed, which springs up above all the vegetable tribe, 
 and whose tall stem almost equals the height of the trees ; or like 
 paste, whose size is considerably increased by a little leaven. Here 
 they are as jironounced by the Saviour. He said then to them fur- 
 ther : (a) " To what shall we liken the kingdom of God, or to what 
 pai-able shall we compare it ? The kingdom of heaven is like to a 
 grain of mustard-seed, which a man took and sowed in his field. It 
 is the least of all the seeds that are in the earth ; but, when it is 
 sown, it groweth up and becometh greater than all the herbs ; and 
 shooteth out great branches, so that the birds of the air may dwell 
 under the shadow thereof" He spoke to them, in few words, the 
 other jjarable : (Z-) " The kingdom of heaven is like to leaven, which 
 a woman took and hid in three measures of meal, imtil the whole 
 was leavened. Jesus spoke all these things in parables to the mul- 
 titude. With many such parables he spoke to them th.e evangelical 
 w^ord, according as they were able to hear." For this simple style, 
 which merely presented to them those images with which they were 
 familiar, was most on a level with their minds, and the mist in which 
 
 (a) St. MatUiew, xiii. 31-33 ; St. Mark, (6) St. Matthew, xiii. 33-35 ; St. Mark, 
 iv. 30-32. iv. 33, 34. 
 
 the wheat which the laborer has sown in the field grows without his putting a hand near 
 it. It is ti-ue, that the inaction of the latter is real, and that of Jesus is on^~àpparent ; 
 for he alone giveth growth to the seed by the secret, but real and always active, virtue of 
 his grace. Wherefore it is merely under the aspect of appearances that they are here 
 compared to one another. 
 
 (4) Grace has its progression as well as nature, imperceptible from day to day, but 
 perceptible from time to time. We cannot too earnestly desire its growth, but we should 
 know how to await it. Precocious fruits do not ripen ; and a stem when too luxxuiant 
 exhausts itself and withers. 
 
CHAP, xxn.] OF ot:k lord jesus chbist. 173 
 
 these figures partly slirouded trutlis, tlie full 1 )laze of which the peo- 
 ple could not eudure, proportioned the light to their present capa- 
 city. («) " Therefore without parables Jesus did not speak to them, 
 that it might be fulfilled which wa-s spoken by the prophet : I will 
 open my mouth in parables ; I will utter things hidden fi-om the 
 foundation of the world ; but apart he exi^lained all things to his 
 disciples." 
 
 "Having sent away the multitudes, he came into the house, and 
 his disciples came to him, saying : Expound to us the parable of the 
 cockle of the field. Jesus made answer and saith to them : He that 
 soweth the good seed is the Son of man. The field is the world ; 
 the good seed are the children of the kingdom ; but the cockle are 
 the children of the wicked one (.5). The enemy that sowed them is 
 the devil. The harvest Is the end of the world. The reapers are 
 the angels. Even, therefore, as cockle is gathered up and burned 
 with fire, so shall it be at the end of the world. The Son of man 
 shall send his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all 
 scandals, and them that work iniquity; and shall cast them into 
 the furnace of fire. There shall be weeping and gn;ishing of teeth. 
 Then shall the just shine as the sun in the kingdom of their Father." 
 
 After the exposition of this parable, Jesus proceeded to propose 
 some others to his disciples. Since he wished that their undei-stand- 
 ing of them should be the fruit of their close attention, he warns 
 them according to his custom : " He that hath eai-s to hear, let him 
 hear ;" afterwards he continues to sjieak thus : " The kingdom of 
 heaven is hke unto a treasure hidden in a field : which a man hav- 
 ing found, hid it, and for joy thereof, goeth and selleth all that he 
 hath, and buyeth that field. Again, the kingdom of heaveii is like 
 to a merchant seeking good pearls : who, when he had found one 
 pearl of great price, went his way and sold all that he had, and 
 bought it. Again, the kingdom of heaven is like to a net cast into 
 the sea, and gathering together of aU kinds of fishes : which, when 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xiii. 36-52. 
 
 (5) The wicked can become good. If they do not become such, they serve at least to 
 exercise and perfect the gixxl. These are two reasons for which Saint Axigustine says 
 that God suffers them to remain on earth. 
 
174 THE HISTORY OF TITE LITE [PAET I. 
 
 it was filled, they drew out, and sitting by tlie shore, they chose out 
 the good into vessels, but the bad they cast forth. So shall it be at 
 the end of the world. The angels shall go out, and shall sejîarate 
 the wicked from the just (6), and shall cast them into the furnace of 
 fii-e. There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." 
 
 The bad fish caught with the good in the same net, and the cockle 
 sowed with the good seed in the same field, are two different images 
 of one and the same thing. That is, in the profession of the same 
 faith and m the bosom of the same Church, the mixture of the wick- 
 ed with the good dm-ing this life, and the separation to be made at 
 the end of the world. The apostles, to whom Jesus Christ had just 
 exjilained the first of these two jjarables, had no difficulty in comjire- 
 hendiug the second. The two which precede the first of these have 
 another object, viz., the inestimable value of the evangelical doctrine, 
 and the j^i'ofound wisdom of the man who sacrifices all that he has 
 to iasure its possession to himself. These latter parables are so clear, 
 that it was not requisite to explain them for the disciples. Where- 
 fore, when Jesus Christ said to them : (a) " Have ye understood all 
 these things ? Yes, they say to him. Therefore," added he, wish- 
 ing to teach them, by a new figure, the use they should make of the 
 treasures wherewith he had em-iched them, " therefore every Scribe 
 instructed in the kingdom of heaven is hke to a man who is a house- 
 holder, who bringeth forth out of his treasure new things and old," 
 in order that all his household may be abundantly provided. 
 
 " When Jesus had finished these parables, he passed from thence 
 and came to Nazareth, his own country, where he was brought up ; 
 and his discijiles followed him. When the Sabbath-day was come, 
 Jesus went into the synagogue, according to his custom, and began 
 to teach. He rose up to read. The book of Isaias the prophet was 
 dehvered to him, and as he unfolded the book, he found the place 
 where it is written: The Sj^irit of the Lord is upon me (7) ; where- 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xiii. 51-54; St. Luke, iv. 16-21 ; St. Mark, vi. 1, 2. 
 
 (6) This eternal separation of the wicked from the good, followed, for the latter, by 
 eternal happiness, and for the othei-s by eternal misfortune, e.xplains in one word all that 
 we might be inclined to reckon inexplicable in the conduct of Providence. 
 
 (7) He found there what he wished to find. There is nothing chance to him who 
 knov/s every thing. 
 
CHAP. XXII.] OF OUR LORD JKSUS CIIEIST. lY5 
 
 fore be liatli anointed me (S) to preacli the Gospel to the poor; he 
 hath sent me to heal the contrite of heart (9) ; to preach deliverance 
 to the captives, and sight to Ûfè blind ; to set at liberty them that 
 are bruised ; to preach the acceptable year of the Lord, and the day 
 of reward (10). "\Mien he had folded the book, he restored it to 
 the minister, and sat down. The eyes of all in the synagogue were 
 fixed on him, and he began to say to them : This day is fulfilled this 
 Scripture in your ears." 
 
 Tliat decisive announcement, which was to them who heard it an 
 abstract of all the discom-ses which Jesus Christ had hitherto made 
 unto them, and which in a twinkling brought them all thronging 
 back on their recollection, made at the outset a great impression on 
 the whole assembly. But, by one of those strange revolutions which 
 we sometimes see occurring in the public mind, they passed imme- 
 diately from admiration to en\"y — from envy to contempt, slander, 
 incredulity, and, at last, to a transport of fury. " All gave [then at 
 first] testimony to him, and they wondered at the words of grace 
 
 (8) Invisible unction — operated by the Holy Ghost, who diflFused himself with all his 
 gifts into the holy humanity of the Saviour at the moment of his incarnation. Regal and 
 sacerdotal imction — by wliich he has been consecrated monarch of the universe, and eter- 
 nal pontiff of the new law. Thus, although he has not received the material and sensible 
 sign thereof, Jesus Christ is very truly said to have received the unction (expressed by 
 the name of Christ), because he received the effect of it in all its plenitude, and in a de- 
 gree of excellence infinitely superior to that received by all those to whom the same name 
 is given in Scripture. 
 
 (9) This prophecy had partly its accomplishment in the miracles which Jesus Christ 
 has wrought to cure corporal evils. But, to reach its perfect sense, we should under- 
 stand it with reference to the sad effects of sin in souls, and the powerful remedies which 
 Jesus Christ was capable of bringing to bear upon them, and which he actually did. 
 
 (10) We read in the text, the day of reward — diem relributionis. It is generally un- 
 derstood of the last judgment ; and what further favors this explanation is, that this day, 
 which is here called the dai/ of reward, is called by Isai;»h the day of vengeance — dies 
 ultiones. Yet it has been remarked that Jesus Christ, after having read the prophecy, 
 adds presently : This day is fulfilled this Scripture in your ears. Therefore some con- 
 clude that the allusion here was not to the last judgment, and they consequently call 
 the day of reward the day of liberality and of grace. This explanation appears to them 
 the more natural, as the day of reward is to be found placed immediately after the accepta- 
 ble year of the Lord. All this is more specious than solid. Jesus Christ hath come to 
 announce present mercy and the judgment to come : the prophet, that he shall preach 
 both one and the other. It is not neccssarj' for him to judge actually in order to accom- 
 plish the prophecy — the preaching of it is sufficient. 
 
176 TIΠHISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 that proceeded from liis moutli, aud tliey said : How came tliis man 
 by all these things ? and what wisdom is this that is given to him, 
 and such mighty works are wrought by his hands ?" 
 
 But a moment before, and they spoke the language of admiration. 
 Now it is that of envy, contempt, spite, and scandal. " Is not this," 
 added they, " is not this the carpenter ? Is not this the carpenter's 
 son (11), the son of Joseph, the son of Mary, the brother of James 
 aud Joseph, Simon and Jude ? And his sisters, are they not all with 
 us ? Whence, therefoi'e, hath he all these things ? And they were 
 scandalized in his regard." 
 
 Yet, Jesus had worked but few miracles at Nazareth, and those 
 few had but little lustre. He who was prodigal of them elsewhere, 
 seemed parsimonious of them with regard to his fellow-citizens. 
 This was for reasons worthy of his wisdom. He was willing to ex- 
 plain them to these people ; but, as his miracles were apparently the 
 principal subject of their great eagerness to see him, being deceived 
 on this point, they no longer valued his reasons, and spite drove 
 them to extreme violence against his person. These are the words 
 which gave occasion to this outl">reak : (a) " He said to them tJien : 
 Doubtless you wUl say to me this similitude : Physician, heal thy- 
 self. As great things as we have heard done in Capharnaum, do 
 also hei'e in thy own country (12). Amen, I say to you," added he, 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xiii. 57 ; St. Luke, iv. 23, 24. 
 
 (11) In Latin, /after. This word signifies a tradesman or an artisan, without deter- 
 mining the sort of work — only it excludes delicate workmanship. It therefore leaves 
 undecided the trade in which he was engaged during the thirty years of his hidden life. 
 Some have said that it was masonry ; others, that he worked at an iron forge. The most 
 universal and most ancient opinion is, that Jesus Christ exercised with Saint Joseph the 
 trade of carpenter. Now, that God should draw forth a prophet from the shop of a 
 carpenter, was what the Nazarenes never could persuade themselves. They would have 
 no difficulty in belie\ing him, if God had drawn him forth from some famous academy ; 
 for the principle of their incredulity was constantly this : God cannot make a prophet 
 out of a carpenter. Reduce back all unbelievers to their first principle, you will find no- 
 thing more weighty than this assertion — it is always, God cannot do it. 
 
 (12) The consideration which we procure for ourselves in our own country is a much 
 more precious acquisition, and, in some way, more properly our own, than what we ac- 
 quh-e among strangers. Such, at least, is the opinion of men, which is sufficient to 
 justify the appUcation that the Saviour here makes of the proverb : Physician, heal 
 thyself. 
 
CUAP. XX3I.] OF OLli LOlîU .llï^LS CHRIST. 177 
 
 " no prophet is aocepted iu lib own coimtry. lie is not without 
 honor, save iu his own country and iu his own house." 
 
 ^Mierefore, he cannot work many miracles there ; for where there 
 is but little cousideration f(5r his person, little faith could Le jjlaccd 
 iu his words. Now miracles, which are usually the reward of faith, 
 must not be lavished on incredulity. And to show that such h:id 
 been, at all times, the conduct of God, («) " In truth," pursues the 
 Saviour, " in truth I sa}' to you : There were many widows in the 
 days of Elias in Israel, when heaven was shut up three years and 
 sis months, when there was a great famine throughout all the earth : 
 and to none of them was Elias sent, but to Sarepta of Sidon, to a 
 widow Avoman. And there were manj' lepers in Israel iu the time 
 of Eliseus the prophet, and none of them was cleansed but Naaman, 
 the Syrian." 
 
 Thus they should not expect to be more highly fovored than the 
 Israelites then were ; and Jesus Christ gave them sufficiently to un- 
 derstand that the fault was their own. A^Tiy did they not correct 
 themselves, if they sought to be better treated ? And, since disdain 
 for his person, and incredulity to the wonls of him whom the\- 
 should at least regard as the messenger of God, rendered them un- 
 worthy of the favor of heaven, why did they not strive to render 
 themselves-worthy by listening to him with docility and respect ? 
 It W£is to bring them to this point that Jesus Christ spoke to them 
 after this fashion. But there are always perverse hearts, who turn 
 remedies into poison, and grace itself into a stumbling-block and a 
 rock of scandal. The truth which should light up intelligence iu 
 their minds served only to complete their blindness. On hearing 
 these words, " all they in the synagogue hearing these things, were 
 filled with anger. They rose up on the instant^ and thrust him out 
 of the city." They sought not merely to banish him ; their fury 
 went so far as to attempt his life. "Tliat they might cjist him 
 down headlong (1.3), they brought him to the brow of the hill 
 
 (a) St. Luke, iv. 25-30. •• 
 
 (1.3) Saint AnibrDse and Bcdc judge them more culpable than those who crucified 
 the Saviour, booMuse the latter preserved, at leiwt, the form of justice, wliereas tliose of 
 Nazareth followed without any form the motions of a brutal fury. We hazard the opiu- 
 
 12 
 
 w 
 
178 THE JIISTOIIY OF THE LIFE [I'AKT I. 
 
 whereon their city was Ijuilt. But Jesus, passing through the midst 
 of them, went his way," at a moderate pace, without seeming to fear 
 them, and without receiving any hnrt. Whether he diffused a mist 
 before their eyes to hinder them from seeing him, or whether he 
 bound their hands by invisible chains — take it either way, it must 
 have been a miracle ; l^ut it was almost the only one he wrought in 
 his own country. " For," adds the sacred text, («) " he could not 
 do any miracle there (14), on account of their unbehef, only that he 
 
 ((/) St. Matthew, xiii. 58 ; St. Mark, vi. 5, 6. 
 
 ion, contraiy to their view, that the crime is more enormous where there is more reflec- 
 tion, and that, comparing these two attempts, one is murder, and the other assassina- 
 tion ; besides, that tlie most criminal inj ustice is that which clothes itself in the form of 
 justice. 
 
 (14) Not if we merely contemplate liis absolute power, but with respect to the ra- 
 tional exercise of power, and consistently with a certain order which his wisdom lias 
 freely established, from which he may deviate when it pleaseth him, but from which he 
 very rarely does deviate. We have already seen that, according to this order, God, gen- 
 erally speaking, grants miracles to faith, and refuses them to incredulity. The latter 
 will perhaps ask if that be not tantamount to saying that miracles are accorded to cre- 
 dulity, and that they are refused to enlightened and diffident reason. It is a sufficient 
 answer, that this conduct of God is highly worthy, and good sense alone tells us that 
 graces should be measured out according to the use which is made of them, and that, 
 consequently, they should be redoubled for those who profit by them, and be retrenched 
 from those who abuse them. The inhabitants of Nazareth belong to the latter class. 
 Jesus Clirist had wrought some miracles among them, and rumor had informed them of 
 those which he had wrought at Capharnaum. This was enough to make them believe ; 
 and had they believed, having this sufficient proof, prodigies would have been multiplied 
 in their favor. But, by not believing, they deserved that Jesus Christ should in some 
 manner weaken this proof in their regard, very far from fortifying it. We should say 
 the same thing with reference to the miracles upon which religion is founded. They 
 form, for every straightforward and impartial mind, a more than sufficient proof. God 
 will not perform other miracles for those who do not believe ; and he will perform them 
 for those who already believe. On his part, this is goodness towards the latter, and jus- 
 tice with regard to the othere. And, when I say that God will perform fresh miracles, 
 I suppo.se, what is true, that miracles have never ceased in the Church. They have 
 been wrought in the Church from its birth, and they shall be wrought in it until the con- 
 summation of ages. The verbal process of canonizations is a judicial and incontestable 
 proof for all the period which has elapsed since that period when these proceedings 
 commenced — the very period with reference to which doubts might more readily be en- 
 tertained as to the gift of miracles having remained in the Church. But it has been re- 
 marked, and we maj' again remark, that miracles follow faith ; that is to say, that the 
 more faith there is, the more miracles there are, and that the source of miracles is al- 
 most entirely dried up in places where faith is dead or dying. Thus, incredulity in mir- 
 
CHAI\ XXC] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 179 
 
 cured a feu- that were sick, laying bis hands upon them ; and he 
 wondered because of their unbelief." He who had wondered at the 
 faith of a Gentile, found in his fellow-citizens a prodigy of infidelity 
 caj)able of causing him equal surprise. These two prodigies are 
 daily renewed — that of faith to an heroic pitch amongst bai'barous 
 nations at the fii'st glimmerings they descry of evangelical truth ; 
 and, in the bosom of Christianity, the prodigy of incredulity rising 
 to downright personal hatred of Jesus Christ, and the most furious 
 demonstrations against his rehgion and its ministers. 
 
 These proceedings, which obliged the Saviour to quit his ungrate- 
 ful country, were unable to repress his zeal. True, he abandoned 
 to their reprobate senses these self-blinded individuals, who had 
 passed the sentence upon themselves, that they were unworthy of 
 the eternal life which his mercy had come to offer them. But it 
 was only to seek elsewhere minds more docile and hearts })etter dis- 
 posed, (a) " He went about all the cities and towns, teaching in 
 their synagogues, and preaching the Gospel of the kingdom, and 
 healing every disease and every infii-mity. And, seeing the multi- 
 tudes" of people who crowded to him from all parts, " he had com- 
 passion on them, because they were distressed, and lying like sheep 
 that have no shepherd." 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, ix. 35, 36. 
 
 acles is the cause of the withdrawal of miracles, and the mystery of the parables was in 
 punishment of incredulity of the doctrine which had been so publicly promulgated. The 
 conduct of God sustains itself, and all his judgments are justified. 
 
180 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 MSSION OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES.^ — INSTRUCTIONS AND ADVICE THAT JESUS GIVES 
 
 THEM. 
 
 («) " Then he saitli to his disciples : The harvest indeed is great, 
 l)ut the laborers are few. Pray ye therefore the Lord of the har- 
 vest that he send forth laborers into his harvest." We cannot ra- 
 tionally doubt the execution of this order, or that all the disciples 
 made the prayer prescribed by their Divine Master. It could not 
 fail to be heard, since he who was to hear it was no other than he 
 who iuvited them to make the petition, (i) " Then calling together 
 his twelve apostles, he gave them power and authoiity over all dev- 
 ils, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of diseases, and all man- 
 ner of infii-mities. He began to send them two and two," in order 
 that they might aid one another, and that there might be every- 
 where two witnesses to the same truth. " The names of the twelve 
 apostles are these" — as we have seen before, yet they are ranged 
 here in an order somewhat different from the fii-st, and we believe 
 from that in which they were associated. " The lii'st, Simon, who is 
 called Peter, and Andrew his brother ; James the son of Zebedee, 
 and John his brother ; Philip and Bartholomew ; Thomas and Mat- 
 thew, the publican ; James the son of Alpheus, and Thaddeus ; Si- 
 mon the Canaanean, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed Jesus." 
 
 (c) " He commanded them that they should take nothing for the 
 way but a staff only :" even this they were merely to make use of 
 for a support, for we shall presently see that he did not allow them 
 to make use of it for self-defence. This exjjlains the apj^arent con- 
 tradiction of the staff now allowed and now forbidden. In addition, 
 he enjomed upon them "that they should take no scrip, no bread, 
 no money in theii* pm'se, but to be shod with sandals, and that they 
 should not put on two coats." An unwavering confidence in Provi- 
 dence was to be then substituted for aU these provisions. But we 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, ix. 37, 38. (6) St. Luke, ix. 1, 2 ; St. Matthew, x. 
 
 (c) St. Mark, vi. 8, 9. 1 ; St. Mark, vi. T. 
 
 L._ 
 
CIIAV. XXUI.] OF OUR LORD JISUS CHRIST. 181 
 
 must hear, from the very li])s of the Sa^^our, the admirable regula- 
 tions which he gave to them, and, in their perscm^, to their successors 
 in the apostolic ministry ; fur the}- equally regard the latter, except- 
 ing the first, which even may also serve to teach them that they ought 
 not to go elsewhere than Avhither they are sent, and that if it be crim- 
 inal to preach without a mission, it would also be a crime to step ever 
 so little beyond its prescribed bounds. 
 
 (a) " Jesus commanded his apostles, saying : Go ye not into the 
 way of the Gentiles, and into the cities of the Samaiitans enter ye 
 not ; but go ye rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel ; and 
 going, preach, saying : The kingdom of heaven is at hand. Heal the 
 sick, raise the dead, cleanse the lepers, cast out devils. Freely have 
 ' you received, freely give. Do not possess gold, nor silver, nor mon- 
 ey in your purees ; nor scrip for your journey, nor two coats, nor 
 sboes, nor a staff." Be assured, kowever, that no necessary shall lie 
 wanting to you, " for the workman is worthy of his meat. Into what- 
 ever city or town you shall enter, inquire who in it is worth}- ; there 
 abide, until you go thence (1). When you go into the house, salute 
 it, saying : Peace be to this house ; and if that house be worthy, your 
 peace shall come upon it ; but if it be not worthy, your i-)eace shall 
 return to you (2). Whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear your 
 words, going forth out of that house or city, shake off the dust from 
 your feet for a testimony to them (3). Amen, I say to you, it shall 
 be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrah in the day 
 of judgment than for that city." 
 
 This advice might suffice to the apostles for this fii-st mission ; it 
 was to be rather brief: no persecution awaited them there, and it 
 was merely a slight essay of those missions, wherein, cross in hand, 
 
 (a.) St. Matthew, x. 5 ; St. Mark, vi. 11. 
 
 (1) It is said in Saint Luke: And whatsoever houxe yon shall enter into, abide l/iere, 
 and depart not from thence. There would be levity in doing so without reason, or a del- 
 icacy very unbecoming in an apostle, if done from the hope of better treatment ; aii'.l 
 whatever was the motive, the host thus left would cerUiinly have cause to complain. 
 
 (2) The good that jou have wi.shed them sliall come to pass in one way or the oti^r. 
 
 (3) Dust on tjje feet is the pruuf of the journey ; and to shake otf this dust was, o.i ll..^ 
 part of the apostles, equivalent to siiying : We are come, and you have not wished to .e- 
 ceive us. This is the way in which that action rendered testimony ag.iinst the inhabitants. 
 
182 THE niSTOllY OF TILE LIFE ' [pAIiT L 
 
 tliey should confront all the powers of the universe, and, without 
 other weapons than patience, range all people under the law of the 
 Master, who sent them. As yet, they were incapable of the latter 
 missions, because they were not yet " clad with vii'tue from on high." 
 Still, befoi'e he imparted to them strength for these, he wishes to 
 convey to them a knowledge of them, and he proceeds to do so by 
 the following words, i-apidly sketching before theh* eyes the terrible 
 picture of the combats they should have to endure, they and their 
 first disciples ; for we have in this picture an historical sketch of the 
 three fh-st ages of the Chui'ch. This prophetic j^icture could not be 
 otherwise than highly useful to each and every one amongst them. 
 Besides, as it contained instructions relative to the various trials 
 through which they were to pass, hj seeing that they were foretold, 
 the apostles would be less surprised, and less alarmed when they 
 came upon them ; and the accomplishment of this part of the proph- 
 ecy guarantied the truth of those passages which announced their 
 victories and their crowns. Hence the Saviour continues thus : 
 
 (a) " Behold, I send you as sheep in the midst of wolves. Be ye, 
 therefore, wise as serpents and simple as doves (4). But beware of 
 men" (meaning those whom he has just called wolves). "For they 
 will deliver you up in councils, and they will scourge you in their 
 synagogues. And you shall be brought before governors and be- 
 fore kings for my sake, for a testimony (5) to them and to the Gen- 
 tiles. But when they shall deliver you up, take no thought how or 
 what to speak ; for it shall be given you in that hour what to sj^eak. 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, x. 16-42. 
 
 (4) Meekness and simplicity are the primary virtues which Jesus Christ prescribes to 
 tlic apostles. They should neither oppose force to violence nor wiles to malice. The 
 prudence of the serpent considerably perplexes the commentatore. We know that this 
 animal has a lively and piercing glance. It is natural to think that Jesus Christ enjoins 
 his disciples to be clear-sighted like the serpent, in order to discover the snares of their 
 enemies, and to avoid them by flight or by concealment ; for he leaves them no other 
 means of defending themselves against them. 
 
 (5) Much more by the testimony of blood than by that of speech. This it was which 
 caused the name of martyrs, which signifies witnesses, to be given to them who sealed 
 with their blood the truths of the Gospel. For if there be no greater love than to give 
 one's life for those 'whom toe love, there is no stronger persuasion than to shed our blood 
 ill support of our cause. 
 
CHAP. XXIII.] OF OUR LORD JISVS CHRIST. 183 
 
 For it is not you that sjieak, but the spirit of your Father tliat speak- 
 eth in you." ]\Ioreovei', it is not merely on the part of your fellow- 
 citizens that you shall encounter so violent a persecution. "The 
 brother also shall deliver up the bi-other to death, and the father 
 the son : and the children shall rise up against their parents, and 
 shall put them to death ; and you shall be hated by all men for my 
 name's sake : but he that shall pei-severe unto the end, he shall be 
 saved." 
 
 Meantime, Jesus Christ, who wishes that his disciples should be 
 intrepid under the sword of pei-secution, would not that an indis- 
 creet zeal should thrast them under its blows. Wherefore, he adds, 
 " When they shall persecute you in this city (6), flee into another (7). 
 Amen, I say unto you : You shall not finish all the cities of Israel 
 till the Son of man come (8)." 
 
 (6) Persecution is an equivocal sign of truth or \-irtue. The wicked sufl'er it as well 
 as the good, the Jews as well as the Christians, heretics as well as Catholics, and ranters 
 as well as apostles. Happy those who, like the latter, suffer it for justice ! It is not the 
 pain, it is the cause which makes the martyr. — Saint Augustine. 
 
 (7) Flight was not merely allowed the apostles, it was prescribed to them : it pre- 
 served to the growing Church her first pastors, and, by dispersing them, it was instru- 
 mental to the propagation of the Gospel. In subsequent times it has been commanded 
 or permitted, or forbidden according to cucumstances. It is even commanded to the 
 pastor, when his presence would more injure the Church than his absence : it is permit- 
 ted to him, when the persecution is levelled against him alone, and that his minisiry can 
 be easily supplied by others : it is prohibited to him when his flock would in consequence 
 thereof encounter notable damage. This is tlie case wherein he must give his life for his 
 flock. It rarely occui-s that flight is prohibited to those who are not pastors, and it is 
 commanded to them, when the knowledge they have of their weakness makes them ap- 
 prehend that they may fall under the effect of pei-secution : in this c;use we should prefer 
 our own salvation to that of others. 
 
 (8) Several interpretei-s think that these words were said to the apostles ; othere con- 
 tend that they regard these amongst their succe.ssoi-s who shall preach the Gospel in the 
 time of Anti-Christ. According' to the fii-st interpretalion, the coming of the Son of man 
 should be understood with reference to tlie destruction of Jerusalem ; according to the 
 second, what are here called the cities of Isr.iel are the Christian cities which, at the end 
 of the world, shall have apostatized from the faith, and shall pei-secute its preachers : 
 each inti'rpretation has its difficulties. Nevertheless, iis these difficulties are less than 
 those which are to be met in the other ways of explaining this te.\t, the most probable 
 thing we can say here is, that each of tliese interpretations is the correct one. In the 
 first case, the prophecy must have been undei-stood by the apostles ; in the second case, 
 it shall be understood at the end of ages ; in either case, Jesus Christ shall not have made 
 it in vain. For as we liave already remarked, although nothing is useless in Scripture, it 
 does not, therefore, follow that all therein should be equally useful for all times. 
 
184 THE IIISTOÎIY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 If he aunouuces to tliem great sufteiiugs, lie presents to them at 
 the same time great motives. Of these his own example is the first. 
 " The clisci2:)le," said he, " is not above the Master, nor the servant 
 aliove the Lord. It is enough for the disciple that he be as his Mas- 
 ter, and tlie servant as his Loi-d. If they have called the good man 
 of the house Beelzebul:), how much more them of his household," 
 We may conceive that this motive had much greater force, when 
 men's rage, passing from words to the most sanguinary deeds, had 
 fastened to the cross the Master and the Lord. "Therefore fear 
 them not," s.:dd the Saviour, "for," despite the fury of the world, 
 " nothing is covered" in the doctrine which I teach you " that shall 
 not be revealed ; nor hid, that shall not be known. That which I 
 tell you in the dark, speak ye in the light : and that which you hear 
 in the ear, preach ye upon the house-tops (9)." 
 
 God alone is to l>e feared, and he shields them with his almiglity 
 protection : new motives of confidence, which the Saviour proposes 
 in these words : " Fear ye not them that kill the body, and are not 
 able to kill the soul (10). But rather fear him that can destroy 
 both soul and body into helL Are not two sparrows sold for a far- 
 thing ? and not one of them shall fall to the ground without your 
 Father. But the very hairs of your head are aU numbered. Fear 
 not, therefore : better are ye than many sjiarrows." Lastly, gather- 
 ing into one focus what must form the main objects of their desires 
 and of their fear : " Every one, said he^ that shall confess me before 
 men, I will also confess him before my Father who is in heaven ; 
 but he that shall deny me before men, I will also deny him before 
 my Father who is in heaven." 
 
 It was further necessary to fortify the disciples against another 
 trial, less terril^le in appearance, yet often more formidable in eifect 
 than tyrants and tortures : that is, what they should have to under- 
 go on the part of their own relatives. Several amongst them were 
 
 (0) Amongst the Jews the roofs of the houses were flat, which makes the figure more 
 appropriate than if the roofs liad been of the same fona as ours. 
 
 (10) They should not be feared for two reasons. 1st. They cannot take away the lii^2 
 of tlie soul. 2d. They can take away the hfc of the body by torments. For they would 
 be much more formidable if the body could suffer always without dying ; but it soon per- 
 ishes, and in perishing, it snatches away from tliera their victim, and disappoints their fury. 
 
CHAP. XXUI.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 185 
 
 to lise the utmost \aoleiice ; but others were only to employ persua- 
 sion and teare. The finest mmcls are most sensible to the latter ; 
 and then almost reproach themselves with the vii'tuous resistance, 
 as if it were a criminal act. Be silent, flesh and blood, and learn at 
 last, that all fear should give way to the fear of the Most High — 
 his love soars far above all other love. For this is the meaning of 
 these words, so terrifying to nature, and yet so conformable to the 
 light of reason, since they merely express the rights of God, those 
 rights which there would be as much blindness as impiety in dis- 
 puting ^A-ith him. Let us, then, hearken to these warnings, the same 
 which issued from the lips of him who is truth itself. " Do not 
 think that I came to send peace upon the earth. I came not to 
 send peace, but the sword (11). For I am come to set a man at 
 variance agaiiist his fother, the daughter against her mother, and 
 the daughter-in-law against the mother-in-law ; and a man's enemies 
 shall be they of his own household. He that loveth father or 
 mother more than me, is not worthy of me ; and he that loveth son 
 or daughter more than me, is not worthy of me. He that taketh 
 not up his cross and foUoweth me, is not worthy of me. He that 
 findeth his life, shall lose it ; and he that shall lose his life for me, 
 shall find it." 
 
 Jesus Christ concludes this discourse by the magnificent promises 
 he makes to those who shall exercise charity and hospitality towards 
 his disciples. These promises are evidence of the tenderness he en- 
 teitained for them, and a fresh encouragement against the pei'secu- 
 tions which he had foretold them. By inviting all men to do good 
 to them, he shows us how well he loves them, and that if he allows 
 them to be ill-used, it is only to perfect their vii-tue, and enrich 
 
 (11) He does not say war, where combatants fight on both sides, because his disciples, 
 wlio were to receive the blows, should not return tliem. He therefore says the sword ; 
 that is to say, as appears by the ensuing words, the separation of the heart on one side, 
 and on the other, bodily separation, by the impossibility of dwelling together. More- 
 over, wc must not understand this as me;ining that .Jesus Ciirist sliould be the author of 
 llic division ; he shall merely be the occasion thereof. He comes to establish the Gos- 
 ])(1, which shall be received by some, and refused by others. The latter wish to eradi- 
 cate it from the hciirts of the others, and with this design shall persecute them. Here 
 we have a division established ; but it is visible that, if the Gospel be the occasion of it, 
 its enemies are the true authors thereof. 
 
186 THE HISTOKY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 tlieir crown. Wherefore, as if he had again said to them, Go, then, 
 without fear ; already assured of my protection, you will ever find 
 men who will deem it meritorious to entertain you kindly, and to 
 share with you their goods, he continues in these terms : " He that 
 receiveth you, receiveth me ; and he that receiveth me, receiveth 
 him that sent me. He that receiveth a prophet in the name of a 
 prophet, shall receive the reward of a prophet ; and he that I'eceiv- 
 eth a just man in the name of a just man, shall receive the reward 
 of a just man. Whosoever shall give to drink to one of these little 
 ones a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple, amen, I saj^ 
 to you, he shall not lose his reward." 
 
 («) " When Jesus had made an end of commanding his twelve 
 disciples, he passed from thence to teach and preach in their cities. 
 The apostles going forth [aZ^o], went about through the towns, 
 preaching the Gospel, and healing everywhere. They preached that 
 men should do penance ; they cast out many devils, and anointed 
 with oil many that were sick, and healed them (12)." 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 DECAPITATION OF SAINT JOHN. MULTIPLICATION OF TETE LOAVES AND FISHES. 
 
 ' JESUS WALKS ON THE WATER, AND SUPPORTS PETER. 
 
 (b) " Now Herod the tetrarch heard the fame of Jesus, for his 
 name was made manifest. He heard all things that were done by 
 Jesus, and he was in doubt, because it was said by some : John the 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xi. 1 ; St. Luke, ix. 6 ; (6) St. Matthew, xiv. 1,2-5; St. Mark, 
 St. Mark, vi. 12, 13. vi. 14-20; St. Luke, i.\. 7-9. 
 
 (12) The Council of Trent declares that the sacrament of extreme unction is insinuated 
 by these words. Therefore, two sorts of persons are deceived — those- who say that it is 
 here clearly established, and those who say that these words have no reference to it. 
 But the error of the second is more malignant and more dangerous than that of the first. 
 In what relates to the proof of revealed dogmas, we deceive oui-selves more innocently 
 by addition than by subtraction. 
 
CHAP. XXIT.] OF OtTR LORD JESUS CHRIST. ISY 
 
 Baptist is riseu again from the dead, aud, tliereforc, mighty works 
 show forth themselves in him. Others said it is Elias hath appear- 
 ed ; and others, that one of the old prophets had risen again. But 
 Herod said : John I have beheaded ; but who is this of whom I 
 hear such things ? And he sought to see him." Still, carried away 
 by popular opinion, " he said to his servants : This is John the Bap- 
 tist, whom I beheaded ; he is risen from the dead. For Herod him- 
 self had sent and apprehended John, and bound him in prison, for 
 the sake of Herodias, wife of Philij), his brother, because he had 
 married her ; for John said to Herod : It is not lawful for thee to 
 have thy brother's wife. Herod, ha^nng a mind to put him to death, 
 feared the people, because they esteemed him as a prophet. Now, 
 Herodias laid snares for him, and was desirous to put him to death, 
 and could not, for Herod feared John, knowing him to be a just 
 and holy man ; and kept him, and when he heard him, did many 
 things, and heard him willinglj." 
 
 The holy precui-sor's life was not the more secure on this account. 
 Vii'tue may coerce the wicked to esteem it ; but this estimation does 
 not lessen the natural hatred they entertain towards vii-tue. He, 
 therefore, who had only abstained from murder through fear of 
 men, w;is but too well disposed to commit the same out of compla- 
 cency for a woman. All she wanted was the occasion, which was 
 not long in presenting itself. («) " A convenient day was come, 
 when Herod made a supper for his birth-day for the princes, and 
 tribunes, and the chief men of Galilee. When the dajPghter of 
 Herodias had come in, and had danced, and had pleased Herod, 
 and them that were at table with him, the king said to the damsel, 
 with an oath : Ask of me what thou ^^-ilt, and I will give it thee, 
 though it be the half of my kingdom." The habits of the country 
 did not permit the presence of women on these occasions ; we must 
 not, then, be astonished at the absence of Herodias. Her daughter, 
 who was merely à child, might appear there a few moments without 
 any consequence. But the child had already sufficient understand- 
 ing to conceive that she ought not to decide on the request which 
 it was proper to make — " Who," therefore, " when she was gone out, 
 said to her mother," after having recounted to her the promise and 
 
 (a) St. Mark, vi. 21. 
 
188 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 the oatli of the king : " What shall I ask ? The head of John the 
 Baptist, said the mother. And when she was come immediately 
 with haste to the king, (a) being instructed before by her mother, 
 she asked, saying : I will that forthwith thou give me in a dish the 
 head of John the Baptist. The king was struck sad : yet, because 
 of his oath, and for them that were with him at table (1)," he would 
 not incur the shame of breaking his promise, or mortify the girl Ijy 
 refusing her request ; he would not displease her, but, " sending an 
 executioner, he commanded that his head should be brought in a 
 dish. The executioner beheaded him in the prison, and brought 
 his liead in a dish, and gave it to the damsel, and the damsel gave 
 it to her mother." Thus the head of the greatest of men was made 
 the price of a dance ; and, after this transaction, the world should 
 be fully convinced that there is no crime too dark for an abandoned 
 woman to exact, or a weak and passionate man to grant. " \\Tiich 
 John's disciples hearing, came and took the body, and laid it in a 
 tomb. Then they came and told Jesus. Which, when Jesus had 
 heard, he retired from thence by a boat." 
 
 We do not see for what reason the death of John the Bajjtist 
 should make him apprehensive of a similar fate. But what we can- 
 not see, he knew ; and he might have a certainty of what ap^^eare 
 unlikely to us. Yet, what we read in Josephus the historian may 
 throw some light upon this point. He says that Herod put John 
 the Baptist to death, because he feared, lest he should excite a sedi- 
 tion. He deceives himself, or, rather, he wishes to deceive the world, 
 as to the real cause of this assassination, which was no other than 
 the one recounted by the evangelists. But there is a strong pre- 
 sumption that Herod, to exonerate himself, at least in part, from 
 the odium of so great a crime, disseminated the rumor that John 
 the Baptist had been secretly trying to cause an insurrection amongst 
 the people. He was a saint, the object of public veneration, and he 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xiv. 8. 
 
 (1) It is not unlikely that they seconded the request of the daughter, and that they 
 solicited the king to grant it to her. Wliat was occurring before their eyes taught 
 them the heavy risk they might incur who .should have the misfortune to displease the 
 favorite. 
 
CHAP. XXr\-.] OF OUli LOKD JESUS CIIKIST. 189 
 
 had made for bimsell' several disciples : on what ground, then, could 
 they accuse him of sedition ? Xow all these traits belonged also to 
 Jesus ; and, moreover, he was a worker of miracles. Herod, who as 
 yet knew nothing of him, would not be long in ignorance. Might 
 he not, when he became aware of his history, conceive the design of 
 putting him to death, under the same pretext, inasmuch as Jesus 
 resembled John in so many ways ? His death could not be attrib- 
 uted to the solicitations of Hex'odias. Sedition would have been 
 the sole apparent cause of it, and by this means Herod would have 
 given more hkelihood to that pretended cause for the death of John, 
 by extending the same treatment to all those "who were similarly 
 situated, although they did not come in collision with the adulteress. 
 In one word, Herod might say: The proof that I have sacrificed 
 John to the public safety, and not to the vengeance of a w'oman, is, 
 that I have treated Jesus in the same way, a person as dangerous 
 as himself, and against whom this woman had no cause of com- 
 plaint. Those who say that there were too many witnesses of the 
 true cause of John's death, to leave it in his power to substitute 
 another, must be ignorant of the fact, that the people may be 
 bnnight to believe every thing you wish, even if there were one 
 hundred witnesses to the contrary. And, in point of fact, Josephus 
 assigns no other cause for this foul deed, than the fear which Herod 
 entertained lest John should excite a sedition. He therefore be- 
 lieved this; or, what comes almost to the same thing, he hoped to 
 make it l)elieved, although he lived at a period when some of those 
 who assisted at that fearful festival might still be living. 
 
 Thus the Man-God, who is ignorant of nothing which can happen 
 in any possible conjuncture, might know the designs w^hich Herod 
 had formed against him, if he had remained longer within reach to 
 feel its effects ; and this knowledge may have been the motive for 
 his retreat. But it seems that to this reason there was joined a sec- 
 ond : (rt) " Tlie apostles, when they were returned" from their mis- 
 sion, " coming together to Jesus, related to him all things that they 
 had done and taught." They required a little relaxation after such 
 great labor. " Jesus said to them : Come apart into a desert place, 
 
 («) St. Mark, vi. 30-34 ; St. Luke, i.x. 10, 11 ; St. John, vi. 1-4. 
 
190 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 and rest a little ; foi- tliere were many coming and going, and they 
 had not so much as time to eat. Going up then into a ship, they 
 went aside into a desert place apart which belongeth to Bethsaida, 
 over the sea of Galilee, which is that of Tiberias. They saw them 
 going away, and many knew ; they ran flocking thither on foot 
 from all the cities, and were there before him. A great multitude 
 followed him, because they saw the miracles which he did on them 
 that were diseased. Jesus, going out of the ship, saw a great mul- 
 titude, and he had [thaf^ compassion on them" which he was accus- 
 tomed to feel on beholding them, " because they were as sheep not 
 having a shepherd. He received them, went up into a mountain, 
 and there he sat with his disciples. Now the pasch, the festival- 
 day of the Jews, was near at hand. Jesus began to teach them 
 many things. He spoke to them of the kingdom of God, and healed 
 them who had need of healing." 
 
 (a) " When the day was now far spent, his twelve disciples came 
 to him, saying : This is a desert j^lace, and the hour is now past ; 
 send them away, that, going into the next villages and towns round 
 about, they may buy themselves victuals (2). He answering, said 
 to them : They have no need to go, give you them to eat (3). And 
 they said to him : Let us go and buy bread for two hundred pence, 
 and we will give them to eat (4). When Jesus," who, from the top 
 
 (a) St. Mark, vi. 35; St. Matthew, xiv. 15, 16 ; St. Luke, ix. 12 ; St. John, vi. 5-1. 
 
 (2) These people forgot even the care of providing nourishment, in order to seek the 
 kingdom of God and his justice. They found the kingdom of God, and we are going to 
 see that nourishment did not fail them. 
 
 (.3) This was the prophesying of what was going to take place. These people were 
 fed, in point of fact, from the hands of the apostles, and out of the little stock which 
 they had for pro\isions. Pastors, do not ever despair to be enabled to provide for the 
 wants of your people : give what you have, ask from God what you have not, and you 
 shall vritness miracles. 
 
 (4) This appears as if said ironically. But as the same thing is said by Saint Andrew, 
 in a serious and affirmative tone, it is more natural to think that the apostles made this 
 proposition as if they both wished and had it in their power to execute it, supposing that 
 Jesus Christ had taken them at their word. If their faith may seem weak on tliis occa- 
 sion, they at least give marks of a very uncommon charity. 1st. They are attentive to 
 the wants of the people, and they are careful in representing them to their di^nne Master. 
 2d. They propose to go and purchase bread, and to employ a sum which would have 
 apparently exhausted the common purse. 3d. Lastly, they sacrificed the little provisions 
 
CHAP. XXIV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 191 
 
 of a mountain lie had ascended, could discover the entire plain, "had 
 lifted up his eyes, and seen that a very great multitude cometh unto 
 him, he said to Philip : ^\Tience shall we buy bread that these may 
 eat ? And this he said to try him ; for he himself knew what he 
 would do. Philip answered him : Two hundred pennyworth of 
 bread are not sufficient for them, that every one may take a little." 
 He should have added : But if we are deficient in human means, 
 your power can easily supply them. It was this act of faith which 
 Jesus gave him an opportunity to make, yet he did not do it. But 
 the avowal which Philip made of the impossibility of providing food 
 for so many mouths, was in itself a proof of the miracle which the 
 Saviour was going to operate. To render it more evident, (a) " He 
 said to the apostles : How many loaves have you ? go and see ; and 
 when they knew, Andrew the brother of Simon, one of his discijjles, 
 saith to him : There is a boy here that hath five barley loaves and 
 two fishes ; but what are these among so many, unless perhaps we 
 should go and buy some food for all the multitude ? Now, there 
 were about five thousand men, besides women and children. There- 
 upon, he commanded them that they should make them all sit down 
 by fifties in a company upon the green grass. And they sat down 
 in ranks by hundreds, and by fifties (5)." 
 
 (a) St. Mark, vi. 38-40 ; St. John^ -n. 8-10; St. Luke, ix. 13-15 ; St. Mat- 
 thew, xiv. 21. 
 
 which remained for themselves. The failli was, therefore, weak : nevertheless, the char- 
 ity appeai-s not to have been so. The fact is, there was in this charity more of natural 
 compassion, or of generosity, than of charity, properly speaking. For charity is only 
 such, inasmuch as it is set in motion by motives of faith. Nevertheless, this tender and 
 effective compassion is still a virtue, and a disposition vcrj' favorable to the increase of 
 faith and the perfection of charity. 
 
 (5) Saint Luke says that Jesus Christ gave orders to his apostles to distribute the 
 people in companies of fifty. He adds, that they did what was enjoined upon them. 
 Still, according to Saint Mark, they made up companies — some of fifty, others of one 
 hundred ; which miglit make it be thought that they did not obey to the letter. If 
 this be regarded as a difficulty, the following explanation may serve for the solution ; — 
 The apostles made each company consist of fifty men. It may have been remarked, 
 that the women and little children are not counted ; but there is every appearance that 
 they did not separate the women from their husbands, nor the little children from their 
 mothers, which would have made several companies of one hundred persons, although 
 in each company there were only fifty men. 
 
192 THE HISTOEY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 (a) " Jesus took the five loaves and two fislies, and looking up to 
 lieaven, lie blessed them ; lie then broke the loaves and gave to his 
 disciples, to set before them that were sat down. In like manner 
 also he di\'ided the two fishes among them all, as much as they could 
 eat. They did all eat, and were filled. Wlien they were filled, Je- 
 sus said to his disciples : Grather up the fragments that remain (r>), 
 lest they be lost. They gathered up, therefore, and filled twelve 
 baskets (7) with the fragments of the five barley loaves, which re- 
 mained over and above to them that had eaten. They also took up 
 the leavings of the fishes. Those men, when they had seen what a 
 miracle Jesus had done, said : This is of a truth the jjrophet that is 
 to come into the world. Jesus therefore, when he knew that they 
 w^ould come to take him by force, and make him king, immediately 
 obliged his disciples to go up into the ship, that they might go be- 
 fore him over the water to Bethsaida, whilst he dismissed the peo- 
 ple ; and when he had dismissed them, he fled again into the mount- 
 ain himself alone (8). He went up into it to pray ; and when it was 
 evening he was there alone (9)." 
 
 It must have been j^erceptil jle that neither Jesus Christ nor his 
 disciples enjoyed the rej^ose they sought to find in solitude. Nature 
 
 («) St. Mark, vi. 41-46 ; St. John, vi. 12-15 ; St. Matthew, xiv. 23. 
 
 (6) Thus the eucharistie bread satiates an entire world, and is not consumed. We 
 have just seen that Jesus Christ employed, upon this occasion, the same ceremonies as at 
 the institution of the eucharist. He shall soon tell us himself that this miracle was the 
 figvu-e of it. 
 
 (7) Miraculous multiplication, the ordinary fniit which springs from alms-deeds. Per- 
 haps it is the most common of all prodigies. Everything is not written; but we may 
 not hesitate to surmise that, amongst those persons who give great alms, there are to be 
 found some who have experienced it more than once. 
 
 What remained to the apostles far surpassed what they had given. No one ever grows 
 poor by giving alms, but very often an indi\ idual becomes rich by so doing. This virtue 
 has the promises for the present and for the future life. i ' 
 
 (8) After this flight of the Saviour, there was one crime for which he should not have j | 
 been suspected, viz., that of aspiiing to royalty. It was, nevertheless, for this pretended 
 crime that he was soon after judged, condemned, and ci-ucified. Nothing so Uttlc sur- ' 
 prises those who have observed the extreme excesses to which the blindness of passion 
 urges on judicial iniquity. 
 
 (9) He did not require, in order to compose liis mind, either solitude or the silence of 
 night ; but both one and the other are necessary to us, and be wished to instnict us. 
 
cnAr. XXIV.] of our lokd jesus cukist. 193 
 
 did require it ; yet charity canuot be satisfied to grant the comfort 
 to itself, whikt thei'e remain wauts to be alleviated. In such cir- 
 cumstances the truly charitable forget themselves, and derive their 
 very strength from exhaustion. After a journey so very fatiguing, 
 the disciples had not a more tranquil night. To obey the order they 
 had just received, («) " when evening wjvs come, they went down to 
 the sea, and when they had gone up into the shij), they went over 
 the sea to Capharnaum." But ere they arrived, their faith was again 
 tested by many trials. " It was now dai-k, and Jesus was not come 
 to them." We have seen already that " he himself was alone on 
 the land. But the boat in the midst of the sea was tossed with the 
 waves, for the sea arose, by reason of a great wind that blew. Je- 
 sus seeing them laboring in rowing, for the wind was against them, 
 about the fourth watch of the night (10), he cometh to them walk- 
 I ing upon the sea, and he would have passed them. A\Tien they had 
 i rowed, therefore, about five-and-twenty or thirty (11) furlongs (12), 
 j they see Jesas walking ujjon the sea, and drawing nigh to the ship, 
 j and they were afraid. It is an apparition, say they, troubled, and 
 they cried out for fear ; for they all saw him, and were troubled. 
 ' Immediately Jesus sj^oke to them, saying : Be of good heart, it is I, 
 
 (a) St. John, \i. 16-21 ; St. Mark, vi. 47-52 ; St. Matthew, xiv. 24, 26, 28-32. 
 
 ( 1 0) Towards three o'clock in the morning. The night was di^-ided into three military 
 watches, each of which lasted three hours. The moon was then at its full, since it was 
 the time of Easter ; therefore the disciples might easily see Jesus Christ, but they could 
 not recognize him. The Saviour's delay had then the effect which it is accustomed to 
 have every time that God seems to forget his ser\'ants in their tribulations. He tests 
 their faith, he exercises their patience, he renders them sensible of the neces.sity of succor 
 from on high, lie obliges them to recognize and adore the all-powerful protector from 
 whom salvation cometh — salvation which could no longer bo hoped for, but from him 
 alone. 
 
 (11) It is only consistent with ti-uth to advance as. uncertain that concerning which one 
 has not entire certainty, and there is nothing in this repugnant to divine inspiration. The 
 Holy Ghost may have inspired the sacred writei-s to recount things precisely as they knew 
 them, or as they recollected them, supjiosing, nevertheless, tliat in their recollections or 
 their knowledge there was merely uncertainty ; for if there were error, the inspiration 
 would have rectified it. This is also applicable to the two or three measures which were 
 contained in the watering-pots at the marriage of Cana. 
 
 (12) Eight furlongs make one Italian mile, and sixteen furlongs make one of the com- 
 mon French leagues. 
 
 13 
 
194 TIIE inSTOIÎY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 fear ye not. Lord, said Peter, making answer, if it be tliou(13), 
 Ibid me come to tliee ujjon tlie waters. Come, lie said : and Peter, 
 going down out of the boat, walked npon the water to come to Je- 
 sns. But seeing the wind sti'ong, he was afraid, and when he began 
 to sink, he cried out : Lord, save me. Immediately Jesus stretching 
 forth his hand, took hold of him, and said to him : O thou of little 
 faith, why didst thou fear ? The disciples were willing, therefore, to 
 take him into the ship, and he went uj) to them into the shij^. xind 
 when he and Peter wei-e come up into the boat, the wind ceased ; 
 and they were far more astonished within themselves (for," in the 
 trouble in which they were, " they understood not concerning the 
 loaves, for their heart was blinded) ; and pi-esently the ship was at 
 the land to which they were going." This was the fourth mii'acle 
 which Jesus Christ wrought in their presence : he had walked upon 
 the waters ; he had made Peter do the same ; he had hushed the 
 temj^est ; and, lastly, he had caused them to make in a moment the 
 passage of several hours. So many jjrodigies operated one after an- 
 other, caused the bandage to fall from their eyes, (a) " They that 
 were in the boat came and adored him, saying : Indeed thou art the 
 Sonof God(U). 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xiv. 33-35 ; St. Mark, vi. 53-56. 
 
 (13) Calvin, who reproaches Saint Peter with fifteen mortal sins, finds out two against 
 him here. One is that of infidelity, for having said to .Jesus Christ, //" it be thou : there- 
 fore he doubted, concludes Calvin. The other is that of presumption, for having wished 
 to walk upon the water, like his Master. Catholic interpreters find here, on the contrar)^ 
 grounds for admiring the faith of this great apostle, and the fervor of his love. There 
 was no infidelity in doubting whether he who walked upon the water was Jesus Christ, 
 since they did not see him distinctly enough to be assured of the fact ; and there was as 
 much faith in walking upon it at his word, supposing that it was he, as there was great 
 love in doing so from the desire of sooner joining him. Jesus Christ, by telling him to 
 come, and by working so great a miracle in his favor, seals with his approbation all the 
 favorable interpretations which may be given to this act of the chief of the apostles. It 
 is true that in the moment of danger his faith wavered — that is to say, that his faith, very 
 lively in the first instance, appeared feeble in the second. Let it be noticed, nevertheless, 
 that what Jesus Christ reproaches him with is not infidelity, but merely the smallness of 
 liis faith. Calvin should have confined himself to this ; but it was a diflficult matter for 
 him to spare Saint Peter, whom he regarded, mth reason, as the founder of the papacy. 
 
 (14) An evangelist has already told us that the apostles had embarked in order to go 
 to Capharnaum. Another makes the bark arrive now at Genesareth, which creates an 
 
CHAP. XXA.] 
 
 OF OIR LORD JESUS CHKIST. 
 
 195 
 
 " Wlien Jesus and his disciples liad passed over, tliey came into 
 the land of Genesareth, and set ashore. Immediately when they 
 were gone out of the ship, the men of that \Aace knew Jesus, and, 
 running throiigh the whole country, they brought in beds those that 
 were sick where they heard he was. And whithei-soever he entered, 
 into towns or into villages or cities, they laid the sick in the streets, 
 and besought him that they might toucji but the hem of his garment. 
 And as many as touched him were made whole." 
 
 CHAPTEE XXV. 
 
 DISCOURSE OF JESCS CHEIST ON THE EtTCHAKIST. SrCKiTUE OF THE JEWS. 
 
 (a) "The next day," after the multiplication of the loaves, "the 
 multitude that stood on the other side of the sea saw that there was 
 no other ship but one ; that Jesus had not entered into the ship T\'ith 
 his disciples ; but that his disciples were gone away alone." They 
 were at a loss to know what was become of him ; and this people, 
 still proposing to proclaim him king, sought for him in vain, when 
 " other ships came in from Tiberias nigh unto the place where they 
 had eaten [^ttiu-acuhu-sl bread, the Lord giving thanks. Wlien, 
 therefore, they saw that Jesus was not there, nor his disciples," pre- 
 suming, moreover, that whatever was the case, he had gone to re- 
 join them, "they took shipping, and came to Capharnaum, seeking 
 for Jesus. When they found him on thé other side of the sea," either 
 that same day, or perhaps the day after, " they said to him," with sur- 
 
 (a) St. John, vi. 22-27. 
 
 embarrassing difficulty for the interpreters. AH agree that .Tesus went successively to 
 these places, which were not far distant from one another. But some state that he fii-st 
 arrived at Capharnaum, in order to go afterwards to Genesareth. Others state that lie 
 disembarked at Genesareth, whence he proceeded almost immediately to Capharnaum. 
 It would be too long to report their rea.sons ; and the question, which is not very impiiT- 
 tant, would not, after a full report, be any thing clearer than it now is. 
 
196 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 prise: "Rablai, when earnest thou liitlier?" Instead of satisfying 
 their curiosity, Jesus, who wished to instruct them, deemed it more 
 proper to disclose to them the interested motive of their gi-eat eager- 
 ness to find him. "He answered them \tlierefore\: Amen, amen, I 
 say to you, you seek me, not because you have seen miracles, but be- 
 cause you did eat of the loaves and were filled. Labor not for the 
 meat which perisheth, but for that which endureth unto life everlast- 
 ing (1), which the Son of man will give you, for him hath God the 
 Father sealed" by the prodigies which attest the truth of his mis- 
 sion, and which are, as it were, the letters patent by which God 
 declares to all men that it is himself who sends him, and that all 
 his words should be received as the express declaration of the di- 
 vine will. 
 
 An idle life, passed amid the abundance of good things, was, as 
 we see, the sole attraction to this people, and this the bread miracu- 
 lously multiplied made them hope from Jesus Christ. The first of 
 these hopes is ab-eady destroyed by this word of the Saviour : " Zor- 
 i^or." Neither will he let the other exist, at least in the manner 
 they had conceived it. Nevertheless, as he has just spoken to them 
 of a nourishment which, according to the meaning they attached to 
 his words, should hinder them from dying, their appetite, excited 
 by so flattering a hope, makes them consent to labor. The only 
 
 (1) Some heretics have concluded, from this expression, that it is forbidden to work 
 for om- Uving. They should have further concluded that it is forbidden to eat, since Saint 
 Paul said : If any man will not loork, neither let him eat ; but their logic did not go quite 
 so far. We must toil in order to live, in fulfilment of that sentence pronounced against 
 the human race : In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat thy bread. But there are two 
 different lives : the life of the body and the life of the soul — the present life and the fu- 
 ture life. The body perishes, the soul perisheth not ; the present life is short, the future 
 life shall be eternal. To prefer the first to the second — to do every thing for the former 
 and nothing for the latter — ^is the disorderly, but too common, state of things, which Je- 
 sus Christ reproves by this expression : Labor not (principally)/»?- the meal which perish- 
 eth, but for that which endureth unto life ei^erlasting. 
 
 We must toil from necessity, but also from \irtue ; we must toil, but we may do so 
 from the motive of fulfilling the will of God ; we must labor to procure oui-selves the 
 bread which is necessary for the support of this mortal life, but, above all, in order to 
 share that immortal life, which shall be the recompense of necessary labor, sanctified by 
 similar motives. This labor practically harmonizes Jesus Christ with Saint Paul ; and, 
 by means of the nourishment which perisheth, worketh out that which endureth unto 
 life everlastinor. 
 
 
CH^VP. XXV.] OF Ol'B LORD JESUS CHRIST. 19Y 
 
 thing they had yet to hear was, by what labor they should merit 
 this nounshment. " They said, therefore, uuto him : "What shall we 
 do that we may work the works of God ? Jesus answered, and said 
 to them: This is the work of God, that you l>elieve in him whom lie 
 hath sent (l')." 
 
 This was Hjut the commencement, and the effort was not veiy 
 painful : still they stopped short, at this first step. " What sign, 
 therefore, dost thou show, that we may see, and may believe thee l 
 AVhat dost thou woi'k ? Our fathers did eat manna in the desert, 
 as it is written : He gave them from heaven to eat." 
 
 Pai-tly foiled in their hopes, they already began to waver in their 
 faith. They demanded miracles from him who had just been woik- 
 ing one so striking in their favor. It is true, they do not as yet for- 
 mally reject him ; but, by a subtlety worthy of their stubborn and 
 ungrateful hearts, they taunt him with the miracle of the manna, 
 which they judged so superior to his, that the latter, according to 
 their notions, could no longer be called a miracle. A^Tience their 
 incredulity tacitly drew this conclusion, which tended less to elevate 
 Moses than to lower Jesus Christ : Let this new legislator work mir- 
 acles Uke to those of the old, and we shall have in him the same 
 faith which our fiithers had in Moses. 
 
 Here, again, we recognize the predominant taste of this people, 
 in;ismuch as, for the purpose of exciting the emulation of the Sa- 
 \'iour, they oppose to him a mu'acle of abundance and satiety ; for, 
 as Jesas Christ had told them, they estimated much higher the nour- 
 ishment which gratified their appetite than the miraculous work of 
 God which produced it. This was, perhaps, the piincipal reason of 
 the preference which they gave to Moses. The latter had fed two 
 
 (2) We shall shortly see that this wondrous aliment is nothing else than the eucharistie 
 bread. We merit it by doing the work of God — that is failli, saitli the Saviour ; not 
 tlial faith is enough to merit this gift, if the faith were alone, but because it is the ûrst 
 of all the requisite dispositions, and lliat it generally produces the others. It is, the.e- 
 fore, by faith that we must always commence when we prepare to eat the heavenly 
 bread. Humility, desire, and love shall flow naturally from this source, and these senti- 
 ments shall have more or Ics-s strength, in proportion as the faith shall be more lively ir 
 more languishing. This is a point to which, perhaps, suflicient attention is not p;iid. 
 Persons have faith ; but they repose too easily ujion habitual faith, which should be then 
 redoubled, to make it produc-i- double fervor. 
 
19S THE IIISTOET OF THE LIFE [PAUT I. 
 
 millions of people duiiug forty years ; what was it, in comparison, 
 to have oîice given food to a few thousands ? As if the grandeur of 
 miracles was to be measured (if we may dare use such language) by 
 the bushel, and that, in a smaller compass, God might not display 
 equal power. But, finally, Moses was not the author of the manna, 
 which their fathers had received from God alone. Neither was this 
 bread from heaven, which is only termed such in the sense in which 
 ■we say, the birds of heaven ; that is to say, because it fell from the 
 upper region of the air, where it had been formed Ijy the hands of 
 angels ; neither was this bread to be at all compared to that which 
 Jesus Chi'ist comes to give them. I say it was not comparable to 
 this bread, neither in its origin, since the latter is properly the bread 
 descended from heaven ; nor in the extent of its use, since it may 
 suffice for all men duiing all ages ; nor in its effect, which shall be 
 to give and preserve an immortal life. A ti'uth which must have 
 seemed incredible to these prejudiced and coarse minds; w^herefore 
 Jesus Christ, in order to give it greater weight, is going to assure 
 them of it with an oath. 
 
 " He said to them then : Amen, amen, I say to you : Moses gave 
 you not bread from heaven, but my Father giveth you the true 
 bread from heaven ; for the bread of God is that which cometh 
 down from heaven, and giveth life to the world. They said, there- 
 fore, unto him : Lord, give us always this bread." 
 
 This was just the answer of the Samaritan, whom they also re- 
 sembled, inasmuch as they did not understand the bread which gives 
 life to the world in a sense more spiritual than that woman had at 
 first understood the water which gives eternal life. But Jesus; then, 
 beginning to enter into the dejjths of the mystery he had to propose 
 to them, " answered them \_tku-s^ : I am the bread of life. He that 
 Cometh to me shall not hunger, and he that believeth in me shall 
 nevei' thirst. But I said unto you : that you also have seen me, 
 and you believe not." Consequently you follow me in vain, because 
 it is not with the feet of the body, but by faith, that men come 
 really to me. Thus it is, that " all that the Father giveth to me 
 shall come to me ; and him that cometh to me, I will not cast out, 
 because I came down from heaven, not to do mv own will, but the 
 will of him that sent me. Now, this is the will of the Father, Avho 
 
CnAl". XX \.] OF OL'K LOKD JESUS CHKIST. 199 
 
 sent me (3), that of all tliat lie hath giveu to me, I sliould lose uo- 
 thing, but should raise it up again in the last day. This is the will 
 of my Father, that sent me, that every one who seeth the Son, and 
 believeth m him, may have life everlasting ; and I will raise him up 
 again in the last day (-i)." 
 
 Such is the life which Jesus, the true bread of heaven, cometh to 
 give to the world, and this part of the mystery is abeady explained. 
 It is not this first state of existence, the teimination of which is pro- 
 nounced by an h-revocable sentence ; it is that which Jesus Christ 
 shall impart to those who will nourish themselves with him — a life 
 eternal and eternally happy, which shall not only be exempt from 
 death, but also from all the wants and miseries of the present life ; 
 a life of which Jesus Christ could say, in the most literal sense, that 
 its possessor shall suffer neither hunger nor thirst, because, together 
 with a relish ever new, he shall enjoy the fulness of everlasting 
 bliss. What a life ! — and what transports of joy shoidd not such a 
 magnificeut promise cause to the Jews! But it must be allowed 
 that the Sa\'iour had to deal with most stubborn and untractable 
 minds ; instead of opening their hearts to this great and jirecious 
 hope, they pause to criticise his words. " They, therefore, murmui-ed 
 at him, because he had said : I am the li^•ing bread which came 
 
 (3) The will of the Father and the divine will of the Son is but one and the same will ; 
 therefore, when Jesus Christ speaks of the will of his Father and of his own, as of two 
 different wills, he speaks of his human will. By this will he receives all that his Father 
 gives him ; and when he says, with reference to this, that he is come to do not his own 
 will, but that of his Father, he wishes to give us to undei-stand, that such is his submis- 
 sion to the will of the Father, that, supposing (what is not the case) that he felt repug- 
 nance in receiving all those wlioni his Father gives him, he would make this repugnance 
 yield to the desire which he has to execute, not his own will, butr that of his Father. 
 This submission, despite of the repugnance of l»is human nature, appeared in him when 
 it was expedient to drink the chalice of his passion. 
 
 (4) All men, without distinction of good or bad, shall be resuscitated by the power of 
 Jesus Christ ; but there is only mention made here of the resurrection of the first, be- 
 cause this shall be the fruit of his merits, and, as it were, the development of the germ 
 of life which the eucharistie bread shall have mingled with their flesh, and which shall 
 havo preserved itself even in their arid bones and inanimate ;ishes. Wlierefore. this resur- 
 r^ti<jn alone shall be happy and glorioas, while that of the wicked, simply pioduced by 
 the almighty justice of an avenging God, shall be less a return to life than the com- 
 mencement of a life ever dying, and of an immortal <leath. 
 
200 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 down from heaven ;" and, after the example of the Nazareues, some 
 of whom were, perha]!.-!, mingled in the crowd, " they said : Is not 
 this Jesus, the son of Josej^h, whose father and mother we know ? 
 How, then, saith he : I came down from heaven ?" 
 
 This mm-mur was but too perceptible ; and Jesus, whose discourse 
 was interrupted thereby, thought himself obliged to silence it. " He, 
 therefore, answered, and said to them [//i an austere to/ie^ : Murmur 
 not among yom'selves ;" though, after all, neither your murmurs nor 
 your indocility need excite surprise ; they are the natural result of 
 the low and grovelling motives which brought you here. It is not 
 by following the allurements of flesh and blood that I am to be 
 found. " No man can come to me, except the Father, who hath 
 sent me, draw him (5) : and I will raise him up in the last day." 
 If you do not wish to be one of these, do not think the number shall 
 be smaller on that account, since of all nations, without distinction 
 of Jew or Gentile, is it written in the proj^hets (6) : " They shall all 
 be taught of God. Every one that hath heard of the Father, and 
 hath learned of him^ cometh to me. Not that any man hath seen 
 the Father, but he who is of God ; he alone hath seen the Father." 
 Nevertheless, without having seen the Father unveiled, we have 
 heard, and learned from him, when we observe with attention and 
 
 (5) By an interior at'raction, by making him wish what he did 7iot previousli/ wish, 
 saitli Siijnt Augustine. By comparing this expression of the Saviour witli that which he 
 said to Saint Peter : Flesh and blood hath not revealed it to thee, but my Father who is 
 in heaven, we have the double operation of grace — the revelation and the attraction, the 
 light of the underetanding and the impulse of the will. The Fathers have alwaj's found 
 this attraction in the text which gives occasion to this note, and they availed themselves 
 of it to advantage against Pela^us, who denied its necessity and declared against its ex- 
 istence. The enemies of free will have abused it, to support their dogma of irresistible 
 grace. We find the Catholic truth in the middle station between these two errors. We, 
 therefore, adopt the medium, by believing, on one side, that, in the matter of salvation, 
 man can do absolutely nothing without the interior attraction of grace ; and, on the 
 other, that he always has the unhappy power of resisting this attraction, and of render- 
 ing it useless to him, by his resistance, according to this decision of the Council of Trent, 
 sess. 6, can. 4 : If any one saith that the free will of man, moved and excited by God, 
 .... cannot, if he wishes so to do, refuse its consent, .... let him be anathema. 
 
 (6) This prophecy is in Isaiah, chapter 54, nearly in the same terms that we see ft 
 liere. It is to be found in equivalent terms in several other prophets. It began to have 
 its accomplishment presently after the descent of the Holy Ghost. 
 
CHAP. XXVI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 201 
 
 receive with docility this testimony which he hath rendered to his 
 Son by his own lips, and which he hath since repeated and con- 
 firmed by a host of prodigies : (a) " This is my beloved Son, in 
 whom I am well pleased." 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 CONTINUATION OF THE DISCOUESE ON THE EUCHARIST. — ^TDE DISCIPLES ARE SCANDA- 
 LIZED. CONSTANCT OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 After this digression, in which Jesus Christ has incidentally spo- 
 ken of the immutability of di\'ine election and of the necessity of 
 interior grace — mysteries which he merely sketches (if we may use 
 the expression), and the development of which he seems to reserve 
 for the apostle of the Gentiles — he returns to the principal object 
 of his discourse. After ha^'ing informed them that he is the true 
 bread of life, and that he who shall be nourished with this bread 
 j sliall Uve eternally, he proceeds to inform them that this bread is 
 his own flesh, which should be eaten and received within as in the 
 same way as ordinary food. It is thus that, seeming to enter into 
 their material views, he shocks their senses, and completely puzzles 
 their reason. He resumes, thei'efore, and continues in these terms : 
 (J>) " Amen, amen, I say to you, he that believeth in me hath life 
 everlasting. I am the bread of life. Your fathers did eat manna 
 I in the desert, and are dead. This is the bread which conieth down 
 j fruiu lieaven, that, if any man eat of it, he may not die (1). 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, iii. 17. (6) St. John, vi. 47-72. 
 
 (1) All those who cat the living bread die corporeally, and all those who have eaten 
 till' manna are not spiritually dead ; we must, therefore, explain in what sense Jesus 
 Christ has Siiid of the first that they do not die, and of the second that they are dead. 
 Tho Saviour speaks less of persons than of the properties of these two aliments. Manna 
 did not give immortal life to the body, much less to the soul. The bread which is here 
 called the living bread gives, or, if we prefer so to express ourselves, it supports : 1st, the 
 life of the soul — a life immortal in ils nature, which can only perish through the fault of 
 
202 THE HISTOBT OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 "" I am the living bread, whicli came down from heaven. If any 
 man eat of this bread, lie shall live forever ; and the bread that I 
 will give is my flesh [whwh lam to ffive], for the life of the world. 
 
 " The Jews, therefore, strove among themselves, saying : How can 
 this man give us his flesh to eat (2)?" It may be that they spoke 
 this through derision, or that, having seen the miracle of the multi- 
 plication of the loaves, they inquired by what new prodigy he could 
 substantiate so strange a promise ; for it is questionable whether 
 they thought that Jesus Christ spoke to them of eating his flesh cut 
 in pieces. Incredulous as they were, they must have found it diffi- 
 cult to imagine that such a thought could have entered the mind 
 of a man so wise and so holy as Jesus must naturally have api^eared 
 to them. Yet what else could they imagine, supposing he spoke 
 of the real eating of the proper substance of his flesh, and what 
 other meaning could be given to his words ? This it was that caused 
 their embarrassment, and the jioiut upon which it seems reasonable 
 that Jesus Christ should have enlightened them, if, as has been con- 
 tended in later ages, he had only spoken of eating merely by faith 
 
 him wlio hath received it, so that if he come to perdition, that death shoiild not be im- 
 puted to the bread, but to him alone. In the same way as if God had left to Adam, in 
 the fruit of the tree of life, the power of committing suicide, in the supposition that he 
 availed himself of this power of self-murder, his death could not be attributed to the tree 
 of life, but to the violence which he would have voluntarily exercised upon himself. 2d. 
 It is the common opinion of the holy Fathers that this living bread imprints upon the 
 very bodies of those who nourish themselves with it a vi\-ifying quaUt)', which is in them, 
 as it were, the germ of the happy and immortal life which shall be communicated to them 
 b}' the resurrection. We should believe this with these Fathers ; but supposing, what 
 they themselves supposed, that the just who preceded the coming of Jesus Christ, the 
 children who died before the age when the Church permits them to communicate, and, 
 generally, all those who have died in justice, without having been able to participate in 
 the eucharistie bread ; that all these, I say, shall have received the virtue of it, which 
 virtue shall have supplied the reality to them. Tliere is nothing in this which should ap- 
 pear surprising, since baptism, the most necessary of all the sacraments, is supplied by 
 charity and by martyrdom. 
 
 (2) JIoiv — a Jewish word, as Saint Cyril calls it : let us take care not to advance it ; 
 it is the source of all infidelity. We should also call it a Calvinistic word, for the Calvin- 
 ists have likewise said: How can this man give us his Jlesh to eat? This word has no 
 other signification than this : I cannot comprehend such a *.hing ; therefore God cannot 
 make it be so, at least God has not declared that it is so ; which is reducible to this siUy 
 proposition : Nothing can be except what I can comprehend. 
 
CHAP. XXVI.] 
 
 OF OUK LORD JiSUS CHRIST. 
 
 203 
 
 alone. The latter point of view has nothing which shocks either 
 the senses, or reason, or humanity ; and, by speaking as he did, Je- 
 sus Christ was a rock of scandal to the incredulous. But he could 
 not give the metaphorical explanation, because he had spoken, in 
 point of fact, of real eating ; he could not, I say, destroy the mean- 
 ing which himself had wished to establish ; wherefore, in pursuance 
 of the right which he had to be believed upon his own word, Avith- 
 out explaining how he wished them to confide in his almighty power, 
 instead of struggling to disabuse them, he reiterates these strong 
 expressions which had conveyed to theb' minds the idea of the real 
 eating of his flesh ; and, to confirm them in it, he swears for the 
 fourth time, and saith to them : " Amen, amen, I say unto you, ex- 
 cept you eat the flesh of the Son of man, and diink his blood, you 
 shall not have life in you. He that eateth my flesh and drinketli 
 my blood hath everlasting life, and I vnlL raise him up in the last 
 day ; for my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed. 
 He that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood abideth in me, and 
 I in him (3). As the living Father hath sent me, and I live by the 
 Father, so he that eateth me, the same also shall live by me (-4). 
 
 (3) Jesus Christ does not say : He dwells in my flesh, and my flesh in him ; but, he 
 abideth in me, and I in him. For, in point of fact, the flesh and the blood withdraw 
 when the accidents become altered ; but the vivifying spirit abideth — that is to say, the 
 di\-ine person, which in Jesus Christ is properly the /; it abideth, I say, producing life 
 in the soul of him who has received the flesh and the blood, -which are, as it were, the 
 channel by which the divinity communicates itself. Thus, Je^us Christ and the man 
 who receiveth liim live by the same life, produced by the same ^-i%nfying principle, ac- 
 cording to what Saint Paul saith : lie who is joined to t/ie Lord is one spirit (1 Cor. vi. 
 1 7). This is what the Saviour understands by these words : ITe abideth in me, and I in 
 him. An expression which is scarcelj' sufficient to give an idea of so intimate a union ; 
 but human language furnishes no other. 
 
 (4) The explanation of the preceding text serves also to throw light upon this one. In 
 Ihe same way as the Father, by sending the Son — that is to say, by uniting the divinity 
 to the humanity in the pei-son of the Son, has given to humanity the life of which the di- 
 vinity is the efficient principle ; thus he who unites himself to the Son by the eating of 
 his body, likewise receives life from him. We therefore see life reside in the divmity as 
 its source, whence it infuses itself into the humanity of Jesus Christ, which is united to it. 
 The humanity in its turn unites itself to men by the eating, and communicates to them 
 the life with which it is tilled and animated. This life is assumed in the most extensive ' 
 and most excellent sense. It is at the same time tiie life of grace, the life of glory, and 
 even the natural hfe, which consists in the eternal union of the soul with the body. Je- 
 
204 
 
 TIIE HISTORY OF TIIE LIFE 
 
 [PAKT I. 
 
 This is tlie bread tliat came dowu from heaven. Not as your fa- 
 thei's did eat manna and are dead ; he tliat eateth this bread (5) 
 shall live forever. These tilings he said, teaching in the synagogue, 
 in Capharnaum." 
 
 After reading these words of the Saviour, no one will be surprised 
 that we should undei'stand with reference to the Eucharist, not only 
 these, but also the preceding words. It is, in point of fact, this 
 adorable sacrament which alone is spoken of thi'oughout the entii'e 
 of this discourse. Though shrouded at first, it discovers itself l)y 
 degi'ees, and is at last disclosed here with such evidence as renders 
 it no longer jjossible to repudiate the fact. We first see it announced 
 under the name of nourishment which endureth unto life everlast- 
 ing ; then Jesus Christ calls it the li^^ng bread which came down 
 from heaven ; afterwards he adds, that he is this same living bread 
 who, by the incai-nation, came down from heaven, and who giveth 
 life. Had he stopped here, we might have thought, with some ap- 
 pearance of reason, that there is question here merely of his myste- 
 ries and maxims, which he has just proposed to men as a salutary 
 bread with which they should nourish themselves by faith and medi- 
 tation ; but when at last he says expressly, that this bread is his 
 flesh, which was to be given for the life of the world — an expression 
 which he is found to repeat at the institution of the Eucharist ; when, 
 instead of disabusing his hearers, whom this expression had so much 
 shocked, he drops the word bread, and no longer speaks to them but 
 of eating his flesh, which is " meat indeed," and of drinking his blood, 
 
 sus Christ, from the instant of his conception, has had, in point of fact, the two first, and 
 by right, the tliird ; for he only died because he hath wislied it, and lie hath arisen never 
 more to die again. Like him, we have, in point of fact, the first life, and by right, the 
 other two lives ; but we sliall only enjoy the second after death, and the third after the 
 resurrection. They are deferred in our regard, but they are due to us, if we preserve the 
 vi^^fying spirit which Jesus Christ commimicates to us by the communion of his body and 
 of his blood. This seems to be merely the development of these words of Saint Paul 
 to the Romans, chapter viii. 11 ; And if the spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the 
 dead dwell in you, he that raised up Jesus Christ from the dead shall quicken also your 
 mortal bodies, because of his sjnrit that dwelleth in you. 
 
 (5) From this text, and from several others of a similar nature, where mention is only 
 made of the eating of bread alone, the Council of Trent, sess. 21, ch. i., concludes that 
 communion under the two kinds is not necessary to participate in the sacrament. 
 
CHAP. XXVI.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 205 
 
 which is " drink imleed," it is clear that he himself explains the sense 
 of his words in a manner that leaves no room for reasonable doubt. 
 That those, however, who reject the dogma of the real presence, 
 should endeavor to elude this clear and natural meaning, does not 
 surprise us — the stamp of reality is so visil)le, more especially in the 
 conclusion of the discoui-se, that they could not prevent its applica- 
 tion to the Eucharist, if they acknowledged that the question here 
 had any reference to the Euchai-ist. But that Catholic interpreters 
 should have deviated from this so evident sense, and substituted far- 
 fetched allegories and forced meanings, this is what we can hardly 
 understand, if we did not know that the inordinate desire of seeing 
 what is not perceived by the rest of men, often makes stars visible, 
 and obscures the sun at mid-day. Let it suffice for us, then, in or- 
 der to prove that Jesus Christ spoke here of the Eucharist, to ob- 
 serve, that he could not express himself with more energy and clear- 
 ness, supposing he had wished to speak of it in point of fact. Thus 
 all the Fathers, without exception, and the Church in all the Coun- 
 cils wherein this discourse is cited, have undei-stood it to refer to 
 this divine sacrament. With these authorities and proofs there is 
 associated a conjecture, which has appeared highly reasonable to the 
 best interpreters — that is, that it was natural for Saint John, the 
 only one of the four evangelists who does not speak of the Eucharist 
 wlien detailing the Last Supper, to sj^eak of it on this occasion. It 
 is easy for us to judge that, having written subsequently to all the 
 othei-s, he wished to omit what they had already related, and to re- 
 port what they had omitted. 
 
 After this explanation, it seems ad\nsable to make some reflec- 
 tions which may serve to justify the wisdom and goodness of the 
 Sa\'iour in the eyes of those who may find it hard to recognize here 
 either the one or the other. 
 
 Tliere is no doubt that the reason which induced him to pro- 
 nounce this discourse, was the design which he entertained of pre- 
 paring the world for faith in the divine and incomprehensible 
 Euchaiist. Apparently he succeeded in this, as regards his apostles ; 
 for else why, when he afterwards said to them, Take and eat — this 
 is my body; why, I say, did they not exhibit any surprise, if it 
 were not that what was then pciforming was merely the accomplish- 
 
206 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 ment of wliat he had announced and promised them. But it is cer- 
 tain that this produced quite a contrary effect upon the multitude 
 who heard it ; and that, far from increasing their faith, it was only- 
 instrumental in quenching the little which some of them began to 
 have in the Saviour. We may, perhaps, be asked if this was not, 
 in some manner, laying a snare for this feeble new-born faith, by 
 submitting it to such a trial ? Perhajjs here, again, the reader will 
 bear in mind the conduct of the Church, which, in the primitive 
 ages, veiled from the eyes of the catechumens a mystery which gave 
 such a shock to reason and the senses, and only proposed it to them 
 when, by baptism, they had received the habit of faith. Piety sel- 
 dom allows itself to put such questions as these, which often proceed 
 fi'om a prying and indiscreet curiosity. We are going to answer 
 them with the aid of Him whose works, justified in themselves, do 
 not require our apologies, but who condescends in his goodness to 
 account for his conduct to us, and to suffer us to enter into judgment 
 with him. 
 
 Jesus Christ had resolved to institute the Eucharist — a mystery 
 displaying such admirable love and such munificent liberality, that 
 no one can ever suspect its divine author of being deficient in kind- 
 ness. Before instituting this great sacrament, he wished to prepare 
 men for so wondrous an event ; and that he had good reasons for so 
 doing, no one can pretend to doubt. 
 
 One of these might be that, having the intention of proposing it 
 only to the apostles, he wished that they might have it in their 
 power to say, when announcing it for the first time : " My brethren, 
 this is no invention of ours. Eemember what the Saviour said of 
 the real eating of his flesh. What he then promised he has since 
 given, and now distributes it amongst you by our agency." Thus, 
 while trying their faith at the j^resent moment, he makes the way 
 smooth for their future belief. But we must also acknowledge that 
 the course adopted by our Saviour on this occasion was marked by 
 the most considerate kindness. True, he announces the most incom- 
 prehensible of all mysteries ; but then what pains does he take to 
 prepare the mind for the revelation thereof He began by curing 
 the sick and infirm ; next, compassionating the wants of the people 
 — ^he satiates them with five loaves and two fishes, by a prodigy so 
 
Cn.VP. XXVI.] OF OCTÎ LORD JESUS CHRIST. 207 
 
 surprising, and, at tlie same time, striking the senses so powerfully, 
 that the whole multitude cried out, in a sudden transport, that he is 
 the prophet by excellence, who was to come hato the world. Their 
 enthusiasm even impels them to declare him king. lie having con- 
 cealed himself by flight, they cross the lake, and go to seek him all 
 the way to Capharnaum, where, at length, they find him. Could 
 they have been better prepared to hear his divine doctiines ; and, 
 if you were to select throughout all theii' life the moment in which 
 you would presume the greatest facility on their part to hearken to 
 him and believe him, would you not have taken this in preference ? 
 It is true, they did not then comprehend his words ; but, after hav- 
 ing recognized him for a prophet, were they not fiirther bound to 
 admit the truth of his words, until it should please him to give them 
 the gift of understanding ? God has performed what he wished ; — 
 who shall dare to say to him, Whj hast thou acted thus ? This 
 general answer has ever been sufficient for humble and submissive 
 faith ; but it is obvious that this is not the sole reply which can be 
 made here, since it is apparent that Jesus Christ admirably adapted 
 himself to the weakness of those to whoip he spoke, and that he did 
 not expose to any trial the faith of this refractory people until he 
 had first employed the means which, by rendering faith easy, gave 
 them less excuse for incredulity. 
 
 But it was not merely amongst the people that unbelievers were 
 to be found. " Many of his disciples hearing it, said : This saying is 
 hard, and who can hear it ?" They spoke this to one another in a 
 low tone. " But Jesus, knowing in himself that his disciples mur- 
 mured, said to them : Doth this scandalize you ? If, then, you shall 
 see the Son of man ascend up where he Avas before (6) ? It is the 
 
 (0) These words are susceptible of two different meanings, which correspond with the 
 two parts of the discourse of the Saviour, and the two objections made by his hearers. 
 Th(>y had murmured first, because Jesus Christ had said that he was the living bread 
 (le.fccnded from heaven. If we apply here his answer, it signifies : you do not wish to 
 believe at present that I am descended from heaven ; will you believe it when you shall 
 see me reascend thither? Applied to the real eating of his flesh, it signifies : you find 
 it verj- hard to believe that I can give you my flesh as food, and my blood as drink, 
 now that I am in the midst of you ; how much more incredible shall the thing appear to 
 you when, after having seen me ascend to heaven, you must believe that this flesh, at 
 the same time that it is in heaven, is given as nourishment here on earth ? The first 
 
 J 
 
208 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART 1. 
 
 Spirit that quickeneth ; the flesh profiteth nothing (7). The words 
 that I have spoken to you are spirit and life (8). But there are 
 some of you that believe not. For from the beginning" — that is to 
 say, from all eternity, as God and as man, from the moment of his 
 conception, " Jesus knew who they were that did not believe, and 
 who he was that would betray him ; and he said : Therefore did I 
 say to you, that no man can come to me, unless it be given him by 
 my Father," — a purely gratuitous gift, which cannot be merited by 
 those to whom it is made, but which, being oiiei'ed to all, makes 
 those resjîonsible who are deprived of it only because they have not 
 wished to receive it ; for it is offered in vain if it be not received. 
 A great many of those whom Jesus addressed were just in this pre- 
 dicament, which was the reason why, " after this, many of his disci- 
 ples went back (9), and walked no more with him." 
 
 Jesus did not aj^pear surprised at this desertion, which he had, 
 of course, foreseen ; he even wished to profit by the occasion, to 
 
 sense facilitates faith in the incarnation ; the second renders more difficult that of the 
 real eating. The second is the ru»st probable, because it is much more probable that 
 Jesus Christ should here reply to the second of the two objections ; and, by indicating 
 his presence in different places by means of the Eucharist, we may say he consummates 
 the revelation of this great mystery. 
 
 (7) The flesh of Jesus Christ is not vivifying by itself ; it is only so by the spirit ; that 
 is to say, by the divinity which is united to it, and which communicates itself, through it, 
 to those who eat it. This explanation, which harmonizes well with the text, has nothing 
 in it repugnant to the faith of the real presence. It leaves the preceding words in all 
 their energy, and therein the reality is most clearly e.xpressed, even in the mutilated ver- 
 sion of Protestants. 
 
 (8) That is to say, pause not at the carnal and revolting sense in which they may ap- 
 pear to your minds. As they promise great benefits, they comprise great mysteries ; if 
 you cannot" as yet comprehend them, still commence by belie\nng. What could be 
 more proper to dissipate any wrong idea, and to take away every pretext for incre- 
 dulity ? 
 
 (9) Many, and not all, as some interpreters state, who have even advanced that Saint 
 Mark and Saint Luke were among the number of the deserters, although it is much 
 more probable that the)' were not even among the number of the disciples. It is cer- 
 tain that several of these remained inseparably attached to Jesus Christ from his baptism 
 until his ascension. We have a proof of it in these words of Saint Peter, Acts i. : 
 
 Wherefore of these men who have companied with ws all the time that the Lord Jesus 
 came in and tvent out among us, beginning from the baptism of John until tlie day 
 wherein he was taken up from us, one of these must be made a witness with us of his res- 
 urrection. 
 
CHAP. XXVI.] OF OrR LORD JISL'S CHRLST. 209 
 
 teach the world that he had no need of any one, and that he only 
 permitted in his retinue voluntary disciples. " He said then to the 
 twelve : Will you also go away ? Lord, answered to him Simon 
 Peter, to Avhom shall we go ? Tliou hast the words of eternal 
 life (10). "VVe have believed, and have known that thou art the 
 Christ, the Son of God." 
 
 As chief of the apostles, he made this answer in the name of all 
 the others, and in it we recognize, at the same time, his faith, his 
 hope, and the love which made him prefer Jesus Christ to every 
 thing else. We may also remark here the \"irtuous inclination which 
 he had to judge favorably of his colleagues ; for he does not seem to 
 doubt that they were all of the same sentiments as himself Yet in 
 that he was, of coui-se, mistaken ; and, as it was relevant to the glory 
 of Jesus that they should not think he was ignorant at any time of 
 what any one amongst them either was, or should shortly become, 
 " he answered them : Have not I chosen you twelve ? and one of 
 you is a devil ; now, he meant Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon, for 
 this same, who was one of the twelve, was about to betray him." 
 But Jesus did not point him out, so that the apprehension of being 
 one day the unhappy criminal of whom he spoke, might make them 
 all both watchful and humble. 
 
 (10) These words of Saint Peter are as the repetitioa of those words of the Saviour: j 
 
 My words are spirit and life. Apparently Saint Peter did not understand any more 1 1 
 
 than the others the mystery which Jesus Christ had just proposed ; but he believed that I 
 
 his Master said nothing but the truth, and promised nothing but what was good. That j i 
 was enough for the time. 
 
 14 
 
210 THE niSTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 COMPLAINTS OF THE PnABISEES. ^THEIR TRADITIONS REJECTED. — CURE OF THE CA- 
 
 NAANEAN WOMAn's DAUGHTEK. 
 
 (a) " After tliese tilings Jesus walked iu Galilee ; for he would 
 not walk in Judea (1), because the Jews sought to kill him. The 
 Pharisees and some of the Scribes coming from Jerusalem, assembled 
 together unto him ; and when they had seen some of his disciples 
 eat bread with common, that is, with unwashed hands, they found 
 fault. For the Pharisees and all the Jews, holding the tradition of 
 the ancients, eat not without often washing their hands ; and when 
 they come fi'om the market, unless they be washed, they eat not (2). 
 And many other things there are that have been delivered to them 
 to observe, the washing of cups and of pots, and of brazen vessels, 
 and of beds \_upon which they tcihe their meals] (3). Thereupon the 
 
 (o) St. John, vii.. 1 ; St. Matthew, xv. 1, 2 ; St. Mark, \ii. 1-6. 
 
 (1) We have already seen that it was then the paschal season. Jesus Christ did not 
 go to celebrate this passover at Jerusalem, as the law ordained. Besides that, he was 
 not subject to the law ; but, inasmuch as he wished so to be, a further reason is given 
 for the dispensation, viz., the design which the Jews had of putting him to death. He 
 might render it useless by his omnipotence ; but he might also avail himself of the natu- 
 ral right which he had not to expose his life. We are not, therefore, rigorously obliged 
 to perform external acts of rehgion, of which we could only acquit ourselves by exposing 
 ourselves to some great peril. We must, nevertheless, except the case wherein the omis- 
 sion of the prescribed duty would be like a declaration of infidelity or apostacy. Then, 
 should it cost life itself, we are not the less bound to the exterior profession than to in- 
 terior belief. 
 
 (2) We may profit by this lesson, and leam from the Pharisees to puiify not the body, 
 but the conscience, when we return from human intercourse ; for it is rare to retmn 
 thence without some blemish. 
 
 (3) In limiting their I'eligion to these practices, they acted very wrong, and they aro 
 justly reproved. From thence occasion has been taken to declaim against superstitious 
 practices. If the practices be such, the declaimers have reason ; if they be not, the peo- 
 ple should still be taught to connect the mind ivith them — that is to say, interior piety, 
 without which religion is only a vain shadow, and a body without a soul. But let us 
 stop here, and with these correctives let us always speak in favor of exterior practices, 
 and never to condemn them. We might do without them, if we were pure spirits ; but, 
 
V 
 
p:ç Stf^ ~^rjii'*Vff'^'^ *t« ^ \i , -^ 
 
CUAP. XXVn.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 211 
 
 Pharisees and the Scribes asked him : "VMiy do thy disciples trans- 
 gress the tradition of the ancients ? for they wash not their hands 
 when they eat bread ; but they eat bread with common hands." 
 
 Here we recognize the Pharisees, who at once set down as a criinr 
 inal transgression what was not such; but supposing that it had 
 been, still this reproach was visibly exaggerated. For they only 
 had seen some of the disciples omitting the wasbing of their hands 
 before meals, and they say to Jesus Chiist, thy di-scij)Ie6; as if all 
 were in fîiult. Then they call the Saviour himself to an account, 
 although he might have had no part in the transaction. Tliey 
 should, therefore, had they wished to act eij^uitably, have contented 
 themselves with saying: We have remarked that S07ne of your dis- 
 ciples do not wash their hands before eating. Is it you that have 
 taught them to do so, or who authorized them so to act ? ^Vfter that 
 they might have examined Avhat fault there was in the like omission. 
 But Jesus took a shorter way to confound them — that was, to re- 
 proach them directly with this senseless respect for their traditions, 
 which induced them to sacrifice to these trifles the most sacred laws 
 of religion and humanity. 
 
 (a) '' He answering, said to them : Why do you also transgress the 
 commandment of God for your tradition (4) ? For God said : Hon- 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, sv. 3-6 ; St. Mark. vii. 11, 12. 
 
 since we have senses, we require sensible objects. There may be excess in thi.*: matter ; 
 but too little is another extreme, the consequences of which are, perhaps, more to be 
 dreaded. It is a lesser evil to have religion surcharged with these practices, than to 
 have no religion, which may happen when religion, divested of pious practices, has no 
 longer any hold upon the senses. Here the accident clings so closel)- to the substince, 
 and the accessory to the principal, that, in rcmo\-ing the one, you often make the other 
 disappear. Let us remark further, that those who have declaimed most strongly against 
 practices, and who have labored most to abolish them, are constantly heretics ; whcrc;is 
 those who have multiplied them, if one may say so, to excess, are, after all, Catholics ; 
 and amongst those people who have either rejected them, or who have appeared most 
 attached to them, we know which of the two have lost most of religion, or better p:-e- 
 scrved it. Let us endeavor always to preserve a just medium. 
 
 (4) We should remark that the Saviour only spc;iks here of those human traditions 
 which are opposed to the law of God. To conclude from thence with Protestants, that 
 all traditions should be rejected, b concluding from the species to the genus, and from 
 the particular to the general. But, say they, the Catholic triditions are contrary to the 
 word of God. This also is bad reasoning, since they give as a proof the verj' matter in 
 
212 
 
 THE HIRTOKY OF THE LITE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 or tliy father and mother : and lie that shall curse father or mothei", 
 let him die the death. But you say : If a mau shall say to his father 
 and mother, CorT)an, ^\'hit■ll is, whatsoever gift proceedeth from me, 
 shall profit thee \_he sati-'^fieth tlte precept^ ; and further, you suffer 
 him not to do any thing for his. father and mother. And he shall 
 not honor them," that is to say, that he does not assist them in their 
 wants, in which act consists the suT>stantial honor and real homage 
 due to them, that without which all the others are but vain ceremo- 
 nies and a species of mockery : («) " well you do make void the 
 commandment of God, making void the word of God by your own 
 tradition. Hypocrites, well hath Isaias prophesied of you, saying : 
 This people honoi'eth me with their lips, but their heart is far from 
 me. In vain do they worship me, teaching doctrines and command- 
 ments of men. For, leaving the commandment of God, yoii hold 
 the tradition of men, the washings of pots and of cups, and many 
 other things you do like to these." 
 
 The people were not within hearing of these answere, which were 
 only addressed to the Pharisees. Yet there resulted from these an- 
 swers a maxim wherewith it was proper that the world should be 
 instructed. " Jesus therefore calling again the multitudes unto him, 
 he said to them : Hear me, ye all, and understand : There is nothing 
 from without a man that, entering into him, can defile him ; but the 
 things that come from a man, these are they that defile a man (5). 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xv. 6 ; St. Mark, vii. 13 ; St. Matthew, xv. 7-9 ; St. Mark, vii. 8, 
 14-16; St. Matthew, xv. 11. 
 
 question. There are indifferent traditions which may be preserved : there are bad ones 
 which ought to be rejected, and good ones which should be retained. Our adversaries 
 receive with us the sanctification of tlie Sunday, the baptism of httle children, the validity 
 of baptism by infusion. These points are not to be found in Scripture. If it be true 
 that we must reject all tradition, and only receive what is in Scripture, we must also re- 
 ject these points with all the rest. Why do they not do so? It is easy to see that, 
 when they wish to reason against us, they talk nonsense ; and when they act like us, 
 they contradict themselves. 
 
 (5) We know the abuse which the heretics have made of this expression, in order to 
 reject as superstitious the abstinence from flesh-meat prescribed by the Church. There 
 are but too many Catholics who imitate in this point their conduct and their language. 
 It is easy to answer both one and the other. What enters into man doth not defile him 
 of itself and by its own nature, since every creature of God is good ; but it may defile 
 him by the violation of the law which interdicts its use. Thus Adam was defiled by the 
 
CHAP. XXVII.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 213 
 
 Not that which goeth into the mouth defileth a man ; but what 
 Cometh out of the mouth, this defileth a man. Tf any man liath ears 
 to hear, let him hear." 
 
 The meaning of this maxim is, that meat contains nothing in itself 
 which is capable of staining the conscience of man, and that all blem- 
 ish of this kind springs solely from the distemper of the heart. This 
 was exjM-essed in a way to enable the truth to 1)e understood by 
 meditating on the maxim ; and Jesus Christ exhorts the people to 
 do this. But it might occur to their minds that he wished to re- 
 move the distinction so known and so respected between clean and 
 unclean animals. He was soon to do so ; but the time was not yet 
 come. This question did not even arise here : the question at issue 
 here was, to know whether, supposing an individual used only the 
 meats which were allowed, his conscience was purer or more sullied, 
 in proportion as he should eat them with more or less cleanUness, 
 rather than with puiity. This is the case which was decided by the 
 sentence which Jesus has just pronounced. Thereupon the Phari- 
 sees were highly scandalized. To make light of their traditions was 
 fully sufficient to give oft'ence to these proud men. But we may pre- 
 sume, from this Pharisaical spirit, which always contrives to give 
 things the very woi-st construction, that they accused tlie Saviour of 
 openly attacking the law which prescril)ed the choice of meats. The 
 disciples were alarmed ; j^erhaps they also were scandalized ; for we 
 shall see that they themselves did not at first comprehend their M£«- 
 ter's meaning. Thinking it, therefore, pro])er to remonstrate with 
 him on this subject, (</) " they came then and said to him : Dost thou 
 know that the Pliarisecs, when they heard this word, were scandal- 
 ized ? But he answering, said : Every plant which my heavenly Fa- 
 ther hath not planted shall be rooted up (6) : let them alone ; they 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xv. 12-14. 
 
 forbidden fruit, and the Jews were so defiled by the use of the meats which were de- 
 clared unclean. It is not, therefore, the fix)d which produces tlie di'filing ; it is the dis- 
 obedience which comes from iiuin, that is to say, whicl\ the lieart engendere when the 
 forbidden moat enters into man. 
 
 (li) Every doctrine which comes not from lieaven, and which is merely the invention 
 of the human mind: all tejichers wlio have not reciived their mis.Mon from God. lilie the 
 apostles and their successors. 
 
214 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 are blind, and leaders of tlie Tjlind. And if the blind man lead tbe 
 blind, botli fall into the pit (7)." 
 
 Whenever it hapj^ens that, in doing good, we scandalize, if the 
 scandal only pi'oceeds from the malice of those who take scandal, 
 we shonld desj^ise it ; bnt if scandal be taken through ignorance or 
 through weakness, charity then obliges us to remove the apprehen- 
 sions of the weak, and to enlighten the ignorant. The manner in 
 which Jesus has just spoken of the Pharisees, shows us that he pur- 
 sued the first line of conduct with respect to them. We have an ex- 
 ample of the second iu the condescension he evinced, by giving to 
 his disciples the explanation which they demanded, (a) " When he 
 was come into the house from the multitude, they asked him [the 
 meaning of'\ the parable, and Peter \yolio visually spoke for alT\ said 
 to him : Expound to us this parable. Jesus saith to them : Are you 
 also without understanding? So are you also without knowledge. 
 Understand you not that evei-y thing from without entering into a 
 man cannot defile him, because it entereth not into his heart, but 
 goeth into the belly, and is cast out into the privy, purging all the 
 meats ? But he said that the things which come out from a man, 
 they defile him (8) ; for the things which j^roceed out of the mouth 
 come forth from the heart, and those things defile a man. For from 
 "nithin out of the heart of men come forth evil thoughts, adulteries, 
 fornications, murders, thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lascivi- 
 ousness, an e^■il eye [of envy\ blasphemy, pride, foolishness. All 
 these evil things come from within ; these are the things that defile 
 a man. But to eat with unwashed hands doth not defile a man." 
 
 (o) St. Mark, vii. l'7-2.3 ; St. Matthew, xv. 15, 18, 20. 
 
 (7) The bhnd man wlio takes another blind man for his guide, commits homicide upon 
 himself. The blind man who oflfers himself to conduct another blind man, commits a 
 double homicide. 
 
 (8) It is not necessary, in order that a man my defile himself, that the sin should come 
 forth out of the heart : he may consummate the sin by interior consent, as Jesus Christ 
 informs us, with respect to adultery, and, consequently, all other sins. If, therefore, he 
 makes it here come forth from the heart, the reason is, that he speaks of what usually 
 occurs ; for, v/hen the heart hath conceived iniquity, it makes an effort to bring it forth, 
 that is to say, to cany into execution what it hath desired and projected. And if it doth 
 not always commit the act, it is only because it is obstructed by a greater force, to which 
 it yields, yet foaming with rage and vexation. 
 
CHAP. XXVn.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 215 
 
 Au expi'essiou whicli alone would suffice to prove what we have al- 
 ready said, viz., that Jesus Christ does uot here enter on the ques- 
 tion of meats forbidden or allowed, bijt that he merel}- speaks of the 
 extravagant purifications of the Pharisees ; and even what he does 
 say of these is less for the pui-pose of condemning them, than to dis- 
 abuse those who, relying on the decisions of their false doctors, im- 
 posed upon themselves as a conscientious duty these insignificant ob- 
 servances. 
 
 (a) " Jesus went from thence, and retired into the coasts of Tyre 
 and Sidon." lie did uot wish to make himself known in this idola- 
 trous country. The reason was (it is thought) for fear lest these 
 people, being attracted by the rumor of his miracles, should bring 
 to him theh- sick. He could not cure them without exceeding the 
 bounds of his mission, and his natural goodness would find it painful 
 to refuse them. In order to prevent this embarrassment, (p) " enter- 
 ing into a house, he would that no one should know it ; and he could 
 not be [entii-ely] hid (9). For behold a woman of Canaan who came 
 out of those coasts, whose daughter had an unclean spirit, crpng out, 
 as soon as she heard of him, said to him : Have mercy on me, O Lord, 
 thou Son of David ; my daughter is grievously troubled by a devil ; 
 who answered her not a word. And his disciples came and besought 
 him, saying : Send her away, for she crieth after us." Now, by cry- 
 ing out, she made him known, the very thing that Jesus did not wish 
 to happen, and this reason advanced by the disciples was highly 
 proper to engage him to grant her speedily her request. Neverthe- 
 less, " he answering, said : I was not sent but to the sheep that are 
 lost of the house of Israel." 
 
 It would seem that the uicideut we have just related took place 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xv. 21. (6) St. Mark, \ii. 24-27 ; St. Mattbew, xv. 22-25. 
 
 (9) Let us take care, lest we think that he had not the power to conceal himself, lie 
 merely took tlie precautions which human prudence usually employ's to hinder one from 
 being known. These precautions were not sufficient to keep his arrival in the countiy 
 entirely uokuown, as he had not absolutely desired such utler piivacy ; and it is tme to 
 say that he was known and unknown precisely as much iis he wished so to be. Perhaps 
 he wished to teach us that he doi'.s not always show him.self to us, and that we must seuk 
 him ^vith earnestness in order to find him. Seek ije the Lord, and be strenythau-d : nek 
 his face evermore. — Ps. civ. 
 
216 THE niSTOKY OF THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 whilst Jesus was yet ou his jouruey towai-ds the house whither he 
 meant to retire, as we have said. This woman, who still followed 
 him, " came in \fifter him\ fell down at his feet, and adored him, 
 saying : Lord, help me" \that is to say\ she besought him that he 
 would cast forth the devil out of her daughter. Jesus was fully dis- 
 posed to do so ; but, in order to make it apparent that she was in- 
 debted for this favor to the greatness of her faith, " he said to her 
 [in a severe tone^ : Suffer first the children to be filled. For it is not 
 good to take the bread of the children and to cast it to dogs. The 
 woman was a Gentile, a Syropheniciau born." It is this idolatrous 
 people who are here reckoned as dogs, in comparison with the Jews, 
 who are styled the childi-en. If the terms made use of by the Sa- 
 viour with reference to the first are humiliating, they are not alto- 
 gether discouraging. In them we may catch a glimpse of the fact, 
 that the bread should be given to the idolaters when the children 
 should have been sated or disgusted, and that time was not far 
 distant. But a pagan woman could not divine this mystery, then 
 unknown to the apostles ; and a refusal accompanied with so much 
 apparent contempt should have absolutely taken away from her 
 every hope. It must be owned that we never have sharper wit than 
 when we ask for what we desire with ardor. This poor mother had 
 ingenuity enough on this occasion to make the reason of the refusal 
 a motive of grace. Far, therefore, from desponding when Jesus ap- 
 peared to confound her with the foul beasts : (a) " Yea, Lord," she 
 ansvvei-ed " [Jiiimbly acknowledging what she was~\ ; for [slie imme- 
 diately add-s] the whelj^s also eat of the crumbs of the children's 
 hrcad^ that fall from the taljle of their masters." One single miracle 
 wrought for a Gentile, in regard to the vast number of those which 
 Jesu^ Christ had wrought for the Jews, was, in point of fact, like a 
 crumb of bread dropped under the table, to which the domestic an- 
 imals were fully entitled. " O wonum, then Jesus said to her, thy 
 faith is great; for this saying (10), go thy way; the devil is gone 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xv. 27, 28 ; St. Mark, vii. 29, 30. 
 
 (10) Xot because tliis expression was spiritual, but because it admirably expressed the 
 failh and the humility of the virtuous Canaancim woman. We have seen, chapter xvi., 
 note 2j, and page 134, that God does not exact lijiig prayers; neither docs he require 
 
CHAP. XXVin.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 217 
 
 out'of tliy daughter. From tliat hour her daughter was cured, and 
 ■vvheu she was goue into her house, she found the girl lying upon the 
 bed, and that the devil Avas gone out." This is a remarkable narra- 
 tive, which teaches us that a prayer animated by faith, accompanied 
 by humility, and sustained by pei-severance, is a stronger reason for 
 God to hearken to it than all those which he may have to refuse it. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVm. 
 
 DKAT AND DUMB CUBED. itULTIPLICATION OF THE SEVEN LOAVES. DEMAND OF 
 
 A SIGN FEOM HEAVEN. LEAVEN OF THE PHARISEES AND SADD0CEES. 
 
 The sacred writei-s mention no other act performed by the Sa- 
 viour in that strange country. We know that all is not wi-itten, 
 and it is veiy probable that he only wrought there the miracle we 
 have just recounted. Besides the excellent instruction which the 
 entire Church derives from this miracle on the efficacy of j)rayer, 
 perhaps he also wished to teach his ministère that the salvation of a 
 single soul was a fi-uit well worthy of a laborious mission ; and we 
 will not consider as useless the pains he gave himself to furnish us 
 with this double lesson. Whatever might have been the cause, it is 
 certain that he did not tarry in this country : (a) " and going out of 
 the coasts of Tyre, he came by Sidon to the sea of Galilee, through 
 the midst of the coasts of Decapolis." 
 
 '' [//e was .scarcely arrived there., wlieii] they bring to him one 
 deaf and dumb, and they besought him, that he would lay his hand 
 upon him. Jesus, taking him from the multitude apart, put his 
 finger into his ears, and, spitting, he touched his tongue ; then, look- 
 ing up to heaven, he groaned." Because of the ardor of his prayer, 
 
 (a) St. Mark, vii. 31-37. 
 
 that they should be eloquent. Studied discourses are of no avail before him whose ear 
 listens only to the supplication of the lieart. 
 
218 THE HISTORY OF THE LEFE [pART I. 
 
 or ratlier tlirougli compassion for our miseries ; " and said to liim : 
 Ephpheta, wliich is, be thou opened (1). And immediately his ears 
 were opened, the string of his tongue was loosed, and he sjjoke 
 right (2). Jesus charged them that they should tell no man (3) ; 
 but the more he charged them, so much the more a great deal did 
 they publish it, and so much the more did they wonder, saying 
 \hy way of opposition to the calwmnies of the Phao'isees] : He hath 
 done all things well ; he hath made both the deaf to hear, and the 
 dumb to speak." 
 
 (a) " Then Jesus, going up into a mountain, sat there ; and great 
 multitudes came to him there, having with them the dumb, the 
 blind, the lame, the maimed, and many others ; they cast them 
 down at his feet, and he healed them. So that the multitudes mar- 
 velled, seeing the dumb speak, the lame walk, the blind see ; and 
 they glorified the God of Israel." 
 
 A circumstance similar to that in which they were placed some 
 months previously, occasioned a miracle similar to this which was 
 now operated. QS) " When again there was a great multitude, and 
 had nothing to eat, Jesus, calling his disciples together, saith to 
 them : I have compassion on this multitude, because they continue 
 with me now three days, and have nothing to eat. If I shall send 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xv. 29-31. (6) St. Mark, viii. 1-10 ; St. Matthew, 
 
 XV. 34, 36, 38, 39. 
 
 (1) He speaks as God, after havmg prayed as man ; elsewhere he speaks, and he 
 prayeth not. Sometimes he heals solely by the imposition of his blessed hands ; at 
 other times, by the touch of his garments. It were useless to seek reasons for these 
 different proceedings. It is enough to know that uncreated wisdom could not act with- 
 out reason. 
 
 (2) The miracles are also mysteries ; and what the power of Jesus Christ wrought 
 visibly upon the bodies, his grace wrought invisibly in their souls. It is for this reason 
 that the Chui-ch has made this action of the Saviour one of the ceremonies of baptism. 
 The word Ephpheta, he thou opened, which the priest pronounces, when making nearly 
 the same applications that Jesus Christ made upon the deaf and dumb man — this word, 
 I say, signifies in this circumstance : Let thine ears be opened, in order to hear and in 
 order to believe ; and let thy tongue be untied, in order to confess the truth which you 
 believe. 
 
 (3) With reference to secrecy commanded, and not kept, and to secrecy commanded 
 regarding certain miracles, and not regarding others, see note 5, chapter xii., and 
 page 92. 
 
CHAP. XXTIU.] OF OUR LOED JESUS CHRIST. 219 
 
 tliera away fastiug to their liomes, tliey will foint iu the way, for 
 some of them come from afor oflF. I will not [therefore\ send them 
 away fasting. His disciples answered : From whence can any one 
 fill them here with bread in the wilderness ?" 
 
 We are surprised to find that they could have foigotten the yet 
 recent mii-acle of the multiplication of the five loaves, and that, in- 
 stead of soliciting a similar one, natural means are the sole expe- 
 dients which occur to their minds. Jesus did not pause to reproach 
 them with this forgetfulness or this want of faith ; the act he was 
 going to perform was to be a substitute for that lesson. " He asked 
 them : How many loaves have ye ? Seven, they said, and a few lit- 
 tle fi.*hes. He then commanded the multitude to sit down upon the 
 ground." It is presumed, and with reason, that they were ranged 
 in companies, as at the other multiplication, so that the distribution 
 might be orderly, and that the number of guests might be easily 
 knoTivTi. " Then Jesus, taking the seven loaves, giving thanks, he 
 broke and gave them to his disciples for to set before them, and 
 they set them before the people. And he blessed the few little 
 fishes they had, and commanded them to be set before them. They 
 did all eat and had their fill (4), and they took up seven baskets 
 full (5) of what remained of the fi'agments. Now, they that had 
 eaten were about four thousand men, besides children and women. 
 Jesus dismissed them," in order to steal himself away from their ap- 
 plause, and also that they might not, like the other multitude, think 
 
 (4) The bread, according to Saint Augustine, multiplied in the hands of Jesus Christ 
 just as grain multiplies itself in the earth. If we wonder more at one multiplication than 
 at the other, the reason Ls, that one is a daily occurrence, and the other a very extraordi- 
 nary one. At bottom, it is the same miracle, and there is no greater subject for admi- 
 ration in the one than in the other. Free-thinkers do not believe in the multiplication of 
 tlie bread, because they have not seen it ; if anybody who had not seen the multiplica- 
 tion of grain, refused to believe it, upon the report of witnesses worthy of credit, he 
 would be regarded, with reason, as verj' silly. Yet this foolish man would only be pre- 
 cisely what free-thinkers are. 
 
 (3) Jesus Christ caused them to be gathered, in order that the whole e.\tent of the 
 miracle should be known, and also to teach them not to throw aicay the yift of Ood : a 
 popular phra.<e, which comprises a highly moral and very religious meaning. 
 
 The circumstance of the seven baskets marks the difference of this multiplication from 
 the preceding one, and prevents the two from being Uiken for one and the same miracle. 
 This is a remark of Saint Chrysosto n. 
 
220 . THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PABT I. 
 
 of declaring him king. " Immediately going up into a ship with 
 his disciples, he came into the parts of Dalmauutha into the coasts 
 of Magedan." 
 
 This country is situated on the eastern border of the sea of Galilee. 
 Jesus wished to show himself there as elsewhere ; for it is easy to 
 see that his design was to make himself known to all the house of 
 Israel, and that he did not wish that there should be one district of 
 Judea unenlightened by his doctrine and his mh-acles. We can 
 have no doubt of his haNdng both preached and wrought miracles 
 here, as in the other districts, although the evangelists do not say 
 so ; but what they do state, and we, after their narrative, is, that 
 here, as elsewhere, he encountered oj^position. 
 
 (a) " The Pharisees and Sadducees" were, as is well known, two 
 irreconcilable sects. But when the object is to persecute the good, 
 the wicked, no matter how much they disagree amongst themselves, 
 are yet ready to combine together. These " came [m concert] to 
 Jesus. They began to question with him. Then they asked him to 
 show them a sign from heaven [it is added], tempting him." And, 
 in point of fact, to ask for fresh proofs of what is already sufficiently 
 proved, is not desiring additional light — it is merely seeking grounds 
 whereon to raise objections. " Jesus answered, and said to them : 
 When it is evening, you say, it will be fair weather, for the sky is 
 red ; and in the morning, to-day there will be a storm, for the sky is 
 red and lowering. You know, then, how to discern the face of the 
 sky, and can you not know the signs of the times (6) ? And he 
 said also to the multitudes : When you see a cloud rising from the 
 west, presently you say, a shower is coming ; and so it hapjoeneth. 
 And when you see the south wind blow, you say, there will be heat ; 
 and it cometh to pass. You hyjiocrites !" added he — whether he 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xvi. 1-4 ; St. Mark, viii. 11 ; St. Luke, xii. 54-57. 
 
 (6) The preceding passage is taken from Saint Matthew ; what immediately follows 
 is from Saint Luke. The latter, in the twelfth chapter, reports consecutively several ex- 
 pressions of the Saviour, detached one from the other, without stating the circumstances 
 in which they were uttered, and the greater part of which were spoken on different oc- 
 casions. We deemed, on account of the identity of the subject, tliat it was more nat- 
 ural to place this expression here, altliough several interpreters place it elsewhere. 
 
CHAP. XXATn.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 221 
 
 addressed tliis word exclusively to tlie Pharisees and to the Sad- 
 ducees, or whether the cuiiosity which led the people to desire a 
 heavenly sign was mingled with Pharisaical malignity — " You hypo- 
 crites ! you know how to discern the fece of the heaven and of the 
 earth ; but how is it that you do not discern this time, and why, 
 even of yom-selves, do you not judge that which is just ?" 
 
 It is easy to see the tendency of this discourse. All the signs 
 marked out by the prophets for the coming of the Messiah had ap- 
 peared, or were actually appearing : the scejrtre of Juda had passed 
 away to strangers ; they were just at the close of the seventy weeks 
 foretold by Daniel. The Messiah cometh^ said a simple woman of 
 Samaria. So notorious was the fact. Therefore, the time was come ; 
 and nothing remained but to know who it was that they should ac- 
 knowledge. The miracles of Jesus Christ clearly designated him, 
 not only by the general evidence which ever results from mii-acu- 
 lous deeds, but also because the particular species of miracles had 
 been foretold, as constituting one of the characters of the Messiah, 
 as he himself observed to the disciples of John. Now to say, after 
 this, We will not recognize you, unless you show us some sign from 
 heaven, if in jest, is an insult ; if seriously spoken, it can only sig- 
 nify a decided and fixed design to believe nothing. So criminal a 
 disposition caused the Saviour both grief and indignation : («) " and 
 sighing deeply in spirit, he saith : "WHiy doth this generation ask a 
 sign ?" iVfterwards, as if he had answered to himself internally that 
 the motive which induced them to ask it rendered them unworthy 
 of seeing it, he presently adds : " A wicked and adulterous genera- 
 tion seeketh after a sign j hut., amen, T say to you, a sign shall not 
 be given it but the sign of Jonas (7) the projihet. Jesus, leaving 
 them, went away again up into the ship, and passed to the other 
 side of the water. When his disciples were come over the water, 
 they had forgotten to take bread ; and they had but one loaf with 
 them in the ship. Jesus said to them, and charged them : Take 
 
 (a) St. Mark, viii. 12-15 ; St. Matthew, i>-i. 4-6. 
 
 (7) That of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, figured by the egress of Jonas from the 
 belly of the whale, wherein he ha<l been inclosed during three days. Jesus Christ had 
 already proposed this sign on an occasion similar to this. 
 
222 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 heed, and beware of tlie leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees, and 
 of the leaven of Herod (8)." This word leaven, which they took in 
 its literal meaning, reminded them that they had not thought of 
 laying in a store of bread. Whereupon they were filled with anx- 
 iety ; for they were frequently on the borders of desert places, 
 where it was impossible to procure it. {ci) " And they reasoned 
 among themselves, saying : We have taken no bread." Perhaps 
 they had already proceeded to the length of mutual censure, which 
 is reciprocally dealt out by parties who have committed a common 
 fault, when " Jesus, knowing" their embarrassment, which they did 
 not dare to discover to him, he went on to show them the consider- 
 ably greater fault which they had then committed. " O ye of lit- 
 tle faith, he saith to them, why do you think within yourselves that 
 you have no bread ? Do you not yet know nor understand ? Have 
 you still your hearts blinded ? Having eyes, see you not ; and hav- 
 ing eare, hear you not ? Neither do you remember, when I broke 
 the five loaves among five thousand, how many baskets full of frag- 
 
 (a) St. Mark, ym. 16-20 ; St. Matthew, xvi. 8. 
 
 (8) Saint Mark, who omits the Sadducees named by Saint Matthew, adds to the 
 leaven of the Pharisees, that of Herod, or of the Herodians, of whom mention is made, 
 page 113, and note 4 of chapter xv. Nothing is there said of their opinion.s, regarding 
 which there is no settled information. Nevertheless, it has been conjectured that they 
 may not have been different from the Sadducees. Here are the grounds of this con- 
 jecture : In all likelihood, the Herodians were only so denominated, on account of their 
 attachment for the family of the Herods, who were the princes of the countiy. The 
 Herodians were, therefore, men connected with the court, or courtiers. Now Josephus, 
 Book II. of the Jewish War, chapter vii., states, that the sect of Sadducees was but lit- 
 tle diffused, but that it was the sect of the aristocracy. On the other hand, we learn 
 from the Gospel that the Sadducees were pure materialists, who not only denied the res- 
 urrection, but who did not acknowledge that any spiritual substance existed in the uni- 
 verse. Here, then, we have in this aristocracy the condition, as well as in this material- 
 ism the religion, of many courtiers ; therefore, if we hke to draw the conclusion, the Sad- 
 ducees were Herodians. If it be further inquired, whether these amongst the aristoc- 
 racy were men who joined themselves to the Pharisees, in order to put captious ques- 
 tions to the Saviour, it is not only possible that some amongst them may have done so, 
 but we may answer, moreover, that the aristocracy were not the only members who 
 composed the sect of the Sadducees. They were, indeed, the heads of it ; but we may 
 also presume that Sadduceeism was the religion of their clients, their parasites, and their 
 servants, not to speak of those who, not having it in their power to equal them in riches, 
 may have wished to resemble them by dissoluteness of mind and morals. 
 
CHAP. XX^^II.] OF our lord JESTJS CHRIST. 223 
 
 ments you took up I They say to him : Twelve. When, also, the 
 seven loaves among four thousand, how many baskets of fragments 
 took you up ? They say to him : Seven." 
 
 This was sufficient to make them ashamed of their embarrassment. 
 But if they were not to be anxious about bread after the two mir- 
 acles of which they had just been witnesses and co-oi-)erators, Jesus 
 Christ, the author of these miracles, whose arm was not shortened, 
 was still less disposed to think of such things. They should, there- 
 fore, when he .«poke of leaven, have understood it in a sense differ- 
 ent fi'om what the word usually presents to the mind. This is what 
 he made them remark : " He said to them [tvhen terminating this 
 conversation'] : Why do you not yet understand that it was not con- 
 cerning bread I said to you : Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees 
 and Sadducees ? Then [at last] they understood that he said not 
 that they should beware of the leaven of bread, but of the doctrine 
 of the Pharisees and Sadducees (9)." 
 
 (9) Jesus Christ said elsewberc : Tlie Scribes arid (he Pharisees have sitten on the 
 chair of Moses ; all thini/s, there/ore, whatsoever they shall sai/ to you, observe and do ; 
 thus openly authorizing their doctrine, which is, nevertheless, condemned here. This 
 shows that discrimination shoidd be used between the doctrine of Moses, when the Phar- 
 becs expounded it, and their own particular doctrines, when they proposed them. It 
 wa-s incumbent on the hearer to receive the first, and to reject the others. All this is 
 signified by the words of the Saviour — Beware, which doth not mean to convey : Reject 
 all that they say, or close your ears, lest you should hear them ; but listen to them with 
 precaution and discernment. Those who shall say that this discernment was a difficult 
 and anxious thing, shall recognize a truth which must make known to them, at the same 
 time, the obligation which they owe to God for having spared them the trouble and the 
 dangers. For when the Church instructs us by means of those whom God hath estab- 
 lished her chief pastors, all is pure and sound, and should be received without distrust. 
 Hence there is no re;ison for reading the works of heretics, saying that the reader profits 
 by what is good, and passes over what is bad ; for people are to be found, who deem 
 themselves authorized to do so, by the permission wliich Jesus Christ grants to hear the 
 Pharisees when using this discrimination. This wiis profitable to the Jews, who had no 
 other teachers ; but we who have others, teaching truth pure and unalloyed, why should 
 we perplex oui^selves, by fishing out truth from amid a thousand errors, at the risk of 
 still falling into mistake ? There is no imprudence in availing ourselves of a bad guide, 
 when we have no other, and that we must have one ; but when we have found one who 
 is a sure guide, to leave him, for the purpose of taking another guide who may mislead 
 us, because he also may not go astray, is not merely temerity, but extraragance. 
 
224 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 THE BLIND MAiî OF BETHSAIDA. — CONFESSION OF SAINT PETEE. PROMISE OF THE 
 
 KEYS. PASSION FORETOLD. PETER REBUKED. SELF IS TO BE RENOUNCED. 
 
 THE CROSS MUST BE CARRIED. 
 
 (a) " \^F)'om the place ivJiere they disemba7'hed'\ they came to Betli- 
 saida, where they bring to Jesus a blind man, and they besought 
 him that he would touch him." As this was one of those miracles 
 which he did not wish to make public, " taking the blind man by 
 the hand, he led him out of the town ; and spitting upon his eyes, 
 laying his hands on him, he asked him if he saw any thing. The 
 blind man looking up, said : I see men as it were trees walking." 
 This answer shows us that he was not born blind, since he had a dis- 
 tinct idea of men and trees. " After that again, Jesus laid his hands 
 upon his eyes, and he began to see \bette7'\ and was restored, so that 
 he saw all things clearly. After that, Jesus sent him into his house. 
 Go into thy house, he said, and if thou enter into the town (1), tell 
 nobody (2)." 
 
 This is a remarkable cure, being the only one which Jesus wrought 
 by degrees. It is commonly attributed to the disposition of the 
 blind man, whose faith, at first feeble, only attained for him an im- 
 perfect cure, subsequently perfected with his faith, so that he did not 
 
 (a) St. Mark, viii. 22-27. 
 
 (1) The borough of Bethsaida is also called city by Saint John. It was one of that 
 middle class of places which may receive either one or the other appellation. 
 
 (2) Was it simply in order that the miracle should remain a secret in the country, 
 that Jesus Christ forbid the blind man to speak of it in Bethsaida, or did he wish to 
 conceal the knowledge thereof from the inhabitants, in order to punish them for the little 
 fruit which they had derived from the great number of miracles which he had ivTOUght 
 amongst them ? this is a matter of uncertainty. The second conjecture is usually ground- 
 ed upon these words of the Saviour, St. Luke, x. 1 3 : Woe to thee, Corozain ! leoe to thee, 
 Bethsaida ! for if in Tyre and Sidon had been wrought the mighty works that have been 
 wrought in you, they would have done penance long ago, sitting in sackcloth and ashes. 
 See note 14, chap, xxii., p. 178; the contempt of miracles punished by the cessation of 
 miracles. 
 
( IFAP. XXIX.] OK OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 22.5 
 
 see clearly Iwt when lie l)elie\'ed firmly. Thus, Peter walked upon 
 the waters wheu he believed without hesitating ; and when he com- 
 menced to douLt, so also he commenced to sink. Certain it is, and 
 we think we have already said so, that miracles usually follow faith, 
 and proportion themselves to it. Nevertheless, the Saviour may 
 have had other reasons for pursuing the course he adopted on this 
 occasion. One is, for example, that he wished to draw a picture of 
 the sometimes slow and gradual advances of his grace, which, when 
 it make^ the soul pass from darkness to light, has, if we may venture 
 to speak, its twilight and its aurora. Happy he who is not disheart- 
 ened at its lingering approach, who knows how to take advantage 
 of its first rays, and to cpiicken, by an increase of faith, the bui-sting 
 of its full dawn. 
 
 («) " From Bethsaida Jesus went out with his disciples into the 
 towns in the quarters of Cesarea Philippi (3). In the way, as he 
 was alone praying," that is to say, apart from the crowd, or without 
 being followed by it, for " his disciples also were ^viih liim," he asked 
 them, saying : " \\Tiom do men say that the Son of man is '." It 
 seems that the prejudices of the people as to who Jesus might be 
 were not diflerent fi-om those of Herod and his court, since " they 
 said : Some, John the Baptist ; some say, Elias, and others, Jeremias ; 
 othei"s say that one of the former prophets is risen again (4). Jesus 
 saith to them : But whom do you say that I am ? Simon Peter an- 
 swered, and said; Tliou art Christ, the Son of the living God(.")). 
 Jesus answering, said to him : Blessed art thou, Simon Bai'-Jona ; 
 because flesh and blood hath not revealed it to thee, but my Fatlim- 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, rv-i. 13-10: St. Luke, ix. 18-21 : St. Mark, viii. 27-20. 
 
 (.3) Previously Paneas, but called Cesarea by Philip the tetrarch, who wished to court 
 favor with the Emperor Tiberias. The surname of Philip has been given to it, in order 
 to di.«ilinguish it from another Cesarea, rebuilt and magnificently embellished by Herod 
 the Great, in honor of the Emperor AugiLstus. This latter city, which was situated on 
 the borders of the Mediterranean, was previously called the Tower of Straton. 
 
 (i) Or perhaps because the soul of some of these great men had p.isscd into his body ; 
 for a belief in the traasmigration of souls was current among the Jews, as appears b_v the 
 books of their Talmudists and their Cabalists. 
 
 [b) More than were John tlio Baptist, Elias, Jeremy, and the prophets ; therefore moie 
 than by adoption : therefore by nature. 
 
 15 
 
226 THE IIISTOKY OF THE LIFE [PAKT I. 
 
 wlio is iu heaven." Tlieu I'emleriug testiinouy to liiin iu return for 
 testimony, but \ntli this difference, that Peter only deehired wliat 
 Jesus was, instead of which Jesus made Peter what he declared he 
 was : " And \]ie added'] I say to thee that thou art Peter (6), and 
 upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall 
 not prevail against it (7). I will give to thee the keys of the king- 
 dom of heaven. Whatsoever thou shalt bind upon earth, it shall be 
 bound also in heaven, and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, it 
 shall be loosed also in heaven." After this double testimony, which 
 comprehends, in an abridgment, all religion — one being the ground- 
 work of Christian faith, and the other that of Catholic unity — («)" Je- 
 sus strictly commanded his disci])les that they should tell none that 
 he was Jesus the Christ." We have already said that Jesus only 
 wished to lead men gradually to the knowledge of his divinity. 
 
 It does not appear that the disciples divulged the secret which 
 they were so solemnly chaiged to keep. But, assured at last of the 
 divinity of their Master, and still prepossessed with the flattering 
 idea of his tempoi-al reign, their imagination revelled in the glory 
 and the pleasures which his divinity and earthly reign seemed to 
 announce to them. Jesus took this opportunity to disalnise them, 
 liy informing them that his quality of Christ should not hinder 
 him from dying in extreme torture, and that he would only recog- 
 nize as his true disciples those who would participate in his oppro- 
 brium and suffering. Two truths, the first of which was to shake 
 
 (a) St. Mark, viii. 30 ; St. Matthew, xvi. 20. 
 
 (6) This name had already been given to him, see page 116 ; but the prerogatives ap- 
 pertaining to it had not as yet been declared to belong to him. Jesus Christ wished, for 
 the glory of Saint Peter, to be indebted to him for the merit of the confession. 
 
 (T) The powers of hell, according to the common interpretation. Nevertheless, since 
 the gates of hell are merely defensive forces, and the reference here is to oflFensive forces, 
 inasmuch as what is here said shall not prevail, is the unsuccessful attack, according to 
 this expression of Jeremy, i. 19 : Theij shall fiyht against thee, and shall not prevail, this 
 difficulty has made the interpreters seek for another sense. It has been thought that 
 this name might be given to those who carry off a great number of souls to hell, and 
 more particularly to the authors of schisms and heresies, who wage a more open war 
 with the Church. These perverse men may justly be termed the gates of hell, as Jesus 
 Christ is called the gate of heaven. This explanation is plausible, even if it be not a 
 true one. 
 
CHAP. SXIX.] OF OrR LORD JESCS CHRIST. 22 Y 
 
 the very foiuidatiou-stone of tlie new edifice wliicli Jesus was to ce- 
 ment •«'itli Lis blood ; which circumstance did not hinder him from 
 proposing Loth one and the other Avithout any temporizing: for 
 («) " that time lie began to show to his disciples that he must go to 
 Jerusalem, sufier many things, be rejected l>y the ancients, by the 
 chief priests and the Scribes, be put to death, and after thi'ee da}s 
 rise again, and he spoke the word openly. And Peter, taking him, 
 began to rebuke him, saying : Lord, be it far from thee ; this shall 
 not be unto thee." Out of love did he thus speak, and this moti\e 
 might render him excusable ; but his vivacity, too highly savoring 
 of nature, must be suppressed, being calculated to lead to the ulti- 
 mate result of obstructing the great work for which the only Son of 
 the li^-ing God had made himself man. " Jesus, therefore, turning 
 about, and seeing his disciples," whom he wished to render Avit- 
 nesses of the reprimand which he was going to make to their leader, 
 in order that they might i)voût thereby, "he threatened Petei", say- 
 ing : Go behind me, Satan (S) ! thou art a scandal unto men, be- 
 cause thou savorest not the things that are of God, but that are of 
 men (9)." 
 
 (a) St, Miittliew, x\-i. 21-23 ; St. Mark, viii. 31-33. 
 
 (8) This word, in holy language, properly signifies adversary ; we often find it used in 
 this sense in Scripture. It is appropriated to Lucifer, because lie is the capital enemy 
 of God and of men. Those who wish to spare Saint Peter this odious denoniinatinn, 
 have a.sserted that it was Satan himself whom the Sa\-iour then apostrophized. Tlieir 
 intention is praiseworthy ; but what follows being addressed evidently to Saint Peter, 
 the figure would be too violent, if the preceding expression were addressed to another. 
 There is notliing to hinder the Saviour from having said to Saint Peter : Thou art exe- 
 cuting against me the office of Satan ; thou art a tempter to me. The motive which in- 
 duced this apostle to speak wa.s good ; but what he uttered was not so. The error is 
 justly reproved, and the person is not the less loved, as we shall soon see. 
 
 Those who, for the purpose of avoiding what is opposed to the accomplishment of the 
 designs of God upon them, do earnestly repel the a.s.saults which a tenderness savoring too 
 highly of natural impulse may direct against them, are more than justified by this answer 
 of the Saviour. 
 
 (n) Men only relLsh glory and pleiLsure, and God wishes them to prefer humiliatio!u 
 and sufferings. But these sufferings are repmd them b)- infinite ple;j.sure-s, and these hu- 
 miliations are followed by immortal glory. God, therefore, wishes substantially the .siinie 
 things which we desire ; but he wishes the pain to pi-ecede the recompense : what cm 
 be more ju-st? and as to the sacrifice of the fleeting for the eternal, what can be nin.i' 
 rea.sonable ? Men, on the contrarv, wish to share the recompense without sharing l!i" 
 
228 THE niSTOEY OF THE LITE [PART I. 
 
 Peter did not venture to re])!}', and tlie disciples, instructed at liis 
 expense, remained in respectful silence : then Jesus passing on to an- 
 other truth, which was the sequel of the preceding one, informed 
 them that it was only by humiliations and sufferings that they could 
 l)e true disciples of an outraged and crucified Messiah, 
 
 But as this startling precept did not merely regard the apostles, 
 but generally all those who wished to embrace the new Gospel, 
 (a) " Jesus calling the multitude together with his disciples, he said 
 to all: If any man will come after me, let him deny himself (10), 
 take up his cross (11) daily (12), and follow me." This renunciation 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, x\-\. 24. 
 
 pain : could an}- thing be more unjust ? And, reduced to the dilemma of choosing be- 
 tween both, they quit the solid for the frivolous, and what is to last forever for what has 
 merely a temporal duration. Could any thing be more unreasonable ? Oh, how wise is 
 the folly of the Gospel, and how silly is the wisdom of the world ! 
 
 (10) What follows in the text explains what sort of renunciation is rigorously binding ; 
 but there are several degrees of perfection. To renounce one's self, in order to follow 
 the counsels of Jesus Christ, is, undoubtedly, a much higher degree than to renounce 
 self, in order to obey his commandments ; in this consists religious renouncement, which 
 is merely the commencement of perfection. To renounce one's self in every thing which 
 is forbidden, when this renunciation is not absolutely necessary — to deny one's self all in- 
 nocent satisfactions, to refuse ourselves those pleasures which are allowed, to check all 
 our inclinations, to master all our propensities, to repress even the slightest sallies of na- 
 ture — in a word, to be constantly disposed to sacrifice every thing without reserve — I 
 mean not only to the commandments of God, nor even to his counsels, but also to every 
 thing that we may presume to be most agreeable to him^ — this is the perfection to which 
 the saints unceasingly tend, because they always long to arrive at it. It is the death of 
 self-love, if we should not rather call it the life and resurrection of self-love, being the 
 perfect transformation thereof into the will of God. 
 
 (11) It is not his cross that Jesus Christ obliges us to caiTy ; it is our own, which is 
 much lighter than his. But, moreover, it is not he who imposes this charge upon us : 
 
 I the condition of this life renders it inevitable, and what he requires from us is to the very 
 
 letter that we should make a virtue of necessity. When we thus carry our cross in the 
 train of our Saviour, that is to say, by imitating his patience, he also softens the burden 
 by the unction of his grace, and he himself comes to our assistance and enables us to 
 bear its weight. How many souls bear testimony that they find it as delicious as it is 
 meritorious to them ! whilst those who bear it with impatience groan under the load, and 
 make for themselves a double hell, viz., that of this life, and that of the other. Since we 
 must suffer in one way or another, is it not more rational to save ourselves by suffering 
 less, than to damn ourselves by suffering more ? 
 
 (12) If each day has its pain, each day should also have its patience. This is said for 
 those persons who have their good and bad days, like intermitting fevers. 
 
CILVP. XXIX.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 229 
 
 extends to every thing wliicli ina\- l)e any obstacle to the observance 
 of tlie law of Jesus Christ. Even life itself is not excepted ; for we 
 must be disposed to lose it, rather than preserve it by a single jn-e- 
 varicatiou. A\Tiat more revolting to nature ? we may even say, what 
 less reasonable to the eyes of carnal prudence ? Yet there is nothing 
 more rational or more salutary, (a) "For [adds the Savioui''] who- 
 soever will save his life [at the c.r^yen-se of what he owes- to me\ will 
 lose it ; and whosoever shall lose his life for my sake and the Gos]h], 
 shall save it (13): for what shall it profit a man if he gain the whole 
 woild, and suffer the loss of his soul ? Or what shall a man give in 
 exchange for his soul ?" 
 
 To feel the full force of this reasoning, we should remark that the 
 Saviour seems to sujjjiose a man who would give his life for some 
 one, or even for all the goods of this life. It is e\-ident that this 
 man would be a fool, since by losing his hfe he would be no longer 
 in a position to enjoy what he might acquh'e at this price ; and this 
 incapacity of enjopnent would be the result of his own act — bereav- 
 ing him of all right of possession, and even of liis own existence. 
 Now such, and a thousand times woree, is he who saves his life at 
 the expense of his soul, that is to say, who pieserves the present 
 life by the sacrifice of that which is to come. It may be said that 
 he saves nothing, since he must necessarily lose whatsoever he saves, 
 and that the moment shall come when he shall be in this regard just 
 in the same position as if he had not saved it ; but, at the same time, 
 he shall find that he has lost every thing, since the life which he shall 
 have lost must last eternally; and that, in this eternal duration, 
 there will not be one instant in which it may not be said in trutli to 
 him: He has lost all. Whereas, the man who shall have sacritict^d 
 his life to his duty, shall find that he has lost nothing, since what lie 
 has lost must necessarily have perished, and he shall have gained 
 every tiling by gaining an eternal life, and one, too, of eternal liaj)- 
 
 (a) St. Mark, viii. 35-:n. 
 
 (13) Here all tlie.potentates of the earth fall short. Not one \ ^em was ever able 
 to say : Those are gainers who lose their livc.'< in my .service. Kevertheless, those may 
 be "•ainers who lose their lives in the service of a prince ; but this is when, in the service 
 of the prince, they only have in view the service of God ; and it is nut tln^n the prince, it 
 is God alone who promises and givc.^ the recompense. 
 
230 THE HISTORY OF TIU: LIFE [PART I. 
 
 pines8. Jesus Clirist speaks directly of the sacrifice of life, because 
 this alone comprises all the others ; and, moreover, because the j^ro- 
 fessiou of Christianity was going to be, by reason of the persecutions 
 which should arise, a proximate occasion for the sacrifice of life. It 
 was necessary to prepare the new disciples for this ; but, in order 
 to do so in the most effective mannei", and to counteract fear by a 
 greater feai', he parades before their eyes the formidable disjjlay of 
 that great judgment in which he is to overwhelm, with the weight 
 of his eternal indignation, those cowardly disciples whom the sight 
 of torments and of death frighten into a shameful apostacy. It is 
 foi- tliis puipose that, immediately after the last words which we 
 have recorded, he uttered these : {a) " For he that shall be ashamed 
 of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation, the 
 Son of man also will be ashamed of him, when he shall come in his 
 majesty, and that of his Father, and that of his holy angels. For 
 the Son of man shall come in the glory of his Father with his an- 
 gels; and then will he render to every man according to his works. 
 Then [aclJreS'Sing Jils words to his disci-pies ahne~\ he said to them : 
 Amen, I s;iy to you, there are some of them that stand here tliat 
 t^hall not taste death till they see the kingdom of God in power, the 
 Son of man coming in \j7ie sjplendors (?f ] his kingdom." 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 the teansfigura'non. return of elias announced.^ — contrast of jesus 
 
 Christ's humiliation with his glory. ' 
 
 This magnificent promise was not slow in being fulfilled ; for we 
 belieA'e, with the majority of ancient interpreters, that it was accom- 
 plished in the transfiguration. Those who choose to find its accom- 
 plishment in the establishment of the Church on the ruins of the old 
 Jerusalem, have not borne in mind that the Son of man did not there 
 exhibit his person ; and still it is here said that he shall be seen. 
 
 (a) St. Mark, viii. 38, 39; St. Luke, ix. 2(^; St. Matthew, xvi. 27, 28. 
 
CHAP. XXX.] OF OUR LORD .ITSUS CHRIST. 231 
 
 Others have tlionglit that the state in «-hich he appeared after hid 
 resurrection, and still more the glory which accompanied his ascen- 
 sion, suffice to verify the prediction. It may he so ; hut then he 
 was seen by all his disciples, and here it is said that he shall only 
 be seen by some. Lastly, the accomplishment has been referred to 
 the last judgment ; and all here would be consistent, if some of his 
 disciples were never to have died ; but we know that this pri\ilege 
 was not granted to any one of them, for it has been long ago recog- 
 nized t^at the pretended immortality of Saint John is merely a po})- 
 ular notion, without any sohd foundation. There remains, then, but 
 the transfiguration, on which occasion some of those who were pres- 
 ent had the advantage of seeing Jesus, not in the actual exercise, 
 but in the lastre of his power, that is to say, such as he shall appear 
 on that great day when his dazzling splendor shall eftace the light 
 of the sun, and all the glory of earth and heaven. We have sisid 
 that the Saviour was not slow in accomplishing his promise ; in fact, 
 (a) " about eight days after these Avords (the preceding discourse) (1), 
 Jesus taketh with him [Ju's- three favorite di-scijyhs] Peter, and James, 
 and John his l)rother, he bringeth them up into a high mountain 
 apart by themselves \_whither he went ///j], to pray. Whilst he pray- 
 ed, the shape of his countenance was altered (2), and he was trans- 
 figured liefore them. His face did shine as the sun. His garments 
 became shining and glittering, and exceedmg white as the snow, so 
 as no fuller upon earth can make white. Behold, there appeared 
 two men, who were talking with him. They were Moses and Elias (3). 
 Appearing in majesty, they spoke \of his pa^-9ion and'] of his decease, 
 
 (a) St. Luke, is. 28-3.3 ; St. Matthew, x\-ii. 1, 2 ; St. Mark, i.x. 1, 2. 
 
 (1) n is Saint Luke who has said abonl eight days a/kr. Saint Matlliuw and Saint 
 Mark say six days after : thej- all agree. Saint Luke includes the day when Je.-sus 
 held till- discourse, and that on which the event took place, while the two other evan- 
 gelist.s do not reckon them. 
 
 (2) The shape of his countenance wjls altered, viz., not on account of the features, 
 which were still the s:»me, but on account of the lustre and the majesty. 
 
 (3) It is certain that EWaa was present in body and soul. We are ignorant whether 
 the same was the case with regard to Moses. Ood might equally have resuscitated him, 
 or formed for him a body from air, like tlm «lii.li :.M.r,.ls iLssume when they appear in a 
 visible form. 
 
232 THE HISTORY 01<" THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 tliat lie should accomplisli in Jerusalem. But Peter and they that 
 were with him were heavy with sleep \wliicJi .strengthens tlie conjec- 
 ture of tliosewho thinJc tliat tlds occurred in the evening]. "Waking, 
 they saw his glory, and the two men that stood with him. As Mo- 
 ses and Elias were departing from him," charmed with the glory of 
 his Master, and tasting a part of the joy with which he fills the saints 
 who see him in all his lustre, " Peter saith to Jesus : Master, it is 
 a:ood for us to he here. If thou wilt, let us make here three taher- 
 nacles : one for thee, one for Moses, and one for Elias (4)." 
 
 How could glorified men, such as were Moses and Elias, require 
 a dwelhng to be prepared for them uj^on earth ? And had the Sou 
 of man descended merely to fix his residence upon a mountain, away 
 from the view and commerce of men ? Peter's proposal, therefore, 
 was unreasonable : indeed, it is added that (r/) " he knew not what 
 he said, foi'," besides the surprise and joy which had seized upon 
 them, he and his companions " were sti-uck with fear." Neverthe- 
 less, his desires were in some way accomplished. "As he sjjoke 
 these things, there came a bright cloud, which [over sliado wing tlicm 
 lihe a celestial tabernacle] covered them over [^loith its shining rays. 
 Moses and Elias sanh into the cloud and disappeared^] When they 
 entered into the cloud, the a])ostles wei'e \still more] afi'aid. And 
 lo, a voice came out of the cloud, saying : This is my beloved Son, 
 in whom I am well pleased ; hear ye him. Whilst the voice was 
 uttered, Jesus was found alone \_in order tliat there might he no douht 
 tliat tJie voice spohe of him only]. The discij^les hearing, were very 
 much afraid, and fell upou their face. But Jesus came and touched 
 them, and said to them : Arise, and fear not. Then lifting up their 
 eyes, and immediately looking about, they saw no one but Jesus 
 alone," returned to his usual ajipeai'ance — that is to say, that he 
 again checked those torrents of light which strove continually to 
 
 {a) St. Mark, ix. 5-7 ; St. Matthew, xvii. 3-8 ; St. Luke, ix. 34-36. 
 
 (4) Peter knew them by revelation, or it may be that they had some particular 
 mark, which served to make them known to those who were acquainted with their his- 
 tory, nearly in the same way as we recognize them in pictuies ; or perhaps that Jesus, 
 in the conversation which he had with them, and part of which the apostles may have 
 hourd, had named them when he addressed them. 
 
CHAP. XXX.] OF OUE LOKD JESL'S C'HKLST. 233 
 
 overflow from bis (li\"iuity upon liis Lumauity. For the glorious 
 state iu wbicli he liad just exhibited himself was, if we may so speak, 
 his uatural state ; and the miracle was, not that he should have ai> 
 peared for some moraeuts iu this glory, which was proper to the ouly 
 Sou of the Father, but which, by an effect of his Omnipotence, he 
 kept closed up within liimself, and suffered it not to strike or dazzle 
 mortal eyes. 
 
 (rt) " As they came down from the mountain, Jesus charged his 
 disciples not to tell any man wh^ things they had seen till the Son 
 of man shall be risen again fi-om the dead." Of the several reasons 
 which are assigned for this mysterious silence, the most simple, and 
 perhaps, for that reason, the truest, is, tliat it was in the order of the 
 divine decrees that the glory of the !Man-God should not be fully 
 manifested until after his passion ; and, being the master of his own 
 fiivoi-s and graces, he did not wisb to extend further the particu- 
 lar revelation whicli he had just made to his three most cherish- 
 ed disciples. They, without seeking lor other reasons, had a suffi- 
 cient motive for silence in the injunction which Jesus had imposed 
 upon them, (h) " They held their peace, and told no man in those 
 days any of these things which they had seen." Nevertheless, as 
 they were not forbidden to speak of it among themselves, " they 
 kejit the word to themselves, questioning to one another what that 
 shuuld mean. When he shall be risen from the dead." Nothing was 
 more clear ; but because it had frequently happened that they had 
 deceived themselves, by explaining the words of Jesus in the literal 
 sense, they feared lest this sense should also deceive them on the 
 present occasion. 
 
 The thought of his resurrection recalled to them the remem- 
 brance of his death. It a2)peai'3 even that they had caught a glimpse 
 of the fact that liis death was not far distant, and tliis state of things 
 exceeded their comprehension. For as yet they had no idtyi of his 
 second coming ; and, believing his death t<i be the termination of 
 all he was to do in this world, they were sniprised not to see the ac- 
 couqilishment of an ancient prophecy, whicli, according to the notion 
 of all their doctoi-s, was infalliljly to be a preliminary to the ex- 
 
 (a) St. Mark, ix. 8. (6) St. Luk.-, ix. 36 ; St. Mark, ix. 9. 
 
234 THE HISTORY OF THE LIEE [pART I. 
 
 ploits of the Messiali, and to tlie establisliment of liis reign on earth. 
 This prophecy concerned the coming of Elias, whose arrival they 
 did not see ; for what had just occurred before their eyes was 
 merely to be regarded as a l)rief apparition. To clear up the mat- 
 ter, («) " they asked him, saying : Why, then, do the Pharisees and 
 Scribes say that Elias must come first ? He answering, said to them 
 [spealcing of his second coming^ : Elias iudeed shall come, and re- 
 store all things (5) ; and \]ie also'] must suffer many things and be 
 despised (6), as it is written of the Son of man. \^But lastly, if it 
 must he necessary for eacJi occurrence to have its own Elias, and in 
 order to tahe aioay this i^retext from the incredulity of tlie Jeics], I 
 say to you [ctdded the Saviou?-], that Elias is ah'eady come, that they 
 knew him not, but have done imto him whatsoever they had a mind, 
 as it is written of him. So also the Son of man shall suffer from 
 them. Then the disciples understood that he had spoken to them 
 of John the Baptist." 
 
 Recalling to mind a part of what we have just read, we may re- 
 mark that the grandeur of Jesus develojjs itself here with a mag- 
 nificence which had never before appeared. His di^^ne filiation is 
 recognized and clearly confessed by the chief of the apostles. Then 
 he himself displays before their eyes the superb pomp and formi- 
 dable array of the great judgment in which, from the height of the 
 throne of justice, where he shall appear, escorted by myriads of an- 
 gels, he shall decree, according to the quality of the works, infinite 
 
 (a) St. Mark, ix. 10-12 ; St. Matthew, x^-ii. 11-13. 
 
 (5) That is to say, that he shall bring the Jews to the knowledge of the true Mes- 
 siah. It is the common idea, and it appears certain. The Jews also believe that Elias 
 shall come, and that he shall re-establish all things ; which coming, however, they un- 
 derstand in a manner very different from our way of conceiving the event. They expect 
 from him the solution of all their doubts. This is their final reply to great difficulties. 
 £lias shall come, say they, no longer knowing what to say. 
 
 (6) Elias shall be persecuted like Jesus Christ. We read in the 11th chapter of the 
 Apocalypse, that the beast shall overcome the two witnesses, and kill them. The com- 
 mon opinion is, that Elias and Enoch are these two witnesses. Jesus Christ, by foretell- 
 ing that the first shall endure treatment similar to his own, renders his death more than 
 probable. The death of Enoch is not the less probable, if it were only by virtue of the 
 common law, from which there is no likelihood of anv man's being exempted, after the 
 Author of life having condescended to subject himself to it. 
 
(HAP. XXX.] OF OUK LORD JISUS CHRIST. 235 
 
 joys or eternal punishments. And, lest they slaoulcl tliiiik that this 
 futiu-e state of things has heen advanced gratuitously, he gives to 
 some of them an assured pledge of the truth of his words, by show- 
 ing himself to them in the lustre of his glory, even as he shineth in 
 the highest heaven, whence his light diffuseth itself through the 
 vast extent of the empyrean of which he is the eternal sun. But 
 we may also remark, that his passion was very clearly foretold, 
 and often alluded to, throughout the discourse. We see it at every 
 moment flash out, as it were, from the midst of his splendor ; thus 
 forming a combination of light and lurid gloom, the contrast of 
 which must have been, in the eyes of his disciples, a truly surpris- 
 ing spectacle. All this was for their instruction. The entire Christ 
 should be j^reseuted to them ; that is to say, with all his ignominy 
 and all his glory. He had been announced as such by the prophets, 
 reuniting in his person all the attributes of di%-inity and all the low- 
 liness of humanity ; and as such he had been denominated at one 
 time the strong God ; and at another, the last of men. Nothing so 
 exalted as the throne of the divinity, and they point him to us 
 seated thereon. Nothing so low as extreme punishment, and they de- 
 clare to us that he shall be condemned to it. Such opposite extremes 
 are to be found included in the name of Saviom-. Jesus Christ was 
 only to be such, according to the word of the angel, by sa^dng his 
 people from their sins. Now, he could only save therefrom by ex- 
 piating them, and he could only expiate them by satisfying the di- 
 vine justice, which required that the debt contracted should be rig- 
 orously paid. Hence it was i-equisite that there should be a sub- 
 ject capable of humiliation and of suftering, and he who was sim2)ly 
 God could not be such. This subject should also be of dignity so 
 eminent as to irapai-t to his humiliation and sufterings merit propor- 
 tioned to the infinite justice which he was bound to satisf}-, and this 
 merit was iufiniti-l}- higher than any merely created being could de- 
 serve. Therefore, a Christ was necessary ; that is to say, a Man- 
 God, and a Christ humbled and suffering ; for this explains the en- 
 tire mystery. Now-a-days, even children know this truth ; yet the 
 apostles could not comprehend it. But the time was not yet come 
 to confer upon them the gift of intelligence. Jesus Christ only en- 
 deavored, as may })e said, to deposit the ideas thereof in the treas- 
 
236 THE HISTORY OF THE LIEE [PART I. 
 
 ury of their memory, where they were to remain buried imtil the 
 Holy Ghost came to arrange the confusion, and dissipate the ol)scu- 
 rity of this secret depository. Thus this spirit of light was to co- 
 operate in the manifestation of the evangehcal mysteries ; and the 
 Saviour likewise teaches us, by this conduct, that exterior teaching 
 only profiteth inasmuch as it is accompanied by interior light — a 
 truth which renders it obligatory on us to pray for the latter with- 
 out ceasing. It was not, therefore, without reason nor without fruit 
 that Jesus Christ announced to his disciples certain truths, of whose 
 connection and expediency he left them in ignorance. His function 
 was to engrave in their souls the mysterious characters of which the 
 Holy Ghost was to furnish the key. They learned every thing from 
 Jesus Christ, and they comprehended every thing by the Holy 
 Ghost, who is only said to have taught them all things, because he 
 made them understand those which they had already learned, and 
 of which they knew not the meaning. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 THE LUNATIC CURED. THERE IS A DEMON" WHO CAN ONLY BE CAST OUT BY PRAYEE 
 
 AND FASTESTG. ^ANOTHER PREDICTION OF THE DEATH OF JESUS CHRIST AND OF 
 
 HIS EESUEEEOTION. — TRIBUTE PAID. 
 
 Jesus, and the apostles who accompanied him, passed the night 
 upon the mountain, (a) " The day following, when they came down 
 from the mountain, there met him a great multitude. Jesus coming 
 to his [otherl disciples, saw a gi-eat multitude about them. Pres- 
 ently all the people seeing Jesus, were astonished and struck with 
 fear. Running to him, they saluted him, and he asked them : What 
 do you question about among yourselves? [Instantly, and hefore 
 they Jmd time to reply^, behold a man of the multitude cried out, 
 falling down on his knees before him, answei-ing : Master, I have 
 
 (a) St. Luke, Lx. 37-40; St. Mark, i.K. 13-17 ; St. Matthew, xvii. 14, 15. 
 
CHAP. XXXI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 2.37 
 
 brouglit my sou to thee, having a dumb spirit (1). I beseech thee, 
 lutjk upon my sou, because he is my only one. Lord [said Ulx-icise 
 thi-s afflicted faûiei-], have pity on my son, for he is a lunatic (2), 
 and suffereth much, for he falleth often into the fire, and often into 
 the water. Lo, a spirit seizeth him, he suddenly crieth out : the 
 spirit throweth him down, and dasheth him, so that he foameth and 
 gnasheth with the teeth, and Ijruising him, the spirit hardly dcjiart- 
 eth from him, and my son pineth away. I brought him to thy dis- 
 ciples, and I desired them to cast him out, and they could not." 
 
 There can be no doubt but it was this that caused the subject of 
 the dispute. The Scribes, being witnesses of the impotence of the 
 disciples, thereupon prevailed against them, and apparently against 
 their Master, from whom they said they held the power which had 
 thus fallen short. The disciples, in their turn, had not had sufficient 
 fiith to expel the deyil ; and this failure, on so public an occasion, 
 might well have discouraged them, and ca.st them into a state of 
 despondency. The father, on his side, had as yet a very uncertain 
 faith, as we shall presently see by his words. Thus we have good 
 reason for thinking that to every one assembled thei-e was addressed 
 this expression of indignation, spoken by the mildest of men, after 
 he had heard the recital of what had occurred : (a) " O faithless 
 and perverse generation," said he to them, " how long shall I be 
 
 (a) St. Luke, L\. 41-43 ; St. Mark, ix. 18-2G ; St. Matthew, xvii. 16, 17. 
 
 (1) Jesus Christ calls him further on, Beaf and dumb spirit. He is designated by 
 the effect which he produced, which consisted in taking away from this child the facul- 
 ties of hearini; and speaking. 
 
 (2) Because the demon tormented him at inten-als. Perhaps his fits were regulated 
 by the stated courses of the moon. If it be true, as several ancients assert, that he 
 wished to conceal the possession by the symptoms of sickness, he dissembled his knavery 
 ver\- awkwardly ; for we here see that no one had any doubt as to the possession of the 
 child. To add to this, that what he had in v\ew w:is to induce men to blaspheme 
 against the Creator of the moon, whom they would have regarded as the cause of all the 
 evil, is supposing in him an intention highly worthy of his wickedness ; but such a trick 
 was not deep enough for his subtle craft, since, after all, every one laid the matter to his 
 charge, and no one blamed the mwn. God had permitted the demon to take possession 
 of this young man, and to torment him at internals. The demon tormented him when- 
 ever he could, and to the utmost of his power, and always less than he wished. We 
 must nfit seek for further mysterj- here. 
 
238 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 witli you ? liow long shall I suffer you ? Bi'ing hitlier thy son," he 
 added to the father. " They brought him. As he was commg, and 
 when he had seen Jesus, immediately the spirit troubled him ; the 
 devil threw him down, and he rolled about foaming." Jesus per- 
 mitted this, in order that the greatness of his power might be better 
 known when the bystanders were made acquainted with the great- 
 ness of the evil, and because the knowledge of its continuance was 
 also subservient to this end : " He asked his father : How long time 
 is it since this hath happened unto him ? From his infancy, said the 
 father ; and oftentimes hath the de%'il cast him into the fire and into 
 the water to destroy him. But, if thou canst do any thing, help us, 
 having compassion on us." He doubted whether the power was 
 vested in Jesus, and Jesus informs him that by faith he himself 
 might become all-powerful : " If thou canst believe, he saith to him, 
 all things are possible to him that belie veth. Immediately the fo- 
 ther of the boy crying out, with tears, said : I do believe ; Lord, 
 help my unbelief (3). When Jesus saw the multitude running to- 
 gether, he threatened the unclean spirit, saying to him : Deaf and 
 dumb spirit, I command thee go out of him, and enter not any more 
 into him. [^Tlie demon oheyed, yet^ still demon-like\ crpng out, and 
 greatly tearing him (4), he went out of him ; and the child became 
 as dead, so that many said ; He is dead. But Jesus, taking him by 
 the hand, lifted him up, and he arose ; and the child was cured from 
 that hour. Jesus restored him to his father. All were astonished 
 at the mighty power of God." 
 
 Yet the disciples felt a secret heaviness of heart at this discomfi- 
 ture before so numerous an assemblage. They could no longer, af- 
 ter this prodigy, suspect theii- Master of being powerless. Wishing, 
 
 (3) We may expect to be heard, when, having commenced by perfoiining what de- 
 ponds upon ourselves, we request of God to do the remainder. Qod doth not cominand 
 impossibilities ; but when he commands, he gives us notice to perform luhat is in our pow- 
 er, to ask for what exceeds our power or ability, and <jives strength to enable us to per- 
 form it. 
 
 (4) Image of the violent agitation which the devil excites in a soul which he is forced 
 to quit. It is a species of agony through which we pass from death to life. Jesus is 
 prosent, who tenders his hand, and aids us to raise ourselves. One is surprised to find 
 himself, or rather another self, as different from what he was as peace is from trouble, 
 and health from fever. 
 
CHAP. XXXI.] OF OUR LORD JJCSUS CHRIST. 239 
 
 tlierefore, to know tlie cause of their owu inability to perform the 
 cure, (rt) " When Jesus was come into the house, they came secretly 
 to him, and asked hiui : AATiy could not we cast him out ? Jesus 
 said to them : Because of your unl)elief " Then, enlujhtened as to 
 theii' 02011 dejieiencyy " the apostles said to the Lord : luci-ease our 
 faith." "\Ve must presume that the Saviour heard fi-om that houi-, 
 . to a certain extent, a prayer which could have been rnspii-ed by him 
 alone. But to the end that they might better prize so great a gift, 
 an»l that they might learn to desii-e it with more ardor, and ask it 
 ^■ith more earnestness, " the Lord said to them : If you had faith 
 like to a grain of mustard-seed (5), you might say to this mulberry- 
 
 (a) St. Mark, ix. 27 ; St. Matthew, xvii. 18-20; St. Luke, xvii. 5, 6. 
 
 (5) The majority of the ancients have thought that the Saviour meant to say a faith 
 livel}- and ardent as tlie grain of mustard-seed. It is more likely that the comparison 
 here is with reference to the smallness of the seed. Jesus Christ would have said no- 
 thing veiy wonderful by saying : If you have faith full of ^nvacity and ardor, you could 
 remove mountains. The wonder is much greater, and the eulogium of faith much more 
 magnificent, if it be asserted that its virtue is such that he who should be endowed with 
 faith, even as small in quantity ;is is the grain of mustard-seed, would find nothing what- 
 ever impossible ; and it seems that all the bystanders understood the comparison in this 
 sense. But does it not follow from thence, that he who should not have that faith whiCT 
 may remove mountains, could have no faith at all, since, in point of faith, he would be 
 inferior to a grain of mustard-seed, which is here given in comparison to represent the 
 verj- smallest tiling in the world ? In reply to this difficulty, it may be said, that the 
 question here is of faith perfect in its own species, viz. : the faith which excludes all hesi- 
 tation and all doubt. As the virtues of creatures can never reach infinite perfection, so 
 this faith, although perfect in its species, may still have or not have certain degrees of 
 perfection. Nevertheless, if it happens to be of that species which utterly excludes dis- 
 trxist and hesitation, the possessor thereof, even in the lowest degree (which degree is 
 compared in smallness to the grain of mustard-seed), would be sufficiently qualified to 
 work the greatest prodigies. We thought we had hit upon the groundwork of this ex- 
 planation in those words which .Jesus Christ uttered on another occasion : For, amen I 
 say to i/ou, if you have fuilh as a yrain of mustard-setd, >/ou shall say to this mountain : 
 Remove from hence father ; and it shall remove ; and nothing shall be impossible to you. 
 — St. Matthew, xvii. 19. 
 
 An individual may have faith in mysterie-s without possessing the faith which worketh 
 miracles. Still, it was a species of infideUty in the apostles not to have this faith ; be- 
 cause, after .Tesus Chiist had conferred upon them the power of working miracles, and 
 wecifically that of expelling demons, it was no longer permissible for them to doubt as 
 to this power being efficacious, every time the occa-sion arose for them to execute it. 
 They committed nearly the sime fiultas Moses when he struck the rock twice; for, 
 
240 THE inSTORT OF THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 tree [tJiei'e was one hefore tlieir eyes] : Be thou rooted up, and be 
 tliou transplanted into tlie sea ; and it would obey you. For \jsaitl 
 hefurtlier to them, to make them more sensihle of the efficacy offaith^, 
 Amen, I say to you, if you liave faitli as a grain of mustard-seed, 
 you sHall say to this mountain [this apparently was the mountain 
 whereon he was transfigured, and which was visible from, tlie sjyot 
 tohere Jesus sjJohe] : Remove from hence hither, and it shall I'e- 
 move ; and nothing shall be impossible to you." To this observa- 
 tion Jesus added another, which bore a more particular reference»to 
 the subject in hand : " But this kind of demon is not cast out but l:)y 
 prayer and fasting (6)." 
 
 Immediately after the scene on Thabor, Jesus turned his thoughts 
 towards Calvary. He must go on to find it in Judea and at 
 Jerasalem ; but he wished to visit Capharnaum again before he left 
 it, never to return. This was yet another grace which he accorded 
 to that faithless city; and he who saw, with poignant sorrow, the 
 loss of souls, whose salvation was al>out to cost him so much blood, 
 required no other motive to undertake the journey, (a) " Depart- 
 ing from thence \_from the mcinity of the m,ountain, toiler e tliey do 
 not appear to have ta/rried more than one day\ Jesus and his disci- 
 oles passed through Galilee ; \hut, in order tJiat he might not he re- 
 tarded on his journey], Jesus would not that any man should know 
 it. When they abode together in Galilee, while all wondered at all 
 the things he did, he taught his disciples, and said to them : Lay 
 
 (a) St. Mark, ix. 29, 30; St. Matthew, xvii. 21 ; St. Luke, ix. 44. 
 
 said Saint Chiyso.stom, faith, even in the just themselves, is not always equally lively 
 and immovable ; it has its moments of weakness, wherein it doth not fall, but vacillate. 
 
 (6) It often occurs that the demons who possess souls cannot be expelled by any other 
 means. We will give ourselves continually to jrrayer and to the ministry of the word. — ■ 
 Acts, ■\'i. 4. They knew, therefore, the necessity of these means. Apostolical men, wlio 
 have learned it from them and from their Master, always combine prayer with preach- 
 ing ; with the frequent addition of great austerities. Hell, attacked by such arms, does 
 not long resist ; but makes a mockeiy of those who employ mere words against it. They 
 do not bear away from hell one of its \actims ; and, perhaps, the fiend does not despair 
 of beholding the men of words become his prev. Prayer, unaccompanied by exhorta- 
 tion, will always be a more efficient means of conversion than exhortation without pray- 
 er : all the eloquence of orators could never have effected what was done by the tears of 
 Monica. 
 
CHAP. XXXI.] OF OUR LORD Jlv-^US CilKIST. 241 
 
 yoxi up in yom- hearts tliese words : The Sou of uiau sliall l)e tleliv- i! 
 ered into the hauds of meu. They shall kill him, and after that he i , 
 is killed he shall rise again the third day." | 
 
 We see how ardently he desired that the idea of his greatne.-s \ 
 
 and wonderful deeds might not eflace from their minds that of his 1 1 
 oppro1)rium and sutiering. Another reason is likewise given for ;i 
 these pretlictions, so often reiterated, of his Passion being near at ■ 
 hand. They taught his disciples that his Passion was to be purely ; \ 
 voluntary (for it would have been no difficult matter for him who I ; 
 could foresee it to avoid it altogether), and they also served to pre- ; | 
 vent them from being scandalized, (rt) " But the disciples under- 
 stood not [as yet] this word ; it was hid from them, so that they 
 perceived it not (7) ;" [and, fearing lest tJiey should become more 
 enligJitened than they wished to he\ " thej»- were afraid to ask him 
 concerning this word." Yet the forebodings of woe which glim- 
 mered through these words to theii" minds was the cause that " the} 
 were troubled exceedingly." 
 
 Of all the acts which Jesus Christ performed at Capharnaum dur- 
 ing this his last sojourn, the evangelists oidy report one fact, which 
 comprises, l)esides a signal miracle, a deep fund of instruction. 
 " They that received the didrachmas (8)," which every Jew i)aid 
 
 (a) St. Luke, ix. 45 : St. Matthew, x\-ii. 22, 26. 
 
 (7) In vain are tniths made clear to our understanding, when we do not rehsli them : 
 we always, in such cases, find them out to be obscure. Such, with reference to i\w 
 apostles, were the words of Jesus Christ, when ^le announced to thein his sufferin{,'.s 
 and his death. They wounded the love wliich the apostles entertained for him ; and 
 they also disconcerted the \news of their ambition, no longer knowing what they ought 
 to expect from a crucified Messiah. They would, therefore, naturally desire that hi-, 
 words might not be verified. Moreover, we have already remarked, that they could not 
 reciincile in their minds the vast power of their Master with such prodigious humiliation. 
 The approaching establishment of his kingdom, placed in juxtaposition with the pridit- 
 tion of his approaching death, caused them also unutterable embarrassment. Thus they 
 comprehended the terms of the prediction, which were clear ; but they did not compre- 
 hend the thing it.sclf, because they found it clashing with other things which they knew 
 as clearly as that which appeared to annihilate those bright anticipations. 
 
 (8) The didrachma was tiie eighth part of an ounce, and was worth about fifteen sou.- 
 of our (French) money. [.V didrachraa was half a sickle, or half a staler — that is, about 
 fifteen pence English. 8*'e note to the second Douay edition, Dublin, by the \\n. 
 George Leo Haydock.] Very possibly the llomans had already seiz-ed upon this tribute. 
 
 IC 
 
242 THE IIL-^TOUY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 yearly for the support of tlie temple, " came to Peter, and said to 
 him : Doth not your INIaster pay the didrachma V It has been con- 
 tended that this was one of those captious questions which were 
 sometimes put to the Savioui-, for the purpose of calumniating him ; 
 and that the parties addressed Peter, thinking that he would more 
 ea'^^ily fall into the snare than his Master. But as these malicious 
 stratagems are more characteristic of the Pharisees than of the Pub- 
 licans, whom we always see demeaning themselves well towards 
 Jesus Chi-ist, it is more natural to think that they put this question 
 to the disciple out of respect for the Master : " Peter [^lo/io was loell 
 acquainted tvith loliat Jesus was in tJie hahit of doing on the lilce oc- 
 casion^ said : Yes ; [iny Master does pay the didrachma\. When 
 lie was come into the house, Jesus, to whom nothing is unknown, 
 l^revented him, saying : What is thy opinion, Simon ? The kings 
 of the earth, of whom do they receive tribute or custom ? Of their 
 own children or of strangers ? Of strangers, he said. Jesus said to 
 him : Then, the children are free ?" And with much greater reason 
 the only Son of the Father should be exempt from a tribute which, 
 being imposed for the temple, is properly ^Jayable to God, who is 
 there adored. This consequence flows from the species of parable 
 
 which they subsequently appropriated to themselves. But, supposing this to be the 
 case, was it impossible that the Jews should pay it twice over — once to the Romans, 
 and a second time for the temple ? The zeal which they entertained for the temple and 
 for the Divine woi-ship, renders this conjectuie probable enough. True, the second con- 
 tribution might then be regarded as voluntary ; but do not even the collectors seem to 
 insinuate as much, when, in lieu of exacting it absolutely, they content themselves with 
 saying : Dolli not your Master jm;/ the didrachma ? Yet what appears most decidedly 
 in favor of the opinion which we have followed is, that we can no longer ascertain in 
 what sense Jesus Christ saith that he is exempt from the tribute, on account of his qual- 
 ity of being the son of him to whom it is paid, if this tribute be not paid to God. Je- 
 sus Christ could never be called, in any sense, the son of the Roman emperors. But, it 
 has been said, was he not the son of David ? Yes ; but remark, that it is not the sons 
 of kings, generally speaking, who are here declared to be exempted from the tribute, 
 but merely the children, -properly so speaking, of the kings who exact it, viz., those who 
 are not strangers in their regard. Shall it be asserted that the posterity of David were 
 not strangers to the Roman emperors ? Shall it be asserted that all this posterity — for 
 the assertion here is not confined to the elder branch — was legitimately dispensed from 
 papng the tribute to Csesar ? Is that reasonable ? Yet that is the inference, if it be 
 true that the quality of son of David dispensed Jesus Christ from paying the tribute to 
 the Romans. 
 
CHAP. yyXII.] OF OLK I.OKD JESUS CHRIST. 243 
 
 wliicli Jesus had just proposed to Peter. Xo doubt be understood 
 the meauiug of it ; he who, ou one side, was not ignorant of the 
 object of this contribution, and who, on the othei-, had so plainly 
 confessed the divine filiation of his Master. " But \_added the Siv- 
 vioui-] that we may not scandalize them (9), go to the sea, cast in a 
 hook, and that fish which shall first come up, take ; and when thou 
 hast opened its mouth, thou shalt find a stater. Take that, and 
 urive it to them for me and thee." 
 
 /.ANl ARBE Y, 
 
 U'^^l\ 
 
 ANI.P.O, KY. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 DISPUTE OF THK DISCIPLES ON PRECEDENCY.^ — EVANGELICAL CHILDHOOD. — HE WHO 
 
 19 NOT AGAINST US IS FOR US. SCANDAL. NECESSITY OF RETRENCHING ALL 
 
 THINGS WHICH ARE TO US AN OCCASION OF FALLING. NOT TO DESPISE THE 
 
 LITTLE ONES. THE HUNDRED SHEEP. 
 
 The disciples quickly forgot the subject of their affliction, to think 
 only of what flattered them. Their ideas of ambition were not slow 
 in reviv-ing ; and deeming themselves already great, because they 
 reckoned on soon being so, the only doubt which remained on their 
 minds was, who amongst them should have precedence over the 
 others, (a) " There entered a thought into them [to examine ih^re- 
 I fore\ which of them should be the greater." The question seemed 
 i already resolved in favor of Peter, whom the Saviour had declared 
 the foundation of his Church, of which he was going to establish 
 him the chief and first pastor. But Andrew had priority of voca- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, ix. 46, 47 ; St. Mark, ix. 32-34. 
 
 (9) We have already spoken, chapter xxvii., page 213, of the scandal which is taken 
 through malice, and which must be despised ; and of that which is taken out of weak- 
 ness, which we ought to humor. The scandal here w;»s of the second species, and Jesus 
 Christ, by humoring it as he doth, further induces us to believe the demand thereof w:is 
 not made out of malice. The reason for not humoring the first is, that malice or wick- 
 edness would take scandal at such humoring, even although designed for the purpose 
 of avoidin" scandal. Every thing is scand^il to liim who wislies to take scandal. 
 
L. 
 
 244 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 tion, John the favor of Lis Master, and James his brother was ad- 
 mitted with him into the most intimate confidence. The other 
 James, and those who, like him, were styled the brothers of the 
 Lord, did not fail, apparently, to avail themselves of theh* relation- 
 ship, which, according to the usual course in the kingdoms of earth, 
 conferred a light to the highest rank. Tlie majority, therefore, had 
 some title for pretending to this rank ; and who can doubt but that 
 each one thought his own the l^est ? The only title which could de- 
 cide the matter, according to the principles of the new Gospel, was 
 wanting in all, and Jesus availed himself of this occasion to let 
 them know this truth : "Seeing the thoughts of their heart, he asked 
 them when they were in the house : What did you treat of in the 
 way ? \_Pride betrays its 'Shame, by fearing to discover itself. ~\ They 
 held their peace, for in the way they had disputed among them- 
 selves, which of them should be the greatest. Jesus, sitting down, 
 called the twelve, (ft) The disciples came to him," and, thinking 
 they had found a good opportunity to draw from him an explana- 
 tion that might clear up their doubts, without acknowledging their 
 ambitious pretensions, instead of asking who was greatest among 
 them, " they say to him, [leaving themselves, as it were, out of sig7it~\ : 
 Who, thinkest thou, is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven ?" Je- 
 sus saw more in these words than they seemed to express ; and in 
 order to reply, at the same time, to what they said and what they 
 withheld, he pronounced this sentence, before which all pride must 
 either bend or be crushed : " If any man desire to be first, he shall 
 be the last of all, and the minister of all." 
 
