UC-NRLF fflioB' ^B S2M 2Tfl GICAL SURVEY. ENG^LAiND AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY OF LINCOLNSHIRE FROM UNDERGROUND SOURCES: WITH RECORDS OF SINKINGS AND BORINGS. EDITED BY HORACE B. WOODWARD, F.R.S, WITH CONTKIBUTIONS BY WILLIAM WHITAKER, BA., F.R.S, H. FRANKLIN PARSONS, M.D., F.G.S., HUGH ROBERT MILL, D. Sc, LL.D., AND HENRY PRESTON, F.G.S. PCBLiailBD BY 0K1>EK OV Tllh LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY S IRKASURy. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, E.G. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14, Long Acre, London; JOHN MENZIES and CO., Rose Street, Edinburgh; HODGES, FIGGIS, and CO., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survejjr Maps ; or through any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 1904. Price 4.9. 6d. c 6^0 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ENGLAND AND WALES THE WATER SUPPLY OF LINCOLNSHIRE FROM UNDERGROUND SOURCES: WITH RECORDS OF SINKINGS AND BORINGS. EDITED BY HORACE B. WOODWARD, RR.S., WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY WILLIAM WHITAKER, B.A., F.RS, il FRANKLIN PARSONS, M.D, F.G.S., HUGH ROBERT MILL, D. Sc, LL.D., AND HENRY PRESTON, F.G.S. PUBL13HBD BY ORI>ER OF THli LORDS COMMISSIONERS OP HIS MAJESTI'S TRHASUEr^ LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY WYxMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, FETTER LANE, E.G. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14, LONG Acre, London ; JOHN MENZIES and CO., Rose Street, Edinburgh ; HODGES, FIGGIS, and CO., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or througli any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 1904. Frice \s. 6d \3T ro 1^ "^ L 5 W A LTtC^ t!^ Ill PREFACE. This is the third of the County Memoirs dealing especially with Water Supply, but it must not be forgotten that Mr. Whitaker, who has been a pioneer in the matter of recording details of well sinkings and borings, prepared for us a volume of the well sections near London. Although this work is intended to act as a geological guide for the water-bearing strata of Lincolnshire, it has been deemed advisable to include records of all borings made in the county for whatever purpose, as they are all helpful with regard to the local thicknesses and characters of the strata. In gathering together the records, those issued in the several Memoirs illustrating the Geological Survey Sheets have formed a substantial nucleus ; for many of them we were indebted to Mr. Whitaker, while others were collected during the survey of the county by Messrs Reid, Strahan, Ussher, a.nd Jukes-Browne. When the present work was planned, Mr. Henry Preston, who had been consulted, generously placed his MSS. containing many records of wells and borings at our disposal, while Dr. H. F. Parsons, whose personal acquaintance with the northern part of the county led him to take particular interest in the volume, has given us much information, and, through his kind offices, the Local Government Board have supphed us with particulars of numerous analyses of waters. We are indebted to Dr. Alfred Ashby, Mr. James Baynes and Mr. Otto Hehner for permission to publish analyses made by them. Mr. J. Stuart Bogg has sent us particulars of a recent boring at Benni worth, together with copies of analyses of Kimeridge Clay. We are likewise indebted to various engineers, well- sinkers, and others, whose names are mentioned in the text, for records of borings, given generally in return for information supplied at the Geological Survey Office. The records thus received have been annotated by Mr. H. B. Woodward, who has arranged all the other materials, and has written the intro- ductory notes. The records are published as they have been received, but every care has been taken to define the geological horizons as indicated by the terms used by well-sinkers. It should, how- ever, be remembered that these terms are sometimes inaccurate, ^s, for instance, when " gravel " is used for broken rock, and "sandstone" for oolite. (Seep. 58.) 7696. 500.— Wt. 20571. 12/04. Wy. &- S. 2085r. a 2 313029 IV In order to illustrate the subject as fully as possible, Dr. H. R. Mill, whose services we were fortunately able to secure, has con- tributed a report on the rainfall. Details of the levels of water in wells at different seasons, would have been of much interest and value, but observations on these matters do not come within the province of the Geological Survey, and it has not been possible to collect the information. J. J. H. TEALL, Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London. 23rd November, 1904. CONTENTS PAGE Pbbpace by the Directob iii Introduction : Outline of the Geology as far as relates to Water Supply 1 The Rainfall of Lincolnshire 21 Well Sinkings and Borings in Lincolnshire - - - - - 29 Analyses of Waters - - 194 Analyses of Kimeridge Clay - - 217 Bibliography : 1. Geological Survey Publications on Lincolnshire ; 2. Reports of Medical Inspectors of Privy Council and Local Government Board on Lincolnshire^ 3. Other books and Papers on Wells and Borings in Lincolnshire 210 Index 223 ?696. VI ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate. Rainfall Map of Lincolnshire at end of vol. Fig. 1. Diagram -section of the Oohte plain south of Lincoln - - 8 ,, 2. Map showing the positions of Borings in the Alluvial deposits of the Rivers Witham and Till, near Lincoln - - - - 127 „ 3. Section across the Alluvium of the River Witham, half a mile east of the G.N.R. Station, Lincoln. 127 THE WATER SUPPLY OF LINCOLNSHIRE FROM UNDERGROUND SOURCES. Outline of the Geology as fae as relates to Water- SUPPLY. INTRODUCTION. The geological formations known to occur in Lincolnshire range from the Carboniferous to the Chalk, and include also Pleistocene and Recent deposits. The formations which occupy the surface are naturally divided into three great groups : — (1) The Triassic, Liassic and Oolitic series, which extend through the western half of the county, overlie one another in regular sequence, with a gentle easterly inclination, and thus outcrop in successive belts from west to east, with a northerly and southerly strike. (2) The Cretaceous rocks, which in the north-eastern portion of the county stretch obliquely across the outcrops of the higher Oolitic strata, with an inclination to the north-east and a general strike to north-west and south-east. They comprise a lower sandy and clayey division ; and an upper division of Chalk, which forms the Wolds and overlaps the sandy and clayey beds in the northern part of the county. (3) The Glacial Drifts and other superficial deposits, which occur as great sheets and outlying patches, resting irregularly on any of the older formations in various parts of the county, and entirely concealing them in the south-eastern part. Strata older than any of those just mentioned have been proved in certain deep borings. These include tli^. Carboniferous and Permian, but as they cannot be regarded as sources of water supply, a brief reference to the rocks will be sufficient. On the whole the structure of the country as represented by the Triassic and newer strata is fairly simple, and the general easterly and north-easterly dips are subject to but little modification. A gentle anticline is, indicated by the inliers of Cornbrash and Great Oolite between Bourn, Folkingham and Sleaford ; and a more important flexure occurs between Alford and Claxby, where the Lower Cretaceous strata have been proved from well-borings to rise in 7696. A 2 Geology of Lincolnshire. an anticline and to directly underlie the Drifts. To the east of Alford and Willoughby the Chalk is again present beneath the superficial deposits, and it extends below ground to the coast a little south of Skegness. In the Geological Survey Map a probable line of fault was originally marked between Claxby and Skegness. A fault, with a considerable downthrow to the north had been proved at Claxby, but its prolongation to the south-east in order to account for the Chalk below Skegness need not now be assumed in view of the anticlinal structure.* Other faults have been met with here and there in various parts of the county, and these are indicated on the Geological Survey map. None appear to be of any great magnitude, but they may be of sufl^cient importance to influence local supplies of water. It is probable that the whole of the Fenland south of Bardney and Wainfleet is directly underlain by the Oxford, Corallian and Kime- ridge Clays. Beneath this group of clays, or the lower part of them, the Great Oolite series and the Lincolnshire Limestone have been proved in certain places, as at Woodhall Spa and further south. The Great Oolite series, judging from the record supplied by Mr. H. Preston of the well at Crowland, shows considerable modification, the Great Oolite Limestone being absent as limestone, though probably represented by clayey strata. The Lincolnshire Lime- stone also undergoes attenuation beneath the Fenland. The principal water-bearing strata, if we exclude the superficial deposits, are the Triassic Sandstones, the Lincolnshire Limestone, the Great Oolite Limestone, the Spilsby Sandstone, and the Chalk. Shallow wells in any of these formations may be liable to pollution, but in the deeper wells, the supply when obtained from beneath an impervious covering, has had to travel for some distance under- ground, and is usually of excellent quality. In some cases, however, the deeper wells and also the shallow wells, are impregnated with mineral matter to an extent that renders the water useless for drink- ing purposes. This more usually hapj^ens when the water is derived from strata at a considerable distance from their outcrop. The following are the geological formations represented in Lincoln- shire : — -p (Blown Sand. KECENT ^ Alluvium— Fen Bed?. Pleistocene Upper Cretaceous Valley Gravel and Loam. Bouldcr-clay \ qi^^^j^i j^^.^^^ Glacial Sand and Gravelj Upper Chalk (with flitits). Middle Chalk (with flints). Lower Chalk Red Chalk. — Selbornian * Jukca-Browno, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xlix., pp. 474, etc. . xjOWER Cretaceous Jurassic , Table of Formations. Carstone. Tealby Limestone and Roach (ironstone, &c.). Tealby Clay. Claxby Ironstone. ^Spilsby Sandstone. ''Kimeridge Clay. Corallian Clay. Oxford Clay. Kellaways Beds (sandstone, sand, and clay). Combrash (limestone). Great Oolite Clay ^ Great Great Oolite Limestone J-Oolite] Upper Estuarine Series (clays and sand) I Series. \ Lincolnshire Limestone \ Inferior Lower Estuarine Series (clays and sand) lOohte Northampton Sand (Dogger) ISeries {Upper Lias (clay). Middle Liasl^^,^''^^*^^^ (Rock-bed). I Clays and sand. Lower Lias (clays and limestones). rRhaetic Beds (shales and marls) v f Keuper Marl | New I Keuper Sandstone (Waterstones), etc. Red ^ Bunter Sandstone and Pebble-beds Sandstone /Magnesian Limestone (with marls and | Series. ( sandstones) Carboniferous Coal Measures (sandstones, shales, and s'^ams of coal). \^.J Triassic Permian Carboniferous. The oldest strata reached by boring in Lincolnshire are the Coal Measures which were proved at South Carr by Idlestop, about three miles south-west of Haxey, at a depth of 1728 ft. 3 in. and penetrated to a depth of 3185 ft. 2 in. from the surface — the thickness passed through being 1456 ft. 11 in. The beds comprised shales, fire-clay, sandstones, ironstone nodules, and seams of coal. Permian. Strata representing the Magnesian Limestone series, with sand- stones and marls, were proved at South Carr in the deep boring of which particulars are printed further on. (p. 108.) Owing to the abundance of gypsum, the water obtained from the formation would be exceptionally hard. The beds were met with at a depth of 1183 ft. 6 in., and penetrated to a depth of 1728 ft. 3 in., when Coal Measures were reached ; the thickness of the strata regarded as Permian was 547 ft. 9 in. Triassic. Bunter. Red sandstone with pebbles, and with occasional bands of marl, was proved above the Permian series in the deep boring at South 7696. A 2 4 Geology of Lincolnshire. Carr, at depths of from 746 feet 2 inches to 1183 feet 6 inches ; in- dicating a thickness of 437 feet 4 inches of strata referred to the Bunter. Bunter Sandstone was also reached at Gainsborough. There the supply from one bore-hole has not been sufficient for the needs of the district, and a second boring has been made. The exposed areas of the Bunter lie to the west of the county in an isolated tract between Thorne, Doncaster, and Bawtry, and southward over a broad belt through Sherwood Forest to Notting- ham.* The general thickness of the Bunter is here about 450 feet. Kewper Sandstone, Red and grey sandstones (sometimes in part grouped as Water- stones) with occasional bands of shale or marl, were proved at South Carr betAveen the depths of 137 feet 7 inches and 746 feet 2 inches ; the thickness being estimated at 60S feet 7 inches. It should be mentioned that the Keuper and Bunter Sandstones are often so closely connected that it is especially difficult to fix definite limits to them from the evidence furnished by cores. In the neighbourhood of Southwell, however, the Keuper Sandstones are much interbanded with marl, which would interfere with the free circulation of water, and their thickness probably does not exceed 80 feet. Kewper Marl. This division, the oldest of the strata exposed at the surface in Lincolnshire, consists of red and variegated marls with occasional bands of sandstone and locally some anhydrite and much gypsum. A thickness of 725 feet of Keuper Marls has been proved at Gains- borough, and the full thickness may be about 800 feet. Local supplies of water are sometimes to be met with in the bands of sandstone which occur in the lower part of the series. A belt of these sandstones outcrops at Tuxford, to the west of the Trent valley. In some cases, as mentioned by Mr. F. M. Burton, where hard sandy layers are intercalated with the marls, the water that enters into a well may pass quickly away, and the well prove useless. f The elevation of the land is 50 feet at Crowle Hill, 125 feet at Gainsborough Hill and near Epworth. The soil on these red rocks is for the most part a clay-loam. * Ses Dr. H. F. Parsons, " The Trias of the southern part of the Vale of York," Proc. YorJcsh. Geol. andPolyt. Soc, ser. 2, vii., p. 154, 1880 ; and " ThQ Alluvial Strata of the Lower Ouse Valley," Ibid., ser. 2, vi., 215, 1877, t ** Victoria History " of Lincolnshire, Art. Geology, Trias and Lias. 5 Rhcetic Beds. These beds include the following sub-divisions : — White Lias 3 feet. Black Shales about 25 „ Grey Marls (merging into Red Keuper Marls) - 5 to 15 „ They are not water-bearing, as the White Lias is too thin to hold any useful supply. Liassic. Lower Lias. This division consists in the lower part of alternations of limestones and clays estimated to be about 170 feet thick in North Lincolnshire, and about 220 feet thick in the southern part of the county. Bands of ferruginous limestone and iron-ore, known as the Frodingham Ironstone occur above, to the thickness of 20 or 30 feet in the north, and not more than 5 feet in the south. These are surmounted by a mass of blue clay and shale which increases in thickness from less than 90 feet in North Lincolnshire ^o 450 feet or more in the south. Only the lower portion of the Lower Lias, where the limestones are well developed, is water-bearing, and to a limited extent. The alternations of clay and shale prevent any considerable storage or circulation of water, and as a rule supplies are only obtained in shallow wells. The ground rises to 117 feet at Messingham and 218 feet at Burton-upon-Stather. The soil is for the most part a stiff clay and loam, but a reddish loamy soil marks the outcrop of the iron- stones, and from these small springs are given out. Thackson's well, south-west of Foston, is a perennial spring that issues from the Lower Lias near a line of fault. There is a " petrify- ing " spring near Whitton. Owing to the difficulty in getting a ready supply of water, there are comparatively few villages on the clay lands occupied by the upper part of the Lower Lias and the lower part of the Middle Lias, as in the Brant valley, and again in the vale north-west of Lincoln where, however, the Lower Lias is much covered with Boulder-clay. Middle Lias. This is a variable division, comprising in the lower part micaceous and ferruginous clays and sands from 40 to 80 feet thick. In the upper part there are beds of ferruginous sandstone and ironstone which, however, arc not persistent: they are 30 feet thick near Grantham, and are absent from Welbourne northward to Navenby and Lincoln. 6 Geology of Lincolnshire. In North Lincolnshire the lowest layer is a band of ironstone (Pecten bed) which is taken as a convenient division between Lower and Middle Lias ; while the rock-bed is a ferruginous limestone or ironstone from 6 to 8 feet thick. The ironstone-beds and ferruginous sandstones known generally as the Rock-bed or Marlstone are water-bearing. The water is often very good, but it may be chalybeate. Owing, however, to the im- persistent nature of this sub-division it can never be depended upon as a source of supply at a distance from the outcrop. Where the Marlstone is present it usually yields a brown ferru- ginous soil. Upper Lias. The Upper Lias consists almost wholly of dense blue clays and shales with occasional bands and nodules of limestone, and with a few bands of limestone at the base. Its thickness in North Lincoln- shire is about 25 feet, near Lincoln 80 feet, and at Grantham 120 feet. The basement-limestones may yield a small amount of water which is not separable from that of the Marlstone, in well-sinkings. Oolitic. j Lower Estuarine Series and Northampton Sand. This variable group comprises the following divisions : — feet. y TT f •• f Bluish-grey, black, purple, and green clay e. • \ and shales, white sand, and sand-rock, ( with lignite and ironstone nodules. 10 to 15 Northampton i Tough ferruginous sandstones, sands, loam Beds (or Dogger) \ and ironstone 5 to 20 These beds hold a moderate amount of water. That from the Lower Estuarine Series is usually impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen, but the Northampton beds yield good water in many places, and numerous springs are thrown out along their junction with the Upper Lias clay. The upper and weathered (peroxidized) portion of the North- ampton ironstone beds, as remarked by Professor Judd, are open and easily traversed by water, whereas the unweathered layers (carbonate of iron) below are less pervious but yield water, often copious springs, in the joints. The soft weathered rocks in this and other formations are sometimes termed " Kale " by quarrymen and well-sinkers. Near Lincoln the ironstone-beds are directly overlain by the Lincolnshire Limestone. * See Geology of Rutland, Oed. Survey, p. 116. Oolitic Series. 7 Lincolnshire Limestone. This is the chief water-bearing formation in the county, and indeed its yield especially in the neighbourhood of Bourn is so copious that there we find some of the best artesian wells in England. The Lincolnshire Limestone has a broad outcrop which is but little concealed by Boulder-clay. I^t extends through the county from Winteringham by Lincoln to Stamford, a distance of more than thirty miles, with a width of two to three miles north of Lincoln, and four to six miles on the south. Its thickness varies from 60 to a little over 100 feet, and rarely to as much as L30 feet. In North Lincolnshire the following divisions have been made : — fer>t. Hibaldstow (^Ponton) Bods Oolite 20 -j^. , ,^ , fGrcy limestones and clays with \ oolitic limestone at base- - - 45 Near Kirton-in-Lindsey there is about 15 feet of grey shaly clay between the Kirton and Hibaldstow beds ; south of Grayingham and Waddingham, as remarked by Mr. Ussher, the Lincolnshire Limestone becomes more homogeneous. From the fact that in this northern region it is subdivided by clayey beds, it does not yield such noted supplies of water as have been encountered further south. The northern portion is separated at Lincoln by the River Witham from the broader superficial belt to the south. Even at Lincoln and near Nocton there are soft marly beds in the upper part of the division. Underground the formation has been proved to extend eastwards below the Fenland as far as Crowland. As remarked by Mr. W. H. Penning and Mr, W. H. Dalton, a glance at the Geological Survey map shows a series of villages along the escarpment of the Limestone and a similar series on or near the less regular line bounding the upper limit of its outcrop, their situation having arisen from the all-important condition of water supply. AA'ater was readily obtainable on either side of the tract of open porous limestone in which it is supported on the west by the impervious Lias clay, and on the east by the absence of means of escape, the rock being waterlogged up to or near to the lip of overlying clay in the Upper Estuarine Series, and overflowing in powerful springs.* One of thes3 is at Great Spring Head, S.W. of Dunston. Again to the N.E. of Lincoln, at Welton there are strong springs, one being marked on the map as the " Old Man's Head Spring." These springs, as stated by Mr. De Ranee, show marked fluctuations according to the rainfall, proving the rapid circulation of water through fissures in the Lincolnshire Limestone. Thus the * Geology of the Country around Lincoln, Qeol. Survey, 1888, p. 45 ; see also De Ranee Proc. Yorksh. Geo!, ani Polyt. Soc, xii., 29. 8 Geology of Lincolnshire. amount o! water, as gauged by Mr. Teague, has varied from 105,000 gallons to 2,800,000 gallons (after heavy rainfall).* (See Fig. 1.) Fig. 1. Diagram-section of the Oolite plain south of Lincoln. {W. H. Dalton.) Villages. Villages. A. Upper L!:is. B. Lincolnshire Limestone. C. Upper Estuarine Series, etc. D, D, D. Line of parennial saturation, with springs at the points of intersec- tion with the surface. Mr. J. Addy mentions that " One of the main branches or tribu- taries of the River Glen has cut its channel partially through the Estuarine Clays for some miles above Braceborough Spa. This channel may be said to be a groove cutting more and more deeply into the clays, as the river falls in its course, and thus continually approaching the limestone under it, which bears the subterranean waters, until a point is reached when the stratum of Estuarine Clays under the groove, owdng to its thinness, or perhaps ' faulty ' nature, can no longer form an impervious division, or resist the upward force of the imprisoned waters. This point occurs in the river about 2 miles, measured up its course, above Braceborough Spa, and from it to the latter place the river is studded with springs, throwing up water with such force as to show distinctly above the surface of the rapidly-flowing stream. These eruptions, appearing at first singly, and at wide distances apart, gradually reach a climax lower down at ' The Caudles,' and again at Braceborough Spa, at both which spots the beds of the river, and of streams and pools adjacent, seem to some extent riddled by the number of vents for these waters." " Mention ought also to be made of the noted ' Well Head ' at Bourne, as a display of this water in the form of natural springs, yielding, when gauged in 1874, at the rate of 4,600,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. At Horbling, too, there is a natural spring of some note."t Among other examples are the Norcliff Spring at Wilsford, near Sleaford ; the Lady Well at Ancaster , the Holy Well at Fulbeck, between Grantham and Lincoln .; the springs that issue at the head * Proc. Yorksh. Oeol. cni Polyt. Soc, vol. xii., p. 3?. t Proc. Inst. Civ. Enj., Ixxiv., 1883, 143. Oolitic Series. 9 of the combe, om mile and a quarter N.E. of Lincoln; and a spring at Stoke Rochford, near Colsterworth, south of Grantham, which is said to yield about 4,000 gallons a minute. A " Blow Well " (see p. 15) is said to occur south-west of HibalJ- stow. The escarpment rises from 72 feet at Winterton to 250 at Saw- cliffe, 239 at Hibaldstow Cliff, 227 at Hemswell Cliff, and 213 feet at Lincoln. In the area south of Grantham the Lincolnshire Lime- stone is much covered by Boulder-clay. The soil is a brashy one with reddish-brown clay, and for the most part dry. Upper Estuarine Series. This division consists of white sands, coloured clays often green, shales with lignite, shelly marls, and limestones, with ironstone nodules at the base. In thickness it is from 20 to 35 feet. Limited supplies of water are locally held in the sands and lime- stone bands, but the water, like that of the Lower Estuarine series, is not usually palatable. Great Oolite Limestone. This comprises hard shelly and occasionally oolitic limestones, with shales and marls ; together having a thickness of 12 to 25 feet. The beds yield moderate amounts of water suitable for local supplies. The Great Oolite Limestone forms a gentle escarpment, rising at Normandy Cliff to 126 feet. The formation disappears to the north of Brigg, and it is not persistent beneath the Fenland, being doubt- less to some extent replaced by clayey and sandy strata. (See records of borings at Crowland and Deeping St. Nicholas.) Great Oolite Clay. Like the Upper and Lower Estuarine series this division consists chiefly of coloured clays, dark grey, purple and greenish, with also beds largely made up of oysters, and occasional seams of lignite. Ironstone-nodules often occur at the base. In thickness it is from 5 to 35 feet. The strata are not water-bearing, as there appear to be few sandy intercalations. Cornbrash. At the surface ihh appears as a rubbly fossiliferous limestone, and like other limestone strata it occurs in more solid layers at a depth. It is from 3 to 15 feet thick and locally yields small supplies of water. It diminishes in thickness towards the north. Oxford Clay and KeUaways Beds. The Kellaways beds at the base of the Oxford Clay consist of an alternating serie3 of buff sandstones, sands, loams and clay.^, with usually clay or shah fro-n 7 to 18 feet thick at the base. Tne 10 (xEOLOfiY OF Lincolnshire. sandy beds may hold a useful amount of water, where they are prominently developed, as near Sudbrooke Holme ; but as a rule the supply would be small, and it is seldom good in quality. The Oxford Clay consists of dense clays and shales with septaria, and varies in thickness from about 300 feet in North Lincolnshire to 400 feet and perhaps more in the southern part of the county. The Oxford Clay is impervious, and the soil is a heavy clay. The formation is, however, largely concealed by Boulder-clay and other Drift deposits. Cordlian. This division, represented in Lincolnshire by black clays with much selenite, is about 15 feet thick, and is impervious. It is largely concealed by Boulder-clay. Kimeridye Clay. This formation comprises dark shaly clays and bituminous shales with septaria, and is about 320 feet thick. It is almost wholly impervious, but at the brick-kiln near South Willingham, according to Mr. A. Strahan, " Below the layer of septaria there occur bands of hard inflammable oil shale, locally known as " dice." The bands are 4 to 6 inches thick, and are separated by blue clay. . . . About Willingham water is got in some of the shallow wells from the beds of dice. Some of the water is ferru- ginous and smells offensively." The formation is extensively hidden by Boulder-clay and other Drift deposits. The soil is stiff clay. Lower Cretaceous. Spilshy Sandstone. This division consists of green, white and brown sands and sandstones, the latter sometimes pebbly and indurated into a very hard calcareous grit : phosphatic nodules occur at the base. It varies in thickness from 6 feet near Claxby to 50 feet on the south, and 20 feet near Spilsby. The Spilsby sandstone is a good water-bearing stratum, and numerous villages are situated along its outcrop, for, as pointed out by Mr. Jukes-Browne, strong springs gush out at many points along the line of its junction with the Kimeridge Clay. Tiiese springs are occasionally ferruginous. In the dales on the western side of the Steeping valley, there are two springs which have attained celebrity, the " Lady Well " at West Keal, and the " Holy Well " at Somersby. In the case of the Lady Well the gathering ground appears to be about 150 acres * Geology of the Country around Lincoln, Oeol. Survey, p. 81. LowEK Cketaceous. V in extent, wliile the thickness of the Spilsby Sandstone is not more than 35 feet, and it is noteworthy how small a collecting area will support a perennial spring. * Tealby Series. This series is divided into : — rri ,1 T • J. ( Upper Ironstone and clay Tealby Limestone ^ r^^.h Ironstone Tealby Clay Claxby and Hundleby Ironstone. The united thickness is about 225 feet at Skegness and 100 feet near Spilsby, and it may be said to vary from 135 feet at the southern end of the Wolds to a foot or two at Elsham, owing to the uncom- formable overlap of the higher Cretaceous beds. The thickness at Tealby is 65 feet, near Nettleton 45 feet, and at Audleby 10 feet. The lowest beds, which comprise the Claxby and Hundleby iron- stone, consist of ferruginous clay with grains of oolitic iron-ore, and this iron-ore sometimes occurs in mass about 9 feet thick and sometimes as occasional beds in yellow loam 6 to 14 feet in thickness. The Tealby Clay consists of tough blue clays with selenite, ooliiic iron-ore and small septarian nodules ; it is 28 feet thick at Tealby, 40 feet at Claxby, 70 or 80 feet thick near Dalby, and 180 feet or more at Skegness. The Tealby Limestone consists of hard limestones with shaly partings. It is about 14 feet thick at Claxby, but thins away north- ward. It appears to pass into the Roach, a soft yellow ferruginous marl with grains of oolitic iron-ore, or into a hard ironstone or ferruginous limestone, estimated at from 20 to 40 feet thick. The Upper ironstone and clay comprise local beds of clay with grains of oolitic iron-ore, and are about 25 feet thick. The Tealby beds do not appear to furnish any noteworthy amount of water. Carsfone. This division consists of red sand, sandstone, and pebbly gravel, 10 to 14 feet thick near Claxby, but thickening south-eastward, being 20 feet near Thoresway, 25 feet at Tealby, and 40 feet further south. The strata are water-bearing, and springs issue from the base. At Rothwell south-east of Caistor there are springs which issue from an inlying tract of the Carstone. The Lower Cretaceous rocks rise to 124 feet at Spilsby, to 200 feet at Tealby, 232 feet at Donnington-on-Bain, and 300 feet at Nettleton Hill. They were originally grouped as Lower Greensand. ♦ Geology of East Lincohiflhire, Ged. Survey, p. 135. 