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 GUIDE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 
 SPECIMENS ILLUSTEATING 
 
 THE 
 
 ACES OF MANKIND 
 
 (ANTHROPOLOGY) 
 
 EXHIBITED IN 
 
 THE DEPAKTMENT OE ZOOLOGY, 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), 
 CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY 16 FIGURES. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 1912. 
 
 PRICE FOURPENCE. 
 
GUIDE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SPECIMENS ILLUSTEATING 
 
 THE 
 
 EACES OF MANKIND 
 
 (ANTHROPOLOGY) 
 
 EXHIBITED IN 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT OE ZOOLOGYJ 
 
 / BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), 
 CEOMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED t,Y 16' FIGURES. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 1912. 
 {All rights reserved.) 
 

 LONDON : 
 
 PllINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, 
 
 DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 The collection of anthropological specimens (that is to say, 
 specimens illustrating the physical structure of the body of Man 
 and his position in the Animal Kingdom, as distinct from his works) 
 is at present in its infancy, and requires an almost indefinite increase 
 in order to make it anything like representative. Although skeletons 
 and skulls of the races of Mankind have for many years formed a 
 portion of the zoological collection, the anthropological series in its 
 present form is due to the initiation of the late Sir W. H. Flower, 
 by whom special interest was taken in this section of the Museum. 
 
 Unfortunately, of late years the anthropological series has not 
 increased so rapidly as is desirable. It may be hoped that the 
 publication of this Guide-Book will stimulate public interest, and 
 thus lead to the growth of the collection. 
 
 The attention of those who may have the opportunity of 
 photographing any of the native races of mankind may be directed 
 to the importance of taking such photographs from two aspects, — 
 full-face and in profile — after the manner of most of the illustrations 
 in this Guide-Book. It is only when taken from these two aspects 
 that photographs are capable of accurate comparison with one 
 another, and it is therefore these alone that are of any value to 
 the anthropologist. 
 
 The present Guide-Book is the work of ]\Ir. R. Lydekker, to 
 whom has been entrusted the formation and arrangement of the 
 anthropological series in its present form. 
 
 For figures 8, 9, 14, 15, and 16 the Museum is indebted to the 
 proprietor of Knowledge and Scientific News, 
 
 R. BOWDLER SHARPE. 
 
 Zoological Department (Vertebkate Section), 
 British Museum (Natural History), 
 Cromwell Road, S.W. 
 
 September 1st, 1908. 
 
 274761 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The collection of specimens illustrating the Races of Mankind was 
 at first arranged on the system adopted by Sir William Flower 
 in his anthropological works ; but certain modifications — especially 
 in regard to the racial position of Australians and Malays — have 
 been subsequently introduced. 
 
 In the present edition of this Guide-Book, which has been 
 thoroughly revised, the author — Mr. R. Lydekker — is indebted for 
 many suggestions to Professor A. C. Haddon, F.R.S., of Cambridge, 
 to Mr. T. A. Joyce, of the Department of British and Medieval 
 Antiquities and Ethnography at the British Museum, Bloomsbury, 
 and likewise to the Curator of the Department of Anthropology in 
 the U.S. National Museum at "Washington. 
 
 The Trustees are indebted to Dr. H. 0. Forbes, late Director of 
 the Museum at Liverpool, for the greater number of the life-size 
 photographs of the heads of various races exhibited in the gallery. 
 These photographs were specially prepared for the collection under 
 the supervision of Dr. Forbes, by whom they were presented. 
 
 SIDNEY F. HARMER. 
 
 Zoological Department, 
 
 British Museum (Natural History), 
 Cromwell Road, S.W. 
 
 August, 1912. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Mankind, Family Hominida3 9 
 
 Caucasian, or White Races 12 
 
 Aryans 13 
 
 Semitic Group 14 
 
 Hamitic Group 14 
 
 Nilgiri Tribes 15 
 
 Dravidians 16 
 
 Veddas 16 
 
 Toalas 16 
 
 Sakais 17 
 
 Ainus 17 
 
 Native Australians 17 
 
 Extinct European Races 18 
 
 Polynesians 19 
 
 Maoris 20 
 
 Mongolian, or Yellow and Red Races 21 
 
 Eskimo 21 
 
 Altaic, or Siberian Mongols 22 
 
 Sinitic, or Southern Mongols 22 
 
 Japanese and Koreans 23 
 
 Indonesians 24 
 
 Native Americans 25 
 
 Negro, or Black Races 28 
 
 African, or True Negroes 28 
 
 Negrillos, or Pigmies 30 
 
 Bushmen 30 
 
 Papuasians (Papuans and Melanesians) 32 
 
 Tasmanians 33 
 
 Nesrritos 33 
 
GUIDE TO THE RACES OF MANKIND. 
 
 Mankind, 
 
 So far as his bodily structure is concerned, ilau 
 differs so slightly from the higher Apes that he is 
 
 ramily classed in the same order — the Primates, in which he 
 Hominidae. constitutes the family HominiiM. All the different 
 existing races of jMankind are commonly regarded as belonging to a 
 single species, of which the Caucasians, as being those to which the 
 name Homo sapiens, of Linna3us, applies in the first instance, may 
 be regarded as the type. Numerous classifications of these races 
 have been proposed ; but it seems best to recognise three distinct 
 types into which primitive Man (wherever he may first have made 
 his appearance on the globe) diverged. These three groups, which 
 are best defined by the characters of the hair, are respectively typified 
 by (1) the Caucasian, or White Races of Europe; (2) the Mongolian, 
 or Yellow Eaces of xisia ; and {?,) the Negro, or Black Races of 
 Africa. Around tliese three types, or somewhere between them, may 
 be ranged all existing individuals of the species. Some races appear, 
 however, to be the result of direct crosses between well-established 
 extreme forms ; while others may have been derived from the 
 primitive stock before its triple division. All the groups have sa 
 much in common that it is difficult to find characters by which they 
 can be exactly distinguished. 
 
 The series of specimens exhibited is intended to illustrate Man 
 solely from the zoological point of view — that is to say, from his 
 bodily structure and his geographical distribution. This constitutes 
 the science of Physical Anthropology ; whereas the study of the 
 manners and customs of the different races, their languages, dress, 
 weapons, implements, etc., constitutes Ethnography. In the maps 
 showing the approximate distribution of the groups and subgroups, 
 no account is taken of modern migrations, such as the introduction 
 of African Negroes into the West Indies and America, or the 
 replacement of the native races in many parts of the globe ])y 
 Europeans. 
 
10 
 
 Guide to- the Races of Mankind. 
 
 Before proceeding to review the specimens illustrating the 
 aforesaid three main groups or branches and their subdivisions, a 
 few words may be devoted to the structural features by which Man 
 is distinguished from other Mammals, some of which are indicated 
 in a special case at the western end of that portion of the Upper 
 Mammal G-allery at present open to the public. 
 
 The skeleton of Man differs from that of ordinary Mammals 
 mainly in relation to the upright position of the body, and the 
 adaptation of the fore-limbs, or arms, to act as organs of touch and 
 for grasping ; while at the same time the hind-limbs are sufficiently 
 developed to be capable, by themselves, of supporting and moving 
 the whole weight of the body. The direction of the hind-limbs, or 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Skull of a Caucasian. 
 
 legs, is situated in a straight line with the axis of the spine, or 
 vertebral column, instead of at right angles to it, as in ordinary 
 quadrupedal Mammals ; the thumb is so attached to the wrist-bones 
 as to be completely opposable to the four fingers ; while the great toe 
 is fixed parallel to the other toes, so that the foot is quite flat 
 beneath, with little power of grasping, but forming a base on which 
 the body is balanced. The tail is only represented by the coccyx, an 
 immovable bone composed of from three to five consolidated joints 
 or vei'tebriE. The three main curves of the vertebral column are 
 also distinctive. 
 
 The human skull (fig. 1) differs from that of the other Mammals 
 in the great relative size of the brain-case, and the proportional 
 reduction of the bones of the face ; this being the result of the 
 
Ma7ikind, Family Honiinidce. 11 
 
 high development of the brain, coupled with the disuse of the jaws 
 and teeth as weapons of offence and defence. This indicates that 
 the races of Mankind with prominent jaws and small brain-cases are 
 of a lower type than those in which the jaws are more reduced in 
 size and the brain-case is larger. Australians and Tasmanians have, 
 for example, a comparatively small brain-cavity, thick skull-bones, 
 receding forehead, overhanging brows, flat nose-bones, long, low eye- 
 sockets, very broad and low nose-opening, forwardly projecting jaws 
 but receding chin, and large teeth. In each of these respects they 
 strongly contrast with Etu'opeans. 
 