 It follows, by an inverted series of reasoning, that he who wishes 
 to be first and master of all, shall be the last of all. Thus, to at- 
 tain the object of their pretensions, they had only to dispute l)etween 
 themselves who should most deeply huml)le himself, a species of dis- 
 pute widely opposed to that in which they had been engaged, and 
 a dispute which never yet engendered quarrelling. But in order to 
 give them a sensible idea of that humility which he proposed to 
 them as the only foundation for the highest elevation, (b) " calling 
 unto him a, little child, whom, when he had embraced, he set him in 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xviii. 1 ; (*) St. Matthew, x\-iii. 2-4 ; St. Luke, ix. 47; 
 
 St. Mark, ix. 34. St. Mark, ix. 35. 
 
 ^ 
 
CHAP, xxxn.] of our lord .tksus christ. 245 
 
 the midst of them, [M<-«] ho saith to them : Amen, I say to you, 
 unless you be converted, and become as little children, you .shall not 
 eutei- into the kingdom of heaven (1). Whosoever, therefore, shall 
 humble himself as this little child (2), he is the greater in the king- 
 dom of heaven." 
 
 Infancy is the age of simi)licity, of candor, and of innocence — 
 those amiable qualities which a discijile of the Gospel should strive 
 to have at eveiy age ; the possession will ever render liim more be- 
 loved both by God and man. Xevertheless, it is not these charm- 
 ing \-irtues that Jesus Christ has directly in view in the words that 
 have just been read ; the question here is of a more sulilime j^erfec- 
 tion ; yet, at the same time, of less difficult practice. Children en- 
 joy no high consideration in tlie world, and they do not desire it; 
 they have the lowest rank in society, and they desire no other ; 
 every one commands them — even their very slaves, if they be in a 
 condition of life to have such menial attendants — and they obey all : 
 so it may be said with reference to them, that dependence is their 
 natural state. This is the point of view in which Jesus Christ here 
 admonishes the ajjostles to resemble them. A terrible effort tliis 
 foi- human nature, which loves to command, and cannot bear to be 
 commanded ! But what renders it still more painful is, the advan- 
 tage which men are too apt to take of this humble and submissive 
 state of existence. If they find you always disposed to oljey them, ■ 
 they will tyrannize over you ; if you do not require any attention 
 to be shoAvn you, they will despise you ; if you put yourself under 
 
 (1) Catholic interpreters do not mean us to conclude from this expression, that the 
 apostles would have been excluded from the kingdom of heaven, had they died in the 
 stiite in which they then were ; that is to say, they do not wish us to believe that they 
 were in a state of damnation. Their pride had not yet reached that degree which ren- 
 ders it morUil ; but it would have reached it, had they not suppressed it, and it would 
 inevitably have caused their perdition. The Man-God infallibly foresaw this ; but were 
 he even an ordinary man, he might verj- re;isonably have conjectured it. Every passion 
 tends towards crime, and, when long fostered, is sure to end therein. Stifle in the first 
 insUuice tliese rising monsters, if you do not wish one day to become their prey. T/ie 
 lions cub hecoiMlh a lion, and lie learns to catch the prey, and to devour men. — Ezcchicl, 
 xix. .3. 
 
 (2) Religious obedience, wlien perfect, is the perfection of this blessed infancy. Those 
 who laugh at it, laugh at the uncreated wisdom ; and those who condemn it, condemn 
 the (iospel. 
 
24G THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pAET I. 
 
 theiv feet, they will .trample on you, and you may exjject this treat- 
 ment : and all the pride of the disciples must have been stirred up 
 at the mere thought of the insupportable arrogance they -would 
 have to encounter, and the contempt they should be obliged to 
 swallow. Jesus Christ is going to soften down this idea for them, 
 by informing them that they shall be indemnified for this unjust 
 contempt, by the esteem of his Father, by his own esteem, and by 
 that of all the true children of God, in regard to whom he entitles 
 them to the qualitj^ of his own and his Father's representatives, 
 considermg as done to his Father and to himself all the good treat- 
 ment which his disciples. shall receive from them. For it is difficult 
 to find another exjilanation which can connect the preceding words 
 of the Saviour with those which he uttered immediately after ; 
 (c) " He that shall receive one such child as this in my name, \jhat 
 is to say, a perfect imitator of his infancy] receiveth me. Whoso- 
 ever shall receive me, receiveth not me, but him that sent me ; for 
 he who is the lesser among you all, he is the greater," and thence- 
 forward the most worthy representative of me and of my Father. 
 
 Here we have one of those familiar conferences wherein, with the 
 zeal of a master anxious for the advancement of his dL'^ciples, the 
 Saviour evinced also the easy manner of a good father in the midst 
 of his children. He does not find fault with them for interrupting 
 him, and seems to think it no trouble to interrupt the discourse he 
 had commenced, in order to give them the explanations for which 
 they asked. Thus we will not be surprised that the well-beloved 
 disciple should avail himself of the right which he granted to them 
 all, or that, without waiting to see whether Jesus had any thing 
 further to state on the subject which he was then treating, (h) "John 
 answering, said : Master, we saw a certain man casting out devils in 
 thy name, and we forbade him (3), because he foUoweth not with 
 
 (a) St. Matthew. x\nii. 5 ; St. Mark, (6) St. Luke, ix. 49, 50 ; St. 
 
 ix. 36 ; St. Luke, ix. 48. Mark, ix. 38, 39. 
 
 (3) John had, perhaps, in view merely to con-ect what he deemed disorderly : per- 
 haps a little jealousy was also mixed up with this motive. The apostles were cured of 
 this after the descent of the Holj- Ghost. Such is not the case with all tliose wlio have 
 succeeded thoni in their nnnislry. 'rheie are hut too many who are not utterly exempt 
 
aiAP. XXXII.] OF OUR LORD JISCS CHRIST. 247 
 
 US." Jobu wished to know whether he had acted rij^ht or wroncf. 
 II ... . ? . 
 
 1 1 Jesus satisfied him without dehiy. " Do not forbid him, he said to 
 
 him, for tliere is no man that doth a miracle in my name and that 
 
 can soon speak ill of me (4). For he that is not against vuu is for 
 
 you (5)." 
 
 from that unhappy emulation, which turns us awav from any good which is not done by 
 ourselves or by our own friends. How much good has it not prevented ? And can we 
 here refrain from exclaiming with the wise man : Do not withhold him from doiny good 
 who is able ; if thou art able, do good thyself. — Proverbs, iii. 27. 
 
 (4) It is even impossible tliat lie should think any thing of the sort, having before him 
 present and incontestable proof of the Saviour's divine power. But were he capable of 
 speaking evil of him, he could not do so at the outset. Could he blaspheme a name by 
 virtue of which he is actually operating prodigies "? Even those who would chiefly be 
 opposed to this name, if they retained the_ slightest integrity, would manifest their indig- 
 nation at such inconsistency, and reproach him with it to his very face. 
 
 Hypocrites sometimes defend the cause of religion, because they find it their interest 
 to do so, which interest is at bottom their sole religion. They will not dare to attack 
 openly what may have publicly been defended — at least they ^vill not dare to do so im- 
 mediately, and when they do, it will be partially and with precaution, and this in order 
 that they may not be recognized for what they are, viz., as hypocrites, and so much 
 mischief will be thereby avoided. But if you urge them too strongly with reference to 
 their motives — if you leave no resource to their honor — in fine, if you tear away their 
 ma.sk, you deprive them of the only curb whereby they were restrained ; they have no- 
 thing further to lose ; they will attack openly, and they will persecute in an outrageous 
 manner. 
 
 (.5) We must here reconcile tliis expression with that other one of the Savioiu- : lie 
 vho is not with me is against me. — Matthew, xii. It would seem that by neutrality we 
 should be at the same time for and against Jesus Christ. This is what we are going to 
 try and explain. Let us distinguish real and interior neutrality from that which is e.xte- 
 rior and apparent. By the first, men were against Jesus Christ. Those who, witness- 
 inw his miracles, doubted the truth of his words, or remained indifferent in his regard, 
 were against him in this sense — that they refused him the faith and the devotion which 
 they owed him, and which they covild not fail tendering to him without a crime. It is 
 with reference to these he said : He who is not with me is against me. As to what re- 
 gards exterior and apparent neutrality, we must remark the circumstances in which they 
 then found themselves. The new Gospel was then persecuted, because there was a 
 greater and more accredited one in the nation. A person could with impunity declare 
 himself opposed to it, and there was no security in openly undertaking its defence. How 
 many timid soids recognize the truth, and do not dare to confess it, for fear of encounter- 
 ini; the brunt of persecution ! It is of the latter that Jesus Christ saith : He who is not 
 aoniiixt you is for you. Such w:ls Nicodemus, who always has had, during stormy pe- 
 riods, and who always shall have, many imitators of his timid concealment, if we may be 
 permitted to use this term. They arc weak, but they are not unfaithful. Do not let lis 
 make them more wicked tlian they are. They are for \is : let us not proceed to turn 
 
' 248 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 It follows, that if the smallest cact doue for the least of those who 
 
 belong to Jesus Christ shall have its recompeuse, how much more 
 
 j Î should he be rewarded who, by the miracles which he does in his 
 
 I name, is instrumental in making known his powei', and extending 
 ! I his glory ! Thus, instead of blaming and ojiposing him, the apos- 
 
 1 ties should praise and encourage him ; they should treat him in the 
 
 I I same way that Jesus Christ wishes they themselves should lie treated 
 ; i for his sake. It is this that he insinuates by the following Avords, 
 ' ' which, without evading the question, reduces it once more to the 
 
 subject from which he had been withdrawn : («) "Whosoever shall 
 1 1 give you a cup of water to drink in my name, because you belong 
 
 I j to Christ, amen, I say to you, he shall not lose his rewai'd." 
 
 j j The following inference is deducible from these premises, viz. : 
 
 j j that the slightest evil done to the most insignificant of those who 
 
 i follow Christ shall have its j^enalty and chastisement. What, there- 
 
 ; I fore, shall their punishment be -ivho, by scandal, shall have mortally 
 
 ; : wounded the soul of such an individual ? A very trifling evil in the 
 
 I I judgment of those who reckon souls as valueless ; and it is perhaps 
 
 ' ! for this reason that Jesus Christ seems to compare it to a glass of 
 water ; yet the greatest of evils in the eyes of the Saviour of souls, 
 v.'ho, for this reason, launches against its author the teiiible sen- 
 ; tence which we find comprised in the following words : " And who- 
 ! ; soever shall scandalize one of these little ones that believe in me, it 
 ! j Avere better that a mill-stone were hanged about his neck, and he 
 I were cast into the sea." 
 
 ! Then, casting his eyes upon the world, contemplating the fearful 
 
 ' • ravages caused there by scandals, seeing iniquity communicate itself 
 like the plague, overrunning all ages and all conditions, whilst men 
 ; I ])erish in thousands, and almost all by the hands of one another, 
 1 grief, mingled with indignation, was stirred up within him at so de- 
 ! j })k>rable a spectacle : and he cannot refrain from pronouncing that 
 i j malediction, which has been to such a vast number of sages a signal, 
 
 li 
 
 ] I (a) St. Mark, ix. 40, 41 ; St. Matthew, x. 42. 
 
 thcin Rtrainst us, by insulting a weakness wliieli we see that Jesus Christ himself con- 
 descended to treat ■with delicate consideration. 
 
CIIAP. XSXn.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 249 
 
 as it ■were, to fly this tainted atraosphei-e, and to go seek in soli- 
 tude, and even in the hollow of rocks, an asylum away from its cor- 
 ruption : (a) " Woe to the world because of scandal." Fi n-, although, 
 it is inevitable in human society, which is scarcely any thing else 
 but a couq)ouud of corruption and weakness, still the general neces- 
 sity coerces no one individual. Each taken separately can well 
 avoid giving scandal ; and " woe to that man by whom the scandal 
 Cometh." 
 
 iN^evertheless, the crime of that man who giveth scandal in no way 
 excuses him who takes it. The murderer shall be punished as a 
 murderer ; Viut his punishment shall not give back life to him from 
 whom he hath taken it. Must we, then, of necessity perish i and 
 is there no way for escaping the dangei-s that eiicompass us on 
 every side ? Yes, there are, thougli they are irksome, A-iolent, and 
 jiaiuful. Jesus Christ does not dissemble the fact. But, inasmuch 
 as this is a question of life, and of tlie life of the soul, infinitely 
 more precious than the life of the body, he imposes it upon us as a 
 duty to make use of this bodily life, in the words which he had al- 
 ready spoken on the mountain, and which cannot be too deeply 
 meditated upon : (ù) " If thy hand scandalize thee, cut it oft' (6). 
 It is better for thee to enter into life maimed, than having two 
 hands to go into hell, into the hell of unquenchable fire (7) ; where 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xviii. 7. (6) St. Mark, ix. 42-49. 
 
 (6) See tlie Sennon on the Mount, page 125, of this Part. 
 
 (7) Nature would earnestly wish tliat this expression was merely metaphoiical, and 
 that tlie fire of hell wa.s nfit a real and nuiterial fire : but, with all the subtlety in our 
 power, we never can put this constniction upon it. For, let me be allowed to ask here, 
 why should we find that in Scripture tlie punisliment of hell is scarcely ever spoken of 
 but a^jire? Wliy (not to speak here of the Old Testament, wherein this term is so 
 oftt'n employed), why, I say, do we see it repeated in the Xew Testament a.s often as 
 tjiirty timeji ? Why is it to be found in the enunciation of the sentence wherein usajre, 
 founded upon reason and good sense, admits notliing but simple and precise expressions ? 
 Could Ood wish that hell should never present itself to the mind but under the image 
 of a fire which did not exist ? Hath he not foreseen tliat from thence should fniginate. in 
 all men. the idei», or rather the persuasion, of a real and material fire ; that this persua- 
 sion, which thenceforth would be only an erroneous opinion, should be as widely diffused 
 as religion itself; for where Is it not to be found ? and as durable ; for in what period has 
 it not been believed ? Could he have wislu-d to lav this inevitable snare for the crrdulitv of 
 
250 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 their worm dietli not, and the Are is not extinguished. If thy foot 
 scandalize thee, cut it off. It is better for thee to enter hime into 
 life everlasting, than having two feet to be cast into the hell of un- 
 quenchable fire, where their worm dieth not (8), and the fire is not 
 extinguished. If thy eye scandalize thee, pluck it out. It is better 
 for thee with one eye to enter into the kingdom of God, than hav- 
 ing two eyes to be cast into the hell of fire, where their worm dieth 
 not, and the fire is not extinguished. For every one shall be salted 
 with fire," which shall preserve while it burns them. Victims of 
 divine vengeance, they shall be used like all those of whom it is 
 said : Every victim shall he seasoned with salt (9). Taking occa- 
 sion fi'om this to speak of true wisdom, of which salt is the symbol, 
 he adds these words, as it were in passing : " Salt is a good thing ; 
 but if the salt become unsavory, wherewith will you season it ? 
 Have salt in you, and have peace among you." This last ex^ji'es- 
 sion seems to refer to the contest which the apostles had had about 
 pre-eminence. It teaches them that evangelical wisdom is the only 
 means of maintaining peace amongst them, by curing them of the 
 infatuation of pride and its jealous pretensions. 
 
 But the tenderness of his heart brine's him back affixin to the little 
 children, objects worthy the favor of an humbled and annihilated 
 God, whether they be such by age, or have become so by their hum- 
 ble simplicity. He does not think that he has done enough for them 
 
 all Christians — I say of all, without exception, because we see that the most enlight- 
 ened have given in to this belief, as well as the most simple ; and what nature would 
 struggle to make pass as a popular prejudice has been constantly' believed, taught — 
 I say even dreaded, and with the liveliest apprehension, by the first men of Chi-istianitj-. 
 
 (8) By the worm, remorse of conscience is usually understood. Several, neverthek'ss, 
 also understand it to mean material worms preying upon the reprobate, whose flesh th.c}' 
 devour, whilst that flesh is ever renewed. Saint Augustine, who admits the first ex- 
 planation, is very far from rejecting the second. What gives greater probability to the 
 latter is these words of Judith, chapter xvi. : / shall send fire and loorms into Ihcir 
 flesh, in order that they may hum, and that they may eternally suffer. It is evident 
 that allusion is here made to hell, since the sacred text speaks of eternal suffering. Now, 
 it seems that it would be more natural to express remorse by worm, m the singular num- 
 ber, than by worms, in the plural. But, supposing the expression were correct, these 
 worms, if they signify remorse, should be lodged in the heart, and not in the flesh. 
 
 (9) In the 2d chapter of Leviticus, verse 13, we read these words: Whatsoever sacri- 
 fiée thon offerrst, thou shall season it with salt. 
 
CHAP. XXXII.] OF OCR LOUD JESUS CHRIST. 251 
 
 in frightening their tempters by the terrible image of the imniuital 
 worm aud the eternal fii-e ; he wishes that they should be fostered 
 with as much resjieet as fear, and likewise with the love whieh is 
 due to those whom he himself has loved so tenderly. They are con- 
 fided tt) the care of angels : who is there that respects not. such p<i«-- 
 erful protectoi-s ? He has descended from heaven to save them, 1 «y 
 incredible toils and sufferings : who is there that will not shrink with 
 hoiTor from procuring the loss of those who have cost him so much ? 
 (rt) " See [/le mid to them'] that you despise not one of these little 
 ones; for I say to you that their angels (10) in heaven always see 
 the face of my Father who is in heaven (11). For," continues he, 
 and this is the second reason, and a more affecting one than the first : 
 " for the Son of man is come to save that which was lost." 
 
 They were lost in reality, and must become the prey of the infer- 
 nal wolf But " what think you : If a man have a hundred sheep, 
 and one of them should go astray, doth he not leave the ninety-nine 
 (a) St. Matthew, xviii. 10-14. 
 
 (10) Their guardian angels; for the words have been so understood at all times, and 
 this text alone would suffice to prove it. We learn from Scriptuic, 1st. That kingdoms 
 and empires have each their tutelar angel ; 2d. That each particular church hath also its 
 own ; 3d. That each of the faithful hath an angel, who watches over him from his birth 
 until his death. The manner in which Jesus Christ speaks in this passage seems to sup- 
 pose that the Jews were not ignorant of it, and they still believe it at the present day. 
 When the damsel to whom Peter spoke on his coming out of prison had said (hat Peter 
 stood before the gate, they who were in the house say to Iter: Thau art mad ; but she af- 
 firmed that it was so. Then said they : It is his angel. The Calvmists acknowledge 
 that the angels are charged with the administration of the world ; but they do not wish 
 to believe that each angel hath his department : their incredulity arises from an appre- 
 hension lest they should chance to believe the same truth as the Calholic Church. The 
 latter has settled, as regards this point, the belief of her true children, by instituting the 
 feast of the holy r/uardian angels. 
 
 Although it be not a matter of ecjual certainty that all men, without excepting the 
 heathens, have each their guardian angel, still it is the most common and the most au- 
 thorized .sentiment, it has been also thought that each man has his demon, Who tempts 
 him, and that Saint Paul speaks of his, when he said that the angel of Satan had been 
 given to him in order to buffet him. This opinion has been followed by the majority of 
 the ancients, although it dix-s not appear to have sufficient foundation in Scripture, which, 
 however, contains nothing contradictory to it. 
 
 (11) In whatever place they m:iy be, they always retain the intuitive vision of God, 
 in which the e.s.sence of beatitude consi^ts : tliey carry their paradise everj'where about 
 them, in the same wav as the devils carrj* their hell. 
 
252 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 in the mountaius, and goetli to seek that which is gone astray ? And 
 if it so be that he find it, Amen, I say to you, he rejoiceth more for 
 that than for the ninety-nine that went not astray (1^). ^This- pas- 
 tor is the imaye of the great pastor of all, and'\ Even so it is not the 
 will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones 
 should perish." 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 FKATERNAL CORRECTION. POWER OF BINDmG AND LOOSING. WE ARE TO PARDON 
 
 SEVENTY-SEVEN TIMES. PAJIABLB OF THE WICKED SERVANT. SECRET JOURNEY 
 
 TO JERUSALEM, FOR THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES. — THE TEN LEPERS. 
 
 After having commenced by humility, the Saviour had imper- 
 ceptibly proceeded to speak of charity. This subject was too dear 
 to his heart to be lightly changed for another. Having treated, 
 therefore, of the charity which we should exercise towards those 
 whom we are most inclined to despise, viz., the weak and lowly, he 
 gives rules for what we are to do with regard to those whom Ave are 
 chiefly tempted to hate, viz., those from whom we have received any 
 offence. If thy brother, said he (he gives him this name, so well cal- 
 culated to disarm hatred and to awaken tenderness) — (a) " If thy 
 brother sin against thee, reprove him (1); \tJds solace is granted to 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xvii. 3, 4. 
 
 (12) This sheep is not dearer to him than the others, since he is disposed to do for the 
 others, if they happened to stray, the same that he did for this one ; but this causes him, 
 at the moment, a sensible joy, which tlie others do not impart to him, viz., the joy of 
 having found it. 
 
 (1) An explanation is often sufficient to unite two divided hearts ; sometimes it might 
 have only the effect of making the breach still wider. There are some resentments which 
 give way of their o^vn accord ; there are others which require applications to the wounds. 
 Some minds easily forget injuries — the best course is not to recall them to their rec- 
 ollection ; there are other persons in whose hearts the shaft remains until they are sooth- 
 ed — it is desirable to furnish them with an occasion for this alleviation, bj' speiiking to 
 them. We are always wrong when we only meet parties in order to taunt them with 
 
CHAP. XXXIII.J OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRLST. 253 
 
 your iceal-nti-s- ; hut\ if lie do peaance, forgive liim. And if he sin 
 against thee seven times in a day, and seven times in a daj- be con- 
 verted unto thee, sapng: I repent, forgive him. [I have said to 
 you] : Go, go, and rebuke him ;" but remark with wliat caution you 
 must proceed here. In the first place, the matter must be negotia- 
 ted " 1 letween thee and him alone." Seeing you so careful to avoid 
 injuring his reputation, perhaps he will heai- thee ; and (a) " if he 
 shall hear- thee, thou shalt gain thy brother (2). K he wiU not hear 
 thee, take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two oi' 
 three witnesses every word may stand (3). K he will not hear them, 
 tell the Church ; and if he will not hear the Church (4), let him be 
 to thee as the heathen (.5) and the Publican (6)." He shall become 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xviii. 15-35. 
 
 bitter reproaches ; or when, whilst we cease our intercourse, we do not cea.«e making 
 the world ring with slanderous complaints and defamatory insinuations. We always act 
 right, in the sight of God, when we only act from the motive of charity, and with a sin- 
 cere desire of peace. 
 
 (2) You shall have gained him to God and to yourself. To you, by reconciling him 
 with yourself ; and to God, by leading him mildly to the point of making you the repara- 
 tion which God prescribes to him in your regard, and which God makes an indispensa- 
 ble duty to him. See what has been said of the necessity of reparation, Part I., chapter ' 
 r\i., page 12.3 of this volume. ! 
 
 (3) In order to represent to him the injustice of his proceedings, and the justice of the 
 reparation which is demanded from him. He might very probably decline allowing you 
 to be the judge in your own cause ; but he cannot reasonably mistrust those who mu.st 
 
 be presumed to have no other interest in the affair than that of equity and rea,son. The i 
 
 witnesses may also be otherwise useful. If he does not vield to their remonstrances, they 
 will certify to the Church that you have not proceeded so far as the denunciation, until 
 after all the means of meekness and charity have been vainly employed. 
 
 (4) That is to say, the Repubhc, said the heretic Castahon. This e.\planation is ab- 
 surd. These first Protestants neither relished Cliuich nor Monarchy. If we were to i | 
 credit them, the entire universe, as well sacred as profane, should be governed by civil ; | 
 magistrates. Tell it to the Church, that is to say, to the head and the ancients of each | j 
 church, who are the bishop and the priests. This is the way in which the rule was prac- j ) 
 ti.-ifd in the priniilive ages. Saint Paul imposes it as a duty upon all Christians, and to | 
 deviate therefrom was reckoned a grievous irregularity. The cause of this regulation 
 
 no longer exists ; it was that in those days all the secular judges were heathens. 
 
 (5) These words do not authorize us to hate him ; they only signify that, after the 
 judgment of the Church, we should deal with him as with an excommunicated person. 
 
 (0) That b to say, treat him !is you, who are Jews, treat Publicans, and not as Publi- j } 
 
 cans deserve to be treated. The Jews exclude them from their religious a.<semblies. ju.-l , 
 
 as they exclude Pagans. The exclusion of the latter was just ; but that of the Publicans \ \ 
 
254 _ . TIIE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 sucTi, in point of fact, when tlie Cliurcli shall have cut off from her 
 bosom this incorrigible sinner; I say he shall become such in the 
 eyes of God and his angels. For, " Amen, I say to you [and in your 
 l^erson I say it" to all those who shall succeed to your ministry] : 
 Whatsoever you shall bind upon earth, shall be bound also in heav- 
 en, and whatsoever you shall loose upon earth shall be loosed als(j 
 in heaven." 
 
 But, in order that you may better understand how agreeable to 
 God is the union of hearts, and the power which it has over his 
 heart, " Again I say to you, that if two of you shall consent upon 
 earth concerning any thing whatsoever they shall ask, it shall l>e 
 done to them by my Father who is in heaven (7) ; for whei'e there 
 are two or three gathered together in my name, there am I in the 
 midst of them," praying with them and for them. 
 
 The Saviour had previously said that if our brother shi against us 
 seven times in the day, we must pardon him just as often. This num- 
 ber seven might require explanation ; for if it usually signifies the 
 precise number which it expresses, it is likewise employed sometimes 
 to signify an indeterminate number. Jesus Christ has not sj^ecified 
 in Avhich of these two meanings he used the word. " Peter [who 
 desired to be enhghtened on this point] then came unto Jesus, and 
 said : How often shall my brother offend against me, and I forgive 
 him ? Till seven times ?" This mode of interrogation shows clearly 
 that he thought the acts of forgiveness should fall shoit of, rather 
 than exceed, that number. He must have l)een highly surprised 
 when Jesus saith to him : " I say not to thee seven times, but till sev- 
 enty times seven times ;" which undoubtedly signifies that we must 
 pardon injuiies without end, and as often as we have been oflended. 
 Therefore, added he, to make them feel how justly God requires this 
 
 was not.' Their profession, which was necessary for the State, was not condemned by re- 
 ligion. John the Baptist does not oblige them to renounce it ; he is satisfied with saying 
 to them : Do nothing more than that which is appointed you. — (St. Luke, iii. 13.) 
 
 (7) When .prayer has the qualities which it ought to have, it is of faith that God listens 
 to it. He either confers what is petitioned for, or he confers some favor more desirable. 
 This something more desirable is sometimes the contrary of what we petition for : Vou 
 know not lohat you ask. — (St. Matthew, xx. 22.) But God well knows what is necessaiy 
 for you. Ever pray, and leave him to act. 
 
CHAI'. XXXIII.] OK OVIl LORD JESL'S CHRIST. 255 
 
 pardou from us, autl with what injustice aud inhumanity we refuse 
 it — "Therefore is the kingdom of heaven likened to a king who 
 would take an account of his servants (8). Aud when he had l)egun 
 to take the account, one was brought to him that owed him ten tliou- 
 sund talents. As he had not wherewith to pay it, his lord command- 
 ed that he should be sold, and his wife aud chiltb-en, aud all that he 
 had, and payment to be made. That servant, falling down, besought 
 him, sapug : Have patience with me, and I wUl pay thee all. Then 
 the lord of that servant, being moved with pity, let him go and for- 
 gave him the debt. But when that servant was gone out, he found 
 one of his felloAV-servants, that owed him an hundi-ed pence ; and lay- 
 ing hold of him, he throttled him, saying: Pay what thou owest. 
 His fellow-servant, falling down, besought him, saying: Have pa- 
 tience vnth me, and I Avail pay thee all. He would not, but went 
 and cast him into prison till he paid his debt. Now his fellow-ser- 
 vants, seeing what was done, were very much grieved, and theycame 
 and told their lord all that was done. Then his lord called him, and 
 said to him : Thou wicked servant, I forgave thee all the debt, be- 
 cause thou besoughtest me ; shouldst not thou, then, have had com- 
 passion on thy fellow-servant, even as I had compassion on thee ? 
 And his lord, being angry, delivered him to the torturers (9), until 
 he paid all the debt. So also shall my heavenly Father do to you 
 if you forgive not every one his brother from your hearts." 
 
 (a) " Now the Jews' feast (10) of tabernacles was at hand. The 
 
 (a) St. .John, \-ii. 2-11, 25, 26. 
 
 (8) The reference, properly speaking, is neither to the Church nor to He;iven. By the 
 kingdom of heaven is understood the conduct whicli God pursues in the administnition of 
 the world ; it is as if the proposition were : Behold in what manner God, who is the king 
 of the universe, conducts himself with regard to men, who are his creatures and his suh- 
 jects. 
 
 (!)) Creditors at that period were not satisfied with thrusting their debtors into prison ; 
 Ihfv made them there endure buffets and tortures until they sitisfied tlieir creditors — a 
 cruel policy, which the meekness of the Gospel seems to have abfjlished ev<>rjwhere. 
 
 (10) It w:is one of the principal feasts of the Jews. It had been instituted in remem- 
 bnince of the tents under which the Israelites had encamped in the desert during forty 
 vears. It lasted eight days, and commenced the fifteenth day of the seventh month of 
 "tlie Jewish year. The Jews at the present day record the memory thereof on the lotli 
 of September, raising in an open space a hut embellished and covered with foliage. 
 
 A\ 
 
256 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 bretliren of Jesus said to liiiu : Pass fi-om lience and go into Jndea, 
 that thy disciples also may see the works which thou dost ; for there 
 is iio man that doth any thing secret, and he himself seeketh to be 
 known openly. If thou do these things, manifest thyself to the 
 Avorld." 
 
 It is not surprising that the relatives of Jesus should desire him 
 to show himself in the capital. The glory which he might there 
 acquire must have reflected back on them. It was natural that they 
 should not be insensible to this at a time when we see that the apos- 
 tles themselves were not altogether exempt from ambition. But 
 that which does ap23ear surprising is, that they should have had the 
 boldness to reproach the Saviour with the alleged inconsistency of 
 his conduct, and the presumption to think that he could be in want 
 of their advice. The evangelist explains the reason of this. " For 
 neither did his brethren believe in him :" not that they did not be- 
 lieve him to have the power of working miracles — ^what they have 
 just said evidently supposes that they had this faith; but they 
 doubted, at least, whether he was the Messiah, and that the Mes- 
 siah should be the only Son of the living God — God himself, the un- 
 created and incarnate wisdom. He who did not usurp equality ^vith 
 the Most High, but who possesses it in light of his eternal genera- 
 tion, did not disdain to give them a reason for his conduct ; and in- 
 stead of reproaching them with their indiscreet temerity, " He said 
 to them '[until his u&xal moderation'] : My time is not yet come ; but 
 your time is always ready. The world \_with whom you have no 
 cause of quarrel] cannot hate you. But me it hateth ; because I 
 give testimony of it that the works thereof are evil ;" and its hatred 
 obliges me to take precautions which are not necessary for those 
 who have nothing to fear. "Go [the>'efo)'e] you up to this festival 
 day. But I go not up to this festival day (11), because my time is 
 
 (11) We have, in tlie Greek: I do not yo, as )/et ; which removes all difficulty in rec- 
 onciling the conduct of Jesus Christ with his words. Among the old Greek manuscript^» 
 some have : I do not go there, as yet ; in the others, we read simpl}', as in the Vulgate : 
 I yo not up. The Fathers and the ancient interpreters have read the text, some in one 
 way, some in another. What follows these expressions seemed to me sufficient to fix the 
 sense of / do not go, to that of / do not go as yet, as shall be seen in the continuation (3f 
 our text. 
 
CHAP. XXXUI.] OF OITÎ LORD JESUS CHBIST. 257 
 
 not accomplished." It was not long l>efore it was accoin])li>ihcd, for 
 the delay alluded to here was only of very few days' duration ; " and 
 after his brethren were gone up, Jesus also went up to the feast, not 
 openly, but, as it were, in secret.'' 
 
 Throughout all this there is neither that le^^ty of conduct nor 
 want of sincerity in words, wherewith the enemies of Christianity 
 in early times have reproached him. If he says that he will not go 
 up to the festival, he immediately adds that the reason is because 
 his time is not yet come ; which implies that when his time shall be 
 come he can go there, and that in going there he shall neither act 
 against his word nor against his fii-st resolution. It appears cei'tain 
 that his enemies had formed a plot to make an attempt on his life 
 during this festival, calculating to a certainty that he would be pres- 
 ent. We shall shortly read that " the Jews sought him on the fes- 
 tival day ;" and we shall see the surj^rise of those who, aware of the 
 plot M-ithout participatuig therein, said : " Is not this he whom they 
 seek to kill \ Behold, he sj^eaketh openly, and they say nothing to 
 him." But should not the cause which hindered him from being 
 found there on the first days, hinder him also from showing himself 
 there on the following days ? Yes, had he been an ordinary man, 
 because then he would not have known what day the plot was to 
 be put in execution ; and this ignorance would have obliged him to 
 keep from Jerusalem, or at least to remain concealed there during 
 the entire festival. But, as he was ignorant of nothing, he knew 
 that the plot must have succeeded, if at all, during the fii-st days, 
 and that after the lapse of some days it must fail. This statement 
 alone would suffice to explain all, if it were not that a further ques- 
 tion may be started, viz.. Was it not easy for the Saviour to lender 
 useless, by a miracle, all the eftbrts of his enemies ? Who can doubt 
 it ? But he did not wish to employ miracles until human means 
 were insufficient. To act otherwise is tempting God, as he himself 
 said to Satan. True, he wa.s incapable of this, not only because he 
 was impeccable, but also because it cannot be said that God could 
 %e tempted by him who, being God himself, ha< all nature at his 
 supreme disposal. But he wished to instruct Jiis discijilcs, and to 
 teach them, by his example, that it is only when all natural means 
 fail, that lational confidence can rely on miracles. 
 
 17 
 
 — ■ ^^ 
 
258 
 
 THE inSTOlIY OF THE MFK 
 
 [part I. 
 
 (a)"JesiK [therefore] would not walk [^■pubUdij] in Jnde.i, be- 
 cause the Jews sought to kill him." Not so in the province where 
 he usually resided. Although there he had to encounter opposition, 
 yet hatred and fury did not go to the extent of wishing to attempt 
 his life. Wherefore, reserving precautions for the moment when he 
 should enter Judea, in (/;) "going to Jerusalem, he passed [^p^ihUchj] 
 through the midst of Samaria and Galilee. As he entered into a 
 certain town, there met him ten men that were lepers, who stood afar 
 off," to obey the law, which interdicted them from all commerce with 
 men. Oliliged to raise their voice, so as to make themselves heard, 
 " they lifted up their voice, saying : Jesus, Master, have mercy on us. 
 AVliom when [this good Master] saw. Go, said he, show yourselves 
 to the priests." This implied a promise that they should be cured 
 before they arrived there, since this ceremony was merely the judi- 
 cial verification of their cure. They believed him, and set off at 
 once. Their faith, joined with this prompt obedience, soon produced 
 its effect. "As they went they were made clean. One of them, 
 when he saw that he was made clean, went back, with a luud voice 
 glorifying God (12); and he fell on his foce before Jesus' feet, giv- 
 
 (a) St. John, vii. 1. (6) St. Luke, xvii. 11-19. 
 
 (12) Leprosy is the figure of sin ; and what passes here is the natural image of pen- 
 ance, which is the remedy of sin. Tlie man infected with this spiritual leprosy keeps 
 himself, out of respect, at a distance from Jesus Christ. His humility does not in any- 
 wise lessen his confidence. From the bottom of his lieart he cries aloud to the supreme 
 physician, which obliges the God of mercy to cast upon him a glance of comp;ission. Je- 
 sus Christ, who can cure him in an instant, and by himself alone, sends him to the priests, 
 whose rights he wishes to be recognized, and their ministry honored. The dispositions 
 are sometimes so perfect, that the sinner is justified before he presents himself before the 
 minister. Still he must observe the law ; but he must be e.xceedingly cautious not to 
 forgot his benefactor, and the sinner, when truly and profoundly contrite, doth not forget 
 him. The more bitter the grief he has felt for his sin, the more lively is his gratitude for 
 the grace he has received. He cannot be silent on the mercies of the Lord ; he publishes 
 them aloud ; he recounts them to the universe. Come, saith he with the prophet, come 
 and see the great things which the Lord hath done to my soul. He then ventures to ap- 
 proach the Saviour, and thereupon he only becomes the more humble. He casts him- 
 self at his feet, the ordinary a.sylum of all true penitents — the asylum of Magdalen, whom 
 wc always find there after her convereion. Let those who imitate her tell us the sweets 
 which he makes them relish when embracing his sacred feet ; let them tell us whether 
 all the joys of the world are worth one of the tears with which they water those sacred 
 feet. 
 
CHAP. XXXIV.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CHKIST. 259 
 
 iiig tliaiiks. This was a Samaritan. Then Jesns, answering, said : 
 Were not ten made clean ? And wliere are the nine ? Thei-e is no 
 one found to return and give glory to God but this stranger. After- 
 wards he said to him : Arise, go thy way ; for thy faith hath made 
 thee whole." This should Le understood to mean the salvation of 
 the soul ; for the faith of the others had procui-ed for them also the 
 cure of the body. But the faith of this latter being more lively, 
 more durable, and, above all, more grateful, merited for him this 
 second fovor, infinitely more pi'ecious than the first, which is little 
 more than the shade and figm-e thereof 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 JESU9 snows HTMSEI.F AT THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES. HE PREACHES IS THE TEM- 
 PLE. DI%'ERS JUDGilENTS CONCERNING HIM. ARCHERS SENT TO APPREHEND 
 
 HIM. 
 
 In the mean time, Jesus continued his journey, and arrived at Je- 
 rusalem. But whether it be that he Avas not to be found at the com- 
 mencement of the solemnity of the tabernacles, or perhaps that at 
 the outset he kept himself concealed there, which was not difiicult 
 amongst so prodigious a multitude ; (a) " the Jews [of Jem-^alem^ 
 who expected to see Tiim tJiere] sought him on the festival-day, and 
 said : Where is he ? And there was much mm-muring among the 
 nmltitude concerning him ; for some said, He is a good man ; others 
 said. No, but he seduceth the people (1). Yet no man [of those tvho 
 
 (a) St. John, v\\. 11-30. 
 
 (1) It is thus, remarks Saint Augustine, that wc speak every day of his servants. If 
 any one appear gifted with some extraordinary grace, or if he make considerable projf- 
 rcss in virtue, some say lie is a worthy man ; oUioi-s allege that he is a deceiver. But, 
 adds this Father, those who praise him, do so in a subdued tone ; and those who blame 
 him vocifcrale aloud. There are sevoral reasons for this difference. Firstly, esteem and 
 affection make, naturally, less noise than hatred ; and criticism is always more boisterous 
 than approbation. Moreover, when the wicked rise up iigainst those to whom m'-n of 
 
260 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 had espoused his side^ spoke openly of him, for fear of the Jews. 
 Now about the midst of the feast Jesus went up into the temple, and 
 taught." Wisdom and science flowed like a mighty stream from his 
 divine lips. The admiration with which he was heard susjiended for 
 a time all other sentiments. "The Jews wondered, saying: How 
 doth this man know letters, having never learned ?" Jesus explains 
 this mastery, by informing. them from whom this knowledge came 
 which surprised them so highly. " My doctrine," he answered them, 
 " is not mine, but his that sent me," that is to say, it is from God. 
 The Jews believed not, because they did not see ; and they saw not, 
 because they did not wish to be enlightened. Their inci'edulity was 
 the natural eilect of their blindness, and it in turn proceeded from 
 the evil dispositions of their hearts. That saying of the Psalmist, 
 which we every day see accomplished before our eyes, was then veri- 
 fied in them; He ivoidd not understand^ tliat he nnujht do well. — 
 (Psalm 35.) "For," adds the Saviour, "if any man will do the will 
 of hun, he shall know of the doctrine whether it be of God, or Avheth- 
 er I speak of myself" 
 
 He has just discovered to them the source of their incredulity. 
 What follows gives them, if not an infollible proof, at least a rea- 
 sonable presumption, of the truth of his doctrine, and of the divinity 
 of his mission : " He \_sccith Ae] that speaketh of himself, seeketh 
 his own glory ; but he that seeketh the glory of him that sent him, 
 he is true, and there is no injustice in him." Jesus Christ cannot, 
 therefore, be suspected of fraud and of lying, which are here e.x- 
 pressed by the term injustice., because it is evident to any one who 
 pays attention to the fact, that, in all his words and in all his ac- 
 
 worth are attached, they know that there is nothing to appreliend from the latter : where- 
 as good men, on the contrary, have every thing to apprehend fiom the wicked, if they 
 venture at all to declare in favor of those wliom the wicked persecute. We may also add, 
 that good men are silent from delicacy towards the just man who is pereecuted. The 
 liatred entertained towards the just is irritated by contradiction ; and tlie greater number 
 of partisans in favor of the just, the more rampant is the fury of the wicked against them. 
 Hatred, therefore, alone speaks out : at all events, it alone makes itself lieard. This 
 should be carefully noticed ; for those who merely listen, imagine that the hatred is uni- 
 versal, because they hear nothing but the yell of hatred : they are deceived. The peo- 
 ple of worth, who love the virtuous, and who honor them even to veneration, but who do 
 not make themselves heard, are sometimes a hundred to one. 
 
CHAP. XXXn.] OF OUR LORD JFSUS CHRIST. 261 
 
 tions, lie has only in view the gloiy of Goil, whom lying offends, 
 and whom truth alone homirs. Still, it i? not alwolutely impossible 
 that a good man, who has only in view the glory of God, should 
 state things contrary to truth. Here is the reason why we have 
 said that this was here rather a reasonable pre5umj)tion, than au in- 
 fallible proof of the truth of his doctrine. A man of this charac- 
 tei' may then deceive himself, without wishing or intending to do 
 so : it is error in him, and neither fraud nor lying. The thing is 
 easily I'ecognized, if he happen to Ije reproved for it. He submits 
 immediately, and subscribes without resistance to the judgment 
 which condemns him : whereas, he that seeketh his own glory, can- 
 not bear a like humiliation ; he bristles up, he is transported with 
 passion, he judges his judges, and condemns his pastors. 
 
 It would be useless to add, that this is inapplicable to the Man- 
 God. Iucapal)le of lying, neither is he susceptible of error. If the 
 thing be evident to any one who recognizes his divinity, even those 
 Avho do not as yet acknowledge it, can in no way doubt it in view 
 of his miracles, which wei-e the seal with which God confirmed the 
 truth of all his words. But as he then ]iT'oposed to con\'ince the 
 Jews i-ather by i-easou than by prodigies, he proceeds to show them, 
 by their own conduct, that what they regarded in him as a capital 
 crime, was a lesser infi-aotion of the law than what they permitted 
 to themselves without scru])le. For the question at issue still wa-*, 
 the violation of the Sabbath ; and if envy was the true cause of the 
 plots foi'med against the Saviour's life, the cure of a parah tic, 
 \\roiight miraculously on the Sabbath-day, was the pretext on 
 which they acted. Eighteen months had rolled away since this 
 event, which had been fully justified at the time when it occurred. 
 But they had foigotten the justification, and still remembered the 
 jiretended crime. Ileie, then, is what Jesus Christ again said to 
 them on this subject : " Did not Moses give you the law ? And yet 
 none of you keepeth the law [//' it be true, as- ijou say, fJuif IJtave 
 hrohn W], Why seek yuu to kill me ? The multitude answered 
 and said : Thou hast a devil : who seeketh to kill thee V We per- 
 ceive in these wrathful words the hatred which had conceived the 
 crime, now wrought up to a furious height on hearing tliis just re- 
 IMoach. "Jesus," iritJiout evhwing an>j emotion, continued his (Iff- 
 
262 
 
 THE inSTOET OF '^HE LIFE 
 
 [PAKT 
 
 course., and " said to tliem : One work I have done, and you all 
 Avonder. Yet Moses gave you circujncision (not because it \origi- 
 'iiaUi/~\ is of IMoses, but of the Fathers), and on the Sabbath-day 
 you circumcise a man," when it hajipens to be the eighth day after 
 his birth. " If a man receive circumcision on a Sabbath-day, that 
 the ]tiw' of Moses may not be broken, are you angry with me be- 
 cause I have healed the whole man ou the Sabbath-day ? Judge 
 not according to the appearance, liut judge just judgment." 
 
 This last ex2)ression i-eminded the Jews of another law of Moses 
 which they were actually iufi'iuging, viz., that of Deuteronomy, 
 which admonishes them, almost in the same terms, to judge accord- 
 ing to the very ef[uity of the thing, without regard to persons. 
 Now, on this occasion, they judged the action of JesuS' Christ not 
 according to Avliat it was, but by its author, whose person was 
 odious to them. Hence they pronounced as criminal, that which in 
 I'eality was a lesser infraction of the Sabbath than circumcision. 
 For the law of nature, which obliges us to succor the unfortunate, 
 should take precedence of the law of circumcision, which is merely 
 a positive injunction. To wound a jnau, supposing thei-e be a law 
 that commands the act, is always a lesser good than to cure another 
 man ; and if we wish to carry out the comparison of the two actions, 
 circumcision being a manual operation which entails the necessity of 
 dressing the wound, is a much more servile work than the simile 
 word used by Jesus Christ in restoring health to the pai-alytic. 
 However, those who were aware of the conspiracy which the prin- 
 cij^al men of the nation had formed against the Saviour, were highly 
 surprised to hear him speak so publicly and so fearlessly. " Some, 
 therefore, of Jerusalem said : Is not this he whom they seek to kill ? 
 Behold, he speaketh openl}', and they say nothing to him. Have 
 the rulers known for a truth that this is the Christ ? But [culded 
 theif] AA-e know this man whence he is ; but when the Christ Com- 
 eth, no man knoweth whence he is." 
 
 We know not how they had conceived this idea, that when the 
 Christ should come, his origin was to be entirely unknown ; and it 
 is conjectured, with sufficient probability, that the error arose from 
 this text of Isaias : Who .sludl <h dare I/i-s- generation ? The prophet 
 understood this of liis eternal generation, not as of a tiling to remain 
 
CHAP. XXXIV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 263 
 
 concealed, but as alltuliiig to an ineffable mystery. These pereons, 
 who were, inuloulitedly, the most ignorant of the people — for we 
 shall soon hear othei"s speak who were better informed — these per- 
 sons, I say, explained the text as refening to the temporal l)irth, 
 and seemed to believe that the Messiah was to appear suddenly, 
 without it being known whence he came, or who were his parent i. 
 Jesus was aware of their discourse, whether he was or was lOt 
 within reach of hearing. " He, therefore, cried out in the te^ .pie, 
 teaching and saying: You both know me and you know wl juce I 
 am. I am not come of myself, but he that sent me is tru' , whom 
 you know not." You do not, therefore, know in foct whence I am ; 
 and this character of the Messias, if indeed it be one, you cannot 
 deny that I have. " I know him, because I am from him (2), and 
 he hath sent me." 
 
 The first of these latter words alludes to the eternal génération 
 of the Son of God, and the second to his birth in the course of time. 
 The Jews must then have underetood the sense of the words, since 
 it is said, that in consequence of what he had been saying, " they 
 sought to apprehend him ;" and we have elsewhere seen that one of 
 the principal rea-sons for whioli they sought to put him to death is, 
 because he said God was his father, making himself equal to God. 
 («) " But no man laid hands on him, because his hour was not yet 
 come. [i« tJie mean time] of the people many believed in him and 
 said : ^Mieu the Christ cometh, shall he do more miracles than these 
 which this man doth (3) V 
 
 (a) St. Jolin, V. 18 ; vii. 18-36. 
 
 (2) LiLerall)', I ajn from him. This is not <a I'Vonch expression ; hence the majority ot' 
 [Firiic/i] inlerpretci-s have translated, I come from him. Tliis translation does not seem 
 sufficient to render the full force of the ab ijjso sum, whicli properlj' signifies. 1 draw ni\- 
 existence from Iiim. N.B. — Our mulior thinks he comes nearest to the sense by trans- 
 lating thus: Je procède dc. lui. — P. De Ligny's French translation is considered the 
 most faithful and exact Scriptural version in the French language. See introduction to 
 edition of 184.'?, Libraire Catholique de Périsse, Frères. 
 
 (3) He perfoiTTis an inGnite nunibcT of miracles, in order to prove that he is the Christ ; 
 he is, therefore, such in point of fact. Common sense led them directly to this conse- 
 quence. Othci's were drawn aside hy sophistry, and reject*;d this plain truth. Good 
 sense and Subtlety are two very different things, and often widely opposed to each 
 other. 
 
264 
 
 THE IIISTOBY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part I. 
 
 Tliose who were friendly towards the Saviour did not venture, as 
 we have said, to testify it openly ; but nothing escapes passion. 
 "The Pharisees lieard [that portion of^ the people murmuring these 
 things concerning him." They grew apprehensive of the conse- 
 quences, and began to fear, lest what they termed seduction might 
 in a short time captivate the minds of all. To check its course, 
 " the rulers and Pharisees sent ministers to apprehend Jesus." We 
 cannot say whether Jesus was yet there when the latter arrived, or 
 if it was to them, or to the people who were still listening, that he 
 addressed the following words, apparently that they might be 
 repeated : " He therefore said to them : Yet a little while I am 
 with you, an^l then I go to him that sent me : you shall seek me, 
 and shall not find me ; and where I am (4), thither you cannot 
 come." Thus he declared to them the futility of the pi-ojects which 
 they formed against his person, until the moment when he should 
 petmit them to do what he had resolved upon enduring. That mo- 
 ment was not far distant ; but it was to be followed immediately 
 liy his ascension, and his entrance into heaven, whither they could 
 not follow him, because they should have closed it forever against 
 themselves. From that heavenly abode he was to survey them oc- 
 cupied with useless care, and despairing ever to find among the false 
 Messiahs the true one whom they should "have already disowned. 
 Those who believed in him were afterwai'ds given to understand 
 these mysteries. But whilst the first words he uttered were then 
 understood, the latter were still a mystery. " The Jews therefore 
 said among themselves : Whither will he go that we shall not find 
 him ? Will he go unto the dispersed among the Gentiles, and 
 
 (4) In the text we find the present tense where I am, uhi ego sum. Among the in- 
 terpreters, some translate where I am to go, où je dois aller ; others, where I shall be, oil 
 je serai, in the future, because, in point of fact, Jesus Christ speaks of a time to come. 
 We liave adhered to the present, because it comprises a truth which disappears when 
 the future is substituted. In reality Jesus Christ was already there, where he was to 
 go ; that is to say, in heaven, where he was always present by his immensity. The 
 present had, tlierefore, with respect to him, its proper signification, which it would not 
 have had if Jesus Christ were purely man. We know that Saint John, when writing 
 his Gospel, chiefly sought to manifest the divinity of the Savour. Every thing which 
 refei-s to this should be presumed to have been written with this design, which should 
 be ever borne in mind. 
 
CHAP. XXXV.] OF OUU LORD JESUS CHRIST. 266 
 
 teach the Geutiles ? What is tliis saying tliat he hath said : You 
 sliall seek me, and shall not find me ; and where I am you cannot 
 come ?" 
 
 CHAFfER XXXV. 
 
 MYSTIC WATER. — EFFUSION OF THE HOLY GHOST. THE JEWS DIVIDED AMONGST 
 
 THEMSELVES. COUNCIL OF TUE PRIESTS. OPPOSITION OF NICODEilUS. THE WO- 
 MAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. 
 
 A RELIGIOUS ceremony which the Jews j^ractised during the feast 
 of tabernacles may have given occasion for the last woi-ds which the 
 Saviour addressed to them during this solemnity. They went to 
 draw water from the fountain of Siloe, and then poured it upon the 
 altar, beseeching God to bless them with an abundance of the fruits 
 of the earth. There is every appearance that, on the subject of this 
 water, he spoke to them, as to the Samaritan, of a more wondrous 
 and more desirable water. It was tlie last and greatest day of the 
 festivity, (a) " Jesus stood, and cried, saying : If any man thii*st, 
 let him come to me, and drink. He that believeth in me (t7ii-9 ex- 
 l>hiii)s the roord '•Jriiû^^^ as the Scripture saith, out of liis belly shall 
 flow rivers of living water. This he said of the Spirit which they 
 should receive who believed in him ; for as yet the Spirit was not 
 given, because Jesus was not yet glorified (1)." 
 
 "Of that multitude, therefore, when they had heard these words 
 of his, some said: This is the prophet indeed. Others said: This is 
 
 (a) St. John, vii. 37-53. 
 
 (1) The Holy Ghost had been given to the holy sage, Simon, to Zachary, to John the 
 Baptist, and to some others ; but they were few in number. It was not until after the 
 Lord Jesus had been fully glorified — that is t« say, after his ascension, and ufwn Pente- 
 cost-day — that the Holy Ghost was given to all tl»; disciples, and in such plenitude as 
 served to diffuse the Spirit over all the earth. This diffusion, proceeding from this plen- 
 itude, is signified by the preceding words : Oat of his belly shall Jluw rivers of living 
 water. 
 
2G6 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 the Christ. But some said : Doth the Christ come out of Galilee ? 
 Doth uot the Scripture say that Christ cometh of the seed of David, 
 aud fi-om Bethlehem, the town where David was ? So there arose 
 a dissension among the j^eople, because of him ; and some of them 
 would have apprehended him. But no man laid hands upon him." 
 These were the piiests' ministers or officers, who were in hopes of 
 executing on that day what they were unable to accomplish on the 
 preceding days. His divine eloquence was the charm which tied up 
 their hands. " They came, therefore, to the chief priests and the 
 Pharisees. And they said to them : Why have you not brought 
 him ? The ministers answered : Never did man speak like this man. 
 The Pharisees answered them : Are you also seduced ? Hath any 
 one of the rulers believed in him, or of the Pharisees ? But this mul- 
 titude that knoweth not the law are accursed [of God\ Nicodemus, 
 he that came to Jesus by night, who was one of them, said to them : 
 Doth our law judge any man unless it first hear him, and know what 
 he doth ?" It was easy for them to answer : When we have him in 
 our power we shall interrogate him, and we shall hear what he has 
 to say. There is, therefore, every reason to believe that their de- 
 sign was to put the Saviour to death without any form of trial, be- 
 cause, instead of making this answer, which would have silenced Nic- 
 odemus, they were reduced to answer him with offensive language : 
 "Art thou also a Galilean (2)? they answered to him. Search the 
 Scriptures, and see that out of Galilee a prophet riseth not. And 
 every man returned to his own house (3)." 
 
 (2) They all start from this principle — He is a Galilean. The Jews — properly speak- 
 ing, that is to say, those of the province of Judea, and principally those of Jerusalem — 
 regarded the Galileans with contempt. This is the reason why the enemies of the Sa- 
 viour affectedly pointed him out by this name. They were persuaded, and with some 
 justice, tliat a disreputable name is the shortest and surest means of lowering in popular 
 estimation even the most respectable persons. Subsequently the Jews continued to des- 
 ignate Jesus Christ by this name, and it was from them that Julian the Apostate bor- 
 rowed it. Perhaps this same Julian had the most disordered brain which was ever en- 
 circled with a diadem, no matter what his panegyrists may say, who could never have 
 been led to eulogize such a man unless their own intellects had also been unsettled. 
 
 (3) A good man parleying in counsel with the wicked will never reclaim them back to 
 reason and equity ; but by representing reason and equity to them in so clear a light that 
 they cannot elude the evidence thereof, lie disconcerts their projects, and, at all events 
 
CHAP. XXXV.] OF OUR LORD .TISUS CHRIST. 26^ 
 
 True it is we do not fiml in Scripture that a prophet ever came 
 forth from Galilee ; l)ut much less ilo we find it said that there never 
 should be one fi'om thence. AMiat, then, should hinder God trom 
 raising up one in that country as in others ? Thus, without cavilling 
 about country, the only thing to be done was to examine whether 
 this was or was not a ])rophet. Yet this reason — so bad, that a man's 
 contenting himself with it was tantamount to an avowal that he re- 
 jected Je^sus Christ without any reason — this reason, I say, was more 
 than sufficient for hearts transported with passion ; and in this re- 
 gard no difference can be drawn between the enlightened and the 
 unenlightened mind. Those who alleged this reason were, without 
 contradiction, the most polished and the most learned class amongst 
 the Jews. Nevertheless, of all those who refused to acknowledge 
 the Saviour, they are those who give the most absurd reason for 
 their refusal — one, in fact, that a child could refute. For that igno- 
 rant populace, who maintained that it was not known whence the 
 Messias should come, appeared to think so, on the faith of sundry 
 texts of Scripture, which seemed, at fij-st sight, to present this mean- 
 ing to the mind. Those who said that he should spiing from the 
 race of David, and be born at Bethlehem, said the truth ; and they 
 only erred in thinking that the second of these two marks did not 
 belong to Jesus Christ: an error against which they could only se- 
 cure themselves by a minute research into the entire life of the Sa- 
 \-iour, who, being removed from Bethlehem to Egypt immediately 
 after his bii-th, and brought thence into Galilee, where he dwelt after 
 his return from Egypt until the commencement of his mission, gave 
 ground for thinking that he was a native of that pro\nnce. They 
 deceived themselves, therefore ; and what rendered their error in- 
 excusable before God is, that the miracles of Jesus Christ obliged 
 them to subscribe to the truth of all he advanced concerning him- 
 self, and forced them to seek in him the characters of the Messias, 
 which they did not at once perceive, but which were easily ascer- 
 
 su?pends ihc. execution thereof. Injustice is disjirmed when stripped uf all color of jus- 
 tice. A i;ood man t:annot always succeed in securin;,' this result ; but whenever he can, 
 he ought to do so; and the apprehension, or even the certainty, of cnoounkring their 
 hatred, ought never to deter him from doing his duty. 
 
268 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 tained if tliey liad only set about examiuing the subject. But, after 
 all, tlieir error was not without some appearance of reason, whereas 
 that of the Pharisees had not the slightest excuse ; for to reject Je- 
 sus Christ, merely because no prophets had heretofore appeared in 
 Galilee, was tantamount, as we have already said,' to maintaining 
 that' God could not, or never would, raise one from that country. 
 The first position is notoriously false : how did they know the sec- 
 ond ? This would establish, by consequence, that they should reject 
 as ftilse prophets all those who were the first projjhets of their coun- 
 try. What could be more absurd ! Yet this is the groundwork 
 on which the masters and doctors in Isi'ael found their opposition : 
 which shows, as we have already stated, that even by the most en- 
 lightened persons, when, unhappily, they have allowed themselves 
 to be l)iased, the most jjalpable blunders are converted into demon- 
 stration ; for the reproach of ignoi'ance wherewith they taunt Nico- 
 deinus only springs from the fact that he cannot feel as they do the 
 force of this reasoning : There never was a prophet of Galilee ; there- 
 fore there never shall be such. 
 
 (a.) " In the mean time [as it grew late\ Jesus went unto Mount 
 Olivet," so called on account of an olive plantation, with which it 
 was covered. It lies beyond the torrent of Kedron, east of Jerusa- 
 lem, and as far distant from that city as a man was allowed to travel 
 on the Sabbath-day, that is to say, two Italian miles. When Jesus 
 sojourned at Jerusalem, he was accustomed to pass the night there 
 in prayer, and the traitor Judas knew this but too well. Adjacent 
 to this lay Bethauia, where Mary and Martha resided, with their 
 brother Lazarus. We know how dear this family was to the Sa- 
 viour, and their vicinity may, indeed, have been one of the reasons 
 for the preference which he had given to this place. After having 
 passed the night there, according to his custom, " early in the morn- 
 ing he came again into the temjile, and all the people came to him. 
 Sitting down, he taught them," when he was interrupted by a new 
 machination, which his enemies set in motion against him, but which 
 he easily turned against themselves. 
 
 " The Scribes and the Pharisees bring unto him a woman taken in 
 
 (a) St. John, viii. 1-11. 
 
CHAP. XXXV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 269 
 
 adultery (4), and they set her in the raidst [of the a-ssembh/]. blas- 
 ter, they said to Jesus, this woman was even now taken in adultery. 
 Now, Moses in the law commanded ns to stone such a one. But 
 what say est thou ? This they said, tempting him, that they might 
 accuse him" either of prevarication, if he undertook to moderate the 
 rigor of the law, or of contradicting himself, if he was of opinion that 
 they should enforce the extreme rigor of the law — he who hitherto 
 had always evinced the greatest indulgence and compassion for sin- 
 nere. Jesus, who knew their designs, and who did not Avish to an- 
 svAer them, did at fii-st what is customary whenever any one Avishes 
 to elude an importunate or captious question : it is usual on such an 
 occasion to seem inattentive, as if the mind were occupied by some 
 other thought. It was, therefore, with this intention, " bowing him- 
 self down, he wrote with his finger on the ground (5)." His ene- 
 
 (4) This narrative is not found in most of the Greek manuscripts ; yet it is found in 
 some of very great antiquity, and in almost all the ancient Latin manuscripts. If we 
 were raerelj- to consult the rules of criticism, it would be questionable enough whether 
 or not the passage Ls truly part of the Scripture. Calvin thinks he recognizes here the 
 Spirit of God — which Beza denies. It is optional with their disciples to credit which of 
 the two they like best. Not so with the Catholics. The Church hath fi.\ed their belief 
 upon this point by the decree of the Council of Trent, which makes it obligatory to re- 
 ceive as books of Scripture all those that the Council enumerates, and to receive them in 
 all their parts, just as they are found in the ancient Vulgate. Now the Gospel of Saint 
 John is one of these books ; and in the Vulgate the narrative referring to the adulteress 
 constitutes part of the Gospel of Saint John. We, therefore, know what we are to be- 
 lieve, because we know whom we are to believe. 
 
 (5) We do not know what he wrote. We scarcely know whether he formed charac- 
 ters, or whether he merely traced lines, although the first conjecture is most probable, 
 because it is said that he wrote. Nevertheless, some have asserted not only that he did 
 write, but even what he wrote. A gi-eat many individuals assure us that he wrote the 
 secret sins of the accusers of the adulteress. Where have they learned this ? They add, 
 that it w:is this disclosure which obliged these sinners when thus unmasked to fly off one 
 after the other. This does not appear to have been the case ; for the evangelist doth 
 not say that they withdrew after having seen what Jesus wrote, but after having heard 
 what he said. Other interpreters think that the Sariour confined himself to the writing 
 of some short, energetic sentence, calculated to confound these rash accusers — for in- 
 stance, these words of Jeremias, xxii., 29, 30 : O, earth, earth, earth, hear the word of 
 the Lord. Thus saith the Lord: Write thin man barren. Or else these words, which 
 he had already pronounced upon another occiision (Mattliew, vii. 5): Thou hypocrite, 
 cast out first the beam out of thy own eye, and then shalt thou see to cast out the mote out 
 of thy brother's eye. One thing alone is certain, viz., that we arc ignorant of what he 
 wrote. 
 
270 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PABT I. 
 
 mies eitlier did not comprehend liira, or wished to force from him 
 the answer which should furnish matter for their calumny, whilst 
 his goodness was seeking to spare them the confusion which he knew 
 would result to them. As they persisted, "when, therefore, they 
 contiimed asking him, he lifted up his head, and said to them : He 
 that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her. And 
 again stooping down, he wrote on the ground." The stroke told, and 
 this expression^ together with the light by which he discovered to 
 these false zealots all the crimes of their impure conscience, produced 
 its effect upon the spot. " They, hearing this, went out one by one, 
 beginning at the eldest \_as more -shrewd or perlmps more criminal^ 
 so that Jesus alone remained, and the woman standing in the midst. 
 Then Jesus, lifting up himself, said to her : Where are they that ac- 
 cuse thee ? Hath no man condemned thee ? Who said : No man, 
 Lord. Jesus said : Neither will I condemn thee. Go, and now sin 
 no more." Thus, by the virtue of one single word, we see all at once 
 mercy exercised and the law respected — the sinful woman rescued 
 and her liberator justified— hypocrisy unmasked and malice con- 
 founded—Jesus victorious, and his enemies put to flight. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 AKOTHER DISCOUKSE OF JESUS CHRIST TO THE JEWS. — -HE GIVES TESTIMONY OF 
 
 HIMSELF. DEATH IN SIN. SLAVERY OF SET. WE ARE EMANCIPATED FROM rT 
 
 BY THE SON ALONE. 
 
 Having at last got rid of this importunate group, {a) " Jesus 
 again spoke to the people, saying : I am the light of the world. 
 He that followeth me, walketh not in darkness, but shall have the 
 light of life (1)." 
 
 (a) St. .John, viii. 12-15. 
 
 (1) Thus denominated, because it conducis to the life of glory, or rather because even 
 from the present time it confers life and grace. Both constructions are true, and it may 
 be understood in botli senses, neither of which excludes the other. 
 
CHAP. XXXVI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 2'ifl 
 
 It is conceded on all sides that such magnificent statements should 
 not be advanced without jn-oofs ; and it must also be conceded that 
 whatever proved, in a general way, the divinity of our Saviour's 
 mission, proved, at the same time, the truth of all his statements. 
 But who ever reqxiired liuman proof of an extraordinary and divine 
 mission ? God himself must attest this, and if he doth not do so, 
 the testimony of man is insufficient. By this mark had the Jews 
 i-ecognized all the prophets, commencing wdth Moses. God had 
 stamped their mission with the seal of his omnipotence : this was 
 quite enough, and the Jews had never entertained the notion of 
 asking from them any thing further. And, in point of fact, we can- 
 not but feel how absufd it would have been to have asked Moses, 
 after the division of the waters of the Ked Sea, to prove the divin- 
 ity of his mission. Jesus Christ, after so many miracles, was at least 
 in the same position. Nevertheless, his enemies were not ashamed 
 to confront him with this pitiful objection. " The Pharisees there- 
 fore said to him : Thou givest testimony of thyself ; thy testimony 
 is not true. Jesus answered and said to them : Although I give 
 testimony of myself, my testimony is true ; for I know whence I 
 come and whither I go. But you, you know not whence I come, or 
 whither I go." 
 
 He came from heaven, and thither he was to return ; this is what 
 he, at least, insinuates by these words. But he gives them to un- 
 dei-stand, at the same time, that his testimony can only come from 
 heaven ; that we must not, therefore, pause to seek witnesses for it 
 on eai-th, because those who inhabit it see at most only the objects 
 within the compass of their sight, and that, as celestial things are 
 above their senses, they are not in a position to attest the existence 
 thereof, and therefore they are incapable of bearing certain testi- 
 mony. This is signified more expressly by the following Avords: 
 " You [meTi} judge according to the flesh," which can only judge of 
 what falls under the carnal senses. " I, said he, judge not any 
 man ;" which does not mean that he had no discernment of men's 
 guilt, he who, l>y di\nne light, (a) " knew {thoroughly'] what was in 
 man ;" but this discernment was all interior, and Jesus Christ did 
 
 (a) St. John, ii. 25. 
 
272 THE HISTORY 0¥ THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 not display it in exterior judgment, which he is always entitled to 
 pronounce, but which he has reserved for his second coming, in con- 
 formity with what he himself said, speaking of the first coming: 
 (il) " God sent not his Son into the world to judge the world, but 
 that the world may be saved by him. But [added he] if I do judge, 
 my judgment is true, because I am not alone ; but I and the Father 
 that sent me : and in your law it is Avritten that the testimony of 
 two men is true. I am one that give testimony of myself ; and the 
 Father that sent me giveth testimony of me." 
 
 However, he who is the subject of the testimony cannot be one 
 of the witnesses ; and, in the eye of the law, these two witnesses 
 merely constituted one. That is true in ofdinary cases ; but this 
 was visibly an exception ; for here the subject of the deposition 
 commenced by proving, beyond all doubt, that all he should depose 
 must be conformable to truth. In this case, which was that of all 
 God's envoys, a man might render testimony of himself, and he ought 
 to be believed, because he proved in advance that he should tell the 
 truth. It is needless to repeat that no one had had this advantage 
 in so sensible a manner, nor in so eminent a degree, as Jesus Christ. 
 And, indeed, at this juncture, the Jews, despite of themselves, must 
 have felt this truth, since, instead of objecting to him, as it was nat- 
 ural for them to do, that the party interested cannot bear testimony 
 in bis own cause, and that he must seek for another witness ; if he 
 wished to produce two, (b) " They [as if not knowing well wJiat to 
 ansiver'] said therefore to him : Where is thy Father ?" Jesus had 
 said quite enough to make his Father known to all ujaright and un- 
 prejudiced minds, and he did not choose to make him further known 
 to those who only sought to make him speak, in order to find in his 
 words matter for new calumnies. Thus, without farther explaining 
 himself, he answered : " Neither me do you know, nor my Father. 
 If you did know me, perhaps you would know my Father also (2). 
 
 (a) St. John, iii. lY. (h) St. John, viii. 19-36. 
 
 (2) If you acknowledge that I am the Mcssias and the Christ, perhaps you will come 
 to know and believe that God is my Father, and that from all eternity I am the Son of 
 the Eternal. A person may absolutely believe the first and not believe the second — as, for 
 
CHAP. XXXVI.] OF Ot'R LORD JESUS CHRIST. 273 
 
 These words Jesus spoke in the treasury, teaching in the temple." 
 This was the most frec^uented part of it, whei-e he ran tlie greatest 
 risk in speaking, because it was the easiest place to arrest him. 
 However, " no man laid hands on him, because his hour was not yet 
 come." 
 
 His enemies did not withal abandon the design. They were al- 
 ways seeking the means of seizing his person. The knowletlge whicli 
 he had that they were thinking of this scheme at the very moment 
 he was sj^eakiug to them, was apparently the reason why he re- 
 peated those words which he had already said when they sent mes- 
 sengei-s to apprehend hira : " Again, therefore, Jesus said to them : 
 I go, and you shall seek me ;" to which he adds this threat, which 
 he had not as yet made : " And you shall die in your sin. Wliitli- 
 er I go [said he further] you cannot come." 
 
 These hardened men ajjpeared only to pay attention to these lat- 
 ter words, to which they gave a meaning that suited the sanguinary 
 disposition in which they then were. " The Jews therefore said : 
 Will he kDl himself? because he said, Wliither I go you cannot 
 come." Jesus discarded this gloomy interpretation, by declaring to 
 them, although in mysterious terms, the place whither he was to re- 
 turn, and the reason why they could not follow him thither. " You 
 [lie -said to thtni]^ you are from beneath, I am from above ; you are 
 of this world, I am not of this world." He neither was so by origin 
 or by affection, and the Jews were so in both these ways ; and as it 
 is natural for every thing to return to the place whence it hath its 
 origin, and to which it naturally tends, their term should therefore 
 be the centre of the earth ; and his, the sublimity of the highest 
 heaven. Now, between these two points there lies an immense 
 chaos, forming an insurmoujitable barrier. But, in order that they 
 may not be ignorant of the cause of the fearful evil with whicli 
 they are threatened, Jesus resumes, and continues tluis : " There- 
 fore I said to you that you shall die in your sins ; for if you believe 
 not that I am he [who lam in reality]^ you shall die in your sin (3). 
 
 instance, the Arians and Socinians. With reference to the perhaps, see note 4, chap, ix., 
 page 63. 
 
 (.3) When Jesus Christ saith, Yoh shall die in your sin, the particular sin he speaks 
 
 IS 
 
274 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART I. 
 
 Who art til on ? they said to liim. Jesus said to them : The 
 l)eginiiing, I who also speak unto you (4). [^AltJiough now I only 
 rqyroach you ivHli one shi\ Many things I have to speak and to 
 judge of you. But lie that sent me is true, and the things I have 
 heard of him, these same I speak in the world." You, therefore, 
 ought to receive my words as if he himself spoke to you. " And 
 they understood not that he called God his Father." 
 
 Then, reverting to the question which they had just put to him, 
 he gave them to understand that he did not wish to give them at 
 that time a more distinct knowledge of what he was than he had 
 already given in the preceding words, inasmuch as he reserved all 
 further information for a future time. Pie therefore said to them : 
 " When you shall have lifted up the Son of man, then shall you 
 know that I am he, and that I do nothing of myself; but as the Fa- 
 ther hath taught me, these things I speak. He that sent me is with 
 me, and he hath not left me alone, for I do always the things that 
 
 of is that of infidelity. To die in this sin, is to die in all the other sins ; because, as 
 there can be neither justification nor remission without faith, so whilst infideUty remains, 
 all the other sins must remain. Here we have the reason why Jesus Christ might either 
 say. You shall die in you?- sins, or, Ymi shall die in your sin. 
 
 (4) This is the text translated literally. Interpreters differ widely in the constructions 
 they put upon it. According to several, Jesus Christ replies : / am the beginning who 
 also speak to you — Je suis le principe de toutes choses, moi qui vous parle. According 
 to others, he said : / am what I told you from the beginning. This explanation is more 
 conformable to the Greek text. Others construe it thus : Above all things, attend to 
 xohat I say to you. A complete volume might be compiled setting forth the reasons 
 upon which these different interpretations are grounded, and the difficulties which they 
 present ; and, after a thorough investigation of the matter, the inquirer would still re- 
 mnin undecided as to which constraction he sliould regard as the proper one. This has 
 induced the writer to give merely the very words, without struggling to dissipate the 
 mysterious darkness which God has been pleased to shed around it. Yet, as nothing is 
 useless in Scripture, it is natural to believe that God discovers therein to the pious souls 
 who meditate on the passage, meanings which he is pleased to hide from commen- 
 tatore. God, who wishes that men should be instructed by men, still resei-ves to him- 
 self the right of teaching, through himself, those truths which men cannot teach to his 
 faithful servants — ti-uths which render the disciples, in certain respects, more learned 
 than their masters. This is the hidden manna which is only known to those who are 
 nourished by it— the accomplishment of those words of the Psalmist : I ha\e under- 
 stood more than all my teachers. — Psalm cxviii. See note 20, chapter ix., page 70, with 
 reference to obscure texts. 
 
CHAP. XXXVI.] OF OUR LORD JKSUS CHRIST. 275 
 
 pleafie him (ô)." The exaltation just spoken of expresses tlie kind 
 of death which he was to undergo. It was followed, as he had fore- 
 told, by the conversion of a considerable part of the nation ; and 
 the eftect of his death was so prompt, that when he had scarcely ex- 
 pired, and while he was still fastened to the cross, many of the spec- 
 tators struck their breasts, and confessed that he was truly the Son 
 of God. It was principally in this rpiality that they were to recog- 
 nize him, and the cross forced them to do so by an incompreheiisi- 
 l>le miracle of God's omnipotence, which extracted from the shades 
 of death the light which was to illumine the world, and the glory 
 of his Son from the infamy of an ignominious death. It seems that 
 the \nrtue of the cross operated T)y anticijiation ; for " "When he 
 spoke these things, many believed in him." We may, perhaps, feel 
 surprised at this, considering the almost impenetrable dej^th of his 
 words. We can scarcely understand them when reading and study- 
 ing them — we who may be said to have the key thereof in the dis- 
 tinct knowledge which we otherwise have of the principles of C'liris- 
 tianity. How could they comprehend them — they who as yet had 
 no idea of those truths which we have here such difficulty in unrav- 
 elling ? It is this which has induced a belief, and a well-grounded 
 one, that Jesus Christ, in order to place his instructions within 
 reach of his hearers, gave them much more amply than they are re- 
 ported in the sacred text, and that what we have of them is only an 
 abstract. Thus we can conceive that what is obscure to us may have 
 been clear to those who heard him ; and in this way we can account 
 for the faith of those who believed. Although, even in the suppo.-i- 
 tion that the Saviour's words niiglit not have been understood, there 
 would still be reason to believe that he left no excuse for the in- 
 fidelity of those who did not believe him. The miracles which he 
 performed rendered it, as we have already said, obligatory on all to 
 believe him, even without understanding what he said. 
 
 (S) Unity of nature renders the Father inseparable from the Son ; but God unites him- 
 self inseparably with those who always execute his wishes; and, for this reason alone, 
 he would have been inseparable from .lesus Ciirist. This is what the Saviour here 
 teaches to all the just, who should, tlierefore, both derive coumgc and consolation supe- 
 rior to every emergency from this consolatorj- reflection, viz., God is with me, and he 
 vnW never Hesiil mi' -i'l lorrr :i< I iTide.ivor In ry.'cule hi< wishes. 
 
 1 
 
 11.-= 
 
276 THE HISTORY OF THE LITE [PAET I. 
 
 But it was necessary to instruct and to strengthen the new prose- 
 lytes. " Jesus said then to those who believed him : If you continue 
 in uiy word, you shall be my disciples indeed." For you are not es- 
 tablished as such by a mere transient acquiescence : you must act on 
 a clear and settled conviction. If to that end you are called upon to 
 make many sacrifices, they shall not be without their reward. In- 
 telligence shall follow faith ; and because you have commenced by 
 believing, as a pi'emium for this humble and prompt docility, " You 
 shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free." 
 
 The children of the patriarchs took offence at the terms " make 
 you free." " We are," they answered him, " the seed of Abraham, 
 and we have never been slaves to any man. How sayest thou, You 
 shall be free ?" They would have sjioken with more truth, had they 
 spoken with more modesty. These men, who were so proud of their 
 liberty, had been slaves in Egypt and in Babylon, and they were 
 then actually subject to the Romans. But Jesus Christ wished to 
 teach them that there is a slavery more shameful still than that exte- 
 rior and transient slavery which is not incompatible with the lil)erty 
 of the children of God. It was, therefore, with a view to impress 
 them further with this important truth, and to fix it firmly in their 
 minds, that " Jesus answered them \^with a sort of oatK] : Anien, 
 amen, I say unto you : whosoever committeth sin (6) is the servant 
 
 * Espèce de serment. — The French expression of P. De Ligny. 
 
 (6) The apostle Saint Peter assigns the reason. Whoever, saith he, allows himself 
 to be vanquished, becomes the slave of the conqueror. In these words, as in those of 
 Jesus Christ, sin is, as it were, personified, and represented, first as an enemy with whom 
 we are at warfare ; and then as a master, or rather as a tyiant after factory. We are its 
 slave in many different ways: 1st. By the enslavement to sin itself. The will scarcely 
 retains any force to resist sin, and the habit of committing it becomes a species of neces- 
 sity. 2d. By subjection to the demon, the father of sin and the tyrant of all sinners, 
 over whom he acquires those rights which he begins to exercise in this life, and which 
 shall render him eternally the master and the executioner of their souls and bodies. 
 .3d. We arc enslaved by sin, and we are, in a certain sense, its eternal slave, by the ab- 
 solute impossibility of bursting its chains. All the strength of creatures is insufficient to 
 effect this liberation, and God alone can do it by the omnipotence of his grace. Oh, 
 sinner ! even though you be a freeman — were you even the master of all mankind — you 
 would still be no more than a vile slave, and the lowest of slaves, if you be the greatest 
 of sinners. 
 
CHAP. XXX^TT.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CIIKTST. 277 
 
 of sin. Xow, the servant ahidetli not in tlie lioiise for ever, but 
 the Son aliidetli for ever. If, therefore, the Son shall make you 
 free, you shall be free indeed (V)." 
 
 CILVPTER XXXM^I. 
 
 SEQtTEL OF THE DISOOUSSE. JEWS CHILDREN OF ABRAHAM, ACCORDDîG TO THE 
 
 FLESH ; CHH-DREN OF THE DEVH-, BY lillTATION. ^JESUS CHRIST BEFORE ABRA- 
 HAM. THE JEWS WISH TO STONE HIM. 
 
 The preceding instructions are addressed, at least in part, to those 
 who had believed in the Sa^-ioui"; not so the words which imme- 
 diately follow. Although it does not appear that Jesus Christ in- 
 teri'upted his discourse, yet he here treats his hearere as murdei-ei-s 
 and children of the de\al. We cannot conceive how such reproaches 
 could apply to these new believers ; it can only be exj^laiued in one 
 or other of these two ways. Either the faithful were mixed up with 
 the crowd of unbelieveis, where the eye of Jesus Christ well knew 
 how to distinguish them, although there was no outward mark 
 whereby men could know them. In this supposition, the commence- 
 ment of this discourse might have been to them, and the sequel to 
 others. Or, perhaps these fickle converts, irritated, because he 
 seemed to treat them as slaves, had passed suddenly from faith in 
 his doctrine to hatred towards his pei:son, and entered into the de- 
 
 (7) Neither Abraham, nor Moses, nor the prophets possessed the power to emancipate 
 thorn. These great men themselvej; could only have been made free bj" the Son. Ho 
 had niLscd them from the rank of slaves to tliat of cliildren, by associating them through 
 grace in the divine fîhation, which he alone posses-ses by nature. By this title they 
 and all tlie just who either existed before or after the Incarnation, shall dwell eternally 
 in the house ; that is to say, in alliance with God. Whereas, the incredulous .lews lur 
 already visiblv excluded : .so, hkewise, impenitent sinners are invisibly excluded at the 
 moment of death ; and both one and the other shall be visil>ly excluded, and in the most 
 conspicuous nvmner, at the day of judgment — that day when the last and universal dis- 
 crimination between the children and the >laves shall be made in the presence of all 
 creatures. 
 
278 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 sign of putting liim to death. This will not appear impossible to 
 tliose who know the temper of the mob, and the strange revolutions 
 that a single word, when misunderstood, may bring about amongst 
 them in an instant. However, the first of these two explanations is 
 the most natural and the most likely. Whatever it was, Jesus 
 continued to speak thus : (rr) " I know that you are the childi'en of 
 Abraham ; but you seek to kill me, because my word hath no place 
 in you. I speak that which I have seen with my Father ; and you 
 do the things which you have seen with your father." 
 
 He gives them to imderstand that, besides Abraham, who was 
 their father according to the flesh, and who was also his, there was, 
 on either side, another father, whose spirit they imbibed, and whose 
 works they copied. God, who is the Father of Jesus Christ by na- 
 ture, was also his Father in the sense we have just mentioned. It 
 is easy to guess whose children these perverse men were by imita- 
 tion and resemblance. But, as they were then thinking of Abra- 
 ham only, " they answered him, and said [« second timé\ : Abraham 
 is our father. If you lie the children of Aljraham, saith Jesus to 
 them, do [therefore] the works of Abraham. But now you seek to 
 kill me, a man who have spoken the truth to you, which I have 
 heard of God. This Abraham did not. You do the works of your 
 father." 
 
 Then they at last understood that the question was not of carnal 
 filiation, but of that which is according to the Sph-it. As they were 
 more disposed to glory in the latter than the former, " they said, 
 therefore, to him [arroganthf] : We are not born of fornication ; we 
 have one father, even God." 
 
 The word fornication is so often employed in Scripture to signify 
 idolatry, that, apparently, they wished to re]">udiate the charge of 
 1 leing idolaters, since they allege this as a proof that God alone is 
 their father. But the belief in one God is not sufficient to establish 
 this. The Jews of the present time — the impious whom we name 
 Deists — nay, the demons themselves, acknowledge only one God, and, 
 notwithstanding that acknowledgment, they are not his children. 
 No one can ever be such except by adding love to knowledge, and 
 
 (a) St. Jolin, viii. 37-59. 
 
CHAP. XXXVII.] OF OUR LORD JISUS CHRIST. StO 
 
 to tlie faitli of one God that of Jesus Christ, his son and envoy. 
 True feitli, faith which justifies, and gives chiklreu to God, rests 
 eutirel}' ou this douljle foundation, as Jesus Christ elsewhere said, 
 and as he is going to declare to them from this very hour. "He,. 
 therefore, said to them: If God were your father, you wouM, indeed, 
 love me ; for from God I proceeded and came. For I came not of 
 myself, but he sent me. AVhy [therefore] do you not know my speech ? 
 Because you cannot hear my word." 
 
 Jesus Christ had given them, in point of fact, all the proofs which 
 could be required by reasonable minds. Every vestige of reason 
 was taken away from their incredulity, leaving it none other but the 
 furious and envenomed hatred wherewith they regarded him. It 
 alone stoppeth the ears of these deaf asps, so that they will not hear 
 the sweet accent of his voice which charmeth wisely (Psalms, Ivii. 
 5, 6) ; and truth \vas odious to them solely because they could not 
 endure him who spoke it to them. Although it be not rare to find 
 among men examples of the like malignity, it seems, nevertheless, to 
 be more natural to the devils. This it was that the Sa\-iour had en- 
 deavored to make them understand up to that time, but with deli- 
 cate caution ; yet at length he speaks openly, and says to them, with- 
 out reserve : " You are of your father, the devil ; and the desires of 
 your fixther you will do. lie was a murderer from the liegiuning (1), 
 and he stood not in the truth ; because truth is nut in him (^2). "When 
 
 (1) Wlien he persuaded the first man to eat that fi-uit, of which it had been said: 
 What day soever thou shnlt rat of it, thou shalt die the death. This blow was mortiil to 
 all mankind ; and, by striking this blow, the demon slew all men without exception. lie 
 is, therefore, pi-e-eminently a murderer, and in this sense the only murderer, inasmuch as 
 other murderei-s only accelerate the inevitable effect of the blow which he has struck. 
 The latter, nevertheless, are justly styled his children, because they imitate his wicked- 
 ness, and that they all do the same kind of mischief as far as it is in their power. But 
 this qualification was still more applicable to the Jews, because, by seeking to murder 
 Jesus Christ, they sought, as far as it lay in tlieir power, and as Saint Peter reproached 
 them for doing, to destroy the author of life — he who, by resuscitating all men. would 
 fully repair the e\-il which Satan hath done. True it is, that so great a good was to be 
 the fruit of his death. But they knew it not ; and their malice would not have been less 
 fatal to mankind than that of Satan, if, whilst they deprived the Saviour of life, they 
 could al.so have stripped him of his power. 
 
 (2) He is no longer inclined to slate the truth, which Wius a con.sequence of the orig- 
 inal rectitude in which he was created. lie stood not in ike truth; therefore he 
 
280 THE HIST(^Y OF THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 lie speaketli a lie, he speaketh of bis own, for lie is a liar, and the fa- 
 ther thereof. But if I say the truth, you believe me not (3)." 
 
 This opposition to truth is the second feature of resemblance which 
 they have to him whom he has just called their father. Murder is 
 the fii-st, and he had already re^jroached them with it, when he made 
 known to them that he was not ignorant of their design to put him 
 to death. But to complete the evidence of this truth, to which they 
 opposed a diabolical ol>stinacy, " which of you [.said he] shall con- 
 vince me of sin ?" It was in order to convince them that he defied 
 them ; for it is evident that they had accused him long l)efore he had 
 thus defied them to prove the accusation. But they had accused him 
 without jjroof, and although persuaded in the bottom of their hearts 
 that they accused him unjustly. Wherefore they had nothing to 
 
 once had the tmth. The Fathers availed themselves of this expression, to prove to the 
 Manicheans that the devil is not essentially, and of his very nature, bad, since be has 
 not always been so ; and if it be said : When he speakcth a lie he speaketh of his- own, the 
 meaning is, of his own depraved and vitiated nature. He is the father of lies, inasmuch 
 as he is the first who hath lied, and who hath taught lying either to men or to the wick- 
 ed angels. There is no truth in him ; for he either speaks falsely, or, if he sometimes 
 happens to speak the ti-uth, he always does so with intent to deceive — a disposition which 
 comprises all the malice of Iving. We except some rare cases, wherein the omnipotence 
 of God forces him to tell useful truths ; but the rage which then seizes upon him proves 
 his determined opposition to the truth, and the implacable hatred which he entertains 
 towards it. 
 
 (3) We read in the Greek : Because I say the truth, you believe me not. The d of 
 tlic Vulgate appears to have the sense of because. This raises a difficulty here. It 
 would seem that to disbelieve anj' one because he says the tmth, is tantamount to not 
 believing him because we do believe him ; because, being once pereuaded that he says the 
 truth, we must actuallj- have believed him, which would make a manifest contradiction 
 in the proposition of the Savioiu'. Here is the explanation which is given of this difficul- 
 tv. Jesus Christ had spoken of them and of himself; he had made them humiliating 
 reproaches, and he had rendered gloiious testimony to himself. They could not deny 
 the truth of the first, for they had proof thei-eof in their own conscience ; but these re- 
 proaches had produced upon them the effect which charitable correction usually pro- 
 duces upon distorted minds, viz.: It had rendered the admonisher alious, and the moi-e 
 odious in proportion to the truth of the reproach. Thenceforward they would no longer 
 believe what he said with reference to himself, and the more advantageous to himself the 
 tiiiths which he advanced, the less were they inclined to believe him. Thus it is that 
 they believed him not, becatise he said the truth to them ; that is to say, that they be- 
 lieved not the truths which were advantageous to him, because they were irritated at 
 what he had told them with reference to themselves — ti-uths which had humbled and 
 confounded them. 
 
CHAP. xxx^^I.] of our lord .tesvs christ. 281 
 
 answer, ami the silence to wliicli tliey were reduced left Jesus Clirist 
 that right which a spotless and irreproachable life gives to the just 
 man — that of being believed upon his word. 
 
 He resumes, therefore; and, availing himself of the advantage 
 which their tacit avowal gave Mm, he said to them further : " If I 
 say the truth, you believe me not ?" He himself answers his ques- 
 tion, and his answer is well calculated to make those tremble who 
 have neither attention nor docUity for the divine word : " He \_6aith 
 hé\ that is of God heareth the words of God. Therefore j^ou hear 
 them not, because you are not [children] of God." 
 
 The word of God is, therefore, well received by those only M'ho 
 listen to it with that tender and respectful attention with which vù- 
 tuous children always hear the words of their father. How could 
 they bear with this word — they whose father was the capital enemy 
 of God i Wlierefore they rejected it và\h disgust ; for they could 
 not oppose it with any reason. He who announced it was the most 
 iri'epi'oachable of all men, a.s they themselves had just admitted by 
 their silence. His doctrine was all-pure and all-holy, and it was 
 proved by numberless mii-acles, to which no rational mind could 
 raise any objection. What, therefore, could tliey oppose to it but 
 outrage, the only resource of obstinacy driven to its last hold, and 
 the most energetic avowal of the extremity to which reason has re- 
 duced it ? " They, therefore, answered him : Do we not say well, that 
 thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil ? Jesus answered : I have 
 not a de\Tl (4), but I honor my Father ; and you, you have dishon- 
 ored me. But I, I seek not my own glory ; there is one that seek- 
 eth and judgeth." 
 
 After this grave and modest reply, the Lamb of God, so cruelly 
 outraged, condescended, moreover, to announce to this furious peo- 
 
 (4) Jesus Christ formally denies the charge of being a demoniac. As to the reproach 
 of his being a Samaritan, we may say that he replies and does not reply to it. This term 
 was both llie name of a people and the name of a sect. He seems to meet in his reply 
 the reproach attached to it as a sectarian designation, saying: I honor my Father, which 
 the Sanoarilans did not do. Inasmuch iis the tenu wtis the name of a people, he could 
 not consider it a reproach — he who w:us shortly to unite all people under the same law, 
 and make but one people of Jew, Samaritan, and Gentile. Besides, generally speaking, 
 the ground of just repniarhes is not the nation, but the morals; and in every nation, he 
 that fi'iinfh God and worketh justire in arccj/lnhle to him. — (.Vets, x. .35. ) 
 
282 THE inSTOET OF THE LITE [PAET I. 
 
 jjle trutlis more agreeable tliau those wliicli tliey Lad before forced 
 him to si^eak to them. One of these was to make them feel the in- 
 finite difference which there was between him and the arch-murder- 
 er, by whom they accused him of being possessed. He declared it 
 to them in these terms : " Amen, amen, I say to you, if any man 
 keej) my word, he shall not see death forever (5)." 
 
 When hearts are once perverted, they turn every thing into poi- 
 son. This magnificent promise only irritated them the more ; and, 
 because they did not comprehend its mysterious meaning, they treat- 
 ed it as absm-d or blasphemous. " Now we know [say theij] that 
 thou hast a devil. Abraham is dead, and the prophets ; and thou 
 sayest : If any man keep my word, he shall not taste death forever. 
 Art thou greater than our father Abraham, wli! > is dead ? And the 
 prophets are dead: whom dost thou make thyself?" 
 
 lie is about to make himself what he really is — that is to say, the 
 Eternal One. But he first recalls to their minds the proofs of his 
 mission ; and, repeating what he had said upon another occasion, 
 that, if he bore testimony to himself, his testimony would not be 
 legitimate, but that there was another who bore testimony unto him, 
 " he answered [still in the same sense\ : If I glorify myself, my glory 
 is nothing. It is my Father that glorifieth me, of whom you say, 
 that he is your God. And you have not known him (6), but I 
 know him ; and if I say that I know him not, I shall be like to you, 
 a liar. But I do know him, and do keep his word." 
 
 (5) He shall be presei-ved from eternal death. This is the common interpretation. 
 Thus these words, He shall not see death forever, signify: He shall receive, by the res- 
 urrection, a life which shall never again be followed by death. Other interpreters un- 
 derstand the expression as referring to the life of grace — that life, eternal in its nature, 
 as we have said elsewhere, and which can never be lost except through the fault of him 
 who has received it. If we add, that it is this life which confers the right to that im- 
 mortal life which shall come after the resurrection, we have both explanations condensed 
 into one. 
 
 (6) They had a speculative knowledge of God ; but they did not know him, or rather 
 they denied him in practice. For, not to execute his will is denying liis authority and 
 his rights, and taking part with those toho profess that they know God, hut in their works 
 they deny him (Titus, i. 16). There was, therefore, one sense in which they could not 
 say with truth that they knew God ; furthermore, it is in this sense that Saint John hath 
 said (1 Ep. ii. 4) : He loho saith that he knoweth him, and keepeih not his command- 
 ments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him. 
 
CHAP. XXXAT^I.] OF OFR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 283 
 
 Tlien, returning to Aliraliani, whom tliey regarded as the first of 
 human l^eiugs, he declares in these words his infinite superiority 
 i over him : " Abraham, your father, rejoiced that he miglit see my 
 day ; he saw it (7), and was glad. The Jews said to him : Thou art 
 not yet fifty years old, and hast thou seen Abraham (8) ? Jesus 
 said to them : Amen, amen, I say to you, before Abraham was made, 
 I am." They caught a glimpse through these few words of the equal- 
 ity with God which Jesus Christ attributed to himself; and, as if 
 he had blasphemed, " they took up stones, therefore, to cast at him ; 
 but Jesus hid himself (9), and went out of the temple." 
 
 Although his words then produced such strange effects, we ought 
 not to 1 >e surprised that he should have uttered them. Thenceforth 
 they were not useless to all, since we have already seen that several 
 believed in him ; but, moreover, Jesus knew that what he said would 
 subsequently be written, and that these same expressions, which ex- 
 cited against him the fury of his fellow-citizens, should one day in- 
 sure to him the homage of all nations. 
 
 But if obstinate minds never find it difficult to elude the force of 
 truth, and to resist all arguments, there are yet proofs so certain 
 and so palpable, that we must either yield to them, or acknowledge 
 that we do not wish to be convinced. It seems that Jesus Christ, 
 before quitting Jerusalem, wished to give its inhaliitants a proof of 
 this. Here is the recital thereof, or rather the picture, drawn in 
 such natural and lively colors, that we have not sought to add any 
 thing to it, being pei"suaded that any thing which might be added, 
 for the purpose of shedding light upon it, would only mar its 
 beauty. 
 
 (7) ^V^lfither during his life, by a prophetic light which made him acquainted, by an- 
 ticipation, with the mystery of the incarnation ; or whethei- in Limbo, by the revelation 
 thereof made at the moment when the word became incarnate. 
 
 (8) Jesus Christ, according to the common opinion, had not yet completed liis thirtieth 
 year. Tliose who prolong the farthest the years of his mortal life agree that he had not 
 oinipleted forty years. We do not know for certain the reason which made the Jews 
 speak as if he had approached his fiftieth year. 
 
 (9) He rendered himself invisible, or else he mingled in the crowd in such a w.iy as 
 not to be perceptible to these infuriated men. 
 
284 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVin. 
 
 THE MAN BOEN BLIND. JESUS IS THE GOOD SHEPHEED. 
 
 (a) " Jesus passing by, saw a man who was blind fi'om his birth ; 
 and his discijjles asked him : Iial)l)i, who hath sinned, this man or 
 his parents, that he should be born Ijlind (1) ? Neither hath this 
 man sinned, nor his parents (2) ; but that the works of God should 
 
 (a) St. John, ix. 1-41. 
 
 (1) Temporal evils may be the punishment of the sins of parents. I am the Lord thy 
 God, mighty, jealous, visiting the iniquities of the fathers upon the children unto the third 
 and fourth generation (Exodus, xx. 5). Wherefore, it is not surprising that the disciples 
 should inquire whether the blindness inherent in this man from his mother's womb, was 
 not a punishment entailed upon him by the sms of his parents ; but we are ignorant of 
 what was passing in their minds when they inquired whether his own sins were not the 
 cause of his bUndness. Did they believe in the pre-existence of souls, and could this 
 platonic notion have been conveyed to the Jews of Judea by those who were called 
 hellenlsts — that is to say, who resided among the Greeks ? Or else did they think that 
 God punished by anticipation the sins which he foresaw would be committed at a subse- 
 quent period ? Or finally, could their question have had the following meaning which 
 several interpreters attach to it, viz. : this individual not having deserved his blindness 
 by any personal sin, masmuch as no man sins before he is born, is it then the sin of his 
 parents which is the cause of his blindness ? We may choose for ourselves amongst 
 these several conjectures which divide the learned. Two things are certain : one, that 
 the disciples did not attribute to original sin the disgrace of this poor man ; could they 
 think that all men should be born blind, or deprived of some of their senses ? The 
 other certainty is, that they were persuaded there was no affliction in this life which was 
 not the punishment of some sin ; in which latter case they were deceived, as we see by 
 the answer of the Saviour. 
 
 (2) They had sinned, the blind man, his father, and his mother ; but none of their sins 
 was the cause of this blindness. This is the signification of the Saviour's îinswer, whence 
 it manifestly follows that all the pains of this fife are not caused by sin, and that there 
 are some afflictions which are not punishments. Such were those of the Mother of God 
 — that Mother who was conceived without sin, and preserved from all actual sin without 
 exception, and who, nevertheless, was transpierced with a sword of sorrow. Nor need 
 we cite so great an example ; for the pains of baptized children before they could have 
 committed any. sin, are also an illustration of this truth. These pains are, indeed, the 
 consequences of original sin ; but they are not its chastisement : they do not punish it, 
 and they punish nothing in them, because there Ls no longer any thing to punish in them ; 
 
CHAP. XXXVIU.] OF OTTR LORD JISUS CHEIST. 285 
 
 be made manifest in liim (3). I must work the works of him that 
 sent me (4) whilst it is day : the night cometh when no man can 
 work. As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world. 
 When he had said these things, he spat on the gi-ound, and made 
 clay of the spittle, and spread the clay upon his eyes (5), and 
 said to him : Go, wash in the pool of Siloe (which is interpreted, 
 Sent) (C). The blind man went, therefore, and washed, and he 
 
 for there is no longer any matter requiring punishraent, if there be nothing more to be 
 expiated. Now, it is the commou belief of the Church, that, in little children who 
 die after baptism, there is no further impediment to retard their entry into heaven. Thus 
 the Council of Trent has expressed itself : wherefore, it teaches that there is in them no 
 stain of sin to be wiped away. Whence it further ensues that, supposing there was not 
 any original sin, these pains might still exist, inasmuch as we find them endured by those 
 to whom this sin is entirely remitted, both as to the faidt and the penalty tbereof. 
 
 (3) Jesus Clirist informs us that, independent of sin, the manifestation of the works of 
 God is one of the causes of the evils of this life. The trial of the just is another cause 
 of them : Because you were agreeable to God, said the angel to Tobias, it was necessary 
 that you should be proved by temptation ; that is to say, by affliction. We cannot see to 
 what end the sufferings of little children may tend. But to whom have all the di\-ine 
 secrets been revealed? Who knows whether God doth not thereupon account with 
 them ; and whether, by a purely gratuitous mercy, he doth not glorify those most in 
 whom he finds, more than in othei-s, the image of the suffeiings of his beloved Son ? 
 This conjecture is not entirely without foundation. The Church seems to recognize in 
 the children massacred for the cause of religion, a sanctity superior to that of other chil- 
 dren ; yet the will of the first has no more part in their martyrdom, than the will of the 
 second has in their sufferings. 
 
 (4) Jesus Chiist has never ceased to act. He only speaks here of those works which 
 he had to perform during his visible sojourn here on earth. Tlie subsequent words : The 
 night cometh when no man can work; comprise a general ma,\im which is more for us 
 than for him. What he adds, that he is the light of the world, refers to the action that 
 he is going to perform ; and this action, which is the re-establishment of corporal sight, 
 is the figure of the spuntual light wherewith he is come to enlighten souls. 
 
 (5) It would seem that this was more calculated to deprive of sight, than to restore 
 it. Jesus Christ wished to show that all means are equal to him, and that none was 
 necessary to him. Spittle is employed to make known the wondrous properties of his 
 adorable body. By mixing it with the earth, he discovers to us the hand of the Creator, 
 who, after ha%-ing formed man from the slime of the earth, makes the same matter 
 which had sencd for the composition of his work, subservient to it-s cure. He sends 
 the blind man to the bath of Silot', to test his faith and his obedience. Both one and 
 the other appeared with admirable lustre ; for he did not re;ison as Naaman had done, 
 when the prophet Elisons sent him to bathe in the Jordan. He received the order, and 
 executed it forthwith, without advancing a single word of opposition. 
 
 (6)*In the application of clay to the eyes. Saint Augustine recognizes the unction of 
 the catechumens ; and in the bath, baptism and its miraculous effects. All here is mys- 
 
286 THE HISTORY OP THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 came seeing. The neiglibors therefore, and tliey who had seen him 
 before that he was a beggar, said : Is not this he that sat and beg- 
 ged ? Some said, This is he ; but others. No, but he is like him. 
 But he said : I am he. They said therefore to him : How -were thy 
 eyes opened ? He answered : That man that is called Jesus, made 
 clay, and anointed my eyes, and said to me : Go to the pool of Siloë, 
 and wash. And I went, I washed, and I see. They said to him : 
 Where is he ? He saith : I know not. They then bring him that 
 had been blind to the Pharisees. Now it was the Sal^bath when 
 Jesus made the clay, and opened his eyes. Again, therefore, the 
 Pharisees asked him how he had received his sight, but he said to 
 them : He put clay upon my eyes, and I washed, and I see. Some, 
 therefore, of the Pharisees said : This man is not of God, who keep- 
 eth not the Sabbath. But others said : How can a man that is a 
 sinner do such miracles ? And there was a division amongst them. 
 They say, therefore, to the blind man again : What sayest thou of 
 him that hath opened thy eyes ? He said : He is a prophet. The 
 Jews then did not believe concerning him, that he had been blind, 
 and had received his sight, until they called the parents of him that 
 received his sight, and asked them, saying : Is this your son, who 
 you say ^as born blind ? How then doth he now see ? His parents 
 answered them, and said : We know that this is our son, and that 
 he was born blind ; but how he now seeth, we know not ; or who 
 hath opened his eyes, we know not. Ask himself : he is of age, let 
 him speak for himself. These things his parents said, because they 
 feared the Jews. For the Jews had already agreed amongst them- 
 selves, that if any man should confess Jesus to be Christ, he should 
 be put out of the synagogue ; therefore did his parents say : He is 
 of age, ask him. 
 
 " The Jews, therefore, called the man again that had been born 
 blind, and said to him : Give glory to God, we know that this man 
 is a sinner. If he be a sinner \jsaid he to them\ I know not ; one 
 thing I know, that whereas I was blind, now I see. They said then 
 
 tcrious, even the veiy name of the fountain. He informs us that the only true baptism, 
 that baptism of which the other baptisms could have been only figurative, is the baptism 
 of the Ambassador by pre-eminence, Jesus Christ. 
 
CHAP. XXXVIII.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 287 
 
 to liiui : What did lie to thee ? IIow did he open thy eyes ? lie 
 answered them : I have tokl you already, and yon have heard ; why 
 would you hear it again ? Will you also become his disciples ? 
 They re\'iled him, therefore, and said : Be thou his disciple ; but we 
 are the disciples of Moses. We know that God spoke to Moses ; 
 but as to this man, we kiKiw not from whence he is. The man an- 
 swered to them : Why, herein is a wonderful thing, that you know 
 not from whence he is, and he hath opened my eyes. Now we know 
 that God doth not hear sinners (7) ; but if a man be a server of 
 God, and doth his will, him he heareth. From the beginning of 
 the world, it hath not l)oen heard, that any man hath opened the 
 eyes of one born blind. Unless this man were of God, he could not 
 do any thing. They answered and said to him : Thou wast wholly 
 born in sins, and dost thou teach us ? And they cast him out. Je- 
 sus heard that they had cast him out, and when he had found him, 
 he said to him : Dost thou believe in the Son of God ? He an- 
 swered : Who is he. Lord, that I may believe in him ? Thou hast 
 seen him, Jesus said to him ; and it is he that talketh to thee. I 
 believe. Lord, said he then ; and, foiling down, he adored him." 
 
 The faith of this man, comjiared with the incredulity of the othei's, 
 gave occasion to the Saviour to announce two prodigies, the first of 
 which was to be the fruit of his mission, and the second a conse- 
 quence thereof. " For judgment (8), said he, I am come into this 
 
 (7) God may listen to sinners, even when they ask for miracles. Many zoill sa;/ to 
 me in that day : Lord, Lord, have not we prophesied in thy name, and cast out devils in 
 thy name, and done many miracles in thy name ^ ' And then will I profess nnto them : 
 I never knew you ; depart from me, you that work iniquity. The proposition of the 
 blind man was not, therefore, utterly without its exception ; yet its truth was sufficiently 
 general to make it proverbial. And, if we like to confine it to miracles, w<^ may say that, 
 when the blind man spoke, it was true to its full extent, ina-smuoh as we do not find a 
 siiifçle miracle in the Old Testament which had ever been wrought by an individual that 
 was not recognized to be a just and holy man. Tliose miracles which (iod has since 
 WTought, through the ministry of vicious men, besides being very rare, proved satisfac- 
 torily the sanctity of the doctrine which they preached, and not that of the preachei-s 
 themselrcs. 
 
 Generally speaking, when miracles are wrought in confimiation of the faith, they con- 
 stitute a strong pres\imption of the holiness of him who operates them, but they are not 
 an infallible proof of this fact. 
 
 (8) We also designate as the judgments of God certain arrangements of his prondence. 
 
288 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET I. 
 
 world ; that they who see not, may see ; and they who see, may lie- 
 come blind (9)." These words alluded to the miracle which he 
 had just wrought. But the vision and the blindness which they 
 exjiressed must be understood in a sjiiiitual sense. In point of fact, 
 they were taken in this sense : for " some of the Pharisees who were 
 with him heard, and they said unto him : Are we also blind ? If 
 you were blind, Jesus said to them, you should not have sin ; but 
 now you say : We see. Your sin remaineth," without excuse. 
 
 This sin is the sin of incredulity, excusable in those who have 
 none of the knowledge necessary in order to believe, but inexcusa- 
 ble when a person hath sufficient light to arrive at the fulness of 
 faith, supposing that he wished to avail himself of his information. 
 Such were the Pharisees, who had in the Scriptures that which 
 should have led them to the knowledge of the true Messiah, if they 
 had sought it with an upright heart. And to declare as they did, 
 
 the secret of which has not been revealed to us. These are the judgments of which we 
 usually say that we must adore without seeking to understand them. Saint Paul spoke 
 of them, when he said that the judgments of God are incomprehensible, and that his loo.ys 
 are impenetrable. — Romans, ii. 
 
 (9) This does not mean to convey lliat their blindness was one of the objects of the 
 coming of Jesus Christ, but, as has been already stated, this bhndness was the result 
 thereof. This is the entire signification of the particle that {afin que), which, according 
 to the usage of holy wi-it, frequently conveys nothing fiuther than the fact of one thing 
 having occasioned another, or merely preceded it. If tlie imperfect hght of the law was 
 a means of arriving at the knowledge of the Gospel, we may also say that, in one sense, 
 it was an obstacle thereto. We fancy that we see all, when we have really seen but the 
 half; and because what we have is good, we reject what is better, and what would really 
 make us perfect, falsely believing it calcidated to destroy that good which we possess. This 
 is what occurred to the Pharisees ; and the partial light which they possessed rendered 
 them blind. By a contrary process, the absurdities of paganism were no sliglit aid to 
 the conversion of the Gentiles ; for they were immersed in such palpable errors, that 
 they could not be imbued with the notion of having attained the truth, or having had a 
 glimpse of the light in the midst of such profound darkness. Hence it happened, that 
 when the liglit of the Gospel appeared, these benighted pagans being thoroughly con- 
 vinced of their blindness, opened their eyes, and were full}' enlightened. 
 
 The Mahometan must always e.xperience more difficulty in his conversion than the 
 idolater, and the Jew than the Maliometan, because the Mahometan acknowledges one 
 God, and the Jew also acknowledges a revelation. 
 
 Incredulity seems to be the natural fmit of light mingled with darkness, and of imper- 
 fect knowledge ; and perhaps the reason why the times we live in are so fertile in in- 
 credulity, is, because they exceed all former times in the number of half-enlightened 
 minds. 
 
CHAP. XXXTHI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CUKISÏ. 289 
 
 that they had that knowledge, was equivalent to a confession that 
 they did not sin through ignorance, and that if they saw not, it was 
 because they did not wish to see. 
 
 All agree that what follows was pronounced by Jesus Christ im- 
 mediately after the preceding ; yet we do not see distinctly the con- 
 nection between the one and the other. Amongst the various ways 
 of explaiuhig the matter, this appears the most satisfactory. The 
 Sa\"iom- had just received the man born blind, whom the Pharisees 
 had driven from the synagogue. The latter had no doubt but that, 
 by this species of excommunication, they had cut him off fi'om the 
 society of the children of God. The contrary was precisely the 
 case. x\dmitted by Jesus Christ, he had entered, because Jesus 
 Christ is the only gate leading thereto. The Pharisees, who refused 
 to enter by this one gate of the sheepfold of the Lord, could, there- 
 fore, no longer form a part thereof; this is an evident conclusion. 
 Much less could they be the shepherds thereof, although they arro- 
 gated to themselves that title and its functions. This is the point 
 on which the Sa\aour insists ; and it was of extreme importance at 
 tilt' moment when he spoke. Many of the Jews, attracted by the 
 lustre of his mii-acles, and checked, at the same time, by the author- 
 ity of their ancient mastei's, knew not to whom they should give 
 the i)reference, and it was necessary to inform them. He said, then, 
 in that affirmative tone which he took when he wished to rivet at- 
 tention : (a) " Amen, amen, I say to you, he that entereth not by 
 the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up another way, the same 
 is a thief and a robber. But he that entereth in by the dooi-, is the 
 shepherd of the sheep. To him the porter openeth, and the sheep 
 hear his voice. He calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them 
 out ; and when he hath led but his own sheep, he gooth before 
 them, and the sheep follow him, because they know his voice. But 
 a stranger they follow not, but fly from liim, because they know not 
 the voice of strangei-s. 
 
 " This proverb Jesus sjKjke to them ; but they undei-stood not 
 what he spoke to them." Not that his words were ambiguous, but 
 that the application w;is not equally clear, especially to those who 
 
 (a) St. John, X. 1-19. 
 19 
 
290 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART I. 
 
 souglit to construe it for themselves in a bad sense. " He, therefore, 
 said to them again : Amen, amen, I say to you, I am the door of the 
 sheejî. All others, as many as have come, are thieves and robbers, 
 and the sheep heard them not. I am the door. By me, if any man 
 enter in, he shall be saved. He shall go in, and go out, and shall 
 find pastm-es. The thief cometh not but for to steal, to kill, and to 
 destroy. I am come that they may have life, and may have it more 
 abundantly." 
 
 These last words lead naturally to another figure, under which 
 the Saviour is also going to represent himself. This one, more ten- 
 der than the first, is perhajîs the most aflfecting image that he him- 
 self could have given us of his charity towards men. He continues, 
 therefore, thus : " I am the good shepherd. The good shej)herd giv- 
 eth his life for his sheep. But the hireling and he that is not the 
 shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and 
 leave th the sheep and flieth. The wolf catcheth, and scattereth the 
 sheep. And the hireling flieth, because he is a hireling, and he hath 
 no care for the sheep. I am the good shepherd : I know mine, and 
 mine know me, as the Father knoweth me, and I know the Father ; 
 and I lay down my life for my sheep. Other sheep I have that are 
 not of this fold : them also I must bring, and they shall hear my 
 voice, and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd." 
 
 Did any one ever see a more tender chanty, or a more generous 
 love ? But, instead of the admiration and the gratitude which are 
 due to them, who knows but that these grovelhng souls only found 
 simplicity and folly in that heroic disinterestedness which goes to 
 the length of sacrificing his life for others ? Yet it might so hajDjjen 
 that his death, which was to be a violent one, might not appear to be 
 voluntary, and that the world might not be thoroughly persuaded 
 that he had given for his sheep a life which should be taken from 
 him by force. To anticipate and prevent these errors, he declares 
 two things : one, that in dying, he shall accomplish the wishes of his 
 Father, ever dictated by infinite wisdom ; the other, that he is per- 
 fect master of his own life, and is able to resume it after having 
 given it up ; which proves the perfect liberty of his sacrifice, and 
 shows forth, in the most fiivorable light, the immense bounty of the 
 Father, who delivers his only 8on ; and that of the San, who deliv- 
 
CHAP. XXXVUI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 291 
 
 ei-s himself for unfortimate creatures, fi-om whom he had nothing to 
 expect, and to whom he owed nothing but chastisement. He con- 
 chides, therefore, by these words : " Therefore doth the Father love 
 me, liecause I lay down my life that I may take it again. No man 
 taketh it away from me ; but I lay it down of myself. I have pow- 
 er to lay it down, and I have power to take it up again. This com- 
 mandment have I received of my Father. 
 
 " A dissension arose again among the Jews for these words. Many 
 of them said : He hath a devil, and is mad : why hear ye him ? 
 Others said : These are not the words of one who hath a devil. 
 Can a de%al open the eyes of the bhnd ?" 
 
 END OF PART L 
 
PART II. 
 
 FROM THE MISSION OF THE SEVENTY-TWO DISCIPLES UNTIL THE AS- 
 CENSION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXTX. 
 
 ELECTION, MISSION, AND INSTRUCTION OF THE SEVENTY-TWO DISCEPLES. THEIR EE- 
 
 TCKN. — -NAMES WRITTEN IN HEAVEN. HAPPT THE ETE3 THAT HAVE SEEN JESUS 
 
 CHRIST ! HIS YOKE IS SWEET, AND HIS BURDEN IS LIGHT. LOVE OF GOD AND OF 
 
 OUK NEIGHBOR. THE GOOD SAMARITAN. MARTHA AND MART. 
 
 It is commonly thouglit that Jesus then departed from Jerusalem 
 to return into Galilee. Before his departure, or after his arrival — 
 for we find nothing decisive on the subject, nor whether the new 
 mission which he set on foot at that time was for Judea or for Gali- 
 lee — however the matter may be, it is written that (a) " after these 
 things the Lord appointed also other seventy-two, and he sent them 
 two and two before his face into every city and place whither he 
 was to come (1) ; and he said to them," as he said to the other apos- 
 tles when he sent them to exercise the same ministry : "The harvest 
 indeed is great, but the laborers are few. Pray ye, therefore, the 
 Lord of the harvest, that he send laborers into the harvest. Go [he 
 further added'] ; behold I send you as lambs among the wolves. Car- 
 ry neither pui-se, nor scrip, nor shoes, and salute no man by the 
 way (2). Into whatsoever house you enter, first say : Peace be to 
 
 (a) St. Luke, X. 1-12. 
 
 (1) He intended shortly to follow them in person. At present, also, he follows them, 
 but by his grace. For in the ordinary conduct of God, preaching, as Saint Gregory says, 
 goes in advance, and the Lord comes to dwell in our souls after the hallowed word hath 
 prepared the way. Thus all preachers may be called the precursors of Jesus Christ. 
 
 (2) This discourse of the Saviour is merely the repetition of the first part of that which 
 he mude to the apostles, page 180, and seq., chapter xxili., Part I., to which we refer 
 for the illustrations. However, there is some slight difference. These words, for in- 
 stance: Salute no man hi/ llie leay, are only found in this pas-sage. They merely inter- 
 dict those civilities which might cause considerable delay ; but not a passing salute, with- 
 
294 THE mSTORY OF TlIE LIFE [pART II. 
 
 this house ; and if the son of peace be there, your peace shall rest 
 upon him ; Tiut if not, it shall return to you. In the same house re- 
 main, eating and drinking such things as they have : for the laborer 
 is worthy of his hire. Remove not from house to house ; and into 
 what city soever you enter, and they receive you, eat such things as 
 are set before you (3). Heal the sick that are therein, and say to 
 them : The kingdom of God is come nigh unto you. But into what- 
 soever city you enter, and they receive you not, going forth into the 
 streets thereof, say : Even the very dust of your city (4) that cleav- 
 eth to us, we wipe off against you. Yet know this \j/ou must yet 
 say when quitting tJiem\ know that the kingdom of God is at hand. 
 I say to you, it shall be more tolerable at that day for Sodom than 
 for that city. 
 
 (a) " Then began he to upbraid the cities wherein were done the 
 most of his miracles, for that they had not done penance. Woe to 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xi. 20-23. 
 
 out stopping ; as if we were to say : If you meet any of your acquaintance, do not tan-j' 
 to pay long compliments to him. 
 
 (3) One of our brilliant writers, whom religion shall never reckon amongst its paneg}'T- 
 ists, h;is asserted that Christianity is replete with good sense. His assertion was con-ect, 
 had he not given it as a great discovery of his own. Applying the assertion to the pas- 
 sage before us, nothing could be more rational than this order issued to the disciples : 
 Eat such things as are set before you. If the repast be good, partake of it with thanks- 
 giving : if it be not good, with resignation. Bad example would be the resuH of an apos- 
 tle appearing too fastidious about his food. But supposing he restricts himself within the 
 hmits of sobriety, he would display too great scrupulosity, were he to decline the viands 
 which are served up to him, on the ground of their being too delicate. The apostleship is 
 like warfare, wherein an individual sometimes fares highly — at other times is reduced to 
 the most frugal fare. We must know how, like Saint Paul, to avail oiu-selves of abundance 
 when it is offered to us, and to endure want when it becomes necessary. One day re- 
 pairs the other, and enables us to retain the strength which is necessary in order to en- 
 dure the painful toils of the ministry. There is also this additional reason — that were 
 we to abstain from touching the viands laid before us, we would grieve the charitable 
 hosts, who deem it a religious duty to treat in their very best style those who exhaust 
 themselves preaching the Gospel. I question whether this alone was not a sufficient 
 reason to prevent Jesus from fasting at the table of Martha and Mary. 
 
 (4) Elsewhere, Part I., page 181, note 3, this dust is shaken off the feet in testimony 
 against the inhabitants. Here the act is a sign of detestation. By shaking off the dust, 
 the disciples declare that they wish to carry off" nothing from that accursed city, lest the 
 malediction which it hath drawn upon itself should remain in the very dust which 
 they might carry off with them, and pursue them even beyond the accursed boundaries. 
 
t 
 
 CHAP. XXXIX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 205 
 
 thee, Coraziii ! Woe to tliee, Bethsaida ! for, if in Tyre and Sidon (5) 
 had been vrrought the mh-acles that have been wrought in you, they 
 had long ago done penance in sackcloth and ashes. But I say unto 
 you, it shaU be more toléra l>le for Tyre and Sidiin in the day of judg- 
 ment than for you. (a) And thou, Caphamaum, shalt thou be ex- 
 alted up to heaven ? Thou shalt go down even unto hell. For if in 
 Sodom had been \\Tought the mh-acles that have been wrought in 
 thee, perhaps it had remained unto this day." The reason for this 
 difference of treatment is found in the following words which the Sa- 
 viour addressed to his disciples : (5) " He [saith he to tketn] that hear- 
 eth you heareth me ; and he that despiseth you despiseth me ; and 
 he that despiseth me despiseth him that sent me" — words which 
 teach us that to despise God in the person of his ambassadoi*s is the 
 greatest of all crimes, since it is that which of all shaU be the most 
 rigorously punished. 
 
 (c) " Now, the seventy-two returned \Yith joy [at the mLCcess of their 
 mlsnon\. Lord \they my\ the devils also are subject to us in thy 
 name. Jesus said to them : I saw Satan like lightning falling from 
 heaven." Interpreters are not agreed as to the meaning of this mys- 
 ^terious expression. Can it mean that when the disciples cast out the 
 demons by virtue of the name of Jesus, the Saviour saw the chief of 
 the infernal legions falling from the upper region of the air, whence 
 
 (a) St. Luke, X. 15 ; St. Mat- (6) St. Luke, x. 16. 
 
 thew, xi. 23. (c) St. Luke, x. 17-24. 
 
 (5) Wherefore hath not Jesus Christ conferred upon those who would have profited 
 by them those abundant graces which he lavished upon those who have abused them ? 
 This is one of those judgments of God, the depth of which we must adore without en- 
 deavoring to penetrate. This much, however, we are boimd to believe: 1st. That the 
 inhabitants of Tyre and of Sidon were not predestined, since God had not conferred upon 
 tliem the graces which would have certainly saved them. 2d. Although they had not 
 received those graces, the effect of which is certain, 3-et they shall be justly condemned, 
 inasmuch as they have received the succors which were necessary and sufficient, in order 
 to enable them to abstain from those crimes which shall justly be the cause of their con- 
 demnation. .Id. Those who have received superabundant grace shall be judged with 
 more rigor than those who have merely received enough ; the hell of the Christian 
 shall, therefore, be more rigorous than that of the idolater ; and, generally speaking, 
 the difference shall depend less upon the crimes committed, than upon the graces which 
 have been spurned or rejected ; inasmuch as greater crimes, such as were those of Sodom, 
 with lesser graces, incur less severe punishment than lesser crimes with greater graces. 
 
296 THE lUSTOKY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 he exercised bis tyranny over mankind ? or may lie not have alhuled 
 at that moment to the first fall of Lucifer, when, in punishment of his 
 revolt, that proud spirit was hurled from the height of heaven to the 
 l)ottom of the abyss ? If the first of these two meanings appears the 
 most natural, the second is not unlikely ; for although the disciples 
 acknowledged that they had done nothing, except in the name of 
 theii' Master, to whom they referred all the glory of their success, 
 they might, nevertheless, feel a secret complacency. Whilst ac- 
 knowledging that we are merely the instruments of God, we may 
 still pride ourselves on being preferred to the rest of human beings 
 to serve as instruments for great things. Thus, in order to repress 
 the pride which was rising up in his disciples, or merely to anticipate 
 its growth, the example of Satan could not be more seasonably in- 
 troduced. The sequel is in perfect keeping with this explanation. 
 " Behold [continues the Savioior']^ I have given you power to tread 
 upon serpents and scorpions, and upon all the j^ower of the enemy (6), 
 and nothing shall hurt you ; but yet rejoice not in this, that spirits 
 are subject unto you ; but rejoice (7) in this, that your names are 
 written in heaven (8)." 
 
 (6) The serpents and the scorpions are called the poivcr of the enemy, inasmuch as 
 every thing which is noxious in nature is instrumental to the demon for the purpose of 
 injuring men. 
 
 (7) Rejoice in the solid rather than in the showy — in the durable rather than the fleet- 
 ing — in what renders us agreeable to God rather than in that which makes us appear 
 great before men. The lowest degree of virtue is more valuable than the power of rais- 
 ing the dead. 
 
 (8) Names may be written in heaven, either by predestmation or by actual justice. 
 When written in the first manner, they remain there forever, becatise the absolute de- 
 crees of God are immutable. When written in the second way, the names may be 
 effaced, because man may lose the justice which gave him a right to the kingdom of 
 heaven. Now, in reference to which of these two methods of recording names in heaven 
 did Jesus Christ say to the disciples that their names are written in heaven ? This is a 
 matter of which we know nothing ; and the Saviour not having explained himself further, 
 we shoidd be lash if we were to venture to pronounce affirmatively for either of these 
 constructions. The most probable is, that he only informs them that their names are 
 written in heaven by the title of justice. Had he declared to them that they were pre- 
 destined, this favor, one of the greatest which God can confer in this world, would have 
 been conferred upon the disciples, and refused to the apostles — a state of things which 
 cannot be conceived. It is quite true that the latter were confirmed in grace, and that 
 their predestination was certain ; but they themselves had no certainty a.s to the fact. 
 
CHAP. XXXIX.] OF OVR LOKD JESi;S < lUÎIST. -297 
 
 The best of all master:! could not Le insensible to the jH-ogre.ss 
 wliifti his beloved disciples Avere making iu the knowledge of the 
 things of heaven. " In that same hour he rejoiced in the Holy Ghost, 
 and said : I confes,s to thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, ],v- 
 cause thou hast hidden these things from the wise and prudent, and 
 hast revealed them to little ones (9). Yea, Father \_(hoN ha-s-f dons 
 so'], for so it hath seemed good in tliy sight (10)." 
 
 Jesas .^poke thus in order that his disciples, who received this re\'- 
 elation immediately from him, might not be ignorant that it canie 
 from his Father, who was for this reason the final term of their grat- 
 itude. But this truth ought not to conceal another, viz., that the 
 Son, as well as the Father, has this revelation at his disposal, and 
 that iu communicating it always in accordance with the views and 
 desires of the Father, the Son does, nevertheless, so commuuioatc 
 with equal independence, since he only imparts it to those whom he 
 pleases to enlighten. Such are the great truths comprised in these 
 
 and they always believed that they might sin and be lost. We have a proof of this in 
 Saint Paul. We can have no reason for doubting that he also must have received this 
 precious assurance, if such had been given to the other apostles. And yet he said : But 
 J chastise my body, and bring it into subjection, lest perhaps, ivhen I have preached to 
 others, I myself should become a cast-aioay. Coidd a man assured of his predestination 
 have used such language as that ? 
 
 He that shall overcome, said Jesus Christ in the Apocalypse, iii. 5, / leill not blot out 
 his name out of the book of life. Doth not this mode of expression seem to say th.it 
 names written in the book of life may still be effaced, and does it not confirm the expla- 
 nation which we have stated to be the most probable ^ 
 
 (9) Saint Chrysostom judiciously remarks, that Jesius ^ 'irist doth not bless his Father, 
 because those things are hidden from the wise, but because they are revealed to the sim- 
 ple. The expression is tantamount to this : I bless thee, my Father, for having reve.ilod 
 to the simple these mysteries of which thou hast left tlte wise in iynorance. To hide h:is 
 no more extensive signification here. In this sense, these mysterie.s have been hidden 
 from the wise, who have not sought to discover them, and revealed to the simple, wiio 
 have only sought them because God conferred upon them the desire of obtaining the 
 revelation thereof. Justice is exhibited towards the fir>.t class — pure mercy is dis])hiycd 
 in reference to the second class. To the righteous a light is risen up in darkness. Those 
 who are not righteous have not descried the liglit. It is apparent that, in reference to 
 both classes, the Lord is merciful, and compassionate, and just. — Psalm cxi. 
 
 (10) God owes it to himself to love all iiis works. Thou lovesl all things that are, aid 
 /latest none of the things which thou hast made. — Book of Wisdom, xi. 25. But he owes 
 to no one the favors and the graces of his own choice, of which we should seek no oiher 
 cause than liis good pleasure. 
 
298 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART IT. 
 
 brief expressions : " All tilings are delivered unto me hy my Father ; 
 and no one knoweth who the Son is, but the Father ; and who the 
 Father is, 1)ut the Son; and to whom the Son will reveal him." 
 
 "Then turning to his disciples, he said," as he had before said to 
 the apostles when he explained to them the mysteries of the king- 
 dom of God : " Blessed are the eyes that see the things which you 
 see ! for I sa}' to you, that many jiropliets and kings have desired to 
 see the things that you see, and have not seen them ; and to hear 
 the things that you hear, and have not heard them." 
 
 Afterwards, addressing himself to the people who thi-onged in 
 crowds to listen to him, (f?) " Come [_-9aid tJ/is chrn-ifalle Savioiir~\, 
 come to me, all you that labor, and are burdened, and I will refresh 
 you. Take up my yoke upon you, and learn of me, because I am 
 meek, and humlile of heart (11), and j'ou shall find rest to your 
 souls ; for my yoke is sweet, ami my burden is light." 
 
 About that time (it appears likely that this fact took place in a 
 synagogue): "A certain lawyer stood up tempting Jesus, saying: 
 Master, what must I do to possess eternal life ? Jesus said to him : 
 What is written in the law ? How readest thou i He answering, 
 said: Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with thy whole heart, and with 
 thy whole soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind (12), 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xi. 28-30. 
 
 (11) And you shall find that T .rn not a hard and haughty master, as earthly masters 
 usually are, but that I am a r aster full of meekness and affability. Such is the literal 
 meaning of these words. But it is. moreover, so e^ndent that Jesus Christ teaches us, 
 by his e.\ample, to be meek and humble of heart, and experience has so well taught that 
 in these \-irtues alone can true peace be found, that it is not surprising if this text is usu- 
 ally made use of to express both these truths. 
 
 (12) To love God with all one's heart, with all one's soul, with all one's strength, and 
 with one's whole mind, is tantamount to giving to God all one's affections, sensibilities, 
 thoughts, and works ; it is, in a word, perfectly loving God. This perfection is not at- 
 tainable in this life, wherein the gold of charity is never without alloy, and in heaven 
 alone hath this precept its full accomplishment. However, as regards perfection, it is an 
 obligation in this life to tend incessantly thereunto, and to labor in augmenting our love, 
 until it engrosses all our mind, replenishes our whole heart, and exhausts all our strength. 
 We should infinitely love a being infinitely amiable. God alone can thus acquit himself 
 towards himself. Yet the creature, whilst incapable of infinite love, should at least love 
 God witlio\it any other limits than those which God hath given to his capacity for lov- 
 
CUAP. XXXIX.] OF OLll LORD JïiiLS t HlilST. 299 
 
 and thy iieiglibov as thyself (13). Thou hast answered right, said 
 Jesus to him : this do, and thuu shalt live." 
 
 By giving himself the answer to his own (question, the lawyer 
 showed clearly enough that he had not put the question with the 
 design of obtaining information. \Mieu we wish to learn a thing, 
 we seek not to be informed of what we already know. He hud, 
 therefore, some other intention, which could not have been a good 
 one : the bystandei-s had at least a right to suspect him of some evil 
 purpose. Wheiaeupon, " willing to justify himself," he put another 
 question still more difficult to be resolved, especially at that time, 
 when the duties of charity were not so clearly known as they have 
 been since the promulgation of the Gospel. " He said [therefore] to 
 Jesus : And who is my neighbor ? Jesus answering, said : A certain 
 man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among robbers, 
 who stripped him, and having wounded him, went away, lea\nng him 
 half dead. It chanced that a certain priest went down the same 
 way, and seeing him, passed by ; in like manner also a Lévite, when 
 he was near the place and saw him, passed by ; but a certain Samar- 
 
 bg ; this is the meaning of that expression of Saint Bernard, which comprises a very ex- 
 act proposition : The measure of loving God is to love him immeasurably. 
 
 To think that we love God as much as he deserves to be loved, exhibits our utter ig- 
 norance of him ; and to think that we love him as much as we might lovo him, displays 
 a want of self-knowledge. 
 
 (13) And not as much as ourselves ; for we have a light to the preference, and, in cer- 
 tain circumstances, we are bound to give that preference to ourselves. For instance, we 
 are bound to prefer our own salvation to the s;ilvàtion of any other person, and even to 
 tlie salvation of the whole world. But we are obliged to sacrifice our own life, if neces- 
 sary, for the eternal salvation of one single soul. Those who inquire whether we should 
 sacrifice our own perfection for the salvation of our neighbor, forget that to labor for the 
 Siilvation of one's neighbor is a more perfect work than all those wo might execute in lieu 
 of this performance. With regard to corponil emoluments, whilst we are entitled i)y 
 right to prefer ourselves to others, we are not bound so to act. On the contrar}-. it is a 
 highly perfect charity to prefer others to ourselves ; and the right of preferring others 
 to oui-selves only ari.ses when the same wants press concurrently on Iwth parties. Thus, 
 I am entitled by right not to yield up to another what is absolutely necessarj' for my 
 own life ; but I am obliged to sacrifice my superfluitv for the wants of another, my com- 
 forts for his necessities ; and to convey this in the language of Scripture, I can keep for 
 myself the morsel of bread necessarj' for my sustenance, and the only tunic I have lo 
 cover myself; but if I have an entire loaf, I should divide it with him who Ls Inmgrv ; 
 and if I have two tunics, I should give one to him who has none. 
 
3(10 THE IIISTOliY OF'ÏIIK LIFE [pART H. 
 
 itaii being ou Lis journey, came near him, and seeing liim, was moved 
 with compassion. Going up to him, he bound his wounds, pouring 
 in oil and wine ; and setting him upon his own beast, brought him 
 to an inn, and took care of him. The next day he took out two 
 pence, and gave to the host, and said : Take care of him, and what- 
 soever thou shalt spend over and above, I at my return will repay 
 thee. Which of these three, in thy opinion, was neighbor (14) to 
 him that fell among the robbers ? But he said : He that showed 
 mercy to him. Whereupon Jesus said to him : Go, and do thou in 
 like manner." 
 
 Jesus then inade some evangelical excursions. " It came to j^ass, 
 as they went, that he entered into a town, and a certain woman 
 named Martha received him into her house. She had a sister called 
 Mary, who, sitting also at the Lord's feet, heard his word." At the 
 same time that she nourished her piety, she fulfilled a duty of civili- 
 ty. It was only reasonable that whilst they were waiting for the 
 I'epast, some inmate of the house should remain with a guest so 
 distinguished. " But Martha was busy about much serving ; who 
 stood and said : Lord, hast thou no care that my sister hath left me 
 alone to serve ? Speak to her, therefore, that she help me. Martha, 
 
 (14) That is to say, who treated him as a neighbor ; for this was the point in question. 
 The word neighbor is a rehitive term : if I be youi- neighbor, you are my neighbor. We 
 may, therefore, say, I am your neighbor, in order to signify, I regard you as my neigh- 
 ]ior. It must have been so understood by the Jews, because the doctor of the law, a 
 man belonging to a cavilling profession, does not here object to these tei-ms. This 
 statement teaches us three things: 1st, that the quality of neighbor extends to all 
 men without exception, since, despite of national antipathy and opposition iu religion, the 
 Samaritan is neighbor to the Jew, and the Jew to the Samaritan ; 2d, that there is no 
 leal charity in regard to our neighbor, except what is proved by actions : 3d, that the 
 simple, when their dispositions are good, know their duties better than the learned, since 
 it is a Samaritan who here gives a lesson to Jews, and a layman to priests and doctors. 
 
 These truths, which there can be no doubt that our Saviour wished to teach the doc- 
 tor by the example of the Samaritan, gives us to understand, in perhaps the clearest man- 
 ner, that this is a real statement, and not simply a parable. Parables may serve to de- 
 velop a ti-uth, and to render it more sensible, but it is only a real fact, and not a suppo- 
 sition, that can be set forth by way of example. You cannot prove to a Christian that 
 he can learn from a Mahometan charity towards one's neighbor, by pretending that the 
 Mahometan had exercised it in a circumstance wherein a great number of Christians do 
 not exercise it. But if this Mahometan has exercised it in point of fact, his example is 
 proof, and no further reply can be made. 
 
CHAP. XXXIX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 301 
 
 Martha, the Lord answering, said to her, thou art careful and ai-t 
 troubled about many things. But one thing is necessary (15). 
 Mary hath chosen the best part, whicli shall not be taken away from 
 heroic)." By this short answer he apologized for those who give 
 to the repose of contemplation all the time which is not engrossed 
 by duty ; and he vindicated them beforehand from the impious rail- 
 leries which they have to encounter from libertines, and the indecent 
 sarcasms often launched against them by impious cavillers. 
 
 (15) Several interpreters understand this expression as referring to a single sort of food, 
 whence they conclude that the Sa\-iour here reproved Martha's superfluous care in pre- 
 paring several dishes. This sense, besides conveying a moral, appears to flow naturally 
 enough from the text. However, as it is stated that Jesus Christ travelled with his dis- 
 ciples — and we cannot believe but that the two sisters invited them with their Master — 
 a single dish, supposing even that it was sufficient in quantity, could not with decency be 
 presented before so numerous a company ; and this construction, so natural in itself, is 
 already met by this first difficulty. Another more embarrassing one is, that it appears, 
 by the sequel of the discourse, that the Saviour here opposes occupation to occupation — 
 that of Mar)- to that of Martha. Mary, saith he, hath chosen the best part, which is e(juiv- 
 alent to saying that that of Martha is not so good. What, then, else can the one Ihiay 
 necessary signify, but the affair of salvation in which Man,- was directly occupied, whilst 
 Martha, whose occupation was not counter to it, labored only indirectly thereunto? for 
 the direct object of her labor was bodily refreshment, which cannot be the only thing 
 necessary, but which may bear a reference to it, and which actually did bear a reference 
 to it in the circumstance wherein Martha found hei-self placed. The part which she had 
 chosen was, therefore, good ; but that of Mary, who was solely occupied with Jesus 
 Christ and his speech, was best. 
 
 Contemplation is better than action, which is not obligatory ; but if the action were 
 oblin-atory, contemplation substituted in its stead would be but an illusion. 
 
 The union of both constitutes the perfection of this life, in which prayer is necessary, 
 and labor indispensable. 
 
 (16) Action, which presupposes wants and miseries, shall pass away with this life, 
 which is replete with them. Contemplation shall remain, or rather, shall be more per- 
 fect, when, instead of that feeble ray of the eternal splendor which it merely catches a 
 glimpse of here below, it shall see that light in its source, and the divine essence m itself. 
 
302 THE HISTORY OF TJIE LIFE [PART U. 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 THE lord's prater, ACCORDING TO SAINT LUKE. PERSEVERANCE IN PRAYER. 
 
 GOD GIVES WHAT LS NECESSARY. ^THE PURE EYE. ^THE PHARISEES CONDEMNED. 
 
 We shall give the following facts in the order in which they are 
 jJiiced b}- one of the evangelists. It is imi^ossible to assign them 
 precise dates as to time and place. Had we a knowledge of these 
 matters, our curiosity might be more gratified ; but would we be 
 more edified thereby, or receive more salutary instruction? The 
 reader will also meet with some discourses of the Saviour which 
 seem to be only a repetition of other discourses which we have al- 
 ready noted. So they are in point of fact, not because one evangel- 
 ist states over again what another evangelist had already stated 
 (those statements which are repeated in this manner are only once 
 given in this work), but because the Saviour himself pronounced 
 them more than once, and in different circumstances. Moreover, as 
 it scarcely ever happens that they are exactly alike, it will not be 
 considered irksome to read over again what Jesus Christ has not 
 deemed it useless to repeat. 
 
 (a) " It came to pass that a.s he was in a certain place praying, 
 when he ceased, one of his disciples said to him : Lord, teach us to 
 pray, as John also taught his disciples. He said to them : When 
 you pra}', say : Father, hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come ; 
 give us this day our daily bread ; forgive us our sins, for we also for- 
 give every one that is indebted to us, and lead us not into tempta- 
 tion." 
 
 This was a good opportunity to make better known to the disci- 
 ples the utility and efficacy of prayer. Wherefore " Jesus then said 
 to them [niahing use of figures and sensible comparisons^ aeconling 
 to his usual custoni] : Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go 
 to him at midnight, and shall say to him : Friend, lend me three 
 loaves, because a friend of mine is come off his journey to jne, and 
 I have not what to set before him ; and he from within should an- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xi. 1-13. 
 
CHAI'. XL.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 303 
 
 swer and say : Trouble me not, tlie door is now shut, and lu}- cliil- 
 dren are with me in bed ; I cannot rise and give thee. Yet if he 
 shall continue knocking, I say to you : Although he will not rise and 
 give him, because he is a friend; yet because of his importunity he 
 will rise, and give him as many as he needeth. And I say unto 
 you: Ask, and it shall be given to you. Seek, and you shall fiml. 
 Knock, and it shall be opened to you. For every one that asketh, 
 receiveth ; and he that seeketh, findeth ; and to him that knocketh, 
 it shall be opened." 
 
 Thus, jirovided that perseverance be joined to fervor, it is certain, 
 we should even say that it is of faith, that the prayer will be heaixl, 
 even when it di^es not appear to be so. For, and this it is which 
 renders this fiiith doubtful and vacilhitiug, it frequently happens 
 that prayer has the qualities we have just sjioken of, and yet we do 
 not see it followed by any effect. Thereupon douljt arises, and con- 
 fidence grows weak. The reason is, that we do not consider how 
 we often ask for that which, in point of fixct, would be injurious to 
 us. We are ignorant of the real nature of what we ask, and this is 
 the reason why we ask it. God knows exactly what the thing is, 
 and, consequently, he refuses it to us. Shall we call this rigor or ob- 
 duracy on his part ? But his goodness does not stop here. In place 
 of the appai'ent gi jod and real evil which we ask for, he gives as that 
 which is really salutarj", what we should have asked for by name, 
 and in preference to every thing else, if we knew its properties as he 
 does, or if we had foreseen its consequences. Thus it is that he real- 
 ly grants while appearing to refuse, and such is the sense concealed 
 under these words which tlie Sa\nour adds : " Which of you, if you 
 ask his father for bread, will he give him a stone { or. a fish, will he 
 for a fish give him a serpent ? Or if he shall ask an egg, will he give 
 him a scorpion ? If you, then, being evil, know how to give good 
 gifts to your children, how much more will your Father from heav- 
 en give the good Spirit to them that a>k him." 
 
 ITie following maxims had been already jjronouuced in the j)rcs- 
 ence of the apostles, but it is highly pi-obal)le that the greater pai't 
 of the disciples had not heard them. Jesus then repeats them, and 
 says : (a) " No man lightcth a candle, and putteth it in a hidden 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xi. 33-54. 
 
■ — " ■ ; ., ^, - ^, — ' :^âf : 
 
 304 THE IH.STUliY OF THE LIFE [PART U. 
 
 place, nor under a bushel ; but upon a candlestick, that they that 
 come in may see the light (1). The light of thy body is thy eye. 
 If thy eye be single, thy whole body will be lightsome ; but if it be 
 evil, thy bod}' also will be darksome. Take heed, therefore, that 
 the light which is in thee be not darkness. If, then, thy whole body 
 be lightsome, having no part of darkness, the whole shall be light- 
 some, and as a bright lamp shall enlighten thee. 
 
 " As Jesus was speaking, a certain Phaiisee prayed him that he 
 would dine with him. Jesus going in, sat down to eat. And the 
 Pharisee began to say, thinking within himself, why Jesus was not 
 washed before dinner. The Lord \^who saw his tJwiights] said to 
 him" and to the others of his sect, several of whom had been invited 
 to this repast : " Now, you Pharisees make clean the outside of the 
 cup and of the platter ; l)ut your inside is full of rapine and in- 
 iquity." 
 
 Here man is compared to a vase, of which the body is the outside, 
 and the soul is the inside. Now the Pharisees, who were very ex- 
 act in washing the body, but gave themselves little trouble in puri- 
 fying the soul, were like unto him who should take pains to clean 
 the outside of a vase, whilst he left the inside full of filth. A ser- 
 vant who did so would Ije deemed a fool ; wherefore the Saviour 
 does not spare them, and, profiting by this occasion, tells them to 
 their faces what they but too well deserved to hear. " Ye fools 
 [mid lie to tlieni\^ did not he that made that which is without, make 
 also that which is within ? But yet [added he^for he wi-shed merely 
 to InunhU them, and not to drive them to despair'] that which remaiu- 
 eth give alms; and behold all things are clean unto you (2)." 
 
 To neglect alms-giving wl)ich is of precept, in order to attach 
 themselves superstitiously to usages which God never prescribed, 
 
 (1) Part I., page 120. 
 
 (2) That is to say, your conscience shall \w purified : thenceforth all shall be pure be- 
 fore God, who knows no other purity or impurity than that of the conscience. Alms-giving 
 dulh not directly and of itself purify it ; this purification can only be the effect of pen- 
 ance ; but penance is conferred upon alms-giving, which we thus find to be the first cause 
 of the sinner's justification. It is in this sense that we should understand the te.vts of 
 Scripture which promise to alms-giving the remission of sins. These promises are so 
 formal that we venture to give assurance that, of those who give abundant alms, very 
 f('vv, if any, are reprobates. This, however, is only oui- own idea. 
 
CHAP. XL.] OF OUR LOUD .IKSIS C'lIKlST. 305 
 
 and whicli were merely fouuded on human traditions, ^vas one of 
 the illusions of the Pharisees. Another was, to think themselves 
 just, because they scrupuloasly observed the smallest precepts, whilst 
 they failed in the fundamental duties of religion and morality ; this 
 is what Jesus Christ anathematizes in these words : " Woe to you, 
 Pharisees, because you tithe mint and rue, and every herb, and pa^js 
 over judgment and the charity of God. Now, these things you ought 
 to have done, and not to leave the other undone (3)." Then he 
 strikes at their pride, and unmasks their hypocrisy : " Woe to you, 
 Pharisees [*(//(/ he again\ because you love the uppermost seats in 
 the synagogues, and salutations in the market-place (4). Woe to 
 you ! because you are as sepulchres that appear not (5), and men 
 that walk over are not aware." 
 
 (3) Here is one of those oracles which comprise more meaning than entire volumes 
 can contain. Bj- regulating the order of duties, he insures the observation of all. To 
 fail in the principal duties, whilst we scrupulously observe the minor ones, if not the ef- 
 fect of a detestable hypocrisy, is at least the grossest of illusions. The contrary illusion 
 which induces us to spuin trifling duties, and only value those which appear important ; 
 this illusion, I say, though less glaring, is not the less dangerous ; and inasmuch as it is 
 more common, it is found to be still more pernicious. We may fail in slight duties, and 
 we often do fail from surprise, from inattention, or from weakness. But to fail therein 
 from an impression that God does not require them, is to contradict his word. Yet to 
 believe that he does require them, and still to deem them insignificant, is equivalent to re- 
 garding himself insignificant. To say that we degrade ourselves by accomplishing them, 
 is elevating ourselves as high as God, or lowering him to our own level ; it is at least land- 
 ing him below everj' thing which we respect in the world ; for do we blush to render the 
 slightest services to the great ones of the earth ? To insult those who do fulfil them is 
 outraging the saints, and in their person Ilim whom thej- serve with that perfect fidelity 
 which we make the cause of our unjust contempt. To esteem ourselves more than them, 
 because we do not stop, as it is said, at these trifles, is endeavoring to extract glory from 
 the ba-seness of our own motives. For to obey God merely upon important occasion.-;, 
 and when, robed in thunder, he threatens disobedience with eternal chastisements, is act- 
 ing merely from the motive of servile fear. But to obey him when we might disobey 
 him «ithout crime, to execute his will when he appears to entreat rather than to com- 
 mand, is acting from love ; for what other motive can sustain obedience, when there is 
 neither paradise to lose nor hell to dread ? Yet this is precisely what is termed little- 
 ness of mind, whilst the individual with low and grovellirig virtues (if even this be not too 
 much to sav) is pleased to con.sider himself enlightened and strong-minded. 
 
 (4) Could we believe, if we did not hear it from the mouth of hira who is truth itself, 
 that the immoderate desire foe distinctions and pre-eminence is suflicient to deserve thi.< 
 dreadful malediction ? 
 
 (5) Covered sepulchres, concealed vices ; whitened sepulchres, vices embellished with 
 the colors of virtue. 
 
 20 
 
306 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 Besides tlie Pharisees, there were several doctors of the law at 
 this entertaiûmeut. Jesus had not addressed them ; but their mor- 
 als wei'e so like those of the Pharisees, that they thought they rec- 
 ognized themselves in the picture which tlie Saviour had drawn of 
 the latter. " One of [t/ie-se^ lawyers answering, saith to him : Mas- 
 tei", in saying these things, thou reproachest us also." It would have 
 lieen l)etter for him to say that he had dealt out justice to them. 
 But he was not mistaken in applying to himself and his pi-ofession 
 what he had just heard. Here is what Jc'sus added to it, address- 
 ing his speech directly to him. " He said [to hitn, therefore] : Woe 
 to you, lawyers, also, because you load men with burdens which they 
 cannot bear, and you yourselves touch not the packs with one of 
 your fingers (6). Woe to you who ].)uild the monuments of the 
 ])ropliets ; and your fathers killed them. Truly you bear witness 
 that you consent to the doings of your fathers ; for they in deed kill- 
 ed them, and you build their sepulchres." 
 
 In reality, the paying of these honors was a recognition that those 
 whom tlieir fathers put to death were truly prophets, and then to 
 put to deatli those who had the same ci-edentials of i)rophecy, was 
 furnishing against themselves, by these honors, an unanswerable 
 jiroof that they were murderers of propliets ; for what could they 
 reply to this : Those whom you have massacred were as just as those 
 to whom you have built sepulchres ? 
 
 If they had not as yet done so, they were going forthwith to do 
 so, as Jesus Christ had foretold ; for it is of himself, that is to say, 
 of the Eternal Wisdom, that he speaks when he adds this prediction. 
 
 (6) It is asserted ynih reason that the saints are severe upon themselves, and indulgent 
 with regard to others. Those who are indulgent to themselves and to othere, are good 
 souls, soft characters if you like, and too easy. He who is at the same time severe to- 
 wards himself and towards others, may indeed be of a harsh character ; but inasmuch 
 as he does not spare himself more than he spares others, he thereby evinces that he acts 
 from conviction, and that he has an upright heart. But those who are indulgent towards 
 themselves and severe towards othere are necessarily false and wicked persons. They 
 cannot believe that the seventy they exercise towards others is an obligation, since they 
 do not exercise it towards themselves, nor that their indulgence of themselves is permis- 
 sible, since they do not extend it to others. Wherefore, and therein consists their wick- 
 edness, their indulgence springs from corruption and their severity from cruelty. And 
 they are both false and hypocritical, inasmuch as they endeavor to persuade the world 
 tliat they practice towards themselves the severity which they display towards others. 
 
CHAP. XI..] OF OUK LORD JK^US CIIKIST. 307 
 
 which he again repeats at the approach of hi.s passion : " For this 
 cause also, the wisdom of God said : I will send to them prophets 
 and apostles, and some of them they will kill and persecute, that the 
 l)lood of all the })rophet5 (7) which was shed from the foundation of 
 the world may be requii'ed of this generation, from the Idood of 
 x\bel unto the blood of Zachai-ias, who was slain between the altar 
 and the temple. Yes, I say to you, it shall be required of this gen- 
 eration." 
 
 He had yet another reproach to make to these false doctors, and, 
 in their person, to those who, commissioned to show the right road 
 to the people, abuse their confidence in order to lead them astray. 
 He concludes, therefore, thus : " Woe to you, lawyers ! for you have 
 taken away the key of knowledge (8) ; you yourselves have not en- 
 tered in, and those that were entering in you have hindered. 
 
 " As he was saying these things to them, the Pharisees and the 
 lawyers began vehemently to urge him, and to oppress his mouth 
 about many things, lying in wait for him, and seeking to catch some- 
 thing from his mouth, that tliey might accuse him (9)." It is true 
 that he did not spare them, and we may be surprised that the meik- 
 
 (7) The murder of all the prophets was a national crime, for which God might justly 
 impose all the temporal penaltv upon the generation tliat crowned the enormity b}" the 
 murder of the greatest number of prophets, and, moreover, by that of the Lord of proph- 
 ets. We do not so clearly see how the murder of Abel could be imputed to the Jews, 
 Cain never having been numbered amongst that people. It is said that they showed 
 themselves to be his children by imitation, in the same sense that they are called by tlie 
 Saviour the children of the devil. Whatever weight there may be in this reason, it is 
 certain that, as they imitated him in his crime, thev also resembled him in their pun- 
 ishment. Their banishment over all the earth, and the character of reprobation which 
 they «irry engraven on their forehead, are such vLsible features of resemblance, that we 
 cannot doubt but that God, by the ch;»stisement of the fratricide, purposed to exhibit 
 the chastisement which he had in store for the dcicides. 
 
 (8) The interpretation of the Scriptures, which Scriptures they were commissioned to 
 explain to the people. They were unwilling to recognize in these the Messiah, and also 
 hindered the people from recognizing him therein. Woe to the people who were se- 
 duced ! but woe a thousand times to the authors of the seduction! Guilty of the se- 
 duction of a whole people, thev shall bear the penalty of a whole people. 
 
 (9) It is not stated whether they then found what they sought. On other occasions 
 thev found it either by malicioas interpretation of the Saviour's words, or by making him 
 sav what he never uttered. lie who wishes to find a crime can always contrive to liiid 
 it in one way or another. 
 
SOS THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART U. 
 
 est of men, lie who always appeared most indulgent witli regard to 
 sinners, should have inveighed against them with so much force, and 
 ha\ e treated them so severely. There were several reasons for this 
 conduct ; the principal of which is, that these sinners Relieved them- 
 selves just. For inasmuch as they deemed themselves just, they had 
 nothing but contempt and harshness for sinners ; and on that account 
 alone they deserved to be treated as they treated others. But, more- 
 iiver, because they deemed themselves just, they ought not to have 
 beai treated in any other manner ; and this was the. only tone capa- 
 l)le of correcting them. Nothing remains to be said to him who ac- 
 koDwledges himself a sinner, and who knows the enormity of his 
 siii ; or, if he is spoken to, it is only to present to him the mercy 
 "wliich so lo\'ingly invites him back. But to the sinner who deems 
 himself just, above all, if he make his justice to consist in iniquity it- 
 self, it is necessary, no matter at what price, to make known to him 
 1 he falsehood of his justice, and his grievous sin. We must tear away 
 the bondage wherewith he blindfolds himself. We must sift his per- 
 ^'crse heart, pluck out of it the vices M^hich his hypocrisy secretes 
 thei'e, paint them in their natural colors, and set before his very eyes 
 this hideous portrait, so different from that which he had formed to 
 himself The enterprise is hazardous. We know what it has cost 
 the Saviour and several of his intrepid ministers who have been in 
 this respect imitators of his zeal. But still it is necessary ; and, cost 
 what it may, we must venture to unmask these hypocrites, or other- 
 wise despair of their conversion. 
 
 Their mischievous doctrine was also what authorized the Saviour 
 to denounce them before the people. The wolf should be made 
 known when he appears under the skin of the sheep or in the shep- 
 herd's dress. To fail in this duty from a mistaken scruple, would 
 i-ather be cruelty with regard to the public than charity towards the 
 pai'ticular individual. It was on this account that (a) " when great 
 multitudes stood about him, so that they trod one upon the other, 
 he began to say to his disciples: Beware ye of the leaven of the 
 Pharisees, which is hy^Docrisy. There is nothing covered that shall 
 not be revealed, nor hidden that shall not be known ; for whatso- 
 ever things you have spoken in darkness shall be published in the 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xii. 1-3. 
 
CHAP. XLI.] OF OVR LORD JESrS CHRIST. 309 
 
 light, and that which you have spoken in the ear in the chambera 
 shall be preached on the house-tops." 
 
 So it is that the hope of the hypocrite shall perish. He seeks to 
 dazzle the eyes, and to gain the esteem of men by an out^vard show 
 of virtue ; and a day shall come when his works of iniquity, drawn 
 from the dai-kness wherein he vainly hoped to bury them, shall de- 
 liver him over to the contempt and the execration of all creatures ; 
 for these words must be understood in this sense. Elsewhere they 
 signify the shining puljlicity which was soon to be given to that doc- 
 trine which the Saviour then pi'oposed to his disciples in silence and 
 seclusion. 
 
 What follows is the repetition of those instructions which he wish- 
 ed his disciples to have more especially present to theii" minds. 
 
 CHAPTER XLT. 
 
 INSTKrcnOX TO TIIE DISCIPLES. GOD ALOXE IS TO BE FEARED. JESrS REFUSES TO 
 
 BE THE ARBITER BETWEEN TWO BROÏUEES. THE RICH MISER CONDEiLNED. WE 
 
 ABE NOT TO BE ANXIOUS FOR THE MORROW. THE GOOD AND BAD SERVANTS. 
 
 (a) " I SAY to you, my fiiends, be not afi-aid of them who kill (1) 
 the body (2), and, after that, have no more that they can do ; l)ut 
 I will show you whom j'ou shall fear. Fear ye him who, after he 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xii. 4-48. 
 
 (1) Not to fear those who have no power except over the body, is on the Saviour's 
 part the advice of a friend. 
 
 If aulhoritv be associated witli this power, fear not the power, but fear, that is to saj-, 
 recognize and respect alwaj-s, authority, although you should not yield to it when you 
 cannot do so without crime. We mean by autliority the right of commanding, and by 
 power the greater strength. See as to the same text, note' 10, page 184, of Part I. 
 
 (2) We must not fear to lose the life of the body, if we are not to fear those who take 
 awav that life. We necessarily fear those who do the e\'il when we fear the harm which 
 thev can do. 
 
 For the same rca.son, we must say : Fear hell : for if this fear were not to exist, .lesus 
 Christ must have here said without any reason ; Fear him who can cast into hell. 
 
310 THE IIISTOKY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 Iiatli killed, liatli power to c;ist into Iiell. Yea, I say to you, fear 
 liini. Are not five sparrows sold for two fartliiugs ? and not one of 
 tliem is forgotten before God. Yea, tlie very liairs of your head are 
 numbered. Fear not, therefore ; you are of more value than many 
 sparrows. And I say to you : Whosoever shall confess me before 
 men, him shall the Son of man also confess before the angels .of 
 God (3). Whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it 
 shall be forgiven him ; but to him who shall blaspheme against the 
 Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven (4). When they shall bi'ing 
 you into the synagogues, and to magistrates and powers, be not so- 
 licitous ho-n- or A\'hat you shall answer ; for the Holy Ghost shall 
 teach you in the same hour what you must say (5)." 
 
 "N^^iilst Jesus was sjieaking in this manner, " one of the multitude," 
 who thought that no one would dare to resist the authority of so 
 great a prophet, " said to him : Master, speak to my brother, that 
 he divide the inheritance with me." The King of kings and the 
 Lord of lords, to whom all power had been given in heaven and on 
 earth, and whom the Father has established sovereign judge of the 
 living and the dead, had other woi-k to do than deciding such ques- 
 tions as these. Such was not the object of his mission, and he wish- 
 ed to teach his ministei'S not to allow themselves to be too much dis- 
 tracted by affairs of this sort, with which they should only interfere 
 when charity obliges them to do so. Wherefore " he said to him : 
 Man, who hath appointed me judge or divider over you ?" This 
 man's right, to judge of it by the way in which he advanced his 
 claim, was legitimate ; but his actuating motive was an excessive at- 
 tachment to the goods of the earth. The SaAaour, to Avhom his dis- 
 p;:)sitiou could not be unknown, profits by this occasion to instruct 
 him upon these two points, highly suitable to make him feel how 
 worthy of contempt I'iches are : one is their utter uselessness as to 
 life, which they do not reudei- either longer or happier ; the other is 
 the imcertainty of their possession, of which death can deprive us in 
 a moment. This moi'al applies to all men, and the disciples them- 
 selves still required that it should be jireached to them also. " Je- 
 sus SJlwefore addressing Ids speecTt to tlie xolwle throng assemhled 
 
 (.3) Part I., p. 184. (4) See note 6, p. 159, of Part I. (5) Part I., p. 182. 
 
CHAP. XLI.] OF OtTK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 311 
 
 there] said to tliem : Takp heed, aud beware of all covetonsness ; for 
 a man's life does not cousist in the al)nndanee of tilings wliich he pos- 
 sesses. And he spoke a similitude to them, saying : The land of a 
 certain rich man brought forth plenty of fruits, aud he thought with- 
 in himself, saying : What shall I do (6) I because I have no room 
 where to bestow my fruits (7). And he said : This will I do : I will 
 pull down my barns (8), and will build greater ; and into them will 
 I gather all things that are grown to me, and my goods ; aud I will 
 say to my soul : Soul, thou ha-^t much goods laid up for many yeai-s ; 
 take thy rest, eat, drink, make good cheer (9). But God said to 
 him: Thou fool, this night do they recpiire thy soul of thee (10); 
 and whose shall those things be which thou hast provided (11) ? So 
 is he that layeth up treasure for himself (12), and is not rich towards 
 God." 
 
 We may say, perhaps, that he might have to live for a long time ; 
 and, in this supposition, that what is treated as folly, on account of 
 the unexpected event of his death, might be regarded as a wise fore- 
 sight. No, even that cannot excuse him, because, in his foresight, 
 there was an excess which rendered it as foolish as it was criminal. 
 
 (6) The steward, whose bad conduct reduced him to indigence, likewise said : What 
 thall I do ? Excessive opulence and extreme misery express their embarrassment in the 
 same terms. 
 
 (7) Because he has too much grain, he has not sufficient barns. Abundance produces 
 a sort of indigence. If he had had less wealth, he would have had fewer wants. 
 
 (8) To throw down his bams and construct new ones — what embarrassment and trou- 
 ble ! We only toil in order to become rich : do we enrich ourselves onl}- to toil further ? 
 
 (9) This language, so usual amongst men, contains nothing which would surprise us, 
 if it were that of an ox, who is onlj' in the world in order to graze aud niminate. 
 
 (10) Death deceived him, as still it dolh deceive so many other rich men, whom it car- 
 ries off at the moment when they hope for enjoyment. But if death had not deceived 
 him, he would have deceived himself. Instead of tranquilly enjoying his abundance, he 
 would have m;idc fresh acciunulations, and constructed granaries still more spacious. 
 Accumulated treasures have never cured anj- one of the lust of gain. 
 
 (11) Very often they are provided for a prodigal, who is reckoned a fool, whilst the 
 rich man above mentioned is regarded as a wise man. Nevertheless, the folly of the 
 spendthrift might be termed wisdom, when compared with that of the amasser of riches. 
 
 ( 1 2) Because he amassed for himself, lie finds out that he has not amas.-;ed for him- 
 self : others, not himself, enjoy his treasure*. He would have enjoyed them if he had 
 ca>it thorn into the bosom of tlie poor. By ki'opini; :ill, nil is lixt: by giving all, all is 
 saved. 
 
312 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART II. 
 
 It is quite fair to take precautious to a certain extent for a futuiity 
 wliicb may or may not occur. But, for the few years of life whicli 
 remain to us, to amass as if we were to live for centuiies — to accu- 
 mulate harvest on harvest, as if the earth, condemned to eternal ster- 
 ility, were never to produce any more ; but, at the same time that 
 the mind dwells upon a long life, to forget the possibility of death 
 being near — to dream, if we may venture so to speak, that we shall 
 never die, because we have made provision for not dying of hunger 
 — this is the j^oint of view in which this man was a fool, in common 
 with many other rich misers who resemble him. There is, thei'e- 
 fore, a measure of foresight, which is not unreasonable, because it is 
 moderate, and which is not criminal when we join to it a much greater 
 confidence in Divine Providence than in all our own exertions. But 
 a much more excellent disposition is, to renounce the precautions 
 against future need, and to repose alone upon the creator and pre- 
 sei'ver of all things. The apostles were called to this perfection, and 
 they were to form thereto a small number of chosen souls, who have 
 imitated them in this point in every succeeding age, but, above all, 
 during those splendid days of the Chui'ch's infancy, when the faith- 
 ful bi'ought to their feet the price of their inheritance, reserving no 
 other fund to themselves than that of Providence. 
 
 This was that sublime morality which the Saviour taught to the 
 world " when he said to his disciples : Therefore I say to you, be not 
 solicitous for your life (13), Avhat you shall eat; nor for your body, 
 what you shall put on. The life is more than the meat, and the 
 body is more than the raiment." Believe, then, that God, who has 
 given life to the body, will give what is necessary for the preserva- 
 tion of both one and the other. " Consider the ravens : for they sow 
 not ; neither do they I'eap ; neither have they store-house nor barn ; 
 and God feedeth them. How nuich are you more valuaWe than 
 they ? And which of you, by taking thought, can add to his stat- 
 ure one culjit ? If, then, ye be not able to do so much as the least 
 thing, why are you solicitous for the i-est ? Consider the lilies how 
 they grow : they labor not ; neither do they spin ; but I say to you, 
 not even Solomon in all his glory was clothed like one of these. 
 
 (13) Pan I., pages V.'.l, 138. 
 
CUAP. XLl.j OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 313 
 
 Kow, if God clothe in this manner the grass that is to-day in the 
 fiehl, and to-morrow is cast into the oven, how much more you, O 
 ye of little iaith i Therefore seek not you what you shall eat nor 
 what you shall driuk ; bo not lifted up ou high ; for all these things 
 do the nations of the world (1-1) seek, and your Father kuoweth that 
 you have need of these things. But seek ye first the kingdom of 
 God and his justice, and all these things shall be added unto you." 
 
 It is, therefore, this eternal kingdom which was henceforward to be 
 the only object of their search. What can they renounce which is 
 equivalent to this ? And shall God, who gives them so great a gift, 
 refuse to them a moreel of bread ? Such is the indemnity for their 
 sacrifices, and the pledge of their confidence, which the Saviour pro- 
 poses in these tender words : " Fear not, little flock ; for it hath 
 pleased your Father to give you a kingdom. Sell what you possess, 
 and give alms (15). Make to youi-selves bags which grow not old; 
 a treasure in heaven which faileth not : where no thief approacheth 
 nor moth corrupteth. For where yom- treasure is, there will your 
 heart be also." 
 
 The prodigious wealth of the rich miser had given occasion for the 
 lessons which Jesus Christ had just given to his disciples. His sud- 
 den and unforeseen death constitutes the subject of the following 
 moral : " Let your loins be girt, and lamps burning in your hands, 
 and you yourselves like to men who wait for their Lord, when he 
 shall return from the wedding, that when he cometh and knocketh, 
 they may open to him immediately (16). Blessed are those servants 
 
 (14) In otlier words, people of the world, those who are called worldlings, because by 
 forgetting the future, they occupy themselves exclusively with the present. Or, if we 
 wi*h to constnie it as indicating the Gentiles, we may say that this excessive disquietude 
 about the wants of life is a species of paganism : if it be not an utter ignorance of God, 
 it is at least a misconception of his providence. 
 
 (1 j) This was a counsel of perfection. Some believe it to have been a precept enjoin- 
 ed upon the apostles. 
 
 (16) The drift of this parable is to show that the day of the Lord, that Ls to say, the 
 day of death, and of the judgment which follows it, being always uncertain, the only 
 way to avoid being taken by surprise.'îs to be always prepared for it. Summing up the 
 general sense, the fathei-s and interpreters explain in divers ways the different parts. 
 According to the majority, the loins girt signify continence. By the lamps in the hands 
 are undei-stood good works and the liglit of good example. Watching for the master is 
 the desire to see Jesus Christ. The saints sigh for his coming — at least the just do not 
 
314 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 whom the Lord, wheu he cometh, shall fiud watching ! Amen, I 
 say to you, that he will gird himself, and make them sit down to 
 meat, and, passing, will minister unto them (lY). And if he shall 
 come in the second watch, or come in the third watch (18), and find 
 them so, blessed are those servants. But this know ye, that if the 
 householder did know at what hour the thief would come, he would 
 surely watch, and would not suffer his house to he broken open. Be 
 yon, then, also ready ; for at what hour you think not, the Son of 
 man ■«all come." 
 
 " \_The)i^ Peter said to him : Lord, dost thou speak this parable to 
 us, or likewise to all ?" The parable was applicable to all, but the 
 inquiry from Peter caused it to apply to him personally, and at the 
 same time to all the pastors of the Church, under the figure of the 
 superintendent who is charged with the entire house. " Who think- 
 est thou, the Lord said, is the faithful and wise steward, whom his 
 lord setteth over his family, to give them their measure of wheat in 
 
 fear it. This is tantamount to that expression of Saint Paul (Titus, ii.) : We should live 
 sohei-ly, and justly, and godly in this world, looking for the blessed hope and coming of 
 the ylory of the great Ood and our Saviour Jesus Christ. 
 
 (17) The mastei-s of the earth do not act so. Jesus Christ doth not do so with this 
 parade of servitude which is exhibited here merely to give propriety to the parable ; but 
 he does so really, not only by serving personally, but, if we may ventui-e to use the ex- 
 pression, by serving out himself, that is to say, by gi\'ing himself entirely to his elect, in 
 order to satiate all the desires of our heart in the possession of him. 
 
 (18) As to the division of the night into watches, see note 10, page 193, of Part I. 
 Here the four watches represent the four ages of life. Jesus Christ only speaks express- 
 ly of the second and the third, which correspond, with youth and manhood, the two ages^ 
 wherein we think least of death, and are least apprehensive of its approach. He says 
 nothing of infancy, which is incapable of preparation, and where innocence forms a sub- 
 stitute for all care, nor of old age, which cannot be ignorant that death draws near, un- 
 less age has utterly lapsed into insanity : in this case it Ls hke second infancy, at least as 
 to preparation, and would to God it resembled it in its innocence. 
 
 When a man is attacked by a dangerous illness, we give him notice to regulate his 
 conscience. We do not give him notice when, without sickness, reason begins to fail. 
 The faculty is soon utterly lost, and were an individual to survive it several years, the 
 lot of the soul is not the less decided ; it shall be eternally what it was at the moment 
 when delirium set in. 
 
 Of all surprises, there is none in which it is so difficult to warn the individual as in 
 the case of him who has no fear for himself ; for we may readily say to a sick man that 
 he is veiy ill ; but we cannot venture to tell a man in good health that he has lost his 
 senses. 
 
CUAP. XLn.] OK OfK LORD .rES0S CHRIST. 315 
 
 due season ? Blessed is that servant whom when his lord shall come 
 he shall find so doing ! VerUy, I say to you, he will set him over 
 all that he possesseth. But if that servant shall say in his heart : 
 My lord is long a coining, and shall begin to strike the men-servants 
 and maid-servants, and to eat, and to drink, and be drunk, the lord 
 of that servant will come in the day that he hopeth not, and at the 
 hour that he knoweth not, and shall separate him, and [although he 
 be only guilty of mUconduct^ shaU appoint him his portion with [the 
 servants who are^ unbeUevers." 
 
 This treatment is as just as it is severe. The chief servant, he who 
 has the ear of his master, knows his wishes better than the others, 
 who only receive their instructions through him ; and the abuse of 
 a higher confidence renders the dehnquent deserving of higher chas- 
 tisement. The allusion to the pastors is always very distract, and 
 we may recognize it in these words by which the Saviour concludes 
 this discourse : " That servant who knew the will of his lord, and pre- 
 pared 7iot himself, and did not according to his will, shall be beaten 
 with many stripes. But he that knew not, and did things worthy 
 of stripes, shall be beaten with few stripes (19). And unto whom- 
 soever much is given, of him much shaU be required ; and to whom 
 they have committed much, of him they will demand the more." 
 
 CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 NECBSsrrr of penance. — ^the barren fig-tre:e. — the infirm woman cured on 
 
 THE SABBATH-DAY. SMALL NTMBER OF THE ELECT. THE PROPHET SHOULD NOT 
 
 PERISH OUTSIDE OF JERUSALEM. 
 
 Taktn'o example from one of the evangelists, we shall place liere 
 the following truths, though they have no connection with the pre- 
 ceding subject. We can hardly connect even these together, and it 
 
 (1^ The chastisement shall he proportioned to the degree of light and of knowledge. 
 For to know, or not to have known, merely signifies here, as elsewhere, to have had 
 more or less knowledge. 
 
316 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PABT H. 
 
 is very probable that tliey are detached passages which the sacred 
 liistorians rej^ort \\'ithout marking either time or circumstance ; we 
 present them just as the Saviour gave them utterance. 
 
 (a) "I am come to cast fire on the earth (1), and what will I but 
 that it be kindled ? And I have a ba;ptism, wherewith I am to be 
 baptized (2) ; and how am I straitened until it be accomplished ? 
 Think ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you no, 
 but separation (3). For there shall be from henceforth five in one 
 house divided ; three against two, and two against three. The fa- 
 ther shall he divided against the son, and the son against the father ; 
 the mother against the daughter, and the daughter against the moth- 
 er ; the mother-in-law against her daughter-in-law, and the daughter- 
 in-law against her mother-in-law." 
 
 (h) " There were present at that very time some that told him of 
 the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. 
 And he answering, said to them : Think you that these Galileans 
 were sinners above all the men of Galilee, because they suffered such 
 things ? No, I say to you ; but unless you shall do penance, you 
 shall all likewise perish. Or those eighteen upon whom the tower 
 fell in Siloë, and slew them : think you that they also were debtors 
 above all the men that dwelt in Jerusalem ? No, I say to you ; but 
 except you do penance, you shall all likewise perish." 
 
 We see that the Jews were not reclaimed from their old prejudice, 
 \'iz., that the misfortunes of life were always the punishment of crime, 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xii. 49-53. (6) St. Luke, .xiii. 1-8. 
 
 (1) Some assert that this fire is that of division. We see in what sense they thus un- 
 deistood it, and this sense is not a wrong one. The majority prefer to explain it with 
 reference to the fire of charity which, the Holy Ghost infuses into all hearts. We 
 ought to conform ourselves to this interpretation, not only because it is the most com- 
 mon, but, moreover, because it is that of the Churcli, which says (Mass of Saturday in 
 Pentecost-week) : Let us pray, Lord, that the Holy Ghost would inflame us with the 
 fire which the Lord Jesus Christ brought upon earth, and which he wished to see fully 
 enkindled. 
 
 (2) By this baptism all interpret the passion. Jesus Christ is pressed, not by fear, as 
 some explain it, but by the desire of seeing the passion accomplished. It was to have 
 preceded the descent of the Holy Gliost, which is the divine fire that the Saviour desired 
 so earnestly to' see kindled upon earth. This it was which made him desire this bap- 
 tism with so much ardor. We are thus enabled to connect this text with the preceding. 
 
 (3) See note 11, page 185, Part I., chapter xxiii. 
 
CHAP. XLII.] 
 
 OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 317 
 
 and that tlie most niifortunate were tlie most guilty. It is true that 
 those just spokeu of were guilty ; but they were not more so than 
 those who deemed themselves better because a similar disaster had 
 not faUeu upon them. The justice of God had exercised its lights 
 over the fii"st class ; his patience waited for the second. But this 
 patience had a limited period, after which justice should overtake 
 them as it had already overtaken the other offenders, and engulf 
 them in similar ruin. This is what the Saviour forewarned them 
 of; yet it should not be understood to convey that all those whom 
 he then adcb'essed should perish by the sword or be crushed under 
 ruins. These guilty men thus surprised by death before they had 
 done penance, together with the loss of temporal h'fe, had incurred 
 eternal death, and the same stroke which had separated their soul 
 fi'om their body had hurled them forever into hell. Behold the aw- 
 ful chastisement which Jesus Christ denounces against all who imi- 
 tate them in their impenitence, and that by which they shall resem- 
 ble them. But a more comprehensive meaning was concealed imder 
 these words, you shall all likewise perish. Whilst Jesus Christ ap- 
 peared to address them only to those who were present, he address- 
 ed them to the entire nation, foretelling its approaching ruin, and 
 the tragical death of those millions of men and women who should 
 perish not only by the sword and by the falling of houses, but also 
 by the «a-ssemblage of all united scourges, fire, pest, and famine. Woe, 
 inevitably impending over them ! if they did not struggle to avert 
 it by a prompt and sincere repentance, as the Saviour gives them to 
 understand by the following words ; for, pursuing his discourse, he 
 spoke to them this parable. 
 
 " A certain man had a fig-tree planted in his vineyard, and he 
 came seeking fruit on it, and he found none. And he said to the 
 dresser of the vineyard (4) : Behold, for these three years I come 
 
 (4) This dresser of the vineyard gives an idea of an excellent laborer in the vineyard 
 of the Lord. Three years of sterility have not exhausted his patience. The tree is not 
 his own ; it belongs to his master : however, he appears to take more interest in its pres- 
 ervation than the master whose property it is. He prays as if he entreiited a favor for 
 himself. He promises an increase of his a.ssiduous care, as if he were to blame, and that 
 the sterility of this unhappy tree could be imputed to deficiency of cultivation ; in which 
 he exhibits as much humihty as zeal. He obtains the delay which he requests. Tlie 
 
318 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 seeking fruit on this fig-tree, and I find none. Cut it down, tliere- 
 fore ; why cumbereth it [tisele-sdy] the ground ? He answering, said 
 to him : Lord, let it alone this year also, until I dig about it and 
 dung it ; and if happily it bear fi-uit— but if not, then after that thou 
 shalt cut it down." 
 
 vVe may easily see that Judea is this fig-tree ; the three years are 
 those of our Saviour's preaching, which should have made it pro- 
 duce fruit in abundance. This tree, still remaining barren, despite 
 of such excellent cultivation, thenceforth well deserved to be cut 
 down and cast into the fire. It is allowed one year more, viz., the 
 time of the preaching of the apostles. After the expiration of that 
 time the measure shall be completed — the trunk shall be cut asun- 
 der, the roots uptorn ; and its branches, scattered over the face of 
 the earth, shall announce to all men its crime and its misfortunes. 
 