12 Geology of Lincolnshire. Upper Cretaceous. Red Chalk. This is a bed of nodular and earthy red chalk 4 to 12 feet thick, with often at the base layers of red, green, yellow or grey marl or clay which serve to arrest the downward percolation of the water from the Red and White Chalk, and to throw out springs. " Some- times water oozes out along the line of junction for a distance of many yards, but more usually it issues in considerable quantity at a single spot which is always in a deep recess or at the head of a valley."* Chalh. The Chalk is sub-divided as followsf : — Upper Chalk with flints (thickness not aicertained). Middle Chalk with flints, 80 to 100 feet. Lower or Grey Chalk, 75 to 80 feet. The Lower Chalk consists of harder and softer beds of grey and white and occasionally pink chalk, and grey shaly marl. It includes in the middle a nodular bed with green-coated nodules, equivalent to the Totternhoe stone. In north Lincolnshire the thickness is about 70 feet. The Middle Chalk, as pointed out by Mr. C. Reid:[:, extends along the eastern margin of the Wolds as an ancient buried and degraded S3a-cliff, against which the Glacial deposits abut. Tliis tract is part of the old bay of Holderness ; and on the south-side of the Humber the clif! extends through Thornton, XJlceby, Keelby, Laceby, Hawerby, and Ludborough. The lower portion of this Chalk is a hard greyish or yellowish chalk without flints, about 10 to 15 feet thick, the main mass, 70 or 80 feet thick, is a white compact chalk with layers and scattered nodules of grey flints. There is no distinct representative of the Melbouru Rock. The Upper Chalk, the extent of which has but recently been recognised by Mr. William Hill, consists of firm and hard chalk with softer layers and occasional bands of grey marl. Nodules and large lenticular masses of grey flint occur, the latter being tabular and forming continuous floors over considerable spaces. They are liable, therefore, to interfere with the free circulation of water. Mr. Jukes-Browne remarks that no exposure of the Upper Chalk is known to exist in that part of the Wolds south of Louth, but some portions may be present on the high ground between Driby * A. J. Jukes-Browne, Geology of East Lincolnshire, p. 136. t For details soe Jukes-Browne, Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, Geol. Survey, vol. ii., pp. 216, 478 ; vol. iii., p. 271. % Geology of Holderness, GqoI. Survey, 1885, p. 1 ; se3 also Geology of parts of North Lincolns'lirc, etc., Geol. Survey, 1890, p. 113. Upper Cretaceous. 13 and Rigsby. Upper Chalk occurs at North Elkington, Fotherby, North Ormsby, Wyham, Hawerby, Wold Newton, East and West Ravendale, HatclifEe, Irby, Riby, and in the neighbourhood of Kirmington, Burnham, and Barrow-upon-Humber. It also extends eastward beneath the Glacial and Alluvial deposits of this north- eastern part of the county. Mr. Jukes-Browne points out that while in Lincolnshire the escarp- ment of the Chalk is a conspicuous feature, yet " the thickness of Chalk which crops out below its summit ridge is small (less than 100 feet), and the greater part of the frontal slope consists either of Lower Cretaceous beds or of Jurassic clays, according as the Chalk oversteps the one series on to the other." Thus the escarpment of the Chalk is only the upper part of the slope which forms the descent from the Wolds. Again, there is seldom any second slope or rise from the outcrop of the Lower Chalk to that of the higher beds of Chalk, " and as a rule the escarpment ridge is the dominant feature, forming a continuous watershed, and separating the valleys of the Wolds from those of the country to the westward." " There are, however, two breaks in the continuity of the escarp- ment, one near the southern end, where the valley of the Calceby beck cuts completely through the Wolds, running from west to east ; the other north of Donnington, where it is deeply indented by the head waters of streams which unite to form the river Bain. Beyond this point, and all through North Lincolnshire, there is a continuous escarpment ridge, except that at Melton Ross there is a well-marked depression or pass, which appears to be a truncated valley. Every- where the frontal edge of the escarpment is a more or less sinuous line, with frequent combes and recesses, which have been eaten out by the action of rain and springs.* " The following are some of the elevations attained by the Chalk Wolds :— Saxby Wold, 329 feet Elsham Hill, 300 feet. Somerby Top, 300 feet. Audloby Top, 331 feet. Fonaby Top, 463 feet. Normanby-le-Wold, 548 feet. Bully Hill, near Tealby, 461 feet. Near Gayton-lc-Wold, 453 feet. Goulceby Top, 455 feet. East of Cawkwell, 488 feet. Rosin Hill, West of Oxcoinbe, 427 feet. Tetford Hill, 468 feet. Mr. Jukes-Browne has further pointed out that " On the Chalk Wolds no water is obtainable without sinking through the Chalk into the Carstone, and along the central part of the range or ♦ Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, vol. iii., p. 413, 14: Geology of Lincolnshire. watershed the supply so obtained is often very small, and runs short in the summer time, although the springs at tlie outcrop con- tinue as usual. This is the case along the high ground near Ulceby and Driby High Barn west of Alford, where the Chalk is over 200 feet thick. The reason of this is probably that the water which falls on the Chalk, and reaches the base of that rock, makes its way quickly either to the west or east, so that in dry seasons little is left along the central line beneath the watershed. In the winter the supply is generally abundant, and where the Wolds are trenched by deep valleys, as near Burwell, Haugham and Maiden- well, intermittent springs and winter-bournes often make their appearance," as in the case of Skirbeck. As remarked by Mr. Reid, the water supply on the eastern side of the Wolds is mainly obtained from three sources : — natural springs from the Chalk, " blow wells " on the low lands, and artesian borings which tap the Chalk underlying the Drift. Along the eastern slope of the Wolds many powerful springs rise, but several of them being intermittent are quite untrustworthy for water-supply.* Fuller reference has been made to these waters by Mr. Jukes- Browne, who observes that strong springs break out along the line where the Boulder Clay is banked up against the cliff or steep slope of Chalk. " As the depth of Boulder-clay at a few hundred yards distance from the boundary line is from 60 to 90 feet, it is evident that this impervious mass obstructs the flow of the water which is percolating eastward through the Chalk, and forces much of it to the surface; the result is that a number of perennial springs, afford- ing an excellent and abundant supply of water, break out at those points along the line where the level of the ground is lowest, and generally where one of the dry valleys that trench the Wolds opens on to the Boulder-clay plain. It may be useful to g-ive a list of these here, commencing with the southernmost : — 1. At Welton, west of the Church. 2. At Claxby, about 200 yards west of Church. 3. At WeU, one furlong N.E. o^ Church. 4. At Haugh, about six furlongs N.N.W. of Church. 5. At Belleau, between the Church and the Hall. , 6. At Muckton, 200 yards N.E. of Church. 7. At Cawthorpe, by roadside below the Church. 8. At Louth, Aswell, and St. Helen's springs. 9. At North Ormsby, near the Church. *' Besides these strong sprinprs are thrown out under similar circumstances at Tathwell, Mai thy, Raithby, Withcall, AVelton-on- Wold, and at the Silver Springs west of Louth, where the toAvn waterworks are situated. "f * Geology of Holderness, Geol. Surv., 1885, p. 126. t Geology of East Lincolnshire, p. 136, Upper Cretaceous. 15 More than fifty years ago Mr. J. A. Clarke observed that " as the chalk dips under the clays and marshes great numbers of wells have been sunk down to it in order to obtain good water with little trouble, and the purest fresh water rises plentifully through the borings to the level of the surface." He added that in some localities there are natural outlets called " blow- wells," ''which furnish an unceasing supply of vrater from the chalk beneath."* These, as pointed out by Mr. Reid, '' are springs which rise through Drift or Alluvium in the middle of the flat lands. They generally bubble up from the bottom of small pools of perfectly clear water, and are connected with some porous bed considerably beneath the surface. The name probably refers to the constant play of the white sand at the bottom of the pools ; for bubbles of gas are only disengaged in a few of them, and not, as far as I have seen, in the larger ones." Attention was called to the blow wells in 181G by Edward Bogg, who stated that " their depths have never yet been ascertained, but we cannot entertain a doubt of their communicating with the chalk. These wells overflow with a greater flux at the time of high water, and particularly at spring tides. "f During the construction of the Albert Dock at Hull great trouble arose from " boils " or " spouts " at the base of the excavation, which, charged with yellow sand, burst into the works. The water was brackish, but it was regarded as due probably as much to land water as to any connection with the Humber.J The following particulars are given by Mr. Reid : — " South of the Humber there is a Blow Well about a mile west of Barton, and another a mile east of the village, on the Warp. Per- haps the southern branch of Barrow Beck also rises in one, but there are also a number of artificial wells to supply the water-cress beds. " Along the course of the Ulceby Beck there are several Blow Wells, which apparently rise out of the Inter-glacial Gravels, where they pass under the Boulder Clay. Two of these are on the Alluvium at Thornton Moor, and there is a group on the Alluvium south of Ulceby ; these latter may rise either from the Gravels or directly out of the Chalk. " Keelby Springs also rise near the point where the Boulder Clay overlaps the Gravels, and so does a Blow Well on the Alluvium north of Laceby. Along Laceby Beck there are several Blow Wells, all probably rising from this bed of Gravel, which must be close to the surface, though not always actually bare. " Between Grimsby and Little Coates lie the group of Blow Wells which now supply Grimsby with water. They form several pools * Farming of Lincolnshire, Journ, R. Agric. Soc., xii. J1851), 273. t Trans. Oeol. Soc, vol. iii., p. 394. t J. C. Hawkshaw, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., xli. (1875), 98. 16 Geology of Lincolnshire. (^r c]c:\v waftM-. \\V\ch viold ;\ siipplv s u (Tio lent for the towii, though a iiiwu dcA\ runs to waste. Those wells are more than three miles from the bare Chalk, but they occur at a point where the Inter- daoijil Ornvols again ontrrop. " riie origin of tlio Hlow Wells just described is not satisfactorily made out. for tlu^ ln\l of lu'avel from which they appear to spring has a small outciop. and is quite incapable of yielding so large a supply of water ; there is also no evidence of direct connection with the underlying Chalk, The moat probable explanation is that the water is Chalk water, not obtained direct, but flowing for a mile or more through the Gravel, which abuts against the buried Chalk cliff below the hne of saturation. The thinning-out and overlap of this Gravel as we go eastward will account for the same springs not being tapped in the numerous borings which pass through the Boulder Clay, and obtain their supply from the Chalk. Occasionally the springs are tapped. Mr. Cordeaux, on deepening the cellar of his house at Great Coates, broke into a bed of sand, which yielded so copious a supply of water that it needed the laying down of a special drain to carry it away. ** Close to Tetney there is a group of seven or eight Blow Wells on the Warp, the origin of which is much more difficult to understand. A farmer stated that he had lowered a heavy weight to a great depth in one of them, and found no bottom. There is also no trace of the Gravel in the immediate neighbourhood ; and Mr. Jackling states that dose to the Wells he bored 63 feet in clay before reaching the Chalk, and at Tetney village there was 81 feet of clay. From this it would appear that at Tetney Blow Wells the water must rise direct from the Chalk. How the water has penetrated the 63 feet of clay is not clear, but probably these Wells originated when the land was at a higher level, and instead of an Alluvial flat at this point there was a steep-sided valley cut 40 or 50 feet lower — perhaps sufficientiy low to tap the Chalk or an immediately over- lying sand bed. i^. ** Though the natural water supply of Holdemess is, as a rule, not good, an artificial supply is so easily obtained, and the mode of ob- taining it so well understood, that nearly everv farm has a well down to the Chalk. ** These wells are usually bored through an average thickness of 70 or 80 feet of Drift or Warp, and water is generally found wuthin 20 feet of the top of the Chalk. On the low grounds the water often overflows directly the Chalk is reached. The borings are made very cheaply, so much so that six or seven have been made merely to supply the watercress beds at Barrow. ** At 8unk Island (on the Yorkshire side of the Humber) the water from the Chalk is brackish. But this does not appear to be the case elsewhere on the borders of the Humber, for there are numerous wells of good water on the warp lands of Lincolnshire. (tLACial Drift. 17 " Wells on the Humber Warp near Great Coates are sometimes affected by the tide, but none of them appear to be brackish. " Close to the pier at Cleethorpes there is a boring^which supplies a drinking fountain. Formerly this yielded 200 gallons in five minutes, overflowing 2 feet above the surface ; but the supply is now much less, the bore having apparently become clogged. Another boring at Cleethorpes, in the bed of the Humber, 400 yards below high- water mark, yielded 100 gallons per minute, forcing a jet 16 feet higher than the ground. There is another similar well on the warp near Humberstone."* Superficial or Drift Deposits. Pleistocene. Glacial Sand and Gravel. These deposits comprise fine and coarse gravel and sand, with flints, quartz, quartzite, and fragments of Jurassic rocks and fossils, also occasional boulders and layers of loam or clay. The thickness varies from a few feet to 30 feet and upwards. There are gravels and sands above as well as below the Boulder clay, and occasionally water is obtained from irregular seams of sand and gravel in the Boulder clay. In certain areas the Glacial sands have been wind- drifted, as on Nettleton Common. Springs that issue from the Glacial Drift are of variable quality, the waters being sometimes unpalatable, from the presence of salts of iron, etc., but good local supplies are often obtained from them and from wells. Boulder Clay. Much of the Boulder clay is a tough tenacious clay, brown, bluish-grey and purple, with numerous fragments of chalk, flints, and many stones and boulders, and sometimes with large trans- ported masses of rock. On the Wolds the Boulder clay is for the most part very chalky, while on the eastern side of these hills it is a brown stony loam, sometimes termed the Hessle Beds. The thickness reaches 30 feet, or more, as in some cases the Boulder clay occupies deeply eroded hollows. It extends over a good part of the vales of the Lias, Oxford and Kimeridge Clays, over the southern tracts of Lincolnshire Limestone, and along the eastern borders of the Chalk Wolds. Valley Gravel, These gravels do not differ materially in composition from the Glacial gravels, but are more generally stratified. Beds of loam jare occasionally met with. * Geology of Hplderness, pp. 128-130, 7696. B 18 OEOLonY OF Ltncolnshtrf. Mr. J. A. Clarke has remarked that, " From Tattershall, through Coningsby, Tumby, Mareham, Revesby, etc., the same sandy gravel forms the surface, except in those places where the clay is left bare. In these and neighbouring parishes there is everywhere plenty of water, which breaks out of the hills in springs, and these, if not cut off, find their way into the fens below."* Good local supplies have been obtained from wells, but these are liable to pollution, especially in towns and villages. Recent. Blown Sand. Much wind-drifted sand occurs inland as well as on the sea-coast, and sometimes attains a thickness of 50 feet. Inland it occurs along the foot of the great escarpments of the Chalk and Oolites, and some- times it is banked up against the slopes. Mr. Jukes-Browne observes that "Along the landward edge of the sand hills which border the coast fresh water is often obtained in shallow wells. This is the case at Skegness, Sutton, Mablethorpe, and other places, and there can- be no doubt that the supply is derived from the local rainfall stored up at the base of tlie sand hills, though the width of these is in many places less than 100 yards. The supply is generally sufficient for the cottages built near the sand hills and only fails in very dry seasons."! Alluvium. The Alluvium is composed of peat, clay, marl, andsUt, the silt giving rise to a lighter soil of sandy loam or "warp," which holds a small amount of water. The strata are irregular and variable, and they attain a thickness in places of 50 feet or more. The estuarine waters of the Humber are bordered by alluvial flats and salt marshes, drained by the Idle and Torne, and by numerous artificial channels, and formerly by the Don. J: In the marshland of North Lincolnshire (Isle of Axholme Rural District) the alluvial strata, noted by Dr. H. F. Parsons, commonly comprise from above downwards : — 1. Warp, naturally or artificially deposited. 2. Peat. 3. Sand. 4. Laminated clay, often of considerable thickness. 5. Sand and gravel. * Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc, xii., 276. t Geology of East Lincolnshire, p. 137. I Dr. H. F. Parsons states that the old Don, though still spoken of locally as " the river Dun," is now silted up, and its course in most places is scarcely to be traced. It does not serve as a drain at all, but its site still forms the county boundary, and the villages are situated along it. See foot^ not3, p. 4. ' Allttvial Deposits. 19 Siiallow wells have been constructed in these strata in many places, but owing to the defective drainage the water, especially that taken from above the laminated clay, is liable to pollution. The amount of Alluvial lands in Lincolnshire has been estimated at upwards of 500,000 acres. Much of the land is but 9 or 10 feet above O.D., and rarely as much as 20 feet ; and some of the levels vary from 4 to 16 feet below high-water mark of the German Ocean. The country is intersected by dykes. The peaty areas have " a natural tendency to hold water and con- tinue in a swampy state. The great district extending between Lincoln, Wainfleet, Deeping, and the Nene estuary, is of this con- formation." There is peat also in the Trent and Ancholme valleys. The rivers pour down, in wet seasons, the accumulated floods " upon the fens at their lowest points, when they at once lose their velocity and momentum." It has therefore been necessary to conduct them across the lowlands between high and strong em- bankments. " Nevertheless the fall thus secured is very trifling, only from three to four inches per mile." Barrier banks have been erected to fence out the tides, and means have been provided for drawing off the water. Thus the Ancholme has been straightened and turned into a canal called the New River. The marsh grounds have been embanked, " and the issue of the land-waters regulated by sluice-doors in the banks, emitting the freshes when the tide sinks beneath the level of the inside water, and preventing the ingress of the sea when risen above a certain level."* A soaking in of saline water has affected many wells and ponds in the marshlands. The depth of the ground- water or " Soak " varies, but at times it rises to the ground-level. Great difficulty has always existed in the Fenland areas in obtaining a proper supply of drinking water. Rain-water cisterns have been constructed, but in most cases it appears desirable, as Dr. Parsons has pointed out, that the water be filtered before entering the underground cisterns. Dr. R. Bruce Low, writing in 1893, says that the water of the Trent is used for drinking purposes by villagers in the Gainsborough and Glanford Brigg Rural Sanitary Districts ; and yet " almost from its source the Trent becomes polluted with sewage." The water is drawn at low water, just before the tide begins to flow again, as the water is brackish at high tide. At spring tides, owing to the " Eygre " or tidal wave, good water cannot be obtained, and a stock is laid in beforehand. Dr. Low concludes that in the regions Ijordering the Trent " Water drawn from the canal or from the rivers would seem especially dangerous ; not only by reason of the known pollutions which have * The quotations above are from a paper by Mr. J. A. Clarke, Joum. Roy. Agric. Soc, xii., 289. 7696. B 2 20 Areas of Formationr. access to tliem, but also because tlie sanitary authority can have no power to prevent the pollution of these waterways by strangers suffering from communicable disease." Until safer supplies have been procured, " the best security to be had is obtained by boiling all water used for drinking purposes."* The superficial areas occupied by the various geological form- ations in Lincolnshire have been calculated by planimeter, from the one-inch Geological Survey maps by Mr. Henry Dewey. The results are as follows, the areas being given in square miles : — • Pervious and partially pervious. Mainly impervious. Percentage. x411uvium and Gravels - 1241.65 47-37 Boulier Clay - 526.31 20-07 Cretaceous 236.25 9-01 Upper rKimeridge "j Oolitic ^, Corallian and y - Series i Oxford Clays J 111.79 4-26 Lower rCornbr^sh Oolitic 1 Great ^Inferior I 296.01 11-29 Series [ Oolite Series | Liassic - . - - 191.32 7-30 Triassic Keuper Marl 18.71 •70 1773.91 848.13 1773.91 Total area 2622.01 From this statement it appears that the pervious and partially pervious formations occupy about | of the superficial area, and the mainly impervious formations about J- of the area. The Alluvial areas have elsewhere (p. 19) been estimated to occupy about 800 square miles, so that the various Gravels and Sands would extend over about 400 square miles. It should be mentioned that the area of the county in 1891 was given as 1,693,547 acres, or a little over 2,646 square miles ; and that the above estimates are based on that area, exclusive C'f the recent marine sand and shingle. The area of registration for the county in 1901 is given at 1,659,930 acres, or a little over 2,593 square miles. The following statistics with regard to the county (taken from the Agricultural Returns, Board of Agriculture, 1904) may be of interest : Year Area in Cultivation. Area under Corn Crops. Area under Green Crops Area under Fallow. Area under Permanent Grass. IGOO 1904 1,518,195 1,520,392 acres. 562,504 553,426 acres. 249,247 241,356 acres. 18,388 34,163 acres. 499,203 504,783 acres. Keport to Local Government Board, 1893. 21 THE RAINFALL OF LINCOLNSHIRE. BY Hugh Robert Mill, D.Sc, LL.D. Secretary Royal Meteorological Society, Director of the British Rainfall Organization. The accompanying Map represents the distribution of rainfall over Lincolnshire as the average of thirty -five years' observations, the period running from 1868 to 1902. The data were collected for the most part by the late Mr. G. J. Symons, F.R.S., who founded the system of obtaining and publishing rainfall observations in the British Isles known as the British Rainfall Organization, and they were published annually in " British Rainfall." The Great Central Railway has ret an example which other railway companies might follow with advantage in maintaining observations of rainfall at most of the railway-stations, and it is mainly due to this fact that the rainfall of Lincolnshire can be treated in such detail. Private observers belonging to all classes in the community have also kept up observations, sometimes for long periods. In Lincolnshire there are thus many long records of rainfall running through the whole period of thirty-five years, and these made it possible to calculate the relative wetness of each year compared with the average. Expressing the average at each station as 100 the relative wetness and dryness of any year can be readily recognised, no matter how different the mean rainfall at the various stations may be. The stations for which ratios were calculated were grouped accord- ing to their geographical position as Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western. The mean ratio for each group is given in Table L, together with the average of the whole series. This average may be taken as an index to the fluctuations of rainfall for the county as a whole during the thirty -five years, 1868-1902. It is at once ap- parent that the first half of the period had a rainfall substantially above the average, while the second half had a rainfall on the whole below the average. The wettest year appears to have been 1880, with a rainfall 38 per cent, above the average, but in 1872 (the wettest year for the British Isles as a whole) the excess was 37 per cent. ; and for 1882 it was 34 per cent. The driest year, as in most parts of the country, was 1887, when the deficiency amounted to 35 per cent., while in 1874 and 1884 the deficiency was 27 per cent. The driest three consecutive years were 1887-89, which gave an average deficiency of 12 per cent., 22 Rainfall. and the three years 1897-1899 were within one per cent, of being equally dry. This is an unusually small deficiency, as the de- ficiency for the three driest years usually amounts to 20 per cent. In cases where the record extended over a period shorter than thirty -five years, the mean for the whole' set of years available has been corrected by using the ratio-table so as to yield the computed mean value of the rainfall for thirty-five years. All the figures used in the construction of the Map have thus been reduced to a common period. There is reason to believe that the mean rainfall of any period of thirfy-five years does not differ by more than about 2 per cent, from the mean of any other period of thirty-five years, and, therefore, for localities with a mean rainfall of about 26 inches, such a mean, if expressed only to the nearest half-inch, may be accepted as the true mean. Aitei being reduced to the same long period the rainfall values have been corrected for difference in the heights of the gauges above ground. This is particularly necessary in the case of Lincolnshire as almost all the gauges of the Great Central Railway are placed 3 feet 6 inches above the ground, while some old private gauges are as high as 6 or even 8 feet. The standard height for the receiving surface of a rain-gauge in the British Isles is 1 foot above the ground, and many experiments have proved that for every h dditional foot of height up to about 10 feet, there is a falling off of the catch of rain by about 1 per cent. The correction of 1 psr cent, per foot above 1 foot has consequently been added, but no other correction has been applied to the figures. There were altogether eighty-three stations in Lincolnshire, and on its borders, the records at which were sufficiently accurate and long-continued to justify their use in preparing the Map. From the data afforded by these stations, which were distributed over the county in a satisfactory way, lines were drawn including all places having a rainfall below 22'5 inches, and above 25*0 inches, 27*5 inches and 30 inches respectively. These lines as reproduced on a small scale map give as accurate a representation of the dis- tribution of rainfall in the county as it is possible to obtain from existing records. The following table shows the area occupied by each zone of 2| inches of rainfall, and the mean rainfall of the zone : — Zone. Square Miles. Per cent, of total area. Mean Rainfall of Zone. Below 22-5 in. 22-5 to 25-0 in. 25-0 „ 27-5 „ 27-5 „ 300 „ Above 30 in. - 34 1409 898 236 51 1-3 53-6 34-2 9-0 1-9 22-25 24-00 26-00 28-50 30-25 Total 2028 100-0 Rainfall. 