 The position of the foramen magnum, or aperture for the passage 
 of the spinal cord, is very different to that of other Mammals ; its 
 front margin (basion) being nearly in the middle of the lower surface. 
 This is intimately connected with the erect posture of Man. 
 
 Unlike Apes, the grinding stirfaces of the teeth are nearly in one 
 plane, and the length of the palate slightly exceeds the breadth, which 
 is greatest behind. The teeth, which are relatively small, form a 
 regular curve, the molars diminishing in size from before backwards. 
 
 The stylohyal, which is a separate bone in all Apes except the 
 Orang-utan, is coossified with the sktill in Man. 
 
 Great differences occtir in the shape of the skull in the various 
 races. In the Kai-colo of Fiji, for instance, the skull is extra- 
 ordinarily long and narrow {dolkliocepludk type), a specimen 
 exhibited in the case illustrating the differences between Man and 
 Apes having a maximum length of 180 millimetres with a width of 
 124 mm. In certain other races, such as the Xegritos, and still 
 more in some Caucasians, it is equally remarkable for its shortness 
 and breadth {hrachijcejjiiaUc type) ; the sktill of a Florentine woman 
 exhibited in the aforesaid case having a longitudinal diameter 
 of 158 and a transverse diameter of 140 mm. 
 
 The methods of measuring human skulls are likewise displayed 
 in the same case. On the adjacent screens and partitions are 
 diagrams, photographs, and sketches illustrating hand and finger 
 prints, and identification by means of the latter. 
 
 In Man and the Man-like Apes the ccecim, or blind sac at the 
 junction of the small with the large intestine, is furnished with a 
 slender vermiform [worm-like] appendix. This appendage, which 
 appears to be quite useless, is a vestige of the large, coiled, functional 
 Ciecum found in many of the lower Mammals. 
 
 The series exhibited commences on the left side of the Upper 
 Mammal Gallery with the Caucasians, which are followed by the 
 Mongolians, and these again by the Negroes. 
 
12 Guide to the Races of Mankind. 
 
 . In its highest and most typical development the 
 
 „., .^ ' Caucasian branch, which includes all the inhabitants 
 OP WnlLG 
 _ of Western Europe, displays a refined cast of features, 
 
 with thin lips, and the nose narrow and high at the 
 
 bridge. The hair, which is usually A\ell developed both on the 
 
 scalp and face, is generally wavy, and never so long or so cylindrical 
 
 as in the Mongol group, or so short and so elliptical in section as 
 
 in Negroes. The skull (fig. 1), in the higher representatives of this 
 
 branch, is either of medium length or rather short, the teeth are 
 
 relatively small, and the projection of the jaws and prominence of 
 
 the cheek-bones slightly marked. 
 
 This branch includes two types — namely, the Blonde Caucasians, 
 or Xanthochroi, and the Dark Caucasians, or Melanochroi — which 
 in Europe are now intimately blended. The first is characterised by 
 the fair complexion, eyes, and hair, and is chiefly found in Xorthern 
 Europe, especially Scandinavia, Scotland, and North Germany. 
 Although much mixed with the second type, the Blonde Caucasians 
 likewise extend into Afghanistan, and perhaps North Africa. Their 
 intercrossing with ]\Iongols appears to have given rise to the Finns 
 and Laplanders, as also to some of the tribes of Northern Siberia. 
 
 In the Dark Caucasians the eyes and hair are black, but the skin 
 may vary between white and black. The group includes most of the 
 inhabitants of Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and South-western 
 Asia ; the chief language-groups being the Aryan, Semitic, and 
 Hamitic. It also comprises the Dravidians of India, the Veddas of 
 Ceylon, and probably the Ainus of Japan, the Maoutzi of China, and 
 the natives of Australia and a large part of Polynesia, as well as the 
 Maori of New Zealand. 
 
 In North-eastern Africa numerous cross-races have originated 
 between this type and Negroes. 
 
 In order to exhibit the Caucasian characteristics in their fall 
 development, so far as the bony framework is concerned, the skeletons 
 of a European male and female are mounted in the first case on 
 the left side of the gallery. Alongside is placed the skull of a 
 Papuan from Torres Strait, for the purpose of showing the 
 occasional persistence in that race of a frontal suture ; that is to say, 
 of a line of division between the two elements of which the single 
 frontal bone of Man is really composed. In Apes and ]\Ionkeys the 
 two elements are fused into a single bone, as in Man ; but in the 
 lower Mammals, such as Dogs, they remain separate throughout life. 
 
 On the side of the same case are shown a number of skulls of 
 various European races, both ancient and modern. Among the 
 
AryaU'SpcaJdng Races. 13 
 
 former may be meutioued skulls of Celts, Saxons, Ancient Britons, 
 Ancient Etruscans, and Ancient Cypriotes ; still earlier are certain 
 skulls from Cromagnon, in France, and elsewhere, represented by 
 plaster casts, and provisionally classed as Caucasian. 
 
 Lapps, Swedes, and Xorwegiaus are represented Ijy a large series 
 of photographs, while skulls of Laplanders and Tatars are also 
 shown. 
 
 Such Dark Caucasians as come under the denomination 
 Aryan- ^(.ither of Semites or Hamites are commonly termed 
 speaking" \^.y^Qg^ .^ designation which, it is important to bear in 
 Races. ^ind, refers solely to community of language-type, and 
 has nothing to do with racial unity. As the Blonde Caucasians, or 
 Xanthochroi, are also Aryan-speaking people, the two groups must 
 be considered together. 
 
 The Aryan-speaking races are divisible into an Asiatic and a 
 Etiropean group. To the former belong the Bramius of India, 
 and the races who now speak Bengali, Xepali, Kashmiri, Hindi, 
 and Urdu— the language of the Mogul camps. Punjabi, Sindi, 
 and Mahratha are also languages belonging to this group, which 
 likewise includes the Siaposh of Kafiristan, and the Gipsy tribes 
 •who wandered from India into Europe between the 11th and 
 14th centuries. The second branch of Asiatic Aryan-speaking 
 tribes includes the people who spoke Zend, the ancient sacred 
 lano-uao-e of Persia, from whom, mixed with Semitic elements, are 
 derived the modern Persians. To this group may also be affiliated 
 the Kurds of South-western Asia, as well as the Afghans and the 
 Baluchis, together with certain other Central Asian races and a few 
 of the tribes inhabiting the Caucasus. 
 
 The European Aryan-speaking races may be separated into 
 Xorth and South Europeans. The former includes the Letto- 
 Sclavonic and Germanic branches ; of which the Letts comprise 
 the true Letts, the Lithuanians, and the Prussians, while the 
 Russians are East Sclavonic ; the South Sclavonic being repre- 
 sented by the inhabitants of Croatia, Servia, Bosnia, and Herze- 
 govina. The Germanic branch diverged at an early date into 
 Goths, Scandinavians, and Teutons. The Southern Europeans are 
 more intricately subdivided, the first to sever themselves were 
 apparently the Ancient Greeks ; a second branch being formed l)y 
 the Albanians, and a third by the Italians. 
 
 On the east, or entrance, side of the second case are exhibited 
 skulls and photographs of a number of Asiatic Aryan-speaking races, 
 
14 Gtiide to the Races of Mankind. 
 
 as well as of other Asiatic Caucasians, to some of which reference is 
 made later. 
 
 Here may be mentioned the Berbers, who are of a distinctly 
 European type, and may be derived from the ancient dolmen 
 or mound builders. In addition to the Guanches of the Canaries, 
 the Berbers include the nationalities formerly known as Libyans, 
 Moors, Numidians, and Ga3tulians : the Kabyles of Algeria are 
 pure Berbers, but in many parts of North Africa the group is 
 much mingled with a Semitic strain. 
 
 _ . The Semitic section of the Dark Caucasians populates 
 
 Western Asia and part of Eastern Africa. Its members 
 ^' are more bearded than the Hamites, and frequently 
 possess expressive features, with thin lips, high and often aquiline 
 noses, and well-marked eyebrows ; the colour of the skin varying 
 from an ordinary swarthy to a deep brown. Among Jews the skull 
 frequently tends to the short type, thereby apparently indicating 
 a Hittite admixture ; but it is always proportionately longer in 
 Arabs, and still more so in Abyssinians. In addition to the 
 races mentioned, this group includes the Ancient Assyrians and 
 Babylonians, as well as the Semitic Chaldyeans. 
 