 Such, then, is the literal sense of this parable, which is also ap- 
 plied to the hardened sinner for whom God waits patiently during 
 a number of days which are reckoned. Sometimes, softened by the 
 prayers of his servants, he prolongs this term ; but if man doth not 
 profit more from this last delay than he hath profited fi-om the oth- 
 ers, then outraged patience is turned into wrath ; justice has no check, 
 and the blow which it strikes is the more terrible in propoilion to 
 the length of time during which it has been suspended. Thus the 
 conduct of God towards an entire people is the figure of that which 
 he evinces towards a single man, as his treatment of a single man is 
 sometimes the figure of that which he displays with regard to an en- 
 tire people. Although there may be variations, yet the tenor is al- 
 ways the same ; and it is very rational and proper for those who 
 are commissioned to expound to the people the divine Scriptures, to 
 apply to individuals several matters which, in the dii-ect and literal 
 meaning, regard the Jewish or any other nation. 
 
 In the mean time, Jesus continued to effect by his preaching and 
 by his miracles the salvation of bodies and of souls, (a) " He was 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xiii. 10-17. 
 
 master who grants it desired it more than he — nay, the master was waiting for it to be 
 asked from him, and he only complains when there is no one to place a barrier between 
 him and the earth, or take part with the guilty to stay his justice. — Ezech. xxii. 30. 
 
CHAP. YT.TT .] OF OUR LOKD JESUa CHRIST. 319 
 
 teaching in their synagogue on the Sabbath, and behold, there was 
 a woman who had a -«jiirit of infirmity eighteen yeai-s (5)." We are 
 not aware whether she went there to jiray for "her cm-e, or simply to 
 assist at public instruction. However that might be, " whom when 
 Jesus saw [sethsihle imaqe of anticipating grace f] he called her unto 
 him, and said to her; Woman, thou art delivered from thy infirmi- 
 ty. And he laid his hands upon her, and immediately she was made 
 straight, and glorified God. The ruler of the synagogue being an- 
 gry that Jesus had healed on the Sabbath, said to the multitude : 
 Six days there are wherein you ought to work. In them, therefore, 
 come, and be healed ; and not on the Sabbath-day." 
 
 This apparent zeal was the veil wherewith he covered his low jeal- 
 ousy ; and the species of delicacy with which he appeared to treat 
 the Saviour, to whom he did not venture to address his speech, orig- 
 inated not so much in the respect which he entertained for him, as 
 in the fear of being confounded by some one of his answers. How- 
 ever, he did not escape this emljarrassment, neither he himself nor 
 those of his assistants who held the same notions. Jesus answered 
 them all in the person of him who had addressed to othere the per- 
 sonal reproach which he levelled against the Saviour. " Ye hypo- 
 crites (0), the Lord answering, said to him : Doth not every one of 
 you on the Sabbath-day loose his ox or his ass from the manger, and 
 lead them to water I And ought not this daughter of Abraham, 
 whom Satan hath bound, lo ! these eighteen years, be loosed from this 
 bond on the Sabbath-day ? And when he said these things, all his 
 
 (o) This spirit was Satan, as the Saviour afterwards said. We see by this that there 
 are infirmities which have no natural cause, and of which the de\'il is alone the author. 
 We have a further proof of this in Job, whose example proves at the same time, 1st. 
 That the demon may hurt bodies, without its being requisite for sorcerers to interpose, 
 ils those seem to believe who assert that the illness of the woman who was bowed togeth- 
 er was the effect of sorcerj* : 2d. That the demon who has this power can only exercise 
 it when God permits him to do so, upon whom God permits, and as long as God permits 
 him to do so. Wherefore God alone is to be dreaded. 
 
 (6) The envious individual never siiith that he is cnuous ; he fears nothing so much as 
 that it should appear so. However, there must ne«ds be some apparent motive for what 
 envy makes him say and do : religion, çquity, nay, even charity, furnish him with all the 
 motives he mav want to parade ; this constitutes his hypocrisy. A man can be a hypo- 
 crit« without being enrious ; but he cannot be envious without being a hj-pocrite. 
 
320 THE HISTOEY OF THE LIFE [PAET II. 
 
 adversaries were asliamed ; aud all the people rejoiced for all tlie 
 things that were gloriously doue by him." 
 
 («) [At that time] "Jesus went through the cities and towns teach- 
 ing, and making his journey to Jerusalem. A certain man said to 
 him : Lord, are they few that are saved ?" This question may have 
 originated in curiosity. Jesus, who never sought to gratify this 
 feeling, takes occasion therefrom, according to his custom, to edify 
 and instruct. He avoids, therefore, the individual who had just in- 
 terrogated him, and, addressing himself to those who were listening 
 to him, " he said to them : Strive to enter 1)y the narrow gate ; for 
 many, I say to you, shall seek to enter, and shall not be able (7). 
 But when the master of the house shall be gone in, and shall shut 
 to the door, you shall begin to stand without, and knock at the door, 
 saying : Lord, open to us ; and he answering, shall say to you : I 
 know you not whence you are. Then you shall begin to say : We 
 have eaten and drunk in thy presence, and thou hast taught in oui' 
 streets. And he shall say to you : I know you not whence you are : 
 depart from me, all ye workers of iniquity (8). There shall be weep- 
 ing and gnashing of teeth, when you shall see Abraham, and Isaac, 
 and Jacob, and all the prophets in the kingdom of God, and you 
 yourselves thrust out. There shall come from the east and the west, 
 and the north and the south ; and shall sit down in the kingdom of 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xiii. 22-30. 
 
 (7) Into the kingdom of God when consummated, which is heaven. But they cannot 
 do so, because they did not wish to enter into the kingdom when commenced, which is 
 tlie Church. The difference of one and the other is that between the vestibule and the 
 interior of the palace. 
 
 (8) This blot shall not be effaced by the advantage of having hved with Jesus Christ, 
 of having drank and eaten with him ; it shall not be effaced by kindred, and if it could 
 be discernible in his mother, it would not be effaced by her maternity. In the eyes of 
 God the works of justice or iniquity decide alone whether favor or disgrace be due. 
 Without regard to persons, or to any thing which the world values or despises, he crowns 
 virtue alone, and reproves only vice. I recognize God by this feature ; and one of the 
 most divine characteristics of the Christian religion is, that intrepid tone with which it 
 ventures to say to the masters of the world : If thou dost the works of iniquity, thou 
 shall be eternally tormented in the depth of the abyss, whilst the lowest of yoiu' slaves, 
 if he die in justice, shall reign above the stars. 
 
CHAP. XLH.] OF OUR LORD JïSUS CHKIST. 321 
 
 God. And beliokl, they are last that shall be fii-st, and they are 
 fii-st that shall be last (0)." 
 
 This answer was addressed personally to the Jews. It informs 
 them that the nnmber of those who will be saved shall be very great, 
 since it shall comprise individuals from all parts of the earth ; but 
 the number amongst their own nation shall be very small, because 
 what is here termed the narrow gate is for them, the evangelical 
 law, which few of them would embrace. What should render this 
 gate still narrower was the small number even of those who should 
 enter. Hence it followed that those who would not enter should 
 constitute the majority. The latter, more powerful in point of num- 
 bers, and more so by their assurance, would turn against the first, 
 and, by their fury in persecuting them, render it more difficult for 
 them to enter that gate, already so hard to gain. But at last the 
 moment should arrive when, although they might desii'e to enter the 
 heavenly kingdom from which they should have thus excluded tliem- 
 selves, they find it closed against them. Thereupon the weeping 
 and gnashing of teeth, when they shall behold this small number of 
 their brethren, the former objects of their contempt and their ha- 
 tred, in the comj^any of jjatriarchs and prophets, enjoying that inef- 
 fable happiness, the privation of which is not less bitter than its en- 
 joyment is delightful. But what shall redouble their rage is, to see 
 that there were places for all, and that theirs shall be filled by those 
 who formerly were strangers to the alliance, but who shall have been 
 admitted in the place of the disinherited children. For they were 
 to throng thither from the four corners of the earth ; and behold the 
 sense in which Jesus Christ declares that the number of the elect 
 taken by itself shall be very great, although amongst the Jews it 
 should be very small when compared with the bulk of the nation. 
 
 You may here inquire, with reference to this subject, whether 
 amongst the faithful themselves the number of the elect shall be the 
 majority or minority ? An idle query from the lips of the greater 
 number who moot the question, since each one must be judged ac- 
 
 (9) Until then the Jews had been preferred to the Gentiles — the Gentiles shall shortly 
 be preferred to thff Jews. These who were tlie first shall be the l.-\st, which does not 
 mean tliat they shall have the last places in the kingdom of God, but that they shall be ' 
 utterly excluded from it. 
 
 21 
 
322 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT U. 
 
 cording to his works, and no one sliall be saved barely because 
 there shall be a great number of elect, as no one shall be condemn- 
 ed, precisely because there shall be a great number of reprobates. 
 Wherefore let us not mind others, but let each one think of himself ; 
 being persuaded that if he preserve his innocence, or if he recover it 
 by sincere repentance, should but one be saved, that individual shall 
 be himself; but, on the contrary, he shall be reprobate, were there 
 but one reprobate alone, if, after having sinned, he dieth in his im- 
 penitence. 
 
 (rt) " The same day there came some of the Pharisees, saying to 
 Jesus : Depart and get thee hence, for Herod hath a mind to kill 
 thee." The intimation was true, although given out of envy, and 
 not from charity. Perhaps it was Herod himself who caused it to 
 be given. It would be difficult to divine the reason for this warn- 
 ing ; however, the thing is not improbable, inasmuch as the Saviour 
 conveys back to this prince his reply thi'ough the medium of those 
 who came to speak to him. " Go, he said to them, and tell that 
 fox (10) : Behold, I cast out devils, and do cures to-day and to-mor- 
 row, and the third day I am consummated. Nevertheless, I must 
 walk to-day, and to-morrow, and the day following (11), because it 
 cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem (12)." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xiii. 31-35. 
 
 (10) Thus styled by Jesus Christ, and perhaps he generally went by the denomination 
 on account of his cunning. Besides being naturally cunning, his situation might further 
 contribute to render him such. ■ lie was obliged to please the Romans, by whom alone 
 he held his swa}-, and he did not wish to displease his subjects, who could not endure 
 the Romans. What cunning must be necessary to reconcile such antagonistic elements, 
 when an individual has not sufficient probity to effect this purpose by righteous conduct 
 — the- only means most suitable to secure a successful issue, and the only means by 
 which any one can peiTnanently succeed ! 
 
 (11) These three days signify the short time which Je.sus Christ had to remain upon 
 earth. Tliis answer is full of magnanimity ; it is as if he said : I act as I wish : I di'cad 
 no one, and I shall not die e-xcept at the time and in the place which I have myself ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 The just man can say with the same intrepidity : I do what God wishes me to do — I 
 fear him alone, and I shall not die except at the time and in the place chosen by him. 
 
 (12) That is to say, it is not suitable that a prophet should suffer death out of Jerasa- 
 Ic.m. The reason given by some is, because the judgment of a prophet was reserved to 
 the great Sanhedrim-. Othei-s think that Jesus Christ spoke thus because the majority 
 
aiAP. XLU.] OF OUK LORD JJSIS CH1ÎIST. 323 
 
 His heart is moved wlien pronouncing the name of this unfortu- 
 nate city, and he cannot refrain from addressing to it this reproach 
 which compassion draws forth fi-om the depth of his paternal bosom. 
 "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that killest the prophets, and st ouest them 
 that are sent to thee, how often would I have gathered thy children 
 as the bii'd doth her brood under her wings, and thou wouldst 
 not (13)? Behold, your house shall be left to yon desolate. And 
 I say to you, that you shall not see me till the time come, when you 
 shall say : Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.'' 
 
 Children pronounced this benediction when he made his triumphal 
 entry into Jerusalem. However, this is not what the Saviour had 
 here in view. He intended to go again to Jerusalem for the feast 
 of the dedication before the last journey, when this acclamation was 
 to be uttered ; and after it was spoken, he again said to the Jews : 
 " You shall not see me till the time come, when you shall say : Bless- 
 ed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord." An evident mark 
 that this first acclamation was not that of which he then spoke. A 
 deeper meaning was concealed beneath these words : they announced 
 the conversion of the Jews, who, reclaimed from their prejudices, 
 should turn at length towards him, and hasten by their ardent invo- 
 cations the second coming of the Messiah, whom their fathere had 
 rejected. Jesus Christ said that before this period they should see 
 him no more, because he had only a few days further to pass amongst 
 them ; after which these wilfully blinded people, who disowned him 
 in pei-son, should obstinately deny him, even until the consummation 
 of ages, notwithstanding the establishment of his Church and the ac- 
 complishment of the i)rophecies, although these signs had been more 
 than sufficient to make him manifest to all the nations of the earth. 
 
 of the prophets who were put to death had been deprived of life at Jerusalem, whence 
 it might verj- fwssibly liappen, as is also thought, that what Je^us here says had passed 
 into a proverb. 
 
 (13) God would have it so, and .Jerusalem would not: what God would have, did not 
 come to pass. Wherefore there are, witiiout prejudice to divine omnipotence», wishes of 
 God that have not their accomplishment. Theologians explain this mystery in various 
 ways ; but whatever explanation be adopted, Jesus Christ has said it, and we must be- 
 lieve it. 
 
324 TUE HISTORY OF ÏITE LIFE [PART U. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 A MAN CUKED OF THE DROPSY ON THE SABBATH-DAY. WE AEE ALWAYS TO TAKE 
 
 THE LOWEST PLACE. TO INVITE THE POOE. ^PAEABLE OF THOSE WHO EXCUSE 
 
 THEMSELVES FROM COMING TO THE SUPPER. WE MUST PEEFEK JESUS CHRIST 
 
 BEFORE ALL THINGS. 
 
 (d) " It came to pass, when Jesus went into tlie house of one of the 
 chief of the Pharisees on the Sabbath-day to eat bread, that they watch- 
 ed him [foi' tlie jnirpo-se of criticising his actions]^ and behold, there 
 was a man before him that had the dropsy. Jesus answering, spoke 
 to the lawyers and Pharisees, saying : Is it lawful to heal on the Sab- 
 bath-day (1) ? But they held their peace. He taking him that had 
 the drojisy, healed him, and sent him away. And answering them 
 Itheir very t]io\iglits\ he said : Which of you shall have an ass or an 
 ox fall into a pit, and will not immediately draw him out on the Sab- 
 bath-day ? And they could not answer him to these things." 
 
 Then, after having been observed, Jesus Christ observed them in 
 his turn ; and not content with having made them feel that he had 
 nothing to dread from their criticism, he further informed them that 
 they had need of his instructions. " Marking how they that were 
 invited chose the first seats at the table, he spoke a parable, saying 
 to them : When thou art invited to a wedding, sit not down in the 
 fii-st place (2), lest perhaps one more honorable than thou be in- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xiv. 
 
 (1) We liave seen in note 2, page 112, chapter xv.. Part I., that the rabbis were still 
 more .scrupulous than the Pharisees upon the observance of the Sabbath. With all that, 
 tlic}' do not yet consider that it is kept strictly enough ; some of them are even of opin- 
 ion that it is this desecration which retards the coming of the Messiah, who shall appear 
 directly when the Sabbath shall have been perfectly observed ; that, in short, he only 
 awaits this preliminaiy. 
 
 Any practice, however holy it may be in its institution, must always be converted into 
 superstition and fanaticism, when a party would fain reduce all religion to it alone. 
 
 (2) The siiges of paganism had taught this lesson before Jesus Christ. They were un- 
 acquainted with humility, yet they enjoined the semblance of it. Instinct tendered this 
 homage to it, and it was honored nearly in the same way as the unknown God, whose 
 
CHAP. XLIII.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 325 
 
 vited ; and he that mvited thee and hhn, come and say to thee, Give 
 this man phice ; and then thou begin with shame to take the lowest 
 phice. But when thou art invited, go, and sit down in the lowest 
 place ; that when he that invited thee cometh, he may say to thee : 
 Friend, go up higher. Then shalt thou have glory before them that 
 sit at table with thee. Because every one that exalteth himself shall 
 be humbled ; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted." 
 
 The refinement of our maunei's gives but little room for the appli- 
 cation of this moral, especially in this particular instance. It very 
 rarely occurs amongst us that the least* honorable of the company 
 should go and take the fii'st place at table ; or, if he ventured to do 
 it, most likely he would l)e left to endure the shame of remaining 
 there rather than be affi-onted by being disjjlaced. However, these 
 presuming individuals are sometimes displaced in other circumstan- 
 ces, which generally are those wherein the degrees of rank are regu- 
 lated, and perhaps this was the case at the feasts of the Jews. Sin- 
 cere humility should always be the motive inducing us to station 
 oui-selves rather below than above the rank which Ls due to us. To 
 do this with the design of being invited to go iij> liigliei\ would be 
 merely substituting for that coarse pride which seizes upon the first 
 seat, the more refined pride which desh-es to obtain it through defer- 
 ence. Moreover, we should discard the notion that the latter de- 
 portment is that which Jesus Christ prescribed to the Pharisees. In- 
 capable as they were of entertaining sentiments of profound humili- 
 ty, he accommodates himself to their weakness, contenting himself, 
 as a first lesson, with making them remark the humiliating blunders 
 of pride, which really ends in shame by the very course it deemed 
 conducive to gloiy, whilst glory awaits the humility that shuns it. 
 We daily witness the occurrence of this state of things in the world, 
 when men, imitating on this point the sentiments and the conduct of 
 God, resist the proud man who would fain possess himself by force of 
 their esteem and their respect, which they thrust upon the humble man 
 who declines them. But what men sometimes do in this world is 
 
 altar was obsen-ed \ss Saint Paul at Athens. But must it not be visible that the sem- 
 blance without the reality is merelj- hypocrisy, and that if it be incumbent upon us to 
 appear modest, we should conseqvicntly be really iiumble ? This reasoning is extremely 
 simple ; yet the world has existed four thousand years without drawing the inference. 
 
326 THE inSTOKY OF THE LIFE [PART H.' 
 
 tut a faint image of wliat God shall do iu tlie otlier world, where, 
 by an irrevocable decree, the effect of wliicli shall be eternal, he shall 
 ■perfectly accomplish his own saying : He iliat liuinbleili liimself shall 
 he exalted. For the instruction which he has just given refera to this 
 fact, and this is what renders the instruction so highly important. 
 
 It was addi-essed directly to the guests, although it applied to all. 
 But it seems that the master of the feast well deserved to have a 
 separate instruction to himself. The Saviour admonishes him to 
 substitute charitable in\dtations for those which were ostentatious 
 and interested. " And he said to him also that had invited him : 
 When thou makest a dinner or a supj^er, call not thy friends, nor 
 thy kinsmen, nor thy neighbors Avho are rich (3), lest perhaps they 
 also invite thee again, and a recompense be made to thee (4). But 
 when thou makest a feast, call the pooi-, the maimed, the lame, and 
 the blind (5); and thou shalt be blessed, because they have not 
 
 (3) Jesus Christ does not forbid us to invite our friends and our kindred -w-lio are rich ; 
 the negative particle signifies in this passage, invite rather the poor, &c., than those 
 among yoiu- kindred who are rich. We do precisely the contrary ; for we invite the 
 rich from the fact of their being rich, and we decline inviting the poor from the fact that 
 they arc poor. 
 
 (4) Supposing that they were invited from this motive. For we may do so from laud- 
 able motives, such as are those of observing certain indispensable rules of decorum, 
 of making acknowledgments of friendship or of gratitude, of fostering unanimity 
 amongst families ; and God, who approves these motives, will recompense them. There- 
 fore the recompense will be according to the motive ; if this be virtuous, the récompense 
 will be received on the day of resurrection ; but if we invite for the purpose of being in- 
 vited in our turn, we shall be invited, and an entertainment shall be the reward of an en- 
 tertainment. If the motive be to enjoy the honor which may result from the fact of 
 having a grand entertainment, we shall have this honor, and nothing further ; if the mo- 
 tive be to be amused by witty guests, perhaps we may have this amusement ; and this 
 2:ierliaps I also make use of with reference to other recompenses of the sort ; for what we 
 do in order to be cherished, admu-ed, amused, sometimes ends in our being envied, mock- 
 ed, and annoyed. 
 
 (5) This is not an injunction to make them eat at his table ; it is a counsel which the 
 saints have followed to the letter. Those amongst them who were the greatest in world- 
 ly estimation have most distinguished themselves in this way. They deemed themselves 
 honored by eating with those who represented before them the King of kings and the 
 Lord of lords. Several of them were even so impressed with this truth, that, not daring 
 to sit down at the same table with them, they served them on bended knees. These 
 saints were perfectly convinced of what the fathers have called the sacrament of the 
 poor, viz., they recognized Jesus Christ under the poor man's tattered garments, as faith 
 recognizes him imder the sacramental species. Behold perfection ; but the precept con- 
 
CUAP. XLIU.] OF OUK LORD JESUS ClffilST. 32Y 
 
 wherewith to make thee recompense ; for recompense shall be made 
 thee at the resm-rection of the just." 
 
 " When one of them who sat at table with him had heard these 
 things, he said to him : Blessed is he that shall eat bread in tlie king- 
 dom of God." 
 
 Undoubtedly he might weU say so ; but he might have added : 
 Unhappy are those who shall be excluded from this heavenly ban- 
 quet ! and doubly unhappy, inasmuch as they shall be excluded by 
 their own fault alone. For it is not God who has excluded them 
 from this ineffable dehght. He had prej^ared it for them ; he had 
 called them by repeated inAatations. Fettered by ties of flesh and 
 blood, they have despised his gifts and repulsed his advances. They 
 shall be forever banished from his table, and others shall occupy 
 their places; an awful truth which Jesus Christ had already an- 
 nounced to them, and which he is going to repeat to them again. 
 For, taking occasion from what this man had just said, " he [in his 
 turn] said to him : A certain man made a great supper, and invited 
 many. At the hour of supper he sent his servant to them who were 
 invited, that they should come, for now all things are ready. They 
 began all at once to make excuse. The fii"st said to him : I have 
 bought a farm, and I mast needs go out and see it ; I pray thee, hold 
 me excused. Another said : I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I 
 go to try them ; I pray thee, hold me excused. I have married a 
 wife, said another, and therefore I cannot come. The servant re- 
 turning, told these thmgs to his master. Then the master of the 
 house being angry, said to his servant : Go quickly into the streets 
 and lanes of the city, and bring in liither the poor and the feeble, 
 and the blind and the lame. And the servant said : Lord, it is done 
 
 sists in giving food to those wlio are hungry ; and amongst the number of those who dis- 
 regard tliis precept, none shall be more inexcusable than those who give food to that 
 class who do not stand in need of it. For, possessed as they are of the means of re- 
 galing the rich, can they assert that they have not wherewith to solace the poor ? 
 
 Josus Christ having promised to make us one day sit at his table, hath he not a right 
 to sit at ours in the person of the poor? But the poor man is disgusting — clean him, 
 answers Saint Chrysostora. His clothes are soiled ; give him proper clothing. If your 
 delicacy can still hardly endure him, make him eat with your domestics, or else send him 
 what you have not the courage to ser>c up to him. It is quite absurd to raise difEcul- 
 ties in this matter ; the saints find an answer for them all. 
 
328 
 
 THE niSTOEY OF TILE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 as tliou hast commanded, and yet there is room (6). The lord said 
 to the serwint : Go out into the highways and the hedges, and com- 
 pel them to come in (7), that my house may be filled ; but I say 
 unto you, that none of those men that were invited shall taste of my 
 supper." 
 
 Jesus was then on his way to Jerusalem. " There went a great 
 multitude with him, and turning, he said to them: If any man 
 come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and chil- 
 dren, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his'own life also, he cannot 
 be my disciple (8)." 
 
 It was only to the disciples, properly speaking, viz., to the apos- 
 tles and the seventy-two, that the Saviour had proposed, at least in 
 part, this truth, the practice of which, so irksome to nature, is, nev- 
 ertheless, indispensable to any one who professes to belong to him. 
 The proposing it, as he does, to the whole people, is tantamount to 
 making it a general law for all Christians. Wherefore to all it is 
 said that the love of Jesus Christ should have the mastery over all 
 other love without exception, for the word to hate only means here 
 this preference. It is due to Jesus Christ, who cannot, without der- 
 ogating from what he owes to himself, fail to exact it from us ; for, 
 since he is God, he should be loved above all things ; and were he 
 to permit our love to be wedded to any other thing whatsoever in 
 preference to himself, he would dishonor his own divinity. Where- 
 fore this text, and others of a similar nature, furnish proofs of this, 
 but thence it further follows that Jesus Christ constitutes this jirefer- 
 
 (6) True zeal embraces equally the rich and the poor, and it succeeds much oftener 
 with the poor than with the rich. We have an example of the first of these truths in 
 the conduct of this good servant and we have a proof of the second in the difterent suc- 
 cess he meets with. 
 
 (7) Entreat them, press thera earnestly, be urgent with them ; but do not (strictly 
 speaking) employ force. Force is not in accordance with the spirit of the Gospel ; the 
 Gospel must be established by persuasion, as the Alcoran is by the sword. These are 
 their distinctive characters, and the distinction must be kept up. 
 
 (8) We have already seen that the vocation of the Jews and of the Gentiles to the 
 faith was the direct object of this parable. However, preachers apply it also to the eu- 
 charistie banquet to whicli Jesus Christ invites us in so engaging a manner. This second 
 appUcation seems to harmonize with the intention of the Church, which assigns this Gos- 
 pel to the Sunday within the octave of the holy sacrament, and has inserted words in the 
 office of the same day, which refer entirely to this sacrament. 
 
CHAP. XUV.] OK OLE LORD JE6CS CIIKIST. 329 
 
 ence a fii"st principle, which serves as the basis to all Christianity. 
 Not to prefer Jesus Christ to all things, if an individual content him- 
 self with really and in fact refusing him this preference, is to he 
 wanting in sincere Christianity ; but if that man go so far as to deny 
 that it is due to him, he is destitute even of speculative Christianity ; 
 or if, notwithstanding, he pretend to have this, he is manifestly in- 
 consistent, and falls into palpaple absurdity, as the Saviour gives him 
 clearly to understand by the two following comparisons : " For [culd- 
 ed he] which of }'ou ha^^ng a mind to build a tower, doth not first 
 sit doT;\Ti and reckon the charges that are necessary, whether he have 
 wherewithal to finish it ; lest, after he hath laid the foundation, and 
 is not able to finish it, all that see it begin to mock hhn, saying: 
 This man began to build, and was not able to finish ? Or what king 
 about to go to make war against another king, doth not first sit down 
 and think whether he be able with ten thousand to meet him that 
 vnth. twenty thousand cometh against him? Or else, whilst the 
 other is yet afar off, sending an embassy, he desireth conditions of 
 peace. So likewise every one of you that doth not renounce all that 
 he possesseth, cannot be my disciple," at least in heart and in affec- 
 tion, and mth a disposition to renounce it in point of fact, whenever 
 it shall be requisite for my service, " he cannot be my disciple." 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 FEAST OF THE DEDICATION. — JESUS SPEAKS OF mS OWN STIEEP. UE AND lUS FA- 
 THER ABE ONE. THE PAKAJBLE OF THE LOST SHEEP AND THE LOST GBOAT. ^THE 
 
 PUODIGAL SON. 
 
 (rt) " It was the feast of the dedication at Jerusalem," viz., of the 
 altar formei-ly profaned by Antiochus, and consecrated anew by Ju- 
 das Machabeus (Z Mack. iv. .09). This solemnity had been fixed for 
 the twent)--fifth day of the month which the Jews called Casleu, 
 which corresponds to our month of December. " It was winter, and 
 
 (a) St. John, X. 22-33. 
 
330 
 
 THE HISTOEY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porcli. The Jews, there- 
 fore, came round about him, and said to him : How long dost thou 
 hold our souls in suspense ? If thou be the Christ, tell us plainly." 
 
 He had already conveyed to them this truth so often and so clear- 
 ly ; they were so little solicitous to understand it aright ; they were 
 even so resolved not to beheve the fact, they who had declared to 
 him that they did not regard as legitimate the testimony which he 
 rendered of himself, that it was easy to see how bad were their mo- 
 tives in putting this question. But the real motive which inspii-ed it 
 Avas hatred alone, and the desire of ruining him to whom they ad- 
 dressed it. Prejudiced as they all were with the notion of the Mes- 
 siah's temporal kingdom, the plain declaration that he was the Mes- 
 siah was tantamount to a hostile declaration against the Roman gov- 
 ernment; and this single statement Za7?iAe, became a crime against 
 the State. On the other hand, not to advance it, was authorizing 
 the incredulity of the Jews, which appeared only to await his an- 
 nouncement of himself in order to give in. Here human prudence 
 might have found itself at fault ; but he who is the uncreated wis- 
 dom experienced no difficulty in rending this spider's web spun by 
 their malice. Whilst he declined saying what they sought to hear, 
 he well knew how to insinuate what they were bound, and yet re- 
 fused to believe ; which he accomplished in a manner so effective, 
 that, in default of reasons, they were reduced to arm themselves 
 with stones : thereupon " Jesus answered them : I sj^eak to you, and 
 you believe not." If the reason is because the testimony of my words 
 appears to j'ou insufficient, " the ■n'orks that I do in the name of my 
 Father, they give testimony of me." But the cause of your incredu- 
 lity is not in me, nor in my silence ; your incredulity springs from 
 yourselves and from your own wilful deafness. " You do not be- 
 lieve, because you are not of my sheep (1). My sheep hear my 
 
 (1) It may be asked whether those whom Josus Christ here calls his sheep consist of 
 all the faithful who believe in his word, or whether they are only the elect properly 
 speaking. Saint Augustine takes the expression to be contined to the latter, and the se- 
 quel gives much weight to his explanation. Jesus Christ declares that he shall give 
 eternal life to his sheep — that they shall never perish — that no one shall snatch them 
 from his hands : all which declaration, taken to the letter, is applicable to the elect alone. 
 Those who incline to the opinion that the sheep indicate all the faithful, generally ground 
 
CUAP. XLIV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CIIKIST. 331 
 
 voice ; I know them, and they follow me." Judge of what I am hy 
 the reward which I reserve for their docility. " I give them life 
 everlasting, and they shall not perish forever." The foreknowledge 
 of the eftbrts which the -world and hell shall make to snatch them 
 from him, induces him to add : " No man shall pluck them out of 
 my hand. That which my Father hath given me is greater than 
 all (2), and no one can snatch them out of the hand of my Father. 
 [AW'] I and the Father are one. 
 
 " The Jews then took up stones to stone him." A certain proof 
 that the unity which he here spoke of was undei*stood to be the uni- 
 ty of the divine nature, which he declared to be common to the Fa- 
 
 their idea upon the following reasons. Jesus Christ states to the Jews that they do not 
 believe him, because they are not his sheep ; wherefore those who believe are his sheep, 
 conclude these interpreters. The Saviour adds ; My sheep hear my voice, I know thein, 
 and they follow me ; all which sayings are applicable to the faithful who are in the state 
 of actual justice, even if they be not predestined. Moreover, is it credible that, amongst 
 these Jews who then were any thing but belonging to the flock, there may not have been 
 some of those who believed subsequently during the preaching of the apostles, and whose 
 faith obtained salvation for them ? Here, then, we have some elect, who were not sheep 
 of the flock, and, consequently, there may also have been sheep who were not of the num- 
 licr of the elect. As to what the Saviour further saith, \iz., that he shall give eternal 
 life to his sheep, that they shall never perish, and that no one shall snatch them from his 
 hand, «i'c, this is explained as referring to the light of grace — a life immortal in itself 
 which no created power shall be ever capable of wresting from the man who possesseth 
 it, and which shall preserve him from death during all eternity, provided, nevertheless, 
 that he doth not voluntarily strip himself thereof. See note 1, chapter xxvi., Part I., 
 page 201. 
 
 (2) Literally, is greater than all. \^Pere De Ligny translates into French, " est audes- 
 sus de toutes choses."^ This expression should not be understood with reference to the 
 elect, although they are the greatest and most precious objects in the universe, and this 
 meaning is the first which occurs to the mind. Such a construction would not furnish a 
 reason, wherefore they shall never be wrested from Jesus Christ. AVhat renders it im- 
 possible to wrest a thing from the hand is not the value and excellence of the thing, but 
 the force of the hand which holds possession. Jesus Christ, therefore, speaks of the di- 
 vine nature which, as God, he hath received from his Father from all eternity, by the 
 eternal generation, and received as man in time, by the hypostatic union. In tliis expla- 
 nation we are furnished mth the reason why no man shall wrest the elect out of the 
 hands of Jesus Christ. For who could wrest them out of the hands of the Almighty ? 
 And we have a further proof t^klhe same effect in the following words: A'b one can 
 snatch them out of the hand of my Father. For the Father and Son being but one, and 
 the power (signified by the hand) of llie one being substantially the power of the otlier, 
 it evidently follows that wliat cannot be wrested from the hand of the Father can neither 
 be wrested from the hand of the Son. 
 
332 
 
 TIIE IILSTORY OF TIIE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 thei" and to Lim, aud not tliat species of moral unity whicli results 
 from eouforaiit}^ of sentiments and wishes. Tlie Arians would foin 
 liave understood this declaration merely in the latter sense. We are 
 surprised that they should have been "followed in this construction 
 by some Catholic interpreters, Avho have preferi'ed rather to copy 
 from such bad authors than adhere to the common exjjlanation, mis- 
 led by that relish for singularity, which, when carried to excess, pro- 
 duces heresy, aud, even when restricted within certain limits, always 
 makes rash and dangerous theologians. To return to the Jews ; Je- 
 sus wished that they should pronounce flatly and by word of mouth 
 that which was already clearly manifested l>y the stones they clutch- 
 ed in their hands ; and suspending, by his omnipotence, the effects 
 of their fury, of which he did not yet wish to become the victim, 
 " he answered them : Many good works I have showed you from my 
 Father ; for which of those works do you stone me ? The Jews an- 
 swered him : For a good work we stone thee not, but for blasphem- 
 ing ; and because that thou, being a man, makest thyself God." 
 
 («) " When the Jews sent from Jerusalem priests and Lévites to 
 him [^Julin tlie Ba])ti^t\^ to ask him: Who art thou? He confessed, 
 and did not deny ; and he confessed : I am not the Christ." If Je- 
 sus Christ was not God, he would have been bound to confess in a 
 more marked manner, if it were possible, and still more explicitly 
 than he, that he was not God, and that they had misunderstood the 
 meaning of his words. But this he does not do, and he leaves this 
 meaning still impressed on the minds of his hearers. For he adds 
 nothing to what he has said, much less does he correct this impres- 
 sion by stating to them, as he is going to do, that the name of God 
 belongs to him in a much more excellent manner than to all those 
 to whom that name is given in Scripture, which statement favors 
 rather than repudiates the interpretation which they had given to 
 his words, and, without saying positively I am God, conveys the wish 
 that they should believe it. What enormous prevarication, if it were 
 not true that he was God ! Aud, lastlj^, since he does not undeceive 
 the Jews when they believe that he makes himself pass for God, we 
 must admit one of these two consequences, viz., either he possesses 
 divinity, or he wishes to be the usurper thereof. Those who deny 
 
 (a) St. John, i. 19, 20. 
 
CHAP. XLIV.] OF OrR LORD JISU3 CHRIST. 333 
 
 Lim the jiossession of this divinity, and who acknowledge at the same 
 time that he was incajiaLle of falsehood, cannot escape from this di- 
 lemma. Here, therefore, is what (a) " Jesus answered them ; Is it 
 not written in your law (3), I said you are gods (4) ? K he called 
 them gods to whom the word of God was spoken, and the Scripture 
 cannot Le broken, do you say of him whom the Father hath sancti- 
 fied and sent into the world : Thou blasphemest, because I said, I am 
 the Son of God ? If I do not the works of my Father, believe me 
 not. But if I do, though you will not believe me, believe the works ; 
 that }ou may know and believe that the Father is in me, and I in 
 the Father." 
 
 These latter words recalled those previously sjioken, land the Fa- 
 ther are one^ and appeared ^vith reason to have the same sense. Al- 
 though they were justified by reasons wholly unanswerable, they yet 
 l'okiniUed the fury which had merely been suspended. Respect for 
 the temple hindered them from glutting their vengeance on the spot 
 which formed part of its precincts. " They sought, therefore, to take 
 Jesus." But whether he rendered himself invisible, or that Tie struck 
 them motionless, "he escaped out of their hands. And he went 
 again beyond the Jordan, into that place where John was baptizing 
 first, and there he abode." This place was called Bethania, other- 
 wise Bethabara. Jesus knew that his presence, joined to the recol- 
 lection of the testimony which John had there rendered to him as 
 Son of God, should there effect the salvation of many. In point of 
 fact, as soon as they became aware of his arrival, " many resorted to 
 
 (a) St. John, x. 34. 
 
 (3) AVe read these words in the S 1st Psalm. Tlie term " Law" was more particularly- 
 applicable to the books of Moses ; but we see by this example, and bj- some others, that 
 it was also given to the whole collection of the Old Testament. 
 
 (4) God thus denominates the judges, because the power of judging with which they 
 are invested is an emanation from divine authority. Tlie sequel shows that they were 
 bid judges. However, they are not the less on that account called judges ; their vices, 
 therefore, arc no reason for rcfusinf them the respect and the sort of worship that is due 
 thorn on account of this title, ^t it is announced to them that they shall die, and that 
 the God of judges is their judge; in order that they mav know that their prevarications 
 shall not be unpunished. The indocility of the people and the iniquity of bad judges have 
 no more potent corrective than these two words, issued from the mouth of the sovereign 
 judge : You, are gods, and you. shall die like the rest of men. 
 
334 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 liim, aucl they said : John indeed did no sign (5). But all things 
 whatsoever John said of this man were true. And many believed 
 in him." 
 
 As Jesus communicated himself to all with equal bounty, (a) " Now 
 the publicans and sinners drew near unto him to hear him." The 
 most perverse of all sinners, and at the same time the most incorri- 
 gil)le, inasmuch as they deemed themselves saints, "the Pharisees 
 and the Scribes, murmured \_at thi-s], saying : This man receiveth sin- 
 ners, and eateth with them." It was easy for the Saviour to repress 
 the pride of these proud censors, and to confound them by a single 
 word, as he had done in the affiiir of the adulteress. He prefer- 
 red this time to give them the reason for that compassionate meek- 
 ness which characterizes true justice, in the same way as false justice 
 is recognized by fierce and disdainful intolerance. Nothing is so ten- 
 der as the images which he is going to trace of his goodness, and it 
 is hardly conceivable, when we consider them, how men can still be 
 tempted to desj^air. 
 
 "He spoke [thei'efore] to them this parable [_iDhich lie proposed in 
 the form of interrogatioii\ : What man of you that hath an hundred 
 sheep, and that he lose one of them, doth not leave the ninety-nine 
 in the desert, and go after that which was lost, until he find it ? And 
 when he hath found it, lay it upon his shoulders rejoicing ; and com- 
 ing home, call together his friends and neighbors, saying to them : 
 Rejoice with me, because I have found my sheep that was lost ? I 
 say to you (6), that even so there shall be joy in heaven upon one 
 (a) St. Luke, xv. 1-32. 
 
 (5) His mission was sufficiently authorized by his miraculous bu-th, and by the still 
 more miraculous sanctity of his life. It was further proved by even the miracles of Je- 
 sus Chiist. These miracles, by proving that .Jesus was tho Messiah, proved that he who 
 had declared him to be such before the Saviour had commenced to work miracles, was 
 truly a prophet. This is the first reason why God had not conferred upon John the gift 
 of miracles ; he could effect his mission without them. Wc may add, that Jesus Christ 
 wished to reserve to himself this striking characteristic of strength and of power, 
 which evidently marked his superiority over John, and disabused the people of the idea 
 which occasionally recurred to them of mistaking the servant for the Master. 
 
 The greatest of mankind never wrought miracles ; we are even allowed to believe thai 
 Mary, the holiest of creatures, never wrought one during the whole course of her mortal 
 life. Virtue alone, not prodigies, constitutes the saint. 
 
 (6) See note 12, chapter xxxii., page 252, Part I. 
 
CHAP. XLTV-.] OF OUR LORD JISUS CHRIST. 335 
 
 sinner that doth penance, more than upon ninety-nine just, who need 
 not penance. Or what woman having ten groats, if she lose one 
 groat, doth not light a candle, and sweep the house, and seek dili- 
 gently until she find it ? And when she hath found it, call together 
 her friends and neighbors, saying : Rejoice with me, because I have 
 found the groat which I had lost. So I say to you, there shall be 
 joy before the angels of Grod upon one sinner doing penance." 
 
 The second parable comprehends the same meaning as the first, 
 and the same truth is presented under two different images. The 
 reader has not forgotten that the Saviour had already proposed to 
 his disciples that of the good shepherd. If he repeat it here, he does 
 so for the consolation of these poor sinners who came to him with so 
 much confidence, whilst he at the same time instructed those hareh 
 and haughty men whose whole j-eligion consisted in repelling these 
 humble sinners. He adds, whilst repeating it, the circumstance of 
 the joy of the angels of heaven, for whom the day of the conversion 
 of a sinner is more particularly a festal-day and a day of joy. Those 
 here on earth, who are the truly just, should share this joy, and they 
 share it with them in point of fact : those principally whom God 
 deigns to associate with him in the work of his mercy, and many 
 of them can vouch that the moments when they have seen the tears 
 of repentance flowing at their feet, have been the most delightful 
 moments of their life. 
 
 But if a good shepherd tenderly loves his sheep — if a poor woman 
 is strongly attached to some pieces of money — the fruit of her laljor, 
 ! the support of her life, and the only treasure which she poasesses, 
 i you will admit that these afiections do not even deserve to bear that 
 name, if we compare them with paternal love, the deepest — if we 
 I may venture to use the expression — of all loves ; whilst at the same 
 I time it is tlie most tender of ^11. Such is the love by which Jesus 
 I Chiist wishes as to estimate his love for the gi-eatest sinnei-s — not 
 j such love as exists in ordinary fathers, but such as can hardly be 
 found even in the best and most indulgent. Behold the image which 
 ! he himself hath traced with his divine hand. 
 I " A certain man had two sons (7). The younger of them said to 
 
 I i 
 
 (7) The ancients universally believed that the Jews were figured by the eldest of these 
 
336 
 
 THE mSTORT OF TIIE LITE 
 
 [PAKT n. 
 
 his father : Father, give me the portion of substance that falleth to 
 me ; and he di\'ided unto them his substance (8). Not many days 
 after the younger son, gathering all together, went abroad into a far 
 country, and there wasted his substance, living riotously (9). After 
 he spent all, there came a mighty famine in that country, and he be- 
 gan to be in want. And he went and cleaved to one of the citizens 
 of that country ; he sent him into his farm to feed swine ; and he 
 
 two sons, and the Gentiles by the youngest. It has been since asserted that the two 
 brothers represent the just man and the sinner, and this has become the most common 
 interpretation. Saint Jerome, -who excludes neither of these two applications, is appa- 
 rently the interpreter who has reached the true construction. Firstly, the parable is 
 suitable to sinners in general. This conclusion is evident, from the circiimstance where- 
 in Jesus Christ proposes it. The Pharisees murmured because he received publicans 
 and other sinners who were still Jews. Thus, by justifying his conduct with regard to 
 them, Jesus Christ has firet in view sinners generally, without distinction of Jew or Gen- 
 tile. But he foresaw the murmurs which should arise amongst the converted Jews 
 when the apostles preached the Gospel to the Gentiles, and admitted them to baptism, 
 and the reply to these murmurings was prepared for them in advance by this parable. 
 Therefore it is suitable to both, as we have just said, notwithstanding certain difficulties, 
 which, according to the different impressions which they have made upon the minds of 
 men, have given rise to the exclusion of one of the two meanings. But it is easy to solve 
 these difficulties, as may be seen by the remarks that we shall make upon the passages 
 which have occasioned them. 
 
 (8) The younger son's share could not have been allotted to him -n-ithout allotting, at 
 the same time, to the elder son his share ; but the latter did not take away his share. 
 
 (!)) Tlie principal object of the parable is to make known the whole extent of the mer- 
 cy which God exercises towards the sinner who returns to him in the grief and sincerity 
 of his heart. The youngest of these two sons shows by what path man alienates himself 
 from G_.od, and that by which he should return to him. The eldest is to make us aware 
 that, very far from making it a matter of regret, we should rejoice at the good reception 
 whicli our common father gives to our brethren when they return from their wanderings. 
 All may be reduced to this ; and the other personages, as well as the other circumstan- 
 ces, may well be deemed merely accessory. However, interpreters have sought for moral 
 significations contained in them. Here are such as are generally given to them : the dis- 
 sipation of the paternal estate is the abuse which the sinner makes of the natural and su- 
 pernatural gifts which he has received from God. Famine and indigence represent that 
 immense vacuum which is formed in a soul created for God alone, which soul is destitute 
 of every thing, even in the midst of abundance, when destitute of God. The master to 
 whom the prodigal gives himself is the devil. To what servitude has he not been re- 
 duced by a false freedom, in place of the sweet liberty which is to be found in the servi- 
 tude of the children of God ! The swine are those infamous passions of which he is be- 
 come the vile slave, and the husks those miserable pleasures to which he has sacrificed 
 all — pleasures which often disappoint his desires, and wliich are at all times incapable of 
 satisfving them. 
 

 y^^ ^^'^ 
 
 ^ l^.^llfe^" • •"'■"!: 
 
 '■ i;fr 
 
CHAP. xLrv'.] or our lord jesus christ. 337 
 
 would fain have filled bis belly with the husks the swiue did eat, aud 
 uo mau gave unto him. Eeturniug to himself, he said (10): How 
 many hii-ed servants in my father's house abound vnth bread, and I 
 here perish with hunger. I will arise, and will go to my father, and 
 say to him : Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee ; 
 I am not now worthy to be called thy son : make me as one of thy 
 hired servants (11). And rising up, he came to his father. When 
 he was yet a gi-eat way off, his father saw him, and was moved with 
 compassion, and running to him, fell upon his neck and kissed him. 
 Father, the son said to him, I have sinned against heaven (12), and 
 before thee (13) ; I am not now worthy to be called thy son." He 
 did not finish, whether it was that his father did not give him time, 
 or that he felt, in so sweet an embrace, that he had already obtain- 
 ed more than what he scarcely ventured to ask. This good fa- 
 ther, more eager to grant the favor than the son was to obtain it, 
 "said [immediately^ to his servants: Bring forth quickly the first 
 robe, and put it on him (14). Put a ring on his hand, and shoes on 
 
 (10) There is no sinner who doth not sigh when he compares the misery of his guilty 
 years with the happiness of those spent in virtue. \\T3erefore doth lie not then add : Let 
 me be happy again ! 
 
 (11) He said, I will arise, and he arose; I vriW go, and he went without deliberation 
 and witliout delay. How many say like him : I will an'sc, and I will go ! One class 
 go at once ; the others put off their return. This it is which causes some to be peni- 
 tent, and some to be impenitent ; which causes some who have sinned much to be rank- 
 ed among the elect, and some to be reprobate who have proposed a thousand times to 
 do penance. Delay not to be converted to the Lord, and defer it not from day to aay. — 
 Eccl. V. 8. 
 
 (12) That is to say, 1st, against the God of Heaven. This word by itself has some- 
 times this signification in the sacred language, and in several other languages ; 2d, against 
 the angels and the saints who inhabit heaven. They resent the injury which is perpe- 
 trated against God, as good children resent the injury done to their father ; and faithful 
 subjects that which is levelled agaiast their king. 
 
 (1-3) What injury, then, had he done to him? Ho had neither attacked him in his 
 honor, nor in his property, nor in his person. Yet it is obvious to every one that a son ,1 
 who degrades himself, altho\igh he does not directly attack his father, offends him, nev- 
 ertheless, by his bad conduct It is a surprl<ing fact, that there are mon who cannot, as 'w 
 they say, conceive how God, who is not injuied by sin, can be so highly offended by it. ^ 
 
 The profligate son who says : What harm does that do to my father ? is an in.soIent man, 
 who adds outrage to injury ; and the sinner who says : What enl does my sin do to God ? 
 is an imjiious man, who adds iniquity to blasphemy. 
 
 (14) Mysterious significations have been also given to all this passage. Tlie precious 
 
 22 
 
 .4*^-^ 
 
338 THE niSTOEY OF TIIE LIFE [PAKT II. 
 
 his feet. Bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it : let us eat and 
 make merry, because this my son was dead, and is come to life again ; 
 was lost, and is found : and they began to be merry. Now his elder 
 son was in the field, and when he came and drew nigh to the house, 
 he heard music and dancing. And he called one of the servants, 
 and asked what these things meant. Thy brother, he said to him, 
 is come, and thy fiither hath killed the fatted calf, because he hath 
 received him safe. And he was angry (15), and would not go in. 
 
 robe is baptismal innocence. The ring is the pledge of the return of the Holy Ghost 
 into a heart, whence he had been banished by sin, and into which he had just entered 
 with the plenitude of his gifts and of his graces. The shoes shield the feet against the 
 stones of scandal, and defend them against the bite of the infernal serpent. All interpret- 
 ers understand by the fatted calf the flesh of Jesus Christ, given to the penitent in sign 
 of perfect reconciliation, and as aliment necessary for the presen-ation of the spiritual life 
 which has just been mercifully restored to him. 
 
 (15) Here are the murmiuings of the Jews, which are spoken of in the 11th chapter 
 of the Acts of the Apostles. This is what reasonably determined interpreters to apply 
 the parable to both people : this sense, however, does not exclude the other. Just men, 
 animated by a too ardent zeal, may take a sort of scandal from the mercy which God 
 exercises towards the greatest sinners. What might even now-a-days occur must have 
 been more common in the early days of Christianity. The meekness of the Gospel was 
 not then so well known as it has smce been. Jesus Christ properly commenced to make 
 it known, and it was no easy matter to assume the spirit thereof at a season when nothing 
 was breathed but the rigor of the ancient law. Hence this lesson which the Saviour 
 gave to the two children of thimder, when they wished to strike with thunderbolts the 
 unfaithful city which had refused to receive him. You do not Icnow, he said to them, to 
 what sj>irit you belong. Lastlj^, this harsh zeal may indeed sometimes be only an imper- 
 fection and a venial fault, which docs not deprive of justice those who follow its impulses, 
 and *he example of the two apostles is proof thereof. But if 3-ou object that the just 
 could not be represented by Pharisees, who were as sinful, and more so, than the others, 
 we reply that these sinners deemed themselves just, and that the Sariour addresses them, 
 following up the notion which they entertained concerning themselves : the argument 
 thereupon acquires even greater force as against them ; and at the same time the truly 
 just, who would be capable of imitating to a certain extent their harshness, find therein 
 the instruction suitable to them. On the other hand, it may be objected that the con- 
 verted Jews, who were previously prevaricators on so many points, could not say to God, 
 as the eldest son said to his father, that they never had contravened his ordere ; and, 
 consequently, that this eldest son could not be the figure of those Jews. But it is suffi- 
 cient, in order to justify the application, that, comparatively with the Gentiles, they were 
 just upon the main point, which was the knowledge and the adoration of the one true 
 God. Tlius the different senses given to the parable are equally applicable to it, and to 
 wish to restrict it to one sense would be, in opposition to at least the presumed intention 
 of Jesus Christ, confining it within narrower bounds than those which it should naturally 
 have. 
 
CUAF. XLIV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 339 
 
 His lather, therefore, coming out, began to entreat liim. He answer- 
 ing, said to Lis father : Behold, for so many years do I serve thee, 
 and I have never transgressed thy commandment, and yet thou hast 
 never given me a kid to make merry with my friends ; but as soon 
 as this thy son is come, who hath devoured his substance with har- 
 lots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf. Son, the father said to 
 him, thou art always with me, and all I have is thine (16). But it 
 was fit that we should make merry and be glad, for this thy brother 
 was dead, and is come to life again ; he was lost, and is found (17)." 
 To a portrait so affecting we shall further add this reflection, \iz., 
 that he who could think that the goodness of God is represented 
 here to its full extent, would mistake a faint glimmering for the sun 
 at its meridian, and a dew-drop for the immensity of the waters of 
 the ocean. No created image could approach to it ; and Jesus Christ 
 only avails himself of such, in order that what is known to us may 
 enable us to form some idea of what we can neither know' nor im- 
 agine. However incredible that mercy which is represented under 
 these figures may appear to us, there is none which the Savioui" might 
 not have terminated with this expression : The mercy of God is such 
 as I have just described, and infinitely greater. In point of fact, this 
 surprising goodness of the prodigal's father, which aftects us, and 
 sometimes softens us even unto tears, only exhibits a part of the good- 
 ness of God, and that part the smallest. It is the mercy which re- 
 ceives, but not the grace which prevents : it exhiljits God when for- 
 giving the penitent sinner, but not when he seeks the ungrateful sin- 
 ner. It would be necessary, in order to make this a complete image, 
 and to represent God entii'ely therein^ — it would be necessary, I say, 
 that the father should follow his son in his wild career — that he 
 should go and seek him, even in the distant climes whither his dis- 
 
 (16) That is to say, every thing here is at your disposal ; and you have no reason to 
 reproach me for not having given to you what I have left you at liberty to take. This 
 grievance, supposing it to be one, could not be imputed by the son to his father. But, 
 ■when an individual is in ill humor, he always finds out cause for complaint. 
 
 (17) Tiic prodigal was dead in the sense of his being lost; and he is resuscitiited in 
 the sense of his being found. With reference to the penitent sinner, these two words 
 bear their literal signification. Grace or habitual justice is formally the life of the sotd, 
 r.nd its loss is the death tlicrcof. 
 
340 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART 11. 
 
 orderly propensities had caused liim to wander — that he should pre- 
 sent himself before him in the midst of his debaucheries, or of his 
 miseries, not so much to reproach him as to invite him to return, to 
 offer him his house, his table, and all his goods ; to urge him, to con- 
 jure him that he would accept them. For such, properly speaking, 
 is the grace which is termed preventive : behold it represented iu 
 every feature. But this would be an overdrawn picture of any 
 earthly father ; and if the parable were carried to that extent, it 
 would have been inconsistent with probability, and, perhaps, ev^n 
 with proj^riety. Such goodness belongs alone to the Heavenly Fa- 
 ther, and it is worthy of it to signalize itself by such features as are " 
 far beyond all the tenderness of nature and of blood. 
 
 "We must be pardoned for dwelling on a subject so interesting. I 
 shall, therefore, again say, that, verily, we have the image of pre- 
 ventive grace in the two preceding parables of the strayed sheep 
 and the lost groat. We think that we see it drawn to the very life 
 in the painful and earnest search of the woman and of the shepherd. 
 •Let us, however, be careful to notice that there is always an essen- 
 tial difference between these fiiint copies and their divine original. 
 It consists in this : the lost groat and the lost sheep are a real loss 
 to their owners, who, when they seek for them, seek not so much 
 the thing lost as themselves and their own advantage, since the joy 
 of ha-sdng found it belongs to themselves alone. But in losing us, 
 God has lost nothing. Neither his existence nor his happiness de- 
 pends upon us. Even his exterior glory, viz., that which results fi'om 
 the manifestation of his divine attributes (that glory which can add 
 nothing to his fehcity, and which he well knew how to dispense with 
 during an entire eternity), would have been no less satisfied, had 
 he signalized his justice by the punishment of the guilty, than his 
 clemency, by the pardon which he deigns to offer them. But that 
 he should come the first in advance to meet us — that he should call 
 us with never-ending entreaties — that he should seek us with incred- 
 il)le care and anxiety — that he should stretch forth his hand to us, 
 and throw open to us his paternal bosom — that he should invite us 
 — nay, even that he should conjure us to return thither, and to re- 
 ceive in his arms the pardon of all our crimes, as if we were necessa- 
 ry to him, and that he could not do without us ; as if his happiness 
 
CHAP. XLV.] OF OUR LOED JESUS CHRIST. 341 
 
 depended upon oui's, or that our salvation was his own : beliold tlie 
 mii-acle, or ratlier the mystery of the goodness of God, which no fig- 
 ure coidd represent — which no created mind can comprehend^the 
 depth of which, like that of the most impenetraljle mysteries, chal- 
 lenges our adoration. We can only believe it by faith ; it is above 
 all hope, and it should inflame us with love at the sight of goodness 
 too great to be ever comprehended hj our reason, and for which we 
 could never have dared to hope. 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 PARABLE OF THE 8TEWAED. — TO MAKE FKIEXDS FOE OTJIÎSELYES BY WEALTH rN- 
 JCSTLY ACQUIRED. THE RICH BAD MAN AND THE POOR GOOD MAN. FtEST COM- 
 ING OF THE MES8L4H DEVOH) OF LUSTRE. 
 
 The following parable, or rather narrative, is no longer address- 
 ed to the Pharisees, but to the disciples. The first, who were with- 
 in reach of healing him, and who heard him in point of fact, were 
 those for whom it was most necessary, and who yet profited the 
 least fi-om it. Perhaps this was the reason which influenced the Sa- 
 viour to dii'ect no further discourse to them, in order that he might 
 not appear to have subjected the divine word to the derision with 
 which they treated it, and, contrary to his own maxim, to have cast 
 pearls before swine. Whatever weight there may be in this reason, 
 which we only give by way of conjecture, (a) "Jesus [continuing to 
 »pea¥\ said also to his disciples : There was a certain rich man who 
 had a steward, and the same was accused unto him, that he had 
 wasted his goods." However, the master, a just and humane man, 
 was unwilling to condemn him, until he should have had ]>roof of his 
 unfaithfulness. "He called him, and said to him: How is it that I 
 hear this of thee ? give me an account of thy stewardship ; for [if 
 what they have (old me be tnie^ now thou canst be steward no longei*. 
 And the steward [wlto toa-s not able to give a good aecountl^ said with- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xvi. 1-31. 
 
342 THE niSTORY OF TIIE LIFE [pAUT H. 
 
 in himself: What shall I do because my lord taketh away from me 
 the stewardship ? To dig I am not able ; to beg I am ashamed. I 
 know what I will do, that, when I shall be removed from the stew- 
 ardship, they may receive me into their houses. Therefore, calling 
 together every one of his lord's debtors, he said to the first : How 
 much dost thou owe my lord ? A hundred barrels of oil, he said. 
 The steward said to him : Take thy bill, and sit down quickly, and 
 •write fifty. Then he said to another : And how much dost thou 
 owe ? who said : A hundred quarters of wheat. Take thy bill, he 
 said to him, and write eighty : and the lord commended the unjust 
 steward, forasmuch as he had done wisely. For the children of this 
 world are wiser in their generation (1) than the children of light (2). 
 And I say to you [concludes tlie Saviour^ for that iva-s precisely what he 
 had in view]^ make unto you friends of the mammon of iniquity (3), 
 
 (1 ) We cannot conclude that men are constituted in a particular way, because we may 
 have supjjosed that a certain man may have held a particular line of conduct. The con- 
 clusion may be drawn, if it be true that he has held the line of conduct attributed to hira. 
 In a word, a fact is only deducible from a fact. Wherefore this is no fiction, but a true 
 narrative. 
 
 (2) Pradence consists in the judicious choice of the means whereby we seek to attain 
 a reasonable end. The children of the world excel the children of light in the choice of 
 the means which they employ ; the children of light e.xcel with reference to the end 
 which they propose to themselves. Nothing can equal the industry and the activity of 
 the first ; but whither do they tend ? They are pointed towards acquisitions which death 
 shall take away from them on the morrow, leaving them naked, and abandoned to rot- 
 tenness and worms. What toil and industry lost ! The second labor for infinite and 
 eternal acq\dsitions ; but, less eagei-ly bent than the first on the object of their la- 
 bors, they do not equally excel in the choice and the application of the means. We may 
 compare the first to an architect who concentrated all the ingenuity of his art in 
 building castles with cards, which a breath of air would level in an instant ; and the sec- 
 ond to him who, with moderate talents, occupied himself in consti^ucting, with solid 
 materials,- good, habitable dwellings. The latter, though not a great man, would yet be 
 a sensible man : the other, with all his cleverness, would be a fool. In the arts the imion 
 of both constitutes the great man, and in morahty it constitutes the great saint. 
 
 (3) If we possess them unjustly, and that we know those to whom they belong, we 
 are not permitted to give them in alms : we must restore them. If it be impossible to 
 know those to whom restitution should be made, then it is an obligation of justice to re- 
 store to the poor ; and, in this sense, the order here issued by the Saviour is literally exe- 
 cuted. But mammon is here teiTned " of iniquity," in a more extensive signification. 1st. 
 Because it frequently occurs, even without our knowledge, that we possess riches unjust- 
 ly according to this expression of Saint Jerome : Every rich man is imjust, or the inher- 
 itor of an unjust person. 2d. Inasmuch as they are to their possessors the cause and 
 
CHAP. XLV.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CUUIST. 3^3 
 
 that when tliey sliull fail, they may receive you into everlooting dwell- 
 ings(4)." 
 
 Thus, what at first sight might apj^ear to be the apology of fiau J 
 and of injustice, becomes, by this conclusion, an excellent lesson of 
 charity, which the divine Master further corroborates by the follow- 
 ing maxims : " He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful 
 also in that which is greater (5) ; and he that is unjust in that which 
 is little, is unjust also in that which is greater. If, then, you have 
 not been faithful in the unjust mammon (6), who will trust you in 
 
 the instrument of a thousand iniquities. 3d. And this sense comes nearer to that of the 
 parable, because we are but too prone to deem ourselves the masters and proprietors of 
 them — a qualification wliich belongs essentially to God alone, who has merely appointed 
 us to be the disburser of them, who has reckoned them out to us, and shall demand a 
 reckoning from us. This latter exposition is taken from Saint Augustine. 
 
 (4) The rich are in this world the benefactors of the poor : the poor are in the other 
 world the benefactors of the rich. The first confer bread — the second confer heaven. 
 Ye rich ! )-ou shall never obtain it, if they do not confer it upon you. Is it, therefore, 
 enough to say to you : Do good to them ? Would it not be more advisable to say : Pay 
 court to them ? 
 
 (5) This is said in pursuance of the common opinion. A man will not confide a treas- 
 ure to liim whom he has found unfaithful in trifles ; he would rather confide it to him 
 who is faithful even in the smallest things. The party so acting may be deceived, never- 
 theless he acts prudently ; and he acts imprudently, supposing even it should turn out 
 that he was not deceived, should he have preferred the first to the second. 
 
 (6) Other interpreters construe deceitful in opposition to true. They understood b}' 
 the latter the riches of eternity, the only riches which truly deser\-e this name. The Sa- 
 viour further says of the first, that they belong to another, in the sense of our merely 
 having a loan of them, and that we are merely the disbursers of them ; whereas those of 
 the other life shall be given to us with full property therein, and in perpetuitj'. They 
 never shall be taken from us, and we shall never be called upon to account for them. 
 This is the explanation given by the interprètes. It has been recently fancied that this 
 was here an exhortation to the disciples alone, to sell their property and distribute the 
 produce of the sale among the poor, and for two reasons. One is, that if it were noticed 
 that they retained that property which has attached to it, like all worldly goods, the gen- 
 eral suspicion of injustice, the faithful would not willingly confide to them the alms which 
 they might intend to give out of their legitimate property : this is what they understand 
 by the iniquum and the verum mammona. The other reason is, that if the disciples 
 keep this property', which may be suspected of belonging to another, inasmuch as the prop- 
 erty may lie under the suspicion of having been badlj- acquired, the faithful would feci 
 repugnance in paying them their legitimate dues for their ministerial functions — th:it is 
 to say (apparently), tithe and the honorary gifts. And this is the sense in which the later 
 expositors have construed the alienum and the restrum. This has appeared very fine, 
 because it is novel. However, nothing is more unreasonable. For, 1st. The apostles. 
 
344 THE IIISTOET OF THE LIFE [PART U. 
 
 that wliieli is the true ? And if you have not been faithful in that 
 ■n'hich is another's, who will give you that which is propei-ly your 
 own ? No servant can serve two masters, for either he will hate the 
 one, and love the other, or he will hold to the one, and despise the 
 other. You cannot serve God and mammon (7)." 
 
 The miser, the most absurd of all men, considéra nothing so ridicu- 
 lous as that which is the noblest quality in man, viz., the contempt 
 of riches. We cannot, therefore, be surprised that these sublime 
 maxims should have been badly received by a portion of the assem- 
 bled multitude. The Saviour, as we have said, adcb'essed them to 
 the disciples alone. But "the Pharisees, who were covetous, heard 
 all these things, and they derided him." . 
 
 These were gross hypoci'ites, whose apparent austerity cloaked an 
 insatiable avarice, as usually happens with men of this character. 
 For avarice, which displays no prominent vices, possesses in an emi- 
 nent degree all the economical and lucrative virtues with which it is 
 easy to make up a mask of sanctity. Men who only see the surface 
 are often its dupes ; but no one could impose upon Him whose eye 
 penetrates to the inmost recesses of hearts, and he kiiew well how 
 to make them sensible of this by those strong exjjressions wherewith 
 he opposed their malicious taunts : " You are they, he said to them, 
 who justify yourselves before men ; but God knoweth your hearts. 
 For that which is high to men is an abomination before God." 
 
 They might object to that, and perhaps they did so internally, 
 that those temporal liches, the contempt of which he preached, were 
 the recompense promised by the law to its observera. Jesus know- 
 ing their thoughts, or anticipating them, answers : " The law and the 
 prophets were until John. From that time the kingdom of God is 
 jjreached, and every one useth violence towards it." 
 
 very far from desiring to be answerable for the distribution of alms, released themselves 
 from that office as soon as they could, in doing which they seem to have followed the 
 dictates of the Holy Ghost. 2d. To assign them as a disinterested motive such an in- 
 terested view as that of securing their restitutions, supposes them to be of very grovel- 
 ling dispositions, even during the time whilst they were yet imperfect. And what idea 
 must have been formed of Jesus Christ by the person who makes him the proposer of 
 such a motive ? 
 
 (7) See note 2, page 138, Part I. 
 
CHAP. XLV.] OF OUR LOKD JISUS CURLST. 345 
 
 That violence consists iu mortifpng the passions which the law 
 promised to satiate, and of which the Gosjiel, signified by the king- 
 dom of God, requires the sacrifice. Does the Gospel, therefore, an- 
 nihilate the law ? the Pharisees might further say. No, it perfects 
 it, by offering infinite and eternal treasures, of which the temporal 
 goods promised by the law were merely the shadow and the figure ; 
 for such is the meaning of that declaration which the Saviour imme- 
 diately adds : " It is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one 
 tittle of the law to fall." 
 
 It is true that the goods of this world were the incentive which 
 God held out in order to induce these stubborn and carnal men to 
 observe his holy law. However, he did not wish to leave them in 
 ignorance of the rewards and chastisements of the fature life. We 
 see them represented in a thousand passages of Scripture, as the main 
 object for their fear and for theii' hope ; and, iu order that this truth 
 might become more impi'essive, God had been mmdful to make, from 
 time to time, exceptions to the general system of the ancient law. 
 It was with this view that he had tried some of the holiest of his 
 servants (such as Tobias was) by the most cruel adversities, whilst 
 the impious were seen passing their days in glory and in opulence. 
 Since it is impossible that a just God should leave virtue without re- 
 ward, and crime without punishment, it is easy to conclude that it 
 was in the other life that men were to find those fearful penalties 
 and those true joys, of which those of this life could only be a feeble 
 image, and a very imperfect foretaste. But foi' those earth-l)0uud 
 souls the present was all and the future nothing. Prosperity was 
 called benediction, and advei*sity malediction. The illusion even 
 went so fai' as to regard the fii'st as the proof of virtue, and the sec- 
 ond as the evidence of crime, and to their eyes the fortunate man 
 was just, and the unfortunate was always guilty. In order, there- 
 fore, to reclaim them, fi-om so gross an error, to the important truth 
 which they so strangely misundei-stood, Jesus Christ proposes to 
 them the parable of the rich glutton, and of the virtuous poor man, 
 wherein virtue followed by etei-nal happiness is found associated with 
 the alleged cui-se of misfortune ; whilst, notwitlistanding the ajjpa- 
 rent blessing of temporal prosperity, vice, happy iu this world, has 
 for its ultimate lot the fire which is never quenched. Althougli this 
 
346 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT II. 
 
 appears to Le tlie main subject, yet it does not prevent us from see- 
 ing that the Saviour had another intention, viz., to complete the in- 
 struction which lie had commenced upon alms-deeds, by exhibiting 
 the merciless rich man buried in the pit of hell. After having shown 
 the heavens opening, in order to receive the beneficent and charita- 
 ble lich, he continues thus : 
 
 (8) " There was a certain rich man, who was clothed in purple and 
 fine linen, and feasted sumptuously every day. And there was a cer- 
 tain beggar named Lazarus, who lay at his gate, full of sores, desii"- 
 ing to be filled with the crumbs that fell from the rich man's table, 
 and no one did give him : moreover, the dogs (9) [less inJiimian than 
 their maste]'] came and licked his sores. It came to pass that the 
 beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bo- 
 som (10). The rich man also died, and he was buried in hell (11). 
 
 (8) The question has been also raised whether this was a parable or a real occurrence : 
 the latter is the prevalent notion. This is founded principally upon the fact of Lazarus 
 being therein named, a fact which does not occur in the parables. If the rich glutton is 
 not named, the reason is because it would be a blot upon his name and upon his famil}'. 
 However, the Saviour might have given him a name as well as Lazarus, if the name 
 of the latter had been a name composed for the purpose of signifying the state wherein 
 he represented him ; for Lazarus, in Hebrew, signifies helpless, supposing that it be not 
 an abbreviation of Eleazar, which signifies, on the contraiy, the help of God. Whatever 
 way we view the fact of the rich man not being named, whilst the poor man is named, 
 we see that this is a further reason for believing that the name of the latter is the name 
 of a person who had really existed. Difficulties afterwards ensue. We shall reply to 
 them when they present themselves. 
 
 (9) It was they who eat the crumbs that fell from the table. Their condition was bet- 
 ter than his. The poor have been heard to express, by bitter complaints, the en\'y which 
 they entertain towards them. If he who has regaled the rich shall be inexcusable 
 for not having appeased the hunger of the poor, what shall be the excuse of those who 
 might have fed whole families, by the expense they incurred in feeding a pack of animals 
 which only minister to luxuiy and to pleasure ? 
 
 (10) The souls of the just ai-e canied to heaven by the angels. The Church believes 
 so. Command, Lord, it says in the prayer which it recites for the dying, that tl-.e 
 holy angels of God meet his soul, and bring her into the city of the heavenly Jei'usalem. 
 For the contrary reason, it is thought that the demons carry off to hell the reprobate 
 souls. 
 
 (11) A sensual and ostentatious life, especially if it be accompanied with harshness to- 
 wards the poor, is a life manifestly deserving of damnation : if not more criminal, at least 
 more dangerous than a profligate Ufe. If it lias not all the vices of the latter; neither has 
 it the same remorse. 
 
CHAP. XL v.] or our lord jescs christ. 347 
 
 j:\jid lifting xip Lis eyes wlien he was in torments, lie saw Aln-aliam 
 afar oft", and Lazarus in Lis bosom, and Le cried and said : Father 
 Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the 
 tip of his finger in water, to cool my tongue (12) ; for I am torment- 
 ed in this flame (13). Son, Abraham said to him, rememl)er that 
 thou didst receive good things in thy lifetime, and likewise Lazarus 
 evW things (14) ; but now he is comforted, and thou art tormented. 
 Besides all this, between us and you there is fixed a gi'eat chaos, so 
 that they who would pass from hence to you cannot, nor from thence 
 come hither. And he said : Then, father, I beseech thee that thou 
 
 (12) S-Duls separated from bodies have neither tongues nor fingei-s, neither do they de- 
 sire watei, nor can they give water. Moreover, those who are reprobate have no com- 
 munication with those who are in the sojourn of beatitude ; they would not entertain the 
 notion of soliciting from them a solace which they well know that they never can 
 obtain. These are those difficulties which have made some believe this a parable. 
 Several others believe that the commencement wa.s historical, and that the parable com- 
 menced here. However, God might have brought it about — 1st. That the rich glutton, 
 at the moment of his entry into hell, had a new — if we prefer we may say that he had a 
 vision — of the bosom of Abraham, and of the delicious repose which Lazanis therein enjoy- 
 ed. 2d. That, notwithstanding the distance of places, these two souls (that of Abraham 
 and that of the rich glutton) may have been enabled to communicate to each other their 
 thoughts and their desires. 3d. That the soul of the rich man may have felt heat simi- 
 lar to that which would be felt by a man whose body was in the midst of a burning fur- 
 nace, and that it may have desired a solace similar to what would be procured by a drop 
 of fresh water upon the tip of his tongue. 4th. It is not impossible that the unhappy 
 man may have been ignorant that he could not obtain what he asked, or that, aware of 
 the fact, the violence of pain should have extorted from him this useless prayer. Now, 
 as it is the alleged impossibility of all these matters which made recourse be had to the 
 parable, we may still adhere to the probabiUty of this being a nan-ative. 
 
 (13) This expression has given rise to two opposite eiTors — one, that the soul is mate- 
 rial ; the other, that the fire of hell is not eternal. God was sufficienlly powerful to cause 
 tiiat a material fire should act upon spiritual souls when they are separated from the 
 bodies, as he is able to cause the same effect when the)- are still confined within the bod- 
 ies ; because in both these operations it is always matter acting upon mind. 
 
 (14) Prosperity in this world, presumption of future unhappiness — I say presumption, 
 and not proof ; for here exceptions occur. Wherefore let not the poor thereupon prize 
 too highly their position, and let not the rich despair. It is the rich Abraham who re- 
 ceived the predestined soul into his bosom, and many poor bum side by side with the 
 rich sensualist. Charitj', or harshness, in the first — patience, or impatience, in the sec- 
 ond class, make all the difference between them. However, since the presumption is 
 against the first, and in favor of the second cla.ss, it must be the fact, thai charity is oft- 
 ener found to be deficient in the rich than patience in the poor. 
 
348 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 wouldst send him to my father's house (for I have five brethren), 
 that he may testify unto them, lest they also come uuto this place of 
 torments (15). They have Moses and the prophets, Abraham said 
 to him ; let them hear them. But he said : No, father Abraham ; 
 but if one went to them from the dead, they will do penance. But 
 Abraham said to him : If they hear not Moses and the prophets, 
 neither will they believe if one rise again from the dead (16)." 
 
 We need not remark that the Saviour spoke often of the kingdom 
 of God. The Jews never understood it otherwise than in reference 
 to the temporal kingdom of the Messiah here on earth. This was 
 the object of all their desires, and it was very natm-al that they 
 should be impatient to know when it was to take place. But that 
 which they longed for was never to come to pass, and that which 
 they did not desire was already come, as Jesus Christ informed them. 
 For, (a) " being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God 
 should come, he answered them : The kingdom of God cometh not 
 with observation (17), neither shall they say. Behold here, or be- 
 hold there ; for lo, the kingdom of God is within you." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xvii. 20-22. 
 
 ( 1 5) Another reason for assuming that this is a parable. The reprobate in hell have 
 no zeal for the salvation of souls. All that can be inferred from this is, that the man 
 may have spoken from some other motive. Many motives, more or less probable, have 
 been attributed to him ; but suppose none could be assigned him, this general reason suf- 
 fices, viz., that Jesus Christ could not make him utter, even in a parable, such sentiments 
 as it would be impossible for a reprobate to entertain. This would militate against all 
 probability, and be at variance with the primary rule of all parables. 
 
 (16) Notwitlistanding, the resuirection of Christ has been followed by the faith of the 
 entire world. But a distinction must be made between those who have not as yet suffi- 
 cient proofs in order to believe, and those who have them. Those who have them not 
 will believe at the sight of a dead person resuscitated, and those who have them, gener- 
 ally speaking, will not believe. Thus, miracles which would convert an idolatrous nation 
 shall not convert an heretical nation, and those which would convert heretics who are 
 such from education and from prejudice, shall not convert Christians who are become in- 
 fidels from libertinism. Nothing ever satisfies them who do not wish to believe. A dead 
 man raised to life would not convert the sinners whom this narrative did not convert. 
 What could he say more certain or more forceful ? 
 
 (17) It shall not appear with such dazzling lustre that it would be impossible not to 
 perceive it. Such was, in point of fact, his first coming. It was necessary then to seek 
 out the Messiah in order to find him, and to study him in order to know him. At his 
 second coming he shall be more visible than the sun in the splendor of its meridian. In 
 
CHAP. XLV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 349 
 
 Dissatisfied with an answer wliieli did not tell wliat they wanted 
 to know, and whicli told too plamly wliat tbey wished not to 
 know, the Pharisees ceased to interrogate him. "Jesus [^m;'.sm- 
 ing his discourse] said to his disciples : The days will come when 
 you shall desire to see one day of the Son of man ; and you shall 
 not see it ;" as if he had said to them, I shall soon disappear from 
 your eyes, and my absence shall be exceedingly painful to you ; for 
 he foretold them the time when, exhausted vrith fatigue, exposed 
 ■ndthout defence to the rage of their enemies, they would in vain de- 
 sire his sensible presence, which was to them an inexhaustible source 
 of light and consolation. The love which he entertained for them 
 prompted him to speak in this way. But, apprehensive lest the too 
 ardent desire of seeing him again might make them, together with 
 their first disciples, fall into the snares which the false Messiahs 
 would lay to ensnare their faith, he warns them that before his re- 
 turn, which he at the same time foretells, several of those false Mes- 
 siahs should appear. They appeared, in point of fact, before the 
 ruin of Jerusalem, of which they were as if the forerunners, which 
 circumstance furnished Jesus Chi'Lst with an occasion to foretell that 
 downfall with the other signs Ijy which it shall be preceded. From 
 thence, glancing forward to the most remote futurity, he announces 
 the awful signs which shall precede the ruin of the whole world, of 
 which the destruction of Jerusalem was to be merely the figure, mix- 
 ing up one with the other, and, nevertheless, keeping them so dis- 
 tinct that they cannot be confounded. This instruction, necessary 
 for those who witnessed the fii'st of these two events, and also for 
 those who shall witness the second, is not useless to those who, 
 placed between the two, have neither seen nor shall see -one or the 
 other. Assured of the accomplishment of the fii'st, they cannot ques- 
 tion the truth of the prophecy which announces the second. But as 
 Jesus Christ speaks still more in detail a short time pre\'ious to his 
 death, we shall give in another chapter a more extensive and a more 
 complete picture. 
 
 one he is evident to those who seek hina — in the other he sh#U be evident to those even 
 ■who do not seek him. Wiicncc it follows that it is meritorious to recognize him in his 
 first coming, and that there shall be no merit in recognizing'hira when he comes again. 
 
350 THE HISTORT OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 WE MUST PEAT ALWAYS. THE PHAEISEE AND THE PUBLICAN. MAEELAGE INDISSO- 
 LUBLE. — VEBGINITY PEEFERABLE. LITfLE CHILDEEN BLESSED. 
 
 On anotlier occasion (a) " Jesus spoke also a parable to his disci- 
 ples, that we ought always to pray(l), and not to faint, saying: 
 There was a judge in a certain city, who feared not God, nor regard- 
 ed man. And there was a certain widow in that city, and she came 
 to him, saying : Avenge me of my adversary. He would not for a 
 long time. But afterwards he said within himself: Although I feaj- 
 not God nor regard man, yet, because this widow is troublesome to 
 me, I will avenge her, lest continually coming, she weary me. And 
 the Lord said : Hear w^hat the unjust judge saith." He cannot, in- 
 iquitous though he be, resist a persevering prayer. " And will not 
 God revenge his elect who cry to Imn day and night (2), and will 
 he have patience in their regard ? I say to you that he will quickly 
 revenge them (3)." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xviii. 
 
 (1) We pray always, when, at tlie time when we cannot pray, we recall, as well as we 
 can, the thought of God's presence, and that we offer him the action with which we are 
 then occupied. In this way there is no one who cannot always pray, as God exhorts us 
 to do in several passages of Scripture. This, however, is not the sense in which it is here 
 said that we must pray always : what Jesus Christ has directly in view is, to teach us not 
 to be disheartened when God defers hearing us, being persuaded that a persevering pray- 
 er shall infallibly be heard. This second sense is clearly determined by the parable. 
 
 God seems to postpone, because he does not listen to us at the veiy time when we de- 
 sire to be heard. Really, and in point of fact, he does not postpone, because he listens 
 at the time when it is most advantageous for us to be heard. If he communicated his 
 secret to us, we should thank him for his very delays ; but he prefers to leave us in ig- 
 norance of it, because this ignorance is also the best state for us to be left in. 
 
 (2) The just request that God would deliver them from oppression, not by mining the 
 wicked who oppress them, but by deprivmg the wicked of the desire or the means of op- 
 pressing. Save us, Lord : do further — save them with us. Such a prayer is truly a 
 Christian prayer. 
 
 (•3) This life is so short, and that which follows it so long, that it is tnie to say that 
 God does not delay, when be delays vengeance until the other life. If a thousand years, 
 
CHAP. XLVI.] OF OUlt LOKD JESUS CHKIST. 351 
 
 But the reason why so few are revenged or delivered from oppres- 
 sion is, that few persevere in prayer, according to this expression : 
 lie wJw shall have persevered until the end shall he saved. But whence 
 comes the want of perseverance, if not from the feebleness of faith ? 
 "VVe must not, therefore, be surprised that Jesus Christ, when he 
 shall appear in the lustre of his majesty to avenge all his elect, finds 
 so few of them who deserve to experience the effects of his powerful 
 protection. In those days of seduction and apostacy, the true faith- 
 ful shall be reduced to so small a number, that he who reckoned 
 them beforehand asks with a2:)pareut surpiise : (-i) " But yet the 
 Son of man, when he cometh, shall he find, think you, faith on the 
 earth ?" 
 
 Although this was addressed to the disciples, there is every rea- 
 son to think that Jesus Christ had also other hearers, among whom 
 were to be found several Phai'isees. The weakness of the fii"st made 
 it necessary to exhort them to a confidence both lively and persever- 
 ing. Anothéï lesson was required for the second. The pride of the 
 latter disclosed itself even in the very himiblest of all actions, which 
 is prayer. Theh* prayer was rather a sath'e upon the rest of man- 
 kind than the avowal of their own miseries, and they used it much 
 less for the purpose of praising God than that of praising themselves. 
 These are they who are spoken of when the evangelist said that " to 
 some who trusted in themselves as just, and despised others, Jesus 
 spoke also this parable." 
 
 " Two men went up into the temple to pray : the one a Pharisee, 
 and the other a publican. The Pharisee standing, prayed thus with 
 himself: O God, I give thee thanks that I am not as the rest of 
 men (.5), extortioners, unjust, adulterers, as also is this publican. I 
 
 coinparcd to eteniity, are equivalent to a day, what are ten, fifteen, or twenty years, 
 hours, or minutes ? 
 
 (4) We have followed the common interpretation, in order to connect these latter 
 words with the preceding. If the connection does not appeiir sufficiently natural, we 
 may be permitted to deem this one of those detached facts which are sometimes found 
 in the Gospels, without any dependence on what precedes or follows. 
 
 (5) A saint has never yet said : Tlianks be to God, I am a saint. I have sinned much 
 — I sin much every day ; and, if God did not support mc with his almighty hand, I 
 TTOul J commit cnorraoui crimes : behold what the saints sav, and thev say the truth. 
 
352 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT U. 
 
 fast twice in tlie week (6) ; I give tithes of all that I possess. And 
 tlie publican, standing afar off, would not so much as lift up his eyes 
 towards heaven, but struck his breast, saying: O God, be merci- 
 ful to me a sinner (7). I say to you, this man went down into 
 his house justified, rather than the other. Because every one that 
 exalteth himself shall be humbled, and he that humbleth himself 
 shall be exalted. 
 
 («)"When Jesus had ended these words, he dej^arted from Gali- 
 lee, and came into the coasts of Judea beyond the Jordan. The 
 multitudes flock to him, he healed them there, and, as he was ac- 
 customed, he taught them. There came to him the Pharisees tempt- 
 ing him." With this design they proposed to him a question which 
 was then much debated : " Is it lawful for a man, they asked him, 
 to put away his wife for every cause ?" 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xix. 1-6 ; St. Mark, x! 1-5. 
 
 An apostle hath said : For in many things we all offend : and what he states of oth- 
 ers, he stated also with reference to himself. The saints perceive distinctly the slightest 
 sins which we do not perceive, and which we commit by thousands. They scan them 
 by the opposition which these ' sins have to the infinite purity of God, known to these 
 saints, and not known to lis ; and in this point of view these specks of sin appear mon- 
 sters to them ; and they are such in point of fact. 
 
 The saints consider nothing in themselves but their faults and their sins — in others, 
 nothing but their virtues and their good works. They conclude from thence that others 
 are better than themselves, or that they are worse than all others — a conclusion which 
 seems as evident to them as is the evidence that virtues are better than faults, and good 
 works than sins. 
 
 An attempt was-oiice made to perplex one of these saints, who was an incarnate ser- 
 aph, by inquiring from him if he could think himself as wicked as a robber notorious all 
 over the country for his murders and his robberies. Yet his humility found out the 
 proper reply : If he bad had the graces which I have had, lie would be a better man 
 than I am. 
 
 If such are the sentiments and the language of the saints, tberefoi'e language and sen- 
 timents of a contrary character prove the reverse of sanctity. ■ This conclusion is also in- 
 ferred from the parable. 
 
 (6) This language is so natural to man, that it is sometimes found issuing from the 
 mouths of penitents, whose confession is only, like the prayer of the Pharisee, the mere 
 declaration of their own virtues, and the accusation of other people. 
 
 (7) This word, coming from the bottom of the heart, can convert in a moment the 
 greatest sinner into a just man ; and a thousand millions of sinners, who have had entire 
 years to speak it, are eternally reprobate for not having spoken it. Let him who can, 
 understand this pi-odigy of stupidity or insanity. 
 
CHAP. XI,YI.] OF OUR LORD JTStJS CHRIST. 358 
 
 Their manner of jnitting tlie question makes it sufficiently evident 
 that they considered themselves authorized to divorce on very slight 
 grounds, and very often without any cause, and out of pure caprice. 
 This liberty, or rather this licentiousness, was precious to men ; and 
 by infringing on it, Jesus Christ must needs offend them. On the 
 other hand, he could not approve of it without rendering himself 
 odious to all women. This appeai-s to have been the snare which 
 they laid for him, in addition to the hope which they entertained 
 of detecting him in contradiction to the law of Moses. Jesus avail- 
 ed himself of the opportunity, in order to declare the reformation 
 he was going to institute with regard to marriage ; and wishing at 
 the same time to inform them of his motives, " he answering, saith 
 to them \Jnterrogating them in his ùini]: What did Moses com- 
 mand you ? who said : Moses permitted to write a bill of divorce, 
 and to put her away. Jesus answering, said : Because of the hard- 
 ness of your hearts he wrote you that precept (8). Have ye not 
 read that he who made man from the beginning, made them male 
 and female ? and he said (0) : For this cause shall a man leave fa^ 
 ther and mother, and cleave to his wife, and they two shall be in 
 one flesh (10). Therefore now thej^ are not two, but one flesh (11). 
 WTiat, therefore, God hath joined together, let not man put asunder," 
 
 (8) It was, therefore, merely toleration on the part of God. The -wickedness of this 
 people had rendered it necessary, in order to obviate a greater amount of e\il. God 
 deemed it more proper to allow them to quit their wives and to take others, than to ex- 
 pose tliem to the temptation, into which they would have but too often fallen, of getting 
 rid of them by the sword or by poison. Some have thought that this toleration was 
 merely of a civil nature, that is to say, that by not decreeing any penalty against those 
 who availed themselves of it, it still left the sin remaining. Several others have thouglit, 
 with more probability, that divorced p<irties could consoientiously avail themselves of tlie 
 right which was conferred by this toleration, provided tlie grounds were valid, and that 
 it was done in the manner and form prescribed. 
 
 (9) It was Adam who spoke it ; but he spoke it by the inspiration of God, who re- 
 vealed to him at that moment the nature of tlie union which was to exist between the 
 married couple, and of that union which was to unite children and parents, all which 
 things Adam could not then know except by revelation. 
 
 (10) This decides plainly the preference due to the wife as to societv — as,sistance and 
 care. We are not unaware, however, that the wife owes the same obligation to her hus- 
 band 
 
 (11) Saint Paul explains this where he says (1 Cor. vi. 16): Know ye not that he who 
 is joined to a harlot is made one body? For they shall he, saith he, two in one flesh. 
 
 23 
 
354 TIIE HISTOKY OF THE LITE [PART II. 
 
 In point of fact, if tlie original intention of God liad been that 
 man should have several wives, either at the same time by polyga- 
 my, or successively by divorce, he would have created more than 
 one for the first man, as it is thought that he created several females 
 in each species of animals, for the purpose of accelerating their mul- 
 tiplication. But his design was to form the most perfect union im- 
 aginable, by making two different persons one and the same heart, 
 one and the same soul, and one and the same flesh. Now this union, 
 or rather this unity, is to be found in marriage, which being the 
 work of God, no earthly being has a right to break, because no 
 one has a right to undo what God has done. God alone, master of 
 his own work, has this right; and he exercised it, when, for rea- 
 sons worthy of his wisdom, he permitted polygamy and divorce ; 
 but these reasons having ceased by the establishment of a more per- 
 fect law, the dispensations which they occasioned can no longer ex- 
 ist. All marriages are to become similar to the first which God in- 
 stituted, in order to serve as a model to others. An indissoluble 
 and perpetual bond shall henceforth unite all couples, whose union 
 shall henceforward end only when they cease to live ; and, whilst 
 God shall preserve them upon earth, thej shall be so bound one to 
 another, that, although the earth may be full of men and women, 
 they shall l^e no more to the married pair than if they were, like 
 Adam and Eve, the sole inhabitants of the earth. Thus marriage, 
 reformed according to the original design of the Creator, recovers 
 all the purity of its institution, and the union of our first parents is 
 perfectly represented by those of their descendants. Another re- 
 semblance was soon to render the union more sacred, and the rights 
 more inviolable, viz., that which it was to have to the sj^iritual mar- 
 I'iage of Jesus Christ with his Church. But the time was not a^ yet 
 come to propose this great mystery ; and the Saviour contented him- 
 self at that time with again insisting upon the indissolubility of mar- 
 riage, struggling rather against the repugnance than against the rea- 
 soning of the Pharisees. 
 
 For, surprised at a doctrine so contrary to their prejudices and 
 their passions, («) " Why, then," they say to him, " did Moses com- 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xix. V-9. 
 
CHAP. XLVI.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 355 
 
 maiid to give a bill of divorce (12), and to put away ?" The com- 
 mandment applied merelj'^ to the act of divorce, and not to the di- 
 vorce itself. From the manner in which the Pharisees expressed 
 ' themselves, they appeared to apply it to both. In order to teach 
 them to make this distinction, " Jesus saith to them : Because Mo- 
 ses, by reason of the hardness of your heart, permitted you to put 
 away your wives : but from the beginning it was not so. And I 
 say to you, that whosoever shall put away his wife, except it be (13) 
 for 'fornication (l-i), and sliall marry another, committeth adultery; 
 and he that shall marry her that is put away, committeth adul- 
 tery." 
 
 The disciples did not wish to interrupt their ^Master whilst he was 
 engaged with the Pharisees ; yet they doubted whether such moral- 
 ity, Avhich appeared to them so severe, should be taken to the very 
 letter. In order to have on this point the explanation which they 
 
 (12) The reader has the form of this act at note 1, page 125, Part I. 
 
 (13) The exception of the case of adultery excuses the dismissal of the «nfe, and not 
 the subsequent maniagc. The case stands as if it read thus : Wlioever shall dismiss his 
 wife — whom it is not allowable to dismiss except in case of adulteiy — and shall marr)- an- 
 other, shall be an adulterer. Tlie Cluu-ch lias always so underetood it, and Jesus Christ 
 even gives us sufficiently to understand this, when, in the repetition which he makes to 
 his disciples, he says absolutely, and without excepting any case : AVhoever, having dis- 
 missed his firet wife, shall maiTy a second, becomes an adulterer. 
 
 However, the pretended refonners hold that the exception in case of adultery should 
 extend to the consequence as well as to the crime ; and that this case, which justifies di- 
 vorce, justifies equally the marriage with another woman. Let them speak sincerely. 
 Marriage, such as it was re-esUiblished by Jesus Christ, w;is not relished by them. Tliey 
 wished to substitute for it the Jewish marriage condemned b_y Jesus Christ. For had 
 they submitted in this point to the authority of liis word, they would not have allowed 
 another wife except in the case of adultery, since it is evident that Jesus Christ, every 
 time he treats this subject, eitljer excepts this case only, or excepts none. But we know 
 that they liave added those of long absence, obstinate separation, and others, whicl» 
 would multiply to an amazing degree amongst them these second marriages, if they 
 sought to avail themselves of the freedom which this new Gospel gives them. But it is 
 due to them in justice to state, that this legislation allows them much more liberty than 
 they usually allow themselves ; and it is well that this legislation h;is not added to tlie 
 Jewi.sh divorce Maliometan polygamy, approved, at least tolerated in the person of the 
 L'lndgrave of Hesse by Luther, and those who, with him, were the chief leaders of tlse 
 Reformation. 
 
 (14) As to the other causes of separation, and theh- difference from that of adultery, 
 see note 8, page 125, Part I. 
 
356 THE IIISTOEY OF THE LIFE [PAET II. 
 
 desired, (fl?) when he was " in the house again his disciples asked him 
 concerning the same thing." 
 
 Jesus gave no explanation of what he had said, but merely a repe- 
 tition thereof. (/>) " Whosoever, he saith to them, shall put away 
 his wife and many another, committeth adultery against her; and 
 if the wife shall put away her husband, and be married to another, 
 she committeth adultery. His disciples say unto him : If the case 
 of a man with his wife be so, it is not expedient to marry." 
 
 This answer included a profound meaning, which they themselves 
 did not as yet comprehend, whei-efore " Jesus said to them : All men 
 take not this word, but they to whom it is given" from on high ; 
 and, in order to give them the first lesson on this subject, he add- 
 ed : " For there are eunuchs who were born so from their mother's 
 womb ; and there are eunuchs who were made so by men ; and 
 there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the king- 
 dom of Heaven (15). He that can take, let him take it." 
 
 (a) St. Mark, x. 10-12. (5) St. Matthew, xix. lO-lï. 
 
 (15) In order to secure it for themselves, and to merit therein a richer crown. They 
 make themselves eunuchs, not by attempting against their own pereons what the Church 
 has always condemned, but by resolution, or, what is better, by vow made to God of living 
 in perpetual virginitj-. It is a matter of faith that this state is more perfect than that of 
 marriage. Protestants have repudiated it with the utmost vehemence. There is nothing 
 surprising in this on the part of those who have approved of divorce, and permitted po- 
 lygamy. Moreover, we are not ignorant of the fact, that their leaders were for the most 
 part priests and men bound by religious vows, and who, being tired of celibacy, would 
 fain not be suspected of having rather embraced the Reformation from the desiie of mar- 
 riage, than marriage from the spirit of reform. 
 
 After these reformers appeared the theorists, advocating population. If we had lei- 
 sure to treat the subject at some length, we should not want reasons to refute them. 
 We are satisfied in opposing to them the following reason, which is calculated to make 
 an impression upon them, viz., tlie Christian rehgion is of all others the most favorable 
 to population. Here is the proof of this fact, dra\vn from its principles and its morality : 
 
 1st. Except wherein parties are legitimate!}' married, every thing is criminal where pu- 
 rity is concerned. How many pereons who have, at the same time, both excitable pas- 
 sions and a timid conscience, are, as it were, forced into marriage by this inflexible sever- 
 ity ! 2d. Every thing is criminal, even in marriage, that is beside the end of marriage, 
 viz., the generation of children. How many married couples, already burdened with off- 
 spring, would give themselves licentious freedom, if the curb of religion did not restrain 
 them ! 3d. It is criminal in married persons to refuse each other, unless the refusal be 
 founded upon a grave reason. How many obstinate refusals and concealed divorces 
 
CUAP. XLVI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 357 
 
 "\Miilst tlie Saviour was treating sucli grave questions, (c/) " tliere 
 were little children presented to liim, that he should impose hands 
 upon them and pray. And the disciples \j.vho thought he might he 
 troubled by tliem^ rebuked them that brought them. Whom, when 
 Jesus saw, he was much displeased, and calling [the children] togeth- 
 er, said : Suffer the little children to come unto me, aud forbid them 
 not (16) ; for the kingdom of heaven is for such. Amen I say to 
 you : Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little 
 child, shall not enter into it ; and embracing them, when he had im- 
 poied hands upon them, he blessed them, and [cifter having given 
 this proof of his goodness] he departed from thence." 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xk. 13-15 ; St. Luke, \\m. 16, 17 ; St. Mark, x. 16. 
 
 would be produced by certain apprehensions which it is no longer lawful to regard, by 
 disgusts, antipathies, resentments, «fee, if religion did not enforce, by the most tenible 
 menaces, what has been justly termed a right on one part, and a duty on the other ! 
 And if at present one were willing to take the trouble of calculating, it would be exsy to 
 show that in all these ways religion gives more to the species than it tikes away by ec- 
 clesiastical and reUgious celibacy. You will say that all these advantages are to be found 
 in Protestantism, which has not the unavailable class of celibacy ; but besides that we 
 must take religion as God has made it, and not such as man may .accommodate to his 
 own views, we may further reply that the causes which we have just advanced only op- 
 erate by means of confession, which Protestants have abandoned. This is only thorough- 
 Iv known to those whom their ministry brings within reach of the secrets of consciences. 
 But there is no doubt that, from the knowledge thus in their possession, they have form- 
 ed the opinion which we have just maintained ; and unquestionably their notion on this 
 point is, without contradiction, the most probable. 
 
 (16) We hinder them when we put oS" indefinitely the first communion of children. 
 The Master of the feast cries out in vain that these innocent souls must be allowed to ap- 
 proach. A-harsh and austere zeal is obstinately bent on drinng them away. We know 
 that the respect due to this sovereign Master has induced the Church to abolish the cus- 
 tom of givmg communion to children immediately after baptism ; but if the Church no 
 longer wishes the age of reason to be anticipated, much less does it wish that we should 
 allow reason to be anticipated by the age of the passions. And how often has it occur- 
 red that the passions, always so strong at this age, when re<ison is so weak, not being re- 
 strained by the powerful check which the Eucharist opposes to them, have caused the 
 most fearful ravages, and given rise to those first wanderings from which the soul rettims 
 with such difficult}', and so late ! 
 
 If this reason does not suffice, and if we wish to know what are upon this point the 
 intentions of the Saviour, we have no fear in saying that he will always be better pleased 
 to have greiiter innocence with a Utile levit}', than greater composure of mind with cor- 
 ruption already commenced. We should, therefore, rather incur the risk of the first than 
 of the second. 
 
358 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET II. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 THE TOTJNG MAN CAIXED TO PEEFECTION. SAX,VATION DIFFICULT TO THE EICH. 
 
 ATT, MUST BE EELINQUISHED TO FOLLOW JESUS CHEIST. — PEOMISES ATTACHED TO 
 THIS EENUNCIATION. THE PAEABLE OF THE LABOEEES IN THE VINETAED. 
 
 (a) " When he was gone forth into the way, a certain ruler run- 
 ning up, and kneeling before him, Good Master, he said to him, 
 what shall I do that I may receive life everlasting ? Jesus said to 
 him : Why askest thou me concerning good, and why dost thou call 
 ine good(l)? None is good but God alone (2). But [^added the 
 Saviour'] if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. 
 Which ? he said to him," thinking, perhaps, that the new teacher 
 would introduce some new commandments. " And Jesus said : 
 Thou knowest the commandments : Thou shalt do no murder (3) ; 
 thou shalt not commit adidtery ; thou shalt not steal ; thou shalt 
 not bear false witness ; do no fraud ; honor thy father and thy moth- 
 er ; and, thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. The young man 
 saith to him : All these have I kept from my youth ; what is yet 
 
 (a) St. Mart, x. 17-27 ; St. Luke, xviii. 18-24 ; St. Matthew, xix. lG-25. 
 
 (1) (This might as well be thus translated: Wliy askest thou me, calling me good ? 
 Then Saint Matthew would only make the Saviour say what Saint Mark and Saint Luke 
 represent him as saying, which is not unlikely, nor neither is it improbaljle that he made 
 use of both these expressions.) 
 
 (2) He infonns him that God alone is essentiallj' good, and that nothing is good apart 
 from God except by the communication of his goodness. The Arians have grossi}' 
 abused this text, forsooth because Jesus Christ seems here to reprove the young man for 
 attributing to him a quality which belongs properly to God alone. The Fathers refuted 
 them by this very simple repl}' : This young man is not aware that Jesus Christ is God, 
 and Jesus Christ speaks to him in the certainty of his ignorance. 
 
 (3) The second class of precepts is alone spoken of, viz., the precepts which regulate 
 our duties towards our neighbor. That does not mean to assert that there exist no other 
 precepts, or that the others are of little importance ; but if we observe these, we shall 
 observe all the others. Taken by themselves, thej' do not constitute the entire law ; 
 but their accomplishment is presumptive proof of the accomplishment of the whole, ac- 
 cording to this expression of Saint Paul (Rom. xiii.) : He thai loveth his ncir/hbor hath 
 fidJiUcd the law. 
 
CHAP. XLVII.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 359 
 
 wanting to me ? "Which, when Jesus had heard, looking on him, 
 he loved him," because of this wtuous desii-e to add to the good 
 which he had hitherto done ; and, in order to confer upon him the 
 most valuable of all proofs, " he said to him : Yet one thing is want- 
 ing to thee. If thou wilt be perfect, go sell what thou hast, and 
 give to the poor (4), and thou shalt have treasure in heaven (.")) ; 
 and [fJteji] come, foUow me." 
 
 He called him to evangelical perfection. Inestimable favor ! 
 which, on the part of God, is the effect of marked predilection. It 
 is usually at that age that God confers this favor, and he usually con- 
 fers it on those who, like this young man, have passed their first 
 years in innocence : hapjiy those who know how to profit by it ! 
 Whatever it may cost them, they may say that they have purchased 
 at a low rate a rich treasure. But all have not the courage to effect 
 this ; and the individual here referred to has but too many imitators 
 of his cowardice. " When the young man had heard this word [of 
 tJie Savioui-], being struck sad, he went away sorrowful ; for he had 
 great possessions. Jesus seeing him become son-owful, and looking 
 
 (4) Cahnn, who deemed the state of marriage better than that of nrguiiiy, also assert- 
 ed that it is better to retain property, and subtract from its income the alms which may 
 be distributed, than to sell all at once, and immediately distribute the price to the poor. 
 Otner heretics have foundered on the opposite rock : for the Eustatheans, who were con- 
 demned in the Council of Gangres, alleged that manied people could not be saved ; and 
 some Pelagians were to be found who advanced that there was no salvation for those 
 who retained the use of their possessions. We have already remarked, tliat Cathohc 
 truth is usually to be found between two opposite errors, Hke Jesus Christ ciucitied be- 
 tween two robbers, according to the expression of TertuUian. Many Catholics entertain 
 Calvin's notion regarding the counsel of selling all without exception, in order to give 
 the price to the poor. We have even heard them declaim more outrageously against 
 this counsel than against that of virginity. It is no difficult matter to divine the reason : 
 they inherit property from those who make a vow of virginity, and they lose the succes- 
 sion whicli they expected to enjoy from those who strip themselves of all in favor of the 
 poor. That tiiosc who see themselves thereby frustrated in their hopes should be griev- 
 ed, does not surprise us, and we pardon their imperfection. But if they dare to assert 
 that these disinterested persons commit a wrongful act, a great sin, an enormous injus- 
 tice, they place themselves in direct opposition to Jesus Christ ; they entertain and they 
 express heretical notions. 
 
 (5) The observance of the precepts shall be rewarded ; that of the counsels shall re- 
 ceive a recompense incomparably higher. The observers of the fii-st shall receive the 
 pmce : a treasure is promised to the observers of the second. 
 
360 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pAET H. 
 
 round about, saith to his disciples : How hardly shall they that have 
 riches enter into the kingdom of God (6) ! Amen, I say to you, 
 that a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. The 
 disciples were astonished at his words ; but Jesus agaui answering, 
 saith to them: Cliildren, how hard is it (7) for them that trust in 
 riches (8) to enter into the kingdom of God ! It is easier for a camel 
 to j)ass through the eye of a needle (9), than for a rich man to enter 
 into the kingdom of God. The disciples [as we have said^ wonder- 
 ed the more when they had heard this, saying among themselves : 
 Who, then, can be saved? Jesus looking on them, saith: With 
 men it is impossible ; but not with God ; for all things are possible 
 with God (10)." 
 
 (6) Tills liavlng beeu said on the occasion of tlie young man's refusal to follow the 
 counsel of Jesus Christ, it might occur to us that this counsel was obligatory, under pain 
 of being excluded from the kingdom of God, and thereupon that it was no counsel, but 
 a precept. It is hardly to be doubted but that such was one of the arguments of these 
 Pelagians to whom we have just been alluding. However, the different manner in which 
 pi'ccepts and counsels ai'e proposed, proves evidently that this was merely a counsel. 
 When precepts are in question, Jesus Christ says : If thou wUt enter into life, keep the 
 commandments ; whereas he says here : If thou wilt be perfect, go sell, «fee, (fcc. This 
 marks the difference between perfection and duty, which is tantamount to that of coim- 
 sel and of precept. Wherefore the attachment of the young man to his great wealth 
 furnished only an occasion to the Saviour for declaring how hard it was for the rich to 
 obtain salvation. Perhaps he also foresaw that he should have been saved by laying 
 aside his riches, or lost by the abuse he would make of them ; but their possession then 
 should be the occasion, and not the cause of his loss, and in this sense it is true to say 
 that, whilst he incurred reproof for not having followed the counsel of the Saviour, he 
 has not, nevertheless, sinned by not following it. The whole bears upon this evident 
 maxim : a counsel by itself is not obligatory ; and if it were obligatory, it would no longer 
 be a counsel, but a precept. Tlie virgin who married hath not sinned, saith Saint Paul, 
 which is true even with reference to her who .should have deemed herself called to a 
 state of virginity, inasmuch as the call to this state was merely a counsel on the part of God, 
 
 (7) Jesus Christ saith with a sort of surprise, shcdl hardly! He saith with an oath ; 
 Amen, I say to you. He saith it even three times. rich ! if this thunder doth not 
 awaken you, you do not sleep, you are dead. 
 
 (8) To place confidence m riches is to expect from them all one's happiness ; it is, 
 therefore, to treasure them in our heart in the place of God, who alone can render us 
 happy. Behold, therefore, why it is that covetousness is termed by Saint Paul a serving 
 of idols (Ephes. v. 5). 
 
 (9) A hyperbolical fasliion of speech, which had passed into a proverb with the Jews : 
 it is also to be found in the Talmudists. 
 
 (10) Ask how the universe could be drawn forth from nothing, and how it is possible 
 that a rich man can be saved — the answer is the same : God is all-powerful. 
 
CHAP. XLTU.] OF OUR LORD JESL'S CHRIST. 361 
 
 But wliilst the disciples were eugrossed by tlae stai'tling informa- 
 tiou contained iu tlie latter words of the Saviour, Peter did not for- 
 get that it contained something advantageous to himself. He was 
 one of those voluntary poor who had left all in order to follow Je- 
 sus Chrij^t, and to whom the Saviour had made such magnificent 
 promises. He desired to know, then, in what the promised recom- 
 pense was likely to consist, (a) " Then Peter answering, said to him 
 [■speaMng also for his brethren^ : Behold, we have left all things (11) 
 and followed thee ; what, therefore, shall we have ? Jesus answer- 
 ing, said to them : Amen, I say to you, that you who have followed 
 me, in the regeneration (12), when the Son of man shall sit on the 
 seat of his majesty, you also shall sit on twelve seats, judging the 
 twelve tribes of Israel (13). And every one that hath left house, 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, six. 27-29; St. Mark, x. 29-31. 
 
 (11) Those who would depreciate the sacrifice of the apostles, saying that they mere- 
 ly quitted a bark and nets, would be ignorant that, in order to quit all without any ex- 
 ception, requires an incredible eflbrt, and merits an inestimable recompense. The mon- 
 arch who should renounce all the kingdoms of the world, and should still remain attach- 
 ed to any thing whatsoever, were it a thing of as httle value as the net of Saint Peter, 
 would make a sacrifice incomparably, we might say infinitely, less painful to nature than 
 that of a man who, being owner of this net alone, sacrifices it without reserving to him- 
 seK even the slightest attachment. Nothing can fill the heart of man ; but a mere noth- 
 ing is sufficient to fix his aflFection. Now, to disengage one's self from this trifle, in or- 
 der to cUng to God alone — in order to repose solely iu God — to have no other good — 
 no other hope — no other support than God — who is the individual who can do this ? 
 Let him be shown to us, and we shall not refuse him his meed of praise ; for he has 
 wrought a greater miracle than if he had raised up the dead. 
 
 The widow who gave the two pence gave more than the rich, because she gave all. 
 The sacrifice of a moderate fortune is nalli/ greater than that of a greater fortune, 
 because an individual siicrifices more contentment and repose, 
 
 (12) In the resurrection which shall be like a second generation, by which men shall 
 be born again to an immortal life. 
 
 (13) Jesus Christ says so with the tacit condition that they shall persevere in the 
 state of perfection which they had embraced. For Judas was to exclude himself by 
 his treachery, so that, amongst those present, only eleveft were to sit upon these sub- 
 lime thrones. On the other hand. Saint Matthii^s was to be chosen in the place of Ju- 
 das ; Saint Paul and Saint Barnabas were to be admitted to the apostolical college, 
 thereby increasing to fourteen the number of the assistant judges. We must take it 
 that Jesus Christ speaks to the apostles according to the number of those to whom he 
 addressed his speech, and that his mode of speaking is Umtamount to this : Each of you 
 (if he be faithfiU to his engagements) shall be seated upon a throne whence ho shall 
 
362 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET U. 
 
 or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or -wife (14), or chil- 
 dren, or lands, for my name's sake, shall receive a hundred-fold, 
 now in this present time (15), in houses, and brethren, and 
 sisters, and mothers, and children, and lands (16), with pereecu- 
 
 judge, (fee, &c. Tlie mimber twelve should not, therefore, be taken literally. It com- 
 prises universally those who shall judge with Jesus Christ, in the same way as the mul- 
 titude of those who shall be judged is expressed by the twelve tribes of Israel. Know 
 you not that tve shall judge angels ? says Saint Paul, which proves that the Jews are 
 not the only people who shall be judged by the apostles. Lastly, when it is said 
 that they shall judge, this judicial prerogative is not merely deducible from the com- 
 parison which shall originate between them and the reprobates (this comparison would 
 not be more peculiar to them than to the Queen of Saba and the Ninevites), nor simply 
 from the approbation with which they shall hail the judgment of Jesus Christ. All the 
 just shall applaud his judgment with unanimous acclamation. So great a promise an- 
 nounces something more ; and what can this be, if it be not that, seated with Jesus 
 Christ, they shall pronounce judgment with him, and in the same way ? 
 
 (14) We have seen that Jesus Christ only permits divorce in the case of adultery. 
 Nevertheless, an individual may leave his wife on account of Jesus Christ in several ways. 
 1st. By not marrying, and then leaving, signifies not to take one. 2d. By leaving a mar- 
 ried bride before the consummation of the marriage. Such was the case of Saint Alexis. 
 It is always allowable to imitate him, provided this be done with the view of embracing 
 the religious state. The marriage which has been celebrated, although not consum- 
 mated, is dissolved by the profession, which restores back to the party who has been're- 
 linquished the right of again contracting. If any one dares to deny this, the Council 
 of Trent casts its anathema upon him. 3d. By leaving her, in point of fact, when an in- 
 dixidual, from being an infidel, changes to be a Christian — I say leaving her, when the 
 wife, remaining an infidel, might prove an obstacle to the profession of Christianity, or 
 to the accomplishment of the duties which it proposes. This case frequently arose in 
 the primitive times, and it is still to be met amongst infidels who become converted to 
 the faith. 4th. By abstaining, both parties consenting, from the use of marriage, and 
 living together like brother and sister. The first centuries of Christianity fm-nish us ex- 
 amples in thousands. Our century but little resembles them in this point, and would 
 to God there were no other features of dissimilarity. 5th. It may be said that an indi- 
 vidual leaves his wife for Jesus Christ and the Gospel, when he refuses to yield to her 
 criminal wishes, and that he is disposed to endure her humors, her transports of passion, 
 and, if necessary, her withdrawal and her separation, rather than prevaricate out of com- 
 placency. Too many husbands, since Adam, have been put to this trial, and have sus- 
 tained it no better than he did. 
 
 (15) It does not appear that the thrones and the right of judging is promised to this 
 class, although several interpreters are of this opinion. This second promise only an- 
 nounces, besides eternal life, the hundred-fold of this life, proportioned to the extent 
 and the perfection of the sacrifices. 
 
 (16) Since we see not that this hundred-fold refers to mothers, brethren, sisters, 
 houses, or inheritance, interpreters have perplexed themselves in order to find it out. 
 Those who advocate the millennium seem to be less embarrassed about the matter. The 
 
CHAP. XLVir.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 3G3 
 
 lions (17), and, ill the world to come, life everlasting. But [adds 
 the Saviour] many that are firet shall be last, and the last hrst." 
 
 It is not difficult to understand in what sense this is applicable to 
 the preceding part of the discourse. The apostles, dazzled by the 
 glory which was promised to them, might find it difficult to beUeve 
 that poor sinners like them should one day be the judges of all men, 
 without distinction of rich or poor, of monarch or subject. Jesus 
 Christ confirmed them in this faith, by informing them that the or- 
 der established in this world should be subverted in the other, or 
 rather that to the disorder of this there should succeed perfect and 
 eternal order. Here birth and fortune alone constitute the great 
 and the little ; there ranks shall be regulated by merit alone : the 
 lowest of men, if he has been the most virtuous, shall be the first ; 
 and the fii'st, if he has been the most vicious, shall be the last. We 
 
 saints, say they, shall reign one thousand years upon the earth with Jesus Christ, and 
 then they shall have the hundred-fold in nature. Thus did they press this text 
 into their service, in order to support their error. But is it, then, credible that they 
 should have one hundred wives for one which they might have left ? inquired Saint Je- 
 rome of these visionary men. Other ascetics understood the text with reference to the 
 large number of brethren, of sisters, of houses and possessions, which those acquire who 
 embrace the religious state, wherein there exists community of property. This is a 
 pious illusion. For, admitting that these brethren or these sisters are more praisewor- 
 tliy at least than those whom we may have left in the world, it must also be allowed 
 that this wealth of houses and of lands is not worth a comfortable house and a good in- 
 heritance, which one might possess in his own personal right. This hundred-fold is, 
 thcri'fore, contentment, which is of such a nature, that it surpasses that arising from 
 having a hundred mothers, a hundred brethren, a hundred sisters, a hundred houses, 
 and a hundred patrimonies. Jesus Christ is a substitute for all, or rather he replaces 
 them with an immense addition. If any one, said he, doth the will of my Father, he 
 shall be my mother, my brother, and mv sister. He is to us all that he has said 
 we shall be to him. Am I not better to you, I alone, than ten ohildren, said El- 
 cana to the virtuous Anna ? This is nearly the same language which the Saviour ad- 
 dresses to the soul which has relinquished all for him ; and the union which he con- 
 tracts with her is so intimate and so delicious, that all the connections of flesh and blood 
 are comparatively but misery and affliction. We are so assured by those who experi- 
 ence it, and they alone can give testimony of the fact. 
 
 (17) Persecutions are to this contentment what water is when wist upon a blaz- 
 ing furnace. For the moment, it .abates the flame ; but it afterwards renders it 
 more brisk and more durable. I am filled with joy in the midst of my tribulations, 
 said Saint Paul. He was no longer apprehensive of losing this joy, since he had expe- 
 rienced that persecution itself could not deprive him of it, and this assurance gave the 
 finishing stroke to his happiness. 
 
364 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 must uot, tlierefore, be auy longei- astonislied that tlie higliest seats 
 tliereiii slioulJ be occuj)ied by the poor, whilst the majority of the 
 rich and the great, cast down at their feet, shall grovel in the dust. 
 Perhaps Jesus Christ was also desirous to give his disciples to under- 
 stand that Avhat was promised was not yet secured to them ; that 
 they might still lose those thrones which were prepai'ed for them ; 
 and that, if they drew this misfortune upon themselves, they should 
 one day groan in despair at, seeing them filled by others who, sub- 
 stituted in their stead, would be more faithful to the gi'ace which 
 called them to these thrones. This sense, which comj^rises the great 
 mystery of the transfer and substitution of grace, was so literally 
 accomplished in Judas, that it is uot at all unlikely that the Sa\'iour 
 may have had him iu view when he uttered this sentence. But these 
 same words which formed the conclusion of the preceding discourse, 
 served, at the same time, as an introduction to the following para- 
 ble, wherein they express the perfect independence of God in the 
 distribution of his graces. It was, therefore, immediately after hav- 
 ing spoken them that Jesus Christ continued thus : 
 
 («) " The kingdom of God is like to a householder (18), who went 
 out early iu the morning to hire laborers into his vmeyard. Hav- 
 ing agreed with the laborers for a penny a day, he sent them into 
 his vineyard (19). And going out about the third hour (20), he 
 saw others standing in the market-place idle, and he said to them : 
 Go you also into my vineyard, and I will give you what shall be 
 just, and they went their way. And again he went out about the 
 sixth and the ninth hour, and did iu like manner. But about the 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xx. 1-16. 
 
 (18) The kingdom of God is not like unto a man. This fashion of speech signifies 
 that God, in the administration of his kingdom, which is his Church, demeans himself 
 nearly like a father of a family, who, &c., &o. This remark has already been made else- 
 where. 
 
 (19) This penny might weigh the eighth part of an ounce, and be worth about fifteen 
 sous of our money. It was the price of a day's work. 
 
 (20) Towards nine o'clock in the morning. The Jews reckoned twelve hours in the 
 day, from the rising till the setting of the sun. These hours were unequal, according 
 to the inequality of the days. They also divided the day into four parts, each of which 
 comprised three hours. 
 
CHAP. XLVn.] OF OVK LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 365 
 
 eleventh Lour lie went out and found others standing, and he saith 
 to them : Why stand you hero all the day idle ? They say to him : 
 Because no man hath hired us. He saith to them: Go you also into 
 my vineyard. And, when evening was come, the lord of the vine- 
 yard saith to his steward : Call the laborei"s, and pay them their 
 liii'e, beginning from the last even to the fii-st. "VNTien, therefore, 
 they were come that came about the eleventh hour, they received 
 every man a penny (21). But when the first also came, they 
 thought that they should receive more ; and they also received 
 every man a penny, and recei^'ing it, they mm-mured against the 
 master of the house, saying ; These last have worked hut one hour, 
 and thou hast made them equal to us, that have borne the burden 
 of the day and the heats. But he answering, said to one of them : 
 Friend, I do thee no wrong ; didst thou not agree with me for one 
 penny ? Take what is thine (22), and go thy way ; I will also give to 
 
 (21) The last come were, therefore, the firet paid. In the parable this circumstance 
 was necessary, in order that the others might see that these received the same payment 
 as tliemselvcs. For if the first had been paid at the outset, they would have withdrawn 
 immediately, and could not have witnessed what took place after their departure. 
 Since they do not murmur at the payment being first made to the other class, it would 
 seem that this species of priority should not be regarded as a favor. What matter to 
 them, in point of fact, to be paid a few minutes sooner or later ? I say that this spe- 
 cies of priority should not be regarded as a favor, merely considering the letter of the 
 parable ; but not so with reference to the application. For the object here is to estab- 
 lish this truth, that the last shall be the first, and the first shall be last. There 
 must be some real advantage accruing to the last which is not enjoyed by the first. 
 This advantage is to be found in the predilection which God has signally shown to- 
 wards the Gentiles, who became, to the exclusion of the .lews, the chosen and cherish- 
 ed people, and further exhibited in the extraordinary caresses which he lavishes on sin- 
 ners who, although tardily, return sincerely to him. Now, these are the two applica- 
 tions which are made of this parable, as shall be seen when continuing the penxsal of 
 the text. 
 
 (22) By virtue of the agreement. As soon as they had completed their engagement, 
 the penny was due to them in justice. However, it was also gratuitous, for the house- 
 holder might not have entered into any engagement with them ; he might employ them 
 or pass tliem by at his own option. On the other hand, having promised some wages 
 to those whom he had called at a late hour, he was also indebted to them for it in point 
 of justice. Thus justice in the first class does not exclude grace, and grace in the sec- 
 ond class does not exclude justice. This is the doctrine of Saint Paul, who states of 
 himself: By the grace of God I am what I am, which does not hinder him from stating 
 elsewhere : There Is laid up for me a crown of justice. Catholic faith has always recog- 
 
366 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART H. 
 
 this last even as to thee. Or, is it not lawful for me to do what I 
 , will ? Is thy eye evil, because I am good ? So shall the last be 
 first, and the fii'st last; for many are called, but few chosen (23)." 
 
 We can, therefore, return to God at any period of hfe, and that 
 merciful God is still sufficiently liberal to grant to those who give 
 themselves to him in the decline of their life the same recompense 
 as to those who have commenced serving him in the vigor of life, or 
 even from theii' earliest youth. It is, I say, the same reward, and 
 in substance identical, although unequal in its degrees, in proportion 
 to the time which the individual shall have spent in his sei'vice ; al- 
 though it may also haj^pen, and tlie parable conveys this idea plain- 
 ly enough, that those who have commenced late do equal by their 
 fervor, or even surpass many of those who shall have toiled fi-om the 
 morning of their life. Such are the consoling truths which Jesus 
 Christ in this parable proposes to sinners of all ages, and the sense 
 in which it is usually expounded. But how are we to regard here 
 the murmurings of those who came first? Inasmuch as all are re- 
 warded, they are all just and happy ; and it is certain that in the 
 day of retribution, those among the just who shall have been least 
 favored, far from reproaching the Lord with the inequality of his fa- 
 vors, shall, on the contrary, bless and applaud him for his superal:)uu- 
 dant bounty to others. This reflection, joined to the surmise that so 
 considerable a part of the parable cannot be a mere adjunct to it, or 
 merely ornamental, warrants the application of it to the two races, 
 and the application is quite correct. The Jews, if you comjjare peo- 
 
 nized both truths in the recompense of the elect. Protestants, who misunderstand the 
 merit thereof, have abused several expressions in this parable, iot the pui'pose of sus- 
 taining their error, and have distorted the sense of some other passages which tell against 
 their erroneous doctrine. This has induced us to place here this exposition. 
 
 (23) AU those spoken of in the parable being elect, inasmuch as all received the 
 pence, we do not further see how this conclusion can refer to the parable. But we can 
 very easily connect it with those words which go immediately before : So shall the last 
 be first, and the first last. This sort of subversion may excite surprise : the utter ex- 
 clusion of the greater number of those who are called should surprise us much more. 
 Wherefore the matter presents itself as if Jesus Christ said : You seem surprised at 
 hearing me state that the first called shall be sent to the lowest rank ; how much more 
 should you wonder that, amongst this great number of men who have been called, and 
 wlio shall yet be called, very few shall have the reward. 
 
C1TA.P. XL VU.] OF OUR LORD JISUS CnBLST. 367 
 
 pie to people, liail been called from tlie time of Abraham, and the 
 Gentiles were only called by the apostles. Moreover, if we compare 
 man with man, each Jew in particular had toiled all his life in the 
 vineyard of the Lord. Circumcised fi-om his biilh, he had borne 
 the intolerable yoke of the law from that moment until the day when 
 he embraced the evangelical law. Then, according to the promise, 
 he had received in bajrtism both the remission of his sins and the 
 quality of chdd of God and heir of the heavenly- kingdom. But a 
 GentUe who became converted, received, as well as he, this precious 
 penny : a Gentile, who had been a stranger to this alliance, and to 
 whom nothing had ever been promised ; and if we consider what he 
 was in himself, he was a man who had hitherto lived without God, 
 without law, without morals, the sport of his passions, the slave of 
 all vices, and the worshipper of demons. From the midst of these 
 horroi-s, he opened his eyes to the light of faith which was presented 
 to hiiu, and at the same moment he became equal to the children of 
 the promise. "\Ye are aware of the murmurs which arose amongst 
 the Jews in consequence of this equality which they had never an- 
 ticipated, and which they coidd not behold without envy. Perhaps 
 the discontent would have gone so far as to make them withdraw 
 from the Church, or to prevent their entering into it, like the broth- 
 er of the jjrodigal child, il" those two parables had not prepared them 
 for this great event ; for both have the same object, and the antidote 
 was not more than requi.-ite in order to prevent the consequences of 
 the scandal which should arise amongst the Jews with reference to 
 this suliject. But if they tend to the same end, they do so by dif- 
 ferent paths, as it is easy to discern from the diffei-ent reasons which 
 they give for this conduct of God. That of the fii"st parable is the 
 paternal love which God entertains towards all men, without except- 
 ing those who have wandered farthest fi-om his holy Avays. That of 
 the second is, as we have said, his perfect independence in the distri- 
 bution of his graces, which enables him to gi-ant them to whomso- 
 i-ver he pleases, and in the measure that he pleases, without any 
 other reason for the preference than his own good pleasure ; or for 
 his predilection, but the predilection itself. 
 
 This occurred in that part of Judea beyond the Jordan, where we 
 have seen that Jesus then was. We have previou'^ly said that he 
 
368 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET II. 
 
 was on his way towards Jerusalem ; but as it was liis design not to 
 reach the city until the apjiroach of the feast of the Passover, he pro- 
 ceeded very slowly, teaching on the way, and curing the sick who 
 came before him. It is even apparent that he prolonged his sojourn 
 in the places in which he had resolved to diffuse yet other lights and 
 graces, when an accident, which, however, was not such to him who 
 had foreseen and willed it, made him advance on a sudden almost to 
 the walls of the capital. This was the sickness and death of Laza- 
 rus, whose resurrection must be regarded as one of the most memo- 
 rable events of this history, not only because it was the greatest mir- 
 acle which Jesus Christ performed during his whole mortal life, but, 
 moreover, on account of its consequences ; for we may consider it as 
 the proximate cause of the Saviour's death. Too plain to leave any 
 room for their wicked subtleties, this miracle drove his enemies to 
 despair, and to them there now remained no other course than either 
 to adore him or to crucify him. Between these two extremes envy 
 never hesitated ; and its characteristic excess of malice would suf- 
 fice to make us aware on which part it decided, even if history had 
 left us in icrnorance of the fact. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIII. 
 
 EESXTREECnON OF LAZAEUS. FIRST CONSULTATION AGAINST .lESUS CHRIST. CAI- 
 
 PHAS PROPHESIES.— JESUS RETIRES TO EPIIEAIM. 
 
 (a) " Now there was a certain man sick, named Lazarus, of Betha- 
 nia, of the town of Mary, and of Martha, her sister. Mary was she 
 that anointed the Lord with ointment (1), and wiped his feet with 
 
 (o) St. John, xi. 1-56. 
 
 (1) Since Saint John designates her by this trait, it must, therefore, belong ex- 
 clusively to one person, otherwise the sign would be equivocal. Moreover, the Church, 
 in the Office of Saint Magdalen, only makes one and the same person of her whom some 
 interpreters would fain make two, and even three different persons. On both sides it is 
 merely an opinion ; but we may say that the opinion of those who multiply the Marys 
 
CHAP. XLVin.] OF OUK LOKD JISUS CUKIST. 369 
 
 her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick. Ilis sister, therefore, sent 
 to Jesus, saying: Lord, behohl, he whom thou lovest is sick (-2). 
 And Jesus, hearing it, said to them (3) : This sickness is not unto 
 death (4) ; but for the glory of God, that the Son of God may be 
 glorified by it. Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister Mary, and 
 Lazarus (5). "V\Tien he had heard, therefore, that he was sick, he 
 stUl remained in the same place two days ; then after that he said to 
 his disciples : Let us go into Judea again. The disciples say to him : 
 
 is neither grounded upon so decisive a reason, nor so respectable an authority, as the 
 reason we liave just advanced, and the authority we have cited. 
 
 (2.) This is, according to the fathei-s, the model of perfect prayer. It consists in the 
 simple expression of want, accompanied by a firm confidence in God. This confidence 
 is founded upon the knowledge which we have of the goodness, of the power, and of 
 the wisdom of God. By his goodness he wisheth well to us ; by his power he is en- 
 abled to do us good ; by his wisdom he shall discern what is most advantageous to us ; 
 a state of things wliich produces resignation, happen what may, because he knows bet- 
 ter than we what is necessary for us. 
 
 A truly faithful soul, which has not obtained from God the particular favor which it 
 sought from him, is only inclined to utter this single expression : It was not good for 
 me, I was deceived. 
 
 (3) Since he said it to them, the deputation was, therefore, composed of several. 
 
 (4) The principal effect of death is to cut off forever from the society of the living. 
 That of Lazarus was not to have this effect. It is in this sense that it is said that his 
 sickness is not unto death. 
 
 (5) Jesus Christ, as God, has loved men from all eternity : as man, he has loved them 
 during time, and from the instant of his conception, with that supernatural love of char- 
 ity which has God alone for its motive and its end. We are not unaware that he en- 
 tertained these two sorts of love for Martha, for her sister Mary, and for their brother 
 Lazarus ; and that, too, with the predilection which he entertains towards the saints and 
 the predestined. But as man, he might enterUiin, iind he did entertain, in point of fact, 
 various other sorts of love, ^•iz., natural love, founded upon kindred, familiarity, sym- 
 pathy, «fee; love of esteem and complacency, founded upon upright inclinations and 
 virtuous morals ; love of gratitude, founded upon the attachment which was evinced 
 towards him. He did not enterUiin these latter varieties of love for all men, because 
 he did not find cause for them in all men ; but he might have entertained them towards 
 Uiose in whom he found cause : such were Lazarus and his two sisters, towards whom . 
 Jesus Christ must have entertained the love of complacency, inasmuch as they were vir- 
 tuous persons, and that of gratitude, inasmuch as they did good to him. We thus have 
 the sense in which it is here stated that he loved them, that is to say, that lie entertain- 
 ed a particular friendship for them. We cannot doubt that he entertained these soi-ts 
 of love or friendship, because it is evident that they arc not sinful, and it is a matter of 
 faith that Jesus Christ assumed all that belongs to human nature, with the exception 
 of sin. 
 
 24 
 
370- THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART n. 
 
 Kabbi, the Jews but just now souglit to stone tliee (6) ; and goest 
 thou thither again ? Jesus answered : Are there not twelve hours 
 of the day ? If a man walk in the day, he stumbleth not (7), be- 
 cause he seeth the light of this world ; but if he walk in the night, 
 he stumbleth, because the light is not in him. These things he said ; 
 and after that he said to them : Lazarus, our friend, sleepeth ; but I 
 go, that I may awake him out of sleep. His disciples, therefore, 
 said : Lord, if he sleep, he shall do well. But Jesus spoke of his 
 death, and they thought that he spoke of the repose of sleep ; then, 
 therefore, Jesus said to them jjhiiuly : Lazai'us is dead, and I am glad, 
 for your sake (8), that I was not there (9), that you may believe ; 
 l)ut let us go to him. Then Thomas, who is called Didymus (10), 
 said to his fellow-disciples : Let us also go, that we may die with 
 him (11). So Jesus came (12), and found that he had been four 
 days already in the sepulchre (13). Now, Bethania M'as near Jeru- 
 
 (6) But now. In the text we read nunc. Fear rendered still present to their mind 
 what had occurred about two months before. 
 
 (7) It is a figurative mode of saying : the time when I have resolved to die is not yet 
 come ; until then I have nothing to apprehend. Thus it was that Jesus Christ sent 
 word to Herod : / must -walk to-day, and to-morrow, and the following day, as it is in 
 the same sense that at the time of his passion he said to those who came to arrest him : 
 This is your hour and the power of darkness. 
 
 (8) In order that you may be strengthened in faith, for they already believed. 
 
 (9) He was there as God, but he speaks as man. 
 
 (10) This is the Greek translation of the name of Thomas; for Thomas in Hebrew 
 signifies Twin, as DidjTnus does in Greek. 
 
 (11) He spoke this sincerely and from his heart, ;md not ironically, as some have very 
 injudiciously asserted. These construe his words as if bespoke thus: Shall we also 
 go, that we may be stoned to death along with him ? The Gospel does not leave us 
 in ignorance of the faults of the apostles. The religiaus respect which is due to the 
 apostles does not permit us to attribute faults to them of which they were innocent. 
 Much less does it permit us to exaggerate, so as to give a faidty character to actions re- 
 plete with strength and heroism, such as was the resolution which Saint Thomas exhibited 
 «pon this occasion, wherein he raised the courage of the irresolute and trembling disciples. 
 
 (12) After two days' march. He was not, therefore, at Jericho, as some moderns as- 
 sert ; for it is improbable that he could have taken two days to accomplish the six or 
 «even hours' journey from Jericho to Bethania. But what demonstrates that he had 
 come from a greater distance, and even from beyond the Jordan, is this expression which 
 lie made use of to his disciples : Let us go into Judea. One was, of course, in Judea 
 when he was in Jericho. 
 
 (13) It follows from this that Lazarus had been interred the very day of his death, 
 
CUAP. XLVIII.] 
 
 OF OUR LORD JESL'S CHRIST. 
 
 371 
 
 salera, about fifteen furlongs off; and many of the Jews were come 
 to Martha and Mary, to comfort them concerning their brother. 
 Martha, therefore, as soon as she heard that Jesus was come, went to 
 meet him ; but ^Nlary sat at home. Martha said to Jesus : Lord, if 
 thou hadst been here, my brother had not died (14) ; but now also 
 I know that whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, God will give it thee. 
 Thy brother shall lise again, saith Jesus to her. ilartha said to him : 
 I know that he shall rise again in the resurrection, at the last day. 
 Jesus said to her: I am the resurrection and the life (15) ; he that 
 beheveth in me, although he be dead, shall live (16) ; and every one 
 that liveth, and believeth in me, shall not die forever. Believest 
 thou this ? Yea, Lord, she saith to him, I have believed that thou 
 art Christ, the Son of the living God, who art come into this 
 world (17). And when she had said these things, she went, and 
 called her sister Mary secretly, saying : The Master is come, and 
 calleth for thee. She, as soon as she heard this, riseth quickly, and 
 Cometh to him ; for Jesus was not yet come into the town, but he 
 was still in that place where Martha had met him. 
 
 which appeai-s rather precipitate. Perhaps the nature of his disease did not allow of 
 keeping over the corpse ; or perhaps it might have been on the eve of the Sabbath, a 
 reason which rendered it obligatory, as we know, to detach the Saviour from the cross, 
 and to place him in the sepulchre immediately after he expired. 
 
 (14) Imperfect faith. Jesus Christ, from a distance, might hinder him from dying, 
 as well as if near ; but the discourse exhibits calm moderation. Saint Chrysostom, who 
 represents to himself the cries and lameiiUitions which would have been uttered by other 
 women, if placed in the same circumstances as the two sisters, gives them credit for this 
 self-restraint. 
 
 (15) He raises Martha to higher notions; she thought she had only to ask in order 
 to obtiiin. He informs her that she does not even require to ask ; for he who is the 
 resurrection and the life, that is to say, who is the author and source of botii one and 
 the other, does not require to ask for what he possesses and has within Imnself. 
 
 (16) Although he be dead, shall live, that is to say, that he shall recover life by the 
 resurrection. He who lives shall not die forever, because he shall only die in order to 
 rise again. Others translate, ■' shall never die,"' which is true in the sense that a death 
 which is followed by a happy resurrection is merely a sleep. 
 
 (17) It is the confession of Saint Peter. M;irtha has the honor of being the first wo- 
 man whom we know to have made it. The entire faith is comprised therein, but this 
 faith was not as yet entirely developed. Martha's ciise here resembled that of a Catho- 
 lic who, when interrogated whether he believes such and such an article of faith, of 
 which he should have merely a confused idea, would reply sincerely, and without eva- 
 sion : I believe all which the Church believes and teaches. 
 
3Y2 THE IIISTOEY OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 "The Jews, who were with her (18) iu the house, and comforted 
 her, "\\hen they saw Maiy that she rose np sj^eedilj", aud went out, 
 followed her, saying: She goeth to the sepulchre to weep there. 
 When Mary, therefore, was come where Jesus was, seeing him, she 
 fell down at his feet, and saith to him : Lord, if thou hadst been 
 here, my brother had not died. ^Vben Jesus, therefore, saw her 
 weejiing, and the Jews that were come with her weeping, he groan- 
 ed in the spirit (19), and troubled himself, and said : Where have 
 you laid him ? They say to him : Lord, come and see. And Jesus 
 "wejit (20). The Jews, therefore, said : Behold how he loved him. 
 But some of them said : Could not he that opened the eyes of the 
 man born blind, have caused that tliis man should not die (21) ? Je- 
 sus, therefore, again groaning in himself, cometh to the sepulchre : 
 now, it wa-s a cave, and a stone was laid over it. Jesus saith : Take 
 away the stone (22). Martha, the sister of him that was dead, saith 
 unto him : Lord, by this time he stinketh, for he is now of four days. 
 Jesus saith to her : Did not I say to thee, that if thou wilt believe, 
 thou shalt see the glory of God ? They took, therefore, the stone 
 away, aud Jesus lifting up his eyes, said : Father, I give thee thanks 
 that thou hast heard me (23). And I knew that thou hearest me 
 
 (18) Mary remained in the company of those who came to pay compliments of con- 
 dolence. It appears by this narrative, and by that of the repast which Jesus Christ 
 made with the two sisters, that Martha occupied herself in the housekeeping, and that 
 Mai-y did the honors of the house, each pursuant to her taste or capacity. 
 
 (19) Which usually precedes tears, especially in men whose masculine character 
 shiinks at first fioni the emotion which produces tears. In us this groaning is involun- 
 tary ; but it was voluntary in the Man- God ; this is the reason why it is said that he 
 troubled himself. 
 
 (20) To weep with those who weep is, according to Saint Paul, a duty of charity 
 which Jesus Christ desired to fulfil as well as others. He might also weep at tlie sight 
 of human miseries, of which he had so affecting an image before his eyes ; and it was 
 Hot unworthy of liim to shed tears at the death of his fiiend. 
 
 (21) Had he remained without shedding tears, these people might have accused him 
 of hardness of heart. Whatever course may be taken, there are persons whose censure 
 can never be eluded. The wise man acts as he ought, and leaves people to speak as 
 they like. 
 
 (22) Jesus Christ might miraculously raise the stone, but he did not wish to do so: 
 1st. Because human means being sufficient, the miracle was useless. 2d. Because the 
 fetid odor from the corpse rendered indubitable the miraculous event of the resurrection. 
 
 (2") Therefore he had prayed for it, but unnecessarily, as we have already said, ar.d 
 
CHAP. XLVin.] OF OUR LORD JESfS CHRIST. 873 
 
 always, but because of tlie people wlio stand about, I have said it, 
 that they may believe that thou hast seut me. When he had said 
 these things, he cried with a loud voice : Lazarus, come forth ! And 
 presentlj' he that had been dead came forth, bound feet and hands 
 with winding-bauds, and his face was bound about with a napkin, 
 Jesus said to them : Loose him, and let him go. Many, therefore, of 
 the Jews who were come to Mary and Martha, and had seen the 
 things that Jesus did, believed in him ; but some of them went to 
 the Pharisees, and told them the things that Jesus had done." 
 
 Did these Jews, who made it their business to report this prodigy, 
 belong to the great mass of those who believed, or to the small num- 
 ber of the unbelievers ? Was it reported by them with the design 
 of converting the Pharisees to Jesus Christ, or for the purpose of ex- 
 citing them still more against him ? This matter is very uncertain, 
 and the knowledge thereof is of very slight consequence. If we were 
 to judge it by its effect, theii* intention could not be otherwise than, 
 extremely bad. For, being more highly scandalized at this I'esur- 
 rection than they would have been if they had received information 
 that the Saviour had just committed murder, "the chief })rie?t?, there- 
 fore, and the Pharisees gathered a council, and said : AVhat do we, 
 and what are we thinking about? this man doth many miracles." 
 Let the reader remark that they do not here treat him as a blasphe- 
 mer, nor as a seducer of the people, nor as resisting the ordinances 
 of Moses and the authority of the Caîsars ; such language would have 
 done very well before the mob, who are only capable of belie\'ing 
 what is told them, and repeating what they hear. Whereas the 
 Phaiisees knew so well in their own hearts that such characteristics 
 by no means belonged to the Sa%nour, that to use such language in 
 familiar intercourse with each other, would be exposing themselves 
 to be considered as silly as the populace upon whom they sought to 
 l)alm these absurdities. " For this man does many miracles" — be- 
 
 he might not have made the solicitation. He had solicited it as man, and, even in that 
 quality, he is always heard. It was not for himself that he had asked it, but for us, 
 since he returns thanks for our sake. He did not require it for himself ; but how could 
 he want any thing affecting us ? Tiiis can only be explained by his love ; but who can 
 explain to us this love, which makes him love creatures whom he is not obliged to 
 love, and whom he has so many reasons to hate ? 
 
374 THE inSTORY OF THE LIFE [pART U. 
 
 hold Lis crime ! or, to speak more accurately, behold his transgres- 
 sion, ill the estimation of these jiroud men, who saw with no other 
 feeling than vexation the ascendancy that such astounding works 
 gave him over the public mind, and the diminution of their own 
 credit, being the inevitable result of the former ! This it is which 
 makes them add : " If we let him alone so, all will believe in him." 
 
 They saw themselves on the point of being abandoned, and 
 left to an ignominious solitude. This was the humiliating infer- 
 ence which they drew in the depth of their hearts ; but they would 
 have shrunk from expressing it by word of mouth. Here we have 
 the reason why, Instead of this personal interest which they did not 
 dare to avow, they alleged the interest of the public, and the state 
 threatened with, impending ruin, if an opposition were not organized 
 against the progi'ess of so dangerous a man, " and the Romans [^fJiey 
 <yay] will come and take away our place and nation (24)." 
 
 It remained to be said that they must get rid of him, and immo- 
 late him for the public safety ; but this would have pointed too dis- 
 tinctly to the crime which they meditated, and on this account they 
 could hardly jironounce it. The crime was desirabl-e ; but it was fur- 
 ther desirable to be enabled to say, after it had been committed, that 
 another was the author thereof, and to cast all the odium on him, 
 whilst sharing with him the profits. Wherefore it seems that they 
 exchanged glances, and that by these looks they mutually asked each 
 other for the fatal word, which no one had the boldness to utter ; 
 when, setting aside all delicacy, and deriding, as it were, the incon- 
 sistency of this latter scruple, " one of them, named Caiphas, being 
 the high priest for that year, said to them : You know nothing, nei- 
 ther do you consider that it is expedient for you that one man should 
 die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not." 
 
 (24) This is the prophecy of what really occurred to them for not having believed in 
 Jesus Christ, and for having put him to death. The just man does not always succeed : 
 the wicked fail much oftener. But the first, who only employed legitimate means, has 
 in his favor the testimony of his conscience, and, instead of earthly goods, the hope of 
 heavenly treasures. What a source of consolation ! The others add to the sense of 
 their misfortune, remorse for the crimes which have brought on their woe, and the pros- 
 pect of the eternal chasti|^ement which these crimes have earned for them ; what an ac- 
 cumulation of despair ! 
 
OHAP. XLVIII.] OF our. LORD JESUS CHRIST. 375 
 
 The mind of this wicked man was utterly engrossed hj the evil 
 meauiiig conveyed in his own words, viz., that we should make no 
 scruple of sacrificing an innocent victim to self-interest : a false and 
 abominable maxim, even if the interest of a whole people were at 
 stake. But his words also contained a mysterious and profound 
 meaning which he did not comprehend, and of which he had not 
 even any notion, viz., that the world could not be saved otherwise 
 than by the death of Jesus Chiist. The first of these two meapings 
 was his own ; the second was that of the Holy Ghost, who had made 
 him utter such words as announced this great truth, at the same time 
 that they expressed the perverse meaning which Caiphas had then in 
 his mind. Now, it is with reference to this second meaning that it is 
 said that " this lie spoke not of himself; but being the high priest of 
 that year (2.5), he prophesied that Jesus should die for the nation, 
 and not only for the nation, but to gather together in one the chil- 
 dren of God that were dispersed (26)." 
 
 But the murderous meaning, A\hich was the only one then under- 
 stood, was universally adopted. "From that day, therefore, they 
 de\nscd to put Jesus to death."' We see by that in what estimation 
 we should hold the judicial formality which they appeared to observe 
 when they had him in their power. If they called witnesses, and 
 listened to them; if they subjected the Saviour to a species of inter- 
 rogatory, it was all for the purpose of blindfolding the world, and in 
 order that it might be reported that evidence had been heard, and 
 that the pretended criminal had been judicially examined ; for, in 
 reality, he was ab-eady judged and condemned to death : the sen- 
 
 (25) Prophecy, the gift of pronouncing oracles in religious matters, is attached to 
 dignity, and not to merit. It became the wisdom of God that such should be the case, 
 because we always know where dignity e.xists, and we can never have any assurance of 
 the existence of virtue. The lips of the priest shall keep knoirledt/e, and they shall seek 
 the law at his mouth, because he is the angel of the Lord of hosts. — Malachi, ii. 7. 
 
 (26) In order to gather from all parts of the earth into one and the same Church all 
 the children of God, that is to say, all those who were to constitute it ; for they were 
 not as yet the children of God, and they only became such when they received the char- 
 acter by baptism. Jesus Christ was also to die for those who did not receive him, 
 since he wa.-; to die for all men. But allusion is made here to those only to whom the 
 fruits of his death were applied. 
 
376 THE HISTORY OF THE LIKE [pART H. 
 
 tence had anticipated the trial, aud all the subsequent delibea'ations 
 only turned upon the means of putting it into execution. 
 
 The hour was approaching, but had not yet come. Jesus, who, in 
 order to exhibit his power, had just braved the fury of his enemies, 
 wished also to give his disciples the example of a wise timidity and 
 a prudent flight. Thus were alternately seen the divinity piercing 
 the veil of humanity, and humanity shrouding with its weakness the 
 lustre of the divinity. " Wherefore Jesus walked no more openly 
 among the Jevv's ; but he went into a country near the desert, unto 
 a city that is called Ephrem, and there he abode with his disciples. 
 And the pasch of the Jews was at hand, and many from the country 
 went up to Jerusalem before the pasch to purify themselves. They 
 sought, therefore, for Jesus, and they discoursed one with another, 
 standing in the temple : What think you that he is not come to the 
 festival-day ? And the chief priests and the Pliarisees had given a 
 commandment, that if any man knew where he was, he should tell, 
 that they might apprehend him." 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 
 EETCEN TO JERUSALEM. ZEAi OF THE TWO DISCIPLES EErEESSED. THE PASSION 
 
 FOEETOLD WITH ITS CIECUJISTANCES. AMBITIOUS PRETENSION OF THE CHILDEEN 
 
 OF ZEBEDEE. — MDE3IUEING OF THE OTHEE DISCIPLES, AND INSTEUCTIONS GIVEN 
 TO THEM. 
 
 («) " It came to pass when the days of his assumption were accom- 
 plishing, that Jesus," surmounting, by a generous effort, all the repug- 
 nance of nature, " steadfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem. He 
 sent messengers before his face" to announce his arrival in the places 
 through which he should pass. "Going, they entered into a city of 
 the Samaritans, to prepare for him" what was necessary. But " they 
 received him not, because his face was of one going to Jerusalem !" 
 Now, journeying towards Jerusalem, during the time of the Passover, 
 
 (a) St. Luke, is. 51-56. 
 
CnAP. XLLX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 377 
 
 was a marked declaration of being a Jew and an anti-Samai-itan. 
 " "When his disciples, James and John, had seen this," unable to en- 
 diu'e the affi-out cast upon their JIaster, and bm-ning with the desire 
 to avenge him : " Lord, they said, wilt thou that we command fii-e to 
 come down from heaven, and consume them I" This sally has given 
 rise to the suspicion that the two disciples were amongst the number 
 of the deputation sent, and that some pei"sonal anger may have been 
 mixed up with theu' resentment. But their zeal, even supposing 
 that it had no other object than the glory of the Saviour, did not 
 meet his approbation. " Jesus turning, rebuked them, saying : You 
 know not of what sph-it you are (1). The Son of man came not to 
 destroy souls (2), but to save ; and they went into another town." 
 
 (a) " They were in the way going up to Jerusalem, and Jesus went 
 before them, and they were astonished, and following, were afraid." 
 The animosity of the Jews made the disciples always tremble for 
 their Master and for themselves. The conspiracies, hitherto abor- 
 tive, might at length succeed ; and what security had they that they 
 might not also become the victims ? Such was the subject of their 
 apprehensions, which Jesus Christ made no attempt to dispel. He 
 was rather inclined to change apprehension into certainty, at least 
 as far as regarded himself, personally, had they been capable of un- 
 derstanding him. For, (b) " taking unto him the twelve, he began 
 to tell them the things that should befall him : Behold, he said to 
 them, we go up to Jerusalem, and all things shall be accomplished 
 which were wi-itten by the prophets concerning the Sou of man. He 
 
 (n) St. Mark, x. 32. 
 
 (i) St. Matthew, x.v. 17; St. Mark, x. .32-34; St. Luke, xviii. 31. 
 
 (1) They did not as yet know the spirit of the Gospel, which is a spirit of meekness, 
 and they speuk in accordance with the spirit of the old law, which was a spirit of rigor. 
 However, we behold instances of severity under the Gospc-I, and of meekness under the 
 old law. Peter, by virtue of his word, strikes Ananias and Sapphira dead at his fi-et. 
 Eliscus, far from allowing harm to be inflicted upon the Syrians who came to take him, 
 orders them to be sent back safe .and sound, after providing tliera with food. This evin- 
 ces that meekness is only the predominant quality of the new law, as rigor was that of 
 the old law, and that here the general rule is not without exception. 
 
 (2) We have in tlic text : to destroy suuls. This expression, in Scripture, is under- 
 stood to refer to bodily iis well as spiritual life. Jesus Christ, who never did au"lit but 
 good to souls or bodies, spoke it here in both these significations. 
 
378 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 sh:ill be betrayed to the cliief priests, to the scribes, and ancients. 
 They shall condemn him to death, and deliver him to the Gentiles. 
 They shall mock him (o), and spit ou him, and scourge him, and kill 
 him, and the third day he shall rise again." 
 
 We have, in this prophecy, the detailed history of the passion of 
 the Saviour, from the betrayal of Judas until the resurrection. The 
 terms thereof are clear and precise, and it seems that it is impossible 
 to misunderstand them. Yet the disciples, to whom Jesus Christ re- 
 peated, for the third time, this prediction, (a) " understood none of 
 these things ; this word was hid from them, and they understood not 
 the things that were said." So true it is that nothing is more unin- 
 telligible than what we do not wish to understand, nor more incredi- 
 ble than that which we are not disposed to belie^'e. But, although 
 they were not then understood, these prophecies were not without 
 their use. They were serviceable in diminishing at least the sur- 
 I^rise and dejection of the disciples when the event occurred, and 
 who knows but it was this which sustained, or revived, the courage 
 of the well-beloved disciple ? IMoreover, the prediction of his death, 
 with so many circumstances which the human mind could not fore- 
 see, w^as a certain proof that, on the Saviour's part, his death was 
 perfectly free and voluntary, and it concerned his glory to place the 
 matter beyond all doubt. 
 
 What proves that the disciples had no conception of the meaning 
 of their Master's discourse, is the request which two of the most cher- 
 ished had the boldness to make. Even at this very juncture, when 
 he had just closed the detail of his future humiliations, in a manner 
 so affecting, and so capable of curing them of all ambition, (b) " the 
 sons of Zebedee, James and John, come to him, saying : Master, we 
 desire that whatsoever we shall ask thou wouldst do it for us. He 
 
 (n) St. Luko, xviii. 34. 
 
 ?Vi 
 
 (i) St. Mark, x. .35-37 ; St. Matthew, xx. 20-21. 
 
 (3) Theij. Tlie Gentiles who committed the greater part of these cruelties, although 
 in the text this may equally refer to the Jews, and with reason : for we may .say that 
 they did all the evil which they caused to be done. It was they who scourged the Sa- 
 viour, and who crucilied him by the hands of the Gentiles. They delivered him over to 
 tlie Gentiles solely with this intention. The crime of the executioner is simple ; he is 
 only guilty of the execution. That of the author is double ; he is guilty of the crime 
 ■which he commits and of that which he causes to be committed. • 
 
ClIAr. XLIX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 379 
 
 said to them : Wliat would j'ou that I should do for you ? Grant to 
 us, they said, that we may sit, one on thy right hand, and the other 
 on thy left (4), in thy glory." Another evangelist relates the trans- 
 action in a different way. " Then," says he, that is to say, immedi- 
 ately after the 2)ro2ihecy of the passion, " came to him the mother of 
 the sons of Zebedee, with her sons, adoring, and asking something of 
 him : who said to her : What v/ilt thou ? She said to him : Say that 
 these, my two sons, may sit, the one on thy right hand, and the oth- 
 er on thy left, in thy kingdom." 
 
 The request is precisely the same ; and the two recitals, although 
 different, do not contradict each other : the mother may have repeat- 
 ed what her children had said, or the cliildreu what the mother had 
 said ; or else, what appears most likely, the mother alone may have 
 spoken, hut in her children's name, for whom, as it were, she plead- 
 ed ; and one evangelist may have attributed to them a request which 
 had them alone for its object, and which their mother had only made 
 at their suggestion, or at least with their connivance. In the same 
 way the centurion is made to utter the prayer which his deputies 
 made in his name, praj-ing for the cure of his servant. However it 
 was, inasmuch as the request regarded the two brothei-s, it was to 
 them that Jesus addressed the reply : (a) " You know not, he said to 
 
 (o) St. Matthew, xx. 22-28; St. Mark, x. 38-41. 
 
 (4) Jesus Christ had promised them all iliat they should be seated upon thrones to 
 judge the twelve tribes of Israel. What an elevation for poor fishermen, who could not 
 have ventured to hope that they should be the fii-st even in their own town ! Never- 
 theless these poor fishermen were not yet content. Being promised the enjoyment of 
 thrones, each of them wished to liavc the first, and their pride was humbled by the veiy 
 thought of seeing one take preeedency of the other. Ambition has no limits ; we must 
 say this in reference to all men without exception. It always ascends, according to the 
 expression of the Psalmist. Wiien it seems to confine its pretensions to a middle rank, 
 the reason is because this rank happens to be the only one within reach. When ambi- 
 tion finds itself placed in this rank, this will merely be a step to rise to another. No 
 sooner is it raised to this, than it turns its thoughts to the rank above. In mediocrity, 
 we sigh after the pageantry and magnificence of the rich ; the rich regard with an ej'e 
 of envy the titles and the prerogatives of grandeur ; the great man would fain become a 
 prince ; the prince aspires after sovereigntv, and the sovereign to universal monarchy. 
 The objects are different according to the different positions : ambition is ever the same, 
 as strong in a villager who wishes to become the chief man in his village, as in Cœsar 
 desiring to ndc tiie Roman ICinpire. 
 
380 THE mSTOBY OF THE LIFE [PAET II. 
 
 tliem, wtat you ask. Can you di'ink of the chalice (5) that I sliall 
 diink (6-), or be baptized wherewith I am baptized ? We can (7), 
 they say to him. My chalice, indeed, he saith to them, you shall 
 drink (8), and with the baptism wherewith I am baptized you shall 
 1)6 baptized. But to sit on my right hand or on my left is not mine 
 to give, but to them for whom it is prepared by my Father (9)." 
 
 But pride ever meets pride in its way. If, amongst the apos- 
 tles, some sought to be the first, others did not wish to be thus dis- 
 tanced. There was not one of them who did not deem himself of- 
 
 (5) The chalice and baptism signify the passion of the Saviour : he elsewhere makes 
 use of these two terms in order to express the same thing. It appears by divere 
 texts in Scripture, that the word chalice vfas much used for the purpose of signifying 
 sufi'erings. It is a metaphor draivTi from a bitter potion which an individual might be 
 obliged to quafif. The word baptism, in the figurative sense, is more circumscribed ; it 
 is seldom appropriated to any thing but the passion, in which Jesus Christ was, as it 
 were, bathed in the flood of his own blood. Some understand by the chalice the death 
 of Jesus Christ, and by the baptism the assemblage of torments which he endiu'cd in 
 every part of his sacred body. 
 
 (G) If we suffer with Jesus Christ, says Saint Paul, we shall be glorified with him. It 
 is in this sense above all others that they did not know what they asked. So great a 
 gloiy could not be confen-ed through favor ; it could only be the reward of merit. The 
 aspirant should either purchase it at the price of his blood, or otherwise renounce it. 
 
 (7) That is to say, we are disposed to do so ; for it is not certain that they as yet had 
 the courage. It is always praiseworthy and salutary to make good resolutions, but still 
 we can place no confidence except in tried virtue. Wliat doth he know that hath not 
 been tried? — Eccles. xxxiv. 9. 
 
 (8) We read of the martyrdom of Saint James in the Acts of the Apostles. Saint 
 John died a natural death. But if martyrdom did not await him, he awaited martyr- 
 dom. We know that Domitian caused him to be plunged into a cauldron of boiling oil. 
 He came forth from it more fresh and more vigorous than ever ; but transported subse- 
 quently to the island of Patmos, he there suffered the rigors of a distressing exile. ' The 
 Church recognizes several other martyrs who have not suffered any greater pains than 
 he did. 
 
 (9) Besides that these places shall only be adjudged to merit, a special choice on the 
 part of God is necessary, in order to be called to this merit to which they shall be ad- 
 judged. From all eternity this choice is made and i-ecorded in the councils of the Most 
 High. The Son and the Holy Ghost have no less a part in it than the Father. How- 
 ever, Jesus Christ attributes it more particularly to the Father, who, in the Trinity, is 
 the first principle, as if to give to understand that, if it were possible that any inequality 
 could exist between the divine persons, it is that which should be highest and most ab- 
 solute in the Divinity that should dispose of these places. We may judge, therefore, 
 how silly it was to hope that these could be obtained through favor, or through the so- 
 licitations of a woman. 
 
CHAP. XLIX.] OF OL'R LORD JESUS CHRIST. 381 
 
 feuded by this ambitious pretension, and " hearing it, the ten were 
 moved with indignation against the two brothers, James and John." 
 This furnished an occasion for the Saviour to give to them all the ad- 
 miraljle lesson which we are about to see. " He called them to him, 
 and saith to them : You know that the princes of the Gentiles lord 
 it over them ; and they that are the gi-eater exercise power over 
 them. It shall not ])e so among you: but whosoever will be the 
 greater among you, let him be your minister, and he that will be 
 first among you, shall be yom* servant ; even as the Son of man is 
 not come to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life 
 a redemption for many." 
 
 Jesus had already stated more than once that we must become 
 little in order to become great, and that by humility alone can we 
 attain lasting elevation. This lesson, which is found repeated in the 
 words which he has just j^ronounced, is not the only lesson here in- 
 culcated. He also presents therein the sole motive which can make 
 authority the object of legitimate desire, viz., serving om- fellow-men ; 
 and the noblest use which can be made of authority, is to ex- 
 haust our energies, and, if it be necessar}", to sacrifice ourselves ut- 
 terly and entirely for those whom we have a right to command. 
 Such is the authority which a tender mother exercises over her lit- 
 tle child, which may be regarded at the same time as the highest 
 of all earthly authorities, and the most obedient of all servitudes. 
 Nothing, perhaps, could furnisli a better illustration than this com- 
 parison, had not the Saviour made us sensible of it by another 
 much more affecting and more persuasive example, viz., his own. 
 From his earliest infancy, during which the state of weakne^ 
 which he had chosen to assume required him to accept the ser- 
 vices of his mother, we always behold him obeying, and never com- 
 manding, always scr^'ing, and never served. His time, his cares, his 
 strength, his repose, his gloiy, his blood, and. his life — all, without 
 exception, were lavished for the benefit of mankind. During the 
 three years which he passed with his (Ji^ciple-;, there can be no doubt 
 but that he refused theii" services, and tendered them his own. Al- 
 though the evangelists furnish us TNÏth no details on this subject, they 
 yet say enough to give us to understand that such was the case. If the 
 washing of the feet is one of the most signal acts, it is far from being 
 
382 
 
 THE HISTORY OF HIE LIFE 
 
 [PAKT n. 
 
 tlic only one ; and are not all tlie details compiised in tbat single as- 
 sertion, which the Saviour was only enabled to advance, because his 
 conduct was the sensible and perpetual pi'oof thereof? I am "not 
 come to be ministered unto, but to minister." What the holy Pope 
 Saint Clement relates of his master, the aj^ostle Saint Peter, may find 
 a suitable place here. He says that, when the holy apostle beheld 
 any one asleej), the tears immediately started to his eyes. When 
 they inquired from him the reason, he replied, that this object recall- 
 ed to him the remembrance of his dear Master, who, whilst they all 
 were aslee]), watched for all ; and if it so happened that any of them 
 uncovered himself whilst sleeping, or tossed his poor bed, he careful- 
 ly covered him again, and replaced what had been disturbed. This 
 one instance will suffice to show his usual manner of treating his dis- 
 ciples, and will make us thoroughly acquainted with that maternal 
 authority, which it is lawful to desire, as it is also lawful for a wo- 
 man to desire to have children, in order that she may have persons 
 to love as much, and more than herself, and upon whom she may 
 lavish her affections, her cares, her attentions, her health, and some- 
 times her life. It is thus, I say, that it is lawful to desire authority, 
 because such a desire springs fi'om the pure motive of charity. This 
 is, to the letter, desiring, not the pageantry, but the («) " good work 
 of the episcopacy" — the only thing which charity allows us to desire 
 therein, because " charity is not ambitious ;" whereas the desires of 
 ambition point exclusively towards the titles and jirerogatives of au- 
 thority, because ambition is any thing but charitable. 
 
 (a) St. Paul, I. Tim. ui. 1. 
 
CHAP. L.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 383 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 
 PASSAGF. THEOUGII JERICHO. — A BLIND MAX RESTORED TO SIGHT. ZACHEUS. PAR- 
 ABLE OF THE TEN POUNDS. SIGHT RESTORED TO TWO BLIND MEN. 
 
 Ephrem, wliithei" the Saviour retired after the resurrection of Laz- 
 arus, is placed hj geograpliei-s northeast of Jerusalem, on the fron- 
 tiers of Judea and Samaria, or, according to the more ancient author- 
 ities, on the confines of the tribes of Ephraim and of Benjamin. In 
 proceeding thence to the capital, one could not pass through Jericho 
 without turning aside towards the east. The nature of the roads, or 
 the necessity of finding accommodation, might indeed render this im- 
 perative ; but, supposing that none of tEese reasons existed, the great 
 things which Jesus had to do and to say in Jericho were a sufficient 
 reason for him to prolong his joui-ney in order to go thither. He 
 therefore took his way thi'ough that city, and the moment he set 
 f(jot upon its territory, he began to display his Almighty goodness. 
 (a) " It came to pass, when he drew nigh Jericho, that a certain blind 
 man sat by the wayside, begging. And when he heard the multi- 
 tude passing Ijy, he asked what this meant. They told him that Je- 
 sus of Nazareth was passing by ; and he cried out, saying : Jesus, 
 Sou of David, have mercy on me. They that went liefore rebuked 
 him (1), that he should hold his peace ; but he cried out much more : 
 Son of Da\-id, have mercy on me. Jesus standing, commanded him 
 to be brought unto him (2) ; and when he was come near, he asked 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xviii. 35-43. 
 
 (1) Further on we shall find them murmuring, although mth as little success, because 
 the Saviour takes up his abiDde with a publican. There are two classes of people with 
 whose noiions we do not on a single occasion find Jcsns Christ coinciding, viz., those who 
 censure and those who rebuke others. The reason is, that nothing is less conformable to 
 liis benignity than the malignity of the first, nor to his meekness than the harshness of 
 the second. 
 
 (2) If, as they commanded him, he had ceased to ciy out, perhaps the Sa\-ioiu- would 
 not have approached him, and he might have remained blind. Those who wish to ap- 
 proach God will not reach him, if they do not begin by despising the remonstrances of 
 worldlinifs. 
 
384 THE HISTORY OF TIIE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 him : What wilt thou that I do to thee (3) ? Lord, he said, that I 
 may see. Receive thy sight, Jesus said to him ; thy faith hath made 
 thee M^hole. And immediately he saw and followed him, glorifying 
 God ; and all the people, when they saw it, gave praise to God." 
 
 " And entering in, Jesus walked through Jericho" with the accu- 
 mulating throng which the cure of the blind man had gathei'ed 
 around him. " And behold, there was a man named Zacheus, who 
 was the chief of the publicans, and he was rich. He sought to see 
 Jesus, who he was, and he could not for the crowd, because he was 
 low of stature. And running before, he climbed up into a sycamore 
 tree, that he might see him (4) ; for Jesus was to pass that way. 
 When Jesus was come to the place, looking up, he saw him, and said 
 to him : Zacheus, make haste and come down, for this day I must 
 abide in thy house. Zacheus made haste and came down, and re- 
 ceived him with joy. And when all saw it, they murmured, crying 
 that he was gone to be a guest with a man that was a sinner." Lit- 
 tle they knew that, by the in'^osible operation of grace, he whom 
 they thought a sinner was ah'eady a saint. " But Zacheus stand- 
 ing, said to the Lord : Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to 
 the poor (5) ; and if I have wronged any man of any thing, I restore 
 
 (3) A mother knows perfectly well tlie wants of her son ; she wishes, notwithstanding, 
 that he should declare them to her. She does so not only in order that he may recognize 
 her authority, but moreover that she may have the pleasure of hearing hira lisp his de- 
 sires, of seeing him testify his confidence ; she does so to excite and foster his gratitude 
 by the facility she evinces to comply with his wishes. She lov&s him and wishes to be 
 loved by him : behold the motives, which are also those of God, when he requires that 
 we should express to him our wants, which he knows better than we do ourselves. 
 
 (4) The case of Zacheus is nearly like that of the blind man. When the crowd hin- 
 dered the first from seeing the Saviour, he did not cease to desire it, as the blind man 
 did not cease to cry out, although it appeared he was not heard at the outset. The 
 latter heeded not the reproofs addressed to him by those who sought to silence him ; 
 and Zacheus did not hesitate to ascend the sycamore — a proceeding which must have 
 appeared highly strange in a man of his station, and which might easily have excited the 
 ridicule of the populace. Perseverance in desire, despite of obstacles, and never troub- 
 hng themselves as to what loill peoiAe say? caused the salvation of both one and the 
 other. 
 
 (o) That is to say, I shall give ; according to the common interpreWion, which we 
 follow. But there are many who understand it in the present sense. -.^According to 
 them, Zacheus, in order to reply to the murmuring of the Jews, makes kno^\'n, by stat- 
 ing what he was accustomed to do, that he is not so great a sinner as they allege. In 
 
CHAP. L.] OF OUR LORD JKSUS CHRIST. 385 
 
 him (6) foui--fokl (7). Jesus said to bim : This day is salvation come 
 to this house (8), because he also is a sou of Abraham (9) ; for the 
 Son of mau is come to seek and to save that which was lost." 
 
 An event so marvellous seemed to presage great things, and the 
 minds of all, and especially of the disciples, were wonderfully excited 
 in expectation of what might follow\ Jesus still labored to disabuse 
 them of the false and flattering ideas which they found it so difficult 
 
 point of fact, a man who is in the habit of giving to the poor the half of his wealth, and 
 of making a four-fold reparation for the wrongs he may commit through mistake (for a 
 man so just and so charitable cannot otherwise do wrong); this man, I say, has decided- 
 ly a right to be reckoned a good man ; therefore Jesus Christ could not in this supposi- 
 tion add that the day was to that house a day of salvation. It is tliis reflection which 
 has induced the majority of interpreters to regard his words as the declaration of 
 what he proposed to do in future, and not of what he had hitherto done. However, it 
 was not absolutely impossible that, with so much probity and charity, Zacheus may not 
 have been in a state of grace. Firstly, it is evident that he would not have been in that 
 state if he were a Gentile, as some assert, although it is much more likely that he was a 
 Jew ; but, moreover, might he not, he who was rich and a publican, allow himself some 
 forbidden pleajure ? But there is something further. Faith in Jesus Christ wivs thence- 
 forth necessary, at least to those who had had the advantage of hearing his discourses 
 and seeing his miracles. By confen-ing it upon Zacheus, Jesus Christ conferred, there- 
 fore, upon him, what to him had become a necessity in order to secure salvation, and in 
 this sense he might still say that that day was to his house a day of salvation. Thus 
 Saint Peter might say it to the centurion Cornelius, although the latter was addicted to 
 all sorts of good works before the holy apostle came to visit him. Such are the 
 principal reasons upon which these two expositions arc grounded. Tliose who may wish 
 to see these reasons more developed, with others which we do not mention, will find 
 them in f éclaircissement sur le discours de ZackCe à Jésus- Christ, par M. l'abbé de 
 Saint Real. 
 
 (6) Restitution, of all proofs of conversion the most necessary, the least equivocal, and 
 would to God that we could not add, the most rare ! 
 
 (7) If Zacheus reckoned correctly, as we must presume was the case with a man of 
 his avocations, it follows from his discourse that at least seven-eighths of his wealth le- 
 gitimately belonged to him. We see by that, that this publican could not be termed a 
 public defrauder. 
 
 (8) Like master like house is the usual course of things. There can be no doubt but 
 that Zacheus, who apparently had scandalized his house, was subsequently instrumental 
 in siinctifying it. The obligation of laboring to accomplish this was not more stringent 
 upon him than that of restoring unjustly acquired wealtli. 
 
 (!)) A son of Abraham, although a publican, supposing lliat he was a Jew. This is 
 an nnswer to the prejudice against the publicans, whom the Jews seemed no longer to 
 recognize as brethren. A son of Abraham according to tlie spirit, supposing that he 
 were a Gentile, which should have convinced them that a man is much more the son of 
 Abraham by faith than by blood. 
 
 25 
 
386 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part II. 
 
 to get over. Notliing is clearer, after the event, than the mysteri- 
 ous prophecy which he is about to make to them ; and it was not at 
 all impossible, even before its fulfilment, to see its tendency, and 
 that the reign of Christ was neither so near as they imagined, nor 
 such as they figured it to themselves. But those who did not then 
 comprehend it, saw, in the course of a little time, that nothing had 
 happened wliich the Saviour had not foretold ; and the information, 
 which at first failed to enlighten them, was subsequently efficacious 
 in strengthening theii* faith ; for no word of Jesus Christ was useless, 
 and that divine seed has never failed to produce its fruit sooner or 
 later. "As [tJierefore] they were hearing these things, he added 
 and spoke a parable, because he was nigh to Jerusalem, and because 
 they thought that the kingdom of God should immediately be mani- 
 fested : he said, therefore : A certain nobleman went into a far coun- 
 try, to receive for himself a kingdom, and to return. And calling 
 his ten servants, he gave them ten pounds (10), and said to them : 
 Trade till I come. But his citizens hated him, and they sent an em- 
 bassage after him, saymg : We will not have this man ta reign over 
 us (11). And it came to pass that he returned, having received the 
 
 L 
 
 (10) The Latin version lias it decern minas, but as there is no such coin known in our 
 times, we find it translated ten ^xoiinds in the Douay version. 
 
 (11) It appears, from the manner in which this declaration is iframed, that it was not 
 to him that the deputation was sent ; for if it had been sent to him, the deputies would 
 have been instructed to say : We will not have you for our king, and not, We will not 
 have this man to reign over us. To whom, therefore, was the embassy addressed ? To 
 the prince from whose hands this man was to receive the crown ; for the country over 
 which he was to rule as king was that from which he depai-ted. In a word, he went 
 not to seek a distant conquest, but regal sway over his own country. By means of this 
 explanation we can understand the historical cast of the parable ; and without it we are 
 utterly at a loss to know what it means. Now this figure, under cover of which Jesus 
 Christ proposes the parable, was quite familiar to the Jews. Their princes usually went 
 to Rome to petition for the investiture of the States over which they were to exercise 
 kingly authority. Herod the Great had proceeded thither ; after him Archelaus and 
 other princes of his race went there on the same account. Let us at present suppose 
 that one of them, having proceeded there with this design, a part of the nation should 
 send a deputation to the emperor, for the purpose of declaiing that they do not wish him 
 to rule over them ; that, notwitlistanding this declaration, the candidate prevails ; tliat he 
 returns, and that he revenges himself upon those who had opposed his pretensions ; then 
 we sliall no longer find any difliculty in understanding the literal sense of the parable. 
 We should further remark, that he wlio returns with the quality of king is not termed 
 king at liis departure, but only a nobleman, a man of quality, homo nohilis. 
 
CHAP. L.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHEIST. 387 
 
 kingdom, and he commanded his servants to be called, to whom he 
 had given the money, that he might know how much every man 
 had gained by trading. And the first came, saying: Lord, thy 
 pound hath gained ten pounds. He said to him : Well done, thou 
 good servant ; because thou hast been faithful in a little, thou shalt 
 have power over ten cities. And the second came, saying : Lord, 
 thy pound hath gained five pounds. Be thou also, he said to him, 
 over five cities. Another came, saying : Lord, behold, here is thy 
 pound, which I have kept laid up in a napkin (1-), for I feared thee, 
 because thou art an austere man : thou takest up what thou didst 
 not lay down (13), and thou reapest that which thou didst not sow. 
 Thou wicked servant, he saith to him, out of thy own mouth I judge 
 thee. Thou knewest that I was an austere man, taking up what I 
 laid not down, and reaping that which I did not sow. Why, then. 
 
 (12) It is true that, in order to make this money productive, it was necessarj' to ex- 
 pose it to some risk. However, this risk was not a valid reason for leading it idle. 
 Wherefore, speaking in a general way, we are bound to make available the talent which 
 God confides to us for the public good, although some danger may be encountered in so 
 doing. If a contrarj' course were adopted, there would be no longer any preachers, nor 
 confessors, nor pastors ; except, however, the cases wherein an individual might discern 
 a proximate occasion of losing liis soul. Then he must prefer his own salvation to that 
 of the entire world, and tliis would be the occasion for applying that maxim of the Sa- 
 viour : What doth it avail a man to gain — even for God — the whole world, if he lose his 
 own souU 
 
 (13) We do not find that the owner required any thing from those to whom he had 
 confided nothing. We have seen with what more than royal magnificence he rewarded 
 the toil and industry of those who profited by what was intrusted to them. He was not, 
 therefore, of such a character as the bad servant dared to represent him, and the latter 
 calumniates him for the purpose of his own justification. The same course of proceed- 
 ing is observable in bad Christians, who refuse to render to God what they owe to him, 
 because God, say they, exacts more than can be paid him. If they speak truth, God 
 is a tyrant ; but if they speak falsehood, they are impious men, who add blasphemy to 
 prevarication. But it docs not occur to them, and they should here remark it, that this 
 criminal apology only serves to render them inexcusable. For if God be, according to 
 them, so severe that he exacts from us more than we can do, why have they not done at 
 least what they could ? If he shall punish (horrible idea !) those who do not perform 
 what is impossible, how will he treat those who shall have omitted what is possible ? 
 This regards those who do nothing because of the alleged impossibility of doing all. 
 The nimiber Is but too great, and we very often hear this error retailed, which is, 
 without contradiction, the most pernicious of all others, and the most destructive of good 
 morals. A relaxation in mor.ils produces but partial disorder ; but if morality be push- 
 ed to extremes, so as to be thought impracticable, it engenders ^ sorts of disorders. 
 
388 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [I'ART XI. 
 
 didst til OU not give my money into tlie bank (14), that at my com- 
 ing I might have exacted it with usury ? And he said to them that 
 stood by : Take the pound away from him, and give it to him that 
 hath ten pounds. They said to him : Lord, he hath ten pounds (15). 
 But I say to you, that to every one that hath shall be given, and he 
 shall abound ; and from him that hath not, even that which he hath 
 shall be taken from him. As for those my enemies, who would not 
 have me reign over them, bring them hither, and kill them before 
 me." 
 