23 From these values the mean rainfall for the whole county is found to be 25i inches, and appljdng the mean ratios for various years from Table I. we get : — 1868-1902. Mean average Rainfall for Lincolnshire - - 25-25 in. 1880 and 1872. Maximum average Rainfall for Linoolnshir- - 34*70,, 1887. Minimum average Rainfall for Lincolnshire - 16-40 „ 1887— 188Q 1 H 18Q7 QQ f Driest 3 years' average Rainfall for Lincolnshir.^ - 22*20 „ Broadly speaking, the county falls into three divisions as regards rainfall : a dry strip running through the centre from south to north, a wetter belt to the west running from south to north along the Oolitic escarpment, and a still wetter area on the east occupy- ing the whole of the Chalk Wolds. The dry central belt may include a narrow strip of 22*5 inches, or scarcely more, running from near Woodhall Spa in a winding path to the southern boundary, but the observations available do not justify us in showing it farther south than the railway joining Sleaford and Boston. Although the rainfall of the central strip exceeds 25 inches in the north, it is only by half an inch or so, and right up to the Humber it remains somewhat lower than on the Lincoln Cliff to the west or on the Wolds to the east. A break is shown in the belt exceeding 25 inches near Grantham, but the rainfall in the gap does not appear to be less than 24:'5 inches. The hilly ground to the south, however is distinctly wetter than the long narrow ridge of the Lincoln Cliff, to the west of which the flat valley of the Trent is markedly drier. It is probable that the gap in which part of Lincoln stands has a rainfall appreciably lower than 25 inches, but this is the case on so small an area that it is impossible to indicate it on a map of the scale employed. The wettest part of Lincolnshire is undoubtedly on the Wolds, where the area with a mean rainfall exceeding 27" 5 inches, measures 28 miles from south to north, and 11 miles from west to east, and includes almost all the ground which exceeds 100 feet in elevation. Immediately to the west of Louth the rainfall slightly exceeds 30 inches, and this must be the case over an area measuring 11 miles by 5 at least. Possibly the area should be extended 4 miles or so to the north-east, but as no part of it appears to have a fall exceed- ing 31 inches, it seemed safer not to exaggerate its importance by drawing the line any farther than the available figures absolutely warranted. Probably no part of the Wolds more than 400 feet above sea-level has a rainfall appreciably less than 30 inches. It must be remembered in studying the isohyetal lines of Lincoln- shire that the whole range -of rainfall between one place and another is extremely small, not more than 8 inches, and that consequently, it is rarely possible to draw the lines with any certainty that they might not be equally accurate a mile on one side or en the other of the position they occupy. 24 Rainfall. As the stations from which the map was compiled are sometimes so close together that it is necessary to take the mean of several in order to obtain the figure for the spot in question, and as a few short records were taken to fill wide gaps between long- established stations, it is unnecessary to print all the values which have been utilised. Table II., however, gives particulars of a selection of typical stations including the wettest and the driest. The importance of the rainfall of Lincoln as a source of under- ground water is enhanced by the fact that the lower ground on which the rainfall is least, is usually covered with impermeable clays, while the higher land, on which the amount of rainfall increases in close sympathy with the altitude, contains outcrops of the eminently permeable Oolitic strata and Chalk. It is well known that the absorption of rain by the rocks depends to a considerable extent, upon the season. In summer, when evaporation is at a maximum and plant-life is making its greatest demands on the rain as it falls, there is practically no absorption, hence it is important to ascertain the seasonal incidence of the rain. Table III. gives the mean monthly rainfall for thirty-five years, or nearly so, at six typical stations representing all parts of the county. The figures are not corrected for the height of the rain-gauge above ground ; but a supplementary table gives the monthly falls ex- pressed as a percentage of the annual total, and these values may be taken as correct. It is seen that in almost all stations the month of highest rain- fall is October, the only exception being July in one instance ; but the column of maximum monthly rainfall shows how frequently very heavy falls occurred in all the summer months as the result of thunderstorms. The lowest monthly rainfall occurred in March or April in all cases. The monthly values expressed as percentages of the annual fall, give the clearest view, and the average percentages in the last column may be taken as a very close approximation to the monthly incidence of rain over the county. It will be noticed that the stations on the Wolds have the greatest percentage of winter rain, those in the Fen the greatest percentage of summer rain. (*S'ee May at end uf vuL.) 25 TABLE I. RAINFALL OF LINCOLNSHIRE. RATIO OF EACH YEAR TO THE AVERAGP; 18G8 TO 1902. Years. 1 Northern Southern Eastt!rn Western ]\lean for Lincolnshire. Division. Division. Division. Division. 1 868 101 101 97 95 99 1869 108 HI 112 110 110 1870 101 75 75 77 82 1871 106 99 97 98 100 1872 131 142 134 141 137 1873 87 88 81 81 84 1874 73 77 72 72 73 1875 106 126 120 111 110 1876 112 128 125 121 122 1877 109 106 104 113 108 1878 110 107 112 108 109 1879 105 109 109 105 107 1880 127 144 145 137 138 1881 103 111 110 102 106 1882 138 128 129 139 . 134 1883 121 127 135 126 127 1884 72 75 72 ■ 72 73 1885 105 102 101 104 103 1886 103 118 117 115 113 1887 65 64 64 69 65 1888 95 89 93 93 93 1889 101 103 102 114 105 1890 78 78 73 85 78 1891 107 102 105 110 106 1892 102 95 97 94 97 1893 76 74 77 78 76 1894 103 92 92 91 95 1895 104 88 92 95 95 1896 101 92 94 94 95 1897 97 93 96 93 95 '1898 86 81 82 77 81 1899 90 87 86 88 88 1900 108 110 117 111 112 1901 91 87 91 90 90 1902 79 91 92 91 88 26 TABLE 11. MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL OF LINCOLNSHIRE. station. Height above. Com- True Mean The No3. in brackets Period of Observation. No. of Years. Arith- metical Mean. puted lYue Mean 35 years. corrected for height of gauge above ground. refer to the new series one-inch Ordnance Survey Sheets. Ground. Sea Level. Bourn, Witham on the Hill [143] Spalding, Pode Hole [144] ft. in. 4-3 ft. 1828-1862 35 in. 23-71 in. 23-7 in. 24-4 1-0 20 1868—1902 35 24-31 24-3 24-3 Grantham, Stainby [143] - 0-9 496 1889-1902 14 23-87 25-5 25-5 [114] - - 0-6 179 1868—1880 13 25-25 24-0 24-0 Boston, Grand Sluice [128] 8-0 18 1868—1902 35 23-20 23-2 24-8 Sleaford, Rauceby Hall [127] Leake, Lade Bank [115] - 1-0 1-0 125 10 1892—1902 1883—1902 11 20 23-65 21-78 26-0 23-2 26-0 •23-2 Stubton[127] • 4-6 94 1868-1902 35 24-71 24-7 25-6 Sleaford, Bloxhohn [127] - 1-6 20 1875—1902 .8 24-58 24-4 24-4 Navenby[114] - 1-2 215 _ri869--1892) \ 1900-1902 / 27 25-71 24-9 24-9 Kirkstead [115] 1-2 - 1889—1902 14 20-78 22-3 22-3 Skegness LllC] - 1-6 20 1 1881, 1883-86, ^ ■ 1888-89, 1891-92 [ 1, 1896-99, 1901 j- 14 23-21 23-5 23-5 Revesby[115] - - - aVf 135 1868—1902 35 24-76 24-8 24-8 Lincoln, St. Botolph's [114] 1-3 25 1868-1902 35 24-29 24-3 24-3 „ Doddington [114] 1-2 92 1872—1902 31 23-85 23-7 23-7 Horncastle, Hemingby [103] - Alford[104J 1-0 1-0 158 29 1881—1902 1884—1902 22 19 26-45 23-08 27-5 25-2 27-5 25-2 ¥ a r f o r t h, Maidenwell House [103] Gate Burton [102] - 1-0 3-6 380 96 1888-1900 1868 -1902 13 35 28-19 23-65 30-4 23-6 30-4 24-2 Louth [103] 6-0 111 1868-1902 35 28-83 28-8 30-2 Market Rasen [102] - 0-8 84 1886—1902 17 24-63 26-4 26-4 Stockwith [88] - 3-6 21 1868—1902 35 23-02 23-0 •23-6 North Thorcsby [9UJ 1-0 4G 1892—1901 10 24-11 25-6 25-6 Caistor[89] 1-2 •283 1876-98, 1900-02 26 26-78 26-8 26-8 Grimsby, Aylesby [90] - 1-6 - 1873—1893 21 26-37 26-4 26-4 Barnetby[89] - 3-6 51 1868-1902 35 24-78 24-8 25-4 North Level Engine [Thome] [79J Appleby [80] - - 2-3 0-9 60 1881-1902 1868-1890 22 23 21-90 26-00 22-6 25-4 22-8 25-4 Killiugholrae [81J - 1-4 60 1868-1885 18 28-23 26-5 26-5 New Holland [80] - 3-6 18 1868—1902 35 22-58 22-6 23-1 27 -00 S I 38 88 55 g S S§ « I ^ OT« ^eo^w^fJ X « »o o oo 00 I 00 11^ iS 2 1 I- O 00 i~ •«*< i« o H CO o 00 I— ( O J2; 1-3 t-H P4 •s2 = 3 2'^ (M e-l !M 0-1 *1 ■>! ■»!< e^ oo C« 00 00 -H -* l^ O *3 g g 5? 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n 00 ^ ^ >> i^5 . 'M -t< ,_! a ■^ GO t- 00 CO 00 rH 00 C V'"- n m <» 95 =■1 P p M CO t- i2 o « ^ ^ (M G^l S-l CO (N (M ^ 03 S aj o 5; T "T T 00 X^ T" "T T" f2 -CO ^ « 30 CO CO 00 00 00 00 ft rH 1-1 ^ "" "" "" ^ "^ ^ "^ ^ ^ a .Sri § ^ % ^ (M ?- CO ^ CO 'M 7^ $ M *^ « ^ C-w t^ 1 O) 00 i ^ ^ a. !M ^ tl 1 § S5 g 08 g M fe g g "S C ■-^ ■-^ 1-1 '^ ^ "-I '"' ""^ ■"• '"' 3 2 5^ C 'T' J£- g ^ M i* ?^^ g ^ CO 90 g |l ■" ifl Tf M 00 CO m in CO in 5^ ^ >» §5d «S I g g ^ s ^ P ^ P ^^ ^ « a 1 1 :?. 1. s- s -» s 9 1 i 1 1 S i 1 >• 29 WELL SINKINGS AND BORINGS IN LINCOLNSHIRE. [The groupings of Strata have been added by Mr. A. J. Jukes- Browne, Mr. H. Preston, Mr. C. Reid, Mr. A. Strahan, Mr. C. Fox-Strangways, Mr. W. A. E. Ussher, Mr. W. Whitaker, or Mr. H. B. Woodward.] Note. — The Maps referred to are (1) the old series Geological Survey Maps, (2) the new series one-inch Ordnance Survey Maps, and (3) the Ordnance Survey six -inch maps. Aby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103 ; in. Map G6 N.W.) Well at the blacksmith's house. Information obtained on the spot. Ft. Dug through [Drift] clay into gravel 20 Alford. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104; 6 in. Map G6 S.E.) 1. Well at Mr. Soulby's brewery, yielding a good supply of water. Communicated by Messrs. Baker & Son. Ft. in. Gravel 8 6 Qay [Boulder Gay] - - - -. - 20 6 Black rock [? a boulder] - - - - 6 Black pebbles 2 Glacial j Red rock [a boulder] - - - - 4 Drift. ^ Pebbles 16 Ironstone [a stone] 2 Pebbles 2 6 White rock [a boulder] 6 \ Silt 2 Chalk and Chalk rock 26 8 Clays — Shingle — Sand _ No record was kept of the beds lying below the Chalk, but if clay was found immediately below, this is probably Boulder Clay, and the Chalk must be a large mass included in the Glacial deposits. The succession may then be summarised as follows : — Ft. in. Gravel 8 6 Boulder Clay 20 6 Gravel, with large stones and fragments of rook - - 7 6 sat ^ 2 Chalk (an included mass) 26 8 Boulder Clay perhaps 10 Sand and shingle perhaps 3 About - 78 A.J. r.B, ^0 Alford. 2. At Mr. Lewis' house S.W. of the Church. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Ft. / Sandy gravel 8 Glacial J Stiff clay 22 Drift. " Sand and water 6 Marly clav - 15 Chalk - . . ' 22 .:J 73 3. In the new road about two furlongs S.W. of the Clmrch. Communicated by ^Tr. J. Bingley. Ft. ^, . , f Gravel 24 ^n^T Clay 12 i^'^^'- I Saml - - 18 Chalk rock 12 60 Another well in Chapel Street N.W. of the Church is only 42 feet deep, through clay into gravel with water. 4. Well at a new house in the south part of the town. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley. Ft. ^,, . , r Small gravel and sand - - . . - 20 ^^^^f \ Marl 9 ^''^^' \ Gravel 12 Hard Chalk 9 50 The surface of the Chalk here is at nearly the same depth as in Mr. Soulby'f well ; it may, therefore, be part of the same mass. 5. At the new Grammar School, made in 1880. Dug 20 feet, bored 18 feet. ■ ' ] Ft. Through dark purple-brown Boulder Clay, into loose gravel with water r • r , - t : " -. - 38 Alforp— AtiLtiJatojj. 31 6. At Grammar School. Communicated by Mr. Eardley Mason to Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, 1889, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xlix., p. 469. Glacial Deposits [^ Brown Boulder Clay » . * * Gravel -.----* Brown Boulder Clay ... * ^ Gravel ->'---- I Boulder Clay . . , . . j Chalk, part white, part reddish ^Gravel Red clay, partly Boulder Clay, partly reddish marl with quartz-grains Coarse greenish-broA\Ti sand (Carstone) - Blue clay - Light-grey clay Cretaceous ) Blacldsh clay, with oolitic grains - Dark, greenish, silty clav. with oolitic l^ grains Thickness. Lower Ft. 30 10 2 6 6 10 5 11 12 2 6 6 7 2 Depth. Ft. in. 30 40 42 48 54 61 69 80 92 94 100 105 4 112 6 Water occurred (1) in the Chalk, (2) in the gravel beneath, and (3) in the greenish silty clay. The bore was plugged with clay to the base of the mass of Chalk, and this yielded a satisfactory and sufficient, though not abundant, supply. The Chalk is a large boulder or transported mass. AUington. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 11.3, N.W.) AUington Hall. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff (1877). Dug pit (the rest bored) Dark blue clav Lower Lias Blue clay - Dry blue clay Blue shale and rock - Blue rock - Black shale and rock Black rock Blue stone and shale - Black shale Black shale and blue rool; Black shale Black shale and rock - Blue stone - Blue stone and shale - Thickness. Ft. in. 23 45 12 2 6 4 6 21 6 3 6 28 4 8 3 4 9 14 2 6 4 Depth. Ft. in. 3 6 26 6 71 6 83 6 86 90 6 112 115 6 143 6 147 6 155 9 160 6 174 6 177 181 32 Althorpe — Appleby Althorpe. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 88; 6 in. Map 18, N.W.) 1. Water taken partly from river Trent and partly from shallow wells in Alluvium. 2. Althorpe Wells, old name Aletorp. Communicated by Mr. A. C. G. Cameron. Ft. Warp 8 to 10 Sand 2 Warp. Amcotts. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 80; 6 in. Map 10, S.W.) Water from shallow wells in Alluvium. Anderby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map 67 S.W.) 1. At the Rectory (Mr. Bond's). Communicated by Mr. Th. Newton, of Anderby (well-sinker). Dug 12 feet, bored 80 feet. Ft. Marl (Boulder Clay) 68 Sand - - * 9 Chalk 15 92 2. At Mr. W. Budibent's Farm. Communicated by Mr. Th. Newton, of Anderby (well-sinker). Dug 9 feet, bored 86 feet. Ft Marl (Boulder Clav) .-.-.... 71 Sand 10 Chalk 14 95 3. At Mr. Robinson's Farm, west of Anderby Creek. Communicated by Mr. Th. Newton, of Anderby. Ft. Post- / Buttery clay 20 Glacial ( Sand and gravel - - - - - - - 4 p, . , f Hard marl (Boulder Clay) 52 Lrlaciai .^ Sand and chalk rubble 10 Solid Chalk rock 12 98 Appleby. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 80 ; 6 in. Map 11 S.W.) The following borings, 1 to 4, were communicated by Mr. A. Atkinson ; they were also furnished to Mr. Fox-Strangways by the Rev. J. E. Cross, with others, which are given farther on. Bore 3 is in the OoHtic area, south of Appleby. 83 lit! .If. I' ( M.ln Ml, r M.l |. , (,V ih, |n. Il |,. IrlciciK « in ll. I'lic , olivljlm Beds (Dogger) duwnw.iid they . ^pvin.^ Wi.c'l Lrdi.^ If, "fhoMn en thb I iIm ,.il!. 1 tliirr iM-nn^j., ar.^ iiwli. ,it. .1 with K l'\ Ml I : loin r ; I'lum (lie Noitliajii[»ton l()lftal)lv cc'ilain. 1. Two miles due west of Bore 3. Ft. in. Sand 14 Ironstone (Frodingham rock) 18 5 19 9 2. One mile and 2 or 3 chains due west of Bore 3. Ft. Sand 3 r Blue Shale 78 Lower Lias -^ Ironstone 30 I Blue Shale 6 116 3. At Spring Wood Lodge. Ft. in Lincolnshire f Cravel (rubbly oolitic limestone) and sand*- 18 Limestoiic I lied sand (possibly Lower Est ua line) - 10 4 Pro]>ably Lower Kstnarine - Blue shale - 24 Northampton Beds Stone, very hard - 1 3 Upper Lias .... Dark blue shale - 37 6 ;' Marlstone Rock ) Middle Lias ^.f;^ ; ; ' Sandstone - 5 4 Blue shale - 68 2 I Pecten bed Ironstone top bed 4 2 f Clay Lower Lias Frodingliani - \ Blue Lias shale - 89 9 1 I, Iroiisloiic - - 1 rroiislone Ixittoni l)ed - 24 3 282 9 4. One mile and 54 chains north of Bore 3. Ft. in. Lincolnshire Limestone - Limestone . 36 8 Probably in part Lower Estuarino Blue shale - 34 4 Northampton Beds Sandstone - . - 1 11 Upper Lias Grey shale - 25 10 / Marlstone Rock Bed Middle Lias ) Clay - Sandstone - Shale, with cement 7 10 / nodules - 67 6 Pecten bed - Ironstone top bed 4 2 (Clay - - - Lower Lias | Frodingham l Ironstone, Blue Lias shale - 89 9 1 Ironstone bottom bed 24 3 292 3 * There are no surface-deposits. 34 Appleby. Buiiii~;& at liavciliuhiic i'laiitation. -5^ furlongs clue ISJ. of Spring Wood Bore. Drift ... - Sand - Lincolnshire Limestone Limestone ? Lr. Estuarine Shale - Shale - ? Northampton Beds ? Upper Lias Middle Lias ■ Limestone • Shale - / Limestone J Bhie shale I Ironstone Blue shale. Ft. in. 7 40 7 4 15 6 60 3 144 9 B.— 7 furlongs clue N. of Sj)ring Wood Bore. Ft. in. -Cornbrash limestone 4 Sandstone . Great Shale I Oolite - 78 9 White sand i Series Clays J etc. Limestone (Lincolnshire Limestone not bored through) - - 43 3 126 In Boring B, the beds under the Cornbrash are evidently given in so general- ised a way that no correlation of Great Oolite Clays and Hibaldstow Beds could be attempted. The 60 feet of " Blue shale," in Bore A, appears to be Middle Lias, and the shale 15 feet 6 inches thick may be the sole representative of the Upper lias. 6. Detailed account of the South Shaft, Appleby. , Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Earth 8 Drift Yellow sand 4 6 10 ft. 2 in. Grey sand - - - - 2 Gravel .... 2 Grey sand ... - 1 10 2 Blue clay .... 1 Gravel [broken stone] - 2 Blue clay .... 2 Gravel [broken stone]- 2 17 2 Limestone .... 2 6 Blue bind .... 6 Blue limestone - 1 Blue bind - - - . 10 Strong blue liniostono 2 6 Lincolnshire Strong bind 1 6 Limestone < Blue bind - - - 6 . Strong l>lue lijnestone 2 6 29 Strong bind 3 Blue bind - . - . 5 Strong bind 3 Stone 4 6 Blue bind 6 45 Strong blue limestone 4 6 Clay parting 2 Strong blue limestone 2 51 8 ? Lower Stone bind 4 S Estuarine Blue bind 6 52 t and Ironstone [sandstone with iron ore 1 ' NorthamptonBeds 3 06 - \PPT,ET{Y. 35 Di tdilbd. Account u( lilt ooulli !:ha(<, AiJpltby — omtinmd. Thickness, Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Blue bind .... 12 Blue bind] .... 17 ? Upper Lias Strong blue limestone 1 Blue bind - . - . 38 Strong bind 1 4 135 ' Marl stone , Strong stone 5 6 Rock Bed , Stone mixed with sulphur and coprolites - 1 6 142 9 142 9 7. Detailed account of the North Shaft, Appleby. Thicl mess, in. Depth. ^ Ft, Ft. in. Earth 9 Limestone gravel 7 Yellow limestone 4 3 Blue limestone - 4 Strong blue limestone - 3 Lincolnshire Clay parting o Limestone. Strong blue limesione - 3 Blue bind ,. . - - Strong blue limestone - 3 3 Strong blue bind - - 2 Stone bind .... 2 8 30 10 Blue bind C T . LjOwer Yellow bind 1 6 38 4 Estuarine series, etc. Blue bind - - . . Blue limestone Blue bind - 27 1 2 ^ Strong bind - 3 71 4 ? All Upper ^ Lias. / Blue bind .... .54 125 4 H Strong stone .'» r> .5 Afarlstone ^ Rock Bed. Stone mixed with copro- lites and sulphur (py- ^ , rites) .... 1 1.32 4 '2 *5 ; Blue bind 63 195 4 »■% \ Ironstone (Pecten Bed) 4 10 200 2 Blue bind .... 93 293 2 Lower IJas. Top of ironstone (Sci.n- thorpe low bed). Mr. Strangways furnishes the following notes : — Nine^ sections (boreholes and shafts) nearly in a straight line between the Keeper's Lodge at Spring Wood and Appleby, were made by Mr. Winn to pro\ e 7696. . ' ,. Q 36 ASGA-RBV— ASHT^Y. the depth and nature of the Lias Ironstones. These sectione, although toler- ably clear for the diviBions of the Lias, are not so for the Oolites above, pro- bably from the fact of the very ^haly character of much of the limestone which in thc«c accoimta sccmb td have been frciiiicntly entered under the name of " bhid.'* Asgarby (Sleaford). (1 in. Map 70, N.S. 127 ; 6 in. Map 106 N.E.) Boring on estate of the Marquis of Bristol, 1900. Communicated in part by Messrs. Hamnett & Co. Passed through 6 inches of sand at depth of 147 feet. Water " very salt " rose within 30 ft. of sui face ; a little more water met with at 201 ft. and again at 280 ft. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Glacial Drift. ' Soil - ^Sand and gravel - - 1 6 1 7 Blue clay - . 168 175 Oxford Clay Blue rock - 6 181 and Blue clay - . 2 183 Kellaways Beds, Black rock - . 13 196 .Blue cLay - - 4 200 Corn brash. Hard blue rock 12 212 Great Oolite Clay. Blue clay - - 18 230 Great Oohte Limestone. Blue rock - . • 18 248 Blue clay - - 4 252 fTard blue rock and clay Upper Estuarine ■ mixed in 2 in. and .3 in. Series. layers - 6 258 Hard black silt - 14 272 rRock - 15 287 Lincolnshire Blue clay - 2 289 Limestone. Very hard rock - ^ 4 293 ^Softer rock- An ammoiiite <(>at<(l with pyrites was found at the depth of 192 ft. Ashby-cum-Fenby. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 90 ; 6 in. Map 30 S.W. 1-mile N.W. of the Church. Communicated by Mr. Westaby. Boulder Clay. Clay with chalk stones Chalk. Ft. 120 The surface is about 30 ft. above the stream. Water rises to within 30ft. of the surface. Ast.a«;kbv. 3? Aslackby. (1 in. Map 70. N.S. 143 ; 6 in. Map 124 S.E.) 1. Boring at Graby to depth of 150 ft. No water. J. Addy, Proc. In^d. C.E., Ixxiv. (1883), 16(>. 2. Boring at the " Red Lion," made by Mr, J. E. Nobis Thiirlby, in 1903. Communicated by Mr Henry Preston. A plentiful supply. Water level 60 feet below ground surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 1 6 1 G i-Sand- .... Iclay 6 6 8 Drift and 2 6 10 G Alluvium. Hard sancl- ^Olay 7 G 18 5 23 Cornbrash. Hard rock- 4 2 27 2 Great Oolite Clay. Clay 22 10 50 Great Oolite ] Limestone. i rUock 8 59 8 Upper [Clay 12 71 8 Estuarine Rock 5 76 8 Series. Grey luarl ... - 18 4 95 Lincolnshire ) Limestone. ' ' Limestone • - - - 70 165 (1 im. Map 70, N.S. 144; 6 in. Map 125,8. W.) 3. Aslackby Fen. Boring 5 miles east of the village, near the South 40 ft. Drain. Made by Mr. Noble of Thurlby in 1901. Height above O.D., 10 tt. Communicated by Mr. Henry Preston. There is a good supply of water. Fen Beds. Oxford Clay and Kellaways Beds. Cornbrash. Great Oolite Clay. .Great Oolite Limestone. Upper Estuarine^ Serie.i. Lincolnshire Limestone. SoU - |Clay. - lOlay and gravel .Clay- - . J Hard sand Iciay. - Rock Clay - } Rock- ^Clay - - ■ /Grey marl - }Rock- 38 AsWARBY. Aswarby. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 115 N.W.) 1. Barrow Hill Farm on the N. side of Aswarby Park. Information obtained by W. H. HoUoway. . Ft. Kellawayssandejand clay - - - - - - about 18 Cornbrash - 15 Great Oolite , Soft buttery clay 5 ^ , Stone 2 ^^y- laay 20 60 Bored 60 feet further. No information obtained. 2. Well at the Lodge of Aswarby Hall is sunk 14 fed through sandy and clayey beds, with occasional hard bands belonging to the Kellaways Beds. 3. " T»lly-ho," Aswarby. Information obtained by W. H. HoUoway from workmen. Ft. Soil 2 Blue clay ..,--.... 6 Rock (? Cornbrash) : . . 3 11 4. A boring at Aswarby made in 1886 by Mr. Jesse Clare was carried to a depth of 131 feet, into the Lincolnshire Limestone, and water rose above surface during part of year. 5. Mansion of Sir George Whiohoote, Bart. 1904. Communicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe, Sleaford. Water rose above surface 8 ft. but subsequently settled at ground level. Supply 6,000 gallons p3r hour of very good water. Oxford Clay. Cornbrash ? Great Oolite Clay? Great Oolite Limestone. Upper Estuarine Series. Lincolnshire Limestone. Soil - Clay - Sandstone fRock- jClay- I Sandstone - iRock- (Clay. Rook- iciay- Rock- ^Clay. ] Oolite Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 3 3 7 ' 10 10 20 3 23 3 26 4 30 24 54 12 66 1 67 8 75 3 . 78 16 94 76| 170^ AUTHORPE — B APvKSTONE . Authorpe. (1 in. Map, 84, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 50 S.E.). At the brickyard three furlongs N.N.E. of Churoli. Information from Mr. Turner (proprietor). 39 Glacial Drift. Loamy soil - - - - Reddish -brown clay - Purple loamy clay Purple clay, with stones White marl, with stones Sandy gravel \ [? Clay and] yellowish ssj-nd- Chalk rock, touched • Ft 2 8 .5 9 6 2 30 01 Bardney. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 116 ; G in. Map, 72, S.VV.) Hare Booth, three-quarters of a mile south-cast of Soutiii-cy Station. Information obtained from the occupier (JVIr. Wright). Ft. in. Black soil (*' warp ") 10 Turfy layer, full of wood - - • - - - - 2 Silty clay, "mild and buttery " ^ - - 3 Gravel, with water at bottom - - - - 5 Bluish clay, "stiff " (?Bouldcr Clay) 6 Quicksand and water 2 17 See also Analyses, p. 199. Barkstone. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 104 S.E.) 1. Well for Westfield Farm, about 500 yards south-east of Barkstone Junction. 1901. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston, from information obtained on the spot. Height above O.D. about 155 feet. Yield, no water. J Red soil - - - Valley ; Thin, irregular beds of gravel, with iron Gravel { stone concretions . . . . I Blue clay j Concretionaiy nodules i^ower ^ Bed of crushed fossils ( Alodiola, Pholadomya, Lias I et«,) Blue olay Depth. Ft. .n. 5 6 20 26 6 27 34 40 Barrowby, lVo water being obtained a "water-finder " was brought, and he indicated a s Dot 20 yards away to the south wliere a supply would be found at a depth of 17 or 18 feat. A well was sunk 24 feet to the nodule-bed, and a 2-inch boring for a further depth of 26 feet (total 50 feet), all in blue clay. No water obtained. i. Well at Barkstone Heath, in Farmyard. (Gin. Map 114 N.W.) Made by Mr. Frank Hobson (welt sinker). Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. VTield, 6 feet water in well. A good supply. Ft. in. Lincolnshire limestone 40 Northampton sands - - - - - - - - 3 Lias clay -.------..20 45 Barrowby. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 113 S.W.) Dr. H. F. Parsons (in a report to Local Goverment Board, 1890) remarks that there appears to be no difficulty in finding a supply of water in any [)art of the village. The wells are of moderate depth, usually 30 feet or under, and water rises in them to from 3 to 15 feet from the surface. The strata pierced by the the wells, include (1) below the top soil, rubbly calcareous sandstone, locally called " skerry " ; (2) clay or shale with one or two bands of ironstone ; (3) grey rubbly rock, in which the largest and best supply of water is found. 1. Casthorpe Well. Made by Mr. Frank Hobson (well sinker). 1892. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston, from measurements. Height above O.D. 352. Yield 1,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. Red marl Brown clay - - - Ironstone concretions - Brown clay .... Middle ) Ironstone concretions - Lias. Micaceous blue clay - - . . / Rock bed, iron-stained and concre \ tionary Blue clay Large flat limestone concretions - Thick :ness. Ft. in. 6 9 3 3 9 6 11 6 10 10 4 Depth. Ft. in. U 14 3 18 18 6 30 30 10 40 10 41 2 Water comes into the well on the north-west side at Bed A. This bed is the usual source of supply in Barrowby. The well was tested by Mr. Preston during August, 1901, as a probable source for village supply. The well had been standing unused for several years, and the water X&xa-X was 18 feet from tho surface. The daily yield decreased as the water was lowered, until aft«r passing the water-bearing rock (Bed A.) not more than l,iMX) gallon* per diem could be obtained. Barbow-upon-Humber. 41 2. Barrowby Mires, 1 mile S.W. of Grantham. (1 in. Map, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map, 113 S.E.) Well in field J mile N.E. of B. M. Ft, Middle / Marlstone rock 27 Lias. { Bluish clay 3 Barrow-upon-Humber. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 80 ; 6-in. Map 7 S.E.) Communicated by Mr. Westaby. 1. At Mr. Westaby's house. Ft. day and stones 16 Gravel 6 aay 8 Gravel 13 To Chalk 42 2. Market Place. Ft. aay 9 Gravel 12 Clay 21 Gravel 15 To Chalk 57 3. Barrow Beck. Ft. Loam ......-•..-4 Gravel 2 Sand 1 Gravel 2 Clean clay 3 Gravel 13 26 4. On the Goxhill Road, about f mile 1 i Barrow. Ft. aay - - 18 Sand - - - 18 Clay 10 To Chalk 46 The bed of fand extends continuously for about a mile further east. 5. Barrow Ferry, E. side. Ft. Warp : rock at 70 6. Barrow Ferry. W. side. Warp : rook at 9U 4:2 Barrow — B arton-upon-Humber. 7. Farm 1 mile W. of Barrow Foiiy. Ft. Warp, etc. 78 Sand (rough) 12 Toaialk - - ■ - - - - 90 8. New Holland. (1 in. Map, N.S., 80 ; 6 in. Map 7 N.E.) Communicated by Mr. Sampson to Mr. Penning. Ft. Well, to Greensand [?] 320 9. Pier Head, New Holland. Communicated by Mr. Westaby. Ft. Warp ? Hard clay with stones ........ 30 Chalk (falls 3 feet from New Holland). 10. Jackson's Brick Yard, New Holland. Communicated by Mr. J. Smalley. Ft. To rock [Ohalkj 46 11. Near the Railway Junction, New Holland. Communicated by Mr. Westaby. Ft. Brick clay (warp) . - 7 Warp 20 Peat with wood 2 to 4 Sand 3 Clean brown clay ...-..