 -- . . The Hamitic group of Dark Caucasians occupies 
 p much of North Africa as far as the Eastern Sudan, and 
 
 ^* some of the coast-districts of Eastern Africa northward 
 of the equator. It may be divided into two branches — (i) the 
 Ancient Egyptians, and (ii) the East African. The Ancient 
 Egyptians are still represented by the Fellahin of the Nile Valley, 
 but more purely by the Coptic Christians. Of the East African 
 Hamites the inhabitants of the Nubian Nile districts most nearly 
 resemble the Ancient Egyptians ; their purest representatives being 
 the Bisharin, the Hadendoa, and some of the Beni Amer. The 
 Bahima of Uganda are likewise of Hamitic descent. Here also are 
 placed the Gallas, who live partly in Abyssinia and partly in the 
 interior of East Africa. Although the pure Gallas are lighter, some 
 of these tribes are as dark as Negroes, having curly hair and 
 abundant beards. Somalis are now generally considered to be near 
 akin to Gallas, and thus nearly pure Hamites. They have long thin 
 faces, bearded chins, and generally frizzly hair. 
 
 Photographs of Bisharin (Hamitic) and other Arabs are exhibited 
 in the front of case No. 2. 
 
 A large number of skulls of Ancient Egyptians, the gift of 
 Professor Flinders Petrie, is exhibited ; the type of countenance 
 
Nilnri Tribes. 15 
 
 characteristic of the former inhabitants of the Nile Valley being 
 illustrated by a cast of a contemporary miniature bust. A photograpli 
 of a modern Egyptian and another of a Copt are likewise shown ; 
 and there are also several photographs of Sudanis and Soraalis, some 
 of the physiognomies in which approximate to the European type, 
 while others are distinctly Negro-like, showing thick lips, broad 
 noses, and frizzled hair. 
 
 The Xilgiri Hills and adjacent districts of Southern 
 Wllgriri India, such as the Wynad, are tlie home of a number 
 
 Trioes. ^£ peculiar tribes, now for the most part of Dravidian, 
 
 that is to say, non- Aryan, speech. Among these are the Todas, 
 readily distinguished by their splendid physique, regular Caucasian 
 features, black wavy hair, full-flowing beard, aquiline nose, light 
 brown complexion, and tall stature, averaging 5 ft. 9 in. in the 
 men. Photographs of both male and female Todas arc shown in 
 Case 2. The Kotas, who are restricted to seven villages, one of 
 which is in the Wynad, are much less hairy than the Todas, and 
 lack the strong development of the brow-ridges characteristic of the 
 skulls of the latter. Their black wavy hair is worn parted in the 
 middle, and tied in a bunch behind. 
 
 The Badagas are believed to be descendants from Kauarese 
 Hindus from Mysore, to whom they are related by language. They 
 are below the middle height, and of slender build, with narrow chest 
 and shoulders. In colour, they are lighter than othex hill-tribes, the 
 pallor being especially noticeable in the women. 
 
 The three foregoing tribes are easy to distinguish from one 
 another, but much difficulty is experienced in the case of the Irulas, 
 Kurumbas, and Kurubas. Irulas, however, have a very dark skin, 
 slight beard, bushy eyebrows, and little hair on the body and limbs ; 
 that of the head being cut short in front and tied in a knot behind. 
 The ears project, and the cheek-bones are prominent and the lips thin. 
 The Kurumbas of the eastern slopes of the Nilgiris appear to be 
 a lower type than the Kurubas of the Mysore plateau, from w'hom 
 they are distinguished by their inferior stature, broader noses, and 
 darker skin. They have bleared eyes, a rather wide mouth, often 
 projecting teeth, and are remarkable for their leanness, their thin 
 legs, and relatively long arms. 
 
 Yet another tribe are the Paniyans of Malabar, characterised by 
 their dark skin, short stature, broad noses, and curly hair, which is 
 neither parted or tied. 
 
 The Kadirs, of the Anamalai Hills and the range extending 
 
16 Guide to the Races of Mankind. 
 
 thence into Travancore, form a tribe of low organisation allied to the 
 numerous Dravidian-speaking races of the Nilgiris. They are 
 especially characterised by their comparatively short stature, the 
 extremely dark colour of the skin, the breadth and flatness of the 
 nose, and the somewhat thickened and protruding lips. In spite of 
 their Negro-like features, Kadirs preserve the Caucasian type in their 
 wavy (as distinct from frizzly) hair, and the non-projection of the 
 jaws. They are easily recognised by the custom of chipping the 
 front teeth, which prevails in both sexes. 
 
 . . The Dravidian group includes the Telingas, or 
 
 Dravidians. xelugus, of the Northern Circars ; the Tamils of 
 the Carnatic, South Travancore, and Nortliern Ceylon ; the Kanarese 
 of Mysore, the south of Bombay, and Kanara ; the Malayalim from 
 the Malabar Coast south of Kanara ; the Kodagu of Kurg ; the 
 Ordons and Eajmahalis of Chutia Nagpur ; and the Gouds of 
 Gondwana. Their most noticeable feature is the long, crimped or 
 wavy black hair. Although preceding the Aryan-speaking Hindus, 
 Dravidians were far from being the earliest inhabitants of the 
 Deccan, who were probably aberrant Negritos. 
 
 The Yeddas of Ceylon (fig. 2), now very few in number, 
 veaaas. form one of the most primitive types of the Caucasian 
 
 o-roup in Asia, being apparently a pre-Dravidian stock of a decidedly 
 lower type than any existing Dravidians. In stature they are very 
 small, the height of the men averaging only 5 feet 2 inches, and that 
 of the women 4 feet 10 inches. The body is strongly built, with 
 relatively long arms and legs, and the feet notable for their unusual 
 flatness. The colour of the skin is dark brown, although among the 
 men its shade varies considerably on different parts of the body. In 
 length the^ hair shows considerable individual variation, and may 
 be either nearly straight or waved ; a very characteristic feature is 
 tlie development of the beard of the men into a chin-tuft. The 
 skull is small and long. 
 
 Several photographs of Yeddas are exhibited in Case 2, the 
 originals of which were taken by Drs. P. and F. Sarasin. 
 
 The Toalas of Celebes are an ancient but mixed tribe 
 loaias. apparently nearly allied to the Veddas of Ceylon. 
 
 Their characteristics, coupled with their geographical position, serve 
 to support the view that the aborigines of Australia, in place of 
 belonging to the Negro stock, are really descendants from a primitive 
 Caucasian group allied to both Veddas and Toalas. 
 
a ^ 
 
 «« a, 
 
Sa/cais. 17 
 
 The Sakais of the Malay Peninsula form another 
 SakaiS. ^^.^^ ^^ ^^^ Caucasians allied to Yeddas and 
 
 Australians. From their Negrito neighbours the Scmangs they are 
 distinguished by the colour of the skin, which is often as yellow as 
 in an Indonesian (^ilalay), or even as light as in a Chinaman ; while 
 the hair, although always black, is in some cases wavy, and in others 
 straight. When frizzly, the presence of Semang blood is indicated. 
 The face is lighter-coloured than the body ; and the lips are less 
 thick and the jaws less protruding than in Seraangs. In Perak, 
 Sakais, who are hillmen. iuhabit the right bank of the Perak River, 
 while the plains-dwelling and nomad Semangs are found on the left 
 bank. The photograph of a Sakai is exhibited. 
 
 The Ainns, or Hairy People, were the primitive iu- 
 Amus. habitants of Japan, and appear formerly to have 
 
 peopled all the islands, although they now form a substratum of the 
 population only in the island of Hokkaido (Yezo). In general . 
 physiognomy Ainns appear not very unlike Japanese, although they 
 differ from these and other Mongolian races by their luxuriant 
 beards, the bushy and wavy hair on the scalp, and the general 
 hairiness of other parts of the body. This hairiness separates them 
 from all other Asiatic races, and it is considered that their affinities 
 are with the Dark Caucasians. Several photographs of Ainu men 
 and women, together with a single skull, are shown on the west side 
 of Case 2, while the photograph of an unusually hairy individual 
 is exhibited in Case 1. 
 