 Jesus was shortly to depart from this world, in order to receive 
 from the hands of his Father the sovereign dominion which he is 
 eternally to exercise over the whole earth. The Jews, who were to 
 have been his first subjects, but who, on the contraiy, were to be- 
 come his murderers, should, after his departure, fill up the meas- 
 ure of their crimes by jiersistiug in their refusal to have him reign 
 over them. His apostles, and the first faithful whom they put to 
 death, should be, as it were, the deputies whom they sent to heav- 
 en to declare that their resolution was taken, and that they would 
 not receive him as their king. On a future day he should return in 
 all his glory, and with all the power which belongs to supreme au- 
 thority ; then citing to his tribunal these hardened culprits, he would 
 force them at last to recognize his rights, and to confess their per- 
 fidy, and deliver them over to the executioners of his eternal ven- 
 geance. This day is that of the last judgment, which day was to be 
 prefigm'ed by one other day yet to come. That other day was when, 
 delivered up to the Romans, who were to be the first avengers of tlie 
 
 (14) Is it necessary to observe that Jesus Christ does not here praise the art of making 
 money available by laying it out at interest, but merely the industry of those who have 
 done so ? In the same way as in another place, he proposes for an example, not the 
 fraud, but the adroitness of the unfaithful steward. 
 
 (15) Since the ten pounds were still his own, the master left him, therefore, sole 
 owner of them, which makes it evident that, when he had made his servants work, 
 he did so for their profit, and not for his own. The same thing occurs on the part of 
 God with- reference to us. He leaves us all the pi-ofit of the good which we pctrfoim, 
 and only reserves the glory for himself Woe to him who would usurp this share which 
 belongs to God ! he would thereby lose the whole profit ; and, instead of that glory, the 
 object of his silly ambition, he would only have the shame of not having known how to 
 (li.>c:'ri; what l)ftlongs to God and what to himself. 
 
CHAP. L.] OF OCR LOED JISUS CHRIST. 389 
 
 disowned and outraged Messiah, millions of these wretches were to 
 perish by fire and sword. Behold the princijial object of this pro- 
 phetic parable. "We have said that, even previous to the event, the 
 meaning of the parable was very plain, because we here see clearly 
 the departure of this king — figurative of the Messiah — for a foreign 
 land, his long absence and his return signalized by chastisements, 
 which an obstinate rebellion had so justly deserved. The account 
 rendered by his servants, although it occupies so prominent a posi- 
 tion in the parable, is not, therefore, an integral part thereof. That 
 is true ; but this portion is not, therefore, the less useful. We have 
 in it instniction for Christians, together with instruction for the Jews. .. 
 Jesus Christ, who spoke of judgment, wished to avail himself of this 
 ojîportuuity to inform us that his justice will not confine itself to the 
 wreaking of vengeance upon those who have denied him, but that it 
 will also require from those who have recognized him an exact ac- 
 count of the goods which have been confided to them. On the 
 same occasion he further informs us how munificently he shall re- 
 ward those who have made these goods available, and with what se- 
 verity he shall treat those who have not derived any jjrofit there- 
 from. "What, then, doth he reserve for those who shall have dissi- 
 pated and destroyed them ? 
 
 The following account bears so close a resemblance to another 
 which has just been noticed, that they are thought, with some rea- 
 son, to be one and the same narrative. Every thing is similar in 
 both, with the exception of two circumstances. The fii'st speaks only 
 of one blind man cm"ed, and the second mentions two. Jesus Christ 
 meets the first blind man before his entry into Jericho, and the cure 
 of the two others is placed at his departm-e from that city. This 
 latter difference is what chiefly makes it questionable whether these 
 were not, in point of fact, two different raii-acles, the more so as it 
 was not absolutely impossible that the same circumstances should lie 
 found in one as in the other. However it may be, as nothing should 
 be lost where all is so precious, we would rather expose oui-selves to 
 the chance of a repetition than to that of an omission, (a) " And 
 having said these things, he went before, going up to Jerusalem. 
 When they went out from Jericho, a gi-eat multitude followed him. 
 (a) St. Luke, six. 28; St. Matthew, sx. 29-34 ; St. Mark, x. 46. 
 
390 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART H. 
 
 Two blind men [one of u)liom was\ Bartimeus the blind man, the 
 son of Timeus, sitting by the wayside, heai'd that Jesns passed by, 
 and they cried ont, saying : O Lord, thou Son of David, have mercy 
 on us. The multitude rebuked them that they should hold their 
 peace ; but they cried out the more : O Lord, thou Son of Da\-id, 
 have mercy on us. Jesus stood, and called them, and said : What 
 will ye that I do to ye ? They say to him : Lord, that our eyes be 
 opened. And Jesus having compassion on them, touched their eyes. 
 Immediately they saw, and followed him." 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 
 MARY POURS PRECIOUS OINTJfENT OVER JESUS CHRIST. SIURJIURING OF JUDAS AND 
 
 THE APOSTLES. DESIGN OF KILLING LAZjVRUS. TRIUMPHANT ENTRY INTO JERU- 
 SALEM. VEXATION OF THE PHARISEES. 
 
 In the mean time the day was approaching when the Lamb of 
 God was to wash out with his blood the sins of the world, and that 
 innocent victim advanced towards the altar whereon he was to be 
 immolated by the hands of sinners. Continuing his journey towards 
 Jerusalem, he {a) " came to Bethania, where Lazarus had been dead, 
 whom Jesus raised to life." This small town which lay upon his 
 road was only a httle more than one league from the capital. Je- 
 sus arrived there " six days before the pasch (1)," not including the 
 
 (a) St. John, xii. 1-6 ; St. Mark, xiv. 3 ; St. Matthew, xxvi. 7. 
 
 (1) Saint Matthew, before he commences the following naiTative, represents Jesus 
 Christ as saying to his disciples : You know that after two days shall be the pasch. 
 Some have sought to infer from thence that there were two anointings — one occurring 
 two days before the passover, and the other sis days previous, as Saint John expressly 
 states. When Saint Matthew sets about relating tlie betrayal by Judas, which was 
 planned, in point of fact, two days before the passover, he takes up previously the 
 narrative of the anointing which suggested the design to the traitor. We can con- 
 ceive that he might have done this, although this fact occurred four days before. 
 Lastly, there are certain circumstances which prove these two to be one and the 
 same occurrence. These are principally, the murmurings of Judas and the disciples, 
 
CILVP. LI.] OF OUK LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 391 
 
 day of his arrival, nor that of the passover. Hence it was on a 
 Friday; and as he only arrived towards evening, when the re- 
 pose of the Sabbath had already commenced, this was a reason for 
 his tarrying there. Those who loved him joyfully availed them- 
 selves of this occasion to manifest the tender attachment which they 
 entertained towards his person. " They made him a su2:)per there in 
 the house of Simon the leper (2)." Apparently this was one of those 
 public entertainments at which women were not allowed to be pres- 
 ent. Thus, " Martha served, but Lazarus was one of them that were 
 at table with him." As for Mary, she again chose the better part, 
 and testified her love in a manner that wa3 peculiar to hei-self. " She 
 took a pound of ointment of right spikenard (3), of great price, and 
 anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair ; and 
 
 and the Saviour's answer, which are in both instances exactly the same. What proba- 
 bility is there that the disciples would have repeated, four days subsequently, that which 
 had drawn down upon them a reprimand so severe, and which they could not have so 
 soon forgotten ? 
 
 (2) It is thought that this is the same indi«dual as Simon the Pharisee, at whose 
 house this sinful woman, who, as we have said, was no other than Mary, watered witfi 
 her tears the feet of the Saviour. He is termed Simon the leper, perhaps because, in 
 point of fact, he had had the leprosy, and that Jesus Christ had cured him of it ; for he 
 was not then laboring under it, since he was allowed to eat in their company. Or, per- 
 haps this may have been a family name, derived from the fact of some one of his ances- 
 tors having been a leper, as we find amongst oureelves people denominated the red-haired, 
 the hUud-cycd, the hump-backed, the deaf, without having themselves any of these cor- 
 poral blemishes. This fashion of speech, lhe>j made him a supper there, has occivsioned 
 the question to be mooted, whether it was Simon who was at the expense of providing it. 
 Most probably it was he, although several doubt whether it was not Lazarus rather, and 
 his two sisters, or even the inhabitants of Bethania, who were singularly attached to tlie 
 Saviour, and this latter supposition is not impossible. In this case we should say that 
 they had selected the house of Simon the leper as being the most suitable, and that ap- 
 parently because it was the most spacious. 
 
 (3) In the text, pislici. This word, which is derived from the Greek, appears, in its 
 proper meaning, to signify faithful : here it means pure ointment, whicli does not de- 
 ceive, because it is not adulterated ; for every precious liquor is liable to be adiUtcrated. 
 It is in this sense that the Latin authors sometimes term it pure and genuine ointment — 
 nardum purum et sincerum. Saint Mark makes use of the term spicnii, which signifies 
 ointment extracted from the car, because the best ointment, in point of fact, was extract- 
 ed from the car of this plant, the quality of that extracted from the leaves being very in- 
 ferior. The word " excellent" expresses all this in French. The Douay version trans- 
 lates it " riffkt spikenard." 
 
392 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT H. 
 
 breaking tlie alabaster box (4), slie poured it out uiDon bis bead (5) 
 as be was at table, and tbe bouse was filled witb tbe odor of tbe oint- 
 ment. Tben one of bis disciples, Judas Iscariot, be tbat was about 
 to betray bim, said : Wby was not tbis ointment sold for tbree bun- 
 dred pence, and given to tbe poor ? Now be said tbis, not because 
 be cared for tbe poor, but because be was a tbief, and baving tbe 
 purse, carried tbe tbings tbat were put tberein." However, tbe rea- 
 son was specious, and tbe disciples, wbo believed it to be sincere, 
 were induced by a spirit of cbarity to make tbe same objection. 
 (a) " Tbere were some bad indignation witbin tbemselves," after bis 
 examjile, " and said," bke bim : " Wby was tbis waste of tbe oint- 
 ment made ? For tbis ointment migbt bave been sold for more tban 
 tbree bundred pence, and given to tbe poor ; and tbey murmured 
 against ber." 
 
 Sbe acted rigbt, and tbey spoke wrongfully. " And Jesus know- 
 ing it," wisbed at tbe same time to instruct tbem and to defend ber. 
 Tbus, witbout waiting to unmask tbe bypocrisy of tbe traitor, wbose 
 reputation be carefully screened until tbe very end, be contented 
 bimself witb refuting tbe reason wbicb Judas bad first advanced, and 
 by wbicb tbe otbers bad allowed tbemselves to be burried away. 
 He " said to tbem," tberefore, addressing bis speecb to all : " Wby 
 do you trouble tbis woman ? Sbe batb wrougbt a good work upon 
 me (6). For tbe poor you bave always witb you, and wbeusoever 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xiv. 4-9 ; St. Matthew, x.Kvi. 10-12. 
 
 (4) This vase was of alabaster : to break it so as to pour out the very last drop was 
 the highest honor of the kind which could be tendered. 
 
 (5) Saint Matthew and Saint Mark speak only of the anointing of the head, and Saint 
 John speaks only of that of the feet : the first anointing was in use, and not the second. 
 Mary perfonned both ; but the two evangelists only state what was usually done, and 
 tlie third what was peculiar to tliis saintly woman, and what appears to have been spe- 
 cially the result of her devotion. 
 
 (G) There are times wherein even the sacred vases must be sold in order to feed the 
 poor : such are times of famine. In ordinary times it is always good, and sometimes 
 even better, to make one's pious gifts subservient to the honoring of Jesus Christ by the 
 decoration of his altars. We know that every one does not entertain this opinion ; but 
 it is that of Jesus Christ, and the contrary opinion has Judas for its author. 
 
 If it be true, as every one admits, that the decorum and splendor of external worship 
 
CHAP. LI.] OF OUU LORD JESUS CHRIST. 393 
 
 you will you may do tliem good; but me you liave not always. 
 AVliat slie liad slie liatli done ; for slie, in pouiing this ointment upon 
 my body, hatli done it for my burial (7) ; she is come beforehand to 
 anoint my body for the burial. Amen, I say to you, wheresoever 
 this Gospel shall be preached in the whole world, that also which 
 she hath done shall be told for a memorial of her (8)." 
 
 The prophecy is fidfilled, and the fame of this action has resound- 
 ed to the very extremities of the earth. Those who censured it at 
 first have been themselves its heralds. By consigning it in after 
 times to the holy books, they have immortalized its memory. All 
 ages have known and shall know it : the most eloquent tongues have 
 eulogized and shall eulogize it, even until the end of time. The more 
 inconsiderable the thing may appear in itself, the more mu-aculous is 
 the accomplishment of the prophecy which promises her this daz- 
 zling and eternal glory ; and it is with reason that this accomplish- 
 
 serves to foster and to augment piety, we must infer from thence that to contribute there- 
 to is giving spiritual alms. 
 
 (T) We read in Saint John, " Let her alone, that she may keep it against the day of 
 my burial," which can only be understood in this manner : Do not be displeased at her 
 having kept this perfume for my burial ; for Jesus Christ could not say that they should 
 let her retain for a future purpose w^hat he then approved of her pouring out. This 
 sense which we give to the words of Saint John is the sense of the two other evangel- 
 ists. Saint Matthew and Saint Mark, and it is by reference to them that we explain the 
 passage. The Sa\iour says that Mary had kept this perfume for his buiial, inasraucli as 
 lie was upon the point of dying. He knew that after his death she would wish to em- 
 balm him, but that she should be prevented from doing so by his resurrection. Now, 
 he wished that she should have the consolation of having rendered this duty to him be- 
 fore his death, since she could not do it afterwards': it is thus that she has embalmed 
 his body beforehand. It is thoiight that this idea was suggested to her by the Holy 
 Gho.>t, but we are ignorant whether the Holy Ghost had also revealed to her the entire 
 mystery. 
 
 (8) The most vamited exploits of heroes have never been celebrated so highly nor yet 
 so univei-sally as lliLs action of Mary. The glory which she reaps from it upon earth is 
 but the shadow of that which she shall eteroally reap in heaven. Thus shall be honored 
 whom the King of Glory hath a mind to honor (Ksther, vi.). But he shall only wish to 
 honor what shall have been done for his glory : all the rest shall be only cause of re- 
 proof. The lustre of brilliant talents, of valor, and of conquests shall be buried in the 
 darkness of the abyss. To the darkness of an obscure but innocent life shall succeed a 
 glorj' more dazzling than the stars of the firmament. Such is the object of the ambition 
 of the saints, wherefore they may be regarded as the most ambitious, whilst at the same 
 time they are the most humble of men. 
 
394 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 ment has been regarded as one of the best proofs of the truth of re- 
 ligion. 
 
 We have this proof, which the Jews had not. They had another, 
 which we likewise have, but which was much more striking for them 
 ,than for ns, inasmuch as we are always much more struck by what 
 we see : that was the resurrection of Lazarus, which occurred in a 
 place and at a time which served to heighten the lustre of this mira- 
 cle. It took place, as it were, at the very gates of Jerusalem, and at 
 a time when the approach of the passover had attracted to that great 
 city an innumerable multitude of Jews, of all nations under the sun. 
 How ardently must they have desired to see a man resuscitated with- 
 in a few days ! and how much must this desire have been increased 
 by the news which had just been spread abroad, that the author of 
 this miracle had reached Bethania, and that a person might with 
 ease see these two such wonderful men speak and eat together ! 
 (rt) " A great multitude, therefore, of the Jews knew that he was 
 there ; and they came not for Jesus' sake only, but that they might 
 see Lazarus, whom he had raised from the dead." 
 
 This sight produced the effect which might be expected, viz., it 
 brought conviction to every mind. Those whose hearts were good 
 yielded at once to the evidence before them, and became faithful. 
 Those whose hearts were wicked and hardened recognized the truth, 
 in the only way by which the wicked do recognize truth which is 
 odious to them, to wit, by an accumulation of rage, and a new series 
 of crimes. They decided upon annihilating evidence which they 
 could not contest; and in order that not a single vestige thereof 
 should remain upon the earth, after having resolved, as we have said, 
 upon the death of Jesus, " the chief priests thought to kill Lazarus 
 also, because many of the Jews, by reason 'of him, went away, and 
 believed in Jesus." 
 
 The most brilliant day of the Saviour's mortal life, that day on 
 which he was to be publicly acknowledged as the Messiah and as the 
 King of Israel, was at last arrived. It concerned his glory that the 
 bulk of the people should j^roceed so far as that recognition ; and if, 
 in the end, that same majority should repudiate him, the nation, whilst 
 acting thus, must stand forth in glaring opposition to itself For he 
 
 (a) St. John, xii. 9. 
 
CHAP. LI.] OF OUR LORD' JESTTS CHRKT: . 395 
 
 must have given sufficient proofs to make himself known, ina.smuch 
 as they had ah-eady recognized him without any other motive than 
 the conviction of what- he was. The minds of the people were dis- 
 posed towards this demonstration, not byemissaries sent to canvass 
 the masses, and to solicit their suffi-ages ; Jesus did not employ a sin^ 
 gle one of those means, all of which were employed against him : his 
 virtues, his doctrine, and still more, his miracles, spoke alone in Jiis 
 favor ; above all, the. resurrection of Lazarus, a recent occurrence, 
 which they had actually before their eyes. Such were his cre- 
 dentials, and the proximate causes of his triumph.- But let no one 
 expect to find here the pomp which is usual in princely triumphs. 
 All here is suitable to the chai-acter of him who said of himself that 
 he was meek and humble of heart. His enemies could not reason- 
 ably conclude fi-om tlience that he aspired to royalty, for kings are 
 seldom seen entering a city in such a way as he entered Jerusalem. 
 We must observe, notwithstanding, that, according to the customs 
 of the time and the country, this equipage was not, as it might seem 
 to us, odd and ridiculous ; it was merely simple and modesj;; Its siin- 
 plicity added new lustre to the Saviour's glory, by showing that the 
 extraordinary honoi"s which he received were not extorted, and, as 
 it were, forced by the awe-inspiring brilliancy which surrounds the 
 kings of the earth, l^ut that they were tendered solely by the high 
 esteem and the profound veneration which his works and his doc- 
 t]-ines had inspired. 
 
 The repose of the Sabbath had obliged Jesus to spend the whole 
 day in Bethania. («) " The next day," which was the first day of the 
 week, he proceeded on his journey with the whole of his retinue. 
 (/>) " "When they drew nigh to Jerusailem, and were come ta Beth- 
 phage, unto Mount Olivet, Jesus sent two of his disciples, sajang to 
 the'm : Go ye into the village that is over against you, and immedi- 
 ately at your coming in thither .you shall find an ass tied, and a colt 
 with her, upon which no inan yet hath sat. Loose him, and bring 
 him to me. And if any man shall ask you : Why do you loose him ? 
 you shall say thus unto him : Because the Lord hath need of his ser- 
 vice ; and immediately he will let him come hither." 
 
 (a) St. John, xii. 12. 
 
 (i) St. Matthew, xii. 1-5 ; St. Mark, xi. 2, 3 ; St. Luke, xix. 31. 
 
39G THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 He spoke as a propliefc and commanded as a master. By this 
 trait, and some otliers which seemed to escape from him, we see that 
 his divinity disclosed itself even iu the smallest actions. The accom- 
 plishment of the prophecies was a still more certain proof of this ; 
 " for all this was done that (9) it might be fulfilled which was sjjokeu 
 hy the prophet (10), saying: Tell ye the daughter of Zion: behold, 
 
 (9) The prophecy was not the cause of the action, but the action was the causa of the 
 prophecy — that is to say, that Jesus Christ did not perform the act, because the per- 
 formance thereof had been foretold, but the act had been foretold, because be was to 
 perform it. However, inasmuch as it had been foretold, Jesus Christ could not fail to 
 perform it, and in this manner the prediction became in its turn the cause of the action. 
 But we see that it was merely the cause of an action already resolved and decided upon, 
 which could scarcely, with any propriety, be termed a cause. But if the action is the 
 cause of the prophecy, it is not the action, but the prophecy which, by its accompUsh- 
 ment, becomes a proof of religion. What here proves, therefore, that Jesus Christ is the 
 true Messiah, is not the fact of his having entered Jerusalem mounted upon an ass, 
 but his having accompUshed the prophecy which announced that the Messiah should so 
 enter into Jerusalem. , 
 
 The Jews themselves acknowledge that this prophecy regards the Messiah. But 
 could it not be said that a false Messiah might easily appropriate this designation to him- 
 self, and that, consequently, it proves nothing in favor of Jesus Christ ? Here are solu- 
 tions which may be given to this objection : 1st. Although several false Messiahs may 
 have appeared, still it never did occur that any one of them entered Jenisalem in the 
 manner which had been foretold, and in which Jesus Christ entered there. It is, there- 
 fore, evident, from the event, that this prophecy applies to Jesus Christ, to the exclusion 
 of all others. It proves, therefore, for him, and for him alone, concludes Saint Chrysos- 
 tom, whose reasoning this is. 2d. It is not each prophecy taken separately, but the con- 
 currence of all the prophecies, which demonstrates that Jesus Christ is truly the Mes- 
 siah. Thus, even although each in particular should prove nothing, still they all prove, be,- 
 cause the whole contribute to the proof of the whole, as weights which, taken separatel}', 
 might not incline the balance, if united must turn the scale. 3d. Besides the proof which 
 results from the aggregate, there are prophecies which prove by themselves, inasmuch as 
 imposition could never adapt itself to them. Such are, for example, the principal cir- 
 cumstances of the Saviour's passion, described as exactly by the prophets as by the evan- 
 gelists — his flagellation, his crucifi.xion, bis thirst quenched ^vith vmegar and gall, his 
 clothes being divided, and the casting lots for his tunic ; his side pierced ; his bones be- 
 ing entirely preserved, whilst they broke those of his fellow -sufferers. It never occurs 
 to any one's mind that Jesus Christ could have entered into an understanding with his 
 executioners respecting what they were to make him undergo. 
 
 (10) We read these words in the ninth chapter of the prophet Zachary : " Rejoice 
 greatly, daughter of Zion : shout for joy, daughter of Jerusalem. Behold, thy king 
 will come to thee, the just and Saviour. He is poor, and riding upon an ass, and upon 
 a colt the foal of an ass." This version is that of the Vulgate. Saint Matthew has fol- 
 lowed that of the Septuagint ; he has omitted some words which make no difference in 
 
CHAP. LI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 397 
 
 thy king oometh to thee, meek, and sitting upon an ass, and a colt, 
 the foal of her that is used to the yoke. The disciples went their 
 way, and did as Jesus commanded them. They found the colt, as he 
 had said unto them, tied before the gate without, in the meeting of 
 the two ways, and they loose him. As they were loosing the colt, 
 the ownei-s thereof said unto them : Why loose you the colt ? They 
 said as JesiLS had commanded them : Because the Lord hath need of 
 him ; and they Jet him go with them. They brought the ass and the 
 colt to Jesus, and laid theii- garments upon them, and made him sit 
 thereon (11). And Jesus sat upon it, as it is written: Fear not, 
 daughter of Sion ; behold thy king cometh, sitting on an ass's colt. 
 These things the disciples did not know at the first ; but when Jesus 
 was glorified, then they remembered that these things were written 
 of him, and that they had done these things to him." 
 
 In projiortion as Jesus approached the capitol, he diffused 
 there a secret virtue, which moved all hearts, and attracted them 
 
 the sense, and the mansuettis, full of meekness, instead of pauper, is taken from the Sep- 
 tuagint. The two Hebrew words having these meanings do highly resemble each other, 
 and they have the same origin. We remark in reference to this, that humble meekness 
 usuallv accompanies poverty. If the remark be just, those whom riches would have ren- 
 dered haughty and insolent, gain more than they lose by not having them. 
 
 (11) We read in the Greek : laid their garments upon them, and made liim sit there- 
 on — that is to say, upon both animals, although that may also signify on the garments 
 with which thev had covered them. Saint Matthew is the only one of the four evangel- 
 ists who speaks of the ass hanng the colt ; which is the cause why the majority of inter- 
 preters believe that he only rode upon the colt. However, when the Saviour sends to 
 get them, he makes the two disciples say that the Lord hath need of them ; the disci- 
 ples spread their garments upon both ; and, w^hat is still more decisive, the prophet Zach- 
 ary said, in formal terms, that he comes riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of 
 an ass. Thus the letter seems to signify clearly that, in point of fact, he sat upon both, 
 not at the same time and conjointly (this absurd notion has never occurred to anj' one), 
 but successively — that is to say, that he made a part of the journey upon the ass, and 
 that when approaching towards Jenisalem he ascended the colt, upon which he made 
 his entry ; and tluis we have the reason why three evangelists have spoken of the colt 
 only. There is nothing in this either impossible or absurd, and the literal sense should 
 always be preserved, when we can retain it without wounding either reason or piety. 
 
 The fathers have found here a mystical sense. The ass who carries the yoke repre- 
 sents, according to them, the Jewish nation ; and the colt yet unbroken is figurative of 
 the Gentile people. The figure would be even more just if Jesus Christ, who announced 
 the Gospel to the Jews before announcing it to the Gentiles, had been seated first upon 
 the ass, and then upon the colt. 
 
398 THE HISTOBT OF THE LITE [PAET II. 
 
 towards him. (a) " A great multitude tliat was come to the festi- 
 val-day, when they had heard that Jesus was come to Jerusalem, 
 took branches of palm-trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried, 
 Hosanna(12), blessed be he who cometh in the name of the Lord, 
 the king of Israel. As he went, many spread their garments under- 
 neath in the way ; others cut down boughs from the trees, and strew- 
 ed them in the way. When he was now coming near the descent 
 of Mount Olivet, the whole multitude of his disciples began with 
 joy to praise God with a loud voice, for all the mighty works they 
 had seen, saying : Blessed be the king who cometh in the name of 
 the Lord. Peace in heaven, and glory on high. And the multi- 
 tudes that went before and that followed cried, saying : Hosanna to 
 the Son of David : Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the 
 Lord; blessed be the kingdom of our father (13) David that com- 
 eth. Hosanna in the highest." It is fm-ther stated, as the principal 
 cause of such lively and universal joy, that (b) " the multitude, there- 
 fore, gave testimony which was with him when he called Lazarus out 
 of the grave, and raised him from the dead ; for which reason, also, 
 the people came to meet him, because they heard that he had done 
 this miracle." 
 
 His enemies also spoke, but for the purpose of expressing the vexa- 
 tion which this spectacle caused them, and the desjjair to which they 
 were reduced. " The Pharisees, therefore, said amongst themselves : 
 Do you see that we prevail nothing ? Behold, the M'hole world is 
 gone after him." Doubtless they had never so earnestly desired to 
 lay their hands upon him, and immolate him to their furious jeal- 
 ousy ; but they felt how very dangerous it would be to execute this 
 
 (a) St. John, xii. 12, 13 ; St. Matthew, xxi. 8, 9 ; St. Luke, xix. 37 ; St. Mark, xi. 10. 
 (6) St. John, xii. 17-19. 
 
 (12) This Hebrew word signifies, save him, or preserve him: it is sung immediately 
 before the canon of the mass. It there conveys the expression of the joy we feel in the 
 near approach of the Saviour to our altars, and is a fervent profession of our faith in the 
 real presence. 
 
 (13) It is clear, from these words, that they then recognized him for the Messiah. Five 
 days after, they cried out : Do not release him ; but release to us Barabbas. As to him, 
 cmcify him. Such is the multitude. Are those who depend upon its favor, or who fear 
 its censure, more rational th;m they '? 
 
CHAP. LU.] OF OUE LORD JESUS CHRIST. 399 
 
 project iu tlie midst of that va^it multitude, transported with admi- 
 ration and joy. "Wherefore, whilst awaiting a more favorable occa- 
 sion, («) " some of the Pharisees from amongst the multitude said to 
 him," in a tone where contempt mingled with vexation : " Master, 
 rebuke thy disciples." He alone, in point of fact, had the power to 
 do so ; but this was the moment wherein he wished to be glorified ; 
 and when the Creator A^ishes that his creatures should render testi- 
 mony to his greatness, no created power is able to stifle their voice, 
 as Jesus informed them in this short and energetic answer : " I say 
 to you, that if they shall hold theii' peace, the stones wD.1 cry 
 out (14)." 
 
 CHAPTER LH. 
 
 CHEIST WEEPS OVER JEKUSAXEM. THE ACCtJESED FIG-TEEE. SELLEES DErVTLN OCT 
 
 OF THE TEMPLE. — FAmi OMNIPOTENT. THE GRAIN OF WHEAT. JESUS IS TROUB- 
 LED. — A VOICE FROM HEAVEN. 
 
 In the midst of the acclamations of his disciples, and the maledic- 
 tions of his envious foes, more flattering stQl than the felicitations of 
 his friends, if Jesus at first felt a sensible joy, it soon gave way to 
 sadness. The conqueror blended his sighs with the public acclama- 
 tions, and bedewed with his tears the branches which they had strew- 
 ed beneath his feet, (b) " When he drew near, seeing the city, he 
 wept over it." The cause of this Avas well worthy of such a heart as 
 his. Jerusalem must perish, and perish on account of its crimes, 
 which it was now going to consummate by the most atrocious of 
 all deeds. After having stained itself with the blood of its Mes- 
 siah, the queen of cities was henceforward to l)e no more than a heap 
 of ashes, soaked with the blood of its citizens. The foul deed was 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xix. 39, 40. (b) St. Luko, xix. 41-44. 
 
 (14) They held their peace five days after, when at the time of his passion and death 
 they abandoned hira, and fled. But the stones then spoke out, and, by splitting asun- 
 der, they published, in their own language, the divinity of the Saviour. 
 
400 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 about to be perpetrated in a few days, tlie chastisement was only de- 
 ferred for some years ; botb one and the other were as vividly present 
 to the Saviour as if he had them actually before his eyes. What an 
 object for a Saviom"-God ! And with how deep sorrow did he thea 
 address to this unfortunate city these sad and pathetic words : " K 
 thou also hadst known, and that in this thy day, the things that are 
 to thy peace ! but now they are hidden from thy eyes ; for the days 
 shall come upon thee, and thy enemies shall cast a trench about 
 thee (1), and compass thee round, and straiten thee on every side, 
 and beat thee flat to the ground, and thy childi'e'n who are in thee, 
 and they shall not leave in thee a stone upon a stone, because thou 
 hast not known the time of thy visitation." 
 
 After this prophecy, which would have been no more than a 
 menace, if, after the example of Ninive, Jerusalem had tried to 
 prevent the result, Jesus found himself at the term of his journey. 
 («) " When he was come into Jerusalem, the whole city was moved, 
 saying : Who is this ? And the people said : This is Jesus the 
 prophet, from Nazareth, of Galilee. He went into the temple, and 
 having viewed all things round about," as a master, who, returning 
 to his house, examines whether all is in order, " when now the even- 
 tide was come," and that this was not the hour to correct the abuses 
 which were committed therein, he postponed it until the following 
 day, and " went out to Bethania with the twelve" apostles. 
 
 There is every reason for believing that he passed the night there 
 hi prayer and fasting ; for (b) " the next day, in the morning, when 
 they came out from Bethania, he was hungry, and seeing afar off a 
 fig-tree having leaves, he came, if perhaps he might find any thing 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxi. 10-11 ; St. 
 Murk, xi. 11. 
 
 (6) St. Matthew, xxi. 18; St. 
 Mark, xi. 12-18. 
 
 (1) These days came thirty-eight years after the prediction. Those who have read in 
 Joscphus the history of the capture of Jerusalem, will recognize in this prophecy that 
 line of circumvallation which Titus caused to be drawn around its walls in order to block- 
 ade it — that wall which he erected three days after, by his whole army hemming it in so 
 closely that nothing could any longer either enter or go out from the city ; so that it was 
 coasequenlly reduced to that horrible famine which caused mothers to eat their own 
 children : lastly came the destruction of the city, and the universal massacre of its in- 
 habitants. 
 
CHAP. Ln.] OF OUK LORD JISUS CHRIST. 401 
 
 on it (2) ; and when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves only, 
 for it was not the season of figs. And Jesus saith to it : May no 
 man hereafter eat fruit of thee (3) any more, forever ; and his disci- 
 ples heard it. And they came to Jerusalem. When Jesus was en- 
 tered into the temple, he began to cast out them that sold and 
 bought in the temple (4), and overthrew the tables of the money 
 changers, and the chairs of them that sold doves. And he suftered 
 not that any man should carry a vessel through the temple ; and he 
 taught, saying to them : Is it not written : My house shall be called 
 the house of prayer to all nations ? But you have made it a den of 
 thieves." He made use of this term on account of the frauds which 
 were perpetrated in the course of their traffic. " Which, when the 
 chief priests and the scribes," those who authorized this abuse, be- 
 cause they shai-ed in the profits, " had heard, they sought how they 
 might destroy him," without exposing themselves ; " for they feared 
 him, because the whole multitude was in admiration at his doctrine." 
 (a) In the mean time " there came to him the blind, and the lame, 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxi. 14-16. 
 
 (2) He knew that there was nothing on it ; but in the distance he did not see thb with 
 the eyes of his body, and it w:»s for the purpose of so seeing it that he drew near, thus 
 conforming himself to our way of acting. 
 
 (3) This malediction fell upon the synagogue, the whole of whose religion consisted in 
 ceremonies and words, figured by the leaves, whereas it was sterile in fruits, which are 
 the works of justice and of charity. This was not the season for fruit, and it is not by 
 the display of leaves that the fig-tree represents the synagogue, but only by its barren- 
 ness. Those who content themselves with honoiing God with their lips, but whose heart.s 
 are far from him, who love — that is to say, who have charity of the tongue, and in words, 
 but who have it not by works and in reality — such persons should entertain no doubt that 
 this malediction regards them. Tlic reader may remember what we have said in page 
 318 of this Part, that what is stated in Scripture with reference to a whole nation is ap- 
 plicable to an individual, as also that what is stated of an individual is sometimes appU- 
 cable to a whole nation. 
 
 (4) See Part I., chap. v\., page 52, and the notes appended thereto. We have here, 
 moreover, the prohibition against carrying vessels through the temple ; an abuse too or- 
 dinary in such of our churches as have several entrances. It is surprising that this should 
 be tolerated after Je-sus Christ has so expressly forbidden it. Were a person to carry 
 nothing through, it would still be an act of irreverence to use the churches hkc a public 
 road, xinless he pa.«scd through with an air of composure, in a sedate and decorous man- 
 ner, pausing to adoie, and, if he hiis time, to pray. What otherwise is a scandal, be- 
 comes thus an act of religion, which honors God and edifies men. 
 
 26 
 
402 
 
 TUE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [pAET n. 
 
 in tlie temple ; and lie healed them. And the chief priests and 
 scribes seeing the wonderful things which he did, and the children 
 crying in the temple, Hosanna to the Son of David, were moved 
 with indignation, and said to him : Hearest thou what these say ? 
 Jesus said to them : Yea, have you never read, out of the mouths of 
 infants and of sucklings thou hast perfected praise ?" 
 
 It is very commonly believed that children at the breast mii'acu- 
 lously mingled their voices here, and that they articulated the same 
 words. But, even independently of the miracle, the Saviour's an- 
 swer was sufficiently justified by itself. It approved of what was 
 good, without laying himself open to the malice of those who sought 
 to ensnare him. For could they impute to him as a crime that he did 
 not impose silence upon those to whom God gave the gift of speech ? 
 
 (a) " When evening was come, Jesus leaving them, went forth out 
 of the city into Bethania, and remained there. When they passed 
 by in the morning, they saw the fig-tree dried up from the roots ; 
 the disciples seeing it, wondered, saying : How is it presently with- 
 ered away ? Peter, remembering, said to him : Eabbi, behold the 
 fig-tree, which thou didst curse, is withered away (5)." Jesus did 
 not then think it expedient to explain this mystery. He contented 
 himself with recalling to their minds the instruction which he had 
 already given to them on faith and on prayer. He " said to them : 
 Amen, I say to you, if you shall have faith, and stagger not (6), not 
 only this of the fig-tree shall you do, but also if you shall say to this 
 mountain. Take up and cast thyself into the sea, and shall not stag- 
 ger in his heart, but believeth that whatsoever he saith shall be done, 
 it shall be done unto him. Therefore I say unto you, all things what- 
 soever you ask when you pray, believe that you shall receive (7), 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xi. 19-26 ; St. Matthew, xxi. 20-22. 
 
 (5)1 have seen the wicked highly exalted, and lifted up like the cedars of Lebanus. 
 And I passed by, and lo, he was not. — (Ps. xx.xvi. 35, 36.) Thus we see the fortunate 
 sinner pass in a moment from the midst of glory and of pleasures into the shades and 
 horror of death. Those who reflect upon the judgments of the Lord say, then, like Saint 
 Peter : Behold the fig-tree, which thou didst curse, is withered away. 
 
 (6) See note 5, page '239, Part I., chap, xx.vi. 
 
 (7) See note 27, page 136, Part I., chap. xvii. ; also pages 302 and 303, Part II., and 
 note 1, page 350, Part II. 
 
OHAP. LH.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 403 
 
 aud they shall come uuto you ; and when you shall stand to pra\-, 
 forgive, if you have aught against any man, that your Father (8) 
 also, who is in heaven, may forgive you your sins. But if you will 
 not forgive, neither wDl your Father that is in heaven forgive you 
 your sins." 
 
 (a) " Jesus was teaching daily in the temple. And the chief 
 priests, and the scribes, and the rulers of the people sought to de- 
 stroy him ; and they found not what to do to him : for all the peo- 
 ple were very attentive to hear him. Xow, there were certain Gen- 
 tiles among them, who came up to adore on the festival-day. These 
 came to Philip, who was of Bethsaida, of Galilee, and desii-ed him, 
 saying : Sir, we would see Jesus." This canton of Galilee bordered 
 on the Gentile tlistrict, which gave rise to the notion that these 
 were acquaintances of Philip, and that it was on this account they 
 addressed themselves to him : " Philip cometh, and teUeth Andrew," 
 who was from the same city. Jesus had already declared that " he 
 was sent only to the sheep of the house of Israel, who were lost." — 
 " Again, Andrew and Philip," not daring to present Gentiles to him, 
 without previously ascertaining whether he chose to receive them, 
 went and " told Jesus." We have every reason to believe that he 
 was willing to admit them into his presence, although the Scripture 
 does not formally say so ; because this small number of Gentiles 
 constituted in his sight, as it were, the first fruits of Gentilism, which 
 was soon to be followed by a rich harvest. Hence, transported with 
 holy joy, he replied to the two disciples, and to all those within 
 hearing : •' The hour is come that the Son of man should be glori- 
 fied." 
 
 This hour was that of his death, which was only a few days dis- 
 tant. That death was to attract all the people of the earth to the 
 knowledge and love of him, as he himself soon after stated. But it 
 must then have apj^eared a thing incredible, that death, wherein all 
 human gloiy is eclipsed, should be to him the source of such won- 
 drous glory. He, therefore, most impressively repeats this truth, 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xix. 47, tS; St. .Jolin, xii. 20-24. 
 
 (8) See note 26, page 134, Part I. 
 
404 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 and explains it hy a natural comparison, whicli lie immediately adds : 
 "Amen, amen, I say to yon, unless the grain of wheat falling into 
 the ground die, itself remaineth alone ; but if it die, it bringeth forth 
 much fruit." 
 
 Thus Jesus, descended from heaven to the earth, would have en- 
 joyed, even if he had not suffered death, all the rights and preroga- 
 tives attached to the quality of Man-God. This precious wheat 
 never lost its properties or its excellence ; but it would have remain- 
 ed unproductive ; and that long and lasting posterity, which was 
 promised to him by the divine oracles, was only promised upon con- 
 dition that he would («) lay down his life for the expiation of sin. 
 It was to be the same with those who should believe in him, and m'ore 
 especially his first disciples. The death which they were to suffer for 
 his sake would be fruitful even as his ; and the astonishing multipli- 
 cation which was to follow should force their astonished executioners 
 to exclaim that the blood of martyrs is the seed of Christians : a pow- 
 erful motive for not fearing death, but rather desiring it, since its 
 effects are to be so admirable. This motive is, after the glory of 
 God, the only one which Jesus Christ had or could have had ; but 
 not so with the rest of men. With reference to them, all is at stake, 
 inasmuch as the question is of their eternal salvation, which they se- 
 cure by dying for the cause of God, and which they renounce if they 
 refuse, when called upon, to sacrifice to him this short and miserable 
 life. Those to whom the Saviour spoke were then more susceptible 
 of this interested motive than of a charity as generous as his own. It 
 is on that account that he proposes it to them, by repeating to them, 
 on this occasion, that maxim which he had already taught them : 
 (b) " He that loveth his life shall lose it, and he that hateth his life 
 in this world, keepeth it unto life everlasting." 
 
 To this principal reason the Saviour adds two other motives, very 
 proper to excite their emulation and to sustain their courage. One 
 is the example which he gives them ; the other is the reward which 
 he reserves for them. If the road be rough, he will walk before 
 them : if the end be inconceivable glory, he will share it with them. 
 Tliis is what he declares to them in the following words : " If any 
 man minister to me, let him follow me ; and whei-e I am, there also 
 
 (a) Isiah, liii. 10. (b) St. John, xii. 25. 
 
CHAP. LH.] OF OUR LORD JEâUS CHRIST. 405 
 
 shall my minister be. Ifaiiy man miuister to me, liim will my Father 
 honor." 
 
 It may strike us that no answer could be made to the example of 
 a God. But are excuses ever wanting to om- cowardice ? It might 
 say, further, that human weakness cannot be compai'ed to the 
 strength of a God, and that what is easy to one is impossible to the 
 other ; that a divine model is, therefore, more to be admired than 
 followed. Jesus Christ deprives us of even this last excuse, by mak- 
 ing it apparent, in his person, that it was humanity, with all its 
 weakness, that was about to be exposed to the shafts of death. At 
 this moment, whilst he surveyed death with a steady eye, he suffer- 
 ed the apjjrehension to agitate his great soul, and to make him feel, 
 as it were, a foretaste of the agony which he was to suffer when re- 
 garding it face to face in the garden of Olives. We see here a 
 miniatui-e representation of that doleful scene, in those words which 
 express at the same time his emotion, his prayer, and his resigna- 
 tion : " Now is my soul troubled ; and what shall I say ? Father, 
 save me from this hour. But for this cause I came unto this hour." 
 Do not, therefore, spare me ; and, since you must be glorified by my 
 death, whatever it may cost me, " Father, glorify thy name." 
 
 Jesus, whom we have already heard saying to his Father, " I know 
 that thou hearest me always," could not fail to be heard on this oc- 
 casion. It is true that he could not obtain both these I'equests, which 
 are contradictory, one being for death, and the other that he might 
 not die. But the latter was only conditional ; and it was not heard : 
 the other, which wtxs absolute, was heard, for at that instant " a voice, 
 therefore, came from heaven : I have both glorified it, and will glo- 
 lify it again." 
 
 llie Father had already glorified his name by the incarnation of 
 his Son ; he was to glorify it still nioi-e by his death, and this glory 
 was, at the same time, the glory of the Son inseparable fi'om tliat of 
 the Father. This is what was meant by that heavenly voice, Avhose 
 sound produced such a startling effect, that " the multitude, there- 
 fore, that stood and heard, said " that it thundered." Those who 
 spoke thus had not distinguished the words, perhaps because they 
 were strangers who did not undei-stand the language of the country, 
 in which it Is very probable that the voice had spoken. Othera, 
 
406 TITE IIISTOET OF THE LIFE [PAET n. 
 
 who had imderstoocl the sense of them, said : " An angel spoke to 
 him." As the Father speaks in his own name, it is more Hkely that 
 the voice was immediately from himself. But it was not then neces- 
 sary that the people should be made acquainted with this circum- 
 stance. Wherefore, confining himself to that which it was more im- 
 portant to know, "Jesus answered: This [miraculou-S'^ voice came 
 not because of me, but for your sakes." 
 
 He then declares in what manner the Father and the Son are 
 about to be glorified. "Now is \Jie said'\ the judgment of the 
 world:" a judgment not of justice and of rigor, but of mercy and of 
 grace ; since in consequence, " now shall the prince of this world be 
 cast out" (9), and the world, delivered from the oppression of its ty- 
 rant, shall fall again under the domination of its legitimate king. 
 The manner of effecting this great revolution is that which he has 
 already pointed out. For " I," he added, " if I be lifted up from the 
 earth, will draw all things to myself. Now this he said signifying 
 what death he should die." 
 
 Whether the term employed was the popular expression for the 
 punishment of the cross — whether his discourse was longer and more 
 fully developed than we have it reported (we have already remark- 
 
 (9) The demoa having become the master, or rather tlie t3'rant of men. Man, having 
 allowed himself to be drawn into sin by the devil, deserved to be subjected to him, ac- 
 cording to that maxim of the apostle Saint Peter to which we have already referred : he 
 who allows himself to be vanquished, becomes the slave of him who has vanquished. 
 Not that Satan thereby deserved to become his master ; but God had abandoned guilty 
 man to Satan, in the same way as human justice delivers criminals to the e.\ecutioners. 
 God could deliver man from his t3Tanny without doing him any injustice, as the prince, 
 when he grants a pardon to the criminal, does not wrong the e.xecutioner ; but God wish- 
 ed that the devil should desene to be deprived of his empire, even although he had justly 
 acquired it. The de^il has deserved this by exercising over Jesus Christ, who is the just 
 by excellence, the right of death; which he only possessed over sinners. In consequence, 
 God has decreed that he should forfeit all the rights which he previously held over 
 mankind. It is this judgment passed against Satan in favor of the world, which is here 
 teiTiied the judgment of the world. 
 
 The devil has now no longer any more power over men than they are willing to let 
 him assume ; and those who, before the coming of Jesus Christ, emancipated themselves 
 from his tyrann)', were only enabled to do so by virtue of the retrospective virtue of the 
 death of Jesus Christ. This explains in two words why the de\il has still power over 
 men, although his empire has been destroyed ; and why, even before the destniction of 
 his empire, some men were free from his domination. 
 
CHAP. Ln.] OF orn lord jesus christ. 407 
 
 ed that there is ground for belie^^ng that Saint John often gives no 
 more than an abridgment of tlie Sa^^our's words) ; whatever l)e the 
 reason, it is certain that his words were understood ; for " the mul- 
 titude answered him : "We have heard out of the law that Christ 
 ahideth forever: and how sayest thou, the Son of man (10) must be 
 lifted up ? Who is this Son of man ?" 
 
 These people spoke the truth, but not the whole truth. The 
 death of Christ is not less clearly predicted than his temporal reign. 
 The Holy Ghost, when he spoke to the prophets, had revealed to 
 them his suôerings, as well as the glory which was to succeed them. 
 But the Jews, solicitous to gather fi'om Scripture every thing which 
 was glorious to their Messiah, were ever unwilling to notice the hu- 
 miliations so often predicted for him. It was this blindness which 
 caused theii* incredulity and their reprobation. Jesus had said suf- 
 ficient to them on this point, supposing they had been willing to lis- 
 ten to him. He did not choose to repeat it to them again. He ex- 
 liorted them in a general way to profit by present grace, because 
 they were not to have it long, and that then they were to be deliv- 
 ered over to their own reprobate sense. He therefore said to them : 
 " Yet a little while the light is among you. "Walk whilst you have 
 the light, that the darkness overtake you not. He that walketh in 
 darkness knoweth not whither he goeth. Whilst you have the 
 light, beUeve in the light, that you may be the children of light. 
 These things Jesus spoke ; and he went away and hid himself from 
 them," 
 
 (10) These words, the Son of man, are not found in the discourse of the Saviour, which 
 we have just given. However, the Jews repeat the phrase as if he had just pronounced 
 it. A eoniincing proof that Saint John docs not report all his words. 
 
408 THE HISTORY OF TKE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 CHAPTER Lin. 
 
 INCKEDtniTY OF THE JEWS.— THE TIMID CONDEMNED WITH THE XNCBEDtTLOTJS. 
 
 FROM WHENCE CAME THE BAPTISM OF JOHN. PAKABLE OF THE TWO SONS. PAE- 
 
 ABLE OF THE VLNETAKD AND THE WICKED HUSBANDMEN. 
 
 During the few days which still remained to him, Jesus retired 
 every evening to Bethania, w^here he passed the night, and returned 
 in the morning to Jerusalem. This he did, lest his enemies should 
 anticipate the time he had marked out to be betrayed into their 
 hands. He knew that they dared not arrest him during the day, 
 for fear of raising an insurrection amongst that portion of the people 
 who were attached to him. The night was more favorable to their 
 designs ; and it was, therefoi'e, under -cover of the darkness that they 
 did lay hold of him ; for once they had formed the resolution of ar- 
 resting him, nothing could induce them to lay it aside. Their ha- 
 tred had caused their incredulity, and their incredulity increased 
 with their hatred, (a) " And whereas he had done so many mira- 
 cles before them, they believed not in him, that the saying of Isaias 
 the prophet might be fulfilled (1): Lord, who hath believed our 
 hearing ? And to whom hath the arm of the Lord been revealed ? 
 
 (a) St. John, xii. 31-50. 
 
 (1 ) The Jews were not incredulous beccause Isaias had foretold their incredulity ; but 
 Isaias had foretold that they would be incredulous because they were to be so. The 
 same case occurs here as in prescience, which is not the cause of the events which are to 
 occur : on the contrary, the events whicli are to happen are the causes of the foreknowl- 
 edge. We have already noticed how it frequently oceui-s in Scripture that the particle 
 thcct ["ut") signifies, not that one thing has been the cause of the other, but that one has 
 occurred after the other: hoc post hoc, and not hoc propter hoc. Heretics have, notwith- 
 standing, construed that ("ut"j to the very rigor of the letter, and have maintained, con- 
 sequently, that the prophecy of Isaias was the cause of the incredulity of the Jews ; that, 
 by not believing, they bad insured the truth of the Divine oracles. These men had only 
 one step more to take, viz., to assert that, by rendering this sort of service to God, they 
 performed a laudable and meritorious work ; nay, they even went beyond this step. There 
 is no extravagance which men do not make even Scripture put forward, when they wish 
 to explain it by private judgment, and not according to the sense of the Church. 
 
CHAP. LIU.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHÇIST. 4(59 
 
 Therefore tliey could not believe, because Isaias said again»: lie hath 
 blinded their eyes, and hardened their hearts (2), that they should 
 not see with their eyes, nor undei-stand with their heart, and be con- 
 verted, and I should heal them. These things said Isaias (3), when 
 he saw his glory, and sjjoke of him. However, many of the chief 
 men also believed in him ; but because of the Pharisees, they did 
 not confess him (4), that they might not be cast out of the syna- 
 gogue: for they loved the glory of men more than the glory of 
 God." 
 
 The latter had but too justly merited theu' condemnation, which 
 is found expressed in these last words. Then* case was one of those 
 where dissimulation is equivalent to infidelity, and where not to con- 
 fess the faith is to deny it. We may remember what the Pharisees 
 said when speaking of the Sa\'iour : " Hath any one of the rulei"S 
 believed in him V So that, by not declaring themselves, these ru- 
 lers of the nation authorized this reproach. Whereas, if they had 
 declared themselves, who knows but the great, emboldened by many 
 of their equals — and the lower classes, Avith whom the example of 
 the great has at all times so much weight — might have declared them- 
 selves in greater numbers, and with more intrepidity ? Who knows 
 but the jjriests and the Phai'isees, seeing the Saviour s party strength- 
 
 (2) God does not either blind or harden directly ; but he does so by wthdrawing his 
 lights and liis graces. The consequence is, that man can no longer either see or hear in 
 matters regarding his salvation ; which inability is asserted by some to be an absolute 
 impossibilit}", and by others, whose opinion is more generally followed, to be of extreme 
 difficulty. We must, however, believe that the blindness and hardness of man's heart 
 are exclusively his own fault. According to this expression of the wise man ( Wù. ii. 
 21), Ifieif own malice blinded litem; and that of Saint Augustin, God doth not abandon 
 unless he be abandoned. 
 
 (3) These words are read in the sixth chapter of Isaias. We find in tlic same chap- 
 ter the wondrous vision which this prophet had. lie not only saw therein the Di\-ine 
 Essence, but the Trinity of pei"sons was also revealed to him, because it is here stated 
 that he saw the glory of the Son ; and Saint Paul (Acts, xxviii.) makes the Holy Ghost 
 address to him the words which we have just read. No text proves more clearly tlian 
 this the Divinity of the Saviour; for it is said on one side that Isai;is saw his glor)-, and 
 on the other hand we read in Isaias tlie whole glory which this prophet saw — " the 
 Lord sitting upon a throne high and elevated, and the Seraphim cried one to another, 
 and said : Holy, holy, holy, the Lord God of Hosts ; and the earth is full of his glorj'." 
 
 (4) With reference to the obligation of externally professing the religion of which we 
 approve in our heai-t, see note 1, Part I. chap, xxvii. p. 210. 
 
410 THE. HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET II. 
 
 ened by the number and by the quality of his disciples, woidd have 
 abandoned the design of destroying him, from the little proba- 
 bility they AYould have had of success ? Who knows even but the 
 mass of the nation would at last have acknowledged its Messiah, and 
 thereby j)revented its own ruin and reprobation ? What crimes and 
 disasters could not these chief men have prevented, if they had not 
 allowed themselves to be governed by a cowardly human respect ? 
 Hence let no one be surprised at finding here their condemnation, 
 and learning that their eternal lot shall be in "the pool burning 
 with fire and brimstone," where Saint John places "the fearful" 
 along with the " unbelieving" (Apoc. xxi. 8). 
 
 Yet, in order to let them know how very unreasonable was this 
 criminal timidity, and, moreover, to give them an example of cour- 
 age, " Jesus raising his voice, cried and said : He that believeth in 
 me doth not believe in me (5), but in him that sent me." Where- 
 fore, then, blush to believe, since no one is ashamed to believe in 
 God, and this act is tantamount to so believing. But this reason 
 was much more forcible with regard to Jesus Christ than any of the 
 other ambassadors of God. The latter were, in point of fact, only 
 messengers, whom men were, notwithstanding, bound to believe as 
 they would God himself, when these envoys had proved by mira- 
 cles the truth of their mission. But Jesus Christ being of the same 
 nature as God, to believe in him was believing in God himself, and 
 not merely a man who spoke in the name and on the part of God. 
 Tliis is the meaning of that short expression which the Saviour im- 
 mediately added : " And he that seeth me, seeth him that sent 
 me (6)." 
 
 He afterwards says : " I am come a light unto the world, that 
 whosoever believeth in me may not remain in darkness ;" that is to 
 say, in order that he may l^e enlightened, for so this expression is 
 commonly understood. But here, where the Sa^^our instructs those 
 
 (5) Dotli not believe in me alone. This fashion of speech is much used in the sacred 
 language. 
 
 (6) He seeth the Father when he seeth Jesus Christ, because he seeth him who has 
 the Divine nature, which is common to him witli the Father. He did not see Divinity 
 itself, which is, of course, imperceptible to the eyes of the body : but he saw him who 
 is God, and who is one and the same with God. 
 
CHAP. LUI.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 411 
 
 who feared to allow their taith to become manifest, does he not also 
 wish to make them sensiblç of the natm-al opposition existing be- 
 tween this luminous faith which they have received, and the dark- 
 ness with which they were anxious to cover it ? 
 
 The remainder of the discoui-se regards the incredulous. " If anj- 
 man," said Jesus to them, " hear my words, and keep them not, I do 
 not judge him ; for I came not to judge the world, but to save the 
 world. He that despiseth me, and receiveth not my words, hath 
 one that judgeth him. The word that I have spoken (Y), the same 
 shall judge him on the last day, for I have not spoken of myself; 
 but the Father who sent me, he gave me commandment what I 
 should say, and what I should speak, and I know that his command- 
 ment is life everlasting. The things, therefore, that I speak even as 
 the Father said unto me, so do I speak." 
 
 (Ï) It is here siiiJ that the Word shall judge, as we say sometimes that the law con- 
 demns. It is easy to understand that it is not the law which pionounces the sentence ; 
 but it dictates it, as it were, by declaring that such an action is worthy of, or shall be 
 punished witli, such a penalty. It is like the major proposition of a syllogism, to 
 which the judge, after the iufoiToation, subjoins the minor : such a man has committed 
 this act. Whence this consequence necessarily follows : this man has incurred such a 
 penalty. Thus, this expression of the Saviour, the word that I have spoken, the same 
 sliall judge him ; far from e.xcluding the person of the judge, supposes it on the contra- 
 ry, because there could be no judgment if there were not, besides the law, some pei-son 
 to apply it to such an act and to such a party. This Word which shall judge tlie un- 
 believing Jews is the preaching of Jesus Christ, inasmuch as it was accompanied by mini- 
 clcs which confimied its tnith. These miracles, proving as they do that this preaching 
 is from God, shall equally prove that those who have rejected it have resisted God him- 
 self ; such is the signification of the Savioui''s entire discourse. 
 
 This same word shall also judge those who have had faith, but who have, nevertlie- 
 less, sinned against the moral precepts. The voluptuous shall be judged by the follow- 
 ing : whosoever shall look on a woman, to lust after her, hath already committed adul- 
 ter)' in liis heart ; and the vindictive by this other : love your enemies, do good to those 
 who hate you, pray for those who pei-secute and calumniate you. The avaricious shall 
 be judged by this short and comprehensive precept : you cannot serve God and mam- 
 mon ; and if they have faded in charity towards the poor, the following shall also be set 
 forth against them : the good which you have failed to perform towards the le;ist of my 
 brethren, you have fiiiled to perform towards me. The ambitious shall be confounded 
 by these words : if you do not become as little children, you shall not enter into the 
 kingdom of Heaven ; and to those who are abusive in their language, these words shall 
 be repeated : whoever shall say to his brother, thou fool I shall be in danger of hell-fire. 
 Let each one, therefore, judge himself now by those words, for the heavens and the earth 
 shall pass away, but these words shall not pass away. 
 
412 THE HISTOKY OF THE LITE [PAKT II. 
 
 Still his enemies souglit iucessiiutlj' to quarrel witli liim ; aud as 
 they could detect notliiiig reprehensible in his actions, unless per- 
 haps that they were too virtuous, they sought to find fault with him 
 on the subject of his mission, (a) " On one of the days" which 
 elajjsed between his entry into Jerusalem and his passion, " as he 
 was teaching the people in the temjjle, and preaching the Gospel, 
 the chief priests and the scribes, with the ancients, met together, 
 and spoke to him, saying : Tell us by what authority dost thou these 
 things ? or who is he that hath given thee this authority ?" 
 
 He had so often said that he acted in the name of his Father, 
 that they ought no longer to have feigned ignorance on that head. 
 Moi'eover, it was so evident that he who gave sight to the blind, and 
 raised the dead, must have spoken and acted in the name of God 
 alone, that nothing was more unreasonable than to ask him such a 
 question. They were, therefore, unworthy of receiving an answer. 
 Such is the meaning of the question which the Saviour put to them, 
 which, at the same time that it confounded them, placed before their 
 eyes another proof of the divinity of his mission, to which it is very 
 likely that they then paid no attention. (Zi) He, " answering, said 
 to them : I will also ask you one word, which if you shall tell me, I 
 will also tell you by what authority I do these things. The Ijap- 
 tism of John, whence was it ? From heaven, or from men ? An- 
 swer me. But they thought within themselves, saying : If we say 
 from heaven, he will say to us : Why, then, did you not believe him ? 
 But if we shall say from men, we are afraid of the people ; the whole 
 people will stone us, for they are persuaded that John was a proph- 
 et. [^Therefore] answering Jesus, they said: We know not whence 
 it was (8). And Jesus said to them : Neither do I tell you by what 
 authority I do these things (9)." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, XX. 1, 2. 
 
 (i) St. Luke, .\x. 3-8; St. Matthew, xxi. 24-26; St. Mark, xi. 30-33. 
 
 (8) They were forced to give this answer, if they did not choose to retract, or to run 
 the risk of being stoned. Nothing but extreme necessity can make learned doctors say : 
 
 We know not. 
 
 (9) He would have told it, if they had answered with sincerity ; but we have seen 
 that the answer which they gave was not the true one, but such as they thought best 
 calculated to lead them out of the difficulty ; its truth or falsehood concerned them but 
 
CHAP. Lni.] OK OUE LORD JESUS CUEIST. 413 
 
 At hottom, tbey were pei"suaded that the mission of Joliii was di- 
 vine ; for the word " baptism" comprises here the entire mission of 
 John, designated by its most remarkable constituent. They did 
 not, therefore, any more than the people, entertain a doubt but that 
 John was a prophet ; but they had refused to listen to him, because 
 of their inordinate pride. These proud men could not endure other 
 teachers than themselves in Israel, and this also was the reason of 
 their implacable enmity towards the SaviouT. But their corruption 
 was a still greater cause of their indocility. They were very willing 
 to be devout, provided that it interfered not •^vith their inter- 
 est or theii' passions. Numberless prayers and observances, with 
 little or no morality, this was the whole of their religion. Now, 
 John the Baptist, who unceasingly laid before their eyes the jirinci- 
 pal duties of justice and of charity, and required that they who had 
 failed in their performance should justify themselves by the confes- 
 sion of their crimes and by a public profession of penance — a preach- 
 er of this character could not be favorably heard by them. But 
 what other inference could be drawn from this, except that they 
 were audacious hypocrites, who were equally regardless of God and 
 of man, more wicked than declared sinnei-s, because they added false- 
 hood to malice ; and more incorrigible, because, whilst setting them- 
 selves forward as just men, they were very far fi-om acknowledging 
 that they were sinnei-s ? Hence Jesus Christ had but too much rea- 
 son for addressing them in the following manner, continuing what 
 he had been saying : 
 
 (a) " But what think you ?" said he to them, in order to render 
 them attentive, and because he wished to draw their condemnation 
 from their own lips. " A certain man had two sons ; and coming to 
 the fii-st, he said : Son, go work to-day in my vineyard. He answer- 
 ing, said : I will not ; but afterwards being moved with repentance, 
 he went. And coming to the other, the fither said in like manner. 
 He answering, said: I go, sir; and he went not. AVhich of the two 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxi. 28-32. 
 
 little. An habitual disposition to frame our language so as to redound to our own ad- 
 vantage, without regard to tnith, is, even when we do speak the truth, defiling ourselves 
 with the ffuilt of falsehix>d. 
 
414 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 did the father s will ? They say to him : The first (10) ;" not under- 
 standing as yet the drift of the Saviour's words. Thereuj^on " Jesus 
 saith to them: Amen, I say to you, that the publicans (11) and the 
 harlots shall go into the kingdom of God before you. For John 
 came to you in the way of justice, and you did not believe him; but 
 the publicans aud harlots believed him : but you, seeing it, do not 
 even afterwards repent, that you might believe him." 
 
 But, not content with having rejected the precursor of the Mes- 
 siah, they had come to the resolution (and were on the point of car- 
 rying it out) to make away with the Messiah himself. The preced- 
 ing paraljle was meant to reproach them with the first of these two 
 crimes ; the following is meant to set before their eyes all the horror 
 of the second crime, and the fearful chastisements which it must ne- 
 cessarily entail upon them. The Saviour had hitherto addressed him- 
 self to the chief priests and scribes only, because it was they alone, 
 generally speaking, who had been mdocile to the preaching of John. 
 But the multitude was also to be involved in the crime of his death. 
 Hence it was that, directing his discourse to the whole of his audi- 
 tory, (a) " he began to speak this parable : A certain householder 
 planted a vineyard (12). [-S?] made a hedge round about it, and 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xx. 9, 11, 13-15 ; St. Matthew, xxi. 33, 34-40 ; St. Mark, xii. 6. 
 
 (10) God, who knoweth om- frame, and remembereth that we are dust (Psalms, c. iv.), 
 easily forgives the first moment of resistance, when at the second moment, which is that 
 of reflection, we acknowledge our fault, and retxirn to our duty. 
 
 (11) An extraordinary profession of piety seems like saying to God that one is dis- 
 posed to do all that he wishes : a scandalous profession of libertinism seems to say to 
 him, on the contrarj^ that the individual has shaken off his yoke, and is resolved to obey 
 him no longer. It is in this sense that the publicans are represented by the first of the 
 two sons, and the Pharisees by the second. The first, from the moment when he repented, 
 becomes better than the second, and the second was already woree than the first, if, at 
 the time -when he respectfully promised to obey, he w;is already disposed to do nothing 
 of the kind. 
 
 (12) God is the householder; the synagogue is the vineyard. Several mystical mean- 
 ings are given to the hedge, the press, and the tower. It is very probable that Jesus 
 Christ only wished to convey that God had spared nothing which was necessary, in or- 
 der that his vineyard should fructify, according to this expression of Isaias : WTiat could 
 I do with my vineyard, that I have not done to it ? The outraged and massacred ser- 
 vants are the prophets down to John the Baptist, inclusive. Jesus Christ is the Son 
 who is here stated to have been put to death outside of the vineyard, that is to say, out- 
 
CUXP. LUI.] OF OUB LORD JESUS CHRIST. 415 
 
 dug in it a press, aud built a tower. \^Jï(f\ let it out to husbandmen, 
 and went abroad into a strange country for a long time. At the 
 season when the time of the fruits drew nigh, he sent to the hus- 
 bandmen a servant to receive of the husbandmen of the fruits of the 
 ^■ineyard; who, having laid hands upon him, beat him, and sent 
 him away empty. Again he sent another servant, and they beat 
 him also, and stoned him, and they wounded him in the head, and, 
 treating him reproachfully, sent him away empty. And again he 
 sent the thh-d, and they wounded him also, and cast him out, and 
 him they killed. xVgaiu he sent other servants, more than the for- 
 ïner, of whom some they beat and others they killed. Then the 
 lord of the vineyard said : What shall I do ? I will send my be- 
 loved son; it may be (13), when they see him, they will reverence 
 him. Therefore, having yet one son, most dear to him, he also sent 
 him to them last of all, saying: They will reverence my son. But 
 the husbandmen seeing the son, they thought within themselves, 
 saying one to the other : This is the heir ; come, let us kill him, that 
 the inheritance may be ours. So, casting him out of the vineyard, 
 they killed him. WTien, therefore, the lord of the vine}'ard shall 
 come, what shall he do to these husbandmen ? They say to him : 
 He will bring these evil men to an evil end, and will let out his 
 vineyard to other hasbandmen, that they shall render him the fruit 
 in due season." 
 
 Thus, without knowing it, they pronounced the sentence of tlieir 
 own condemnation. As they still did not perceive that the matter 
 concerned themselves, they gave way to that natural sense of equity 
 which is felt by all men when they have no interest in being unjust. 
 But Jesus, taking up their decision, said : (a) " He wiU come and 
 will destroy those husbandmen, and will give the vineyard to 
 others." The manner in which he pronounced these words made 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xii. 9 ; St. Luke, ix. 16, 17 ; St. Matthew, xxi. 42-46. 
 
 side the inclosure of the walls of Jerusalem, in order that this circiunstance of his pas- 
 sion should be found to have been foretold like the others. 
 
 (1.3) This man said it mai/ be, because a man is ignorant of what may occur to him. 
 Wlien God says so, it is not from ignorance : he merely expresses the possibility, found- 
 ed on the free-will of man, who may or may not do so. See note 4, page 63, chap. ix. 
 Part I. 
 
416 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 them at last sensible that they were merely a confirmation of the 
 sentence which they had pronounced against themselves, and speak- 
 ing in the sudden fear with which they were seized, " God forbid ! 
 they hearing, said to him. But he looking on them, said : What is 
 this, then, that is written ? Have you never read in the Scriptures : 
 The stone which the builders rejected (14), the same is become the 
 head of the corner (15) ? By the Lord has this been done (16), and 
 it is wonderful in our eyes." 
 
 It is well understood, even if He had not expressly said so, that 
 he was the corner-stone which, blinded by their malice, these igno- 
 rant builders rejected. " Therefore," he presently added, " I say 
 imto you that the kingdom of God shall be taken from you (lY), 
 and shall be given to a nation yielding the fruits thereof. Whoso- 
 ever shall fall on this stone shall be broken ; but on whomsoever it 
 shall fall, it shall grind him to powder (18). When the chief priests 
 and Pharisees had heard his parables, they knew that he spoke of 
 them, and seeking to lay hands on him, they feared the people, be- 
 cause they held him as a prophet." 
 
 (14) These words are taken from the 11 7th Psalm. Even the Jews understood them 
 as having reference to the Messiah ; this is the reason why they can make no answer. 
 
 (15) Jesus is elsewhere styled the foundation-stone. He is also termed the key of 
 the arch. He is, in point of fact, all that is signified by these different expressions. 
 Here he is the comer-stone, because he joins two walls previously divided, making of 
 the two but one single edifice, viz., he combines the two people, Jew and Gentile, so 
 that they are but one and the same people. 
 
 (16) Rejected by men, this stone is placed by the hand of God. The heavenly Jeni- 
 salem shall be built almost entirely of the stones which are the refuse of the world — the 
 disciples who follow their Master. 
 
 (17) Heaven and the Church are styled in Scripture the kingdom of God. It is 
 taken in both these senses from the fall of the Synagogue ; the Synagogue is no longer 
 the ti-ue Church which gives children to God, and heaven is irrevocably closed against it. 
 
 (18) Those who strike against a large stone do not hurt the stone; they hurt them- 
 selves ; if tliis stone falls from above on any one, it crushes him. The Jews, by their 
 opposition to Jesus Christ, have not injured him, but themselves alone ; for they have 
 injured themselves in their spiritual welfare, since they have deserved to be no longer 
 the people of God, and in their temporal welfare, by the frightful calamities which were 
 the effect and the chastisement of their crime. Behold them already bruised by the 
 stone ; but on the last day, when Jesus Christ shall pronounce against them the sentence 
 of eternal reprobation, then it is that the stone shall fall upon them with its whole weight, 
 and crush them into powder. 
 
CHAP. LIV.] OF OUE LOED JKUS CHKIST. 417 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 PARABLE OF THE MAEEIAGE FEAST. OBLIGATION OF PAYING THE TEIBCTE. THE 
 
 EESUKEECTION PROVED. THE FIEST COStMANDMENT OF THE LAW E5, THE 1.0X11 OF 
 
 GOD AND OUR ÎŒIGHBOE. ^THE MESSIAH IS THE SON OF DAVXD, AND YETT HIS LOED. 
 
 The actual dispositions of tlie rulers of the JeM-ish nation, the 
 crime which they meditated and which they were on the point of 
 perpetrating, and the vengeance which the Lord was subsequently 
 to wreak upon them, constitute the principal part of what the read- 
 er has just pei-used. The sequel contains the history of what was 
 to occur immediately after the Saviour's death. We here see his 
 Gospel preached, and once more rejected by the Jews, whether in 
 consequence of theii' ancient prejudices, or from an excessive attach- 
 ment to the goods of the earth, from which those who obey his law 
 must be entirely detached. Several of his ministers are cruelly put 
 to death : others, called the Gentiles (who are sent in place of the 
 first), throng in crowds to form for Jesus Christ a Chm'ch so numer- 
 ous and so floui-ishiug that it indemnifies him a hundi'ed times over 
 for the loss of the obdurate Synagogue. But, lest these new-comers 
 might fancy that, by recognizing him for the Messiah, they had 
 I ! finally secured their salvation, he introduced, by way of episode, the 
 
 pai'able of a man who had not the nuptial robe, in order to teach 
 them that faith alone does not save, and that they might exj^ect to 
 be condemned with the incredulous, if they did not take care to 
 preserve the innocence which they received in baptism, or if, after 
 having lost it, they do not regain it by sincere repentance, (a) " Je- 
 sus spoke to them again in parables, sajang : The kingdom of heav- 
 en is like to a man being a king (1), who made a marriage for his 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxii. 1-14. 
 
 (1) The parable of the great supper, which we have already seen, page 32V, Part II., 
 bears so close a resemblance to this, that some have thought, and with great probability, 
 that it was the same parable spoken but once by the Saviour, and related by two evan- 
 gelists, with the same circumstances, more or less varied. Without going into detail, we 
 
 27 
 
418 THE IILSTOEY OF THE LIFE [pART H. 
 
 son (2) ; and he sent liis servants to call tbem that were invited to 
 the marriage ; and they would not come. Again he sent other ser- 
 vants, saymg: Tell them that were invited: Behold, I have pre- 
 pared my dinner: my beeves and fatlings are killed. All things 
 are ready : come ye to the wedding. But they neglected, and went 
 their ways, one to his farm, and another to his merchandise. And 
 the rest laid hands on his servants, and having treated them contu- 
 mehously, put them to death. When the king had heard of it, he 
 was angry, and sending his armies, he destroyed those murderers, 
 and burnt their city. Then he saith to his servants : The wedding 
 indeed is ready ; but they that were invited were not worthy ; go 
 ye, therefore, into the highways, and as many as you shall find, 
 invite to the. wedding. His servants going out into the high- 
 ways, gathered together all that they found, both bad and good, 
 and the wedding was filled with guests. The king went in to see 
 the guests; he saw there a man who had not on a wedding-gar- 
 ment ; and he saith to him : Friend, how camest thou in hither, not 
 having a wedding-garment ? But he was silent (3). Then the king 
 said to the waiters : Bind his hands and feet, and cast him into the 
 exterior darkness ; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. 
 For many are called, but few are chosen." 
 
 agree that these cii'cumstances are not in reality essential ; that in point of fact the sub- 
 stance is the same ; that the sense of the two parables is also the same, inasmuch as, on 
 both sides, it is evidentl}' the Church formed of Gentiles after the obstinate refusal of 
 the Jews to enter into it. However, it appears certain that Jesus Christ spoke them at 
 different times and in different places, and it is highly probable that the two parables 
 were marked, when he uttered them, by the same difference which we find them to have 
 in the sacred writers. 
 
 (2) God is the king, Jesus Christ is the bridegroom, and the Church is his spouse. 
 The servants are the preachers of the Gospel. The guests first invited are the Jews, as 
 we have said ; and the second are the Gentiles, who embrace the faith. They are the 
 principal portion of the Church, which is the consort ; but they only compose it collec- 
 tively ; and, taken separately, they do not constitute a necessary part, because there is 
 not one amongst them whicli the Church may not lose without ceasing to be the Church. 
 Witness the man who had not the nuptial garment, whose expulsion deprived the 
 Church of none of her integrity. 
 
 (3) If he be silent, how can he justify himself? if his hands are tied, how can he re- 
 sist ? and if his feet are also tied, how can he escape by flight ? This is said in order to 
 make manifest the inevitable effect of God's judgments ; for, in short, there can be only 
 three ways of securing one's self— apology, resistance, or flight. 
 
CHAP. LTV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 419 
 
 But (a) " tten the Pharisees," who could not now prevail by force, 
 had recoui-se to artifice: "going, [thei/^ consulted amongst them- 
 selves how to ensnare him in his speech. And being upon the 
 watch, they sent spies, who should feign themselves just." These 
 emissaries were " some of the Pharisees, and their disciples with the 
 Herodians." We have said that this was in order to ensnare him 
 in his speech, " that they might deliver him up to the authority and 
 power of the governor." Seeing in him but an ordinary man, they 
 held out to him the only lure by which all men are caught, which 
 is that of praise ; and as they seemed to desire that he would speak 
 to them frankly and freely, they affected to praise him more espe- 
 cially for his freedom and his candor. " "V\Tio coming, say to him : 
 Master, we know that thou art a true speaker, and carest not for 
 any man. For thou regardest not the person of men, but teachest 
 the way of God in truth (4). Tell us, therefore, what dost thou 
 think, is it lawful to give tribute to Cesar, or not ?" 
 I Tlie question was as captious as it could possibly be ; for he must 
 
 either have answered yes or no, supposing that he wished to give 
 j any answer ; and whatever way he answered, the snare appeared 
 j I inevitable. If he authorized the tribute, besides that he could no 
 
 I j longer give himself out to be the Messiah, who, according to the 
 i common belief, was to emancipate the nation from every species 
 
 I I of slavery, they might also avail themselves of his reply in order 
 I to render him odious to the people, who held this tribute in hor- 
 , ror. Or, if he denied the obligation of paying it, they would then 
 
 1 1 denounce him at once to the governor, who would cause him tfi be 
 punished as a rebel. The trick was, therefore, skilfully devised. 
 But of what avaU is sul)tlety against truth, and trickery against wis- 
 dom ? (b) " Jesus, knowing their wickedness, said : Why do you 
 tempt me, ye hypocrites ? Shew me the coin of the tribute. They 
 
 ('/) St. Miitthew, xxii. 15; St. Luke, x.\. 20; St. Mark, .\ii. 13. 
 (6) St. Matthew, xxii. 18-21. 
 
 (4) This testimony which they rendered to Jesus Clirist was true, and, therefore, hon- 
 orable to him. If given by wull-mcaning persons, it would liave deserved acknowledg- 
 ment and reward fiom the Saviour; but being tlius spoken, it was as criminal as the 
 blackest calumny could have been. We here see what a différence the intention makes 
 in the same action. 
 
420 
 
 THE HISTOKT OF THE LITE 
 
 [part II. 
 
 offered him a penny. Jesus saitli to tliem : Whose image and in- 
 scription is this ? They say to him : Cesar's. Then he saith to them : 
 Eender, therefore, to Cesar the things that are Cesar's ; and to God, 
 the things that are God's (5)." 
 
 This reply is unanswerable. For since the current coin of the 
 countiy was stamped with Cesar's image, they therefore acknowl- 
 edged Cesar for their sovereign, and were consequently bound to 
 pay him tribute. To contest this would be acting in contradiction 
 to themselves. On the other hand, if they had pretended that the 
 domination of Cesar was a yoke imposed by force, and which they 
 had a right to shake off at any time if they found themselves able, 
 they themselves woidd thereliy avow those rebellious princijJes 
 wdiich were really cherished in their hearts, and they would find 
 themselves caught in a snare which they had laid for the Saviour. 
 They remained, therefore, confused and silent, for (a) " they could 
 not reprehend his word before the people," nor yet before the gov- 
 ernor : " and hearing this, the}^ wondered, and lea\ang him, went 
 their ways." 
 
 It seems that after this victory, they ventured not again to engage 
 in dispute with him. Nevertheless, though the Pharisees were si- 
 lenced, there were others who still had the temerity to address him. 
 The intention of the latter, however, was not so perverse as that of 
 the former. They were not seeking to ruin the Saviour, as it is easy 
 to see by the question which they jjut to him. What, then, was their 
 object? To puzzle him, who answered so adroitly the most subtle 
 and most artful questions. There is every reason for thinking that 
 such was their design ; and their hoi3e of succeeding therein was 
 founded upon the difficulty of the problem which they had to pro- 
 pose to him. They deemed this problem unanswerable, and no man, 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xx. 26 ; St. Matthew, xxii. 22. 
 
 (5) Since God is willing to make the tribute a matter- of religion, Cesar, therefore, 
 acts only in like manner towards God, when he makes the service of God an affair of 
 State. 
 
 Cesar cannot say that God exacts too much from him, when he requires this return ; 
 for, after all, God is God, and Cesar is man. 
 
 We understand by Cesar all secular powers, and by the tribute all the duties which 
 inferiors owe to them. 
 
CHAP. LTX-I OF OUR LOKD JESUS CIIHIST. 421 
 
 in their opinion, could find a clue to it. Thenceforward the acknowl- 
 edged wisdom of him whom they were going to puzzle would only 
 serve to accredit theh- system, and to increase then- triumph. How- 
 ever, tliis was exceedingly frivolous, as are all the reasonings of lib- 
 ertinism, for these people were declared free-thinkers, decided ma- 
 terialists ; they were, in a word, (ci) " Sadducees, who say there is no 
 resurrection, who came to him that day, and asked him: Master, 
 ]\Ioses wrote unto us. If any man's brother die having a wife, and he 
 leave no children (6), his brother should take her to wife, and raise 
 up issue to his brother. There were, therefore, seven brethren ; and 
 the fii-st took a wife and died, leaving no issue. The second took 
 her to wife, and he also died childless. The third, in like manner, 
 took her ; and so on to the seventh, and they left no children, and 
 died. Last of all the woman also died. At the resurrection, there- 
 fore,' when they shall rise again, whose wife of the seven shall she 
 be ? for all the seven had her to wife." 
 
 The difficulty was, in reality, the same for two as for seven ; but 
 the embai-rassment arising from the seven husbands seemed to ren- 
 der the resurrection more lidiculous, and we know what strength 
 ridicule gives to objections of this kind, (b) " Jesus answering, saith 
 to them [^/rtvely^' Do ye not, therefore, err, because ye know not 
 the Scriptures, nor the power of God I For in the resurrection they 
 shall neither marry nor be mariied, but shall be as the angels of God 
 in heaven (7). The children of this world marry and are given in 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxiL 23, 24 ; St. Luke, xx. 28-32 ; St. Mark, sii. 23. 
 (6) St. Mark, xiL 24, 25 ; St. Matthew, xxii. 30 ; St. Luke, xx. 3-4:-36. 
 
 (6) See Deiiteronomy, xxv. 5. Brothers alone are there spoken of; but we see by 
 the example of Booz that, when there were no surviving brothers, this law obliged the 
 next of kin to marry the widow of the man who died witiiout children, and, upon his re- 
 fusal, the next in rotati<jn to him. Before God had made it an express law, this 
 custom.was already established in the family of the patriarchs, and appears to have ob- 
 tained therein the force of law, as we are further informed by the historj' of the detesta- 
 ble children of Judas, Her and Onan. 
 
 (7) That is to say, that they shall be pure as they are, unless a person should prefer 
 to say that iIkt sliall be virgins like them : it is only in this point of view that they are 
 here compared to angels ; for they shall have bodies, and the angels shall not have them. 
 The angels have no sensible pleasures, and they shall have them. True it is, that these 
 bodies shall have spiritual qualities, agility, subtilty, incorruptibility, but all this shall not 
 
422 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART U. 
 
 marriage ; but they tliat shall be accounted woi-tby of that world, 
 aud of the resurrection from the dead, shall neither be married nor 
 take wives. Neithei- can they die any more, for they are equal to 
 the angels, and are the children of God, being the children of the 
 I'esuri'ectiou." 
 
 This last expression contains a very pi'ofoimd meaning. The 
 life I'eceived is similar to that of those who confer it. Mortal and 
 corruptible parents confer a life mortal and corruptible like their 
 own. God, the immediate author of the life which men shall receive 
 by the resurrection, shall bestow an incorruptible aud immoi'tal life 
 like unto his own. "VNTierefore they shall die no more, because, be- 
 ing childi-en of the resurrection, they shall be the children of God. 
 Thenceforth marriage is no longer to exist, for it was established to 
 repair the work of death, and its fruitfulness is a substitute for im- 
 mortality. The angels who are immortal do not marry ; neither 
 shall men marry, when they have become immortal like them, aud 
 that for a similar reason ; such are the reasons which the Saviour 
 here advances, when, taking advantage of this occasion, he refines 
 the idea which we should entertain of future felicity. In what wan- 
 ton images would not human corruption have revelled, if it had been 
 abandoned, on this point, to itself! we may judge of tliis from the 
 Paradise of Mahomet. 
 
 The resurrection remains still to be proved. Jesus proves it by 
 Scrij^ture, because it was by Scripture that the Sadducees had at- 
 tacked it ; and as these heretics recognized only the five books of 
 Moses, he takes from Exodus the text whei-ewith he is going to op- 
 pose them. He therefore continues thus : (a) " Concerning the res- 
 urrection of the dead, have you not read in the books of Moses how 
 in the bush God spoke to him, saying : I am the God of Abraham, 
 the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob ? He is not the God of the 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xii. 26, 27 ; St. Luke, xx. 38-40 ; St. Matthew, xsii. 31, 32. 
 
 hinder them from being real bodies ; and the perfect purity of the pleasures will not in 
 any way prevent them from being truly sensible pleasures. We have no knowledge of 
 these pleasmes, and it would be impossible for us to imagine them ; but our ignorance 
 on this point sliould not prevent us from believing that after the resurrection there must 
 be sensible pleasures for the elect, because it is universally admitted that the repro- 
 bate are to endure sensible pains. 
 
CHAP. LIV.] OF OUR LOKD JISCS CHRIST. 423 
 
 dead (8), but of the living ; for all live to him. You, therefore, do 
 greatly err," he said to them once more. " And some of the scribes 
 answering, said to him : M;\ster, thou hast said well ; and the multi- 
 
 (8) Therefore Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob exist ; for God is not the God of nothing. 
 It is in this that the whole force of this reasoning seems to lie ; therefore they shall one 
 day rise again. This second consequence, which is what Jesus Christ had to prove 
 against the Sadducecs, does not appear so necessarily connected with the principle as the 
 first. For, inasmuch as God is the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, we may 
 then conclude that these three patriarchs exist as souls, and that their souls liave not 
 been annihilated by death ; but it does not follow that, when once separated from their 
 bodies, they should one day be reunited to these bodies, since there was nothing to 
 hinder God from making this separation eternal. The answer we give to this is, 
 that the Saviour's reasoning was .peremptory against the Sadducees, who did not ac- 
 knowledge any spmtual substance, and who started from this assumption when they 
 proceeded to deny the resurrection, because, according to them, the soul no longer exist- 
 ing, there was no longer any thing which could be united to the bodies, whence they 
 concluded that the resurrection was a thing impossible. In this their reasoning was 
 false ; for, supposing that man was merely a pure machine, God could still raise up that 
 fallen and broken machine, and restore it to its primitive state. The resurrection was 
 not, therefore, impossible, even according to their own principle. However, Jesus Christ 
 only appUes himself to deprive them of this principle, because, once deprived of it, they 
 had no other on wliich to ground the consequence which they drew from this erroneous 
 assumption ; and this is the reason why they remained silent. Yet, although speaking 
 with metaphysical precision, the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the body 
 do not appear to depend necessarily one upon the other, still they did then so depend, 
 according to the idea adopted by the entire world, and the second wiis inferred 
 from the first. This was the manner of reasoning pursued at that time ; and it is that 
 of Saint Paul, who proves the resurrection by a series of reasoning which only appeai-s 
 to tend towards proving the immortality of the soul. He knew that, having once ad- 
 mitted this truth, people would not pause to cavil at the resun-eetion, which appeared 
 to be a necessary consequence, or, at least, to be no longer open to any real objections. 
 Therefore these frivolous objections were not started at that time, and they, indeed, arc 
 not more valid than the ridiculous problem of the Sadducees. How reanimate these 
 withered bones ? IIow collect ashes dispersed over all parts of the earth ? And be- 
 sides, if men eat one another, as the cannibals do, or if the substance of the dead 
 passes into that of the living, through the dead bodies which serve to fertilize the earth, 
 how cliissify all those portions of bodies which are commingled one with another ? Shall, 
 this bodv have too much, or that other body too little ? These difficulties all revert to 
 this rea.soning : I, who am a weak, blind, impotent creature, could never get clear of the 
 difficulties which such a state of things seems to present ; so neither can God do it, 
 though he is infinite in wisdom and in power. In restoring to us at the resurrection the 
 same body which we shall have had, God will not restore to us all the matter which 
 shall have constituted a part of this body during the whole course of our life ; this truth, 
 if we study it a little, will furnish an answer to all the difficulties which are raised against 
 the possibility of the resurrection. 
 
424 TIIE inSTORY OF TIIE LITE [PART H. 
 
 tudes hearing it, were in admiration with his doctrine, and after that 
 they durst not ask him any more questions." 
 
 This seems to allude to the Sadducees, who could make him no 
 reply ; or, if we wish to understand it as having reference to the 
 Pharisees, we must take it that they ceased for the moment to inter- 
 rogate the SaN-iour, but that they resumed their cavilling very soon 
 after. For these latter, («) " hearing that he had silenced the Sad- 
 ducees, came together ; and one of them, a doctor of the law, that 
 had heard them reasoning togethei-, seeing that Jesus had answered 
 them well, asked him : Master, which is the great commandment, 
 the fii-st commandment of all ?" It is added that he put this ques- 
 tion, " temptmg him." Did they then suspect him of making light 
 of the great precept of the love of God ? and did they hope to find 
 in his answer the means of calumniating him on this head ? The ap- 
 probation which the Son of God gave to this man prevents us from 
 attributing to him such perverse intentions ; and if it be said that he 
 sought to tempt him, it would seem as if this meant to convey that 
 he sought to test his wisdom ; that is to say, there was more incre- 
 dulity than malice in him. (b) " Jesus answered him : The first com- 
 mandment of all is. Hear, O Israel ! the Lord thy God is one God ; 
 and thou shalt love the Lord thy God with thy whole heart, and 
 with thy whole soul, and with thy whole mind, and with thy whole 
 strength (9). This is the greatest and the first commandment. And 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxii. 34-38 ; St. (6) St. Mark, .xii. 29-34 ; St. Mat- 
 
 Mark, xii. 28. thew, xxii. 38-40. 
 
 Supposing that a man begins to-day to eat another man's body, and that he eats it, if 
 it were possible, even to the very bones — supposing, then, that God shoultf raise him up 
 ■vvith the same body which he had yesterday ; in this case tlie man shall be resuscitated 
 with thi^ same body which ho had during his life, and in this body thei-e will not be an 
 atom of that other body, though the substance thereof shall have passed wholly and en- 
 tirely into his. 
 
 (9) See what has been said with reference to the word of God and the love of our 
 neighbor., in notes 12 and 13 of page 299 of this Part. It still remains to be explained 
 why it is said that the commandment of the love of our neighbor is like to that of the 
 love of God, although the latter be the first and the greatest of all. The question here 
 is not concerning natural affection, which is always inferior, and very often contrary to 
 the love of God. The only question raised here is with i-eference to the love of chanty, 
 by which an individual loves his neighbor in God, and for God. I love him because he 
 is not only the work and the image of God, but the child of God ; because he is the 
 
CHAP. LH.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHEIST. 425 
 
 the second is like to this : Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. 
 There is no other commandment greater than these. On these two 
 commandments dependeth the Avhole law and the prophets. The 
 Scribe said to him : Well, Master, thou hast said in truth that thei'e 
 is one God, and there is no other besides him ; that he should ])e 
 loved with the whole heart, with the whole understanding, with the 
 whole soul, and with the whole strength ; and to love one's neighbor 
 as one's self is a greater thing than all holocausts and sacrifices. Je- 
 sus, seeing that he had answered wisely, said to him : Thou art not 
 far from the kingdom of God." 
 
 After ha\-ing satisfied all their demands, the Saviour wished to 
 question them in his turn, and to display before their eyes one of 
 those flashes of hght, whose dazzling radiance manifested his divinity 
 through the thick cloud of his humanity. («) " The Pharisees being 
 gathered together, Jesus asked them : What think you of Christ ? 
 Whose Son is he ? They said to him : Da^-id's. Whereupon he an- 
 swering, said, teaching in the temple : How do the Scribes say that 
 Christ is the Son of David ? For David himself saith, by the Holy 
 Ghost, in the Book of Psalms : The Lord said to my Lord : Sit thou 
 on my right hand, until I make thj^ enemies thy footstool. David, 
 therefore, calleth him Lord ; and whence i.s he then his Son (10) ? 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxii. 41-40 ; St. Mark, sii. SS-ST ; St. Luke, xx. 42. 
 
 brother of Jesus Christ — the living member of that adorable head — the son of his grief, 
 and the fruit of his blood — called to share eternally with him his throne and his felicity. 
 Now it is easy to see that, whilst loving my neighbor from these motives, it is God luid 
 Jesus Christ that I love in his person. It is this wliich induced theologians to say that 
 the virtue of charity, which makes us love God for God, is the same which makes us 
 love our neighbor for God ; and iu the same way as the love of (iod is a theological, that 
 is to say, a di\ine wtue, proposing Gotl for its object, so hkewise charity towards our 
 neighbor is also a theological and divine virtue, inasmuch as it is God whom we love in 
 our neighbor. 
 
 God lias so much love for men, that he says to each of us : Love them on my account, 
 and 1 shall make no difference, either as to merit or as to recompense, between the love 
 which you shall entertain towards them and that which you shall entertain towards my- 
 self. 
 
 If God should sa)- to us : Love them for their own sake, it seems that hatred might 
 sometimes be just and reasoniiblc ; but God removes from this passion every reasonable 
 and equitable pretext, when he says to us : Love them for my sake. 
 
 (10) He does not deny lliat he is the Son of David ; but he declares that he is some- 
 
426 THE IILSTORY OF TlIE LIFE [PART U. 
 
 And no man was aljle to answer liiui a word. Neither durst any 
 man from that day forth ask liim any more questions ; and a great 
 multitude heard him gladly." 
 
 CHAPTER LV. 
 
 TO HEAE THE DOCTOES OF THE LAW, NOT TO IMITATE THEM. THE SCRIBES AND 
 
 PHARISEES ARE CURSED. — THE Wmow's MITE. THE EUIN OF THE TEMPLE FORE- 
 TOLD. QUESTION AS TO THE TIME OF THE EUIN OF JERUSALEM, AND OF THE END 
 
 OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The censors were to be censured in their turn. Jesus Christ, be- 
 fore leaving the earth, wished to make them thoroughly known to 
 themselves and to others ; to themselves for the purpose of convert- 
 ing them, supposing that at the sight of their own vices, laid bare 
 before their eyes, they might yet be struck with remorse ; and to 
 others, sujiposing that these censors should not be converted, yet for 
 the purpose of arresting the progress of seduction, by unmasking 
 the seducers. But, inasmuch as these perverse men were still the 
 ordinary interpreters of the Mosaic law — in order to preserve to 
 them the authority which they should have on this account over the 
 
 tiling more. Da^^J certainly calls him God wlien he calls him his Lord — royal power 
 acknowledging no other Lord than God. It is apparently for this reason that Jesus 
 Christ only quotes this passage of the Psalm in pi'oof of his di\inity. AU the other char- 
 acters which served to prove his divinity are to be found concentrated in this Psalm : liis 
 generation from the bosom of his Father — a proof of his consubstantiality ; his sitting at 
 his right liand — a mark of equality ; his existence anterior to all the stars — which ex- 
 presses his eternity ; his absolute empire over all kings and over all people — which be- 
 longs to the Divinity alone. We see here, moreover, his quality — of Eternal Priest, ac- 
 cording to the order of Melchisedech — of supreme and universal Judge — of Conqueror 
 of all his enemies, who lie crushed beneath his feet ; lastly, his sufferings, by which it 
 was said that he should enter into his glory. We should observe that the question here 
 is of the Messiah alone. We must not seek here for mere types, for Jesus Christ formal- 
 ly excludes them all, and refutes beforehand all those who have since professed to dis- 
 cover them throughout all this Psalm. Tiie modern Jews will no longer have it that the 
 Messiah is the object of this divine Psalm. Their fiUhers, and especially those who lived 
 in the time of Jesus Christ, never entertained a doubt on the subject. 
 
CH-iP. LV.] OF OUR LORD JEST7S CHRIST. 42 T 
 
 minds of the people, tlie Saviour took the precaution to point out 
 beforehand the distinction which should be made between actions 
 and instructions, between the chau* and him who sits therein. 
 (a) " Then Jesus spoke to the multitude and to his disciples, and 
 said to them in his doctrine : The Scribes and the Pharisees have 
 sitten on the chair of Moses. All things, therefore, whatsoever they 
 shall say to you, observe and do ; but according to their works do 
 ye not, for they say and do not. They bind insupj^ortable burdens 
 and lay them on men's shoulders ; but with a finger of their own 
 they will not move them. And all their Morks they do for to be 
 seen of men. For they make phylacteries (1) broad, and enlarge 
 their fringes. They love the fii-st places at feasts, and the first chairs 
 in the synagogues, and salutations in the market-place, and to be 
 called by men, Kabbi. Who devour the houses of widows under 
 the pretence of long prayer. These shall receive greater judgment, 
 but be not you," added the Divine Master, then dbectiug his dis- 
 coui-se to the disciples alone, " be not you called Eabbi ; for one is 
 your master, and all you are brethren. And call none your father 
 upon eai'th ; for one is your father who is in heaven ; neither be ye 
 called masters, for one is your master, Christ." 
 
 This does not mean to convey that the Savioui- here prohibits 
 those titles which have been always in use, without any one ever 
 thinking of being scandalized at them. But he wishes that, whilst 
 we recognize fathers and masters upon earth, we should at the same 
 time elevate our thoughts to the Father, by excellence, from whom 
 comes all paternity in heaven and on earth, and to the fii-st of all 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxiii. 1-10; St. Mark, .\i. 38. 
 
 (1) This is a Greek word. Here is the way that we find the phyliicterics described in 
 the Notes of Richard Simon on the New Testament : " The phylacteries are made in or- 
 der to prcseri-e four sentences extracted from the law. These sentences were written 
 upon parchment, and inclosed in black calf-skin, in a little square form, and this little 
 square is between two strings, to which it is attached. When the Jews say their pray- 
 ers, they bind their head with these strings, so that the square which is in the middle 
 falls riijht down upon the forehead, hanging a little over the bridge of the nose ; these 
 are the phylacteries of the he.id : they also fix similar ones to the bend of the left arm. 
 The Pharisees, in order to appear persons of greater worth, affected to have the phylac- 
 teries broader and larffer than the other Jews." 
 
428 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET II. 
 
 masters, from wliom proceedetli all liglit and all knowledge. For 
 masters here below are but faint images of liim, iuca2)able of instruct- 
 ing us by tlieinselves, and can only do it in a salutary way when 
 they faithfully repeat the things which they have learned from him. 
 This part of the instruction regards the common people ; but it also 
 had for its main object to warn the disciples beforehand agahist phar- 
 isaical pride, which ambitiously seeks these honorary titles, and takes 
 pleasure therein. This is the reason why the Saviour concludes the 
 instruction by these words : (ci) " He that is greatest among you shall 
 be your servant ; and whosoever shall exalt himself shall be humbled, 
 and he that shall humble himself shall be exalted." 
 
 Then returning to the Pharisees, from whom he had been with- 
 drawn by this brief digression, he went on to add fresh reproaches to 
 those which he had already heaped upon them, and forms from the 
 whole, as it were, a cloud of anathemas, wherewith he is going to 
 crush them in these tremendous words : " Woe to you. Scribes and 
 Pharisees, hypocrites ; because you shut the kingdom of heaven 
 against men. For you yourselves do not enter in, and those that are 
 going in you suffer not to enter (2). Woe to you, Scribes and Phari- 
 sees, hypocrites ; because you devour the houses of widows (3), pray- 
 ing long prayers. For this ye shall receive the greater judgment. 
 Woe to you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites; because you go 
 round about the sea and the land to make one proselyte ; and when 
 he is made, you make him the child of hell twofold more than your- 
 selves (4). Woe to you, blind guides, who say : Whosoever shall 
 swear by the temple, it is nothing ; but he that shall swear by the 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xsiii. 11-39. 
 
 (2) See note 8, page 307, Part II. 
 
 (3) Why the widows more than any other women? Because they are usually more 
 given to piety, and they are the mistresses of their own property. We see that the hyp- 
 ocrites have a tine opportunity here. 
 
 (4) It seems tliat the masters are more culpable than the disciples, and that a greater 
 punishment is due to them. Yes, if the disciples do not become masters in their turn, 
 which causes equality of malice in both parties, but very soon the disciples surpass the 
 mastei-s, because, in order to secure to themselves the merit of invention, they add addi- 
 tional dogmas to those which they have received, and they thus become worse than their 
 masters. 
 
CHAP. LV.] OF OVR LORD .lESUS CHRIST. 4 "2 9 
 
 gold of the temple is a debtor. Ye foolisli and blind ; for whetlier 
 is it greater, the gold, or the temple which sanctifieth the gold (5) ? 
 And whosoever shall swear by the altar, it Ls nothing ; but whoso- 
 ever shall swear by the gift upon it, is a debtor. Ye blind ; for 
 whether is greater, the gift, or the altar that sanctifieth the gift ? 
 He, therefore, that sweareth by the altar, sweareth by it, and by all 
 things that are upon it ; whosoever shall swear by the temple, swear- 
 eth ])y it, and by him that dwelleth m it ; and he that sweareth by 
 heaven, sweareth by the thi-one of God, and by him that sitteth 
 thereon. Woe to you. Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites ; because 
 you tithe mint, and anise, and cummin, and have left the weightier 
 things of the law ; judgment, and mercy, and faith. These things 
 you ouglit to have done, and not leave those undone (6). Blind 
 guides, you strain at a gnat and swallow a camel." 
 
 " Woe to you. Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites ; because you 
 make clean the outside of the cup and of the dish, but mthin you 
 are fiill of extortion and uncleanness. Thou blind Pharisee, first 
 make clean the inside of the cup and of the dish, that the outside 
 may become clean. Woe to you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites ; 
 because you are like the whited sepulchres (7), which outwardly apr 
 pear to men beautiful, but within are full of dead men's bones, and 
 of all filthiness. So you also outwardly, indeed, appear to men just ; 
 but within you are full of hypocrisy and iniquity." 
 
 " Woe to you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, who build the 
 sepulchres of the prophets, and adorn the monuments of the just, 
 and say : If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not 
 have been partakers with them in the blood of the projihets. Where- 
 fore you are witnesses against yourselves (8), that- you are the sous 
 of them who killed the prophets. FiU ye up, then, the measure of 
 
 (5) Many Pharisees belonged to the sacerdotal order ; now amongst the oaths which 
 wcie obligator)', some were profitable to the priests, and there were others from which 
 the_v derived no advantage. This single difference constituted, according to the decisions 
 of these worthy men, the whole difference between serious oaths and those which were 
 of minor consequence. 
 
 ((5) See page 305, Part II., and note 3, connected with the same passage. 
 
 (7) See page 305, Part II. 
 
 (8) See page 305, Part II. 
 
430 THE HISTORY OF THE LIEE [PART II. 
 
 youi" fathers. You sei-pents, generation of ^^pers, how will you es- 
 cape the judgment of hell ? Therefore behold, I send to you proph- 
 ets, and wise men, and Scribes ; and some of them you will put to 
 death, and crucify, and some you will scourge in your synagogues, 
 and persecute them from city to city : that upon you may come all 
 the just blood that hath been shed upon the earth, from the blood 
 of Abel the just (9), even unto the blood of Zacharias the son of 
 Barachias (10), whom you killed between the temj)le and the altar. 
 Amen, I say to you, all these things shall come upon this generation. 
 O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest 
 them tliat are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered to- 
 gether thy children, as the hen gathereth her chickens under her 
 wings, and thou wouldst not. Behold, your house shall be left to 
 you desolate ; for I say to you, you shall not see me henceforth till 
 you say : Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord." 
 
 After a discourse so long and so vehement, the Saviour, who con- 
 descended to feel fatigued, had need of some short repose. But his 
 repose was not less useful than his labor. («) " And Jesus, sitting 
 over against the treasui-y, beheld how the people cast money into 
 the treasury ; many that were rich cast in much ; there came a cer- 
 tain poor widow, and she cast in two mites, which make a farthing." 
 A thing so trifling in appearance furnished the occasion for one of 
 the most sublime instructions contained in the Gospel. " Calling his 
 disciples togethei", he saith to them : Amen, I say to you, this poor 
 widow hath cast in more than all tliey who have cast into the treas- 
 ury ; for all they did cast in of their abundance, buf she of her want 
 cast in all she had, even her whole living." Men, whose wants are 
 great, only value great things. God, who is in want of nothing, 
 values only greatness of heart. In the offerings which we make to 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xii. 41-U. 
 
 (9) See note 7, page 307, Part II. 
 
 (10) We find in Scripture one Zacharias killed between the temple and the altar, but 
 he was the .son of Joiada ; we find another, the son of Barachias ; but in his time, says 
 Saint Jerome, the ruins of the temple were scarcely visible. The most common opinion 
 is, that he who is leferred to here is the first, whose father, Joiada, had also tlie name 
 of Barachias. 
 
CHAP. LV.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 431 
 
 him, he regards not the hand, but the heart ; and if the heart be 
 generous, the smallest gift acquires in his sight the value of a rich 
 treasure. Let not, therefore, the rich man pride himself because of 
 his great donations ; they may be given without any high degree of 
 merit, and with but small generosity ; and let not the poor man 
 think himself deprived of the merit of giving because he has 
 little to give. In giving all that he has, he gives much more than 
 he who, whilst he gives much, still reserves for himself more than he 
 gives. The reason of this is explained by the Sa^^our : it costs but 
 little to give fi'om a person's superfluity ; but to deprive himself of 
 what is necessary can only proceed from unlimited generosity. 
 
 The Saviour, before he gave this instruction to his disciples, had 
 foretold to the Jews the impending ruin of Jerusalem, and of the 
 temjile, for such is the meaning given to this exjiressiou which he 
 had just used: "Behold, your house shall be left to you desolate." 
 If we believe the majority of interprètes, this feai*ful prediction 
 gave rbe to the following conversation, which only served to con- 
 firm it, b)' repeating it in terms still more precise and more ener- 
 getic : (rt) " Jesus being come out of the temple, went away : and his 
 disciples came to show him the^ buildings of the temple;" according 
 to the interpretation which we have adopted, their intention was to 
 make him revoke the sentence which he had pronounced against 
 that superb edifice. They spoke of it, therefore, with this design : 
 (b) " And some saying of the tem^^le that it was adorned with good- 
 ly stones and gifts, one of his disciples saith to him : Master, behold 
 what manner of stones, and what buildings are here ! Jesus answer- 
 ing, said to him : Seest thou all these great buildings ? Amen, I say 
 to you, these things which you see, the days wiU come in which there 
 shall not be left a stone upon a stone that shall not be thrown 
 down (11)." 
 
 {ay St. Matthew, xxiv. 1. 
 
 (6) St. Luke, xxi. 5, 6 ; St. Mark, xiii. 1,2; St. Matthew, xxiv. 2. 
 
 (11) This prediction contaias nothing hyperbolical. The Romans had burned and 
 levelled the temple, but the foundations were remaining. Julian the Apostate, having 
 granted to the Jews permission to rebuild it, the latter commenced by uprooting the an- 
 cient foundations, in order to substitute new onus. The work was not completed, when 
 
432 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT U. 
 
 God, altliougli not subject to change, alters, nevertheless, his de- 
 crees when men become perverse. This he did with regard to con- 
 verted Nineveh, and he would have done the same towards the Jews, 
 if they had sought to obtain their pardon by similar penance. But 
 their anticipated obduracy rendered irrevocable the sentence which 
 had just been ^^ronounced against them. The positive manner in 
 which the Saviour rej^eated it, made it intelligible to the apostles, 
 who now only required to know the period of its execution. 
 
 They began to consider the means of obtaining this information, 
 and in the mean time they continued their journey. They soon 
 reached their destination, («) " and as he sat on the Mount of Olivet, 
 opposite the temple," the occasion was favorable for alluding to it. 
 "The disciples came to him privately, and Peter, and James, and 
 John, and Andrew asked him: Master, tell us when shall these 
 things be, and what shall be the sign when all those things shall be- 
 gin to be fulfilled ? what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the 
 consummation of the world ?" 
 
 This inquiry had two objects — the destruction of the temple and 
 the end of the world, which was to be preceded by the coming of 
 Jesus Christ, as he himself had so often foretold. The apostles, it 
 seems, entertained the notion that these events were to happen about 
 the same tiiie. The cause of this error may have been, that Jesus 
 Christ had associated them in the prediction which he made concern- 
 ing them. However, he had only done so because of several fea- 
 tures of resemblance which were found between the destruction of 
 the Jewish nation and that of the universe, and because the first was 
 to be the figure of the second. But we know that he did not wish 
 the period of his last coming to be known, but only that it might 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xiii. 3, 4 ; St. Matthew, xxiv. 3 ; St. Luke, xxi. V. 
 
 waving masses of fire issued from the earth, carrying off the remains of the foundations 
 of the accursed temple, and consuming several of the workmen, which compelled the 
 Jews to abandon the enterprise. Let us remark that Julian had permitted the Jews to 
 rebuild the temple with the avowed object of falsifying the prediction of Jesus Christ, 
 that it was these same Jews who had labored with their own hands to effect the entire 
 accomplishment of the prophecy, and we shall then see what men can do when opposed 
 to God. 
 
CHAP. LVI.] OF OUR LORD JTSUS CHRIST. 433 
 
 be foreseen when it began to approach. We may aliuost say the 
 same of the ruin of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Synagogue, 
 the precise time of which he never made known, although he clearly 
 insinuated that the time was not far distant. He does not, there- 
 fore, undeceive his disciples ; and having rather in view to instruct 
 his Church than to satisfy their curiosity, he goes on to inform them 
 by what marks men may recognize the approach of these two great 
 events. We have ab*eady said that they are sometimes represented 
 by characters which are common to both, sometimes distinguished 
 by othere which are peculiar to each. An attentive reader will find 
 it easy to distinguish between them, and will at once remark that 
 the first part of the prophecy applies almost exclusively to the ruin 
 of Jerusalem, and the second to the last coming of Jesus Ckrist, 
 who thus commences to speak of it, in answer to the question which 
 the disciples had just put to him. 
 
 CHAPTER L^^. 
 
 GATHERED TOGETHEK. VIGILAîfCE AiWAYS NECESSARY. ONE TAKEN, ANOTHER 
 
 UEÏT. 
 
 (a) " Take heed, lest any man seduce you : for many will come in 
 my name, saying: I am Christ (1) ; and the time is at hand. They 
 will seduce many ; go ye not, therefore, after them." 
 
 (I) " When you shall hear of wars and seditions, be not terrified. 
 These things must first come to pass, but the end is not yet present- 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xiii. 5, 6 ; St. Matthew, x.\iv. 5 ; St. Luke, xxi. 8. 
 
 (6) St. Luke, xxi. 9-11 ; St. Matt. xxiv. 8 ; St. Luke, xxi. 12-15 ; St. Mark, xiii. 9-11. 
 
 (1) I^ven now there are become many Antichrists, said the apostle Saint John, ep. 1, 
 chap. 2 ; in point of fact, there appeared several false Messiahs, from the death of Jesus 
 Ciirist till ilio (lestniction of Jerusalem. There shall appear many more before the end 
 of the world besides him who is called the Antichrist, by excellence ; this mark is com- 
 mon to both events. 
 
 28 
 
434 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT 11. 
 
 ly. Then he said to them: Nation shall rise against nation, and 
 kingdom against kingdom. There shall be great earthquakes in di- 
 vers places, and pestilences and famines, and terrors from heaven, 
 and there shall be great signs (2). Now all these things are the be- 
 ginning of sorrows ; but before all these things (3) they will lay 
 theh" hands on you ; and persecute you, delivering you up to the 
 synagogues and into prisons. Look to yourselves, for they shall de- 
 liver you up to councils, and in the synagogues you shall be beaten, 
 and you shall stand before governors and kings for my sake, for a 
 testimony unto them. Lay it up, therefore, in your hearts, when 
 they shall lead you and deliver you up, not to meditate before how 
 you shall answer ; but whatsoever shall be given ye in that hour 
 speak ye. For I shall give you a mouth and wisdom which all your 
 enemies shall not be able to resist and gainsay (4) ; for it is not you 
 that speak, but the Holy Ghost (5)." 
 
 (2) History attests tliat all those scourges preceded the ruin of Jei-usalem. In the 
 Acts of the Apostles, chap, xi., mention is made of the famine which was spread over 
 the entire world during the time of the Emperor Claudius. After famine comes plague, 
 says a Greek proverb. Eusebius speaks of three Asiatic cities which were levelled by 
 an earthquake, and Josephus, of prodigies and heavenly signs, such as had never before 
 appeared. After the death of Nero, the whole Roman empire was a prey to the wars 
 which were excited by the different princes who successively disputed the empire. It 
 is well known that these scourges made much more temble ravages in Judea than in the 
 rest of the world. These scourges, in their turn, are but the feeble image of those which 
 shall desolate the universe previous to its dissolution. The past is a guarantee for the 
 future, and what has been certifies for that which is yet to come. 
 
 (3) What follows is a repetition of the prediction which Jesus Christ made to his apos- 
 tles, and of the instructions which he gave them immediately after he had chosen them. 
 See what may require explanation at page 181, et scq., Part I., and the notes thereto ap- 
 pended. 
 
 (4) This will only render them the more furious ; for, when you strip passion of all the 
 appearances under which it endeavored to disguise itself, it no longeV affects any thing, 
 because it has no longer any thing to lose, and it then seems to say : I still wished to 
 appear just and reasonable to a certain extent ; but, since your answers no longer leave 
 me this resource, I throw off the mask, and manifest myself openly for what I am — in- 
 iquity and fury. Nevertheless, confess, O ye confessors ! and fear not to increase the 
 rage of these tigers thirsting for your blood. What matter should your bodies be butch- 
 ered and hacked to pieces ; but it is a matter of paramount importance that iniquitij 
 should have its mouth closed, and that truth should triumph. 
 
 (5) We have several of these answers in the acts of the martyrs, and it is easy to recog- 
 nize therein the Spirit of strength and truth, by whom they were suggested. After so 
 
CHAP. LVI.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 435 
 
 But wliat shall aifect them more than all, and what they must, 
 nevertheless, expect, is, adds the Saviour, that (a) " you shall be be- 
 trayed by your parents and brethren, and kinsmen and friends, and 
 some of you will they put to death. And the brother shall betray 
 his brother unto death, and the father his son. And the children 
 shall rise up against the parents, and shall work theu- death, and 
 you shall be hated by all men for my name's sake. Then shall many 
 be scandalized, and shall betray one another, and shall hate one an- 
 other (6). And many false prophets shall rise, and shall seduce 
 many, and because iniquity hath abounded (7), the charity of many 
 shall grow cold ; but he that shall persevere to the end he shall be 
 saved. But a hair of your head shall not perish (8). In your pa- 
 tience you shall possess your souls (9). This Gospel of the kingdom 
 shall be preached to the whole world (10), for a testimony to all na- 
 tions ; and then shall the consummation come." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxi. 16, 17 ; St. Mark, xiii. 12-14 ; St. Matthew, xiv. 10. 
 
 authentic a promise of divine inspiration, may we not in some measure regard them as a 
 second Revelation"? 
 
 (6) Those who sliall have fallen will deliver up those who shall remain faithful, and 
 will hate them even unto death. This is the hatred of renegades, always more envenom- 
 ed and more implacable than that of the persecuting infidel. 
 
 (7) Iniquity here signifies persecution, because this persecution shall be veiy furious ; 
 the fear of being exposed to it shall be the cause why many of your brethren will not 
 venture to exercise charity towards you. It is in the same sense, that is to say, with 
 reference to charity towards our neighbors, that we usuaUj- say that charity hath waxed 
 cold. 
 
 (8) A great souixe of confidence for men when attacked by a host of enemies, and 
 abandoned by their brethren. God has numbered all the hairs of their head, and not 
 one of them shall be taken Avithout his permission. Here is the reason why it is said 
 that not one of them shall be lost ; and this text serves also to prove the resurrection. 
 
 (9) You shall possess your souls ; that is to say, you shall preserve and save thera. 
 Sufferings shall save those only who suffer with patience ; they damn the impatient and 
 the tmresigned. 
 
 Notwithstanding this, however, sufferings are very desirable in order to attain salva- 
 tion, inasmuch as adversity has but one single temptation, which is that of impatience, 
 whereas prosperity has temptations of every kind. It is even easier to reason one's self 
 out of impatience, because patiently to suffer adversity is no additional pain to the human 
 mind ; whereas, to conduct one's self with moderation in prosperity is always some sub- 
 traction from pleasure. Thus we see that patience in advereity is not so rare a virtue as 
 is moderation in prosperity. 
 
 (10) We see by this passage that they are in error who consider this prophecy as 
 
436 TUE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pAKT n. 
 
 (à) " Wlieu you shall see Jerusalem compassed about with au 
 army, theu know that the desolation thereof is at hand (11). "When, 
 therefore, you shall see the abomination of desolation which was 
 spoken of by Daniel the Prophet, standing in the holy place (12), 
 (he that readeth let him understand), then they that are in Judea 
 let them flee to the mountains ; and those who are in the midst 
 thereof depart out, and those who are in the countries not enter into 
 it. Let him that is on the house-top not go down into the house, 
 nor enter therein to take any thing out of the house ; and he that is 
 in the field let him not go back to take his coat, for these are the 
 days of vengeance, that all things may be fulfilled that are written. 
 But woe to them that are Avith child, and give suck in those days ! 
 for there shall be great distress in the land, and wrath upon this 
 people. They shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led 
 away captive into all nations. Jerusalem shall be trodden down by 
 the Gentiles, till the times of the nations be fulfilled." 
 
 Jesus would have stopped there, if he had only alluded to Jeru- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxi. 20-24; St. Matthew, xxiv. 15; St. Mark, xiii. 14-16. 
 
 merely regarding the end of the world, and by no means applicable to the ruin of Jeru- 
 salem. Other texts will convince us that the opinion of those who understand the text 
 as exclusively regarding the ruin of Jei-usalem, and by no means relating to tlie end of 
 the world, is equally untenable. 
 
 (11) The Gospel was already pubhshed over all parts of the known world wlicn Jeru- 
 salem was destroyed. Your faith, wrote Saint Paul to the Romans, is celebrated over 
 the whole world. Before the end of the world it shall be preached everywhere without 
 exception. This characteristic is also applicable to both events, imperfectly to the first, 
 but perfectly to the latter. 
 
 (12) According to Saint Mark, where it ought not — that is to say, in the temple, as 
 Daniel said in the very words (Dan. ix. 27). People are divided in opinion as to wluit 
 is here termed the abomination of desolation. 1st. Inasmuch as it is given for a certain 
 sign of the impending ruin of Jenisalem, it could not be any of those things which had 
 already occurred when Jesus Christ spoke, nor any of those occurrences which took 
 place after the ruin of Jerusalem and of the temple. Several explanations, which it 
 would be useless to report, are already refuted by this single observation. 2d. History 
 furnishes us with nothing to which this propliecy is more applicable than what was per- 
 petrated in the temple when seized upon by the faction who assumed the name of Zeal- 
 ots. These monsters profaned it by so many crimes and abominations, that Titus, who 
 could not listen to the recital of them without being horrified, took God to witness that 
 he was in no wise the cause thereof. He even had remonstrances conveyed to them 
 more than once, entreating them to put an end to such fearful excesses. 
 
CHAP. LVI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 437 
 
 salem and the Jewish people. All that was to happen to them is 
 clearly foretold : the city is destroyed, the people dispei"sed, and led 
 captive through all the kingdoms of the earth ; and victorious na- 
 tions trample under foot the scattered ruins of the holy city. It is 
 here, therefore, that reality succeeds to figures, and the wreck of 
 heaven and of earth to the destruction of a single nation. Jesus, who 
 I)a>!ses imperceptibly fi-om one to the other, commences the prediction 
 of that dreadful catastrophe, by these words, which have a remarka- 
 ble connection with the foregoing : (a) " Pray that yom- flight be not 
 in the winter, or on the Sabbath ; for [//e presently added^ in those 
 days shall be such tribulations as were not from the beginning of 
 the creation which God created, until now, neither shall be. And 
 unless the Lord had shortened the days, no flesh should be saved ; 
 but for the sake of the elect, he hath shortened the days. Then, if 
 any man shall say to you : Lo, here is Christ ; lo, he is here : do not 
 believe. For there shall arise false Christs and false prophets, and 
 they shall show great signs and wonders (13), insomuch as to de- 
 ceive (if possible) even the elect. Take you heed, therefore : be- 
 hold, I have foretold you all things. If, therefore, they shall say to 
 you : Behold, he is in the desert ; go ye not out : Behold, he is in 
 the closet; believe it not (14): for, as lightning cometh out of the 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxiv. 20-24, 26-28; St. Mark, xiii. 19-23. 
 
 (13) The world, converted by true miracles, shall be almost entirely perverted by pre- 
 tended miracles. There is no means more efficacious in ensnaring the credulity of men. 
 However, those who will give credit to false miracles shall be inexcusable, because, al- 
 though it be not always an easy matter, it is never impossible to discern between the 
 two. Theology sets forth ample demonstrations on this subject. We shall confine our- 
 selves to obsernng liere that ever)' work wrought by way of confimiation of a doctrine 
 opposed to Scripture, or condemned by the Church — such a work, however miraculous 
 it mav appear, is evidently a false miracle, refuted by other miracles incomparably more 
 numerous, more certain, and more wonderful. Such are all those which have been 
 wrougljt for the purpose of establishing the truth of Scripture and the authority of the 
 Church. 
 
 (14) They shall be free to allow themselves to be seduced ; however, it is certiun, and 
 of infallible certainty, that they will not allow themselves to be seduced ; which signifies 
 that liberty hiis not been taken away from them by the decree which has elected them, 
 and that, nevertheless, this decree cannot fail to be carried into execution. All the faith- 
 ful are bound to believe both one. and the other of these truths. It is the proxince of 
 Theol(^ans to explain how they harmonize with each other. 
 
438 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET U. 
 
 east, and appeareth even in the west, so shall also the coming of the 
 Son of man be (15). Wheresoever the body shall be, there shall 
 the eagles also be gathered together (16). 
 
 (a) " And immediately after the tribulation of those days, there 
 shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars ; and 
 upon the earth, distress of nations, by reason of the confusion of 
 the roaring of the sea, and of the waves : men withering away for 
 fear (17), and expectation of what shall come upon the whole world. 
 The sun shall be darkened, the moon shall not give her light, the 
 stars shall fall from heaven ; and the powers of heaven shall be 
 moved (18)." 
 
 (b) " Then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven (19) ; 
 then shall all tribes of the earth mourn (20), and they shall see the 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxiv. 29 ; St. (b) St. Matthew, xxiv. 30, 31 ; 
 
 Luke, xxi. 25, 26. St. Mark, xiii. 27. 
 
 (15) The second coming of Jesus Christ shall be so visible, that the fact of our not 
 seeing it is sufficient evidence to assure us that it has not as yet occurred. It shall re- 
 semble those huge flashes of lightning which, issuing from the depth of a dark night, 
 dazzle all eyes by their splendor, and illumine, m an instant, an entire hemisphere. 
 
 (16) Several allegorical meanings have been given to this text. The most probable 
 is that which makes it signify the ardent desire of pious souls for the adorable body of 
 Jesus Christ — whether for the purpose of remaining in his presence, or of being nourish- 
 ed with his vivifying flesh. The literal sense refers to the lightning. Jesus Christ, like 
 lightning, shall manifest himself by himself. It suffices to have ejes in order to recog- 
 nize him. No reasoning shall be necessary for that purpose. Sense and instinct shall 
 bring all men to his feet, in the same way as instinct alone gathers birds of prey round 
 the carcass. Job had said, xx.\ix. 30 : " Wheresoever the carcass shall be, the eagle 
 is." Jesus Christ merely repeats these words. The Greek word of Saint Matthew, 
 which the Vulgate renders by that of corpus, properly signifies a dead body. 
 
 (17) We may form an idea of the terror which shall be caused by this horrible con- 
 vulsion of the universe, by the fear which is struck into the hearts of most men by a 
 thunder-peal, which is an occm-rence so common, so brief, and so seldom followed by 
 any fatal eSect. Who shall not fear thee, King of nations! — Jerem. x. 7. 
 
 (18) People dispute, and shall dispute until the end of the world, upon the manner in 
 which these stars shall fall and the heavenly virtues (called elsewhere the pillars of the 
 universe) shall be shaken ; when the time comes, we shall see clearly what Jesus Christ 
 meant when he said : The stars shall fall from heaven ; and the powers of heaven shall 
 be moved. 
 
 (19) Interpreters have also entertained different opinions as to what might be this sign 
 of the Son of man. The Church fixes the meaning thereof, when she says : This sign of 
 the cross shall appear in the heavens when tlie Lord shall come to judge. 
 
 (20) The Jews, to whom the cross was a scandal ; the Gentiles, who treated it as 
 
CHAP. LVI.] OF OCK LOKD JESUS CUEIST. 439 
 
 Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven (21), with much power 
 and majesty. And he shall send his angels with a trumpet and a 
 great voice ; and they shall gather together his elect from the four 
 winds, from the forthest part of the heavens to the utmost l)onnds 
 of them." 
 
 The remembrance of his elect, Avliom he again names, induces him 
 to soften down, all of a sudden, these terrible images. He cashes 
 that what should make the wicked wither away with grief and fear, 
 should be to them a subject of joy, and a source of confidence. In 
 reality, these signs, which shall announce to the first the unforeseen 
 appearance of the avenger of their crimes, shall be to the others the 
 infallible sign of the advent of him who is to reward their virtues. 
 It is, therefore, to them that he addresses these consoling words, in 
 the person of his apostles, who represented them all : (a) " But when 
 these things begin to come to pass, look up and lift up your heads, be- 
 cause your redemption is at hand. And he spoke to them a simili- 
 tude : See the fig-tree, when the branch thereof is now tender, and 
 the leaves are come forth, and all the trees when they now shoot 
 forth their fruit, you know that summer is nigh ; so you also, when 
 you shall see these things come to pass, know that the kingdom of 
 God is at hand. Amen, I say to you, this generation shall not pass 
 away tiU all these things be fulfilled (22). Heaven and earth shall 
 pass away, but my word shall not jjass away." 
 
 Jesus again reverts to the question concerning the precise time of 
 the events which he had just announced, an inquiry which he does 
 not choose to answer, as shown by these words : (b} " But of the day 
 or hour no man knoweth, neither the angels in heaven, nor the 
 Son (23), but the Father." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxi. 28-35 ; St. Mark, xiii. 28. (i) St. Mark, xiii. 32. 
 
 foil;/. They shall then see that it is the most shining testimony, both of the power and 
 the wisdom of God (I. Cor. i. 24). Hence remorse, confusion, and despair. 
 
 (21) Behold one of those marks which clearly point out the last judgment. This part 
 of tiie prophecy should never have been accomplished, if the whole prophecy had had 
 exclusively for its object the ruin of Jerusalem. 
 
 (22) The present generation, by applying it to the ruin of Jerusalem ; mankind, by 
 applpng it to the end of the world. 
 
 (23) The Arians have abiised tliis expression, so as to turn it into an argument against 
 
440 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART U. 
 
 There is a very close analogy between the end of the woi'ld and 
 the end of each particular man. Terrible phenomena shall announce 
 the proximity of the fii'st, as grievous sickness shall give warning 
 that the second is not far off. But stUl, God does not wish that we 
 should know the day nor the hour thereof. This ignorance is neces- 
 sary, in order to preserve a certain physical and political order, which 
 is only sustained by the hope of a long existence. Would the hus- 
 bandman take the trouble of sowing his field, if it were revealed to 
 him that he should not live until the harvest ? Thus the entire world 
 would fall into a universal languor, at least for a century before its 
 end, if we knew exactly when that is to be. But the principal rea- 
 son for which God leaves men in ignorance of the end of all things, 
 is in order that they, living ever in expectation of it, may be always 
 ready for the moment when it shall arrive. The warning is for all 
 times, and for all men, because all are mortal, and that the end of 
 
 the divinity of the Son. It might have been said in answer to tliem, that it was not ab- 
 solutely impossible that the Son, considering in him human natm'e alone, might be igno- 
 rant of the day of judgment; so that ignorance would be no argument against his 
 divinity. 
 
 But the Catholic Church does not acknowledge in the Son, even considered as man, 
 ignorance of any matter whatever wliich has been, which is, or which shall be. In what 
 sense, therefore, could it be said that the day of judgment was unknown to him? It is 
 this which constitutes the difficulty of this text, and gives rise to so many explanations 
 of its meaning. Here are the two which appear to be the most generally received. Ac- 
 cording to the first, the Son was not cognizant of the day of judgment in such a way 
 that he could reasonably communicate the knowledge thereof; and with reference to his 
 disciples, who sought to learn it from him, it was as though he knew it not. Thus, a 
 confessor, when questioned upon a matter which he only knows under the seal of con- 
 fession, can answer, \s-ithout violating truth, that he is not aware of it. The second ex- 
 planation is more abstnise. The Son, considered even according to his divine nature, 
 attributes to the Father alone, b}' appropriation, the knowledge of the end of the world, 
 in the same way as creation is attributed to him alone ; undoubtedly because the crea- 
 tion of the woild and its destruction are regarded as belonging to the same power. They 
 apply in reference to this subject these words of Jesus Christ to his disciples : It is not 
 for you to know the times or moments which the Father hath put in his power [Acts i.). 
 It is also in the same sense that he has said upon another occasion : To sit on my right 
 hand or my left is not mine to give you, but to them for whom it is prepared ; which 
 signifies that the right of disposing thereof is appropriated to the Father, although it be- 
 longs equally to the three divine persons. 
 
 Every prophecy which foretells the time of the end of the world is false, and he who 
 makes it is a false prophet. This e^^dently follows from the passage which we have just 
 explained, let it be taken in whatever sense it may. 
 
CHAP. LVI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 441 
 
 life is, to all tliose who die, the end of the world. Let each one, 
 therefore, apply to himself what the Saviour seems to address to those 
 only who shall see the latter days, when he continues in these words : 
 
 (a) " Take heed, watch, and pray (24) ; for ye know not when the 
 time is. Take heed to yourselves [saul he agai/i], lest perhaps your 
 hearts he overcharged with surfeiting and drunkenness, and the cares 
 of this life (25), and that day come upon you suddenly. For as a 
 snai'e shall it come upon all that sit upon the face of the earth. 
 Watch ye, therefore, praying at all times, that you may be account- 
 ed worthy to escape all these things that are to come, and to stand 
 before the Son of man. As the days of Xoe, so shall also the com- 
 ing of the Son of man be. For, as in the days before the flood, they 
 were eating and drinking, marrpng and giving in marriage, even 
 till that day in which Noe entered into the ai'k, and they knew not 
 till the flood came, and took them all away, so also shall the coming 
 of the Son of man be (26)." 
 
 But discrimination shall follow these times of confusion. For 
 
 (b) " then two shall be in the field ; one shall be taken, and one shall 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xiii. 33 ; St. Luke, xxi. 34-30 ; St. Matthew, xxiv. 37-39. 
 (6) St. Matthew, xxiv. 40-44. 
 
 (24) Watch, as if your salvation depended upon yourself alone ; pray, because your 
 salvation depends still more on God. Prayer attracts grace : ^ngilance causes grace not 
 to be received in vain. To watch without praying would be Pelagian presumption ; to 
 pray without watching would be a species of quietism ; to unite both together is to have 
 both faith and works. 
 
 (25) Passions and the business of the world — general causes of man's reprobation. 
 The passions engender sin, and the bustle of business nullifies many projects of conver- 
 sion. We know that we have need of convei-sion, we desire it; subdued passions can 
 no longer oppose an obstacle to tliis con\-ersion, but the matters of business which have 
 succeeded the passions never lea\e time for it. It will come about, we say ; we hope 
 for it, and we are deceived ; death has been beforehand with it, and too often occurs 
 before the affair of salvation is even commenced. True it is, that we may have trans- 
 acted an infinit* number of other affairs, all useless then, whilst the one thing needful 
 has been neglected. O ye wise of the world ! what think you, then, of your wisdom ? 
 ^on inMnsati, Sap. V. The wise of time are the fiX)ls of eternity. 
 
 (26) It is difificult to understand such a security in the midst of the tragic events which 
 Jesus Christ has ju.st described. Saint Jerome thinks that between these events and the 
 arrival of the judge there will be a lime of peace, during which men, becoming reas- 
 sured, will return to their former occupations. 
 
442 THE UISÏORT OF THE LIFE [PAKT II. 
 
 be left (27). Two women shall be grinding at the mill: one shall 
 be taken, and one shall be left. Watch ye, therefore ; because ye 
 know not what hour your Lord will come. But this know ye, that 
 if the good man of the house knew at what hour the thief would 
 come, he would certahily watch, and would not suffer his house to 
 be broken open. Wherefore be you also ready, because at what 
 hour you know not, the Son of man will come." 
 
 CHAPTER LVII. 
 
 SEQtTEL. GOOD AND BAD SEETAJS^TS. WISE AND FOOLISH VIBGINS. TALENTS. 
 
 JUDGMENT OF JESUS CUEIST. 
 
 Now the question is, in what does this vigilance consist, and what 
 dispositions should it establish within us ? The Saviour is going to 
 give us this information by these femQiar comparisons : (a) " Who, 
 thinkest thou, is a faithful and wise servant, whom his lord hath ap- 
 pointed over his fimily, to give them meat in season ? Blessed is 
 the servant whom, when his lord shall come, he shall find so doing ! 
 Amen, I say to you, he shall place him over all his goods. But if 
 that evil servant shall say in his heart : My lord is long a coming ; 
 and shall begin to strike his fellow-servants, and shall eat and drink 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxiv. 45-51 ; St. Mark, xiii. 34-37. 
 
 (27) In all conditions there are elect and reprobate, which shows that we should al- 
 ways entertain both fear and hope. 
 
 Such a courtier is a saint, such a man who dwells in solitude is a great sinner ; there- 
 fore neither do the difficulties of salvation amount to impossibilities, nor are the facihties 
 of salvation assurances that we shall obtain it. 
 
 One single just man in a profession shall suffice to condemn all those who, in the same 
 profession, have not known how to preserve justice. 
 
 Tliis testiraonj- shall be the more irreproachable, inasmuch as the just man shall be 
 just only, because he has fulfilled all the duties of his profession, and that the better he 
 has fulfilled them, the more perfect shall be his justice. 
 
CHAP. LVII.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 443 
 
 with drunkards (1), the lord of that servant shall come in a day that 
 he hopeth not, and at an hour that he knoweth not ; and shall sep- 
 ai'ate him, and apjioint his portion with the hypocrites. There shall 
 be weeping and gnashing of teeth. Even as a man who, going into 
 a far countiy, left his house, and gave authority to his servants over 
 every work, and commanded the porter to watch. Watch ye, there- 
 fore ; for you know not when the lord of the house cometh, at even, 
 or at midnight, or at the cock's crowing, or at morning ; lest, com- 
 ing on a sudden, he find you sleeping. And what I say to you I say 
 to aU : Watch." 
 
 But those who shall be taken by suqjrise shall not be taken short 
 on one account alone, viz., for ha^'ing utterly neglected to prepare 
 for the coming of their master ; but also if they have begun their 
 prépara tio#too late. In the same way, the weeping and gnashing 
 of teeth shall not be the lot of the bad servant alone ; they shall 
 also be the lot of the useless servant. It is plain that these differ- 
 ences give weight to the preceding examples ; and the reader will 
 not regard as merely a repetition what Jesus is going to say. Let 
 no one be astonished at his dwelling longer on this subject than he 
 has upon any other. Since it behooves us to act so as not to be sur- 
 prised b}^ death, we are bound, therefore, to look to a matter which 
 is to decide our eternal salvation ; and on wliat other subject should 
 the Saviour so earnestly warn us to be careful ? 
 
 (ff) " Then shall the kingdom of heaven (2) be like to ten virgins, 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxv. 1-46. 
 
 (1) Those who say : Let us enjoy life, death is yet afar oflF, are described here feature 
 by feature. 
 
 (2) The kingdom of heaven is the Cliurch taken in its full extent — that is to say, as 
 being the society of all the faithful, whether just or sinners. The bridegroonrj is Jesus 
 Clirist ; the bride is the predestined and triumphant Church ; the ten virgins are the 
 whole body of the faithful ; the wise virgins are the just ; and the sinners are represent- 
 ed by the foolish virgins. The lamps signify faith ; and the oil signifies good works. 
 Tlie sleep wliilst awaiting the bridegroom is forgetfulness of death, which arises from the 
 fact of our believing it always distant. We may remark that this species of sleep comes 
 also over the just; but these, when they are surprised, are not deceived, because they 
 expect to be so surprised. The unexpected arrival of llie bridegroom is the moment of 
 death and of judgment which immediately follows. Faith, accompanied by works, cntei-s 
 with him into the nuptial hall : faith, without works, is irrevocably excluded therefrom. 
 
444 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 who, taking theii- lamps, went out to meet the bridegroom and the 
 bride (3). Five of them were foolish, and five wise. But the five 
 foolish having taken their lamps, did not take oil with them ; but 
 the wise took oil in their vessels with the lamps. The bridegroom 
 tarrying, they all slumbered and slept. And at midnight there was 
 a cry made : Behold, the bridegroom cometh ; go ye forth to meet 
 him. Then all those virgins arose, and trimmed their lamps. And 
 the foolish said to the wise : Give us of your oil, for our lamps are 
 gone out. The wise answered : Lest perhaps there be not enough 
 for us and for you (4), go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for 
 yourselves (5). "Whilst they went to buy, the bridegroom came ; 
 and they that were ready went in with him to the marriage, and 
 the door was shut : at last came also the other virgins, saying : Lord, 
 Lord, open to us. But he answering, said : Amen, I s% to you, I 
 
 This truth is, as it were, the moral of the whole parable, and the principal instruction 
 which it is meant to convey. There are other incidental instructions which we may re- 
 mark as we go along. The return of the foolish virgins, the door which they iind 
 closed, their supplicating the bridegroom to open it for them, and the answer which 
 they receive from him, should all be considered as mere accompaniments to the parable, 
 and having no application ; for assuredly the reprobate, after then- judgment and theii- 
 condemnation, shall not come to the gate of paradise to beseech the Lord to open it for 
 them. 
 
 (3) Reprobates, although truly virgins. The reason is because there are proud virgins, 
 there are virgins who hate, virgins who slander — angels from the purity of their bodies — 
 demons in the malignity of their heart — justly called fooUsh, according to Saint Chrysos- 
 tom, because, whilst victorious over a more powerful enemy, they allow themselves to be 
 vanquished by another much more feeble. It is the gnat, the lion's conqueror, perishing 
 in the spider's web. 
 
 (4) The just shall fear lest their own justice may be found insufficient ; and if the just 
 man akall scarcely be saved, where shall the unr/odly and sinner appear? — (I. Peter, 
 iv. 18.) 
 
 (5) In God's judgment the merits of the one shall not supply the deficiency of others. 
 Tills is the meaning of this answer of the wise virgins, and not as Protestants say, that 
 the intercession of saints is a nullity, and has no effect. This intercession is a satisfac- 
 tion for the temporal pains due to sin in this world and in the other : it is also efficacious 
 by way of impetration in obtaining graces which may be available for the salvation and 
 sanctification of those to whom they are granted ; but as to merit, properly speaking, 
 this intercession procures it directly for no one. Now, there was here no question as to 
 grace, because the time for co-operation therewith was past, nor as to the temporal 
 pains of a life which was then ended, nor yet as to those of the other life, as it is univer- 
 sally agreed that after the last judgment there shall no longer be a purgatory. 
 
CHAP. 'LVU.I OF OLK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 445 
 
 know you not. Watch ye, therefore, because you know not the day 
 nor the hour.'' 
 
 Here follows the example of the useless servant, which the Sa- 
 \"iour, after ha\'ing enjoined constant ■\'igilance, adds to the preced- 
 ing, continuing his discourse thus : " Even as a man going into a far 
 country, called his servants, and delivered to them his goods (6). 
 To one he gave five talents, to another two, and to another one ; to 
 every one according to his proper ability, and immediately he took 
 his journey. He that had received five talents went his way and 
 traded ^-ith the same, and gained other five. And in like manner, 
 he that had received the two gained other two. But he that had 
 received the one, going his way, digged into the earth, and hid his 
 lord's money. After a long time the lord of those servants came, 
 and reckoired with them. He that had received the five talents, 
 coming, brought other five talents, saying : Lord, thou deliveredst 
 to me five talents ; behold, I have gained other five over and above. 
 His lord said to him : AVell done, thou good and faithful servant ; 
 because thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will set thee over 
 many things : enter thou into the joy of thy lord. And he also that 
 had received the two talents came and said: Lord, thou deliveredst 
 two talents to me ; behold, I have gained other two. His lord said 
 to him : Well done, good and faithful servant ; because thou hast 
 been faithful over a few things, I will set thee over many things : 
 enter thou into the joy of thy lord. But he that had received the 
 one talent came and said : Lord, I know that thou art a hard man ; 
 thou reapest where thou hast not sown, and gatherest where thou 
 hast not strewed ; and being afi-aid, I went and hid thy talent in the 
 earth. Behold, here thou hast that which was thine. His lord an- 
 swering, said to him : Wicked and slothful servant, thou knewest 
 that I reap where I sow not, and gather where I have not strewed. 
 Thou oughtest, therefore, to have committed my money to the bank- 
 e'rs and at my coming I shoidd have received my own with u>ury. 
 Take ye away, therefore, the talent fi-om him, and give it to him that 
 
 (6) For an explanation of this parable, we refer the reader to that on the ten talents 
 (Part II. chapter 1. page 380), which so closely resembles this, that several interpreters 
 take it to be the same parable, reported with some accidental circumstances. 
 
446 
 
 THE HTSTOEY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 hath ten talents. For to every one that hath shall be given, and he 
 shall abound ; but from him that hath not, that also which he seem- 
 eth to have shall be taken away. And the unprofitable servant 
 cast ye out into the exterior darkness. There shall be weeping and 
 gnashing of teeth (7)." 
 
 The parables are ended, but not so the judgment. Jesus Christ 
 dismisses figures, and, instead of a mortal bridegroom or a temporal 
 master, he is going to exhil^it to us the immortal king of ages in all 
 the lustre of his glory, pronouncing sentences of eternal life or death. 
 If he attaches either one or the other to the jjractice or to the omis- 
 sion of a single virtue, he does so in order to inform us, on the one 
 hand, how efficacious this one ^^rtue is in obtaining all those which 
 are necessary to salvation ; and, on the other hand, in order that we 
 may not be ignorant of the severity of his judgments. For, if eter- 
 nal chastisements are prepared for those who shall not have done 
 good, what may those expect who shall have done evil ? Let us 
 hearken to him, for again it is he who is about to speak : 
 
 " And when the Son of man shall come in his majesty, and all the 
 angels with him, then shall he sit upon the seat of his majesty. All 
 nations shall be gathered together before him (8), and he shall sep- 
 arate them one from another (9), as the shepherd separateth the 
 sheep from the goats. He shall set the sheep on his right hand, but 
 
 C?) In the parable of the ten talents the slothful servant is at the same time deprived 
 of the reward, and stripped of what had been confided to him. Here we have super- 
 added the weeping and the gnashing of teeth. This is in order to teach us that sloth 
 shall not only be excluded from the reward of labor, but shall also be punished as a 
 crime. There is no medium between heaven and hell. He who is not deserving of the 
 first merits the second. 
 
 (8) This word, shall be gathered together, decides against Origen, that judgment shall 
 take place in a particular and determined spot. It is generally thought that this shall 
 be in the valley of Jehosaphat. This belief has some foundation in Scripture. What 
 some add is not so certain, although it be not without probability, that Jesus Clirist shall 
 appear upon the Mount of Olives, the same mountain from whence he, carried upon a 
 cloud, ascended into heaven, and where two angels announced to the disciples that he 
 should one day return again. 
 
 (9) He shall make this separation by the ministry of the angels ; for it is said else- 
 where : The Son of man shall send his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom 
 all scandals, and them that work iniquity, and shall cast them into the furnace of fire 
 (Saint Matthew, xiii. 41, 42). 
 
CilAP. LVII.] OF OLE LORD JESUS CHRIST. 44^ 
 
 the goats on his left : then shall the king say to them that shall he 
 on his right hand : Come, ye blessed of my Father, possess you the 
 kingdom (10) prepared for you from the foundation of the world. 
 For I was hungry, and you gave me to eat (11) ; I was thii-sty, and 
 you gave me to drink ; I was a stranger, and you took me in ; naked, 
 and you covered me ; sick, and you visited me ; I was in prison, and 
 you came to me. Then shall the just answer him, sajdng : Lord, 
 when did we see thee hungry, and fed thee ; thirsty, and gave thee 
 drink (12) ? and when did we see thee a stranger, and took thee in ? 
 
 (10) The Greek word signifies inherit the kingdom. Now, if it be possessed by the 
 title of inheritance, Protestants add, it is not, therefore, conferred as the reward of works. 
 We are surprised that they should venture to dispute the merit of works whilst reading 
 this passage, wherein Jesus Christ assigns no other cause for the recompense bestowed 
 upon his elect. Catholics, who do not exclude the right of inheritance, answer that the 
 saints shall possess heaven both as an inheritimcc and as a reward. True, it shall only 
 be given to the children of God ; but this quality, which God confers gratuitously, is 
 preserved by good works only, and Is only lost by bad works. Those who shall do the 
 firet shall inherit heaven, because they shall be found worthy of such inheritance. Those 
 who have done evil have rendered themselves unworthy of it, and shall, therefore, be 
 disinherited. 
 
 Heaven is due only to the just. Justice cannot be merited by works, since it is a mat- 
 ter of faith that justification always precedes merit ; therefore, to speak precisely, the 
 foundation of celestial glory cannot be deserved ; we can only merit an increase thereof. 
 A silver pound can never be made out of nothing ; but, should this pound be given gra- 
 tuitously, the receiver may turn it to such account as to make ten pounds of it. We see 
 here, at the same time, both grace and merit : grace in the first pound which is given — 
 merit in the nine others which are added thereto. There is, however, this difference, 
 that in the first instance grace is pure, and without any mixture of merit ; whereas, in 
 the others merit always depends on grace, not only because it is its first foundation, but 
 also because, without the actual assistance of grace, man is incapable of making it avail- 
 able. Thus it is that God perfects his own gifts whilst crowning our merits. 
 
 (11) Who are so well entitled to this great kingdom as the benefactors of its mighty 
 king? 
 
 (12) We cannot reasonably think that the just, when in heaven, can be ignorant that 
 the good which they have done towards the poor, who were the brothers and the mem- 
 bei-s of Jesus Christ, was done to Jesus Christ himself. They cannot, even at present, 
 be ignorant of this fact, since Jesus Christ has so openly declared it. Knowing it so 
 well both before and after their death, they cannot be supposed to forget it at the day 
 of judgment. Yet they seem to be ignorant of this truth, since it seems to excite their 
 surprise. We may answer that they will not put the question which Jesus Christ here 
 puts in their mouth, but tliat the Saviour avails himself of the occasion, in order to in- 
 form the world of this truth, and to render it more evident, by the turn which he gives 
 it. Hence this account, which in everj- other respect must be taken to the letter, may be 
 
448 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 or naked, and covered thee ? or when did we see thee sick or in pris- 
 on, and came to thee ? The king answering, shall say to them : 
 Amen, I say to you, as long as you did it to one of these my least 
 brethren (13), you did it to me." 
 
 " Then he shall say to them also that shall be on his left hand : 
 Depart from me, you cursed (14), into everlasting fii-e, which was 
 prepared for the devil and his angels (15). For I was himgry, and 
 you gave me not to eat ; I was thirsty, and you gave me not to 
 drink ; I was a stranger, and you took me not in ; naked, and you 
 clothed me not; sick, and in prison, and you did not vLsit me (16). 
 Then shall they also answer him, saying : Lord, when did we see 
 thee hungry or thii'sty, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, 
 and did not minister to thee ? Then he shall answer them : Amen, 
 I say to you, as long as you did it not to one of these least ones, 
 neither did you do it to me. And these shall go into everlasting 
 punishment ; but the just into life everlasting (17)." Thus shall be 
 
 viewed as a parable in this single point. Or else, if the just do put this question, it will 
 be on their part an exclamation of astonishment and of admiration, inasmuch as the 
 truth, which they previously recognized, shall never have appeared to them so striking 
 as when they shall behold, in all the lustre of his power and majesty, him whom faith 
 had taught them to recognize under the rags of the poor. 
 
 (13) Alms-giving exercised towards a poor person, for the sake of Jesus Christ, is 
 more meritorious than if it were exercised towards Christ himself, inasmuch as such an 
 act superadds to the merit of giving alms to Jesus C hrist that of recognizing him in the poor. 
 
 (U) Ye cursed, simply, and not yo cursed of my Father, as he had previously said : 
 Ye blessed of my Father. The blessing of the just is from God ; the malediction of the 
 wicked comes from themselves alone : Destruction is thy own, Israel : thy help is only 
 in me. 
 
 (15) Hell was, therefore, made for them, and not for man. But man, if we may ven- 
 ture to say so, makes liimself for hell, by rendering himself the slave of him who is its 
 prince, and by imitating those who dwell therein. It is not said with reference to the 
 eternal fire as with reference to the heavenly kingdom, that it was prepared from the be- 
 ginning of the world. Sin preceded hell. God only created the latter when he was, as 
 it were, forced to do it by the rebellion of the angels. 
 
 (16) Here is established the obligation of assisting the needy when we do not even 
 meet with them, who do not present themselves openly before our eyes, and whom we 
 are bound to seek out. Those who are ashamed to beg are included in tllte number as 
 well as the sick and prisoners. The visit may sometimes be a matter of perfection only, 
 but the assistance is always a matter of precept. 
 
 (17) Into an eternity, properly speaking; for in the enunciation of a sentence which 
 only admits simple and precise terms, every word should be taken literally. 
 
CHAP. LTII.] OF OUE LORD JESUS CHKIST. 449 
 
 accomplished this saying of the Saviour with respect to the former : 
 " Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy !" — (Matt, v.) 
 And with regard to the latter, that other saying of his apostle : 
 " For judgment without mercy" is reserved " to him that hath not 
 done mercy." — (James, ii. 11.) 
 
 This concerning the end of the world was the last prophecy which 
 Jesus made before the people, and charity was the last injunction 
 which he laid upon them. With this he terminated his public 
 preaching; and after having thoroughly acquitted himself of his 
 duty as a teacher, he appHed himself exclusively, whilst preparing 
 for death, to fulfil that of Redeemer. 
 
 ■ The expression being the same for the eternity of life and the eternity of punishment, 
 it would be utterly inconsistent to understand the first as expressive of an eternity, prop- 
 erly speaking, and the second as indicative of an eternity, improperly speaking, viz., a 
 very lengthened but still limited duration. 
 
 Origen denied the eternity of hell. He was one of the most brilliant writers whom 
 Chiistianity has ever produced, and this error which he undertook to establish was of all 
 others the most flattering and the most important. Nevertheless, this error, which ap- 
 peared so likely to be disseminated, and to last longer than any other, has be'en adopted 
 but by few, and was of short duration. So thoroughly have mankind been always con- 
 vinced that the revelation is so evident here as to leave no room for ca\illing, and that 
 nothing is certain in Scripture, if this point be not clearly established therein. 
 
 If there were no hell, God would not be infinitely just ; and if God were not infinitely 
 just, he would be no longer God. ' 
 
 If hell were not eternal, it would be because sin did not deser\'e an infinite punish- 
 ment ; but if sin did not deser^-e an infinite punishment, a mediator of infinite dignity 
 would not be necessary in order to expiate it. 
 
 There is a God ; therefore there is a hell. A God became man ; therefoo-e hell is 
 eternal. 
 
 These are, indeed, incomprehensible mysteries ; but let us consider well the mutual 
 dependence which they have upon each other, and what additional probability each part 
 acquiies by the just proportion it bears to the whole. A fiction has never yet been so 
 Well concerted ; and independently of the victorious proofs which establish this series of 
 truths — a religion which presents simultaneously an infinite oflFcnce in sin — an infinite du- 
 ration in the punishment — an infinite dignity in the mediator — that religion, I say, in- 
 stead of shucking oiu' reason by the immense depth of its mysteries, rather inclines us to 
 believe, because of the wonderful harmony which blends all these mysteries together. 
 
 29 
 
450 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT U. 
 
 CHAPTER LVIII. 
 
 CONSPIRACY AGAINST JESUS. JUDAS MAKES HIS CONTEACT. — PASCHAL StJPPEE. 
 
 WASHING OF THE FEET. TKEASON FORETOLD. 
 
 (a) " Now the feast of unleavened bread, which is called the pasch, 
 was at hand ; the feast was after two days. And it came to j^ass 
 when Jesus had ended all these words, he said to his disciples : You 
 know that after two days (1) shall be the pasch, and the Son of man 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxii. 1-46 ; St. Mark, xiv.. 1 ; St. Matthew, xxvi. 1, 3, 5, 15, 16. 
 
 (.1) This was on a Tuesday, whence it follows that the passover must have fallen on 
 the Thursday evening ; and it was then, in reality, that Jesus celebrated this feast. But 
 one great difficulty here is, that Saint John says clearly that the passover of the Jews 
 was not to be made until the Friday evening. Among the several answers which have 
 been given to this difficulty, we select those which have appeared the most satisfactory. 
 According to some interpreters, the Galileans eat the passover one day before the Jews 
 of Judea proper, and of Jenisalem. The reason of this was, that the paschal lamb, be- 
 fore it was eaten, should be immolated by the priests. Now, as the priests could not 
 serve all in a single day, it became necessary to take two days for the purpose. In like 
 manner, several days have been given for the performance of the Christian paschal so- 
 lemnity, because Easter Sunday, which is properly the day for it, would not suffice. Ac- 
 cording to others, the Jews, after their return from the captivity of Babylon, had made 
 a regulation, that when the passover fell upon a Thursday evening, it was lawful to trans- 
 fer it to the Friday. The reason of this toleration is, that the day of the passover, com- 
 mencing with the evening when it was celebrated, was to be a festival day. Now this 
 day being followed by Saturday, which occurred every time the passover fell upon a 
 Thursday evening, occasioned two consecutive days of rest, which became a very trouble- 
 some observance, on account of the extreme strictness with which this rest was observed. 
 However, as this custom was merely tolerated, those who did not wish to observe it were 
 not obliged to do so, and the Sa\-iour was of this class ; but it must be said that the ma- 
 jority of the nation availed themselves of it without any scrapie. . 
 
 Here is a third explanation. Jesus Christ and all the Jews eat the passover on the 
 Thursday evening, which was the beginning of the fourteenth day of the moon. It is 
 well known that the days, amongst the Hebrews, commenced in the evening at sunset. 
 The solemnity commenced only at the close of tlie fourteenth, which coincided with the 
 commencement of the fifteenth. This is conformable to these words of Leviticus, chap, 
 xxiii., (he fifteenth day of the same month is the solemnity of the unleavened bread, which 
 words plainly signify that between the eating of the paschal lamb, wliich was fixed for 
 the fourteenth, and the solemnity appointed to take place on the fifteenth, there inter- 
 vened one day which belonged to no festival. Then the Jews were, moreover, obliged 
 
CHAP. Lvrn.] OF om lord jtesus cheist. 451 
 
 shall be delivered up to be crucified." "\Ye have ali'eady said that 
 the chief priests aud the scribes were seeking how they might put 
 Jesus to death. " Then (2) were gathered together the chief priests 
 and the ancients of the people into the palace of the high priest, who 
 wa.s called Caiphas, and they consulted together that by subtilty they 
 might apprehend Jesus, and put him to death. But they feared the 
 people, [therefore] they said: Not on the festival-day, lest there 
 should be a tumult among the people. And Satan entered into Ju- 
 das, who was named Iscariot (3), one of the twelve, and he went and 
 discoursed with the chief priests and the magistrates how he might 
 
 by the law to offer various sacrifices of the immolation of the paschal lamb, and it was 
 a matter of custom, and even of obligation, to eat the flesh of the immolated victims. 
 The circumstance of time caused this act to be also styled the eating of the passover. 
 This explanation smooths away every difficulty, and answers every objection. For al- 
 though the pa-schal lamb was eaten on Thursday evening, which was the commencement 
 of the fourteenth day. Saint John might have said at that time : Before the festival day 
 of the pasch, because the festival, properly speaking, should only commence on the next 
 day, the fifteenth. He might also say that the Jews did not wish to enter into the judg- 
 ment-hall of Pilate, for fear of contracting legal impurity, which would have hindered 
 them from eating the passover, because, although they had already eaten the paschal 
 lamb, they would still have to eat the victims which were immolated at the commence- 
 ment of the solemnity, and they very naturally called this eating the passover. We can- 
 1 not here go further into this explanation, which is to be found, with the proofs which es- 
 i tablisli it, and the answer to the objections, in a treatise by a Spanish Theologian named 
 Louis Léon, of the order of Saint Augustine. This little work de.ser^•es to be read. It 
 has been translated into French by Père Daniel, and published in the works of that fa- 
 ther, tome 3, page 449. 
 
 (2) Then, to wit, the next day, which was Wednesday. It was on accoimt of this con- 
 i sultation, at which they took decisive measures for- putting the Saviour to death, that it 
 
 i was formerly the custom to fiist on Wednesday. Some interpreters confound this con- 
 
 j sultation with that which was held four days earher, and which we have reported page 
 
 I 37.3, Part II. It appears that there were two consultations ; it was resolved, at the first, 
 
 I that the just man should be put to death ; at the second consultation, which is that here 
 
 I ' alluded to, the only subject for deliberation was the manner in which they should pro- 
 
 ceed, in order to carry the prior resolution into effect. 
 
 (3) That is to say, that Judas then gave full and entire consent to the design which 
 Satan had suggested to him of delivering up the Saviour. Thus did Satan enter into the 
 traitor, in order to possess, not his body, but his soul — two verv different sorts of posses- 
 sion. The pos-session of the body is by no means free, either in itself or in its effects ; 
 wherefore it is nowise criminal in either of these respects. The possession of the soul is 
 criminal in itself ; for the devil possesses the soul of those only who are willing to admit 
 him. It is also criminal in its effect.?, because, although Satan acquires great sway over 
 the soul which he pos-^sesses, his dominion does not go so far as doing violence to the will. 
 
452 THE HISTOKY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 loetray him to them. He said to them : What will you give me, and 
 I will deliver him mito you ? Who hearing it were glad, and they 
 appointed him thirty pieces of silver (4). And he promised ; and 
 from thenceforth he sought opportunity to betray him, in the ab- 
 sence of the multitude." 
 
 The remainder of the day, which was Wednesday, was spent in 
 waiting for this ojiportunity. (a) " And on the first day of the 
 Azymes, on which it was necessary that the pasch should be killed, 
 the disciples came to Jesus, saying : Whither wilt thou that we go 
 and prepare for thee to eat the pasch ? He sendeth two of his dis- 
 ciples, Peter and John, saying : Go and prepare for us the pasch, that 
 we may eat. But they said : Where wilt thou that we prepare ? 
 He said to them : Go ye into the city ; there shall meet you a man 
 carrying a pitcher of water. Follow him into the house where he 
 entereth in, and whithersoever he shall go in, say to the master of 
 the house, the Master saith : My time is near at hand (5) ; I will 
 keep the pasch at thy house with my disciples ; where is my refec- 
 tory, where I may eat the pasch with my disciples ? And he will 
 show you a large dining-room, furnished. There prepare ye for us. 
 His disciples went their way, and came into the city, and they found 
 as he had told them (6), and they prepared the pasch. And when 
 
 (a) St. Mattliew, xxvi. lY, 18; St. Luke, xxii. 7-11, 14-18; St. Mark, xiv. 12-17. 
 
 (4) We read in Exodus, chap, xxi., that if any one wilfully caused the death of a free 
 person, he was punished with death. If it was the death of a slave he had occasioned, 
 he paid thirty shekels of silver, tlie same price for which the king of angels and of men 
 consents to be sold. We make this remark for grateful hearts, who do not wish to be 
 ignorant of any circumstance of the opprobrium which the Man-God has endured for 
 their salvation. 
 
 (5) The time of my death. Jesus Christ wishes to convey to him by these words, 
 that he desires to give him this evidence of his affection ; for it was a very signal proo!^ 
 thereof to give his house the preference, for the purpose of celebrating there his last 
 passover, which was onl}' to precede his death by a single day. It appears that thi.", 
 man was one of his disciples, since Jesus Christ makes them say to him simply: 71ie 
 Master saith to thee. To enter into a disquisition as to why he is not named would be 
 superfluous. What would it avail us to know the reason why ? Jesus speaks of his 
 passion as his time, because it was principally for this passion that he same into the 
 world ; and also because it was the time wherein he resolved to die, his death being 
 a perfectly free act as well in itself as in the time, the place, and the manner thereof. 
 
 (6) Prophec}' and power are alike visible on this occasion. The reader may remem- 
 
CHAP. LVIU.] 
 
 OF OUR LOUD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 453 
 
 evening was come, lie cometli with the twelve. And when the hour 
 was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles with him, and he 
 said to them : "With desire I have desired to eat this pasch with you, 
 before I suffer (7). For I say to you, that from this time I will not 
 eat it, till it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God (8). And having 
 taken the chalice, he gave thanks, and said: Take and divide it 
 among you. For I say to you, that I will not diink of the fruit of 
 the vine tUl the kingdom of God come'' (9). 
 
 If we should consider the wine in the same light as the passover, 
 since the latter was as yet only the eating of the paschal lamb, we 
 must believe that the wine of which the Saviour here spoke was not 
 as yet that which he had chaugeel into his l)lood. When the Jews 
 celebrated the passover, the father of the family, or he who presided 
 at the feast, blessed the first and the last cup. He drank of it the 
 fii-st, and then presented it to all the guests, who drank of it, each 
 according to his rank. One of the evangelists, who mentions ex- 
 pressly the two chalices, places immediately after the fu'st the words 
 which have just been read, and it is only the second chalice which 
 was distributed after the repast, that he speaks of as the chalice of 
 the Lord's blood. Nevertheless, two evangelists place these same 
 words after the consecrated chalice. Perhaps, also, the two sacred 
 authors, Avho speak only of the second chalice, take advantage of 
 this opportunity, which was the only one they had, in order to re- 
 cord these words, which were far too interesting to be omitted. 
 
 ber inth reference to this subject, what we have said of the meeting the ass and the foal, 
 Part II., page 397, note 11. 
 
 (7) Because in this passover he was to communicate himself wholly and entirely to 
 men by means of the di\Tne Eucharist. A great desire of receiving him therein is tiie 
 best manner in which we can acknowledge tlie great desue which the Savioui- had to 
 give himself to us. 
 
 (8) \Vc find in the mysteries of the new law the reality of what was only shadowed 
 forth and prefigured by the old law. Both the mysteries and the figures shall be per- 
 fectly accomplished and wholly unveiled in heaven. The dawn follows the night, and 
 ushers in the cle<ir light of day. 
 
 (9) Heaven and the Church are called indiscriminately the kingdom of God. We 
 should here understand the expre.ssiou as referring to heaven, because Saint Matthew, 
 when recording the same discourse, makes the Saviour say : I will not drink from hence- 
 forth of the fruit of the vine, until that day when I shall drink it with you new in the 
 kingdom of my Father. Now, what is termed in Scripture tlie kingdom of the Father, 
 is always Heaven, and never the Church. ' 
 
454 THE inSTOEY OF THE LIEE [PART n. 
 
 Now reality is going to succeed figures, and to the eating of 
 the paschal lamb the eating of the flesh of the Man-God ; a mystery 
 equally beyond our conceptions and our hopes. Here the power and 
 the love of a God are displayed in their infinity, plainly showing that 
 he alone could be the author of this mystery, in whom every thing is 
 infinite, and who is infinite in every thing. But a prodigy of humilia- 
 tion was to precede this prodigy of power ; and, in order to place 
 his body in a condition to be present on every altar, it was ordained 
 that Jesus should begin by annihilating this same body at the feet 
 of his disciples. We are now about to consider him in this humilia- 
 ting posture, after having explained the order in 'which these' ac- 
 tions were all performed, on that evening so full of mysteries and of 
 wonders. 
 
 The first of these acts was the eating of the paschal lamb, in which 
 Jesus Christ, always a punctual observer of the law, fulfilled all the 
 prescribed formalities. He ate it, therefore, in a standing posture ; 
 and if it be alleged that he then sat or reclined, inasmuch as the 
 Gospel represents him to us in either of these two jDositions, that 
 would be to confound the fii'st repast with the second. The latter 
 was served up immediately after the eating of the paschal lamb, 
 when that alone was not sufiicient to appease the hunger of all those 
 who had partaken of it. And this was the case here, siuce Jesus 
 Christ had Tvdth him his twelve apostles ; then followed the repast 
 in which the guests were not limited in the choice of meats, with the 
 exception of the unleavened bread, nor were they bound to any cere- 
 mony. This repast, the only one which the evangelists properly call 
 the Supper, or the Lord's Supper, was finished as they exj^ressly 
 state, when the Saviour, having risen from the table, washed the feet 
 of his disciples, after which he resumed his seat, for the purpose of 
 instituting the adorable Eucharist. 
 
 («) " Jesus knowing that his hour was come, that he should pass 
 out of this world to his Father (10), having loved his own who were 
 
 (o) St. John, xiii. 1-20. 
 
 (10) This departure deprived the earth of his visible presence only; for the Word, 
 who is everywhere present in his imnaensity, has never ceased to fill the earth, and his 
 humanity has remained really present thereon in the adorable Eucharist. 
 
OHAP. LVni.] OF OCR LORD JISUS CHRIST. 455 
 
 in tlie world, lie loved them to the end (11) ; and when supper was 
 done," as we have just related, " (the devil having now put into the 
 heai-t (12) of Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon, to betray him) (13), 
 knowing that the Father had (14) given him all thing's into his 
 hands, and that he came from God, and goeth to God : He riseth 
 from supper, and layeth aside his garments, and having taken a tow- 
 
 (11) His disciples: all his elect who were in existence are included in this number, 
 viz., all those whom he left in the world, a land of misery, of woe, and of crime, which 
 increased his tender compassion for them, lie loved them until the end of his hfe. 
 This is the signification of the word in finem. Others imderstand by this expression that 
 he loved them to excess. Nothing is more true ; and his love never appeared so exces- 
 sive as in his last moments, wherein he made himself their victim, after having made him- 
 self their food. However, the literal sense only expresses the constancy of his love, 
 which, far from being susceptible of change or alteration, appeared always on the in- 
 crease. 
 
 (12) The instigation of the devU is mentioned, and even more tlian once, in order that 
 we may know how, having been the principal instigator of the Saviour's dcatli, he has 
 deserved, as we have elsewhere remarked, to be deprived of the emphe of death. God 
 might also have had another design. He foresaw that people would one day assert that 
 the treachery of Judas is not less the work of God than the conversion of Saint Paul. 
 (Protestants have made this assertion.) This blasphemy is, therefore, refuted by antici- 
 pation, and Satan is not more opposed to God than these new evangelists are opposed 
 to the Gospel. 
 
 (13) Tiie knowledge which he had of the treachery and of the traitor did not hinder 
 him from washing his feet, and giving him liis flesh to eat. The evangelist alludes to it 
 in this place onl}', for the purpose of making us obsei-ve this prodigy of love and of hu- 
 mility. If it were not for this reason, his allusion to it here would be misplaced. 
 
 (14) Jesus knew that the work of the redemption had been confided to him by the 
 Father, and that he alone who had commenced it should himself finish it. As the time 
 was becoming short, since he was on the point of retiu'ning to the bosom of God from 
 whence he had gone forth, he did three things which he could no longer defer, and which 
 he judged necessary for the establishment and preser\'ation of his Church. He gave an 
 example of the most pfofound humility ; he instituted the sacrament and the perpetual 
 sacrifice of his body and of his blood ; lastly, he finished his instnictions to us in the per- 
 son of his apostles, by the admirable discourse which he addressed to them after supper. 
 This is the most common explanation of these words : they are also explained in the fol- 
 lowing manner: Jesus, although knowing that he had received from the Father the 
 plenitude of divinity and of power, did not disdain to humble himself at the feet of his 
 apostles, and to wash them with his own hands. This sense is very fine ; whilst recall- 
 ing to mind the infinite greatness of him who humbles himself, it paints, with a single 
 stroke, the depth of his humiliations. 
 
 If ttie great who imitate him in this point are sensible of their greatness, they should 
 ako remember that he who has given them the example is infinitely higher above them 
 than they themselves are above the poor whom they serve. 
 
456 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pAKT H. 
 
 el, he girded himself." After these preparations, to which these 
 words are so applicable : He emptied Idm-self, taking the form of a 
 servant — " after that he putteth water into a basin, and began to 
 wash the feet of the disciples, and to wipe them with the towel 
 wherewith he was girded. He cometh, therefore, to Simon Pe- 
 ter (15). And Peter saith to him: Lord, dost thou wash my feet? 
 Jesus answered, and said to him : What I do thou knowest not now, 
 but thou shalt know hereafter. Peter saith to him : Thou shalt 
 never wash my feet. Jesus answered him : If I wash thee not, thou 
 shalt have no i^art with me (16). Simon Peter saith to him : Lord, 
 not only my feet, but also my hands and my head (17). Jesus saith 
 to him : He that is washed, needeth not but to wash his feet, but is 
 clean wholly (18). And you are clean, but not all; for he knew 
 who he was that would betray him, therefore he said : You are not 
 all clean." 
 
 (15) Sa3àng, as the evangelist does. He cometh, therefore, to Simon Peter, after hav- 
 ing said he began to wash the feet of his disciples, gives us to understand that Jesus did 
 not begin with Saint Peter. Notwithstanding, some interpreters will have it that he 
 did, and that for the sole reason of Peter's being the chief of the apostles, as if a question 
 of rank and pre-eminence could enter into an action wherein the Master placed himself 
 last of all. 
 
 (16) You shall not participate in the sacrament of my body, because you shall not 
 have received the symbol of purity which I require from those who participate in it ; or 
 otherwise you shall be eternally separated from me, because you have disobeyed the or- 
 ders which I give you to let me perform the lowly service which I wish to render to 
 you. We may choose between these two explanations. If the first be the true expla- 
 nation. Saint Peter did not at first comprehend the meaning ; but still he understood 
 that some sort of separation between himself and his dear Master was threatened here if 
 he should persist in his refusal. This was sufficient for this disciple, whose love was so 
 ardent, in order to restore him to the most perfect obedience. 
 
 " The ardor and zeal of devotion, even when accompanied by exterior marks of hu- 
 mility, are merely illusions, when not regulated by obedience to the Church and to our 
 superiors." 
 
 (lY) It is love which speaks. Peter, startled at the sight of his Master prostrate at 
 his feet for the purpose of washing them, is, notwithstanding, less amazed at seeing him 
 there, than he is alarmed by the dread of being separated from him. 
 
 (18) The feet always become dirty, especially when men walk barefooted, as is com- 
 monly thought to have been the case with the apostles. Not so vrith the rest of the 
 body ; when it is veiy clean, it remains so at least for some time. The most upright in- 
 dividuals always contract, in their commerce with the world, some slight stains, which 
 are like the dust that adheres to the feet. Confession is not the only means to purify us 
 therefrom, but it is the best. 
 
CHAP. L-vni.] OF OrR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 4.')7 
 
 Jesus fras perhaps still at the feet of the traitor, when he gave 
 him this fii'st warning, so calculated to touch a heart less callous than 
 his was. The apostles, who knew not to whom he addressed it, 
 might at least have comprehended the lesson by which he inculcated 
 to them a pmity more perfect than that which confines itself to ex- 
 emption from gross faults. This is what Peter knew not before. 
 But to this fii'st instruction, which was dh'ected equally to all, the 
 Saviom' added a second, which might apply more especially to him 
 whom he had established the chief of his brethren, although it was 
 common to all. " Then, after he had washed their feet, and taken 
 his garments, having sat down, he said to them : Know you what I 
 have done to you ? You call me Master and Lord, and you say well, 
 for so I am. K I, then, being Lord and Miister, ha\'ing washed your 
 feet, you also ought to wash one another's feet ; for I have given you 
 an example, that as I have done to you, so you do also. Amen, 
 amen, I say to you. The servant is not greater than his lord, neither 
 is the apostle greater than 'he that sent him. If you know these 
 things, you shall be blessed if you do them." 
 
 This happiness was not to be enjoyed by all. Wherefore, con- 
 tinues the Saviour : " I speak not of you all ; I know whom I have 
 chosen," and if he who is to betray me is found amongst the num- 
 ber, I have not admitted him without knowing what he is ; " but 
 that the Scripture may be fulfilled : He that eateth bread with me, 
 shall lift up his heel against me. At present I tell you, before it come 
 to pass, that when it shall come to pass you may believe that I am He." 
 
 Thus the Sa%nour was, as it were, divided between two objects 
 which constituted alternately the subject of his discourse. He la- 
 bored to excite remorse in the heart of Judas, and he exhorted his 
 disciples to render to each other the duties of a charity, both hum- 
 ble and considerate. In order to smooth to them the practice thei-e- 
 of, he adds, that veiy far from lowering themselves in the sight of 
 men by humbling themselves to one another, the honor which they 
 have of being his apostles, will make them as respected as himself. 
 This exposition alone can connect the preceding words with these, 
 which come immediately after: "Amen, amen, I say to you, he that 
 receiveth whomsoever I send, receiveth me ; and he that receiveth 
 me, receiveth him that sent me." 
 
458 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LITE 
 
 [PAET n. 
 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 INSTITUTION OF THE EUCHAKIST. ^JESUS IS TEOUBLED. ^WOE TO THE TEAITOE. — JE- 
 SUS MAKES HIM KNOWN TO JOHN. "WITHDRAWAL OF JUDAS. DISPUTE OF THE 
 
 APOSTLES UPON PEIOEITT. PEESUMPTION OF PETEE. HIS DENIAL FOEETOLD. 
 
 STATE OF WAEFAEE ABOUT TO COMMENCE FOE THE DISCIPLES. 
 
 The moment was come when Jesus Christ was at last to institute 
 the sacrament of his body and blood, and to replace the ancient sac- 
 rifices by that which, in its unity, should supply the place of them 
 all, and, by its excellence, infinitely sur^^ass them in merit and in 
 value, (a) " And whilst they were at supper, Jesus took bread, 
 gave thanks, and blessed, and broke, and gave to his disciples, and 
 said : Take ye, and eat ; this (1) is my body (2), which is given for 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxvi. 26-29 ; St. Luke, xxii. 19, 20; St. Mark, xiv. 23. 
 
 (1) If, as Luther said, the substance of bread remained in the Eucharist, Jesus Christ 
 could not have said : This is my body, but this (which is bread) contains my body ; or, 
 my body is united to this ; or else, here is my body. 
 
 (2) If Jesus Christ meant to say that the Eucharist is not merely the figure of his 
 body, but that it contains the reality, he could not have expressed himself more clearly, 
 seeing that for fifteen centuries the Christian world understood the phrase as importing 
 reality and not figure. 
 
 If Jesus Christ meant to say that the Eucharist is only the figure of his body, he could 
 not have expressed himself more obscurely, since for so many ages the entire world un- 
 derstood the phrase as expressing his real presence. 
 
 When we say, for fifteen centuiies, we are not tmaware that, in the eleventh century, 
 Bcranger denied the real presence, but he was the first to do so : he had very few dis- 
 ciples ; scarcely one remained after his death, and in a short time not a single disciple of 
 his was in existence. He was a restless and fickle man, whose entu-e life was spent in 
 abjuring what he had taught, and in teaching over again what he had abjured. 
 
 Luther frankly avows that he for a long time was itching to attack the dogma of the 
 real presence ; but that he could not venture on such a step, having before him those 
 unmistakeable words : This is my body. 
 
 Calvin denied the real presence, and took his -stand by the figurative sense. However, 
 the stamp of reaUty, so visible in these words of the Saviour, has driven him to assert 
 that, although the body of Jesus Christ be not really present in the Eucharist, yet it is, 
 nevertheless, really and in substance received therein. Thus, whilst seeking to escape 
 from the mystery, he falls into a palpable contradiction. 
 
CHAP. LIX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 459 
 
 you. Do this for a commemoration of me. In like manner taking 
 the chalice also, after he had supped, he gave thanks, and gave to 
 them, saying : Drink ye all of this (3) ; for this is my blood, of the 
 New Testament, which shall be shed (4) for you \a7id^ for many (5) 
 unto the remission of sins. And they all di'ank of it. Amen, I say 
 to you," added the Saviour, supposing that he twice made use of this 
 expression, " I say to you, I will not diink from henceforth of the 
 fi'uit of this Wne, untQ that day when I shall drink it new with you 
 in the kingdom of the Father." 
 
 According to one of the sacred writers, Jesus, immediately after 
 he had pronounced the words which changed the wine into blood, 
 added these : (a) " But yet behold, the hand of him that betrayeth 
 me is with me on the table." These last words, connected, as they 
 are, with the preceding discourse, seem to decide, contrary to the 
 oj^inion of many, that Judas was then present, and that he received 
 communion with the other disciples. Jesus Christ could not have 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxii. 21. 
 
 (3) That is to say, drink ye all of this chalice, because there was but one single chalice 
 that was to pass from hand to hand. This expression comprises a precept for priests to 
 communicate under both kinds every time that they consecrate, and this precept admits 
 of no exception. Protestants allege that this expression establishes a universal and in- 
 dispensable obligation of communicating under both kinds. Yet they themselves do not 
 follow this construction, since they have decided in their Synods that communion may 
 be given under one kind, viz., that bread may be given to those who cannot .drink wine, 
 which is surely equivalent to deciding that, according to the institution of Jesus Christ, 
 both kinds are not essential to communion. 
 
 The legitimacy of commimion under one kind is founded on the doctrine of concomi- 
 tancy. 
 