-- about 17 To Chalk .... - -50 1 ' New Holland to Barrow Ferry. ( /ommunicated by Mr. Westaby. For a mile the depth to the rock is about 50 feet, the top of the Chalk being v^ery level. Barton-upon-Humber. (1 in Map 86, N.S., 80; 6 in. Map 7 N.W.) Communicated by Mr. Westaby. ]. Newport. Ft. aay 21 Gravel 8 To Chalk - - - - . -27 2. Lower end of Fleetgate. Ft. Clay and stones Gravel about 3 feet ' 40 CUy ) Chalk 6arton-upoj^-Humbek. 43 3. Barton Water Side, several wells at the Brick Yards E. of, and at the Malt Kilns. Ft. Warp about 78 Sand (rough) 12 To Chalk 90 i. Barton Water Side, well 50 chains W. of. Ft. Warp about 70 Sand (rough) 20 To Blackish or brown clay fKimeridgc ?], only touched - - — yo Water was obtained from the sand. 5. Barton Water Side, well ^ mile W. of. Ft. Warp 70 Sand 20 To [Kimeridge Clay] Clay, black and hard. — 90 6. Bore-hole immediately within the Humber bank about £ mile east of Barton Water Side. Commences on the warp about 3 f«et below high-water level. • !-: Ft. Red clay 8^ Peat 3 Coarse sand ......... 20 Strong clay, small chalk stones [Boulder Clay] - - - 8 Soft warp 28 Strong fine clay 6 72i 7. N. side of the Ings Lane. Eight tarings. Ft. Warp, etc., to clay [Kimeridge] 90 8. Gas Works. Ft. Warp with one or two sand beds 46 Chalk 16 6G 9. At the Ropery Engine House. Ft. Warp and fine sand - 60 Chalk 49 ^v j^To Clay [Kimendge] — 10. High Street. Ft. Hard olay with clialk [Boulder Clay] - - - -from 9 to 30 Chalk. 44 Barton — Baston. I \l. At the junction of King Street and High Street, in a channel in the Chalk. Ft. Clay and chalk [Boulder Clay] 30 Gravel - - . -33 To Chalk --.... 63 12. At the junction of King Street and Marsh Laue. Ft. Clay and chalk [Boulder Clay] 36 Gravel - 15 To Chalk 61 13. Whitecross Street. Rock [Ohalk] at the surface : 18 feet to water. 14. Well at the house W. of Mount Close. Ft. Clay [Boulder Clay ?] 15 Chalk Baston. I . Boring at Baston Fen, on Mr. Peasgood's Farm, 2 miles oast of village. (1 in. Map, 64, N.S. ds ; 6 in. Map 146 N.E.). 1896. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble and communicated to Mr. H. Preston. Height above O.D., 12 ; water overflows ; yield, 4,000 per hour from a 2-inch boring. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil and Drift 12.ft. {q^^voi' - ^ '• 4 8 12 Oxford Clay. Gay .... 64 3 76 3 Combrash. Rock .... 7 6 83 8 Great Oolite Gay 17 ft. ( ^^^y. - " • - 13 1 96 8 97 8 8 «^- (Clay - - - - 3 8 101 4 Great Oolite Lime- j ^^ stone 13 ft. 9 in. | g^^^ j^^^^ \ \ [ 10 1 9 2 111 4 113 1 116 1 .Clay - - Upper Estuarine Series ^,^^^ 27 ft. 6 in. ^^^ : ; : ; 5 6 120 7 1 14 4 121 7 135 7 139 7 I Clay ... - 3 142 7 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock to - 28 170 7 B ASTON — BeESBY. 2. Boring at Baston Fen, 5 miles south-east from Bourn. Made and n'oiuniuiiioated bv Mr. J. E. Noble. October, I'JOl. 45 Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Fi. in. / Soil ... - Clay ... - 3 6 3 6 Drift. 3 6 7 ( Gravel 6 6 13 6 Oxford Clay and Kellaways Beds Clay . . . - ■ Hard Sand - Clay ... - 64 7 6 78 90 97 Cornbrash Rock ... - 7 104 .Clay - - - - { Rock .... '^aay - - - - 17 6 121 6 Great Oolite Gay 6 122 3 125 Oreat Oolite Lime- stono. . Rock - - - - {clay - - - - '^ Rock - - - - 8 3 133 136 2 138 r Clay - s{ Marl ... '^ Black Sand - 19 157 Upper EstuarineSerie 11 168 2 170 Lincolnshire Limostnnn Hock - - . - 9 2 179 2 Beesby. (I in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map 06, N.E.) I. At Mr. Wakefield's house. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Ft. Clay, with stones 34 Sand - 3 Clay, with stones 35 Sand and gravel ........ 3 Chalk 15 90 2. At the Vicarage. Communicated by Robert Harrison, of Woodthorpe (well-sinker). Ft. Clay, with stones 63 Sand 9 Small chalk, mixed with sand .-.-,. 3 75 4.0 P)EI-TON. Belton (Isle of Axholme). (1 ill. Mup 80, N.S. 88 ; in. Map 17 ii.K) 1, Tube well at North Moor, north-east of village. Made by Mr. G. W. Thistlewood. 1893. Comnmnioatod by Dr. R. Bruce Low in Report to Local Government Board, No. 70. Yield, plentiful, somewhat chalybeate taste. Thickness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. P^ ... f Red sand (with water : shut out by ^^"^ i steel tubes to 39^ feet) - 30 30 .Red clay 4 34 Gypsum 6 34 6 Water stone, very dry 2 36 6 Gypsum mixed in waterstone 2 38 6 Gypsum mixed in light blue water- stone - - - . - 3 6 42 Red clay 1 43 . Water stone with 6 inches of gyp- sum, dry .... 4 47 Red clay, very hard and dry 1 6 48 6 Dark blue waterstone 4 52 6 Gypsum in light blue stone, very dry 6 58 6 Waterstone witli gypsum beds mixed ..... 3 6 62 Very hard waterstone, very dry - 7 69 Very hard blue stone with water under, which jdelded about 1|^ gallons per minute 8 77 Soft waterstone, no more water - 4 81 G Kcuper Marls ' Waterstone, gypsum beds mixed - 4 6 80 Dark blue stone with 4 inches . clay, dry .... o 91 Light blue stone, very hard and dry 6 6 97 6 Gypsum, dry .... 1 6 99 Waterstone and clay mixed, very dry ..... 2 101 Gypsum and waterstone, very dry 6 107 Clay stone and gypsum mixed, dry 3 110 Very hard blue stone (five and a half days going through this) 4 114 Gypsum beds mixed in clay, very dry 2 116 Blue waterstone, very hard 2 118 Gypsum and dark red clay - 2 120 Waterstone . . . . 6 126 Very hard blue stone - i 128 Gypsum and marl 6 134 Gypsum and marl with a little stone G 140 Very hard blue stone with more water ..... 3 143 Gypsum and marl, with a little V waterstone .... 5 148 Belton was previously supplied with water froni shallow wells. Belton — Benniwoeth. 47 2. Wdl .1 Sunk ill lS7(i, l>v I.iliiild ni;i8c CoiiimiHsioncrH. Particulars given by Mr. E. C. li. Tutlor, surveyor, Goole, to Dr. H. F. Parsons, Proc. Yorksh. Oed. and Pdyt. Soc, Ser. 2. vi. (1877), p. 230. Warp Alluvium Fine red quicksand and Eied clay .... Drift. I Coarse red sand Coarse red gravel (size of beans) Keuper White gritty sandstone 26 Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in 3 3 25 28 G 34 10 50 5 55 81 Belton (near Grantham). (1 in Map 70 N.S., 127 ; 6 in Map 114 N.W.) Belton Ashes, 3 miles north-east of Grantham. Mr. [Lincolnshire OoUte] Soil and limestone - [Northampton Sands] Red rock [Upper Lias] Blue clay with nodules (sunk) do. do. (bored) Lowe's Fann. Ft. - 8 - 15 - 27 - 40 90 Benniworth. (1 in. Map 83, N.S. 128 ; 6 in. Map 54 S.E.) 1. On the west side of the river Bain, near Donnington-on-Bain. A V)oring by Messrs. E. and T. Bogg in search of coal. Communicated by Edward Bogg, Land Surveyor, Trans. Oed. Suc.^ vol. iii. (1816), pp. 395-398. Yds. 1. A clay soil 1 2. Dark coloured clay 3 3. Soft grey slate with marine impressions - - - 4. Blue argillaceous stone 5. Dark coloured clay 1 G. Soft grey slate same as No. 3 7. Laminated clay sliglitly indurated - - - - 7 8. Soft grey slate sHghtly inflammable - - - 1 9. Same as No. 8, but darker coloured - - - 1 10. Indurated clay with white marine organic remains - 12 11. Same as last but harder and blacker ... 2 12. Dark bituminous inflammable schist ... 2 13. A dark blue coloured ironstone - - - - 14. Laminated indurated clay with white organic re- mains 11 15. Same as No. 14 but harder, with marine impres- sions of thin leafy pyrites . - - - - 3 16. Dark blue argillaceous stone tt. m 1 5 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 6 1 3 3 1 4 4 48 Renniworth. Yds. ft. in 17. Hard indurated laminated clay ; with impressions cutiHisiing of lliiii leafy pyrites - - - -GUI 18. Laminatetl bituminous schist, vvitii white marine organic remains, and inflamma})le - - - 1 10 19. Dark bhie ironstone - - - - - - 2 20. Laminated bituminous schist, same as No. 18 - - 3 2 21. Dark blue ironstone 1^ 22. Laminated bituminous schist, same as Nos. 18 and 20 6 10? 23. Dark indurated clay, with some white marine organic remains - - - - - - 1 6 24. Laminated bituminous schist, same as Nos. 18 20 and 22 3 25. Dark indurated clay, same as No. 23 - - - 2 2 26. Laminated bituminous schist, same as Nos 18, 20, 22 and 24 - - - - -^ - - - 1 1 6 27. Dark dry indurated clay, same as Nos. 23 and 25, intermixed mth thin seams of laminated bitumin- ous schist 10 28. Grit 29. Brown laminated schist 30. Hardstone bind or argillaceous stone . . . o 31. Hard laminated, bituminous schist ... 32. Hardstone bind, same as No. 30 - - - - 33. Hard laminated bituminous inflammable schist - 34. Inflammable slaty bind ..... j 35. Hard laminated bituminous schist, very inflammable 1 36. Hard dark blue bind interlaid with thin strata of bituminous schist ...... 4 37. Very inflammable schist 38. Hard dark blue bind, same as No. 36 - - - 1 39. Argillaceous stone 40. Same as No. 39, but not so hard 41. Hard dark blue bind, same as Nos. 36 and 38 in which the boring was discontinued - - - 7 1 10 3 2 2 2 10 1 2 2 2 4 n 1 H 2 8 1 103 This boring was commenced in the upper part of the Kimeridge Clay, a few feet below the base of the Spilsby Sandstone, and was probably still in the Kimeridge Clay when it was abandoned. 2. Section of Strata at same locality as No. 1, proved by diamond bore on the property of J, Stuart Bogg, Esq, Bored by Mr. Andrew Kyle, and communicated by Mr. J. S. Bogg. 1904. Strata. T^ .J., I Sandy soil .... Drift ™. / , ( Flinty gravel . . - . Sandy clay Dark clay, stratified and f ossiliferous Lighter clay, stratified and fossiliferous - Darker clayj'stratified and fossiliferous - Harder grey slate Fms. ft. in. ^ Fms. ft. in. 5 5 9 , 5 9 2 9 ! 1 1 9 4 1 3 5 3 2 1 6 j 7 4 6 1 6 1 8 1 2 i 8 1 2 Benniworth. no- stra ta. Lighter clay - Darker clay - Dark clay Dark clay, thin shale Hbs Brownish shale Dark clay Shale with thin clay ribs Bluish clay with fossils - Shale Blue clay - - Lighter clay - Inferior shale Light clay with harder ribs Light clay, harder - Light clay, softer with ribs Light clay, hard Light clay, softer - Brownish limey rib Light clay Darker clay - Inferior shale Dark clay ... Shale Dark clay Shale - - - • Inferior shale Shale .... Inferior shale Shale .... Inferior shale Hard lime rib Dark clay Shale .... Dark clay Shale -* . . . Dark clay Shale .... Inferior shale Shale .... Dark clay Shale ... - Dark clay Shale .... Dark clay Inferior shale Shale .... Inferior shale Shale - - Inferior shale Shale .... Dark clay Shale .... Dark clay Shale . . , , Fms. ft. in. Fms. ft. in. 7 9 6 2 4 1 9 2 6 2 4 3 1 4 3 3 I 4 11 2 3 1 1 1 8 6 8 1 3 11 10 8 4 2 8 1 6 11 12 6 4 7 1 1 11 8 9 1 3 1 11 1 7 5 1 3 4 9 2 13 14 2 15 15 15 1 3 4 16 1 16 5 17 17 2 6 17 4 10 5 1 3 2 2 3 4 5 1 3 4 4 5 5 28 28 28 28 2S 28 28 28 29 29 1 29 29 29 29 30 30 1 30 2 30 2 10 31 1 5 31 2 6 31 3 5 31 4 1 31 4 10 31 5 10 32 1 32 2 32 3 7 32 4 32 5 3 32 5 7 50 Benniworth. Strata. Pms. ft. in. Fms. ft. In. Lighter clay - - - - Shale Dark clay . - - . Dark clay .... Shale - - ' - Dark clay .... Shale - - - . - Hard pyritical rib (iron) Shale Lighter clay .... Dark clay .... Inferior shale Dark clay .... Dark clay, with shaly ribs Ironstone rib ... Bluish clay, shaly next bottom Dark clay .... Inferior shale Dark clay ... Shale - ... Dark clay .... Shale Dark clay .... Shale Inferior abafe Shale Dark clay .... Inferior shale Shale Inferior shale Shale Dark clay .... Shale Dark clay .... Shale Dark clay .... Shale - - , - Dark clay ... - Shale - - - • Dark clay .... Shale . , . . - Dark clay .... Shale Dark clay . - . - Shale Gritty limestone - Dark clay . . - - Shale .... Ironstone .... Shale Dark clay . . - - Shale Dark clay - r ? r 6 5 9 11 3 4 1 8 8 10 9 5 10 5 10 1 5 2 10 3 1 6 6 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 2 2 3 37 10 37 2 6 37 3 37 3 37 3 37 3 37 5 37 5 38 38 38 38 38 38 3 10 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 3 1 2 7 9 39 7 39 10 39 2 4 39 2 10 3 11 4 4 39 4 10 40 40 9 40 1 3 40 1 4 40 1 10 40 2 2 40 2 5 40 3 11 41 1 41 8 41 2 2 Benniworth. 51 Strata. Fms. ft. in. Fms. ft. in. Inferior shale Shale Blue clay Brownish shale Dark clay Shale Hard gritty rib - Dark clay - - Brownish shale Dark clay Brown shale - Inferior shale Shale Dark clay Shale Dark clay Shale Dark clay Inferior shale Shale Dark clay Blue clay, harder. Ammonites longispinus. Sow Inferior shale. Am. near to Eumdu.9, d'Orb Light clay Shale Light clay Darker clay - - - - - Inferior shale. Exogyra virgida, Defr. - Dark clay Inferior shale - - - - * - Shale Dark clay Shale Dark clay. Astarte ? Shale. Amm,onites Dark clay Shale - Inferior shale. Am. alternans, von Buch. Shalo. Ammonites y Fish-bone Inferior shale Dark clay Inferior shale Shale. Astarte hartwdlensis^ Sow Dark clay Shale. Am. near to Eumelus, d'Orb - Dark clay. Lingula ovalisy Sow - Shale Dark clay, shale ribs next top Shale Dark clay. Am. pallasianus, d'Or>> Dark clay Shale 5 10 6 2 6 4 1 6 5 6 2 1 8 3 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 6 5 2 10 4 7 3 5 6 4 2 2 11 6 1 4 2 1 2 7 6 9 6 1 2 11 10 1 4 1 1 10 1 2 6 9 6 1 1 1 1 6 1 5 4 1 1 9 4 6 41 2 7 41 3 5 41 4 11 42 1 1 42 2 7 43 11 1 2 6 43 43 43 2 11 43 43 44 44 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 4 5 4 7 44 3 44 6 44 2 44 2 45 45 3 47 1 47 2 4 5 48 48 6 1 8 2 7 3 5 4 9 5 4 49 (5 49 10 49 1 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 3 6 50 4 10 50 5 11 51 51 51 1 8 2 2 7696. d2 BeNNIWORTH — BiLLINGBOROUGH. Strata. Fms. ft. in, Fms. ft. in. Dark clay Shale Dark clay ... - Shale. Ammonites- Dark clay. Am. mutdbilis '/ Sow 3 1 1 2 3 61 2 9 61 3 9 61 4 9 51 5 4 54 2 6 Total depth 326 feet 6 inches. The entire series below the Drift belongs to the Kimeridge Clay. The Clays were nearly all dark coloured and highly fossiliferous. The fossils have been identified by Mr. E. T. Newton. We have given all the material that was inflammable the name of Shale. (See Analyses p. 217.) Our term " Inferior Shale " is when the material had as much bituminous matter as to burn with a flame, and " Shale -' when it was more inflam- mable, and burned brightly and easily. 3. About 300 yards west of the church. Communicated by Mr. James Freeborough, well-sinker. Ft. T5 Id r n fWhite marl 30 ^* \Blue and white clay mixed - - - - 12 To Kimeridge Clay. Black shale with dice (water rose quickly). — 42 Billingborough. (1 in. Map 70, N.S. 143 ; 6 in. Map 124 N.E.) * J. Addy, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. Ixxiv., p. 161. 1. Boring. Water rose about 20 feet above surface. Ft. Old Well 10 Quicksand 23 [Great Oolite Clay] - Blue clay . - - - - 14 [Great Oolite Limestone] - Blue rock .... - 14 [Upper Estuarine Series] - Blue, green, and black clay - 26 Lincolnshire Limestone] Rock at 87 2. Boring. Water rose 2 to 3 feet above surface. [Great Oolite Limestone] [Upper Estuarine Series] Mixed clay . - - - ' - /-Blue rock . . . . I Blue clay - - - \Rock and kale (with plentiful supply) . . . . Blue, green and black clay Feet. 37 14 4 4 28 87 BiLLINGBOROUGH — ^BlLLINGHAY. 63 3. Boring. Ft. Old WeU 10 [Great Oolite Clay] [Great Oolite] [Upper Estuarine Series] - [Lincolnshire Limestone] - /Jiiue clay / Rock (Blue clay /Blue rock I Clay 1 Rock and kale (yielding good supply above surface) Blue, green, and black peaty clay and kale - - - Kale 4 4 19 14 4 28 8 95 4. Grownlands, Beacon Hill, Billingborough Fen (6 in. Map 125 N.W.). Communicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe, yieaford. Ft. Fen Deposits - Yellow clay . . . . Blue sand . 8 20 Cornbrash Rock 8 Great Oolite Clay aay 21 Great Oolite Limestone Rock .... - 11 r Green clay - J Rock .... Iciay .... • 10 Upper Estuarine Series - 6 . 23 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock (water) - - . 88 195 See also Analyses, p. 200. Billinghay, (1 in. Map 83, N.S. 115 ; 6 in. Map 88 S.W.) Boring made by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe, Sleaford. 1902. Communicated by Mr. Jesse Clare to Mr. H. Preston. Height above O.D., 9 ft. No water. Soil ^Blue clay with chalk Boulder clay 60 ft. i stones - ^Red clay Oxford clay and KeUaways J ^^^y^ \Dark blue clay Beds C ^rnbrash Great Oolite Clay Great Oolite Limestone 26 feet Upper Estuarine Series Lincolnshire Limestone 98 feet Upper Lias Rock Clay [Rock { Clay (Rock Clay fRock White earth and shells (^ inch) \ Lighter coloured clay [seam as I about above] - - - J Dark coloured clay Dark coloured earth mixed with chalk and gravel Dark coloured earth with very little gravel - - - - - Dark coloured earth mixed with chalk and gravel - - - Dark coloured earth with very little gravel Do., Hghter Do., dark as before Dark coloured earth mixed with chalk and gravel Stone hke ragstone Dark coloured earth with Uttle gravel Lighter earth — appears to be mixed \^'ith chalk and gravel Dark coloured silt with chalk and gravel Dark coloured wet silt - Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. 1 Ft. in. 1 21 6 21 i 14 6 36 1 1 6 37 6 10 6 48 6 — 6 26 6 75 — 6 75 6 38 6 114 - 8 114 8 - 6 115 2 58 10 174 _ 3 174 3 11 9 186 24 210 — 6 210 6 131 6 342 — 6 342 6 104 6 447 2 10 449 10 4 9 454 7 2 1 456 8 4 457 5 4 462 4 7 11 470 3 4 470 7 1 1 471 8 — 4 472 =• 472 3 3 2 475 5 3 H 478 ^ SS , Boston. mi ^ Saline water of small amount rose to within 255 feet of the surface, and was attributed to soakage from above. This was the opinion of John Farey as given in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks dated 1808.* Farey also remarks : " There is a material distinction to be observed with regard to the term gravel, which has hitherto been overlooked by most practical well-diggers and borers, for they call the rubble of any loose rock or small pieces of stony substance, which their augers or buckets bring up out of the earth, by the name of gravel .... The ragstone mentioned at 48^ feet, and the gravel at 115 feet 2 inches of depths, were, as I conceive, only layers of the extraneous fossils or stony nodules called ludus helmontii, with which this clay abounds, and possibly these may, in this case, form such a continuous bed as to com- municate with the sea, and produce salt-springs, because the layers of such nodules or clay balls, in the London clay strata, are known to produce small springs in several places in the wells of Middlesex and Surrey .... The chalk, small pebbles, and flints, if any such were really brought up from the depth of 114:^ feet, could, as I conceive, have come there only by falling down the hole from the alluvial gravel first mentioned, after being detached by the friction and swagging of the rods, or by the nose of the auger in returning it into the hole ; .... I see no evidence to contradict a supposition that many of these, denominated gravel and chalk, were in reality fragments and chippings of ludus helmontii [ssptarial, or of clunch Farey gave good reasons for beheving that the Bedford (Sleaford) Lime- stone [=: Great Oolite] might be met with at a depth of 500 or 600 feet below Boston, and that at a lower level, the Barnack ragstone (of the Ancaster hills) [—Lincolnshire Limestone] " will doubtless furnish a powerful spring of water that imder proper management in pipes, would rise, and supply every street and building in the town of Boston with water." He concluded that the strata passed through in the boring were : — Ft. Alluvial silt, clay, sand, and gravel* ^ . . . 37^ Clunch-clay strata 441 Thompson quotes the following record of a boring stated (in the MS. Min- utes of the Spalding Gentleman's Society), to have been made by Thomas Partridge in " 1746," near the old leaden Corn Market Cross.j Sand Made earth (old surface) - Stones and gravel Clay Stones, rubble, and a sort of chalk - Clay with many small hardstones not pierced Thickness. Ft. in. 3 5 3 6 3 173 Depth. Ft. in. 3 8 11 16 19 192 The date of the above should no doubt be 1747 as given by James Limbird {antet p. 67.) 2.— Market Place, 1826. Trial borings made at expense of John Wilks, M.P. " His first operations were made very near the place where Naylor had unsuccessfully bored for water to the depth of 478 feet in 1785. After boring 560 feet, the attempt failed, through the breaking of part of the apparatus. * Thompson's Hist, and Antiq., Boston, pp. 668-671. t Op, city p. 666. s OSTON. && *' The second trial was made near the churchyard, under the direction of Messrs. WiUiam Wedd Tuxford and Peter Tuxford, of Boston. This per- foration was made to the depth of 565 feet ; when, owing to some defect in the piping, which severed at the depth of 40 feet from the surface, a quantity of loose sand fell into the vacant space, choked up all below, and rendered further attempts, either to continue the project on that spot, or to recover the piping, entirely unavailing. Messrs. Tuxford commenced a third attempt within twenty.four hours of the failure of this second one. This was made on the western side of the Market Place .... but the great desideratum of a supply of water was not obtained."* 3. Western side of Market Place, 1828 (May 3rd to August 3rd). Bored by Messrs. W. W. and P. Tuxford. From Thompson's History of Boston, p. 673. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Loose earth .... Fen Beds ^ I^^^^® earth, mixed with silt - * ") Very hard earth, mixed with stone ^ Very stony, mixed with clay 12 12 12 24 12 36 14 50 Clay and shells .... 45 95 Dark clay and large flints 35 130 Clay stones, and shells - 20 150 Clay and large stones - 16 166 Very dark clay and stones - 13 179 Clay and stones .... 11 190 Very dark clay and shells 110 300 Dark clay 28 328 Light slate-coloured clay, with large shells 22 350 Dark clay and shells - 22 372 Dark clay and large shells - 43 415 Dark clay . 38 453 Clay, with great quantity of shelb - 31 484 Shells, shingle, dark clay, and sharp sand 2 486 Remarkably fine sharp sand . 3 489 Ditto and dark clay - 9 498 Clay and very large shells - 7 505 Shingle flints and sheik . 3 5 508 5 Rock. Messrs. Tuxford, who sank the well, say : — "It is supposed poss ble that some hard substance may have fallen in, causing the appearance of * rock ' at these depths " - 2 1 510 6 Stones mixed with clay ' 12 4 622 10 Clay, shells, and flint - - 7 529 10 Stone, shells, and rock 18 2 648 Very dark clay .... 7 565 Very fine white sand - 11 566 A dark umber Uke earth, soft and hard by turns - 6 572 Thompson's Hist, and Antiq,, Boston, p. 672. ^ Boston. In tlie Memoir on the Geology of the Fenland (pp. 211, 279) Mr. Skertchly regarded the whole of the section of 572 feet to be in Fen Beds and Drift* The evidence was subsequently discussed by Mr. Jukes-Browne,* from whose remarks the following are quoted : — *' Depending on this record and mainly on the fact that between the depths of 523 and 530 feet ' clay shells and flints ' are said to have occurred, Mr. Skertchly regards the section as giving evidence of the extension of the Glacial series to the enormous depth of nearly 600 feet below Boston. " I cannot but think, however, that^the'evidence on whichjthis^supposition rests is too weak and uncertain to support so startling a conclusion. , . , " In Cambridgeshire, however, the term ' flint ' is said to be sometimes applied to hard beds and concretions in the Jurassic clays. . . . " It is quite possible, not to say probable, that the greater part of this boring lies in the Kimeridge and Oxford clays. . . . Beds of rock and sandstone are known to occur in and between these clays not far to the south- ward. . . . " Now assuming that the lower part of the boring is in the Oohtic Series, it becomes important to determine, if possible, the base of the boulder clay ; and in the first place it may be noted that the boring at Fossdyke (only 7 miles south of Boston) reached the bottom of this clay at a depth of 166|^ feet, passing immediately into Kimeridge Clay with septarian bands which was bored to a further depth of 159| feet. If we examine the account of the Boston well we find that stones are repeatedly mentioned as occurring in the clay down to a depth of 190 feet, but that below this [level] there is no recorded occurrence of stones throughout a thickness of 294 feet. All this portion of the section is described as ' dark clay with shells,' except a band in the middle, 22 feet thick, of ' Hght slate-coloured clay with large shells.' Such a description applies far better to the Kimeridge or Oxford Clay than to Boulder Clay, for it would be surprising that no stones should have been met with in boring through a thickness of nearly 300 feet of Boulder Clay. Moreover, if we place the base of the Boulder Clay at 190 feet the section then agrees very fairly with the more recent and more accurately described boring at Fossdyke." [Fosdyke, see p. 97.] *' It was then pointed out that the real difiiculty lay in the interpretation of the lower 88 feet of the boring, which is stated to have passed through a varied series of sands, clays, and rock-beds ; and I suggested that these might be a local development of Corallian Beds between the Oxford and Kimeridge Clays. A reconsideration of the matter has, however, induced me to alter my opinion. The thickness of Oxford Clay which comes in beyond the western border of the Fenland in Sheet 70 [old series] is very small ; its easterly dip is also so small as to be inappreciable in the brickyard exposures, and in all probability it becomes really nil under the central part of the Fenland. Now Boston is only about fifteen miles from the outcrop of the Kellaways Beds near Sleaford, and if we allowed a dip of half a degree throughout the whole distance (which is probably an excessive estimate) the thickness of beds brought in below Boston will be only 630 feet, which is only 68 feet more than the 572 feet proved. Moreover, the Kellaways Beds do consist of alternations of white sand, clay, and sandy rock, with fossils. 'J ** Consequently 1 am now inclined to believe that this boring traversed the whole of the Oxford Clay and the Kellaways Beds, and may possibly * Quart. Journ. Ged, Soc, vol. xxxv., p. 418 (1879). Boston. 01 even have entered the Great Oolite Clay. The succession of formations pierced by this boring may therefore be summarised as follows " Fen Beds Boulder Clay 166 feet. Kimeridge and Oxford Clays 294 feet. Beds at and below base of Oxford Clay, 88 feet. [Kellaways Beds and Great Oolite Series.] Loose earth and Silt - Hard earth with stones Clay with stones, flints, and shells Dark clay with shells Light -coloured clay with shells - Dark clays with shells Fine sand and clay - Stones and rock Clay with stones and shells Stone, shells, and rock Dark clay .... White sand .... Brown earth .... Ft. 24 26 140 138 22 134 21 5i 19^ 18 7 11 6 572 The above remarks by Mr. Jukes-Browne may be compared with made by Farey (p. 58). 4. Skirbeck Quarter, Boston, 21*9 feet above low- water in Boston Deeps. From Mr. W. H. Wheeler. those Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. / Silty clay / Clay Blue clay 5 6 5 6 3 9 and ^ Silty clay Silt Soft buttery clay, more moist - [ Silty clay 6 15 2 10 17 10 Alln 5 18 3 .^ < Peat, sandy at bottom .... ^ { ( Sharp sand, especially last 4 ins. 1 4 19 7 9 20 4 Sharp sand, greyish yellow ; a jj ( water rose .... 11 21 3 \ ^^"^ Sharp sand ... - 11 22 2 Sand, clay, and small stones - 6 22 8 "^ Sharp sand .... 2 10 25 6 Boulder Clay— Clay with chalk-stones 4 25 10 5. Nearer the road than the above. Communicated by Mr. W. H. Wheeler. Thickness. Depth. r Clay and silt .... Fen Beds. \ Peat ..... ''Sand Boulder clay - .— — .— -1.- . - , - . . Ft. in. 17 9 1 6 4 9 6 ft. in. 17 9 19 3 24 24 6 62 Boston. 6, Boring at the Grand Sluice on the River Witham, IJ miles above thv Docks. Communicated by Mr. W. H. Wheeler. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. ( Alluvial Soil .... 10 10 Clay - - - . - 2 12 Soft clay 1 13 Fen Beds. ^ Soft black clay, with cockle shells 4 17 Very soft clay .... 5 22 Peat 1 23 Isand 5 28 /Hard clay .... J Sand Glacial Beds. ^ Boulder Clay of a black colour, with small chalk-stones, bored f or - 1 29 1 30 9 39 N.B. — The Boulder Clay here is much blacker in colour than at the Docks and has less chalk in it. 7. Borings made to test the ground before the construction of Boston Docks, Communicated by Mr. W. H. Wheeler. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. No. 1. - / Soil and rubbish 4 4 Loamy clay .... 1 5 Brown clay (a good brick clay) 4 9 Loam and silt . - - . 1 10 Fen Beds. [ Brown clay .... 2 12 Clay with specks of peat - 2 14 Clay and peat .... 1 15 Peat and sand .... 3 18 Sand and yellow clay 1 19 Boulder Clay 4 23 No. 2. ^Blue clay 4 4 Brown clay 2 6 Fen Beds. < Blue clay Clay with specks of peat - 6 4 11 15 Clay and shells ... - 3 18 tSand and peat . - - - 1 19 Boulder Clay 4 23 Boston— BouLTHAM, 63 8. Borings at the Witham Outfall Works near Clayhole. Communicated by Mr. W. H. Wheeler. No. 1 on the Enclosed Land. /Alluvial soil Brown clay Fen Beds. { Blue clay - Peat - I Sand - Boulder Clay - Ft. 3 1 Oh Oh No. 2 on the Foreshore. No. 3 at Low. Water-Mark. Ft. Sand and silt - 3 BrowTi clay - 3 Blue clay 3 Peat 1 Sand - - 0^ Boulder Clay Ft. Blue clay - 6 Peat - - 1 Sand - - 1 Boulder Clay - — See also Analyses, p. 197. Boultham. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., lU ; 6 in. Map 70 S.W.). 1. Trial-boring for water on the site of the filter-beda of the Lincoln Water- works. Communicated by Mr. J. H. Teague to Mr. Cameron. Ft. Soft mud 6 Harder sand and clay with some water .... 