 Dusky in complexion, with the features and the 
 Native skeleton — but not the skull— approximating to the 
 
 Australians. jq-gg^.Q type, although their hair is not frizzly, the 
 native inhabitants of Australia— the "Black Fellows" of the 
 Colonists— were long a puzzle to anthropologists. At one time they 
 were regarded as a cross-bred race, produced by the fusion of a 
 frizzly-haired Melanesian stock with one of the primitive Caucasian 
 riices. They are, however, better regarded as low-grade Caucasians, 
 akin to the Veddas of Ceylon, the Toalas of Celebes, and the 
 Ainns of Japan ; such Negro-like characters as they possess being 
 due to inheritance from a common stock, or, it may be, in some 
 degree to secondary variation. As a race, Australians (fig. 3) are 
 characterised by their striking physical uniformity, both externally 
 and in the skull ; which is of itself a strong proof of their being a 
 pure-bred type, for had they been of mixed origin such uniformity 
 in physical characteristics could not possibly have existed. 
 
 C 
 
1 8 Guide to the Races of Mankind. 
 
 The broad and squat nose, with the bridge low and the nostrils 
 open, is a Negro feature ; but these characters are exaggerated 
 owing to the use of a nose-peg. The prominence of the jaws is also 
 Negro-like, although the size of the jaws and teeth may be an acquired 
 secondary character due to hard food. The deep notch above the 
 bridge of the nose and the sunken eyes, which form the most 
 striking characteristics of Australians, may likewise be secondary 
 adaptations due to the glare of the sandy plains on which they 
 dwell. Unlike Negroes, Australians are extremely hairy — thereby 
 resembling Ainus ; the hair on the head being waved and long, the 
 beard full, and the body in some instances carrying so much hair 
 that the covering resembles a thin fur. The shape of the head also 
 differs from that in the Negro, the forehead being high and the 
 cheek-bones prominent. Indeed, the profile of the head may 
 approach the European type. As shown by a skull exhibited in the 
 Man and Ape Case, the palate in Australians is much longer and 
 narrower than in the true Caucasian type, being nearly as broad in front 
 as behind. The teeth are larger and form a less regular curve, the . 
 outer pair of incisors being nearly in the line of the molars, of which 
 the last, or " wisdom tooth," is only a little smaller than the second. 
 Similar dental characters are exhibited in the lower jaw, of which a 
 specimen, with the right outer incisor crowded out of the row, is 
 shown above the skull. The idea that Australians are the lowest of 
 mankind is quite erroneous ; for in mental characters these people 
 seem to approximate in many respects much more to the Caucasian 
 than to the Negro standard. 
 
 A large series of photographs of natives from various parts of 
 Australia, together with six busts of male and female inhabitants 
 of Victoria, and a number of skulls, are exhibited on the west side 
 of Case 2. The deep incision at the root of the nose is displayed 
 equally well in the busts, the photographs, and the skulls. 
 
 From Neanderthal, in Switzerland, as well as from 
 hxtinct several other Continental localities, such as Spy 
 
 European g^^j Krapina, have been obtained skulls or frag- 
 
 Races. ments of skulls indicating very low types of the 
 
 human species ; so low, indeed, that some authorities regard them 
 as representing a distinct species, the so-called Homo primigenius. 
 In the opinion of Professor W. J. Sollas, these skulls (casts of some 
 of which are exhibited in Case 1 and in the case showing the 
 differences between Man and Apes) do not display any features 
 which justify our regarding Neanderthal Man as a separate species. 
 
Polynesians. 1 
 
 On the other hand, so far as the capacity of his brain-chamber is 
 concerned, he appears to have been near akin to the Australian 
 natives of the present day. According to Professor SoUas, the 
 Neanderthal race, one of the most remote in time of which we 
 have any knowledge, and the Australian, the most remote from us 
 in space, probably represent divergent branches of the same original 
 stock. In that most important of all characters, cranial capacity, 
 the two races are almost identical. If trustworthy, this opinion is 
 of great interest in connection with the view that native Australians 
 are low-grade members of the Caucasian stock, instead of being, 
 as believed by Sir W. H. Flower, half-bred Papuans. That the 
 Australian type should be represented in Em-ope during Prehistoric 
 times is exactly what might have been expected ; and the Veddas 
 of Ceylon and the Toalas of Celebes apparently mark the line of 
 march of the ancestral Australians from west to east. The heavy 
 brow-ridges and the deep inset at the root of the nose are features 
 in which the Neanderthal race resembles the Australian. On the 
 other hand, the face of the Neanderthal race appears to have been 
 of a distinct type, the large, round, widely-open eye-sockets, the 
 projecting, broad nose, the retreating cheek-bones, the absence of 
 any depression beneath the orbits, the long face, and the low 
 degree of jaw-projection distinguishing it in the clearest manner 
 from the modern Australian type. 
 
 The most primitive type of Man hitherto discovered in Europe 
 is the so-called Eomo heidelhergensis, represented by a lower jaw 
 from the Lower Pleistocene strata of Heidelberg, of which a cast 
 is exhibited in the Man and Ape Case. The extraordinary large size 
 of this jaw, together with its massive character and the big teeth, 
 cannot fail to strike the visitor. 
 
 The Brown Polynesians, commonly known as 
 Polynesians, j^^nakas (fig. 4), are met with in their greatest 
 purity in the Eastern Polynesian Islands ; the Polynesians of Tonga 
 having a strong infusion of Melanesian blood, while those of Samoa 
 have a slighter strain of the same. The classification of the Oceanic 
 races is, indeed, a difficult matter, but the following seems the best 
 scheme : — 
 
 Black. Brown. 
 
 Papuasian. Polynesian. 
 
 Papuan. Melanesian. Polynesian. Micronesian. 
 
 c 2 
 
20 Gidde to the Races of Mankind. 
 
 Papuans inhabit New Guinea (with the exception of the south- 
 eastern end, where they are replaced by Melanesians) and the islands 
 of Torres Strait. Micronesians are Polynesians with a slight 
 admixture of Mongol blood. Polynesians, who have more hair on 
 the body and chin than Mongols, range as far as Hawaii on the 
 north and Easter Island on the extreme east. They probably came 
 originally from Northern India, and gradually travelled by way of 
 Java to the Pacific. On this view they are of Caucasian origin ; 
 and it is probable that Indonesians have a slight infusion of 
 Polynesian blood rather than the reverse. 
 
 A series of photographs of Polynesians, includiug Samoans, 
 Tonga Islanders, natives of the Caroline and Kingsmill groups, and 
 Hawaiians, is exhibited. Specimens of the hair are also shown, 
 to display the absence of a frizzly character, and a few skulls 
 are likewise exhibited. The Tonga Islanders are represented, in 
 addition, by two busts ; all these specimens being placed on the 
 east side of Case 3. 
 
 Although the Maoris of New Zealand form merely 
 Meopis 
 
 ' a tribe of Polynesians, their peculiarities are so great 
 
 that they may receive separate mention. Their distinctive charac- 
 teristics have been regarded as due to a mixture of pure Polynesians 
 Avith Melanesians ; and the result of snch a fusion was supposed to 
 be a Caucasian type. But if Polynesians are rightly regarded as 
 Caucasians, these features require no explanation. The Maoris have 
 traditions stating that their ancestors reached New Zealand from 
 an island called Hawaiki, but they really came from Karotonga ; and 
 it would seem that the immigration took place not more than 
 four centuries ago. It has been suggested that such traces of 
 Melanesian blood as the Maoris appear to retain may be due 
 to admixture with a small population of Melanesians inhabiting 
 New Zealand before the arrival of the strangers, but the question 
 of a pre-existing Melanesian population in those islands is still 
 undecided. 
 
 Although the process of tattooing, formerly prevalent among 
 the higher classes of the Maoris, comes under the domain of 
 Ethnology rather than Physical Anthropology, one tattooed head 
 is shown ; and tattooing is also present in the two Maori busts 
 exhibited on the east side of Case 3. In the same case is also 
 shown a number of photographs of Maoris, together with a few 
 skulls. 
 
.3 la 
 
 It 
 
Mongolian Races. 21 
 
 .. lu its most characteristic (levclopmcnt the Mongolian 
 
 °^ ' or second great primary branch of Mankind presents 
 
 H R r^ ^"''^ following distinctive peculiarities : — The com- 
 
 P plexiou is yellow or brownish, and the long black 
 
 hair is coarse, straight, nearly round" in section, 
 showing no tendency to curl, and scantily developed on all other 
 parts of the body except the scalp, while it is also late in making 
 its appearance. Although somewhat variable, the skull is generally 
 of medium length ; the face is broad and flat, with prominent, 
 forwardly projecting cheek-bones ; the nose is small and more or 
 less narrow ; and the eye-sockets are high and round, with slight 
 development of the overhanging ridges. The eyes themselves are 
 sunken with a narrow slit-like aperture between the lids, and in the 
 more typical members of the group with a vertical fold of skin over 
 the inner angle, and the outer angle somewhat elevated. The jaws 
 are moderately projecting, and the teeth of medium size. 
 