 (4) We read in the Greek, which is shed, which is the cause why many interpreters 
 explain the expression as referring to the mystical effusion then made. Tlie author of 
 tlic Vulgate took it as referring to the effusion thereof, which was to occur upon the 
 cross ; and for this reason he has translated it, zphich shall be shed. We say in the words 
 of the consecration, which shall be shed, showing that the Church also understjinds the 
 expression as referring to the effusion on the cross. Jesus Christ might have refeiTed to 
 the same effusion, and yet say, which w shed, since an event so near might be regarded 
 •IS present. 
 
 (5) One of the evangelists inserts only /or mu ; two others insert for many. The 
 Church unites both in the words of consecration. For many signifies in this place /or 
 all, according to the Scriptund mode of expression. Supposing that Jesus Christ had 
 said /br you, he would not have thereby excluded the reprobate sinner, for, according to 
 the opinion which is most followed, Judas was one of the company present. 
 
460 THE HISTORY OF THE. LITE [pAET H. 
 
 shown him more clearly the blackness of his treachery, than iu set- 
 ting it before his eyes at the very moment when he gave him such 
 a pledge of his incomprehensible charity. By profaning that sacra- 
 ment, the ti'aitor put the finishing stroke to his iniquity. 
 
 Jesus, who thus informed his Church that the public sinner must 
 not be excluded from the participation of the sacraments, was pleased 
 to experience within himself a natural horror for a crime, the woeful 
 effects of which he had already resolved to undergo. Wherefore, 
 («) " when he had said these things, he was troubled in spirit, and 
 he testified, and said : Amen, amen, I say to you, one of you that 
 eateth with me shall betray me. The disciples, therefore, looked 
 one upon another, doubting of whom he spoke ; and being very 
 much troubled, began every one to say : Is it I (6), Lord ? But he 
 answering, said ; One of the twelve, who dippeth with me (7) his 
 haud in the dish. And the Son of man, indeed, goeth, as it is writ- 
 ten of him (8) : but woe to that man by whom the Son of man shall 
 be betrayed ! It were better for him if that man had not been 
 born (9)." 
 
 (a) St. John, xiii. 21, 22 ; St. Mark, .\-iv. 18, 20, 21 ; St. Matthew, xxvi. 22, 2-3. 
 
 (6) This humble inquiry shows us that they had already profited by the teaching of 
 the Saviour. A novice in virtue would have said at first : It is not I ; I could never be 
 capable of so foul a deed. A saint knows better than men commonly do, that he is 
 ■within a hair's breadth of being a great sinner and a wicked man. 
 
 Their humility makes them fearful that they themselves might be the traitors ; their 
 charity hinders them from suspecting others. Those who, in similar circumstances, 
 would have suspected others, and have entertained no apprehension for themselves, 
 would, therefore, have been wanting in humility and in charity. 
 
 (7) That is to say, he who eats at the same table as I and with me, in a word, he who 
 is my messmate, for it is not true that Judas actually put his hand on the dish, nor that 
 Jesus Christ had pointed him out by this expression. 
 
 (8) With regard to the Son of man, nothing further shall result from this treachery 
 than the fulfilment of the Scriptm'es, which have foretold the circumstances of his 
 death. 
 
 (9) If annihilation be a lesser evil than reprobation, redemption is, therefore, a greater 
 benefit than creation, therefore Jesus Christ is God ; for if he were merely a pure crea- 
 ture, there would exist a creature to whom man would be more indebted than to the 
 Creator. 
 
 This proof is not of a nature to produce faith in those who have not faith ; but it is 
 very capable of confirming those who already have faith, and who are aware how ex- 
 ceedingly jealous God is of oiu- heart. 
 
CHAP. LIX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 461 
 
 (a) " Judas, that betrayed him," apprehensive lest his silence should 
 excite suspicion, would speak as well as the others. He said, there- 
 fore, in his turn : " Is it I, Ral>bi ? He saith to him : Thou hast said 
 it." The answer was given so secretly, that it was understood by 
 Judas alone. " Wherefore they began to inquire among themselves 
 which of them it was that should do this thing. Now, there was 
 leaning on Jesus's bosom (10) one of his disciples, whom Jesus loved. 
 Simon Peter, therefore, beckoned to him (11), and said to him : Who 
 is it of whom he speaketh ? He, therefore, leaning on the breast of 
 Jesus (1-2), saith to him: Lord, who is it? Jesus answered: He it 
 is to whom I shall reach bread dipped ; and when he had dipped the 
 bread, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon." 
 
 This was not now the Eucharistie bread, which had been entirely 
 consumed ; it was a last mark of the tenderness which his Master 
 gave him, by presenting this savory bread. Perhaps the act excited 
 further remoree in the heart of that perfidious man ; but Judas stifled 
 it, and made a fixed and irrevocable resolution to consummate the 
 crime he had already projected. It is on this account that it is said 
 that, " after the morsel, Satan entered into him. Jesus said to him : 
 That which thou dost, do quickly." He thus gave him to under- 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxvi. 25 ; St. Luke, xxii. 23 ; St. John, xiii. 13-30. 
 
 (10) We know that the ancients, when they took their meals, reclined on couches. 
 These couches had each three seats ; the seat in the middle was the most honorable. 
 Those who occupied the seats reclined with the head towards the table, and the feet 
 turned outwards ; the)' leaned upon the right or left side, and the ami which was at lib- 
 erl_v was made use of to take the food and convey it to the mouth. He who occupied 
 the middle of the couch had necessarily his countenance turned towards one of those 
 wiio reclined upon the same couch with him, and his back was turned towards the other 
 occupant. If the person in the middle were the father of the family, the place occupied 
 by the individual towards whom the father of the family had his face turned was called 
 tlie bosom of the father of the family ; it was the place of favor, and was that which 
 Saint John occupied. Alluding to this custom, it is said that Lazarus reposed in the 
 bosom of Abraham. 
 
 (11) It appears that Saint Peter reclined on the other side of the couch ; it was easy 
 for him, by raising himself a little, to make this sign to Saint John, without cntching the 
 eye of Jesus Christ, whose face was turned towards the well-beloved disciple. 
 
 (12) It was then that Saint John leaned his head upon the siicred breast of Jesus 
 Ciirist. We are not aware how long he kept it there ; but we know how highly honor- 
 able was such an intimacy, were it only to have lasted for an instant. 
 
462 
 
 THE HISTORT OF THE LIFE 
 
 [I'AKT n. 
 
 stand that he neithei- dreaded the betrayal uor the betrayer. Judas 
 well understood it, but " now no man at the table knew to what pur- 
 pose he said this unto him (13). For some thought, because Judas 
 had the purse (14), that Jesus had said to him : Buy those things 
 which we have need of for the festival day ; or, that he should give 
 something to the poor. He, therefore, having received the morsel, 
 went out immediately ; and it was night." 
 
 He went at once to execute his fearful project, and his departure 
 may be regarded as the prelude of the mournful scene which was to 
 close with the death of the Holy of Holies. Jesus only viewed it at 
 this moment under the aspect of the infinite glory which it was to 
 procure for his Father and himself. Far, therefore, from being 
 grieved, (a) " when \Judas\^ therefore, was gone out, Jesus said," in 
 a transport of joy : " Now is the Son of man glorified, and God is 
 glorified in him (15). If God be glorified in him, God also will glo- 
 rify him in himself, and immediately he will glorify him. And a 
 hymn being said, they went out into Mount Olivet." 
 
 (a) St. John, xiii. 31, 32 ; St. Matthew, xrvi. 30. 
 
 (13) Even Saint John did not understand it. He was not ignorant who the traitor 
 was ; but he knew not that Judas was so near consummating his treachery, and that the 
 words of the Saviour pointed thereto. 
 
 The first cause of the secrecy which Jesus Christ kept with regard to him, was, as we 
 have said, for the purpose of saving his reputation ; the second was, that he might not 
 obstruct the work of the redemption, which was to commence by the treaeheiy of Judas. 
 If the apostles got information of what he was plotting, what would they not have done 
 in order to counteract it? And who knows whether Peter's sword would have re- 
 mained in the scabbard ? This latter reason has induced some to think that Jesus Christ, 
 when he revealed it to Saint John, forbade him to tell the others. 
 
 (14) Jesus Christ might have intrusted him with this administration, although know- 
 ing that Judas would abuse it. Not so with men who cannot, as God, extract good from 
 evil, and much greater good than the foreseen and permitted evU. 
 
 (15) The text gives in eo, that is to say, literally, in him (P. De Ligny translates par 
 lui— by Itim). . Those who thus translate explain their version by saying that the divini- 
 ty personally united to the Son of man, but hitherto not entirely manifested, is about to 
 be manifested by the prodigies which shall accompany his death, resm'rection, and as- 
 cension, which shall so quickly succeed each other. This explanation is tantamount 
 to this : it is now that God, concealed in the Son of man, is going to be manifested and 
 recognized. We (Pere De Ligny) translate par lui, as do the greater number of inter- 
 preters : we thus have this sense, which appears simpler and more natural : God, who 
 shall be glorified by the Son of man, is going to glorify him also in his turn. 
 
CHAP. LIX.] 
 
 OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 463 
 
 The disciples were to have part in this gloiy. Theii* Master had 
 promised it to them, and he never had to reproach them with incre- 
 dulity on this head. But each of them sought to be first in this 
 glory, and it hardly ever happened that he spoke to them on the 
 subject without awakening in their hearts this jealousy of each other. 
 Therefore, as it appears on this occasion, {a) " there was also a strife 
 amongst them, which of them should seem to be the greater. And 
 he said to them : The kings of the Gentiles lord it over them ; and 
 they that have power over them are called beneficent. But you 
 are not so ; but he that is the greater among you, let him become 
 as the younger, and he that is the leader, as he that serveth. For 
 which is the greater, he that sitteth at table, or he that serveth ? Is 
 not he that sitteth at table ? But I am in the midst of you, as he 
 that serveth (16)." 
 
 Thus men should only liold command for the purpose of serving, 
 and if it be allowable to desii'e authoiity, this desire can only be en- 
 tertained with a view to the advantage which may accrue to those 
 over whom the authority is exercised. After this lesson which Je- 
 sus had already given to his apostles, and which he merely repeats 
 here, he proposes to them a glory much more solid than all those 
 frivolous distinctions which they, in their blind ambition, sought. 
 For, reminding them of all they had done for him, and for which he 
 in his goodness condescended to give them credit, although they 
 were indebted to that same goodness for being enabled to do it, 
 " he said to them : You are they who have continued with me in 
 my temptations ; and I dispose to you, as my Father hath disposed 
 to me, a kingdom ; that you may eat and drink at my table, in ray 
 kingdom ; and may sit upon thrones, judging the twelve tribes of 
 Israel." 
 
 Tlien, suflFering himself to be softened by the thought that lie was 
 about to quit them {l>) '' little children," he said to them with a 
 kindness truly patenial, "yet a little while I am with you: you 
 (a) St. Luke, xxii. 24-33. (b) St. John, xiii. 33-30. 
 
 (16) He proves his doctrine by his own unifonu practice. Thej' are, in consequence 
 of liis doraeanor towards tliera, liiie a company seated at table, and he like the servant 
 in attendance. Therefore they are like the master, and he like the servant, although, in 
 point of fact, they are the servants and he is their master. See Part II., page 381, el seq. 
 
464 THE HISTORY OF THE LITE [PART n. 
 
 shall seek me, and as I said to tlie Jews : ^Tiitlier I go you cannot 
 come ; so I say to you now." Hear, then, my last wishes ; for, in 
 quitting you, "a new commandment (17) I give unto you: That 
 you love one another, as I have loved you, that you also love one 
 another. By this shall all men know that you are my disciples, if 
 you have love one for another." 
 
 Nothing seems impossible to love, and, therefore, the most fer- 
 vent of all the disciples considered as at least dubious the truth of 
 this ex2:)ression of Jesus : " Whither I go you cannot go ;" and it 
 was in this frame of mind that " Simon Peter saith to him : Lord, 
 whither goest thou? Jesus answered: "V^Tiither I go, thou canst 
 not follow me now ; but thou shalt follow hereafter." 
 
 He was to follow him, indeed, in his sufferings and in his glory, 
 but the time for doing so was yet far distant. It was, therefore, 
 with a view to console him that Jesus revealed to him this glorious 
 futurity. But as he wished, at the same time, to humble his pre- 
 sumption, when "Peter saith to him. Lord, why cannot I follow 
 thee now ? I will lay down my life for thee ; the Lord said : Si- 
 mon, Simon, behold Satan hath desii'ed (18) to have you, that he 
 
 (17) The commandment to love our neighbor as om-selves is as old as the world. We 
 are bound to do so by the law of nature ; and even the Pagans were acquainted with it. 
 We find it expressed by Cicero as formally as it is in the Gospel. Much less were the 
 Jews ignorant of it, as appears from the approbation testified by the doctor of the law 
 when the Saviour told him that the precept of loving our neighbor as ourselves is like to 
 the precept of loving God. It is not, therefore, in this sense that this precept is here 
 called a new commandment. Other meanings have been ascribed to it, the most natural 
 of which is the following : Jesus Christ prescribes to his apostles a love still more tender 
 and more generous than that which all men are bound to have for each other — a 
 love truly fraternal, grounded upon the particular quality of Christian, which gives unto 
 them all God for a father, and Jesus Christ for a brother. This is the reason why the 
 Saviour adds that the world should know by this remark that they professed to belong to 
 him. This loveras visible when the Church commenced, when the multitude of believ- 
 ers had but one heart and one soul, and it was still in full force during the first centuries, 
 when the Pagans, enraptured with admiration, exclaimed, as Tertullian reports : See how 
 the Christians love one another. If this charity has now waxed very cold, it is not yet 
 utterly extinguished. While there are found individuals so charitable as to give away all 
 their wealth to the poor, and apostolical men who are prodigal of their sweat and blood 
 for the salvation of their brethren, we cannot doubt but that Jesus Christ has still upon 
 earth disciples and imitators of his tender and inexhaustible charity. 
 
 (18) As he had asked permission to tempt Job. Satan has no power over us except 
 inasmuch as God ffi-ants it to him. 
 
CHAI'. IIX.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CHKIST. 465 
 
 may sift you as wlieat (19) ; but I have prayed for yt)u (20), that 
 thy faith foil uot (21) ; aud thou being once converted, confirm thy 
 brethren (22)." 
 
 Knowing that they would need to be thus confirmed, (a) " Then 
 Jesus saith to them : All you shall be scandalized in me this night. 
 For it is written : I wUl strike the shepherd, and the sheep of the 
 flt)ek shall be dispersed. But after I shall be i-isen again, I will gu 
 before you into Galilee." 
 
 Peter could not bear that his Master should confound him with 
 the crowd, fi'om which, however, he was only to distinguish himself 
 by a more shameful and a more criminal cowardice, (b) " Answer- 
 ing [tJierefoi'e], he said to him : Although aU shall be scandalized in 
 thee, I wUl never be scandalized ; I am ready to go with thee, both 
 into prison and into death. I wUl lay down my life for thee. J^sus 
 answered him : Wdt thou lay down thy life for me ? Amen, amen, 
 I say to thee,. Peter, the cock shall not crow this day (23) till thou 
 thrice deniest that thou knowest me. Amen, I say to thee, to-day, 
 
 (o) St. Matthew, xx\-i. 31, 32. 
 
 (b) St. Matthew, xxvi. 33; St. Luke, xxii. 33, 34; St. John, xiii. 37, 38; St. Mark, 
 xiv. 30. 
 
 (19) That is to say, to tempt you violently; as the grain which is winnowed or sifted 
 is shaken and tossed about. 
 
 (20) We can only resist by means of grace, and grace is given to us only because Je- 
 sus Christ, who has purchased it for us by the effusion of his blood, asks and obtains it 
 for us. 
 
 (21) Peter's faith never failed, but he failed in courage to confess it. 
 
 (22) These words give room for believing that Peter, whose conversion followed so 
 soon after his fall, exerted himself immediately to bring back the scattered disciples, and 
 to strengthen their tottering faith. All antiquity has admitted that these words are not 
 only addressed to Saint Peter, but also to liis successors, to whom it has been given to 
 constitute after him the foundation-stone which contributes to give to the Church that 
 immovable firmness against which it is said that the gates of hell shall never prevail. 
 
 (23) According to one evangelist, the Sa%-iour said : The cock sliall not crow this 
 day till thou thrice deniest that thou knowest me. According to another evangelist, ho 
 said : Before the cock crow twice thou shalt deny me thric •. We have combined in the 
 text these two expressions, without being able to decide wjiich of the two the Sanour 
 really used. The cock crowed the first time after the first denial of Saint Peter. Two 
 other denials having followed it, the cock crowed again the second and third time. Thus 
 wlien it is s;iid, 'I'he cock sliall not crow this day till thou thrice denîtst that tliou know- 
 est me, mains that the cock slmll in.i linivli iiis nightly crowing until ihou thrice deniest 
 tliat thou knowest me. ...•'^'TT~i"*"t" 
 
 30 /^\'^i^-i 
 
 ? "'l.u 
 
466 , THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 even inMiis night, before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me 
 thrice." A man can only become thoroughly acquainted with him- 
 self by being put to the proof. Peter, who thought that he loved 
 his Master more than his life, altholigli, in point of fact, he loved 
 his life more than he did his Master, («) " spoke the more vehement- 
 ly : Although I should die together with thee, I will not deny thee. 
 In like manner also said they all," whether it was that the same pre- 
 sumption urged them to sjieak thus, or whether they were ashamed 
 to show themselves less resolute than their chief. 
 
 The past inspired them with this lioj^e for the future ; but that 
 future Avhich they hoped to find like imto the past, was to be of a 
 far different aspect. Jesus, though always exposed to the malignity 
 of the Pharisees, had hitherto retained the love and veneration of 
 the^people. The disciples, who had suffered but little from the per- 
 sonal hatred which the Pharisees entertained towards their Master, 
 had reaped in abundance the fruits of the admiration .and gratitude 
 so eminently due to him, and which the multitude so willingly ren- 
 dered. Such was the past, but how very different was the future 
 to be. The people, duped by their magistrates and by their teach- 
 ers, were to enter into a league with them against the Saviour : the 
 consjMracy was to bi general ; and after having shown favor to the 
 disciples, because of the Master, they were now going, on his ac- 
 count, to persecute them to the very utmost. It was this alarming 
 change, and the different treatment they wei'e about to receive, that 
 Jesus Christ wished to set before their eyes when he said to them : 
 (J>) " When I sent you without purse and scrip, and shoes, did you 
 want any thing ? But they said : Nothing. Then said he unto 
 them : But now he that hatli a purse, let him take it, and likewise 
 a scrip ; and he that hath not, let him sell his coat, and buy a sword. 
 For I say to you, that this that is written must yet be fulfilled in 
 me : And with the wicked was he reckoned (24). For the things 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xiv. 31 ; St. Matthew, xxvi. 35. (6) St. Luke, xxii. 35-38. 
 
 (24) Jesus Christ, as we have said, was aboiit to be treated like a malefactor, and the 
 world, by whom he was to be so treated, would, consequently, persecute bis disci- 
 ples, as the accomplices of his crimes. This is what the Saviour means when he de- 
 clares that the moment is come wherein this prophecy is to be accomplished, and with 
 
CHAP. LIX.] OF OUR LOKD JI>^US CUHIST. 467 
 
 concerning me hav^e an end. And they said: Lord, behold here 
 are two swords ; and he said to them : It is enough (25)." 
 
 He did not countermand the order which lie had previously given 
 them of going without provisions, and of dwelling in the world like 
 sheep in the midst of wolves. But he gave them notice that, after 
 having been regarded as the disciples of the Messiah, they were 
 henceforth to be treated as the accomjilices of a malefactor ; that 
 the world was about to declare against them that iiTeooucileable war 
 whicJi should only end with their life, and that hostilities were just 
 on the point of commencing ; that they, therefore, stood in need of 
 courage, but that they should not depend too much upon that cour- 
 age which they evinced by words, inasmuch as it had not as yet 
 been put to the trial. The sword of which he had spoken was only 
 indicative of that state of warfare on which they were going to en- 
 ter. Peter, who understood it literally, provided himself in reality 
 with a sword. Jesus did not hinder him from so doing, because the 
 use which this impetuous disciple was to make of his weapon was 
 destined to furnish the Saviour with an occasion of fui*ther display- 
 ing his meekness and his power at the moment of his capture ; 
 and he postponed tUl another oppoi-tunity the information that it 
 is not allowable for private individuals to oppose force to public 
 authority, even when it makes a tyi'annical use of its rights. 
 
 The apostles were troubled at what they had just heard, and it 
 was natui'al that they should be so. Jesus Chi-ist was on the point 
 of quitting them, without any possibility of their following him. 
 One of their number was to betray him, and even their chief was to 
 
 the wicked teas He reckoned. Such is the common explanation ; and what most favors 
 this interpretation is, that Saint Mark, after having mentioned that Jesus Clirist was cni- 
 cified between two thieves, immediately quotes this prophecy : And irilh the wicked He 
 was reputed. Some interpreters ha^■e explained it in a difterent manner ; according to 
 the latter, Jesus Christ wished his disciples to liave swords, because he foresaw that 
 Saint Peter would make use of his sword for the purpose o£ woundiiiy one of those who 
 came to arrest his Master, and that this violence towards men charged with the execution 
 of an order from the magistrates would be set down as an act of revolt, which would 
 five occasion for arraigning Jesus Chrisl as the leader of a seditious band. Thus the 
 prophecy which says. And xoitli the wicked He nhall be reputed, which was accomplished 
 by the crucifixion between tvro robbei's, had also its fultilment in this circunjstance. 
 (■25) That is lo say, two swords arc enough for the purpose whicli 1 have iu view. 
 
468 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 deny him. The pastor was to be soon struck down, and the sheep, 
 left to themselves, were to wander to and fro, hunted and despised. 
 Weak as they were, we may conceive what sadness and what terror 
 must have filled theii' souls at the sight of a futurity so near and so 
 terrible. This charitable pastor, more, affected by their state than 
 by the evils with which he was menaced, appears to forget himself 
 in order to occupy himself with the care of cousoHng his beloved 
 discijjles. It is with dthis design that he is going to address to them 
 this admirable discourse of which we have already sjjoken, in which 
 we may say that his beautiful soul unfolds itself entirely before their 
 eyes — ^his wisdom and his charity having never ajipeared with great- 
 er lustre. Taking occasion, therefore, from the trouble in which 
 they were, he begins, in order to compose their minds, to speak to 
 them in these terms. 
 
 CHAPTER LX. 
 
 DISCOURSE AFTER THE SUPPER.— THE DISCIPLES ENCOURAGED AND CONSOLED. — WHO 
 SEETH THE FATHER SEETH THE SON. THE SPIRIT OF TRUTH PROMISED. 
 
 («) " Let not your heart be troubled" at what you have just heard. 
 My promises should dispel your fears. For, as " you "beheve in God, 
 believe also in me (1)." I am going, as I have said to you, and I 
 have hitherto told Peter only that one day he shall follow me 
 -whither I go. Yet this should not alarm you : neither he noi" any 
 other could exclude you from that happy abode. " In my Father's 
 house (2) there are many mansions. If not, I would have told you 
 
 (a) St. John, xiv. 1-31. 
 
 (1) Have in. me the same faith and tke same confidence which you have in God. 
 This text is one of those T.-hich prove the Saviour's divinity. 
 
 (2) Although these words do not formally express the inequality of the places found- 
 ed upon inequality of merit, nevertheless the Catholic Church has always recognized it 
 here ; and we now-a-days make use of these words, in order to prove it ; Jo\'inian him- 
 self, who thought that the saints in heaven are all equal in glory, admitted that inequali- 
 ty was expressed in this text. His only resource was to apply the text to the Church 
 
OBAP. IJX.] OF OCR LORD JE6US CHRIST. 4G9 
 
 that I go to prepare u place for you," autl let this proof of iii}- love 
 prevent you from suspectiug that I could entertain the design of de- 
 ceiving you. Do not, therefore, hesitate to believe it, even when 
 you shall see me no more, and rest assured that, "if I shall go and 
 prepare a place for you, I will come again, and will take you to my- 
 self;' that where I am, you also may be (3). And whither I go 
 you know, and the way you know." 
 
 He was going to his Father, and it is through him alone that any 
 one is enabled to go there after him. He had told them this so 
 often, and in so many ways, that they could not be in utter igno- 
 rance of the fact. But, either because they did not then remember 
 it, or because they had but a very imperfect idea of the way and 
 the end thereof, " Thomas saith to him : Lord, we know not whither 
 thou goest ; and how can we know the way ? Jesus saith to him : 
 I am the way, and the truth, and the life (4). No man cometh to 
 the Father but by me ; if you had known me, you would, without 
 doubt, have known my Father also. From henceforth you shall 
 know him, and you have seen him." 
 
 They had seen him, and, notwithstanding, they had yet to know 
 him. That confused knowledge which makes people say indiscriiu- 
 inately, that they know and that they do not know, is sufficient ex- 
 cuse for the apparent contradiction which k found in these modes of 
 speech. They had, therefore, seen the Man-God ; they had been 
 witnesses of his deeds ; they had heard the words which issued from 
 his adorable lips. Both one and the other emanated from the di- 
 vinity which dwelt within him, 'and would have unveiled him to 
 eyes more spiritual than theii-s, to eyes sufficiently clear-sighted to 
 
 militant and to the different degrees of its hierarchy. Other heretics, such as the Pela- 
 gians, make a difference between the mansion and the kingdom. The hitter being more 
 excellent, according to them, is destined for those who receive baptism ; and the man- 
 sion is the dwelling of those children who die without having been baptized, as if the 
 mansion were not in the kingdom, and as if it did not sometimes implj- more to be in 
 the mansion than to be in the kingdom ; besides, Jesus Christ speaks here to the apos- 
 tles, who were surely not to be classed with children who have died without baptism. 
 
 (.3) He shall return at the moment of their dcatli to conduct their souls thither, and 
 at the day of the liist judgment, to lead them there, both body and soul. 
 
 (4) I am the way which 3-ou should follow, the truth which you shall believe, and the 
 life which is to i-esuscitate you to a life eternal and eternally happy. 
 
470 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET U. 
 
 discover throngli the Saviour's liumanity, whieli was merelj' tlie in- 
 strument of the wonders which lie wrought — the divinity which was 
 their source. To see the Son with this perfect vision, would be to 
 see the Father as clearly ; and, in this sense, they had seen the 
 Father as well as the Son, inasmuch as the divine nature, which 
 they had only caught a glimpse of in the Son, is the same in thé Son 
 as in the Father. Thus it is easy to perceive both what they had 
 and what they still required. In a little time, according to the prom- 
 ise which the Sa\àour here makes to them, they should require noth- 
 ing, because the Holy Ghost was then to descend upon them with 
 the plenitude of his light. Impatient to see the effect of this prom- 
 ise, "Philip saith to Jesus: Lord, show us the Father, and it is 
 enough for us. Jesus saith to him," in the sense which has just been 
 explained : " So long a time have I been with you, and have you not 
 known me ? Philip, he that seeth me seeth the Father also. How 
 sayest thou. Show us the Father ? Do you not believe that I am in 
 the Father and the Father in me ? The words that I speak to you 
 I sj)eak not of myself. But the Father that abideth in me he doth 
 the works. Believe you not that I am in the Father and the Fa- 
 ther in me ? Otherwise believe for the very works' sake." 
 
 His works were, in point of fact, the incontestable proof of the 
 truth of all his words ; but it seems that this proof became more 
 sensible to them if they did themselves, by virtue of Jesus Christ, 
 the same things which He had done. And, in giving to whomso- 
 ever he wished the power of working miracles, did he not discover 
 his divinity stiU more cleai'ly than even by those which he himself 
 wrought ? It is in this sense that he adds : " Amen, amen, I say to 
 you, he that believeth in me, the works that I do he shall also do ; 
 and greater than these shall he do (.5), because I go to the Father ; 
 and whatsoever jou shall ask the Father in my name, that wiU I 
 do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son (6). K you shall 
 ask me any thing in my name, that will I do." "* 
 
 (5) The shadow of Saint Peter cured the sick — a miracle which Jesus Christ never 
 wrought, except by word, or at least by the touch of his sacred garments. But the 
 miracles of the disciples all redound to the gloiy of the Master, because they were 
 wrought in his name and by his power. 
 
 (6) We must pray to the Father through the Son, and to the Son through himself, so 
 
CHAP. LX.] OF OUK LORD JïSUS CHIUST. 471 
 
 He is, therefore, as powerful, or rather He has the same power, as 
 the Father, siuce those very same things which are asked from the 
 Father may also be asked from him. What indicates still more 
 clearly this unity of power is, that he does not here say that he shall 
 pray the Father, and that he shall obtain from him for them all that 
 they can desire, but that he himself will confer it upon them. These 
 words, while proving his omnipotence, expressed at the same time 
 the greatness of his love. For what more affecting evidence thereof 
 could he give to them than by offering himself, as he did, to accom- 
 plish all theii' desires, and by rendering them the depositaries of that 
 supreme power which nothing can resist in heaven or on earth i A 
 promise so magnificent could not fail to excite in them some senti- 
 ments of gratitude and love. And it is likely that Jesus, who avails 
 himself of every opportunity in order to instruct them, took occa- 
 sion therefrom to inform them how that love, which they owed hini 
 by so just a title, should not stop at sentiment, but must also be 
 manifested by deeds, inasmuch as he added immediately, and without 
 any apparent connection : " If you love me, keep my commandments." 
 
 Still this wondrous gift could not indemnify them for his loss : it 
 was necessary for that purpose that Jesus should give them another 
 self in his stead. Having, as God, the power to send him, he may 
 also, as man, pray for his coming ; and he promises to do so when 
 he says : " I ^ill ask the Father, and he shall give you (7) another 
 
 that all is through him, and nothing but through him. Such is the belief and the prac- 
 tice of the Church, who never petitions for an}' thing, but in the name and through the 
 merits of our Lord Jesus Clmst. A motive this, of the -most profound humility — by my- 
 self 1 am unworthy of any thing. A motive of the most perfect confidence — through Jesus 
 Christ I can obtain all ; confidence and humility, two dispositions, which should always 
 accompany prayer. 
 
 It would be abusing this doctrine, if we suffered it to weaken the confidence whicli we 
 have in the intercession of the saints. We are only the more humble for bflieving that 
 the saints are more agreeable than we to Jesus Christ, and we have not the less confi- 
 dence in Jesus Christ, because we still believe that it is only tiuough Him that the saints 
 pray, and that their prayers are heard. We should be CalvinisU or Iconoclasts, did we 
 say ive withdraw oumelves from Jems Christ when we pray to his members, which are 
 also ours, his children, who are also our brothers, and his saints, wlio are our Jirsl-fruits, 
 to pray with us and for us to our common Master, in tlu name of our common Media- 
 tor. — Bossuet's E.\position of Catholic Doctrine. 
 
 (7) It is he who obtains him for us by his merits. No one had merited that the Son 
 
472 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part II. 
 
 Paraclete (8), that lie may al)ide with you forever (9). The Spirit 
 of truth whom the world cannot receive (10), because it seeth him 
 not, nor knoweth him. But you shall know him, because he shall 
 abide with you, and shall be in you." 
 
 Between the j)romise and the accomplishment little more than 
 fifty days was to elapse. The term, therefore, was not far distant, 
 and their patience was not to have too long a trial. However, the 
 Saviour did not wish to leave them under the impression that they 
 should, during all that time, have to mourn his absence ; and, by an 
 impulse of that paternal tenderness which induced him to call them 
 his little children, he further said, announcing to them the near ap- 
 proach of his resurrection : " I will not leave you orphans ; I will 
 come to you. Yet a little while and the world seeth me no more ; 
 
 should be sent ; but the Son bas merited the sending, or the mission of the Holy Ghost. 
 We have just seen that Jesus Christ could say positively, / will send, without saying, 
 / will ask, as he had said before. Whatsoever you shall ask the Father, / will ask him, 
 and he shall give 3'ou; whereas he says absolutely, Whatsoever you shall ask the Fa- 
 tlier in my name, that will I do. It is thus that he speaks, sometimes as God, some- 
 times as man, in order to testify the existence of both natures. 
 
 (8) We read in the text, another Paraclete : Jesus Christ is, therefore, our Paraclete, 
 since he saith that the Holy Ghost is another. The Greek word from whence this is 
 deri\ed has three significations in the New Testament : it means to console, to exhort, 
 and to perform the office of Advocate. In these three senses it applies to Jesus Christ, 
 and in the first two significations it applies also to the Holy Ghost, to whom the name 
 of Advocate cannot be applicable, inasmuch as it only belongs to Jesus Christ, on ac- 
 count of his humanity, by which he is become mediator between God and man. God, 
 as God, cannot be called our Advocate ; for before whom could he plead our cause ? 
 P. De Ligny translates the word into French by "Consolateur." He adds to this note 
 that he translates thus, with the majoriti/ of commentators : On a traduit par Consolateur 
 avec la plupart des interprètes. 
 
 Tlie Holy Ghost was to console the apostles for the absence of Jesus Christ. He was 
 also to be their consoler, in the midst of the toils which they had to undergo, and the 
 persecutions of which they were to bear the brunt. 
 
 (9) The apostles were going to be deprived of the pleasure of linng with Jesus Christ, 
 but the consoling Spirit was never to abandon them. When be promised that the Holy 
 Ghost should dwell eternally in their souls, Jesus Christ promised to them that they 
 should never lose grace, but there is reason to think that they did not then understand 
 this promise. 
 
 (10) Truth is here set forth, in opposition to vanity and falsehood, which rendere it 
 utterly incompatible with the world, which is essentially vain and false. 
 
 You will say that the world might possibly receive the Holy Ghost, but then it 
 would cease to be what is called the world, in the Gospel. 
 
CHAP. LX.] OF OUR LORD JKSIS CHRIST. 473 
 
 but you see me, because I live and you shall live (1 1). In that 
 clay you shall know that I am in my Father, and you in me, and 
 I in you (1-)." And because in one sense this concerns us no 
 less than the disciples, to whom Jesus then addressed his dis- 
 course, let us remark the condition to which he attaches his favors : 
 " He," said he, " that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, 
 he it is that loveth me (13). xVnd he that loveth me shall be 
 
 (11) Death was soon to withdraw him forever from the eyes of the world, but not 
 from the eyes of his disciples, to whom he was to show himself immediately after his 
 resurrection. We may believe that he said in this sense, I live, for a death so brief 
 might really be called a sleep onl}-, as the Savioiu- terms it himself, speaking of the 
 death of Jairus's daughter, and of the death of Lazarus, whom he was going to restore 
 •to life. What he adds. You sitall live, is understood to refer to the assurance he gives 
 his disciples, that the rage of his persecutors shall not extend to them, in pursuance of 
 the prohibition which he would lay upou them, when, at the moment of Lis capture, he 
 said unto them, "If, therefore, ye seek me, let these go Ifieir way." 
 
 (12) Thev Siiw after his resurrection th;it his Father Wiis in him, because his divinity 
 wiis rendered so manifest to them, that there was not one of them, nay, not even the in- 
 credulous disciple, who did not confess that he was his Lord and his God. Now, to see 
 his divinity so clearly, was to see just as plainly that the divine natui'e w;is common to 
 him with his Father, and, consequently, that he is in his Father, and that his Father is 
 in him, as he savs himself elsewhere. They shall know, moreover, that they are in him 
 and that he is in tiiem, because, ha\nng participated in flesh and blood by his incarna- 
 tion, he has made himself to be of the same nature with them. Besides, being their 
 head, and they his members, they are animated by the same spirit, and live by the same 
 supernatural life as he, which the reader shall see more fully explained in the similitude 
 of the vine and its branches. These truths were not utterly unknown to them before the 
 Sanour's Passion ; but they began to comprehend tliem better after his resurrection, the 
 lustre of his resuscitated body having commenced to shed a new light on their minds. 
 The new instraction then given by their Divine Master contributed also to this end : for, 
 after they had seen with their eyes their Lord and their God, they learned from his lips 
 that he who was their Lord and their God, wis, at the same time, their brother, and his 
 Father their Fatlier. 
 
 (13) Man kiioweth not whether he is worthy of love or of haired. He does not know, 
 therefore, whether he loves, for were he assured that he loves, he would also be ctju/illv 
 assured that he is beloved. Ile is not, therefore, assured that he keeps the command- 
 ments ; for, after this expression of Jesus Christ, he could no lunger doubt, if he kept liie 
 commandments, whether he loves God, or whether he is loved by him. However, man 
 should believi' himself as equally assured that he loves God, as he can be that he keeps 
 his commandments. Some Christians are uneasy because tiiey do not feci a sensible 
 love ; others compose themselves into a state of confidence, because they have a sensible 
 affection for God, These are mistak'^n, both of them, since in Jesus Christ's judgment 
 this love is decided by the commandments being kej)! or not kept 
 
4Y4 
 
 THE IIISTOKY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 loved of my Father, and I will love him,* and will manifest myself to 
 liim (14)." 
 
 " Judas, not the Iseariot," but he who was otherwise called Thad- 
 deus, the brother of James, and cousin of the Lord, " saith to him : 
 Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself to us, and not to the 
 world ?" The reason is, because they loved him, whereas the world 
 hated him. For such is the sense comprised in these words, which 
 Jesus again repeated : " If any one love me, he will keep my word," 
 and my Father will love him, and we will come to him, and will 
 make our abode with him (15). He that loveth me not keepeth not 
 my words." But if he have not love for me, neither hath he any 
 love for my Father, and he should no longer expect to be loved 
 either by Him or by Me. For " the word which you have heard is 
 not mine, but the Father's who sent me." 
 
 All this contains a profound meaning, which the apostles were not 
 as yet capable of penetrating. Jesus, who spoke it, however, that it 
 might be understood, promised them that they should yet imder- 
 stand it, in the following words : " These things have I spoken to 
 you, abiding with you. But the Paraclete, the Holy Ghost, whom 
 the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things (16), and 
 bring all things to your mind whatsoever I shall have said to you (17)." 
 
 (14) In order to love God, we must know him. God makes himself more fully known 
 to tliose who love him. Greater knowledge produces greater love, which, in its turn, is 
 rewarded by a fresh increase of knowledge. The tree springs from the seed thereof, and 
 both one and the other, b}' their mutual reproduction, increase and multiply almost 
 infinitely. 
 
 (15) God is eveiywhere, but he has three special dwellings: heaven, where he shows 
 himself unveiled ; the temples, wherein he receives our homage : and the souls of the just, 
 wherein he continually operates by grace. The latter may well be tenned his temples : 
 " Ye are the temples of the living God," saith Saint Paul. Well might thev some- 
 times be called heaven also, on account of the wondrous light which God vouchsafes 
 to shed upon them. Saint Paul leaves it doubtfid whether it was not during one of these 
 interior illuminations that he was carried in spirit to the third heaven, and there " heard 
 sacred words, tvhich it is not granted to man to utter." — II. Cor. xii. 4. 
 
 (16) Jesus Christ might confer the Holy Ghost upon the apostles at the same time 
 that he instructed them ; he did not choose to do so, in order that they might learn that 
 exterior preaching produces no effect, except' by the interior action of the Holy Ghost, 
 and that they might not be tempted to attribute to their preaching the fruits which it 
 was soon to produce. 
 
 (17) See page 236, Part I. 
 
Cn.VP. LX.] OF Ol'K LORD JESUS CHEIST. 475 
 
 Beiug so near his departure from tliem, he once more liids them 
 fai-ewell in these terras : " Peace I leave with you ; my peace I give 
 unto you." It is thought that this was very nearly the usual form 
 of farewell amongst the Jews. It was only a civil expression with 
 them ; but, on tlie part of the Sa%nonr, it was a real present. He 
 actually gave what they could merely wish; and the peace wliich 
 he gave was nauch more genuine and precious than that which they 
 wished each other. It is on this account that he adds: " Not as tlie 
 world giveth do I give unto you." 
 
 But the apostles were not then in a condition to relish the sweet- 
 ness of that peace. The idea of the separation — which separation 
 these words forcibly recalled to their mind — caused them at this 
 moment a sadness and trouble which the Sa%nour condescended to 
 soothe by these M'ords : " Let not your heart be troubled, nor let it 
 be afraid. You have heard that I said to you, I go away, and I 
 come unto you." The assurance of my return should enable you to 
 ])ear my absence. You would even desire it if you were more en- 
 lightened than you are, and if you had for me the love which you 
 ought to have. Yes, " if you loved me, you would indeed be glad, 
 because I go to the Father; for the Father is greater than 1(18)," 
 and he calls me to himself solely for tbe purpose of associating me 
 in his domiuicm, and sharing with me his power. If he wishes that 
 I sliould reach it ])y the way of sufferings and opprobrium, fiir from 
 being scandalized thereat, remember ye that "now I have told ye 
 before it come to pass, that when it shall come to pass, you may be- 
 lieve. 1 will not now speak many things to you ; for the prince of 
 this world cometh, and in me he hath not any thing (19). But that 
 
 (18) Jesus Christ spoke thus because of his humanity, according to the cnmnion ex- 
 plinntion, which is quite sufficient to silence Arians. The ancient fathers, and especially 
 the Greek fathers, thought that the Saviour might have also said this with reference to 
 his divinity, on account of a certain superiority, which we fancy to ourselves, according 
 to our own conceptions, in him who is the principle, over him who proceeds from him, 
 in him who engenders, over him who is engendered, in the Father, over the Son. This 
 WM-;. as we see, without prejudice to the equality and identity of nature, so that heresy 
 could derive no advantage from this explanation : but heresy might make a bad use of 
 it, and it is always safe to confine ourselves to the fonner. 
 
 (19) It is sin which has given to the deNil the empire of death : he therefore had no 
 riirht over him who never sinned, who could only die voluntarily and of his own free-will. 
 
476 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 the world may know that I love the Father, and as the Father hath 
 given me the commandment, so do I: Arise, let us go hence (20)." 
 
 CHAPTER LXI. 
 
 SEQUEL OF THE DISCOUESE. JESVS CHKIST IS THE TEUE VDTE. WE AEE TO PEESE- 
 
 VERE IN CHAKITY. PEESECDTIONS FOBETOLD. TESTIMOST OF THE HOLY GHOST. 
 
 It is not easy to say very exactly in what place Jesus Christ spoke, 
 and from whence he then depai'ted. Many think that he was still 
 ill the supper chamber, where he had eaten the paschal lamb, and 
 that it was from it he now went forth. Others think that he did 
 not leave it at this moment ; and although he had said,' " Arise, let 
 us go hence," that he remained there, notwithstanding, until he had 
 concluded the long discourse which he had commenced, and a great 
 part of which was yet unspoken : this supposition is very improba- 
 ble. As for us, confining ourselves to the letter, we have already 
 stated that, immediately after the suppei', they all joined in the can- 
 ticle of thanksgiving, and that they immediately set out, taking the 
 way towards Mount Olivet. We must, therefore, infer that the dis- 
 course was pronounced upon the way, pai-tly while walking on, and 
 partly whilst stopping, either upon the road itself, or under some 
 sheltei' which they met. We shall find no difficulty here if we re- 
 member that they walked outside of the city, and during night — 
 that is to say, in a time and in a place where the Saviour could not 
 
 (20) There is a colon in the text after these words: "But that the loorld may htow 
 that I love the Father ; ami as the Father hath ri'iven me commarulment, so do /." This 
 colon, in the place where it is, rendere the phrase imperfect, and has caused some to 
 think that there was a defioiencj' here ; but by changing this punctuation, and joining 
 what precedes to these latter words, " arise, let us go hence," we have this natural sense, 
 so conformable to the Saviour's mode of thinking and of speaking : " But that the world 
 may know that I love the Father; and as the Father hath yiveti me commandment, so do 
 I arise : let us go hence," in order to proceed to that death to which he sends me. How- 
 ever, we would not have taken this libeity, had we not been authorized to do so by the 
 example of skilful interpreters. — [Père De Ligny.) 
 
CHAP. LXI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 477 
 
 be inteiTupted liy the throng of passers-by. "V^^lerefore, after hav- 
 ing stopped a while, he ai'ose with his disciples, and resumed his jour- 
 ney and his discourse. 
 
 Nothing had greater interest for them than the new mystery which 
 he was about to disclose to them. It is that of the union, and, if we 
 may dare to use the expression, of the incorporation of all the faith- 
 ful with the Man-God, by which he makes himself their head, and 
 they become his merabei-s, constituting but one body with him, ani- 
 mated by the same spirit, and living by the same life. Thus is foi-m- 
 ed the entire Christ, composed of the head and members, as branch- 
 es, attached to the trunk, sj^ringing fi-om the same root, and nourish- 
 ed by the same sap, form with it but one and the same tree, for such is 
 the comparison which the Saviour makes, pursuing thus his discoui-se : 
 
 " I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman (1). Every 
 branch in me that beareth not fruit, he will take away (2); and 
 every one that beareth fruit, he will purge it (3), that it may bring 
 forth more fruit. Now you are clean by reason of the word which 
 I have spoken to you (4). Abide in me, and I in you. As the 
 branch cannot bear fi'uit of itself, unless it abide in the vine, so nei- 
 ther can you, unless you abide in me. I am the vine, you the branch- 
 es. He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same beareth much 
 fruit ; for without me you can do nothing (5). K any one remain- 
 
 (1) Jesus Christ is also the husbandman, but he speaks of this with reference to liis 
 Father only, because it was proper that, in the parable, the -v-ine-dresser should be dis- 
 tinguished from the vine. He calls himself the true vine, in order to signify that the 
 union of the -line with the branches is still but an imperfect figure of the union of Jesus 
 Ciirist with his members, and of the admirable manner in which he communicates to 
 them life and fecundity. 
 
 (2) It shall be separated, in this life, from my mystic body, by heresy or by excom- 
 munication ; or, if it still remiiin attached by faith, it shall be separated in the other life 
 at least by reprobation. 
 
 (3) He will prune them. If the branch were sensitive, what would it not say against 
 the hand who prunes it without- mercy ? But if it were rational, could it complain 
 of those salutar)- wounds which procure for it glory and fruitfulness, and which preserve 
 it fiom the fire to which it had been jusilv condemned on account of its sterility ? 
 
 (4) We have in the text, bij reason of the icorJ whlrh I have sjmken to you. Tliis is 
 the evangelical word,*fcc preaching of which produced faith which was followed by jus- 
 tification. * 
 
 (.i) Tliis expression, and we might, indeed, say the whole of this parable, gives a mor- 
 tal blow toYelagianism ; it was the fundamental dogma of that heresy that grace is not 
 
478 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PARTH. 
 
 eth not in me, lie shall be cast forth as a braucli, and shall wither. 
 They shall gather him up, and cast him into the lire, ahd he burn- 
 eth (6). If you remain in me, and my words remain in you, you 
 shall ask whatever you will, and it shall be done to you. In this is 
 my Father glorified, that you bring forth very much fruit, and be- 
 come my disciples." 
 
 This i^arcible could not have a more suitable place than that where- 
 in Jesus Christ proposed it. His disciples, who were upon the point 
 of being deprived of his sensible présence, might easily foi'get him, 
 and detach themselves from him. It was, therefore, necessary that 
 they should l)e aware how closely it concerned their own interest to 
 remain always united to him T^y faith and charity. This is the im- 
 port of the parable, in which, besides several incidental truths, we 
 find associated all the motives capable of inducing the apostles to 
 rivet as closely as they can the bonds which unite them to their Di- 
 vine INIaster — ^to wit, that of honor; it concerns them to avoid the 
 shame of sterility, and to pi-ocure for themselves the glory of a happy 
 fecundity : that of fear ; if they detach themselves from this mystic 
 vine, or if they deserve to be cut off therefrom, fire shall be theii* in- 
 evitable lot and their eternal punishment : that of self-interest ; for 
 the Saviour, being sensible of their attachment, makes them deposi- 
 taries of his power and arbiters of his graces ; all they require is, to 
 
 necessary in order to perform good actions, and that at most it only facilitates tlie per- 
 formance thereof. No, says Jesus Christ, without me, that is to say, witiiout my gi-ace, ■ 
 you can absolutely do nothing ; and, in point of fact, it is not in order to fi'uclify more 
 easily or more abundantly that the sapling is attached to the vine — it is simply in order 
 that it may fructify ; without this union it would be equally impossible for it to bear 
 fruit, either more or less. 
 
 This expression, yoii, can do Clothing, does not exclude all actions, but onlj^ such as are 
 conducive to salvation. It would be an abuse of the expression to conclude therefrom 
 that all the acts of the unfaithful are sins Between sins and actions meriting eternal 
 life there exists a medium, viz., actions morally good, but which, in the order of salva- 
 tion, have neither value nor merit. Saint Paul said well, that all that he could do with- 
 out charity would profit him nothing, but he does not say that it would be hurtful 
 to him. 
 
 (6) In the text it is in the present, and he hurneth (P. De Ligny translates the phrase 
 into the future of the French verb " brûler," el il brûlera) ; this is in order to signify the 
 incredible activity of tliis devouring iire, which burns in an instant all that it touches. 
 We also find its infinite duration expressed here by this present, always to come and al- 
 ways present, and he hurneth. 
 
CHAP. LXI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHKI5T. 479 
 
 desire and to ask, and their wishes shall be instantly accomplished : 
 lastly, that of gratitude; God shall he glorified by the fruits of jus- 
 tice and holiness which they shall produce, as the fruits whereby a 
 tree is crowned are at the same time the glory of the tree and of 
 him who cultivates it. This is only a figurative repetition of what 
 the Saviour had said to them long befoi'e, viz., that seeing their good 
 ^^-orks, men would refer the glory thereof to theii- heavenly Father, 
 as the author of all the good which might be in them. 
 
 The Saviour again reverts to what he had already said to them, 
 in order to impress it still more deeply upon their minds. He i-e- 
 peats to them, thei'efore, that they must always remain united to 
 him, by the observance of his commandments, and inasmuch as all 
 the commandments are comprised m charity, which comprises the 
 love of God and of oui' neighbor : " As the Father hath loved me," 
 he said to them, "I also (7) have loved you. Abide in my love. 
 If you keep my commandments, yoii sh'all abide in my love, as I 
 also have kept my Father's commandments (8), and do abide in his 
 love (9). These things I have sjioken to you (10), that my joy may 
 be in you, and your joy may be filled ; this is my commandment : 
 That you love one another as I have loved you. Greater love than 
 this no man hath, that a man lay down his life for his friends (11). 
 
 (7) That is to say, gratuitously and without there being on your part any preceding 
 merit which bound me to it : it is thus that the Father loved the Saviour's holy humani- 
 ty, when, in advance of all merit, he chose it to be united to the Word by unity of per- 
 son. Jesus Christ speaks here as man, and the comparison which he draws between his 
 love for his disciples and the love which his Father has for him, should be undorstoi'd :is 
 indicative of similar gratuitousness, and not of love equal in its degrees and effects. 
 
 (8) B>/ making himself obedient unto death, even unto the death of the cross. He un- 
 doubtedly received the commandment to do so, since where there is no commandnunt 
 tluTc is no obedience. 
 
 (9) The love of the Father was for the Son an inalienable good wliich he could never 
 lose ; nevertheless, the Son has done more in order to preserve it, than he requires from 
 us in order that we may retain his love. The condition is similar, and it is less rigorous : 
 who would dare to complain of it? 
 
 (10) That joy of complacency which a good father feels when he sees his children do- 
 cile to his salutary advice. You yourselves rejoice to know that I rejoice in you, and 
 this holy joy, which shall be henceforward the fruit of your docility, shall one day re- 
 ceive from your perseverance its plenitude and its perfection. 
 
 (11) Such has been my love for you — such is that which you ought to have for one 
 another. This conclusion is here understood : Saint John elsewhere expresses it formnl- 
 
480 THE HISTOKY 0F THE LIFE [pAKT II. 
 
 You are my friends if you do tLe things that I command you. I 
 Avill not now call you servants, for the servant knoweth not what 
 his lord doth ; but I have called you friends, because all things (1 2) 
 whatsoever I have heard from my Father, I have made known (13) 
 to you. You have not chosen me ; but I have chosen you, and have 
 appointed you, that you should go, and should bring forth fruit, and 
 youi' fruit should remain ; that whatsoever you shall ask of the Fa- 
 ther in my name, he may give it you. These things I command 
 you, that you love one another." 
 
 What induces him to repeat it to them here is, that union of hearts 
 is absolutely necessary for those who are to concur in the success of 
 a great enterprise ; but this unanhnity, which facilitates the means, 
 is not alone sufficient to surmount all difficulties. Patience is also 
 necessary, and none ever required it more than the apostles, des- 
 tined as they were to encounter the fury of the entire world. Jesus 
 Christ recommends this virtue to them, or rather he exhorts them 
 to it by the most affecting of all motives, viz., his own example, 
 which he proposes to them in these terms : " If the world hate you, 
 know ye that it hated me before you. If you had been of the world, 
 the world would love its own (14) ; but because you are not of the 
 world, but I have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world 
 
 ly, wlien he says (I. Ep. iii.) : We have knoion the charity of God, because he hath laid 
 down his life for us ; and loe ouf/ht to lay down our lives for the brethren. 
 
 Tlie charity of Jesus Christ went still further. He has not given his life for his friends 
 only, but, saith Saint Paul (Rom. v.), Ood commendeth his charity towards us ; because 
 when as yet we were sinners, according to the time, Christ died for tis. We have already 
 seen under what circumstances it becomes a matter of obligation, or when it is merely a 
 matter of perfection, to give our life for our neighbor. See note 7, page 182, Part I. 
 
 (12) We issue orders to servants, without being bound to disclose to them our mo- 
 tives ; but we tell our secrets to our friends. 
 
 (13) All only refers here to those things which concern religion and salvation. Jesus 
 Christ had not already communicated all those things, since he soon after says to the 
 apostles : / have yet many things to say to you, but you cannot bear them now. But he 
 had communicated a part of them, and he will shortly communicate the rest. Thus, / 
 have made known to you, signifies in this place, / have commenced, and I shall soon fin- 
 ish making known to you, either by myself, or by the Holy Ghost whom I shall send 
 you, all that my Father hath told me. 
 
 (14) Not that people do not often hate each other in the world, but the world ever 
 sympathizes with the corrupt morals of those who belong to it ; whereas it has a natural 
 and eternal antipathy to the pure moi-ality of vu-tuous people. 
 
CHAP. LSI.] OF OUR LORD JÎSU3 CHRIST. 481 
 
 hateth you. Remember ray word that I said to you : tlie servant is 
 not greater tlian his master. If they have persecuted me, they will 
 also persecute you : if they have kept my word, they will keep youi-s 
 also. But all these things they will do to you for my ûame's sake ( 1 .')), 
 because they know not him that sent me (16)." 
 
 And this ignorance does not excuse them, because it is voluntary. 
 " If I had not come, and spoken to them, they would not have sin ; 
 but now they have no excuse for their sin." They do not compre- 
 hend the enormity thereof, because they think they hate me only ; 
 but " he that hateth me, hateth my Father also (17)." I say again : 
 " If I had not done among them the works that no other man hath 
 done, they would not have sin ; but now they have both seen and 
 hated both me and my Father. But that the word may be fulfilled 
 which is written in their law : They hated me •without cause." 
 
 But their hatred shall not prevail against the truth which it made 
 them disown ; for " when the Paraclete cometh, whom I will send 
 you from the Father (18), the Spirit of truth, who proceedeth from 
 
 (15) Not only shall you be persecuted like me, but you shall be persecuted on my ac- 
 count. The first is a source of consolation for your pains, the second is a subject of joy 
 and of triumph in the midst of the greatest contumely. Tkey indeed went from the pres- 
 ence of the council, rejoicinff that tkey were accounted worthy to suffer reproach for the 
 name of Jesus (Acts v.). But let none of you suffer as a murderer, or a thief, or a 
 railer, or a coveter of other men's things (I. Pet. iv. 15). 
 
 (16) They know one God, the Creator of Heaven and of Earth, but they do not know 
 him only as the Father of Jesus Christ, since they disown his Son ; nor as the Author 
 of Christ's mission, since they reject his Envoy. They do not know God, since they do 
 not recognize him ; that is to say, since they do not acknowledge his power in the mira- 
 cles of Jesus Christ, or his sanctity in the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 
 
 (17) Nothing is more rare than direct hatred towards God, nothing is more common 
 than indirect hatred. We hate God indirectly, as legislator and as judge, when we hate 
 the law which he imposes upon us, and his justice which punishes the transgression of 
 that law. Hatred of the religion which he has revealed, of the Church which he has 
 founded, of the ministers whom he has established, is, of all indirect hatred, that which 
 approaches nearest to direct hatred. 
 
 (18) All the woiks which God produces exteriorly are equally the work of the three 
 divine persons. However, it often happens that we attribute them, by appropriation, to 
 one of the three. Thus, Creation is attributed to the Fatlier, Redemption to the Son, 
 and Sanctification to the Holy Ghost. We say, with reference to one of the pei-sons, 
 that this person is sent, when the divine work is one of tliose operations which are ap- 
 propriated to him ; which, however, is s.iid only with reference to the pei"S(jns who pro- 
 ceed. Thus, llio Son is sent by the Fath(;r from whom he proceeds, and the Holy Ghost 
 
 31 
 
482 THE lUSTOEY OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 the Father, he shall give testimony of me ; and you shall give testi- 
 mony, because you are with me from the beginning (19). 
 
 («) " These things" which you shall have to suiFer with me, and 
 for me, " have I spoken to you, that you may not be scandalized." 
 You must, therefore, be prejiared to bear it. " They will put you 
 out of the synagogues. Yea, the hour cometh, that whosoever kill- 
 
 (a) St. John, xvi. 1-15. 
 
 is sent by the Father and by tlie Son ; but the Fatlier fi'om whom the two other persons 
 proceed, and who proceeds from no one, is never said to be sent. But if the Son said 
 of himself, the spirit of the Lord is upon me, * * he hath sent me to evangelize the poor, 
 it should only be understood with reference to the Saviour's humanity, according to which 
 he might in reality have been sent by the Holy Ghost ; for if we merely consider in him 
 the divinity, as he is the principle of the Holy Ghost who proceeds from him, it is he 
 who sends the Holy Ghost, as he says expressly in this passage, and it is no longer per- 
 missible to say that the Holy Ghosfsent him. 
 
 This expression, whom I loill send yoii, has always been made use of to prove that the 
 Holy Ghost proceeds /j-oto the Son. And as it is said, immediately after, who proceed- 
 ethfrom the Father, we have in this single text the refutation of two heresies, viz., of 
 that which made the Holy Ghost proceed from the Son and not from the Father, and 
 of that which made him proceed from the Father and not from the Son. It is well 
 known that the second is the heresy of the Greeks : the first is but httle known. 
 Saint Basil has opposed it in Eunoraius, as may be seen lib. II. contra Eunomium, 
 in fine. 
 
 (19) St. Augustin says that the testimony rendered by the apostles is the testimony 
 of the Holy Ghost, which is here spoken of. That is true, but it is not all. Indeed, the 
 Holy Ghost directed and inspired the apostles in tlie testimony which tliey rendered to 
 Jesus, according to this expression : It is not you who speak ; it is the spirit of your Fa- 
 the}- toho speaketh in you. And in this sense the testimony of the apostles is also that of 
 the Holy Ghost. But this divine Spirit hath also rendered his particular testimony ut- 
 terly independent of that of the apostles : this occurred when he descended upon them 
 in the form of fiery tongues, and communicated to them the gift of language. He re- 
 peated this testimony every time lie descended in a visible manner upon the newly bap- 
 tized Christians, and communicated to them the same gift. Such is the divine testimony 
 which was rendered by the Holy Ghost. The testimony of the apostles, inasmuch as 
 they were inspired by the same spirit, was also divine. But it was, at the same time, 
 human testimon}' founded upon that which they had heard with their ears, seen with 
 their eyes, and touched with theh- hands, as Saint John expresses himself (I. Ep. i.). 
 And it is in this sense that Jesus Christ thus speaks of it, when he says : You shall give 
 testimony, because you are with me from the beginning. The first testimony was neces- 
 sary, in order to oblige men to believe divine truths ; the second was accommodated to 
 the nature of man, and to his manner of proceeding in the verification of facts, viz., proof 
 by witness. The combination of both leaves no species of testimony wanting to Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
CHAP. LXI.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 483 
 
 etli you will think that he doth a service to God (20). And these 
 things will they do to you, because they have not known the Father 
 nor me. But these things I have told you, that when the hour shall 
 come, you may remember that I told you of them. 
 
 " But I told you not these things fi-om the beginning (21), because 
 I was with you," and that, supported by my presence, you had no 
 need of being cautioned ; besides, that the fii'st effects of thLs hatred 
 must fall upon me alone. " Now I go to him that sent me, and none 
 of you asketh me, Whither goest thou V I know that this is not 
 from indifference. " But because I have spoken these things to you, 
 sorrow hath [^sol filled your heart," that you have not strength to 
 speak. "But I tell you the truth." However advantageous my 
 presence may be to you, "it is expedient to you that I go (22); for 
 if I go not, the Paraclete will not come to you; but if I go, I 
 will send him to you (23). And when he is come, he will con- 
 
 (20) Christian and Catholic magistrates and princes have believed that they rendered 
 a seri-ice to God by persecuting, as impious men, those who opposed the Christian and 
 CathoUc faith, and in this they were not deceived. On the other band, infidel or heretic 
 nilers have imagined that they sened God when persecuting tliose who professed or de- 
 fended the" Christian or Catholic faith, and in beheving so they were grievously mistaken. 
 It is not so much the pain endured as the cause for which it is endured, which consti- 
 tutes the difference between the martyr and the obdurate fauatic. In lilie manner, it is 
 not the pain inflicted, but the cause for which it is inflicted, which makes the difference 
 between the impious persecutor and the zealous defender. God is so just that he will 
 take ignorance as some excuse for the enemies of his religion, and even for the murder- 
 ers of his prophets ; Forgive tliem, for (hey know not what they do. He is so patient 
 that he spares even those who dare to say tliat the defence of his cause concerns only 
 himself, and that princes (though his vicegerents on earth) have no right to interfere on 
 his behalf. 
 
 (21) .Jesus Christ had already foretold more than once to his disciples the persecu- 
 tions which they should have to encounter. What he here tells them for the first time 
 is, that tiiey shall be persecuted and put to death, because thej- sliall be regarded as im- 
 pious and enemies of God ; which scornful imputation and unmerited punishment must, 
 of course, be very distressing to these \nrtuous men. It is to this latter circumstance 
 that we may refer these words : / told you not these things from the beginning. 
 
 (22) The apostles could only be indemnified for the loss of a God by the coming of a 
 God. Therefore the Holy Ghost is God, says Saint Chrysosfom, who drew this conclu- 
 sion against Maccdonius. 
 
 (23) It might, indeed, have occurred that tlie Holy Ghost should come, and that 
 Jesus Christ should send him, although Jesus Christ did not quit the earth; but this 
 would not have been in accordance with the order of the divine decrees. According to 
 this order, each of the persons was to appear in his turn in the work of the divine re- 
 
484 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART U. 
 
 vince (24) the world of sin, and of justice, and of judgment" — that is to 
 say (if we may venture to interpret such mysterious words), when the 
 Paraclete comes, he shall convince the world that it is sinful (25), that 
 I am just, or rather, that I am justice itself, and that on the day of 
 the last judgment, I, who am to be its judge, because I am the con- 
 queror and the judge of its prince — I shall display before its eyes 
 the overwhelming contrast of its crimes with my innocence, and of 
 my justice with its iniquity. Thus the world shall know at last 
 what it is, what I am, and what it has to expect. 
 
 The Holy Ghost will, therefore, convince the world " of sin," adds 
 the Saviour, reverting to what he had already said, " because they 
 believed not in me ; of justice, because I go to the Father, and you 
 shall see me no longer (26) ; and of judgment, because the prince of 
 this world is already judged (27)." 
 
 demption and of the sanctification of men. The Father had commenced it by sending 
 his only Son, and by uniting him to human nature through the incai-nation. The incar- 
 nate Word had enlightened the world by his doctrine, and redeemed it by his death ; it 
 was necessary that he should disappear, and that he should leave, if we may venture so 
 to speak, the world unoccupied, so that the Holy Ghost might exhibit himself therein in 
 his quality of man's sanctifier, and as the consummator of the work of the Father and 
 the Son. We also deduce from hence the divinity of the Holy Ghost, for there was no 
 one but a God who could perfect the work of God. 
 
 (24) To convince, signifies to give proof sufficiently conclusive not to leave any reason- 
 able ground of objection. This does not hinder people from being still incredulous, but 
 it renders them inexcusable. 
 
 The most conclusive of all proof which the apostles gave, were the miracles which the 
 Holy Ghost operated through their ministiy. 
 
 (25) All men are sinners, and cease to be so only by faith in Jesus Christ. Where- 
 fore those who do not believe in Him, remain necessarily and irremediably sinful. 
 
 (26) Jesus Christ, by quitting the earth and ascending into heaven by his o'wn power, 
 hii5 shown that he was more than man, and very far from being, as the world had con- 
 sidered him, merely a sinful man, and guilty to the extent of deserving extreme punishment. 
 
 (27) The prince of this world is the devil. Dispossessed of the temples wherein he 
 was adored ; reduced to silence in the places where he had delivered his oracles, or to 
 tlie forced confession of Jesus Chi-ist's divinity by the mouth of demoniacs from whose 
 bodies he was expelled — this spirit of darkness was manifestly vanquished, and, conse- 
 quently, judged and condemned. Tlierefore the world, his worshipper and his slave, 
 could no longer avoid being judged and condemned in its turn. 
 
 These three traths, proved by the apostles, that is to say, by the Holy Ghost, who 
 inspired the preaching of the apostles, and who was the author of their miracles, proved 
 also those truths which Jesus Christ has just proposed, taken in the sense that we have 
 given to them. 
 
CHAP. LuSl.] OF OUR LOKD JiSUS CHRIST. 485 
 
 By these last words the Saviour entered into mysterie»! wliich 
 were as yet beyond the reach of the disciples. This it is which 
 makes him then say to them : " I have yet many things to say to 
 you (28), but you cannot bear them now. But," he adds, in order 
 to increase in them the desire of the coming of the Holy Ghost, by 
 inspiring them with the desire of being thoroughly instructed in all 
 Avhich it behooved them to know — " but when he, the Spirit of truth, 
 is come, he will teach you all truth ; for he shall not speak of him- 
 self; but what things soever he shall hear he shall speak (29), and 
 the things that are to come he shall show you (30). He shall 
 glorify me, because he shall receive of mine, and shall show it to 
 you (31)." 
 
 It is true that all which he has comes from the Father ; but " all 
 things whatsoever the Father hath are mine : therefore I said that 
 he shall receive of mine, and shall show it to you." 
 
 These words are easily undei-stood, if the Son be the principle of 
 the Holy Ghost ; but if he were not, they would be unintelligible. 
 The procession of the divine persons is, therefore, clearly known, and 
 we may say that the Saviour here completes the revelation thereof. 
 
 (28) See note 13, page 480, Part II. 
 
 (29) The Holy Ghost spoke only what he heard from the Son, as tlie Son only does 
 what he sees the Father do : figures of speech which signify that the Holy Ghost re- 
 ceives knowledge from the Son as the Son receives power from tlie Father. 
 
 (.30) The gift of prophecy is promised by these words. The apostles had it, and they 
 were not the only individuals who had it, since Saint Paul distinguishes different classes 
 of apostles, of prophets, of doctors, (fee. The apostles combined within themselves all 
 these qualities which are found dirided amongst others. 
 
 (31) The Holy Ghost received from the Son all divine knowledge with the divine essence. 
 But he has not communicated it all to the apostles, human nature being incapable of re- 
 ceiving such a communication ; and it is with reference to the portion which he commu- 
 nicates to them that the Saùour said : He shall receive of mine, and shall show it to you, 
 which is tantamount to this : He shall receive from me what he shall announce to you. 
 
486 THE HISTOKY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 CHAPTEE LXn. 
 
 THE END OF THE DISCOUESE. — JOT PROMISED AFTER SORROW. — JESUS PRATS FOR 
 HIMSELF AND FOR HIS DISCIPLES. 
 
 Consoled in their sufferings by the visit and by the gifts of the 
 Holy Ghost, the disciples shall also be finally consoled by their re- 
 union with their beloved Master. The expectation thereof was not 
 to be of very long duration ; it was only to last during this life, so 
 short in itself, and which is merely a moment, if we compare it with 
 eternity. It is apparently in this sense that Jesus fm-ther said to 
 them : (a) " A little while, and now you shall not see me ; and 
 again a little while, and you shall see me ; because I go to the Fa- 
 ther." 
 
 The first of these two periods is that which was to elapse before 
 his ascension. The second period was from the ascension of the Sa- 
 viour till the death of the apostles — that day when he was to re- 
 ceive them with open arms, and carry up unto his very throne their 
 souls, then victorious over hell and the world. What he adds con- 
 cerning his return to the Father refers to two things. Inasmuch as 
 he was soon to ascend thither, his disciples must then lose sight of 
 him ; but inasmuch as he went thither for the purpose of preparing 
 a place for them, his departure was to them a guarantee for his re- 
 turn, and the cause of their afiliction became the foundation of their 
 hope. All this had been announced, but not developed ; and if it 
 had for the disciples the certainty of oracles, it had also their obscu- 
 rity, at least for the majority amongst them. " Then some of his 
 disciples said one to another : What is this that he saith to us ? A 
 little while and you shall not see me ; and again a little while and 
 you shall see me ; and because I go to the Father. They said, 
 therefore: What is this that he saith? We know not what he 
 speaketh." 
 
 " Jesus knew that they had a mind to ask kim, and he said to 
 
 (a) St. John, xvi. 16-33. . 
 
CHAP. LXn.] OF OUK LOKD JESUS CHEIST. 487 
 
 tliem : Of this do you inquire among yourselves, because I said : A 
 little while and you shall not see me ; and again a little while and 
 you shall see me. Amen, amen, I say to you, that you shall lament 
 and weep, but the world shall rejoice ; and you shall be made sor- 
 rowful, but your sorrow shall ]je turned into joy." 
 
 AYithout fixing the duration of these two periods, Jesus makes 
 them understand that the time of his absence shall be one of afflic- 
 tion to them, which affliction shall be followed by joy at his return. 
 Their condition in this respect is very different from that of the 
 lovers of the world, who commence -n-ith joy and end with sorrow. 
 Let the Saviour's disciples, therefore, leave the lovers of the world 
 to revel in their short and frivolous joys ; and, instead of regarding 
 them with envy, let them consider that the evils of the present life 
 are like unto the labor by which they bring forth a second life, 
 which is to be one of infinite joy and endless haj^piness, as the Saviour 
 makes manifest by this comparison, which should serve as a cousoL;- 
 tion to all just souls laboring under sorrow or affliction : '' A woman, 
 when she is in labor, hath sorrow, because her hour is come ; but 
 M-hen she hath brought forth the chUd, she remembereth no more 
 the anguish, for joy that a man is born into the world. • So also you 
 now, indeed, have sorrow ; but I will see you again, and your heart 
 shall rejoice ; and your joy no man shall take from you. And in 
 that day you shall not ask me any thing (1)." 
 
 But when once they are separated from a master so beneficent 
 and so powerful, to whom shall they have recourse in their necessi- 
 ties ? The Saviour is about to relieve them from ' this last anxiety. 
 Tliere is a means of obtaining more fav^ors in his absence than they 
 did obtain during the time that he dwelt amongst them. This 
 means, hitherto unknown, was at last to be manifested to the world. 
 Jesus, who had already indicated it, makes it thoroughly known by 
 these words : " Amen, amen, I say to you, if you ask the Father any 
 
 (1) If we refer this expression to wLat has been previously said, it will signify, you 
 shall ask tne no further questioM. If we connect it with what immediately follows, it 
 will mean, you shall make 7io further prayer to me. The majority of interpreters follow 
 the first of these explanations. Those who see God face to face, no longer desire any 
 information. It is true tliat they have no longer any wants to expose ; but if they can 
 no longer pray for themselves, they may still pray, and do incessantly pray, for us. 
 
488 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART II. 
 
 thing in my name, lie will give it to you." Accustomed to address 
 your prayei's to me alone, " hitherto you have not asked any thing 
 in my name. Ask, and you shall i-eceive, that your joy may be 
 full," by the enth-e accomj^lishmeut of your desires. 
 
 Jesus at last terminates this long instruction with the renewed 
 promise of a clearer manifestation of the divine secrets: "These 
 things, said he, I have spoken to you in proverbs : the hour cometh 
 when I will no more speak to you in proverbs, but will show you 
 plainly of the Father," either by myself or by the Spirit whom I 
 shall send to you. " In that day you shall ask in my name ; and I 
 say not to you that I will ask the Father for you (2) ;" even were 
 it possible that I did not do so, you would still be heard ; " for the 
 Father himself loveth you, because you have loved me (3), and have 
 believed that I came out from God. I came forth from the Father, 
 and am come into the world ; again, I leave the world, and I go to 
 the Father (4)." 
 
 The Saviour had often before spoken as clearly as he has just 
 done, and, notwithstanding, he had not been understood. But 
 "whether the repetition of the same things had rendered them more 
 intelligible, or whether he had accom2)anied his last words with an 
 extraordinary light, which supplied the defect of capacity in his 
 hearers, " His disciples say to him : Behold, now thou speakest plain- 
 
 (2) Jesus Christ, in heaven, is always living to make intercession for us (Heb. vii.). 
 However, the Church never says to him, as to the saints, 2Jray for us, but have mercy 
 on us. The reason is, says the Abbé Rupert, because the intercession of Jesus Christ is 
 not like that of the saints, an humble and suppliant prayer, but a representation of our 
 wants and of liis rights made by Him who, although he made himself Uke to us, is not 
 the less equal to God. 
 
 (3) The love which God has for us necessarily precedes that which we have for God. 
 We never could love him if he did not first love us. But our love makes hini love us 
 still more. Perhaps it might be more desirable to say that the first love which God en- 
 tertained towards us was merely beneficence, and that our love causes the love of com- 
 placency to succeed to this beneficence, in the heart of God ; and it is with Keference to 
 this second love that it is said : My Fatlter loveth you because you have loved me. 
 
 (4) The Word was in the world before he left the bosom of the Father ; and he did 
 not quit his Father's bosom when he appeared to leave it, in order to come into the 
 world. Always and everywhere present by his immensity, be merely manifested himself 
 where he had not been visible. The Man- God has not quitted the world, though he 
 left it to return to his Father ; always present upon earth under the eucharistie species, 
 he merely ceased to be visible where he had before been visible. 
 
CHAP. LXn.] OF OUR LORD JEtiUS CHRIST. 489 
 
 ly, and speakeot no proverb. !Now we know that thou knowest all 
 things, and thou needest not that any man should ask thee : l)y this 
 we believe that thou comest forth from God. Jesus answered them : 
 Do you now believe ?" I know that you do ; but such is stUl the 
 feebleness of your faith, that " behold the hour cometh, and it is now 
 come, that you shall be scattered every man to his own, and shall 
 leave me alone ; and jet I am not alone, because the Father is with 
 me." And, in order to keep before theu- eyes the principal object 
 of his discourse, he closed with these words : " These things I have 
 spoken to you, that in me you may have peace," fi'om the certainty 
 that nothing shall occur, either to you or to me, Avhich shall not 
 eventually turn out to my advantage and to yom"s. " In the world 
 you shall have distress ; but have confidence, I have overcome the 
 world (5)." 
 
 (a) " These things Jesus spoke, and lifting up his eyes to heaven, 
 he said : Father, the houi- is come ; glorify thy Son, that thy Son 
 may glorify thee, as (6) thou hast given him power over all flesh (7), 
 
 (o) St. John, x^-ii. 1-26. 
 
 (5) The world was not entirely disarmed by the victoiy which Jesus Christ achieved 
 over it ; but it Ls so weakened thereby, that it can conquer those only who do not choose 
 to defend themselves. 
 
 Wliat strength the world still retains has been left to it only in order to signalize the 
 courage of its conquerors, and its weakness is the reproach of those who become its 
 slaves. 
 
 (6) ..4» relates to this expression, Glorify thy Son; it expresses the measure of the 
 glory for which Jesus Christ asks. This glory must be proportioned to the power which 
 his Father has coniniunicaU-d to him. Now this power being extended over all flesh, 
 that is to say, unhmited, it is fitting that the glory which accompanies it should also be 
 unlimited, because Christ Jesus humbled himself, becominy obedient unlo death, even unto 
 the death of the Cross; God also hath exalted him, and hath given him a name which w 
 above all names, that at tite name of Jesus every knee should bow of those that are in licav- 
 en, on earth, and under the earth, and that every tongue should confess that the Lord Jesus 
 Christ is in the glory of God the Father (Philip, ii.). 
 
 (7) We find in the text, all Jlesh, an expression by which interpreters have always un- 
 derstood, all men. It is subsequentlv said, t/iat he may give eternal life to all whom thou 
 hast given him. He gives, therefore, eternal life to all tk-sli — that is to say, to all men, 
 whicii shows that he does not here speak of eternal life consummated, but only of eter- 
 nal life commenced, or as Sainf Cyril explains it, of the root and origin of eternal life, 
 viz., the knowledge of one true God, and of Jesus Christ in the quahty of Messiah, as 
 the Saviour himself is about to inform us. Such b the eternal life which he has given 
 
490 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART II. 
 
 that he may give eternal life to all whom thou hast given him. Now 
 this is eternal life : That they may know thee the only true God, 
 and Jesus Christ, whom tliou hast' sent (8). I have glorified tliee 
 on earth ; I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do ; 
 and now glorify thou me, O Father, with thyself, with the glory 
 which I had, before the world was, with thee (9)." 
 
 Aftei- having prayed for himself, he is now going to pray foi- his 
 disciples. The greater length of the discourse, and the exquisite 
 tenderness of the expressions, would almost make us believe that he 
 takes a greater interest in their happiness than in his own. It is, 
 therefore, exclusively for them that he thus continues to address his 
 Father : " I have manifested thy name to the men whom thou hast 
 given me out of the world. Thine they were, and to me thou hast 
 given them ; and they have kept thy word. Now, they have known 
 that all things which thou hast given me are from thee ; because the 
 words thou gavest me I have given to them : they have received 
 them, and have known in very deed that I came out from thee, and 
 they have believed that thou didst send me. I pray for them ; I 
 
 to all men — that is to say, which he has offered to them, so that on his side nothing has 
 been wanting which was necessary in oider that all men miglit obtain it. 
 
 (8) Eternal life, that is to say, faitli, which is the root thereof, has for fundamental 
 dogmas the existence of one only God, and the mission of Jesus Christ as Saviour of the 
 woild. The second dogma was to be proposed to the Jews, who already believed the 
 first, and both were to be proposed to the Gentiles, who were ignorant of both. 
 To recognize the Father as the only true God is not excluding from the divinity they 
 who constitute one and the same God with the Father. The Son and the Holy Ghost 
 are not, therefore, excluded by this text ; and the Arians, who sought to avail themselves 
 of it, could turn it to no account. 
 
 If Jesus Christ is the ambassador of God, we should, therefore, have faith in all his 
 words, and believe that he is God, if he has elsewhere said that he is God. Wherefore 
 all that could be concluded from this text is, tjiat the divinity of Jesus Christ is neither 
 proved nor contradicted by it, and we are not the less bound to beheve it, supposing that 
 it is proved by other texts. 
 
 The Ancient Fathers have proved the divinity by this same text. They translate it 
 thus : This is eternal life, that they may know thee, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast 
 sent, as the cmly true God. There is nothing objectionable in this interpretation ; and 
 when Saint Athanasius employed it against Arius, the latter knew not how to answer. 
 
 (9) Before the creation of the world, the Word was with God, where he possessed the 
 glory which belongeth to the only Son of the Father. He asks that his humanity may 
 be associated in this glory, and that the uncreated Word may be recognized in the splen- 
 dor of the Word incarnate. 
 
CHAP. LXn.] OF OUR LORB Ji:SCS CHRIST. 491 
 
 pray not for the world (10), but for tliem whom thou hadst given 
 me, because they are thine." He said this, speaking as man ; but 
 he speaks as God when he adds : " All my things are thine, and 
 thine are mine: I am glorified in them (11)." 
 
 Let us not be surprised at seeing him urge so many motives in 
 order to induce his Father to love them and to take them under his 
 pi'otectiou ; they are about to be deprived of his presence, and of 
 the sensible support which they had found therein. " Now I," said 
 he, "am not in the world, and these are in the world, and I come to 
 thee. Holy Father, keep them in thy name (12), whom thou hast 
 given me, that they may be one (13) as we also are. While I was 
 with them, I kept them in thy name. Those whom thou gavest me 
 have I kept ; and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition (1-4), 
 that the Scripture may be fulfilled (15). And now I come to thee, 
 
 (10) Jesus Christ does not here pray for the incredulous and perverse world, but for 
 his disciples who had faith and justice. Thus it is that he asks for them what it is suit- 
 able to ask for jusl and faithful men, rà., perseverance in faith and justice, and the con- 
 summation of charity. Upon the cross lie shall a.sk for the wicked and for the impious 
 what sliould first be asked for this class of men, viz., the pardon of their sins, the first 
 effect of which is the justification of sinners. 
 
 (1 1) The glory which he had hitherto derived from them was so inconsiderable, one 
 would almost ventiu-e to say that it was scarcely worth speaking of. In the same way 
 he has just been praising them for ha\ing believed in his word, although their faith was 
 so unsettled^ and for having practised the duties which he inculcated, although their vir- 
 tue was so imperfect tliat lie had been obliged often to reproach them with the weakness 
 of both their faith and their ^-irtue. This conduct is just like that of a tender and en- 
 lightened mother who points out their faults to her children, in order that they may cor- 
 rect ihi-ra, and entertains their father with an account of those praiseworthy and virtu- 
 ous <]ualities which may make him love them. 
 
 (1-2) That is to say, for the gloiy of thy name. P. De Ligny translates into French, 
 à cause de cotre nom, because of thy name. The note states that others translate, par 
 la verlu de voire nom, or by virtue of thy name ; and that we may choose between both 
 meanings. 
 
 (13) In order that they may be one and the same thing by union of heart, as we are 
 one and the same thing by unitv of nature. 
 
 If they have charity, tliey shall have all the virtues ; and if they shall remain perfect- 
 ly united, they are assured of all success. And, indeed, Jesus Christ seems to sum up 
 in charily all that he asks for them from his Father. 
 
 (14) An individual may have been given by the Father to Jesus Christ, and neverthe- 
 less be lost. 
 
 (15) It wiis necessary that he should be lost, since his loss was foretold in Scripture; 
 
492 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE - [PART II. 
 
 aud these things I speak in the world, that they may have my joy 
 filled in themselves (16). I have given them thy word, and the 
 world hath hated them (1*7), because they are not of the world, as 
 I am not of the woi'ld. I do not ask that thou take them away out 
 of the world, but that thou preserve them from evil (18). They 
 are not of the world, as I also am not of the world. Sanctify them 
 in truth. Thy word is truth (19). As thou hast sent me into the 
 world, I also have sent them into the world (20). For them I do 
 sanctify myself (21), that they also may be sanctified in truth. 
 
 " And not for them only do I pray, but for those also who, through 
 their word, shall believe in me ; that they also may be one, as thou, 
 Father, in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us (22), 
 
 but his loss had been foretold only because he was to perish by the free and volimtary 
 determination of his own heart. 
 
 (16) The joy which I shall have at seeing them preserved and sanctified ; or otherwise 
 that joy which they shall feel when they first experience, in my absence, the same effects 
 from your protection as when I was present with theni. We may choose between these 
 two explanations. 
 
 (n) A further reason why God should love them ; as the enemy of God and of Jesus 
 Christ hates them. 
 
 (18) God does much for virtuous people, whom he delivers by death from the dan- 
 gers and persecutions of the world. He does more for them whom he leaves therein 
 with grace to surmount those difficulties : the fii-st class constitute the just, the second 
 are the heroes of religion. 
 
 (19) This word is the evangelical law; Jesus Christ asks that his disciples may per- 
 fectly accomplish it : it alone produces true and perfect sanctity. * 
 
 (20) Jesus Christ is the ambassador of God, the apostles were the ambassadors of Je- 
 sus Christ ; the latter, in the name of God and of Jesus Christ, have sent their disciples, 
 who, in their tm'n, have sent others. The persons employed are different, but the souixe 
 of the mission is always the same, and the last bishop who shall be consecrated in the 
 Catholic Church shall have his mission from God as truly as Jesus Chiist had his. 
 
 The apostles sent into the world should be saints : first, in order to preserve them- 
 selves from the corruption of the world ; second, in order to sanctify the world by their 
 example, without which preaching seldom produces a salutary effect. Each of them 
 should be enabled to say: Be ye imitators of me, as I am of Jesus Christ. 
 
 (2 1 ) The sanctity of Jesus Christ is the source and the model of ours. Although as 
 God he was essentially holy, and although he was necessarily so as man personally united 
 to the Word, he still might not sanctify himself in the rigorous sense of this term, which 
 signifies to render one's self holy, but to produce acts of sanctity in the sight of men who 
 were to be sanctified by his merits and example. 
 
 (22) By means of Jesus Christ, who is one with God, and who has made himself 
 oiie with us, there is fonned of God, of Jesus Christ, and of us so intimate a union, 
 
CHAP. ;>xn.] OF orR lord jesus ciirist. 493 
 
 that the world may believe that thou hast sent me. And the glory 
 which thou hast given me, I have given to them (23), that they may 
 be one, as we also are one. I in them, and thou in me, that they 
 may be made peifect in one ; and that the world may know that 
 thou hast sent mè, and hast loved them, as thou hast also loved 
 me (24). Father, I wUl, that where I am, they also whom thou 
 hast given me may be with me, that they may see my glory, which 
 thou hast given me ; because thou hast loved me before the founda- 
 tion of the world. Just Father, the world hath not kno-mi thee ; 
 but I have known thee, and these have known that thou hast sent 
 me. And I have made known thy name to them, and will make it 
 known ; that the love wherewith thou hast loved me may be in 
 them, and I in them (2.5)." 
 
 that the term union scarcely suffices to express it, so that the term " Unity" seems to 
 be more proporh- applicable. The mystery shall be unveiled in Heaven ; the union of 
 the faithful is its image upon earth. Although the eye doth not perceive either God, 
 who is the soul and centre of it, or Jesus Christ, who is the connecting link, yet both 
 one and the other manifest themselves by the effects in which we recognize the author 
 of the law of charity, as we recognize the Creator by the works of creation. It is on 
 this account that the Saviour adds, that the world may believe that thou hast sent me. 
 Tiie world, in point of fact, has recognized him by this mark, and many an infidel who 
 had withstood the proof of miracles, could no longer resist that of charity. 
 
 (23) By this glory some understand the di\-ine filiation, others the apostolical mission, 
 and others still the participation of the body and blood of Jesus Christ. Some think that 
 the Saviour here means the gift by anticipation of eternal glory. We may as well ob- 
 serve in this place that we have omitted to explain several expressions in the Saviour's 
 pfeyer, which are taken in difierent senses by the Fathers and Catholic interpreters. All 
 these senses are good ; none of them is so manifestly the literal sense as to exclude the 
 other. To report them all would be merely multiplying commentaries, and then it is 
 scarcelv possible but that some one of these commentaries should present itself to those 
 who read with attention this admirable prayer, and it is natural that each individual 
 should be more affected by what occurs to his own mind, than by what might otiierwise 
 be suggested to him. 
 
 (24) God loves us with the same love with which he has loved Jesus Christ. It is 
 properly Jesus Christ whom he loves in us, and the love which he has for us is only an 
 extension of that which he has for Jesus Christ. 
 
 (2.5) This love is in them, because the love of the Father is no other than the Holy 
 Ghost who is really given to those whom God loves, with that special love by which 
 they are made his children. It is this which made Saint Paul say : The charity of God 
 M poured forth in our hearts by the Holy Ohost who is given to us (Rom. v.). 
 
494 THE HISTORY OF THE LIEE [PAKT H. 
 
 CHAPTER LXm. 
 
 QAEDEN OF OLIVES. KISS OF JUDAS.^ — SOLDIEES STEUCK DOWN. MALCHUS. JEStTS 
 
 IS APPREHENDED AND CONDtCTED TO ANNAS AND CAIPHAS. — THE BLOW. FALSE 
 
 WITNESSES.— CONFESSION OF JESUS CHKIST. 
 
 (a) " When Jesus had said these things," having nothing more to 
 do in this world but to suffer and to die, " he went forth with his disci- 
 ples over the brook Cedron. He went, according to his custom, to the 
 Mount of Olives ; and his disciples also followed him. Then Jesus 
 came with them into a country place w^hich is called Gethsemani, 
 where there was a garden, into which he entered with his disciples. 
 And Judas also, who betrayed him, knew the place ; because Jesus 
 had often resorted thither together wdth his disciples." Very far 
 from avoiding the traitor, he advanced to meet him ; and as the mo- 
 ment of the combat drew nigh, (h) " He said to his disciples ; Sit you 
 here, till I go yonder and pray ; pray [ye also], lest ye enter into 
 temptation. And [leaving the others behind] he taketh Peter, and 
 James, and John with him, and he began to grow sorrowful (1), and 
 to be sad. And he saith to them : My soul is sorrowful even unto 
 death (2) ; stay you here, and watch wàth me. And going a little 
 
 (a) St. John, xviii. 1,2; St. Luke, (6) St. Matthew, xxvi. 36-38, 39 ; St. 
 
 xxii. 39 : St. Matthew, xxvi. Luke, xsii. 40-44 ; St. Mark, 
 
 36. xiv. 33, 34-36. 
 
 (1) He began to feel sorrow and also fear. He might experience both these senti- 
 ments, because he was man ; but because he was the Man-God, he felt them only at the 
 moment and in the degree that he wished, and these feelings ceased when he command- 
 ed them to depart from him. If this be weakness, we may teim it the weakness of a 
 God ; and the power of mastering his passions when at this height, evinced greater 
 strength tlian if he were utterly devoid of passions. 
 
 This is properly the passion of the Saviour's soul. Man had sinned in his body and in 
 his soul. Fear and sonow are not sins ; these two feelings are no imperfections in him 
 who was one tempted in all things like as we are, without sin^Ueh. iv. 15). 
 
 Neither is it beneath the Man-God to feel the bitterness of sorrow, any more than it 
 was to endure pain when scourged and crucified, since in realitj' both one and the other 
 is grief, and it is still the soul which feels. 
 
 (2) My soul is sorrowful, and it will be so until the moment of my death ; or else my 
 
CHAP. LXrn.] OF OUB LORD JESUS CHRIST. 495 
 
 fui'ther, he was withdrawn away from them a stone's cast ; and kneel- 
 ing down, he prayed, saying : Father, if thou wilt, remove this chal- 
 ice from me. But yet not my will, but thine be done. And being 
 in agony, he prayed the longer ; and he saith : («) Abba, Father, all 
 thiugs are possible to thee ; remove the chalice from me, but not 
 what I will, but what thou wilt (3). And his sweat became as drops 
 of blood trickling down upon the ground (4)." 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xiv. 36. 
 
 sorrow is like to that which is felt at the moment of death ; or else again, I am so sor- 
 rowful as to be almost dying with sorrow. The last of these three explanations is the 
 most natural and most generally followed. 
 
 It is very dithcult to reconcile this sorrow with the intuitive vision of God. Was he 
 sorrowful without any mixture of joy, or did he experience the two opposite extremes of 
 joj- and sonow ? Some interpreters advance the first proposition ; others, the second ; 
 neither appears impossible. God, by his omnipotence, might have separated the effect 
 from the cause — that is to say, that whilst preserving the intuitive \Tsion in the Saviour's 
 soul, he might hinder this vision from producing the joy which is the natural effect there- 
 of. On the other hand, we know by experience that two different causes may produce 
 at the same time, in the same person, great sorrow and great joy ; and it is in this way 
 that we commonly conceive the state to which Jesus Christ was reduced during his agony. 
 
 (3) Provided we have that entire resignation to the will of God, we may be sensible of 
 our woes, lament them, ask God to deUver us from them, and, in the heavy affliction of 
 nature, seek for solace in the company of virtuous friends. AU that is not incompatible 
 with patience, nor even with the most perfect patience, since Jesus Christ has done it. 
 
 /■There is a mode of suffering which is apparently more courageous. Jesus Christ 
 has chosen this in preference to it, because this is more humiliating, and he wished to 
 lower himself — more painful, and he wished to suffei- — more proportioned to our weak- 
 ness, and he wished to instruct us. We may exhort each other to suffer in this way, 
 and in doing so we do not exhort our friends to suffer with joy, because joj' in suffering 
 is a miracle which God operates or docs not operate, according to his good pleasure. 
 We may desire to possess this joy in suffering, supposing that it should please God to 
 produce it in us ; and we must know how to do without it, if God withholds it from us. 
 He sometimes produces this joy in the saints, in order to make patience more easy to 
 them, and sometimes he does not produce it, in order that he may leave them the whole 
 merit of patience. Saint Paul said (II. Cor. vii.), I exceedingly abound with joy in all 
 our tribulation. He had said previously, speaking of wliat he liad to suffer in Asi.i ; 
 We would not have you ignorant, brethren, of our tribulation, which came to «« in Asia ; 
 we were pressed out of measure above our sUength, so that ice were weary even of life 
 (II. Cor. i.). 
 
 (4) Sweat is an effect of fear; this is not the only example which we know of fear 
 being so great as to be followed by a sweat of blood. We could not, therefore, decide 
 whether this sweat was or was not miraculous, unless we reckoned it a miracle of charity 
 in the Man-God to have reduced liimself for us to such a teirible extremity. 
 
496 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET II. 
 
 Then, as if tlie support of the divinity bad been utterly ■^\^tlldl•a^v^l 
 from the humanity, (a) " There appeared to him an angel fi-om heav- 
 en, strengthening him (5). And when he rose up from prayer, and 
 was come to his disciples, he found tliem sleeping for sorrow (6). 
 He said to Peter : Simon, sleepest thou ? couldst thou not watch one 
 hour with me ? Watch ye, and pray that ye enter not into tempta- 
 tion. The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak (7). Going 
 away again, he prayed, saying the same words : My Father, if this 
 chalice may not pass away, but I must drink it, thy will be done ; 
 and when he returned, he found them again asleep ; for their eyes 
 were heavy, and they knew not what to answer him. Leaving them, 
 he went again, and he prayed the third time, saying the self same 
 word. Then he cometh to his disciples, and saith to them : Sleep 
 ye now, and take your rest. Behold, the hour is at hand, and the 
 Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of sinners. Rise, let us 
 go ; behold, he is at hand that will betray me." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, sxii. 43-45 ; St. Mark, xiv. 3Y-39, 40 ; St. Matthew, xxvi. 40-42, 44-46. 
 
 (5) We are not informed what species of comfort he received from the angel. We 
 may conclude that this celestial messenger strengthened his body, by restoring to him 
 the vigor which the agony and the sweat of blood had caused him to lose. Apparently 
 he also strengthened his mind, by representing to him the principal motives which should 
 induce him to suffer, such as the restoration of his Father's gloiy, and the redemption 
 and salvation of men. The \-isit of the angel is also one of the circumstances from which 
 we infer that the human nature in Jesus Christ was then abandoned to all its sensibility. 
 
 (0) If the conduct of Jesus Christ teaches us that it is not forbidden to those who suf- 
 fer to seek human consolation, that of the apostles shows plainly the little reliance we 
 should place upon them. 
 
 When men fail to console us, let us return, like Jesus Christ, to God, who permits 
 men to fail in aftbi-ding us consolation, only in order to recall us more efl'ectually to him- 
 self, as the sole refuge and the only consolation of the afflicted. 
 
 (7) Those who deem themselves secure of victory because they are determined, as the 
 apostles were, to fight courageously, appear to be ignorant of two tmths, one of which 
 results from experience, and the other is a matter of faith. The first is, that there is a 
 wide difference between the will and the deed, and that the most courageous resolutions 
 when the enemy is out of sight, disappear at his approach. Such is the meaning here 
 conveyed by the weakness of the flesh opposed to the willingness of the spirit. The sec- 
 ond tiiith, which is a matter of faith, is, that if the good-will comes from grace, the exe- 
 cution should also proceed from the same source, pursuant to this expression of Saint 
 Paul : It is God who worketh in you, both to will and to accomplish (Philip, ii.). We 
 must, therefore, pray, in order that we may obtain the second grace, without which the 
 first remains inactive. 
 
CHAP. LXni.] OF OUR LORB JT-SCS CHRIST. 49T 
 
 (a) " As he spoke, behold a multitude, and he that was called Ju- 
 das, one of the twelve, went before them : ha^'ing received a band 
 of soldiers, and servants from the chief priests and the Pharisees, {he] 
 Cometh thither with lanterns, and torches, and weapons, and staves. 
 And he that 1 «etrayed him had given them a sign, sapng : WTioso- 
 ever I shall kiss (8), that is he ; lay hold of him, and lead him away 
 carefully. When he was come, immediately going up to Jesus, he 
 saith : Hail, Rabbi, and he kissed him." 
 
 The Lamb of God did not refuse this kiss, which was more cruel 
 than all the insults endiu'ed by him in his passion : instead of treat- 
 ing the wretch as his perfidy deserved, he was more aftected by the 
 loss of Judas than by his crime ; and seeking rather to save than to 
 confound him, (5) "Jesus said to him: Friend, whereto art thou 
 come ? Judas, dost thou betray the Son of man with a kiss ?" 
 
 These sweet words would have softened a tiger, and converted 
 any ordinary villain ; but a perverted apostle could not be otherwise 
 than the most wicked and the most hardened of all sinners. This 
 man, instead of casting himself at the feet of so good a master, re- 
 turned to his gang, and perhaps it was at this moment that he re- 
 ceived payment for his treachery. 
 
 They could no longer refuse it to him, since he had fully perform- 
 ed his promise. However, the Saviour was not yet taken ; it was 
 not fitting that he should be captured by surprise, and he was only 
 to be so arrested, because he wished it. (c) " Therefore, knowing 
 all things that should come upon him, he went forth and said to 
 them: Whom seek ye? They answered him: Jesus of Nazareth. 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxvi, 47 ; St. Luke, (J) St. Matthew, xxvi. 50 ; St. Luke, 
 
 xxii. 47; St. John, xviu. 3; St. xxii. 48. 
 
 Mark, xiv. 43-45. (c) St. John, xviii. 4. 
 
 (8) He had appointed this signal in order that Jesus Christ might not perceive that it 
 was meant as such. It was a custom amongst the Jews to kiss each other when they 
 met ; to fail in doing so was a mark of indifference, and perhaps of contempt. We have 
 seen the reproach which Jesus Christ made to Simon the Pharisee for hanng given him 
 no kiss (St. Luke, \ni.). 
 
 The primitive Christians still observed this custom, as wc learn from the Epistles of 
 the apostolic writers ; amongst us it is only obser^'ed b)' women. This custom is praise- 
 worthy, so long as it is confined to persons of the same sex ; otherwise it is an abuse, 
 the indecency of whicli can never be justified by custom. 
 
 32 
 
498 THE HISTORY OF TIEE LIFE [pART H. 
 
 Jesus saith to them : I am he. As soon, therefore, as he had said to 
 them : I am he ; they went backward, and fell to the ground." He 
 who Jhad cast them down, permitted them to arise immediately. 
 " Again, therefore, he asked them :^ Whom seek ye ? and they said : 
 Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus answered : I have told you that I am he. 
 If, therefore, you seek me, let these go their way," he added, point- 
 ing to his disciples, "that the word might be fulfilled which he 
 said: Of them whom thou hast given me I have not lost any 
 one (9)." 
 
 All that Jesus had determined to do previous to his apprehension 
 was now accomplished. He had made his enemies feel, by a single 
 word, that, alone and unarmed, he was stronger than a troop of arm- 
 ed men. He had permitted them to do to his person what they 
 never could have done without his permission, and by forbidding 
 them to touch those who had been given to him, he had showed the 
 bounds which his Almiglity hand had marked out for their fury, 
 (ff) "Then they came up, and held him (10)." 
 
 "They that were al)out him, seeing what would follow, said to 
 him : Lord, shall we strike with the sword ? Then Simon Peter, 
 having a sword, drew it," without waiting for the answer, and struck 
 the servant of the high priest, and cut off his right ear. The name 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxvi. 50, 52, 54 ; St. Luke, xxii. 49-51 ; St. John, xviii. 10, 11. 
 
 (9) This expression, which has been read, page 491, Part IL, is understood with ref- 
 erence to eternal life ; the application which Saint John here makes of it informs us that 
 the Saviour wished also to insinuate that none of his disciples should lose their life during 
 his passion. The prophecy was accomplished in two ways, and what is remarkable — 
 the exception of Judas took place in two senses — he alone lost the life of the soul and 
 the life of the body. What is guarded by God is, they say, well guarded. The com- 
 bined fury of Jews and Romans could not make the disciples lose a hair from their heads, 
 and he who had ranged himself on the side which appeared the strongest perished mis- 
 erahly. 
 
 God allows the wicked to prevail to a certain point ; but he strikes in his turn, and 
 his blows are so terrible that they make the stricken oppressor an object of compassion 
 even to the victims of his oppression. 
 
 (10) It is surprising that the miracle which had thrown them prostrate on the ground 
 did not make them enter into themselves. Miracles do not convert people who are gov- 
 erned by passion ; they only serve to render them more furious : so much for the mas- 
 ters. As to the servants, some of them do not think at all ; others only consider the in- 
 terest which they have in gratifying the passions of those who employ them. 
 
CHAP. LXm.] OF OUR LORD JISUS CTIRIST. 499 
 
 of the servant was Malclms. But Jesus said : Suffer ye thus far (11); 
 and when he had touched his ear he healed him (12). He [f^ién'\ 
 said to Peter : Put up thy sword into thy scabljard ; for all that 
 take the sword shall perish mth the sword (13). The chalice which 
 my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it ? Thinkest thou that 
 I cannot ask my Father, and he will give me presently more than 
 twelve legions of angels (14)? How then shall the Scriptures be 
 fulfilled, that so it must be done ?" 
 
 If the two miracles which Jesus Christ had just peifonned were 
 not sufficient to disarm the hatred which pursued him, they served 
 at least as proof that it lay with himself alone either to encounter 
 the effects thereof, or to guard himself against them. But, in order 
 thoroughly to con\'ince his enemies, he wished to make them under- 
 stand that if they then succeeded in rendering themselves masters 
 of his person, it was solely because he wished it. For, so' long as he 
 wished to avoid them, they had never been able to succeed, although 
 he was in the midst of them, and we may say in their very hands. 
 
 (11) (P. De Ligny translates into French thus: tenez vous en là, which signifies, "re- 
 main where you are." He appends the following note) : We have adopted the com- 
 mon explanation. The Latin words, Siniie usque hue, appear to signify more natural- 
 ly, laissez venir jusq'ici, let hira (or them) come hither, whether the Saviour alludes 
 to those who came to arrast him, or whether he speaks of Malchus, whom he wished 
 to approach him, in order that he might cure him by his touch. What makes this 
 latter interpretation highly probable are these words which follow immediately in Saint 
 Luke : And when lie had touched his ear he Iiealed him. 
 
 (12) A miracle of clemency succeeds one of terror. If they are neither frightened by 
 one nor affected by the other, will not the Lord have a right to say to them : What is 
 there that I ought to do more to my vineyard that I have not done to it? — (Isaias, v.) 
 
 (1.3) Shall perish, that is to say, shall deserve to perish. Jesus quotes the law, and 
 alludes apparently to that saying from Genesis, c. x. : Wftosoever shall shed mans blood, 
 his blood shall be shed. 
 
 (14) He had not obtained the request that the chalice of his passion should pass 
 awav from him : how could he obtain the twelve legions of angels in order to secure 
 himself against it? Our reply is a.s follows: Jesus freely consented to redeem mankind. 
 The Eternal Father commanded him, in consequence, to suffer death upon the cross — 
 the onlj' price which he would receive for our ransom. Jesus persisting in the wish to 
 save men, could not, therefore, be exempted from drinking the chalice, and this is the 
 reason wiiy he did not obtain his request in the Garden of Olives. But he could have 
 revoked this consent ; and if he had done so, his Father would immediately have armed 
 in his defence the entire host of heaven. 
 
5®0 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART H. 
 
 Therefore (a) "he said to the chief priests, and magistrates of the 
 temple, and the ancients, that were come mito him : Are you come 
 out as it were against a thief, with swords and staves to apprehend 
 me ? I was daily with you in the temple teaching, and you did not 
 lay liands on me ; but this is your hour (15), and the power of dark- 
 ness (16). Now all this was done, that the Scriptures of the proph- 
 ets might be fulfilled : then the disciples all leaving him, fled. A 
 certain young man followed him, having a linen cloth cast about his 
 naked body ; and they laid hold on him ; but he, casting off the 
 linen cloth, fled from them naked." 
 
 (i) " Then the band, and the tribune, and the servants of the Jews 
 took Jesus and bound him. They led him away to Annas first ; for 
 he was father-in-law to Caiphas, who was the high priest of that 
 year. Now, Caiphas was he who had given the counsel to the Jews 
 that it was expedient that one man should die for the people (lY). 
 Annas," satisfied with this mark of his son-in-law's respect, " sent him 
 bound to Caiphas the high priest (18). They led him to Caiphas 
 the high priest, where the Scribes and the ancients were assembled." 
 
 (a) St. Luke, sxii. 52, 53 ; St. Mark, xiv. (b) St. John, xviii. 12-14-24 ; St. Mat- 
 
 48, 49, 51, 52 ; St. Matt. xxvi. 56. thew, xxvi. 57. 
 
 (15) The world has its hour, and God his eternity. 
 
 (16) It is worthy of remark that, on an occasion when it was difficult to retain self- 
 possession, Jesus displays neither passion nor weakness. He speaks to all, to Judas, 
 to Peter, to the priests, and to their satellites, and he says to each what is suita- 
 ble for them ; he instructs and gives orders until the moment when he says to his ene- 
 mies words equivalent to these : Take me now ; I restrain you no farther. What strength 
 there is in this moderation ! 
 
 (17) The seizing of this young man gives reason for thinking that they had the design 
 of arresting the Saviour's disciples, if he had left it in their power. 
 
 (18) These words, Anna,s sent him hound to Caiphas, are' found in Saint John, iinrae- 
 diatoly after he has related the first denial of Saint Peter, and the blow given to the Sa- 
 viour by one of the high priest's servants ; which has made some interpreters think, and 
 amongst them even Saint Augustine, that both the blow and this first denial occurred at 
 the house of Annas. However, as the three denials are placed by the other evangelists 
 in the house of Caiphas, it has been a matter of inquiry how to reconcile them with 
 Saint John ; and the way to reconcile both statements has been obtained by observing 
 that the two events which we speak of are placed by Saint John in the house of him 
 whom he calls simply the high priest, after having been satisfied in saying of Annas that 
 he was son-in-law of the high priest. Now, to term a man high priest immediately after 
 having spoken of one as the high priest' s faihcr-in-laiv, is evidently speaking of the son- 
 
CHAP. LXOI.] OF OUR LORD JiSCS CHRIST. ' T,©! 
 
 (a) " And Simon Petei-," ashamed of his flight, and recovered a 
 little from his fear, "followed Jesus afar ofl', and so did another dis- 
 ciple. That disciple was known to the high priest, and went iu with 
 Jesus into the court of the high priest (19). But Peter stood i.t the 
 
 (u) St. John, s\-iii. 15, 16, 18 ; St. Mark, xiv. 54 ; St. Luke, xxii. 55 ; St. Matthew, 
 xxvi. 58. 
 
 in-law, after having spoken of the father-in-law. Saint John, therefore, places these 
 events in the house of Caiphas ; and if he says subsequently that Annas sent Jesus to 
 Caipha^, he does so in order to show that Jesus had been sent to the latter, after havmg 
 been conducted to Annas. 
 
 It was necessary that he should say this ; and if he had preNnously said so, there 
 would have been no difficulty in the matter ; but the diflBculty is obviated by his having 
 subsequently stated it. 
 
 In order to anticipate a difficulty which might be started, we shall remark that, from 
 the time that the Romans had rendered the Pontificate annual, the names of pontiflFs and 
 high priests were still given to those who had held the office during the preceding years. 
 But the title was given to them ouly when they were spoken of collectively, as of an 
 order of men rendered supeiior to common priests by the Pontificate with whicli they 
 had been invested. For when a person said simply the high priest or the pontiff, he 
 understood him only who actually held office. 
 
 (19) It is generally agreed that this disciple was Saint John; however, there is some 
 ground for doubting it. We know who Saint John was before he attached himself to 
 the Saviour — a young man of Galilee, the son of a poor fisherman, who, perhaps, had 
 never left his own countrj' until the time when he quitted his boat and his nets in order 
 to follow Jesus Christ. When and how could he have formed an acquaintiince with the 
 high priest, who was the first man of the nation, whilst he was a young man from the 
 very lowest class — a Galilean, despised on this account by the Jews properly speaking — 
 who had become odious to the whole sacerdotal order by his avowed atUichment to Je- 
 sus Christ, and had passed only a few days of his life in Jerusalem, during which he had- 
 not quitted his Master's sjde '? How could he have obtained sufficient consideration 
 from the domestics of the house to induce them to admit, through his rt'commerldation, 
 an unknown individual, at a time when every circumstance tfnded to e.vcite distrust, and 
 when it appeared, b_v Peter's exclusion, that distrust was reall)- entertained ? Is it not 
 more natunil to think that this was a concealed disciple, and on this account unsuspect- 
 ed — a man of condition, such as were Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea, who might 
 have been known to and respected by the high priest ? It is true that Saint John hap- 
 pened to be present at the crucifixion ; but does it follow that he had accompanied Jesus 
 from the time that he left the Garden of Olives? It is also true that it is written that 
 Peter followed from a distance, and with him another disciple ; which leads to the infer- 
 ence that this other disciple had started with Peter from ihe Garden of Olives, and, con- 
 sequentlj-, that he was one of the apostles, and, moreover, that he Wiis probably Saint 
 John. But is it still impossible that some disciple who might not have been one of the 
 apostles, may have joined Peter in the streets of Jerusjilcm, where the tumultuous prog- 
 ress of so many people might have caused him to inquire what was going forward, and 
 
502 THE mSTOKY OF THE LIFE [pART H. 
 
 door witliout. The otlier disciple, therefore, who was known to the 
 high priest, went out, and spoke to the portress, and brought in Pe- 
 ter even into the court of the high priest. Now, the servants and 
 ministers stood at a fire of coals (because it was cold), and warmed 
 themselves, when they had kindled the fire in the midst of the hall. 
 Going in, Peter sat with the servants, that he might see the end, and 
 warmed himself [at the fire] with them." 
 
 In the mean time, Jesus liad entered into the hall, where all his 
 enemies were assembled to sit in judgment upon him. It was sworn 
 that he should die ; but no action of his life gave cause for a just con- 
 demnation, (a) " The high priest, therefore, asked Jesus of his dis- 
 ciples and of his doctrine. Jesus answered him : I have spoken open- 
 ly to the world; I have always taught- in the synagogue, and in the 
 temple whither all the Jews resort, and in secret I have spoken noth- 
 ing (20). Why askest thou me? ask them who have heard what I 
 have spoken unto them. Behold, they know what things I have 
 said," added he, pointing out (as there is reason to believe) those 
 amongst the assembly who, having several times heard him, were in 
 a position to give evidence concerning his doctrine. 
 
 This answer was worthy of the Etei-nal Wisdom from whose lips 
 it came. An accused party is inadmissible as evidence in his own 
 favor ; and if the crime of which he is accused be public, it is easy 
 to prove it by witnesses. To decline this natural course was show- 
 ing too plainly that they were bent upon his destruction, and Jesus 
 owed it to truth and to his innocence to make this apparent. It is 
 true that he could not efifect this without making his judges feel that 
 they were in the wrong ; and as no one can ever be in the right with 
 impunity when arraigned before prejudiced judges, " when he had 
 said these things, one of the servants standing by gave Jesus a 
 
 (a) St. John, xviii. 19-23. 
 
 to be informed thereof by Peter ? It is, therefore, at least doubtful whether or not this 
 disciple was Saint John. 
 
 (20) Jesus Christ often taught his disciples in private. Nevertheless, he could say 
 with truth that he taught nothing in secret, because the doctrine which he taught in pri- 
 vate was the same as that which he taught in public : we are to understand that it was 
 substantially the same, and that he did but expound it further in the familiar discourses 
 which he had with his apostles. 
 
CHAP. LXIIL] of OUK LOKD JESUS CUBIST. 503 
 
 blow (21), saying: Answerest thou the liigli priest so? Jesus an- 
 swered him: K I have spoken evil (22), give testimony of the 
 evil (23) ; but it" well, why strikest thou me ?" 
 
 The judges approved, at least by their silence, of this most brutal 
 act. Nevertheless, what the Saviom- had said was so reasonable, that 
 they deemed themselves bound to proceed against him in the man- 
 ner which he himself had just proposed. Accordingly, («) " the 
 chief priests and the whole council sought false witness against Je- 
 sus, that they might put him to death, and they found not" any who 
 had even the semblance of truth, " whereas many false witnesses had 
 come in ; (b) for many bore false witness against him" — manifestly 
 false, " and their evidence were not agreeing. Last of all there came 
 two false witnesses, and they said : We heard him say : I am able to 
 destroy the temple of God, and after three days to rebuild it. I \\ill 
 destroy this temple made with hands, and within three days I will 
 build another not made with hands (24). And theii- witness did not 
 
 (o) St. Matthew, xxn. 59, 60. 
 
 (5) St. Mark, xiv. 56-58-61 ; St. Matthew, xxvi. 60, 61. 
 
 (21) We are ignorant whether this man is or is not saved ; but we know that he may- 
 have been saved, that is to say, we know that it is not impossible that he may enjoy in- 
 effable and eternal delight in the contemplation of that adorable face which he so gross- 
 ly outraged. Oh ! abyss of mercy, more profound and more impenetrable than all those 
 of justice. 
 
 (22) There arc circumstances wherein reason, justice, and sometimes even charity, 
 forbid you to present the left cheek to him who has strack you on the right. Jesus 
 Christ now foimd himself placed in just such a position. But circumstances shall soon 
 change ; and a thousand blows which he shall receive without averting his face, and 
 without uttering a single word, shall make it manifest that he has taught nothing which 
 he has not practiced. 
 
 (23) Amongst the various reasons which the Saviour might have had for replying to 
 the individual who had struck him, that wliich first presents itself is, that he did not 
 wish to let it be thought that he was deficient in respect towards the legitimate authori- 
 ties, even when they are persecuting and unjust. 
 
 We may give as a second reason that Jesus, wlio availed himself of every opportunity 
 of giving instruction, wishes to inform this man, who was a sort of beadle, tiiat he should 
 not abuse the right which the laws or common custom gave him to strike those who, 
 whUst answering the magistrates, deviated from the respect due to them. 
 
 (24) Jesus Christ had said (St. John, ii. 19): Destroy this temple, and in three days 
 I will raite it up. These words, / am able to destroy, and / will destroy, placed in- 
 stead of this word, destroy, were what chiefly rendered these men false witnesses. When 
 
504 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 agree. And tlie high priest rising up in the midst, asked Jesus, say- 
 ing: Answerest thou nothing to the things that are laid to thy 
 charge by these men ? But Jesus," sufficiently justified by the mu- 
 tual contradictions of his accusers, " held his peace, and answered 
 nothing." 
 
 He must speak, notwithstanding, because he must perish, and 
 they could no longer find a pretext for his condemnation except in 
 his own words ; (a) " Again [therefore] the high priest asked him, 
 and said to him : I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us 
 if thou be the Christ the Son of the blessed God." 
 
 Jesus might still remain silent, or get rid of a question so embar- 
 rassing by giving one of those answers with which he had so often 
 confounded the malice of his enemies ; but he wished on this occa- 
 sion to confess the truth of which he was to be the first martyr, and 
 the confession of which was to make so many martyrs after him. 
 Thus, although fully aware that it would cost him his life : " Thou 
 hast said it," he saith to him who summoned him to declare whether 
 he was the Christ : Yes, " I am." Then, addressing himself to all 
 those who were present, he adds : " Nevertheless, I say to you, here- 
 after you shall see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of the 
 power of God, and coming in the clouds of heaven (25)." 
 
 (b) " Then the high priest," concealing his joy under the appear- 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xiv. 61, 62 ; St. Matthew, xxvi. 63, 64. 
 (6) St. Matthew, x.\vi. 65, 66. 
 
 a person wishes to accuse and to condemn any one on account of his words, if he do 
 not report these words precisely as they came from the mouth or the pen of the accused, 
 the accuser is a false witness and an unjust judge. 
 
 (25) There is a profound meaning in these latter words. Jesus Christ does not utter 
 them solely for the purpose of intimidating his judges, by warning them that he shall 
 in his turn be their judge ; he informs them further, that every thing which has been 
 foretold with reference to his glorious coming shall have its fulfilment, and this took 
 away all pretext for their incredulity ; for the matter stands as if he said to them : You 
 think yourselves authorized not to acknowledge me, because I have not as yet one of 
 the principal characters appertaining to the Messiah foretold by the prophets ; but wait 
 a little — this mark shall appear as well as the others ; and in the mean time recognize 
 me in the humiliating state to which you see me reduced, since it is not less foretold 
 than that state of glory and of power which the Scripture truly announces, but the time 
 for it has not yet ariived. This supposes that Jesus Christ had proved elsewhere that 
 he was the true Messiah, and of this his miracles were more than sufficient proof. 
 
CHAP. LXIV.] OF OLK LORD JliJUS CHRIST. 505 
 
 ance of a hypocritical sorrow, "rent his garments (26), saying: He 
 hath bhisphemed ; what further need have we of witnesses ? Be- 
 hold, now you have heard the blasi^hemy ; what think you ? They 
 all answenng, said : lie is guilty of death (27)." 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 
 INSUXTS A>T) OtrrEAGES. DEXIAL OF SAINT PETEE, AND EOS TEAKS. ^JESIIS INTEE- 
 
 EOGATED A SECOÎO) TIME BT THE PEIESTS. REPENTANCE OF JtTDAS, AND HIS DE- 
 SPAIR. 
 
 After this firet examination they withdrew, postponing till the 
 following moruiug the conclusion of this affair — the successful issue 
 of which appeared no longer doubtful. Jesus was left in the custo- 
 dy of the servants and domestics. These satellites would have 
 thought that they served their mastei-s badly if they contented 
 themselves with guarding' him. They believed that it was part of 
 their duty to outrage him. (a) " Some began to spit on him. The 
 men that held him mocked him and struck him. They blindfolded 
 him (1), and smote his face, saying: Prophesy unto us, O Christ, 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xiv. 65 ; St. Luke, xxii. 63-65 ; St. Matthew, xx^i. 68. 
 
 (26) This was a wretch who acted the religious man; but hisjaction serves to show 
 us that the Jews, when they heard blasphemy, ren» their garpients, whilst we see Chris- 
 tians hear wilhoui emotion the bliusphomies of the impiojjg^. We shall not say that they 
 applaud, for could those who applaud such langyage'be still called Christians ? 
 
 (27) In a numerous assembly of juc^geC the most iniquitous of all judgments was 
 unanimous. After that, there is no iniquity that need cause surprise. 
 
 Were all these judges, then, equally wicked ? No ; amongst the wicked there were 
 some weak, and the weak were hurried away by the wicked. The latter were, without 
 doubt, the most culpable, which does not prevent sentence of death from being pro- 
 nounced against the others, by these words of Saint Paul (Rom. i. 32): They who do 
 such t/ù)iys are trorthy of death ; and not only they that do them, but they also that con- 
 sent to them that do them. 
 
 (1) This insolence is imitated as close! v as possible by those who, in order to oflFend 
 God with hardihood, persuade themselves that he does not see them, and who say, at 
 least in their heart, these words, which the propliet places in their mouth : TTie Lord 
 shall not see ; neither shall the God of Jacob understand (Psalm xciii. 7). 
 
506 ÏIIE lUSTOBT OF TIIE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 who is lie tliiit struck thee : and b]as2)lieming, many othei' things 
 they said against him." 
 
 This scene occujîied the rest of the night, and during all that time 
 he whom the angels adore served as a butt for the ridicule of this 
 low rabble. We do not read in the history of our Saviour's passion 
 that he opposed one single word to so many outrages, because, in 
 point of fact, he did not utter one. If the evangelists do not always 
 directly say so, the prophets assure us of it ; and this miracle of pa- 
 tience is contradicted by no one. But what renders the fact still 
 more wonderful, and what we shall here remark with reference to 
 all the Saviour endured during the whole course of his passion is, 
 that he suffered nothing which was not felt on his part as exquisite- 
 ly as it could be felt. We speak not only of his corporal pains to 
 which the perfect constitution of his body rendered him so sensitive. 
 All that is most humiliating in contempt, most insulting in derision, 
 most contumelious in injury — all the most revolting details of the 
 outrages which he endured, penetrated to the innermost depths of 
 his soul. He tasted this accumulation of bitterness, and filled him- 
 self with it even unto satiety, according to what is written that he 
 should be saturated with opprobrium. We may judge, therefore, 
 what he had to suffer during that fearful night — the mere remem- 
 brance of which produces in pious souls such lively compassion, and 
 calls forth such an abundance of tears. But what gave the finishing 
 stroke to his sorrow, and what was to him the most painful of all 
 outrages, is, that Avhile he was thus in ilih power of his cruel ene- 
 mies, the first and the most favored of his disciples, the chief of his 
 apostles, chose to renounce him. 
 
 We have seen that Peter, after having entered through the in- 
 terference of one of the disciples, («) " sat without in the court 
 below, warming himself. There cometh one of the maid-servants 
 of the high priest, and when she had seen Peter warming himself, 
 looking on him, she saith : Thou also wast with Jesus of Nazareth ; 
 but he denied before them all (2), saying : Woman, I know him 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxvi. 69-V2 ; St. Mark, xiv. 6G-68 ; St. John, xviii. 25 ; St. Luke, 
 xxii. 57, 58. 
 
 (2) The weakest being in nature, and the least imposing in worldly estimation — a fe- 
 
CHAP. LXIV.] OF OCK LOKD JESUS CIIIUST. 50T 
 
 not (3) ; I neitlier know uor understand what thou sayest. And," 
 wishing to avoid a second interrogation, " he went forth Ijcfore tlie 
 court, and the cock crew. As he went out of the gate, another maid 
 saw him, and she saith to them that were there : This man also was 
 with Jesus of Nazaretli ; and after a little while another, seeing him, 
 said : Thou also art one of them. They said, therefore, to him : Art 
 not thou also one of his disciples ?" 
 
 The fear of Peter increased with his danger, and his crime with 
 his fear. His first denial was but a lie ; to the second he added per- 
 jury. ■ " xVgain he denied with an oath [«'yi/'y] : I am not : I know 
 not the man." 
 
 It ajjpears that they believed him, inasmuch as they did not in- 
 sist, and he should have availed himself of this opportunity in order 
 to withdraw unperceived. The very fear which had made him re- 
 nounce his Master was an urgent motive for him to quit a place 
 where he might be recognized at any moment for one of his chief 
 disciples. But Peter still loved him whom he renounced : he loved 
 him, I say, less than his life ; and in this did his crime consist ; but 
 still he loved him too well to make up his mind to go away from 
 him, in the uncertainty in which he was as to what might be his 
 fate. Therefore, as he thought that he had dissipated all suspicion, 
 he flattered himself that he might remain with impunity, and he 
 may have entertained this notion for a short time, while they ap- 
 peared to forget him. But (^a) " after the space as it were of one 
 hour, one of the servants of the high priest, a kinsman to him whose 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxii. 59-61 ; St. John, xviii. 26, 27 ; St. Matthew, xxvi. 73-7.5 ; St. 
 Mark, xiv. 70-72. 
 
 male-shive — succeeds in overthrowing an apostle, nav, the chief of the apostles, and he 
 who of all others had hitherto evinced the greatest courage. 
 
 Her condition would have been of no consequence, and beauty alone would have been 
 all-powerful — if the oliject were to seduce him bv her attractions : but it is by fe ir alone 
 that she overpowers him — and one word suffices. Nothing is weaker than the presump- 
 tuous man. 
 
 When Peter subsequently undertook to plant the cross upon the Capitol, and to bring 
 idolatrous Rome to adore, instead of its gods, a Jew ciucilied b)" the Romans, he never 
 could be tempted to believe that his courage could have inspired him \rith such a project, 
 or that he could surmount all obstacles by his own strength. 
 
 (.3) He did not internally disown him, but he renounced him externally. This it was 
 which constituted his crime. 
 
508 THE IILSTOKY OF THE LIFE [pAliT U. 
 
 ear Peter cut off, saith to him : Did I not see tliee in the garden 
 with him? Another certain man affirmed, saying: Of a truth this 
 man was also with him, for he is also a Galilean." The matter being 
 thus debated, " they came that stood by, and said to Peter : Surely 
 thou also art one of them, for thou art also a Galilean ; thy speech 
 doth discover thee. Again, therefore, for the third time, Peter de- 
 nied. He began to curse (4) and to swear, saying : I know not the 
 man of whom you speak. Immediately, as he was yet speaking, the 
 cock crew again \_for the second tun/]^ and the Lord turning, looked 
 on Peter (5). Peter remembered the word that Jesus said unto him : 
 Before the cock crow twice thou shalt thrice deny me ; and going 
 forth, he wept bitterly." 
 
 We know not how it was that the Saviour happened to be in the 
 court, where he cast upon his apostle this saving glance. But as we 
 know nothing positive as to the place where the servant of the high 
 priest inflicted upon him the outrages Avhich we have related, it may 
 possibly have been the case that, in order to diversify their enter- 
 tainment, they might have led Jesus into this court at the veiy mo- 
 ment when Peter denied him for the third time. For, although it 
 has been said that this glance of Jesus was purely spiritual, the most 
 common opinion is, that Jesus looked upon Peter with the eyes of 
 the body, and this meaning is that which the text naturally presents 
 to the mind. 
 
 Whilst Peter bewailed his sin, the servants went on with their sac- 
 rilegious sport, which continued all the rest of the night, (a^ " As 
 soon as it was day, all the ancients of the people and the chief priests 
 and Scribes came together, and took counsel against Jesus, that they 
 might put him to death." His confession of the preceding evening 
 sufficed them for that purpose. Apparently they considered it ne- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxii. 66-72. 
 
 (4) It is not stated whether Peter made these imprecations against himself or against 
 Jesus Christ. As we are in ignorance with reference to this matter, we would do best 
 to believe that he directed them against himseh', and that he apparently made use of 
 some fashion of speech similar to these : May I be crushed with thunder, or, may the 
 earth swallow me up, if I know him. 
 
 (5) It was this look, and the grace wherewith it was accompanied, which wrought the 
 conversion of Peter. 
 
CHAP. LXIT.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 509 
 
 cessaiy that he should repeat it, iu order to establish the guilt and 
 the obstinacy of the pretended criminal. They well knew, more- 
 over, that they had no need to fear lest the Saviour should embar- 
 rass them by retracting. Besides that this was, perhaps, the very 
 thing which they most desired, they knew him too well — we might 
 say they esteemed him too highly in the depth of their hearts — to 
 apprehend that he could ever retract what he had once declared. 
 Thus, well assured of the answer, (a) " they brought him into their 
 council, saying," with a false show of moderation, " If thou be the 
 Christ,- tell us. He saith to them : If I shall tell you, you will not 
 believe me ; and if I shall ask you" by what marks, according to the 
 Scriptures, the Christ is to be^jecognized, " you will not answer me, 
 nor let me go. But hereafter the Son of man shall be sitting on the 
 right hand of the power of God." All present understood what was 
 meant by this " sitting." For this reason " then said they all : Art 
 thou, then, the Son of God (6) ? Who said : You say that I am." 
 This was the same answer which he had already given to the same 
 question. The inference was also the same : " What need we any 
 further testimony," they said like Caiphas, " for we ourselves have 
 heard it from his own mouth ?" 
 
 The sentence of death was already pronounced ; it now only re- 
 mained to carry it into execution, and in this they lost no time. 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxii. 66-69. 
 
 (6) Grave authors have thought that this examination and that of Caiphas had taken 
 place at the same time, and on the same morning. We prefer the opinion of those who 
 separate the occasions, and who place that of Caiphas on the evening before, putting of 
 tliis until the following morning. Here are the reasons which have led us to believe this 
 the most probable opinion ; all agree as to two things : 1st. Tliat the interrogatory which 
 we are actually reporting took place in the morning. 2d. Tliat it was during the night 
 preceding that morning that the Sa\-iour was outraged by the officers and the sen-ant.s 
 of the high priest. Now. the examination by Caiphas preceded these outrages. Two 
 reasons prove this : 1st. After Saint Matthew has related the confession of Jesus before 
 Caiphas, and the sentence which followed, he presently adds : Then (tunc) did they spit 
 in his face and buffet him, d'c. Now, this word then connects so closely what follows 
 with what precedes, that to detach it therefrom would seem to be offering violence to 
 the text. 2d. Who is there that does not see that these words. Prophesy unto us, 
 Christ, who is he that struck theo? make allusion to the confession which Jesus Christ 
 had just made, and for which they had condemned him ? consequently, that the confes- 
 sion had preceded the mockerj-. 
 
510 THE HISTORY OF ITIE LIFE [PABT H. 
 
 (a) " The whole multitude of them rising up, led Jesus bound, and 
 delivered him to Pontius Pilate the governor." 
 
 Then the traitor who had sold him saw the greatness of his crime, 
 and began to feel remorse. He had flattered himself either that the 
 enemies of Jesus would not attempt his life, or that his power would 
 nullify their efforts : he now saw the contrary happen. The Lamb 
 of God delivered himself up without defence to the rage of his per- 
 secutors, who, it appeared, could only be satiated by his blood. It 
 is true that the governor, who could alone give judgment in cases of 
 life and death, had not as yet pronounced, but the judgment of the 
 j^riests might be regarded as the sure forerunner of that which he 
 was to pass. " Seeing that he was coffdemned, Judas, who betrayed 
 him," without fully anticipating the consequences of his treachery, 
 could no longer control his grief, and " repenting himself, brought 
 back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and ancients (7), 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxiii. 1 ; St. Matthew, xxvii. 2-5. 
 
 (7) His repentance when he saw his Master condemned proves that he had retained a 
 sort of love for him ; but he loved money still more. Thus we have seen that Saint Pe- 
 ter, when he denied Jesus Christ, loved liira still ; but he loved him less than his own 
 life. In order to be capable of committing the greatest crimes, it is not necessaiy to be 
 utterly devoid of the love of God ; it is sufficient that one loves any thing more than 
 God. 
 
 Any affection, although otherwise legitimate, if it gain an ascendency in the heart over 
 the love of God, is a criminal love. 
 
 This fatal disposition is formed, and goes on without being perceptible. Thou hast 
 the name of being alive, and thou art dead (Apoc. iii.). The occasion does not give birth 
 to it ; in ordinary cases it only brings it to liglit. To review our attachments, to ask our- 
 selves often what we would do if it were impossible to retain these attachments without 
 offending God, is, perhaps, the only means of discovering this evil where it is concealed ; 
 of preventing it if it be near ; of making fresh additions to the love of God, if this love is 
 already predominant ; to fortify ourselves against great temptations, which are always 
 less to be feai'ed when they are foreseen, and which are more easily surmounted wlien 
 one has assumed the habit of forming the acts by which they are overcome. This is 
 preparing for war during peace, and anticipates victory by making a trial of the combat. 
 
 If any person say that it is dangerous to make suppositions of this sort, we venture to 
 reply that it is more dangerous not to make them. Every attack is then a surprise, and 
 whoever is surprised is almost sure to be vanquished. 
 
 If Judas, as soon as he perceived that he loved money, had thus tested himself, it is 
 to be presumed that he never would, from being a man interested in money matters, 
 turn out to be a robber ; from being a robber, become a traitor, and end in despair and 
 repiobalion. 
 
CUAP. LXIT.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 511 
 
 saying: I have sinned iu betraying innocent blood. \Yliat Is tliat to 
 us ?" said these cruel men (8) : " look thou to it." This dry and dis- 
 dainful answer gave the finishing stroke to his despair. " Casting 
 down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed, and went and 
 hanged himself with a halter." God willed it so, that so iufiimous a 
 death was- followed by an accident which rendered it still more igno- 
 minious. The unfortunate wretch (a) " being hanged, burst asunder 
 in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out." 
 
 lie executed justice upon himself; but this cruel justice which he 
 thus executed was the greatest of his crimes, because to despair of 
 the mercy of the Lord is the most grievous injury which we can do 
 him. It still remained to b« considered in what way they should 
 appropriate his money : the wicked are sometimes scrupulous observ- 
 ei-s of propriety. These men (l>) " having taken the pieces of silver, 
 said : It is not lawful for us to put them into the Corbona, because it 
 is the price of blood. And after they had consulted together, they 
 bought with them the potter's field, to be a burying place for stran- 
 gers. For this cause that field was called Haceldama, that is, the 
 field of blood, even to this day." Whence it has become the Listing 
 proof of their crime aad the monument of their incredulity; for 
 " then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremias the prophet, 
 saying ; They took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him that 
 was prized, whom they prized of the children of Israel ; and they 
 gave them unto the potter's field, as the Lord appointed to me (9)." 
 
 (a) Acts, i. 18. (Ô) St. Matthew, xxyii. 6-10. 
 
 (8) It strikes one that they might have replied to Judas : You repent of having done 
 a good action ; the man whom you have deUvered up was seditious, and a blasphemer. 
 Why do they not speak thus ? The reason is, because they themselves believe no such 
 tiling. When the wicked have conspired to effect the ruin of the just, they take care 
 to circulate the report, "He is a wicked man, and a malefactor," but amongst each other 
 they speak frankly : we find him, they say, an obstacle in our way ; we must ge t rid of him. 
 
 (9) This prophecy is not found in Jeremias ; but we read it in equivalent terms in 
 Zacharius, chap. xi. Saint Jerome says that he read it in a Hebrew volume of Jeremias, 
 wiiich was shown him by a Jew. Saint Augustine had seen some copies wherein nei- 
 ther Jeremias nor any other prophet was found named. It might, therefore, have oc- 
 curred that the name of Jeremias had been superadded by some copyist. However that 
 may be, we have on one h ind the prophecy, since it is read at leist in Zacharias ; on the 
 other hand, we see iw fulfilment in the ospel. Tliat should be sufficient for faith, and 
 even for rca.son, which should "nly s rk to know -.vhat it is really impo.''tunt to know. 
 
512 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 
 JESUS CONDUCTED BEFORE PILATE. PILATE INTERROGATES HIM, AND SENDS HIM TO 
 
 HEROD. 
 
 (a) " Then they led Jesus," as we have said, " from Caiphas to the 
 governor's hall. Theii" feet are swift to shed blood ;" for " it was 
 iiK^rning," and immediately after the holding of the coîisultation. A 
 scruple stojîped them short at the gate. The law, which forbade the 
 murder of the innocent, did not forbid them to enter into the house 
 of a Gentile ; but these men, religious beyond what was prescril^ed, 
 (Zi) " went not into the hall, that they might not be defiled, but that 
 they might eat the pasch (1). Pilate," apprised of the cause of their 
 coming, " went out to them, and said : What accusation bring you 
 against this man ? They answered : If he were not a malefactor we 
 would not have delivered him up to thee." It was hatred which 
 spoke, and Pilate knew that very well. " He therefore said to them : 
 Take him you, and judge him according lio your law. The Jews, 
 therefore, said to him : It is not lawful for us to put any man to 
 death." 
 
 The Romans had deprived them of the right of so doing, and by 
 this avowal of the fact they acknowledged that the sceptre, in what- 
 ever way it be understood, had at last passed away from the house 
 of Juda (r). They should, consequently, have acknowledged that 
 " he came who was to be sent, the expectation of nations ;" but, blind- 
 ed by passion, they could no longer see what their own avowal made 
 plainer than ever. Yet as passion, which misleads on every other 
 subject, is but too clear-sighted with regard to whatever may satisfy 
 itself, it is surprising that they did not wish to avail themselves of 
 
 (a) St. John, xviii. 28; Psalm 
 xiii. 3. 
 
 (6) St. John, xviii. 28-31. 
 (c) Genesis, xHx. 10. 
 
 (1) Whether it was that they were to eat the paschal lamh one day later than the 
 Lord ; or whether the partaking of the \actiras which were immolated on the following 
 day, was still called eating the pasch. 
 
CHAP. LXV.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 513 
 
 the permission which Pilate gave to them to judge him whose death 
 they so eagerly desired. Whatever hope they may have had of ob- 
 taining it from his condescension, or extorting it from his weakness, 
 this hope was not worth the security which they could give to them- 
 selves, and which they thus renounced. Hence it has been thought 
 that the governor spoke ironically, and that the Jews, who under- 
 stood thL-^, did not think of availing themselves of a right which was 
 not seriously granted to them. However, it is more commonly be- 
 lieved that the offer was serious, but that several reasons prevented 
 it from being accepted. The priests could only, according to the 
 law, condemn Jesus to be stoned, and they wished him to be cruci- 
 fied ; the hatred which they bore him could only be satiated by the 
 most infamous and the most painful of all punishments. Moreover, 
 they apprehended that tiié populace, not yet gained over, might im- 
 pute to them the death of the just, and would, perhaps, proceed to 
 some violence against those who might be the authore thereof. If 
 the Romans shoidd authorize it, they would serve to justify it, or at 
 least the blame might be cast ujion them ; and if the people did 
 mutiny, Pilate then, interested in supporting his own decision, had 
 more authority and power than was necessary to quell the outbreak. 
 Such were the motives whereon they acted, and God permittee! them 
 to be successful, because they led to the execution of his decrees and 
 the verification of his oracles. For if Pilate, yielding to their clam- 
 ors, finally determined to judge the Saviour, and to condemn him 
 to crucifixion, it was (a) "that the word of Jesus might be fulfilled, 
 which he said, signifying what death he should die." 
 
 Obliged, however, by the first refusal of Pilate, to produce and 
 to prove crimes, the enemies of Jesus (b) " began to accuse him, say- 
 ing : We have found this man perverting our nation, and forbidding 
 to give tribute to Ciesar, and saying that he is Christ the king (2)." 
 
 (a) St. John, xv-iii. 32. (4) St. Luke, x.xiii. 2. 
 
 (2) Only five days had elapsed since Jesus Christ, when questioned iihout the tribute, 
 had publicly replied : Render to Casar the things that are Cicsar's. Wiiat impudence 
 to accuse him of prohibiting this ! It was tliey themselves who did not wHsh to pay the 
 tribu'o which Jesus Christ had made it incumbent upon them to pay. It was they also 
 who sought for a Messiah who would constitute himself a king in the sense which they 
 accused the Saviour of desiring, and in which sense he did not desire it. 
 
 33 
 
514 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 Of these three distinct charges, the first was vague, the second 
 was false, and the third, which was true in reality, was maliciously 
 misrepresented. For Jesns, who had rather owned than declared 
 that he was the Christ, had not hitherto said that he Avas king, and 
 his conduct gave evidence that he had never 23retended to be such, 
 in the sense which might render that pretension a state offence. 
 This charge, however, produced the effect which they had reason to 
 anticipate. The mere suspicion of aspiring to sovereignty, even if 
 ill-founded, arrests the attention of the magistrate, and he must 
 never appear to make light of it. (a) " Pilate, therefore," as soon 
 as he heard the allusion to royalty, " went into the hall, and called 
 Jesus. Jesus stood before the governor, and the governor asked 
 him, saying: Art thou the king of the Jews? Jesus answered: 
 Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or have others told it thee of me ? 
 Pilate answered : Am I a Jew ? Thy own nation and the chief 
 priests have delivered thee up to me : what hast thou done ?" 
 
 This reply of the governor was an avowal, on his joart, that he in- 
 terrogated as judge, since he framed it so as to make it bear upon 
 the accusations brought before his tribunal. The Saviour drew from 
 him this explanation of the matter, because he wished to midergo 
 the disgrace of a j^ublic condemnation. Thus, as soon as Pilate had 
 declared to him in what quality he spoke, (b) " Jesus," always sub- 
 missive to lawful authoritj^, " answered : My kingdom is not of this 
 world (3). If my kingdom were of this world, my servants would 
 certainly strive that I should not be delivered to the Jews ; but now 
 
 (a) St. John, xviii. 33-35 ; St. Mat- (i) St. John, xviii. 33-35 ; St. Luke, 
 
 thew, xxvii. 11. xxiii. 4. 
 
 The wicked impute crimes to virtuous men, as every one is aware ; but it should be 
 further noticed that the crimes which they most frequently impute are their own very 
 crimes. We shall seldom be mistaken, by judging from their accusations, what they 
 either do or propose to do. 
 
 (3) Jesus Christ was not king of this world, because he did not wish it. The king- 
 dom which he reserved to himself is the Church. This kingdom is in the world, but it 
 is not of the world ; it cometh from heaven, and must return thither. Heaven is its 
 country, and the earth is the place of its pilgrimage. Jesus Christ governs it by his doc- 
 trine, by his sacraments, and by his ministers. These means procure him subjects, but 
 they are voluntary, and they are all the more submissive to their temporal rulers, whom 
 Jesus Christ wishes that they should obey as they do himself 
 
CIIAP. LXV.] OF OUR LOED JESUS CHUIST. 515 
 
 my kingdom is not from hence. Pilate said to him : Art thou a king, 
 then (4) ? Jesus answered : Thou sayest that I am a king (5). For 
 this was I born, and for this came I into the world ; that I should 
 give testimony to the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth 
 my voice. Pilate saith to him : "What is truth (G) \ and ■ when he 
 said this he went out again to the Jews, to the chief priests, and to 
 the multitudes, and saith to them : I find no cause in this man." 
 
 Doth it not seem that he should rather have announced to them 
 that he found him guilty? The Saviour had just declared that he 
 was king, and this was the crime of which they had accused him. 
 How could Pilate, after having elicited this avowal, proceed imme- 
 diately to declare him innocent \ The reason is, that, without pene- 
 trating all the mystery of his royalty, he had discovered that it was 
 at least not of a nature to give oflence to the powers of earth. In 
 point of fact, it was not exercised by command, but by persuasion ; 
 and till then it had given disciples and not subjects to the Saviom'. 
 
 (4) Pilate comprehended two things : one that Jesus Christ was king ; the other that 
 his royalty was in no way prejudicial to the rights of sovereigns. He must needs have 
 come to this conclusion, because, immediately after the avowal that Jesus made, Pilate 
 declares that he finds no cause for condemnation in him. We infer that he believed him 
 really to be king from the earnestness with which he gives him this quality. Behold 
 1/cur King! shall I crucl/if your King, Jesus of Xazareth, King of the Jews? for the 
 circumstances show that ibis was said seriously and without ironv. 
 
 Although Pilate did not well undeistand in what sense the Saviour styled himself a 
 king, we can scared}' doubt but he took it in some mystical sense relative to the religion 
 of the Jews. Mlience this expression : Am I a Jew, that I can speak of my chief in an 
 afi'air of this nature? 
 
 But altliough this royalty appeared innocent to. him, there is every appearance that 
 the confession thereof which Jesus made contributed to his condemnation. After all, he 
 has acknowledged tluit he is king, this weak judge may have said to himself, when he 
 yielded in the end to the clamore of the Jews. The Saviour, who foresaw this, did not,' 
 therefore, suppress a trath, the avowal of which must cost him his life. We may be- 
 lieve that, it is for this reason that Saint Paul (I. Tim. vi.) praises the generous confession 
 which Jesus Christ made before Pontius Pilate, although he may be understood as re- 
 ferring to all the truths which he announced, and of which he was the martyr. 
 
 (5) This royalty of Jesus Christ is described in the second Psalm as he describes it 
 here himself: I am apjminled king bg him over Sion, his holy mountain (the Church), 
 preaching his commandment. 
 
 (6) What is this truth to which you reader testimony ? He was not over-an.\ious to 
 know it, since he did not wait for the reply. We must not be surprised at this. Pilate 
 wiis one of the great ones of tlse world, and he had a confnsed notion that this truth be- 
 longed either to morality or religion. 
 
516 TliE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 Pilate could not but know this. A man of j^nblic notoriety as Jesus 
 was could not possibly have escaped the attention of the governor. 
 We shall soon see that he was cognizant of the most secret motive 
 which urged the Savioui^'s enemies to seek his ruin ; and for a much 
 stronger reason must the detail of his life and of his actions have 
 been known to him. He had only been able to see therein what 
 the Saviour had just given him to understand, and his answers only 
 confirmed Pilate in the opinion which he had already formed on 
 the subject. Besides, those who accused him of making himself 
 king did not produce one positive fact which could serve to prove 
 it. There was not, thei'efore, a single positive fact ; for if there were 
 it could not have escaped such furious and envenomed hatred ; and 
 was it not natural to decide that Jesus was irrépréhensible on all 
 the counts of accusation set forth against him ? Therefore we should 
 not be surprised that, even after so short an examination, Pilate did 
 not hesitate to pronounce that he found nothing in him worthy of 
 death. He was suificiently enlightened to know what he should 
 rely upon ; and the vague reproaches to which the accusers were re- 
 duced, thoroughly convinced him how matters stood. 
 
 These accusers continued in the same tone, and, according to the 
 custom of all calumniators, Avhen they could prove no fact they mul- 
 tiplied crimes. Jesus did not oppose a single word to their accusa- 
 tions, (a) " and when he was accused in many things by the chief 
 priests and the ancients, he answered nothing." It was not for Him 
 to speak; it was the duty of the judge, who had only to say: It is 
 not sufficient to accuse, you must prove ; but we do not find that he 
 said so even once. He well knew that this would be requiring from 
 them much more than they could perform. Still, that he might not 
 remain entirely silent in a scene wherein he ought to play the most 
 prominent part, (I) " he again asked Jesus : Dost thou not hear how 
 great testimonies they allege against thee ? Answerest thou nothing ? 
 Behold in how many things they accuse thee. And he answered him 
 to never a word, so that the governor wondered exceedingly (7)." 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxvii. 12 ; St. Mark, (i) St. Mark, xv. 4 ; St. Matthew, 
 
 XV. 3. ' xxvii. 1-3, 14. 
 
 (7) He could have had only compassion for a silence which proceeded from weakness 
 
CHAP. LXV.] OX^ OUE LORD JESUS CURLST. 517 
 
 He must, indeed, have wondered, knowing as Le did the wisdom 
 of Jesus, at seeing him deliver himself up, Avithout any defence, to 
 all the shafts of calumny — he who had so often confounded it by a 
 single word. Pilate knew not, indeed he was not bound to know, 
 that Jesus had resolved to die ; that, in consequence of this resolu- 
 tion, he could not say a single word which might serve to save his 
 life, although he must say every thing that was absolutely neces- 
 saiy to the confession of the truth and the declaration of his inno- 
 cence. . Pilate, in point of fact, did acknowledge him to be innocent. 
 This was sufficient to make it obligatory on Pilate to acquit Jesus, 
 and Jesus was not bound to give him any further information. He 
 had sufficiently enlightened his conscience. It now lay entirely with 
 Pilate to decide justly, and if he did not, he could only blame him- 
 self. Other means would have infaUiljly succeeded Avith the Saviour. 
 He might join issue with his accusers, and turn theh* accusations 
 against themselves. He might appeal to the people, and set before 
 their eyes the purity of his morals and the sanctity of his doctrine ; 
 move them to pity by the recital of all the benefits which he had 
 conferred upon them ; or exasperate them against his advei"saries, 
 by the contrast of theii" vices with his Aartues. All these means, 
 employed -n-ith that divine eloquence whereof it was said that no 
 man had ever spoken like unto him, would have made an incalcula- 
 ble impression upon their minds ; and who knows but this storm, 
 excited by passion, might have burst on those who had raised it ? 
 But the work with which the Man-God was charged would not then 
 have been accomplished ; the world would not have been redeemed ; 
 and Jesus would not have given to his disciples the example of that 
 heroic silence which endures without a muimur what God has de- 
 termined that they shall sufter, (rt)"hi)ping in the shadow of his 
 wings, until iniquity pass away." 
 
 Pilate, having acknowledged the innocence of the accused, liad 
 nothing more to do than impose silence upon the accusers, and to 
 
 (a) Psalm hi. 2. 
 
 » 
 
 or imbecility. A silence proceeding from pride or contumacy would have excited his in- 
 dignation. What surprised him, and called forth his admiration, could be, therefore, but 
 a silence of patience and intrepidity. 
 
518 TUE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART II. 
 
 dismiss tliem witli tlie confusion wliicli tbey deserved. This lie did 
 not do, simply because he did not dare to do so. The enemies of 
 the Saviour, who were thoroughly conscious of this weakness, hoped 
 that by urging him they might effect, through importunity, that 
 which the judge's conscience did not permit him to grant them ; 
 wherefore, without producing fresh crimes, («) " they were more 
 earnest, saying : He stiri'eth up the people, teaching throughout all 
 Judea, beginning from Galilee to this place (8)." 
 
 A happy chance for a man Avho no longer knew how to extricate 
 himself from his embarrassment! "Pilate, hearing Galilee, asked if 
 the man were of Galilee ; and when he understood that he was of 
 Herod's jurisdiction, he sent him away to Herod, who was also him- 
 self at Jerusalem in tl\ose days." 
 
 The murderer of Saint John the Baptist might easily become the 
 murderer of Jesus ; and he who had sacrificed a prophet to the re- 
 sentment of a woman, was but too capable of immolating another to 
 the hatred of the chief men of the nation. At first, therefore, these 
 chief men must have been elated with joy, when they saw that the 
 affair was referred to him ; the more so as immediately after the pre- 
 cursor's death it had been said that Herod caused Jesus to be sought 
 for, for the purpose of putting him to death. The Saviour had got 
 notice of the design, and the rumor of it may have reached these 
 men. !N^otwithstanding all that, the outset did not appear favorable 
 to their views ; the prince's dispositions were changed. Admiration, 
 heightened by curiosity, had succeeded in Herod's mind to the ha- 
 tred or policy which had made him seek the Saviour's life. " See- 
 ing Jesus, he was very glad ; for he was desirous of a long time to 
 see him, because he had heard many things of him, and he hoped to 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxiii. 5-10. 
 
 (8) Calumny must here allow us to give it the lie direct. No, he did not go about 
 stirring up the people into insurrection. He locnt about, saith Saint Peter (Acts, s.) do- 
 ing good, ami healing all that i»ere oppressed by the devil. And he who speaks thus does 
 not speak in ignorance of the fact, since he adds; We are witnesses of all things that he 
 did in the land of the Jews and in Jerusalem. Since they wished to proceed judicially 
 against the Saviour, they should have commenced by e.xamining his disciples ; but peo- 
 ple are not anxious, when they wish to niin the innocent, to call on well-informed and 
 truth-tellincr witnesses. 
 
CHAP. LXV.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 519 
 
 see some sign wrciiglit by him ; and lie questioned liim in many 
 words, but Jesus answered Lim nothing. The chief i)riests and the 
 scribes" who saw that his fate hiy in the hands of Herod, and that 
 he would escape fi-om them if he set himself to gratify the desires of 
 that prince, " stood by earnestly accusing him." Jesus made no re- 
 ply to their accusations, any more than to the questioning of Herod. 
 He wrought two miracles : one of wisdom, by not satisfying the 
 frivolous curiosity of this bad prince ; the other of patience, in not 
 opposing a single word to the outrageous calumnies of his enemies ; 
 mh'acles which are never sought, and which are always held in little 
 estimation by the world, and above all in the high places of the 
 world, the courts of the great. There people may sometimes be daz- 
 zled by those peculiar exhibitions of virtue which partake of the won- 
 derful, and startled by their lustre ; but they are incapable of appre- 
 ciating the true and solid qualities of virtue. " Herod," still more 
 corrupted than the great usually are, " with his army (9) set him at 
 nought, and mocked him." Vexation at seeing his curiosity foiled 
 made him add derision and insult to contempt. " Putting on him a 
 white garment, he sent him back to Pilate" in this apparel, indica- 
 tive of a fool, or a visionary, or perhaps a theatrical king. It was in 
 order to free himself from embarrassment that the governor had 
 sent him. Herod readily believed that it was done out of deference, 
 and in acknowledgment of his rights, which had hitherto been but 
 little regarded. This fency appeased his resentment : " Herod and 
 Pilate were made friends that same day ; for before they were ene- 
 mies to one another." 
 
 (9) When the prince mocked hira, it was quite natural that the courtiers should mock 
 him in like manner. We may also advance another reason, ^"iz. : a disposition to scoff is 
 peculiarly that of the courtier. The more grave and serious the objects are, llie more is 
 he disposed to make them subjects of laughter ; and if he mocks at religion more than 
 at any thing else, tiie reason is, because it is the most serious thing in the world. Yet 
 the courtier is capable of acting a serious part, but he does so when the subjects are 
 frivolous. These courtiers mocked at the silence of Jesus, whose gi-a\ity luid dignity 
 had produced an imposing effect upon Pilate himself; if they had had before them a 
 charlatan wlio had performed in their presence some clever trick, which he had set off 
 with the olofiuonce peculiar to such men, they would liave regarded him with the most 
 intense and the most serious admiration. They would have been heard to cry out : What 
 an admirable man ! May he live long, and may the prince have the glory of having pre- 
 served hira to the world ! 
 
520 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART U. 
 
 CHAPTER LXVI. 
 
 JESUS CONDITCTED AGAIN BEFORE PILATE. BAEABBAS. PILATE's WIFE. FLAGEL- 
 LATION. CEOWNING WITH THOENS. 
 
 Meantime tlie intention of the governor had not been carried out ; 
 the levity and heedlessness of Herod left the matter in its original 
 state, and Pilate in the same perplexity as before. He still retained 
 the desire, and had not yet lost the hope of rescuing the innocent 
 fi'om the injustice which pursued him. He had one infalhble means 
 of securing this end, viz., to exert his authority ; but this he had not 
 fortitude enough to do ; and the other means, whilst they betrayed 
 Pilate's weakness, very far from saving Jesus, served only to multi- 
 ply and increase his torments. This shows that a partial protection 
 may produce as cruel effects as downright oppression. Pilate com- 
 menced, therefore, by making a remonstrance ; (a) " calling together 
 the chief priests, the magistrates, and the people, he said to them : 
 You have presented unto me this man, as one that perverted the 
 people, and behold I having examined him before you, find no cause 
 in this man, in tliose things wherein you accuse him. No, nor Herod 
 neither, for I sent you to him ; and behold, nothing is done to him" 
 which can j)rove him " worthy of death. I will chastise him, there- 
 fore, and release him." 
 
 The chastisement to which he alluded was the scourge, a painful 
 and infamous penalty, which a man of honor could not survive. The 
 hope that the Saviour's enemies would be thereby satisfied had sug- 
 gested this expedient to Pilate's mind. Such was the protection 
 which the timid politician extended to the innocent man whom he 
 wished to save. However, Avhether he perceived that this tempoi-- 
 izing would still not satisfy these sanguinary men, or that he did not 
 wish to make use of it until the last extremity, he hit uj^on another 
 expedient, the success of which appeared to him certain, but which 
 had no other effect than to dra\v down upon Jesus the grossest of all 
 
 (ff) St. Luke, xxiii. 13-16. 
 
CHAP. LXSr.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 521 
 
 affronts, and the gi-eatest confusion wliieli man ever had to cndui-e on 
 earth. 
 
 (ff) " Xow, on the festival day he was wont to release unto tliem 
 one of the prisoners, whomsoever they demanded." This custom 
 had been added to ceremonies which the law prescribed, in order to 
 celebrate the deliverance from the captivity of Egypt, and from the. 
 sword of the destroying angel. Although the preceding histories 
 say nothing of it, there is every appearance that it was much moi-e 
 ancient than the domination of the Romans in Judea. These new mas- 
 ter had preserved it to the Jews by way of a privilege, and Pilate 
 " was wont'' to grant them this favor. He desired it on this occa- 
 sion more than they did themselves. Here is the way in which he 
 sought to turn it to his own account, (i) " He had then a notori- 
 ous prisoner that was called Barabbas." Barabbas was a robber, 
 "who, for a certain sedition made in the city, and for murder, 
 was cast into prison. When the multitude was come uj)" to the 
 judgment hall, " they began to desire that he would do as he had 
 ever done unto them. They, therefore, being gathered together, Pi- 
 late said : You have a custom that I should release one unto you at 
 the pasch : whom will you that I release to you, Barabbas, or Jesus, 
 that is called Christ ?" 
 
 The more odious the comparison was, the more did the governor 
 deem it suitable to his design. Jesus, placed on a par with a well- 
 known and universally-detested criminal, ought naturally to be unani- 
 mously preferred. But what raised Pilate's hopes still higher was, 
 that he was then treating with the people. If he had only to deal 
 with the priests, he would not have had the same confidence, (c) "for 
 he knew that for envy they had delivered him ;" and he was not un- 
 aware that envy is capable of every thing, and blushes at nothing. 
 But the people, who had never been opposed to Jasus — who had 
 even declared so loudly in his favor as to keep his enemies in check 
 -^who, a few days pre\ûously, had decreed him a species of triumph 
 — could it reasonably be expected that this very people would pre- 
 fer to him a rob]:)er, an assassin still reeking with the last murder 
 which he had committed ? Encouraged by all these reason^, Pilate 
 
 (o) St. Mark, xv. 6. (6) St. Matthew, xxvii. 16, 17 ; St. Mark, 
 
 (c) St. Matt, xxvii. 18 ; St. Mark, xv. 10. xv. 8, 9 ; St. John, xviii. 39. 
 
522 THE HISTORY OF TÏIE LIFE [PAKT U. 
 
 wished to employ further tlie terms most likely to gain them over ; 
 and adding to the name of Christ which he had already given to the 
 Saviour, that of king of the Jews, a name always welcome to their 
 ears, he said to them for the second time : (a) " Will you, therefore, 
 that I release unto you the king of the Jews ?" 
 
 He was still awaiting the answer, when an unforeseen message 
 postponed it for some moments. (F) " As he was sitting in the place 
 of judgment" to hear the people's request, and to j^ronounce the par- 
 don of the criminal whose liberation was to be asked for, " his wife 
 sent to him, saying ; Have thou nothing to do with that just man, 
 for I have suffered many things this day in a dream, because of 
 him (1)." 
 
 History does not inform us whether this warning made any im- 
 pression on Pilate's mind, or whether he appeared at first to pay 
 any attention to it. He may, indeed, finding himself so circum- 
 stanced, have sent word to his wife that she might be easy in her 
 mind — that the measures which he had taken would infallibly save 
 
 (a) St. John, xviii. 39. (6) St. Matthew, xxvii. 19. 
 
 (1) Notwithstanding the authority of some ancient interpreters, who have thought 
 that this dream came from the devil, the common opinion is, that it came from God. 
 There is no appearance that the devil, who had suggested to Judas the design of betray- 
 ing his Master, had acquired any further information from that time, that is to say, in the 
 course of a few hours, with reference to the effects which Jesus Christ's Passion was to 
 have. This dream was of a fearful character, since she who had it declares that it made 
 her suffer much. It is conjectured, and with great probability, that the dream presaged 
 to her the misfortunes which Pilate would draw down upon himself and his family, if he 
 imbrued his hands in the blood of the Just. Every one knows that he was subsequent- 
 ly disgraced and banished, and that he perished by his own hand. 
 
 It may be asked what could be the design of God in sending this dream ? To give 
 additional testimony to the innocence of his Son, and to offer another grace to Pilate in 
 order to withhold him upon the brink of injustice into which he was falling, are of them- 
 selves two motives worthy of the wisdom and the goodness of God. But if he had 
 merely in view the salvation of this woman, this reason was more than sufficient for him ; 
 and, although the vision may not have had the effect for which it appears to have be^n 
 more directly intended, viz., to hinder the judge from condemning the innocent — God, 
 nevertheless, would still have reaped from it the fruit which his heart most earnestly de- 
 sired, since the salvation of a single soul is dearer to Jesus Christ than his o^vn life ; for 
 it is held that Pilate's wife is saved. Very ancient authors give her the name of Claudia 
 Procula. This is also the name which the Greeks give her in their menologies, wherein 
 they have placed her in the rank of the saints. 
 
CHAP. LXA'I.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 523 
 
 tliis just man for wliom slie was interested. If such was liis answer, 
 he deceived her ; but it was because he had deceived himself. The 
 cabal prevailed, and the mob was seduced, (a) " The chief priests 
 and ancients moved the people, and persuaded them that they 
 should ask Barabbas, and make Jesus away." 
 
 We know that the people are equally violent in theii' likings and 
 dishkings; and also with what rapidity those who know how to 
 manage them, can bring them from one extreme to the other. This 
 was but the work of a moment for the Saviour's enemies. For it is 
 probable that they only commenced their intrigues when Pilate pro- 
 posed the choice between Jesus and Barabbas, as it Avas only then 
 that the destiny of Jesus began to depend on the popular will ; and 
 the moment after, as we are going to show, this work was already 
 completed. When, therefore, he had returned his wife's message, 
 (li) " the governor said to them : "WTiether will you of the two to be 
 released unto you? The whole multitude cried out: Away with 
 this man, and release unto us Barabbas." Pilate, astonished, and 
 •wishing still to save Jesus, " again answering, saith to them : What 
 will you, then, that I do to the king of the Jews — with Jesus, that 
 is called Christ ? but they all again cried out, saying : Crucify him ! 
 crucify him ! He said to them the third time : Why, what evil hath 
 this man done ? I find no cause of death in him : I will chastise him, 
 therefore," added he, falling back on his first idea, " and let him go. 
 But they were instant with loud voices, requii-ing that he might be 
 crucified ; and they cried out the more, sapng : " Crucify him ! let 
 him be crucified !" 
 
 " Pilate, seeing that he prevailed nothing, but that ratlier a tu- 
 mult was made, taking water, washed his hands before the people, 
 saying : I am innocent of the blood of this just man : look you to it ; 
 and the whole people answering, said : His blood be upon us and 
 upon our children." 
 
 The Eternal heard this horrible imprecation, and ratified it. ]\Iore 
 than eighteen centuries have passed away, and still this blood de- 
 mands vengeance, and obtains it against the posterity of this unhappy 
 people — God wishing to show the universe that a seduced multitude, 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxvii. 20 ; St. Mark, (6) St. Matthew, xxvii. 21-27 ; St. Luke, 
 XV. 11. xxiii. 18-23 ; St. Mark, xv. 12-14. 
 
524 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 although incomparably less culpable than its seducers, may still be 
 sufficiently guilty to merit a fearful chastisement. 
 
 That furious pojsulace at length overcame the governor, and the 
 result might be anticipated. He who had been shaken by the soli- 
 citations of the priests, which he might have cut short by a single 
 word, had not firmness enough to resist a seditious people who ap- 
 peared to threaten rebellion. Thus, after the vain ceremony' of wash- 
 ing his hands, or rather after having rendered against himself that 
 glaring testimony of the injustice which he was about to commit, 
 (a) " Pilate, being willing to satisfy the people, gave sentence that 
 it should be as they required." 
 
 Consequently "he released unto them him who, for murder and 
 sedition, had been cast into prison, whom they had desired." 
 
 It is questionable whether the sentence of death against the Sa- 
 viour be comprised in these general terms which the governor em- 
 ployed. The flagellation which followed leaves this matter unde- 
 cided : the scourging should precede the crucifixion according to the 
 Roman laws, from which Pilate may not have wished to deviate 
 upon this occasion. If we view it in this light, we must believe that 
 Jesus was already condemned to the death of the cross ; but, on the 
 other hand, we have seen that Pilate entertained the notion of hav- 
 ing him scoui'ged with the design of saving his life, by aflbrding this 
 satisfactitin to those who demanded his death ; and we ai'e soon to 
 find him again endeavoring to turn it to this account. But was he 
 still carrying out his original intention, or else, after having aban- 
 doned it by condemning the Saviour, did he recur to it out of com- 
 " passion, or from remorse ? It would be difficult to form an opinion 
 on this subject. Whatever the case may be, at the very time when 
 they were liberating Barabbas, (b) " Pilate took Jesus, and scourged 
 him." The evangelists say nothing more about this afikir, but the 
 common opinion is, that this flagellation was carried to the last ex- 
 treme of cruelty. There can be no doubt but that it was extremely 
 cruel, since Pilate thought that, by exhibiting to the Jews the con- 
 dition to which it had reduced the Saviour, he should at last succeed 
 in melting tlieiu into compassion ; but it does not appear to have 
 
 (a) St. Mark, xv. 15 ; St. Luke, xxiii. 2-1, 25. (b) St. Juhn, xix. 1. 
 
 J 
 
CHAP. LXVII.] 
 
 OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 525 
 
 been so extremely severe that Jesus could not survive it Tvithout a 
 miracle. If such had been the case, Pilate would not have testi- 
 fied so much surprise when it was reported to him, three hours 
 after the Sa\-iour had lieen crucified, that he had already breathed 
 his last. 
 
 This torment was immediately followed by another, either sug- 
 gested by the hatred of the Jews, or invented by the brutality of 
 the soldiere. The latter, («) " taking Jesus into the court of the pal- 
 ace, gathered together unto him the whole band, and stripping him, 
 they put a scarlet cloak about him. And platting a crown of thorns, 
 they put it upon his head, and a reed in his right hand. Then they 
 came to him, and bowing the knee before him, they mocked him, 
 saying: Hail, king of the Jews; and spitting upon him, they took 
 the reed and struck his head, and they gave him blows." 
 
 CHAPTER LXVH. 
 
 ECCE HOMO. — Pilate's secoxd interrogation. — jesus is condemned. — he car- 
 ries ms CROSS. SIMON TUE CYRENEAN. — DAUGHTEES OF JERUSALEM. JESUS 
 
 CRUCIIXED BETWEEN TWO THIEVES. TITLE OF THE CROSS. LOTS CAST FOR THE 
 
 GARMENT. 
 
 After so many torments and so much contumely, the Jews should 
 at last have been content, (l^) " Pilate, therefore, went forth again, 
 and saith to them : Behold, I bring him forth unto you, that you 
 may know that I find no cause in him. Jesus, therefore, came forth, 
 bearing the cro^^^l of thorns and the purple garment, and Pilate 
 saith to them : Behold the man !" The people became silent, and 
 perhajis compassion began to work upon them ; but " when the chief 
 priests and the servants had soon him, they cried out: Crucify him! 
 crucifv him ! Pilate," feeling himself once more mistaken, and piipied 
 at this discomfiture, "saith to them," in a sharp tone: "Take him 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, .xxvii. 2V-30 ; St. Mark, xv. 16-19 ; St. John, xix. 3. 
 (i) St. John, xix. 4-7. 
 
526 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part n. 
 
 you, aud crucify him ; for I fiud do cause iu him. Tlie Jews answer- 
 ed liim : We liave a law, and according to the hiw he ought to die, 
 because he made liimself the Son of God." 
 
 Thus, they substituted for the state offence of which Pilate did 
 not fiud him guilty, a crime against religion, which, it seems, he must 
 take on their testimony — not being sufficiently conversant with their 
 law to judge the case himself; however, this expression, which es- 
 caped them in the heat of their passion, was very near depriving 
 them of their victim. The governor did not regard Jesus as an or- 
 dinaiy man. The wisdom of his answei'S, his unalterable jDatience, 
 his heroic firmness — all this, coml)ined with Pilate's own avowal of 
 his innocence, and what he had learned concerning his miracles, had 
 ali'eady inspired him with sentiments of veneration for the Saviour's 
 l^ei'son. He learned, moreover, that he announced himself as the Son 
 of God ; was he not such, in point of fact ? Not in the sense of etei'- 
 nal generation, Avhich was far above the comprehension of a Pagan ; 
 but such as paganism -might fancy him to be — -begotten by some of 
 the immortals (1) — whose vengeance would not fail to burst upon 
 those who should imbrue their hands in the blood of his Son. 
 " When Pilate, therefore, had heard this saying, he feared the more, 
 and he entered into the hall again, and he said to Jesus : Whence 
 art thou ? But Jesus gave him no answer. Pilate, therefore, said 
 to him : Speakest thou not to me ? Knowest thou not that I have 
 power to ci'ucify thee, and I have power to release thee ?" 
 
 This power, which hath never yet intimidated the just man who 
 fears not death, could still less aftect the Man-God, who rather desired 
 it. Wherefore, very far from flattering the governor's pride, Jesus 
 gave him a lesson very proper to inspire men in office wdth modes- 
 ty, by reminding them from whom they hold their authority, and 
 to whom they are responsible : "Thou shouldst not have any pov/er 
 against me, unless it were given thee from above ; therefore," added 
 the Saviom', " he that hath delivered me to thee hath the greater 
 sin." 
 
 This last ex]wession, which regarded his accusers, seems to signify 
 that the most criminal of all murders is that of dehvering up an in- 
 
 (1) Saint Cyrillus, lib. 12, cap. 20. 
 
CUAP. LXVn.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 527 
 
 noeent individual to legitimate judges, so as to deprive him ]>y tLcir 
 sentence of both liouor and life. But the judge who is weak enough 
 or coiTupt enough to be instrumental in the execution of such de- 
 signs, if he be not always the most wicked of all assassins, is he not 
 at least the most infamous ? This inference, which the Savdour did 
 not formally express, might easily have been drawn by Pilate ; and 
 as it came directly home to him, it is not sm'prising if " from hence- 
 forth Pilate sought to release him." But he sought in vain. The 
 people had too well discovered the ascendency which their clamoi-s 
 had secured them over this weak judge, to allow themselves to be 
 turned aside firom their purpose. " The Jews cried out [JJierefore], 
 saying : K thou release this man, thou art not Cfesar's friend ; for 
 whosoever maketh himself a king, speaketh against Caesar." Pilate 
 could not withstand this last attack. " When Pilate had heard these 
 words, he brought Jesus forth, and sat down in the judgment-seat, 
 in the place that is called Lithostrotos, and in the Hebrew Gabl)a- 
 tha. It was the parasceve of the pasch, about the sixth hour, and 
 he saith to the Jews : Behold your king. But they cried out : Away 
 with him ! away with liim ! crucify him ! Shall I crucify your king ? 
 Pilate saith to them" again, and this expression was, as it were, the 
 last sigh of expiring justice, (a)" The chief priests answered : We 
 have no king but Caesar. Then, therefore, he delivered up Jesus to 
 their will ;" that is to say, " he delivered him unto them to be cru- 
 cified." Behold, then, the issue of Pilate's judgment, after he had 
 so many times declared him innocent. "What more could he have 
 done if he had found him guilty ? And what does justice avail in 
 the heart of a man who has not courage to defend it against unjust 
 passion, only to render himself unjust whilst he yields with a repug- 
 nance which does not save the innocent, and which renders himself 
 only the more inexcusable ? 
 
 Meanwhile Jesus (b) " delivered himself," without murmur, " to 
 him that judged him unjustly," and, by his silence, he verified still 
 further the propliecy which compared him to a lamb, which, far from 
 defending itself, does not even oppose a cry to the knife that is go- 
 ing to slaughter it (<?). The soldiers, charged with the execution, 
 
 (a) St. John, sis. 15-17 ; St. Luke, xxiii. (b) I. St. Peter, ii. 23. 
 
 25 ; St. Matthew, xxvii. 20. (c) St. John, .\ix. IG, 17 ; St. Mark, xv. 20. 
 
528 THE HISTOKY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 " took Jesus," and did as they liked with him. " They took off the 
 purple from him ; they put his own garments on him, and they led 
 him out to crucify him. Jesus, bearing )'ls own cross, went forth to 
 that place which is called Calvary, but in Hebrew Golgotha." 
 
 There was a custom amongst the Romans, that those who were to 
 be crucified should themselves carry their cross to the place of exe- 
 cution. There was, therefore, nothing extraordinary in this with 
 regard to the Saviour. But Jesus, exhausted with loss of blood, 
 soon sank under the burden. His excessive weakness gave reason 
 to fear that he might escape the extreme penalty, or at least retard 
 the moment of execution so earnestly desired by his enemies. This 
 apprehension prompted them to relieve him, when chance, or rather 
 Providence, presented to them the man whom God had chosen to 
 succor his Son in this mournful emergency. "As they led Jesus 
 away (a), going out," from the city (2), " they found a man of 
 Cyrene, named Simon, the father of Alexander and of Rufus, who 
 passed ])y, coming out of the country. Him they forced to take up 
 his cross, and they laid the cross on him, to carry after Jesus." We 
 should think that he yielded to force alone, and with the utmost 
 repugnance ; but when he — through the light of faith which subse- 
 quently illumined his mind — discovered that he had the honor of 
 relieving his Saviour, of co-operating in the world's salvation, and 
 of being the figure of those who should carry the cross after Jesus 
 Christ and follow him — that is to say, of the predestined in every 
 age — we can conceive that his lot seemed truly enviable to him, as 
 
 («) St. Luke, xxiii. 26 ; St. Mntthew, xxvii. 32 ; St. Mark, xv. 21. 
 
 (2) St. Matthew says only, and going out, they found .... Simon .... him they forced 
 to carry the cross. And on the other hand St. Jolin says : Jesus went forth bearing his 
 own cross — which obUges us, for the purpose of reconcihng these two evangehsts, to 
 distinguish two egresses, one from the court-house, and then Jesus carried his cross ; the 
 otlier from the city, at which latter egress the executionei-s took the cross from him in 
 order to make Simon carry it. Thus Jesus carried his cross all the way through Jei-u- 
 salem, and Simon was afterwards made to bear it froin the city gates to the top of Cal- 
 vary. They apparently thought that Jesus, who had .had strength enough to bear it 
 when lie walked upon level ground, had not sufficient strength to cany it up the moun- 
 tain-side. Perhaps his strength failed him, in point of fact ; for we must recollect that 
 human nature was then abandoned to all its natural wealaiess. 
 
CHAP. LXV'II.] OF OUR LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 529 
 
 it has always appeared to those pious souls, who have wished that 
 they could have been associated with him in so glorious a ministry. 
 
 Meantime, («) " there followed Jesus a great multitude of pecv 
 pie, and of women, who bewailed and lamented him. But, turning 
 to them, he said : Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not over me, but 
 weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold the days 
 shall come wherein they will say : Blessed are the barren ! and the 
 wombs that have not borne, and the paps that have not given suck ! 
 Then shall they begin to say to the mountains : Fall upon us ; and 
 to the hUls : Cover us. For, if in the gi'een wood they do these 
 things, what shall be done in the dry ?" 
 
 (5) " There were also two other malefactoi-s," loaded, no doubt, 
 with their crosses according to the usual custom, " led with him to 
 be put to death." It was in such company as this that " They bring 
 him into the place called Golgotha, which," as we have already said, 
 " being interpreted, is the place of Calvary." 
 
 (<?) " When they Avere come to the place, they gave him wine to 
 drink, mingled with myrrh [«/ic/] gall (3). And when he liad 
 tasted, he would not drink. It was the thii'd hour they crucified 
 him (4). With him they crucified two thieves ; the one on his right 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxiii. 2Ï-31. (c) St. Luke, xxiii. 33; St. Matthew, 
 
 (b) St. Luke, xxiii. 32 ; St. Mark, xv. xxvii. 34 ; St. Mark, xv. 25, 27, 
 
 22 ; St. Matthew, xxvii. 33. 28 ; St. John, xix. 18. 
 
 (3) St. Matthew speaks onl)' of the gall, and not of the myrrli ; St. Mark of the 
 myrrh and not of the gall ; one does not exclude the other, and this is the reason why 
 we have combined them. Was this beverage in use in similar circumstances, or was it 
 not ? was it given with a view to strengthen the patient, or to stupefy hira, or perhaps 
 to torment him the more ? was gall always mingled with it, or was it mixed with it on 
 this occasion through the malice of the Saviour's enemies ? Nothing certain can be 
 advanced upon these several heads. Jesus tasted it in order to obey, in order to suffer, 
 in order to expiate our acts of intemperance, and in order to accomplish the prophecies. 
 We are unaware of the reason why he did not wish to swallow it, if it was not, accord- 
 ing to a pious interpretation, in order to show that he has tasted the bitterness of sin, 
 because he bore the pain thereof, but that he has not swallowed its poison, because sin 
 h;is never penetrated into his soul, always pure and always holy. 
 
 (4) It is St. Mark who makes this statement, and it seems to be in contradiction to 
 St. John, who conveys that the sentence of condemnation was pronounced abonl the sizth 
 hour. St. Jeromo, and after hiin Theophylactus, have thought that there existed in the 
 text of St. Mark an en-or made by the copyists, that the Greek letter which expresses 
 
 34 
 
530 
 
 THE HISTOKY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [part II. 
 
 liand, and the otlier ou Lis left, aud Jesus iu tlie midst. IThns] 
 the Scripture was fulfilled, wliicli saith : With the wicked was he 
 reputed." 
 
 The Deicide was consummated ; all that remained was — to avenge 
 it. Jesus had only to speak. It seems that he had only to remain 
 silent, aud to allow the thunderbolt to fall aud crush the authors 
 aud the executioners of a crime so atrocious. One would almost 
 say that he feared such a result, so eager was he to ward it off. 
 Scarcely was he fastened to the cross, and it elevated upon the 
 mountain, when (a) " he said," aud this was the first word which he 
 pronounced, " Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do." 
 