6 Very hard coarse sand 8 Clay becoming very hard below 17 37 2. A boring for the supply of Lincoln has been commenced at Boultham. If successful it will be the deepest boring for water in England. See P. Griffith {Water, ii. (1900), 60, 396) ; also Water, iv. (1C02), 290. Height above O.D., 20 ft. The following details (1903-4) have been communicated by Mr. J. H. Teague to Mr. Henry Preston : — Thickness. Depth. Soil and peat .... Drift Sand and gravel Ft. in. 6 16 Ft. in. 6 22 64 BouLTHAM— Bourn, Boring for the supply of Lincoln — continued. Thickness. ; Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. ' Blue shale(with Ammon ites at 36 ft. ) 84 3 I 106 3 Thin ironstone -band 6 106 9 Blue shale full of Gryphoea - 4 9 111 6 Band of concretions 4 111 10 Blue shale with Gryphoea and Am- monites 38 9 150 7 Blue shale 15 6 166 1 Very hard bed of Gryphoea - 8 166 9 Blue shale with occasional concre Lower Lias tions and iron-pyrites : Gryphoea 164 1 330 10 Blue shale with' Ammonites - 20 350 10 Blue shale - - . . . 12 10 363 8 *' Hard band of Gryphoea - 6 364 2 Blue shale with Gryphoea 34 3 398 5 Hard Gryphoea bed 1 6 399 11 Blue shale with occasional concre- tions and Gryphoea - 140 1 540 Hard blue and grey shale and rock 80 620 Blue shale ssrith. Ammonites planorhis 20 640 1 ^ Dark liver-coloured marl 14 654 Rhsetic Beds Black shales 23 677 Grey earthy limestones 22 699 ' Bed of gjrpsum - . . . 2 6 701 6 Red marl 4 6 706 Bed of gypsum .... 3 709 Red marl with thin bands of gypsum 11 720 Hard grey rock with gypsum 10 730 Red marl - . . . . 10 740 Keuper Marls < Grey rock with gypsum Red marl and gypsum - 7 3 747 750 Hard blue -grey rock 16 766 Red marl and bands of hard grey rock 64 830 Very fine clear gypsum 6 836 Red marl and bands of hard blue . and grey rock .... 48 884 {Boring in progress.) Bourn. (1 in. Map 64, 70, N.S. 143 ; 6 in. Map 140 N.E.) 1. Prior to the year 1856 Bourn was supplied with water partly from sh?il- low wells, " but many of the houses were wholly dependent upon carts, which fetched water from a considerable distance. In that year a four -in oh boring was made to a depth of 92 feet through alluvial soil, gravel and Oolitic strata, till it reached a stratum, 6 feet thick, of compact and hard rock, in passing through which, at 92 feet below the surface, the tool fell suddenly about 2 feet evidently into a chasm or hollow, striking upon the hard surface of the underlying rock. The water immediately rushed up with great force. . . . The water rose at the Town Hall exactly 39 feet 9 inches above the ground." The yield was about 570,000 gallons a day.* * J. Pilbrow, Proc. Inst. C.E., Ixxv. (1884), 245. (1883), 160. J. Addy, ibid., Ixxiv. Bourn. 65 2. Star Lane. For the Waterworks. Boring 5| and 3 in. Water rose to 41 ft. above surface, 1880. J. Addy, Proc. Inst. C.E., Ixxiv. (1883), 161. Thickness Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil and Ox- 1 Shaft .... i Oay - - 4 6 ford Clay. 11 15 6 Combrash. Blue rock .... 6 21 6 r Black clay Yellow clay 4 25 6 Great Oolite 3 28 6 Clay. -j Rock . - - . I Dark clay 4 28 10 8 8 37 6 Great Oolite /Rock .... ^ Chalky clay 11 9 48 6 57 G \ Hard rock 9 66 6 Upper relay ... - 4 70 6 Estuarine ( Soft rock 3 73 6 Series. I Hard, close, tough, dark clay 13 86 6 Lincolnshire Limestone. \ Water rock 3 89 6 3. Top of West Street. For the Waterworks, 1888. Made by Messrs. C. Isler & Co. Communicated by Messrs. Easton & Anderson. Bored throughout, and tubed to the depth of 89| feet. Water flowed 4 feet above the surface. Yield at a depth of 99 feet about 300,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. Subsequently deepened to 120 feet, and gave 864,000 gallons a day. Soil Drift - Oxford Clay. Combrash Great Oolite [clay, 19 ft. 7 in. Great Oolite Limestone, 14 ft. 5 in. 7696. Silty sand f Dicey clay ( Blue sandstone - Limestone rock - Blue clay .... Dark clay .... Green marbtone Green marl Dicey clay Clay and shells - Clay and silty sand - "" Dicey clay f Rock and shells ,very hard I Light blue clay - [ Green clay Green marlstone, with water Thickness. Ft. in. 8 1 8 2 7 Depth. Ft. in. 9 1 5 3 1 14 15 23 25 7 27 28 32 34 35 36 7 42 7 51 7 53 66 57 66 Bourn. 3. Top of West Street — continuta. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. f Dark blue clay - 1 58 Dark brown clay 1 59 Dark blue clay and shells - 1 60 Blue soft rock. Water (rose 54 ft.) 4 64 Upper Estu- Light-coloured clay and shells - 1 4 65 4 arine Series, ^ Brown clay - . . - 1 66 4 29ft. Dark brown clay 3 8 70 Brown clav .... 1 71 Dark green clay and silty sand - 2 73 Dark brown clay 1 74 Grey clay or pipeclay 12 86 / Sandstone [limestone] with water Lincolnshire J ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ [calcareous J . , \ matter . - . - Sandstone [limestone] rock, with V water . - . . 1 87 1 88 32 120 Mr. F. S. Courtney (of Messrs. Easton and Anderson's) writes as follows: — *' The water tapped in this district, at a depth of about 98 feet, is very plenti- ful and the standing level is in many cases as much as 20 feet above the surface. There are several borings in the neighbourhood, but I do not know of any of the former ones which were tight : in every boring I have examined, a large proportion of the supply finds its way up the outside of the bore-pipe, and, meeting with some of the more friable strata at a higher level escapes. In this boring a double lining has been provided (10 inches in diameter to a depth of 44| feet, the rest 5 inches in diameter and reaching nearly to the surface), a sound joint having been made between the two. The boring is, I believe, quite tight. Two borings, made in recent years, within a mile of this boring, for the Spalding Water Company, in which no special care was taken, are un- satisfactory." According to The Engineer^ vol. Ixv., p, 181 (1888), " this town is the only one in the United Kingdom which gets its supply direct from the source with- out pumping," referring, of course, to well-supplies only. 4. Great Northern Railway Station. Made and communicated by Messrs. C. Isler & Co. to Mr. Whitaker, ] 895 Good supply of water, rising 19 feet above the surface. Kellaways Beds. Combrash. Great Oolite Clay. Great Oolite Limestone. Dry well (the rest bored) - Hard sandy clay Sandstone Hard black sandy clay Hard blue limestone - Hard mottled clay Hard clay Rock and shell - Hard rock Very hard limestone - Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. - - 6 4 10 6 16 7 6 23 6 8 6 32 8 40 8 48 4 62 3 55 2 6 57 6 Bourn. 4. Great Northern Railway Station — continued. 67 Upper Eetuarine Series. iicolnshi Limestone. Hard green sandy clay Hard marly clay Hard chocolate [coloured] clay Oolite lime Hard rock Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. 8 6 9 21 38 16 Ft. in. 66 75 96 134 150 Mr. J. Addy mentions a 4-in. bore at the Great Northern Railway station, carried to depth of 90 feet, when water rose nearly oO ft. above surface Proc. Inst. C.E., Ixxiv. (1883), 160. 5. Spretchley's Brewery for the Spalding Waterworks. Old Well. Information from Mr. E. Easton. [Fen Beds and Drift.] [Cornbrash.] [Great Oolite Clay.] [Great Oolite Limestone.] [Upper Estu- arine Series.] Ft. 20 Hard deposits, silt, clay, and chalk - Limestone rock 8 Hard dark clay 5 Green clay 3 Rock 2 Dark heavy clay 8 Light coloured clay with powdered chalk [? "race"J17 Rock Clay and powdered chalk Hard rock Green and yellow sand 4 6 2 15 90 6. Spalding Waterworks.* Made anu communicated by Messrs. C. Lsler & Co., 1893-94. ? 78 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 6 feet, the rest a boring of 13 inches diameter. Water rises 34 feet above the ground. Chalybeate water was found at a depth of 65^ feet and was shut out. The main springs were tapped at 78^ feet, the water then rising very slowly and taking twenty-four hours to overflow. Deeper, the volume increased rapidly and the overflow was 1,872,000 gallons a day at the depth of 100 feet. 2,592,000 at 120, and over 6,000,000 at 134. Made ground Cornbrash, ( Rock and shells 8^ feet. \ Limestone - * See also H. B. Woodward's " Memoir on Jurassic Bocks of Britain," vol. iv., p. 505, and vol. v., p. 343. 7696. K 'J. 68 Bourn. 6. bpalding Waterworks — continued Thickness. Depth. - 1 Ft in. j Ft. in. Hard blue clay - 1 4 1 20 i Mottled clay I 10 I 30 Shaly clay, dark blue and Great Oolite 1 green . . . . 1 1 31 Clay, 20 feet. Hard blue rock - Dark blue soft rock with 2 1 33 1 shells - - . . 1 34 1 Hard blue clay - 2 36 1 Hard blue limestone - 7 43 Great Oolite 1 Hard blue limestone, lighter Limestone, colour - - - - 4 47 12 feet. Harder limestone, dark green .... 1 48 ^ Dark green clay - 7 55 Hard blue rock - 1 56 Upper Estu- ; arine Series, ^ 28 feet. Dark and light green clay 9 65 Hard rock (with chalybeate water, level from surface 60 feet) .... 10 m 10 Light green sandy clay 9 8 75 6 \ Black clay and peat [lignite.] 6 76 f Grey porous rock (oolite 1 6 77 6 limestone) Lincolnshire Hard oolite limestone ^3 110 6 Limestone. Very hard rock . - - Hard limestone - V Hard oolite limestone 5 6 116 5 6 121 6 12 6 134 Messrs. Tsler remark that there are no published records of springs being tapped by boring that yield a larger quantity than in this case. See Engineering, 24th November, 1893, p. 649. 7. Four-inch boring, at the southern end of the town, made and com- municated by Mr. J. E. Noble to Mr. H. Preston. 1899. Height above O.D., 30 feet. Drift, and Oxford Clay with Kellaways Beds Soil Gravel and clay Clay - - Clay and sand Yellow sand - Blue sand Clay Rock Clay Dicey clay Thickness. Ft. in. 3 1 6 2 8 Depth. Ft. in. 3 4 6 9 10 13 17 5 21 27 29 8 Bourn. 7. Four-inch boring — continued. 69 Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Cornbrash Rock .... 5 11 35 7 Great Oolite ClayJ^J^y^^^, - ] ] 19 ft. 9 m. |(.i^y . \ . . 16 1 2 9 52 4 53 4 55 4 Great Oolite fRock .... 4 6 59 10 Limestone \ Clay .... 6 60 4 7 ft. 5 in. I Rock .... 2 5 62 9 Hard clay 4 66 9 Upper Estuarine 1 Clay and st(me 2 68 9 Series .Clay .... 5 8 74 5 33 ft: i Rock .... 2 76 5 Clay .... 19 4 95 9 Lincolnshire /Soft rock 3 98 9 Limestone iRock .... 5 3 104 8. About middle of town. Two-inch boring made and communicated by Mr. J. E. Noble to Mr. H. Preston. 1900. Height above O.D., 30-ft,. Water overflows. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. In. Soil - - 2 — Drift . - Clay .... 7 9 Cornbrash - - Rock .... 5 1 14 1 Great OoHte Clay Clay .... 21 35 1 (Jreat OoUte Lime- /Rock .... Clay .... 8 3 43 4 stone 3 8 47 13 ft. 11 in. \Rock .... 2 49 Upper Estuarine relay .... ) Rock .... 7 56 Series 1 57 27 ft. 8 in. \ciay .... 19 8 76 8 Lincolnshire Lime stone JRock .... 19 3 95 11 9. At the Red Lion Hotel. Made and communicated by Mr. J. E. Noble. 1901. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. (^Soil and stone 3 3 Drift and J Clay . 1 4 Oxford Clay ^ Sand IClay . 1 5 . 8 13 Cornbrash . Rock , 6 2 18 2 Great Oolite Clay Clay . 21 10 40 70 Bourn. 9. At the Red Lion Hotel- -continued. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Great Oolite rRock Limestone <: Clay 12 ft. 10 in. I Rock - . - 7 7 47 7 . . 3 3 50 10 . - 2 52 10 relay - . - 5 8 58 6 Jpper Estuarine ; Rock - - 1 59 6 Series ] Clay - . 13 3 /2 9 26 ft. 9 in. ^Clay Bind . . . - 6 10 79 7 Lincolnshire Lime- ^ -p , stone J^^^^ " • • • 18 5 98 10. Stamford Hill, at the junction of Stamford Road with Colsterworth Road. Made and communicated by Mr. J. E. Noble to Mr. H. Preston. 1898. Height above O.D., 134 feet; water level, 85 feet below surface yield, a plentiful supply. Oxford Clay and Kellaways Beds Cornbrash Great OoUte Clay Great Oolite Lime- stone Upper Estuarine Series. 35 ft. 8 in. Lincolnshire Lime- stone /Clay C Blue sand I Clay Rock • Clay I Rock /Clay - < Rock I Clay fRock iClay iRock 1 6 59 6 Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. m. 44 — 9 4 53 4 11 8 65 6 2 71 2 20 4 91 6 8 U 100 5 11 1 — 23 8 136 1 28 3 — 225 4 11. Cawthorpe, 1^ miles N. of Bourn. Four-inch boring to depth of 110 feet. Water rose 12 feet above surface. J. Addy, Proc. Inst, C,E., Ixxiv. (1883), 160. 12. Dyke, 2 miles N. of Bourn. Two-inch boring to depth of 78 feet. Water rose above surface. J. Addy, Ih^d. Bourn. 71 13. Bourn Eau, If miles E. of Bourn. From specimens seen by Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, and information from Mr. Kirkby, G.N.R. Ft. /Soft clay 26i Fen Beds ( Peat i ISUtyclay H r- Hard grey clay with chalk pebbles - - - - at 28 J Boulder J Hard blue clay without stones- - - - - at 29^ Clay ^ Hard clay, full of stones and sand 30^ I Marly clay with chalk pebbles - - - 30^ to 31^ ) Hard shaly clay from 33-36 Kellaways J Stone 4 inches Beds j Very hard clay at 37 I Hard shaly clay from 38 to 43 Combrash Blue rock — 14, Two-inch boring at Bourn Fen, 1| miles east of Bourn alongside of railwa}^. (1 in. Map, N.S., 144 ; 6 in. Map 141 N.W.) Made by Mr. J. E. Noble. Date, 1897. Communicated by Mr. Henry Preston. Height above O.D., 10 feet ; water overflows ; yield, 10,000 gallons per hour. Thickness. Depth. Soil and turf - Oxford Clay - - - Clay .... Gombrash - - - Rock Great Oohte aay- - Cla> Great Oohte Limestone J p,^^ Upper Estuarine Series j pj"]^, 36 ft. in. Xaa? ' ' ' Lincolnshire Limestone Rock to - - - ht. in. 13 32 6 8 6 15 2 4 9 5 4 1 31 9 Ft. in. 45 6 54 69 71 75 84 5 88 5 89 5 120 5 129 6 15. Four and a half inch boring at Twenty, IJ miles N.N.E. of Twenty Station (1 ft. 6 in. Map, N.S., 144; 1 ft. 6 in. Map 141 N.W.) Made by Mr. J. E. Noble. 1900. Communicated by Mr. Henry Preston. Height above O.D., 9 feet ; water overflows ; yield, 7,000 gallons per hour. Soil Drift /Clay \Sand Oxford Clay and Kella-/g^^^ wa^B Beds ^^^^ Thickness. Ft. in. 1 3 21 38 8 10 8 4 Depth. Ft. in. 1 4 25 63 8 73 8 82 72 Bourn. 15. Four and a half inch horirm.-- mntlnucd. Depth. Gornbrash - - - Rock Great OoUte Glay - Clay Great Oolite Limestone Rock Upper Estuarine Series Grey Marl Lincolnshire Limestone Rock Ft. in. 89 111 9 121 3 133 3 160 3 16. Two-inch boring, two-thirds of a mile north of Twenty Station. Made b> Mr. Noble in 1900. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Height abo\ e O.D. 8 feet ; yields about 6,000 gallons per hour, overflow. — _ Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. [Soil - - - 6 6 r'Glay Turf (peat) ^ Glay Grey Sand L Gravel - 9 6 10 i^Uuvial and Drift Deposits 3 5 3 13 18 21 3 24 Oxford Clay and ' "; Kellawajs Beds /Oay . - . - < Hard Sand loiay - - - 41 13 8 65 78 86 Gornbrash - - - Rock 5 6 91 6 Great Oolite Clay Clay 20 6 112 Great Oolite Limestone Rock 10 6 122 6 Upper Estuarine Series relay - . - (Grey'Marl 21 14 143 6 157 6 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock 51 ei 209 17. At Bourn Fen, nearly 1 mile N.E. of Twenty Station. (1 in. Map, N.S. 144 ; 6 in. Map 141 N.W.) Made and communicated by Mr. J. E. Noble to Mr. H. Preston. 1901. Height above O.D., 7 ft.; water overflows; yield, 8,000 gallons per hour. Thickness. Depth. rt. in. Ft. in. Oxford day and /^^^^ Kellaways Beds ^San^^ Rock - 93 10 9 93 103 112 Gornbrash- - - Hard Rock 7 9 119 9 Great OoUte Olay j^^. " ' " 12 1 9 132 6 133 6 17 ft. 9 m. [^^ . 4 137 6 Great Oolite Limestone J /-.i„,. 13 ft.-2 in. ["^^ - 10 2 147 8 . 2 149 8 . 1 150 8 Upper Estuarine Series /Clay 31 ft.-O in. \Marl . 17 167 8 . 14 181 8 T^incolnshire Limestone Rock - 43 4 225 Bourn — Braceborough. 73 IS. Boring at Tongue End Farm, about 5 miles E.S.E. of Boifrn. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 144; 6 in. Map 141, S.E.) Communicated by Mr. Edward Easton, C.E., 1894. Water found at a depth of 190 feet and rose to 60 foot above surface. See also Analyses, p. 200. Braceborough. - ■ Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Alluvium and f Blue clay 50 50 Oxford Clay I Hard brown clay 46 96 Kellaways Beds /Hard sandstone \Blue clay 10 10 106 116 Cornbrash Hard stone 7 6 123 6 Great Oolite Clay Clay 17 140 6 Great Oolite Limestone Hard stone 13 6 154 /Olay Stone / Hard brown clay 11 165 1 166 Upper Estuarine Series 7 173 Clay , stones, and Is bed of Shells - a ■ 10 1S3 Lincolnshire Limestone Hard stone like Granite 15 198 (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 157 ; 6 in. Map 146 N.E.) 1. For Water Supply of Peterborough. John Addy, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., Ixxiv. (1883), 150. 1. Boring " about 30 yards from the stream, a branch of the Glen, and at about 110 yards in its course Lelow the Spa." — 1875. Water rushed up in large volumes to 15 feet above the surface. Yield from 4 inch bore at rate of 420 gallons per minute. Surface soil, alluvial gravel, and clay Estuarine bed 2. Boring 600 yards to N.E. of No. 1, and about 30 feet from present well. To the " Water Rook/' and abundant supply proved. 74 Braceborough — Brocklesby. 3. Well, 1^77. Sunk to surface of " Water Rock," 50 feet. Reservoir constructed on Obthorpe Hill, at height of 160 2 feet above O.D. 2. Made and communicated by Mr. J. E. Noble, Thurlby, 1896. 1 |-inch boring. Height above O.D., 54 feet ; water at ground level ; yield, a good village supply. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. rSand .... Clay ... - ISand - - - - 1 — Drift, 21 ft. 13 14 '/ 21 Oxford Clay - Cla> - - - - 12 4 33 4 Combrash Rock .... 6 7 39 11 Great Oolite Clay 20 ft. 11 in. rClay - - - I Rock ... - \ciay .... 12 5 1 6 7 52 4 53 10 60 10 Great Oolite Limestone Rock - - . - 10 1 '.0 11 Uppei Estuarine Series Clay - - - - 44 6 115 5 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock ... - 8 123 5 See also Analyses, p. 201. Bracebridge. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 114; 6 in. Map 70 S.W.) Trial bore made by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclifl for Messrs. Bass & Go. Communicated by C. E. De Ranee, Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, xii., 49. Yield, saline water. Thickness. Depth. Lower Lias Clay Ft. in. 320 Ft. in. 320 See also Analyses, p. 20. Brocklesby. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 90; 6 in. Map 21 N.W.) Brocklesby Hall. Communicated by Mr. Westaby. Sand Glay Ft 9 21 To Chalk 30 Brigg — Brinkhill. 75 Brigg. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 89 ; 6 in. Map 19 S.E.) Record of a boring made on the south side of Bridge Street, at a distance of 70 yards west of the River Ancholme, by Mr. Joseph Parker, in 1864-5. At the depth of 84 feet water rose nearly to the surface. Com- municated by Mr. A. Atkinson, of Brigg, to Mr. Ussher. — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Alluvium - - - Vegetable soil and clay, loose . 40 40 Oxford Olay and Kella- / ' Blue shale Sandstone rock - - 42 2 82 84 ways Beds \ Blue shale - 18 102 Combrash - Limestone rock- . 3 105 Great Oolite Clay Blue shale - 24 4 129 4 , Sandstone rock- . 9 Grey shale - 1 6 Great OoHte Limestone Hard rock or boulder- 6 11 ft. 7 in. ] Grey shale - 11 Rock . 1 1 , Unformed rock- - 6 10 140 11 Upper Estuarine Series 24 ft. 2 in / Grey shale Sandy shale \ Sand : 2 10 10 5 - 10 11 165 1 • / Limestone rock- . 1 8 1 Parting or fissure ; 6 Lincolnshire Limestone Limestone Parting - : 2 6 2 44 ft. 7 in. Limestone rock Shale Limestone rock. with 4 1 6 fissures - . 34 3 209 8 Lower Estuarine Beds and Upper Lias Blue shale / Limestone rock and 108 6 318 1 fissures - . 11 10 329 11 Middle Lias Blue shale . 21 350 11 Limestone rock Blue shale - 6i 351 5i I - 12 H 364 3 Brinkhill. (1 m. Map 84, N.S., 115 ; * 6 in. Map 74 N.E.) At cottage in chalk quarry half a mile S.S.E. of Church. Information obtained by Mr. Jukes-Browne. Chalk, 28 feet. Carstone, 34 feet. \ Red chalk, dark at the bottom r Greyish-white soapy clay ^ Red and brown sands Ft. 16 12 4 30 62 70 Broughton — Burgh. Broughton. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 89 ; 6 in. Map 19 S.VV.). Wells sunk on Broughton Carrs, three-quarters of a mile south-east of Old Decoy, 50 yards apart. Information supplied by Mr. Cressey, of Scunthorpe, (well-sinker), to Mr. Ussher. Ft. in. Peat - - 9 Blue clay 20 Tough, light-coloured, silty clay, about - - • - 6 Harder clay, rather peaty 5 31 9 Peat 9 Blue clay 21 Gravel (spring) - - - - 80 i 29 9 Brumby, Crosby, Frodingham and Scunthorpe. Dr. D. A. Gresswell in 1885 (Report to Local Government Board) remarked that the wells " vary in depth from 7 to 18 feet. The soil at Fro- dingham and Scunthorpe for a depth of 2 or 3 feet is sandy, and contains 80 per cent, of silica and 20 per cent, of lime, organic matter, and iron ; a thin layer rich in peroxide of iron follows, and then a hard stratified rock of some depth, and consisting of ferruginous limestone, beneath which there lies a blue shale. The wells are sunk into the stratified limestone. . . . A very large number of them ran dry last summer, and the greatest diffi- culty was experienced in obtaining water." Iron is generally present in the water. (In this Report Brumby is spelt Bromby.) Brumby. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 89 ; 6 in. Map. 18 N.E.). Communicated by Mr. Cressey, (well-sinker), to Mr. W. A. E. Ussher. Well at the cross roads by the new house on Brumby Common, near Brumby Grove. Feet. Sand - - 30 Peat bed about 20 Rhsetio ? Clay (not penetrated in sinking) - - about 20 Burgh-le-Marsh. (I in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map 83 N.E.) 1. Well near the Church. Information obtained in the town. Ft. Glacial Drift — Soft sand Burgh — Burton. 77 2. At the farm about a mile S.S.E. of the Church. Information from Mr. Bland (tenant). Ft. Alluvium - - - Soil and silty clay .... q ni« •-,! T\ {4. f Marly clay, with chalk-stones - - 5 Glacial Drift • - i r^ i -, j -.v. j. ■, I Gravel and sand, with water - - . 1 12 3. In a field about half-way from the station to the town. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Dug 15 feet, bored 42 feet. ,Ft. f Clay, with stones Glacial Drift - f Clay, with stones 31 I Sand 4 ^ Clay, with stones ----- 20 I Gravel 2 57 4 At Mr. Thomally's farm, one mile N.E. of Church. Communicated by Mr Jabez Good, of Burgh. No good water found. A.Ft. Alluvium rSoft brick clay - . . . 8 10 feet. I Peat, with large oak trees- - • - 2 r Light-coloured clay, with small chalk-stones - 18 Glacial Beds A spring of salt water at this depth. • 48 ft. (^ Liver-coloured clay, mixed with gravel and sand - - - - ' - - - 30 A second spring of salt water (? in gravel). Kimeridge Clay Blue clay, very dry, containing Ammonites - 154 212 5. Cottage near Fawker's House, half a mile N.E of Church. Information obtained on the spot. Water rises to the surface. Ft. Alluvium - Yellow sandy silt about G Glacial Drift [Bluish m^arly clay, with stones - - „ 25 I Sand and small gravel - - - - „ 2 33 Burton (by Lincoln). [(1 in. Map, N.S., 102 ; 6 in. Map 61, S.W.) 1. Middle ^^w Field. Communicated by Mr. Watkins. Lincohi, to Mr. Cameron. Ft. Gravelly top soil. Blue shale (Lias) - 60 Burton Flats. Evans Farm Steading. Ft. •^and with water • - .,---- 10 Boulder Clay 78 Cabourne — Canwick. Cabourne. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 29 S.E.) At the farm one mile north-east of the Church. Information supplied to Mr. Clement Reid by Mr. Hopkins. Ft. Chalk, to gravel (Carstone) .---'--- 162 Calcethorpe (Calsthorpe)— see Kelstern. Cadney. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 89 ; 6 in. Map 28 N.W.) At the Manor House, Cadney. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston, from information supplied by Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, F.G.S. Sunk 36 feet, the rest bored. No water. I Sand and soil - - . p , j Gravel and sand, mean depth - rave - x ^^^.^^^ gravel in matrix of sand, iron- l stained Chalky boulder clay (locally called "Chalk-marl") - - - - Blue boulder clay with a little chalk - Blue clay Chalky boulder clay - Boulder clay (large and small boulders) „ „ (with fossils) - „ ("Chalk pudding") Oxford Clay (" Mother bed ") , *' No other well in the immediate neighbourhood has reached Boulder Clay, there always being a good supply of water from the first 30 feet of sandy gravel. — E. A. W.P. Caistor. • (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 89 ; 6 in. Map 28 S.E.) Well and boring near Ihe Old Mill, 1903. Communicated by Mr. Henry Preston. ** At a depth of 40 feet a bed of Chalk was encountered, the previous bore having been through sandy soil. On Tuesday, September 8th, water was struck, the well being then 90 feet deep, but as the flow of water was deemed insufficient boring was continued, and on Saturday morning, at a depth of 100 feet, a spring was reached which yielded 7,800 gallons per hour. The water appears to be of excellent quality. Canwick. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 114 ; 6 in. Map 70 S.E.) Lincoln Sewage Outfall Works. Noted by Mr. Penning. Ft. in, Peat 16 Clean sand (with bones) 12 6 Fine gravel or silt 3 Hard sandy clay - - - - - - - - 2 6 Coarse quartzite gravel 8 27. 6 : Ft . in. Ft. in 5 5 4 3 4 8 4 8 8 2 3 10 11 13 23 11 2 25 11 2 27 11 2 6 30 5 5 6 35 11 1 6 37 5 42 7 80 Carlton — C a ythorpe . 79 Carlton, Great. (1 in. 84 Map, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map 57 N.W.) Communicated by ^Ir. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinkor). Dug 18 feet, bore 66 feet. [Boulder Clay] Clay Sand - [ChalU] Rock Caythorpe. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 96 S.W.) 1. Ironstone Mines. Communicated by Mr. W. Burke, Superintendent. lower Lias Ironstone - - - Grey limestone - Blue binds with shreds of rocks Hard green rock Blue binds with shreds of rock Blue binds ... Ft. 69 3 12 84 Ft. in 10 3 6 46 9 67 9 183 2. Railway station. Information from Mr. Joseph Cocks. Shelly rock and blue rock - [Marlst{«ne] With " kale " at bottom Ft. 24 3. Boring about one-third mile cast of Caythorpe Court. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble, Thurlby. 1902. Sunk 46 feet, the rest bored (6 inches diam.). Communicated by Mr. H. Preston, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. lix., 29. Height above O.D., 320 feet ; water level, 175 feet from surface. ThirkiK'ss. Surface Deposits Northampton Sands Upper Liaa Marlstone Middle Lias Clays Soil - - - - Sand and yellow clay Ferruginous limestone f Blue clay, with layers o \ concretionary nodules Dark greenish-blue limestone r Hard silty clay, greenish in J colour, sandy and mica- [ ceous ; to Ft. 1 3 m. 6 Depth. 4 6 199 19 3 6 Ft. in. 1 4 6 9 208 6 228 231 6 ^^ Chapel St. Leonards — Claythorpe. Chapel St. Leonards. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map 76 N.E.) 1. At Mr. Hodgson's. Communicated by Mr. Th. Newton, bt Anderby (well-sinker). Dug 9 feet, bored the rest. Ft. I Post-glacial] Clay 9 [Boulder Clay] Marl 60 Sand and gravel 10 Chalk \2 9) •2. At Mr. Rennio's, Chapel Bank. Communicated by Mr. Th. Newton, of Anderby. Dug 12 feet, bored the rest. Ft Sand and clay ---12 [Boulder Clay] Marl 54 Sand • . - 10 Chalk 8 84 Claythorpe. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map 66 N.W.) 1. At the railway station. Sunk in 1877. Communicated by Mr. Gh. ICirkby, of Great Northern Railway Company, Louth. Ft. Hard blue clay 12 Clean sharp sand, full of water 5 Hard clay -»-- 14 Dirty sand, full of water .---.-.6 37 2. Near the railway station. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well sinker). Dug 30 feet, bored 36 feet. Ft. Through clay (60 feet), into gravel (6 feet) . - - - 66 Mr. Bingley states that this well was dug at the junction of the sand and clay, one side of the well being sand and the other clay for a depth of 28 feet, ft very curious arrangement. Claxby. Claxby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map 75 N.W.) 1. Acre House Mine. Prof. J. W. Judd, Quort. Journ. O&ol. Soc, xxvi., 331, 1870. 81 Soil Chalk [Red Chalk] [Carstone j [Tealby Limestone] [Tealby Clay] [Claxby r Ironstone] \ [Spilsby Sand- / stone] S Kimeridge Glay White chalk Beds of yellow clay and red marly chalk FiOd sand - - - - Limestone rock, hard and blue-hearted - - - Blue clay - . . - Ironstone, soft and earthy above, soHd and finely oohtio below - Coarse greenish-white sands, in places " indurated into hard sandstone rock Very dark-coloured, highly bituminous shaly clay. A thin bod at the top is re- markable for its highly inflammable character. - Thickness. Ft. in. 2 6 9 ft. to 10 ft. 10 10 U 13 to 14 ft. 6 to 7 ft. Depth. Ft. in. 2 6 12 22 32 46 59 6 66 2. Farm at south end of Shaddy's Walk, one mile from the Church. Information from the occupier. r- Ft. Through white chalk into red rock 108 3. Well at the Rectory, close to the Church. Inofrmation from Mr. Tyson (well-sinker), of Willoughby. Found a supply of water. Ft. Chalk in original well 66 Chalk bored by Tyson - 15 . 81 '" 4. Mr. Wright's farm, two furlongs E.N.E. of Church. Communicated by Mr. TyBon (well-sinker), of Willoughby. Ft. Gay [Boulder Gay] 46 Sand, with water 2 Clay 9 Sand, with strong spring 3 , CO 7606. 1^' 82 Cleethorpes — Coates. Cleethorpes. (1 in. Map 85, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 23 S.W.) 1. North end of the clifF, and close to the pier. From Mr. Penning's notes. See also under Grimsby,- p. 104. Ft Boring into the Chalk 204 Formerly yielded 200 gallons in five minutes. The water overflows 2 feet above the surface. [The supply is now much smaller.] 2. Pier (from half tide). Communicated by Mr. John Smith. Ft. Marly clay ? 60 Soft white Chalk with flints. One boring at Cleethorpes was sunk 45 feet in soft Chalk. 