 This branch includes (i) the Eskimo, (ii) the typical Mongols 
 of Northern and Central Asia, (iii) the Indonesians, and (iv) the 
 native inhabitants of America previous to the European immigra- 
 tion, and their pm-e-bred descendants. The Brown Polynesians, 
 which have been included in this branch, are here classed as 
 Caucasians {see. page 19). 
 
 _, , . The Eskimo of Eastern Arctic America, who appear to 
 
 SKimo. 1^^ ^^^ offshoot from the typical x\siatic Mongols, in the 
 course of their wanderings northwards and eastwards across the 
 American Continent (where they have been hemmed in to the north 
 by the Arctic Ocean and to the south by American Indians) have 
 developed characters which are mostly modifications of those found 
 in allied tribes, such as the Chukchis, inhabiting the countries to 
 the west of Bering Strait. These special characteristics are most 
 developed in the tribes inhabiting Greenland ; a typical Eskimo 
 skull displaying a combination of features by which it can be distin- 
 guished from that of any other race of Mankind. Eskimo show 
 the broad, flat faces, and in certain instances the obliquely set eyes 
 characteristic of other Mongol races. They have reddish or brownish 
 dark-coloured skin, and stiff cylindrical hair on the scalp, but 
 scarcely any on other parts of the body. Although not tall, they are 
 by no means excessively short. In many respects they form a transition 
 between the Mongol-like Siberians and the aborigines of America, 
 and thus justify the affiliation of the latter to the Mongol group. 
 In the front side of Case 3 are exhibited the busts of an adult male 
 
22 Guide to tlie Races of Mankind. 
 
 and female Eskimo, while above them are placed masks of an entire 
 family. Several skulls are likewise shown. In the centre of the 
 group is hung a photograph of a Koriak from Kamchatka, in order 
 to exhibit the approximation to the Eskimo type presented by the 
 physiognomy of this and kindred races from North-eastern Asia. 
 
 The typical Asiatic Mongols may be conveniently, 
 Altaic, although not very sharply, divided into a northern and 
 or Siberian ^ gQ-^-^tJ^ern group. Of the former, or Mongolo-Altaic, 
 IVlong'OlS. g^.Q^^p t;]^g members are united by affinities of language. 
 From the Altaic plateau of Central Asia these people have at intervals 
 poured forth their hordes over the lands lying to the west, and 
 thence penetrated almost to the centre of Europe. The Laplanders, 
 Finns, Magyars, and Turks are severally descendants of some of 
 these waves of migration ; but by long admixture with the nations 
 through which they passed, or among which they settled, their 
 original physical features have been more or less completely modified. 
 The Finns have, for example, become decidedly like the Blonde 
 Caucasians, or Xanthochroi, while the Osmanli, or European Turks, 
 approximate to the Melanochroi, or Dark Caucasian type. Even 
 the diminutive Lapps show so little of the attributes of the Mongol 
 branch that it is difficult to assign them a place in that group on 
 the ground of their physical characters. The Kirghiz belong to this 
 group ; and other tribes of the Altaic Mongols are Samoyeds, Tungus, 
 Koriaks, and Ostiaks. Samoyeds resemble Tungus in the shape of 
 the face, but Ostiaks are more like Finns and Russians. To the 
 Tungu branch belong the Manchu, who conquered the Chinese 
 Empire in 1G44, and founded a ruling dynasty. Four branches of 
 true Mongols are recognised, namely, the Eastern Mongols, or Tatars 
 (fig. 5), the Kalmuks, the Buriats, and the Hazara, or Aimauq. 
 
 The exhibited specimens include the bust of a typical Mongol 
 from Mongolia, a bust and photograph of a Kalmuk, as well as 
 several skulls of that race, a bust and skulls of Ostiaks, and skulls 
 of Samoyeds ; and a portrait of a Koriak is exhibited in the Eskimo 
 group, while a characteristic photograph of a Manchu is likewise 
 shown. Busts of a Chukchi and of a Yenisetch — Siberian tribes — 
 are shown in the same case, 
 
 \\\ the Sinitic, or second, division of the typical 
 
 SinitlC, or j^jQ^gQig jg included the greater part of the popu- 
 
 Southern ^.^^.j^^ ^^ China, Tibet, Burma, and Siam, together 
 
 Mongols. ^^.-j.!^ numerous tribes of the Western Himalaya. 
 
 The chief distinctions from the Altaic division are to be found in 
 
g ^ 
 
^ 
 
Japanese and Koreans. 23 
 
 their language and motle of life. They display the typical Mongol 
 features of straight, black hair on the scalp, very little hair elsewhere, 
 a coloured skin, usually of a leather-yellow tint, and ol)liquely-set 
 eyes. Narrow skulls are extremely rare among them, and the slight 
 projection of the jaws often seen is by no means universal. Till quite 
 recently Chinese were easily recognised by wearing the "pigtail," 
 although this was only adopted at the advent of the Manchus in 
 16dt4. The Bhuteas, or Bod-dshi, of Tibet differ in their mode of 
 wearing the hair, as also in language. On the southern slopes of 
 the western Himalaya are found numerous tribes, such as Bodos, 
 Lembos, Lepchas, Gurungs, Kampus, Kuch, Magars, Murmis, 
 Kirantis, Newars, and Uraons, much resembling Tibetans in physical 
 characters and language, but mostly showing an admixture of Indian 
 blood. Another group centres round the Burmese, allied to whom 
 are the inhabitants of Aracan, the Khyengs in the mountains 
 dividing Aracan from the Irawadi, and the small tribes between the 
 latter and the Bramaputra. The Siamese, or Thai, form another 
 subgroup ; and the Anamese in Tonkin and Cochin China likewise 
 stand alone. The Karens of Pegu, the Mons of the Irawadi delta, 
 the Khos of Cambodia, and the Tsampas on the coast to the east of 
 the mouths of the Mekon River likewise constitute distinct racial 
 groups. 
 
 Chinese are represented in Case 3 by photographs and skulls, 
 as well as by a " pigtail," which displays in perfection the length, 
 straightness, and coarseness of the Mongol type of hair. In the 
 same case is shown a number of skulls of the above-mentioned 
 hill-races of the western Himalaya, presented about the middle of 
 last century by Mr. Brian H. Hodgson, sometime British Resident 
 at Khatmandu, the seat of the Nepal Government. Burmese 
 are represented by several photographs and skulls. 
 
 In the many-syllabled (polysyllabic) character of their 
 Japanese language the Japanese (fig. 6) exhibit affinity with the 
 ^ Altaic rather than with the Sinitic ]\Iongols. Japanese, 
 
 Koreans. ^^^ ^^^ ^g regarded as probably an admixture of the 
 Korean, Indonesian, and Ainu stocks, at an early date drove out 
 from Nippon and the southern islands of Japan the aborigines, in 
 all probability Ainus, who still hold their own in Hokkaido and 
 the Kurile Islands. They subsequently invaded and colonised the 
 Liu-Kiu islands. In its fundamental features the language of the 
 inhabitants of the Peninsula of Korea corresponds essentially with 
 Japanese, but Koreans are tall, while Japanese are short. 
 
24 Guide to the Races of Mankind. 
 
 Several photographs on the east side of Case 3 illustrate the type 
 of countenance characteristic of the Japanese ; three skulls are also 
 exhibited. 
 
 Koreans are represented only by two skulls brought home bv 
 H.M.S. Alert in 1882. 
 