 We should not omit a circumstance of the Saviour's passion 
 that the Holy Ghost has judged worthy to be inserted in the 
 recital thereof dictated bj^ him to the sacred writers, (b) " Pilate 
 wrote," according to the prevailing custom, " a title, and he put it 
 ujjon the cross. The inscription of his cause was written over" it in 
 these terms: "This is Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews. 
 This title, therefore, many of the Jews did read ; because the place 
 where Jesus was crucified was uigh to the city, and it was written 
 iu Hebrew, iu Greek, and in Latin. The chief priests" considered 
 
 (o) St. Luke, xxiii. 34. 
 
 (6) St. John, xix. 19, 20; St. Mark, xxv. 2G ; St. Matthew, xxvii. 37. 
 
 the number three had slipped into tlie place of that which expresses the number six. 
 Nothing is more easy in appearance. Nevertheless this conjecture has been abandoned, 
 because no copy of St. Mark has been found in which we read that the Saviour was 
 crucified at the sixth hour. Now what is read in all the copies should be retained, and 
 it is allowable to correct one by the other only when variations occur. If we did not 
 respect this limitation at least, what could remain entire in the text ? Other interpreters 
 have imagined ways of dividing the day into four parts ; according to these, the tliird 
 hour of St. Mark would correspond with the sixth hour of St. John. The real and 
 known division of the night into four watches has suggested this notion to them and 
 seems to support it. Unfortunately they do not cite examples of this division of the d;>y 
 into four parts, nor of the name hours having been given to these parts, each of wliich 
 should be composed of three hours. We must acknowledge that the difficulty has not 
 been cleared up, and let it suffice for us to believe that according to a certain way of 
 reckoning which is unknown to us, but which was not unknown at the time when St. 
 Mark wrote, this evangelist may have called the third that which St. John called the 
 sixth hour. It is sufficient for faith that a thing is not impossible,- and assuredly this 
 is not. 
 
CHAP. LXVir.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 531 
 
 themselves insulted by tliis ; and probably with some reason, accord- 
 ing to their construction of the matter. It was oftering an insult to 
 the nation to style him king of the Jews, whom the chief men of 
 the nation, followed by the majority of the people, had just delivered 
 over to the extreme penalty. They («) " said, therefore, to Pilate : 
 Write not. The king of the Jews ; but that he said, I am the king 
 of the Jews. Pilate answered : " What I have written, I have writ- 
 ten," and dismissed them with this curt reply. 
 
 It might have been that the governor then thought only of get- 
 ting rid of their importunities, which he must have found extremely 
 tiresome ; perhaps, also, that after his previous cowardice, he wished 
 at last to make a show of firmness : the pleasure also of being 
 I'evenged for the violence which the Jews had just offered to him, 
 may also have had its share in producing this effect. Whatever his 
 motive may have been — and it is not very easy to ascertain — he 
 executed, without knowing it, the orders of the Most High. It was 
 God who had dictated w-hat the judge had written, and restrained 
 his hand so that the inscription was not effaced. It was by 
 means of the rood that the Man-God was to reign ; and by affixing 
 him to it they had placed him, if we may use the exjiression, upon 
 the throne of his royalty. It was also necessary to proclaim him 
 king, and Pilate — a Gentile — did this officially, notwithstanding the 
 opposition and the indignation of the Jewish people. Tliis was a 
 sensible figure of what soon after occurred, when these murderers 
 obstinately refusing to have Jesus reign over them, the Gentile peo- 
 ple willingly recognized him not only for their king, but for their 
 God and Saviour. In vain did the Jews do their utmost to prevent 
 this recognition, and they were made the unwilling witnesses of the 
 Saviour's triumph, unwittingly adding to the lustre of his glory l)y 
 their imjwtent rage and deadly animosity. 
 
 Nothing is of trifling importance in so great an event ; and, if it 
 were only for this reason, we ought not be surprised that the sacred 
 writera should have reported the fact which the reader is about to 
 see. But there is another reason which rendei-s it worthy of notice, 
 viz. : the literal fulfilment of the prophecies in a circumstance so 
 slight and so accidental, that the mind — which has foreseen and 
 
 (a) St. John, xix. 21, 22. 
 
532 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 predicted it — can alone be that infinite intelligence, to whom all 
 ages are present, and who, in all events, perceives even the most im- 
 perceptible and most arbitrary details. Here is the fact which has 
 occasioned these reflections : («) "The soldiers, therefore, when they 
 had crucified him, took his garments [and they made four parts, to 
 every soldier (5) a part] and also his coat (6). Now the coat was 
 without seam, woyen from the top throughout. They said then one 
 to another : Let us not cut it ; but let us cast lots (7) for it, whose 
 it shall be ; that the Scriptures might Ije fulfilled, saj^ing : They 
 have i^arted my garments among them, and upon my vesture they 
 have cast lots. The soldiers indeed did these things. \_After which^ 
 they sat and watched him." 
 
 (a) St. John, xix. 23, 24 ; St. Matthew, xxvii. 35, 36. 
 
 (5) Four soldiers were therefore engaged at the execution, which gives greater prob- 
 abilitj' to the opinion of those who think tliat Jesus Christ was fastened to the cross by 
 four nails. 
 
 (6) This coat or tunic had been woven» it is said, by the Blessed Virgin, when Jesus 
 was still a child. It therefoie grew with his growth, and was not worn away. We 
 have no positive proof of this fact ; but the tradition thereof is very ancient ; it has never 
 been contradicted, and there is nothing liere in miracles which should surprise us. It is 
 not at all unreasonable, and it is always more pious to respect such traditions than to 
 despise them. 
 
 The coat or tunic of the Saviour, was a figure of his spouse the church, which is one 
 and indivisible, because it always maintains itself in one and the same faith, and in one 
 and the same charity. 
 
 It is said of those who create schism in the church, that they rend the garment of 
 Jesus Christ ; that is to say, that they try to do so, though they never can succeed. 
 We may regard them as rags, badly assorted and worse stitched, which, when they de- 
 tach themselves from it take away nothing of its integrity, and are themselves no longer 
 good for any thing but to be cast into the fire. 
 
 (7) It is commonly held that the garments were also divided by lot, because it was 
 scarcely possible that the parts could be perfectly equal. This may lead us to conclude 
 that the Sa\4£)ur's apparel, without being rich, had still some value, and — as many think 
 — that it was suitable and becoming. 
 
CHAP. LX^^II.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 533 
 
 CHAPTER LXVm. 
 
 EL.VSPHEMIES AND KSCXTS. THE GOOD THIEF. — THE WORDS OF JESUS TO HIS 
 
 MOTHER. — D.i-RKXESS. — JESUS DIES. PItODIGIES. THE 8A\aOUE's SIDE PIERCED. 
 
 BURIAX. DESCENT INTO HELL. 
 
 Jesus, a prey to the most excruciating pain, was also exposed to 
 the most harrowing insults, (a) "They that passed by blasphemed 
 him, wagging their heads, and saying: Bah, thou that destroyest 
 the temple of God, and in three days dost rebuild it, save thy own 
 self ; if thou be the Son of God, come down from the cross. The 
 people stood beholding, and the rulers with them derided him (1)," 
 for they were not ashamed to join the multitude ; and — forgetting 
 what they owed to themselves — they gave vent to their joy with 
 the same coarseness and the same efifrontery. Thus they were not 
 ashamed to do that which would have disgraced the very lowest 
 rabble, (i) " In like manner also, the chief priests, with the Scribes 
 and ancients, mocking, said : He saved others (2) ; himself he can- 
 not save. If he be the king of Israel, let him now come do^vn from 
 the cross, and we will believe him. He trusted in «God: let him 
 now deliver him if he will have him ; for he said : I am the Son of 
 God." 
 
 (c) David had them in view when he put these words into the 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xx\-ii. 39, 40 ; St. . (6) St. Matthew, xxvii. 41. 
 
 Luke, xxiii. 35. (r) Psalm xxi. 9. 
 
 (1) A fresh proof of his innocence. Justice h;w no longer any other sentiment than 
 compassion for the criminal whom it is obliged to punish. Passion alone continues to 
 insult the innocent victim whom it immolates to its furj". Whilst thcj- thus outraged 
 the Just by excellence, they said nothing to the two robbers, or if they thought of them 
 at all it was apparently but to pity them. There is a measure of suffering which satisfies 
 justice, but tliere is none that can glut envy and hatred. 
 
 (2) He saved others, lliat is to say, he has wrought miracles for others, and he cannot 
 work them for himself This was tacitly acknowledging the truth of his miracles, and 
 taking occasion therefrom to insuU him the more. It is not for want of miracles, nor is 
 it often for want of belie\ing in miracles that the wicked are wicked ; it is solely because 
 they wish to be so. 
 
53-1 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART H. 
 
 mouth of the impious oppressors of 'the just ; and, without wishing 
 or knowing it, they were instrumental in accomplishing this pro- 
 phecy. They were also heard to say : (o) " Let him also save him- 
 self, if he be Christ the elect of God ; let Chi-ist the king of Israel 
 come down now from the cross that we may see and believe (3). 
 The soldiers also mocked him, coming to him and offering him vine- 
 gar ; and saying : If thou be the king of the Jews, save thyself" 
 And to put the finishing stroke to these outrages, " the self-same thing 
 the thieves also that were crucified with him reproached him with." 
 
 He whom they treated so unworthily was only anxious to save 
 them, and his grace eftected at this moment one of its most illustiious 
 conquests. (I) Whilst " one of those ro})bers who were hanged, 
 blasphemed him, saying : If thou be Christ, save thyself and us ; the 
 other," suddenly enlightened, and changed into another man, " an- 
 swering, rebuked him, saying : Neither dost thou fear God ! see- 
 ing thou art under the same condemnation ? And we indeed justly, 
 for we receive the due reward of our deeds ; but this man hath done 
 no evil." 
 
 The work of conversion is far advanced, when the sinner confesses 
 his iniquity and the justice of the chastisement which he receives for 
 it. The knowledge of God's goodness, and a loving confidence in 
 his mercies, finish and perfect the change. Penetrated with this 
 second sentiment, which, in this fortunate man, was the consequence 
 and perhaps the reward of the fii-st, — " He said to Jesus : Lord, re- 
 member me when thou shalt come into thy kingdom." By this 
 prayer he confessed that Jesus is the king of the world to come ; 
 and the sense of the mysterious answer given by the Saviour to Pi- 
 late was fully revealed to him. All faith is comprised in this con- 
 fession, but what renders it most surprising is the occasion whereon he 
 rendered to Jesus so glorious a testimony. His salvation was the 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxiii. 35-31 ; St. Mark, xv. .32 ; St. Mattliew, xxvii. 4-i. 
 (6) St. Luke, xxiii. 39-43. 
 
 (3) No, it is not true that they would have believed" in him if he had come down 
 from the cross ; for, as we shall soon see, they were convinced of the tnith of his resur- 
 rection, and yet were only the more hardened. All those who ask for miracles do not 
 speak sincerely. 
 
CHAP. LXVIII.] OF OUU LOKD JKSUS CHRIST. 535 
 
 rewai-d which it obtained for him, and he received at the moment an 
 assurance thereof. " Jesus said to him : Amen, I say to thee, this 
 tUiy thou shalt be with me in paradise (4)." 
 
 An object still more interesting to Jesus soon attracted his atten- 
 tion, and gave him the opportunity of fulfilling one of the first duties 
 prescribed by nature, in order to teach us that he is not come to 
 destroy, but to perfect the natural law. " His mother," whom the 
 most excruciating anguish ever felt by mortal could not deter 
 from following him to the tatal spot; (a) "his mother and his 
 mother's sister, Mary of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalen, stood 
 by the cross of Jesus. When Jesus therefore had seen his mother 
 and the disciple standing whom he loved, he saith to his mother : 
 Woman, behold thy son. After that he saith to his disciple : Be- 
 hold thy mother (5). And from that hour that disciple took her to 
 his own (6)." 
 
 I ■ (a) St. John, xix. 25-27. 
 
 I 
 
 (4) It may be asked what this paradise was, which could neither be heaven, for it 
 was not open to men until ascension-day, nor the tenestrial paradise, which no longer 
 existed, at least since the deluge. It appeai-s to be the bosom of Abraham, which, for 
 the just, entirely purified, was a place of repose, and might be regarded as that of im- 
 perfect felicity. Might we not say that it is no longer permissible to doubt, after this 
 expression of Jesus Christ : This day thou shalt be laith me in paradise ; for it is a matter 
 of faith that upon that day Jesus Christ descended into Limbo, and he declares formally, 
 that he and the robber shall be reunited on that very day in the same place. 
 
 (5) We have already said that it was very probable that St. Joseph had died before 
 the preaching of Jesus Christ : this proves at least^that he was dead at the time of tlie 
 Passion ; for if he had then been alive, there would have been no need of the Saviour's 
 recommending his mother to another. 
 
 The virgin mother was given in charge to the virgin disciple. The holy Fathei-s assign 
 also as a cause for this favor the tender and generous attachment of the disciple, which 
 made him follow his master to the place of execution. He Hed at first, like the other 
 disciples, but he was the only one who returned. With God, there is always an oppor- 
 tunity for returning. 
 
 (6) A difficulty is here raised on the ground that the apostles, who had quitted all, 
 had no longer any residence to call their own. St. John had still his mother Salome, 
 with whçm he doubtless lodged, and to her house he would naturally conduct the Blessed 
 Virgin, to whom the sf)ciety of this holy woman could not be otherwise than agreeable. 
 
 Interpreters say that St. John here represented all the faithful, and that in adopting 
 him Mary adopted us all. It is from this that Man,'s panegyrists have taken occasion 
 to say that the Eternal Father, having chosen her to be the mother of his only Son, 
 wished that she should be also the mother of all those who, by the character of divine 
 
53G - THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT II. 
 
 (a) " It was almost the sixth hour ; and there was darkness (7) 
 over all the earth (8) until the ninth hour, when the sun was dark- 
 ened (9). At the ninth hour Jesus cried out with a loud voice, say- 
 ing : Eloi, Eloi, lamma eabacthani ? which is, being interpreted : My 
 God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me (10) ?" 
 
 This desertion was undoubtedly the most grievous of all his pains. 
 But, as this jjain was wholly interior, it could not be seen as his 
 bodily sufferings were ; and it was to make it known to us that he 
 spoke these mournful words. The exjjression was very far from 
 being then understood ; so much so, that through ignorance of the 
 sacred language in which Jesus spoke, (J>) " some of the standers-by 
 hearing, said : Behold he calleth Elias." 
 
 (c) " Afterwards, Jesus knowing that all things were now ac- 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxiii. 44, 45 ; St. Mark, (c) St. John, xix. 28-30 ; St. Matt., 
 
 XV. 34. xxvii. 48, 49 ; St. Mark, xv. 
 
 (b) St. Mark, xv. 35. 36 ; St. Luke, xxiii. 46. 
 
 adoption, became his own children, and that Mar3''s maternity is as unhmited as the 
 paternity of God. 
 
 (7) This darkness commenced a httle after the cnicifixion, and cleared away shortly I j 
 before Jesus expired. It was the mourning of nature for the death of its author. | 
 
 (8) Several interpreters understand by the whole earth, the whole country, that is to 
 say, Judea. The most common opinion is that the darkness was actually spread over 
 the whole earth. The scanty information gleaned from history with i-eference to this 
 memorable fact, proves that it extended far be^-ond Judea. This was not palpable dark- 
 ness such as fell upon Egypt : it was the obscurity of a clear night during which we 
 can see the heavens and the stars, for they were then visible, as is reported by Phlegon, 
 a pagan author, who was then living, and wrote an account of what he saw. 
 
 (9) Some say that it ceased to give light because of the subtraction of its ra3fs ; others 
 assert that the moon, having changed her natural course, was placed miraculously 
 between the sun and the earth. The second cause is that which is spoken of in the 
 letter of St. Denis the Areopagite to St. Polycarpe. The iirst seems to have been neces- 
 sary in oi'der that the darkness should be universal, as we are given to understand by all 
 the chronicles wherein mention is made of this prodigy. This point, like many others, 
 remains undecided. 
 
 (10) These words are the first of Psalm xxi. We find in this psalm the principal 
 circumstances of the passion so clearly marked out, that it is regarded as one of the most 
 striking prophecies thereof. It is the human nature in Jesus Christ that complains to 
 the Eternal Father of being abandoned by him without defence to the rage of his enemies, 
 aad left a prey to the most acute sufferings without any sensible consolation. This com- 
 plaint was accompanied with resignation, and was, moreover, respectful. It was not 
 therefore a cry of despair, as was said by Calvin, who added this new blasphemy to all 
 those which Jesus Christ had to bear from the Jews. 
 
CHAP. LXVIU.] OV OUIJ LORD JESCS CHELST. 537 
 
 complished," with tlie exception of a slight circiimstauce which his 
 infinite penetration -singled out from amidst that crowd of prophe- 
 cies Avliich regarded his person, " that the Scrii:)ture might Le ful- 
 filled (11)" without failing in a single point, "said : I thirst. There 
 was a vessel set there full of vinegar. Immediately one of them 
 running, took a sponge, filled it with vinegar, and putting it upon 
 a reed gave him to drink. And the othei*s said : Let be, let us see 
 whether Elias will come to deliver him." He who presented the 
 drink sjaid with the others : " Stay, let us see if Elias come to take 
 him down. Jesus, when he had taken tlie \nnegar," and having 
 ascertained, by a last glance, that nothing was wanting to his sacri- 
 fice, " said : It is consummated. And, crying with a loud voice (1'2), 
 he said: Father, into thy hands I commend my (13) spirit. And 
 saying this, bowing his head, he gave up the ghost." 
 
 Here ended the power of evil. The divine- power, which had 
 
 (11) What was then accomplished is the second part of this versicle of Psalm Ixviii : 
 They gave me gall for my food, and in my thirst Ikey gave me vinegar to drink. The 
 first part had its fulfillment before the ci-ucifixion, when they offered to the Saviour wine 
 mingled with gall. 
 
 (12) The death on the cross was one which drained the body of all its strength and 
 blood. This cry was therefore supernatural : and was regarded as miraculous by those 
 ■who heard it. TTie Centurion. . . .seeing that crying out in this manner he had given 
 up the ghost, said : indeed this man was the Son of God. Such a display of strength in 
 a state of extreme exhaustion showed well that Jesus died because he wished it, and at 
 the moment when he wished. It verified that expression which he had previously made 
 use of: / have poicer to lay it (my life) down ; and I have power to take it up (St John, 
 X. 18). The expression it is consummated also signified the same thing, for Jesus Christ 
 meant to say : I have suffered all that I had to suffer, and now I have only to die. To 
 speak thus, and to die immediately after, was evidently dying when he wished to die. 
 
 (13) All Christians should die with this expression on their lips, although when 
 uttered by them it hits a different meaning from that which it had when coming from the 
 lijis of Jesus Christ. The Man-God recommended his soul to his Father as a deposit 
 confided to the person most beloved, until the moment when it is proper to resume it. 
 Sinful man is always uncertain of his salvation, and he recommends his soul to the mercy 
 of God, in order that he may not treat him according to the rigor of his justice. 
 
 We recommend tlie soul, and not the body ; because the destiny of the body depends 
 upon that of the soul. If the soul be saved, so also is the body ; and if the soul be lost, 
 the body is lost with it. 
 
 The Church has placed the In manus at the end of the evening office. The reason is 
 because the .sleep which we arc going to take is the image of death — and that it has 
 occurred more than once that the figure was changed into reality. 
 
538 THE IirSTOKY OF THE LIFE [pART II. 
 
 kept itself concealed until tlie consummation of the sacrifice, burst 
 forth on the instant, and displayed the glory of the Man-God amid 
 all the horrors of extreme punishment, and from out the shades of 
 death. He had scarcely expired, (a) "and behold the veil of the 
 temple was rent in two from the to]) even to the bottom ; the earth 
 quaked ; the rocks were rent, and the graves were opened." This 
 latter prodigy was preparatoiy to another which did not occur until 
 the third day after. " Many bodies of the saints that had slept 
 arose (14), and coming out of the tombs after his resurrection^, came 
 into the holy city, and appeared to many." 
 
 Thus did insensible creatures testify sensibility at the death of 
 their author. Their example, if we may so sj^eak, produced its 
 effect. Would to God that, in general, it had been lasting ! But it 
 did happen that — in this crisis of all nature and this shock of the 
 entire universe — men appeared to blush at being harder than the 
 stones and rocks. First of all, (h) " The centurion who stood over 
 against him, seeing what was done, that crying out in this manner 
 he had given up the ghost, glorified God, saying : Indeed this was 
 a just man ; indeed he was the Sou of God. They that were with 
 him watching Jesus, having seen the earthquake and the things that 
 were done, were sore afraid, saying : Indeed, this was the Son of 
 God (15). And all the multitude of them that were come together 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxvii. 51-53. 
 
 (6) St. Mark, xv. 39 ; St. Luke, xxiii. 47, 48 ; St. Matthew, xxvii. 54. 
 
 (14) It is not decided whetlier these saints arose before Jesus Christ did, or whether 
 they arose so as never to die again. We must hold as certain that, in the latter case, 
 their resurrection could only have taken place after that of the Saviour, who is called in 
 Scripture the first-fruits of them that sleep (1 Cor. xv.), and the first-born of the dead 
 (Colos. i. Apoc. i.). The most common opinion is that they arose after the resurrection 
 of Jesus Christ, never to die again, and that they followed him to heaven on the day of 
 his ascension. Thus they were the pledge, and, as it were, the figure of the second 
 ascension, which shall take place at the end of ages, when, after having judged the living 
 and the dead, Jesus Christ shall ascend again into heaven, and shall conduct thither all 
 the elect, in body and soul, that they may reign there eternally with him. 
 
 (15) He was reproached for having stated falsely that he was the Son of God, because 
 he had allowed himself to be fastened to the cross, and that be could not descend there- 
 from. He is still fastened to the cross, and dies thereon, yet we have a public announce- 
 ment made that indeed this was the Son of God. Already are the blasphemies of his 
 enemies converted into a confession of his Divinity. 
 
CHAP. LXVni.] OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 539 
 
 to that sight, and saw the things that were done, I'etnrned striking 
 their breasts." 
 
 Others, who were still more afflicted, but without remorse, could 
 not tear themselves away from so dear an object. (</) " All his 
 acquaintance, and many women stood afar oiï looking on and be- 
 holding these things. Among whom were INIary Magdalen, Mary (IG) 
 the mother of James the less and of Joseph, and Salome, the mother 
 of the sons of Zebedee, who also when he was in Galilee followed 
 him and ministered to him. 3Iany other women that came up with 
 him to Jerusalem" were also present. 
 
 The Jews, in all that they had attempted against the Savioui-, had 
 only been enabled (b) " to do what thy hand and thy counsel decreed 
 to be done." They could never make him suffer any thing else but 
 what God had resolved that he should suffer ; and because God did 
 not wish that he should suffer another kind of punishment which 
 they further destined for him, the idea did not strike them until 
 after his death. It was still zeal for the law which appeared to ani- 
 mate them upon this occasion. The law ordained (c) that the bodies 
 of those who had been fastened to a gibbet, should l)e taken thence 
 before the close of day. They must needs hurry, because the time 
 for doing such a deed was very soon to exjiire. Then, ((I) " because 
 it was the parasceve" (the soleumity of which commenced at sunset) 
 " that the bodies might not remain upou the cross on the Sabbath- 
 day (for that was a great Sabbath-day) the Jews besought Pilate 
 that then- legs might be broken, and that they might be taken 
 away. The soldiers therefore came, and they broke the legs of the 
 
 (a) St. Luke, .\.\iii. 49 ; St. Mutt. (6) Acts, iv. 28. 
 
 .\xvii. 55, 56 ; St. Mark, xv. (c) Deuteronom}', xxi. 23. 
 
 40, 41. (d) St. John, xix. 31-37. 
 
 (16) The same who has just been called Mary, the wife of Cleophas, and sister to the 
 Blessed Virgin. We have followed the recital of St. John, who places her with Maiy 
 Magdalen at the foot of the cross. Others of the evangelists represent them as keeping 
 at a distance. There is yet no contradiction in this. St. John informs us where they 
 were stationed immediately after Jesus had been fastened to the cross. St. Matthew, 
 St. Mark, and St. Luke tell us where they stood after Jesus had expired. In the space 
 of three hours it might easily have happened that they were obliged to change their 
 position. 
 
540 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART U. 
 
 first, and of the other that was crucified with him. When they 
 came to Jesus, and saw that he was already dead, they did not 
 break his legs, but one of the soldiers opened his side with a spear, 
 'and immediately there came out blood and water (17). And he 
 that saw it, gave testimony, and his testimony is true. And he 
 knoweth that he saith true, that you also may believe. For these 
 things were done that the Scripture might be fulfilled : You shall 
 not l)reak a bone of him. Again, another Scripture saith : They 
 .shall look on him whom they pierced (18)." 
 
 Meantime, it was necessary to think of the interment of the 
 Saviour, and it was thought of by two men, who rendered to 
 liim this last duty with all the zeal inspired by an ardent aftectiou 
 for his person, and with a splendor worthy of their opulence. God 
 who began to glorify the flesh of his Son, had inspired them with 
 the design, and gave them courage to carry it into execution. 
 About an hour had elapsed after Jesus had expii*ed, (a) " and when 
 it was evening, there came a certain rich man of Arimathea, named 
 Joseph. \_IIe wasj a noble counsellor, a good and a just man, who 
 also himself was a disciple of Jesus, but secretly (19), for fear of the 
 
 («) St. Matthew, xxrii. 5Ï ; St. Mark, xv. 43-46; St. Luke, xxiii. 50-52 ; St. John, 
 xix. 38-40. 
 
 (IT) Natural and elementary water. If it be said that such could not take place 
 \vithout a miracle, we acknowledge the truth of the assertion. If it be said that this 
 was not natural and elementary water, such an assertion would be opposed to all tradi- 
 tion, and might also be regarded as erroneous. 
 
 According to the explanation of the Holy Fathers, baptism was signified by the water, 
 and the Eucharist by the blood. This is the reason why they add that the Church has 
 come forth from the side of Jesus Christ when dead, as Eve had originated from the side 
 of Adam when asleep, because the faithful who compose the body of the church are 
 formed by baptism and nourished by the Eucharist ; and because baptism and the Eu- 
 charist are the two principal sacraments, and those to which all the others have refer- j' 
 ence. This has also made the Holy Fathers say that all the sacraments have proceeded 
 from the side of Jesus Christ. 
 
 (18) They looked upon him in the very place where they had pierced him. They 
 shall see him again, but with what inexpressible teiTor ! they shall look upon him, but 
 it shall be upon tlie last day when he shall present to his murderers the scars of his 
 wounds in testimony of their Deicide. It is St. John who in the Apocalypse, refers to 
 tliis period, the perfect accomplishment of this prophecy : Behold, he cometli with the 
 clouds, and every eye shall see him, and they also that pierced him (Apoc. i.). 
 
 (19) There are therefore circumstances wherein one may be justified in keeping his 
 
CHAP. Lxvin.] OF on: lord jesus ciiiust. 541 
 
 Jews. The same had not consented to their counsel and doings, who 
 also himself looked for the kingdom of God. This man came and 
 went in boldly to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. But Pilate 
 wondered that he should be already dead, and sending for the cen- 
 turion, he asked him if he were abeady dead. When he had under- 
 stood it of the centurion, he gave the body to Joseph, [who'] came 
 and took away the body. And Xicodemus also came — he who at 
 iirst came to Jesus by night, bringing a mixture of myrrh and 
 alo&s (20), about an hundred pound weight. Joseph buying fine 
 linen (21), and taking Jesus down, wrapped him up in the fine 
 linen ; — ^they bound the body in linen cloths yviih the spices, as the 
 manner of the Jews is to bury." 
 
 (a) " Xow there was in the place where he was crucified, a 
 garden ; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein no man yet 
 had been laid. There therefore, because of the parasceve of the 
 Jews, because the sepulchre was nigh at hand (22) he laid the body 
 in his own new monument which he had hewed out in a rock ; and 
 he rolled a great stone to the door of the monument, and went his 
 way. It was ^jfé day of the pai'asceve, and the Sabbath drew on. 
 
 (a) St. John, six. 41, 42 ; St. Mark, xv. 46 ; St. Matthew, xxvii. 60, 61 ; St. Luke, 
 x.\iii. 54-50. 
 
 religion secret without ceasing to be a good and a just man. Since Scripture thus denom- 
 inates Joseph of Arimathea, tliis is a truth which we are not permitted to doubt, but it 
 is very eas_v to make an abuse of it. 
 
 (20) Whilst the declared disciples flj- and conceal themselves, the concealed appear 
 and declare themselves. The fii-st is a proof of human infinuitj' ; the second displays 
 the virtue of the cross. 
 
 (21) The sheet was also of linen. Hence arose the custom, at the sacrifice of the 
 Mass, to lay the body of Jesus Christ upon linen, to the exclusion of every other texture. 
 St. Jerome made this remark nearly 1400 years ago. 
 
 (22) Every occurrence which appears here accidental, is arranged by Providence ; for 
 it was requisite that the sepulchre should be near to Calvarj-, in order to give time for 
 bearing thither the body of Jesus, and inclosing it therein, before the repose of the Sab- 
 bath commenced. It was also proper that this sepulchre should be entirely new, and 
 tliat no person should have been hitherto interred there, in order that it might imitate in 
 its way the purity of Mary, and that no question might ever be mooted as to whether 
 the man who arose from the dead was not some other person besides Jesus. It was 
 also necessary that it should bu hewn out of a rock, lest any suspicion should arise of its 
 having been broken open, and the body carried secretly away. 
 
542 TIIE inSTOET OF TIIE LIFE [PAET II. 
 
 There were there Mary Magdalen and the other Mary that were 
 come with Jesns from Galilee, sitting over against the sepulchre. 
 They saw the sepulchre, and how his body was laid," for it was with 
 this design that they " were following after" the funeral procession. 
 " And, returning, they prepared spices and ointments ; and on the 
 Sabbath-day they rested, according to the commandment (23)." 
 
 The enemies of Jesus were not so scrupulous. These rigid ob- 
 servers of rest on the holy day — who had so often impeached the 
 Saviour with the crime of having violated it Ijy operating miracu- 
 lous cures — now violated it in their turn with the design of burying 
 his religion and its author in the same tomb. Jesus, as we have 
 seen, had often foretold that he would rise again the third day after 
 his death. His disciples had forgotten it ; but not so his persecu- 
 tors. Doulitless they had no idea that the prophecy Avould 
 be accomplished ; therefore they could scarcely have any other 
 intention than to attest the non-accomplishment, in oi'der to demon- 
 strate thereljy to the whole universe that Jesus was a false prophet : 
 for, the api:)rehension of any attempt on the part of his disciples had 
 too little foundation to be any thing else than a prel^yt. AYhatever 
 might have been their motive, (a) " The next day, whii^h followed 
 the day of the preparation, the chief priests and the Pharisees came 
 together to Pilate, saying : Sir, we have remembered that that 
 seducer (2-i) said, while he was yet alive : After three days I will 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxvii. 62-66. 
 
 (23) The bodies were usually embalmed by women. These women could not effect 
 it. Circumstances had obliged them to relinquish the care to men. They hoped indeed 
 to leturn to it, and to finish perfectly an operation which they deemed to have been 
 rather precipitately done. Jesus Christ was well pleased with their zeal, but he did 
 not permit them to proceed with the execution of their project. 
 
 (2-t) Jesus Christ has suffered himself, said St. Augustin, to be ctilled a seducer, 
 for the consolation of his servants, whenever it occurs that the same denomination is 
 affixed to them. The name is also given to real seducers ; and in all disputes concerning 
 faith, the orthodox and the heretic mutually assign the epithet to each other. It is trath 
 upon one side, and calumny upon the other. Nor is it always easy for the people to 
 discriminate between both ; and yet it is of paiamount importance to them not to 
 be mistaken in the matter. To whom, then, sliall the people have recourse ? To the 
 Church. Let the people consult the Church, and let them rest assured that he whom 
 tlie Church recognizes as orthodox is orthodox, no mutter who mav stvle him a 
 
CHAP. LXVin.] OF OUR LORD JESPS CHRIST. 543 
 
 rise again. Command therefore the sepulchre to be guarded until 
 the third day inclusively, lest his disciples come, and steal him away, 
 and say to the people : He is risen from the dead ; so the last error 
 shall be woi-se than the first. Pilate said to them: You have a 
 guard ; go, guard it as you know (25). They departing made the 
 sepidchre sure, sealing the stone and setting guards." 
 
 All these measures were necessary to render incontestible the 
 miracle of the resurrection, and never did human passions better 
 second the designs of Divine Providence. Nevertheless, him whom 
 they so carefully guarded was («) " fi'ee amongst the dead, being 
 put to death indeed in the flesh, but enlivened in the spirit ;" and 
 he whom the Jews regarded as their captive, was actually breaking 
 the fetters of a whole peojjle. (b) " Descended iuto the lower parts 
 of the earth, he preached to those spirits that were in prison," and 
 the Gosj^el penetrated with him into those gloomy regions. It is 
 thought that his holy soul spent there all the time that it was sepa- 
 rated from his sacred body. It was occupied there in uufolding to 
 the just therein detained, the great mystery of the redemption which 
 had just been^rought, and announcing to them theii* deliverance 
 and their approaching entry into heaven which was now at last to 
 be thrown open, after having been so long closed against human 
 nature. Of this they had already a foretaste in the joy which his 
 presence gave them. It is even held, and this ojjinion is the most 
 common and the best authorized, that he communicated to them 
 even then the clear vision of God, which constitutes the essential 
 felicity of paradise, and that it was also in this sense that he jorom- 
 ised to the good thief that on that very day he should be with him 
 in paradise. 
 
 (a) Psalm Ixxxvii. 5 ; 1 Peter, iii. 18. (6) Ephes., iv. 9 ; 1 Peter, iii. 19. 
 
 seducer ; and that he whom the Churcli treats as a seducer is a seducer, even if he were 
 regarded as orthodox by the rest of the world. 
 
 (25) They had a guard at their command, for the purpose of guarding the temple. 
 Pilate's answer naturally leads us to believe that this is the guard which he perrait-s them 
 to make use of. What may have rendered his permission necessary is, that this guard 
 was not to be employed beyond the precincts of the temple without the consent of the 
 governor. 
 
544 THE HISTORY OF THE LIPE [pART H. 
 
 CHAPTER LXIX. 
 
 TOE EESUKEECTION. THE ANGEL OF THE LOED. THE SOLDIERS FRIGHTENED. — THE 
 
 STONE RAISED. — JOURNEY OF THE WOMEN. RACE OF PETER AND OF JOHN. 
 
 APPARITION TO MAGDALEN. APPARITION TO THE OTHER WOMEN. RETURN OF 
 
 THE GUARDS TO JERUSALEM, AND THEIR DEPOSITION. 
 
 We liave now arrived at tliat great event which the Saviour's 
 enemies had so dreaded, and for which his disciples scarcely dared 
 to hope. His humiliations ended with his mortal life. His glory, 
 which shall never end, commences with the immortal life which he 
 resumes on the third day after his death and burial. God has not 
 chosen to reveal to us the precise moment of its occurrence, so that 
 we can only form conjectures on this point. It is commonly thought 
 that the resurrection took place before sunrise, but not till after the 
 dawn. We have already remarked that Jesus had declared in 
 formal terms that he should be three days and three nights in the 
 bowels of the earth. In order that the proj^hecy might be literally 
 accomplished, it was necessary that he should still be there on the 
 third day until there was already light upon the earth to enable a 
 person to say positively — it is day. As one instant was sufficient for 
 this, so the appearance of the light was quite enough. It was there- 
 fore in the interval between dawn and sunrise that Jesus Christ 
 arose l)y his own power, leaving on the floor of his sepulchre the 
 linen cloths in which he had been wrapped, so that they might be 
 as witnesses both of his death and his resurrection. He arose with- 
 out noise and without any visible sjilendor, and went forth from the 
 tomb without hurt or fracture, even as he had come from the womb 
 of his blessed mother. The stone was not displaced, but pen.etrated 
 by the subtUity of his glorified body. The guards did not perceive 
 it, and the terror in which they are represented at the sight of the 
 Man-God emerging from the tomb is merely the imagination of 
 painters. That which caused their fear was the earthquake and the 
 apparition of the angel, as we are now aliout to see in the recital of 
 what occurred immediately after the Saviour's resurrection. 
 
CHAP. LXLX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 54:5 
 
 (a) " "When the Sabbath was past" (that is to say after sunset on 
 the Sabbath day), " Mary Magdalen, and Mary the mother of James, 
 and Salome, bought sweet spices, that coming, they raiglit anoint 
 Jesus." They had prepared them on the previous evening ; but, 
 obliged by the repose of the holy day to interrupt their prejtara- 
 tions, they availed themselves, in order to complete their work, of the 
 fii-st moment when it was permitted them so to do. It was neces- 
 sary, however, before they set out on their journey, to tarry until 
 the night was past ; but yet they did not wait for the clear light of 
 day. (3) '• The first day of the week, when it was yet dark, they 
 came very early in the morning, bringing the spices which they had 
 prepared, to the sepulchre, the sun being now risen." They were 
 not aware that the Jews had set guards there : wherefoi'e, fancying 
 that they had no other obstacle to meet, " they said one to another : 
 Who shall roll us T)ack the stone from the door of the sepulchre ? 
 For it was very great." They were thus expressing theii" embari-ass- 
 meut, when the Lord removed in a moment every obstacle, (c) " Be- 
 hold there was a great earthquake. For an angel of the Lord 
 descended from heaven, and coming, rolled back the stone, and sat 
 u2:)on it. His countenance was as lightning, and his raiment as snow. 
 For fear of him, the guards were struck with terror and became as 
 dead men." But they speedily recovered the use of their sens^s, and 
 fled with all haste. Meantime, (f/) " the women came and found 
 the stone rolled back from the sepulchre." The angel — the sight of 
 whom would have terrified them — being not yet visible to their 
 eyes, nothing appeared any longer to hinder the execution of their 
 pious designs. But, " going in, they found not the body of the Lord 
 Jesus (1)." 
 
 (.') St. Matt., xxviii. 1 ; St. Mark, xvi. 1. (c) St. Matthew, xxriii. 2-4. 
 
 ' (4) St. Mark, xvi. 2 ; St. Jolin, xx. 1 ; St. (d) St. Luke, xxiv. 2, 3. 
 
 Luke, xxir. I. 
 
 (1) Tlie visit of Magdalen and the holy women to the sepulchre, and the coming 
 of the two disciples ; the apparitions of the angels, and that of Jesus Christ, as well to 
 Miigdulen as to the holy women, are positive facts, since they are reported b}' the sacred 
 writere ; but it is extremely difficult to arrange them all in order, and we tliink we may 
 s<iy, that not one of all the systems imagined by the interpreters is free from some objec- 
 tion. Neither can we assert that that which we have followed is preferable to othci-s : 
 it is arbitrary like all the others, but it was necessary for us to adopt some system. 
 
 85 
 
1 
 
 546 TIIE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART H. 
 
 We may infer that tliey tlien witlidrew, and it is not unlikely 
 that, supposing the body to have been removed to some neighbor- 
 ing place, they may have dispersed in order to seek it. Magdalen, 
 more impatient than the others, proceeded immediately in quest of 
 those whom she imagined could give her information concerning it. 
 (a) " She ran, therefore, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the 
 other disciple whom Jesus loved, and saith to them : They have 
 taken away the Lord out of the sepulchre, and we know not where 
 they have laid him. Peter, therefore, went out, and that other dis- 
 ciple, and they came to the sepulchre (2). They both did run 
 together, and that other disciple out-ran Peter, and came first to 
 the sepulchre, and when he stooped down, he saw the linen cloths 
 lying ; but yet he went not in. Then cometh Simon Peter, follow- 
 ing him, and went into the sepulchre, and saw the linen cloths lying, 
 and the napkin, that had been about his head, not lying with the 
 linen cloths, but apart wrapped up into one place. Then that other 
 disciple also went in, who came fli-st to the sepulchre ; and he saw 
 and believed ; for as yet they knew not the Scripture, that he must 
 rise again from the dead (3). So the disciples went away again to 
 their home. Peter," who was not yet thoroughly persuaded, " went 
 away, wondering in himself at that which was come to pass." 
 (a) St. John, XX. 2-10; St. Luke, xxiv. 12. 
 
 (2) Peter demeans himself as if he had not sinned : he does so because he is penitent, 
 and that he knows his Master's goodness too well to doubt that the penitent sinner holds 
 the same place in liis heart as if he had never simied. Experience full}' proved that he 
 was not mistaken in this. He was the first of the apostles to whom Jesus Christ appeared, 
 and his emotions of joy and grief on seeing this prodigy of mercy are difficult to be 
 imagined, and impossible to be described. 
 
 (3) This expression, as yet they kncxo not the Scripture, refers to the two disciples, 
 but with some difference. With regard to St. Peter, who did not as yet believe, it sig- 
 nifies that because he did not understand what was written concerning the resurrection 
 of Jesus Christ, he retunied thence without believing it. With regard to St. John who 
 then commenced to believe, this expression means — that inasmuch as he did not com- 
 prehend what was written of the resurrection, he then believed it only because he found 
 the tomb open, the linen without the body, and the shroud folded back. Now, if he 
 had understood what is written, he would have believed in the resurrection because it 
 was foretold, and solely on the testimony of God, which would have produced a much 
 more perfect faith. For believing solely on account of the inferences drawn from what 
 he saw, was believing merely on the testimony of reason, which gave him no other ad- 
 vantage over St. Peter than that of having a clearer and more penetrating mind. 
 
CILVP. LXIX.] OF OUR LORD J>SUS CHRIST. 547 
 
 Magdalen, detained by her love, could not bring herself to follow 
 them, " but stood without at the sepulchre, weeping. Now as she 
 was weeping, she stooped down, and looked into the sepulchre, and 
 she saw two angels iu white, sitting, one at the head and one at the 
 feet, where the body of Jesus had been laid. They say to her: 
 Woman, why weepest thou ? Slie saith to them : Because they have 
 taken away my Lord, and I know not whei-e they have laid him. 
 When she had said these words she turned herself back, and saw 
 Jesus standing, and she knew not that it was Jesus (4). He saith 
 to her : Woman, why weepest thou ? whom seekest thou ? She, 
 thinking that it was the gardener, saith to Mm : Sir, if thou hast 
 taken him away, tell me whei'e thou hast laid him, and I will take 
 him away. Jesus saith to her : Mary. She turning, saith to him : 
 Rabboni, that is to say. Master." She instantly cast herself at his 
 feet, for the purpose of embracing them ; but the sojourn which he 
 was to make on earth would give her time and oppoi'tunity enough 
 for this, and he had other mattere to think of at that moment. For 
 this reason " Jesus saith to her : Do not touch me, for I have not 
 yet ascended to my Father (5), but go to my brethren (6), and say 
 to them : I ascend to my Father and to your Fathei', to ray God 
 and your God (7)." 
 
 (4) Perhaps because she had not looked at his countenance, prepossessed as she was 
 with the idea that he could only be the gardener. It might be — and this is the common 
 opinion — that she saw a face different from that of the Saviour, not from any real change 
 which had occuiTcd iu the features of his countenance, but because the image which 
 was before Magdalen's eyes did not represent hira such as he was. 
 
 (5) This passage has always been regarded as extremely difficult. The explanation 
 thereof which is inseited in the text appeared the most natural and satisfactory. 
 
 ((i) He calls them his brethren, in order to dissipate any apprehension they might 
 have that their flight, at the time of his passion, had diminished his afTcction for them. 
 St. Paul insinuates another reason, viz. : it was to the end that they might know that, 
 far from disowning them when he had attained the glorified state which followed his 
 resurrection, they were only the dearer and more closely united to him on that account. 
 
 (7) He commissions her to announce not onl)' his resurrection to his disciples, but he 
 wishes her to inform them further, that he has arisen to die no more ; that he has only 
 a very short time to remain on earth ; that, if he quits them in order to return to God, 
 he does not leave them forever, since by styling them his brethren, and designating as 
 their God and their Father him whom he calls his Father and his God, he gives them 
 to understand that he merely goes before them into the paternal mansion where they 
 shall one day find themselves reunited to him. 
 
548 THE HISTOKY OF THE LIFE [PAET H. 
 
 («) " \_T]ius\ Jesus rising early the first day of tlie week, appeared 
 fii'st to Mary Magdaleu, out of whom lie had cast seven devils." He 
 wished, by this distinction, to recompense the fervor and the con- 
 stancy of her love. The zeal of the other women had also its 
 reward. Having returned to the sepulchre (for we are to suppose 
 that they went there twice), and not finding him whom they so 
 eagerly sought, (3) " as they were astonished in their minds at this, 
 behold two men stood by them in shining apparel. And as they 
 were afraid, and bowed down their countenance towards the ground, 
 the angel, answering, said to the women : Fear not you (8) ; for I 
 know that you seek Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified. "" Why 
 seek j-ou the living with the dead ? He is not here, for he is risen, 
 as is said. Remember how he spoke unto you when he was yet in 
 Galilee, saying : The Son of man must be delivered into the hands 
 of sinful men, and be crucified, and the third day rise again. Come 
 and see the place where the Lord was laid. Go quickly, tell ye his 
 disciples and Peter that he is risen (9). Behold, he will go before 
 you into Galilee. There you shall see him (10), as he told you. 
 Lo, I have foretold it to you. They [tlwi] rememljered his [rlesu-s'^^ 
 words." 
 
 (c)"They went out quickly from the sepulchre with fear and 
 great joy, running to tell his disciples. They said nothing," on the 
 way, " to any man ; for they were afraid." But their fear was 
 quickly dispelled, and their joy raised to its highest pitch. Whilst 
 
 {a) St. Mark, x\-i. 9. 
 
 (i) St. Luke, xxiv. 4-8 ; St. Matthew, xxviii. 5-Y ; St. Mark, xvi. 7. 
 
 (f) St. Matthew, xxviii. 8 ; St. Mark, x\\. 8. 
 
 (8) Fear -not you is said to them in o])position to the soldiers. Veiy far from en- 
 couraging the latter, the angel wished to terrify them ; very far from wishing to alarm 
 tlie holy women, he restores their confidence. 
 
 In visions which come from God, a person is at first surprised and frightened ; but 
 confidence is very soon restored. 
 
 Those visions which coraraence by confidence and end in trouble, are justly suspected 
 to come from the Evil Spirit. 
 
 (9) Peter alone is distinguished from the others. 
 
 (10) In Galilee, although they should see him previously at Jerusalem. But Galilee 
 was the place where he should appear oftenest to them, remain the longest time with 
 them, and exhibit himself to a greatei- number. 
 
CHAP. L5LX.] OF OUR LORD JESCS ClIUIST. 549 
 
 tliey were hurrying on as we have just stated, («) " behold Jesus 
 met them, sayiug : ^Vll hail. They came up, and took hold of his 
 feet, and adored him. Then Jesus said to them : Fear not. Go, 
 tell my brethren that they go into Galilee ; there they shall see me. 
 Going back from the sepulchre, they told all these things to the 
 elev'en and to the rest. It was Joanna, and Mary of James, and the 
 other women that were with them, who told these things to the 
 apostles ; [l/ut^ these words seemed to them as idle tales, and they 
 did not believe them. Mary ]\Iagdalen" had no greater success, 
 Avhen she " cometh and telleth the disciples : I have seen the Lord, 
 and these things he said to me. They hearing that he was alive and 
 had been seen by her, did not believe." 
 
 Xot so with the principal authors of his death. They believed 
 his resurrection ; but these hardened men only sought to conceal 
 the proof thereof, and to prevent othei-s, as far as they possibly 
 could, from believing, as they were themselves forced to do. God, 
 Avho wished to convince them, because he wished to save them, sent 
 them witnesses who could not be suspected by them, (ib) " When 
 the women were departed, behold some of the guards came into the 
 city, and told the chief priests all things that had been done." 
 
 It seems, from what has been hitherto said, that they could only 
 have remarked the eai-thquake, the removal of the stone, and the 
 apparition of the angel. Whether they had concluded that Jesus 
 Christ had indeed risen, as it is natural that they should believe, or 
 whether they had otherwise had direct and positive jjroof of the 
 fact, which may indeed have been the case, although the fact be not 
 written, it is certain that they were persuaded of it, and that they 
 also succeeded in convincing those veiy men whose interest it was 
 not to believe it. For, after they had made their report, the chief 
 priests, " being assembled together with the ancients, taking counsel" 
 upon the coui-se that should be adopted, "gave a great sum of 
 money to the soldiers (11), saying: Say you. His disciples came by 
 
 (a) St. Matt., ïxviii. 9; St. Luke, xxiv. 9-11 ; St. John, x.\. 18; St. Mark, xvi. 11. 
 (6) St. Matthew, xxviii. 11-15. 
 
 (11) Why did they not bring them up for punishment as accomplices of the abduc- 
 tion ? This is the way in which Herod treated St. Peter's guards ; and this step, which 
 
 m 
 
550 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE 
 
 [PAKT II. 
 
 night, and stole him away when we were asleep. And if the gov- 
 ernor shall hear this, we will persuade him, and secure you. So 
 they, taking the money, did as they were taught ; and this word 
 was spread aliroad among the Jews even unto this day." 
 
 The imposition was so visible, that at first sight Ave would sup- 
 pose no one could be deceived by it. For it is exceedingly improba- 
 ble that several sentinels on guard should all fall asleep at the same 
 time ; but it is utterly impossible that such a theft as this could be 
 carried into execution without disturbing them. It was necessary 
 to displace and roll away a stone of enormous size, to penetrate into 
 the sepulchre, and take the body thence ; — it was necessary, I say, 
 that all this should be done groping in the dark, since it must have 
 occurred, if at all, during the night ; and also that several men 
 should have a hand in the transaction, for it is evident that a single 
 man could not suffice. If it be insisted that such an enterprise, so 
 subject to mistakes and accidents, might have succeeded in the 
 midst of guards, without a single one of them being awakened, we 
 must then say that these guards were not asleep, but enchanted. 
 This reasoning is so simple, that there can be no doubt but it 
 occurred to many of the Jews, and that, notwithstanding the 
 authority of their chief men, they knew well what to believe. 
 However, these leaders were not unskilful in disseminating through 
 the public a report devoid of all probability. In order to discover 
 its absurdity it was necessary to reflect a little, and they knew that 
 the multitude never reflect. 
 
 would have cost nothing, was the best adapted to have an imposing effect on the public. 
 They would have undoubtedly done so if they had had the absolute power which Herod 
 had over his subjects and his soldiers. But, not having this right, they were constrained to 
 denounce them to Pilate, who would probably not have condemned them without giving 
 them a hearing ; and in that case the truth must have come to light. The plan which 
 they adopted was unavailing, but it was the only one they could safely take. 
 
CHAP. LXX.] OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 551 
 
 CHAPTER LXX. 
 
 DIVEES APPAHinOXS TO PETER, TO JAilES, TO THE TWO DISCIPLES AT EMMÀUS, AND 
 TO THE ELEVEN (fLRST AUD SECOND.) 
 
 It was by withdrawing bis body from the hands of the Jews that 
 Jesus Christ proved to them bis resurrection, and this proof was to 
 them unanswerable. For, since they had remained masters of it, it 
 became necessary, either that they should have it to show after 
 the third day, or otherwise to confess that he was resuscitated ; nor 
 did they escape from this dilemma by bringing forward witnesses 
 who said they had been asleep while he was carried off. It would 
 have been necessary to attest this abduction by a judicial investiga- 
 tion, and to punish the perpetrators and accomplices thereof But 
 they could not even attempt this, because such a proceeding could 
 only result in the disgrace of those who might undertake it. The 
 Saviour acted differently with regard to his disciples. He fully con- 
 vinced them of his resurrection by showing himself to them, aud by 
 delivering himself, as it wei'e, into their hands, since he permitted 
 them to touch his sacred membere. The infidelity of the fii'st was 
 inexcusable, and the second were forced to be faithful. It is not for 
 us to inquire the reason of these different modes of treatment. To 
 return to the disciples, he only led tliem back gradually from their 
 original state of incredulity, to that immovable faith wliich they 
 subsequently communicated to the entire world, and wliicli they 
 finally sealed with their blood. The first proof which he gave to 
 them was the report of the holy women, and the sight of the open 
 tomb, with the circumstance of the linen left there, and the folded 
 shroud ; ivhich destroyed all notion of a furtive carrying off Then 
 he appeared to some individuals in particular — afterwards to the 
 entire eleven : and it was then that he permitted them to touch him, 
 and that he ate with them ; lastly (a) " was he seen by more than 
 five hundred lirethren at once." Of these several apparitions, some 
 are merely glanced at })y the sacred writers, others are given in 
 (a) 1 Corinthians, xv. C. 
 
552 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE fPART H. 
 
 detail. "We proceed to relate tliem as they do, commenciBg with 
 the jîrivate apparitions. 
 
 The first was to Simon Peter.* We know that this occurred on 
 the very Sunday of the resurrection ; but we are ignorant of the 
 moment, the place, and the cii'cumstances. His penance had effaced 
 his crime ; and very far from being rejected, he was none the less 
 favored, since he was the first of the apostles to whom the Lord 
 appeared. God forgives as God — that is to say, he pardons jier- 
 fectly. He loves, and he caresses the penitent sinner, as if he had 
 received no offence from him. We do not lose the whole fruit of 
 this apparition, the details of which are unknown to us, whilst we 
 gather from it so consoling a truth. 
 
 There was also a private apparition to Jamesf the Less, he who 
 is called the Ijrother of the Lord, of whom he was a near relative 
 according to the flesh. There is reason to believe that this did not 
 take place until several days after the resurrection, and that when 
 the Lord conferred this favor upon James, the latter no longer 
 doubted that he had risen from the dead, since he must have seen 
 him more than once in company with the other apostles. 
 
 That which follows was accompanied by very remai'kable circum- 
 stances. («) " That same day" of the resurrection, towards evening, 
 "two disciples went to a town which was sixty furlongs (1) from 
 Jerusalem, named Emmaus, and they talked together of all these 
 things which had hap2:)ened. While they talked and reasoned 
 with one another, Jesus himself also drew near and went with them. 
 But their eyes were held (2), that they should not know him. He 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxiv. 13-32. 
 
 * The Lord is risen indeed, and hath appeared to Simon. — Luke, xxiv. 34. 
 f After that, he was seen by James. — 1 Cor. xv. 7. 
 
 (1) About two leagues. 
 
 (2) St. Mark says : He appeared in another shape to two of them walking, as they were 
 going into the country. This may have occun'ed in two dift'erent ways — either by the 
 actual changing of the features of his countenance, or because an image different from 
 his was represented to the eyes of the two disciples. The second is in itself the most 
 probable, as we have already said, when speaking of the apparition seen by Magdalen, 
 and although the text of St. Mark may appear to insinuate the first, we should explain 
 it by St. Luke, who, after having at first said, their eyes were held that they should not 
 
CHAP. LXX.] OF OUK LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 553 
 
 said to them : "WTiat ai-e these discourses that you hold one with 
 another as you walk, and are sad ? The one of them, whose name 
 was'Cleophas (3), answering, said to him: Ai-t thou only a stranger 
 
 know him, concludes by further stating : their eyes were opened, and they knew him. 
 Whence we see that he places in tlteir eyes the whole cause of the mistake. 
 
 St. Thomaâ places it in the powers of the soul. In order to recognize a person, it is 
 not enough to see his countenance, we must recollect that we have prex-ioasly seen him. 
 Recollection is an operation of the soul, which Jesus Christ may have suspended in the 
 two disciples. Thus, although they saw him as he actually was, still they could not 
 recognize him, because the diràie power hindered them from remembering that it was 
 he. It is very hkely that this was the real state of the case ; but it strikes us that then 
 St. Luke would have said that their minds were held, and not that their eyes were held 
 that they should not know him. 
 
 The question is still to be viewed in another and more delicate sense, xiz. : whether 
 Jesus, in appearing to his disciples under another form than his own, did not practice | 
 
 deceit — for there is deceit in actions as well as in words. This was the idea of the Pris- | 
 cillianists, and their eiTor was noted and refuted by St. Augustine. We are bound to 
 believe that Jesus practised no deceit on this occasion ; but it is easier to assert this than 
 to explain it. We shall, however, do our best to make it clear. In an action of this 
 kind, we have to consider the intention and the end proposed. Here we find that the 
 intention was not to deceive, while the end in new was that of undecei\-ing. If Jesus 
 Christ had taken the form of a pilgrim for the purpose of conceaUng liis own identity, 
 then his act would have been one of deceit and imposture. But, so far from that, we 
 know that his design was to convince them that he had indeed arisen, and that it was he 
 and no other who then spoke to them, of which the}' were at length persuaded. So that 
 whatever he had previously said and done tended solel)- to this knowledge and convic- 
 tion. He did not, therefore, lead them into error ; but he left them, at first, in their 
 ignorance, and that only that he might afterwards enlighten them in a way more suitable 
 to their dispositions, and more salutary for those whom they were, in their turn, to 
 instruct. This whole affair has a close resemblance to a parable or allegory, wherein he 
 who proposes either, commences by stating things which are false in themselves, and, 
 therefore, calculated to mislead if taken in their natural signification. But await the 
 conclusion, and you will discover that you have been taught a valuable truth, and that 
 that which seemed, at finst, false or merely fictitious, was advanced soleh" for the purpose 
 of making the truth more manifest and more easily understood. 
 
 (.3) We are ignorant as to who this other disciple was. We know that he was not 
 an apostle, since it is stated that when these had returned to Jerusalem, they found 
 there the eleven apostles gathered together, with the e.xception of St. Thomas. Many 
 think that it was St. Luke, who suppressed his own name out of humility. Thej- are, 
 however, refuted by St. Luke himself, who declares, at the commencement of his Go:;pel, 
 that he was informed of the facts which he is going to narrate from tliose who were eve- 
 witnesses thereof. If he had been amongst the number of these witnesses, he would at 
 least have said that he was going to relate what he had parllv «■.-,< blni-^i-lf, and partly 
 learned from those who had seen thein. 
 
554 THE IILSTORY OF THE LIFE [PART II. 
 
 in Jerusalem, and hast not known the things that have been done 
 there in these d»ys ? He said to them : What things ? And they 
 said : Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, who was a prophet, mighty in 
 work and word, before God and all the people, and how our chief 
 2:)riests and princes delivered him to be condemned to death, and 
 crucified him. But we hoped that it was he who should have 
 redeemed Israel ; and now besides all this, to-day is the third day 
 since these things were done. Yea, and certain women also of our 
 company, affrighted us ; who, before it was light were at the sej^ul- 
 chre, and not finding his body, came, saying : That they had also 
 seen a vision of angels, who say that he is alive. And some of our 
 people went to the sepulchre, and found it so as the women had 
 said, but him they found not. Then Jesus said to them : O foolish 
 and slow of heart to believe in all things which the prophets have 
 spoken ! Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and so to 
 enter into his glory ? And beginning at Moses, and all the pro- 
 phets, he expounded to them in all the Scriptures, the things that 
 were concerning him. 
 
 " They drew nigh to the town whither they were going ; and he 
 made as though he would go further (4). But they constrained 
 him, saying : Stay with us, because it is towards evening, and the 
 day is now far spent. He went in with them ; and whilst he was 
 at table with them, he took bread, and blessed, and brake, and gave 
 to them (5). And their eyes were opened, and they knew him ; 
 
 (4) He made as though he- would go fur tlicr. The meaning of this is, that he was 
 more willing to remain, provided they urged him to do so, as they did in point of fact. 
 But he, in another sense, did not merely make show of an intention to proceed further : 
 he had resolved to do so, supposing that they did not invite him to remain. He wished 
 that the happiness of recognizing him should be the reward of hospitality exercised 
 towards a stranger. This gives ground for thinking that at least one of the two dis- 
 ciples was from the village (bourg) of Emmaus, and that he had his house there. St. 
 Jerome says that this was Cleophas, and he adds, that by celebrating the Eucharist in 
 his house, Jesus Christ constituted it a church. It is doubtful whether this Cleophas is 
 he whose wife or daughter was one of the Maiys. 
 
 (5) He takes bread, he blesses it, he breaks it, he distributes it ; this was all that he 
 did when, at the Last Supper, he changed the bread into his body. This assemblage of 
 similar circumstances has caused the inference that he also consecrated this, and made it 
 Eucharistie bread. The miraculous effect which it produced upon the two disciples, goes 
 to strengthen this opinion ; indeed it is that of St. Jerome, of St. Augustine, of Theophy- 
 
CHAP. LXX.] OF OCR LORD JESUS CHRIST. .'iSS 
 
 and he vanislied out of their sight ;" leaving ou their minds tlie full 
 and entire conviction that it was he, and that he was truly resusci- 
 tated. "NMiereujjon, " they said one to another : Was not our heart 
 burning within us, whilst he spoke in the way, and opened to us the 
 Scriptui'es ?" 
 
 This sacred fii-e seeks only to diffuse itself. Thus, (a) " they rose 
 up the same hour and went back to Jerusalem ; and they found the 
 eleven gathered together, and those that were with them, saying : 
 The Lord is risen indeed, and hath appeared to Simon. . And they 
 told what things were done in the way ; and how they knew him 
 in the breaking of bread : neither did they beheve them ;" which 
 must be understood with reference to some amongst them, who had 
 not even believed the testimony of the chief of the apostles. 
 
 Truth triumphed, at length, over incredulity, and obstinacy was 
 obliged to yield to evidence, (è) " WhUst they were speaking these 
 things, when it was late that same day, the first of the week, and 
 the dooi-g were shut (G), where the disciples were gathered together, 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxiv. 33-35 ; St. Mark, xn. 13. 
 
 (i) St. Luke, xxiv. 36-40; St. John, xx. 19, 20; St. Mark, xvi. U. 
 
 lactus, ifce. Protestants think the contrary, and they do so consistently with their prin- 
 ciples ; for it would evidently follow that Jesus Christ himself gave communion under 
 the one kind of bread alone. But they must own, at least, that St. Jerome, St. Augus- 
 tine, and the other ancient writers, who thought that the bread had been consecrated, 
 have, consequently, thought that Jesus Christ himself gave communion under the 
 one kind. 
 
 (6) Jesus Christ entered, the doors being and remaining shut, even as he had come forth 
 from his mother's womb and from the sepulchre before the stone was removed, without 
 liurt or fracture. The matter was so understood by the entire world until the time of 
 Calvin, who without an_v discussion as to the manner in which Jesus Christ had entered, 
 flatlv pronounced it impossible, and not to be believed, that he entered whilst the doors 
 were and remained shut. Penetration of bodies, the possibility of which carries with it 
 that of the real presence, was a consequence flowing too manifestly from this fact. It 
 was therefore necessary for him to abandon <lie ancient explanation, which did not agree 
 with the new error. However, an effort was made to assign another reason for it. Jesus 
 Christ, it was said, proved much better that he was not a pure spirit by entering through 
 the open door, than if the door had remained closed, just as if the solidity of his body 
 was not still better proved by the touching of his hands, his feet, and his side, which he 
 vouchsafed to the di.sciples. But he had, besides, to make them acquainted with the 
 prerogatives of glorified bodies, and he did this when he entered whilst the doors 
 remained shut. 
 
556 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PART U. 
 
 for fear of the Jews, Jesus appeared to the eleven as they were at 
 table, and saith to them : Peace be to you. It is I, fear not. He 
 u^^braided them with their incredulity and hardness of heart, be- 
 cause they did not believe them who had seen him, after he was 
 I'isen again. But they being troubled and frightened, supposed that 
 they saw a sjjirit ; and he saith to them : Why are you troubled, 
 and why do thoughts arise in your hearts ? See my hands and feet ; 
 it is I, myself. Handle, and see. For a spirit hath not flesh and 
 l>ones, as you see me to have. When he had said this, he showed 
 them his hands and feet, and his side (7)." 
 
 (a) " The disciples, therefore, were glad, when they saw the Lorf. 
 But while they yet believed not (8), and wondered for joy, he said : 
 Have you here any thing to eat? They offered him a piece of 
 broiled fish and a honey-comb. And when he had eaten before 
 them, taking the remains, he gave to them." 
 
 (i) " He said to them again : Peace be to you." And as he was 
 going to confer upon them a great gift, and to communicate to them 
 the most incommunicable of all the prerogatives of the divinity, he 
 added : " As the Father hath sent me, I also send you. When he 
 had said this, he breathed on them (9), an<l he said to them : Re- 
 ceive ye the Ploly Ghost. Whose sins you shall forgive, they 
 
 (a) St. John, XX. 20; St. Luke, xxiv. 41-43. (6) St. John, xx. 21-31. 
 
 (7) It is not stated whether or not they really touched him. The ancients had so 
 little doubt upon tlie subject, that they never even mooted the question ; in point of fact, 
 every thing tends to this belief. They wished to assure themselves of the truth of the 
 resurrection : the touch was the true means of doing so, and Jesus Christ offered them 
 this means. When St. Thomas said to them : Except I shall put my finger in the ^ilace 
 of the nails. . . . I will not believe, does he not seem to liave meant : I shall believe it like 
 you when I shall have touched him like you ? The following words from the First 
 Epistle of St. John, are also understood to refer to this toucli : That which was fiom the 
 beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have 
 looked upon, and our liands have handled, of the Word of hfe .... We declare unto you. 
 
 (8) They must have believed to a certain extent, since they were filled with joy; but 
 this belief was not exempt from doubt. This is the reason why it is said that they did 
 not yet believe, because they had not failli, which is incompatible with doubt. They 
 were delighted at seeing him, but they doubted whether it was not an illusion or a dream. 
 
 (9) This breath was not the Holy Ghost; it was but the sign thereof. 
 
 By this breath going forth from his bosom, Jesus Christ fm'ther signified that the 
 Holy Ghost proceeds from him according to his divinity. 
 
iiiiff^ifeif 
 
CII^VP. LXX.] 
 
 OF OUK LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 557 
 
 are forgiven tliem (10) ; and whose sins you shall retain, they are 
 ]-etaiued (11)." This sacred breath was the sensible sign of what 
 was wrought invisibly in them, and justified by anticipation the 
 mystei'ious ceremonies which his Church should employ in the 
 administration of Sacraments. 
 
 However, there remained one unbeliever to be convinced : " Thom- 
 as, one of the twelve, who is called Didymus, was not with them 
 when Jesus came. The other disciples, therefore, said to him : We 
 have seen the Lord. But he said to them : Except I shall see in his 
 hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the place of the 
 nails, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe." 
 
 This was laying down the law, as.it were, for his master, and no 
 one was less worthy of such a favor than he who ventured to exact 
 it. But this amiable master would only listen to his OAvn goodnes?, 
 and thereby show us the full extent of his adorable condescension. 
 " After eight days again, his disciples were within, and Thomas with 
 them. Jesus cometh, the doors being shut, and stood in the midst, 
 and said : Peace be to you. Then he saith to Thomas : Put in thy 
 finger hither, and see my hands ; and bring hither thy hand, and 
 put it into my side, and he not faithless, but believing. Thomas 
 answered and said to him:" Thou art "My Lord and my God (12). 
 
 (10) The remission of sins is attributed to the Holy Ghost, as well as all the other 
 effects of the divine goodness, because the Holy Ghost is the production of the will of 
 the Father and of the Son, and that the object of the will is all good. The Holy Ghost 
 is only given to the apostles, here, with reference to the remission of sins. Thus the gift 
 which is made to them on this day has no interference with the gifts of understanding 
 find of fortitude, and all the miraculous gifts which are promised to them, and which 
 they shall receive upon the day of Pentecost. 
 
 (11) Since the power of retaining sins is joined to that of remitting them, tliosc who 
 are constituted the judges thereof, discriminate between those sins which should be 
 remitted, and those which should be retained. This discrimination cannot be made with- 
 out knowledge, and knowledge can only be obtained by confes.sion ; therefore confession 
 is not only a matter of precept, but also of divine institution. 
 
 (12) These words, thou art, arc not in the text. However, these words of St. Thomas 
 have always been regarded as a confession of faiih in the divinity of Jesus Christ. The 
 enemies of this fundamental dogma have pretended that this was only a cry of surprise 
 and admiration. This explanation has been condemned by the second Council of Con- 
 stantinople. That explanation which we follow, in accordance with all tradition, is con- 
 veyed more impressively in the Greek and Latin languages, than in either the French or 
 ours. 
 
558 TITE inSTORT OF THE LIFE [PAKT n. 
 
 Jesus saitli to him : Because tliou hast seen me, Thomas, thou hast be- 
 Heved ; blessed are they that have not seen, and have believed (13)." 
 
 If after that there still remained some unbelievers amongst the 
 disciples, there were, at least, none such amongst the apostles. God 
 had permitted their incredulity, because it was to be auxiliary to 
 the faith of all ages. We have seen that they left no difficulty un- 
 examined, nor proofs to be desired ; they exhausted them all, and 
 the cause of incredulity could never have been confided to less cred- 
 ulous men. How then can we still doubt the testimony which they 
 have rendered regarding the resurrection of Christ, since they 
 truly saw him with their own eyes, and touched him with their 
 own hands ? 
 
 " Many other signs also did Jesus in the sight of his disciples, 
 which are not written in this book. But these are written that you 
 may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God : and, that be- 
 lieving, you may have life in his name." 
 
 CHAPTER LXXI. 
 
 APPARITION BY THE SEA-SIDE. MIRACULOUS FISHING. PETEE APPOINTED PASTOR 
 
 OF THE WHOLE FLOCK. APPAEmON UPON A MOUNTAIN OF GALILEE. MISSION 
 
 OF THE APOSTLES. — FINAL APPARITION AT JERUSALEM. — PROMISE OF THE HOLY 
 GHOST. — ASCENSION. CONCLUSION. 
 
 What we are going to relate is not for the purpose of adducing 
 evidence with regard to that -which is already sufficiently proved. 
 
 (13) Because it is not necessaiy to liave seen in order to have faith, which is, accord- 
 ing to St. Paul's definition, the substance of things to be hoped for, the evidence of things 
 that appear not. — Heb. xi. Thus, St. Thomas, who saw and who touched Jesus Clirist, 
 when resuscitated, liad not, properly speaking, that faith in the resuiTCction which we 
 have without ha-ving seen. Wherefore it is that Jesus Christ declares us happier than 
 Thomas, and even than the other apostles, who believed in the Saviour's resurrection 
 solely on the testimony of their eyes and their hands. Yet Thomas made a very com- 
 mendable act of faith in confessing his master's divinity, although he did not see it, and 
 that it was only by the revelation of the Heavenly Father that he could, like St. Peter, 
 know and believe it. 
 
CHAP. LXXI.] OF OUB LOED JESUS CHRIST. 559 
 
 Its only object is to furnish those particular instructions which a 
 pious and attentive reader may easily gather, (a) " After this, Jesus 
 showed himself again to the disciples at the sea of Tiberias. And 
 he showed himself after this manner. There were together Simon 
 Peter, and Thomas who is called Didymus, and Nathanael who was 
 of Cana of Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two others of his 
 disciples. Simon Peter saith to them : I go a fishing. They say to 
 him : We also come with thee. And they went forth, and entered 
 into the ship ; and that night they caught nothing (1). But when 
 the morning was come, Jesus stood on the shore ; yet the disciples 
 knew not that it was Jesus. Jesus therefore said to them : Children, 
 have you any meat ? They answered him : No. He saith to them : 
 Cast the net on the right side of tlie ship, and you shall find. They 
 cast, therefore ; and now they were not able to draw it, for the mul- 
 titude of fishes. That disciple, therefore, whom Jesus loved, said to 
 Peter : It is the Lord. Simon Peter, when he heard that it was the 
 Lord, girt his coat about him (for he was naked), and cast himself 
 into the sea. But the other disciples came in the ship (for they were 
 not far from the land, but as it were two hundred cubits), dragging 
 the net with fishes. 
 
 " As soon then as they came to land, they saw hot coals lying, 
 and a fish laid thereon, and bread (2). Jesus saith to them : Bring 
 hither of the fishes which you have now caught. Simon Peter went 
 up, and drew the net to land, full of great fishes, one hundred and 
 fifty-three. And although there were so many, the net was not 
 
 (a) St. John, xxi. 1-24. ' 
 
 (1) The labor of a whole night had produced nothing for the disciples ; one word 
 from the Saviour filled their nets in a moment. But the Saviour does not say this word 
 until they had toiled all the night long. In vain does man make efforts — success can 
 come from God alone ; but God grants success to those only who do their best. To toil, 
 as if success depended upon our efforts alone, and still to expect success but from God 
 alone, is the course which both reason and religion prescribe, and it equally avoids the 
 two baneful extremes of presumption and indolen(;e. 
 
 (2) They had toiled all the night ; they were hungry — they had no fire, and appa- 
 rently they were in want of bread. Much time would be requisite in order to procure it. 
 Jesus Christ works a new miricle, in order that they may instantly find every thing that 
 was necessary for them. God thinks of all ; he can do all, and he will for those who 
 place their confidence in him. 
 
560 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [PAKT II. 
 
 broken. Jesus saitli to them : Come, and dine. And none of them 
 who were at meat durst ask him : Who art thou ? knowing that it 
 was the Lord (3). And Jesus cometh and taketh bread, and giveth 
 them, and fish in like manner. This is now the third time that Jesus 
 was manifested to his disciples, after he was risen from the dead (4)." 
 •Simon Peter had taken a greater jjart than the others in this 
 miraculous fishing, of which he was, as it were, the leader ; but he 
 knew not yet all the share which he was to have in carrying out his 
 master's designs : in this he was to l^e the principal actor. His three 
 denials were then to be atoned for by three j^rotestatious of love ; 
 in consequence of which he was to Ije confirmed in his ofiice of shep- 
 herd of Christ's flock. To complete the favor, he was to receive an 
 assurance that he should one day die for him whom he had denied, 
 and eiface the shame of his weakness by the glory of a generous 
 martyrdom. "When therefore they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon 
 Peter : Simon, son of John, lovest thou me more than these ? He 
 saith to him : Yea, Lord, thou knowest that I love thee. He saith 
 to him : Feed my lambs.. He saith to him again : Simon, son of 
 John, lovest thou me ? He saith to him : Yea, Lord, thou knowest 
 that I love thee. He saith to him : Feed my lambs. He saith to 
 him the third time : Simon, son of John, lovest thou me ? Peter 
 was grieved, because Jesus had said to him the third time : Lovest 
 thou me ? And he said to him : Lord, thou knowest all things ; 
 thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus said to him : Feed my 
 sheej^ (5)." 
 
 (3) If he was to be recognized at sight, it seems that the expression should have 
 been : Seeing tliat it was the Lord. He, therefore, appeared to them under anotlier 
 figure, in the way that has been already explained, and they did not see that it was lie, 
 but they knew it, because his miracles revealed him, and he himself had impressed then- 
 minds with the certainty that it was he. 
 
 (4) The Evangelist does not allude to the private apparitions, but only to those wherein 
 Jesus showed himself, at one and the same time, to a considerable number of disciples. 
 This was the third apparition of this -sort. 
 
 (5) We have the explanation of this expression in these words of St. Bernard to Pope 
 Eugenius (Book III. Of the Consideration, chap, ^-iii.) : " Who art thou ? said the holy 
 Doctor to him. Thou art the High Priest, the Sovereign Pontiff. Thou art he to whom 
 the keys have been given — to whom the sheep have been confided. I agree that there 
 are other porters of heaven, and other pastors of the flock ; but, in you, these two 
 
OHAP. LXXI.] OF OUn LOEU JESUS CHRIST. 561 
 
 That wliich grieved liiin most was tlie appreliensiou lest his mas- 
 ter should mistrust, not the sincerity, but the constancy, of his love, 
 supposing that he were put to some proof similar to that in which 
 he had so signally fiiiled. Jesus reassures him, by promising him, 
 with an oath,* that he shall thenceforward be generous and faithful. 
 He added, therefore : " Amen, amen, I say to thee, when thou wast 
 younger, thou didst gird thyself, and didst walk where thou wouldst. 
 But when thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and 
 another stall gird thee, and lead thee whither thou wouldst not. 
 And this he said, signifying by what death he should glorify God. 
 And when he had said this, he saith to him : Follow me." 
 
 This figurative language was understood by him to whom it was 
 addi-essed, and it excited in him a curiosity which the Lord did not 
 then think proper to satisfy. " Peter turning about, saw that dis- 
 ciple whom Jesus loved following, who also leaned on his breast at 
 supper, and said : Lord, who is he that shall betray thee ? Him 
 therefore when Peter had seen, he saith to Jesus : Lord, and what 
 shall this man do ? Jesus saith to him : So I will have him to 
 remain till I come, what is it to thee ? Follow thou me. This say- 
 ing therefore went abroad among the brethren, that that disciple 
 should not die. And Jesus did not say to him : He shoidd not die ; 
 but. So I will have him to remain till I come, what is it to thee (6) ? 
 
 * "Avec serment." 
 
 denominations are more glorious, inasmuch as their signification is of higher excellence 
 when applied to you. The other pastors have their flocks apart, and each has his own. 
 All the flocks have been confided to you. They are, in reference to you, but one flock 
 under one pastor ; you are not only pastor of the sheep, you are also the pastor of all 
 the pastors. You ask me, how I prove this ? By the Lord's own words. For to 
 whom, I do not say of the bishops, but even of the apostles, have all the sheep been con- 
 fided, in a manner as absolute and as universal as this : Peter, if thou lovest me, feed my 
 sheep ? And to what sheep does he allude '? Is it of a particular people, of a city, of 
 a country, of a kingdom ? No, he simply says, mij sheep. Who sees not that he docs 
 not merely designate some of thom, but all taken together ?" 
 
 Since Jesus Christ has said indefinitely to Peter : Feed my lambs, feed my sheep, we 
 may conclude, that whoever does not recognize Peter for his pastor is neither of the 
 lambs nor of the sheep. 
 
 (0) When the disciples thus explained the Saviour's words, he desisted from speaking, 
 and we may say that the sound of his voice still rang in their eai-s. Can it be that they 
 had so little memorj', as to imagine that he had just said these very words : He dielk 
 
 36 
 
562 THE iriSTOKY OF THE LIFE , [PAET H 
 
 This is tliat discij^le who giveth testimony of these things, and hath 
 written these things ; and we know that his testimony is true." 
 
 In the mean time, («) " the eleven disciples went into Galilee, nuto 
 the mountain where Jesus had appointed them. And seeing him 
 they adored ; but some doubted," which we can scarcely think was 
 the case with the apostles. This is the reason why many have 
 thought that there were a vast number of disciples then with them, 
 and that the apj)arition, which had been most distinctly announced, 
 and which was to have been the most solemn, was that where the 
 five hundred brethren whom St. Paul speaks of were all gathered 
 together. " Jesus coming, spoke to them, saying" these words, which 
 might also be addressed, in proportion, to the second order of disci- 
 ples : " All power is given to me in heaven and in earth (7). Going 
 
 (a) St. Matthew, xxviii. 16-20 ; St. Mark, xvi. 15-18. 
 
 not ? No ; but they alleged that what Jesus had said signified that he, of whom he 
 spoke, should not die. Now, if this was, in point of fact, the meaning of his discoui-se, 
 tliey had, therefore, understood him correctly. Therefore, what is the cause of this 
 resumption of St. John : And Jesus did not say to him, He dieth not ? Were not the 
 disciples entitled to reply to him : We know well that he did not say expressly so — we 
 only think that what he did say signifies as much. What can you find wrong m this ? 
 
 If the Saviour's words did signify. He shall not die, does it not also seem that St. John 
 sought to convey a different impression to his readers, by affecting to draw off their 
 minds from the true sense of the Saviour's words ? 
 
 We venture to conclude, from these reflections, that, if Jesus did not wish to say that 
 St. John should not die, what the Evangelist here adds is very rational ; but that it 
 would be b}' no means rational, if Jesus really meant that St. John should not die. 
 
 And since this is the passage of his Gospel which has given rise to the opinion that 
 he is not dead, we may conclude that this opinion is destitute of any foundation. 
 
 The most ancient and the best-informed authors appear to entertain no doubt of St. 
 John's death. Tliey speak of his tomb as being well known over the whole earth. It is 
 true, that there is no information as to what became of his body, which has made several 
 think that Jesus Christ had resuscitated him, and that he had transported him to heaven 
 in body and soul without awaiting the general resurrection. He was the well-beloved dis- 
 ciple — the virgin apostle ; he had reposed upon the breast of the Lord, who also gave 
 him to Mar}' as a son ; and we may add that St. John was, after Jesus Christ, the con- 
 solation and delight of that holy mother. To many it has seemed natural to think that 
 he had been associated in the same privilege. This is only a pious opinion ; but, far 
 from trying to combat it, we ought rather to desire that it be true. 
 
 (7) Omnipotence has been given to Jesus Christ in many different ways :— The Word 
 has received it from the Father with the divine nature, which the Father communicates 
 to him wliole and entire. The man in Jesus Christ possesses it by virtue of the hypo- 
 
CHAP. LXXI.] OF OUU LORD JEriUS ClIRKT. 563 
 
 therefore (8), teach ye all nations (9) ; baptizing them in the name 
 of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, teaching them 
 to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded yon ; and be- 
 hold I am with you all days, even to the consummation of the 
 world. Go ye into the whole world, and preach the gospel to every 
 creature (10). He that believeth, and is baptized, shall be saved (11) ; 
 but he that believeth not, shall be condemned. These signs shall 
 follow them that believe : In my name they shall cast out devils ; 
 they shall speak with new tongues ; they shall take up serpents ; 
 and if they shall drink any deadly thmg, it shall not hurt them ; 
 they shall lay theu- hands upon the sick, and they shall recover." 
 
 It would be extremely difficult to point out precisely on which of 
 these occasions Jesus said to his disciples the following words. We 
 only know that it was at Jerusalem, after they had returned from 
 
 static union. Jesus Christ h;is acquii'ed it by his sufferings and by his death. So that 
 the sovereignty of the universe, which belongs to the Son of God, by tlie eternal gene- 
 ration — to the Son of man, by the incarnation — belongs, also, to the Man- God, by right 
 of conquest. It is thought that he here speaks of it in this latter sense, because he 
 appears to speak of it as of a new thing. 
 
 (8) All power is given to me. . . . Going, therefore. It is as if he said : The enterprise 
 which I confide to you is far beyond yo\ir strength ; but go fearlessly, it is the Almighty 
 who sends you. 
 
 (9) Teach the mysteries of faith — administer the sacraments — explain the precepts of 
 evangelical morality, is, in three words, what Jesus Christ deputes those to perform 
 whom he establishes the pastors of his church, a commission which they hold from no 
 other power, and which no other power has a right to take from them. 
 
 This power comes to them from heaven. Hell cannot divest them of it, nor can earth 
 appropriate it to itself. 
 
 Tlie Church was not the less in possession of it under Dioclesian, nor more under Con- 
 stanline ; whether pcreecuted or protected, it is always the same. 
 
 (10) Every creature signifies all men, as the whole world signifies all the earth. We 
 see how difl'erent is this mission from tliat which Jesus Christ gave to the apostles before 
 his Passion. In the first, he had prohibited them- from preaching to the Samaritans and 
 the Gentiles ; in the latter he sends them to preach to every creature. The wall of 
 separation is destroyed, and all nations are henceforward to constitute but one people. 
 
 (11) He shall be saved, provided that he does not contradict his faith by his works, 
 and that he does not belie the promises of his baptism. We find in Scripture /nany 
 general propositions similar to this, which have annexed to them an implied condition : 
 Every one that shall call u}X)n the name of the Lord shall be saved (Joel, ii.) ; Every one 
 that asketh rrccivcth (Matthew, vii.). As to what regards, in particular, those proposi- 
 tions, wherein salvation is attributid to faith without any allusion being made to works,* 
 or to works without anj" mention of faith, see note 4, page 56, "Part I. 
 
564 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE [pART H. 
 
 Galilee, in pursuance of the order wliicli he had given them. He 
 then said to them : (c?) " These are the words which I spoke to you 
 while I was yet with you, that all things must needs be fulfilled 
 which are written in the law of Moses, and in the Prophets, and in 
 the Psalms, concerning me. Then he opened their understanding 
 that they might understand the Scriptures, and he said to them : 
 Thus it is written, and thus it behooved Christ to suffer, and to rise 
 again from the dead the third day ; and that penance and remission 
 of sins should be preached in his name unto all nations (12), begin- 
 ning at Jerusalem. And you are witnesses of these things, and," in 
 order that you may be capable of giving and maintaining such great 
 testimony, " I send the promise of my Father upon you ; but stay 
 you in the city, till you be endued with power from on high." 
 
 Thus it was that (b) " Jesus showed himself alive after his passion \ j 
 by many proofs, for forty days appearing to them, and speaking of \ I 
 the kingdom of God. And eating with them, he commanded them, ' | 
 that they should not depart from Jei'usalem, but should wait for the 
 promise of the Father, which you have heard (saith he) by my ' i 
 mouth. For John indeed baptized with water, l^ut you shall be i ! 
 baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence." 1 1 
 
 (c) " They, therefore, who were come together,".still taken up with | ; 
 the idea of the Messiah's temporal reign, "asked him, saying: Lord, ! 
 
 Avilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel ?" The Holy | ; 
 Ghost was soon to free them entirely from this notion ; wherefore, j 
 
 without pausing to contradict it, the Lord merely answered : " It is not j I 
 for you to know the times or moments, which the Father hath put in \ '• 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxiv. 44-49. (e) Acts, i. 6-11 ; St. Luke, xxiv. ' 
 
 (J) Acts, i. 3-5. 50, 51 ; St. Mark, xvi. 19. | 
 
 (12) This was the most interesting news which could be brought to mankind. Re- 
 sponsible to Gûd's justice for an infinite debt, men were incapable of discharging it, and 
 their reprobation was inevitable. It is announced to them that a Saviour has appeared, 
 who has paid the debt for them, and that, by penance, each of them can avail himself of 
 so great a privilege. The penance which is here spoken of is properly that which dis- 
 poses for baptism, which penance consists in the detestation of the sins committed, joined 
 to a sincere desire never to commit them again. There is no further reference to works 
 •in satisfaction for sin, because these works are onlj' necessary for the expiation of .sins 
 commitlcd after biiptisni. 
 
CHAP. LXXI.] OF OCR LOKD JESUS CHRIST. 565 
 
 Lis own power ; but you shall receive the j^ower of the Holy Ghost 
 coming upon you, cand you shall lie witnesses uoto me in Jerusalem, 
 and in all Judea, and Samaria, and even to the uttermost part of the 
 earth/' When the Lord Jesus had said these things, " he led them 
 out as far as Bethania, and lifting up his hands he blessed them ; and 
 it came to jiass, whilst he blessed them, he departed from them. 
 While they looked on he was raised up ; a cloud received hira out 
 of their sight, [cind Jte^ was taken up into heaven, and sitteth on the 
 right hand of God. While they were beholding him going up to 
 heaven, behold two men stood by them in white garments, who 
 said : Ye men of Galilee, why stand you looking up to heaven ? 
 This Jesus, who is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come as 
 you have seen him gorng into heaven." 
 
 Thus the expectation of Jesus Christ has been the occupation and, 
 if we may venture to say so, the religion of all ages. Promised im- 
 mediately after the sin of the first man, he fixed the attention of all 
 the just from the birth of time until that of his coming. Scarcely 
 had he quitted the earth when two angels declared to his disciples 
 that he should one day re-appear there. They then immediately 
 dispelled themselves throughout all nations, to whom they announced 
 not only that he had come, but also that he should come again. He 
 shall come, said tlie pi-ophets commissioned to foretell his fii-st ap- 
 pearance. He is come, and he shall come, have the apostles said, 
 they being, in their turn, prophets of his second coming. The period 
 for the first was indicated, because it was not to have sufficient lustre 
 to strike all eyes at once, and because, in order to be i-ecognized, it 
 was necessary that it should be looked for. The time of the second 
 coming is not foretold, nor is it necessary that it should be, because 
 Jesus Christ shall then exhibit himself in all the splendor of the 
 divinitj- — as the sun, manifesting itself by its own light, does not 
 re(piire, in order to be perceived, that the observer should have 
 notice of the moment when it is to appear on the horizon. Then 
 shall be seen the accomplishment of those magnificent prophecies, 
 which rejoresent him so majestic and so terrible to behold ; and all 
 the oracles regarding the Messiah shall 1)0 found verified to the 
 letter, -(a) " what or in what manner of time the spirit of Christ in 
 
 (a) 1 IVUt, i. 11. 
 
566 THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE, ETC. [PART II. 
 
 them did signify, when it foretold those sufferings that are in Christ, 
 and the glories that should follow." The first class of prophecies 
 described a Saviour who only could become such by humiliation 
 and by sorrow ; the second class of prophecies announce a judge 
 who shall show himself in all the lustre of divine power and majesty. 
 Unhajjpy those who shall have disowned him in his humiliations ! 
 He who came in order to be their Saviour, shall appear to them no 
 longer in any other quality than that of judge and avenger of their 
 Climes. Plapj^y those who shall have recognized, revered, imitated 
 him in the humilie and suffering state to which his love for men hath 
 reduced him ! In their judge they shall behold — a Saviour — who 
 has promised to share his throne and his eternal bliss with those 
 who shall have taken part in his humiliation and his sufferings. 
 
 END OF THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 
 
THE 
 
 ' I W^ 
 
 E I § f © la Y 
 
 IN WHICH AKE RETAINED AND DISTINGUISHED 
 
 €^t E»nrîi5 nf \l)t hnà ùxi nrrnrîiing ta tlje itulgnte. 
 
 WITH CONNECTIONS, EXPLANATIONS, AND REFLECTIONS. 
 
 A POSTHUMOUS WORK OF 
 
 FATHER FRAXCIS DE LIGNY, 
 
 OF THE SOCIETY OF JESCS. 
 BEING INTENDED AS A SEQUEL TO THE 
 
 LIFE m (D)IEJR ]L(D)]RB MË^E (SEUmiT, 
 
 BY THE SAME ACTHOB. 
 
 TBAN3LATED FKOU THE FRENCH BT 
 
 3Krs. 3. InMiEt. 
 
 ■WTTH THE APPROBATION OF THK MOST REV. JOHN HUGHES, D. D, 
 ARCHBISHOP OF NEW TORBL 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 D. & J. SADLIER & CO., 164 WILLIAM STREET. 
 
 BOSTON:— 12.S FEDEKAL STREET. 
 AND 170 NOTRE-DAME STREET, .MONTRE.AL, C. E. 
 
 1852. 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 The life of Our Lord Jesus Christ on earth appeared so naturally 
 to end with his ascension, that I had at firet no intention of follow- 
 ing it up by the Acts of the Apostles. Certain reflections which I 
 have since made have, however, induced me to do so. The first and 
 most conclusive is, that the Holy Ghost himself has appointed it feo 
 that this second histoi-ical portion of the New Testament comes 
 immediately after the first, of which it is, indeed, the corroboration, 
 nay, even the completion. Jesus Christ had made magnificent 
 promises ; he had announced sublime truths ; and he had inculcated 
 the most perfect system of morality. None of his words were to 
 fall to the ground, but each and every one was to be Uterally ful- 
 filled. It was, therefore, necessary that the event should justify the 
 promise ; that the mysteries of religion should be received by the 
 Gentile nations ; and that the laws of the Gospel, so far beyond the 
 mere strength of man, should nevertheless find numerous and faith- 
 ful observers. Then Jesus Christ spoke not in vain, and the di\'inity 
 of his mission was demonstrated by its success. From the Book of 
 the Acts we learn that Jesus Christ had no sooner quitted the earth 
 than the Holy Ghost, so fi-equently and so solemnly promised, came 
 down upon the disciples. Being instantly endowed with strength 
 and courage from on high, these men, hitherto so timorous and fear- 
 ful, stood forth at once and presented to the Jews, as their God, 
 their ^lessiah, and their only hope for salvation, that Jesus who had 
 been the object of their hatred, and the victim of their malice. The 
 people were converted by thousands, and from tlieir union with their 
 chiefs springs the Christian Church, composed of pastore and hear- 
 ers. The nations of the earth, Ijeing called to enter that ft)ld, hast- 
 ened to obey the summons ; Peter receives the fii-st-fi'uits, and Paul 
 
572 PREFACE. 
 
 gathers in the harvest ; the wild olive is grafted on the true vine, 
 Israel the common stem, and of both is formed that chosen people, 
 the real Israel, or as it is called by the apostle, the Israel of God 
 (Gal. vi. IG), the fulfilment of his promises, and the object of his 
 teuderest affection. 
 
 Thus, notwithstanding the repugnance of nature and the preju- 
 dices of reason, the crucified Saviour is adored, and what is still 
 more surprising, he is imitated. His morality, purer and more 
 sublime than aught that human wisdom had ever imagined, and so 
 fully exemplified by his own life, is announced, received, and j^rac- 
 tised. It is understood by every mind, and the passions are all obe- 
 dient to its sway, so that a band of ordinary men, brought together 
 as it were by chance, is suddenly transformed into a company of 
 saints. The most distinguished philosophers had failed to reform 
 even a single town, while this j^rodigious reformation, effected 
 through the agency of a few poor fishermen, spreads abroad from 
 its cradle in Jerusalem even to the uttermost ends of the earth, as 
 though it Avere one vast arena. Nay, so rapid is its progress, that 
 many of those who knew Jesus Christ in person, his contempo- 
 raiies and his disciples, lived to see with their own eyes the fulfil- 
 ment of that prophecy which they had heard from his own divine 
 lips ! If I he lifted up from the earthy I will draio all things to 
 myself (St. John, xii. 32). He who sees not here the imprint of 
 the finger of God is either mentally blind or wilfully incredulous. 
 If there be any prodigy greater than that of the establishment of 
 Christianity, it is assuredly the unbelief of those who hold out 
 against the evidence of its proofs. 
 
THE HISTORY 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 KETUEN OF THE DISCIPLES FROM MOUXT OLmTT TO JERUSALEM. TIIEY RETIRE TO 
 
 AN CPPER ROOM. SAINT PETEr's DISCOURSE FOLLO\VED BY TUE ELECTION OF 
 
 SAINT MATTUIAS I5f THE PLACE OF JUDAS. 
 
 Jesl's Bad at length winislied from the eyes of his disciples, who, 
 nevei-theless, being confirmed in their faith by this new prodigy of 
 the ascension, adored him («) whom they no longer beheld. Their 
 charity, more enlightened than of old it had been, forbade them to 
 deplore a sepai'ation A^liich must naturally have been so painful. 
 They had at last fathomed the meaning of the words : " If ye loved 
 me, ye would indeed be glad 1)ecause I go to my Father" (F). "V\nien 
 they could no longer see him with the eyes of the body, they liegan 
 to consider him witli those of the mind, seated on the throne of his 
 di\'inity, established sole monarch of the universe (<?), and preparing 
 ti ir them seats of glory by his side. " They went back," tlierefore, 
 " with great joy to Jerusalem" (fZ) ; going forth " from the moun- 
 tain named Olivet, which is no more than a Sabbath-day's journey" 
 from the capital. 
 
 " And when they had entered in, they went up into an upper 
 room, where there remained Peter and John, James and Andrew, 
 Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James the son of 
 Alpheus, Simon Zelotes, and Jude the brother of James. All these 
 
 (a) St. Luke, xxiv. 52. (c) St. Jude, 5. 
 
 (6) St. John, xiv. 28. (d) St. Luke, xxiv. 52. 
 
574 
 
 THE niSTOKY OF THE 
 
 [chap. I. 
 
 were persevering witli one mind (1) in prayer witli tlie women (2), 
 and Mary the mother of Jesus, and liis brethren" (3). 
 
 Meanwhile there was still a vacant place in the college of the 
 apostles. The newly-chosen people was to have twelve patriarchs, 
 like that of old. Peter, being the visible head of the church since 
 the departure of Him who is her eternal and invisible chief, was 
 charged with the care of filling up the vacancy. Whether his master 
 had given him a special order so to do, or that he was admonished 
 by inspiration, he lost no time in doing his duty. " In those days" 
 («), that is to say, from Ascension-day till the day of Pentecost, 
 " Peter rising np in the midst of the brethren, said (Now the num- 
 ber of j^ersons together was about a hundred and twenty): Men, 
 Ijrethren, the Scripture must be fulfilled which the Holy Ghost fore- 
 told, by the mouth of David, concerning Judas, who was the- leader 
 of them that apprehended Jesus. Who was numbered with us, and 
 had obtained part of this ministry. And he indeed hath pos- 
 sessed (4) a field of the reward- of iniquity ; and, being hanged, 
 burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out. And it 
 
 (a) Acts, i. 15. 
 
 (1) They prayed tinammouslij and pcrscfcrhiffli/. Piayer, unanimity in prayer, and 
 perseverance in prayer, tbrce things wliioli, united togetlier, do violence to heaven. These 
 ■would, of themselves, have sufficed to draw down the Holy Ghost, even had he not heen 
 promised. See chap. iv. 31. 
 
 (2) Tlie holy women, who followed Jesus in his wanderings, who never forsook him 
 during the time of lite passion, whom he had made the witnesses of his resurrection, and 
 probably of his ascension. Having him no longei-, they still clung to those who were 
 the most closely connected with him, viz., his mother, his brethren, and his disciples. 
 
 (3) Who, at length, believed in him, convinced at last by the miracle of his resurrec- 
 tion. These, however, must not be confounded with those already named, James, son 
 of Alpheus, Simon and Jude, brothers of James, who are called in the Gospel the bretli- 
 ren of the Lord. These last had believed even previous to their being called, for it is 
 written that Jesus selected his apostles from amongst his disciples. Luke, vi. 13. 
 
 (4) He hath possessed, say the greater number of translators, by which they under- 
 stand that this field was bought with the traitor's own money. The Latin word properly 
 signifies /lossess. The Greek word, which signifies both possess and acquire, is more 
 generally taken in the fonner sense. It is, therefore, used in preference to the other, 
 the rather as some commentators have perceived in it a sort of literal meaning. It is 
 that Judas did indeed possess the field in the only way in which he could possess it, for 
 they think that he was the first who was buried in it, as being one of those strangers for 
 whose sepulture it v/as intended. 
 
CHAP. I.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLiS. 
 
 became knoTNii to all tlie inhabitants of Jerusalem ; so that the same 
 field is called in their tongue, Haceldàma ; that is, the field of Llood. 
 For it is written in the book of Psalms : Let their habitation become 
 desolate, and let there be none to dwell therein (1) ; and let another 
 take his bishoprick (2). "Wherefore, of these men who have been 
 with us all the time that the Lord Jesus came in and went out 
 among us — beginning fi'om the baptism of John, until the day 
 wherein he was taken up from us — one of these must be made a 
 witness with us of his resurrection (3)." 
 
 " And they appointed two («) ; Joseph, called Bai-sabas, who was 
 surnamed Justus, and IMatthias. And praying, they said: Thou, 
 O Lord, who knowest the hearts of all men, show which of these 
 two thou hast chosen to take the place of this ministry and apostle- 
 ship, from which Judas hath, by transgi-ession, fallen, that he might 
 go to his own place." Which is to say, (b) " they gave them 
 lots (4)." 
 
 Two had been chosen by the judgment of men, but one of 
 
 (a) Acts, i. 23. 
 
 (6) Ibid., i. 20. 
 
 (1) Such was the prediction, and it was literally fulfilled, but it assumes the character 
 of a malediction. We find, in the Psalms, many examples of a like nature. Charitable 
 persons are sometimes scandalized to see the Prophet-king invoke so much vengeance on 
 the heads of his enemies and persecutors ; they see not that the evil is not desired but 
 only predicted, and that the prediction is merely put in that form to give it a poetical 
 tuni, as befits the Psalms — tlie most sublime of all poetical compositions. Instances of 
 this kind are also frequent in the profane poets, when they announce misfortunes which 
 are already past ; which, however, were still to come at the time given in the poem. 
 (See Virgil's .^neid, liv. iv. ver. 625.) 
 
 (2) This prophecy applies only to Judas ; that which precedes it, wherein it is said : 
 " Let their habituation become desolate," refere to the Jewish nation, to whom Jesus had 
 already said : " Behold, your house shall be left to you desolate" (Matt, xsiii. 38), but it 
 has also a personal appUcation to Judas, whose field was converted into a cemetery ; a 
 striking figure, this, of what befel Jerusalem, which became the tomb of its inhabitants. 
 
 (3) The miracle of the resurrection does not comprise all religion ; nevertheless it is 
 the basis on which all religion rests. 
 
 (4) We learn from Scripture that casting lots may be lawful under certain circimi- 
 stances. But the fact is, that as the apostles acted in this matter on divine inspiration, 
 the)- have no need of our apologies. In after days it was forbidden by the canon law to 
 cast lots in chtwsing the ministers or pastors of the church. What is good at one lime 
 may be evil at another ; nay, it may even become so hm'tful, by reason of the abuses to 
 which it gives rise, that it is better never to use iL 
 
576 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [chap I. 
 
 tliem was preferred by the judgment of God. "The lot fell on 
 Matthias («), and he was numbered with the eleven apostles." By 
 this election he was j)laced in a position to receive the Holy Ghost 
 in a degree proportionate to so high a vocation. It was apparently 
 for this reason that his election took place at that particular time. 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 DESCENT OF THE HOLY GHOST. THE GIFT OF TONGUES. THE PKEACHING OF SAINT 
 
 PETEE. CONVERSION OF THREE THOUSAND PEESONS. 
 
 " The vessel of the Church," to avail myself of the elegant com- 
 parison of a holy doctor (1), " was built and fitted up ; she had her 
 pilot, her helm, and her sails, together with all the other things 
 necessary for securing a prosperous voyage. Still there was one 
 thing wanting, without which she might remain immovable for all 
 eternity : this was the insj)mng breeze, which was to be as her soul, 
 and to set all her parts in motion. The moment was at length 
 come. ' The days of the Pentecost (2) were accomj)lished, and they 
 
 (a) Acts, i. 26. 
 
 (1) Clirysost., Hoinihj on the Holy Ghost. 
 
 (2) A Greek word wliich signifies the fifty days, or the fiftieth day ; these two mean- 
 ings amounting to one and the same thing. It bad been a Jewish festival long before 
 the occurrence of this great event made it one of the festivals of the Christian Church. 
 For the Jews, it was the anniversary of that day on which God gave the law to their 
 Fathers on Mount Sinai. God subsequently ordained that on that day they should offer 
 to him the first-fruits of their wheat crop, according to the rite prescribed in the twenty- 
 third chapter of Leviticus. It was only after this ofiering had been made that the people 
 were permitted to lay a sickle to the harvest. This was a figure of that abundant har- 
 vest which was to be reaped by the apostles, the first-fruits of which were gathered in 
 and offered up on that day by the chief of the apostles. With us Christians, one sole 
 oblation has replaced all other offerings and sacrifices ; and for us, Pentecost is the anni- 
 versary of the descent of the Holy Ghost, of the promulgation of the evangelical law, 
 and the foundation of the Christian Church. All that was accomplished in one day, nay, 
 within one hour ; for, according to St. Luke, the descent of the Holy Ghost, the assem- 
 blage of tlie multitude, the discourse of St. Peter, and the conversion of three thousand 
 
CHAP. II.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 .77 
 
 were altogether (1) in one place. Ami suddeuly there came a sound 
 from heaven, as of a mighty wind coming, and it filled the whole 
 house where they were sitting. And there appeared to them parted 
 tongues as it were of fire (2), and it sat upon every one of them. 
 And they were all filled (3) with the Holy Ghost, and they began 
 to speak with divers tongues according as the Holy Ghost gave them 
 to s])eak." 
 
 " Now there were dwelling at Jerusalem Je"ws, devout men (4), 
 out of every nation under heaven. And when this was noised 
 abroad the multitude came together, and were confounded in mind, 
 because that eveiy man heard them speak in his own tongue. And 
 they were all amazed and wondered, saying : Behold, are not all 
 these, that speak, Galileans ? And how have we heard every man 
 our own tongue wherein we were born ? Parthians, and Medes, and 
 Elamites, and inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Judea (5), Cappadocia, 
 
 of his hearers scarcely occupied one hour. " The grace of God knows no delay." — St. 
 Ambi'ose, Book II. 
 
 (1) Alloffcthcr, that is to say, at least the twenty-six pereôns who ^ere present at the 
 election of St. Matthias ; the literal meaning seems to include them all, and the common 
 belief is to that effect. Hence it neither e.\cludes Mary, the mother of Jesus (as a cer- 
 tain heretical commentator would make it appear), nor yet the holy women who, with 
 Jicr, pei-sisted in prayer. For them it was as the sacrament of confirmation. The Holy 
 Ghost, who breathes wheresoever he will, communicated himself to all in such measure 
 as he saw fit, and diversified his gifts according to the various uses for which he destined 
 the members of that sacred assembly. 
 
 (2) ^Ve arc not to suppose that this was real fire. Nothing is ever likened to itself: 
 honce, no one thinks of saying : " Water is like water." So it is with the wind, of which 
 it is wiitten that the noise it made was like that of a mighty wind ; tlierefore it was not 
 really wind, but only a sound like unto it. So, too, the tongues had but the biightnoss 
 and agility of flame. They were so manj- symbols whereby the Holy Ghost made known 
 his nature, his properties, and his effects. The same may be said of the dove, under the 
 figure of which he \Tsibly descended on Jesus Christ after he had been baptized iu the 
 Jordan. 
 
 (3) Nevertheless the measure was not the same for all, because their capacities were 
 very unequal. Just like so many vases of unequal size to be filled with some precious 
 litjuor, all of which frould be equally filled, although the division of the liquor would be 
 unequal. Expand our hearts, O Almighty Spirit ! since to thee it belongs to enlarge the 
 vases as well as to fill tliem. 
 
 (4) So called in this place, because it was in fulfilment of a religious duty that they 
 had assembled in Jerusalem. 
 
 (5) It seems that the Jews, or inhabitants of Judca, ought not to have been surprised 
 
 37 
 
578 
 
 THE niSTOEY OF THE 
 
 [chap. n. 
 
 Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia and Pampliylia, Egypt, and the parts of 
 Lybia about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome. Jews also, and prose- 
 lytes (1), Crêtes and Arabians : we have heard them speak in our 
 own tongues the wonderful works of God (2). And they were all 
 astonished, and wondered, saying one to another: What meaneth 
 this ? But others mocking, said : These men are full of new 
 wine (3)." 
 
 They blasj^hemed that of which they knew nothing, which is 
 generally the case with blasphemers ; but on this occasion they were 
 quickly confounded ; for " Peter, standing up with the eleven («)," 
 
 (a) Acts, ii. 14. 
 
 on hearing the Apostles speak in their own tongue. It has been inferred from this pas- 
 sage tliat the language of the Galileans was different from that which was spoken in 
 Judca ; this inference is not correct. It is evident, from many texts of Scripture, that 
 the Jews and the Galileans understood each other's language. When the servants of the 
 high-priest said to St. Peter : Thou too art a Galilean, those words rather support our 
 opinion than contradict it. Both parties spoke, and understood each other, and that 
 which betraj-ed St. Peter was, not that he spoke a foreign tongue, but that he spoke in 
 the accent of his country, just as Frenchmen quickly recognize a Gascon by his accent. 
 What was it then that excited the surprise of the Jews of Judea ? It was this : one of 
 these Jews who understood what the apostle said, happened to stand beside a Greek or 
 a Roman who understood him just as well, and hence the astonishment of the Jews. 
 " For," said they, " if he spoke Greek or Latin how could I understand him, since I 
 know noining of those languages ? so, when he speaks in my tongue, how is it that these 
 strangers understand him ?" 
 
 Through the gift of tongues which the apostles had received, 1st, They spoke the 
 respective languages of all those whom they had to address ; 2d. They understood each 
 of those tongues when spoken to themselves ; 3d. When they spoke at the same time to 
 men of divers countries and of various tongues, they were understood by all the men at 
 once, as proved by this discourse of St. Peter's. But how could that be so ? God who 
 operated the miracle alone knows. We can, nevertheless, comprehend tliis much — that 
 every word spoken by the apostles on that occasion in any language whatsoever, was, 
 by the power of God, so modulated on the air that it stnick Grecian ears as the Greek 
 word with the same meaning, while to the Roman car it sounded as a Latin word, and 
 so on with all the others. 
 
 (1) A Greek word, properly signifying a stranger, or one gathered in, or to speak still 
 more accurately, a foreigner sojourning amongst a certain people. The term was applied 
 by the Jews to those of the Gentiles who renounced paganism to embrace Judaism. 
 
 (2) When once the mind is full of the spirit of God, the tongue can speak of nothing 
 but God. The carnal Jews regarded all this as the effects of dnmkenness, and now-a- 
 days lukewarm Christians esteem it as pure fanaticism. 
 
 (3) In this text, they are full of new wine, there is found the Greek word for sweet 
 wine, which has here precisely the same signification. This phrase has excited some 
 
r^ 
 
 CHAP. II.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 579 
 
 and being the moutli-piece of tbem all, according to tlie Golden 
 Moutli when commenting on this passage, " lifted up his voice and 
 spoke to them : Ye men of Judea, and all you that dwell in Jerusa- 
 lem, be this known to you," who are so amazed, " and with your ears 
 receive my words. For these are not drunk, as you suppose, seeing 
 it is but the third hour of the day (1). But this is that which was 
 spoken of by the prophet Joel : And it shall come to pass in the 
 last days (2) (saith the Lord), I will pour out of my Spirit (3) upon 
 all flesh (4) : and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and 
 your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream 
 dreams. And upon my servants, indeed, and upon my handmaids 
 will I pour out in those days of my Spirit, and they shall pro- 
 phesy (5). And I will show wonders in the heaven above, and 
 
 surprise, seeing that it was not then the season for new wine : consequently tlie word 
 has been omitted in the gieater number of translations. It should, however, be retained, 
 because it is in the sacred text, and there is no need to suppress it. As new wine is 
 always more effervescent, and affects the head more quickly, it has at all times been cus- 
 tomary, when speaking of a man being intoxicated, to say : "He is drunk with new wine." 
 
 (1) Nine o'clock in the morning. We learh from the historian Josephus, that on fes- 
 tival days the Jews were in the habit of fasting till noon. It is not known that there 
 was any law to that effect, the practice being simply one of devotion. Still the custom 
 was so general, that to say it was but nine o'clock was at least a reasonable proof that 
 they had not yet broken their fast. 
 
 (2) And those last days were then come, being the termination of the Hebrew dispen- 
 sation, both civil and religious. From that day forward, the ancient law was no longer 
 binding, and was barely tolerated till the fall of Jei-usalem, when it was formally con- 
 demned, and ever after its observance became a crime. 
 
 (3) In Joel we read : " I will pour out m>/ Spirit ;" St. Peter said : " I will pour out 
 of my Spirit," which would appear to signify less; yet these two expressions perfectly 
 agree. The Spirit is entirely poured out, but it cannot be contained entire in vases so 
 narrow as ;ire the hearts of men ; it fills them, and they infinitely overflow. Joel speaks 
 of the quantity poured out, and St. Peter of what was received. 
 
 (4) This word chiefly signifies that the Spirit of the Lord was thenceforward poured 
 out on all nations, without distinction of Jew or Gentile. It signifies also a more abun- 
 dant effusion, as well in the measure of grace, as in the number of pei-sons of every age, 
 sex, and condition, to whom it shall communicate itself. Nothing was more common 
 than this in the first age of the Church ; and even now, though the prodigy be more 
 rare and less perceptible, still we do occasionally find simple and illiterate persons speak- 
 ing of heavenly things with the tongues of angels, whilst of other matters tlicy know 
 little or nothing. 
 
 (5) Without excluding prophecy, properly so called, which means the foretelling of 
 
)80 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [chap II. 
 
 signs on the earth beneath ; blood and fire, and vapor of smoke. 
 The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, 
 before the great and manifest day(l) of tlie Lord come. And it 
 shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call upon the name of the 
 Lord shall be saved." 
 
 On the foundation of this prophecy the apostle proceeds to estab- 
 lish the Gospel, and to point out to the people the Lord whom they 
 must henceforward invoke, in order to obtain salvation: even Him 
 whom they had crucified. By a prodigy of strength, far above his 
 own natural weakness, he openly declares it to them ; but, in order 
 to secure to himself increased attention, he told them again, for the 
 second time : " Ye men of Israel (a), hear these words : Jesus of 
 Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles, and won- 
 ders, and signs, which God did by him in the midst of you, as you 
 also know. This same being delivered up, by the determinate coun- 
 sel and foreknowledge of God (2), you, by the hands of wicked men, 
 
 (a) Acts, ii. 22. 
 
 future events, thetj shall prophesy here signifies, in a general way, that they shall utter 
 words which shall be suggested and dictated by the spirit of the Lord. 
 
 (1) In \j&ûn, manifestus. The prophet Joel had said /(on-?A/fo. It appears that the 
 prophet and the apostle both referred to the last judgment, according to the eomnioii 
 interpretation. St. Chrysostom understands it of the ruin of Jerusalem, to which he 
 applies the above-mentioned prodigies, as metaphorical descriptions of that terrific 
 destruction. We may unite these two interpretations, and from their union deduce the 
 true reason why these fearful predictions came immediately after the descent of the Holy 
 Oiiost. The day on whicli that event took place may be considered as the last of the 
 old law and the first of the new. But the abolition of the ancient law was to be speedily 
 followed by the total ruin of tlic Jewish people ; and the new dispensation shall only ter- 
 minate with the world, whoso end is to be characterized by fearful signs which are to 
 precede and announce its coming. Hence the term of the duration of the two laws is 
 here predicted, as also that the second shall be followed by no other. 
 
 (2) It was the will of God tliat Jesus Christ should suffer as he did. By his pre- 
 science he foresaw exactly what sufferings the Jews were to inflict upon him. He left 
 them to do as their malice dictated, and hence the saying that he delivered Him to them. 
 The will of God, which had put forth the decnie, was just and holy ; whereas the act of 
 the Jews, who put it in execution, was unjust and detestable. God willed not that mol- 
 ice of theirs, but neither did he impede its course, because it served for the accomplish- 
 ment of his designs. It follows that the same action may be justly decreed, and criminal 
 in its execution : so that God is blameless and the Jews ine.xcusable. Those who do not 
 acknowledge the infallibility of the divine prescience, are driven to assert that God urged 
 
CHAP. II.] 
 
 ACTS OF TIEE APOSTLES. 
 
 581 
 
 have crucified and slain. Whom God liath raised up, having loosed 
 the sorrows of hell (1), as it was impossible that he should be holden 
 by it. For David saith concerning him : I foresaw the Lord before 
 my face, because he is at my i-ight hand, that I may not be moved. 
 For this my heart hath been glad, and my tongue hath rejoiced : 
 moreover, my flesh also shall rest in hope, because thou wUt not 
 leave my soul in hell, nor sufler thy Holy One (2) to see corruption. 
 
 the Jews to act as they did, in order to secure the execution of his decrees, thereby 
 representing God as botli ignorant and wicked. Those persons who, when evil befalls 
 thera, refer it not to the will of God, but only to the malice of those who inflicted the 
 injury, they are indeed blindly ignorant, knowing not that God has ordained that they 
 should thus suffer ; they are wicked, when, in nolation of the commandment of God, 
 they hate the man who has done them the injur)-. 
 
 The Lord hath given, and the Lord hath taken away, said Job, although it was Satan 
 who had done him all the harm. 
 
 (1) In the Greek text it is : the sorrows of death. We may observe that in the lan- 
 guage of Sciipturc, hifenms frequently signifies the grave. Hence, many comnientatore 
 have explained it as death and the grave. With regard to what is said of the sorrows of 
 death, they have understood it of the sufferings, both of mind and body, which Jesus 
 endured till his very last moment, but which were then forever at an end, or otherwise 
 of the corruption, and other humiliating consequences of sepulture, from all which he 
 was exempted. This is all true, and may be based on certain expressions interspersed 
 through this discourse. But there are others which can only be underetood wth refer- 
 ence to hell, properly so called ; not the hell of the damned, but those subterraneous 
 prisons wherein the souls of the just were retained until heaven was opened for them. 
 Such is the expression of David, which St. Peter quotes in support of what he asserts : 
 Tiiof wilt not leave my soul in hell. Hell cannot here signifj' the tomb ; for if so, what 
 is called my soul should there signify the body, and even a corpse, or dead body, which 
 occurs nowhere in Scripture. It follows that the two meanings must be here recog- 
 nized ; that is to say, we are to understand it that the so8l shaU neither be left in hell, 
 nor the body in the tomb. The consequence is that there must remain here a certain 
 ambiguity, because that in deciding for either of the two meanings, the other must neces- 
 sarily be excluded, and thereby run the risk of contravening the intention of the Holy 
 Ghost, who might have meant to express both meanings at once, as he has done in 
 several passages of the sacred books. This ambiguity belongs, therefore, to the text, 
 and the respect due to Sciipture forbids it to be explained away. 
 
 (2) Tlie Holy One, by excellence, that is to say, Jesus Christ. Here we are to under- 
 stand the text as having more especial reference to the body of the Saviour, sanctified 
 and consecrated by the Word, who, after the separation of the body and soul of Jesus 
 Christ, remained as closely united with them as before they were separated by death. 
 He had long before said : Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell. Cahin, :md his disciple 
 Beza, translated this text as follows : Thou wilt not leave my body in the tomb. They 
 had a good reason for so doing, since neither one nor the other believed in the descent 
 
583 
 
 TIIE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [chap, il 
 
 Thou hast made known to me the ways of life : thou shalt make me 
 full of joy (1) with thy countenance. Ye men, brethren," adds the 
 apostle, "let me freely speak to you of the patriarch David ; that he 
 died, and was buried ; and his sepulchre is with us unto this present 
 day. Whereas, therefore, he was a prophet, and knew that God 
 had sworn to him witli an oath that of the fruit of his loins one 
 should sit vpon his throne; foreseeing this, he spoke of the resur- 
 rection of Christ. For neither was he left in hell, neither did his 
 flesh see corrujation. This Jesus hath God raised again, whereof all 
 we are Avitnesses. Being exalted, thei-efore, by the right hand of 
 God, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy 
 Ghost, he hath (2) poured forth this which you (3) see and hear. 
 For David ascended not into heaven ; but he himself said : The 
 Lord said to my Lord^ sit thou on my right hand mitil I malce thy 
 enemies thy footstool. Therefore, let all the house of Israel know 
 most certainly, that God hath made both Lord and Christ this same 
 Jesus, whom you have crucified." 
 
 Whilst the chief of the apostles pronounced this admirable dis- 
 course, the Holy Ghost, who had suggested it to him, spoke also to 
 the hearts of those who heard him. The first emotion wherewith 
 he inspired them was one of profound sorrow for having been the 
 murderers of the Lord of glory and the Saviour of Israel, (a) " Now 
 
 (a) Acts, ii. 3Y. 
 
 of Christ's soul into hell. Catholic interpreters who adopt this translation of the text, 
 do not seem to consider that they are thus following in their footsteps. 
 
 Before the ascension of Chrftt the souls of all men descended into hell, or at least into 
 Limbo. Hence it was that any one who was then restored to life was always said to be 
 raised, his body from the tomb and his soul from hell. It is not surprising, therefore, 
 that David should have made use of this form of speech, which has, moreover, a literal 
 application with regai-d to Jesus Christ. 
 
 (1) The countenance of God was always present to Jesus Christ. But the sensible 
 joy which is the natural effect thereof, was suspended during the time of his passion. 
 He resumed the possession of this ineffable joy immediately after he had breathed 
 his last. , 
 
 (2) Wlty should not He he God who hath the giving of the Holy Ghost ? said Sf. 
 Augustine to the Arians (lib. xv. de Trinitat., cap. 26) : and how great is that God who 
 giveth a God! 
 
 (3) They saw and heard him by his eficcts, which sensibly manifested his almighty 
 operations. 
 
CHAP, n.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 583 
 
 when they had heard these things they had compunction in their 
 heart (1), and said to Peter and to the rest of the apostles : WTiat 
 shall we do (2), men and brethren ? Peter said to them : Do pen- 
 ance," — it was by this same injunction that Jesus Christ and his pre- 
 cui*sor had also commenced their preaching ; " Do penance (3), and 
 be baptized, every one of you, in the name (4) of Jesus Christ, for 
 the remission of your sins ; and you shall receive the gift of the 
 Holy Ghost (5). For the promise is to you, and to your children, 
 and to all that are far oflP, whomsoever the Lord our God shall call." 
 (a) " And with very many other words did" Peter " testify," and 
 in order to impress their minds still more deeply, after having 
 enlightened them, he " exhorted them, saying : Save yourselves from 
 this perverse generation. They therefore that received his word 
 
 (a) Acts, ii. 40. 
 
 (1) This is the literal translation of the Latin text, compuncti sunt corde. The Greek 
 lias precisely the same signification. 
 
 {■2) That person is very near salvation whose heart says through his mouth : Mlial 
 shall I do ^ 
 
 (3) He has reference to that penance which must precede baptism. It consists in 
 a thorough detestation of the past, together with a firm purpose of amendment, to wliich 
 must be added, according to the Council of Trent, a love of God, at least commenced. 
 This is what the theologians call penance vertu. It is entirely in the heart, and is totally 
 independent of satisfactory works, although these last are the natural consequence of the 
 heart being truly contrite. 
 
 (4) That is to say, the baptism instituted by Jesus Christ, which derives all its virtues 
 from his merits, and in which he is named as second person of the most Holy Trinity. 
 Some ancient writers of respectability were of opinion that the apostles had commenced 
 baptizing with tliis formula : / baptize thee in the name of Jesus Christ. This opinion 
 has since been abandoned, and not without reason. The order which Jesus Christ had 
 given them to baptize all nations, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the 
 Holy Ghost, is loo precise and loo positive to be susceptible of change or dispensation. 
 Hence there is no satisfactory proof that the apostles ever departed from it in any degree 
 ■what-soever. It is, therefore, to distinguish the baptism of Christ from the other Hebrew 
 baptisms, and especially that of John, which was, b_v manv, considered sufficient, that 
 St. Peter here says : Be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ. The 
 conclusion of these proofs shall be given at the beginning of chap. xix. 
 
 (5) Sanctifying grace, according to these words of St. Paul : The charily of God is 
 poured forth in our hearts by the Holy Ghost who is given to us (Romans v. 5). We 
 also understand by the Holy Ghost being given in the sacrament of confirmation, that 
 the apostles usually conferred it immediately after baptism. 
 
584 
 
 THE niSTORY OP THE 
 
 [chap n. 
 
 were baptized : and tliere were added" to the infant cliui'cli " in that 
 day, about three thousand souls (1)." 
 
 These were the first-fruits of the sanctifying spirit, whose master- 
 pieces they also were. These first Christians were, of all othei's, the 
 most perfect ; and the same grace which rendered them just, made 
 them also saints of the very highest order. " And they were perse- 
 vering in the doctrine of the apostles, and in the communication of 
 the breaking of bread (2), and in prayers. And fear came upon 
 every soul :" for " many wonders and signs were done by the apos- 
 tles in Jerusalem, and there was great fear in all (3). And all they 
 that believed were together, and had all things in common (4). 
 
 (1) This was the foundation of the Church. Jesus Christ had formed the pastors, 
 the pastors formed the people, who, on their very entrance, found the government 
 ah-eady estahlished. The people cannot, therefore, assume the right of choosing their 
 pastors without reversing the primitive constitution of the Church. They_^may have a 
 share in the choice by prayer and by testimony ; or, at most, by presentation. The 
 election, properly so called, the preseiTation, and the jurisdiction must all come from 
 above. Such was Christianity in its cradle ; and such shall it be till the end of ages. 
 
 (2) The Eucharist, according to the greater number of interpreters. Some understand 
 it of the distribution of common bread, and it is certain that the breaking of bread has 
 these two different meanings in Scripture. The first is, however, to be preferjed, not 
 only because it is the most generally followed (and this alone is a strong presumption in 
 favor of te.\ts which are susceptible of different meanings), but also because of tlie place 
 wherein this word is here found. It is natural to think that the breaking of bread, which 
 is here mentioned between two acts of religion, such as prayer and attention to the word 
 of God, is rather the communion of the Eucharist than the eating of common bread. 
 
 It is worthy of note that most of those who understand it of common bread, are Protest- 
 ants. Tliey will not recognize any allusion to the Eucharist where only bread is men- 
 tioned, and this because the inference would be plain that one kind is sufficient for com- 
 munion. 
 
 (3) Believers as well as unbelievers. The former e.xperienced that religious fear with 
 which men ever behold great prodigies ; while the unbelievers were stricken with terror 
 on seeing the wonders wrought by the apostles ; very naturally fearing that these all- 
 powerful men might become the avengers of the murdered Messiah. A great crime is 
 always followed by great remorse, and though assured confidence be on the face, terror 
 and apprehension are in the soul. 
 
 (4) This is the model of a perfect state of society. Plato had conceived this idea; 
 but, as usually happens with philosophers, who seldom imagine any thing good without 
 having therein a certain portion of extravagance, the divine Plato carried his notion so 
 far that even women must be common property. The consequence was that his plan 
 was deemed impracticable, and set down as a visionaiy scheme. Here we see it per- 
 fected and cari'ied out by the fishermen of Bcthsaida. We know not what our philoso- 
 
ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 585 
 
 CHAP. III.] 
 
 Their possessions and other goods they sold (1), and divided them 
 to all, according as every one had need. And continuing daily with 
 one accord in the temple," to join in prayer, " and breaking bread 
 from house to house (2), they took theii" meat with gladness and 
 simplicity of lieai-t ; praising God, and having favor with all the 
 people. And the Lord increased daily together such as should be 
 saved." 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE LAME MAN CCKED AT THE GATE OF THE TEMFLE.- 
 OF ST. PETER. 
 
 -SECOND rEEACHING 
 
 The last feature of perfect Christianity was still wanting to 
 them — that is, persecution. Hell and the world were as yet silent 
 and inactive ; whether it was that terror had deprived them of voice 
 and motion, or that God, by his almighty power, kept them en- 
 chained, in order that these new plants might grow and multiply. 
 But the calm was not of long duration : the slumbering powere were 
 soon aroused into action by a startling jirodigy, which was followed 
 by the most Ijrilliaut and complete success to the cause of religion. 
 Then broke forth a war which was destined to be obstinately main- 
 tained, and in its issue most disgraceful to the aggressors, who were 
 at last to find their entire strength and power overcome by weak- 
 
 pliers may think of the comparison, but wc are quite sure that not one of them is a 
 Plato. 
 
 The arm of God is not shortened : the apostles of the New ^^'orld established this 
 blessed community amongst the most barbarous tribes, and to the confusion of more 
 civilized nations, this admirable poUcy subsisted in those remote regions for better than 
 a century. 
 
 (1) A belief in the ruin predicted for .Jerusalem and Judea might, in some measure, 
 have facilitated this resignation of property ; still the faith must have been great, indeed, 
 that prompted men to make such sacrifices. 
 
 (2) Here it is much more probable that t)ie breaking of bread signi6es the eating of 
 common bread. What renders this more likely is, that it is said immediately after : 
 They took their meal with gladness, <tc. 
 
586 
 
 THE mSTOEY OF THE 
 
 [chap. nr. 
 
 ness itself. The following was tlie cause of the first outbreak of 
 hostilities. 
 
 (a) " Peter and John went up into the temple," to assist " at the 
 prayer of the ninth hour (1). And a certain man who was lame 
 from his mother's womb, was carried ; Avhom they laid every day 
 at the gate of the temple, which is called Beautiful, that he might 
 ask alms of them that went into the temple (2). He, when he had 
 seen Peter and John about to go into the temple, asked to receive 
 an alms. Peter, with John, fastening his eyes upon him, said : Look 
 ujion us. He looked earnestly upon them, hoping that he should 
 receive something of them. Then Peter said: Silver and gold I 
 have none (3) ; but what I have I give thee : in the name of Jesus 
 Christ of Nazareth (4), arise, and walk. And taking him by the 
 right hand, he lifted him up, and forthwith his feet and soles re- 
 ceived strength. And he leaj^ing up, stood, and walked, and went 
 
 (a) Acts, iii. 1. 
 
 (1) Three o'clock, P. M. The Jews were wont to assemble at this hour io the temple 
 for a general or joint prayer, which corresponded with our vespers. It is very probable 
 that this prayer either accompanied, or immediately preceded the evening sacri6ce. We 
 know that this sacrifice was offered daily, according to the commandment given by God 
 to Moses (Exodus, chap. xxix.). This is tchat thou shall sacrifice upon the altar. Two 
 lambs of a year old, every day continually. One lamh in the morning, and another in 
 the evening. Those who place the evening sacrifice at three o'clock precisely, believe, 
 in consequence, that it was to unite the reality with the figure that Jesus Christ chose 
 to die at that same hour. 
 
 (2) Amongst the Christians, as formerly amongst the Jews, the poor are found standing 
 at the gates of the churches. They presume that true piety is never devoid of chaiity, and 
 in that they are not mistaken. Wc should take care lest we deceive ourselves on this point. 
 
 A poor man who solicits alms at the church-door is the representative of that Jesus 
 to whom we there pray. Let us regard him as we would that he should regard us ; let 
 us hearken to him as we would that he should hear us ; let us speak to him as we would 
 that he should speak to us ; let us give to liim as we would have him give unto us : 
 assuredly our measure of grace and mercy shall be his also (Matt., vii. 2). 
 
 (3) At present the Church possesses both gold and silver, and that by lawful right. 
 But the duties arising from this possession are so onerous, that the servants of God who 
 are the depositaries of these treasures, are often tempted to sigh after the poverty of 
 early times. 
 
 (4) These miracles operated in the name of Jesus Chi'ist were more glorious to him 
 than if he had performed them in his own person. Thcv demonstrated that the power 
 which he possessed was not a borrowed power, but that of an independent sovereign, 
 exercised in whatever way seemed good to him, eitlier by himself or his ministers. 
 
n 
 
 CHAP, ni.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 587 
 
 in with tliein into the temple, walking, and leaping, and praising 
 God. And all the people saw him walking and praising God. And 
 they knew him, that it was he who sat begging alms at the Beautiful 
 gate of the temple ; and they were filled with wonder and amaze- 
 ment at that which had happened to him. As he held Peter and 
 John, all the people ran to them, to the porch which Is called Solo- 
 mon's (1), greatly wondering." 
 
 («) " Peter seeing" so great a concourse of people, availed himself 
 of the opportunity in order to address to them the following dis- 
 course, whose strength and sweetness (for these qualities were ad- 
 mirably blended together) might well soften the hardest hearts, and 
 make the boldest tremble. " Ye men of Israel," said he to them, 
 '' why wonder you at this i or Avhy look you upon us, as if Ijy our 
 strength or power we had made this man to walk ? The God of 
 Abraham, aud the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, the God of 
 our fathers hath glorified his son Jesus, whom you delivered up, aud 
 denied before the face of Pilate, when he judged he should be re- 
 leased. But you denied the Holy One and the Just, and desired a 
 murderer to be granted unto you. But the author of life you killed, 
 whom God hath raised from the dead, of Avhich Ave are witnesses. 
 And in the faith of his name, this man whom you have seen and 
 known, hath his" almighty "name strengthened;" yes, "the faith 
 which is Ijy him (-2) hath given this perfect soundness in the sight of 
 you all." 
 
 (o) AcU, iii. 12. 
 
 (1) So called, it is supposed, because it was built by Solomon. In that case the 
 Babylonians must have spared it, at least in part, when tlicy destroyed the temple, of 
 which it was a sort of out-work. When the temple was rebuilt this porch was repaired, 
 and made available. At the time of which we speak it was used by the Gentiles who 
 came to worship at Jerusalem. Besides this vestibule, there was another which was 
 reserved for the Jews, and even they were not peiinittcd to enter therein without being 
 puritiod. Otherwise they were obliged to remain amongst the Gentiles, in Solomon's 
 porch. Nc.\t to that was that part of the temple which was called the Sanctuary, 
 which was only to be entered by the priests, who burned incense there on the altar of 
 perfumes, all the people standing without, as we learn from the history of Zacliariiis 
 (Luke, i.). The Ifoly of Holies was separated from the Sanctuary by that veil which 
 was rent iisundcr at the moment of our Saviour's death. It is well known that only the 
 high-priest could enter here, and that once a j-ear. 
 
 (2) \Vc read in the Latin, Jide.i qxtcc per turn est. Most people translate this by faith 
 
 I 
 
588 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. III. 
 
 After having thus reproached them with their crime, it only re- 
 mained, as it would seem, to announce the punishment thereof. 
 Perhaps they expected this ; perhaps they even feared that the min- 
 ister of that Omnipotent Just man, so grossly betrayed, might 
 instantly command the earth to open beneath their feet, or cause 
 fire from heaven to descend upon them. Great, therefore, was their 
 surprise, when they only heard from his mouth words of grace and 
 of salvation. " I know" he added, seeking like his master to exten- 
 uate their guilt (1), "I know, brethren, that you did it through 
 ignorance, as did also your rulers (2). But those things which God 
 had showed by the mouth of all the projjhets, that his Christ should 
 suffer, he hath so fulfilled. Repent, therefore, and be converted, 
 that your sins may be blotted out (3). That, when the times of 
 
 in 1dm, while otliers translate it (àilh from him. Tlie first of these two translations is 
 more natural here ; the second is more literal : each is expressive of a true meaning, 
 wherefore they are both retained and united. 
 
 (1) Lute, xxiii. 
 
 (2) We have seen that it was also because of their ignorance that Jesus Christexcused 
 them. ■ It is, however, necessary to ascertain in what manner and how far the Jews were 
 excused by their want of knowledge. They kne^v well that Jesus was innocent, and 
 thus far they were altogether inexcusable ; but they knew not that he was the true Mes- 
 siah, and the only Son of the living God ; hence their guilt was much less than if they 
 had recognized him as such, and yet treated him as they did. But then the question 
 arises, whether this ignorance of theirs was not, in itself, a crime ? Certainly it was, 
 since he had given proofs more than sufficient to force conviction upon them. Still their 
 crime was not so great as if they crucified him with a perfect knowledge of what he was ; 
 but if they had known him, their malice would have been truly diabolical, in doing as 
 they did. Yet such is the lenity of Jesus that he sought to excuse them, because 
 their malice miffht have been still greater than it was. What an example for Chris- 
 tians, who are obliged to resemble him in this point as in all others ! and what a con- 
 demnation for those who, having sustained even a trifling injury, perhaps done unawares, 
 not only regard the ofiender with implacable hatred, but load him with the foulest 
 abuse. 
 
 (3) There is here, in the Greek, as in the Latin, the conjunction which signifies in 
 order that. It, however, suspends the meaning, and renders it imperfect, and has, there- 
 fore, been omitted in this (French) translation, following the example of several com- 
 mentators. By this means the sense is rendered complete. Does it not also seem that 
 the same should be done with regard to the text ? God forbid. There can be no bet- 
 ter proof of the fidelity with which the Church has preserved the sacred deposit of the 
 Scriptui-es, than tlic fact that she will not permit the omission of a single syllable (ut) 
 although it appears to have no other use than that of embari-assing the sense. 
 
CHAP. III.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 589 
 
 refresli tuent (1) shall come from the presence of the Lord, and he 
 shall send him who hath been preached unto you, Jesus Christ, 
 whom heaven (2) indeed must receive untU the times of the restitu- 
 tion (3) of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of his 
 holy prophets from the beginning of the world. For Moses said : 
 A prophet shall the Lord yoxir God raise iip unto you of your breth- 
 ren (4) nice unto me : him you, shall hear according to all things 
 whatsoever he shall sjyeah to you. And it shall he that every soul 
 which will not hear that prophet shall he destroyed from amongst 
 the people. And all the prophets from Samuel and afterwards, who 
 have spoken, have told of these days," and of that which was to hap- 
 pen. "You are the children of the prophets, and of the testament 
 which God made to our fathers, saying to Abraham : In thy seed 
 shall all the h'ndreds of the earth be blessed.'''' The blessing, it is true, 
 shall be general ; but the femily of the holy patriarch shall l)e 
 always distinguished. For " to you (5) first, God," faithful to his 
 
 (1) Here, as in several other passages of Scripture, by refreshment is meant the hap- 
 piness of heaven. This word, when taken in connection with what precedes and follows, 
 signifies : Do penance, that you may obtain the remission of your sins, so that when 
 Jesus Ciirist shall come to judije the world, you may be found just, and so be made 
 piuticipators in the happiness of heaven. 
 
 (2) He is in heaven in his natural and visible state; but this does not prevent him 
 from being really here on earth, hidden under the Eucharistie species. Judging of this 
 by the senses, it is just as if he were not present. We make this remark because Prot- 
 estants have abused this text in order to combat the doctrine of the real presence. 
 
 (3) All shall be re-established, 1st, By that renewal of heaven and earth, clearly fore- 
 told b)' St. Peter when he said (2 Peter, iii. ly): We look for vcw heavens and a new 
 earth — in which justice dwellclh. These last words signify, 2d, That order, interrupted 
 by the rebellion of angels and of men, shall be perfectly restored. All the good shall 
 be happy, and all the wicked unhappy ; one only will shall be accomplished — that is, 
 tlie will of God — whereby all creatures shall be retained under the supreme and eternal 
 dominion of his mercy or justice. 
 
 (4) A prophet, and infinitely more tlian a prophet, since he is the God of the proph- 
 ets ; yet also a prophet in the fullest signification of the word. He spoke in the name 
 of God, and by divine inspiration ; he revealed mysteries, and foretold what was to 
 come ; hence his disciples sometimes gave him the name of prophet, as we see by the 
 conversation of the two disciples going to Emmaus (Luke, .\xiv.). He also gave it to 
 himself, when, speaking of himself, he said : A prophet is not without honor, sare in his 
 own country and in his own house (Matt., xiii. 57). 
 
 (3) A prodigy of fidelity on the part of God. They have massacred his only Son, 
 yet, because of the promise which he made to their fathers, it is to them frst that that 
 
590 THE IIISTOKY OF TUE [ciIAP. IV. 
 
 promise that lie woiild save Israel, and "raising np his Son (1), hatli 
 sent him to bless you : that every one may convert himself from his 
 wickedness." 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 FIVE THOUSAND MEN CONVERTED. PETEE AND JOHN AEE CAST INTO PRISON. — 
 
 COUNCIL OF THE APOSTLES. DISCOURSE OF SAINT PETER. — SILENCE IMPOSED ON 
 
 THE APOSTLES. THEIR PRAYER FOLLOWED BY A FRESH INFUSION OF THE HOLY 
 
 GHOST. SANCTITY OF THE FIRST CHRISTIANS. BARNABAS. 
 
 A DISCOURSE so touching, preceded and proved beforehand by a 
 miracle so s^jlendid, produced an effect still more wonderful than 
 the miracle itself. («)"Many of them who had heard the word, 
 
 (a) Acts, iv. 4. 
 
 salvation is to be announced which his Son brought into the world. They arc now about 
 to persecute his envoys ; they will scourge them, they will stone them, they will crucify 
 them ; it matters not, mercy is over them still, and for forty long years to come, it will 
 never cease to call them back ; that time once expired, meicy shall be no more for them. 
 The Lord will say : / have draivn near to this generation for forty years, and J said : 
 Their heart is far from me. They have not considered my ways, because they would 
 not know them ; but at last / Jiave sworn to them in viy anger that they shall never enter 
 the land of promise. 
 
 This is said of the race then living, as it was of those whom God had brought forth 
 from Egypt, to bring them into the promised land, the entrance to which had been 
 closed by their crimes. Of all the generations who composed the people of God, these 
 two were the most favored and the most guilty. 
 
 Christians, who are more conupt than even the infidels, and who, though professing 
 a holy religion, are more wicked than the rest of mankind, are represented by these two 
 generations of the Jews. Well may they tremble at those awful words : / ftave sicorn 
 in my wrath that they shall never enter the land of promise. 
 
 It is true that the Lord waited forty years for the cortvcrsion of these Jews ; but it is 
 also true that he granted to the Ninevites only as many days. 
 
 Moreover, it was the bulk of the nation that God awaited during forty years. In the 
 course of that time, individual souls perished day by day. For many amongst them 
 those forty years were not even forty days. 
 
 (1) Raising, and not bringing to life again, in the same sense that Moses had said : 
 God will raise up a prophet of your brethren, &c. 
 
CHAP. IV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLI'iJ. 591 
 
 believed ; and the numher of the men wa-s made five thousand," 
 without induding womeu. 
 
 " As" the two aposthîs («) " were speaking" (for John supported 
 by his testimony all that Peter said), " as they were sj^eaking to the 
 people, the priests and the officers (1) of the temple and the Saddu- 
 cees came upon them (2), being grieved that they taught the people, 
 and preached in Jesus (3) the resurrection from the dead. They 
 laid hands upon them, and put them in hold till the next day, for it 
 Avas now evening," the meeting with the lame man having only 
 occurred about three in the afternoon. 
 
 An event such as this could not be regarded with indifference by 
 the chief men of the nation ; wherefore, " it came to pass on the 
 morrow, that their princes, and ancients, and scribes, were gathered 
 together in Jerusalem ; and Annas, the high-priest (4), and Caia})has, 
 and John, and ^Vlexander, and as many as were of the kindred of 
 the high-priest." Having brought forth the two apostles, " and set- 
 ting them in the midst" of the assembly, " they asked : By what 
 power, or liy what name have you done this ?" 
 
 How will that apostle dare to answer these poweiful rulers — he 
 who quailed and shrank, on a former occasion, from the questions 
 
 (a) Acts, iv. 1. 
 
 (1) In Latin maffistratus. The Greek word signifies a man who exercises military 
 command. Tliis was the officer who commanded the guard of tlie temple. It is thought 
 that this official and his men were alwa)-s Jews. It is more than probable that it was 
 to this guard Pilate alluded wlien he .said : You have a guard ; go, guard it (the bod)' 
 of Jesus) as yoti know. 
 
 (2) The Sadducces denied the resurrection, which the Pharisees maintained, and this 
 opposition of opinion rcndcied these two sects irreconcilable enemies. Still the Phari- 
 sees could not bear to have the rcsuiTCction preached in the name of Jesus Christ, and 
 thus it happened that the riv;il sects were found acting together on this occasion; just 
 as we see heretics, divided amongst themselves, )-et conspiring together against the com- 
 mon enemy — the vicar of Jesus Christ. 
 
 (.3) In Jesus. Some irànûa ^, in tlic jxrson of Jesus ; olhcrs, in the name of Jesus ; 
 and others again, bij the power of Jesus. These three meanings are all correct, so that 
 any one of them corre-;poiids with the text. We have thought it best to leave the choice 
 to tlie reader, without deciding in favor of any. 
 
 (4) It has been already observed that the supreme pontificate was annual, and held 
 alternately by Annas and Caiaphas, his .son-in-law. It w;is then the father-in-law's year 
 of office. 
 
592 THE IILSTOEY OF THE [cHAP. IV. 
 
 of their servants and domestics ? Let us liave no fear on that head, 
 either for himself or his cause. On that disgraceful occasion he had 
 been full of self only ; but now " Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost," 
 is not afraid to say " to them" openly : " Ye princes of the people, 
 and ancients, hear : If we this day are examined concerning the good 
 deed (1) done to the infirm man, by what means he hath been made 
 whole — be it known to you all, and to all the people of Israel, that 
 by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ (2) of Nazareth, whom you 
 crucified, whom God hath raised from the dead (3), even by him 
 this man standeth here before you whole. This" he added, apply- 
 ing to them that expression of the Psalmist which they themselves 
 understood as having reference to the Messiah, but would not choose 
 to take it to themselves ; " This is the stone (4) toliich ivas rejected 
 hif you ^'■fhe builders, which is hecome the head of the corner. 
 Neither is there salvation in any other. For there is no other name 
 under heaven given to men, whereby we must be saved (5)." 
 
 (1) The Holy Ghost had put this expression in the mouth of St. Peter, and it obvi- 
 ously pointed out the absurdity of tlie proceeding. The ground of the indictment wa-s 
 not any harm that had been done ; it was only, and by their own avowal, the good deed 
 which had been done to an infirm man. This was the point on which the two apostles 
 rested their justification. 
 
 (2) It was under this name, written in three languages, and fastened to the top of the 
 cross, that Jesus was crucified. His enemies still applied it to him by way of contempt 
 (Acts, vi.). It is also under this name that St. Peter points him out to his fiercest per- 
 secutors, and dares to propose him to thera as the sole object of faith and liope. The 
 apostles never spared prejudice, and in this they triumphed : they never blushed for the 
 opprobrium which had been heaped upon their master, and hence it was that they wore 
 raised to those sublime thrones, where they receive the homage of an entire world. 
 
 (3) To see, with their own eyes, this infirm man cured in the name of Jesus Christ 
 arisen from the dead, was a proof of Christ's resurrection as convincing as if they had 
 themselves witnessed that event. If they did not believe in the one case, assuredly they 
 would not have believed in the other. 
 
 Let us conclude, however, that they did believe, but would not have it known that 
 they did. It is in this way only that wo can reconcile the evidence before them with 
 their determined efforts to suppress it. Those who know any thing of the working of 
 the passions will not be surprised at the contradiction between their convictions and their 
 conduct. 
 
 (4) This prophecy is taken from Psalm c.xvii. Jesus Christ had already quoted it 
 with reference to himself (Matt. x.\i.), a short time before his passion, and the Jews then 
 understood that he alluded both to them and to himself. 
 
 (5) The best theologians conclude from this text that there is no salvation without 
 
CHAP. IV.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 593 
 
 Admiration was the first feeling e.xcited by this discom-se in the 
 minds of those who heard it. "Seeing the constancy of Peter and 
 of Jolin, understanding that they were illiterate and ignorant men, 
 they wondered ; and they knew them, that they had been with 
 Jesus. Seeing the man also who had been healed standing with 
 them, they could say nothing against it. But they commanded 
 tlicm to go aside out of the council ; and they conferred among 
 themselves, saying: What shall we do (1) to these men ? for indeed 
 a known miracle hath been done by them ; to all the inhabitants of 
 Jerusalem it is manifest, and we cannot deny it." 
 
 We cannot deny it, and must, therefore, believe it. Even the 
 most simple mind would have drawn this natui'al inference ; but 
 these learned and enlightened men concluded otherwise, for their 
 evil passions urged them on to stifle the truth which they could not 
 obviate. " But that it may be no further spread among the people, 
 let us threaten them, that they speak no more in this name to any 
 man. And calling them, they charged them not to speak at all, 
 nor teach in the name of Jesus." 
 
 People in authority, who are accustomed to see those beneath 
 them humbling themselves at their very feet, are very apt to imag- 
 ine that they can make them do any and every thing through fear. 
 
 explicit faith in Jesus Christ, that is to say, without faith being accompanied by a distinct 
 knowledge of him. This conclusion is certain and indubitable. 
 
 Nevertheless, those who have not had this knowledge shall not be condemned prc- 
 ciscl)- because of their ignorance, but for their personal sins ; and the words of the 
 prophet shall be justly applied to them : Destruction is thy own, Israel (Osee, xiii. 9), 
 although thou hast not known Him from whom alone salvation cometh. 
 
 Every day wc hear Christians accuse God of cruelty, because he makes the knowledge 
 of Jesus Christ necessary to salvation, while so many are in utter ignorance of him. 
 True Christians recognize and bless his mercy, in that he has vouchsafed to give them 
 that knowledge which he might withhold from all. 
 
 (1) This question displays the vast power of truth. Here we see on the side of its 
 assailants genius, learning, wealth, and power ; its defenders arc poor, humble, and un- 
 learned : yet because they have truth on their side, they are at no loss cither wliat to do 
 or wliat to say, while their proud persecutors arc reduced to ask each other : What shall 
 tee do ? 
 
 This advantage was but the prelude of the great \ictorj" which was soon to astonish 
 the world ; wherein that same truth, weak and unarmed as it wiis, should yet prevail 
 over the united powers of earth, up in arms against it, and pursuing it with fire and sword. 
 
 38 
 
694 THE HISTOEY OP THE [CHAP. IV. 
 
 never dreaming tliat they would dare oppose tlieir wishes. This 
 idea soon vanished when " Peter and John answering, said to them : 
 K it be just in the sight of God to hear you rather than God, judge 
 ye (1) ; for we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and 
 heard." 
 
 Menaces were quite thrown away upon such men as these, but it 
 was the only resource their enemies had. " But they" again " threat- 
 ening, sent them away ; not finding how they might punish them, 
 because of the people ; for all men glorified what had been done, in 
 that which had come to pass. For the man was above forty years 
 old in whom that miraculous cure had been wrought." 
 
 " Being let go, they came to their own company and related all 
 that the chief priests and ancients had said to them" in order to 
 induce them to keep silence. A still greater trial demanded an in- 
 crease of grace. Wherefore the brethren "ha\'ing heard it, with 
 one accord lifted up their voice to God (2), and said : Lord, thou art 
 he that didst make heaven and earth, the sea, and all things that 
 are in them. Who by the Holy Ghost, by the mouth of our father 
 David (3) thy servant, hast said : Whij did the Gentiles rage, and 
 
 (1) Wliere there are two masters, of whom one is subordinate to the other, should 
 their will be different, and their orders contradictoiy, it is evidently the duty of the per- 
 son so commanded to obey the orders of his chief ruler ; to do the bidding of the inferior 
 master would not be obedience, but rather rebellion against the common master. 
 
 St. Peter's reply relates entirely to this maxim, which lies at the base of all order both 
 in religion and society. 
 
 It is so plain that even children know it well, yet interest often makes men so blind as 
 to overlook it. 
 
 Man bears within him a greater master than all the masters of the world : that is to 
 say, his conscience, whose dictates he must always oppose to the unjust will of the most 
 arbitrary and despotic sovereign. 
 
 If it be objected that God alone is above princes, then this consetjuence follows : obey, 
 then, the voice of conscience, for it is the voice of God. 
 
 This voice is so sui-e to be heard, even by the most wicked, that St. Peter hesitates 
 not to say to them : Judge ye. It is so imperious that they, at least, dare not judge 
 against it ; which, on their part, was tantamount to judging by it. 
 
 (2) According to the text, they all lifted up their voice, and all gave utterance to the 
 same prayer. This prayer was, therefore, inspired ; for, if there had been no inspiration, 
 there would have been some difference, at least, in the form of expression. 
 
 (3) It appears that the Jews, when speaking of David, were in the habit of calling 
 him our father. St. Peter, in his first discourse, styles him the patriarch David, which 
 
CHAP. IV.] ACl^ OF THE APOSTLES. 595 
 
 tJie people meditate vain things? The kings of tlie earth stood up, 
 and the princes assembled together against the Lord and against his 
 Christ. For of a truth there assembled together in this city 
 against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast anointerfl, Herod, and 
 Pontius Pilate (1), with the Gentiles and the people of Israel, to do 
 what thy hand and thy council decreed to be done (2). And now, 
 Lord, behold their threatening?, and grant unto thy servants that 
 with all confidence (3) they may speak thy word, by stretching forth 
 thy hand to cures, and signs, and wonders, to be done by the name 
 of thy holy son Jesus." 
 
 The Almighty heard this prayer, which had emanated fi'om him- 
 self. " When they had prayed the j^lace was moved wherein they 
 were assembled, and they were all (4) filled with the Holy Ghost (5), 
 
 has precisely the same meaning. It may also be remembered that when Jesus Christ 
 made his triumphant entry into Jerusalem, the people said : Blessed be the reign of our 
 father David. And he might, in reality, be the ancestor of, at least, the greater number 
 of the tribe of Judah. This conjecture is far from being improbable. David had a great 
 number of children, and whilst the sons multiphed, the daughters entered, by marriage, 
 into other families, bringing with them, of course, the blood of David. It might well be, 
 then, that after the lapse of a thousand years, the great bulk of the tribe of Judah were 
 lineal descendants of David, either by his sons or by his daughters ; hence may have 
 originated the common custom of saying our father David. 
 
 (1) Herod had not entered into the conspiracy. It was by a sort of chance that 
 Christ was sent to him, and he had no desire to have him put to death, as we see by 
 that saying of Pilate : " He hath found nothing in him worthy of death." That prince 
 was not then a conspirator, properly speaking ; but he was accessory to the passion of 
 our Saviour by the grievous outrage he inflicted upon him. Mockery is classed with 
 murder, and tlie scoflcr shall be punished even as the persecutor. 
 
 (2) The malice of the Jews was the immediate cause of the sufferings of Jesus Christ. 
 These were the direct effect of that malice, and God had foreordained the sufferings 
 which were the effect, but not the malice which was the cause. This remark has already 
 been made. 
 
 (.3) They asked not of God the cessation of persecution, but courage to brave it. They 
 forgot their own safety, and thought only of his glorj-. This prayer contained a most 
 perfect act of the love of God. So it is that hearts, which are truly filled with that 
 sacred flame, make numberless acts of that divine virtue, almost unconsciously to them- 
 selves. 
 
 (4) It was by this movement that the Holy Ghost rendered his presence sensible, as 
 he had done on a former occasion by the mighty wind and the tongues of fire. 
 
 (5) They had all been filled with the Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost. They 
 received on this occasion a fresh plenitude thereof, together with the additional graces 
 necessary for braving the approaching persecution. We have not always the actual 
 
596 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. IV. 
 
 and they sjioke tlie woixl of God with confidence. The apostles," in 
 particular, " did with great power give testimony of the resurrection 
 of Jesus Christ our Lord." 
 
 " And the multitude of believers," already very numerous, " had 
 but one heart and one soul :" which was not surprising, for " neither 
 did any one say that aught of the things which he possessed was his 
 own, but all things were common unto them (1), and great grace 
 was in them all (2) ; for neither was their any one needy among 
 them, for as many as were owners of lands or houses sold them, and 
 brought the price of the things they sold, and laid it down before 
 the feet of the apostles. And distribution was made to every one 
 
 grace for resisting any attack of temptation, but if we ask it, as the apostles did, we shall 
 be sure to obtain it in the moment of trial, and we shall be sure to verify those words of 
 St. Paul : God is faithful, who toill not suffer you to be tempted above that which you 
 are able ; but will mahe also with temptation issue, that you may be able to hear it 
 (1 Cor., X. 13). 
 
 (1) This community of goods is, as has been observed, the most perfect model of all 
 societies. St. Jerome is of opinion that it was established by St. Mark in Ale.xandria. 
 For the rest, it does not appear that the apostles succeeded in establishing it in any 
 other place, nor even that they attempted doing so. It would seem that they thought 
 the enterprise woidd have been impracticable. God, who does not call all men to the 
 same degree of perfection, had so ordained it that this should be the distinctive mark of 
 the fii-st of all the churches. It was, on that account, dearer and more venerable to tlie 
 other churches, who did not imitate it in this respect. Tiie common fund was e.vhausted. 
 and there was no means to obtain a fresh supply, so that very soon those were all poor 
 amongst whom there had at first been no poor. Then it was that the other churches 
 made it their duty to assist these who were voluntarily poor. Wo learn this fact from 
 the epistles of St, Paul, wlio lepresented the common necessity, and offered himself to 
 cari-y alms to his people (1 Cor., xvi. .3). Thus they regained by charity a portion of 
 the merit which the others had acquired by their entire detachment from, and voluntarv 
 resignation of earthly treasures. 
 
 It is the glory of religion that the Church never was, or never is, without a certain 
 number of pious souls to exemplify this perfect mode of living. Such are the religious 
 communities, amongst whom no one says that aught of the things rehich he possesses arc 
 his own, but all things are common unto them, and of all the goods so possessed distri- 
 bution is made to every one according as he has need. In this, then, they resemble the 
 primitive Christians of Jerusalem. Let us also imitate the faithful of Corinth by assist- 
 ing those poor religious, who, possessing nothing, even in common, are entirely depend- 
 ent on our charity. 
 
 (2) An extraordinary grace produc«jd in them this extraordinary charity. Otherwise, 
 the)' made themselves agreeable, or pleasing to all the people, as has been already said. 
 We are at liberty to choose between these two meanings. 
 
CHAP, v.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 597 
 
 according as lie liad need. And Joseph, who by the apostles was 
 surnamed Barnabas (1) (which is, by interpretation, the son of con- 
 solation), a Lévite, a Cyprian born, having laud, sold it, and brought 
 the price and laid it at the feet of the apostles." 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 ANANIAS AND SAPIIIKA. MERACLES OF THE APOSTLES. — TIIET ARE PUT IN PRISON 
 
 AND DELIVERED BT AN ANGEL. ADVICE OF GA5IALIEL. — THE APOSTLES BEATEN 
 
 WITH RODS. 
 
 Such is the depravity of the human heart, that vice found means 
 to insinuate itself even in the midst of so many virtues. Avarice 
 assumed the virtue of disinterestedness, the merit of which it thought 
 to attain through the medium of deceit and imposture. But such 
 is the hatred with which God regards duplicity of heart, that even 
 then, under the law of grace and love, he signalized his wrath by a 
 j)unishment as terrible as any which had been inflicted under the 
 law of severity and dread. By this he makes known to us that, 
 although he is the father of mere}-, we must never forget that he is 
 also the God of vengeance. The following example contains a fear- 
 ful lesson for us. 
 
 (1) Of all those who made tliis sacrifice, St. Barnabas is the only one named. 
 Amonjjst other reasons for this preference, we may attribute it to the distinguished part 
 which he was destined to take in the ministry. His entrance into the Church was the 
 more worthy of remark, as it was also his entrance to the apostolic office. This he 
 attained, like the other apostles, bj' leaving all for Jesus Christ. The reader will remem- 
 ber the young man to whom Jesus said : Go, sell icliatsoever thou hast, and give it to the 
 poor. Come then and follow me (Matt., xix. 21). This last expression, in the Saviour's 
 peculiar style of speech, signified a vocation to tlie apostolic ministry, and the young 
 man would not have it at such a piice. St. Barnaby fulfilled the condition, and took his 
 place, for it is likely that it was to him God transfirred the grace wliich the other had 
 refused, even iis he had before transferred to St. Matthias the dignity whereof Judas had 
 deprived himself by his crime. 
 
598 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. V. 
 
 (rt) " A certain man named Ananias, with Saphiva his wife, sold 
 a piece of land (1), and by fraud kept back part of the price of the 
 land, his wife being privy thereunto : and bringing a certain part 
 of it, laid it at the feet of the apostles. But Peter said : Ananias, 
 why hath Satan tempted thy heart that thou shouldst lie to the 
 Holy Ghost, and by fraud keep part of the price of the land ? 
 Whilst it remained did it not remain to thee, and after it was 
 sold was it not in thy power (2) ? Why hast thou conceived 
 
 (a) Acts, V. 1. 
 
 (1) Had Ananias taken the vow of poverty, or had he not? This question is still dis- 
 cussed amongst commentators. Nearly all the ancients have decided in the affirmative ; 
 and if we come to count the voices for and against, nay, if we even weigh the opinions 
 given, we can no longer doubt that it was so, when we see that opinion entertained by 
 St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Jerome, St. Augustine, St. Gregory, «fee. What renders 
 this very probable is the word, lie kept back hy fraud, in "Liiun, fraudavit. If Ananias 
 had not made a vow, there would have been no fraud in what he did. His field, or the 
 money which he got for it, belonged to himself, as St. Peter told him, and he was at 
 liberty to dispose of it in whatever way he pleased. In what, then, had he sinned '? or 
 what fraud could there be in sacrificing a portion of his property to the wants of his 
 brethren ? Very far from being a sin, this would have been an act of charity ; not so 
 great, of course, as if he had given up all, but still good, as far as it went, and meritori- 
 ous in proportion to the sacrifice he bad made. Viewing it in this light, we could neither 
 understand the reproaches of St. Peter nor the punishment inflicted by God. But if 
 Ananias had consecrated all his possessions to the Lord by a solemn vow, then all is 
 explained. He defrauded, he lied to the Holy Ghost — he is, therefore, worthy of death, 
 for God is just, and his ways are perfect. 
 
 To the first example of a religious detachment from earthlj- things, God has annexed 
 the chastisement of the first violators of the holy vow of poverty. We cannot doubt 
 that he thereby intended to instruct and frighten those who lightly make a vow to him, 
 and break it without much remorse. God is not mocked with impunity (Gal., vi. Y). 
 
 (2) By speaking thus, St. Peter teaches us that the apostles did not compel the first 
 Christians to the sale and sacrifice of all their goods. It was merely a counsel, and not 
 a precept of theirs. 
 
 But inasmuch as Ananias was master of his own possessions, some other interpreters 
 have concluded that he was bound by no promise. That was the case, perhaps, before, 
 and even after, the sale. But, 1st, between the time of the sale and his appearance be- 
 fore St. Peter, he might have made the vow. We know not what length of time had 
 intervened, and it required no long time to make such an engagement. 2d, While laying 
 his money at the feet of St. Peter, he might have pronounced the formula of the contract, 
 cither by way of vow or of consecration. Scripture does not positively say so, but 
 neither does it state the contrary. 3d, This very action, without being accompanied by 
 words, might testify that the persons so acting solemnly pledged themselves to follow 
 the counsel of Jesus Christ and his apostles, by stripping themselves of all, so as to have 
 
CHAP, v.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 599 
 
 this thiug in thy heart ? Tliou hast not lied to men, but to 
 God(l)." 
 
 The effect of these M'ords was quicker than lightning. " Ananias, 
 hearing them, fell down, and gave up the ghost. And tliere came 
 great fear upon all that heard it. And the young men, rising up, 
 removed him, and carrying him out, buried him." 
 
 This tragical scene took place in a private house. " And it was 
 about the space of three hours after, when his wife, not kno^^nng 
 what had happened, came in. And Peter said to her: Tell me, 
 woman, whether you sold the land for so much ? And she said : 
 Yea, for so much. Tlien Peter said unto her : Why have you 
 agreed together to tempt the Spirit of the Lord (2) ? Behold, the 
 feet of them who have buried thy husband are at the door, and they 
 shall carry thee out. Immediately she fell down before his feet, 
 and gave up the ghost (3). And the young men coming in, found 
 her dead ; and carried her out, and buried her by her husband." 
 
 notliing more except in common with others. There are actions which speak for them- 
 selves, and the meaning of this one, sufficiently expressive in itself, might also have been 
 determined by the apostles ; in proposing the counsel, they might have declared that 
 the promise would be inferred from the act of ofifering, so that giving and vowing should 
 be considered as one and the same thing. So it is that, without uttering a single word, 
 men solemnly devote themselves to chastity when receiving holy orders, being aware 
 that it is one of the imphed conditions. 
 
 (1) After having said to Ananias : Thou hast hed to the Holy Ghost, St. Peter tells him 
 again : Thou hast lied to God. " Therefore, the Holy Ghost is God ;" as the holy 
 fathers concluded against the heresiarch Macedonius. 
 
 Ananias had lied both to the Father and the Son. It is by appropriation that he is 
 said to have lied to the Holy Ghost, who is called by Jesus Chiist the Spirit of truth 
 (.John, xiv. 17). 
 
 (2) They tempted the Spirit of the Lord, because they fancied that St. Peter would 
 have no knowledge of their fraud. For those who saw with what plenitude the Holy 
 Ghost poured himself forth upon the apostles, it was a sort of infidelity not to believe 
 that tiiey had received the gift of prophecy, with all other miraculous gifts ; and it is 
 written : Thou shalt riot tempt the Lord thy God. 
 
 (3) Porphyrus, one of the most subtle assailants of C'hristianty, considered that St. 
 Peter had been criminally severe upon these two persons. Would not one suppose from 
 tl'.is that the holy apostle had put them both to death, whereas God alone struck the 
 blow ? The voice of St. Peter wiis but the signal. An ancient father (Tertull., lib. de 
 Pudicilia, cap. 21) has regarded this as an image of excommunication. There is cer- 
 tainlj' a resemblance, inasmuch as, by the word of Peter, the sinner is cut off from the 
 society of the faithful, as Ananias and Saphira were cut off from amongst the living. 
 
600 THE HISTORY OF TIEE [OHAP. V. 
 
 Thus perished, with themselves, the hope of these hypocrites (1). 
 Instead of the glory which they had expected to procure for them- 
 selves by fraud and by perjury, they involved themselves in per- 
 petual disgrace, and consigned themselves to eternal infamy ; an 
 almost infallible proof of their reprobation. For, if they had died 
 in the state of justice, the Lord would not have labored directly to 
 dishonor their memory by inspiring the sacred writer to record the 
 tale of their disgrace ; this would have been contradicting that say- 
 ing of the Psalmist : The jU'St shall he in everlasting remembrance ; 
 he shall not fear the evil hearing (Ps. cxi. 7). 
 
 " And there came great fear upon the whole church, and upon 
 all," even beyond its communion, " that heard these things." 
 
 This miracle of terror was the only one of its kind, while those of 
 grace and favor were innumerable. " By the hands of the apos- 
 tles (2) were many signs and wonders wrought amongst the people," 
 all of them being special benefits. " And they were all (3) with 
 one accord in Solomon's porch (4), but of the rest no man durst 
 
 But there is also some difference ; for here Peter spoke, while God alone acted ; whereas, 
 in excommunication, Peter speaks and acts, while God ratifies. 
 
 (1) Job, viii. 12: Spes hypocritœ peribit. 
 
 (2) Our translators say only by the apostles. The hands have been indicated because 
 it was, in fact, by the imposition of hands that the apostles usually operated miraculous 
 cures, in accordance with that promise of the Saviour : They shall lay their hands upon 
 the sick, and they shall recover (Mark, xvi. 18). 
 
 (3) Alt, according to some interpreters, must be understood as having reference to 
 the apostles only. Others are of opinion that it signifies all the members of the infant 
 church, people as well as pastors. By the former it is asserted that what follows, of the 
 rest no man durst join himself unto them, regards the faithful who kept apart from the 
 apostles, either through respect for those divine men, or because they feared to provoke 
 persecution. According to the latter, it is to be understood even of those who believed 
 not, and who, either through fear or respect, did not venture to mingle with the believers. 
 The second interpretation is preferable to the other : 1st, Because respect merely obliged 
 the faitliful to treat the apostles deferentially, but not to remain apart from them, whilst 
 nothing can be more unjust than to suspect those fervent Christians of that pusillanimous 
 fear which is here supposed to have been common to all ; 2d, Because what has been 
 already said (chap, ii., ver. 46), that they continued daily in the temple, with one accord, 
 has manifest reference to all the faithful, and this seems to be but a repetition of that 
 passage. 
 
 (4) See what has been already said of this porch. It was the usual place of assembly 
 for the apostles and tlie first faithful ; 1st, Because being very spacious, it was capable 
 of containing a great multitude ; 2d, Because, not being a part of the temple, properly 
 
CHAP, v.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 601 
 
 join himself uuto them ; but the people magnified them. And the 
 multitude of men and women who believed in the Lord was more 
 increased ; insomuch that they brought forth the sick into the 
 streets (1) and laid them on beds and couches, that when Peter 
 came, his shadow (-2) at the least miglit overshadow any of them, 
 and they might be delivered from their infirmities. And there 
 came also together to Jerusalem a multitude out of the neighboring 
 cities, bringing sick persons and such as were troubled Mith unclean 
 spirits ; who were all healed." 
 
 This was too much for the I'ulers of the people : miracles such as 
 these, followed by such brUliant success, were enough to drive them 
 to despair. If this were sufl^ered to go on much longer, what would 
 become of their credit and consideration ? Must they be cpiietly 
 suffered to pass into the hands of this fisherman and the handful of 
 low-born men who were his companions ? No, all disguise must be 
 at once thrown off; wherefore, "the high-priest rising up, and all 
 they that wei-e with him (which is the heresy of the Sadducees) (3), 
 
 so called, they could there announce the word of life to all sorts of persons, men and 
 ■women, Jews and Gentiles, the purified and the non-purified amongst the Jews ; 3d, Be- 
 cause the offerings, the sacrifices, and all the service of the temple, which were celebrated 
 in the interior, were in no way interrupted. 
 
 The Church was born of the synagogue, and its cradle was the old Jewish temple, 
 v>hich, after that, was onl)' fit to burn. Its destiny was fulfilled. 
 
 (1) Many exposed their sick because they already believed ; others believed because 
 they saw that those who had been exposed were cured, and others because they had 
 themselves been cured. Hence it is that St. Luke joins the cause to the effect — the cures 
 to tlie conversions, by the words so that. 
 
 (2) It has been invariably seen, that on all important occasions it w;is Peter who 
 spoke, and spoke alone, which shows that he had the authority of a master, and was 
 recognized as such by his colleagues. So must he also have been recognized by the 
 people in this capacity. It was doubtless for this reason that God gave him the gift of 
 working miracles in a more remarkable manner than he did to any of the others. 
 
 (3) It has been already remarked that tiie Sadducees denied the resurrection. It has 
 jilso been shown that the members of this sect had a double interest in arresting the 
 preaching of the apostles. Tliu latter preached in the n;une of Jesus Chri.st, which was 
 odious to them. If the higli-priest was not of their party, and the text might prove that 
 clearly enough, at least he favored them openly. We must believe that the foundations 
 of the Jewish st4itc and of the Jewish religion were already shaken when the chief of the 
 sacerdotal order, and the first man in the nation, was not ashamed to appear as the 
 partisan, or, at least, as the declared abettor of materialism. 
 
602 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. V. 
 
 were filled with envy ; and tliey laid hands upon the aj^ostles, and 
 put them in the common prison." 
 
 But what can man do against the Almighty ? "An angel (1) of 
 the Lord by night opening the doors of the prison, and leading them 
 out, said : Go, and standing, sj^eak in the temple to the people all 
 the words of this" doctrine of " life. Who having heard this, early 
 in the morning entered into the temple, and taught." 
 
 They were still there when "the high-priest coming, and they 
 that were with him, called together the council and all the ancients 
 of the children of Israel : and they sent to the jjrison to have them 
 brought. But when the ministers came, and opening the prison, 
 found them not there, they returned and told, saying : The prison 
 indeed we found shut with all diligence, and the keepers standing 
 before the doors ; but opening it, we found no man within. When 
 the officer of the temple and the chief priests heard these words, 
 they were in doubt concerning them, what would come to pass." 
 
 They were not long without knowing, for " one came and told 
 them : Behold, the men whom you put in prison are in the temple 
 standing, and teaching the peojde. Then went the officer with the 
 ministers and brought them without violence ; for they feared the 
 people, lest they should be stoned (2)." 
 
 " And when they had brought them, they set them before the 
 council. And the high-j^riest asked them, saying : Commanding (3) 
 we commanded you that you should not teach in this name (4) ; 
 
 (1) The apostles wrought no miracles for themselves, nor does it appear that they 
 even asked God to do it for them. Their fate was in his hands, and all their desire was 
 that he might dispose of them according to his own will and pleasure. Thus man}' of 
 the saints, suffering all manner of pain, asked not relief for themseh-es, but they asked 
 and obtained it for all others who applied to them. 
 
 (2) As they would certainly have been if the apostles had called the people to their 
 assistance, but it would have been a crime to excite the populace against public author- 
 ity, however unjust and oppressive it might be. 
 
 (3) It would seem that they should first have endeavored to ascertain how the apos- 
 tles had got out of prison. Why did the}' not do so ? Simply because they doubled 
 not that the e.xamination would bring to light that which they feared — a miracle. 
 
 (4) They did not mention the name of Jesus. Was this through contempt, or through 
 a secret honor of that name, arising from the remembrance of theii' crime, and the 
 remorse of which they could not divest themselves ? 
 
CHAP, v.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 603 
 
 and behold, you liave filled Jerusalem with your doctrine, and you 
 have a mind to bring (1) the blood of this man (2) upon us. Peter 
 and the apostles, answering, said : We ought to obey God rather 
 than men." 
 
 This they all said with one voice ; but it appears that it was Peter 
 alone who continued the discourse : " The God of our fothers hath 
 raised up Jesus, whom you put to death, hanging him upon a tree. 
 Ilim hath God exalted with his right hand to be Prince and Saviour, 
 to give repentance to Israel and remission of sins (3). We are wit- 
 nesses of these things, and" with us " the Holy Ghost (4), whom 
 God hath given to all that obey him." These words must have 
 given them to understand that they were very far from receiving so 
 great a gift, since they, so for from ol^eyiug God, required others 
 to obey them rather than him. 
 
 " \\Tien they had heard these things they were cut to the heart, 
 and they" even " thought to put them to death," when God, who 
 had destined them to carry his name to the ends of the earth, raised 
 up for them an advocate where there was little reason to expect one. 
 " A Pharisee (5) named Gamaliel, a doctor of the law, respected by 
 
 (1) Tliat is to say: Preach no more this Jesus of Nazareth, for it is an outrage upon 
 us. A fine reason, truly ! Just as if they said : You preach tliat Jesus of Nazaretli is 
 risen from the dead, and he is not ; you say that you do miracles in his name, and you 
 do not. In such a case not to gainsay these facts is to confess them, and the)' did this 
 against their will ; such is tiie empire of truth over the most hardened hearts ; but so 
 great is the obduracy of certain sinners, that though they cannot deny the truth, they 
 can never be brought to admit it. 
 
 (2) They had once been heard to crj' out : His hluod be upon ns and upon our chil- 
 dren. They then asked what they now fear ; very soon they shall feel its effects. 
 
 (3) Repentance can only be had through his grace ; and the remission of sius, which 
 is the fruit thereof, is only obtained through his merits. 
 
 (4) The testimony of the apostles, and that of the Holy Ghost are considered as two 
 distinct testimonies, because the apostles testified that thev had seen Jesus Christ after 
 he had risen from the dead, while the Holy Ghost testified, by the miracles which he 
 operated through ihom, that their testimony was true. 
 
 (5) This does not mean that he had their vices, or held their false doctrines ; but it is 
 certain that he believed as they did with regard to the capital dogma of the resurrection. 
 This was enough to constitute him a Pharis(fe, and the name was no reproach, when he 
 was only a Pharisee on this point. Such, too, was Nicodemus, and a few others, who 
 had apparently kept themselves free from the bad leaven of the Pharisees. Had Gama- 
 liel, then, been a concealed disciple, or were his eyes only then opened to the light ? 
 
604 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [chap. V. 
 
 all the people, rising up in the council, commanded the men to be 
 put forth a little while. And he said to them : Ye men of Israel, 
 take heed to yourselves Avhat you intend to do as touching these 
 men ; for before these days rose up Theodas (1), affirming himself 
 to be somebody, to whom a number of men, about four hundred, 
 joined themselves. He was slain, and all that believed him were 
 scattered and brought to nothing. After this man I'ose up Judas of 
 (îiililee, in the days of the enrolling (2), and drew away the people 
 
 I'his is a doubtful case, and liis discourse does not make it any thing clearer. The only 
 thing that can be said is, tliat if he were only then partially enlightened, he spoke very 
 correctly with regard to his present dispositions. If he were already a believer, while 
 keeping back whatever might have lessened the effect of his words, he yet said notliing 
 contrary to truth. However that might be, he finally believed and became a saint, recog- 
 nized as such by the Church. He il was who, in the reign of Honorius, appeared to 
 the priest Lucian, and revealed to him the spot where he would find the body of St. 
 Stepjien, with those of three other saints, of whom he was one, Nicodemus being another. 
 Tt may be remembered that the latter opposed the design of the priests and Pharisees 
 when they proposed to put Jesus to death. These two examples serve to show how 
 liberal is God towards those who, though obliged to assist in the councils of the wicked, 
 choose rather to expose themselves to their anger than consent to any thing unjust. 
 
 (1) Josephus, in the 20th Book of his -Antiquities, speaks of one Theodas, wlio gave 
 himself out for a prophet, and against whom Caspius Fadus, then governor of Judea, 
 :,L-nt out his troops, who killed him, and with him several of his followers, the rest being 
 inetrievably dispersed. This happened, according to liim, in the fourth year of the 
 reign of Claudius. This is what puzzles the interpreters, because that period was many 
 years later than the discourse of Gamaliel, and there is no probability that Josephus 
 could be mistaken forty years in fixing the date of a public event wliich he said had 
 occurred in his own time. Let this be as it may, it is still certain, 1st, That Gamaliel 
 quoted this fact on the present occasion ; 2d, Tliat he did so before men who were as 
 vi-ell informed as himself; 3d, That these men, so far from contradicting, were convinced 
 by his words : consequently this fact can no longer be doubted. 
 
 V/hen there is positive evidence of any fact, no other objections can be reasonably 
 admitted than those which directly bear upon that proof. 
 
 This principle is certain ; and it alone is quite enough to annihilate almost all the 
 objections brought agamst religion. 
 
 (2) This enrolling may have been that which took place at the time of the birth of 
 Christ, or perhaps another which was made eight or ten years later, when Archelaus 
 ceased to reign in Judea. One of the reasons which induced Augustus to have this 
 numbering of the people made, was that he might levy a poll-tax upon all his subjects. 
 The Jews being then in immediate expectation of their conquering Messiah, many of them 
 were opposed to the paying of this tribute. Judas of Galilee, who had put himself at 
 their head, perished, as has been seen. But let it be remarked that Gamaliel, speaking 
 of the followers of Theodas, said that they were dispersed and broui/ht lo nothing. 
 