3. At the Gas tank. ^ i Communicated by Mr. Joseph Jackling. Ft. Warp about 20 [Boulder Clay] Clay, with vein of sand 1^ yards thick %,i 15 yards 72 Sand 2 ^ To Chalk - - - - about 94 Chalk (soft like putty) 39 133 4. At first Brick-yard on the Humber Shore, W. of the village. Ft. Clay, to Clialk 12C 5. In the bed of the Humber, 400 yards below high-water mark. Communicated by Mr. T. W. Wallis, to Mr. Jukes-Browne. Yield, 100 gallons per minute, forcing a jet 16 feet higher than the ground. Ft. Rock at 72 In Chalk 21 Coates, Great. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 22 N.W.) Mr. Cordeaux's. Communicated hy Mr. Cordeaux. Ft. Boulder Qay, 8 feet ^ Sand (thick bed) \ - 66 Boulder Clay J Chalk - ' _ COATES. 83 The house is about 9 or 10 feet above the marsh level. Similar sections occur all over Great Coates. On the marshes a boring, midway between the railway and the Humber bank, made by Mr. Cordeaux in July, 1885, passed through : — Ft. Clear warp with a cockle shell 12 Forest bed 2J Whitish Clay and sand [old soil ?]---.-- 1 Chalky Boulder Clay, reddish at top, darker lower down, the lowest part not unlike the lower bod at Dimlington in colour 55 or 60 .Sand and gravel - - 2 or 3 aialk — Many of the welLs at Coates are affected by the tides, the flow decreasing at neap tides, though the water is perfectly fresh. Coates, North. (1 in. Map 85, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 31 S.W.) j^ _ 1. North Coates. (Several welLs.) Communicated by Mr. Joseph Jac^ling. Ft. Warp 60 Sand 1^ Dark stiff clay with a few stones 15 to 18 Sand with stones ^to3 To Haid Chalk - - - 85 2. North Coates Fitties. Communicated by Mr. Joseph Jackling. Ft. To Chalk (rather soft) about 84 to 90 3. Parsonage. ^ Communicate by Mr. Joseph Jackling. t At 11 yards down leaves and wood were found. 4. Near Tetney. Information from a well-sinker at Louth (to Mr. Jukes- Browne). Ft. Reddish clay 6 Silt and " moor " ■ - - 40 Blue clay with stones 30 Sand 6 Chalk touched -. ... 2 83 7696. ' J 2 Si COCKERINGTON — CORBY. Cockerington, South. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 48 S.E.) At Mr. Beverley's, in South Cockerington. Communicated by J. Binglev of Abv (well-sinkor). Ft. Clay, with stones 18 Sand - 6 Gay, with stones 60 Sand 6 Rock [Chalk] 21 111 Coleby. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 114 ; 6 in. Map 86 N.E.) Shaft for Ironstone. Daghsh and R. Howse, Trans. N. Engl. Inst. Min. Eng., xxiv. (1874) plate xi. Captain Macdakin, Geol. Mag., 1877, p. 407. [Lincolnshire \ Limestone]/ [Northampton Beds] 10 feet. [Upper Lias] Oolitic limestone . . . - Peroxide bed Clay mixed with ironstone Hard blue ironstone (carbonate of iron) Clay parting Hard blue ironstone (carbonate of iron) Peroxidised band (" girdles ") - Soft blue ironstone - - - - Blue ironstone nodules with clay partings Blue sihceous ironstone - - - Blue ironstone nodules - . - Clay with nodules (micaceous) ^ CoproUte-bed with pyrites To Blue Lias clay 45 8 4 9 1 11 1 6 3 3 55 Corby. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 143 ; in. Map 131 S.E.) 1. Boring at Heath Farm, near railway station. 300 feet above O.D. About 150 gallons of water per day, obtained for a year or two; no supply now. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Lincolnshire Limestone Upper Lias Hard rock - Clay Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. 91 39 Ft. in. 91 130 Corby — Crowlanq. 85 2. Well near the above, 294 feet above O.D. Measured by Mr. H. Preston, October, 1901. Contained 2 feet of water. Lincolnshire Limestone Upper Lias Clay - Ft. 91i 3 94^ 3. At Birkholme Cottages, 1 mile S.W. of Heath Farm, 265 feet above O.D. Communicated by Mr. Preston. Contained 1 foot of water. Ft. Lincolnshire Limestone about 35 Upper Lias Clay about 2 37i Covenham. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 40 S.W.) At Birkett's Farm, three-quarters of a mile N.E. of St. Bartholomew's Churclu Liformation from Mr. Birkett. Dug 12 feet, bored about 58 feet. Ft. Reddish clay with stones 30 Gravel and shingle ^0 Brashy chalk, about 5 Solid Chalk 15 70 Crosby. See p. 7(3. Crowland. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 158 ; 6 in. Map 148, S.W.) Section of boring N. W. of Abbey. Messrs. Hodson & Son, Engineers, 1902. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Height above O.D., 12 feet; water overflows; yield, 15,000 gallons per day at 280 feet, an additional 5,000 gallons per day at 470 feet. Both waters very saline.- Thickness. Depth. C Surface soil - - - - Alluvium Sand and gravel - Coarse gravel ' Soft, light-coloured clay with- Boulder Clay L?;^*P^^bbles - - - ^ 1 Soft white clay with pebbles - ^ Clay, darker, no pebbles Ft. in. 2 6 7 5 7 1 128 5 17 Ft. in. 2 6 9 G 14 6 21 7 150 167 86 Crowland — Crowle. Section of boring N.W. of Abbey — continued. Thickness. Depth. . Ft. in. Ft. in. ( Clay ; soft and with faiky-ribs, and limy - - - - 20 7 187 7 Oxford Clay Clay, with grey limy faikes, very hard . - - - \ Blue clay and lime balls (nodules) 17 3 204 10 3 2 208 Gornbrash Hard bastard limestone - 6 4 214 4 ' Mixed clay - - - - 3 6 217 10 Greenish clay 3 220 10 Brown clay - - - - 2 222 10 Mixed clay ... - 12 8 235 6 Brown clay ... - 1 6 237 Great Oolite Mixed clay .... 2 4 239 4 Series Sandy marl .... 1 5 240 9 Dark brown clay - 3 3 244 Light fine sandstone 3 3 247 3 Fissure (Quicksand?) 9 248 Soft clay .... 1 249 Extra hard clay 1 1 250 1 Lincolnshire Limestone " ' Hard limy sandstone Hard hmestone . Limestone, very hard 12 16 8 3 3 262 4 278 7 286 7 Lower r Soft light-coloured clay - 1 1 287 8 Estuarine Soft light-coloured sandstone . 5 9 293 5 Series and Dark clay and balls (nodules) 4 9 298 2 Northampton Coarse brown sandstone 5 3 303 5 Sands Limestone - . . . 3 306 5 . Limy "faikes" 1 9 308 2 / Dark blue clay 6 11 315 1 Limestone ball (nodule) 315 10 Upper Lias Dark blue clay . . . Grey clay .... Dark blue clay, hard and 93 2 4 10 409 2 412 ^ concretionary - 31 4 443 4 Clay, hard, and with ribs 17 460 4 Middle and Soft and hard limestone bands 12 6 472 10 Lower Lias Hard grey clay with ribs 7- 6 480 4 >- Hard clay with concretions - 123 2 603 6 Crowle. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 88 ; 6 in. Map 17 N.W.) Boring at the New Trent Brewery, Crowle Wharf. Alluvium ^Keuper Marls Blue clay /Rock, water. Clay Rock Clay Rock Clay Rock Clay Rock \01»y and alabaster Ft. 60 2i 16 5 15 6 15 5 15 2i 5 145 Cp.owle — Dalby. 87 At 145 feot water rose to within 5 feet of the surface. Messrs. Strangways and Cameron consider that the uniformity of thickness assigned to the rock and clay beds in this section precludes reliance on the details, though the section is of importance as proving the presence of Keuper Marls so far west. The rock-beds appear to be shaly sandstones. Cumberworth. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map 76 N.W.) At West Field Lodge, five furlongs W.S.W. of Church. Communicated by Thomas Newton, of Anderby (well-sinker). Glacial Drift Chalk Marl and clay, with chalk Sand .... Gravel and " croy " Ft. 60 6 3 12 81 Dalby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map 75 S.W.) 1. At Froghall, one mile north of Dalby Church. Information obtained from Mr. Riggall (tenant). Ft, White Chalk 25 Red Chalk - . 12 Carstone— Brown sand 5 2. Boring at Dalby Hall, communicated by Messrs. Le Grand 42 Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, 1898. Water level, 90 feet from surface. Yield, 500 gallons per hour. Supply of good water obtained at a depth of 180 feet. Yellow clay T, , I Brown sand - - - Roach j Yellow clay 3;) foet ] r . '' Ironstone I Yellow clay and stone ( Blue clay and occasional claystones Tcalby Clay ) Brown sandy clay and thin bands of 102 feet \ sandstone ( Blue clay and clay stones - (^Sandstone . - . . Spilsby J Grey sand Sandstone \ Grey sand and sandstone 68 feet Sandstone \Grey sand Thickness. Ft. in. 6 5 5 1 3 18 9 84 8 10 2 4 20 8 4 6 3 9 26 9 Depth. Ft. in. 10 15 16 3 35 119 127 137 139 i 160 1G4 168 3 196 88 Dalderby— DeepinGc Dalderby. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map 81 N.W.). Manor Farm belonging to Sir H. Dymoke. Communicated by Mr. Dobbs of Kirks tead, well -sinker. Sunk through white clay full of stones (Boulder Clay) Bored through the same into stonjr bed with water - Ft. 60 30 90 Deeping St. James. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 158 ; 6 in. Map 147 S.W.) 1. Boring on Marquis of Exeter's Estate, 1896. Communicated by Mr. H. Sykes, 66, Bankside, London. Water rises 31 feet above ground. Level of ground about 10 feet above O.D Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. "Drift /Clay and gravel - ■^"^^ \ Clay and sand 16 6 16 6 1 6 18 KellawaysBedslia:;' l ! ! ! 10 6 28 34 Cornbrash — Hard "granite " rock - 9 43 /Sandy clay . - - . 1 44 Shaly rock with shells - 1 45 Great OoUte Clay f-^-f^^'^y ; ; 10 3 65 58 Hard brown clay 2 60 ^ Clay and shells 1 61 ^^ }ve:5Wshal,.ock - - 13 74 Uppe.^Estuarine|g^^Uy^,^y . . . . 32 106 "^r^to^r JOo-iterock - - - - 14 120 Deeping.] 2. WeU. 89 I— * Soil - Gravel Boulder clay Thickness. Ft. in. 3 10 Depth. Ft. in. 3 13 Deeping St. Nicholas. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 144 ; 6 in. Map, 147, N.E.). Boring at Littleworth, about J mile south-west of church. 1894. Height above O.D. about 10 feet. Sunk 5 feet 6 inches, the rest bored. Completed November 26th, 1894. Communicated by Mr. Henry Sykes, 66, Bankside, London. Water rose 2 feet above ground ; yield, 20 gallons per minute. Saline water was noted at 264 feet. L Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. /Clay and silty sand - 15 15 Peat .... 1 16 Alluvial Deposits < Brown clay 2 18 Peat .... 2 20 ^Gravel .... 3 23 Oxford Clay and ( Kellaways Beds Blue clay - - Clay and shells 130 60 153 203 Shaly rock sBlue clay 7 16 210 226 Combrash Hard sandstone [limeston'*] 7 233 /Mottled clav and shells 10 243 Great Oolite Clay Hard blue rock with a and <^ Limestone little water ... 10 2S3 Brown clay 7 260 , Sandstone rock 3 263 Upper Estuarine | Series ) Clay and shells -- Freestone rock : Water struck at 286 feet and 22 285 Lincolnshire 308 - - - - 42 327 Limestone Pipe clay Soft sandstone rock : More 1 328 Lower Estuarine Series (?) ^ water at 332 Sandy clay - . - 20 2 348 350 In this account it is not easy to separate the Great OoHte beds into a clay and a limestone group, and the two together are rather thinner than usual (only thirty feet). See also record of boring at Crowland. 90 Deeping— Denton. Deeping, West. (1 in. Map G-J, N.S., 15'/ ; 6 in. Map 151 N.E ) Boring at Vicarage. mde by Mr. J. E. Noble, Thurlby, Bourn. Date, 11)00. Communicated by Mr. Henry Preston. ■ Height above O.D., 40 ft. Water overflows. Yield, very sati.sfajtorj Thickness. Ft. in. Depth. Ft. in. Soil 1 1 r Stone ... - 3 4 Drift ( Gravel .... I Clay .... 10 3 14 3 12 26 3 Cornbrasb Rock .... 5 6 31 9 Great Oolite Clay Clay .... 18 49 9 Great ^Rock .... 1 6 51 3 1 Oolite ^Glay .... 1 52 3 ] Limestone I Rock .... 14 6 66 8 Upper Estuarine ) ^,, Series f ^^^^ - - - - 33 4 100 Lincolnshire Limestone JRock ... - 20 10 120 10 Denton, (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 122 N.W.). The Hall. Information obtained by Mr. W. H Holloway from the weil-sinker. Marls tone Middle Lias Clays Soil rRubble - - - - - . ( Shelly checkery stone (with fossils " Jacks ")] I, Hard brown rock - - - - > Blue marly clay with two bands cf stone each about eighteen inches thick - Ironstone ------- Blue marly clay - • - • . 't. in 2 6 2 4 7 7 1 8 6 j^iGBY. 91 Digby. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 114 ; 6 in. Map 87 S.E.) 1. Boring N.E. of church for the Sleaford Rural District Council. Made by Mr. J. K. Noble, 17th September, 1901. Communicated by Mr. Jesse Clare. No water. — Thicli] less. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Oxford Clay r'Soil and clay <^Rock I Sandy clay - 2 C 2 6 and Kellaways 2 9 5 3 Beds 11 9 17 Combrash Sandy clay and stone - 3 20 ' Sand and clay Dark sand 7 27 Great Oolite Clay, 2 6 29 6 16 feet 6 inches ) Light grey sand - I Clay - - - 1 G 31 5 6 36 6 Great Oolite Lime- stone, 22 ft. 3 in. (Rock V Stone and clay I Rock 14 4 3 5 10 50 11 54 11 58 9 Upper /Clay . . - 5 9 64 6 Estuarine Series, ^ Hard sand - W .... 6 65 18 ft. 3 in. 12 77 Lincolnshire /Rock .... 57 5 134 5 Limestone, {ciay .... •^Rock 1 135 5 95 ft. 2 in. 3G 9 172 2 Lower Estuarine ) Clay Beds and 6 178 8 Northampton Sands ^ Rock .... 1 179 8 7 ft. 6 in. Upper Lias Clay 14 4 194 2. Boring. Made and communicated by Mr. J. E. Noble. October, 1901. Yield, 17,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. Water rises 8 feet above ground. — — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Oxford Clay ( Soil and stone - 3 3 and Kellaways Rock - 1 3 4 3 Beds. ^Clay - 6 4 9 Combrash Rock - 2 6 7 3 Great Oolite Clay Clay - 28 9 36 ^Rock - J Clay - 15 1 51 1 Great Oolite 1 4 52 5 Limestone "] Clay and stone - 3 4 55 9 I Rock . . 2 6 58 3 Upper Estuarine Series jClay- JRock - - 17 9 76 Lincohiahire Limestone . 19 7 95 7 92 Donna Nook — Dorrington. Donna Nook. (1 in. Map 85, N.S., 91 ; 6 in. Map 32 S.W.) Communicated by Mr. W. Sargent. Silt (blowing) Black mud - Clay and sand Ft. 30 or 33 21 60 about 112 To Chalk Donington, (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 128; 6 in. Map 116 S.E.) Boring at Vicarage. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston, from " Fens of South Lincolnshire," by W. H. Wheeler. [Alluvium] [Boulder Clay and Oxford ClayJ [Kellaways Beds ?1 [Cornbrash ?] [Great Oolite Clay and Limestone.] [Upper Estuarine Series.] f Top soil and silt - \ Gravel Clay with chalk stones Blue Rock - Clay .... Rock - - - - Clay Rock Clay with fetid vegetable matter (Bear's muck) Thickness. Ft. In. 25 6 154 6 11 13 16 35 Depth. Ft. m. 25 25 6 180 184 188 199 212 228 263 [Grouping by H. B. W.]. Donnington-on-Bain. See Benniworth. Dorrington. (1 in. Map,70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 98 N.W.) Communicated by Mr. Je.se Clare, of Sleaford. 1. Boring at Fox's Farm, Dorrington Fen, 1896. Water came at 150 feet and rose above surface. Alluvium - - Clay - / Dice [shaly clay] Oxford Clay J Dice and silt and \ Dice - Kellawaj^s Beds Rock - VClay - Cornbrash - Rock - Great Oolite Clay Clay - Thicknef Ft. in. 26 29 6 4 7 2 3 2 26 Depth. Ft. in. 26 55 6 60 67 69 4 4 1 72 75 101 DORRINGTON — DOWSBY. 1. Boring at Fox's Farm — continued. 93 Thickness. Depth. Great Oolite Limestone ( Rock, mostly hard / Rock with cLiy bands \ Rock with clay bands rClay - Upper Estuarine J Rock, very hard - Series ^ Clay - \ Clay and dice Lincolnshire /Soft rock - Limestone \Hard rock - Ft. in. 9 8^ 2 2 21 5 1 9 11 11 6 3 4 2 9 8 Ft. in. no 9^ 112 9i 115 120 121 9 133 8 139 11 U4 1 153 9 For Brick Company, ^ mile south of village. (6 in Map 97 N.E.) Communicated by ^Ir. Jesss Clare to Mr. H. Preston. Depth 130 feet; just into Lincolnghire Limestone. Driby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103; 6 in. Map 65 S.E.) At the High Bam, one mile east of village. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). The original well was dug to a depth of 67 yards. ISIr. Bingley cleared out 25 yards of rubbish from the bottom of this, and then bored further. Ft. Chalk. White chalk 190 Rod Chalk. 11 Carstone. Greenish sand 15 Hard shaly roach 21 Brown sand 3 Teall TUhI I ^^*^^ roach, with beds of ironstone - - 73 120 feet. ' U~~ - * Sand and water 4 Black shaly mud or clay, with a layer of coaly matter 7 inches thick, about - - 15 33G Dowsby. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 124 S.E.) 1. Commmiicated by Messrs. Barnes & Sharpe, Sleaford. Water to within 6 feet of surface). Ft. j' Soil - - - 3 Drift (?) . - -] YeUowclay - - 8 I Blue sand - - 14 Combrash - - * Rock - - - 5 Great Oolite Qay - Clay - - 21 Great Oolite Limestone Rock - - 10 Upper Estuarine Series Clay - - 33 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock - - - 29 123 94 DOWSBY — DUNSBY. 2. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Boring at the Hall was re-tubed by Mr. Noble who measured the total depth as 136 feet. On 11th July, 1903, it was overflowing 1500 gallons per hour. [Through Drift, Cornbrash, &c., probably to Lincolnshire Limestone.] Dry Doddington. See p. 202. Dunholme. (1 in. Map, N.S., 102 ; 6 in. Map 62 N.W.) - Boring on west side of village. Commimicated by C. E. De Ranee, Proc. YorJcsh. Geol. Soc. xii. Water rose 5 feet above surface ; yield, 20,000 gallons in twenty-four hours Depth. Cornbrash - - - Great OoHte Clay Great Oolite Limestone Estuarine Beds - Lincolnshire Limestone Dunsby. (1 in. Map, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 132 N.E.) 1. Boring at Dunsby Fen. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble, Thurlby, Bourn, 1902. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Water tapped at 171 ft. 8 in. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil 2 Drift - - Sand - 1 - - - 15 17 Oxford Clay /Clay and / Hard sand - - - - 63 70 9 79 Kellaways Beds \Clay 10 4 89 4 Cornbrash - Rock 6 2 95 6 Great Oolite Clay Clay - - - - 18 113 6 Great Oolite } Limestone J 9 10 123 4 Upper Estuarine \Clay 28 6 151 10 Series /Grey marl - - - - 11 6 163 4 Lincolnshire iRock jjimestone J 13 4 176 8 DUNSBY — EaSTVILLE. 95 At farm on Charterhouse Estate about 50 yards from the Forty -foot Drain, Dunsby Fen. J. Addy, Proc. Inst. Civ. En-g., vol. Ixxiv., p. 101. Water rose above surface. Fen Beds [Oxford Clay] [Combrash] [Great Oolite Clay, 33i feet] [Great Oolite Limestone] [Upper Estuarine Series, 32 feet] [Lincolnsliire Limestone] Ft. Quicksand -21 Blue clay 47 Rock 10 .Blue clay 10 I Rock n\ '^Blue and mixed clay 12 JRock 18 Green clay - 3 Light-colourod clay S Kale 4 Blue clay 20 Green clay - 5 Black peat 3 JRock 3 1704 3. Boring at Dunsby Hall. J. Addy, loc. cit. Ft. Soil and clay fi [Combrash] Rock 4 [Great Oolite Claj'] Blue clay 40 [Great Oolite] Rock 14^ [Upper Estuarinej ^j^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^j^^j^ ^^^ j-^.^^ ^^^^ ^j^^^-j 35 [Lincolnshire \ ^^^^ \ ^ Limestone] 1 112i )ther borings at Dunsby mentioned by Mr. Addy were carried to depth of 105 and 120 feet, and water rose 7 to 9 feet above the surface. Eastolt. See p. 202. Eastville. (1 in. Map 69, N.S. 115 ; 6 in. Map 91 S.W.) Boring made for Mr. M. Staniland. Communicated by Mr. A. J. Jukes -Browne. Ft. Fen beds - - - . . ^ about Blue clay, with cockle shells / 20 Fen bed^, with tree trunks- \ about Boulder clay / 80 100 96 ElKINGTON — FOLKINGHAM. Elkington, North. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 47 N.E.) At the farm formerly held by Mr. Kemp, near Boswell. Communicated by Mr. Charles Wilkinson, of Louth (well-sinker). Ft. Bored through white chalk and " groystone " into red chalk - 207 Epworth. (1 in. Map, N.S., 88 ; 6 in. Map, 25 N.E.) " There are many welLs in Epworth ; those in the lower part of the town, to the west especially, are seldom used for drinking purposes, the water being very hard and sometimes discoloured. Very generally rain water is used instead. . . . There are two public wells in Epworth sunk in the rock towards the higher part of the town, their depth being about 30 feet." * Firsby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map 83 S.E.) 1. Boring near railway-bridge on the Wainfleet branch line. Information from Mr. Wield, of Great Northern Railway, Louth. Ft. f Reddish marly clay 9 I Sand and gravel 2 1 8oft clay, with a few stones - - - - 7 I Sand and gravel, with water . - - Q Glacial Drift 24 2. Well noted by J. A. Clarke. Ft. Glacial Drift. { ^ Clay 12 or 15 Gravel — Folkingham. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 124 N.E.) Four-inch boring to depth of 300 feet, variable supply. " Particulars doubtful, but one stratum of rock was passed through, about 100 feet in thick- ness." [ = Lincolnshire Limestone.] J. Addy, Proc. Inst. C. E., Ixxiv. (1883), 161. * Dr. R. B. Low, Report to Local Government Board, 1893. FosDYKE — Gainsborough. 97 Fosdyke. (1 in. Map 69, N.S., 144 ; 6 in. Map 127 N.W.) Coasi.'gaard Station, 1375. Made and communicated by Messrs. S. F. Baker k Sons. Unsuccessful. Thickness. Depth. Depth of well (the rest bored), partly in sand and gravel Sand and gravel f Yellow sandy clay [?Boulder [Glacial Drift] ^3^%]^^ Cky, "light" blue; I with chalk-stones Dark clay, with septarian bands . - . . [Kimeri idge Clay] | Ft. i ni. — 21 57 78 37 115 51 6 166 6 59 6 326 Ft. Fulstow. (1 in. Map 85, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 40 N.W.) Communicated by Mr. W. Sargent. Boulder Clay Chalk Ft. 60 Gainsborough. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 101 ; 6 in. Map 42 S.E.) 1. Made by Messrs. E. Timmins & Sons, at southern end of town, near the river Trent. Date 1885-1887. Communicated in part by Mr. A. 1 imrains ; see also C. E. I)e Ranee, Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc, xii. 25; and F. M. Burton, in "Victoria History" of Lincolnshire, article "Geology." Sunk 58 feet, the rest bored. Water level about 6 feet from surface when bore was first made. Yield up to 25,000 gallons per hour. Contains 32*20 grains of mineral matter per gallon. [Keup^T Marl] [Keuper and Bunter Sandstones] Soil (not noted.) Red mark with much gyj>sum to 350 feet, and very little below - Fine sandstones (partly micaceous) with bands of red marl and a few small pebbles - - . . Coarse hard sandstone and pebbles Finer red sandstone, with pebbles - Thick ness. Ft. in. 720 320 300 175 1 Depth. Ft. in. (20 1,515 1 7696. 98 Gainsborough — Gayton. The water, as stated by Mr. De Ranee, is mixed in the well with some upper waters, to which its hardness is due. Its hardness on Clarke's scale is 25*70, of which 16-31 is permanent, and 9*45 temporary. There is every reason to believe that, if the whole of the water were derived from the Red Sandstone it would be found much softer. The supply, as noted by Dr. L. W. D. Mair (Report to Local Government T3oard, No. 139, 1899), has been regularly supplied to the town since 1889, but " has at no time been sufhcient to meet all requirements," and " it has been necessary alriiost always to supplement the supply daily by water derived from the river." When pumping from a depth of 200 feet the water falls to 100 feet from surface. — Rest-level in bore hole 15-29 feet above O.D. 2. A second boring adjacent to the first, made (1894-1900) under direction of Mr. P. Griflith, by Messrs. E. Timmins & Sons, has l^een carried to the base of the [New Red] Sandstone beds, which were met with at a depth of nearly 1,500 feet from the surface. An abundant and excellent supply of water has been obtained. {Water, ii. (1900) 282.) The following particulars were supplied by Mr. Percy Griffith to H. Preston: — Ft. 8 718 789 Mr. Surface deposits .... Marl with gypsum _ - . - Sandstone (with marl bands to 987 feet) 1,515 The rest-level in this Borehole, No, 2, when the pumping of about 22,000 gallons per hour takes place from Borehole No. 1 (96 feet distant), is 88 feet below the surface. The maximum yield from No. 2 Borehole (pump at 300 feet from surface) is about 30,000 gallons per hour. 3. T\\ o boreholes made in 1881, on the east side of the Trent, 20 chains south of Gainsborough Bridge, in Ashcroft Field, near the Great Northern Railway Company's siding, were noted by Mr. W. A. E. Ussher : — No. 1. No. 2. Ft. Ft. Soil- . - 6 Soil and warp - . - Warp - - 3 Peat and bog - . . 21 Peat . - 7 Sand . . — Bog - - 9 Gravel - - 5 Alluvial Deposits. 30 ) 30 For Analyses, see p. 203. Garthorpe. See p. 203. Gayton-le-Marsh. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map 57 N.W.) 1. Communicated by Mr. Robert Harrison, of Woodthorpe (weil-sinkcr.) Ft. Surface soil Glacial Drift Marly clay, yellow near the surface, harder below, and getting darker towards the bottom, with chalk stones and other pebbles Clean sand Sand, with small chalk stones - . . li GQ n 7$ GaYTON — GOXHILL. 99 2. A farm (? Slates Farm) in the marsh, two miles N.E. of the Church. From information obtained on the sjiot. Ft. Alluvium { W^pclay - - - - - about 30 Boulder Clay Marl, with whites - - . . ,,40 " Croy," and Chalk .... „ 10 90 Gonerby, Little. Well, near Railway. (1 in. Map 70 N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 113 S.E.) Made by Mr. F. Hobson, 1900. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. No Water. Well is 30 ft. deep. All hard blue clay, containing Ammonites capricornuSt and fragments of oysters : Lower Lias. Goxhill. (1 in. Map 86 N.S., 80 ; in. Map 7 N.E.) Communicated by Mr. We.stab3^ 1. S. part of Goxhill Marshes. Ft. Warp - about 5 Chalk — 2. S. part of Goxhill Marshes. Ft. Warp about 60 Chalk — 3. Half-mile N.E. of Ox Marsh Farm. Ft. Warp about 50 Chalk — 4. At Ox Marsh Farm. Ft. Warp ? Strong red clay with chalk 27 Chalk - • — 6. Near the Station. Ft. Clay 48 Chalk — 6. The Priory, South End. Ft. Hard clay with stones 45 Clialk — 7. Littleworth. Ft. Clay ,-39 7696. G 2 100 Grainsby — Grantham. Grainsby. (1 in. Map 85, \.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 30 N.E.) Grainsby Hall. Communicated by Mr. Joseph .Tackling. Strong cla}'- Chalk Ft. about 84. Grantham. (1 in Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 113 S.E.) 1. Well at Union Workhonse. Made by Frank Ilobson, well-sinker. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. 6 feet of water ; yield, sufticient for present requirements. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. Li. ^ Soil and suhsoil - 2 — Sandy shale .5 7 Clay and dice 6 13 Soft sandstone rock - 2 15 Clay (marl) and stone 5 20 Red rock (ironstone) - 1 21 Red clay and stony shale - 3 24 Red rock (ironstone) with Middle Lias : beds immediately below the ' Marlstone Rock signs of water Blue bind - - - - Rotten bro^^'n rock - Red (irony) shale Grey rock. This gave the 2 3 6 2 G 26 29 29 6 32 main supply of water 10 32 10 Blue bind - - - - 8 40 10 Blue lias (clay) loose and very open 4 44 10 Blue rock. Water lost in this rock 10 45 8 Loose blue marl with iron- ^ stone concretions - 14 50 8 This well is about 150 yards to the west of the section given on bottom of page 35, Geolojy of the Soidh-v^eM 'pcirt of Lincolnshire (sheet 70, old series). 2. Union Street, near the Roman Catholic Chapel. Communicated by Mr. Marsh. [Valley Drift] Gravel V Stiff blue clay r Blue clay [Middle Lias] / Thin la5^ers of boulders (? septaria) Ft. 5 6 3 1 75 87 Grantham. 101 3. At Mr. Pa-wson's, No. 87, Wostgate. Comauinicated by Mr. \\ . Burrows of Great Gonerby. Water rose 15 feet. [Valloy Drift] \^^ [Middle Lias] Clay Ft. 24 2 6 32 4. Boring at Messrs. R. Homsb}^ ^ Sons' Ironworks, Spittlegate. Conimenced 12 feet below road and 18 feet below the base of the Marlstone. 1874-1876. Account obtained and specimens examined by W. H. HoUoway. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Valley Drift Gravel 28 28 Middle / (^Blue clays with septaria and J ... J [zones of Ammonites Lower ^ "] margaritatus and A, Lias \ \ capricornus'] 162 190 J /Sandy ferruginous lime- stone, micaceous and fossiliferous 6 — Dark blue clay 16 6 — Very ferruginous sandy Zone of limestone . - - 5 — Ammonites ^ Light blue clay 46 7 — Jamesoni Light bro^vn septaria Blue clays, micaceous and 8 — laminated in places - 166 4 — Stone .... 10 — Dark blue and grey clay Lower ^ Lias ^ ^ with septaria 70 2 492 ' Lighter-coloured mica- ceous sandy clay 21 """ Zone of zl mm. Bro^\Tlish ferruginous and armatus, \ blue sandy clay with 25 feet. calcareous particles apparently in thin , alternations 4 517 ^ Light blue clay 14 — Zone of Amm. o.ri/notns. > 85 feet. Hard grey septaria Blue clay Stone .... Dark blue clay slightly 1 66 6 — . sandy - 3 6 602 Zoneof .4mm.1 semicostaius J Clay with bands of stone 11 613 102 Grantham — Grayingham. ^ 4. Boring at Messrs. R. Hornsby & Sons' Ironworks — continued. Thickness. Depth. - Ft. In. Ft. in. f Zones of ^ Amm. angu- latus and ;Clay with l^ands of stone A. BvcUandi, nS^feet J 173 6 786 6 Lower Lias ] rr c 4 ( ^W with bands of stone wir"' ''^^"-^ dark bluish and ^Qi f \ ) greenish sandy clay 7 1 793 7 4 5 798 X x..^ X... ^ ^j^y ^^.^j^ ^^^^^g ^^ g^^^^ 32 830 r- Stone ... - RhcTtic Beds Blue clay 23*3 feet ( Light grey micaceous and 5 830 5 1 7 832 sandy clay - 20 852 LVery hard stone - 1 4 853 4 Keuper Hard red clay — 5. Harrowby Hill, East of Grantham. Hev. P. B. Brodie, Ann. Nat. Hid., ser. 2, vol. vi., p. 262 (1850). (6 in. Map 114, S.W.) Ft. in. Soil - - - 6 Rubble 6 Inferior Oolite [?Limestone, Clay and Sand] - - - 40 6 Lias 10 6. Borings for the New Grantham Brick Co, (1 in. Map 143 ; C in. Map 113 S.E.) \^ , Made by Mr^ J^E. Nobler Communicated by Mr; H. Preston: No Water. Two Borings made in field off Papermill Lane, south of present Brick • yard : — No. 1 - - 36 feet deep. No. 2 - - 28 feet deep. All in blue clay (Upper Lias.) Grayingham. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 89 ; 6 in. Map 36 S.W.) . Well at Warren farmyard. . Communicated by Mr. Nicholson to Mr. Ussher. Ft. Lincolnshire T Limestone ---...-2 Limestone ISaiid}'' shale (? Kirton Bads.) - - - - ^24 Grebby — GpvImoldby. 