 , , . The third great division of the Mongol branch is 
 
 formed by the nationalities best designated by 
 the term Indonesians. The group is frequently alluded to as 
 '"Malays," but this leads to confusion ; and it is preferable to restrict 
 that term to the Meuanghaban tribe, who originated about the 
 10th century in Sumatra. Indonesians are distributed over the greater 
 portion of the Malay Archipelago, and are also found, mixed with 
 Negroes, in Madagascar. They speak a language with a common 
 root-type, although the words differ among the various tribes. 
 Typical Indonesians are easily recognised, but there is a transition 
 among some members of the group towards the typical Mongols, 
 the obliquity of the eyes being most pronounced in those tribes 
 Avhich dwell nearest to the Asiatic mainland. Indonesians have in 
 most cases (although there are some dolichocephalic tribes) short and 
 rather tall skulls, with more or less prominent cheek-bones, and 
 slightly projecting jaws. The colour of the skin is of a dirty 
 yellow ; and the characters of the hair conform to the ordinary 
 Mongol type. They may be divided as follows : (i) the inhabitants 
 of the Philippine Islands, termed Tagals and Bisayas ; (ii) typical 
 Indonesians inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, and including Atchinese, 
 Passumas, Rejangs, Kenyas, and Lampongs of Sumatra ; (iii) the 
 Sundanese in the west of Java ; (iv) the Javanese of Eastern Java ; 
 (v) the Battaks in Sumatra ; (vi) the Indonesian natives of Borneo, 
 classified as Sea-Dyaks or Iban, Kelamantan tribes, Kenyala-Kayan 
 tribes, and immigrant Malays ; and (vii) the Macassars and Buginese 
 in Celebes. Scattered members of the group are settled in Formosa, 
 Madagascar, and Ceylon. 
 
 Typical Indonesians are represented by the model of a head of a 
 male and several photographs of both sexes, as well as skulls. Some 
 of the faces shown are pleasing and handsome, even from the 
 Em'opean standpoint. 
 
 The Battak physiognomy is illustrated by a model and a photo- 
 graph ; while several Bornean tribes, such as Panghan, Ayah, Malch, 
 and Kenya, are represented by photographs, the gift of Dr. Charles 
 Hose, on the east side of Case 4. The Javanese are more fully 
 illustrated, the specimens exhibited comprising three models of the 
 
American Indians. 
 
 25 
 
 head and several photographs and skulls. There arc also skulls of 
 certain other races. 
 
 The Dyaks and Dusuns of Borneo arc represented only by a few 
 skulls. 
 
 The model of the head of a Nias Islander is of interest as 
 illustrating a cross-bred race ; these islanders being apparently the 
 result of a mixture between the Indonesian and the Chinese types. 
 
 Native 
 Americans. 
 
 Exclusive of the Eskimo, the native inhabitants of 
 America (previous to the changes wrought l)y the 
 European conquest), commonly known as " Indians " 
 (fig. 8), presented considerable uniformity of character from one 
 extremity of the continent to the other ; although this uniformity 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Skull of a Vancouver Islander, artificially deformed in infancy. 
 
 is by no means so great as was at one time supposed. A 
 dolichocephalic race is known, for instance, from Lagoa Santa, in 
 the Minas Geraes district of Brazil ; while a Californian or a Mexican 
 Pueblo Indian presents considerable dissimilarity to a Prairie or 
 Plains Indian. In all cases, however, the hair is straight and lank, 
 long and abundant on the scalp, but sparse elsewhere ; and, not- 
 withstanding the difference of climate under which different members 
 of the group exist, comparatively little variation occurs in the 
 colour of the skin, which, although generally referred to as reddish, 
 is best described as brownish, ranging from yellowish brown, 
 through olive-brown to reddish brown, and from a quite light to 
 a very dark tint. In certain districts special modifications are 
 noticeable in the form of the skull and features, but the same 
 
26 
 
 Guide to the Races of Mankind. 
 
 form reappears in widely separated localities ; and skulls of almost 
 indistinguishable type occur in Vancouver Island, Peru, and 
 Patagonia. Although in the special form of the nasal bones, 
 producing a high-bridged nose in the living face, as well as in the 
 marked development of the brow-ridges and the retreating forehead, 
 the great majority of native American races are distinguished from 
 the typical Asiatic Mongols, yet in many other respects their 
 resemblance to the latter is so marked that, at least provisionally, 
 they may be regarded as aberrant members of the Mongol stock. 
 
 In consequence of their general uniformity in physical character- 
 istics, American natives are usually classified chiefly by the language. 
 In North America the following are the chief language-groups and 
 tribes : — ■ 
 
 Language-Group. Tribe. 
 
 Athabasca : Kuchins, Cbippe- 
 wyans. Hares, Apaches, Lipans, 
 Navahos. 
 
 Algonquin : Montaignais, Dela- 
 wares, Abenakis, Chippewas or 
 Ojibwas, Shawnees, Arapahoes, 
 Crees, Sauks, Foxes, Black- 
 feet, Cheyennes. 
 
 Ieoquois : Hurons, Eries, Mo- 
 hawks, Tuscaroras, Senecas, 
 Cayugas, Oneidas, Onondagas, 
 Cherokees. 
 
 Caddran : Pawnees. 
 
 Of the natives of North-western 
 
 following are some of the more 
 
 tribes : — 
 
 Language-Group. Tribe. 
 
 SoNORAN, or Opata-Pima : Opata, 
 Tarahumara, Papagos, Cora, 
 Yuma, Cahita, Mayo, Yahi. 
 
 Aztec, or Nahua : Aztec, Pipil, 
 Chechimec. 
 
 Language-Group. Tribe. 
 
 KiowAN : Kiowas. 
 
 Sioux : Dakotas, Assiniboins, 
 
 Omahas, Crows, lowas, Osages, 
 
 Catawbas, Monakans. 
 
 Shoshones : Utes, Comanches 
 (neither are true Shoshones, 
 although both belong to the 
 Shoshonean linguistic stock). 
 
 MusKHOGES : Creeks, Choctaws, 
 Cbicasas, Seminoles, Apalachis. 
 
 Pueblo : Zuni, Tewa, Jemez, 
 Hopi or Moki. 
 
 Mexico and Central America, the 
 important language-groups and 
 
 Language-Group. Tribe. 
 
 Maya : Maya, Quiche, Pocoman, 
 
 Huaxtec. 
 MizTECO - Zapotec : Miztec, 
 
 Zapotek. 
 Otomi : Otomi, Mazahua. 
 Tarasca : Tarascos. 
 
 In the front of Case -4 is shown a very extensive series of North 
 American Indians, including representatives of many of the more 
 important tribes. The Cheyennes and Comanches are represented by 
 
S 5'i 
 
American Indians. 
 
 27 
 
 several busts, the gift of the Smithsoniau Institution. Two skulls 
 of the Quatsiuo tribe of Vancouver Island (fig. 7) illustrate 
 the practice of artificially elongating the head in infancy by pressure ; 
 while skulls from the Prcliistoric shell-mounds of Oregon, belonging 
 to the Fliitheads, escmiilify a method of distortion in the opposite 
 direction. Normal skulls of various tribes are likewise shown. 
 
 Of the Indians of J\Iexico a large series of busts, modelled under 
 the superintendence of Professor F. Starr, of Chicago University, 
 is exhibited. The busts include representatives of Chinantic, 
 Juave, Tuqui, Tarasco, Aztec, Otomi, Miztec, Zapotec, and Pueblo 
 Indians. The latter, who take their name from the Spanish word 
 for a town or village, dwell in fixed settlements in the arid region ; 
 some of them on the flat-topped rocky heights of New Mexico and 
 Arizona. Although not forming a single group, either in language 
 or in descent, they are united by their common usages, dwellings, 
 and general culture. In the latter respect they stand on a higher 
 plane than any other of the natives of the northern half of the 
 American continent. 
 
 The following list includes the chief language-groups and some 
 of the more important tribes of South American Indians : — 
 
 Language-G-rotip. Tribe. 
 
 Chibcha : Talamanca, Chibcha, 
 
 Tunebo. 
 QuiCHUA : Quichua, Quitu, Inca, 
 
 Aymara, Huanca, Chincha. 
 YuNCA : Yunca, Chimu. 
 JiVAEO : Jivaro. 
 Zapaeo : Zaparo. 
 Waerau : AVarrau. 
 Paxo : Pano, Kassivo. 
 TicuxA : Ticuna. 
 Tacana : Tacana. 
 Chiquito : Chiquito. 
 Aeawak : At oral, Maipure, 
 
 AVapisianu, Yaura, Mahinacu, 
 
 Layana, Antis. 
 Caeib : Caribs, Bakairi, Na- 
 
 huqua, PameUa, G alibi, Calini, 
 
 Arecuna, Macusi, Ackawoi. 
 
 Language-Group. Tribe. 
 
 TuPi-GuAEANi : Tembo, Tupi- 
 
 Guaraui, Cocoma, Omagua, 
 
 Mundrucu, Ipixuma. 
 Ges : Botocudo, Kayapo, Caiu- 
 
 gan. 
 Chareua : Tobu, Mataco. 
 Mataguay : Mataguay. 
 LuLE : Lule. 
 MiEANHA : Miranha, Koeruna, 
 
 Jupua. 
 Aeaucanian : Muelche, or Arau- 
 
 canians. 
 PuELCHE : Puelche, Pampa 
 
 Indians. 
 Tehuelche : Tehuelche, Gen- 
 
 naken. 
 FuEGiAX : Yahgan, Alacaluf. 
 