CnAP. v.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 605 
 
 after bim ; he also perished ; and all, even as many as consented to 
 him, were dispei-sed. And now, therefore, I say to you, j-efrain froii; 
 these men, and let them alone ; for *îf this counsel or this work be 
 of men, it will come to nought ; but if it be of God, you cannot 
 overthrow it ; lest perhaps you be found to fight even against 
 God." 
 
 This would have been a bad advice had it not been at least pi-oli- 
 able that the work was divine. God alone has the right to alter 
 religion, because there is no true religion save that of which he is 
 the author. It was, therefore, necessary to ascertain whether this 
 was his work ; and if it were not recognized as such, very far from 
 lettiny those alone who called themselves its apostles, they should 
 have been at once put down, so as to secure the safety of religion 
 and of the state itself; for every innovation in religion is sure t-i 
 shake the latter to its very foundations. But, if they saw there thi- 
 hand of God, they must not, by opposing it, oppose God himself, 
 and thereby expose themselves to ruin all, under pretence of sa\nng 
 all. Xow it was to make this examination (the result of which aj!- 
 pcared to him little less than certain) that Gamaliel sought to urge 
 his colleagues ; and as they had not yet done so, he persuaded them 
 not to use any ultra measures until they had considered the matter 
 over. This was the point to be gained at the moment, and in thi-> 
 he succeeded. "And they consented to him," without starting any 
 objection. But, iuasniuch as they had been jjersuaded, without 
 being converted, " calling in the apostles, after they had scourged 
 them, they charged them that they should not speak at all in the 
 
 wliercas those of Judas were only stated to have been dispersed. The fact is, that Jiidas 
 lind infused into the pubiic mind the leaven of sedition, which continued to ferment, 
 especially amongst the Galileans, many of whom, according to Josephus, chose rather to 
 suffer death and torture than to pay tribute to Ca;sar, or recognize him for their sov- 
 ereign. Some even hold that it was because Jesus Christ was a Galilean, at leiist by 
 education and abode, that those who tempted him put the question to him whether it 
 was permitted to pay tribute to Ca;sar. However this conjecture may be, it is cerlai:i 
 that this bad spirit was never wholly crushed ; tliat, from Galilee, where it had been 
 fostered, it spread throughout the whole country, and ended in that general insurrection 
 wliich brought on the final destruction of Jerusalem, and the dispersion of the entire 
 people. 
 
606 TirE HISTORY OF ÏIIE [cHAP. VI. 
 
 name of Jesus, and they dismissed tliem. And tliey, indeed, went 
 from tlie presence of the council rejoicing (1) that they were 
 accounted worthy to suffer reproach for the name of Jesus." Their 
 zeal, far from being cooled, a^ijieared to have acquired fresh ardor 
 and intrepidity. " And every day they ceased not, iu the temple, 
 and from house to house, to teach and preach Christ Jesus." 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 injEMUE OF THE GKEEKS AGAINST TOE HEBREWS. — ELECTION AND ORDINATION OF 
 
 THE SEVEN DEACONS. STEPHEN FULL OF GRACE AND STRENGTH. THE JEWS 
 
 DISPUTE AGAINST Illil. HE IS SEIZED BY THEM AND BROUGHT BEFORE THE 
 
 COUNCIL. 
 
 Men are always men ; and even in the Lest cidtivated garden the 
 skill of the gardener is constantly required in pruning and planting ; 
 so also in the holiest communities there will be always deficiencies 
 to supply, and excesses to prune away. Those who for some time 
 had but one heart and one soul began, at length, to disagree. The 
 very bond of union became a cause of dissension ; and charity, 
 founded on the community of goods, was disturbed by the inequal- 
 ity of the respective shares, (a) " In those days, the number of dis- 
 ciples increasing" (the blood of the apostles was ali-eady fertilizing 
 the soil of the church), " there arose a murmuring of the Greeks (2) 
 
 (a) Acts, vi. 1. 
 
 (1) Tliey figured to tliemselvos Jesus Christ under the lash of liis toraientors, and 
 they exulted in the thought that they were thus made like unto their divine master in 
 undergoing a punishment similar to his. So it is that the just, persecuted, outraged, 
 stripped, and tormented, see Jesus Christ in all these conditions, and if they are sensible 
 of grief it is because they find their sufferings inferior to those of their- Lord and Saviour. 
 
 (2) Jews who were natives of a country wherein Greek was spoken ; of this class, 
 loo, were those who had been born in Judea of Greek paapts, and continued to speak 
 the language which they learned from their parents. 
 
CUAP. VI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLI». 607 
 
 against the Hebrews {I), for that their widows were neglected (2) 
 in the daily ministration (3)." 
 
 It was reasonable tliat in supplying the provisions as well as in 
 the distribution thereof, Hebrews rather than Greeks should be em- 
 ployed, as it is always to be expected that the people of the country 
 are the best for such purposes. But it was natural that the natives 
 of the country should i>ay less attention to strangers than to theii- 
 own countrymen, amongst whom were their acquaintances, friends, 
 and kindred. That was indeed so natural that those who did it 
 might be scarcely conscious of the preference, especially when 
 the applicants becoming more numerous (owing to the recent con- 
 versions), it was found more difficult to preserve order ; but also, 
 Ijecanse the thing is so very natural, that the foreignei-s might easily 
 imagine that it was done when it really was not, or, at least, that 
 their own imagination magnified it into a cause of complaint. The 
 apostles might well imderstand this, for we do not find that they 
 reproached any one for this fault. 
 
 Nevertheless, it was for them to put a stop to these murmui*s and 
 restore peace. So, " the twelve, calling together the multitude of 
 the disciples, said : It is not reason that we should leave the word 
 of God (4) and serve tables (5). Wherefore, brethren, look ye out 
 among you seven men of good reputation (6), full of the Holy Ghost 
 
 (1) Jews, natives of Judea, and speaking the language of the country. This could no 
 longer be called the Hebrew tongue, being a jargon composed of Hebrew and Clialdaic, 
 owing to the sojourn of their fathei's in Babylon. 
 
 (2) Despised. This is the literal signification of the Latin and Greek word. Here it 
 means neglected, or unassisted, as, on the contrar)-, the word honor is often employed in 
 the New Testament to signify assisting, or relieving necessities (Matt., xv. G ; 1 Tim., v. 
 3 and 7). 
 
 (3) Some interpreters arc of opinion that the cause of the discontent was the little 
 respect with which the Gict^k women were treated, in being excluded from the distri- 
 bution. This explanation i.s \ory probable, and appears to have been grounded on the 
 meaning usually given to the word dcspLse [mépriser) ; it has been shown, however, that 
 tliat was not the only meaning attached to the word. 
 
 (4) The administration of church propert}' belongs to the bishops as well as the min- 
 istry of the word. This is only said in order to teach them what they ought to do 
 through others, and what they arc obliged to do themselves. 
 
 (5) By the sen'ice of tables is undci-stood all tlie many wants that were to be sup- 
 phed, such as clothing, itc, as well as the eating and drinking. 
 
 (G) It seems that if all this trouble had proceeded from the national jealousy of the 
 
G08 THE HISTORY OF THE [ciIAP. VI. 
 
 and wisdom, whom we may apjioint over this business. But we will 
 give ourselves continually to prayer and to the ministry of the word." 
 
 " And the saying was liked by all the multitude. And they chose 
 Stephen (1), a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, 
 and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas, 
 a proselyte of Antioch. These they set before the apostles : and 
 they, praying, imposed hands upon them (2)." 
 
 Thus religion acquired a new order of ministers.' These had been 
 disjiensed with so long as those of the first order were able to do all 
 themselves ; but when, from the great increase of the flock, the 
 ajDostles had need of co-operators, God inspired them to engage 
 these. The service of the tables was the dii'ect purpose of their 
 ordination. But though it was one of their peculiar functions to 
 preside there, it was the least important of their duties : the regula- 
 tion of all ecclesiastical assemblies, the preaching of the Gospel, and 
 even the administration of the body and blood of Christ, were all 
 Avithin their province. The apostles being no longer distracted by 
 other cares, and being now assisted by new preachers of the Gospel, 
 " the word of the Lord increased, and the number of the disciples 
 was multiplied in Jerusalem exceedingly : a great multitude also of 
 
 women, it would have been remedied by admitting some Greek women to minister with 
 the Jewish females. An election so solemn denotes an object of much greater importance. 
 
 (1) Stephen is known all over the earth. Next to him the most celebrated was Philip, 
 who here holds the second place. It was he who baptized the eunuch of Candace, 
 Queen of Ethiopia. He also converted by his preaching and his miiacles, a great num- 
 ber of Samaritans, amongst whom was Simon the Magician. He had four daughters 
 who were virgins and prophetesses. He received (chap, xxi.) the name of evangelist, 
 which, in his case, signifies no more than a preacher of the Gospel. Tiie Church cele- 
 brates his memory on the 6th of June. The four next mentioned are all recognized as 
 saints. Nicolas is the only one whose name is not found in the Roman niarlyrology ; 
 which omission leaves the question still undecided (a question on which the ancients 
 could not agree) whether he was not the founder of that sect of Nicolites spoken of in 
 the second chapter of the Apocalypse. The name of proscli/ te, given to him, shows that 
 he was a Gentile who had embraced the Jewish religion. All the seven have Grecian 
 names, whereby it appears that the Greeks were deprived of all cause of complaint. 
 
 (2) Notwithstanding the opinion of some theologians, it is evident that the imposition 
 of hands, joined with prayer, decides this to have been a solemn ordination. Such is the 
 
 ■/opinion commonly adopted by the Church, v.-hich, in the ordination of deacons, begs of 
 God that the subjects presented may be xvorthij of the grade and order to which Stephen 
 and his companions, to the mimher of seven, were elevated by the choice of the apostles. 
 
CHAP. VI.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 fi09 
 
 the priests obeyed the faith," submitting thereto their reason, hith- 
 erto so stubborn and intractable (1). A remarkable effect of the 
 prayer which Jesus, before he expired, offered up for his persecutoi-s. 
 
 God wished to have it uudei-stood that the newly established 
 order was not of human institution, but rather a sacred ministry 
 appointed by himself. This foct he manifested to the world by the 
 triumjahant success which followed the preaching of the fii"st of the 
 deacons. " Stephen, full of gi'ace and fortitude (2), did great won- 
 ders and signs among the people." So much so, that the wu'ath of 
 the pei-secutoi-s was concentrated against him. '' Tlien arose some 
 of that which is called the synagogue (3) of the Libertines (-1), and 
 of the Cyreneans, and of the Alexandrians, and of them that were 
 of Cilicia and Asia (5), disputing with Stephen. And they were not 
 able to resist the wisdom and spirit (6) that spoke" by his mouth. 
 
 They could not answer, but they could calumniate him. " Then 
 they suborned men to say they had heard him speak words of blas- 
 phemy against Moses and against God (7). And they stirred up 
 
 (1) Chrysost., Homil. 14, in Acta. 
 
 (2) Full oi fortitude because he was full of grace : man, if left to Lis own strength, is 
 but weakness itself. 
 
 (.3) As religion attracted to Jerusalem Jews of all nations under the sun, so each na- 
 tion had its synagogue wherein all those assembled who belonged to the same countrj-, 
 and spoke the same language. It was this that had multiplied the synagogues in Jeru- 
 salem even to the number of four hundred and upwards, as has been said elsewhere. 
 
 (4) The Latin word libertinorum, in its proper signification, means the sons offrecd- 
 nieii. They were Jews who had been born in Rome of parents who had been slaves, 
 but were afterwards freed. Augustus assigned them a district beyond the Tiber, where 
 they were free to dwell, and to profess their own religion. 
 
 (5) Asia Minor, now called Natolia, is only a province of Asia proper, one of the fom- 
 quarters of the globe. It has been remarked that St. Stephen had to dispute with men 
 from three different quarters of the world, being all that was then known ; for the Cyre- 
 neans and the Alexandrians were from Africa, and the Libertines, being natives of Rome, 
 were of course Europeans. 
 
 (0) There was seen in his person the accomplishment of our Saviour's promise to his 
 disciples, that it would not be they who should speak, but the spirit of his Father speak- 
 ing through them (Matl., x. 20), and that he would give them a mouth and wisdom, 
 which all their adversaries should not be able to resist or gainsay (Luke, xxi. 15). 
 
 (7) If he had bla.sphemed against Moses he would have blasphemed against God, by 
 whom Moses liad been sent ; but this was a manifest calumny, for there can be no doubt 
 that ho spoke of Moses according lo the principles of Christianity. Now, a Christian, 
 
 39 
 
610 THE HISTORY OF THE ^ [cHAP. VII. 
 
 the people, and the ancients and the scribes ; and, running together, 
 they took him, and brought him to the councih And they set up 
 false witnesses, who said : This man ceaseth not to speak words 
 against the holy place and the law. For we have heard him say 
 that this Jesus of Nazareth (1) shall destroy this place (2), and shall 
 change the traditions which Moses delivered unto us. And all that 
 sat in the council looked on him, and saw his face as if it had been 
 the face of an angel." This jjrodigy suspended their fury, and, as it 
 were, restrained their hands while he addressed to them a long dis- 
 course, which it was the will of God that they should hear to the end. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 DISCOURSE OF ST. STEPHEN. IIIS DEATH. SAUL IS ACCESSOET THEEETO, AND 
 
 KEEPS THE GAEMENTS OF THOSE WHO STONE HIM. 
 
 Stephen being in the midst of the assembly, and the witnesses 
 having been heard (a), " the high-priest said : Are these things so ?" 
 Whereupon Stephen " said : Ye men, brethren, and fathers, hear. 
 The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham when he was in 
 Mesopotamia (3), before he dwelt in Charan. And he said to him : 
 
 (a) Acts, vii. 1. 
 
 who knows his religion, never thinks of speaking ill of Moses, whom he regards as tlie 
 greatest, and perhaps the holiest man of the Old Testament. 
 
 (1) It has been ali'cady shown that it was with a view to render Jesus contemptible 
 that they called him the Nazarene. 
 
 They produced against Stephen, not his own words, but their interpretation of their 
 meaning, together with whatever inferences they pleased to deduce therefrom ; this is 
 what made them false witnesses. In order to give true testimony, they should have 
 given his own very words, and their natural signification. 
 
 (2) He might have said that the new law which he promulgated was the perfection, 
 but not the destruction of the old law ; and he might have said, too, that Jesus Christ 
 had predicted that the temple should be destroyed, but not that He should be its de- 
 stroyer. 
 
 (3) Now Diarben, or Diarbekir, a country situate between the Tigris and the Euphra- 
 
CHAP, vir.] ACTS of the apostlks. 611 
 
 Go forth out of thy country and from thy hincJred, and come into tie 
 tand which I s/udl show thee. Then he went out of tlie land of the 
 Chaldeans, and dwelt in Charan. And from thence, after his father 
 was dead, he removed him into this land, wherein you now dwell. 
 And he gave him no inheritance in it, no, not the space of a foot : 
 but he promised to give it him in possession, and to his seed after 
 him, when as yet he had no child (1). And God said to him : 27iat 
 his seed should sojourn in a strange country, and that they should 
 bring them under bondage, and treat them evil for the space of four 
 hundred years (2) : and the nation whixih they sludl serve will I 
 judge, said tJie Lord, and after these things they shall go out and 
 slutll serve ine in this place. And he gave him the covenant of cir- 
 cumcision, and so he begot Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth 
 day. Isaac begot Jacob, and Jacob the twelve patriarchs. And 
 
 tes. It is said in Genesis that Abraham was then in Ur of the Chaldeans, a province 
 bordering upon McsopotJiniia, properly so called ; but as there are authors who give a 
 greater extent to Mesopotamia, and othei-s to Chaldea, so Moses might have said, in 
 accordance with the latter, that Abraham was then in Chaldea ; and, agreeing with the 
 former, St. Stephen might have said that he was in Mesopotamia. There are some other 
 points of difference between the accounts g^ven by St. Stephen and by Moses, but it will 
 be seen that they are as easily reconciled as in this instance. 
 
 (1) Abraham well deserv'ed to be called the Father of the Faithful, and nothing could 
 be more just than that expression of St. Paul : He against hope believed in hope (Rom., 
 iv. 1 8). For he believed that Sara should bear him a son, though they were both far 
 beyond the age for having children ; he believed that this son should be the ])rogcnit(>r 
 of an innumerable posterity, even when he had his arm raised to immolate him, and had 
 no reason to hope that he could avoid making the sacrifice ; he believed that the country 
 of which he owned not one foot should yet be the inheritance of his descendants ; and, 
 being bound to believe that they were to obtain it by conquest, he had also to believe 
 that they wcie previously to be slaves and wanderci^ for full four hundred years. Man 
 is so entirely governed by the senses, that whatever is contrary to their evidence he in- 
 variably .sets down as improbable ; and on this account it may be said that it was harder 
 for Abraham to believe all this than it is for us to believe in the mystery of the Trinity. 
 Zacharias, who never doubted the mystery of the Incarnation, could scarcely believe that 
 he and his wife (who was far advanced in years, and, moreover, considered barren) 
 should have a son born to tliem. 
 
 (•2) St. Stephen said four hundred years. Moses (Exod., xii. 40) and St. Paul (Gal., 
 iii. 17) say four hundred and thirty years. These latter reckon from the time of Jacob's 
 journey into Egypt, wlien the famine compelled him to leave Chanaan, and go in quest 
 of provisions ; St. Stephen counts from the birth of Isaac, when the posterity of Abra- 
 ham commenced, that being the chief object of this prophecy. 
 
012 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. VII. 
 
 the patriarchs, through envy, sold Joseph" to be taken " into Egypt ; 
 l)nt God was with him, and delivered him out of all his tribulations. 
 He gave him favor and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh, the king of 
 Egypt, who appointed him governor over Egypt, and over all his 
 house." 
 
 "Now there came a famine upon- all Egypt, and Chanaan, and 
 great tribulation ; and our fathers found no food. But when Jacob 
 had heai'd that there was corn in Egypt, he sent our fathers first ; 
 and, at the second time, Joseph was known by his brethren, and his 
 kindred was made known to Pharaoh. And Josejih sending, called 
 thither his father Jacob and all his kindred, in all seventy-five 
 souls (1). So Jacob went down into Egypt, and he died, and our 
 fathers. And they were translated (2) into Sichem, and were laid 
 in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the 
 sons of Hemor, the son of Sichem (3)." 
 
 (1) Moses reckons seventy-six, including Jacob, Joseph, and those of his children who 
 were born in Eg3'pt. The Septuagint says, with St. Stephen, seventj'-five, exclusive of 
 Jacob, Joseph, and his children ; but it is more than probable that this includes the 
 wives of the sons of Jacob, who passed into Egypt with their husbands. According to 
 these different modes of reckoning all these calculations are correct, and by no means 
 contradictor)'. 
 
 (2) They were translated, that is, the sons of Jacob, and not Jacob himself, who was 
 buried in. the double cave which Abraham had bought together with the field for a pos- 
 session of a hurying-place, of Ephron the Hethile (Gen., 1.). Mention is only made in 
 the Old Testament of the translation of the bones of Joseph ; yet it is quite certain that 
 the bodies of all his brethren were likewise removed, and that they, too, were interred in 
 Sichem ; St. Stephen makes the assertion too positively for us to entertain any doubt 
 about it. This tradition had been handed down amongst the Jews, and St. Jerome 
 speaks of having seen at Sichem the tombs of the twelve patriarchs, so that they were 
 pointed out so latch- as Iiis time. 
 
 (3) It was not at Sichem, but adjacent to Hebron, and over against Mambre, that 
 Abraham purchased the field wherein he was interred, and after him Isaac and Jacob, 
 as has been stated. Yet we do not read in Gene.sis that Abraham had bought a field 
 at Sichem. No; but we read there, 1st, That Jacob bought part of a field of the sons 
 of Hemor, father of Sichem, and that lie there erected an altar (Gen., xii. and xiii.). Now 
 wc liave only to suppose that Abraham had bought, as Jacob did, the place whereon he 
 raised the altar at Sichem, and St. Stephen will be in perfect accordance with !MosG&. 
 If it be objected that it is not very likely tliat Abraham purchased all the places whereon ' 
 lie erected altai-s, we may reply that he might have done on this particular occasion what 
 he was not in the habit of doing ; and it may well be imagined that if Abraham could 
 sometimes erect an altar in a field without purchasing the riglit to do to, it might often 
 
CH.VP. \TI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 613 
 
 " And when the time of the promise drew near, which God had 
 promised to Abraham, the people increased and was multiplied m 
 Eg)-pt, till another king arose in Egypt who knew not Joseph. This 
 same dealing craftily with our race, afflicted our fathei-s, that they 
 should expose their children, to the end they might not be kept 
 alive." 
 
 "At the same time (1) was Moses born, and he was acceptable to 
 God ; he was nourished three mouths in his father's house. And 
 when he was exposed, Pharaoh's daughter took him up and nourished 
 him for her own sou. And Moses was instructed in all the wisdom 
 of the Eg}-ptiaus: and he was mighty in his words and in his 
 deeds (2). When he was fuU forty years old, it came into his heart 
 
 happen that the owner would not give his consent. The truth of the Scriptures, taken 
 altogether, is quite independent of these trifling discrepancies, whether we can succeed 
 in making them agree, or are forced to leave them as we find them. 
 
 (1) Here then properly begins the apology of St. Stephen. It may, indeed, be found 
 to have its foundation in the preceding ; but if it be compared with the subject of the 
 accusation, it will be seen that he has not yet replied thereto. Wherefore, then, this 
 long preamble ? Its use or necessity cannot, indeed, be clearly ascertained, and whjit 
 we are going to saj- on the subject is but a conjecture of our own. Those who spoke 
 of religion in the assemblies of the Jews, were in the habit of commencing by a brief 
 summary of their past histoiy, at least in its earlier stages, such as the vocation of Abra- 
 ham, the deliverance from Egyptian bondage, the conquest of Chanaan, ic. This method 
 might have its peculiar advantages which need not here be explained, but it is evident 
 that it was the usual way of making tlie exordium, which they brought to bear on the 
 particular subject of which they meant to treat. This, as we have said, is no more than 
 a supposition, supported, however, by the fact that we find the same method adopted 
 by St. Paul (Acts, xiii.). He had to prove to the Jews of Antioch of Pisidia that Jesus 
 Christ was the true Messiah, and his proof commenced only at the place where lie speaks 
 of David, to whom God had promised that the Messiah should s]jring from his blood ; 
 nevertheless, he sets out with an abridged account of the history of the Hebrew people, 
 runs through the principal events thereof, from the going forth out of Egyjjt till the lime 
 when God made choice of David to succeed Saul : n recital which would have been 
 quite superfluous had it not been warranted by custom. 
 
 (:i) It will be seen (ver. 35) that St. Stephen reproaches them with having on this 
 occasion refused to receive the mission of Moses : whereby it became necessary that God 
 should attest its authenticity by some miraculous sign which should force them to ac- 
 knowledge it. We do not find, however, that Moses had as yet performed a miracle ; 
 but does not the Scripture clearly insinuate that he had wlien it describes him as mighty 
 in words and in deeds, which is the same form of speech employed by St. Luke, the 
 author of the Acts of the Apostles, to express the miraculous power of Jesus Christ ? 
 (Luke, xxiv. 19). 
 
614 TIIE mSTOPvY OF THE [cHAP. VII. 
 
 to visit his brethren, the children of Israel. And when he had seen 
 one of them suffer wrong, he defended him ; and striking the Egyp- 
 tian (1), he avenged him who suffered the injury. And he thought 
 that his brethren understood that God by his hand would save 
 them ; but they understood it not. And the day following, he 
 showed himself to them when they were at strife, and would have 
 reconciled them in peace, saying : Men, ye are brethren, why hurt 
 ye one another ? But he that did the injury to his neighbor thrust 
 him away, saying : Who Tiatli appointed thee prince and judge over 
 us ? WJiaf, wilt thou h'll me, as thou didst yesterday hill the Egyp- 
 tian? And Moses fled upon this word, and was a stranger in the 
 land of Madian, where he begot two sons." 
 
 " And when forty years Avere expired there appeared to him in 
 the desert of Mount Sina, an angel (2) in a flame of fire in a bush. 
 And Moses seeing it, wondered at the sight. And as he drew near 
 to view it, the voice of the Lord came unto him, saying : I aui the 
 God of thy fathers ; the God of Ah^aham, the God of Isaac, and 
 the God of Jacob. And Moses being terrified, durst not behold. 
 And the Lord said to him: Loose the shoes from tliy feet, for the 
 place wherein thoxi standest is holy groxind. Seeing I have seen the 
 affliction of my people which is in Egypt, and I have heard their 
 groaning, and am come dotvn(p^ to deliver them. And noiv come. 
 
 (1) He killed him lawfully, because by divine inspiration. This is the opinion of St. 
 Augustine. We find in the Old Testament several inspirations of this kind, and it would 
 be impious to deny, or yet to condemn them. The evangelical law recognizes no equals, 
 and it would be the height of fanaticism to presume either to find fault with or to im- 
 prove it. 
 
 (2) He who is here called an angel is spoken of as the Lord in the following \-erse. 
 This difference has given rise to two different opinions amongst theologians. Some have 
 thought that he who spoke to Moses was the Son of God, who is called by Isaiah the 
 Angel of the Great Council. Many others think that it was an angel who is called the 
 Lord, because he represented the Lord, and spoke in his name. This last opinion is 
 more generally received, and seems to be the most probable. God, says St. Paul, hav- 
 ing spoken on divers occasions, and many ways, in iirnespast, by the prophets ; last of all, 
 in these do.rjs hath spoken to ns by his Son (Heb. i. 1). Do not these words seem to 
 give to the evangelical law the e.xclusive privilege of having been announced by the Son 
 in person ? 
 
 (3) God, by his immensity, is always present in every place. He can neither descend, 
 nor ascend, nor pass in any way from one place to another, since he would still remain 
 
CHAP. TH.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 615 
 
 and I will send tliee into Egypt. This Moses, whom they refused, 
 saying: Who hatli appointed thee prince and judge? him God sent 
 to be prince and redeemer by the hand of the angel who appeared 
 to him in the bush. He brought them out, doing wondei-s and 
 signs in the land of Egypt, and in the Red Sea, and in the desert 
 forty years. This is that Moses who said to the children of 
 Israel (1) : A prophet shall God raise up to you of your oion breth- 
 ren, as myself; him shall you hear. This is he that was in the 
 church in the wilderness, with the angel who spoke to him on Mount 
 Siua, and with our fathers ; who received the words of life (2) to 
 give to us. Whom our fathers would not obey ; but thrust him 
 away, and in their hearts turned back into Egypt, saying to Aaron : 
 Make us gods to go before tis. M>r, as for this Moses, who brought 
 vs out of the land of EgypA, we hioio not tvhat lues become of him. 
 And they made a golden calf in those days, and offered sacrifice to 
 the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands. And God 
 turned, and gave them up (3) to serve the host of heaven (4), as it 
 
 in the place which he left, as he also had been in the place whither he was supposed to 
 go. Hence, when he says in Scripture : / have come down, or / will come down, he 
 means that his presence, which is only visible in heaven, shall then be made sensible on 
 earth by some signal manifestation either of justice or of mercy. 
 
 (1) In reporting the conversation of God with Moses, St. Stephen had made it veiy 
 evident that he was not opposed to Moses, since he thereby admitted the divinity of his 
 mission. Yet still it might be objected that he was, nevertheless, endeavoring to put 
 an end to his law, and substitute another in its place. He meets this objection, or rather 
 forestalls it, by refen-ing to the prophecy of Moses, which announced another legislator, 
 who was to be obeyed under pain of incurring the eternal vengeance of God. This, 
 then, was not speaking against Moses, but announcing after him, and in accordance with 
 his words, a second legislator. They who rejected the latter without any other reason 
 were virtually making Moses a false prophet. 
 
 (2) The words of life, that is to say, the law of God, which should confer life on those 
 who observed it. Some undei-stand this of temporal life, others of that which is eternal. 
 Both meanings are correct. It must only be obsen-cd that the ancient law only procured 
 for its observers temporal life ; that is to say, temporal prosperity ; and that eternal hap- 
 piness, which was attained by its observers, could only be merited by the grace of Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 (3) Gave them up ; a form of speech used in Scripture to signify that God permitted 
 them to be delivered up. God never instigates to crime ; but it often happens that he 
 does not restrain those who commit it. Past sins are the cause thereof, and it is in this 
 sense that we say that one sin is punished by another. 
 
 (4) The stars and planets, which were amongst the earliest objects of idolatry. Then 
 
616 THE' HISTORY OF THE [cHAP, VH. 
 
 is written iu the book of tlie projihets : Did you offer victims arul 
 sacrifices to me for forty years in the desert (1), <? house of Israel f 
 And you tooh unto you the tabernacle of Moloch (2), aTid the star of 
 your god Rempham^ figures which you, made to adore them. And 
 I will carry you aivay beyond Babylon? 
 
 Moses was recognized, and his pretended adversary rendered to 
 him the most magnificent testimony which we find recorded of him 
 in the sacred Scriptures. It remained to speak of the temple, to 
 which the holy Lévite paid equal homage, since he virtually ac- 
 knowledged that it was by divine insj^iration David had conceived 
 the design of erecting it, a design which Solomon carried into exe- 
 cution. But it was further necessary to undeceive the Jews by 
 showing them that the true worship, which they associated exclu- 
 sively with their own temple, was not necessarily connected with 
 stone walls and a house built by the hand of man. With this inten- 
 tion, Stephen continues thus : 
 
 " The tabernacle of the testimony (3) was with our fathers in the 
 desert, as God ordained for them, s])eakiug to Moses that he should 
 make it according to the form which he had seen. Which, also, our 
 fathers receiving, brought in with Joshua into the possession of the 
 
 the nations decreed divine honors to extraordinary men, wlio had distinguished themselves 
 by great actions or by benefits conferred on the human race. These two worships 
 appear to have been united in course of time by the appropriation of the names of these 
 celebrated men to the stars and planets, which were then called Saturn, Jupitei-, Mars, 
 Mercury, tfec, names which they still retain. 
 
 (1) Sacrifices were offered to God in the desert, when he gave the law, when Aaron 
 and his children were consecrated, and also at the consecration of the tabernacle. The 
 sacred writers mention no others, which fact, joined with the preceding, gives rise to the 
 opinion that the sacrifices then instituted were only to be observed after the Israelites 
 had been established in the land of promise. 
 
 (2) According to ancient records cited by some able critics, Moloch was the God 
 Mars, and Rempham was Saturn. Rempham is only named in Scripture on this one 
 occasion. Moloch we find often mentioned, and he is called the god of the Ammonites. 
 It was in honor of this sanguinary divinity that parents burned their infant children ; 
 God often reproaches the Israelites for having imitated them in these inhuman sacri- 
 fices. 
 
 (3) Of the testimony, or declaration of the divine will, which is principally, and per- 
 haps wliolly understood of the tables of the law, according to what God said to Moses : 
 " The ark wherein you shall place the testimony which I will give you" (Exod., xxv. 21). 
 
CHAP, vn.] 
 
 ACTS or TIIE APOSTLES. 
 
 617 
 
 Gentiles, whom God drove out before the face of our fathers ;" there 
 was then only the tabernacle " unto the days of David. Who found 
 grace before God, and desired to find" a place whereon to build " a 
 tabernacle for the God of Jacob. But Solomon built him a house. 
 Yet the Most High dwelleth not in houses made by hand, as the 
 prophet saith : Heaven is- nnj throne^ and tlie earth my footstool. 
 What house will you build me., saith the Zonl, or tvhat is the place 
 of my resting ? Hath not my hand made all tJiese things f^ 
 
 The foregoing was pronounced in that calm and moderate tone 
 which befits an instructive recital ; but Stephen soon changes it for 
 another. Whether he C()ns;idered that invective would be the most 
 successful, because the least expected ; or that, reading in the eyes 
 of his auditors their inflexible obstinacy, he found it useless to 
 attempt conciliation: "You stiff-necked," he suddenly added, in a 
 transport of indignant zeal, Jews are ye in name, but " uncircum- 
 cised in heart and ears, you always resist the Holy Ghost : as your 
 fathers did, so do you also. Which of the proj)hets have not your 
 fathers persecuted ? And they have slain them who foretold of the 
 coming of the Just One ; of whom you have been now the betrayei-s 
 and murderers : you., who have received the law of the ministry of 
 angels, and have not kept it." 
 
 Notwithstanding the impetuosity of this attack, its reasoning was 
 both strong and cogent against the Jews. The argument it con- 
 tained was : Your fathers have at all times resisted those who spoke 
 to them on the part of God. We believe that you resemble them 
 in this point. Believe it also youi-selvas : at least, fear it, and give 
 not way too rashly to that passion, which, under the appearance of 
 zeal, may well be in active opposition to the divine will. This is 
 what Gamaliel had before established, though in a different way. 
 His discourse had been to a certain extent satisfactory to his bear- 
 el's, but not so with this. Being more vehement, it did but embitter 
 and exasperate the wicked hearts of those who heard him. " Hear- 
 ing these things they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed with 
 their teeth at him." (Jod permitted it to be so, that Steplien might 
 have the honor of being the first martyr. " But" — and tliis it was 
 that excited them to fuiy — " he being full of the Holy Ghost, look- 
 ing steadfostly up to heaven, saw the glory of God, an<| Jesus stand- 
 
618 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. VH. 
 
 ing Oil the right hand of God (1). And he said: Behold, I see the 
 heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of 
 God." Then, as if it had been blas^jhemy to relate a celestial vision, 
 "they, crying out with a loud voice, stopped their ears, and with 
 one accord ran violently upon him. And casting him forth without 
 the city, they stoned him (2) : and the witnesses laid down their 
 garments at the feet of a young man whose name was Saul. And 
 they stoned Stephen, invoking and saying : Lord Jesus, receive my 
 spirit (3). And falling on his knees he cried with a loud voice, say- 
 ing: Lord, lay not this sin to their charge (4). And when he had 
 said this, he fell asleep in the Lord («). And devout men took 
 order for Stephen's funeral, and made great mourning over him (5). 
 
 (a) Chap, viii., ver. 2. 
 
 (1) St. Stephen saw with the eyes of his body the sacred humanity of the Saviour; 
 God having, by a miracle, lendered it visible to him at such an immense distance. It 
 is difficult to determine what he saw that is here called the fflori/ of God. Whatever it 
 was we ai'e bound to believe, though some maintain the contrarj', that it was not the 
 divine essence in itself, for, many years subsequent to this vision, the apostle St. John 
 wrote : JVb man hath seen God at any time (John, i. 18). 
 
 It is said in several passages of the Holy Scriptures that Jesus is seated on the right 
 hand of God. This is expressive of his equality with his Father, and of the eternal re- 
 pose which has succeeded the toils of his mortal life. On this occasion he appears 
 standinr/, ready to succor and to crown his champion. 
 
 (2) Was this the punishment which God had decreed for blasphemers ? It was or- 
 dained that the witnesses should be those who threw the first stone (Deut., xvii. 7). 
 They took oft' their outer garments so as to have their arms free. 
 
 They stoned him without any judgment having been pronounced upon him. One 
 would suppose that having no longer the right of condemning to death, thev would have 
 gone to Pilate to solicit his consent. But it seems that their rage would not permit 
 them to wait for any foim. This was one of those tumultuous movements then so com- 
 mon amongst the Jews, and which the Roman magistrates could not always control. 
 
 (3) Jesus, when expiring, addressed the same prayer to his Father. To address it to 
 himself was confessing his divinity, and his equality with the Father. 
 
 (4) We here see the difference between the false zeal which springs from fanaticism, 
 and that true zeal which has charity for its basis. The former smites, while the latter 
 demands mercy for its persecutors. 
 
 Zeal is, of all virtues, the noblest, and yet the most liable to illusion ; just as the most 
 precious substances are the most exposed to be adulterated and counterfeited. It must 
 be cherished, arldxet carefully watched. 
 
 (6) liy thh ff^at monrnhiff is not only understood tears and lamentations, but also 
 the funeral honors which were rendered to St. Stephen. 
 
i'iii-^*^ 
 
CHAP. Vin.J ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 619 
 
 CHAPTEK VIII. 
 
 PERSECUTION OF TIIE FATTHFtTL. CONVEESIOX OF TUE SAMAEITA^-S. — SIMON TIIE 
 
 MAGICIAN. THE ECNUCII BAPTIZED. 
 
 (<r) " AxD Saul was consenting to his death." It may even be said 
 that in keeping the garments of the murderers he became an accom- 
 plice in their crime. This man, Avho is to occupy so prominent a place 
 in this history, tells us himself that he was an Israelite (1), of the 
 tribe of Benjamin ; a Pharisee in what regards the law ; in his zeal, 
 ])ersecuting the Church of God ; as far as legal justice was concerned 
 living a blameless life, surpassing the greater part of his age and 
 nation in the knowledge and practice of Judaism, and in his ardent 
 attachment to the traditions of his fiithers. In this portrait, drawn 
 by his own hand, we may perceive both the germ of his virtues and 
 the source of his fiery zeal. Integrity so great, joined to a disposi- 
 tion so ardent, must of necessity, if he were in error, make him a 
 furious persecutor of the truth ; and, supposing that he knew the. 
 ti'uth, these same causes M'ere sure to make him a zealous apostle, in 
 -() far as the natural .temperament can influence the grace-enlightened 
 mind. He must be either one or the other in the highest degree, 
 and there was a good opportunity just then for persecution. Jew- 
 ish zeal, emboldened by success, had just thrown off all restraint, 
 and its thirst for blood was increased to fury by the sight of that 
 already shed, (b) " At that time there was raised a great peisecu- 
 tion against the Church, which was at Jerusalem." All its ministei-s 
 were dispersed through the countries of Judea and Samaria, exocj^t 
 
 [a) Chap, vii., vcr. 59. (J) Chap, viii., vcr. 1. 
 
 (1) Of the slock of /srarl, of iJie tribe of Benjamin ; aetordiiig to the latt, a Pltari- 
 see ; according to zeal, ■persecuting the Church of God ; according to the justice that is in 
 'he law, conversing without blame (Phil., iii. 5). And I made progress in the Jews' 
 religion, above many of my equals in my own nation, being more abundantly zealous for 
 l/ii: traditions of my fathers (G;il., i. 14). 
 
620 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. TTO. 
 
 the apostles (1). (c/)"But Saul," the most furious of all, "made 
 liavoc of the Church, entering in from house to house, and dragging 
 away men and women, committed them to prison ;" whence, as he 
 himself relates, he only allowed them to come forth to go to the 
 place of execution, unless he had succeeded in making them blas- 
 pheme the religion of Christ. 
 
 The malice of men was instrumental to the work of God. "They, 
 therefore, that were dispersed, went about preaching the word of 
 God." Amongst these new preachers we observe him who, by the 
 death of Stejjhen, had become the chief of the Levitical order. 
 Philip appears to have replaced him, not only by evangelical zeal, 
 but also by the extraordinary gifts which God transferred to the 
 second of the deacons immediately on the death of the first. 
 
 " And Philij), going down to the city of Samaria (2), preached 
 
 (a) Cliap. viii., ver. 3. 
 
 (1) The new Church required the presence of its founders. Thus, although Jesus 
 Christ had told them to fly from one city to another in time of persecution, they yet 
 stood their ground, because this was the time when the pastors were to expose their 
 life for their sheep. 
 
 If they liad fled on this occasion, it might have been said that they deserted the 
 Church, which was as yet inclosed within the walls of Jerusalem. For several years 
 after this it so happened that the city which had been the cradle of the Church, con- 
 tinued to be its centre, and, as it were, its metropolis. 
 
 (2) Samaria was the name both of a country and a city. Hence it might be trans- 
 lated, as some have done, into o city of Samaria ; but the greater number translate it 
 as the city of Samaria, which was the capital of the country. It was founded by Amri, 
 king of Israel, and destroyed by Hircan, but was magnificently rebuilt by Herod the 
 Great, who, in order to conciliate the Emperor Augustus, gave it the name of Sebaste, 
 a Greek word signifying Auf/ustus. 
 
 When Jesus Christ sent tlie apostles on their first mission, he forbade them to enter 
 the cities of the Samaritans (Matt., x. 5). He had made himself, however, an e.xception 
 to this general prohibition, when, at the request of the inhabitants of Sichar, he stopped 
 two days in their city (John, iv.). The interdict was removed when, after his resurrec- 
 tion, he announced to the apostles that they should be witnesses unto him in Jerusalem, 
 in all Judea, in Samaria, and to the uttermost confines of the earth. There was, there- 
 fore, no objection to theii- preaching the Gospel amongst the Samaritans. What is said 
 of the ends of the earth, gives no very clear intimation of the vocation of the Gentiles. 
 It might as well have been understood of the Jews who were scattered abroad through 
 every country, and so it appears to have been understood up to the time when St. Peter 
 saw that wonderful vision on the occasion of the conversion of Cornelius the centurion. 
 
CUAP. VIII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 621 
 
 Christ unto them. And the people with one accord Avere attentive 
 to those things M-hich were said by Philip, hearing and seeing the 
 miracles which he did. For many of them who had unclean spirits, 
 crying with a loud voice, went out. And many taken with the 
 palsy, and that were lame, were healed. There was, therefore, great 
 joy in that city." 
 
 " Now there was a certain man named Simon, who before had 
 lieen a magician in that city, seducing the people of Samaria, giving 
 out that he was some great one. To whom they all gave ear, fi'om 
 the least to the greatest, sapng : This man is the power of God, 
 which is called great. And they were attentive to him, because for 
 a long time he had bewitched them with his magical practices. But 
 when they had believed Philip preaching of the kingdom of God, 
 in the name of Jesus Christ, they Avere baptized, both men and wo- 
 men. Then Simon himself believed also (1), and being baptized, he 
 stuck close to Phili]^ ; and being astonished, wondered to see the 
 signs and exceeding great mii-acles which were done." 
 
 " When the apostles who were in Jerusalem had heard that Sama- 
 ria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter and 
 John (2), who, when they were come, prayed for them, that they 
 might receive the Holy Ghost. For he was not as yet come upon 
 any of them (3) : but they were only baptized in the name of the 
 
 (1) Most of the ancient fatlicrs, seeing liow very soon Simon relapsed into liis foinur 
 sin, are of opinion that he onl3' pretended to believe ; but as the text simply sajs that 
 he believed, we have no reason to doubt of his conversion. The miracles operated by 
 Philip might well convince him of the truth of the doctrine announced by him. Never- 
 theless, the desire of being enabled to work similar wonders was the sole motive which 
 induced him to embrace this faith ; therefore he understood it not in its real object, 
 which was the sanctification and salvation of those who professed it. Hence it miglit 
 be said that he believed, and yet believed not. 
 
 (•2) This sending was not, on the part of the apostles, an act of authority, but ihc 
 result of a common deliberation. Thus thetj sent signifies that they thought it right for 
 Peter and John to go there. 
 
 It was because another nation was to be added to the Church, that St. Peter, the head 
 of the Church, went to Samaria. 
 
 (.■?) Tliey had received in baptism the sanctifying spirit, but they had not yet leceivcd 
 the Spirit of strength, or any other of those gifts which are the proper effect of confirma- 
 tion. 
 
622 THE mSTOET OF THE [cHAP. VIH. 
 
 Lord Jesus. Theu tliej^ laid tlieir Laud upon them (1), and tliey 
 received the Holy Ghost." 
 
 " And when Simon saw that by the imposition of the hands of 
 the apostles the Holy Ghost was given, he offered them money (2), 
 saying : Give me also this power, that on whomsoever I shall lay 
 my hands he may receive the Holy Ghost. But Peter said to him : 
 Keej) thy money to thyself, to peiish with thee, because thou hast 
 thought that the gift of God may be purchased with money (3). 
 Thou hast no part nor lot in this matter, for thy heaii is not right 
 in the sight of God. Do penance, therefore, for this thy wicked- 
 ness ; and pray to God, if perhaps (4) this thought of thy heart may 
 be forgiven thee. For I see thou art in the gall of bitterness (5) 
 
 (1) In this imposition of hands, the ancients always recognized the sacrament of con- 
 firmation. There is no mention of the holy chrism, on which subject the theologians are 
 divided. Some assert that it was used by the apostles, though not specially' mentioned ; 
 while others are of opinion that it was their special privilege to confer the sacrament 
 solely by the imposition of hands. However that might be, it is certain that unction 
 with the holy chrism has ever since been regarded as indispensable to the due adminis- 
 tration of the sacrament. 
 
 Baptism makes the Christian ; confirmation, if one may say so, finishes and perfects 
 him. The eagerness with which the apostles hastened to bestow it on the newly bap- 
 tized would alone suffice to prove its importance. To neglect receiring this sacrament 
 when one can obtain it, is a great sin. But how enormous is the guilt of those who, 
 being charged with its administration, yet leave whole nations destitute of so great a 
 boon ! 
 
 (2) Every one knows that it is from this sacrilegious proposal that the traffic of sacred 
 things has taken the name of Simony. Simon was also the first heresiarch, and most of 
 the heresies of the three first centuries sprang from his foundation. It was always a 
 mixture of Christianity and Platonism, to which each succeeding heresiarch added his 
 own peculiar notions. There is no certainty regarding the dispute between Simon and 
 St. Peter — his flight through the air, and his fall, being obtained through the prayers of 
 the holy apostle. If there is good authority for, there are also strong presumptions 
 against it. 
 
 (3) He announces to him the chastisement which he merited ; perhaps he even pre- 
 dicted it, as has been already remarked when he spoke of Judas (chap. i.). But although 
 he speaks in the tone of imprecation, he wishes him no "ill, since he immediately adds : 
 Do penance. 
 
 (4) This perhaps relates to the dispositions of the penitent, which are always uncer- 
 tain. For if the dispositions were assuredly good, however enormous the crime might 
 be, its forgiveness was certain. 
 
 (.5) Commentators cannot agree as to the meaning of this expression — the gall of hit- 
 terncss. Some take it to mean a soul poisoned with malice ; others, the vexation with 
 
CHAP. VIII.] ACTS OF TTIE APOSTLES. 623 
 
 and in the bonds of iniquity. Simon," frightened but not converted, 
 " answering, said : Pray you for me (1) to the Lord, that none of 
 these things which you liave spoken may come upon me." 
 
 The two apostles, '■ Imving testified, and preached the word of the 
 Lord, returned to Jerusalem." Their return was but another mis- 
 sion ; for as they went along, " they preached the Gospel to many 
 countries of the Samaritans." 
 
 The decrees of God were gradually made manifest ; and through 
 the agency of one man, another nation was soon to be called to tlie 
 faith. Philip was again the instrument employed by God. " An 
 angel of the Lord spoke to Philip, saying : Arise, go towards the 
 south, to the way that goeth down from Jerusalem into Gaza (2) ; 
 this is desert. And rising up, he went. And behold a man of 
 Ethiopia, an eunuch (3), of great authority under Candace, the 
 queen of the Ethiopians (4), who had charge over all her treasures, 
 had come to Jerusalem to adore. And he was returning, sitting in 
 his chariot, and readiug Isaias the prophet. And the Spirit said to 
 Philip : Go near, and join thyself to this chariot. And Philip, run- 
 ning thither, heard him readiug the prophet Isaias (5), and he said : 
 
 which Simon saw himself refused ; and others, the hatred of God for Simon, owing to 
 his horrible sacrilege. Of these three explanations, the firet is the most probable. 
 
 (1) It is always good to recommend ourselves to the prayers of wtuous persons, but 
 we must also pray ourselves. The prayers of others will be of Uttle service to us if we 
 employ them solely to avoid the trouble of praying for ourselves. 
 
 (2) Gaza had been formerly a city of the Philistine?, and was that of which Samson 
 carried off the gates, and vrhere he destroyed, together with himself, several thousands 
 of the Philistines, by pulling down the pillars of a certain edifice. Gaza was taken by 
 Alexander the Great after a siege of two months, and was by him totally destroyed. 
 In course of time a new city was built in its vicinity, and received the name of Gaza. 
 It is the first that is here mentioned, and it is described as desert, or waste, in order to 
 distinguish it from the new arul inhabited city. 
 
 (3) The word eunuch, in its original meaning, signifies simply an officer of the royal 
 household, and we are at Uberty to believe that this man was only a eunuch in this sense. 
 
 (4) A people of Africa, now better known by the name of Abyssinians. They still 
 regard this eunuch as their first apostle, and pride themselves on being the fii-st nation 
 which embraced Christianity, according to that saying of David : Elhiojna shall soon 
 slrctch out her hands to God (Ps. Ixvii. 32). 
 
 (5) If this man was not of Jewish origin he was at least a proselyte, and a good one, 
 ttx), since he had come to Jerusalem to adore, and whilst on his way, was occupied in 
 reading the Holy Scripture. Because he pnictised the good which he knew, God was 
 
 A. 
 
624 TUE "HISTORY OF THE [ciIAP. VIII. 
 
 Thinkest thou tliat tliou uuderstandest what tliou readest ? Who 
 said (1) : And how can I, unless some man show me? And he de- 
 sired Philip that he would come up and sit with him. And the 
 place of the Scripture which he was reading was this : He was led 
 as a sh^ep to the slaughter • and like a lamb without voice before his 
 shearers, so openeth he not his mouth (2).. In humility, his judgment 
 teas taken aioay. His generation who sJiall declare, for his life 
 ■sliall he taken from the earth .^" 
 
 " And the eunuch, answering Philip, said : I Ijeseech thee, of 
 whom doth the prophet speak this ? of himself, or of some other 
 man ? Then Philip, opening his mouth, and beginning at this Scrip- 
 ture, j^reached unto him Jesus. And as they went on their way, 
 they came to a certain water ; and the eunuch said : See, here is 
 water, what doth hinder me from Ijeiug baj)tized? And Philip 
 said : If thou believest with all thy heart, thou mayest. And he 
 answering, said : I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. 
 And he commanded the chariot to stand still ; and they went down 
 into the water, both Philip and the eunuch (3), and he baptized 
 
 pleased to give him the knowledge in which he was deficient. This is the ordinary 
 coui-se of grace, and perhaps also the literal meaning of those mysterious words of St. 
 Paul: The justice of God is revealed therein (that is to say, in the Gospel) /wwi faith 
 unto faith (Rom., i. 17); from the Jewish to the Christian faith; from faith in a Mes- 
 siah to come to faith in a Messiah come and declared. 
 
 (1) A good Protestant, even were he otherwise the most ignorant of all men, yet 
 speaking according to the fundamental principle of his sect, would have answered : Oh ! 
 yes, I understand — at least I require no interpreter : there is no need of explanation. 
 
 (2) This text has been translated word for word, and though interpreters have e-\- 
 plained it in various ways, there is yet no certainty with regard to its real meaning. It 
 s'cms to us more fitting to leave it in its obscurity than to give it a forced meaning. We 
 must simply confess ourselves at a loss to understand it, and this we are not ashamed to 
 do, since St. Augustine, the most enlightened of all the doctors of tlie Church, has not 
 scrupled to own that there is in tlie sacred Scriptures much that he does not understand, 
 in fact, far more than his understanding did or could fathom : In saeris scriptiiris nudto 
 pliira nescio, quam scio (Aug. Upist. 119). It was undoubtedly the Holy Ghost who 
 conducted the eimuch to the passage in question, contained in the fifty-third chapter of 
 Isaias. In this chapter there are found so many passages which manifestly refer to Je- 
 sus Christ, and to him only, that it would suffice to give to that prophet the title of the 
 Evangelist of the Old Testament. Philip could not have had a more favorable opportu- 
 nity. He had merely to relate the passion of Jesus Christ, to bring light and conviction 
 to the mind of a man who saw that it had all been predicted so many ages before. 
 
 (3) St. Jerome speaks of this water, which is called the Ethiopian's Fountain ; it is 
 
CHAP. IX.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 625 
 
 him (1). And wlien tliey were come up out of the water, the Spirit 
 of the Lord took away Philip, and the eunuch saw him no more. And 
 he," strengthened by this new prodigy, " went on his way rejoicing," 
 and delighted with his good fortune, he gave himself but little con- 
 cern that he had lost sight of its visible author. As for " Philip," 
 he " was found in iizotus (2), and, passing through, he preached the 
 Gospel to all the cities till he came to Cesarea (3)." That city was 
 his usual residence, and the Spirit of the Lord might at once have 
 transported him thither; but the time had come when the Lord 
 had decreed that the Gospel should be announced to the people of 
 all that resrion. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE COXTEKSION OF SAtTL. 
 
 TiiE eunuch had been gradually conducted from the darkness of 
 Judaism to the full light of faith. His fidelity to the fii'st grace 
 given him, whereby he had become a pious proselyte, obtained for 
 him that additional grace which made him a perfect Christian. We 
 have already remarked that such is the ordinary coiu'se of God's 
 ways, for his operations in the supernatural as well as in the natural 
 
 on the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, adjacent to a place named Bethsura, where it springs 
 from the earth, and immediately enters again. 
 
 (1) It must be inferred that Philip had previously explained to him at least the prin- 
 cipal mysteries of the faith, together with the chief duties of Christianity. His profes- 
 sion of faith includes all that in an abridged form ; for in confessing that Jesus Christ is 
 truly the Son of God, it follows that one believes all, whatsoever he has said, and is wil- 
 ling to do what he has commanded. 
 
 (2) An ancient city of the Philistines, between Gaza and Cesarea, but much nearer to 
 the former. 
 
 (3) Called in earlier times the Tower of Straton. It is .situated on the Mediterranean 
 Sea, and is distinct from another Cesarea, surnamed Philippi, from Philip, the son of 
 Herod, who had built it in honor of Tiberius Caesar. The latter city, which is men- 
 tioned in Scripture, was at the foot of Mount Lebanon. 
 
 40 
 
626 TIIE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. IX. 
 
 order, have almost invariably their beginning, their progress, and 
 their perfection. But God, the author of this order, is by no means 
 bound to follow it on all occasions. He departs from it when he 
 pleases ; and at times signalizes his omnipotent mercy, by striking 
 down the most reliellious will, and subduing hearts which so far 
 from being disposed for the recei^tion of grace, were entirely occu- 
 pied with self, and opposed to all beside. Of this class was the con- 
 version which we are about to relate ; a conversion which snatched 
 from Judaism its most strenuous supporter — changed in one moment 
 a persecutor into an apostle, and, by the conquest of a single man, 
 paved the way for the subjection of the entire world. 
 
 "(«) And Saul(l) as yet breathing out threatenings and slaugh- 
 ter against the disciples of the Lord, went to the high-priest, and 
 asked of him letters to Damascus (2), to the synagogues, that if he 
 found any men or women of this way, he might bring them bound 
 to Jerusalem. And as he went on his journey, it came to pass that 
 he drcAv nigh to Damascus ; and suddenly a light from heaven shined 
 round about him. And falling on the ground, he heard a voice 
 saying to him : Saul, Saul, why perseeutest thou me (3) ? lie said : 
 Who art thou, Lord ? And the Lord answered : I am Jesus, whom 
 thou perseeutest. It is hard for thee to kick against the goad (4). 
 
 (a) Chap, ix., ver. 1. 
 
 (1) The same name as King Saul's, although differently pronounced ; l)ut tlio He- 
 brews pronounced it in the same way, that is to say, as though it were two syllables. 
 We learn this from the words of the Saviour, wlio speaking in Hebrew, said twice. 
 Saoul, Saoul, according to the Gi'cek text, which is that here followed. Wo, therefore, 
 pronounce it wrongly, and though the error is of small importance, we arc of opinion 
 that any thing connected with so groat a man cannot but be worthy of notice. 
 
 (2) Formerly the capital of Syria. We learn from this passage that the Jews wore 
 very numerous there, since it appears that they had several synagogues. Those of Jeru- 
 salem could have had no authority in that city which was under subjection to a foreign 
 prince. It seems, notwithstanding, that the decrees of tlie high-priest were executed 
 there ; whether it was that the sovereigns of the country had allowed them that privi- 
 lege, or that they had purchased it for themselves, as we see in certain places, tliat peo- 
 ple, by paying well, obtain indulgences which the laws do not sanction. 
 
 (3) Those who, in any way whatsoever, persecute the righteous, may hero learn who 
 it is that they attack. 
 
 (4) This is a metaphor borrowed from thc^ oxen, which, being goaded, do but irritate 
 the driver if they kick, and draw greater punishment on tiicmsclves. This saying of the 
 
CHAP. IX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. G27 
 
 Ami he treml)liiig and a-stonished, said : Lord, what wilt thou have 
 1110 to do(l) ? And the I^ord said to him: iViise, and go into the 
 city, and there it shall lie told thee what thou must do (2). Now 
 the men who went in company with him stood amazed, hearing in- 
 deed a voice (3), but seeing no man. And Saul arose from the 
 ground, and wlien his eyes were opened he saw nothing. But they, 
 leading him by the hands, brought him to Damascus. And he -was 
 there three days without sight, and he did neither eat nor drink." 
 
 " Xow there was a certain disciple at Damascus, named Ananias : 
 and the Lord said to him in a vision : Ananias. And he said : Be- 
 hold I am here. Lord. And the Lord said to him: Arise, and go 
 into the street that is called Straight, and seek in the house of Ju- 
 
 Loid expresses some resistance, cither past or present, on the part of Saul. It is veiy 
 probaHe that even when he pei-secuted the failliful with so much fur)', he w;is visited by 
 some rays of divine light, which occasioned certiiin misgivings in his mind. But having 
 once gone so far, he would not recede. A first engagement often carries men f;ir beyond 
 what thej- had intended ; hui-ried on by impulse, they cannot stop midway in their course. 
 
 (1) This brief sentence comprises tlie entire conversion of St. Paul. Happy the peni- 
 tent who, like him, cries out witli all his heart: Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? 
 
 (2) Yet St. Paul declares in his epistles that he had no other teacher than Jesus 
 Christ. A distinction must here be made : he learned by revehition from Jesus himself 
 the knowledge requisite for him as an apostle, and for the instruction of others ; but 
 that which it behooved him to learn as a catechumen, and for his own sanctificalion, he 
 acquired through the agency of Ananias. Hence it was tliat Jesus had said to him : It 
 shall be told thee what thou must do. In all that regards the particular salvation of 
 each, men must be guided by men. The law is general, and witiiout exception. Even 
 those who arc charged with public instruction are not exempt from the obligation. Woe 
 t<3 anj- one of them who imagino,s himself competent for his own instruction ! 
 
 Jesus Christ further told him for what ministry he designed him, as will be seen, 
 chap, xxvi., 16th and following \crses, when St. Paul related this vision before King 
 Agrippa. 
 
 (•3) Here it is said that they heard a voice ; in chap, xxii., St. Paul, relating the his- 
 tory of his conversion, says that they wlio were with him heard not the voice of him who 
 spoke to him ; the voice, therefore, which they arc here said to have heard, is that of 
 Saul, so that there is no contradiction between the two accounts. If it be asked, where- 
 fore, then, the astonishment of the men, it is easy to answer that there was still quite 
 ennugi» lo excite both surprise and terror. The wondrous light wherewith they were 
 suiTouuded ; S;iul struck to the ground ; and the sight of him who had ever been so 
 counigeous, lying grovelling in the dust, and quivering with fear ; the sound of his voice, 
 too, whereby they knew that he was conversing with some unseen being ; all this was 
 sutlicient to make them fear and wonder.^although they heard not the voice of the Lord, 
 whose will it was that none but S.iul should either see or heai- him. 
 
628 THE IIISTOKY OF THE [CHAP. IX. 
 
 (las, one named Saul of Tarsus. For l)eliold he prayetli." At the 
 same time Saul, avIio liail to he assured that this man was sent ])y 
 God, " saw," in sjiirit, " a man named Ananias, coming in and put- 
 ting his hands upon him that he might receive his sight. Ananias 
 answered : Lord, I have heard by many of this man, how much evil 
 he hath done to thy saints in Jerusalem ; and here he hath authority 
 from the chief priests to liind all that invoke thy name. And the 
 Lord said to him : Go thy way, for this man is to me a vessel of 
 election, to carry my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the 
 children of Israel. For I will show him (1) how great things he 
 must," in his turn, " suffer for my name's sake." 
 
 " And Ananias went his way, and entered into the house, and lay- 
 ing his liands ujion him (2), he said: Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus 
 hath sent me, he that appeared to ' thee in the way as thou camest, 
 that thou mayest receive thy sight, and be filled with the Holy 
 Ghost (3). And immediately there fell from his eyes as it were 
 
 (1) Although Jesus Christ might have shown it to him in a revelation, yet this word 
 / will shoii) him, does not at all prove it ; it may recur to that fashion of speech in use 
 amongst us, he shall see how much he has to suffer. Jesus Christ here glorifies himself 
 because of what St. Paul is to suffer for his sake. This seems to signify : The pereecu- 
 tor shall be persecuted ; and, after being so inveterate against me and mine, I shall have 
 the glory of seeing him suffer for my name even more than he made others undergo. 
 
 (2) Tliis imposition of hands was not confirmation, as Calvin fancied ; Ananias was 
 neilher an apostle nor a bishop ; and supposing that he had been, he would have gi\en 
 confirmation to Saul after and not be/ore baptism. It was merely that Saul might be 
 cured of his blindness that Ananias imposed hands upon him, in accordance with the 
 promise of the Saviour to those who should believe in him: The>j sh:in lay their hands 
 upon the sick, and they shall recover (Mark, xvi.). 
 
 (3) He received the plenitude thereof in baptism. There is no doubt, however, that 
 bi'ing so perfectly convei'ted, he had, with the remission of his sins, received the Holy 
 Ghost, who already dwelt within him as the principle of all sanctity. But in baptism 
 ho received a me.i-sure still more abundant, being, indeed, equal to that which the apos- 
 
 , ties received on the day of Pentecost ; God, who associated him in their ministry, had 
 decreed that the Holy Ghost should be given to him, as well as to them, without any 
 human ardency. In a vocation so extraordinary, nothing need excite surprise. 
 
 He says again, as we see in chap. xxii. : The God of onr fathers hath preordained 
 thee that thou shonldst knoio his will, and see the Just One, and shouldst hear the voice 
 from his mouth. For thou shall be his witness. . . .of those things which thou ha^t seen 
 and heard. This makes it evident that Jesus Christ appeared to him in person, as St. 
 Paul himself says (1 Cor., xv.). It was necessary that all the apostles should be ocu- 
 lar witnesses of his resurrection, so that each of them could say to the world : He is 
 risen, and I have i^een him. 
 
CHAP. IX.] ACTS OF THE APO.STLES. 629 
 
 scales, and lie received his sight ; and rising np, he was Itaptized. 
 And when he liad taken meat, he was strengthened. And he was 
 with the disciples that were at Damascus for some days." 
 
 " And immediately he preached Jesns in the synagogues, that he 
 is the Son of God. And all that heard him were astonished, and 
 said : Is not this he who persecuted in Jerusalem those that called 
 upon this name ; and came hither for that intent that he might carry 
 them l)ound to the chief priests ? But Saul increased much more in 
 strength, and confounded the Jews who dwelt at Damascus, affii'm- 
 ing that" Jesus was " the Christ." 
 
 This great publicity was the splendid reparation due to the honor 
 of Him whom he had so grievously persecuted ; and in spreading 
 abroad the history of his convei"sion, he multiplied the fruit which 
 an example so striking must needs have produced. Having thus 
 acquitted himself of his duty to God and to men, he withdrew from 
 Damascus. St. Luke sa3's nothing of this journey, of which we only 
 tind an account in St. Paul's owu epistle to the Galatians («). 
 " When it pleased Him," said he, " to reveal his Son in me, that I 
 might preach him among the Gentiles, immediately I condescended 
 not to flesh and blood (1) ; neither went I to Jerusalem to the apos- 
 tles who were liefore me ; but I went into Arabia." 
 
 It appeai-s by what follows that he made' a considerable stay 
 there, perhaps nearly three years. For the rest, we know nothing 
 of what he did while there, as neither he ni jr any other of the in- 
 spired writers says any thing of it. Could it have been unknown, 
 if he had preached the Gospel thei'e, he whose ardent zeal and fer- 
 vid eloquence were always sure to be effective I Would not the 
 (a) Gal., i. 15. 
 
 (1) I condescended not. Tliis expression seems to convey that no considerations of 
 llosh .ind blood were able to deter bim from following the divine vocation. But it is 
 plain, from the context, that St. Paul means to say that he received no insti-uction from 
 anv man, being sufficiently enlightened by the revelation of Jesus Christ. The Greek 
 word which the Vulgate has rendered by condescend approaches much nearer to the 
 moaning here assigned it, for it really signifies confer, which reverts again to what Jesus 
 Christ said to St. Peter : "Blessed art thou, Simon Barjoiiiis ; ior fcsh and blood haul 
 not revealed it to thee, but my Father who is in heaven ;" whence we see clearly that 
 what lu- ■ •'.■>> him on is his having learned, not by any human teaching, but by 
 
 revelati' : avenly Father, the doctrine which he had just professed. 
 
030 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. IX. 
 
 Cliristians of Jiulea have been apprised of it, seeing that their coun- 
 try lay so near Arabia? and if they had known any thing of it 
 would they have been so susj-jicious of him as they were when, three 
 years after his conversion, he appeared for the first time at Jerusa- 
 lem ? Tliese reflections have given rise to a conjecture which is not 
 without some foundation, viz., that he lived privately while in Ara- 
 bia, and that God, as he generally does, pre^iared him for the sacred 
 ministry by the exercises of a solitaiy life. 
 
 " And again," said he, " I returned to Damascus («). And when 
 many days were passed (py after his conversion, resumes St. Luke 
 (and this interval was the time passed in Arabia), " the Jews," whom 
 he began again to oppose and to confound, " consulted together to 
 kill him." Either deceived by their calumnies, or bribed by their 
 gold, the officer who governed the city for King Aretas (c) caused 
 the gates to be guarded, so as to prevent his escape. " But their 
 lying in wait was made known to Saul. And they watched the 
 gates also day and night, that they might kill him. But the disci- 
 ples, taking him in the night, convej^ed him away by the wall, let- 
 ting him down in a basket." Thus it was that he escaped from the 
 hands of the governor, and all those who had conspired against him. 
 
 Then, and as we have already observed, three yeai's after his con- 
 version, he came for the first time to Jerusalem. His purj^ose Avas 
 to see Peter (rf), with whom he remained fifteen days. Indeed, he 
 saw none of the other apostles, with the exception of James, the 
 iM'other of the Lord (1). But as his conversion was not yet gener- 
 ally known, or at least well authenticated, " {e) the disciples to whom 
 he essayed to join himself were all afraid of him, not believing that 
 he was a disciple. But Barnabas took him and brought him to the 
 apostles, and told them how he had seen the Lord, and that he had 
 sjjoken to him ; and how in Damascus he had dealt confidently in 
 the name of Jesus. And he was with them coming in and going 
 
 (a) Gal., i. 11. (b) Acts, ix. 23. (c) 2 Cor., xi. 32. 
 
 (d) Gal, i. 18, 19. («) Acts, ix. 26. 
 
 (1) This was, on the part of St. Paul, a visit of respect which he beUeved it his duty 
 to pay to him wliora Jesus liad established as head of his Church ; it is very certain that 
 he did not go for the sake of receiving instruction, since Peter's teacher had also been his. 
 
OlIAr. X.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. G31 
 
 out in Jerusalem, and iloaling confi(k'ntly in the name of the Lord. 
 He spoke also to the Gentiles (1), and disputed with the" Jews who 
 were " Greeks : but they sought to kill him. AVhich, when the 
 brethren had known, they brought him down to Ccsarea, and sent 
 him away to Tarsus." It is to this voyage he alludes when he says 
 that it was then he went into Syria and Cilicia («), of which latter 
 jjrov-ince Tarsus was the capital. 
 
 The Jews, enraged at his conversion, had concentrated all their 
 fury against him. When the)' lost sight of him, they appeared to 
 have forgotten the Church, at least for a time. " Now the Church 
 had peace throughout all Judea, and Galilee, and Samaria, and was 
 edified, walking in the fear of the Lord, and was filled with the con- 
 solation of the Holy Ghost." 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 PETER CUKES ENEAS, THE PAEALYTIC, AT LYDDA, AND AT JOPPA RAISES TAEI- 
 
 THA TO LIFE. — AN ANGEL APPEARS TO CORNELIUS, THE CENTURION. VISION 
 
 OF ST. PETER. CORNELIUS, WITH HIS FAMILY, IS INSTRUCTED AND BAPTIZED. 
 
 The time had at last arrived which God had marked out for the 
 full manifestation of the great secret of the vocation of the Gentiles. 
 Tins luid been announced l)y all the jirophets, and clearly indicated 
 by the manner in which even Jesus Christ had spoken of it both 
 before and after his resurrection. Notwitlistauding this testimony, 
 so decisive, it was still an impenetral)le mystery to every soul of 
 Jewish origin. Not that they absolutely believed salvation to be 
 only reserved for the children of the patriarchs ; Peter and John 
 
 (a) Gal., i. 21. 
 
 (1) The Gentile proselytes. It was not yet understood tliat the Gospel was to be 
 indiscriminately announced to all the Gentiles. This was not fully known until after tlio 
 admirable vision of St. Peter, and the miraculous effects thereby produced, which shall 
 be related in their proper place. 
 
632 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. X. 
 
 had received the Samaritans into the Church ; Philip, the deacon, 
 had baptized the eunuch of Etliiopia, and the apostles had admitted 
 Nicolas, a proselyte of Antioch, amongst the deacons. All this was 
 done without any opposition, and as being in the ordinary course of 
 things. It was, therefore, believed that the Gentiles might be in- 
 corporated with the Church, but not without having gone through 
 the intermediate form of Judaism. Hence the reproach made to St. 
 Peter for that he had communicated, not precisely with Gentiles, 
 but with the vncircumcised (a)^ that is to say, with men who, bear- 
 ing no mark of the ancient covenant, were considered as debarred 
 from entering upon the new. At length the clouds were all dis- 
 persed, and a truth so important to mankind is made manifest to 
 the entire world. It is not, however, to the apostle of nations that 
 the revelation is made, but to the chief of the apostles. This qual- 
 ity, that it might not be an empty title, required that the world 
 should learn this great truth from him. It also appeai'ed necessary 
 that he should throw open the gate of the Gospel to the Gentiles, 
 as he had already done to the Jews, and that his colleagues should 
 not commence to reap either harvest until he had gathered the first 
 fruits thereof. But, in order to secure to him a still greater author- 
 ity, and also to dispose the Jews for the reception of a doctrine so 
 obnoxious to them, God was pleased to operate, by the ministry of 
 Peter, two signal miracles, immediately before the promulgation of 
 this important truth. 
 
 Profiting by the calm in which the Church then was, this vigilant 
 pastor labored to strengthen and to increase his flock. " It came 
 to pass that Peter, as he passed through, visiting all, came to the 
 saints (1) who dwelt at Lydda (2). And he found there a certain 
 
 (a) Acts, vi. 1. 
 
 (1) The first Cliristians were frequently styled thus, as we see by many passages in 
 the Epistles of St. Paul. Christian and saint were then synonymous terras. Unhap- 
 pily they did not long continue so. 
 
 (2) A city of Palestine, not far distant from the Mediterranean Sea. It was subse- 
 quently called Diospolis, and was famous for the council held there, in which the errors 
 of Pelagius were condemned. Pelagius had craft enough to screen himself from the 
 condemnation, by subscribing to it, or acknowledging its justice, such dissimulation being 
 
CHAP. X.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 633 
 
 luau named Eneas, who had kejit his bed for eight j'cai-s, who was 
 ill of the palsy. Peter," inspired by God, " said to hira : Eneas, the 
 Lord Jesiis Christ healeth thee ; arise, and make thy l)ed. And 
 immediately he arose. And all that dwelt at Lydda and Saron saw 
 him (1) :" and " were converted to the Lord." The other miracle 
 Mas still more striking. "In Jojipa there was a certain disciple 
 named Tabitha, which liy interpretation is called Dorcas (2). Thi< 
 woman was full of good works and alms-deeds which she did. And 
 it came to jjass in those days that she was sick and died. Whom 
 when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber. And 
 forasmuch as Lydda was nigh to Jopjja, the disciples, hearing that 
 Peter was there, sent unto him two men, desiring him that he would 
 not be slack to come unto them (3)." 
 
 Whether they had made known to him the cause t>f the deputa- 
 tion being sent, or that he was inspired to go with them, as they had 
 been inspired to ask him, " Peter, rising up, went with them. And 
 when he was come they brought him into the upper chamber, and 
 all the widows stood about him weeping, and showing him the coats 
 and garments which Dorcas made them (4). And they all being 
 put forth, Peter, kneeling down, prayed, and turning to the body, 
 he said : Tabitha, arise. And she opened her eyes ; and seeing Pe- 
 ter, she sat up. iVnd giving her his hand, he lifted her up. And 
 vrhen he had called the saints and the widows, he presented her 
 alive (5). And it was made known throughout all Joppa, and many 
 
 quite characteristic of heiesiarchs, especially while they are engaged in planting the first 
 seeds of their heresy. 
 
 (1) It appears that Saron was not the name of a city, but of a district, remarkable 
 for its fertility (as St. Jerome tells us), and, therefore, thickly inhabited. 
 
 (•J) The Greek name Dorcas signifies a goat, as Tabitha does in the Syriac. It is not 
 said whether this woman wiis ui;u-ried, a widow, or a viigin. Charity sanctifies all states. 
 
 (3) The Latin and Greek te.xts may both signify : Think it no trouble to come ; or 
 otherwise : Delay not to come. The interpreters are divided between these two mean- 
 ings. They have here been taken together. 
 
 (t) They testified, says St. Cyprian, not by their mouths, but by the works of Tabitiia, 
 the most eloquent of all prayers. Peter could not resist the mute appeal ; and how much 
 more touching it was to him, sixing that it was Jesus Christ who, in the pei-son of these 
 widows, had been the object of Tabilha's charity (Cypr. de Oper. el Eleom., c. 2). 
 
 (5) It is certain that Tabitha was saved, since she had carried with her to the other 
 world the treasure of her good works and alms-deeds ; it has been asked, in consequence. 
 
634 THE niSTOKY OF THE [CIIAP. X. 
 
 believed in the Lord. And it came to pass that he abode many 
 days in Joppa, with one Simon, a tanner." The holy fathers take 
 occasion from this circumstance to commend the modesty of Peter, 
 who took up his abode in the house of an artisan at a time when, 
 owing to the stujiend(jus miracle he had just wrought, he plight 
 have chosen a dwelling amongst the first houses of the city. 
 
 Thence he was to set forth on his journey to make a conquest of 
 the Gentiles, for which great event preparations Avere already going 
 forward in a neighboring city, (a) " There was a certain man in Ce- 
 sarea, named Cornelius, a centurion of that which is called the Ital- 
 ian band. A religious man, and fearing God Avith all his house (1), 
 
 (a) Chap. X., ver. 1. 
 
 whether St. Peter, when he restored her to Hfe, did not do her an injury rather than a 
 service. Let us drop St. Peter, who is here but the instrument, and consider only God, 
 the author of the miracle. All the ways of the Lord are mercy and truth, says the 
 prophet, and these words should suffice to silence all objections of this nature ; even if 
 no other answer were at hand, it would be impious to reject or cavil at this. Yet still it 
 is not forbidden those who content themselves with respectful meditation on the ways of 
 the Lord, to examine the matter for themselves, and in the absence of certainty, to abide 
 by that which is most probable. This is what the theologians do ; and they are of opin- 
 ion that it is very unlikely that God would again expose those who died in the state of 
 grace to the fearful risk of losing their souls. But if it cannot be absolutely said that 
 they become impeccable after their resurrection, yet the Lord secures their salvation by 
 means, the infallible result of which is clearly known to himself; so that, while losing 
 nothing on that side, they gain on the other by the increased merit of a longer life. Not 
 so with those who died in enmity against God. Being restored to life they may attain 
 the state of grace, and pereevere therein to the end. Theologians add that judgment 
 might not have been pronounced on these, or that its execution might have been at least 
 suspended; because it is said that out of hell t)icre is no redemj/tion, and they all agree 
 that this rule has no e.xception. 
 
 (1) Cornelius was just, even before his conversion to Christianity, since it is of him 
 that St. Peter say.< (v. .34, 35) : " God is not a respecter of persons ; but in every nation 
 he that fcareth him, nnd worketh justice, is acceptable to him." The Pelagians concluded 
 from tliis text that man may become just by the mere exertion of his own free will. 
 Catholic doctors have refuted them by establishing the necessity of a supernatural pre- 
 ven;iiig grace, co-operating in all works, either justifying or meritorious. " But," say 
 they, "if Cornelius were already just, what need had he of the preaching of St. Peter?" 
 The answer is, 1st, That God, according to his usual course of proceeding, rewarded 
 him for the good use of one gi'ace by another still more excellent, whereby perfection 
 was added to justice ; and to the sanctity of the natural law, the more sublime holiness 
 of Chii.-<tianity ; 2d, That this additional grace became necessary to him, even for salva- 
 tion, seeing that ever since the first promulgation of the Gospel, which took place on the 
 
CHAP. X.] ACTS OF TIIK APOSTLES. 63.') 
 
 giving much alms to the people (1), and always praying to God." 
 This faithful observer of the natural law, this just man living in the 
 midst of a corrupt world, as did Noah and the ancient patriarchs 
 ere yet the law was written, this wa.s the man whom God had pre- 
 destined to be the first-fruit of the Gentiles. " This man," being at 
 prayer, "saw in a vision manifestly, about the ninth hour of the 
 day, an angel of God (2) coming in unto him, and saying to him : 
 Cornelius. And he beholding him, being seized with fear, said : 
 What is it. Lord ? And he said to him : Thy prayers and thj- alms 
 are ascended for a memorial in the sight of God. And now send 
 men to Joppa, and call hither one Simon, who is surnamed Peter. 
 He lodgeth with one Simon, a tanner, whose house is by the sea- 
 side. He will tell thee what thou must do. And when the angel 
 who spoke to him was departed, he called two of his household ser- 
 vants, and a soldier who feared the Lord, of them that were under 
 him. To whom, when he had related all, he sent them to Jop}>a." 
 
 " And on the next day, Avhilst they were going on their journey, 
 and dra\\ing nigh to the city, Peter went up to the higher j)arts of 
 the house, to pray, about the sixth hour (3). And being hungry, 
 
 day of Pentecost, there was no chance of salvation without explicit faith in Jesus Christ ; 
 that the bare possibilit)' of the Gentiles being called had been hitherto rejected, for 
 wliich reason Cornelius was justified in not having embraced the Jewish religion ; but 
 that now this great mystery wiis on the point of being fully revealed, as it was, in his 
 person, by a distinction glorious to hira, God wished to pay a manifest tribute of lienor 
 to his virtues. 
 
 (1) He was not yet a Christian by faith, bul he was by his works, and lo these God 
 was pleased very soon to add the light of faith. How many Cliristians in faith are pagan 
 in tiieir works, wherefore the)- are speedily punished by the total loss of faith ! 
 
 (■2) Theologians say that if a Gentile had faithfully observed the natural law, God 
 would send an angel to enlighten him rather than leave him to perish for want of the 
 knowledge necessary to his salvation. The example of Cornelius is a proof of this, 
 strengthened, moreover, by that saying of St, Augustine, which has passed into an axiom : 
 6-W refuses not ki.s r/raee to him who does what he can. 
 
 Il has been already remarked that in Palestine the roofs of the houses were flat, and 
 Peter went up there to pray with greater recollection. This practice he had learned 
 from his divine Master, who was in the habit of retiring to some mountain to pniy. 
 
 (3) About noon Cornelius prayed at the ninlh hour, that is to say, about three in the 
 afternoon. He did this in imitation of the Jews, who consecrated to prayer the first,- 
 the third, the sixth, and the ninth hours of the da)-. Hence the names of prime, tercc, 
 scxte, and nones, which have passed into the Christian church, .and been retained by her. 
 
636 THE HISTORY OF -THE [cHAP. X. 
 
 he was desirous to taste somewliat. And as tliey were preparing, 
 tliere came upon him an ecstasy of miud. And he saw the heaven 
 opened, and a certain vessel descending, as it were a great linen 
 sheet (1), let down by the four corners from heaven to the eartli. 
 Wherein Avere all manner of four-footed beasts, and creeping things 
 of tlie earth, and fowls of the air. And there came a voice to him: 
 Arise, Peter, kill and eat. But Peter said : Far lie it from me ; 
 for I never did eat any thing that is common and unclean (2). 
 And the voice sjDoke to him again the second time : That which 
 God hath cleansed, do not thou call common. And this was done 
 thrice (3) ; and presently the vessel A\'a3 taken up into heaven." 
 
 " Now whilst Peter was doubting within himself what the vision 
 that he had seen should mean, behold the men who were sent from 
 Cornelius, inquiriug for Simon's house, stood at the gate. And 
 when they had called, they asked if Simon, Avho is surnamed Peter, 
 were lodged there. And as Peter was thinking of the vision, the 
 Spiiit said to him : Behold three men seek thee. Arise therefore, 
 get thee down, and go with them, doubting nothing; for I have 
 sent them. Then Peter, going down to the men, said : Behold, I 
 am he whom you seek ; what is the cause for which you are come ? 
 Who said : Cornelius, a centurion, a just mau, and one that feareth 
 God, and having good testimony from all the nation of the Jews, 
 I'eceived an answer of a holy angel to send for thee into his house. 
 
 (1) This sheet represented the Church, which was to receive into its hosom the Gen- 
 tiles, whom the Jews regaided as luickan and abominable. The Church comes from 
 heaven, and is to return thither : hence the descending and ascending of the sheet. Many 
 interpreters think that all the animals it contained were unclean. Others assert that it 
 had both clean and unclean. There is nothing in the text to decide for or against. 
 What appears certain from St. Peter's reply is, either that all the animals were unclean, 
 or that he understood the voice as commanding him to eat indiscriminately of both. 
 
 (2) God made use of this figure because, independent of the vocation of the Gentiles, 
 which was its principal object, he wished to show that the distinction between clean and 
 unclean beasts, so strictly enjoined by the old law, was abolished by the new. Some 
 have even thought that this line of distinction was effaced from the veiy time of the 
 Messiah. 
 
 (3) The three repetitions were apparently for the purpose of assuring St. Peter that 
 the celestial vision was no illusion. They also represented the invocation of the three 
 persons of the Holy Trinity, and the three baptismal immersions by means of which the 
 Gentiles were to enter the Church. 
 
 L_ 
 
CHAP. X.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLIB. 637 
 
 and to hear words of thee. Then brhigiug them in, he lodged them. 
 And the day folloAving lie arose and went with tliem, and some of 
 the brethren from Joppa accompanied him. And tlie morrow 
 after" his departure, "he entered into Cesarea. And Cornelius 
 waited for them, having called together his kinsmen and special 
 friends (1). And it came to pass that when Peter was come in, Cor- 
 nelius," being apprise'd by one of his messengers who had hastened 
 on in advance of the othere (:?), " came to meet him, and falling at 
 his feet, adored. But Peter lifted him up, saying: Arise, I myself 
 also am a man (3). And talking Avith him, he went in" to his house, 
 where he " found many that were come together. And he said to 
 them : You know how abominable it is for a man that is a Jew to 
 keep company or to come unto one of another nation. But God 
 hath showed to me to call no man common or unclean (-4). For 
 which cause, making no doubt, I came when I was sent for. I ask, 
 therefore, for what cause you have sent for me ?" 
 
 The messengers sent to Joppa had already made this known to 
 him ; but it was only proper that he should learn it from Cornelius 
 himself, and therefore had he put tlie question. " Cornelius said : 
 Four days ago, unto tliis hour, I was praying in my house, at the 
 ninth hour, and behold a man (5) stood before me in white apparel, 
 and said : Cornelius, thy prayer is heard, and thy alms are had in 
 
 ( 1 ) He had already sanctified his house. Behold him now laboring to sanctify his 
 friinds and neighbors. Can a soldier, then, be an apostle ? Yes, if he be a saint : sanc- 
 tity produces zeal in eveiy state. 
 
 (2) The circumstance of the servant hurrying on to apprise his master of the coming 
 of St. Peter, is, in itself, very likely. Besides, it is found, word for word, in an ancient 
 Greek manuscript, wherein it constitutes a part of the text. 
 
 (.3) It was not because Cornelius took him for a god that St. Peter thus addressed 
 liim. Cornelius was already loo enlightened to be capable of such an error, since he had 
 not mistaken the angel who appeared to him in the lustre of glory for other than the 
 ambassador of God. But he regarded St. Peter as an extraordinary man, whom he was 
 bound to accost with all possible reverence. This was the homage wliich St. Peter's 
 iiumility rejected, though it was only the respect due to his exalted dignity. 
 
 (•I) Peter had already understood that the beasts contained in the sheet represented 
 all men. and that all that had since pa.«sed had been revealed to him in his vision : the 
 rest will shortly be explained. 
 
 (5) A man, that is to say, an angel who appeared to him undur the figure of a man ; 
 for his was not a spiritual vision, but a corporal and sensible apparition. 
 
 L 
 
r 
 
 638 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [chap. X. 
 
 remembrance in tlie sight of God (1). Send therefore to Joppa, 
 and call hither Simon, M'ho is surnumed Peter. He lodgeth in the 
 house of Simon, a tanner, by the sea-side. Immediately, there- 
 fore, I sent to thee ; and thou hast done well in coming. ' Now, 
 therefore, all we are present in thy sight, to hear all things what- 
 soever ai'e commanded thee by the Loi'd. And Peter, opening his 
 mouth, said : In very deed I perceive that God is not a respecter of 
 persons ; but in every nation he that feareth him and worketh jus- 
 tice, is acceptable to him." 
 
 They who had been acknowledged as agreeable to God could no 
 longer be considered unworthy of knowing Jesus Chi-ist. He is, 
 therefore, to be announced unto them, and the wall of separation 
 between Jew and Gentile is no longer to exist. " God," continues 
 Peter, " sent the word to the children of Israel, preaching peace by 
 Jesus Christ (he is Lord of all). You know the word which hath 
 been published through all. Judea; for it began from Galilee, after 
 the baptism which John preached. Jesus of Nazareth ; how God 
 anointed him with the Holy Ghost, and with power, who went 
 about doing good and healing all that were oppressed by the devil, 
 for God was with him (2). And we are witnesses of all things that 
 he did in the land of the Jews and in Jerusalem," that Jesus " whom 
 they killed, hanging him upon a tree. Ilim God raised up the third 
 da}»^, and gave him to be made manifest, not to all the people (3), 
 
 (1) As often as it is said tlmt his prayers have been heard, his alms arc also men- 
 tioned. This is to teach us that his prayers derived their chief efficacy from his alros- 
 deeds. They who imite these two means have found the infallible secret of touching 
 the heart of God. 
 
 (2) God was with him in the sense of unity of person. This explanation is given 
 because Nestorius abused this text and some others of a similar kind, for the purpose of 
 designating two persons in Jesus Christ — the person of God who was with Jesus Christ, 
 and the person of Jesus Christ with whom God was. It is true that unity of persons is 
 not here expressed, but neither is it gainsayed, and that is enough to establish the force of 
 those texts which do express it. 
 
 This Catholic doctrine is the combination of several distinct texts, lie who separates 
 them has but a portion of the truth, and if he deny the rcmiiinder he is wholly ia error. 
 
 (n) And why not to all the people? demands the unbeliever. God had his own rea- 
 sons for this. But, e\-en had Jesus Christ appeared after liis resurrection to all the peo- 
 ple, the nicredulous would not yet have believed. Lazarus risen from the dead liad been 
 seen by all the people; and the only effect produced by the miracle in the minds of 
 
CHAP. X.] Acrs OF tjik apostles. 639 
 
 but to witnesses prciMiialncd by God, even to us, who did eat and 
 drink with him after h;' rose again from the dead. And he com- 
 manded us to preach to the people, and to testify that it is he who 
 was appointed by God to be judge of the living and of the dead (1). 
 To him all the prophctsS give testimony, that by his name all' re- 
 ceive remission of sins who believe in him (-)." 
 
 " While Peter was yet speaking these words, the Holy Ghost," 
 whose invincible action accompanied his words, " fell on all them 
 that heard the word (3). And the faithful of the cii'cumci- 
 
 thcsc penei-se men was to inspire them with the design of putting him to death. If 
 tliey hear not Moses and the prophets, neither ivill theij believe if one rise attain from the 
 dead (St. Luke, xvi.). 
 
 (1) Judffe of the living and of tlte dead. The. same expression is fouftd in the creed. 
 Its precise me^uiing has not yet been clearly detennined. By the living and the dead, 
 sorac understand the just and the wicked. Others, explaining the dead in its literal 
 sense, understand by the living those who, being still alive when Jesus Christ shall come 
 to judge the world, shall die, in fulfilment of the common law, and instantly rise again 
 to receive their sentence. Their brief subjection to the power of death may cause them 
 to be distinguished from the other dead by the name of living. 
 
 We venture to hazai-d a third explanation, and it is so simple that it might well be the 
 true one. By the dead we understand those who arc already dead, and by the living 
 those who are still alive. Thus, when it is said that Christ shall come to judge the liv- 
 ing and the dead, th.e meaning is that he shall judge those who have gone before us to 
 the grave, and we who shall have passed awSy in our turn, but are now living on the 
 earth: in a word, that Jesus Christ shall judge all men who have ever existed; for the 
 proposition will be literally true even till the end of the world, because ever until then 
 there will be men in existence who can say : Jesus Christ shall judge us who now live 
 on the earth, and all those who have gone before us. We have said that we merely 
 venture on this explanation ; vet we find some foundation for it in those words of St. 
 Paul (1 Thess. iv., 15, 10): The dead who are in, Christ shall rise Jirst. Then we who 
 are alive, who are left, <tr. L.-t us pass over the obscurity of tiiis passage, and pause 
 only at the words: The d"rl shall rise first, then roe toko are alive. We here see in 
 unetjnivocal terms, the rcsurirction, and the consequent judgment of the living and the 
 dead. The living are evidinily those who were alive when the apostle wrote his epistle, 
 that is to say, they are call«'d living in the sense of our explanation, which has undenia- 
 bly some support in this saying of St. Paul. 
 
 (2) At the same time that he is declared judge, he is also declared as Saviour, to 
 teach us how we ought both to love and fear him. 
 
 (3) They had received the sanctifying grace prior to their baptism, which happens as 
 often as the dispositions brought to this sacrament are pcifccted by charity. So it is 
 with regard to the sacrament of penance. They had even received the effect of confir- 
 mation together with the sensible and miraculcvs gifts by which it w;is accompanied in 
 those early times. God, who made this rule, is in no way bound to follow it; and there 
 
640 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [chap. X. 
 
 sion (1), who came Avitli Peter, were astonisliecl, for that the grace of 
 the Holy Ghost was poured out upon the Gentiles also. For they 
 heard them speaking with tongues, and magnifying God." This last 
 prodigy Avas the full manifestation of the divine secret. Peter under- 
 stood this, and seeing in it at the same time the complete refutation 
 of the Jewish ])rejudice, he " answered : Can any man foi-bid water, 
 that these should not be baptized, who have received the Holy 
 Ghost as well as we? and he commanded them to be baptized in 
 the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Then they desired him to tarry 
 with them some days." He willingly acceded to their wishes, and 
 there can he no doubt that he availed himself of the opportunity to 
 give them further instruction. It is probable that on leaving them 
 he consigned them to the care of Cornelius, whom he subsequently 
 established as bishoj") of Cesarea, in which see he succeeded Zacheus, 
 as we learn from the Roman martyrology, wherein Cornelius is com- 
 memoi'ated as a saint on the 2d of February. His house was con- 
 verted into a church, which was still devoutly visited in the time 
 of St. Jerome. 
 
 was a good reason for setting it aside on this occasion, since it was this last miracle which 
 completed the proof of the Gentiles' vocation. 
 
 (1) Hence there were even then believers who were imcircumcised. Such is the in- 
 ference drawn by some commentators, but it appears that they are mistaken. If there 
 had been any imcircumcised Christians, whei-efore did it require so many prodigies to 
 persuade St. Peter that the uncircumcised might be admitted to baptism? The faithful 
 of the circumcision are, therefore, not distinguished liere from the nncircumcised believers, 
 but from the circumcised unbelievers, viz., those Jews who had not embraced the foith 
 of Jesus Christ. 
 
CnAP. XI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 641 
 
 CHAPTEK XL 
 
 PETEE SHOWS CAUSE FOR HIS CONDUCT. PREACniNG OF BAKNABAS AND SAUL AT 
 
 ANTIOCH, WHERE THE NAME OF CHRISTIAN IS FIRST GIVEN TO THE FAITHFUI.. 
 
 " (a) Akd the apostles and brethren, who were in Judea, heard 
 that the Gentiles also had received the word of God. And when 
 Peter was come up to Jerusalem, they that were of the circumcision 
 contended with him. Saying : Why didst thou go in to men uncir- 
 cumcised, and didst eat with them ? But Peter began and declared 
 to them the matter in order, saying : I was in the city of Joppa 
 praying, and I saw in an ecstasy of mind a vision, a certain vessel 
 descending, as it were a great sheet let down from heaven by four 
 corners, and it came even unto me. Into which looking I considered, 
 and saw four-footed creatures of the earth, and beasts, and creeping 
 things, and fowls of the air. And I heard also a voice saying to 
 me: Aiuse, Peter, kill and eat. And I said: Not so, Lord, for 
 nothing common or unclean hath ever entered my mouth. And 
 the voice answered again from heaven : What God hath made clean 
 do not thou call common. And this was done three times, and all 
 were taken up again into heaven. And behold, immediately there 
 were tbtee men come to the house wherein I was, sent to me from 
 CesM^a. And the Spirit said to me that I should go with them, 
 nothing doubting. And these six brethren went with me also ; and 
 we entered into the man's house. And he told us how he had seen 
 an angel in his house, standing and saying to him : Send to Joppa, 
 and call hither Simon, who is surnamed Peter, who shall speak to 
 thee words, whereby thou shalt be saved (1), and all thy house. 
 And when I had begun to speak, the Holy Ghost fell upon them, 
 as upon us also in the beginning. And I remembered the word of 
 
 (a) Chap, xi., ver. 1. 
 
 (1) The angel had previously told him : Thy prayer is heard ; which, conjointly with 
 this, proves to us that it was salvation for which he had asked, or, what is all the same, 
 the means of obtaining it. 
 
 41 
 
642 
 
 TILE mSTORY OF TUE 
 
 [chap. XI. 
 
 tlie Lord, liow that lie said: John indeed haptized tvith water (\)^ 
 but you shall he baptized tvith the Holy Ghost. If tlien God gave 
 them the same grace (2), as to us also who believed ia the Lord 
 Jesus Christ, who was I that could withstand God ?" 
 
 The ancients have justly commended St. Peter for not having 
 exerted his authority on this occasion, and for having condescended 
 to justify his conduct to his inferiors. When people have to deal 
 with captious persons, who have always something to object, even 
 against the truth itself, then recourse must be had to authority, as 
 they could never otherwise be silenced ; but treating with those who 
 love the truth, and desire only to know it, the best course is to rea- 
 son calmly with them. Authority becomes more persuasive, and 
 submission less painful. They to whom Peter spoke were of the 
 latter class. Hence, "having heard these things, they held theii* 
 peace ; and glorified God, saying : God then hath also to the Gen- 
 tiles given repentance (3) unto life." 
 
 This auspicious commencement failed not to have still more en- 
 couraging effects. " Now they who had been dispersed by the per- 
 secution that arose on occasion of Stephen, went about as far, as 
 Phenicia, and Cyprus, and Antioch, speaking the word to none but 
 to the Jews only. But some of them were men of Cyprus and Cy- 
 rene, who when they were entered into Antioch, spoke also to the 
 Greeks (4), preaching the Lord Jesus. And the hand of the Lord 
 
 (1) The baptism of Christ is also a baptism of water; but that of John was nothing 
 more, whereas that of Jesus Clirist confers the Holy Ghost. 
 
 * (2) This reasoning of St. Peter was unanswerable. It was plain that Cornelius and 
 his household had received the grace of the sacrament — why should they be refused the 
 sign thereof? 
 
 (3) This is, in a word, salvation, designated by the eternal life which is its term, and 
 by the penance which is its means. How can he who embraces not the means hope to 
 arrive at the desired end ? 
 
 (4) To the Greeks, that is to say, to the Gentiles, and not to the Jews bom amongst 
 the Greeks, which appears from the distinction here made between these Greeks and the 
 Jews. Were these new preachers then informed of the conversion of Cornelius, or did 
 they but follow the impulse of the Holy Ghost, urging them interiorly to continue the 
 work which he Jiad commenced at Cesarea ? On this point we are entirely at a loss, and 
 it is, in any case, of small importance. What appears more than probable is, that the 
 Gospel was not preached to the Gentiles imtil after the conversion of Cornelius. 
 
CHAP. XI.] ACTS OP THE APOSTLES. 643 
 
 was witli theiu ; and a great number believing was converted to tlie 
 Lord." 
 
 The enterprise would have been sufficiently justified by its success, 
 even if it had not already been by the conversion of Cornelius. But 
 after that event, the vocation of the Gentiles was no longer a prob- 
 lem ; wherefore " the tidings came to the ears of the Church that 
 Avas at Jerusalem, touching these things : and they sent Barnabas as 
 far as Antioch," to confirm the work already commenced, and, if ne- 
 cessary, to help it forward. 
 
 The seed was already sowed, and it only remained to preserve 
 and multiply it. Barnabas, " when he was come, and had seen the 
 grace of God, rejoiced, and," finding that he had nothing more to 
 do, "he exhorted them all with purpose of heai-t to continue in" the 
 service of " the Lord. For he was a good man, and full of the Holy 
 Ghost and of f^iith." His preaching, seconded by the sanctity of his 
 life, produced the fruits which might be expected. " And a great 
 multitude was" again " added to the Lord." 
 
 A harvest so abundant demanded new laborers, and the first-fruits 
 of the Gentiles seemed to cry aloud from all parts of the earth for 
 him whom God had appointed to gather them in. Whether it was 
 that Barnabas saw this, or that God had revealed it to him, he 
 " went to Tarsus to seek Saul : whom when he had found, he brought 
 to Antioch. And they convej"sed there in the Church a whole year ; 
 and they taught a great multitude, so that at Antioch the disciples 
 were first named Christians (1)." 
 
 Attracted by the rumor of this success, and wishing to see it with 
 their own eyes — perhaps ambitious of helping it on — " In those days 
 there came prophets from Jerusalem to Antioch. And one of them. 
 
 (1) This name has remained. The virtues which it implies are still found in some of 
 those wlio bear it ; but in the greater number it does but render more glaring and more 
 criminal the contrast between then: actual vices and those virtues which they ought to 
 have. 
 
 Juliiin the apostate published an edict suppressing the name of Christians, which he 
 cliiinged into that of Galileans. He feared that name, says one of the fathers, even as 
 the demons fear it. However that might be, he showed himself lamenUibly void of good 
 sense, for though things may well depend on princes, yet with n.imes they have nothing 
 to do. 
 
644 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XH. 
 
 named Agabus, rising up, signified by the Spirit that there should 
 be a great famine over the whole woi'ld, which came to pass under 
 Claudius. And the disciples, every man according to his ability, 
 purjiosed to send relief to the brethren who dwelt in Judea(l): 
 which also they did, sending it to the ancients by the hands of Bar- 
 nabas and Saul." * 
 
 CHAPTEE XII. 
 
 JAMES THE BROTHER OF JOHN IS PUT TO DEATH BY HEROD. PETER DELIVERED 
 
 FROM PRISON BY AN ANGEL. DEATH OF HEROD. 
 
 From the baptism of Cornelius till the events recorded in this 
 chapter, that is to say, within the space of about seven years, many 
 I'emarkable events took place Avhich the sacred author of this his- 
 tory has not been inspired to write, but which have, nevertheless, 
 come down to us by constant tradition, supported by the testimony 
 of the gravest historians of the Church. Such is the dispersion of 
 the apostles, who, at length assured of the vocation of the Gentiles, 
 carried the light of the Gospel to the furthest extremities of the 
 then known world. They had previously composed the Creed, 
 which still beai's their name, and this precaution was indispensable 
 in order that their teaching might be eveiywhere exactly the same. 
 The opinion that each one of the twelve composed an article (which 
 seems to be implied by the very name of the Creed), is so ancient 
 and so well authenticated, that it cannot be disputed without the 
 greatest temerity. When about to quit Judea, St. Matthew left to 
 
 (1) There were t\vo reasons for the extraordinary dearth of provisions amongst the 
 faithful of Judea : 1st, They had given up all their possessions, which the Gentile Chris- 
 tians had not done. 2d, The Gentile converts were not yet persecuted by their idola- 
 trous brethren, as the Jewish Christians were by the unbelievers of their nation. 
 
 Since the famine was to be universal, avarice would have said : Tiiink of ourselves, 
 that we may not die of hunger whilst we nourish strangers. Charity says, on the 
 contrary : Let us run all risks rather than leave our brethren in distress. 
 
CHAP. XIl] acts of THE APOSTLES. 645 
 
 his countrymen Lis Gospel, which he had written in their own 
 tongue. The original is no longer to be found, and the Greek, 
 which now holds its jîlace, is but a faithful translation made in those 
 early times. It would seem that God chose to withdraw it from 
 the Jews, who had rendered it useless by their incredulity. It was 
 about the same time that St. Peter established his principal see at 
 Antioch. In order to do that, there was no need of his going there 
 in pei-son ; he went, however, but not to make it his permanent 
 abode, for he still continued to visit those cities or proHnces where 
 his presence was found useful or necessary. He and his colleagues 
 returned to Jerusalem either when the wants of the Church required 
 their personal superintendence, or that the course of their evangeli- 
 cal missions brought them within a short distance of it. This re- 
 mark is here made because it has a close connection with what 
 follows. 
 
 The unbridled fury wherewith the Jews pursued the discijjles ap- 
 peared to be somewhat more cautious with regard to the apostles, 
 the latter being the objects of a deeper and more concentrated 
 hatred. "At the same time(l)," says the sacred v.-riter, "Herod 
 the king (2) stretched forth his hands to afflict some of the Church." 
 As its chiefs were the principal objects of his vengeance, " he killed 
 James (3) the brother of John with the sword. And seeing that 
 
 (1) Thie events here spoken of took place about ten years after the ascension of our 
 Saviour. Hence, at the same time can only have reference to the time of the famine, the 
 prediction of which is the last thing spoken of by St. Luke. 
 
 (2) Herod Agrippa, a different pei-son from the iterod who beheaded St. John the 
 Baptist, and distinguished also from that Agrippa before whom St. Paul pleaded his 
 cause. The former was his paternal uncle, and the latter his son. This prince had no 
 power in Jerusalem. Nevertheless, he was allowed to exercise authority o\er the people 
 of his own household, since we find that he caused St. Peter's guards to be put to the 
 torture ; and also over the Galileans, his own subjects, to which nation belonged the two 
 apostles, one of whom he beheaded, and imprisoned the other. This also was the reason 
 ■why Pilate paid him the compliment of sending Jesus to him for judgment as soon iis he 
 heard of his being a Galilean. 
 
 (3) One of the sons of Zebcdee, he who is styled James t/ie major. He was one of 
 the three disciples whom Jesus regarded with special affection ; and he was also the first 
 of the apostles who had the lionor of shedding his blood for his M;ister's sake — a distinc- 
 tion much more enviable than that which he, in his human blindness, had desired to at- 
 tain. His body, which was conveyed to Spain, has ever been the object of pious pil- 
 grimages from all parts of the Catholic world. 
 
646 
 
 TITE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [ciiAP. sn. 
 
 it 2")]easecl the Jews(l), lie proceeded to take up Peter also. Now 
 it was in the days of the azjnnes. When he had apprehended him, 
 he cast him into prison, delivering him to four files of soldiere to be 
 kept, intending after the pasch to bring him forth to the people. 
 Peter, therefore, was kept in prison, but prayer was made without 
 ceasing by the Church unto God for him." This was the only de- 
 fence which God j^ermitted him to make against oppression, and the 
 result shows how eiRcacious it was. " And when Herod would have 
 brought him forth, the same night Peter was sleeping between two 
 soldiers, bound with two chains : and the keepers before the door 
 Icept the prison. And behold an angel of the Lord stood by him : 
 and a light shiued in the room, and he, striking Peter on the side, 
 raised him up, saying : Arise quickly. And the chains fell off from 
 his hands. And the angel said to him : Gird thyself, and put on 
 thy sandals. And he did so. And he said to him : Cast thy gar- 
 ment about thee, and follow me. And going out he followed him, 
 and he knew not that it was true which was done l)y the angel, but 
 thought he saw a vision. And passing through the first and the 
 second ward, they came to the iron gate that leadeth to the city (2), 
 which of itself ojjened to them. And going out, they passed on 
 through one street, and immediately the angel depai'ted fi'om him. 
 And Peter, coming to himself, said : Now I know in very deed that 
 the Lord hath sent his angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand 
 of Herod, and fi'om all the expectation of the people of the Jews." 
 Left to himself, it behooved him to think of seeking an asylum 
 
 (1) Pilate allowed Jesus to be crucified because he feared tbe people. Herod, in 
 order to please the people, caused James to be beheaded, and resolved on a similar pun- 
 ishment for Peter. The}' were both murderers : the first because he was a pusillanimous 
 man, and the other because he was a sycophant. How was it that their mere weakness 
 made them both so cruel ? 
 
 If the people are often flatterers of princes, they, in their turn, are often flatterers of 
 the people. 
 
 (2) Translators sa}-, the town. It is inferred from thence that this prison was without 
 the walls of the town. It might be so, it is true ; but it might also be that Jerusalem, 
 like some of our great modern cities, had one district especially called the city. There 
 is even some probability that such was the case. Moreover, the Latin and Greek words 
 both signify more literally the cilij. It has, therefore, been chosen with a view to leave 
 the matter undecided, as the sacred text has done. 
 
-^r 
 
CHAP, xir.] ACTS of Tin? a'postles. G47 
 
 wbereiu lie might be sheltered from pursuit. " And considering, ho 
 came to the house of Mary, the mother of John, who was surnamed 
 INIark, where many were gathered together and praying. And when 
 he knocked at the door of the gate, a damsel came to hearken, whose 
 name was Rhoda. And as soon as she knew Peter's voice, she 
 opened not the gate for joj^, but running in she told that Peter stood 
 before the gate. But they said to her : Thou art mad. But she 
 affirmed that it was so. Then said they : It is his angel (1). But 
 Peter continued knocking. And when they had opened, they saw 
 him, and were astonished. But he, beckoning to them with his hand 
 to hold their peace, told how the Lord had brought him out of pris- 
 on, and he said : Tell these things to James (2) and to the breth- 
 ren. And going ont, he went into another place (3)." 
 
 (1) This text has been already of good sen-ice in proving tlie Catholic doctrine that 
 each individual has his guardian angel. Calvin, seeing pUiinly that it was conclusive 
 against him, endeavored to evade it by admitting that St. Peter had a g\iardian angel 
 while in prison, but no more. How knew he this ? or rather, how did they know it who, 
 believing it impossible that Peter could be at the gate, said that it must be his angel ? 
 Will Protestants say that God sent another angel to reveal it to them ? What senseless 
 folly ! Let us speak always according to faith, and we shall be sure to have reason on 
 our side. These people, then, said : It is his angel, simply because the first Christians 
 were persuaded that each has his guardian angel. 
 
 Tliis word : It is his angel, shows \is further that these early Christians believed that 
 the angels sometimes assumed the appearance of those over whom they watched : such, 
 too, is the opinion of some theologians. These last found their assertion on the fact that 
 many of the saints, during their mortal lives, were seen at the same time in differeut 
 places, without being themselves aware of the reduplication of their presence. Hence it 
 has been reasonably concluded that these saints were not made present in body or in 
 soul, but that it was their angel appearing under their likeness, or otherwise that God 
 was pleased to form a body of inanimate air, giving to it the features and the voice of 
 the person so represented. This is a matter, however, which could only be decided by 
 his own special revelation. 
 
 (2) James the less, bishop of Jerusalem, he who is called in Scripture the brother of 
 our Lord. It is still debated amongst the learned whetlier he was the same as James 
 the son of Alpheus, one of the twelve apostles, or whether they were two different per- 
 sons. The common opinion, and that which is adopted by the Chuich, is, that they were 
 but one and the safne individual. 
 
 (3) In another place appears to signify that he went to conceal himself in another 
 house. Some «^ive the expression a wider meaning, because that in reality St. Peter 
 hastened to quit Jerusalem, whence, after visiting several provinces, he repaired to Rome, 
 ieavin" Evodius his successor in the episcopacy of Antioch and in the patriarchate of the 
 East, and taking with him his primacy, which he urevocably attached to the Roman see. 
 
648 - THE inSTORY OF THE [cHAP. XII. 
 
 " When tlie day was come, there was no small stir among the sol- 
 diers, what was become of Peter. And when Herod had sought for 
 him, and found him not, having examined the keepers, he com- 
 manded they should be put to death. And going down from Judea 
 to Cesarea, he abode there." 
 
 There it was that he was to fill up the measure of his iniquity, 
 and receive the reward of his crimes. " He was angry with the Ty- 
 rians and the Sidonians, but they, with one accord, came to him, 
 and having gained Blastus, who was the king's chamberlain, they 
 desired peace, because their countries were nourished by him. And 
 upon a day ajapointed, Herod, being arrayed in kingly apjjarel, sat 
 in the judgment-seat, and made an oration to them. And the peo- 
 ple made acclamation, saying : It is the voice of *ù, god, and not of a 
 man. And forthwith an angel of the Lord struck him, because he 
 had not given the honor to God, and being eaten up by worms, he 
 gave up the ghost (1)." 
 
 Meantime, the blood whick he had shed fructified and enriched 
 the Church. "The word of the Lord increased and multiplied. 
 And Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem" to Antioch, 
 " having fulfilled their ministry, taking with them John, who was 
 surnamed Mark." 
 
 founded by him towards the close of that year, which was the tenth after the Ascension 
 of Our Lord. 
 
 ••(1) Humble yourself, man! for you shall soon die, and your flesh nhall then be 
 devoured by worms ! And you, princes ! bow down even to the earth ; lest, allowing 
 yourselves to be intoxicated by flattery, you should become the living prey of worms. 
 Such things have occurred in other instances besides that of the unhappy Herod. 
 
 Any mortal who takes pleasure in hearing himself styled more than human is as guilty 
 as Herod, or perhaps more guilty still. 
 
CHAP, xni.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 649 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE HOLY GHOST DECREES THAT BAK>%VBiS AND SAUL SHALL BE CHOSEN FOR 
 
 THE WORK OF PREACHING TO THE GENTILES. ^THE MAGICIAN BAR-JESU IS STRUCK 
 
 BLIND AT THE BIDDING OF PAUL. CONVERSION OF SERGIUS PAULUS. ADDRESS 
 
 OF PAUL TO THE SYNAGOGUE OF ANTIOCU OF PISIDIA. BLASPHEMY OF THE 
 
 JEWS. PERSECUTION EXCrreD BY THESI. CONTERSION OF THE GENTILES. 
 
 (a) " Now there were in the Church which was at Autioch, proph- 
 ets (1) and doctors, among whom was Bai'nabas, and Simon, who 
 was called Niger, and Lucius of Cjrene, and Mauahen, who was the 
 foster-brother of Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. And as they were 
 ministering to the Lord (2), and fasting, the Ploly Ghost said to 
 them : Separate me Saul and Barnabas, for the work whereunto I 
 liave taken them. Then they, fasting and praying (3), and impos- 
 mg their hands upon them, sent them away." 
 
 (a) Chap. xiii. 1. 
 
 (1) Prophets who spoke by inspiration, and foretold what was to come, such as Aga- 
 bus, of whom mention is made in chap. ii. and xxi. ; doctors who expounded the sacred 
 Scripture, according as it was read. Both the office and the name are preser\ed in the 
 Greek Church, so that the title of doctor (or teacher) of the Gospel is given to him whose 
 duty it is to explain the Gospel ; doctor of the apostle to him who expounds the epistles 
 of St. Paul ; doctor of the psalter to the expounder of the Psalms, which also corresponds 
 with our tcaclicrs of divinity, or theologians, except that, as M. Fleury remarks, the 
 actual duty of the theologian is confined to the production of some sermons which he is 
 not even obliged to compose himself. 
 
 (2) The Greek version has the litiirffy, of which the literal meaning is, the public office 
 {action). Tliis word, in its general signification, means divine service. By the Greeks it 
 is more especially used to signify sacrifice. So also is it understood in this text by many 
 commentators. 
 
 (•■5) It will again be seen in the following chapter (ver. 22), that the ordination was 
 accompanied by fasting and pr.n)-cr ; a practice which commenced with the very exist- 
 ence of the Church, and which has been perpetuated even to the present time. 
 
 But was this really an ordination, or was it merely an imposition of hands, purely de- 
 precatory ? This is a question on which commentators have not yet agreed. The prob- 
 ability is that it was an ordination, since we find nothing wanting of ail the usual forms 
 which precede and accompany ordination ; fasting, prayer, even sacrifice itself, nor yet 
 the imposition of hands. But it may be said that St. Paul, in his epistle to the Gala- 
 tians, declares that he received nothing from men, ;is far !is the knowledge of religion 
 
650 
 
 TirE inSTOET OF TUE 
 
 [chap. xni. 
 
 " So tliey, being sent by tlie Holy Gliost," whose guidance tlaey 
 followed, as they had from him received their mission, the two apos- 
 tles " went to Seleucia, and from thence they sailed to Cyprus. And 
 when they were come to Salamina, they preached the word of God 
 iu the synagogues of the Jews. And they had John also in their 
 ministry. And when they had gone through the whole island as 
 far as Paphos, they found a certain man a magician, a false prophet, 
 a Jew, whose name was Bar-Jesu, who was with the proconsul Ser- 
 gius Paulus, a prudent man (1). He, sending for Barnabas and 
 Saul, desired to hear the word of God. But Elymas, the magi- 
 cian (2) (for so his name is interpreted) withstood them, seeking to 
 turn away the proconsul from the faith. Then" (and here it is that 
 the apostle of nations appears for the first time in his true character) 
 " Saul, otherwise Paul (3), fi.lled with the Holy Ghost, looking upon 
 him, said : O full of all guile, and of all deceit, child of the devil, 
 enemy of all justice, thou ceasest not to pervert the right ways of 
 
 and his vocation to the apostolate were concerned, yet we know that he received baptism 
 from Ananias, and might just as well have received the sacerdotal and episcopal orders 
 by the ordinary ministration. Thus a priest who is raised to the papacy receives nothing, 
 as supreme 2>onliff, from the bishop who administered to him the episcopal consecration. 
 From him he received his episcopal dignity ; from the clergy of Rome, by whom he was 
 elected, he is made bishop of Rome, but from God alone he holds his office as Pope of 
 the universal Church, because of the order established by God that the successor of Peter 
 in the see of Rome should succeed to his primacy. 
 
 (1) This prudence, which was in him no more than a moral quality, could not merit 
 the gift of faith, but it set aside the obstacles which might have impeded its growth. 
 It is by the grace of God that man is faithful, as it is by his own folly that he is not. 
 
 (2) Elyraas does not signify a magician either in Grepk or in Hebrew, and this has 
 puzzled many interpreters. Still we must conclude that the word has had such a mean- 
 ing, since St. Luke expressly says so. He alluded, it would seem, to some particular 
 language — now no longer known. It might have been the ancient language of the Cy- 
 prians before the language of Greece prevailed in Cyprus. This is nearly the whole 
 amount of what has been said on the subject. 
 
 (-'^) Henceforward he shall only be called Paul. It is more than probable that it was 
 at this time he adopted that new name, and for this reason, that the Gentiles, to whom 
 he was more especially sent, might be less unwilling to receive him, when he had a name 
 to which their eai-s were accustomed. But did he take this name of himself, or at the 
 request of the proconsul Sergius Paulus, or was it that the Gentiles, because of the 
 resemblance of the two names, unwittingly changed Saul into Paul ? All these suppo- 
 sitions are possible, but the only thing certain is, that the apostle did adopt the name, 
 and never after gave himself any other. 
 
CHAP. Xnr.] ACT5 OF TIIE APOSTLES. 651 
 
 the Lord. And now behold the liand of the Lord is npon thee, and 
 tliou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a time. And immediately 
 there fell a mist and darkness npon him, and, going about, he sought 
 some one to lead him Ity the hand. Then the proconsul, when he 
 had seen what was done, believed, admiring the doctrine of the 
 Lord (1)." 
 
 " Now when Paul and they that were with him had sailed from 
 Paphos, they came to Pei-ge, in Pamphylia. And John," shrinking 
 from a task so full of toil and danger, had not the courage to follow 
 them. He, "departing from them, returned to Jerusalem. But 
 they, passing through Perge, came to Antioch in Pisidia ; and enter- 
 ing into the synagogue on the Sabbath-day, they sat down. And 
 after the reading of the law and the prophets, the rulers of the syn- 
 agogue," according to the usual practice with regard to strangei-s, 
 " sent to them, saying : Ye men, brethren, if you have any word of 
 exhortation to make to the people, speak. Then Paul, rising up, 
 and with his hands bespeaking silence, said : Ye men of Israel, and 
 you that fear God (2), give ear. The God of the people of Israel 
 chose our fathers, and exalted the people (o), when they were so- 
 journers in the land of Egypt, and vnih an high arm brought them 
 out from thence. And for the space of forty years endured their" 
 unruly " mannei-s in the desert. And destroying seven nations in 
 the land of Chanaan, divided their land among them, by lot, as it 
 
 (1) Tliis word expresses at once the doctrine and the manner in which St. Paul had 
 proved it. Thus, when Jesus Clirist drove out a devil bv the ppwcr of his word : " they 
 were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among themselves, saying : What is this 
 new doctrine? (Mark, i. 27). f"or with power he commandeth even the unclean spirits, 
 and they obey him." The evangelical doctrine, when simply proposed, appears at a first 
 glance sublime in its mysteries and perfect in its moralitv. A doubt may then arise 
 whether it be from God, or is merely a beautiful conception of the human mind. The 
 miracle by which it is proved must at once establish its divinity, and then the mind, freed 
 from the embarrassment of doubt, yields itself entirely to admiration. Hence it was said 
 that the proconsul, having seen the miracle, admired the doctrine. 
 
 (2) Besides those who were Jews, or Israelites by birth, they admitted into those 
 assemblies proselytes and Gentile worshippers of the true God. It was to them that 
 reference was made in the words; Vou that fear G'xl. 
 
 (3) He e.xalted that people, and made their nain>- famous, bv the ten plagues where- 
 with he struck their cruel oppressors. 
 
652 TIIE HISTORY OF TITE [cHAP. XIH. 
 
 were, after four hundred and fifty years (1). And after these things 
 he gave unto them judges, until Samuel the prophet. And after 
 that they desired a king, aud God gave them Saul the son of Cis, a 
 man of the tribe of Benjamin, forty j'ears (2). And when he had 
 removed him, he raised them up David to be king, to M'hom, giving 
 testimony, he said: I have found David, the son of Jesse, a man ac- 
 cording to my oivn heart, who shall do all my toills. Of this man's 
 seed God, according to his promise, hath raised up to Israel a Sa- 
 viour, Jesus. John first preaching before his coming the baptism of 
 penance to all the people of Israel And when John was fulfilling 
 his course, he said : I am not he whom you think me to be : but be- 
 hold there cometh one after me, whose shoes of his feet I am not 
 woi'thy to loose (3). Men, brethren, children of the stock of Abra- 
 ham, and whosoever among you fear God, to you the word of this 
 salvation is sent. For they that inhabit Jerusalem, and the rulers 
 thereof, not knowing him, nor the voices of the prophets which are 
 read every Sabbath, judging him have fulfilled them. And finding 
 no cause of death in him, they desired of Pilate that they might kill 
 him. And when they had fulfilled all things that were written of 
 him, taking him down from the tree, they laid him in a sepulchre. 
 But God raised him up from the dead the third day : who was seen 
 for many days by them who came up with him from Galilee to Je- 
 rusalem, who to this present are his witnesses to the people. And 
 
 (1) Between the birth of Isaac (wliich may be considered the origin of the chosen 
 people), and tlie division by lot of the land of Chanaan, there is commonly reckoned four 
 hundred and fifty years. Nearly all the commentators agree in saying that this was the 
 period to which St. Paul here alludes. 
 
 (2) These forty years included the time of the government of Samuel, and the reign 
 of Saul. 
 
 (3) Many years subsequent to the death of John the Baptist, and far away from Ju- 
 dea, where he had lived and died, St. Paul quotes his testimony in support of tlie divinity 
 of Jesus Christ. This shows how far the fame of the holy precursor had spread, and 
 how highly he was esteemed by the Jews all over the world. He is also quoted by the 
 apostle St. John, in his Gospel, which was written more than fifty years after the pre- 
 cursor's death : another fact which proves that his testimony was deeply and indelibly 
 impressed upon the minds of men. Doubtless all this tended to give weight and value 
 to his evidence, but it was also supported by the fulfilment of the prophecies in him, 
 since it had been foretold that the Messiah should be preceded by a prophet who would 
 announce his approach, and prepare the way before him. 
 
CHAP. Xni.] ACTS OF THE APODES. 653 
 
 we declare unto you that the promise which was made to our fa- 
 thers, this same God hath fulfilled to our children, raising up Jesus, as 
 in the second Psalm also is -written : Thou art my Son ; Ûiié' day 
 have Ihegotten iJiee(V). And to show that he raised him uji from 
 the dead not to return now any more to corruption, he said thus : 
 I will give you the holy things of David faithfxd. And therefore, 
 in another place also he saith: Thou shalt not suffer thy Holy One 
 to see corruption.'''' 
 
 It was not David in person, but the Messiah, his Lord and his sou, 
 who was the object of these magnificent pi-omi?es. "For Da\-id, 
 when he had served in his generation according to the will of God, 
 slept ; and was laid unto his fathei-s, and saw corruption. But he 
 whom God hath raised from the dead saw no corruption. Be it 
 known therefore to you, men, bretlireu, that through him forgive- 
 ness of sins is preached to you ; and from all the things from which 
 you could not be justified by the law of Moses. In him every one 
 that believeth is justified." 
 
 (1) St. Paul (Heb., i. 5) explains this text by the eternal generation of the Word. 
 This is, in fact, its natural and literal meaning. Here he applies it to the resurrection of 
 Jesus Christ, which application is accounted for in various ways : 1st, It is explained as 
 referring to the manifestation of the eternal generation, because that, in raising up his Son, 
 God seems to have said to the entire universe : This is my Son, whom I have begotten 
 from all eternity ; you vnW recognize him by this prodigy. 2d, Others understand it as 
 having reference to the resurrection itself, whiclj in Scripture is often called regeneration. 
 Hence the words: TTiis day have I begotten thee, signify I have regenerated thee, that is 
 to say, this day have I given thee a new birth. 3d, Though still preserving the literal 
 meaning of this text, which is assuredly that of the eternal generation, many persons 
 have applied it both to the incarnation and rosun-ection, and they do it in this wa_v. By 
 the personal union of the Word with human nature, a man was made the child of God, 
 and in this sense God might say to that man : Thou art my son, and this day have I 
 begotten thee. That man w.-ls no longer in existence after the death of Jesus Clirist 
 (notwithstanding that his two distinctive parts were each in existence, and that the Word 
 still remained united thereto), so that there was no longer any man who could be called 
 the begotten son of God. But this man havbg been re-made, if one may so express 
 it, by the reunion of his parts, there was again in existence one to whom God might s.iy 
 on the day of the resurrection, as on that of the incarnation : Thou art my son, tliis day 
 have I begotten thee. St. Paul appears to have connected these two meanings in com- 
 mencing the epistle to the Romans, where, after saying that the Son of God was made to 
 him of the seed of David, according to the jlefh, he adds, who was predestinated the Son 
 of (ro<l . . .by the résurrection of onr Lord Jesus Christ from the dead (Rom., i. ver. 3, 4). 
 
654 THE HISTORY OF TUE [cHAP. XUI 
 
 To these inducements, attractive as they were, the apostle, in order 
 to suit every disposition, adds some threats of an alarming nature. 
 "Beware, therefore," says he, "lest that come upon you which is 
 spoken in the prophets : Behold^ ye de-spisers^ and wonder and per- 
 ish: for Iworlc a loorh in your days, a tvorh whicJh you toill not 
 lelieve if any man sliall tell it youT 
 
 These "words occur in the prophecy of Habacuc. The work of 
 which he speaks is the invasion of the promised land bj the Chal- 
 deans, and the ravages therein made by those fierce instruments of 
 divine vengeance. St. Paul, who had to threaten his auditoi-s with 
 scourges still more dreadful, contents himself with intimating the 
 latter by recalling the former, which were only signs and figures of 
 those to come. His discourse was not without some fruit. " As 
 they went out, they desh-ed them that on the next Sabbath they 
 would speak uuto them these words. And when the synagogue was 
 broken up, many of the Jews, and of the strangers who served God, 
 followed Paul and Barnabas; who, speaking to them, persuaded 
 them to continue in the grace of God." 
 
 " The next Sabbath-day the whole city almost came together to 
 hear the word of God. And the Jews, seeing the multitudes, were 
 filled with envy, and contradicted those things which were said by 
 Paul, blaspheming. Then Paul and Barnabas said boldly : To you 
 it behooved us first to speak the word of God (1) ; but because you 
 reject it, and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, behold we 
 turn to the Gentiles. For so the Lord hath commanded us: I Itave 
 set thee to he the light of the Gentiles ; that thou mayst he for salva- 
 tion unto the utmost part of the earths 
 
 " And the Gentiles, hearing it, were glad, and glorified the word 
 
 (1) It was decreed by God that the Gospel should first be announced to the Jews. 
 St. Paul acts in conformity with this decree, though he elsewhere says that the aposto- 
 ]ate of the nations was especially confided to him, as that of the Jewish people was to 
 St. Peter. Neither one nor the other was without exception, since St. Paul here an- 
 nounces the Gospel to the Jews, as we have seen St. Peter announce it to the Gentiles. 
 Neither mission was the sole duty of either apostle, but only the principal part thereof. 
 
 Those who would fain have St. Peter inferior to St. Paul in dignity, because of these 
 diftcrent missions, so unequal in their importance, do not seem to remember that Jesus 
 Christ is called minister of the circumcision, or yet the declaration made by himself that 
 his mission was only to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. 
 
CHAP. XUI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 655 
 
 of tlae Lord ; and as many as were ordained (1) to life everlasting, 
 believed. And the word of the Lord M-as published throughout the 
 whole country." 
 
 The incredulous Jews could not bear this, and, being defeated in 
 argument, they strove to prevail by iuti-igue. " The Jews stirred 
 up religious and honorable women (2), and the chief men of the 
 city, and raised persecution against Paul and Barnabas, and cast 
 them out of their coasts. But they, shaking off the dust of their 
 feet against them, came to Iconium. And the disciples were filled 
 with joy and with the Holy Ghost." 
 
 (1) The Greek saj-s simply, destined. The meaning is, however, the same. Many of 
 the commentators think tliat it does not at all refer to predestination, properly so called. 
 They can hardly believe that St. Luke was inspired to make known to these people that 
 they were all predestined ; and, moreover, it is verj' probable that many others, who did 
 not at first believe, did sul)sequently embrace the faith, since it is wiitten that " the word 
 of the Lord was published throughout the whole country." The prœordinati (ordained), 
 therefore, of this text, is understood as ha\-ing reference to the disposition to faith, which 
 consists chiefly in a sincere love of truth, together with the efficacious desire of knowing it. 
 Nor does grace thereby lose any of its prerogatives, seeing that this disposition is still its 
 work ; and there are numerous other texts which prove beyond all doubt the doctrine of 
 predestination. 
 
 (2) In Latin, hones/as. This word may be undei-stood of virtuous" conduct as well as 
 of condition. The Greek word of which it is a translation is also susceptible of the same 
 interpretation. The two apostles, on leaving the town, shook the dust off then- feet 
 ag;unst these women, and those who took part with them. Jesus Christ bad commanded 
 his disciples to do so (Matt., r. 14), and he subjoined this fearful threat : Amen, I laij 
 to you, it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrha in the day of 
 judijment than for that city. Tims, by a wicked infatuation in regard to religion, those 
 women, though regular in their conduct, and seemingly devout, are condemned, and 
 treated with greater rigor than the most abominable of mankind. This is matter of faith. 
 
65 G TUE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XIV. 
 
 CHAPTER XrV. 
 
 JEWS AND GENTILES CONVERTED IN ICONIUM. A CRIPPLE 13 CCEED IN LTSTKA. — ■ 
 
 THE TWO APOSTLES AEE THERE TAKEN FOE GODS. NEXT DAT PAUL IS STONED, 
 
 AND LEFT FOE DEAD. — HE RETURNS WITH BARNABAS TO ANTIOCH. 
 
 " («) And it came to pass in Iconium, that" tlie two apostles 
 " entered together into the synagogue of the Jews, and so sjDoke, 
 that a very great multitude both of the Jews and of the Greeks did 
 believe. But the unbelieving Jews stirred up and incensed the 
 minds of the Gentiles (1) against the brethren. A long time there- 
 fore they abode there, dealing confidently in the Lord, who gave 
 testimony to the word of his grace, granting signs and wonders to 
 be done by their hands. And the multitude of the city was divided ; 
 and some of them, indeed, held with the Jews, but some with the 
 apostles. And when there was an assault made by the Gentiles and 
 the Jews, with their rulers, to use them contumeliously and to stone 
 them, they understanding it, fled to Lystra and Derbe, cities of Ly- 
 caonia, and to the whole country round about, and w^ere there 
 l^reaching the Gospel." 
 
 " And there sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent in his feet, a 
 crijijile from his mother's womb, who never had walked. This same 
 heard Paul speaking, who looking upon him, and seeing that he had 
 
 (a) Chap, xiv., ver. 1. 
 
 (1) The Jews, who were the first persecutors of Christianity, were also the authors 
 and tlie instigators of the first persecutions which it encountered from tlie Gentiles. 
 &'tained as the)' were with the blood of all the prophets, from Abel down to Jesus 
 Christ, they had tlie unhappy art of rendering themselves guilty of the blood of all the 
 martyrs, from the Saviour himself till the end of the persecutions. What a fearful mass 
 of iniquity heaped on one single nation ! 
 
 In what way could they excite the Gentiles to anger, except by representing to them 
 that this new doctrine tended to the destruction of their temples and idols ? Thus it 
 was that men, who were the most opposed to idolatry, became its abettors. Nor is this 
 surprising when we come to consider the inveterate hatred with which false religions 
 regard the true. So, Protestants in general would rather see the whole world Mahom- 
 etan than Catholic. 
 
CIIAP. XIV.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 65T 
 
 faith to be liealed (1), said witli a loud voice: Stand upright on thy 
 feet. And he leaped up and walked. And when the multitudes 
 had seen what Paul had done, they lifted up their voice in the Ly- 
 caonian tongue, saying: The gods are come down to us in the like- 
 ness of men. And they called Barnabas, Jupiter ; but Paul, Mer- 
 cury; because he was chief speaker. The priest also of Jupiter, 
 that was before the city, bringing oxen and garlands before the 
 gate, would have oftered sacrifice with the people. Which when the 
 apostles Paul and Barnabas had heard, rending their clothes (2), 
 they leaped out among the people, crying and saying : Ye men, why 
 do ye these things ? We also are mortals, men like unto you, 
 preaching to you to be converted from these vain things (3), to the 
 living God who made the heaven, and the earth, and the sea, and 
 all things that are in them ; who, in times past, suflered all nations 
 to walk in their own ways (4). Nevertheless, he left not himself 
 
 (1) St. Paul saw this man's earnest attention, and the pleasure -with which he heard 
 him. He knew by inspiration that he really had faith, and moreover, a finn confidence 
 that the apostle had received from God power to heal him. 
 
 (2) Simply to refuse divine honors might be, in ministers of the Gospel, no more than 
 the natural effect of ordinary virtue. What here gives proof of heroism is the rending 
 of the garments, the darting into the midst of the crowd, and those cries of sorrow and 
 of indignation, meant to restrain an idolatrous people. Ordinary virtue, mere human 
 virtue, could never have produced such transports. 
 
 If, instead of oflering sacrifice to them, the people, charmed with their eloquence, had 
 cried : They arc gods who speak, and not men, there can be no doubt that this flattery 
 would have excited their indignation just as strongly. Would mere human virtue receive 
 it in the same way ? 
 
 It is very easy for a man to believe that he is neither Jupiter nor Mercury, but is it as 
 easy to believe that people are mistaken when they say that he has spoken divinely? 
 
 People do not pause to reflect whether the plejisurc they take in liearing such eulo- 
 giums is as culpable as that of the two apostles would have been had they pemiitted 
 sacrifice to be offered to them. Those, however, who look upon this complacency as a 
 venial fault, would do well to remember Ilerod, eaten ahvc by worms. 
 
 (3) That is to say, from these imuginaiy divinities. 
 
 (4) God allowed them ix> follow the corruption of their own hearts, and to form for 
 themselves gods as vicious as they were themselves. God siij^crs them to act so, inas- 
 much as he docs not reveal to them the light of the Gospel. Still they were not quite des- 
 titute of light, and the vei-y wwks of the creation were quite sufficient to make the Crea- 
 tor known to them. Such is the meaning of the following words, to which St. Paul 
 adds (Horn., i.), that they were sufficiently enlightened to be altogether inexcusable. 
 This refutes the cn-oneous opinion that being entirely destitute of light, they could not 
 
 42 
 
L_ 
 
 658 THE iiiStory of the [chap. xrv. 
 
 witliout testimony, doing good from heaven, giving niins, and fruitful 
 seasons, filling our hearts with food and gladness. And speaking 
 these things, they scarce restrained the people from sacrificing to 
 them." 
 
 The fickleness of the multitude is proverbial, liut perhaps it never 
 was so remai'kably exemplified as on this occasion. Whilst the 
 apostles were straining every nerve to divert the people from their 
 impious purpose, " there came thither certain Jews from Antioch," 
 in PIsidia, " and Icouium : and persuading the multitude" of what- 
 ever they jileased, " stoning Paul," they " drew him out of the city, 
 thinking him to be dead. But as the disciples stood round about 
 him, he rose up (1) and entered into the city, and 'the next day he 
 departed with Barnabas to Derbe." 
 
 " And when they had preached the Gospel to that city, and had 
 taught many," these intrepid men " returned again to Lystra and to 
 Icouium, and to Antioch" in Pisidia, " confirming the souls of the 
 disciples, and exhorting them to continue in the faith." And in 
 order that the neophytes might not be discouraged at sight of the 
 persecution, endured by the apostles, they taught them that funda- 
 mental maxim of the new gospel : " that" it is " through many tribu- 
 lations we must enter into the kingdom of God. And when they 
 had ordained to them priests in every church, and had prayed with 
 fasting, they commended them to the Lord, in whom they believed. 
 
 do otherwise than go astray. We consider this doctrine as erroneous, becaiise it might 
 tend to make them appear excusable, by setting aside the reason for which the apostle 
 says they were inexcusable. 
 
 (1) It might be that he was dead, and came to life again ; at least, there is no doubt 
 that he was miraculously healed. A man who appeared to be dead, after drowning or 
 suffocation, might, when respiration had been restored, stand upon his feet, and be able 
 to travel on the following day ; but a man who had been stoned, as it were, to death, 
 must necessarily be all covered with wounds, and even if none of them were mortal, it 
 would require some time to heal them so that the patient could stand up, walk, or set 
 out on a journey. 
 
 This was the time when, according to the most accurate chronology, St. Paul was 
 raised to the third heaven. It is thought that this might have occurred during the time 
 that he appeared to be dead, but here a difficulty presents itself. As the apostle says 
 that he knew not whether he was raised in the bodij, or out of the bodij, it seems as 
 though the disciples by whom he was surrounded might easily have enlightened him on 
 this point, by informing him whether his body had, or had not disappeared. 
 
CHAP. XV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 659 
 
 And passing through Pisidia, they came into Pamphylia, and having 
 spoken the word of the Lord in Perge, they went down into Atta- 
 lia; and thence thej^ sailed to Antioch, from whence they had been 
 delivered to the grace of God, unto the work which they accom- 
 plished. And when they were come, and had assembled the church, 
 they related what great things God hud done witli them (1), and 
 how he had opened the door of faith to the Gentiles. And they 
 abode no small time Mith the disciples." 
 
 CHAPTEK XV. 
 
 DKPUTE oy TIIE SUBJECT OF CIRCUMCISION. PAUL AND BAKNABAS COilE TO CON- 
 SULT wrrn the otiiek apostles. — council of Jerusalem. — sei'Aeation of 
 
 PAUL AND BAKNAB^VS. 
 
 " (ff) My thoughts are not your thoughts," saith the Lord, " and 
 heaven is not more exalted above the earth than my thoughts are 
 above your thoughts." This is what men will not understand ; and, 
 rather than submit their own thoughts to those of the Lord, they 
 reject his altogether, because they are contrary to theirs, and hence 
 so many unbelievers. Others there are who seek to reconcile and 
 amalgamate both together, and it is this unholy adulteration which 
 has given rise to all heresies, and all errors. The converted Jews, 
 still zealous for their old law, began by seeking to blend Judaism 
 with Christianity. Then came the philosophei"s, who tried to en- 
 graft uj)on it their own Platonic conceits. But we have only to deal 
 with the former, (p) " Some coming down from Judea" to Antioch, 
 " taught the brethren : That except you l^e circumcised after the 
 manner of Moses, you cannot be saved. And when Paul and Bar- 
 
 (a) Ism;is, Iv. 8. (6) Acts, xv. 1. 
 
 (1) That is to say, all that God had done by their ministry. St. Paul said, in the 
 same way : " Yet not I, but the grace of God, with me" (1 Cor., xv. 10). 
 
660 THE HLSTORY OF THE [CHAP. XV. 
 
 nabas liad no small contest with them, they determined that Paul 
 and Barnabas, and certain others of the other side, should go up to 
 the apostles and priests to Jerusalem, about this question." 
 
 St. Paul had, ho\Yever, another motive for undertaking this jour- 
 ney, as he informs us in the second chapter of the Epistle to the 
 Galatians. It was («) " according to revelation," says he, " that I 
 went up to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also with me. And 
 I conferred with" the people of that church, on " the Gospel which 
 I preached among the Gentiles, but apart with them who seemed 
 to be something: lest perhajjs I should run, or had run in vain." 
 
 In another place he names those to whom he here merely alludes. 
 They were James, Cephas, and John, who were, as it were, the pil- 
 lars of the Church. lie, however, learned nothing from them, as 
 he himself also tells us in the same epistle ; Jesus Christ had given 
 him all necessary insti'uction, but as this instruction was given by 
 revelation, it was I'equlsite to teach the world by his example that 
 all revelation must be confronted with the doctrine of the Church, 
 and receive its certainty from her approbation. If this rule had 
 always been observed, there would never have been either visiona- 
 ries or fanatics. 
 
 But to return to the deputation, M'hich was the ostensible occa- 
 sion of this journey, the two apostles " being brought on their way 
 by" several brethren of "the church" of Autiocb, "passed through 
 Phenicia and Samaria, relating the conversion of the Gentiles ; and 
 they caused great joy to all the brethren. And when they were 
 come to Jerusalem, the}' were received by the Church, and by the 
 apostles and ancients, declaring how great things God had done 
 with them. But," said they(l), "there arose some of the sect of 
 the Pharisees that believed, saying : They must be circumcised, and 
 be commanded to observe the law of Moses." 
 
 {a) Gal., ii. 2. 
 
 (1) Said they is added, as though wliat follows had been related both by Paul and 
 Barnabas, and it appears very natural that such should have been the case. The text, 
 in another place, would induce the belief that it was the Jews, wedded to their own 
 laws, who being present at this recital of the two apostles, proposed their difficulty. 
 Neither explanation has any thing to do with the main subject, and each has been enter- 
 tained by good commentators. 
 
CHAP. XV.] ACTS OF TIIE APOSTLES. 661 
 
 The question was proposed, and it became necessary to decide one 
 way or the other. " The apostles and ancients assembled," there- 
 fore, " to consider of this matter. And when there had been much 
 disputing, Peter, rising up, said to them : Men, brethren, you know 
 that in former days God made choice among us, that by my mouth 
 the Gentiles (1) should hear the word of the Gospel, and believe. 
 And God, who knoweth the hearts, gave testimony (2), giving unto 
 them the Holy Ghost as well îis to us, and put no diflerence between 
 us and them, purifying their hearts by faith. Xow, therefore, why 
 tempt you God (3), to put a yoke upon the necks of the disciples, 
 which neither om- fathei-s nor we have been able to bear (4) ? But 
 by the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ," and not by the works of the 
 law, " we believe to be saved, in like manner as they also (5)." 
 
 " And all the multitude held their peace ; and they heard Barna- 
 bas and Paul telling," in order to show that the doctrine just pro- 
 
 (1) Cornelius, and his household, as we have seen in chap. x. 
 
 (2) The testimony here referred to did not immediately relate to the truths announced 
 V'V Peter, but rather to the purification ; or, in other words, the sanctification of the Gen- 
 tiles. The Holy Ghost, by descending visibly upon them, testified that they really were 
 saints, uncircumcised though they were. Hence it followed that neither the whole, nor 
 any part of Judaism was necessary to justification, nor to salvation, which is the fruit 
 thereof. 
 
 (.3) To tempt God is to require or expect from him useless or supei-fluous miracles. 
 It is in the same sense that Jesus Christ himself makes use of this word (Matt., iv.). 
 They to whom St. Peter spoke were exactlj' in the Sime position, for God having suffi- 
 ciently manifested his will by the visible descent of the Holy Ghost upon the uncircum- 
 cised, to demand yet other proofs was to ask of God a new miracle, which the first had 
 rendered superfluous. 
 
 (4) This impossibility signifies no more than a great difFiculty. God himself testifies 
 that many have borne this yoke ; that is to sav, that they have kept the whole law. 
 Of this number were Zachaiy and Elizabetii, of whom it is written that they were both 
 just before God ; " walking in all the commandments and justifications of the Lord with- 
 out blame" (Luke, i. 6). 
 
 (5) III lite mariner as (hey also. St. Augustine understands this iis, our fathers who 
 could only be saved by the grace of Jesus Christ ; and he makes use of this text against 
 Pelagius to prove that without this grace those who are here called our fathers could 
 not be saved, either under the law of nature, or the written law. This dogma is clearly 
 defined, and pertains to faith ; but the proof is only conclusive against those who under- 
 stand this, in like manner as they also as referring to our fathers, rather than to the 
 Gentiles, as most of the commentators do. Perhaps Pelagius took it in the former 
 sense. 
 
662 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XV. 
 
 posed by Peter was the favored of heaven, " what gi-eat signs and 
 wonders God had wrought among the Gentiles by them." 
 
 "And after they had held their peace, James answered, saying: 
 Men, brethren, hear me. Simon hath related how God first visited 
 to take of the Gentiles a people to his name. And to this agree the 
 words of the prophets, as it is written: After these things J will re- 
 tu7'n^ and toill rebuild the taiernacle of David Çl^ which is fallen 
 dcnvn, and the ruins thereof I will rebuild, and I ivill set it iip, that 
 the residue of men may seek after the Lord, and all nations upon 
 whom my name is invoiced (2), saith the Lord who doth these things. 
 To the Lord was his own work known from the beginning." 
 
 Peter had decided ; the miracles related by Paul and Barnabas 
 served to confirm his decision, to which James had subjoined the 
 evidence of the prophecies : it remained only to draw the conclusion, 
 and this was also done by James, who made a proposal, which was 
 unanimously adopted. He therefore continues as follows : 
 
 " For which cause (3) I judge that they, who from among the 
 Gentiles are converted to God, are not to be disquieted, but that we 
 write unto them to refrain themselves from the pollutions of idols (4), 
 and from fornication (5), and from things strangled, and from blood." 
 
 (1) By, the tabernacle of David we understand the Jewish nation, incredulous and 
 condemned, and in consequence thereof dispersed and destroyed. From its scattered 
 fragments, the converted Jews, together with the Gentiles, God shall form a new tab- 
 ernacle of David ; that is to say, a xi&w " people of God," engrafted on the stock of David, 
 whereof the Messiah, the son of David, shall be the everlasting king. 
 
 (2) This prophecy is from Amos, ix. 12. There is a slight difference between the 
 words of the prophet and the quotation given by the apostle ; the difference, however, 
 is not so great as to affect the meaning. 
 
 (3) Fo?- which cause. The prophecy refers only to the vocation of the Gentiles, while 
 the apostle infers frtim it that the Gentiles so called shall not be subjected to the yoke 
 of the Mosaic law. The connection between the principle and the effect is not at first 
 discernible, but a very little reflection will serve to make it manifest. All nations shall 
 be called : therefore circumcision shall be abolished, since it was only instituted in order 
 to distinguish God's chosen people from all others. Now, by the vocation of the Gen- 
 tiles, the people of God was to be formed from all the nations of the earth ; all distinc- 
 tions were, therefore, superfluous, and, amongst others, circumcision, the abolition of 
 which implied that of the whole Jewish law. 
 
 (4) Meats defiled by having been offered to the idols. 
 
 (ô) Tiie Gentiles did not consider fornication a crime, and it is to be feared that many 
 amongst them retained this fatal notion even after they became Christians. 
 
CilAP. XX. 1 Ad's OF THE APOSTLES. . G63 
 
 He theu anticipates the question which might possibly be asked : 
 Why not give a similar prohibition to the converted Jews ? It is 
 because they are already sufficiently instructed on all these points ; 
 " for," he adds, " Moses of old time hath in every city them that 
 preach him in the synagogues, where he is read every Sabbath. 
 Theu it pleased the apostles and ancients with the whole Church (1) 
 to choose men of their own company, and to send them to Antioch 
 with Paul and Barnabas (2), namely, Judas, who was surnamed Bur- 
 sabas, and Silas, chief men among the brethren, writing by their 
 hands : The apostles and ancients (3) brethren (4) to the brethren 
 of the Gentiles that are at Antioch, and in Syria and Cilicia, greet- 
 ing (.5). Forasmuch as we have heard that some, going out from 
 us, have troubled you with words, subverting your souls, to whom 
 we gave no commandment, it hath seemed good to us, being assem- 
 
 (1) The whole Church might hare a voice in the choice of deputies, but not in tlie 
 decision. 
 
 (2) The dispute had commenced with Paul and Barnabas. Tlieir opponents might, 
 consequently, have regarded them as parties concerned, and therefore not to be relied 
 on in this afiair. Assistants were accordingly given them who, not having been present 
 when the question was firet mooted, could not be suspected of favoring either party. 
 
 (3) It is still the same Greek word which the Vulgate translates at one time by an- 
 cients, and at another hj priests, wherefore it is to be inferred that these two words are 
 synonymous. 
 
 It is well known that in those early days the name of priest and that of bishop were 
 given indiscriminately to both. It is very probable that the vast superiority of the apos- 
 tolic order over all the inferior grades made the latter appear almost equal. When once 
 the apostles were removed, bishops assumed their rightful position as the chiefs of the 
 Church, and priests were known as such. Names were no longer used in conmion, and 
 each order was distinguished by its own appellation. 
 
 (4) There are some who translate the ancients and the bretliren. Tiie brethren, thus 
 distinguished from the ancients, can only mean the laity, who, therefore, appear to con- 
 cur with the apostles, and the ancients or priests, in issuing a decree which is at the 
 same time dogmatical and legislative. The necessaiy consequence would be the intro- 
 duction of the democratic principle into ecclesiastical government, wherefore we must 
 say with the Vulgate, the ajiostks and ancients brethren (senioresfratres). It is true that 
 the ordinary Greek text sjiys, the ancients and the brethren ; but there are some very 
 ancient Greek copies wherein we read, as in the Vulgate, the ancients, brethren. It has 
 been long since ascertained that the more ancient the Greek manuscripts are, they are 
 the more conformable to the Vulgate. 
 
 (5) It is thought that this letter was drawn up by St. James. Besides that its con- 
 tents had been furnished by him, it is remarked that he is the only one of the apostles 
 who, in his canonical epistle, makes use of the word greeting, as here found. 
 
6G4 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XV. 
 
 bled togetlier, to choose ont men, and to send tliem unto yon vrith. 
 onr well-beloved Bai-nabas and Paul," two "men that bave given 
 their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. We have sent, 
 therefore, Judas and Silas, who themselves also will by word of 
 mouth tell you the same things" which we have written. " For it 
 hath seemed good to the Holy Ghost and to us(l), to lay no 
 further burden upon you than these necessary things : That you ab- 
 stain from things sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from things 
 strangled, and from fornication (2). From which things keeping 
 yourselves, you shall do well. Fare ye well." 
 
 "They, therefore, being dismissed, went down to Antioch; and 
 gathering together the multitude, delivered the epistle, whicli when 
 they had read, they rejoiced for the consolation, Judas and Silas, 
 being prophets also themselves, with many words comforted the 
 
 (1) And to us. The addition of these words signifies that the apostles were not only 
 the organs of the Holy Ghost, but that they judged with him and as he did : in a word, 
 that the Holy Ghost presided over the assembl}', and that the apostles were as his as- 
 sistants'. Such is the dignity to which God elevates his ministers, and such is the power 
 which he gives unto them. 
 
 When it seemed good unto them, the inference must be that it also seemed good to 
 the Holy Ghost, because of the promises made to the Church, which was represented 
 by their assembly. So it is with every council wherein the Church is represented. 
 
 (2) Of these four prohibitions, there is only one which still subsists, and shall always 
 subsist, viz., that which interdicts fornication. The law whereby it is prohibited is divine, 
 and even natural, according to the opinion of St. Thomas, and most of the theologians. 
 The general reason for giving the three others was a wise condescension to the weakness 
 of the Jews, many of whom could never have brought themselves to enter with the Gen- 
 tiles into the unity of the same church, if they saw them make use of meats which their 
 ancient law forbade, and which long habit had accustomed them to consider as abomina- 
 ble. But there was yet another reason for avoiding meats which had been offered to 
 idols, for to eat of tlie victim [quasi idolotliytum, 1 Cor., Tiii. 7) as such, was to have 
 a share in the sacrifice. It is true that the meat might be eaten without any such bad 
 intention, but there was reason to fear that first impressions, which are never entirely 
 effaced, might revive in many of the Gentiles, so that by eating of those meats they might 
 still fancy that they performed an act of religion. 
 
 These laws ceased to bind when the reasons on which they were grounded ceased to 
 exist. They were observed by the Latin Church for some centuries, and by the Greek 
 Church they are still religiously kept. 
 
 It is by tradition we know that they were not to be of perpetual obligation. If those 
 who reject the authonty of tradition apply the light of reason to this matter, they must 
 necessarily think themselves obliged to observe these laws. 
 
CHAP. XV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. G65 
 
 iDretliren, and confirmed them. And after tliey had spent some 
 time there, they were let go with peace by the brethren unto them 
 that had sent them. But it seemed good unto Silas to remain there, 
 and Judas alone departed to Jerusalem." 
 
 " Paul and Barnabas continued at Antioch, teaching and pi-each- 
 ing with many others the word of the Lord. And after some days, 
 Paul said to Barnabas : Let us return, and visit our brethren in all 
 the cities wherein we have preached the word of the Lord, to see 
 how they do. And Barnabas would have taken with them John 
 also that was surnamed Mark : but Paul desired that he (as having 
 departed from them out of Pamphylia, and not gone with them to 
 the work" of the Lord) "might not be received. And there arose a 
 dissension (1), so that they departed one from another, and Barna- 
 l)as, indeed, taking Mark, sailed to Cyj^rus. But Paul, choosing 
 Silas, departed, being delivered by the brethren to the gi-ace of God. 
 And he went through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the churches : 
 commanding them to kee^^ the precepts of the apostles and the 
 ancients." 
 
 (1) The saints will always whatsoever God wills, but thej' have not always a cer- 
 tain knowledge of what his will is. In that case they are not to be blamed for adhering 
 to their own opinions, because each sincere!}' believes that such is the will of God. 
 
 The guardian angel of Persia resisted for twenty years the angel who spoke to Daniel 
 (Dan., X.). Hence there is a difference of opinion even amongst the angels, yet in them 
 it never gave rise to disunion of hearts. We may believe that such was the case with 
 tlie two apostles. Tlie latter being both persuaded that what they respectively thought 
 was according to God and to reason, were quite right not to yield through complaisance 
 for a colleague. God, who revealed to them so many things, left them in ignorance as 
 to which was right, or which wrong. H« knew that this very uncertainty would be the 
 cause of their separation, which was, at that time, in conformity with his will, to the end 
 that the seed of the word might be scattered in several places at the same time. Judg- 
 ing by the event, both were riirht. The leniency of Barnabas saved Mark from being 
 excluded from the ministrj-, wiiile tlie strictness of Paul excited him to so great an in- 
 crease of fervor, that he was again associated with the apostle of nations, whose appro- 
 bation he merited and obtained. Finally, he attained to so high a degree of sanctity, 
 . that it is said of him, as of St. Peter, that his shadow alone cured the sick. See the 
 Roman Marlijrolojy, Sej>l. 27th. 
 
66G 
 
 THE HISTOEY OF THE 
 
 [chap. XVI. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 TIMOTHY CIRCUMCISED. PAUL FOEBIDDEN BY THE HOLY GHOST TO PEEACH IN ASIA OR 
 
 IN BITHYNIA. HE IS CALLED INTO MACEDONIA. A SORCERESS DISPOSSESSED. — ■ 
 
 PAUL AND SILAS ARE SCOURGED, IMPRISONED, AJJD EXPELLED THE COUNTRY. 
 
 JuDAisji had ceased to bind, as we Lave liad more than once oc- 
 casion to remark ; but it was not, as yet, proscribed. Its ordinances 
 miflit either be observed or omitted at pleasure. The apostles did 
 tliis, but they did it not on the impulse of their own tastes or fan- 
 cies : whether they followed the Mosaic law, or saw fit to dispense 
 therewith, they were guided by a law superior to all others, viz., 
 that of charity. With the Jews, therefore, they observed the prac- 
 tices of Judaism, while, according to circumstances, they conformed 
 to the custonxs of the Gentiles (in things not forbidden by the Chris- 
 tian code) in order to gain them to Jesus Christ. An instance of 
 the foi-mer compliance we are about to see in the most zealous de- 
 fender of evangelical liberty: Paul, who was then visiting the 
 churches founded by him, («) " came to Derbe and Lystra. And 
 behold there was a certain disciple, named Timothy, the son of a 
 Jewish woman that believed, but his father was a Gentile. To this 
 man the brethren that were in Lystra and Iconium gave a good tes- 
 timony. Him Paul would have to go along with him : and taking 
 him he circumcised him, because of the Jews who were in those 
 places ; for they all knew that his father was a Gentile." 
 
 He, therefore, did this through condescension to Ms weaker breth- 
 ren. Timothy, who submitted to this painful operation in order to 
 fit himself for laboring amongst the Jews, showed thereby that his 
 zeal was equal to any trial, and that he was really worthy of the 
 ministry to which he was called. They depai'ted without delay, and 
 " as they passed through the cities, they delivei-ed unto them the 
 decrees for to keep, that were decreed by the apostles and ancients 
 who were at Jerusalem. And the churches were confirmed in 
 foith ;" and delivered from the fear of being brought under the Mo- 
 saic lawj they became every day more numerous. 
 
 (a) Acts, xvi. 1. 
 
CHAP. XVI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTUS. 667 
 
 " And -wlien they had passed through Phrygia and tlie counti-j- of 
 Galatia, they were forljiddeu by the Holy Ghost to preach the word 
 in Asia (1). And when they were come into Mysia, they attempted 
 to go into Bithynia, and the Spirit of Jesus (2) suffered them not. 
 And when they had passed through Mysia, they went down to Tro- 
 as ; and a vision was shewed to Paul in the night, which was a man 
 of ^Macedonia standing and beseeching him, and saying : Pass over 
 into Macedonia, and help us. And as soon as he had seen the vision, 
 immediately we (3) sought to go into Macedonia, being assured that 
 God had called us to preach the Gospel to them. And sailing from 
 Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, and the day 
 following to Xeapolis ; and from thence to Philippi, which is the 
 chief city of part of Macedonia, a colony. And we were in this city 
 some days conferring" with the people of that place. 
 
 " And upon the Sabbath-day we went forth without the gate by 
 a river-side, where it seemed that there was prayer (4) : and sitting 
 down we spoke to the women that were assembled. And a certain 
 woman named Lydia, a seller of purple of the city of Thyatira, one 
 that worshipped God (5), did hear ; whose heart the Lord opened 
 
 (1) People have asked what could be the reason for this prohibition. Some have 
 answered that it was because those nations were reprobate, but the answer is a b;îd one. 
 Catholic theology recognizes none as reprobates, properly speaking, until after death. 
 Let us, therefore, say with St. Chrysostom, and other commentators, that this interdict 
 was only temporary, God seeing fit to postpone the conversion of those nations till a 
 more convenient time : or else that it was personal to St. Paul, because God resened 
 the apostolate of Bith)'nia for St. Peter, and that of Asia for St. John, notwithstanding 
 that St. Paul might have preached there at anotiicr time ; for what is here called Asia 
 was only one particular country, of which Ephesus was the capital. Let this matter be 
 explained as it may, the prohibition did not prevent St. Paul from writing, under the in- 
 spiration.of the Holy Ghost, that God tcill have all men to be saved, and to come to the 
 knowledge of the truth (1 Tim., ii. 4). 
 
 (2) The same who has just been named as the Holy Ghost, who is no less the Spirit 
 of the Son than of the Father. This te.\t serves to prove that he proceeds from the Sou 
 as well as from the P'ather. 
 
 (3) We. St. Luke here begins to speak in the first person, which leads us to think 
 that it was only then he joined St. Paul, and became the companion of his travels. 
 
 (4) The Greek word appears to signify an oratory. The Jews had them near their 
 cities, especially those which had no synagogues. 
 
 (5) Since it is written of Lydia, even before her conversion to Christianity, that she 
 served God, it b natural to conclude that she was a Jewess, or at least a proselyte. 
 
GG8 THE HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. XVI. 
 
 to attend to tliose things wliicli were said by Paul(l). And when 
 she was baptized, and her household, she besought us, saying: If 
 you have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house 
 and abide there. And she constrained us" to lodge there. 
 
 " And it came to pass as we went to prayer, a certain girl, having 
 a pythouical spirit (2), met us, who brought to her masters much 
 gain by divining. This same, following Paul and us, cried out, say- 
 ing : These men are the servants of the most high God, who preach 
 uuto you the way of salvation (3). And this she did many days. 
 But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit : I command 
 thee in the name of Jesus Christ to go out from her. And he (4) 
 went out the same hour." 
 
 This miracle might have converted any well-disposed person, but 
 it enraged those whose interest it was to keep the girl in the pos- 
 session of the evil spirit. " The masters of the girl, seeing that the 
 hope of their gain was gone, apprehending Paul and Silas, brought 
 
 (1) The apostle has said well : That if grace open not the ear of the heart, he is not 
 heard. This grace is usually the fruit of prayer. Let preachers ask it for their liearers, 
 and they for themselves, then shall the seed of the Word bear frait an hundred-fold. 
 
 (2) This spirit was a devil, so called from the name of Apollo Pythian, who had a 
 famous shrine at Delphos, where he gave oracles through the priestesses of the temple. 
 These were called Pythonesses, which name is also given in Scripture to the witch whom 
 Saul consulted. 
 
 (■3) It seems as though this testimony might have assisted the preaching of the Gos- 
 pel, yet Paul stopped it short. We cannot understand all the reasons which induced 
 him to do so, but we know of two, which were in themselves more than sufficient. The 
 first is the example of Jesus Christ when he imposed silence on the demons who an- 
 nounced his divinity ; the other is, that St. Paul was well acquainted with the wiles of 
 Satan, who never speaks the truth but when he can make it subservient to error, or con- 
 ducive to the success of his own wicked purposes. We must except those cases (which 
 are very rare) wherein he was compelled by the power of God to speak. • 
 
 (4) General, or universal propositions, are always subject to correction. Van Dale, 
 an Anabaptist physician, and M. de Fontenelle, who abridged his work, have pretended 
 that all the oracles were, without exception, the tricks and impostures of the pagan 
 priests, without any intervention from the devils. There is no doubt that much of the 
 effect was produced by stratagem ; but it must be acknowledged that it was the devil 
 who spoke through the mouth of this girl, since the Sci-ipture expressly says so. This 
 fact leads us to suppose that there were many others of a similar kind, but even this 
 one instance is quite sufficient to overturn the new thesis referred to ; for, to borrow the 
 words of M. de Fontsnellc : This is one of those cases tvherein the vert/ sliyktest exception 
 destroys the general proposition. 
 
CHAP. XVJ.I ACTS OF TirE APOSTLES. 669 
 
 them into the market-place to the rulers. Aud presenting them to 
 the magistrates, they said : These men disturl) our city, being Jews ; 
 and preach a fashion which it is not lawful for us to receive, nor ob- 
 serve, being Romans. And the people ran together," excited 
 " against them ; and the magistrates, rending off their clothes, com- 
 manded them to be beaten with rods (1). And when they had laid 
 many stripes upon them, they cast them into prison, charging the 
 jailer to keT?p tliem diligently. Who ha^^ng received such a charge, 
 thr.ust them into the inner prison, aud made their feet fast iu the 
 stocks (2)." 
 
 " And at midnight (3) Paul and Silas praj-ing (4), praised God. 
 And they that were in prison heard them. Aud suddenly there 
 was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were 
 shaken. And immediately all the doors were opened, and the bands 
 
 (1) St. Luke mentions only this one flagellation of St. Paul, but he sijfiFered many 
 others. Thrice, says he, was I beaten with rods. Of the Jews five times did I receive 
 forty stripes, save one^{2 Cor., xi.). The Jews were forbidden by their law to give more 
 tlian forty stripes, and, for fear of exceeding that number, they never gave more than 
 thirty-nine. They made use of leather thongs for the purpose, whereas the Romans em- 
 ployed rods; but unlike the Jews, the latter people had no fixed number of lashes pre- 
 scribed by law. 
 
 (2) Slocks. Called b}' the French cejis, a. name which comes from the Latin word 
 eippus. They are hollow pieces of wood, into which the feet of the prisoners are thrust 
 and there made fast. It is said that they are sometimes used as insti-uments of torture. 
 
 (3) It was a common practice amongst the primitive Christians to arise in the night 
 to sing the praises of God. If even the lay brethren did this, we may well believe that 
 the apostles were not unmindful of a practice so good and pious. The latter had indeed 
 learned it of their divine Master, of whom we read in several parts of the Gospel that 
 he spent the night in prayer. This custom, however, dates higher still, for David says 
 of himself: I arose in the night to sing thy praise (Ps. cxviii., ver. G2). It has been 
 perpetuated to our own times by the ministers of religion, and by pious persons of both 
 sexes, who are accustomed to rise during the night to sing matins. It must be owned 
 that within the last century it has fallen so much into disuse amongst us, that there is 
 reason to fear that it may be entirely abolished. I say amongst us, and not in the 
 whole Church, because whatever comes from God and his Spirit, shall subsist within 
 her pale till the end of time ; the works of grace having no less stability than those of 
 nature, which are to last till the final consummation of all things, in so far, at least, that 
 no one kind shall ever be entirely destroyed. 
 
 (4) Though outraged, scourgi^d, covered with wounds, imprisoned, and in chains, still 
 the)' arc as exact in the practice of their devotions as though they were in their lodgings, 
 free and tranquil — what a miracle of fidelity ! They sing, in that condition, hymns and 
 canticles of praise — what a miracle of fortitude ! 
 
670 TIIE HISTORY OP THE [ciIAP. XVI. 
 
 of all were loosed. And the keeper of the prison awcaking out of 
 his sleep, and seeing the doors of the prison open, drawing his 
 sword, would have killed himself (1), supposing that the prisoners 
 had fled." 
 
 " Paul," in the darkness of night, and the obscurity of his dun- 
 geon, could not see what was going forward, but being divinely in- 
 formed of the jailer's design, he "cried with a loud voice, saying: 
 Do thyself no harm, for we are all here. Then cabling for a light, 
 he went in, and trembling, fell down at the feet of Paul and Silas. 
 And bringing them out, he said : Masters, what must I do that I 
 may be saved ? But they said : Believe in the Lord Jesus, and thou 
 shalt be saved, and thy house. And they preached the word of the 
 Lord to him and to all that were in his house. And he, taking them 
 the same hour of the night, washed their stripes ; and himself was 
 baptized, and all his house immediately (2). And when he had 
 brought them into his own house, he l-aiil the table for them, and 
 rejoiced with all his house, believing God." 
 
 Whether it was that the jailer had privately apprised the magis- 
 trates of what had passed during the night, or that the latter began 
 to repent of the cruelty whei-ewith they had treated these strangers, 
 without having any certainty of their guilt, " When the day was 
 come, the magistrates sent the sergeants (3), saying : Let those men 
 go. And the keeper of the prison told these words to Paul : The 
 magistrates have sent to let you go : now, therefore, depart and go 
 in peace. But Paul said to them : They have beaten us publicly, 
 uncondemned, men that are Romans, and have cast us into prison, 
 and now do they thrust us out privately ? Not so ; but let them 
 
 (1) He would kill himself, in order to escape being put to death. We see by this in- 
 stance, together with certain others in this history, that those who had charge of prison- 
 ers wore bound to give them up again under pain of death. 
 
 (2) Were they then sufficiently instructed? Certainly they were, because the Holy 
 Ghost, who accommodates his operations to the circumstances of time, place, and per- 
 sons, had taught them as much in one hour as they might have learned in a month, if 
 tlioy had had so long a time to prepare themselves. 
 
 (3) These were a kind of hussars who walked before the magistrates, bearing axes, 
 wrapped up in bundles of rods, which they untied, either to scourge or to beliead those 
 who were sentenced to undergo either punishment, and sometimes both together. 
 
CHAP. XVI.] ACTS OF TH3C APOSTLES. 671 
 
 come (1), and let us out themselves. And tlie sergeants told these 
 words to the magistrates, and they were afraid (2), hearing that they 
 were Romans. And coming, they besought them ; and bringing 
 them out, they desired them to depart out of the city (3). And 
 they went out of the prison, and entered into the house of Lydia : 
 and having seen the brethren, they comforted them (4), and depart- 
 ed" from Philippi. The few faithful people whom they left there 
 were, as it were, blessed seed, which produced fruits the most abun- 
 dant. Of this we have a proof in the epistle which the apostle wrote 
 to the Philippians, when he was a prisoner at Home, for the fii'st 
 time. 
 
 (1) It was neither pride nor resentment that made St. Paul demand this satisfaction ; 
 it was merely the effect of his zeal, because he considered that his own personal disgrace, 
 if not removed, might in that country be a stain upon the Gospel itself. Besides, a man 
 is not only permitted, but actually obliged, to defend his own honor, according to the 
 saying of the Wise Man : Try to have a good reputation (Eccle., xY\. 15). Nevertheless, 
 it is so hard to exclude all human passion from such a defence, that a Christian, not hav- 
 ing the advantages possessed by St. Paul, should never undertake it without consulting 
 an enlightened director, who will be an impartial judge in the case. 
 
 (2) He would, therefore, have escaped the flagellation, had he, at first, declared him- 
 self a Roman citizen. It was thus that he escaped when the tribune Lysias would have 
 had him scourged, as will be seen (chap. xxii.). We are not to seek for any other mo- 
 tive, on either occasion, than the impulse of the Holy Ghost, who inspired him at one 
 time to submit to the punishment, and again to avoid it. 
 
 (3) Some Greek copies add that they said to them : Depart from this city, lest they 
 again rise up against you, end cannot be quelled. This looks very much like a commen- 
 tary which has found its way into the text. Whatever it may be, it gives a very prob- 
 able reason for urging them to quit the city. 
 
 (4) The afflicted are here the consolers, while they who have suflfered nothing stand 
 in need of consolation. The unction of grace in the former, and in the latter a tender 
 feeling of compassion, are the causes of these opposite effects. The former, especiall)', 
 was a phenomenon which had never yet been seen, and which was just as great a prod- 
 igy in those days as the wondrous cures and resurrections cfiected by the apostles. 
 
672 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XVII. 
 
 CHAPTER XVn. 
 
 PEEACniNG AT TITESSALONICA. A TUJITTLT CAUSED ET THE JEWS. — ST. PAUL IN 
 
 ATHENS. ins DISCOURSE m THE AREOPAGUS FOLLOWED BY THE CONVEESION 
 
 OF DENIS THE AEEOPAGITE. 
 
 Paul and Silas (for it does not appear that tlie apostle had then 
 any other companions, and from the manner in which St. Luke 
 speaks, it is sufficiently evident that he was not of the party), Paul, 
 then, and Silas, " (a) when they had passed through Amphipolis and 
 Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue 
 of the Jews. And Paul, according to his custom, went in unto them ; 
 and for three Sabbath-days he reasoned with them out of the Scrip- 
 tures, declaring and insinuating that the Christ was to suffer (1) 
 and to rise again from the dead ; and that this is Jesijs Christ," said 
 he, " whom I preach to you. And some of them believed, and were 
 associated to Paul and Silas, and of those that served God (2), and 
 of the Gentiles a great multitude, and of noble women not a few." 
 
 " But the Jews, moved with envy, and taking unto them some 
 wicked men of the vulgar sort, and making a tumult, set the city in 
 an uproar : and besetting Jason's house, sought to bring them out 
 unto the people. And not finding them, they drew Jason and cer- 
 tain brethren to the rulers of the city, crying : They that set the 
 city in an uproar are come hither also, whom Jason hath received j 
 and these all do contrary to the decrees of Ctesar, saying that there 
 
 (a) Acts, xvii. 1. 
 
 (1) It is so clearly proved in Scripture that Christ was to suffer, that some of the 
 Jews, who could not deny the fact, liave been reduced to the necessity of imagining two 
 Christs, or two Messiahs — the one suffering and humble, the other glorious and trium- 
 phant. The latter is he whom they still expect. " Tlie former is already come," say 
 they, " and is concealed in Rome, amongst the poor, with whom he eats the bread of 
 charity." 
 
 (2) The Greek has it, a great iiumher of Gentiles, serving God, that is to say, Gentile 
 proselytes. They are here separated, after the Vulgate ; and if they are made two dis- 
 tinct classes, then those that served God are the proselytes, and the Gentiles are those 
 who wej-e still idolaters till they were converted by the preaching of St. Paul. 
 
CHAP. X^n.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 673 
 
 is another king, Jestjs. And they stii-red up the people ; and the 
 rulei-s of the city hearing these things, and having taken satisfaction 
 of Jason, and of the rest (1), they let them go. But the brethren 
 immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night unto Berea : -who 
 when they were come thither went into the synagogue of the Jews. 
 Now these were more noble than those in Thessalonica, who receiv- 
 ed the word •n-ith all eagerness, daily searching the Scriptures (2), 
 whether these things were so," even as they told them. " And many 
 indeed of them believed, and of honorable women that were Gen- 
 tiles, and of men not a few. And when the Jews of Thessalonica 
 had knowledge that the word of God was also preached by Paul at 
 Berea, they came thither also, stirring up and troubling the midti- 
 tude. And then immediately the brethren sent away Paul, to go 
 unto the sea ; but Silas and Timothy remained there," the latter, it 
 would seem, having followed them thither. " And they that con- 
 ducted Paul, brought him as far as Athens, and i-eceiving a com- 
 
 (1) It was the magistrates whom Jason satisfied, and not either the Jews or those 
 whom thev had stirred up, all of whom were people who were incapable of reasoning. 
 Many commentators are of opinion that in this satisfaction given by Jason, lie took upon 
 liim to answer for Paul and Silas. That, however, seems very improbable, for if Jason 
 had, given anv such security, it is not at all likely that St. Paul would have made his 
 escape, as he did on the following night, leaving his host in such a cruel predicament. 
 It is much more probable that Jason satisfied the magistrates by force of reasoning, his 
 arguments being seconded, perhaps, by an assurance that Paul and Silas should imme- 
 diately quit the city. 
 
 (2) A Jew who undertakes to test by Scripture the truth of the Christian religion, 
 has a right to seek out those texts which he is told establish its divine origin, and to see 
 for himself whether their meaning is such as it was represented to him. Such was the 
 case with the Jews of Berea, in regard to St. Paul. But it does not follow, as Protest- 
 ants say (in abuse of this example), that these Jewish converts were at liberty to discuss 
 
 every article of faith by Spripture, and to form a creed for themselves on their own pri- 
 vate interpretation. The difference is very easily seen. The Jew, before his conversion, 
 is in quest of the true religion, and he has a right to examine whether that which is pro- 
 posed to him has the distinctive marks thereof After his conversion, he h;is found and 
 embraced it, and it only remains for liim to believe what it teaches, and to do what it 
 ordains. Otherwise he should contradict himself, since, after having been convinced of 
 its truth, he should still doubt whether it was not false. 
 
 It is, nevertheless, permitted to seek in the Scriptures the proof of dogmas decided by 
 the Church, so as to ascerUiin the foundations on which her decisions rest, to penetrate 
 farther into their meaning, in order to explain them to the people, and to refute those 
 who oppose them, but never with a view to reform or amend them. 
 
 43 
 
674 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [chap. xvn. 
 
 mandment from him to Silas and Timotliy, that they should come 
 to him with all sjjeed, they departed." 
 
 " Now whilst Paul waited for them at Athens, his spirit was stirred 
 within him, seeing the city wholly given to idolatry (1). He dis- 
 puted, thei'efore, in the synagogue with the Jews, and with them 
 that served God, and in the market-place, every day with them that 
 were there. And certain philosophers of the Epicureans and of the 
 Stoics disputed with him, and some said : What is it that this word- 
 sower would say (2) ? But others : He seemeth to be a setter forth 
 of new gods ; because he preached to them Jesus and the resurrec- 
 tion. And taking him, they brought him to Areopagus (3), saying : 
 May we know what this new doctrine is which thou speakest of? 
 For thou bringest in certain new things to our ears. We would 
 know, therefore, what these things mean. (Now all the Athenians, 
 and the strangers that were there, employed themselves in nothing 
 else but either in telling or in hearing some new thing.)" 
 
 " But Paul, standing in the midst of Ai'eopagus, said : Ye men of 
 
 (1) Athens was the most intellectual city in the -world, but it was, at the same time, 
 the most idolatrous ; that is to say, the most senseless, in regard to religion. Religion 
 is in no way the ofispring of the human mind, which can never meddle with it without 
 marring its divine beauty, and the more intellect the innovator has, he is the more prone 
 to extravagance, seeing that the greater the genius, it is the more tinctured with human 
 reason. 
 
 (2) The Latin word, like the Greek, literally signifies a word-sower. They themselves 
 were nothing else, so that this name was more applicable to them than to any other per- 
 sons : these philosophers were, in reality, the most useless of all men. If the whole race 
 had perished, the State would have sustained less loss than in being deprived of one 
 good laborer. 
 
 (3) Arcopaffus, a Greek word which might be translated by the hill of Mars, and 
 which was one of the divisions of the cit}'. The senate of Athens sat there, either in the 
 temple of Mars, or some neighboring edifice ; for which reason the senate itself received 
 the name of Areopagus. It is not decided whether St. Paul was brought before the 
 tribunal, or simply into that district, so as to be heard by a greater number of people, 
 seeing that it was at all times the most crowded portion of the city. 
 
 This then was the fii-st of those three grand theatres whereon God had decreed that 
 St. Paul should have the glory of confessing his name : the Areopagus in Athens, the 
 grand council of the Jews in Jerasalem, and the presence of Cœsar in Rome. On these 
 three occasions he thus had to contend against all the refinement and subtlety of intel- 
 lect, the imbridled fmy of evil passions, and the formidable aiTay of human power at its 
 utmost height. What confidence he must have had, and how well might he say, as he 
 has done : / can do all things in Ilvni who strengthenelh me (Phil., iv. 13). 
 