 Photographs of Macusis, Caribs, Patagonians, and Fuegians 
 (fig. 10) are exhibited at the back of the west side of Case 4, in 
 
28 Guide to the Races of Mankind. 
 
 which the bust of a Macnsi lad, modelled and presented by Lady 
 Im Thurn, is also shown. Two artificially contracted heads of Jivaro 
 Indians, from Ecuador, the one presented by Mr. J. B. Whitehead, and 
 the other by Mr. Campbell Mackeller, are shown in the same case, 
 to exhibit the long, lank, black hair characteristic of American 
 Indians iu common with other members of the Mongol branch. The 
 same feature is likewise illustrated by the scalp of an Arawak. 
 The latter tribe is also represented by the skeletons of a male and a 
 female ; and skulls of several tribes are likewise shown. Patagonian 
 skulls, all of which are remarkable for the great prominence of the 
 brow-ridges, are represented by several specimens presented by the 
 Director of the La Plata Museum in 1894, and by one from the 
 Rio Gallegos given by Mr. H. S. Felton in 1008. The last of these 
 is noticeable on account of the excessive development of the feature 
 just mentioned. 
 
 „ The Negro, or Ethiopian, races are characterised by a 
 
 -° ' dark, often nearly black, complexion, and black hair, 
 ' typically of a kind called "frizzly," or, incorrectly, 
 " woolly " ; that is to say, each hair is closely rolled 
 upon itself, and has an elliptical or flattened section. The beard 
 is of scanty or moderate development ; the skull is almost invariably 
 of the elongated type ; the cheek-bones are small and moderately 
 retreating ; the nose is broad and flat, with a low bridge ; the eyes* 
 are prominent ; the lips are thick and everted ; and the teeth 
 relatively large. As additional characteristics may be mentioned 
 the narrowness of the pelvis and the proportionately long fore-arm. 
 The Negro-like races include (i) the African or True Negroes, 
 of the central portions of Africa : (ii) the Negrillos, or small 
 forest-races of Central and Western Equatorial Africa ; (iii) the 
 Bushmen of South Africa ; (iv) the Oceanic Negroes, .or Melanesians 
 and Papuans of Melanesia, New Guinea, Torres Strait,^ and Tasmania ; 
 and (v) the Negritos, found in a pure state in the Andaman 
 Islands, but also forming a substratum of the population of many 
 of the Indo-Malay Islands, and some portions of the mainland of 
 southern Asia. 
 
 The African, or typical, branch of the Negro stock 
 Atrican, or j , ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ .^ .^^ p^^^.-^.^ -^^ ^^^^ central portion 
 
 Irue, ^^ ^y^^ African continent, from the Atlantic to the 
 
 Neg-roes. \^^^\^^ Ocean, but on its northern frontier is greatly 
 
 mixed with Semitic and other Caucasians ; this mixture in various 
 
 ' See the remarks ou page 19 under the heading Polynesians. 
 
African, or True, Negroes. 29 
 
 proportions having given rise to many of the races and tribes of the 
 Sudan. The general characteristics are those mentioned in the 
 paragraph devoted to the Xegro branch generally. In both sexes 
 the ridges above tlie eye-sockets are but slightly developed, so that 
 the lower part of the forehead is comparatively flat, and the skull 
 is of the elongated, or dolichocephalic, type. The group is divisible 
 into two main sections, the typical Xegroes, occupying that portion 
 of the continent north of an irregular line extending from the Rio 
 del Rey to the Albert Nyanza, and thence with a southerly trend to 
 the coast, and the Bantu to the south of this. The members of the 
 first group present great similarity of physical type, and are chiefly 
 distinguished by language ; the converse being true of the Bantu. 
 To refer even to the more important races and tribes within a 
 limited space is very difficult, but the following remarks give a clue 
 to some of the leading groups : — The more or less open country in 
 the eastern half of the continent as far south as the Zambesi is 
 inhabited by the Eastern Bantu, comprising such well-known tribes 
 as the Zanzibaris, including the Suaheli, the Mozambique tribes, 
 from the coast to Xyasaland, and the Betshuans further inland. 
 The tribes of the interior include the Bayeiye, the Batoka, and the 
 Barotse. To the south of these are the Southern Bantu, divisible 
 into the three main branches of Zulu-Xosa (Kafir), Bechuana, and, 
 in the west, Herero. In these Southern Bantu the colour of the 
 skin is lighter than in the tribes to the north, the hair is more 
 matted into tufts, the capacity of the skull is greater, the jaws are 
 less projecting, and the teeth are smaller. To the northward of 
 these tribes, on the west, are the Western Bantu, branches of which 
 extend into the forest-region of the heart of the continent. In 
 Portuguese territory, for instance, are various Bunda tribes ; the 
 lower reaches of the Congo are peopled by the Muslu Kongo, north 
 of whom, again, are the tribes of the Gabun, including the 
 Mpongwe, and of the Cameruns and the Fang Xegroes. 
 
 On the west side of Case 5 are displayed photographs and 
 specimens to illustrate West African Xegroes, including a large 
 number of skulls collected by the French traveller Paul du Chaillu, 
 and one presented Ijy Sir H. M. Stanley. A torso of a West 
 African Xegro, as well as a bust of a Gabun native, are also 
 exhibited. Krumans and other West African tribes are represented 
 by photographs. In the same case is displayed a photograph of 
 Munosa, a polydactyle Xegro, and a member of the Weitumba 
 tribe of the Wasagara, and a native of Ikwamba, in the Itumba 
 Mountains, German East Africa. He has six fingers on each 
 
30 Guide to the Races of JMankind. 
 
 hand and six toes on each foot ; and his two sons present a similar 
 abnormality. 
 
 Apart from the skeleton of a Negro, which may be from some 
 other part of the continent, the front of Case 5 is chiefly devoted to 
 the Bantu Kafirs and the natives of South-east Africa. Zulus are 
 illustrated by photographs and a small series of skulls. 
 
 , At various spots across Africa a few degrees each 
 
 =• ' side of the equator, from the Atlantic nearly to the 
 
 . J Albert iSTyanza, are scattered tribes of dwarf, short- 
 rlgrmies. i^eaded Negro-like tribes, living apart from the 
 neighbouring races, and presenting a relationship to the taller, 
 long-headed true Negroes similar to that exhibited by the Negritos 
 of the Indian Ocean to the Papuans of New Guinea or the 
 Melanesians of Melanesia. Their hair is of the most frizzly type, 
 and their complexion lighter than that of most Negroes ; but in 
 the projecting jaws, wide nose, and protruding lips these Negrillos 
 exhibit an ultra development of the Negro type, and, like the 
 Negritos, show a low grade of organisation. Except as regards 
 bodily size, their only essential difference from true Negroes is 
 the tendency to a shortening and broadening of the skull. The 
 average height of the men has been given at 4 feet 7 inches, 
 and of the women 4 feet 3 inches, but the woman whose skeleton 
 is exhibited measured barely 3 feet 10 inches. One of the best- 
 known tribes of these Pigmies is that of the Akkas, but the 
 Watwas and the Bambutis are other tribes found on the upper 
 Congo. 
 
 The group is represented in the collection by the skeleton of a 
 female and the skull of a male Akka from Monbuttu, East Central 
 Africa, presented by Dr. Emin, 18S7 ; and by the skeleton of a 
 male Bambuti from the Congo Forest, presented by Sir H. H. 
 Johnston. lu addition to these, there is the bust of Bokani, the 
 eldest of a party of Pigmies (fig. 11) from the Itmi Forest who visited 
 London in 1905, together with photographs of the entii'e party. All 
 these are exhibited on the west side of Case 5. 
 
 The South African Bushmen (fig. 13), now almost extinct 
 KUSnmen. ^^ ^ pure-bred race, constitute a distinct modification of 
 the Negro stock, in which the hair exhibits the extreme development 
 
 1 The correct spelling is Pygmies, the word being derived from the Greek 
 pugmc', a fist. 
 
c3 ^ 
 
Papiiasians. 31 
 
 of the frizzly type. Shorter and more sparse than that of the true 
 Negroes, it presents the appearance of growing in separate tufts 
 which coil up into balls, and is accordingly known as the " pepper- 
 corn" type. The beard is scanty, and little hair is developed 
 on any part of the body except the scalp. The skin is dirty yellow, 
 very like the colour of ordinary leather. The women exhibit an 
 excessive development of certain parts of the figure ; and the skin 
 becomes much wrinkled at an early age. Unlike the Bantu, the 
 finger-nails are not light-coloured. The width of the cheek-bones 
 and the narrowness of the forehead and chin communicate a lozenge- 
 shape to the front view of the face, and a Mongol-like type to the 
 whole skull, which has many peculiarities. The forehead is straight 
 and prominent, the nose broader and flatter than in any other race, 
 and the lips are thick and prominent, although the jaws project less 
 than in true Negroes. The average height of the men is about 
 4: feet S inches. Bushmen are probably some of the most primitive 
 of the inhabitants of Africa, but at a remote epoch their territory 
 seems to have been invaded from the north by Negroes, crossing 
 with whom has produced the mixed race known as Hottentots, who 
 differ from Bushmen by their darker skin. 
 
 The group is represented on the west side of Case 5 by the busts 
 of a male and female Bushman (fig. 16), and by a couple of skulls, 
 one of which is that of a Bushman and the other that of a 
 Hottentot. There are also two photographs of a Bushman boy, 
 reproduced in fig. 13. 
 
 . Papuasians, or Oceanic Negroes, include the 
 
 Papuasians. p^puans of New Guinea (fig. 14) and Melanesians, 
 who constitute the majority of the inhabitants of the islands of 
 the Western Pacific, such as New Ireland, New Britain (fig. 9), 
 the Solomons, the Louisiades, the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, 
 and Fiji, and form a well-marked branch of the Negro stock. Their 
 chief physical distinction from African Negroes lies in the fact 
 that in the skulls of the males the ridges above the eye-sockets 
 are generally well developed (fig. 12), instead of this region being 
 nearly flat. Usually also the nose is narrower and more prominent, 
 especially in New Guinea and the neighbouring islands ; while the 
 skull itself is mostly higher and narrower, although some skulls 
 are essentially African in character. The hair on the scalp, which 
 grows in tufts, is very luxuriant, and stands out widely from the 
 head, this being aided by combing, and thus giving rise to the well- 
 known designation of " Mop-Heads." The beard also is more 
 
32 
 
 Guide to the Races of ]\Iankind. 
 
 developed thau iu African Negroes, and the body more hairy. The 
 colonr of the skin is nearly black in New Caledonia, chocolate-brown 
 in New Gniuea, and blue black in Fiji. 
 
 Melanesians likewise form a basis of the population iu districts 
 extending far beyond their present central distribution. On the 
 other hand, in many parts of the Melanesian area there is evidence 
 of extensive mixture with Negrito, Malay, and Polynesian elements 
 in varying proportions. 
 
 The Papuans of the islands of Torres Strait are represented l)y 
 a large series of skulls, of which a few were collected during the 
 voyage of H.M.S. Alert, although the great bulk was obtained by 
 the Rev. S. Macfarlane in 1884. The bust of a native of the New 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 Skull of a Tasmanian, to exhibit the low beetling brows characteristic of the 
 Papuasian group. 
 
 Hebrides is exhibited, as is also one of a native of ]\Ialecollo Island 
 in the same group, showing the artificial distortion of the head 
 practised in that island. The same feature is exhibited in a dried 
 head from Malecollo presented by Mr. H. Anson in 1889, and by a 
 second purchased in 1883, as well as in a skull presented iu 1876 
 by Mr. W. W. Perry. Skulls of natives of many of the other islands 
 of the Melanesian Archipelago are exhibited, as well as photographs 
 of natives of New Britain (fig. 9), New Caledonia, New Hebrides, the 
 Loyalty Group, etc. There is also a bust of a native of the Solomon 
 Group. 
 
 New Guinea Papuans are strongly represented on the east side of 
 
fl4 » 
 
 ■^ s 
 
 fee -S 
 
 
Tasmanians. 33 
 
 Case 6 by busts, masks, skulls, iind photographs. One of the latter 
 (fig. W) shows the " dd op-head " hair in great perfection ; while in 
 a second, representing a man whose hair has been cut short, it will 
 be seen that the basal portion grows in the " pepptTcoru-fashion " 
 characteristic of Bushmen. Fijians are represented in the same 
 case by a bust, a photograph, and several skulls. The Kai-colo, or 
 mountaineers of the interior Fiji, have the longest skulls of any 
 race. 
 
 Tasmanians "^^^ aboriginal inhabitants of Tasmania (fig. 1.5), 
 unfortunately now exterminated, appear to have 
 been pure, although somewhat aberrant, members of the Melanesian 
 group of Xegroes ; their modification from the original type being 
 apparently the result of long isolation, and not of crossing with 
 other tribes. Their distinctive Xegro characters are shown in the 
 form of the nose and the nasal bones (fig. V£), the thick, projecting 
 lips, the large size of the teeth, and the tufted, frizzly, and elliptical 
 hair ; their chief aberrant feature being the abnormal width of the 
 skull in the hind, or parietal, region. As in Australians, the last 
 upper molar, or " wisdom-tooth," has three roots— a feature of rare 
 occurrence among higher races. 
 
 Tasmanians are represented on the west side of Case 6 by several 
 valuable specimens, foremost among which is the skeleton of an adult 
 male purchased from the Anthropological Institute in 189.S. The 
 skull has a persistent interfrontal suture. A second, and probably 
 female, skull was presented by Mr. G. C. Trench in 1894 ; and there 
 is also an imperfect skull, the gift of Mr. W. Savile Kent. The 
 personal appearance of the aborigmes is illustrated by coloured busts 
 of Wouraddy and his wife Truganini (fig. 15). The latter, who died 
 in 1876, was the last pure-bred survivor of this interesting race. A 
 photograph of Truganini and one of a male Tasmanian, " King 
 Billy," the last pure-bred male representative of the race, who died 
 in 1867, as well as four smaller portraits of natives of Tasmania, are 
 also exhibited. 
 
 Nee-ritos "^^^ natives of the Andaman Islands, in the Bay of 
 Bengal, form one of the purest representatives of certain 
 diminutive, round-headed races of the Negro group known as 
 Negritos. Although now much mixed with other races, and more 
 especially Indonesians, Negritos also constitute a substratum of the 
 population in the Philippines, the Malay Peninsula, some of the 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 Guide to the Races of Mankind, 
 
 Indo-Malay Islands, and perhaps part of the mainland of southern 
 India. They have also been supposed to contribute certain elements 
 to the population of New Guinea, and to merge into the taller, 
 longer-headed, and longer-nosed Papiiasians. Originally it is 
 probable that Negritos formed the main population of most of 
 Southern Asia, where they gradually succumbed to the influence 
 of higher invading races. In the character of the hair, the relative 
 length of the upper arm to the fore-arm, and the form of the pelvis, 
 Negritos are essentially of the Negro type, although they diifer from 
 African Negroes on the one hand and from Papuasians on the other 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 
 A liushmau 
 Pro7n the biiit in the Museum. 
 
 in many characters of the skull and face. The Andamanese, who 
 shave their heads, are sooty in colour and beardless, but some of the 
 other races are well bearded. 
 
 Andamanese are fast disappearing as a pure-bred race ; and three 
 complete skeletons of this race exhibited in Case 7 are therefore of 
 very considerable interest. Skulls and photographs of Andamanese 
 are likewise exhibited ; and there are also photographs of the 
 Negritos of the Island of Luzon, in the Philippines, as well as a 
 bust of a Negrito from the Isle of Timor. 
 
 The Negritos of the Malay Peninsula, commonly known as 
 
Senwufjs, appear to be reinniints of a primitive poiiulatioii preeedinrj 
 the Malay immigration. Semaiigs are decidedly Negro-like, having 
 dark chocolate-coloured skin, frizzly hair, growing from "peppercorn- 
 like " tufts, thick lips, and somewhat protruding jaws ; the latter 
 features being, however, less marked than in African Negroes. 
 Sakais, which have been regarded as Negritos, are related to 
 Yeddas and Australians, and are referred to on page 17. As 
 previously mentioned, in Perak Sakais, who are hillmen, inhabit 
 the right bank of the Perak River, while the plains-dwelling and 
 nomad Semangs are found on the left bank. 
 
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 1895, 8vo. 15s. 
 
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 Spiders of Burma. 1895, Svo. 10s. &d. 
 
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