CHJkJf. XTII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 67') 
 
 Athens, I perceive that in all things you are too superstitious. For, 
 passing by and seeing your idols, I found an altar also on which was 
 written : To the Uxkxown God (1). What therefore you woi-- 
 ship without knowing it, that I i)reach to you. God who made the 
 world and all things therein, he Leing Lord of heaven and earth, 
 dwelleth not in temples made with hands (2) ; neilher is he served 
 with men's hands, as though he needed any thing, seeing it is he 
 who giveth to all life, and breath, and all things. And hath made 
 of one, all mankind, to dwell upon the whole face of the earth, de- 
 termining appointed times, and the limits of their habitation, that 
 they should seek God, if happily they may feel (3) after him and find 
 him ; although he be not far away from every one of us : for in him 
 we live, and move, and be ; as some also of your own poets said : J^of 
 xoe are also his offspring (4). Being, therefore, the offspring of 
 God (5), we must not suppose the divinity to be like imto gold or 
 silver, or stone, the graving of art and device of man (6). And God 
 
 (1) St. Jerome says that this altar was dedicated to the unknown f/ods, in the plural. 
 It is true that there was one at Athens with that inscription, but from the way in which 
 St. Paul speaks we cannot doubt but there was also one to tlie unknown God, in. the 
 singular. Lucian, or whoever the author of the Philopatris may be, speaks of having 
 seen it. What idea the Athenians hud of this God, and for what purpose they raised 
 an altar to him, can now be onl}' conjectured. Whatever thev may have thought of it, 
 if we take Ihe inscription just as it stands, we must admit that St. Paul was perfectly 
 correct in his application of it to the true God. That name belongs to him alone ; and 
 of all those to whom the Athenians gave it, he was the only one whom they knew not. 
 
 This exordium of the apostle is very ingenious ; while its real object was to destroy 
 all the gods of the Athenians, its apparent purpose was to make them acquainted with 
 one more, whom they knew not before. 
 
 (2) God resides in a special manner in the temples which arc consecrated to him, but 
 he is not confined thereto. This is what St. Paul means, and his remark is intended for 
 the instruction of the pagans, who knew of no other presence of their gods than that b_v 
 which thoy were really present in the places which they occupied. 
 
 (3) Although God is invisible, he may be known by reasoning and reflection, which 
 aie, :i.s it were, the groping (or feeling) of the soul, just as a blind man may find the 
 various articles of furniture in his room by groping. 
 
 (4) This quotation is from Aratus, a Greek poet and astronomer. lie has left a poem 
 on j)henomenons, which Cicero translated into Latin verse. 
 
 (o) The offspring of God, that is to say, his works, for it is not of his own substance 
 that God forms bodies or souls. 
 
 (0) The workman is always superior to his work. Therefore if man, considered with 
 regard to his spirit, which is his noblest part, cannot be represented by figures of stone 
 
676 THE mSTOIlY OF TIIE [ciIAP. XVU. 
 
 indeed having winked at the times of this ignorance, now declareth 
 unto men that all should everywhere do penance, because he hath 
 appointed a day wherein he will judge the world in equity, by the 
 man whom he hath ajipointed ; giving faith to all, by raising him 
 up from the dead." 
 
 " And when they had heard of the resurrection of the dead, some 
 indeed, mocked; but others said: We Avill hear thee again (1) con- 
 cerning this matter. So Paul went out from among them (2). But 
 certain men adhering to him, did believe ; among whom was also 
 Dionysius the Areopagite (3), and a woman named Damaris, and 
 others with them." 
 
 or metal, how much less God, who, being the creator of spirits, must be of all other 
 spirits the purest, and, if one may say so, the most spiritual. This is the drift of St. 
 Paul's argument. 
 
 Nevertheless God may be represented under the different figin-es in which Scripture 
 describes him as having appeared to men. Still it must not be imagined that these 
 figures resemble him, as the pagans believed their idols to be the images of their gods. 
 
 Catholics have never imagined that the Holy Ghost resembled a dove, though they 
 represent him under that form. 
 
 (1) There was no other opportunity for them ; and how many souls have perished for 
 neglecting to profit by the tirst opportunity given them ! 
 
 (2) Some interpreters think that this was a formal denunciation, like that of Socrates, 
 and that St. Paul's life was at stake. This is not at all probable, for such a denuncia- 
 tion, hurled against a tribunal so solemn, would have ended either in a condemnation or 
 acquittal, and not by laughter and an appointment to meet again. 
 
 (3) It is now admitted that St. Denis, bishop and apostle of Paris, was not the Are- 
 opagite. The only thing known of the latter is that ho was the first bishop of Athens, 
 and that he suffered martyrdom, some say under Adrian, others (with more probability), 
 under Domitian. 
 
CHAP. XVIU.] ACTS OF TJIE APOSTLES. 677 
 
 CHAPTER XVllL 
 
 PAUL PREACHES THE GOSPEL IX COKINTH AXD AFTEEWAKDS IN EPUESUS. — APOLLO. 
 
 Athens had received the seed, and the apostle had gathered the 
 fii-st-fruits thereof. It was time to extend it to another country, 
 wherein it was to produce an abundant harvest, even under his own 
 eyes, (a) " After these things, departing from Athens, he came to 
 Corinth. And finding a certain Jew, named Aquila, born in Pon- 
 tus, lately come from Italy, with Priscilla his wife" (they had left 
 Italy, "because that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart 
 from Rome) (1), he came to them. And because he Avas of the 
 same trade, he remained "with them, and wrought (2) : (now they 
 were tent-makers by trade.)" 
 
 (a) Acts, xviii. 1. 
 
 (1) Suetonius saj-s that the Jews were expelled from Rome because of the disturb- 
 ance they had raised there, impuhore Chresto, at the mstigation of direst. Here, in two 
 ■words, we find as inan_v blunders : one in the name of Jesus Christ, whom he calls 
 Chrest, and the other in the time of his death, which happened many years previous to 
 these troubles which he attributes to his instigation. We find here, however, the true 
 cause of this expulsion : it was nothing else than the rising up of the unbelieving Jews 
 against their brethren who had embraced the faith of Christ, whereupon Claudius ban- 
 ished them all, without pausing to examine which was right or which wrong. It ap- 
 pears, notwithstanding, that their banishment was not of long duration, for when St. Paul 
 first went to Rome, he found Jews established there ; and we learn from his epistle to 
 the Romans, which was written previous to that first visit, that Aquila and his wife had 
 returned to Rome, since he sends his greeting to them. 
 
 (2) He had learned this trade, m conformity with the custom of the Pharisees, who 
 were obliged by their own regulations to learn and practice some mechanical art : a very 
 laudable custom, whelher their purpose was to secure a livelihood, or merely to avoid 
 idleness. Paid wrought, says St. Chrysostom, speaking of this subject, and he preached. 
 Well may we be ankamed — we who neither preach nor do any thing else. 
 
 He labored to the end that he might not be a burden to the faithful, though he was 
 entitled to have his support from them. Many there are who fatten on the wealth of 
 the Church without doing aught to ser\'e her. What a contrast is here ! 
 
 We have already remarked that not one of the distinctive virtues of Christianity shall 
 ever entirely disappear. St. Paul, therefore, shall always have imitators in his noble dis- 
 interestedness ; and religion h;is still and always ministers who are generous enough to 
 serve her, not merely without any hope of gain, but at their own expense. 
 
678 TIIE IIISTOKT OF THE [cHAP. XVHI. 
 
 " And he reasoned in the synagogue every Sabbath, bringing in 
 the name of the Lord Jescs, and he persnaded the Jews and the 
 Greeks. And when Silas and Timothy were come from Macedonia, 
 Paul was earnest in preaching, testifying to the Jews that Jestts is 
 the Christ. But they gainsaying and blaspheming, he shook his 
 garments (1), and said to them: Your blood be upon your own 
 heads (2) : I am clean ; from henceforth I will go unto the Gentiles." 
 
 Though thus obliged to give them up, yet a lingering remnant of 
 hope induced him to remain near them. " Departing thence, he en- 
 tered into the house of a certain man named Titus Justus, one that 
 worshipped God, whose house was adjoining to the synagogue." 
 
 The ol>stinate incredulity of the people coidd not hinder him from 
 gathering the most precious spoils. " Crispus, the ruler of the syna- 
 gogue, believed in the Lord with all his house : and many of the 
 Corinthians hearing, believed, and were baptized:" the greater 
 number by the hands of Paul's associates. («) " I have baptized 
 none of you," wrote he to the Corinthians, " but Crispus and Caius : 
 
 and I baptized also the house of Stephanus : 1 know not 
 
 whether I baptized any other." He then proceeds to give the rea- 
 son : " For Christ sent me not to baptize (3), but to preach the 
 Gospel." 
 
 We have no detailed account of what St. Paul suffered in Corinth ; 
 but we know from his own testimony that he had to suffer a great 
 
 (a) 1 Cor., i. 14. 
 
 (1) A sign both of detestation and of imprecation, of wliicli we find many examples 
 in Scripture. Its meaning is expressed by those words of Nehemiah : / shook my lap 
 (ray clothes), and said : So may God shake every man that shall not accomplish this 
 word, out of his house, and out of his labors ; thus may he le shaken out, and become 
 empty. And all the multitude said : Amcjt (2 Esdras, v. 13). 
 
 (2) That is to say, let your destruction be attributed only to yourselves. St. Paul 
 was innocent of it, since he had done his utmost to save them. If he had not, he would 
 have been guilty of it, and God would have required of him an account of their blood, 
 according to the words of Ezechiel, quoted by the apostle in this place, and also in 
 chap. XX. 
 
 (3) It would be very desirable if such a distribution of labor could be made in our 
 days, so that in our apostolical expeditions, those who preached might not have to hear 
 confessions. Both duties would then be belter performed, and the priests would not be 
 overtasked, as they now too often are. 
 
CUAF. XYlll.'] ACTS OF TITE APOSTLES. 679 
 
 deal. («) " I was •with you," lie again wrote to the Corinthians, " in 
 weakness, and in fear, and in much trembling." The Lord permitted 
 this to be so, lest he might begin to confide in himself, and to the 
 end that his confidence in him should be firm and unwavering. It 
 was to strengthen it still more that " the Lord said to Paul in the 
 night by a vision : Do not fear but speak, and hold not thy j^eace, 
 because I am with thee ; and no man shall set upon thee to hurt 
 thee ; for I have much peojile in this city. And he stayed there a 
 year and six months, teachmg among them the word of God," 
 
 The effect followed close upon the promise, and the event verified 
 the prophecy. " When Gallio (1) was j^roconsul of Achaia, the Jews 
 with one accord rose up against Paul, and brought him to the judg- 
 ment-seat, saying: This man pereuadeth men to worship God con- 
 trary to the law. And when Paul was beginning to open his mouth, 
 Gallio said to the Jews : K it were some matter of injustice, or an 
 heinous deed, O you Jews, I should with reason bear with you. But 
 if they be questions of words (2) and names, and of yom* law, look 
 you to it : I will not be judge of such things. And he drove them 
 from the judgment-seat." It is more than probable that St. Paul 
 immediately withdrew. Being unable, therefore, to vent theii* fury 
 on him, they " all (3) laying hold on Sosthenes, the ruler of the syn- 
 
 (a) 1 Cor., ii. 3. 
 
 (1) Titus Annœus Gallio, brother of Seneca the pliilosoplier. He had been adopted 
 by one Gallio, whose name he assumed, according to the usual custom. Through the 
 influence of his brother he obtained the proconsulate of Achaia. He was afterwards in- 
 volved in his brother's disgrace, and died by his own hand. His success in this matter 
 was the real cause of his misfortune. The fortunes of men are but too often subject to 
 such reverses. 
 
 (2) It is not easy to say what he meant by these wordx and names ; perhaps he 
 scarcely knew himself. Still, it might be that he had heard that the question wiis, 
 whether the names of Christ and of Messiah did or did not apply to Jesus Christ. A 
 pagan might well consider that a mere question of names. 
 
 (3) The ordinary Greek says that it was the Greeks who beat Sosthenes. The -frord 
 Greeks, however, appears to have been added to the text, for it is not found either in the 
 Vulgate or in the more ancient Greek manuscripts. It is more probable, therefore, that 
 Sosthenes was beaten by the Jews on account of his declared attachment to St. Paul. 
 It is the opinion of the Church that he made a merit of the blows ho then received, by 
 whicl^he consecrated the first-fruits of his faith. See the Roman Marlyrology, Nov. 28. 
 
680 THE HISTORY OF THE [ciIAP. XA^III. 
 
 agogue (1), Ibeat tira before tlie judgment-seat : and Gallio cared 
 for none of those things (2)." 
 
 "Paul," notwithstanding this storm, "stayed yet many days," 
 when "taking his leave of the brethren," he "sailed thence into 
 Syria (and with him Priscilla and Aquila), having shorn his head in 
 Cenchra : for he had a vow (3). And he came to EphesiTs, and 
 left" his companions " there. But he himself, entering into the syn- 
 agogue, disjjuted with the Jews. And when they," being better dis- 
 posed than the others, " desired him that he would tarry a longer 
 time, he consented not. But taking his leave, and saying: I will 
 return to you again, God willing, he departed from Ephesus. And 
 going down to Cesarea, he went up to Jerusalem^ and saluted the 
 Church, and so came down to Antioch. And after he had spent 
 some time there, he departed, and went through the country of Ga- 
 latia and Phrygia, in order, confirming all the disciples (4)." 
 
 (1) Crispus is also called ruler of the synagogue. It follows that the S3'nagogue must 
 have had more than one ruler, or that otherwise there must have been more than one 
 synagogue m Corinth. If the latter were the case, each of them would more likely be 
 called inaler of a synagogue than of the synagogue. 
 
 (2) Gallio has been commended for his clemency, because he refused to hear the ac- 
 cusers of St. Paul ; for his discretion, because he would not venture to decide on a dif- 
 ference of religion ; and, perhaps, for his prudence, in declining to meddle with a matter 
 of which he knew nothing. His indifference, however, at sight of the outrage offered to 
 Sosthenes shows very plainly the true motive of his conduct : he had a supreme con- 
 tempt for the Jews and all that concerned them. 
 
 (3) Regarding the text only, it is doubtful whether it was Aquila or St. Paul who had 
 his head sliorn. All the commentators agree in understanding it of St. Paul, and we 
 have taken the same view. This vow was that of the Nazarenes, and consisted in allow- 
 ing the hair to grow, and to abstain from wine and all other intoxicating liquors as long 
 as the vow lasted. If it happened that, before the time was expired, the person con- 
 tracted any legal impurity, the time already past counted for nothing, but the fulfilment 
 of the vow had again to be commenced. At the conclusion, sacrifice was offered, ac- 
 cording to the ordinance in the Book of Numbers (chap. vi.). It was through conde- 
 scension to the Jews that St. Paul practised this Jewish devotion, which was not at all 
 obligatory. He made this vow, then, at Cenchra, which was the eastern port of Corinth, 
 when on the point of landing ; if, perchance, he had done it sooner, he might have con- 
 tracted some legal impurity which would have obliged him to make it over again ; for 
 we know not precisely of what nature this defilement was. 
 
 (4) Pastoral visits, which are the indispensable means of con-ecting evil and preserv- 
 ing that which is good. Their principal object is to examine into the conduct of the 
 ministers of the second order, which can only be done by visiting the places where they 
 
CHAP. X\"in.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 681 
 
 " Xow a certain Jew, named Apollo, born at Alexandria, an elo- 
 quent man, came to Ephesus, one mighty in tlie Scriptures (1). Tliis 
 man was instructed in the way of the Lord : and being fervent in 
 spii-it, spoke, and taught diligently the things that are of Jesus, 
 knowing only the baptism of John (2). This man, therefore, began 
 to speak boldly in tlie synagogue ; whom when Priscilla and Aquila 
 had heard, they took him to them, and expounded to him the way 
 of the Lord more diligently (3). And whereas he was desirous to 
 go to Achaia, the brethren exhorting wrote to the disciples to receive 
 him. "\ATio, when he was come, helped them much who had be- 
 lieved, for with niuch vigor he convinced the Jews openly, showing 
 by the Scriptures that Jesus is the Christ. 
 
 He thus (a) watered what Paul had planted, and God so blessed 
 his labors that amongst the foithfid of Corinth each one said : 
 (b) " I indeed am of Paul ; and I am of Apollo ; and I of Cephas." 
 
 (a) 1 Cor., iii. C. • (b) 1 Cor., i. 12. 
 
 reside, so as to admonish them if they are found neglecting their duty ; or, on the other 
 hand, if they do fulfil their duty, and meet with opposition, it is necessary to support 
 them with all the weight of episcopal authority. 
 
 (1) Mi gilt y , that is to say, not only well versed in the Scriptm-cs, but also knowing 
 how to use them efficaciously. The word skilful or versed in the Scriptures, though given 
 here by most translators, expresses no more than half the meaning. 
 
 (2) We shall soon see th U there were many others in the same error, or rather in the 
 same itrnorance. These had received in Judea the baptism of John, or it miglit be that 
 some of the disciples of John had come to Ephesus to confer with them ; this is a matter 
 of which nothing is known, nor is it one of any great importance. 
 
 (.3) Apollo, though so well versed in Scripture, Icams a fundamental truth from two 
 lay persons, an humble artisan and his wife. These latter, who were simple and illit- 
 erate, had learned it from St. Paul, without any other trouble than that of listening with 
 attention and docility. Study, without the instruction of pastors, is not enough, even hv 
 the learned ; whereas the teaching of pastors is quite sufficient, without any study, to 
 enlighten and instruct even the most simple. Thus the latter are conducted, without an 
 effort, to the knowledge of all saving truths, while the former are secured against the 
 inflation of learning, and the wanderings of their own wayward fancies. An adminible 
 means, proper for all men, as it is necessary for all. How can men be so blind to this 
 truth as to leave faith to the discussion of the laity, that is to say, to all the blunders of 
 ignorance, and to all the vagaries of the imagination ? 
 
 Nevertheless Apollo's erudition was not useless to hira. 'When once fully instructed, 
 he was qualified thereby to become a doctor oC the Church, which Priscilla or Aquila 
 could never be. 
 
682 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XIX. 
 
 St. Paul justly condemns tliese distinctions, because that by attaching 
 themselves too much to their respective teachers or masters, they 
 were in danger of forgetting Jesus Christ, the Master of masters, and 
 tlie chief pastor of all. Still we learn by this text the high esteem 
 in which Apollo was held, since he was, in some degi-ee, placed on 
 a par with the j^rince of the apostles. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE BAPTISM OF JOim INSUFFICIENT. MEKACLES OPERATED BY THE MERE TOrCH- 
 
 ING OF THE GARMENTS OF ST. PAUL. JEWISH EXORCISTS BEATEN AND ABUSED 
 
 BY THE DEVILS. BOOKS BURNED. — SEDITION EXCITED BY THE SILVERSMITH DE- 
 METRIUS. 
 
 God did will what his apostle had promised only on condition 
 that he should. " And it came to pass while Apollo was at Corinth, 
 that Paul," faithful both to God and man, (a) "having passed through 
 the upper coasts (1)" of Asia, " came to Ephesus, and found certain 
 disciples. And he said to them ; Have you received the Holy Ghost 
 since ye believed ? But they said to him : We have not so much 
 as heard whether there be a Holy Ghost. And he said : In what (2), 
 then, were you baptized ? Who said : In John's baptism (3). Then 
 
 (n) Acts, xix. 1. 
 
 (1 ) These provinces are Galatia and Phrygia, already spoken of in the 23d verse of the 
 preceding chapter. They are situated to the no:th of Ephesus, whicli was, as it were, 
 the capital of Asia Minor : it is with reference to tWs situation that they are here called 
 the upper coasts. 
 
 (2) Does this question, then, mean that they could not have received true, that is to 
 say, Christian baptism, without ha'iing heard that there was a Holy Ghost ? St.. Paul 
 had them afterwards baptized, and it is said on that occasion that the;/ were baiHized in 
 the name of the Lord Jesus. In this baptism, then, which is said in the Acts to have 
 been given in the name of the Lord Jesus, the Holy Ghost, and consequently all the 
 three divine persons, were expressly named. We had before promised to give this proof, 
 and it appears to us imanswerable. ' 
 
 (3) Protestants have pretended that the baptism of John had the same virtue as that 
 
CHAP. SIX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 683 
 
 Paul said: Jolin l>a])tized the people with the baptism of penance, 
 saying that they should believe in him who was to come after 
 him (1), that is to say, in Jesus. Having heard these things, they 
 were bajiti7.ed in the name of the Lord Jesus, and Avlien Paul had 
 imposed his hands ou them, the Holy Ghost came upon them, aud 
 they spoke with tongues aud prophesied. And all the men were 
 about twelve. And entering into the synagogue, he spoke boldly 
 for the space of three months, disputing" with the Jews, " and ex- 
 horting" them " concerning the kingdom of God." These Jews, as 
 we have already remarked, were better disposed than those of other 
 countries ; and it appears that the greater number of them heard 
 him favorably. Xevertheless, " when some were hai'dened and be- 
 lieved not, speaking evil of the way of the Lord before the multi- 
 tude, departing from them (2), he separated the disciples, disputing 
 daily ra the school of one Tyranuus. Aud this continued for the 
 space of two yeai-s, so that all they who dwelt in Asia heard the 
 word of the Lord, both Jews and Gentiles." 
 
 " And God wi-ought by the hand of Paul more than common mir- 
 acles ; so that even there were brought from his body to the sick 
 handkerchiefs (3) and aprons, and the diseases deparied from them, 
 
 of Jesus Christ, and that it was also administered in the name of the three divine per- 
 sons ; we cannot imagine whence they derive such a notion. If these two baptisms had 
 been exactly alike in form and in efficacy, would Apollo, hiowinr/ only ihe baptism of 
 John, have required further instruction ? And those Ephesians, of whom mention is 
 here made, would they have answered that they had never even heard that there was a 
 Holy Ghost, if tliey had lieard him named in the formula of their baptism ? It is this 
 error which has called forth that canon of the Council of Trent (Scss. 7) : If any one 
 say that the baptism of John had tlie same virtue as tliat of Jesus Christ, let him le an- 
 athemn. 
 
 (1) We learn from these words of St. Paul that St. John required of those whom he 
 baptized, explicit faith in the near approach of the promised Messiah, from whom they 
 were to expect that remission of their sins for which his baptism was but a remote pre- 
 paration. It was for this reason, doubtless, that the title by which John usually men- 
 tioned him was the Lamb toho tal-eth array the sins of the world. 
 
 (•2) This was not a flight, but only a prudent retre;U in order to save the unbelievers 
 from fresh blasphemy, and the neophytes from temptation. This caution was scarcely 
 to be expected from a man of Paul's ardent temperament, and we must conclude that 
 through signal grace he had obtained this great ^-ictory over himself. 
 
 (3) In Latin, sudaria, which could only be translated literally by the word shrouds 
 (suaires), and this, amongst us, is only applied to the garment wherein a dead body is 
 
684 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XIX. 
 
 and tlie wicked spirits went out of" the bodies of tlie possessed. 
 "Now some also of the Jewish exorcists (1) who went about, attempt- 
 ed to invoke, over them that had e\-il spirits, the name of the Lord 
 Jesus, saying: I conjure you by Jesus, whom Paul preacheth. And 
 there were certain men, seven sons of Sceva (2), a Jew, a chief priest, 
 that did this. But the wicked spirit, answering, said to them : Je- 
 sus I know, and Paul I know ; but who are you ? And the man in 
 whom the wicked spirit was, leaping u23on them (3), and mastering 
 them both, prevailed against them, so that they fled out of that 
 house naked and wounded. And this became known to all the 
 Jews and the Gentiles that dwelt at Ephesus ; and fear fell on them 
 all, and the name of the Lord Jesus was magnified. And many of 
 them that believed, came confessing (4) and declaring their deeds. 
 
 wrapped up. Amongst the ancients the word sudarmm signified what was used to wipe 
 off sweat. Semicinclia has been translated by ojnons, and it is very probable that St. 
 Paul wore them when employed in making tents. But what is more important is the 
 fact that relics here wrought incontestable miracles. What can Protestants say to this ? 
 
 (1) We have already observed that there were amongst the Jews exorcists, who suc- 
 cessfully employed agauist the demons certain forms of conjuration which had come 
 down from Solomon. 
 
 (2) So called, either because he was the head of one of the twenty-four sacerdotal 
 families, or because he was the chief of the sacerdotal order in Ephesus. 
 
 (3) When John said to Jesus : " Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name, 
 who followeth not us, and we forbade him ; Jesus said : Do not forbid him (Mark, i.\. 
 37, 38). This was tantamomit to an approval of what the man had done, and yet we 
 cannot doubt but that on this occasion he disapproved of an action precisely similar, 
 since he allowed the devils to give them such hard treatment. Yes ; but, in the first 
 place, circumstances might alter the case so materially that what, in one instance, might 
 be favorable to the establishment of tlie faith, might, in the other, have a contrary effect ; 
 secondly, a difference of intention might cause an essential difference in the act. The 
 man whom Jesus would not hinder, might act from the germ of faith that was in him, 
 and with the sole purpose of relieving those whom he exorcised. The sons of Sceva 
 might, on the other hand, regard the invocation of the name of Jesus as a sort of secret 
 and receipt ; they might seek only the glory of succeeding in their exorcisms, and ap- 
 parently the profit to be gained by that success. In this case they well desers'ed the 
 treatment which they got. 
 
 (4) The Latin and Greek properly signify that they announced their sins, that is to 
 say, that they made a public confession of them. They did this through fervor, and to 
 humble themselves the more ; for public confession was never of precept. Hence the 
 Council of Trent makes use of this text only to prove the necessity of sacramental con- 
 fession. 
 
CHAP. SIX.] ACTS OF THE AP03TLKS. 685 
 
 And many of tliem who had followed curious arts (1), brought to- 
 gether their books, and burnt them (2) before all ; and counting the 
 price of them, they found the money to be fifty thousand pieces of 
 silver (3). So mightily grew the word of God and was confirmed." 
 
 " And when these things were ended, Paul purposed in the spirit, 
 when he had passed through Macedonia and Achaia, to go to Jeru- 
 salem, saying : iVfter I have been there I must see Rome also. And 
 sending" beforehand " into Macedonia two of them that ministered 
 to him, Timothy and Erastus, he himself remained for a time in 
 Asia." 
 
 " Now at that time there arose no small disturbance about the 
 way of the Lord, for a certain man named Demetrius, a silvei-smith, 
 who made silver temples (4) for Diana, brought no small gain to 
 the craftsmen, whom ho calling together, with the workmen of like 
 occupation, said: Sirs, you know that our gain is by this trade. 
 You see and hear that this Paul by persuasion hath drawn away a 
 
 (1) Magic, the most abominable of all sciences. The ancients merely gave it the 
 name of the curious science, because of the natural inclination of all men to gloss over 
 their crimes by giving them names which seem to lessen their turpitude. So it is that, 
 when speaking of a man who is addicted to all manner of debauchery, we say that he is 
 dissipated. Nevertheless custom reconciles us to the use of tliese modifying expressions, 
 so tliat they arc employed by all, even by those who do not attach to the words the 
 meaning which they seem to caiTy with them. 
 
 (2) They burned them in order to cxtinffuish one fire hy the other, says a Cliristian 
 poet, when treating of this subject. The fire of hell either was not extinct, or would 
 soon be rekindled for them, if this flame had not consumed tliat which liad ministered 
 to their crimes. There is no security, and, for the most part, no sincerity in penance, 
 if it be not as a devouring fire, destroying all the incentives to voluptuousness, bad 
 books, immodest pictures, <l-c. For what purpose would they be retained, if not to look 
 at them ? 
 
 (3) We find in the Greek, fifty thousand pieces of silver. There is no possibility of 
 knowing tlie exact value of this sum. It was, however, very considerable, and we may 
 thence conclude that there must have been a vast number of such books. Tiiis will not 
 be surprising when it is known that magic was so common in Ephesus, that it had be- 
 come an art and a profession. We are led to believe, notwitlistanding, that there were 
 not so manv of these books as one might suppose, seeing that before the invention of 
 printing, books were a much more expensive commodity than they now are. 
 
 (4) This is the moaning of the Greek word. It appears tliat these representations 
 were in relievo. If they had been, as some think, solid plates, and struck in the same 
 way that medals are, then they, requiring but a wedge and the stroke of a hammer, could 
 not possibly have employed such a vast number of men as is here spoken of. 
 
686 THE inSTOEY OF TIIE [cHAP. XtS. 
 
 great multitude, not only of Ephesus, but almost of all Asia, sajiug : 
 They are not gods \Yliicli are made by bauds." 
 
 This concerned only tbe silversmiths, and could not, therefore, 
 give rise to a general tumult. Knowing this, Demetrius judged it 
 expedient to call the religion of the people into question, and with 
 that intention, he added : " So that not only this our craft," lucrative 
 as it is, " is in danger to be set at naught, but also the temple (1) of 
 great Diana shall be reputed for nothing, and her majesty begin to 
 be destroyed, whom all iVsia and the world worshijjpeth." 
 
 " Having heard these things they were full of anger, and cried 
 out, saying : Great is Diana of the Ephesians. And the whole city 
 was filled with confusion, and having caught Gains, and xlristarchus, 
 men of Macedonia, Paul's comjDanions, they rushed with one accord 
 into the theatre (2)." It was, doubtless, in order to divert attention 
 from them, and to draw upon himself the full fury of the storm, that 
 " Paul would have entered in unto the j)eople," but " the disciples 
 suffered him not. And -some also of the rulers of Asia, who were 
 his friends, sent unto him, desiring that he would not venture him- 
 self into the theatre ;" and he would not go against their wishes. 
 
 "Now some cried one thing, some another. For the assembly 
 was confused, and the greater part knew not for what cause they 
 were come together." The Jews, fearing that this tempest might 
 bui'st upon themselves, were near ruining all by the very means 
 which they had devised to screen themselves. "And they drew 
 forth" one of their own number, a man named Alexander, " out of 
 the multitude, thrusting him forward. And Alexander, beckoning 
 with his hand for silence, would have given the people satisfaction." 
 Apparently, his purpose was to distinguish the cause of the Jews 
 from that of Paul and the Christians. " But as soon as they jier- 
 
 (1) It is well known that the temple of Ephesus was one of the seven wonders of the 
 world. Pliny calls it the masterpiece of Gi'ecian magnificence, and he gives us its 
 dimensions. This temple was 425 feet in Icngtli, and 220 in breadth ; its roof was sup- 
 ported by 127 columns, each of which was 60 feet in height. He proceeds to-say tliat 
 an enumeration of its beauties would fill several volumes. It was pillaged and burned 
 by the Greeks in the reign of Gallian. 
 
 (2) The place where the theatre was, and wliere plays were performed. It was al^o 
 the place where the people held their assemblies. 
 
CHAP. XIX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 687 
 
 ceived him to be a Jew" (and, consequently, tlie declared enemy of 
 Diana and all tlie heathen deities), " all with one voice, for the space 
 of about two houi-s, cried out : Great is Diana of the Ephesians." 
 
 Had even one of those voices added: Let v-s exterminate all her 
 foes, it -would have sufficed to fill the city with fh-e and caraage. 
 This result was very likely to happen, and the danger was already 
 imminent, when a man who was a favorite with the people, took it 
 upon himself, if he were not rather employed by the magistrates, to 
 calm the minds of the people, and restore order. This man wii^; 
 " the town-clerk," who " when he had appeased the multitude, said : 
 Ye men of Ephesus, what man is there that knoweth not that the 
 city of the Ephesians is" esi^ecially " a worshipper of the great Diana, 
 and of Jupiter's oflspring ? Forasmuch, therefore, as these things 
 cannot be gainsaid, you ought to be quiet, and to do nothing rashly. 
 For you have brought hither these men" (meaning Gains and Aris- 
 tarchus) " who are neither guilty of sacrilege nor of l^lasphemy (1) 
 against your goddess. But if Demetrius and the craftsmen that are 
 ■with him, have a matter against any man, the courts of justice are 
 open, and there are proconsuls ; let them accuse one another. And 
 if you inquire after any other matter, it may be decided in a lawful 
 assembly. For Ave are even in danger to be called in question for 
 this day's uproar : there being no man guilty (of whom we may give 
 an account) of this" tumultuous " concom-se." 
 
 Thus, having commenced by flattering and humoring the people, 
 he goes on to show them what they should do, and winds up his ad- 
 di-ess by hinting at what might be the result of their tumult. See- 
 ing that he had gained his point, " when he had said these things, 
 he dismissed the assembly," the people all retiring to their homes 
 calmly and in silence. «^ 
 
 (1) St. Chrysostom says that in order to quiet the people, he told an official falsehood. 
 Nevertheless, it is possible that St. Paul and his companions might content themselves 
 with saying, as Demetrius repeated after St. Paul : They arc not goth which are made 
 by hands. Then, if they insisted on Diana, he undoubted!)' added that she was no more 
 than the others, but inveighed no farther against her. It is at all times prudent, when 
 one is obliged to declare the truth, to propose it in a manner that will not be too revolt- 
 ing to prejudiced minds ; we see by the discouree of St. Paul in the Areopagus that he 
 could, \»hen necessary, avail himself of these discreet ambiguities. 
 
688 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [chap. XX. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 ST. PAUL EST TEOAS. A YOtJXG, MAN VfUO HAD BEEN KILLED BY A FALL EE- 
 
 STOEED TO LIFE.- — IN MILETUS, ST. PAUL DELIVEES AN ADDRESS AND EXHOR- 
 TATION TO THE PASTORS OF THE CHURCHES. 
 
 (a) " Paul," after what had happened, could no longer remain in 
 Ephesus with safety, and without exposing the Church there to dan- 
 ger. Moreover, the Spirit of the Lord, who regulated all his move- 
 ments, and fixed the time of his sojourniugs, called him then to other 
 countries. Therefore, " after the tumult was ceased, calling to him 
 the disciples, and exhorting them," he " took his leave, and set for- 
 ward to go into Macedonia. And when he had gone over those 
 parts, and had exhorted them with many words, he came into 
 Greece (1). Where when he had spent three months, the Jews laid 
 wait for him, as he was about to sail into Syria ; so he took a resolu- 
 tion to return through Macedonia. And there accomj^anied him So- 
 pater, the son of Pyrrhus, of Berea; and of the Thessalonians, Aris- 
 tarchus and Secundus ; and Gains of Derbe, and Timothy : and of Asia, 
 Tychicus and Trophimus (2). These going before, stayed for us (3) 
 
 (a) Acts, XX. 1. 
 
 (1) Into Aohaia, which was Greece, properly so called, although in a more enlarged 
 sense. Macedonia was also a part of the country called Greece. 
 
 (2) All, or nearly all, these whose names we have just read, are recognized as saints 
 by tlic Church, as may be seen by the Roman Martyrology. 
 
 Tlie city of Aries honors Trophimus as its apostle. The holy pope St. Zoshnus says 
 of him tliat his preaching was, as it were, the source from whence the waters of faith 
 overspread Gaul, and this testimony has been inserted in the Roman Martyrology. It 
 proves that St. Zosiraus regarded Trophimus as the first apostle of the Gauls, which 
 throws back his apostolate to the earliest days of Christianity. We may abide by this, 
 and leave the learned to dispute whether the Trophimus of Ailes was the companion of 
 St. Paul, or another of the same name sent into Gaul about two centuries later. Pos- 
 session alone is a sufficient title for maintaining the ancient traditions, when the reasons 
 brought forward against them are not so e\'ident as to prove them false. 
 
 (3) St. Luke here commences again to say us, which signifies that he had once more 
 become the companion of St. Paul's travels, which he had not been from the time the 
 apostle left Philippi for Macedonia, a period of about five years. What he did during 
 that time we know not : it might be that he employed it in collecting materials for his 
 Gospel, speaking of which he tells us that he had carefully consulted those who from the 
 beginning were eye-witnesses of the things which he had to relate ; that is to say, those of 
 
Cn.VP. XX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 689 
 
 at Troas (1). But we sailed from Philippi after the clays of the 
 azymes (2), and came to them to Troas in five days, where we 
 abode seven days." 
 
 " And on the first day of the week (3), when we were assembled 
 to break bread, Paul discoursed with them, being to depart on the 
 morrow: and he continued his discourse until midnight. And there 
 were a great number of lamps in the upper chamber where we were 
 assembled. And a certain young man named Eutychus, sitting on 
 the window, being oppressed with a deep sleep (as Paul was long 
 preaching), by occasion of his sleep fell from the third loft down, 
 and was taken up dead. To whom when Paul had gone down, he 
 laid himself upon him ; and embracing him, said : Be not troubled, 
 for his soul is in him. Then going up, and breaking bread, and 
 tasting (4), and having talked a long time to them until daylight, so 
 he departed. And they l)rought the youth alive, and were not a 
 little comforted." 
 
 " But we, going aboard the ship, sailed to Assos, being there to 
 take in Paul ; for so he had appointed, himself purposing to travel 
 by land. And when he had met with us at Assos (5), we took him 
 in and came to Mitylene. And sailing thence, the day following we 
 came over against Chios ; and the next day we arrived at Samos : 
 
 the apostles who had lived with the Lord, and especially the Blessed Virgin, of whom 
 he is thought to have learned certain particulars which she only could coramunicatt^ ; 
 those are what relate to the incarnation, birth, and infancy of our Lord. 
 
 (1) Troas is the name of that country of which ancient Troy was the capital. Fiom 
 the manner in which Troas is mentioned in Scripture there can be no doubt but there 
 was also a city of that name, situated on the sea-coast nearly lialf a league from the 
 niins of Troy. 
 
 (2) The Jews could not sacrifice the paschal lamb except in Jerusalem ; but they 
 everywhere kept the solemnity of the Azymes, or unleavened bread, ;is they do even now. 
 
 (3) The first day of the week had already taken tlie place of the Sabbath, and was for 
 Christians the day of the Lord ; still it had not, as yet, received the name of Sabbath, 
 but it soon after did, since we find it thus named in the Apocalypse (i. 10). 
 
 (4) That is to say, that after the eating of the Eucharistie bread, St. Paul took some 
 refreshment^ according to the custom of those early times, when the faithful, after hav- 
 ing communicated, partook together of a frugal repast, which was called agapas, a Greek 
 word signifying charily. 
 
 (a) Assos, a maritime city of Troas. Mitylene, a considerable town of the island of 
 LesV-os, whence that Island derived the name of Metelinus, whicli it still retains. Chios 
 and Samos, two of the islands of the Greek Archipelago. 
 
 44 
 
690 TIIE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XX. 
 
 and the day following we came to Miletus. For Paul had deter- 
 mined to sail by Ephesus, lest he should be stayed any time in Asia. 
 For he hasted, if it were possible for him, to keep the day of Pen- 
 tecost (1) at Jerusalem. And sending from Miletus to Ephesus, he 
 called the ancients (2) of the Church. And when they were come 
 to him, and were together, he said to them : You know (3) from the 
 fii'st day that I came into Asia, in what manner I have been with 
 you for all the time" that I remained there ; " serving the Lord 
 with all humility, and with tears, and temptations, which befel me 
 by the conspiracies of , the Jews." You likewise know that " I have 
 kept back nothing that was profitable to you, but have preached it 
 to you, and taught you publicly, and from house to house. Testify- 
 ing both to Jews and Gentiles" the necessity of " penance towards 
 God, and faith in our Lord Jesus Christ. And now behold, being 
 bound (4) in the spirit, I go to Jerusalem, not knowing (5) the 
 
 (1) St. Paul went to Jenisalem to celebrate the Christian, and not the Jewish Pente- 
 cost. Such is the opinion of St. Epiphanius, and, after him, many ecclesiastical writers. 
 If it be objected, that the Christian Pentecost could be celebrated in any place, we 
 can reply that the Christians must naturally feel much greater devotion when celebrating 
 it in the veiy i-oom wherein the Holy Ghost had descended upon the first disciples. 
 
 (2) Bishops and priests, for it appears that those of the neighboring cities were also 
 summoned thither on this occasion. It was impossible that the entire body of the faith- 
 ful could transport themselves from one city to another, when their presence was not 
 even necessary. The apostle labored effectually for their sanctification, when lie labored 
 to effect that of. their pastors. 
 
 (.3) This discourse of St. Paul is, for the most part, a eulogium on his own conduct in 
 Ephesus. The saints see so clearly that whatever good they do comes from God, that 
 they can never be tempted to appropriate to themselves the glory thereof. Secure from 
 this danger, the apostle listens only to his charity, which urges him to do what will be 
 most efficacious in procuring for the Cliurch wortiiy ministers: setting before them ex- 
 ample, at all times better than precept. That example is his own, because his conscience 
 bears testimony that he has nothing to reproach himself with, and also because, being 
 their first apostle, and hitherto then' only pastor, he had no other example to place be- 
 fore them. 
 
 (4) Some xmderstand this as having reference to the chains wherewith he was to be 
 bound in Jerusalem, which were already present to him by anticipation. Others think 
 that bound in the spirit signifies that St. Paul was impelled towards Jerusalem by the 
 Spirit of God, as by an impetuous wind which so urged him on that he could neither 
 stop nor turn aside. In this sense, bound in the Spirit would signify forced by the Spirit. 
 
 (5) He knew it not in detail, nor yet whether persecution w»is to go so far as putting 
 him to death. 
 
CHAP. SX.\ ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 691 
 
 things whk-li shall befall me there ; save that the Holy Ghost in 
 every city (1) witnesseth to ijie, saying: that bands and afflictions 
 wait for nie at Jerusalem. But I fear none of these things, neither 
 do I count my life more precious than myself (2), so that I may 
 consummate my couree, and the ministry of the word which I re- 
 ceived from the Lord Jesus, to testify the Gospel of the grace of 
 God. And now behold I know that all you among whom I have 
 gone (3) preaching the kingdom of God, shall see my face no 
 more (4). AMierelbre I take you to witness this day that I am clear 
 from the blood of all men. For I have not spared to declare unto 
 you all the counsel of God." 
 
 Then addressing himself to the bishops, and probably to them 
 alone, to whom the Council of Trent (5) also applies the following 
 words, exclusive of all other ministers, he continues thus : 
 
 " Take heed to youreelves (6) and to the whole flock wherein the 
 Holy Ghost hat.h placed you bishops, to lule the Church of God, 
 
 (1) We have already seen that the gift of prophecy was common in those primitive 
 times, and that wherever there were Ciiristians, prophets were also found. 
 
 (2) ^Vllat could he mean by himself, as distinguished from his life, and which he 
 seems to consider of greater importance, if it be not his immortal soul, which, by tlie loss 
 of temporal life, was to enter upon the possession of a life of eternal liappincss ? 
 
 (3) Voii among whom I have gone. These are the words from which the inference 
 has been drawn that besides the pastors of the church of Ephesus, St. Paul summoned 
 to Miletus those of the adjoining cities. 
 
 (4) Yet St. Paul, writing some years after to the Philippians, tells them that he hopes 
 to see them soon, and there are certain passages in his epistles which give us to under- 
 stand that he did return again to the East. This has caused some commentators to 
 think that he merely spoke from conjecture when he told the Ephesians that they should 
 sec him no moi-e ; but he speaks too positively for- us to believe that he onl}- expressed 
 a supposition. / know, says he ; which leaves little room for doubt but that the thing 
 ii.;d been revealed to him ; and it is admitted by all that he might Ciisily have returned 
 to Philippi without touching at Ephesus. 
 
 (5) Sess. vi., cap. I, of Reform. 
 
 (G) If a man know not how to rule his own house, says the apostle in another place, 
 how shall he take eare of the Church of Qod? (1 Tim., iii. 5). Still less can he do it who 
 knows not how to go\ern himself This advice is applicable to every time, and to tdl 
 pastors ; but here he recommends to them redoubled vigilance and attention. He warns 
 them of persecutions and temptations near at hand. It is also certain that the flock were 
 not to be exclusively cared for, but the p;istors were likewise to mind thems^vcs. Pas- 
 tors though they be, they are still men, subject, like otlier men, to doubt and infirmity ; 
 the difference is only in degree. 
 
692 THE HISTORY OF TltE [CHAP. XX. 
 
 wliicli he liatli pureliased with his own blood (1)." This vigihmce 
 will now be more than ever necessary ; for (2) " I know that after 
 my departure ravening wolves (3) will enter in among you, not 
 spai'ing the flock. And of your own selves shall arise men speaking 
 perverse things, to draw away disciples after them. Therefore 
 watch," after my example, " keeping in memory that for three years 
 I ceased not with, tears to admonish every one of you, night and 
 day. And now I commend you to God, and to the word of his 
 grace (4) ;" to that God " who is able to build up" what is now 
 commenced, " and to give" you part in " an inheritance among all 
 the sanctified." 
 
 It seems as if nothing were wanting to complete this picture of a 
 good pastor. We here find all the features which characterize true 
 zeal : universal, for it had emljraced all in general, and each in par- 
 ticular; constant, since it had never relaxed during all that long 
 period of time which St. Paul had passed in those provinces ; fii-m 
 and immovable, for it had withstood all the efforts of persecution ; 
 indefatigable, for it impelled him to labor night and day ; tender, 
 for his admonitions were rather prayers, which he accompanied with 
 his tears. Is there any thing impracticable for zeal such as this ? 
 Nevertheless, it might have lost its efficacy had one quality been 
 wanting, that is, disinterestedness. Avarice, whether it be really 
 apparent, or only suspected, degrades a pastor to a contemptible de- 
 gree ; but perfect disinterestedness gives him a strength and a power 
 to which men offer the less opposition, inasmuch as they are them- 
 selves the more interested. This noble virtue shone pre-eminently 
 
 (1) In the Greek it is by his own blood (iiî the French it is par son sang, by his blood). 
 If Jesus Christ be not God, who, then, is the God who has purchased the Church by 
 his own blood? 
 
 (2) This /or is not in the Latin, but it is in the Greek. It serves to connect the con- 
 text with what goes before, and appears to determine the meaning as we have taken it. 
 
 (3) These ravening wolves are the avowed persecutors ; those who speak perverse 
 things are the heretics. These, taken together, are the two great trials which the Church 
 has to undergo ; they are coeval with her own existence, and shall end only with herself. 
 
 (4) Tliat is to say, the word of the Gospel, which the apostle, as it were, personifies; 
 referring them to that word as to a master that will direct them in all things, and sustain 
 them by the grace which accompanies its instructions. Some think that the loord of his 
 grace meant simply his grace, according to a common Hebrew idiom. 
 
CHAP. XX.] 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 693 
 
 in St. Paul, above all tlie other apostles. We may, tlierefoi-c, judge 
 with what contideiice and what authority he could add what follows : 
 
 " I have not coveted any man's silver, gold, or apparel, as you 
 yourselves know ; for such things as were needful for me and them 
 that ai-e with me, these hands have furnished (1). I have showed 
 you all things (2), how that so laboring, you ought to support the 
 weak, and to remember the word of the Lord Jesus, how he said : 
 It is a more blessed thing to give, rather than to receim (3)." 
 
 " And when he had said these things, kneeling down he pra\ ed 
 with them all. And there was much weeping among them all ; and 
 falling on the neck of Paul, they kissed him, being grieved most of 
 all for the word which he had said, that they should see his face no 
 more. And they brought him on his way to the ship.*' 
 
 (1) Either the trade at ivhich St. Paul worked was very lucrative, since it served to 
 maintain so many persons, or else the fare of those apostolic men was very frugal. The 
 last conjecture is, undoubtedly, the most probable. 
 
 (2) St. Paul wished that all slwuld sec him work, so that it might be well understood 
 that he lived by the labor of his own hands. Otherwise it might have been suspected 
 that he was supported by the secret contributions of the faithful, and in this the apostle 
 would have been no ways reprehensible ; but then the weak might have been scandalized, 
 imagining that he was more or less actuated by these interested motives in prosecuting 
 the work of his mission ; hence the purity of his motives and intentions might liave been 
 called in question, and a doubt thrown on that perfect disinterestedness wliich he wished 
 to make clearly manifest It is in this sense he says, that in laboring, he complied with 
 the weak. 
 
 (3) Tliis word has been superadded to the Gospel test. St. Paul must have learned 
 it from some of those who had heard it from the sacred lips of Jesus Christ ; for it is 
 not found in any of the four Gospels. It has been said that the meaning is found there, 
 and that it is in this way St. Paul quotes it, clothing it in his own words; such, how- 
 ever, is not the case, for a very little reflection on the manner in which St. Paul expresses 
 it, will suflBce to show that he quot«s the very words of our divine Redeemer. 
 
694 THE HISTORY OF TIIE [cHAP. XXT. 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 PKOPHECT OF AGABUS. ST. PAUL IN JERDSALESI. HE IS AEEESTED BY TUE 
 
 JEWS. THE TRIBUNE LTSIUS WITHDRAWS HIM FROM THEIR CUSTODY. 
 
 I 
 
 (ct) " And wlien it came to pass tliat being parted from them we 
 set sail, we came witli a straight course to Coos (1), and the day fol- 
 lowing to Rhodes, and from thence to Patara. And when we had 
 found a ship sailing over to Pheiiicia, we went aboard and set forth. 
 And Avhen we had discovered Cyprus, leaving it on the left hand, 
 Ave sailed into Spia, and came to Tyre : for there the ship was to 
 unlade her burden. And finding disciples, we tarried there seven 
 days; who said to Paul through the Spirit (2) that he should not 
 go up to Jerusalem. And the days being expired, departing we 
 went forward, they all bringing us on our way, with their wives and 
 children, till we were out of the city ; and we kneeled down on the 
 shore, and we prayed. And when we had bid one another farewell, 
 we took ship ; and they returned home. But we, having finished 
 the voyage by sea, from Tyre came down to Ptolemais (3) ; and 
 saluting the brethren, we abode one day with them. And the 
 next day, departing we came to Cesarea. And entering into the 
 house of Philip the evangelist, who was one of the seven (4), we 
 
 (a) Acts, xxi. 1. 
 
 (1) Coos, now Stanchio, a considerable island in the Archipelago, being one of those 
 which were formerly called the Cyelades. It was the birth-place of Hippocrates, the 
 prince of physicians ; and also of Apelles, tlie greatest painter of antiquity. Rhodes is 
 so well known that it requires no comment. Patara, now Patera, a maritime town of an- 
 cient Lycia ; it was the birth-place of St. Nicholas. 
 
 (2) The Holy Ghost revealed to them the persecutions which Paul was to undergo. 
 While predicting them, they admonished hira not to expose himself to such danger ; this 
 they did of their own accoi'd, for the Holy Ghost willed that he should expose himself 
 on that occasion ; but he allowed them to speak so, because their intention was good, 
 and because it made St. Paul still more meritorious, by rejecting their friendly warning. 
 
 (o) Since called St. John d'Acre, a city celebrated in the time of the Crusades for the 
 numerous sieges which it underwent. 
 
 (4) One of the seven deacons, the same who is spoken of in the sixth and eighth chap- 
 ters. 
 
CHAP. XXI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. G95 
 
 abode with him. And he had four daughters, virgins, who did 
 prophesy (1)." 
 
 " xVnd as we tarried there for some days, there came from Judea 
 a certain prophet, named Agabus (2), who when he was come to us, 
 took Paul's girdle, and binding his own feet and hands (3), he said : 
 Thus saith the Holy Ghost : The man whose girdle this is, the Jews 
 shall bind in this manner in Jerusalem, and shall deliver him into 
 the hands of the Gentiles. Which when we had heard, both we 
 and they that were of that place, desired him (4) that he would not 
 go up to Jerusalem. Then Paul answered and said : What do you 
 mean, weeping and afflicting ray heart (.5) ? For I am ready, not 
 only to be bound, but to die also in Jerusalem, for the name of the 
 Lord Jesus. And when we could not persuade him, we ceased, say- 
 ing: The will of the Lord be done. And after those days, being 
 prepared, we went up to Jerusalem. And there went also with us 
 some of the disciples from Cesarea, bringing Avith them one Mnason, 
 a Cyprian, an old disciple, with whom we should lodge." 
 
 (1) This was the accoioplishraent of that prophecy of Joel, quoted by St. Peter: 
 Your sons and your daughters shall prophesrj. These young women were virgins, and, 
 therefore, the more fit to receive celestial inspiration. The Church recognizes them as 
 saints, and St. Jerome, writing against Jovinian, remarks with reference to them, that 
 the profession of virginity was coeval with Christianity itself. 
 
 (2) The same who had foretold the famine which happened in the reign of Claudius, 
 as related in chap. ii. 
 
 (3) It was not unusual for the prophets to accompany their words by some exterior 
 action which rendered their predictions more sensible. These actions were no less in- 
 spired than were the words themseltes, as we. see by the examples of Isaias, of Jere- 
 miah, of Ezcchicl, &c. 
 
 (4) St. Paul had consented that the brethren should convey him out of Damascus by 
 lowering him in a basket from the walls of the city ; he had also yielded to the advice 
 of his friends, when they urged him not to venture into the theatre at Ephesus : but now 
 neither prayers nor tears can move him from his purpose of going to brave all the fury 
 of the Jews. It was the will of God that he should elude persecution on the two pre- 
 ceding occasions, and that he should now meet it face to face. These opposite decrees 
 of God, being known to him, caused him to act with such apparent inconsistency. This 
 remark is from St. Chrj'sostom. 
 
 (5) He was insensible to the sufferings which he was to undergo, but not to the afflic- 
 tion which they gave to his brethren. If it is amiable to have such exquisite sensibility, 
 how noble it is to be able to subdue it ! His love for Jesus was greater than that where- 
 with he loved his brethren, though them he loved more than himself. 
 
696 THE inSTOEY OF THE [cHAP. SXI. 
 
 " And wlien we were come to Jerusalem, the brethren received 
 lis gladly. Aud the day following, Paul went in with us unto 
 James (1) ; and all the ancients were assemlbled (2). Whom when 
 we had saluted, he related particularly what things God had wrought 
 among the Gentiles by his ministry : but they hearing it, glorified 
 God." 
 
 Nevertheless as it was necessary to put a stop to a species of scan- 
 dal which, though it had no other foundation than some idle rumors, 
 might still have some effect in retarding the progress of the Gosjiel, 
 they added the following: "Thou seest, brother, how many thou- 
 sands (3) there are among the Jews that have believed ; and they 
 are all zealots for the law. Now they have heard of thee that thou 
 teachest those Jews who are among the Gentries, to depart from 
 Moses ; saying that they ought not to circumcise their children, nor 
 walk according to the custom. What is it, therefore," that must be 
 done? "The multitude must needs come together, for they will 
 hear that thou art come. Do therefore this that we say to thee. 
 We have four men who have a vow on them (4) ; take these and 
 
 (1) James the Less, he who is called the brother of our Lord. All the other apostles 
 ■were dispersed. He was the onlj^ one who remained in Jerusalem, of which he had 
 been appointed bishop ; thus the first bishop was also the first who remained stationary 
 in charge of his mission. St. Paul paid this tribute of honor to his dignity and sanctity. 
 It was about five years after this that St. James the Less was precipitated, and after- 
 wards killed by the Jews, in hatred of Christianity. After the perpetration of tliat 
 crime, Jerusalem had no more apostles. 
 
 (■2) The clergy of Jerusalem. The Greek word signifies both ancients and priests. 
 
 (3) In Greek, how many myriads. A myriad was equal to ten thousand, which 
 shows tliat the Christian Jews were very numerous in Jerusalem. Wlien St. Paul says, 
 speaking of the Jews : " If some amongst them have been unfaithful," this expression, 
 taken literally, would lead us to believe that the unbelievers were the minority : but not 
 so, for the great mass of the people remained in incredulity : still this mode of speaking 
 gives us to understand that a ^eiy considerable number had embraced the faith. 
 
 (4) The vow of the Nazarencs, of which we have already spoken. This vow was one 
 of pure devotion, but that devotion was instituted by God himself, as we see by the sixth 
 chapter of the Book of Numbers. By making and fulfilUng this vow, St. Paul, there- 
 fore, displayed a greater attachment to Judaism than if he had merely done what was 
 strictly commanded ; so, amongst us, to make a vow of observing the counsels indicates 
 a more devoted Christian than merely to obey the precepts. It was another proof of 
 zeal for the practices of Judaism to defray, as St. Paul did, the expenses of those who 
 performed this devotion with him. Tliis was by no means unusual amongst the Jews, 
 
CHAP. XXI.] ACTS OF TIIK APOSTLES. G97 
 
 sanctify thyself with tliem ; ami bestow on tliem that they may 
 shave their heads ; and all will know that the things which thej' 
 have heard of thee are false : but that thou thyself also walkest, 
 keeping the law. But as touching the Gentiles that believe, we 
 have written, decreeing that they should only refi-ain themselves 
 from that which has been ottered to idols, and from blood, and from 
 tilings strangled, and from fornication," without exacting any more 
 from them. 
 
 We have already spoken of St. Paul's dispositions with regard to 
 tlie law: he looked upon it as abolished, l)ut yet not condemned. 
 Consequently, it was to him a matter of indifference whether he oli- 
 served it or not, unless where the interest of his neighbor was at 
 stake. His conduct, in this respect, had ever been in accordance 
 with his sentiments, and so it was on this occasion, when he showed 
 at the same time his respect for the advice of his brethren, and his 
 condescension towards the Aveak and imjjerfect. 
 
 He " took," therefore, " the men" who had made the vow, " and 
 the next day, being purified with them, entered into the temple, 
 giving notice of the accomplishment of the days of purification, 
 until an oblation should be offered for every one of them. But 
 when the seven days were drawing to an end, those Jews that were 
 of Asia, when they saw him in the temple, stirred up all the people, 
 and laid hands upon him, crying out : Men of Israel, help : this is 
 the man that teacheth all men everywhere against the people, and 
 the law, and this place ; and moreover hath brought in Gentiles into 
 the temple, and hath \'iolated this holy place. (For they had seen 
 Trophimus the Ephesian in the city ^y-ith him, whom they supjiosed 
 that Paul had brought into the temple.) And the whole city was 
 in an uproar ; and the jieople ran together. And taking Paul, they 
 drew him out of the temple, and immediately the dooi-s were shut." 
 
 These scrupulous observers of the law were afraid, lest the temple 
 sliould be desecrated l>y the effusion of human blood. Plence their 
 haste in taking him out, and then closing up the temple, lest he 
 might escape from their hands, and re-enter the holy place. Having 
 
 and we see it now-a-days imitated by those who make pilgrimages for others at their 
 own expense 
 
G9S TUE iriSTOKT OF THE [CHAP. XXI. 
 
 arranged with this scruple, " they went about to kill him," and " it 
 was told the tribune of the band, that all Jerusalem was in confu- 
 sion. Who forthwith taking with him soldiers and centurions, ran 
 down to them. And when they saw the tribune and the soldiers, 
 they left off beating Paul. Then the tribune coming near, took 
 him, and commanded him to be bound with two chains (1); and 
 demanded who he was, and what he had doue. And some cried 
 one thing, some another, among the multitude. And when he could 
 not know the certainty for the tumult, he commanded him to be 
 cari'ied into the castle (2). And wlien he was come to the stairs, it 
 fell out that he was carried by the soldiers, because of the violence 
 of the j^eople. For the multitude of the people followed after, cry- 
 ing : Away with him." 
 
 " And as Paul was about to be bi'ought into the .castle, he saith 
 to the tribune" in the Greek tongue, " May I speak something to 
 thee ? Who said : Canst thou speak Greek ? Ai't tliou not that 
 Egyptian (3)," he added, " who before these days didst raise a tumult, 
 and didst lead forth into the desert four thousand men that were 
 murderers ? But Paul said to him : I am a Jew of Tarsus in Cilicia, 
 a citizen of ho mean city. And I beseech thee suffer me to speak to 
 
 (1) According to the prophecy of Agabus, wheveby ive learn that St. Paul had his 
 hands tied with one of these chains, and his feet with the other. It was, doubtless, be- 
 cause of the cliain on his feet that the soldiers were obliged do carry St. Paul up the 
 steps of the castle, as otherwise he could not ascend fast enough to escape the multitude 
 pressing on behind. 
 
 (2) The castle of Antonia, according to all the interpreters. It was adjacent to the 
 temple, and from the highest of its towers there was a view of what passed therein. It 
 was much embellished and fortified anew by Herod the Great. He gave it the name of 
 Antonia, in honor of Mark Antony, who was then his patron. The Romans, when they 
 liad subjugated Judea, established a garrison in the fortress, which served to accommo- 
 date the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and strangers who came in to assist at the grand 
 solemnities. 
 
 (3) Josephus, and after him, Eusebius, speaks of this Egyptian who came out from 
 Egypt with four thousand men, but whose band was inci'eased, as they say, to thirty 
 thousand. He was a false prophet and a magician, who had made his followers believe 
 that with a single word he could throw down the walls of Jerusalem. Felix sent troops 
 against him, when a number of bis people were slain, and the rest taken prisoneis. He 
 himself disappeared during the contest, and it was never known what became of him. 
 Of course, tlie victors would have been well pleased to capture him ; and the tribune, 
 judging by the fury of the people, very naturally conjectured that St. Paul might be 
 this impostor, so jusllj- and so universally detested. 
 
CHAP. XXXr.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 609 
 
 the people. And when he had given him leave, Paul, standing on 
 the stairs, beckoned with his hand to the people. And a great 
 silence being made, he spoke unto them in the Hebrew tongue, 
 
 CILy^TEPt XXII. 
 
 DISCOURSE OF ST. PAUL TO THE JEWS. — THE TRIBCNï CONDEMNS IIIM TO THE "LAST!. 
 
 HE DECLARES HUISELF A KOilAN dTIZEN. 
 
 (a) " I\Iex, brethren, and ftithers," said this intrepid man, unawed 
 by the stormy scene before him, " hear ye the account Avhicb I now 
 give unto you. (And when they heard that he spoke unto them in 
 the Hebrew tongue, they kept the more silence.) And he saith : 
 I," who speak to you, " am a Jew ; born at Tarsus, in Cilicia, but 
 brought up in this city at the feet (1) of Gamaliel (2), taught ac- 
 cording to the truth of the law of the futhers, zealous for the la^v, 
 as also all you are this day. "V\lio persecuted this way unto death, 
 binding and delivering into j^risons botli men and women. As the 
 Ligh-priest (3) doth bear me witness, and all the ancients (4) ; from 
 whom also receiving lettei-s to the brethren, I went to Damascus, 
 that I might bring them bound from thence to Jerusalem to be pun- 
 
 (a) Acts, sxii. 1. 
 
 (1) Masters, in every country, occupy seats higher than those of their pupils; this 
 was especially the case in the East, where the pupils, or disciples, are seated on carpets 
 or mats on the floor. Hence arose that figure of speech, to approach the feel of any one, 
 meaning to become his disciple. In {his way is explained that text, Deut., xxxiii. 3 : 
 They loho approach to his feet shall receive of his doctrine. This is what Mary did, when 
 sittiny at the Lord's feet, she heard his word (St. Luke, x. .30). 
 
 (2) This Gamaliel is the same who wiis mciitiuncd in cliap. v. 
 
 (3) The high-priest here referred to, was not the same who then held office; whether 
 it was that St. Paul was unaware that this dignity had devolved on another, or that he 
 took it for granted that his hearers understood him in the sense we have given. 
 
 (4) The Greek word, which the Vulgate here gives as the ancients, literally signifies 
 the sacerdotal senate. 
 
700 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XXU. 
 
 isLed. And it came to pass, as I was going, and drawing nigh to 
 Damascus at mid-day (1), that suddenly from heaven there shofte 
 round aljout me a great hght. And falhng on the ground, I heard 
 a voice saying to me : Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me ? And 
 I answered : Who art thou. Lord ? And he said to me : I am Jesus 
 of Nazareth, whom thou persecutest. And they that were with me 
 saw indeed the light, but they heard not the voice of him that sj^oke 
 Avitli me (2). And I said: What shall I do. Lord? And the Lord 
 said to me : Arise, and go to Damascus ; and there it shall be told 
 thee of all things that thou must do. And whei'eas I did not see 
 for the brightness of that light, being led by the hand liy my com- 
 panions, I came to Damascus. And one Ananias, a man according 
 to the law, having testimony of all the Jews who dwelt there, com- 
 ing to me, and standing by me, said to me : Brother Saul, look up. 
 And I the same hour looked upon him (3). But he said : The God 
 of our fathers hath pre-ordained thee that thou shouldst know his 
 will, and see the Just One (4), and shouldst hear the voice from his 
 mouth. For thou shalt be his witness to all men of those things 
 which thou hast seen and heard. And now why tarriest thou ? 
 Rise up, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins (5), invoking his 
 name." 
 
 (1) The circumstance of the hour of mid-day, of which we find no mention at chap. 
 ix., is far from being useless here. It goes to prove that this light came indeed from 
 heaven, and was miraculous. We frequently see during the night very brilliant lights, 
 formed of the exhalations from the earth, when they become inflamed and ignite in the 
 air ; but this dazzling light which was seen by St. Paul appeared in the middle of the 
 day, and must, therefore, have been supernatural. 
 
 (2) He here declares which voice it was that they did not hear. It was the voice of 
 him that spoke with him ; they must have heard the voice of St. Paul, since it is said in 
 chap. ix-. that they heard a voice. See note 3 of page 627. 
 
 (3) He looted up, and saw him, because at the first word spoken by Ananias, he had 
 miraculously recovered his sight. This fact, here casually mentioned, is given in detail 
 in chap. ix. 
 
 (4) Jesus Christ, who is called the Just One by excellence, because he is essentially 
 just, and that all justice is derived from his, according to that saying of St. Paul : Jesus 
 has been made our justice and our sanctification. 
 
 (5) Wash away thy sins by bapiism, 1st, as regards the fault, if the dispositions ai'e 
 not sufficiently good to effect the justification before the reception of the sacrament; 2d, 
 as regards the temporal punishment still due for these sins although they be forgiven. 
 It is the peculiar effect of baptism to wash away the traces of sin, and remit the tern- 
 
ClIAP. XXII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 701 
 
 My sole desire was to comiuuiiioate this great blessing to ray 
 brethren ; but " it came to pass when I was come again to Jerusalem, 
 and was praj-ing in the temi)le, that I was in a trance, and saw" the 
 Loi'd, " saying unto me : j\[ake haste, and get thee cpiickly out of 
 Jerusalem ; because they will not receive thy testimony concerning 
 me. And I said : Lord," they cannot doubt my testimony ; " they 
 know that I cast into prison and l)eat in every synagogue them that 
 believed in thee. And when the blood of Stephen thy witness was 
 shed, I stood by and consented, and kept the garments of them that 
 killed him. And" the Lord " said to me : Go, for unto the Gentiles 
 afar off will I send thee (1)." 
 
 It was neither through dislike of his own people, nor anj" predi- 
 lection in favor of the Gentiles, that St. Paul went to preach the 
 Gospel to the nations, but solely in virtue of a divine commission, 
 and by the express command of his Master. An announcement so 
 proper to appease the people did but exasperate them still more, 
 " They heard him until this Avord, and then lifted up their voice, 
 saying: Away with such an one from the earth (2) ; for it is not fit 
 thatihe should live. And as they cried out and threw off their gar- 
 ments, and cast dust into the aii- (3), the tribune commanded him 
 
 poral punishment. The desire of baptism, joined to the justifying dispositions, do not 
 produce this effect, unless the sacrament be really conferred and received. Such is the 
 common opinion of theologians. 
 
 (1) St. Paul, since his conversion, has nsited Jei-usalem three times, and the commen- 
 tators are at a loss to know on which of these occasions he had this vision. It is plain 
 that it was not in his third visit, which he w;is then making ; and it appeai-s to us more 
 than probable that it w:is in the first, since it was immediately after that first visit that 
 he commenced preaching the Gospel to the Gentiles, for whom he had just received his 
 mission. 
 
 (2) St. Peter, who bitterly reproached them, yet converted tliousands — while St. Paul, 
 though addressing them with all possible mildness, does but excite their anger. The 
 reason of these two different results may be found by the difference of vocation. lie, 
 says St. Paul, who wrour/ht in Peter to the apostleship of the circumcision, wrought in 
 tne also among the Gentiles (Gal., ii. S). It is not tliat St. Peter did not sometimes an- 
 nounce the Gospel to the Gentiles, and St. Paul to the Jews. Neitlicr was their preach- 
 ing altogether fruitless on those occasions ; but still the main success was attached to 
 the special vocations. Tiiis would seem to be the meaning of those words which we 
 have just read: They will not receive thy testimony concerniny me. . . .unto the Gentiles 
 will I send thee. 
 
 (3) This might be their usual mode of expressing indignation or execration ; or pos- 
 
702 THE HISTOKY OF THE [cHAP. XXII. 
 
 to be brought iuto the castle, and that he should be scourged autl 
 tortured ; to know for what cause they did so cry out against him." 
 He was ignorant of it, because he did not understand the language 
 in which St. Paul spoke ; and, as we have already remarked, he 
 judged the accused party by the fury of his accusers. Hence it was 
 that he treated him with so little respect ; but it was not long till 
 he changed his conduct towards him. " When they had" already 
 " bound him with thongs (1), Paul saith to the centurion that stood 
 by him : Is it lawful for you to scourge a man that is a Roman (2), 
 and uncondemned ? AVhich the centurion hearing, went to the 
 tiibune, and told him, sajdng : What art thou about to do ? for this 
 man is a Eoman citizen. And the tribune coming, said to him : 
 Tell me, art thou a Roman ? But he said : Yea. And the tribune 
 answei'ed : I obtained the being free of this city with a great sum. 
 And Paul said : But I was born so. Immediately, therefore, they 
 departed from him that were about to torture him. Tlie tribune, 
 ako, was afraid (3), after he understood that he was a Roman citi- 
 zen, and because he had bound him. But on the next day, meaning 
 to know more diligently for what cause he was accused by the Jews, 
 he loosed him, and commanded the priests to come together, and all 
 the council ; and bringing forth Paul, he set him before them." 
 
 sibly they might have meant to call for lapidation, of which they judged. St. Paul worth}', 
 and were ready to commence the work of death, provided the tribune did not pre- 
 vent them. 
 
 (1) The pereon who was to undergo this punishment was fastened with thongs to a 
 stake. 
 
 (2) We have before alluded to the means taken by St. Paul on this occasion in order 
 to avoid a punishment at once cruel and ignominious. 
 
 (3) His fear, and that of the magistrates of Philippi, mentioned in chap, xvi., makes 
 known to us that it was a perilous thing to ill-use a Roman citizen. The emperors pub- 
 licly declared themselves the avengers of such insult or outrage offered to a citizen of the 
 empire, and it was not long before that for a like ofl'ence the emperor Claudius had de- 
 prived the Rhodians of their franchise. If a whole nation had been thus severely pun- 
 ished, what had not a single individual to fear ? 
 
CHAP. XnU.] ACT'S OF THE APOSTLES. YOS 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 ST. PAUL STRUCK, BY 0E1>LU OF THE niGU TKIKST. — UE CUKSES UIM, AXB EXCUSES 
 
 HIMSELF FOR SO DOIKO. DISPUTE BETWEEN THE PHARISEES AXD S.VDDUCEES. 
 
 COKSPIEACY AGALN'ST ST. PAUL. HE IS SENT TO CESAEEA. 
 
 (a) " xVxD Paul, looking upon tlie council, said : Men, brethren, I 
 have convei-sed -with all good conscience (1) before God, until this 
 present day." He ^as about to continue, when "the high-priest 
 Ananias commanded them that stood by him to strike him on the 
 mouth (2). Then Paul said to him : God shall strike thee (o), thou 
 whited wall. For sittest thou to judge me according to the law, and 
 contrary to the la.w commandest me to be struck ?" 
 
 " And they that stood by," whether they struck him as they were 
 commanded, or whether they did not, is not written, but they " said : 
 Dost thou revile the high-jiriest of God ? And Paul said : I knew 
 not, brethren, that he is the high-priest (4). For it is Avritten : Tliou 
 shalt not speak evil of tlie prince of thy people (5)." 
 
 (a) Acts, xxiii. 1. 
 
 (1) St. Paul had always followed the dictates of his conscience, whether as a Jew, or 
 as a Christian. The first of these consciences was erroneous, the second enlightened 
 and correct. It was cisy for him to justify the latter, and for the former his adverearies 
 could not blame him. By this we see that he had ever been an upright and righteous 
 man, and by this means God had been moved to compassionate his errors. We derive 
 this idea from SL Paul himself, who, after ha\ ing spoken of the excesses which preceded 
 his conversion, adds (1 Tim. i. 13) : " But I obtained the mercy of God, because I did it 
 ignorantly in unbelief." 
 
 (2) When those who were inteiTogated by the magistwites forgot the respect due to 
 them, they were stmck on the face by certain officials who stood near for that purpose. 
 In this instance we cannot see how St. Paul gave offence in liis opening words, and we 
 can only conclude that the order to strike him was the effect of savage fury. 
 
 (3) Tliis was a prophecy, if it be tmo, as people think, that this Ananias is the same 
 who was massacred, together with his brother, by a rival faction of the Jews. 
 
 (4) 1st, St. Paul knew him not by sight, because he had only recently anived in Je- 
 rusalem, after an absence of several years. 2d, It must have been that the high-priest 
 was not distinguished from the others either by his scat, or by his dress ; for, if so, St. 
 Paul could easily have recognized him by either of these marks. This was simply a 
 meeting called by the tribune, wherein the order usual amongst the Jews on such occa- 
 sions was very possibly disregarded ; it might even be that the tribune Jiimself presided 
 over the assembly. 
 
 (5) Wliat mildness, after receinng so gross an insult ! Tliis, sudden transition from 
 
704 THE HISTORY OF THE [ciIAP. XXIH. 
 
 This answer was sufficient to criminate him, supposing he had 
 heen aware that he spoke to the high-j^riest ; but, as the case stood, 
 his rejily was jjerfectly just and reasonable. It is sometimes expedi- 
 ent to convince passion and prejudice of their injustice, and this was 
 one of those occasions. Nevertheless, St. Paul saw from this open- 
 ing that he would have gained little from a formal apology, and he 
 therefore took a shorter and surer way of getting out of his embar- 
 rassment. " And Paul, knowing that the one part were Sadducees, 
 and the other Pharisees, cried out in the council : Men, brethren, I 
 am a Pharisee (1), the son of Pharisees (2) : concerning the hope 
 and resurrection of the dead (3)- 1 am called in question. And when 
 he had so said, there arose a dissension (4) between the Pharisees 
 and the Sadducees ; and the multitude was divided. For the Sad- 
 ducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit (5) ; 
 but the Pharisees confess both. And there arose a great cry. And 
 some of the Pharisees rising up strove, saying : We find no evil in 
 this man. What if a spirit hath spokeu to him, or an angel ? And 
 when there arose a great dissension, the tribune fearing lest Paul 
 should be pulled in pieces by them, commanded the soldiers to go 
 down and to take him by force from among them, and to bring him 
 into the castle. And the night following, the Lord standing by him. 
 
 invective to mild apology is so very unlike human nature, that it induced St. Chi-ysostom 
 to believe that the preceding words were spokeu by the inspiration of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 (1) He retained from the Pharisees a belief in the resurrection of the dead, which was 
 the only sound doctrine that they had, but he left them all their vices. 
 
 (2) The iirsl idea which these words suggest to the mind, is that the ancestors of St. 
 Paul were Pharisees. Still it nisay be that the words filius jjkarisœorum signify a disci- 
 ple or pupil of the Pharisees, by a Hebrew idiom frequently employed. 
 
 (3) He said the truth ; St. Paul and all the other apostles annoimced, first of all, the 
 two resurrections, viz., that of Jesus Christ, which is the foundation of Chiistianity, and 
 ours, which is, as it were, the top of the edifice. They afterwards proposed the inter- 
 mediate truths. 
 
 (4) Union is a good, and dissension is an evil. Nevertheless, when the wicked are 
 united for an evil purpose, it is expedient to divide them, if possible, because sowing dis- 
 sension between them may frustrate their designs. The union of the wicked is hurtful, 
 says St. Gregory, and must, therefore, be broken up (Greg., lib. 34, Moral, c. 4). 
 
 (5) They did not beUeve, therefore, in either the spirituality of the soul, or that of 
 God himself. The carnal man ignores all beings but those who have bodies ; it was 
 this absurd idea which produced heathenism and materialism — we might also add 
 atheism. 
 
CHAP. XXni.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. T05 
 
 said : Be constant ; for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so 
 must thou bear witness also at Rome (1)." 
 
 " And when day was come, some of the Jews gathered together, 
 and bound themselves under a curse, saying : That they would 
 neither eat nor drink till they killed Paul. And they were more 
 than forty men (2) that had made this conspiracy. Who came," 
 therefore, " to the chief priests and the ancients, and said : We have 
 bound oui"seIves under a great curse, that we will eat nothing till we 
 have slain Paul. Now, therefore, do you with the council signify to 
 the tribune, that he bring him forth to you, as if you meant to know 
 something more certain touching him. And we, before he come 
 near, are ready to kill him. Which when Paul's sister's son had 
 heard of their lying in wait, he came, and entered into the castle, 
 and told Paul." 
 
 Assured by the revelation of the Lord that he should testify of 
 him in Eome, Paul doubted not that the plot would fail. A man 
 of ordinary virtue would have been content to remain quiet under 
 those circumstances, and some might suppose that such inaction 
 would have manifested a more perfect faith. But the apostle of na- 
 tions, whose faith was proof against every trial, knew, moreover, 
 that the divine behests are often executed by human means, and 
 that to neglect these, when they presented themselves, would be 
 nothing better than tempting God, as it would be distrusting him 
 not to believe that these human means failing, he would work mira- 
 cles rather than suifer his word to fail. Paul, well acquainted with 
 these truths, hastened to avail himself of the means within his reach. 
 " Calling to him one of the centurions," he " said to him : Bring this 
 
 (1) It liad been already revealed to St. Paul that lie should go to Rome, as we have 
 seen, chap, xi.t., ver. 21. The announcement is here confirmed to him by Jesus Christ 
 in person ; and because ho has testified of him in Jerusalem, he promises that he shall 
 likewise testify of him in Rome. One triiil is repaid bv another, and a contest shall be 
 the reward of a contest. Thus God rewards the merit of his generous servants b)' giv- 
 ing them fresh opportunities of obtaining merit ; thus he multiplies their victories, and 
 enriches their crowns. 
 
 (2) It is beheved, and with much probability, that these conspirators were Sadducecs ; 
 that is to say, materialists. When these people find themselves sudicienth' strong, they 
 say, speaking of their adversaries : They must be got lid of ; when they are weak, their 
 crj' is for liberty : Let every one have liberty to think for himself. 
 
 45 
 
706 TILE HISTORY OF TITE [ciIAP. XXIII. 
 
 young man to the tribune, for he bath something to tell him. And 
 he, taking him, brought him to the tribune, and said : Paul, the 
 prisoner, desired me to bring this young man unto thee, who hath 
 something to say to thee. And the tribune, taking him by the hand, 
 went aside with him privately, and asked him : What is it that thou 
 hast to tell me ? And he said : The Jews have agreed to desire thee 
 that thou wouldst bring forth Paul to-morrow into the council, as if 
 they meant to inquire something more certain touching him. But 
 do not thou give credit to them ; for there lie in wait for him more 
 than forty men of them, who have bound themselves by oath neither 
 to eat nor to drink till they have killed him ; and they are now 
 ready, looking for a promise from thee." 
 
 ■ " The tribune, therefore, dismissed the young man, charging him 
 that he should tell no man that he had made known these things 
 unto him. Then having called two centurions, he said to them : 
 Make ready two hundred soldiers to go as far as Cesarea, and seventy 
 horsemeu, and two hundred spearmen (1), for the third hour of the 
 night ; and provide beasts, that they may set Paul on, and bring 
 him safe to Felix the governor. (For he feared lest perhaps the 
 Jews might take him away by force and kill him, and he should 
 afterwards be slandered as if he was to take money.) And he 
 wrote a letter after this manner : Claudius Lysias to the most excel- 
 lent governor Felix, greeting: This man being taken by the Jews, 
 and ready to be killed by them, I rescued, coming in with an army, 
 understanding that he is a Roman (2). And meaning to know the 
 cause which they objected uuto him, I brought him forth into their 
 council. "Whom I found to be accused concerning questions of their 
 
 (1) God had decreed it so that St. Paul should not be the victim of these rufSans. 
 We see what an escort he provided for him, without appearing at all to act : a monarch 
 could not have had a more numerous or a stronger guard ; let us admire and adore his 
 providence. 
 
 (2) This was a falsehood : at the time when he delivered Paul from their hands, he 
 knew not yet that he was a Roman citizen, but he knew how to enhance the merit of his 
 action in the eyes of his superiors. A little reflection will convince us that self-love in- 
 duces us to do such things very frequently. A similar prevarication, provided it seems 
 to benefit ourselves, will flow from the lips or from the pen lilie water from its source ; 
 nay, it suffices if the falsehood presents itself with a witty saying, it will be given rather, 
 than the plain, unadorned truth. 
 
CHAP. XXIV.] 
 
 ACTS OF TIIK APOSTLES. 
 
 707 
 
 law; but havinj; notlnng laid to his charg-e worthy of death or of 
 bands. And when I was tokl of ambushes that they had prepared 
 for him, I sent him to thee, signifying also to his accusers to plead 
 before thee. Farewell." 
 
 "Then the soldiers, according as it was commanded them, taking 
 Paul, brought him by night to Antipatris(l). And the next da}% 
 leaving the horsemen to go with him, they returned to the castle. 
 Who when they were come to Cesarea, and had delivered the letter 
 to the governor, did also present Paul before him. And when he 
 had read it, and had asked of what proviuL-e he was, and understood 
 that he was of Cilicia: I will hear thee, said he, when thy accusera 
 come. And he commanded him to be kept in Herod's judgment- 
 hall."' 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 AOCCSATION OF ST. PAUL BEFORE FELIX, AND fflS BEFEXCE. 
 
 (rt) '^ And after five days (2), the high-priest Ananias came down, 
 with some of the ancients, and one Tertullus (;î) an orator, who went 
 to the governor" to sjieak " against Paul. Aaid Paul being called 
 
 (a) Acts, xxiv. 1. 
 
 (1) Tliis is thought to be the ancient Capharsalama, mentioned in the first book of 
 Machabees, chap, vii., ver. 31. It was rebuilt by Herod the Great, who called it Anti- 
 p litres, from the name of iiis father, Antipater. It was seated on the Mediterranean, mid- 
 way between Joppa and Cesarea. It was reckoned seventeen leagues from Jerusalem to 
 Antipatris : such a distance could not well be made in one night, so that when St. Luke 
 spo:)ks of the soldiers returning ne.xt day, he must compute the days from one evening 
 to the other, according to a mode of calculation very common amongst the Jews, and 
 authorized' by Scripture. 
 
 (2) A/ler fife days from the beginning of this affair, that is to say, five days after the 
 aiTest of St. Paul in Jerusalem, which added to the seven days that he had previously 
 been in that city, make up the twelve days mentioned by him, ver. 11. 
 
 (."3) This is a Latin name. It is very probable that TerluUus was a Jew bom in Rome, 
 who had been brought to Jerusalem by the Jews fur the purpose of advocating their 
 
708 THE IIISTOUY OF THE [ciIAP. XXIV. 
 
 for, Tertullus began to accuse him, saying: Whereas through thee 
 we live in much peace, and many things are rectified by thy provi- 
 dence, we accept it always and in all places, most excellent Felix, 
 with all thanksgiving. But that I be no fni'ther tedious to thee, I 
 desire thee of thy clemency to hear us in few words. We have 
 found this to be a pestilent man, and raising seditions among all 
 the Jews throughout the world, and author of the sedition of the 
 sect of the Nazarenes. Who also hath gone about to profime tlie 
 temple: whom we having apprehended, would also have judged 
 according to oui- law(l). But Lysias the tribune, coming upon us 
 with great violence, took him away out of our hands ; commanding 
 his accusers to come to thee: of whom thou may est thyself, 1;)y ex- 
 amination, have knowledge (2) of all these things whereof we accuse 
 him. And the Jews also added, and said that these things were so." 
 "Then Paul answered (the governor making a sign to him to 
 speak): Knowing that for many years thou hast been judge (3) 
 over this nation, I will with good courage answer for myself. For 
 thou mayest understand that there are yet but twelve days since I 
 
 cause with the governors, who, being Romans, understood neither Hebrew nor Syriac. 
 We see by the way in which he opens his harangue, tliat tliis man was an orator by 
 profession. 
 
 (1) Not so ; their purpose was to kill him immediately, and without any form of trial. 
 The whole of this discourse is a tissue of falsehoods, but we only notice this one, because 
 St. Paul himself refuted all the othei-s. 
 
 (2) Of whom thou mayest, thyself, have knowledge, that is to say, either from Paul 
 or from L3-sias ; the phr.ise is ambiguous, but it appears more reasonable to apply it to 
 Lysias. Feli-x himself appears to have understood it so, since he closed the session by 
 those words : When Lysias the tribune shall come down I will hear you. 
 
 (.3) Judge here means governor. The Jews were in the habit of giving the name of 
 judge to the magistrate who had the supreme administration of affairs. This custom 
 might have come down from the time of their first judges, whose government had pre- 
 ceded that of the kings. It is certain that in authority thoae judges were at least dic- 
 tators. 
 
 St. Paul says that he will plead his cause with more confidence, knowing that Feli.x 
 has been for many years judge over the nation. The connection is here inexplicable to 
 us, and the more so, as the administration of Felix had been but one series of injustice, 
 murder, and rapine. Nevertlieless, although we cannot undei-stand it, St. Paul must 
 have had some rational motive for confidence, since he speaks in this way ; except that 
 this was merely meant for a compliment, and assuredly St. Paul was not apt to pay com- 
 pliments. 
 
CUAP. XXIV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. T09 
 
 went up to adore in Jerusiilem. And neither in the temple did they 
 find me disputing with any man, or causing any concourse of the 
 people, neither in the synagogues, nor in the city : neither can they 
 prove unto thee the things whereof they now accuse me. But this I 
 confess to thee, that according to the sect which they call heresy (1), 
 so I serve the Father and my God, believing all things which ai-e 
 written in the law and the prophets ; having hope in God, which 
 these also themselves look for, that there shall be a resurrection of 
 the just and unjust. And herein (2) do I endeavor to have always 
 a conscience without ofleuce towards God and towards men. Now 
 after many years I came to bring alms to my nation, and offerings, 
 and vows. In which I was found purified in the temple ; neither 
 with multitude nor with tnmult." For the rest, they wlio found me 
 there, &re " certain Jews from Asia, who ought to have been here 
 before thee (3), and to accuse, if they had any thing against me: or 
 let these men themselves say if they found in me any iniquity, when 
 standing before their council, except it be for this one voice only, 
 that I cried standing among them ; Concerning the resurrection of 
 the dead am I judged this day by you." 
 
 This challenge made it necessaiy for his accusers either to prove 
 their chai"ge, or remain silent. It appears that, having no proof to 
 bring forward, they^ were reduced to silence. " And Felix put them 
 off, having most certain knowledge of this way (4), saying ; When 
 Lysias the tribune shall come down I will hear you." 
 
 (I)' The words sect and heresy had not always amongst the Jews the precise meanino; 
 which we now give to them ; stili they sometimes had, cspeciaH3- that of Iterciy, which 
 may be seen by the way in which St. Paul employs it, 
 
 (2) That is, ill the hope of (he resurrection. Let us, too, keep this hope before our 
 eyes, since so great an apostle did not consider it unworthy of iiis virtue to make use of 
 its assistance in order to preserve his conscience from all stain. 
 
 (.3) St Paul skilfully avails himself of the absence of these Jews from Asia ; that is 
 to saj-, from Ephesus. ITiese were, in fact, the first, or rather the only witnesses who 
 ouglit to be heard, because they were the first to recognize him in the temple, to lay 
 hands upon him, and to escite the people to rise up against him. Yet these men acted 
 prudently in not appearing. Who knows but Felix might have ordered a judicial inves- 
 tigation, wiien it would be found that they had been the authors a.nd abettors of the 
 sedition, and they be punished accordingly ? An ini<iuitous judge is at all times dreaded 
 by the wicked when they know that he has no interest in being unjust. 
 
 (4) This iray, that is to say, Christianity. Felix knew, at least, that they who pro- 
 fessed it led irrepioachable lives. 
 
710 THE HISTOIîT OF THE [cHAP. XXTT. 
 
 He had discovered tlte innocence of the accused ; tat l>€Îng iii> 
 willing to ofl'end his accusers, be steered a middle coiii-se between 
 justice and injustice. Instead of acquitting Paul, and sending him 
 foith free, as he should hare done, "he coramaHded a eentmion to 
 keep him;" bnt he told him at the same time, "that he should be 
 easy, ami that he should not prohibit any of his friends to minister 
 unto him." 
 
 " And after some days, Felix coming with Drusilla (I) his wife, 
 who was a Jew, sent for Paul, and heard of him the faith that is in 
 Christ Jesus. And as he treated of justice (2), and chastity, and 
 of the judgment to come, Felix being terrified, answered ; For this 
 time go thy way ; but when I have a convenient time I wiîl send 
 for thee. Hoping also withal that money should be given him by 
 Paul ; for which cause also oftentimes sending for him, he spoke 
 with him. But when two yeai-s were ended, Felix had for successor 
 Poi'tius Festus. And Felix being willing to show the Jews a plea- 
 suj-e, left Paul bound (3)." 
 
 (1 ) Diusilla was born in the JeTvish religion, but of the Iduraean race, being cf the 
 family of the Herods. Her father was the first Agrippa, spoten d iinder the name of 
 Herod in cliap. xii., the same who beheaded St. James and imprisoned St. Peter. Dru- 
 silla liaJ been first married to Azisus, king of Eraesus. Felix, becoming enamored of 
 her beauty, solicited her to bestow herself on hira. She consented, and fearing her royal 
 liusband, became the paramour of a freedraan. Azisus became a Jew, in wder to obtain 
 her hand : she became a pagan with Felix. It was through curiosity that she desired 
 to hear St. Paul, and hence she deiived no profit from bearing him. Suetooiiss says of 
 Felix that he had been the husband of three queens, but we know not who the aliens 
 were. Drusilla perished in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, together with a son named 
 Agrippa, whom she had had by Felix. This eruption was the s;ime whidi proved fataî 
 to Piiiiv, the naturalist, and which buried the city of Herculanenm. 
 
 (2) We here recognize the magnanimity of St. Paul. His life was at the disposal of 
 Felix, yet he dares to speak to him on the two points the most likely to excite his anger, 
 that is to say, chastity and justice. 
 
 Had he stopped there, his words would have made but a slight impression. Tlie finest 
 code of morals would be no more than an idle speculation, were it not accompanied by 
 the representation of an inevitable judgment, wherein virtue shall be rewarded and vice 
 punished. 
 
 Felix trembled, and this fear was for him the beginning of grace ; his terror made him 
 impose silence on St. Paul, and that was the end of it. 
 
 (3) If St. Paul had given him money, he would have set him free; and because he 
 wished to conciliate the Jews, he left him in chains. He was unjust, and yet he gained 
 nothing by it, neither money — for St. Paul gave him none — nor the favor of the Jews, 
 
CHAP. iSV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 711 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 BT. PAUL AKKAIGNED BEFORE FliSTUS. HE DEFENDS HEUSELF, AND APPEALS TO 
 
 CiESAK. AGEIPPA AND BEENICE DESIEE TO HEAR HIM. 
 
 (a) " Now when Festas was come into the province, after three 
 days he went up to Jerusalem from Cesarea (1). And the chief 
 [)riests, and principal men of the Jews, went unto him against Paul : 
 and they besought him, requesting favor against him, that he would 
 command him to be brought to Jerusalem, laying wait to kill him 
 in the way. But Festus answered that Paul was kept in Cesarea ; 
 and that he himself would ver}' shortly depart thither. Let them, 
 therefore, saith he, among you that are able, go down with me and 
 accuse him, if there be any ciime in the man. And having tarried 
 among them no more than eight or ten days, he went down to Ce- 
 sarea, and the" next day" after his arrival, "he sat in the judgment- 
 seat, and commanded Paul to be brought. Who being brought, the 
 Jews stood about him, who were come down from Jerusalem, object- 
 ing many and grievous causes which they could not prove, Paul 
 making answer for himself (2) : Neither against the law of the Jews, 
 
 (a) Acts, XXV. 1. 
 
 for they sent a deputation to Rome to accuse him, in the name of the nation. He would 
 have been disgraced had it not been for the credit of his brother Pallas : these men wore 
 Arcadians bj' birth, and liad both been slaves. Palliis having been freed by the emperor 
 Claudius, obtained such an ascendency over the mind of his master, that he became the 
 most influential man in the empire. He very soon got high promotion for his brother 
 Felix, whose freedom he had previously obtained. When they had attained rank and 
 fortune, they failed not, according to custom, to give themselves out as descendants of 
 the ancient kings of Arcadia. This assumption was ridiculed by the people, but the 
 senate had the meanness to confirm it by an authentic enactment. In their hopes and 
 in their fears, the great of this world are the most grovelling of all men. 
 
 (1) Cesarea was the scat of government, and was, therefore, considered the capital of 
 Judea, as a Roman province. 
 
 (2) He not only said it, but proved it. St. Luke only mentions here the heads of his 
 discourse ; but he enlarged on each of these points, and treated them so forcibly, that 
 Festus, convinced of his innocence, was disposed to liberate him, had it not been that he 
 feared to disoblige the Jews. This is what we learn from St. Paul himself (chap, 
 xxviii. 18). 
 
712 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XXV. 
 
 nor against the temple, nor against Caesar (1) have i offended in any 
 thing. But Festus, willing to show the Jews a pleasure, answering 
 Paul, said : Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of 
 these things before me ? Then Paul said : I stand at Caesar's judg- 
 ment-seat where I ought to be judged : to the Jews I have done no 
 injury, as thou very well knowest. For if I have injured them, or 
 have committed any thing Worthy of death, I refuse not to die. But 
 if there be none of these things whereof they accuse me, no man 
 may deliver me to them : I appeal to Caesar (2). Then Festus, hav- 
 ing conferred with the council, answered: Hast thou appealed to 
 Caesar ? To Csesar shalt thou go." 
 
 Thus it was that he got rid of his embarrassment, and escaped the 
 unpleasant alternative of condemning or acquitting ; but he knew 
 not that, by this act, he prepared the way for the fulfilment of the 
 promise made by the Lord, that the " vessel of election" who had 
 already confessed his name before Jews and Gentiles should also 
 confess it before kings. " After some days king Agrippa (3) and 
 Bernice came down to Cesarea to- salute Festus. And as they tar- 
 ried there many days, Festus told the king of Paul, saying : A cer- 
 tain man was left prisoner by Felix ; about whom, when I was at 
 Jerusalem, the chief priests and the ancients of the Jews came unto 
 me, desiring condemnation against him. To whom I answei-ed : It 
 is not the custom of the Romans to condemn any man before that 
 he who is accused have his accusers present, and have liberty to 
 make his answer, to clear himself of the things laid to his charge. 
 
 (1) Since he defended himself on this point, it follows that he must have been accused 
 in that way. We know what were the sentiments of the Jews with regard to the Roman 
 government, and we also know from the writings of St. Paul how submissive he was to 
 all authority. Nevertheless, it was these same Jews who dared to accuse St. Paul of 
 rebellion against Cajsar. Passion deprives men of all sharae. 
 
 (2) Every Roman citizen, when ti-ied in the provinces, had the privilege of appealing 
 to the emperor in person ; he was then conveyed to Rome \inder a safe guard. 
 
 (3) Agrippa the younger, son of Herod Agrippa, and brother of Drusilla ah-eady 
 mentioned, and of Bernice, by whom he is here accompanied, with whom he is suspected 
 of having had an incestuous intercourse. Bernice was at that time the widow of her uncle 
 Herod, king of Chalcedon ; she subsequently married Polemon, king of Cilicia, whom 
 she soon left ; she finally gained the aflections of the emperor Titus, who would have 
 espoused her, were it not for the murmurs of the Roman people. 
 
CHAP. XXV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 713 
 
 When therefore they were come hither, without any delay, on the 
 day following, sitting in the judgment-seat, I commanded the man 
 to be brought. Against whom, when the accusei-s stood up, they 
 brought no accusation of things which I thought ill of: but had cer- 
 tain q-uestious of their own sui)erstitiou (1) against him, and of one 
 Jesus deceased (2), whom Paul affirmed to be alive. I, therefore, 
 being in a doubt of this manner of question, asked him whether 
 he would go to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these things. I'ut 
 Paul apj^ealing to be reserved unto the hearing of Augustus, I com- 
 manded him to be kept till I might send him to Caesar (3). And 
 Agrippa said to Festus : I would also hear the man myself. To- 
 morrow, said he, thou shalt hear him." 
 
 " And on the next day, when Agrippa and Bernice were come 
 with great pomp, and had entered into the hall of audience with 
 the tribunes and principal men of the city, at Festus' command- 
 ment, Paul was brought forth. And Festus said : King Agrippa, 
 and all ye men who are here present with us, you see this man, about 
 whom all the multitude of the Jews dealt with me at Jerusalem, re- 
 questing" me against him " and crying out that he ought not to live 
 any longer. Yet have I found nothing that he hath committed 
 worthy of death. But forasmuch as he himself hath appealed to 
 Augustus, I have determined to send him. Of whom I have nothing 
 certain to write to my lord (4). For which cause I have brought 
 
 (1) Was it not very disrespectful towards king Agrippa to apply the name of a super- 
 stition to the religion wliich that prince professed ? or rather did not Festus sliow by 
 tliat contemptuous epilliet how little the Roman governors thought of these petty sove- 
 reigns whom the emperors made and unmade, as a merchant engages or dismisses his 
 clerks. 
 
 (2) He considered Paul innocent, because the chief charge brought against him ap- 
 peared to him of little or no consequence. In that he was mistaken, for the thing was 
 all important, and had it not been true that Jesus had risen from the dead, Paul would 
 have descned to die as a public disturber, and an open aggressor against a religion which 
 had God for its author; but a pagan could not understand this. 
 
 (.3) It is well known that the Roman emperors had appropriated to themselves the 
 xiamcs of Cœsar and of Augustus. The Ca;sar here referred to was Nero, but Nero yet 
 in the commencement of his reign, before he had begun to persecute the Cliristians, as 
 he did a few years after ; God having apparently decreed, for the honor of his religion, 
 that its first great persecutor should be l!)e most execrable of princes. 
 
 (4) In Latin, domino, to the lord. The word doininus was the title given to the em- 
 
714 THE IIISÏOKY OF THE [ciIAP. XXVL 
 
 liim fortli before you, and especially before thee, O king Agrippa, 
 that examination being made, I may have what to write. For it 
 seeraetli to me unreasonable to send a prisoner, and not to signify 
 the thinii's laid to his chai'sje " 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 ST. taul's address to king agrippa. 
 
 (a) " Then Agrippa said to Paul: Thou art permitted to speak 
 for thyself. Then Paul, stretching forth his hand, began" thus "to 
 make his answer. I think myself happy, O king Agrippa (1), that 
 I am to answer for myself this day before thee, touching all the 
 things whei'eof I am accused by the Jews ; especially as thou know- 
 est all, both customs and questions that are" discussed " among the 
 Jews : whei-efore I beseech thee to hear me patiently. And my 
 life, indeed, from my youth, which was from the beginning among 
 my own nation in Jerusalem, all the Jews do know : having known 
 me from the beginning (if they will give testimony), that according 
 to the most sure sect of our religion I liv^ed a Pharisee. And now 
 for the hope of the promise (2) that was made by God to the fa- 
 
 (o) Acts, xxvi. 1. 
 
 porors in speaking or writing to them, as we see by the letters of Pliny to Trajan. When 
 it was first given to Augustus he modestly refused it, so great was the dignity expressed 
 by it. It has now become so common that it has no longer the same signification. 
 
 (1) The appeal having been made, St. Paul was not here before judges. Agrippa 
 made him speak for the pleasure of hearing him, and Festtis, with the hope of obtaining 
 some further information to transmit to the emperor. Hence it is not surprising that 
 St. Paul does not address himself to Festus, as he should have done had the latter been 
 still his judge. Nevertheless, it must have been with his consent that Agrippa was thus 
 addressed, in a place where the governor alone had authority. It would seem that he 
 chose to leave the honor of this conference to the king. 
 
 (2) The promise of a Messiah and of a Christ, who was to be the liberator and the 
 Saviour of his people. 
 
niAP. XXVI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLIS. Y 15 
 
 tilers, do I stand subject to jurlgment : unto -n-hich our twelve tribes, 
 serving night and day, hope to come. For which hope, O king, I 
 am accused by the Jews. Why should it be thought a thing incredi» 
 ble (1), that God should raise the dead ?" 
 
 " And I indeed did formerly think that I ought to do many things 
 contrary to the name of Jesus of Nazareth. Which also I did ut 
 Jerusalem, and many of the saints did I shut up in prisons, having 
 received authoi-ity of the chief priests ; and when they were ])ut to 
 death, I brought the sentence. And oftentimes punishing them in 
 ever)' synagogue, I compelled them to blaspheme (2) : and being yet 
 more mad against them, I persecuted them even unto foreign cities." 
 
 " Whereupon when I was going to Damascus with authority and 
 jDermission of the chief priests, at mid-day, O king, I saw in the way 
 a light from heaven above the brightness of the sun, shining round 
 about me and them that were in company with me. And when we 
 were all fallen down on the ground, I heard a voice speaking to me 
 in the Hebrew tongue (3) : Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me ? 
 It is hard for thee to kick against the goad. And I said : AVho art 
 thou, Lord ? And the Lord answered : I am Jesus, whom thou per- 
 secutest. But rise up and stand upon thy feet ; for to this end have 
 I appeared to thee (4), that I may make thee a minister and a wit- 
 
 (1) Some have thought that tliis could only be addressed to those of the audience 
 who denied the resuircction of the dead, and not to the Pharisees, who believed in it. 
 St. Paul might, however, have addressed himself to both. To the former, he signified : 
 You contradict yourselves, if, believing in an Omnipotent God, you yet do not acknowl- 
 edge that he can raise the dead ; to the latter the question meant : It is very inconsis- 
 tent for you to den)', without e.xamination, the particular resurrection of Jesus Clirist, if 
 you believe in the general resurrection of all mankind. According to your principles, 
 instead of rejecting the fact as impossible, you ought to investigate its proofs before you 
 decide that it is false and unfounded. 
 
 (2) That is to say, that he had the misfortune to make martyrs and apostates. St. 
 Paul does not by any means spare himself in relating his past misdeeds ; he finds in them 
 his own shame and confusion, and he desires to humble himself by their recital : lie sees 
 them redound to the glory of his Master by the additional weight which they give to his 
 testimony, and he wishes to glorify Him. To humble themselves, and by that means to 
 glorify God, these two, when united, form the chief delight of the saints. 
 
 (3) From this we learn that St. Paul was here speaking in another language, which' 
 could only be*Latin or Greek. 
 
 (4) In St. Paul's address to the Jews (chap, xxii.), he says that it was Ananias who 
 announced to him the mission for which he was destined ; here it is the Lord himself 
 
716 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XXVI. 
 
 ness of those things which thou hast seen, and of those things 
 wlierein I will" yet " appear to thee, delivering thee from the peo- 
 ple, and from the nations unto which I now send thee, to open their 
 eyes, that they may be converted from darkness to light, and from 
 the power of Satan to God, that they may receive forgiveness of 
 sins, and a lot among the saints by the faith that is in me." 
 
 " Whereupon, O king Agrippa, I was not incredulous (1) to the 
 heavenly vision : but to them first that are at Damascus (2) and at 
 Jerusalem, and unto all the country of Judea, and to the Gentiles 
 did I preach, that they should do penance, and turn to God, doing 
 works worthy of penance. For this cause the Jews, when I was in 
 the temjile, having apprehended me, went about to kill me. But 
 being aided by the help of God, I stand unto this day, witnessing 
 both to small and great, saying no other thing than those which the 
 prophets and Moses did say should come to pass," namely, " That 
 Christ should suffer (3), and that he should be the first that should 
 rise from the dead, and should show light to the people" of Israel 
 " and to the Gentiles." 
 
 The Gospel, which was a scandal to the Jews, was to be a folly to 
 the incredulous Gentiles. " As he spoke these things, and made his 
 answer, Festus," whose feeble mind could not attain to these sublime 
 
 wlio declares it ; both accounts are true. Jesus Christ had revealed it to one and to the 
 other, to the end that each might confirm it to the other. Two men may dream at the 
 same time ; but if they see simultaneously the same thing, and a thing as far distant from 
 their thoughts as this was, then it is no longer a dream, it is a revelation. 
 
 (1) The Greek word expresses something more than non-incredulitj' ; it signifies not 
 only that the apostle believed what was revealed to him, but also that he did as he was 
 commanded to do, as the sequel testifies. 
 
 (2) We have before observed that St. Paul made two sojourns in Damascus, and that 
 he passed all the intermediate time in Arabia, being, at least, two years. It has been 
 conjectured that during all this time he refrained from preaching, and applied himself 
 entirely to the exercises of a solitary life. The passage here under consideration seems 
 to confirm this supposition, since the apostle makes no allusion to Arabia when enumera- 
 ting the places wherein he had commenced to preach the Gospel. It is rather a signifi- 
 cant fact in the life of St. Paul that he prepared himself by retreat for the duties of the 
 mission. 
 
 (3) That Christ should suffer. This had to be proved to the Jews in Qj'der to dispel 
 their prejudices. But then the proof is so clearly manifested by all the prophets, that 
 the most obstinate prejudice cannot hold out against it. 
 
CHAP. XXVI.] ACTS OF TITE APOSTLES. Y17 
 
 truths, Festus " said with a loud voice : Paul, thou art licsido thy- 
 self; much learning doth make thee mad. And Paul- said : I am 
 not mad, most excellent Festus, but I speak words of truth and 
 soberness. For the king knoweth of these things, to whom also I 
 speak with confidence. For I am persuaded that none of these 
 things are hidden from him. For neither was any of these* things 
 done in a corner." Then turning again to king Agrippa, he said : 
 " Believest thou the prophets, O king Agrippa ?" Yes, " I know 
 that thou believest." 
 
 He did indeed believe, since St. Paul affirms it so positively. It 
 only remained, then, to hear that testimony of Moses and the pi'oph- 
 ets, the application of which to Jesus Christ is so clear and so mani- 
 fest. The inference would have been, that he must believe in him. 
 Grace had conducted the king thus far, he being already a Jew by 
 profession, and with conviction. The unhappy prince, however, who 
 foresaw and feared this result, warded it off^ and by one of those 
 answers which signify notliing, if it be not a resolution to hear no 
 more. "In a little (1)," said he, "thou persuadest me to become a 
 Christian. And Paul said: I would to God, that both in a little 
 and in much, not only thou, but also all that hear me this day, 
 should become such as I also am, except these bands (2)." 
 
 This expression, of the purest and most ardent zeal, terminated 
 the conference. " The king rose up, and the governor, and Bernice, 
 and they that sat with them. And when they were gone aside, 
 they spoke among themselves, saying : This man hath done nothing 
 Avorthy of death or of bands. And Agrippa said to Festus : This 
 man might have been set at liberty, if he had not appealed to Ciesar." 
 
 (1) Others translate: You Iiave almost persuaded me to become a Christian. From 
 the wuy in which St. Paul frames his answer {In modico vel in magno), we think it bet- 
 ter to follow the interpretation here given. 
 
 (2) Wh_v except his bands, since he regarded it as so great an honor to bear them for 
 Christ's sake? We have the question solved by Jesus Christ himself: All men take 
 not this word (Matt., xix.). And it was not fitting to expose this pearl to the insults of 
 these unclean animals. 
 
718 TUE HISTORY OF TUE [cnAP. XXVII. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 ST. PAUL IS SniPPED FOR EOME.- — HE ENCOUNTEES A VIOLENT STOEAf. TIIE VES- 
 SEL IS LOST, BUT ALL ON BOAED AEE SAVED, CONFOEMABLY TO THE EEVELA- 
 TION MADE TO PAUL BIT AN ANGEL. 
 
 (d) " And when it was determiued that lie sliould sail into Italy, 
 and that Paul with the other prisoners should Le delivered to a cen- 
 turion, named Julius, of the band Augusta, going on board a ship of 
 Adrumetum (1), we launched, meaning to sail by the coasts of Asia, 
 Aristarchus (2), the Macedonian of Thessalonica, continuing with us. 
 And the day following we came to Sidon. And Julius, treating 
 Paul courteously, permitted him to go to his friends, and to take 
 care of himself. And when we had launched from thence we sailed 
 under Cyprus ; because the winds were contrary. And sailing over 
 the sea of Cilicia and Pamphilia, we came to Lystra, which is in 
 Lycia (3) : and there the centurion finding a ship of Alexandria 
 sailing into It^xly, removed us into it. And when for many days we 
 had sailed slowly, and were scarce come over against Gnidus (4), 
 the wind not suffering us, we sailed near Crete (.'5) by Salmone ; and 
 with much ado sailing by it, we came into a certain place which is 
 
 (a) Acts, xxvii. 1. 
 
 (!) Adrumetum was a port of Africa. We read in the Greek, Adrumi/the, which 
 ■was a maritime town of Mysia, in Asia Minor. We have adhered to the Vulgate. 
 
 (2) He had followed St. Paul to Ephesus, then accompanied him in his voyage to 
 Greece and to ilacedonia ; he then came with him to Jerusalem, thence to Cesarea, and 
 finally to Rome, where he was his companion in imprisonment. He only left him when, 
 in obedience to bis own orders, he returned to Thessalonica, his native city, of wjiich the 
 apostle had ordained him bishop. He died there some years after, full of virtue and of 
 good works. He is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on the 4th of August. 
 
 (.3) This addition, which is in Lycia, may have been put in to distinguish this Lystra 
 from another city of the same name which has been mentioned in chap. ,\iv. Tlie latter 
 is in Lycaonia, and is not a seaport. Ancient geographers make no mention of Lystra 
 in Lycia. In the common Greek text there is Mijra instead of Lystra. 
 
 (4) Gnidtis, a city built on the promontory of Asia Minor; it is now called Stadia. 
 
 (5) The island of Crete, now Candia. Cape. Solomon, which is the eastern extremity 
 of that island, has retained its ancient name. Of ihe other places here mentioned there 
 is not a trace rcmaininsr. 
 
CHAP. XXVII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. "719 
 
 called Good-havens, nigh to which was the city of Tlfalassa. And 
 when much time was spent, and when sailing now was dangerous, 
 because the fast (1) was now past, Paul comforted'' and at the same 
 time advised "them, saying to them: Ye men,* I see that the voyage 
 beginneth to be with injury and much damage, not only of the 
 lading and ship, but also of our rues." 
 
 That plainly signified that it was better to remain where they 
 were until a more favorable season. " But the centurion believed 
 the pilot and the master of the shi2:)(2) more than those things 
 which were said by Paul. And whereas it was not a commodious 
 haven to winter in, the greater j^art gave counsel to sail thence, if 
 by any means they might reach Phenice to winter there, which is 
 a haven of Crete, looking towards the southwest and northwest. 
 And the south wind gently blowing, thinking that they had obtained 
 their purpose, when they had loosed from Asson, they sailed close 
 by Crete.'' 
 
 " But," and this is the beginning of the storm, " not long after 
 there arose against it a tempestuous wind, called Euro-aquilo (3). 
 And when the ship was caught, and could not bear up against the 
 
 (1) This fast was that of the feast of expiation, which occuiTcd about the autumnal 
 equinox. To sa\- that this fast was over, signified that the season had now set in when 
 navigation became dangerous. 
 
 (2) So long as he did not regard St. Paul as an inspired man, he was quite right to 
 be advised rather by the pilot and shipmaster ; but he very soon found out that the 
 knowledge which comes from heaven is far more certain than that which is merely the 
 result of reason and e.xperience. 
 
 (3) The Greek calls it EarocJydon, which signifies a stormy cast wind, without de- 
 termining whether it was northeast or southeast; but the author of the Vulgate, who 
 lived at that time, could not but know what wind it was that the Greeks c:ilied eurochj- 
 don, and since he has termed it northeast, it must really have been so. Thus, suppose 
 it were hereafter doubted what wind it is that the Italians call sirocco, if it were found 
 that a writer of our time had translated it by soulhtcest iciitd, that authority would be 
 regarded as dcckivc, because it is taken for granted that an author will not be ignorant 
 of a thing so well known. This observation, though apparently of little consequence, 
 gives considerable weight to the common opinion, whidi is that the vessel anchored at 
 the island of Malta, and not at that of Meleda, which is in the Gulf of Venice. A glance 
 at the map will suffice to show that it was impossible for a vessel driven on by a north- 
 east wind so violent that they were obliged to leave the ship to its control — that it was 
 impossible for such a vessel to make her way from the coast of Crete into the Gulf qf 
 Venice. 
 
T20 THE HISTORY OF THE [cHAP. XXVII. 
 
 wind, giving up tlie ship to tlie winds, we were driven. And run- 
 ning under a certain island that is called Cauda (1), we had much 
 work to come by the boat. Which being taken up, they used 
 helps (2), under-girding the ship (3), and fearing lest they should 
 fiiU into the quicksands, they let down the sail-yard (4), and so were 
 driven. And we being mightily tossed with the tempest, the next 
 day they lightened the ship ; and the third day they cast out with 
 their own hands the tackling of the ship. And when neither sun 
 nor stars a2:>peared for many days, and no small storm lay on us, all 
 hope of our being saved was now taken away." 
 
 All must, indeed, have perished, had not Heaven heard the prayer 
 of a powerful intercessor, and granted to one the safety of all. " And 
 after they had fasted a long time, Paul standing forth in the midst 
 of them, said: You should indeed, O ye men, have hearkened unto 
 me (5), and not have loosed from Crete, and have gained this harm 
 and loss. And now I exhort you to be of good cheer. For there 
 shall be no loss of any man's life among you, but only of the ship. 
 For an angel of God, whose I am (6), and whom I serve, stood by 
 
 (1) There is to the south of Crete a small island named Goza, which is believed to be 
 that here mentioned. 
 
 (2) The Latin and Greek say, tlicij ttscd helps, which leaves it uncertain whether it is 
 meant that they employed in this manœuvre all that were in the vessel, or that they 
 compelled all on board to lend a hand, passengers as well as sailors, as is usual in great 
 tempests. 
 
 (3) The under-girding of the ship could not prevent her from running on the quick- 
 sands, but in case that misfortune did happen, they could prevent her fi-om falling asunder. 
 
 (4) There is in the text submisso vase, and in this the Latin and Greek agree. Most 
 of the commentators translate vase by the mainmast (le grand mât). Some understand 
 it of the sails, and we have followed them. The woi'd vase is by no means applicable 
 to a mast, but it is to a sail, which, when it is inflated by the wind, appears to contain 
 one in its concavity. What supports this interpretation is, that the great sheet shown to 
 St. Peter in his mysterious vision is thrice mentioned as a vessel. 
 
 (.5) It is not through vexation, and still less through vanity, that he reminds them of 
 his advice, which they had rejected ; it is merely to induce them to put faith in the pre- 
 diction which he is about to make. It is as if he said to them : You can no longer doubt 
 that my word is worthy of belief, since I foretold what has happened to you ; believe 
 me now then when I announce to you that you are now to be saved. 
 
 (6) lie was speaking to idolaters, who had to be informed that the God to whom he 
 belonged, and whom he served, was different from theirs ; and that since his God was 
 the only one who could save them, they should no longer acknowledge any other. 
 
CHAP. XXVIT.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 721 
 
 me this night, saying: Fear not, Paul, thou must be brought before 
 Ciïîsar; and behold God hath given thee all them that sail ■with 
 thee (1). Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer ; for I believe God, that 
 it shall so be, as it hath been told me. And," he added, " we must 
 come unto a certain island." lie did not mention the name of the 
 island, apparently because the angel liad not made it known to him. 
 
 " But after the fourteenth night was come, as we were sailing in 
 Adria (2), about hiidnight the ship-men deemed that they discovered 
 some country. Who also sounding, found twenty fathoms ; and 
 going on a little further, they found fifteen ftithoms. Then fearing 
 lest we should fiill upon rough places, they cast four anchoi's out of 
 the stern, and wished for the day. But as the ship-men sought to 
 fly out of the ship, having let down the boat into the sea, under 
 color as though they would have cast anchore out of the fore part 
 of the ship, Paul said to the centurion and to the soldiers : Except 
 these stay in the ship you cannot be saved (3)." They believed 
 him at last, and, "then the soldiers cut off the ropes of the boat, 
 and let her fall off." 
 
 " And when it began to be light, Paul besought them all to take 
 meat, saying : This day is the fourteenth day that you expect and 
 remain fasting (4), taking nothing. Wherefore I pray you to take 
 
 (1) lie had, therefore, asked it, since the angel declares that God had granted it to 
 liim. Hence lie had done more by praying than the others by tlieir hibor, as llie hands 
 of Moses raised to heaven contributed more to gain the victory than the armed hands 
 which dealt the blows. 
 
 Those who, in their state, have no other occupation than prayer, if tliey pray with 
 fervor and devotion, are more useful to their country than those who serve her with arm 
 and head. 
 
 (2) This makes a difficulty against the descent into the island of Malta. It follows 
 from this that it is only the Gulf of Venice which got the name of the Adriatic sea ; but 
 we learn from Strabo, a cotemporary of St. Paul, that this name had then a more en- 
 larged signification, and that it contained besides the Gulf of Venice, the Ionian sea and 
 the sea of Sicily, in which the island of Malt;i is pituated. 
 
 (.3) Thti accomplishment of the divine promise depended on the sailors remaining in 
 the ship ; not absolutely so, but because God, who had resolved to save them all, had 
 resolved to save them by natural and human means, wherefore the experience of the 
 sailors would be miiinh' useful. 
 
 (4) Tliat is to say, that they had scarcely taken any thing, as it happens during stonns, 
 when, independent of the fright which destroys the appetite, the Klomach becomes so 
 
 4G 
 
722 THE HISTORY OF TlIK [cHAP. XXVII. 
 
 some nourisliment for your liealtli's sake (1) ; for there shall not a 
 liair of the head of any of you perish. And when he had said these 
 things, taking bread, he gave thanks to God in the sight of them 
 all (2) : and when he had broken it, he began to eat. Then they 
 were all of better cheer, and they also took some meat. And we 
 Avere in all in the ship, two hundred three score and sixteen souls, 
 and when they had eaten enough, they lightened the ship, casting 
 the wheat into the sea. And when it was day, they knew not the 
 land ; but they discovered a certain creek that had a shore, into 
 which they minded, if they could, to thrust in the ship. And when 
 they had taken up the anchors, they committed themselves to the 
 sea, loosing withal the rudder-bands (3) ; and hoisting up the main- 
 sail to the wind, they made towards shore." 
 
 This was the moment when all the predictions of the holy apostle 
 were to be both tested and fulfilled. " And when we were fallen 
 into a place where two seas met," the tongue of laud by which they 
 were separated being covered by the water was not seen by them, 
 so that " they run the ship aground : and the fore-part indeed, stick- 
 ing fast, remained unmovable ; but the hinder part was broken with 
 the violence of the sea. And the soldiers' counsel was that they 
 should kill the prisoners, lest any of them, swimming out, should 
 escape," and that they might have to answer for them with their 
 own lives ; " l)ut the centurion, willing to save Paul, forbade it to 
 be done ; and he commanded that they who could swim should cast 
 themselves first into the sea, and save themselves and get to land. 
 And the rest, some they carried on boards, and some on those things 
 
 disordered by the violent rocking of the vessel, that even those most accustomed to the 
 sea cannot eat. 
 
 (1) The apostle adds that they must eat in order to save their lives, ^jd-o salute vestra, 
 because being exhausted with fatigue and long fasting, they would have been wholly 
 unable to save themselves in a shipwreck like that which they were soon to encounter. 
 God, as we have just said, would only save them by natural means ; and to look for any 
 other means would have been no better than tempting him. 
 
 (2) Christians are often deterred by a false shame from doing before other Christians 
 that which St. Paul did before idolaters. Is it then disgraceful to believe that it is God 
 alone who gives us our nourishment ? and if we believe it, is it a weakness to testify our 
 gratitude to him ? 
 
 (3) The ancients had two i-udder-bands. at the stern, one on either side. 
 
CHAP. XX\-ni.] ACTS OF THE APOSTtES. 723 
 
 that belonged to the ship. And so it dame to pass that every soul 
 got safe to land." Thus the destruction of the vessel was completed, 
 and every living soul on board saved, so that tlie prophecy was in 
 both instances verified. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 AKRrrAL AT MALTA AND SOJOCRN^ THEKE. — ST. PAUL MTRACCLOUSLY CURES ALL 
 
 TUE SICK. HE DEPAETS FROM MALTA AND ARRIVES AT ROME. HE ASSEMBL?3 
 
 THE CHIEFS OF THE JEWS. HE ADDRESSES THEM, BUT FOR THE MO.ST PART WITH 
 
 LITTLE SUCCESS. HE AXXOUXCES THE GOSPEL TO ALL THOSE WHO COME TO 
 
 VISIT HIM. 
 
 («) " And when we had escaped, then we knew that the island 
 was called Melita. But the barbarians (I) showed us no small cour- 
 tesy. For, kindling a fire, they refreshed us all, because of the pres- 
 ent rain and of the cold. And when Paul had gathered together a 
 bundle of sticks, and had laid thera on the fire, a viper (2) coming 
 out of the heat, fastened on his hand. And when the barbarians 
 saw the beast hanging on his hand, they said one to another : Un- 
 doubtedly this man is a murderer, who though he hath escaped the 
 sea, yet vengeance (3) doth not snfifer him to live. And he, indeed, 
 
 (o) Acts, xxviii. 1. 
 
 (1) Tlic word barbarian, in its primitive signification, simply means a stranger. Tlie 
 Greeks and Romans applied it to those nations who spoke a language different from 
 tiieirs ; tliese were apparently Africans who had established themselves in the island of 
 Malt;i, which lies contiguous to the coast of Africa. 
 
 (2) There are still serpents in the island of Malta, but they are free from venom: 
 children are often seen to handle them and even put them in their bosom, without re- 
 ceiving any injur)'. If it be thought that St. Paul did not land at Malta, the conse- 
 quence must be that this exemption from venom is peculiar to the serpents of that island ; 
 but if St. Paul was really there, then the miracle is incontestable ; for, seeing that the 
 people expected to see him fall down dead when he was bitten by the viper, it follows 
 that before his arrival the serpents there had been venomous. 
 
 (."?) The idea of an avenging justice is common to all mankind. The impious may 
 chouse to scoff at it, but they cannot help fearing it, in the deplh of their own hearts. 
 
724 THE IIISTOKY OF THE [ciIAI». XXVUI. 
 
 shaking off the Least into the firo, sufàTed no harm. Bnt thoy sup- 
 posed that he would begin to swell up, and that he would suddenly 
 ftill down and die. But ex})ecting long, and seeing that there 
 came no harm to him, changing their minds they said that he was 
 a god (1)." 
 
 "Now in these places were possessions of the chief man of the 
 i-;land, named Pul)liu.'^(2), who receiving us, for three days enter- 
 tained us courteously. And it happened that the father of Puhlius 
 lay sick of a fevei- and of a bloody flux. To whom Paul entered in, 
 and when he had prayed, and laid his hands on him, he healed him. 
 Which being done, all that had diseases in the island came, and wei'e 
 healed. Who also honored us with many honors, and when we were 
 to set sail, they laded ns with such things as wei-e necessary" for the 
 voyage (8). 
 
 "And after three months we sailed in a ship of Alexandria, that 
 had wintei'el in the island, whose sign was the Castors (4). And 
 when we were come to Syracuse (5), we tarried there three days. 
 
 (1) Tho people know no m?dium, and it is truly surprising to sec how rapidly' tlicy 
 piss fiom one extreme to the other. In Lystra they had at first taken St. Paul for a 
 god, and the next day they stoned him. These Maltese regarded him at first as a mur- 
 derei-, and a few minutes after they believed him to be a god. 
 
 (2) Publius i-i a Roman name. The Greek says of him that he was the chief man, 
 and the Latin that he \i;\s prhicc of the island. It is generally understood that he was 
 the governor, or chief magistrate, under the authority of the prtctor of Sicily, of which 
 island Malta was a dependency. 
 
 (3) Nothing is said of the fruit produced by St. Paul's preaching in the island of 
 M dta. The tradition of the country is, that the inhabitants were all converted. This is 
 very probible, considering the zeal of the holy apostle, and the blessing attached to his 
 mission, especially amongst the Gentiles, as these people were, together with tlie great 
 number of miracles performed by him in the island, the honors paid him by the island- 
 ers, and on his account to all those who accompanied him. 
 
 (4) Castor and Pollux, two of the lieathen deities, who were believed to liave a care 
 .)ver mariners; their im.iges were either painted or carved on the prow or stern of the 
 ship, whicli usually took its name from them. 
 
 (0) It is a very short sail from Malta to Syracuse; but from the other Mdita, now 
 called Mtleda, the voyage is long and circuitous. It would be rather strange if such a 
 voyage could be made without either storm or calm, or any otlier incident worthy of St. 
 Luke's notic* ; considering that he hius given the most minute particulars of all these 
 ooruirenccs, mentioning not only the places where they landed, but even those that came 
 in view. This is another presumption in f.ivor of the island of Malta. 
 
CHAP. XXVni.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLKS. 725 
 
 From thence, comjiassing by the shore, we came to Rhegium(l); 
 and after one day, the south wind blowing, we came the second day 
 to Puteoli ('2). Where finding brethren (3), we were desired to 
 tarry with them seven days ; and so we Avent to Rome. And from 
 thence, when the brethren had heard of us, they came to meet us as 
 far as Appii Forum, and the Three Taverns (4), whom when Paul 
 saw, he gave thanks to God, and took courage. And when we were 
 come to Rome, Paul was suffered (5) to dwell by himself, with a 
 eoldior that kept him. And after the third day" from his arrival, 
 that indefatigable minister still burning with zeal for the salvation 
 of his brethren, notwithstanding all the persecution that he under- 
 went, " called together the chiefs of the Jews. And when they were 
 assembled, he said to them: Men, brethren, I having done nothing 
 against the peojile, or the custom of our fathers, was delivered pris- 
 oner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans, who, Avhen they 
 Lad examined me, would have released me, for that there was no 
 cause of death in me. But the Jews contradicting it, I was con- 
 strained to appeal unto Caesar, not that I had any thing to accuse 
 my nation of. For this cause, therefore, I desired to see you and to 
 speak to you, because that for the hope of Israel I am bound with 
 this chain. Bat they said to him : We neither received lettei-s con- 
 
 (1) A town of Calabria, on the soil of Messina. Syracuse and Rhegium have pre- 
 Bcn-ed, by tradition, the remembrance of the miracles and conversions wrought there by 
 St. Paul on his passage. 
 
 (2) A maritime town of the land of Labour, three leagues from Naples. It was at 
 Puteoli that they disembarked, and the rest of the journey to Rome was made by land. 
 
 (3) Those who are here called brethren are Christians, who were already very numer- 
 ous in Rome and throughout Italy. Some years before this, St. Paul wrote to the Ro- 
 maas whom he had not yet seen, that their faith was fimous all over the world ; St. 
 Peter it was who had planted it there. St. Paul, who did not visit Rome for several 
 years after him, watered that blessed phmt, and contributed much to its increase. 
 
 (4) Two small towns, which are now onl)' known as having been on the wav to Rome. 
 (ô) This good treatment might have had two causes : one is tlie letter of Festus, who, 
 
 in giving an account of the prisoner, doubtless declared that he found him guilt)- of no 
 crime; tlie other might be tlie report of the centurion Julius, who, having become his 
 admirer, and apparently his convert, must have spoken of him according to the high 
 opinion he had conceived of him. Thus was accomplished the design of God, that St. 
 Paul, though captive and in chains, should still have sufficient liberty to labor, as he did, 
 for the propagation of the failh. 
 
726 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [chap. SXVIII. 
 
 cerning tliee from Jutlea, neither did any of the brethren that came 
 hither reLate or speak any evil of thee. But we desire to hear of 
 thee wliat thou thinkest ; for as concerning this sect, we know that 
 it is gainsaid everywhere." 
 
 "And when they had appointed him a day, there came very 
 many to him unto his lodgings ; to whom he expounded, testifying 
 the kingdom of Goi1, and persuading them concerning Jesus, out of 
 the law of Moses and the prophets," the whole day, " from morning 
 until evening. And some believed the things that were said ; but 
 some believed not. And when they agreed not among themselves, 
 they departed, Paul speaking this one word : Well did the Holy 
 Ghost speak to our fathers by Isaias the prophet, saying: Go to 
 this people^ and say to tliem: With the ear you aliall heai\ and -^Jmll 
 not understand ^ and seeing you shall see, and shall not perceive. 
 For tlie heart of thisj^^ople is grown gross, and with tJieir ears have 
 they heard heavily, and their eyes they have shut: lest perhaps tliey 
 should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and nnderstattd 
 tvith their heart, and should he converted, and I should heal thenn (1). 
 Be it known, therefore, to you that" the word of " this salvation of 
 God is sent to the Gentiles, and they will hear it. And when he 
 had said these things the Jews went out from him, having much 
 reasoning among themselves. And he remained two whole years 
 in his own hired lodging: and he received all that came in to him, 
 preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching the things which con- 
 cern the Lord Jesus Christ with all confidence, without prohibition." 
 
 (1) The small number of those who believed might be shaken by the incredulit}' of 
 the majority. St. Paul strengthened them against this temptation by showing tliat the 
 incredulity of the latter had been foretold. There can be no doubt that this is the rea- 
 son why this prophecy of Isaias, announcing so unequivocally the incredulity of the bulk 
 of the Jewish nation, is six times recorded in the New Testament. 
 
CHAP. XXIX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLI&. 727 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 COXTAIXING THOSE PASSAGES FROM THE EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL WHEUEIX HE MAKES 
 MENTION OF WHAT HAPPENED TO UIM DURING TUE TWO VEAKS OF HIS IM- 
 PEISONilENT. 
 
 ' Ills lodging had been assigned to him for a prison ; but tliat 
 prison was speedily converted into a i^ublic school of Christianity, 
 because of the great number of people who thronged in to see and 
 hear a man so celebrated, (a) " For which," says he himself, " I am 
 an ambassador in a chain, so that therein I may be bold to speak 
 according as I ought." Some appeared to fear that his cajitivity 
 jnight be an obstacle to the progress of religion : the contrary was 
 the case, (b) " Xow, brethren," wrote he to the Philippiaus, " I de- 
 sire you should know that the things which have happened to me 
 have fallen out rather to the furtherance of the Gospel : so that my 
 bonds are made manifest, in Christ, in all the court, and in all other 
 places." Conversions failed not to follow, and. they multiplied so 
 fast, that a domestic church was speedily formed even in the most 
 dissolute of all courts. When he salutes the Philippians on the 
 part of the saints who were in Eome, he does it principally in the 
 name of them " that are of Caesar s household (1)." 
 
 His success soon gained him. fellow-laborers. Some l^ecame so 
 through genuine zeal : othei's through a secret jealousy which they 
 concealed beneath a show of zeal : tliis also St. Paul makes known 
 to us. (c) " Many of the brethren in the Lord, growing confident 
 by my bands, are much more bold to speak the word of God with- 
 out fear. Some, indeed, even out of envy and contention ; but some 
 also for good-will })reach Christ : some out of charity, knowing that 
 I am set for the defence of the Gospel : and some out of contention 
 
 (a) Ephcs., vi. 20. (6) Phil., i. 12. (c) Phil., i. 14. 
 
 (1) Philip., iv. 22. Salulant vos omnes sancti, maxime autem qui de Caîsaris domo 
 sunt. 
 
728 TlIE HISTORY OF THE [ciIAP. XXIX. 
 
 preach Christ not sincerely, supposing that they raise affliction to 
 my bands. But what then ?" adds this magnanimous man, who was 
 as far elevated above human infirmity as heaven is above earth, 
 " What then ? so that by all means, whether by occasion, or by 
 truth, Christ be j)reached: in this also I rejoice, yea, and owill 
 rejoice." 
 
 Thus it was that, with the merit of his own works, he also acquired 
 the merit of what others did, whatsoever might be their intentions. 
 Meanwhile his zeal was not confined to Rome or to Italy. Paul was 
 in bondage, but, to use his own expression, the word of God was 
 not bound (1). Enchained as he was, he sent it flying to the most 
 distant countries ; and from the darkness of his obscure den, he en- 
 lightened all nations and all ages. It was during his captivity in 
 Rome that he wrote his Epistles to the Ephesians, to the Philippi- 
 ans, to the Colossians, that to the Laodiceans, which has not come 
 down to us, the second to Timothy, that to Philemon, and the sub- 
 lime Epistle to the Hebrews, wherein he demonstrates with so much 
 depth and so much magnificence the infinite superiority given to the 
 new law by the divinity of its founder, and the excellence of the 
 priesthood of Jesus Christ, who, at the same time that he is the 
 eternal priest, is also the sole and eternal victim. 
 
 If St. Paul received consolation and assistance from his brethren, 
 they were also the cause of many trials to him. IMany of them fell 
 away from him ; some through wearitiess, and others through fickle- 
 ness. Besides the envious of whom we have spoken, he had some 
 avowed persecutors : such was Alexander the coppersmith, who did 
 him, he says, " much evil (2)." The apostle had delivered him up 
 to Satan, together with Hymeneus, because they taught evil doc- 
 trines ((7.). It is held that through revenge he exerted himself 
 against St. Paul, and left no means untried that might bring about 
 his condemnation in the impending trial. But the greatest trial of 
 all was to see himself abandoned by his friends in the time of need. 
 
 (a) 1 Tim., i. 20. 
 
 (1) 2 Tim., ii. 9. Verbum Dei non est alligatum. 
 
 (2) 2 Tim., iv. 14. Alexander œrarius multa mala mihi ostendit. 
 
CHAP. XXIX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. Y29 
 
 Not one of tliom would venture to go with him when he had to 
 make his fii-st appearance in court. He begged of God that he 
 would forgive them for this desertion, but as for himself, he was no 
 ways disconcerted. Though deserted by men, (a) " the Lord," said 
 he, " stood by me and strengthened me, that by me the preaching 
 may be accomplished, and that all the Gentiles may hear ; and," he 
 adds, " I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion." By this ex- 
 pression, which is drawn from Holy Writ, he meant the Emperor 
 Nero, whose cruelty soon exceeded that of the most ferocious lion. 
 In the end, St. Paul became the victim of that monstrous cruelty ; 
 but that occmTcd nine years later, when on the same day, and for 
 the same cause, he and the chief of the apostles sealed with their 
 blood the glorious testimony which they had rendered to the Lord 
 Jesus, to whom be honor, glory, and power for ever and evei". Amen. 
 
 (a) 2 Tim., iv. 16. 
 
 EKD OF THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 LIFE OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, 
 
 PART I. 
 
 FROM THE INCARNATION OF THE WORD UNTIL THE CURE OF THE 
 MAN BORN BLIND. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Preface of St. Luke. — Eternal Generation of the Word and his Incarnation. — Testi- 
 mony rendered to Him by St. John the Baptist. — The Holy Precursor an- 
 nounced and promised 13 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Annunciation. — Visitation. — Birth of St. John the Baptist. — Canticle of Zachary. . 19 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Doubt of St. Joseph. — Birth of Jesus Christ. — His Circumcision. — His Genealogy. 25 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Adoration of the Magi. — Purification. — Flight into Egypt. — Massacre of the Inno- 
 cents. — Return to Nazareth. — Jesus lost and found in the Temple 32 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Manifestation of John the Baptist and his Preaching. — Baptism of Jesus Christ. — 
 Fasting and Temptation of Jesus Christ in the Desert. — Testimony of John 
 the Baptist. — Andrew and Peter called for the first time. — Vocation of Philip 
 and Nathaniel 40 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Marriage of Cana. — Sojourn at Caphaniaum. — Second Vocation of Peter and of 
 Andrew, followed by that of James and John. — Journey to Jerusalem for the 
 Feast of the Passover. — Sellers driven from the Temple 40 
 
732 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER Vir. 
 Discourse with Nicodemus 64 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Jesus Christ preaches and baptizos.^New Testimony of St. John. — Imprisonment 
 
 of the Holy Precursor. — Return of Jesus to Galilee tlirough Samaria 59 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 The Samaritan Woman 63 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 An OfEcer's Son healed. — Cure of one possessed, and of the Mother-in-Law of St. 
 
 Peter. — Three Men reproved 71 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 The Tempest stilled.- — Two Demoniacs cured. — Swine precipitated into the Sea. — 
 Paralytic cured. — Vocation of St. Matthew. — Jesus eats amongst Sinners. — 
 Dispute relative to Fasting 79 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 A Woman licaled of an Issue of Blood. — The Daughter of Jairus resuscitated. — 
 
 The Blind see. — Devils cast out 89 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Probatica. — A Man infirm thirty-eight years healed. — Discourse of Jesus Christ to 
 
 the Jews 94 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 A Penitent Sinner at the feet of Jesus Christ. — The Com plucked 104 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 The Withered Hand restored. — Mildness of Jesus Christ foretold. — Calling of the 
 
 Twelve Apostles Ill 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 The Sermon on the Mount 117 
 
 CHAPTER XVIL 
 Continuation of the Sermon on the Mount 137 
 
 CHAPTER XVIIL 
 Close of the Sermon on the Mount 142 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 The Leper cleansed. — The Centurion's Servant. — The Widow of Nairn's Son restored 
 to Life. — John sends two of his Disciples to Christ. — He is commended by 
 Jesus Christ 144 
 
CONTENTS. 733 
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 The Holy AVomcn who followed Jesus Christ. — His friends wish to seize his Per- 
 son. — Healing of a Blind and Dumb Man who was possessed. — Blasphemy of 
 the Phaiisees. — Sin against the Holy Ghost 154 
 
 CUAPTER XXI. 
 The Sign of Jonas. — The Kiniiites. — The Queen of Saba. — The expelled Demon 
 enters in again. — E.xclamation of a Woman. — The Mother and Brothers of 
 Jesus. — Parable of the Seed 1G2 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 Parables of the Cockle, of the Mustard-seed, of the Leaven, and of the Net cast 
 into the Sea. — Preacliing of Jesus Christ at Nazareth. — Prophet without honor 
 in his own country 170 
 
 CHAPTER XXIIL 
 Mission of the Twelve Apostles. — Instructions and Advice that Jesus gives them . . ISO 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 Decapitation of St. John. — Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes. — Jesus walks 
 
 on the water, and supports Peter 18G 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Discourse of Jesus Christ on the Eucharist. — Murmur of the Jews 105 
 
 « 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Continuation of the Discourse on the Eucharist. — The Disciples arc scandalized. — 
 
 Constancy of the Apostles 201 
 
 CHAPTER XXVa 
 
 Complaints of the Pharisees. — Their Traditions rejected. — Cure of the Chanaancan 
 
 Woman's Daughter 210 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 Deaf and Dumb cured. — Multiplication of the Seven Loaves. — Demand of a Sign 
 
 from Heaven. — Leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees 217 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 The Blind Man of Bethsaida. — Confession of St. Peter. — Promise of the Keys. — 
 Passion foretold. — Peter rebuked. — Self is to be renounced. — The Cross must 
 be carried 224 
 
 CUAPTER XXX. 
 
 The Transfiguration. — Return of Elias announced. — Contrast of Jesus Christ's Hu- 
 
 miliiilion willi his Glory 230 
 
?34 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 The Lunatic cured. — There is a Demon who can only be cast out by Prayer and 
 Fasting.- — Another Prediction of the Death of Jesus Christ and of his Resur- 
 rection. — Tribute paid 236 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Dispute of the Disciples on Precedency. — Evangelical Childhood. — He who is not 
 against us is for us.— Scandal. — Necessity of retrenching all things which are 
 to us an occasion of falling. — Not to despise the little ones. — The Hundred 
 Sheep 
 
 243 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 Fraternal CoiTection. — Power of binding and loosing. — We are to pardon seventy- 
 seven times. — Parable of the Wicked Servant. — Secret Journey to Jerusalem, 
 for the Feast of Tabernacles. — The Ten Lepers 252 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 Jesus shows himself at the Feast of Tabernacles. — He preaches in the Temple. — 
 
 Divers Judgments concerning him. — Archers sent to apprehend him 259 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 Mystic Water. — Effusion of the Holy Ghost. — The Jews divided amongst them- 
 selves. — Council of the Priests. — Opposition of Nicodemus. — The Woman 
 tixken in Adultery 265 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 Another Discourse of Jesus Christ to the Jews. — He gives testimony of liimself. — 
 
 Death in Sin. — Slavery of Sin. — We arc emancipated from it by the Son alone. 270 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 Sequel of the Discourse. — Jews Children of Abraham, according to the Flesh ; 
 Children of the Devil, by imitation. — Jesus Christ before Abraham. — The 
 Jews wish to stone him 277 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 The Man born Blind.— Jesus is the Good Shepherd 284 
 
735 
 
 PART II. 
 
 FROM TIIE MSSION OF THE SEVENTY-TWO DISCIPLES UNTIL THE 
 ASCENSION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 Election, Mission, and Instruction of the Seventy-two disciples. — ^Thclr Return. — 
 Names written in Heaven. — Happy the eyes that have seen Jesus Christ ! — 
 His yoke is sweet, and his burden is light. — Love of God and of our Neigh- 
 bor. — The Good Samaritan. — Martha and Mary 293 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 The Lord's Prayer, according to St. Luke. — Perseverance in Prayer. — God gives 
 
 ■what is necessary. — The Pure Eye. — The Pharisees condemned 302 
 
 CHAPTER XLL 
 Instruction to the Disciples. — God alone is to be feared. — Jesus refuses to be the 
 Arbiter between two Brothers. — The Rich Miser condemned. — We are not to 
 be anxious for the morrow. — The Good and Bad Servants 300 
 
 CHAPTER XLIt 
 Necessity of Penance. — The Barren Fig-tree. — The Infirm Woman cured on the Sab- 
 bath day. — Small number of the Elect. — The Prophet should iiot perish out- 
 side of Jerusalem 315 
 
 CHAPTER XLIir. 
 A Man cured of the Dropsy on the Sabbath day. — We are always to take the low- 
 est place. — To invite the Poor.^Parable of those who excuse themselves from 
 coming to the Supper. — We must prefer Jesus Christ before all things 324 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 Feast of the Dedication. — Jesus speaks of his own sheep. — He and his.Father are 
 
 one. — ^The Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Lost Groat. — The Prodigal Son. 329 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 Parable of the Steward. — To make Friends for ourselves by wealth unju-stly ac- 
 quired. — The Rich Bad Mau and the Poor Good Man. — Fu-st coming of the 
 Messiah devoid of lustre 341 
 
Y36 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 We must pvay always. — The Pharisee and the Publican. — Marriage indissoluble. — 
 
 Virginity preferable. — Little Children blessed 350 
 
 CHAPTER XLVn. 
 Tiio Young Man called to Perfection. — Salvation difficult to the Rich. — All must be 
 relinquished to follow Jesus Christ. — Promises attached to this renunciation.— 
 The Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard 358 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIIL 
 Resurrection of Lazarus. — First Consultation against Jesus Christ. — Caiphas proph- 
 
 cs^s. — Jesus retires to Ephraira 308 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 Return to Jerusalem. — Zeal of the Two Disciples repressed. — The Passion foretold 
 with its circumstances. — Ambitious pretension of the Children of Zebedee. — 
 Murmuring of the other Disciples, and instructions given to them 370 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 Passage through Jerico. — A Blind Man restored to sight. — Zacheus. — Parable of 
 
 the Ten Pounds. — Sight restored to two Blind Men 383 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 Mary pours precious Ointment over Jesus Christ. — Murmuring of Judas and the 
 Apostles. — Design of killing Lazarus. — Triumphant entry into Jerusalem. — 
 Ve-\ation of the Pharisees 390 
 
 CHAPTER LII. 
 Christ weeps over Jci-usalem. — The accursed Fig-tree. — Sellers driven out of the 
 Temple. — Faith omnipotent. — Grain of Wiicat. — Jesus is troubled. — A voice 
 from Heaven 399 
 
 CHAPTER LIII. 
 Licredulity of the Jews. — The Timid condemned with the Incredulous.— From 
 whenêe_ciù||t the Baptism of John. — Parable of the Two Sons. — Parable of 
 the Virieyar'd and tlie Wicked Husbandmen 408 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 Parable of the Maniage Feast. — Obligation of paying the Tribute. The Resun-ec- 
 tion proved. — The First Commandment of the Law is, the Love of God and 
 our Neighbor. — The Messiah is the Son of David, and yet his Lord 417 
 
 CHAPTER LV. 
 To hear the Doctors of the Law, not to imitate tliem. — The Scribes and Pharisees 
 are accursed. — The Widow's Mite. — The ruin of the Temple foretold. — Ques- 
 tion as to the time of the ruin of Jerusalem, and of the end of the world 420 
 
CONTENTS. 737 
 
 CHAPTER LVI. 
 Forerunning signs. — Sign of the Son of Man. — Tlic List Trumpet. — The Elect 
 
 gathered together. — Vigihmcc always necessary. — One taken, another left. . . 4.33 
 
 CHAPTER LVII. 
 Sequel. — Good and bad Servants. — Wise and foolish Virgins.— Talents. — Judgment 
 
 of Jesus Christ 443 
 
 CHAPTER LVIIL 
 Conspiracy against Jesus. — Judas makes his Contract. — Pcischal Supper. — Wash- 
 ing of the Feet. — Treason foretold 450 
 
 ¥ 
 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 Institution of the Euchari^— Jesus i^ troubled. — Woe to the Traitor. — Jesus makes 
 
 him known to John. — Withdrawal of Judas. Dispute of the Apostles upon 
 
 Priority. — Presumption of Peter. — His Denial foretold. — State of warfare about 
 
 to commence for the Disciples 458 
 
 CHAPTER LX. 
 Discourse after the Supper. — The Disciples encoufaged and consoled. — Who secth 
 
 the Father seeth the Son. — The Spirit of Truth promised 468 
 
 CHAPTER LXT. 
 Sequel of the Discourse. — Jesus Christ is the True Vine. — We are to persevere in 
 
 Charity. — Persecutions foretold. — Testimony of the Holy Ghost 470 
 
 CHAPTER LXU. 
 Tlie end of the Discourse. — Joy promised after Sorrow. — Jesus prays for Himself 
 
 and for hb Disciples 486 
 
 CHAPTER LXni. 
 Garden of Olives. — Kiss of Judas. — Soldiers struck down. — Malchus. — Jesus iâ 
 apprehended and conducted to Annas and Carphas. — The Blow. — False Wit- 
 nesses. — Confession of Jesus Christ 494 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 Insults and Outrages. — Denial of St. Peter, and his Tears. — Jesus interrogated a 
 
 second time by the Priests. — Repentance of Judas, and his Despair 505 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 Jesus conducted before Pilate. — Pilate interrogates him, and sends him to Herod. 512 
 
 CHAPTER LXVI. 
 Jesus conducted again before Pilate. — Barabbxs. — Pilate's Wife. — Flagellation. — 
 
 Crowning with Thorns 520 
 
 47 
 
Y38 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER LXVII. 
 Ecce Homo. — ^Pilate's second Interrogation. — Jesus is condemned. — He carries his 
 Cross. — Simon the Cyrenean. — Daughters of Jerusalem. — Jesus Crucified be- 
 tween two Thieves. — Title of the Cross. — Lots cast for the Garment 625 
 
 CHAPTER LXVIIL 
 
 Blasphemies and Insults. — The Good Thief. — The Words of Jesus to his Mother. — 
 Darkness. — Jesus dies.— ^Prodigies. — The Saviour's side pierced. — Burial. — 
 Descent into Hell 583 
 
 CHAPTER LXIX. 
 
 The ResuiTCction. — The Angel of the Lord. — The Soldiers frightened. — The Stone 
 raised. — Journey of the Women. — Race of Peter and q6 John. — Apparition to 
 Magdalen.— Apparition to the other Women.-;-Retiu-n of the guards to Jeru- 
 salem, and their Deposition '■^L ^ 544 
 
 ^ ■ CHAPTER LXX 
 
 Divers Apparitions to Peter, to Jaipes, to the Two Disciples at Emmaus, and to the 
 
 Eleven (first and second) • 551 
 
 • 
 CHAPTER LXXL 
 
 Apparition by the Sea-side. — Miracidous Fishing. — Peter appointed Pastor of the 
 whole Flock. — Apparition upon a Mountain of Galilee. — Mission of the Apos- 
 tles. — Fiaal Apparition at Jerusalem. — ^Promise of the Holy Ghost. — ^Ascen- 
 sion. — Conclusion 558 
 
 ' 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Return of the Disciples from Mount Olivet to Jerusalem. — They retire to an upper 
 room. — St. Peter's discourse followed by the election of St. Matthias in the 
 place of Judas 573 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Descent of the Holy Ghost. — Tlie gift of Tongues. — The Preaching of St. Peter. — 
 
 Conversion of Three Thousand persons 5T6 
 
 CHAPTER UL 
 The Lame Man cured at the gate of the Temple. — Second Preaching of St. Peter. 585 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Five Thousand men converted. — Peter and John are cast into Prison. — Council of 
 the Apostles. — Discourse of St. Peter. — Silence imposed on the Apostles. — 
 Their Prayer followed by a fresh infusion of the Holy Ghost. — Sanctity of the 
 Firet Christians. — Barnabas '. 590 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Ananias and Saphira. — ^tirades of the Apostles. — Thej' are put in Prison, and de- 
 livered by an Angel. — Advice of Gamaliel. — The Apostles beaten with Rods. 597 
 
 CHAPTER YI. 
 Murmur of the Greeks against the Hebrews. — Election and Ordination of the Seven 
 Deacons. — Stephen full of grace and strength. — The Jews dispute against 
 him. — He is seized by them and brought before the Council 606 
 
 CHAPTER VIL 
 Discourse of St. Stephen. — His Death. — Saul is accessory thereto, and keeps the 
 
 garments of those who stone him 010 
 
T40 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Persecution of the Faithful. — Cnnveision of tlie Samaritans. — Simon the Magi- 
 cian. — The Eunuch baptizud 610 
 
 CUAPTER IX. 
 Tlie Conversion of S:iu! 625 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Peter cures Eneas, tlic Paralytic, at Lydia, and at Joppa raises Tabitha to Life. — 
 An Angel appears to Cornelius, the Centurion. — Vision of Si. Peter. — Corne- 
 lius, with his Family, is instructed and baptized 631 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Peter shows cause for his Conduct. — Preaching of Barnabas and Saul at Antioch, 
 
 where the name of Christian is first given to the Faithful 641 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 James the brother of John is put to Death by llerod. — Peter delivered from Prison 
 
 by an Angel. — Death of Herod 644 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 The Holy Ghost decrees that Barnabas and Sud shall be chosen for the work of 
 Preaching to the Gentiles. — Tlie Magician Bar-Jesu is struck Blind at the bid- 
 ding of Paul. — Conversion of Sergius Paulus. — Address of Paul to the syna- 
 gogue of Antioch of Pisidia. — Blasphemy of the Jews. — Pereecution cwited 
 by them. — Conversion of the Gentiles 649 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Jews and Gentiles converted in Iconium. — A Cripple is cured in Lystra. — The Two 
 Apostles are there taken for Gods. — Ne.\t day Paul is stoned, and left for 
 Dead. — He returns with Barnabas to Antioch 656 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Dispute on the subject of Circumcision. — Paul and Barnabas come to consult with 
 
 the other Apostles. — Council of Jerusalem. — Separation of Paul and Barnabas. 659 
 
 CHAPTER XVL 
 Timothy circumcised. — Paul forbidden by the Holy Ghost to preach in Asia or in 
 Bithynia. — He is called into Macedonia. — A Sorceress dispossessed. — Paul 
 and Silas are scourged, imprisoned, and expelled the country 666 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 Preaching at Thessalonica. — A Tumult caused by the Jews. — St. Paul in Athens. — 
 His Discourse in the Areopagus followed by the conversion of Denis the Are- 
 opagite 672 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 Paul preaches the Gospel in Corinth, and afterwards in Ephesus. — Apollo 677 
 
 i 
 
COKTENTS. 
 
 T41 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Tlie Baptism of John insufficient. — Miracles operatod by the mere Touching of the 
 garments of St. Paul. — Jewisli Exorcists beaten and abused by the Devils. — 
 Books burned. — Sedition e.xcited by the Silvei-smith Demetrius 082 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 St. Paul in Troas. — A Young Man who had been killed by a fall restored to Life. — 
 In Miletus, St. Paul delivers an Address and E.xliortation to the Pastors of the 
 Churches C88 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. •• 
 
 Prophecy of Agabus. — St. Paul in Jerusalem.- — He is an-estcd by the Jews. — The 
 
 Tribune Lysius withdraws him from their Custody 694 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 Discourse of St. Paul to the Jews. — The Tribune condemns him to the Lash. — He 
 
 declares himself a Roman Citizen C99 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 St. Paul struck, by order of the High-priesL — He curses him, and excuses himself 
 for so doing. — Dispute between the Pharisees and Sadducees. — Conspiracy 
 against St. Paul. — He is sent to Ccsarca 703 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 Accusation of St. Paul before Felix, and his Defence 707 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 St. Paul arraigned before Festus. — He defends himself, and appeals to Caesar. — 
 
 Agrippa and Bemice desire to hear him VU 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 St. Paul's Address to King Agrippa 714 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIL 
 St. Paul is shipped for Rome. — He encounters a Violent Stoiin. — The Vessel is 
 lost, but all on board are saved, conformably to the Revelation made to Paul 
 by an Angel 718 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIIL 
 Arrival at Malta and sojourn there. — St. Paul miraculously cures all the Sick. — 
 He departs from Malta and arrives at Rome. — He a.sscmbles the Chiefs of the 
 Jews. — He addresses them, but for the most part with little success. — He an- 
 nounces the Gospel to all those who come to visit him 723 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX 
 Containing those passages from the Epistles of St. Paul wherein he makes mention 
 
 of what happened to him during the Two Years of his Imprisonment 727 
 
ANALYTICAL TABLE 
 
 SUBJECTS IN THE LIVES OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 A 
 
 AhrahcPm, father of the faithful, page 611, note; promises made to that patriarch, /5i'(/. ; 
 he receives the sign or token of the alliance, ib. 
 
 Achaia evangelized by Apollo of Alexandria, 681 ; and by Paul, ib. 
 
 Action justly willed, and criminally executed ; what it is, 580, note ; important distinc- 
 tion concerning free-will, which is never separated from the will of God, ib., note. 
 
 Agahus, a prophet, 644, see Famine ; he prophesied the death of St. Paul, 695. 
 
 Ambiguity in Scripture is to be respected ; why, 581, note. 
 
 Ananias and Saphira struck dead, 599. 
 
 Ananias (the priest) seeks Saul on the part of God, and imposes hands upon him, 628. 
 
 Antioch ; it was in this city that the disciples began to bear the name of Christians, 643 ; 
 it becomes the see of St. Peter, 645. 
 
 Antioch of Pisidia ; St. Paul preaches there, 651 ; he visits it a second time, 680. 
 
 Apollo ; who he was, 681 ; he preaches in Ephesus, ib. ; he is himself instructed, not- 
 withstanding his learning, ib. 
 
 Apostles apprehended, see Arrests; put in prison, 602; delivered by the angel of the 
 Lord, ib. ; see the words Uj}pcr Room, Cures, Miracles, Shadows, Pastors ; are 
 scourged, 605 ; remain in Jerusalem during the persecution, 620, and the note. 
 
 Apparition of Gamaliel to the priest Lucian ; why, 604, note ; of an angel to the centu- 
 rion Cornelius, see Macedonia, Paul, Vision. 
 
 Aquila and his wife receive St. Paul, 677. 
 
 Arabia, evangelized by Paul, 630; see Damascus and what occurred there. 
 
 Areopagus ; what it was, 674; Paul is taken thither, ib. 
 
 Arrest, first, of the apostles, 591 ; second, 602 ; third, ib. 
 
 Asia; prohibition to preach the Gospel there; wherefore, 682 ; Paul makes several 
 pastoral visits to vaiious parts of it, 682, 690. 
 
 Athens ; Paul preaches the Gospel there, 674, 675. 
 
ANALYTICAL TABLE. V-tS 
 
 B 
 
 Baj)tism of Jesus Clirist announced by St. Peter, 583 ; is conferred on three thousand 
 persons, 584 ; see Corinthians, Cornelius, Crispus, Eunuch, JaiUr, Lydia ; why it 
 was rarely administered by the apostles themselves, 6T8, and the note ; see Ana- 
 nias, Apollo, Paul. 
 
 Bar-Jesus, a false prophet, 650 ; unmasked by St. Paul, ib. ; struck blind, 651. 
 
 Barnabas (or Joseph) sells his land, and brings the price thereof to the apostles, 597 ; 
 sent to Antioch by the Church of Jenisalem, 043 ; goes in search of St. Paul, and 
 comes with him to Antioch, 26. 
 
 Berea ; the Jews of that city receive the evangelical word with avidity, 673 ; see Scrip- 
 ture. 
 
 Body of St. Stephen discovered ; how, 604, note ; see Gamaliel. 
 
 Books of magic burned at Ephesus, 685. 
 
 Breaking of bread ; importance of that expression, 584 ; see Eucharist, and again page 
 585, note. 
 
 c 
 
 Calvin ; error of that lieresiarch regarding the descent of Jesus into hell, 581, note. 
 
 Captivity of the Jews ; diiTorence regarding the number of yeai-s explained, 611, note. 
 
 Cesarea is evangehzed, together with the adjoining cities, 625 ; the centmion Cornelius 
 receives the light of the Gospel, 634. 
 
 Chanaan; period when the children of Israel first entered, 612. 
 
 Chrism (holy) ; whether the apostles used it in the sacrament of confirmation, 622, note. 
 
 Christians ; when that name was first given to the disciples, 643 ; see Antioch. 
 
 Church ; birth of the, 584 ; it is independent of men ; how and why, ib., in the note. 
 
 Cilicia ; evangelized by St. Paul, 665 ; see Syria. 
 
 Circumcision ; dispute concerning it amongst the brethren, 660 ; question laid before 
 the Church, 661, and the explanatory note, 662. 
 
 Community of goods; one of the distinctive features of the primitive Church, 596, and 
 the note. 
 
 Confirmation ; importance and necessity of this sacrament, 622 ; how it is conferred, ib., 
 and the note. 
 
 Conscience ; liow strong its voice is ; it is the voice of God himself, 594, note. . 
 
 Conversion of five thousand men at the first preaching of St. Peter, 591 ; see Baptism. 
 
 Corinth is evangelized, 677; see Crispus. 
 
 Corinthians converted by St. Paid, 678; and baptized by his companions in the mis- 
 sion, ib. ; see Ba2>tism. 
 
 Cornelius, the centurion of Cesarea, 634 ; and, regarding him, the refutation of an en-or 
 of Pelagius, note; goes to meet Peter, and prostrates himself at his feet, 637: is 
 instructed by the apostle, 638 ; receives the Holy Ghost, 639 ; is baptized, 640. 
 
 Council of Diopolis or Lydda, which condemned the errors of Pelagius, 663, quoted 
 in the note ; of Jerusalem, 664. 
 
 Creed, apostles' ; a conjecture regarding it, 644. 
 
 Cripple cured at the gate of the temple, 580 ; another cured by Paul, in Lystra, 657. 
 
 Crispus, ruler of the synagogue in Corinth, believe.s in the Gospel, 078 ; see Synayoyues. 
 
 Cures, miraculous, see Cripple, Paralytic, Possessed. 
 
T44 
 
 ANALYTICAL TABLE. 
 
 D 
 
 Damascus, a city of Arabia; Saul goes there to persecute the faitliful, 026 ; how he en- 
 tered, 627 ; see Ananias ; Saul preaches in Damascus Jesus risen from the dead, 
 629 ; second visit of Saul to Damascus, C80 ; Saul runs the risk of losing his life, ib. ; 
 how he escapes from the city, ib. 
 
 David foretold of Christ, and not of himself, in those memorable words : The Lord said 
 to my Lord : " Sit thou at my riglit hand," 582. 
 
 Dead restored to life, see JSuii/chus, Tabiiha. 
 
 Deacons, seven, chosen by the apostles; why, 607, 608; see Imposition of Hands j 
 service of tables, COS ; names of the seven, ib. ; their other functions, ib. 
 
 Denis the Areopagite ; his conversion, 676; note concerning him, ib. 
 
 Discourse of St. Peter to the disciples in the upper room, 574 ; to the Jews, followed by 
 the conversion of three thousand persons, 579 to 584; other discourse in the tem- 
 ple, 587 to 591 ; followed by the conversion of five thousand persons, ib. ; other 
 discourse before the princes of the people, 592, C03. 
 
 Discourse of St. Stephen, wherein is retraced the entire history of the Jewish people, 
 610 ; of St. Paul in the synagogue of Antioch, 651 to 654 ; in the midst of Arco- 
 par/us, 674 ; to the faithful and to the bishops of the Church of Ephesus, 690 to 
 693; to the people of Jerusalem, 699. 
 
 Discourse of Paul before the governor Fcli.x, 708 ; before king Agrippa, 714. 
 
 Dispersion of the apostles to diffuse the light of the Gospel among the Gentiles, 644 ; 
 it is only known by a constant tradition, ib. 
 
 Doctors (or teachers) ; what they were, 649, and the note. 
 
 Dogma (Catholic) ; what it is, and what it really must be, to exist at all, 638, note. 
 
 Dove which descended on Jesus at his baptism ; note on that subject, 675 ; and on the 
 representation of the Holy Ghost under that form, 676. 
 
 Dust of the feet shaken, off by Paul and Barnabas ; why, 655. 
 
 E 
 
 Ecstasy of St. Paul, 658 ; conjecture legarding the period of its occurrence, ib., note. 
 Election of the seven deacons, 607, 608 ; their names, 008 : see Service of Tables. 
 Ephesus ; first voyage of St. Paul to, 680 ; second voyage of St. Paul to, 682 ; tumult 
 
 amongst the artisans of that city, 686 ; Church of Ephesus visited by Paul, 690. 
 Epistle to the Philippians ; at what period it was written by Paul, 671. 
 Epistles of St. Paul ; wlicn and where they were written, 728. 
 Etkioptia; prophecy regarding its return to God, 623, in the note. 
 Eunuch of the queen Candace baptized by Philip, 024. 
 Eutychus resuscitated by St. Paul, 689. 
 Evangelist ; wherefore that title as given to the deacon Philip, 608, in the note. 
 
 F 
 
 Famine predicted; charity of the faithful on that occasion, 643, 644; another, see 
 
 Agabns. 
 Flagellation of the apostles, 605 ; of Paul and Silas, 669. 
 Frecdmcn ; ^vhat Ihey were in Jerusalem, 609, and the note ; synagogue of the, ib. 
 
ANALYTICAL TABLE. 745 
 
 G 
 
 Galatia evangelized by Paul, G80. 
 
 Gamaliel, a Jewish doctor (of the law), defends the cause of the apostles against the 
 
 synagogue, C03, and the note ; appears to the priest Lucian, 604, note ; was the 
 
 teacher of Saul, at what time, 699. 
 Generation ; eternal of the Word preached and explained by Paul, 053, and the note. 
 Gentiles ; grand mystery of their vocation revealed to Peter, 632. 
 Gift of the Holy Ghost; what it is, 583, and the note. 
 God ; what he is, 075 ; his v.orks, ib. ; remarks on the representations made of him, 
 
 C'S, 676. 
 Gospel ; on what based, and when commenced, 580 ; preached to the Gentiles, see An- 
 
 tioch, Cesarea, Lystra, Salamina Sergius, Vocation. 
 Gospel of St. Matthew ; conjecture as to its date, and how it has come down to us, C J5. 
 Greece evangelized by Paul, 688. 
 Greeks enter into the bosom of the Church, 042. 
 
 H 
 
 Hell ; Jesus Christ was delivered from its pains ; what is understood by these words, 
 
 581, and the note. 
 Herod struck dead, 048. 
 
 Hierarchy of the Church is a sacred thing, 584, note ; see Church, Pastors. 
 Holy Ghost (the), first descends on the apostles, 577; liis second descent, 595; see 
 
 Upper Room, Cornelius, Prayer. 
 
 Idols and their shrines; what they are, 675, note. 
 
 Ignorance of the Jews guilty of the death of Jesus ; how inexcusable, 587, and the note. 
 
 Imposition of hands ; importance of that ceremony, accompanied by prayer, in the con- 
 secration of the seven deacons, 608, note ; see Confirmation ; that made by Ana- 
 nias on Saul was not for confirmation, but for healing, 628, and the note. 
 
 Im2'recalions are not always contrary to the spirit of charity, 575, and the note. 
 
 James, the brother of John, killed by Herod's orders, 645, and the note on his surname 
 
 of Major, ib. 
 Jerusalem ; its Church visited by Paul, 680 ; the brethren urge Paul not to go into that 
 
 city, lest the Jews might kill him, 695 ; Paul braves the persecution, ib. ; rising of 
 
 the people against the apostles, 697. 
 Jesus, delivered to the Jews by the special will of God, 580 ; is seated at the right hand 
 
 of his Father, 582 ; his resurrection preached by Paul to the Gentiles, 653. 
 Jcics reject the Gospel, C.j4 ; they banish St. Paul and Barnabas, 655 ; they have a 
 
 mind to stone them, 056 ; tliey stone Paul, 658 ; they are expelled from Rome 
 
 under Claudius, 677 ; why, ib., note ; cursed by Paul, 078 ; the Jews of Jerusalem 
 
 swear to kill Paul, 705. 
 Joel (prophecy of), regarding the descent of the Holy Ghost, 579, and the note. 
 
V46 ANALYTICAL TABLE. 
 
 Joppa (the town of) is evangelized, 633 ; see Tabitha. 
 
 Judas Iscariot is replaced by another in the college of the apostles, 575. 
 
 Judas the Galilean, an impostor and rebel, 604. 
 
 JitUan the apostate would fain suppress the name of Christian, 643, 644, note. 
 
 K 
 
 Keeper of the prison, with his family, converted and baptized, 670. 
 
 L 
 
 Land (promised, or Chanaan) ; see Abraham, Chanaan, Slavert/. 
 
 Languages, diversity of; one of the effects of the descent of the Holy Ghost, 577 ; how 
 
 tliis miracle is to be considered, and in what way explained, 578, note. 
 Laio, ancient and new; what it is, and the dift'erence between the two laws, 580, note; 
 
 Jewish ; how regarded by St. Paul, 697. 
 Liturgy ; what it literally is, 649, note. 
 Lois; are not always unlawful, nee. Matldas ; difference between the discipline of the 
 
 apostolic times and those which came after; with regard to lots, 575, note. 
 Lydia, a woman of Thyatira, baptized, 684; persuades Paul and his companions to 
 
 abide in her house, ib. 
 Lysira, a town of Lycaonia; what passed there, 656, 657 ; see Cripple. 
 
 M 
 
 Maeedonia ; that country is evangelized ; vision on that subject, 667. 
 
 Mark (St.) or John follows Barnabas and Saul, 648. 
 
 Mathias (St.) takes the place of Judas, 576 ; see Lots. 
 
 MatthciD (St.) ; see Gospel. 
 
 Mesopotamia ; sojourn of Abraham in, 608 ; difference on this head explained, ib., note. 
 
 Miletus, church of, visited and exhorted by Paul, 690. 
 
 Ministry of the word belongs specially to the bishops ; why, 607, note. 
 
 Miracles ; support the doctrine of the apostles, 584 ; see Crij^ple, Conversions, Perse- 
 cutions, Silence impiosed. Shadow of St. Peter. 
 
 Moses (history of) and his legislation, 613 ; and incidentally, his prophecy of the Mes- 
 siah, 615, note. 
 
 o 
 
 Offspring of God ; what is to be understood by that, 675, note. 
 Oracles ; opinion of Fontenelle on this subject, 668, and the note. 
 Ordination of St. Barnabas and Saul, 649, and the note. 
 
 Paphos evangelized, 650. 
 Paralytic cured by St. Peter, 633. 
 
 Pastors (the choice of) cannot depend on the will of the people ; why, 584, note. 
 Patience of God; two great e.\amples thereof, 590, note. 
 
 Patriarchs, \he twelve; their tombs at Sichem, 612; difference as to the place ex- 
 plained, ib., note. 
 
ANALYTICAL TABLE. 141 
 
 Paul (St.) ; when and where he began to bear that name, G50 ; unmasks tlie false 
 
 prophet Bar-Jesu, ib. ; converts Sergius Paulus, 651 ; is stoned by the Jews, 658 ; 
 
 scourged and imprisoned in Macedonia, 669 ; goes to Thcssalonica, 672 ; to Berea, 
 
 673. 
 works at the trade of tent-making in order to maintain himself, 677; curses the 
 
 Jews ; why, 678, and the note ; has his head shorn ; why, 680, and the note ; goes 
 
 to Jerusalem, 695 ; is thrown into prison there, 698 ; see Discourse ; is taken for 
 
 a malefactor, 698. 
 when on the point of being scourged, declares himself a Roman citizen, 702, and 
 
 the note ; strengthened in his prison by a vision, 704. 
 sent to Cesarea with an escort for his safety, 706 ; brought before Felix, 707 ; 
 
 and accused, 708; speaks before Felix and his wife, 710. 
 remains two yeare in prison without being found guilty, 710 ; is brought up before 
 
 Festus, and appeals from him to Cœsar, 7 1 1 ; appears again before King Agrippa, 
 
 714; acknowledged innocent, 717; shipped for Rome, 718. 
 is shipwrecked on the island of Malta, 723 ; works many miracles there, 724; at 
 
 Puteoli, 725 ; in Rome, is received by the brethren, ib. ; confère with the chiefs of 
 
 the Jews, ib. ; preaches and converts even in his captivity, ib. 
 persecuted in Rome, 728, 729 ; is deserted by his friends, 729 ; is put to death 
 
 with the prince of the apostles, ib. ; see the words Eutychus, Lysira, Bead resus- 
 citated. Possessed, Pastoral visits. 
 Penance, virtue of; what it is according to theologians, 583, in note. 
 Pentecost ; a festival obser\'cd by the Hebrews, and afterwards by the Christians, 576 ; 
 
 difference of its purpose in these two celebrations, ib., note. 
 Persecutions; beginning of the, 591; see Arrest, Prayer, and again, 619; under 
 
 Herod, 645. 
 Peter (St.) addresses the disciples, 574 ; his discourse to the Jews, 579 ; to the people, 
 
 in the temple, 587 ; justifies his conduct with regard to the Gentiles, 641 ; is put 
 
 in prison, 646 ; is delivered by the angel, ib. ; see the words Ananias, Antioai, 
 
 Cripple cured. Shadow of St. Peter, Paralysis, Tabitha restored to life. 
 Philip, one of the seven deacons, see that word ; instructs and baptizes the eunuch, 
 
 623, 624 ; is canned away by the Spirit of God, 625. 
 Phrygia evangelized by Paul, 680. 
 
 Porch of Solomon ; what it was, 587, and the note ; and again, 600, and the note. 
 Possessed by the devil, delivered by St. Paul, 668. 
 Predestined ; see on this subject, 655, and the note. 
 
 Prœordinali ad tntam cetemam ; explanation on this subject, 655, and the note. 
 Prayer ; unanimous of the apostles inspired by the Holy Ghost, 594 ; during the night, 
 
 was a custom of the first Christians, 669. 
 Prescience of God ; what it is, 580 ; its infallibility, 581, and. the note ; and to the word 
 
 Action. 
 Presence (real) in the sacrament of the Eucharist, opposed by the Calvinists ; how, 589, 
 
 and the note. 
 Priaan opened miraculously, 669 ; another opened by an angel, see Peter. 
 Promise made to Abraham justified and accomplished in the person of the dcicide Jews, 
 
 589, and the note. 
 Prophvt J this name is sometimes given to Jesus Christ, 589, and the note. 
 
748 ANALYTICAL TABLE. 
 
 Prophetesses ; daughters of Pliilip the evangelist, 695. 
 
 Proselyte ; whence comes that name applied to one of the seven deacons chosen by the 
 
 apostles, 608, note. 
 Plolemats, or St. John d'Acre ; Paul passes through it, and visits the brethren there, 694. 
 
 R 
 
 Rdigious ; what they represent- by their poverty, 596, note. 
 
 Resurrection of the dead ; dogma of the, objected to and proved, 591, and the note ; see 
 
 Sadducces ; preached at Athens by St. Paul, and is rejected, 676. 
 Pome; arrival of St. Paul in that city, 725; he preaches Jesus there, 726; it was in 
 
 that city that he wrote the greater part of his epistles, 728 ; he suffers martyrdom 
 
 there, 729. 
 Room ; upper, the apostles retire to, 573. 
 
 Sacrifice ; evening, amongst the Jews, was replaced; how, 586, and the note. 
 Sadducces denied the dogma of tlic resurrection, GOl. 
 St. John d'Acre, or Ptolemais, visited by St. Paul, 69-t, note. 
 Sulamina evangelized, 650 ; see Bar-Jesu. 
 . Samaria, or Scbasle city ; why so named, 620, note. 
 Samaria; country evangelized by St. Peter; remarkable exception to that, 620, note. 
 Samaritans are evangelized and baptized, 621, 623. 
 Saul ; his history and his portrait traced by himself, 619, and the note; his country, 
 
 699 ; persecutes.the faithful, 620, 626 ; is cast on the ground on the way to Da- 
 mascus, 626 ; is baptized, 629 ; preaches in the synagogues, ib. ; goes to Arabia, 
 
 ib. ; returns to Damascus, 630. 
 comes to Jerusalem, 630 ; is presented to the apostles, ib. ; the Jews are desirous 
 
 to have him put to death, 631 ; goes to Cyprus to preach the Gospel, 650; see 
 
 Paul. 
 Sceva ; the seven sons of, attempting to e.xpel the devils, are abused and beaten by 
 
 them, 684. 
 Scripture, holy ; rule on the manner in which it ought to be consulted, and taken for 
 
 a guide in the examination of revealed religion, 673, and the note. 
 Separation of Paul and Barnabas ; why, 665 ; is not v ways a division, ib., note. 
 Ser</ius Paulus, proconsul, converted by St. Paul, 651 ; see Bar-Jesu. 
 Service of tables; what it was in the primitive Church, 607, COS, note. 
 Shadow of St. Peter cures the sick, 601. 
 Silas, a prophet, 664 ; companion of St. Paul, 665 ; is imprisoned and abused, 669 ; 
 
 goes forth with honor from the pj-ison, 671 ; separated from St. Paul, 673. 
 Silence imposed on the apostles is a proof of the truth of what they testified, 594 ; how 
 
 it is so, see the note, p. 593. 
 Silence observed by the rulers of the people on th-î occasion of the miraculous lihei-a- 
 
 tiun from prison, 602, important note ; silence imposed on the devils by St. Paul, 
 
 668 ; why, ib., note. 
 Simon the Samaritan renders himself guilty of the sin since kno'^vn as Simon;/, 622, 
 
 and the note. 
 Simonj/ ; what that sin is, 622, note. 
 
^^.: 
 
 AWAlTTtCAL TABLE. " 749 
 
 Soul is not a substance of God, but only his woik, G75, note. 
 
 Stephen (St.) chosen as one of the deacons, G08 ; confounds liis advci-sarics, C09, and 
 
 note; calumniated, ib. ; Iiis admirable address to the ancienU, CIO ; is stoned, CIS. 
 Synarfoyues ; their number in Jerusalem, C09, note; names of those who opposed St. 
 
 Stephen, ib. 
 Syria evangelized by Paul, C31 ; see Cilieia. 
 
 Tabernacle and ark of the covenant, 6 IT ; w;\s not to hxst forever, C17 ; see Temple. 
 
 Titbitha, or Dorcas, resuscitated by St. Peter, G33. 
 
 Tempest, violent, and shipwreck of the vessel in which St. Paul was, 719, 72.2, 723. 
 
 Temple of Jerusalem ; its destruction was a necessary consequence and a proof of the 
 coming of the Messiah, COl, note; its ruin was twice the object of the accusation 
 and condemnation of Jesus and of St. Stephen, CIO, and note. 
 
 Tkcodas, an impostor, cited, C04, and note. 
 
 Thessalonica evangelized, C72. 
 
 Timotlnj circumcised, 660. 
 
 Troas evangelized by St. Paul, 089 ; sec Eutychns. 
 
 Traeels, apostolical, of St. Paul, see the words Achaia, Antioch, Arabia, Asia, Alliens, 
 Berca, Cilicia, Corinth, Da7)iascus, Ephesus, Galatia, -Greece, Jerusalem, Lystra, 
 Miicedoitia, Phrygia, Ptulcmais, Salamina, Syria, Thessalonica, Troas, Tyre, ic. 
 
 Tyre vi.sited by St. Paul, G9I. 
 
 V 
 
 Vision of Peter relating to the vocation of the Gentiles, 636, and note ; of St. Paul, see 
 
 Macedonia ; of St. Stephen, 617 ; see Apparition. 
 Visits, pjistorai, are necessary ; wherefore, C80, note. 
 Vocation of the Gentiles, see Gentiles, Paul. 
 
 w 
 
 Will of God ; is never detached from any event, and never interferes with man's free- 
 will, nor lessens his guilt; how this is so, 580, 531, and the note; see Prescience. 
 
 Word, evangelical; importance of its ministry, see Ministry ; is rejected by the Jews, 
 sec Jews ; is carried to the Gentiles and received by them, see Gentiles, Vocation, 
 Travels. 
 
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