103 Grebby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map 75 S.W.) At cottages by Grebby Mill, half a mile N.W. of Scremby. Ft. Carstone - - Brown sand 34 Tealby Beds - Bluish clay 3 37 Greetwell. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 114 ; 6 in. Map 70 N.E.) On the hill north of the railway-cutting. Ft. Lincolnshire Limestone. Oolitic limestone - - - - 05 Grimoldby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 48 S.E.). Communicated by Mr. Robert Harrison, of Woodthorpe (well-sinker). 1. At. Pickhill Farm, bored in 1862. Ft. (Yellow clay 6 Marly clay 30 Grey sand 16 Dark clay, with small chalk stones and pebbles 27 Sand 8 Loose Chalk 3 90 2. At a house near the Plough Inn. Ft. r»i i r^ -ti. fDug in'Marl 10 ^^^"^^^^^^iBoi^d through Marl 60 Chalk Rubble 9 79 3. At a farm on the border of the Marshland one mile N.E. of Grimoldby Church. Water overflowed to height of 7 feet. Ft. Depth to Chalk 72 4. At the Schools. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Ft. rDug in clay H Glacial Drift j Bored in clay i Y5 I Sand and rubble ( • - * " Chalk rock ' ^ 95 104 Grimsby. Grimsby. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 22 N.E.). 1. Borings for the Water-works. Bored, and communicated by Messrs. Mather & Piatt (to Mr. C. E. do Ranee). First bore-hole south-west of Grimsby, near Little Coates. Ft. Very soft clay, full of vegetable matter 21 Gravel and sand 3^ Clay 5 Rough gravel ana small flints - 2 Fine soft clay and small flints 2 Rough gravel 1^ Fine gravel 15 Chalk, very hard 15 75 Water rose from the Chalk 4 feet above ground in great quantity. At 24 feet from the surface there is only a yield of from 7,500 to 8,000 gallons per hour. Second bore-hole east of Grimsby (Cleethorpes). See also p. 82. (1 in. Map 85). Ft. Stiff bluish-brown clay with flakes of Chalk and a few fossils 84 Sand and gravel 15 ChalK with flints, in beds 125 224 The top of the Chalk is very rotten and seems to be all broken up ; it had to be tubed to 120 feet from the surface. Mr. De Ranee states that " The yield from this boring is only about 180,000 to 192,000 gallons per day," and when this quantity is pumped, the neighbouring wells lose their supply of water. — i?ep. Brit. Assoc, for 1895, 2. On the Marshes. Communicated by Mr. V/. Sargent. Ft. Wood at 27 feet ; To rock [Chalk] 78 3. On the Humber shore near the new timber ponds. Communicated by Mr. Maughan. No. 1. Ft. Alluvium Blue clay 18 Black peat Sand and gravel \ Marsh clay (brown) ) Black peat li \ Sand and gravel li 29 Al'.uvlum No. 2. Ft. No. 3. Ft. Blue clay- - 24 rGood blue clay - 30 Peat seam All avium \ Peat - 1 Silt and water - 3 I Brown clay Blue clay - - — 31 27 Grimsby — Hacgonby. 105 4. Grimsby Docks. Well carried into the Chalk, 300 feet deep ; the water is clear and palatable, (De Ranee, Rey. Brit. Assoc, for 1885.) See Analyses, p. 204. Gunby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116; 6 in. Map, 83 N.E.). 1. At the cottage N.E. of the Church. Brown clay, with sana at the bottom .... 2. At cottage half a mile south of Church. Brown clay into sand 3. At the Hall. Bored through clay into sand Probably through Tealby Clay into the Spilsby Sandstone. Ft. 25 Ft. 40 Ft. 70 Gunhouse. (1 in. Map, 86 N.S., 89; 6 in. Map 18 N.W.). 1. Well at the Inn at Gunhouse Wharf. Communicated by Mr. Cressey, well-sinker, to Mr. W. A. E. Ussher. Ft. {Strong warp - - - 10 Clay 3 Silty warp 14 2. Well on the south-east of Neap Ho. /-Sand bed Alluvium J Peat, about 2 feet - I Sand, 8 or 9 feet J 11 feet. Hacconby. Boring at Hacconby Fen. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 144; 6 in. Map 133 S.W.) Made by Mr. Noble, Bourn. 1904. Communicated by Mr. Henry Preston. Water overflows ; yield about 12,000 per hour from a 6-inch boring. Alluvium Oxford Clay Kellaway^ Beds Combrash Great Oolite Clay Great Oolite Limestone Upper Estuarine Series Lincolnshire Limestone /-Soil - J Clay ( Gravel Clay /Sandy rock \Clay • - Soft rock Clay \ Rock jClay . . \ Grey marl JRock 151 8 168 8 174 8 103 HagwoPvThingham — Hale. Hagworthingham. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map 74 S.W.). Information from Mr. Brooks (well-sinker). 1. At. Mr. Swaby's house, a quarter of a mile N.W. of the church. Ft. [Boulder Clay] Yellow clay 4 [Spilsby Sandstone] Sand, with hard rock at bottom - - 50 54 2. At a farm called Westerby, one mile W. of Hagg. Ft. [Boulder Clay] White clay 20 Spilsby f Sand rock 4 Sandstone ^ Sand 30 i 54 Hainton. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 54 N.E.). Communicated by Mr. James Freeborough (well-sinker). Hainton Hall Stables. Ft. White marl 30 Blue clay with chalk and flints 15 Blue shale [Kimeridge clay]. 45 Hainton Walk Farm, one mile south-east of Sixhills. Ft. Yellow fine clay 15 Blue stone [Tealby Limestone] 12 Blue and white clay [Tealby Clay] 33 60 A boring was put down to a further depth of sixty feet, passing through soft blue clay and reaching soft sand, presumably the top of the Spilsby Sand- stone. Hale, Great. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 128 ; 6 in. Map 107 S.W.). 1. Town W^ell. Communicated by Mr. J. Cocks. Sunk 21 feet. Bored 210 feet. All clay and dice [Boulder Clay and Oxford Clay.] 2. Boring made in 1898. Communicated by Mr. Jesse Clare. Height, 27 feet above O.D. Water came up at 310 feet 3 inches at rate of 5,500 gallons in twenty -four hours, and on completion at rate of 37,000 gallons in twenty-four hours, with 1 1 lbs. of pressure 2 feet above surface. On analysis the water was said to be excellent for a village -supply. Surface soil and clay (blue) Glacial Drift f^*"''® ^^ Septarium] Glacial^uritt j ^^^^ ^j^^ _ OxfoTdClay\g^- .- [ Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 99 99 1 100 94 194 1 6 195 6 25 220 6 Hale — Hannah. 2. Boring made in 1898 — continued. 107 Thickness. Depth. Cornbrash Stone - Great Oolite 1 ^, , Qay i ^^^y Great Oolite \ q. Limestone j'^^^^^ " " " " " Upper J Clay Estuarine (^ Stone Series I Clay ( Stone (hard) ... - Lincolnshire ) Stone (very hard) Limestone, Stone and clay in beds .Stone varying in hardness - Ft. m. 7 22 9 10 1 6 20 6 12 3 3 3 6 19 3 Ft. in. 227 6 250 259 269 270 6 291 303 306 3 309 9 328 Halton, East. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 81 ; 6 in. Map 8 N. W.) 1. Halton Skitter Kilns. Communicated by Mr. Westaby. Ft. Warp about 60 Chalk — 2. Tile-kiln 1 mile S.E. of Halton Skitter. Communicated by Mr. Westaby. . Ft. Warp - - - - about 65 Chalk . . _ 3. Boring ^ mile N.W. of Halton Skitter Haven. Communicated by Mr. Fisher, Ft. Brick clay 6 Soft blue clay and silt 24 Hard marl clay [Boulder Clay] 10 Soft Chalk 5 Hard Chalk at 45 Hannah. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map 06 N.E.) Near the Church. ^Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker.) Ft. Clay [Boulder Clay] about 70 Sand „ 6 Chalk rock - .. 21 97 108 Harlaxton — Haxey. Harlaxton. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 143; 6 in. Map 122 N.E.) Made by Mr. H. Hobson, (well-sinker), for the Warren Farm. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. 1. Well sunk 30 feet deep through Upper Lias "clay. At the bottom of well the clay was shaly with bands of fine sand between the shaly layers. Water came in here, but was found to be polluted by the stables. 2. The well which now supplies the farm is about a quarter of a mile east of the premises, 33 feet deep through Upper Lias. Water stands 10 feet in the well, but the supply is very small. Haxey. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 88 ; 6 in. Map 25 S.W.) Boring at South Carr, three miles S.W. of Haxey, near Idlestop. Communicated by Mr.; Lionel B. Wells, M.Inst.C.E. Completed July, 1893. by Messrs. Vivian. {Trans. Manchester, Geol. Soc, xxvii. 68, 1901.) Depth Thickness. from Surface. Yds ft. in. Yds. ft. in. -g ^Soil 1 6 Sand 2 2 CM CO Sand and clay . . . . 2 6 ':3 I Sandy clay 1 6 Sand 3 ^ Sandy clay ----- 6 < I Sand and gravel ... - 1 10 2 / ' Red and blue marl Red and blue marl, with gypsum - 1 3 1 6 .s Grey sandstone .... 1 t^ Grey limestone .... 1 6 d Red and blue sandy marl, with 1' gypsum 13 1 7 Red and blue marl, with gypsum - 1 1 i Blue marl with gypsum 5 Red and blue marl, with gypsum \D and sandstone - - - . 8 % 1 Red marl 2 45 2 7 H 't2 Red and grey sandstone 35 8 Red and grey sandstone, with marl- 10 11 a Red and grey sandstone 52 2 1 t^ Red and grey sandstone, with blue shale ---... 11 1 o ^ Red and grey sandstone 5 CO Red and grey sandstone, with shale p and marl 32 2 4 1 Red and grey sandstone 4 1 I-! Red and grey sandstone, with shale N \ V and marl 26 1 Haxey. Boring at South Carr — continued. lOD Depth — ^ ThicknesFs. from Surface. Yds ft in. Yds. ft. in. y g- / Red sandstone .... 25 6 248 2 2 •- Red sandstone, with pebbles - 68 2 10 "'1' ^ Red sandstone, with pebbles and mar' 3 1 » «4H Red sandstone, with pebbles 18 1 1 .^ « ,^ Red sandstone, with marl 3 2 6 343 7 s^ •^ Red sandstone .... 11 2 5 1 Red sandstone, with marl 38 1 G 3 Red and grey sandy marl, with PQ \ gypsum 1 394 1 6 ^ ^ Red marl, with gypsum 1 1 Anhydrous gypsum ... 2 2 10 Hard red sandy marl, with gypsum 2 8 Hard red and grey marly sandstone, P) with gypsum .... 1 6 f^ \ Red and grey sandy marl, with 1 gypsum 1 1 3 t& Red marl, with gypsum 5 2 6 Red marl, with gypsum and limestone 3 Red and bro\vn marl, with gypsum \ and limestone .... 1 2 4 p, S -2 I, Fine grey sandstone, with gypsum 10 10 423 5 ^ S^ 1 fGrey limestone .... 17 2 440 2 5 k^ .9 ri va { Blue marl, with gypsum "§ 1 Red marl, with gypsum - 2 1 2 .5 14 2 8 1 ^ ' Rotten red marl, with gypsum 4 2 . S ^ 1 Blue marl, with gypsum 1 :2 j Rotten red marl, with gypsum. 3 2 11 * <5 Brown and blue marl, with gypsum 17 1 /Brown marl, -with Umestone - 1 1 6 48G 1 8 C3 Limestone, red and blue marl, with S % gypsum 3 2 6 Grey Umestone .... 6 4 ^. "s J Grey Hmestone, with shale - 9 1 7 ■" J a N Light grey hmestone - - - 3 |3 Grey Umestone, with shale Gl 2 8 3 Grey shale 4 •^ Mottled shale .... 1 \ ^Red shaly limestone ... 6 576 3 Mottled sandy shale 1 2 Mottled shale .... 1 1 2* r Red and grey sandstone 2 1 • M 1^ Mottled shale .... 1 1 * ( %l, Red and grey sandstone 15 2 1 ^. ^ ^ 1 Coarse red sandstone - 2 6 *? o c§ Grey sandstone ... - 9 2 6 W^ , Blue shale and grey sandstone 2 2 Coal - ...... 1 3 611 '6 s Fire-clay and ironstone nodules- - 1 1 6 no Haxe^. Boring at South Carr — continued. Thiekn(B4 Depth from Surface. : Black shale .... / Blue shale - - - Grey sandstone and blue shale - Coal and black shale - Dark blue shale and ironstone nodules Coal. J Coal - 10in.\ Soft grey I Black shale 2 in. j Fire-clay Blue sandy fire-clay and ironstone nodules Blue sandy shale Grey sandstone - - - - Dark blue shale - - - - / Fire-clay, 1 ft, 7 in. \ Shafton Coal ) Coal - 3 ft. 1 in. [ ( Fire-clay 1 ft. 8 in. ) Grey sandstone and sandy shale - Dark blue shale - - . - Dark blue shale and ironstone nodules Grey sandy shale . _ . Grey sandstone - - - - Coal - Fire-clay and ironstone nodules - Dark blue shale - - - - . Grey sandstone - - - - • Dark blue shale - - - - . Fireclay and ironstone nodules - Blue shale and ironstone nodules Blue sandy shale . . . . Grey sandstone - - . . Dark sandy shale . . . . Grey sandstone . . . . Grey sandstone and shale Dark shale and ironstone nodules Fireclay and ironstone nodules Blue shale . . . _ . Fireclay and ironstone nodules Fireclay . - . . . -D , , r Black shale ft. Bagshaw coal ^ ^.^^j ^ ^^ Fireclay- Grey sandstone .... Blue sandy shale - . . . Grey sandstone .... Blue sandy shale - - . . Dark sandy shale ... Fireclay . . . , , 6 in. 7 in :) Yds. ft. in, 1 6 5 6 1 6 5 7 1 3 1 2 4 2 2 11 2 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 10 8 4 1 5 2 7 5 1 2 1 7 6 3 9 11 1 6 2 6 5 5 7 1 2 1 3 6 13 17 1 1 9 6 4 5 1 10 1 1 10 Yds. ft. in. 618 2 8 626 1 11 642 2 3 658 2 3 733 7 Haxey. Boring at South Carr — continued. Ill /Grey sandy shale and sandstone bands Fireclay ...... Grey sandstone ..... Dark shale and ironstone Black shale - ..... Grey sandy shale Grey sandstone .----- Fire-clay Black and grey shale Swinton [ Coal - - 2 ft. 9 in. Pottery ( Fire-clay - - 3 in. \ Coal 9 in. Oj O - ^3 ® Coal Fire-clay Grey sandstone - Black shale . . . Coal . . •- . Fire-clay .... Light grey shaly sandstone Dark grey shaly sandstone Fireclay and ironstone nodules Black shale and ironstone - Fireclay .... Grey sandstone Blue sandy shale Dark sandy shale Blue sandy shale and sandstone bands Black shale ( Blue shale and ironstone nodules Coal \ 2 it. ICoal - - - - 10 in. Fire-clay Blue sandy shale and ironstone nodules Black shale and ironstone nodules Watliwood coal Fire-clay Grey sandstone .... Dark sandy shale - ■ - - Dark sandy shale and ironstone nodules Shaly sandstone Sandy shale Grey sandstone . . . . Blue shale and ironstone nodules Shaly sandstone .... Blue shale Blue shale and ironstone nodules f Black shale - 2 in Two-foot coal. ( Coal - - 10 in I Fire-clay - 1 ft. in 'thickness, Yds. ft. in. 2 2 1 23 3 2 2 2 7 1 1 6 1 2 1 10 2 10 1 1 10 2 6 1 G 2 10 Depth from Surface. Yds. ft. in. 799 2 824 2 864 2 6 1 2 2 1 6 5 11 873 2 1 1 2 9 1 1 8 1 3 2 6 1 2 6 2 6 3 2 2 1 2 4 2 889 2 7 112 Haxey. Borin'? at South C&tt— continued. f^Blue shale and ironstone nodules Light blue shale and ironstone nodules Blue shale and ironstone nodules Dark blue shale and ironstone nodules Abdy or r Black shale 8 in. f oiacK siiaio - o 111. 'I Winter Coal. I Coal - - 1 ft. in. ) Light blue shale and ironstone nodules Grey sandstone Blue shale Black shale and coal Blue sandy shale Grey shaly sandstone .... Grey shaly sandstone and ironstone nodules- Blue shale and ironstone bands - Blue sandy shale -r T, f Fire-clay Low Beam- /pi Shaw Coal. \ glack shale Grey sandstone Blue shaly sandstone - - - - . Blue shale and hard sandstone bands - Black shale (Kent's thin coal) Blue sandy shale and ironstone bands Blue sandy shale and hard sandstone bands Grey sandstone (Kent's thick rock) Blue sandy shale and hard sandstone bands Grey shaly sandstone ... Black shale Coal Black shale and coal 3in.N 1 ft. in. \ 2 in./ Kent's Thick Coal. Fire-clay Coal- Fire-clay Coal Fire-clay 1 ft. 4 m. 3 in. 2 in. 7 in. 2 in. - 1 ft. 11 in. - 1 ft. in. Blue sandy shale Grey slialy sandstone - Blae shale and ironstone bands Blue shale Blue sandy shale Grey sandstone - Blue shale Blue shale and irony bands Blue sandy shale Grey sandstone Blue shale and irony bands Grey sandstone Blue sandy shale Blue shale and irony bands Thickness. Yds. 7 2 1 1 22 2 2 5 5 1 1 9 8 6 15 7 1 1 ft. in. 1 1 6 2 1 3 1 8 1 11 1 G 2 10 1 5 2 1 8 1 9 1 6 2 6 9 1 5 1 2 1 1 3 1 10 4 4 1 8 2 o 2 1 4 2 1 6 2 6 2 6 1 8 1 9 4 Depth from Surface. Yds. ft. in. 903 1 933 949 2 2 962 2 7 1004 1 2 HaXEY — HEnKINGTON. Boring at South Carr — continued. 113 Depth '' Thickness. from Surface. * Yds. ft. in Yds. ft. m. /Black shale . - - - . 10 6 . Blue shale and irony bands - 2 2 2 Black shale .... - 1 t^ r- /Coal - Fire-clay - Coal. ( Coal - Coal and dirt kCoal - 1 ft. in. Mi4 3 ft. 6 in. 3 . 4 ft. 1 in. 3 3 1047 1 4 8 4 in. m 4 in. 2 ^ Soft fire-clay . 2 s Grey shaly sandstone & ironstone nodules 5 2 9 i 1 Blue shale and ironstone bands - 5 2 10 2 Dark blue shale - 8 S ^Coal . 1 1 7 1061 2 2 "--I Sandy fireclay - 8 1061 2 10 See Analyses, p. 204. Haydor. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 114 N.E.). 1. Weaver's (Haydor) Lodge, Haydor Lane. Information from Mr. Burrows, Great Gonerby. Ft. Lincolnshire Limestone rock 96 Upper Lias clay 8 2. Cottage half a mile E. of Nightingale Inn, about one mile E. of Ropsley Heath Farm. Information obtained in 1874 by W. H. Holloway, who ascertained that well was dug about 1820, and was only once known to be dry, namely, in winter of 1873-74. In June 1874 there was about twenty feet of water. Lincolnshire Limestone and underlying clay Ft. 135 Heckington. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 128 ; 6 in. Map 107 S.W.). 1. At Mr. Sharpe's. Information from Mr. Joseph Cocks. Sunk 15 feet, bored 167 feet. Clay with chalk-stones [Boulder Clay] in the upper part ; and some chalk found within a few inches of the bottom. Water obtained from silt at the bottom and rose to within three or four feet of the surface. 7696. H 114 Heckington — Helprinqham, 2. Boring at the west end of the village, made in 1896. Communicated by Mr. Jesse Clare, of Sleaford. Water overflows at rate of about G gallons a minute. (Sec Analysis, p. 205. ■ Thicl ~Ft. mess. Depth. in. Ft. in. Drift Soil and gravel - 10 10 r Clay Rock \ Clay - - Sandy rock ^ Clay 221 231 Oxford Clay 4 235 and 3 238 Kellaways Beds 8 246 9 255 Combrash Rock 7 262 ( Clay 11 273 Great Oolite Clay 22 feet. Rock { Clay Rock - ^ - I Clay - ' - 1 2 4 6 6 274 276 6 281 3 284 Great Oolite T^iTTiestone ' Rock ^ Clay band 9 6 293 293 6 17 feet ' Rock, very hard ^ Rock, softer 1 6 295 6 301 Upper Estuarine ( Clay and stones (o { Rock L Clay r shells) - 3 304 Series, 3 307 22 feet 16 323 / Rock - 15 238 T inrTilncjliirA Rock, hard white, with water 38 376 T ii m PQf nn a (^ Clay and shale- Hard rock with a I at 385 feet - - 1 377 X-illUCO LUlltr soft vein - 23 400 Helpringham. (1 in. Map 70 N.S., 128: 6 in. Map 116 N.W.) Helpringham Fen, 1901. Communicated by Messrs. Barnes & Sharpe, Sleaford. Water rose above surface about 18 feet, delivering about 5,000 gallons per hour. Quality very good and soft. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Glacial Drift Blue clay - - 30 30 Oxford Clay ( Hard silty clay . 64 94 and " Rock - . 11 105 Kellaways Beds ^ Clay - . 9 114 Cornbrash Rock . 8 122 Great Oolite Qay Clay - . 20 142 Great Oolite \ rj , Limestone / ^^ocK - - 16 158 Upper Estuarine f^^^ " " - 6 2 6 164 166 6 - 18 184 6 Lincolnshire 1 t-» i / • n- , ^ Limestone | ^^^^ (yi^ldmg water) 6 190 6 HOGSTHORPE — HORBLING. 11; Hogsthorpe. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map 76 N.W.) Communicated by Mr. T. Newton, of Anderby (well-sinker). 1. At. Mr. Payne's, Helsey. Ft. Marl (dug and bored) 54 Sand 10 Chalk 10 74 2. At the Windmill, half a mile east of church. Information from the Miller. Water rises to within eleven feet of surface. Well dug twenty- two feet, the rest bored. Ft. in. / f Loamy marl 8 Hessle Beds ) Sand, with water - - - - 2 14 feet ] Red marl 3 9 [ Thin seam of gravel - - - 3 Purple Clay, I Bluish marl - - - . 64 68 feet 1 Sand and rubble - - - - 4 Chalk rock 2 Glacial Drift 84 In the village the wells are only from tv/elve to fourteen feet deep, water being found in the upper bed of sand, in the Hessle clay. At the brickyard north of Hogsthorpe, Mr. Spalding stated that his well was dug and bored about eighty feet through clay into the Chalk. Holbeach. (1 in. Map 69, N.S., 144 ; 6 in. Map 135 S.W.) 1. The Eight-sailed Mill. Information obtained by Mr. Skertchlv. Ft. f Soil 3 „ Tj , I Silt 2 Fen Beds g^^^ ^ [ Clay with shells, full of salt-water - - - 19 30 The town has been supplied partly from shallow wells sunk into the warp (Fen Beds) to a deptli of al)0ut twelve feet, and partly from rain-water. Horbling. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 124 N.E.) 1. J. Addy, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. Ixxiv., p. 161. Ft. Soil 4 [Drift] - - - Gravel 5 [Combrash] - - Rock 6 [Great Oohte Clay] - Blue clay 22 [Great Oolite limestone] Blue rock l"* [Upper Estuarine Series] Clay, blue, green, and black - - 34 [Lincolnshire Limestone] Kale , , - - - - 2 87 7696, - - ^2 116 HOKBTJNG — HORSINGTON. ' -*-...-—- 2. Well at Capt. Smith's, in the village. , Communicated by Mr. J. Wadsley, of Horbling. Ft Gravel 12 [Combrash] - - Kaly rock 4 FGreat Oolite Seriesl /^^®*^ ^^^® ^^*y [' "^^*^ rock] - - 38 '- -• I Rock (kaly, with small spring) - - 2 [Upper Estuarine Series] Blue and green clays - - - 31 [Lincolnshire Limestone] Rock with water rising to surface - 1 88 3. Fen Farm, 2| miles E. of Horbling. (lin. Map, N.S., 128; 6 in. Map 125 N.W.) Information given to Mr. Skertchly by Mr. W. W. Dean, jun. Ft. in. Alluvium - ^ ^®*^y ®^^* ^ ® < Sandy clay with pebbles - - 2 Boulder Clay ? "I ^i «?« n Oxford Clay ) ^^y " 57 Kellaways Beds - Rock bed, full of fossils • - - 1 3 61 9 Horncastle. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map 73 S.E.). Drinking water obtained partly from the rivers Bain and Waring, and partly from shallow wells. (Sixth Report, Rivers Pollution Commission, 1874, p. 356.) Boring for water at the Great Northern Railway Station. Communicated by Mr. W. H. Kirkby. Ft. Grey and white chalky Boulder Clay 44 Kimeridge clay - - - 91 135 The boring was abandoned, as there was no prospect of obtaining water at a reasonable depth. See Analyses, p. 205. Horsington. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map 72 S.E.) Well at the Rectory. Communicated by the Rector. Ft. Sand and gravel - - - - 6 Stiff dark Boulder Clay ^15 Lighter marly Boulder Clay / • . , 2X The water soaks in from the base of the gravel, ..,-,. Hough — Howell. 117 Hough-on-the-Hill. (1 in. Map. 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 104 N.E.) Well at Brandon. Communicated by Dr. Eaton to Mr. H. Preston. Well sunk 40 feet, bored 40 feet : total 80 feet. All in blue clay (Lower Lias). Touched rock at bottom, probably iron- stone of zone of Ammonites semicostatus, and found some water, but it was heavily charged with salt. Hougham, Long Bennington and Marston. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Maps 104, S.W. & S.E.) " The wells are from 15 to 30 feet in depth, are drysteined \^ith stone or brick, and are not protected by any impervious material, such as clay, placed externally. The water from these weUs is partly derived from that percolating between the layers of limestone, which occur in the Lias clay in which the wells are sunk, but it is probable that the greater part of it is derived from the water of the overlying subsoil. This Lias clay contains a large amount of gypsum, consequently the water from many of the wells is very hard and has a nauseous taste. In Long Bennington, owing to the small number of the wells, and the hardness of the water furnished by many of them, or its nauseous taste, many famihes employ the water from the river Witham for drinking and cooking purposes. This river, before it reaches Long Bennington, receives the effluent water from the Grantham sewage farm and liquid refuse from the villages of Marston and Hougham.'-— (Report by Dr. S. W. Wheaton to the Local Government Board, 1898.) HoweU. (1 in. Map 70, N.S. 128 ; 6 in. Map, 10? N.W.). Communicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe, Sleaford. Water rose 20 ft. above surface. Quality good, but with a slight percentage of " salt." — Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Boulder Clay and Oxford Clay >Blue clay 238 238 Kellaways Beds /Fossil ro( (Blue clay 5k - - 15 10 253 263 Cornbrash Rock 6 269 Great Oohte Clay Clay 22 291 Great Oolite Limestone Rock 12 303 Upper Estuarine Series relay iRock Iciay 6 3 17 G 309 6 312 G 329 6 Linoolnshire Limestone Oolite 37 366 6 118 HUMBY — HUTTOFT. Humby. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 123 N.E.) Mr. Chapman's farmhouse. Information obtained from the workmen by Mr. W. H. Holloway. Ft. in. Great Oolite Clay Soil " Rammel '- (Oornbrash) / Soft light blue clay .... Darker blue clay "Kale'-i Hard blue clay "Kaly"rock - - - - - Very hard blue clay . - . . Grey clay Rock - - - - - Hard blue clay White sandy rock, with water, not pierced Hundleby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map 82 N.E.) At Mr. H. Walker's, 1884. Communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff . Spilsby Sandstone Sand THard blue clay .... J Hard stone j Blue stone ..... iLight-coloured silt - - . . Kimeridge Clay 1 4 2 3 5 10 2 6 34 6 Ft. in 38 7 6 1 6 1 Huttoft. 48 (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map, 67 S.W.) Communicated by Mr. Thomas Newton, of Anderby (well-sinker). 1. At Mr. Lutey's farm. ] 2. At Mr. F. Robinson's farm. Sunk 12 ft. ; the rest bored. | Sunk 10 ft. ; the rest bored. Ft. Ft Marl 76 - - - -. - - 58 Sand 10 - 14 Chalk 12 ----- - 12 3. At Mr. Marl (bored from surface) Sand and gravel Oroy and Ohalk 88 J. Bradley's farm. 84 Ft. 62 12 14 4. At Mr. Needham's farm, Huttoft Bank. Post-glacial, 25 feet. Glacial Beds, 50 feet. Ft. ( Sand and silt 10 15 42 i Soft clay - - r Marl I Sand and gravel Chalk - 14 89 HuTTOFT — Ingham. 119 5. At the Steam-mill. Oommunicatod by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (woll-sinkor). Dug 14 feet, bored the rest. Ft. Clay [Boulder Clay] , - - - 65 Sand and gravel - . 6 Rock[Ohalk] 12 83 Immingham. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 81 ; 6 in. Map 13 S.E.) 1. In Village. Oommunicatod by Mr. J. Smith. Ft. Boulder clay 42 to 45 Sand 4 to 8 Olay about 1 Gravel and Band 4 to 10 To Chalk - - - 70 to 80 2. Immingham Marsh. Communicated by Mr. J. Smith. Ft. Blue warp 30 Rotten wood 1 to 3 Warp clay (bluer) 30 Near the Humbcr the Warp is more sandy. Ingham. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 102 ; C in. Map 52, N.W.) Wells and Trial-holes in Lower Lias with some Drift. Communicated by Mr. J. W. Kadcliiio to Mr. W. H. Dalton. 1. The Green. Ft. in. Clay and soil 3 6 Clay with limestone 16 Ironstone clay 4 Dry laminated clay. 2. Back of houses, N. of the Green. ft. in. Soil 10 Dirty clay 2 Dark clay with limestones, a few sand-creeks, no water - 7 3. Back of houses, opposite the road to Lincoln. Ft. in. Garden soil 10 Clayey soil 16 Dark clay with small limestone nodules, which fell to pieces on exposure 3 Ironstone clay 10 Laminated clay. 120 Ingham — Keal. 4. West of road to Lincoln. Ft. in. Garden soil 10 Dirty clay 16 Dark clay with limestone nodules 6 Laminated clay. 5, 6. Western end of space west of Ohurch. Ft. in. S. side of road. Made earth '----lO Laminated clay 50 N. side of road. Fine earth 3 Red sand 2 Laminated clay. 7. Public Well, N.W. of Church. Ft. in. Water level 6 feet from surface. Soil 10 Sand - - - - 18 Yellow clay 1 10 Laminated clay - - 7 6 8. Churchyard. Ft. in. Mould 1 ft. to 1 6 Sand, wet 16 Stiff yellow clay. Ingoldmells. (1 in. Map, 84, N.S., IIC ; 6 in. Map 76 S.E.) At the mill (Mr. Stone's). Communicated by Mr. Th. Newton, of Anderby (well-sinker.) Ft. Soft buttery clay 40 Marl (Boulder Clay] 16 Sand 10 Chalk 12 78 Keadby. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 88 ; 6 in. Map 18 N.W.) Water supply from shallow wells, from river and canal, and from rain-water, Eeal. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map, 82 S.E.) Wells at houses along main road N. and W. of East Keal Church. Information from Mr. Chester (well-sinker.) Ft. o -1 u o J i. (Soft yellow and green sandstone - 30 to 35 Spilsby Sandstone jgoft ^reen sand, with water - - 3 to 4 Kimeridge Clay Blue clay — 33 to 39 KeISBY — KiLLINGHOLME. 121 Keisby. (1 in. Map 70, N.S. 143 ; 6 in. Map 132 N.W.) Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Well 90 feet deep. Water contains 16 grains of Sodium Chloride per gallon. Kelsey, South. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 89 ; 6 in. Map 37 N.W.) Well at the Bull Inn, near the Church. Communicated by the landlord, Mr. Boorne, to Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne. Depth. Soil [Boulder Clay] White clay Fine yellow sand Ft. in. 2 18 24 Eelstern. (1 m. Map 83, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 47 S.W.) Communicated to ]VIr. Jukes-Browne by Mr. Charles Wilkinson, wcU-sinker, Louth. 1. Calcethorpe. Ft. [Glacial Drift, White and black clay, " grey stone," and red Chalk, &'c.] sand 66 2. Lambcroft. Dug and bored through 240 ft. of white chalk and "greystone " (hard grey Chalk). Killingholme. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 81 ; 6 in. Map 13 N.W.) 1. About f mile N.W. of South Killingholme Haven. Communicated by Mr. Westaby. Ft. Warp and silt sand - - - - 60 Chalk. 2. Tile Kiln S. of Killinghohne Haven. rv, a municated by Mr. Westaby. Ft. Warp, about - 60 Chalk. 3. Near the School House. Communicated by Mr. John Smith, Immingham. Ft. Well sunk in clay 24 Bored 60 To Chalk 84 122 KlLLINGHOLME — SoUTH KyME. 4. Coast Guard Station. Communicated by Mr. Smith. Ft. Warp, the lower part alternating chalk and clay [part probably Boulder clay], rock not touched 107 150 yards inland water was obtained at 54 or- 56 ft. in shingly gravel. 5. Boring ^ mile S. of S. Killingholme Haven. 1874. Commimicated by Mr. Fisher. Ft. 'Brick clay 6 Soft blue clay 12 Blue silt 8 Wood and clay 2 Strong blue clay - - - - - - - - 14 Silt and loose sand 4 Good brown clay 9 Loose sand and gravel 7 Brown clay 1 Small gravel 1 Blue clay and sand, in thin beds 7^ I Hard marly clay 2^ Alluvium 6. -^- mile S.E. of North Killingholme Haven. Eirkby, East. 74 Chalk at 55ft. (1 in. Map 84, N.S, 115 ; 6 in. Map 82 S.W.) At house near corner of roads. Information from Mr. Orry, of Kirkby Ft. Through gravel and silt to blue clay [Kimeridge Clay] - - 30 Kirton Lindsey. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 89 ; 6 in. Map 36 N.W.) Commumcated by Messrs. DagUsh and Howse, Trans. N. England hist. Eng., xxiv., 25. Ft. . 5 - - - 5 - 5 - 140 Middle Lias Lower Lias Boulder clay, about - Boulder clay, about - Peoten bed ironstone, about iClay (Frodingham ironstone. Kyme, South. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 128; 6 in. Map 98 S.E.) Dug well to 40 feet ; the rest bored. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. No supply of water. Ft. Soil 2 A"-- {liSdtd gravel- ;::::: ^ n irj n\ /Tough blue clay with chalk fragments - - 15 isomaer uay yrj,^^^]^ ^^^^ ^^^y ^^^^ l^^^ge flints - . - 15 Oxford Clay Blue clay 20 Langtoft — Langton. 123 Lang^oft. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 158 ; 6 in. Map, 147 N.W.) Two-inch boring at Twopenny Gut Farm, Langtoft Fen, five miles east of village. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble., 1898. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Height above O.D., 10 ft. ; water overflows ; yield 1,250 gallons per hour. Soil and Drift Oxford and Kellaways Series 100 ft. 11 in. Combrash— 8 ft. 8 in. Great Oolite Clay 20 ft. 3 in. Great Oolite Limestone 8 ft. 2 in. Upper Estuarino Scries 28ft. Sin. Lincolnshire Limestone I^Soil and subsoil ( Clay vGravel relay s Sandstone I Clay Rock ( Clay { Rock \ciay - . -Rock Sandstone Rock Clay Rock Clay Rock Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 4 — 1 5 10 15 82 6 97 6 10 3 107 9 8 2 115 11 8 8 124 7 16 140 7 6 141 1 3 9 144 10 8 2 153 3 156 2 2 158 2 19 6 177 8 1 178 8 3 181 8 62 5 244 1 Langton. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map 73 S.W.) 1. Well at village. Noted by Mr. A. C. G. Cameror in 1893. Carstone .... . . . Tealby clay (with fullers earth at top) Ft. (18 2. Langton Grange. Information from Mr. Mackinder (tenant). White chalk - Red chalk Oarstone — Brown sand about Ft. 100 13 16 120 12i Leake — Leasingham. Langworth.— >Sfee Sudbrooke. Leake. (1 in. Map 69, N.S., 128 ; 6 in. Map 100 N.E.) 1. Old Leake, five furlongs N.E, of the railway station, a boring made by Mr. Welsh of Boston in 1867 at a point on the East Lincolnshire Railway, seven miles southward from the Steeping River. Communicated by Searles V. Wood (jun.). Ft. in. f Brown clay 4 Pen Beds 1 Softblue clay "- - " "- " "36 ^Peat - 3 Resale Beds f Strong marly clay 8 Kimeridge Clay Hard blue clay - - - . . - 9 29 The strong marly clay said to contain " occasional bits of water-worn gravel and clear coarse yellow sand." (1 m. Map, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map, 91 S.W.) 2. Lade Bank Engines, East Fen, north of ;Leake. From Mr. W. H. Wheeler. {see Skertchly, ** Geology of the Fenland," p. 280) ? a well or a boring. Ft. in. relay 4 Fen Beds ^^f * , ; 2 ^ ) Soft blue clay - 3 [ Peat with pieces of trees - - - - ? 6 Boulder Clay Hard clay with chalk-stones - - - 22 30 Laughton. (1 in. Map 86, N.S. 89 ; 6 in. Map 35 N.W.) Well at farm buildings near Laughton Wood. Boulder Clay I 2^^^^^ Lower Lias j Leasingham. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map, 97 S.W.) 1. Two wells — one at Mr. Cooper's, and the other at Mr. H. Simmers', both ahke. Information from Mr. Joseph Cocks, well-sinker. Ft. [Great Oolite Clay] Dicey clay - - - - 16 [Great Oolite Limestone] Rock with clay bands - - - 21 [Upper Estuarine Series] Dicey clay 66 [Lincolnshire limestone] Rock 2 or 3 in. 103 The water rose to within 20 feet of the surface. Leasingham— Lincoln. 125 2, The easternmost house in the village (1885). Sunk 32 feet. Bored 51 feet. Ft. [Great Oolite Clay, &c.] Well sunk through clay, &c. - - 32 [Great Oolite Limestone] Rock 33 [Upper Estuarine Series] Clay 18 [Lincolnshire Limestone] Rock, touched. 83 The well-water at Leasingham has in some cases proved to be contaminated. {^ee Water, ii. (1000), 3G2.) See also Analyses, p. 206. Leadenham. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; ,G in. Map 75 s S o <5 ;3 '« 0) ® 5 g O ^fl d *^ ?> CO T) bO S •c a o 50 § s. bO I o Fig. 3. Section across the Alluvimn of the liiver Witham, half a mile east of the (i.N. U. Station, Lincoln. W.X.W. R. Witham. Near Boring Near I3oring No. 11. No. 12. S.8.K 1 La. Horizontal Scale, 6 inches =1 mile ; vertical scale 6 times exaggerated. J, Peat and Alluvium. 2, Valley deposits (Estuarine sand). 3, Lias. X Ordnance Datum. 128 Lincoln. ^'^^T[ No. 6 Boring, at 35 miles 79 chains 60 feet from Spalding, Bailway No, 1. Above Ordnance Datum, 21 '01 feet. Ft. in. Soil 6 White stones or loose rock and a little sand 10 Yellow sand with water 28 Yellow sand and small white stones, with water 3 6 Brown quick-sands 34 Hard blue clay -.- 18 12 6 No. 7 Boring at 36 miles 15 chains 49 feet from Spalding, Railway No. 1. Above Ordnance Datum, 14-41 feet. Ft. in. Boggy soil 16 Dirty sand 13 Yellow sand and small white rock-stones 1 11 Dirty yellow sand with water 14 Brown quick-sands 13 Quick-sands and small wliite rock-stones --30 Sharp sand and gravel 10 Fine gravel -- --20 Gravel and sharp sand -16 Sharp sand and water 5 6 Sharp sand 19 Hard blue clay 9 34 6 No. 8 Boring, at 36 miles 58 chains 10 feet from Spalding, Railway No. 1. Above Ordnance Datum, 12.52 feet. Ft. in. Black bog and soil 26 Yellow sand 10 Quick-sand 18 Sharp sand and a little gravel 74 Hard blue clay 10 29 8 No. 9 Boring, at 36 miles 64 chains 51 feet from Spaldine, Railway No. 1. Above Ordnance Datum, 1.32 feet. Ft. in. Soil 6 Black bog - - - 2 White sand .... 6 Yellow sand 10 Quick-sand 14 Sharp sand with some water 3 Sharp sand with a little gravel 20 Sharp sand and gravel - - - -86 Hard blue clay • 12 32 8 No. 10 Boring, at 37 miles 28 chams 51 feet from Spalding, Railway No. 1. Above Ordnance Datum, 11.91 feet. Ft. in. Soil and dirty sand 36 Yellow sand 16 Quick-sand 11 3 Sliarp sand and gravel 39 Black loam and sand 23 Fine sand and very coarse gravel 09 Sharp sand and gravel ... 43 Hard blue clay 10 28 3 No. 11 Boring, at 37 miles 39 chains 20 feet from Spalding, Railway No. 1. Above Ordnance Datum, 13.43 feet. Ft. in. Brown bog, etc. 33 Black bog 09 Dirty sand 9 Yellow sand --09 White sand --......., -13 Quick-sand 97 Sharp sand and gravel with some water 1 11 Sharp sand and a httle coarse cravel - -., -r-125 Hard blue clay --.,.,,-;,, --0 10 n 6 Lincoln. 129 No. 12 Boring, at 65 chains 17 feet from Greetwell Junction, near Canwick, Railway Xo. 4. Above Ordnance Datum, 16.33 feet. Ft. in. Clean white sand, etc. -24 Brown sand with some water, about --.-•...-28 Clean .ahr\rp sand, about 10 Fine sand 10 Bluish white sand 16 Sharp loamy sand 16 Fine brown loamy sand 10 Quiclc-sands, about - 86 Sharp sands and a little gravel - 16 3 Hard blue clay Oil 36 8 No. 13 Boring, at 1 mie 24 chains 62 feet from Greetwell Junction, near Canwick, Railway No 4. Above Ordnance Datum, 10.73 feet. Ft. in. Reddish sand, etc. 56 Gravel 9 Rel sand 09 Soft blue clay and sand 10 Sharp sand 53 Sharp sand and a little gravel 20 11 Hard blue clay 4^ 34 6i No. 14 Boring, at 1 mile 35 chains from Greetwell Junction, near Canwick, Railway No. 4 (on east side of the High Street). Above Ordnance Datum, 22.02 feet. Ft. in. Dirty sand, etc. 60 Shingly sand 9 Sandy clay 13 Yellow sand 2 Quick-sand 10 Coarse sand 6 10 Coarse sand with a thin bed of fine gravel 12 Coarse sand 30 Hard gravel 09 81 9 No. 15 Boring, at 1 mile 37 chains 12 feet from Greetwell Junction, near Canwick, Railway No. 4. (on west side of tlie High Street). Above Ordnance Datum, 21.49 feet. Ft. in. Dirty sand. etc. 46 Clean sand .--.-. -09 Brown sand 06 Sharp sand and a little bog 03 Dirty sand 13 Yellow sand 19 Sharp sand and a little gravel witli some water r-10 Sand with some water ...-----.--69 Soft red clay 16 Soft red sandy clay 16 Soft red clay 6' Soft red sandy clay 03 Gravel and sand 36 Sharp sand and some water 20 Sharp sand and a little gravel 13 Hard blue clay 08 39 8 Xo. 16 Boring, at 1 mile 53 chains 45 feet from Greetwell Junction, near Canwick, Railway No. 4 (nortii side of the Witham). Above Ordnance Datum, 12.43 feet. Ft. in. Dirty sand, etc. 10 6 Dirty yellow sand and gravel 06 Sharp sand -16 Sharp sand and a little gravel 17 10 Hard blue clay 13 31 7 No. 17 Boring, at 1 mile 79 chala« 4i feet from Greetwell Junction, near Canwick, Railway No 4. Above Ordnance Datum, 13.55 feet. Ft. in. Soil and white sand -.-...20 Yellow sand 20 Quick-sand 80 Sharp sands and gravel --10 Sharp sand and a little gravel with some water 20 Sharp sand and a little gravel 16 2 Blue clay 9 81 11 TO'.m;. I 130 Lincoln No 18 Boring, at 2 miles 18 chains 52i feet from Greetwell Junction, near Canwicic, Railway * No. 4 (north side of Skellingthorpe Drain). Above Ordnance Datum, 12.65 feet. Ft. Id. 9 Soil 1 Yellow sand __ Black bog J " Pink sand I ^ Qiilck-sand » " Sharp sand and gravel | " Clean fine gravel ^ ^ Gravel Sharp sand and gravel "^i n Hard blue clay J ^ 29 3 No, 19 Boring, at 3 miles 10 feet from Greetwell Junction, near Canwick, Railway No. 4. Above Ordnance Datum, 13.72 feet ^, , rt. in. Surface, etc. J ^ Brown bog * " Dirty white sand ,^ " Dirty sand * 2 Sand and gravel *5 Sand and a little coarse gravel ^ * Hard blue clay " ^^ 21 No. 20 Boring, at 9 chains 52J yards from Washingborough Junction, Railway No. 6. Above Ordnance Datum, 8.45 feet. „^ . Ft. in. Soil « Brown bog on Dirty white sand 30 Dirty sand and gravel *0 Sharp sand and gravel and small white " rock-stones " 2 9 Hard blue clay ^ ^ 25 The pier foundations of the Midland Railway-bridge over the River Witham were carried to a depth of 31 feet, through sand and gravel containing a bed of black peaty clay, 4 or 5 feet thick with freshwater shells. The cylinders of the railway bridge crossing the High Street in St. Peter's at Gowts were sunk to a depth of 60 feet in the following deposits : — Ft. Made ground - »....-. 8-10 Sand, upwards of 40 Gravel. In the drainage works close by were found : — Ft. Made ground with human bones at the base 6-8 Sand - - - 12-15 In Roby's Foundry two tube- wells proved : — Ft Made ground 3 Fine silver sand -- 5 Coarser sand 26 Lias Clay -•-" 1* 50 The wells are 3-inch bores, and are 6 yards apart. The yield is 26 gallons per minute from each well, the water standing during dry weather at 5^- feet from the surface of the ground up to which level the sand is water-logged. A. C. G. C. 6. Excavation, for a new gas-holder, on west side of the Lincobi and Gran- tham Line, 1^ furlongs north of the 128th mile post. Noted by Mr. Cameron. Ft. Sand and rubbish 6 Loamy clay, mottled blue and yellow with rootlets, passing into Middle Lias 6 Lower Lias clay with septaria (top of Ammonites ca'pricornua zone, according to Mr. W. D. Carr) - - - - 4 Lower Lias clay - 24 Lincoln — Louth. 131 6. Oioket-field, Wragby Road. Ft. Oolitic limeBtone (a few feet). Ironstone 6 Louth. (1 in. Map, 84 N.S., 103; 6 in. Map, 48 S.W.). 1. Boring at the Waterworks, opposite Thorpe Hall, W.S.W., of Louth Church. Communicated by Prof. H. Robinson, from a drawing made in December 1871, by Mr. T. W. WaUis, of Louth. Ft in. Alluvium, f Silty mould 3 9 ft. I Marl, sand, and clay 6 j White marl or chalk 2 Chalk, 8| ft. ' Red marl 10 I White marl or chalk 5 9 Red Chalk, f Red marl or chalk 7 3 11 J ft. \ Softer red chalk and clay - - - -40 Yellowish clay and sand - - - - 4 I Carstone, J Coarse red sandstone 110 29 ft. ^ Dark reddish sand 6 Yellow sand 8 58 Water was found in the Red Chalk from a depth of 17 to 25 feet, but very little came in from the sands below. 2. At the Windmill, half-a-mile N.E. of Church. Well between 65 and 70 feet deep, entirely through clay into sand, with good water ; Chalk not touched. 3. In Little Lane, Mount Pleasant. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Dug 39 feet, bored 21 feet. Ft. r Red-brown clay, with stones - ... 4 [Glacial Drift] . |^^j^ ^{^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^' ', [ ] [ ^l [ Chalky gravel 3 Chalk rock 3 60 4. In Victoria Road, near the Railway Station. Communicated by Mr. Burton (well-sinker), Louth. Dug 24 feet and bored about 24 feet. Ft. Reddish clay 8 Sand 4 Blue clay 36 [Gravel?] T More than - 48 7696. I 2 132 Louth. 6. At Mr. Kiddell's near Trinity Church. Communicated by Mr. Burton (well-sinker). Ft. Gravel 15 Clay 30 45 6. At Mr. Hyde's farm, on the road to Legbourn, a mile and a half S.E* of Louth Church. Communicated by Mr. Burton (well-sinker). Water overflows. Ft. Through clay to Chalk 75 7. At houses on road to Legbourn, about a mile and three quarters from Louth Church. Communicated by Mr. Burton (well-sinker). Water overflows. Ft. Through clay to Chalk rock 90 8. At a house near the parish Church. Communicated by Mr. Ch. Wilkinson (well-sinker), of Louth. Dug 21 feet, bored 24 feet. Ft. r Clay, with " chequers " - - - - 27 [Glacial Drift] ^Sar-' "- - ' '■ '■ ■ 6 I Sand 2 Chalk and water 5 45 9. Well by the lamp-post in Eastgate, near the Market Place. Communicated by Mr. Ch. Wilkinson (well-sinker), of Louth. Dug 21 feet, bored 24 feet. Ft. rn 'ID 'ffl / -^^^^ ^^^7' ^^^^ whites [Purple Clay] about 39 L acia ri j -j^ Gravel and sand - - - - „ 4 Chalk rock and water „ 2 45 Another account of the same well by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby, makes it 50 feet deep, through dark purple clay into sand. 10. At Mr. Dickie's brickyard, three-quarters of a mile S.S.E. of Louth Church, in the valley. (1 in. Map, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map, 56 N.W.) Communicated by Mr. Dickie. " The well was dug 18 feet, bored 32 feet, in all about 50 feet from the surface to the Chalk rock ; through solid marl with small patches of sand here and there, but no regular beds. Water in abundance as soon as the Chalk was tapped." A well at the brickyard east of the railway-station is said to have been dug 27 feet and bored 30 feet through clay to Chalk. LUDDINGTON — MaBLETHORPE. 133 Luddington. (1 in Map., 86 N.S. 80; 6 in Map, 10 N.W.) Sunk in 1875, by Goole Rural Sanitary Authority. Site close to bed of Old Don River. Communicated by Mr. E. C. B. Tudor, Surveyor, Goole, to Dr. H. F. Parsons, Proc. Y(yrk8. Qeol. and Polyt. Soc., vol. vi. 1877, p. 230). Thickness. Warp - - 13 Quicksand 12 Qay 12 Sand and Gravel 23 See Analyses, p. 207. Ludford Magna and Parva. (1 in. Map, 83 N.S., 103 ; 6 in Map, 46 S.E.) 1. Walk House, Mr. W. Wingate's. Communicated by Mr. James Freeborough, well-sinker. Ft. White marl 36 White Chalk rock 18 Red Chalk 6 60 2. Farm about one mile north of Ludford Parva. Ft. White Chalk rock 54 Red Chalk 6 Red sand [Carstone], about 36 96 Lusby. (1 in. Map, 84 N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map, 74 S.W.) House near the main road. Communicated by Mr. Brooks, of Hagworthing- ham (well-sinker). Ft. Boulder Clay - - White clay Ragstone Sand and water 5 SpiUby Sandstone {l^}^. « 40 Mablethorpe. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map, 58 N.W.) Boring made in 1878. Communicated by Mr. T. W. Wallis, Surveyor, Louth. Water rose to within four feet of the surface. Ft. r Stiff clay 8 Alluvium ' Softer clay - -3 46 feet. 1 Buttery clay 8 '^ Soft black boggy clay 27 Stiff clay (Boulder Clay) 20 Glacial Drift Sandy clay 4 37 feet. Stiff clay, with small chalk debris - - - 7 ^ Chalk rubble - 6 Chalk SoUd chalk 12 95 134 Mablethorpe. 2. Boring made in 1881 near the shore. Communicated by Mr. Robert Harrison, of Woodthorpe (well -sinker). Ft. Sand (? blown sand) ' 6 Alluv' ^ Dark blue silt 46 Mry f . Dark brown warp clay 4^ &/ leet. I ^^^y g^^^ ^^ Clay, with chalk stones 18 Glacial Drift J ^r^' "^'^^ ^*^ ""^^^ ^l 54 feet 1 ^^^^"^ ^^^ ^^""^ ^ Coarse sand and small gravel - - • -12 '- Gravel of chalk and flint .... 6 Chalk 20 137 Mr. Harrison says that this boring and that at Theddlethorpe are the deepest two borings he has made in the Marsh. There seems to be a valley or depression in the Chalk here below the Drift. A. J. J. B. 3. At the schools, bored in 1879. Communicated by Mr. R. Harrison. Ft. Alluvium / ^^Jf^«^ «l^y ^ 28 feet. ^ Soft warp 22 I Turf 2 GlacialDrift r^^^^^^^y'^^*^"^*""^^^^ " ■ ■ -^ 64 feet. ^ ^'^^ ^^l\ % K Loose chalk - - - - - - - - 3 82 4. At the brickyard, 350 yards N.E. of the Church. Communicated by Mr. Joseph Jackhng, of North Coates (well-borer). Ft. f Firm clay 9 Alluvium Soft black clay 36 48 feet. '] Sand 2 Peat 1 Glacial Drift I Marl [Boulder Clay] 30 31 feet. I Sand 1 Chalk Hard Chalk 24 103 6. At Ingoldsby Cottage, bored in 1863. Communicated by Mr. R. Harrison. Ft. Alluvium I Surface clay 6 48 feet. 1 Bluish silt 43 Glacial Drift j Mariy clay 24 60 feet. I Grey sand ....... 36 108 Mablethorpe — Manby. 135 6. Boring for Great Northern Railway Co. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Height above O.D. 8 feet. Water Level 2 feet below surface. Alluvium. Yellow clay Blue clay - - . . Blue clay and peat Yellow clay Dark silty clay - - Silt ' Dark clay and white stones - Light (coloured) silty clay - Clay with white (chalk) stones Light silty clay - Light sand - - - . Darker sand Light sand - - - . Glacial Drift. ( Silty clay .... Chalk and clay Chalk Silty clay - . . . Sand and chalk - Chalk Silty clay .... Sand and chalk - Chalk Thickness. Ft. 16 3 3 9 24 2 3 7 2 9 2 5 1 2 5 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 in. Depth. Ft. in. 15 - 18 - 21 - 30 - 54 - 56 - 59 - 66 - 68 - 77 - 79 - 84 - 85 - 87 - 92 - 94 - 98 - 104 - 106 - 108 - 112 - 114 - Maltby-le-Marsh. (1 in. Map, 84 N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map, 67 S.E.) Near the brickyard, N. of Maltby. Communicated by Mr. R. Harrison. r Clay Glacial Drift ^ Sand (clean) . - - . \ Sand, with small chalk stones - Ft.- 62 16 — Manby. (1 in. Map, 84 N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map, 56 N.E.) Well at the Hall, bored in 1857. Communicated by Mr. R. Harrison. Ft. r Surface soil 1 J Yellow clay 3 Glacial Drift ^ Marly clay, with many pebbles ; darker in colour towards the bottom 66 Sand 8 f Loose Chalk .4 \ Firm Chalk at bottom 3 Chalk 86 136 Markby — Market Deeping. Markby. (1 in. Map, 84 N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map, 66 N.E.). 1. At Mr. Robinson's. Communciated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Dug 15 feet, bored 60 feet. Ft. [Boulder Clay] Clay 63 Sand 3 [Chalk] rock 9 2. At the Rectory. Communicated by Mr. R. Harrison, of Woodthorpe (well-sinker). Ft. ( Clay [with stones] - - ^ - - - 57 Glacial Drift ^ Sand (clean) 7 \Sand, with small chalk stones - - - - 2 66 3. At Farm, near Hannah. Communicated by Mr. R. Harrison. ^ Ft. ^ Clay [with stones] - - - - - - 63 Glacial Drift / Clean sand 4 \ Sand, mixed with chalk 2 Market Deeping. (1 in. Map, 64 N.S., 158; 6 in. Map, 147 S.W.). Two-inch boring near centre of town. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble, 1889. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Height above O.D., 20ft. Water overflows. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil ... - 2 — [Clay - - - /Gravel - 2 6 4 6 Drift 13 6 18 \ Grey sand 3 21 Oxford Clay . Clay 11 32 /Rock J Clay - - - 2 6 34 6 Corn brash, 8 ft. 5 in. 1 6 36 \Rock Clay - - - ) Rock 4 5 40 5 Great OoUte Clay, 1 1 6 3 41 11 43 2 10 ft. 7 m. \ciay - - - 7 10 51 Great Oolite Limestone 17 ft. 9 in. rRock Clay - - - l^Rock 3 5 8 6 6 9 54 6 60 68 9 Upper Estuarine Series - Clay 37 3 106 Lincolnshire Limestone - Rock 24 130 Market Stainton — Martin. 137 Market Stainton. (1 in. JNIap, 83 N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map, 64 N.W.). House near church. Communicated by Mr. C. Wilkinson (well sinker), Louth. Ft Bored through white clay, with sand below - - - - 80 Marsh Chapel. (1 in. Map, 85 N.S., 90; 6 in. Map, 40 N.E.) Communicated by Mr. W Sargent. Ft. Soil and clay 9 .,, . Black mud 21 Alluvmm Layer of wood I V Clay and sand 64 To Chalk . . - . 86 Martin. (1 in. Map, 83 N.S., 114; 6 in. Map, 87 N.E.). I. Boring, May, 1896. Communicated by Mr. Jesse Clare, Sleaford. No water. — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. SoU - 2 — Valley Drift - Gravel - 1 7 3 7 Boulder Clay i Clay and chalkstones 31 5 35 Sand rock Clay with chalk 1 24 36 60 , Red clay - 2 62 ( Blue clay - 82 144 Shale 1 145 Blue clay 16 161 Dark flaky clay 18 179 Oxford Clay Shale 1 180 and ( Dark flaky clay 16 196 Kellaways Beds Ditto hard Limestone rock [Sep- 6 201 tarium?] 6 6 206 6 Sandstone 14 6 221 . Black clay 8 229 Corn brash - Rock, very hard 6 236 ' Coloured clays - Shale t Coloured clay - 18 253 Great Oolite Clay ( 1 254 6 260 f Limestone rock, . harder and softer l bands - Great Oolite Limestone ' 36 6 296 6 Upper Estuarine Series Coloured clay, black, I red, and green 10 6 306 6 Lincolnshire Limestone - Rock 102 6 409 Upper Lias - Grey marly clay 2 411 A spring was encountered at 168 feet 6 inches, and water rose 112 feet in boring. 138 Martin — Mavis Enderby. 2. At Mr. Goose's farm, Martin Fen, a mile west-south-west from Kirk- stead Ferry. (1 in. Map, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map, 88 N.W.) Information from Mr. Dobbs, well-sinker, of Kirkstead. Ft. Turfy soil 1 Clean clay 11 Turf with wood and trees 1 Clay 4 Sand touched 17 3. At Dobb's Cottage, Martin Fen, half a mile from Kirkstead Ferry. Information from Mr. Dobbs. Ft. Soil and turf 2 Clean clay - - - - - - - - - -11 Turf, with part of an oak tree 1 Clean clay ..-.--.... 1 Sand and shingle with rounded pebbles - - - - touched L5 4. At Mr. Sutterby's farm, Martin North Drove, nine furlongs west of Kirkstead Ferry. Communicated by Mr. Dobbs. Ft. Soil and turf i Clean clay 12 Turf with wood 1 Clay 2 Gravel and sand pierced for 3 19 5. At Mr. Wilson's half a mile south-west of the last. Communicated by Mr. Dobbs. Ft. Silt from the surface to 14 Shingle below to - - • - 0| 141 Mavis Enderby. (1 in. Map, 84 N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map, 82 N.E.). 1. Cottage at comer of road, about 500 yards S.W. of the Church. Ft. Tealby Beds - Yellowish clay 9 Q ., , f Sandstone (bored) 30 bpilsby jj^j,^ « rock-stone " (blasted), with water Sandstone | ^^^^^^^ j 40 2. At cottages by North Field Farm, about five furlongs N.W. of Church. Information from Mr. Bro-\vn (the tenant). Ft Boulder Clay - - Yellow clay, with stones • • - 16 Spilsby Sandstone - Sand with water - ... - 7 23 Metheringham — Morton. 139 Metheringham. (1 in. Map, 83 N.S., 114 ; 6 in. Map, 79 S.E.). At the farm one mile west-south-west of Engine Farm, Metheringham Fen. Information from Mr. Scholy, occupier. Ft. j^Turfy soil 1^ Alluvium { Clean clay 12 I Gravel and water 2 15J Morton (Bourn). (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map, 132 S.E.). Boring made by Mr. J. E. Noble for village supply. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Yield, very strong overflow. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Kellaways Beds / Sand I Clay 7 4 11 Combrash - Rock 9 20 Great Oolite Clay - -Clay - - - 19 9 39 9 Great Oolite Limestone - Rock 10 2 49 11 Upper Estuarine Series, 31 ft. /Clay - - - < Rock I Clay - - - 9 6 3 18 6 59 5 62 5 80 11 Lincolnshire Limestone - Rock 27 1 108 2. Two and a half and four-inch borings at Morton carried to depth of 93 feet ; water rose 20 feet above surface. J. Addy, Proc. Inst. C.E., Ixxiv. (1883), 160. 3. Hanthorpe, half a mile west of Morton. Four-inch boring carried to depth of 168 feet. No water. J. Addy, op. cii. 4. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Barnes & Sharpe, Sleaford. Water was struck at 83ft. 6in : Yield 150 gallons per minute. Thickness. Depth. Blue clay - 4 4 Combrash - Limestone - H 5i rClay - - - - H 12 Great Oolite Clay. \ Rock - - - - 1 13 laay ... - 12 25 Great Oolite Limestone - Blue rock - m 35^ /-Clay - - - . Rock - - . - 4 39^ n 41 Upper Estuarine Series {Clay - - - - 6 47 Rock .... 3 60 IClay .... 18 68 Lincolnshire Limestone Rook . - - - 40^ 108^ 140 NOKMANTON — OrMSBY. Nettleton. See p. 207. Normanton. (1 in. Map, 70 N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map, 105 N.W.). Ft. in. { Clay 12 Middle Lias ; Stone 2 to 2^ ! Clay 18 '^ Stone 3 30 5 Orby. (1 in. Map, 84 N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map, 83 N.E.) 1. House near the Inn, S.E. of the Church. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Dug 10 feet, bored 35 feet. Ft. r Clay, with stones 15 Glacial Drift j c^y^ith stones " - ' " -' ' 24 I Gravel of small chalk pebbles - ... 3 45 2. At the Vicarage. Well dug 17 feet, bored 5 feet. Ft. i-, Hard blue rock 2 10 24 Dark clay parting - 4 24 4 L Hard blue rock 10 25 2 Great Oolite . Clay. 1 ^ Soft dark brashy clay - 3 28 2 Strong dark blue clay and fossils 21 49 2 Great Oolite J Limestone. ^ Hard grey rock Strong dark blue clay - 1 10 50 51 Very hard blue rock 12 63 f Blue mottled clay - J Hard blue rock Light blue clay 1 6 64 6 Upper 6 65 Estuarine ( 6 71 Series. Very hard blue rock 2 73 . Strong blue clay with fossils - 19 6 92 6 f Very hard limestone 7 3 99 9 Lincolnshire J Rock band parting 2 99 11 Limestone. Very hard limestone ^ Limestone with thin partings 30 5 130 4 20 6 150 10 2. West end of village. Information obtained by Mr. W. H. Holloway from the workmen. Ft. Soil 2 OxfojdCay, , ^^^ \ [ [ ] [ [ \ [ I I Dicey clay 16 27 Owston (1 in. Map, 86 N.S., 88; 6 in. Map, 25 S.E.). Communicated by Mr. A. C. G. Cameron. The relation of the surface deposits at Gunthorpe, as seen in drains appears to be: — Warp 1 ft. to 15 ft. Peat 6 in. to 5 ft. Clay or Warp below again sometimes, but more often sand. Wells yield hard water, furring kettles, so that Trent water is preferred and greatly used. 142 PiLHAM — PoiNTON. Pilham. (1 in. Map, 83 N.S., 89; 6 in. Map, 35 S.W.). Well at Farm house, about 300 yards from Blyton Station. Communicated by Mr. Cressey, well-sinker, Scunthorpe, to Mr. Ussher. Ft. [Boulder Clay] - Clay 12 Pieces of stone, large 6 j Dark clay - - 6 [Lower Lias] Red clay 6 I Blue bind (shale) in which the sinking was abandoned. Pinchbeck. (1 in. Map, 70 N.S., 144 ; 6 in. Map, 134 N.W.). 1. Railway station, caissons sunk in the river Glen at Herring Bridge. Communicated by Mr. C. Frow, of Spalding. Ft. Silt and silty sand 6 Greyish clay with peaty band at bottom - - 4 Alluvium ( Dark clay becoming peaty at bottom - - - 20 Peat 1 I Sand - - 1 Boulder Clay 1 33 2. At a farm near Parsons Drove, and 300 yards from South Forty-foot Drain, Pinchbeck North Fen. Communicated by Mr. A. Rose, Bursar of Emmanuel College ; from the well-sinker's account. 1885-1886. Ft. [Fen Beds.] - Quicksand and silt ... - - 12 [Oxford Clay and /^^J/l-y\ [ [ \ [ 'I KeUaways Beds] ( ^^^^ ^j^^. 3^ [Combrash] - Rock -" 19 [Great Oohte f Blue clay 11 Clays ; \ Rock 11 29 feet] I Mixed clays 7 [Great Oolite Lst.]- Hard blue rock 22 ^^^^eriesT™' } ^^^ "'^y' "■"** P^*' .... 31 JJncolnshire | 82 I^amestone. i 252 Only a small supply of water being obtained at the top of the Lincolnshire Limestone, the bore was carried to its present depth without reachicg the base of the rock, and the ultimate yield was from 2,000 to 3,000 gallons a day, A. J. J. B. Fointon. (1 in. Map, 70 N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map, 124 S.E.) 1. Three-inch boring to depth of 87 feet ( ?). Water rose about 20 feet above surface. J. Addy, Proc. Inst. C. E, Ixxiv. (1883), 160. PoiNTON — Potter Han worth. 143 2. Crownland, Pointon Fen. (6 in. Map, 126 S.W. Gommunicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe. Fen Beds Kellaways Beds Combrash Great Oolite G lay - Great Oolite Limestone Upper Estuarine Series Lincolnshire Limestone -{ Clay - Sandstone - Clay - - Rock - Glay - - Rock - Glay - Rook (water) Ponton, Great. (1 in. Map, 70 N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map, 124 S. E.). Communicated by Mr. H. Preston (measured). 1. Well at Ponton Heath Lodge. Height above O.D., 417*6, 3 feet of water. Ft. 52 10 13 6 22 10 35 24 172 H. B. W. Thickness. Depth. Lincohishire Limestone and Northampton Sands Upper Lias (Blue) clay Ft. in. 54 2 9 Ft. in. 56 9 2. Well on northern side of Heath Farm. Height above O.D., 440 feet. Total depth, 69 ft. 4 in. This well had 4 feet of water and had probably penetrated 3 feet into the Lias Clay. 3. Well at Farm Buildings three-quarters of a mile north of Heath Farm. Depth of water, 2 feet. Total depth to Lias Clay, 21 feet, 9 in. Potter Hanworth. (1 in. Map, 83 N.S. 114 ; 6 in. map, 79 N.W.) Communicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe, Sleaford, Water rose 7 or 8 feet above surface, but subsided to 15 feet below sur- face. Good supply. — Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Drift and Great / Brown clay - t Blue clay - 8 8 Oolite Glay - 2 10 Great OoHte Limestone , Rock - 30 40 Upper Estuarine j Black clay - • Blue clay - 10 50 Series - 5 55 ( Rock . 18 73 Lincolnshire Rock in hard and soft Limestone bands . 68 141 Rock (water) - 9 150 ^ Olay - - 3 163 See analyses, p. 208. 144 QUADRING — QUARRINGTON. Alluvium ftuadring. (1 in. Map, 70 N.S., 144 ; 6 in. Map, 125 N.E.) At Bannister's Farm, Quadring Low Fen. Obtained by Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly. Ft. fPeat - . 0^ jClay 23 Peat 11 Gravel — 25 ftuarrington. (1 in. Map, 70 N.S„ 127 ; 6 in. Map, 106 S.W.) Bore-hole at the Kesteven County Asylum, in the parish of Quarrington, near Rauceby. Dug well, 9 ft. Made and communicated by Messrs. C. Isler and Co. 1900, Water level, 45 feet below surface. Yield about 3,500 gallons per hour. - Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground - 3 3 Great Oolite Clay Blue marl 24 27 Great Oolite Limestone Blue rock (limestone) 15 42 ( Blue marl f Blue rock (limestone) \ Blue marl 7 49 Upper Estuarine Series 2 51 19 70 Lincolnshire Limestone Oolite rock 101 6 171 6 Northampton Beds /Blue clay I Blue rock 6 7 172 179 Upper Lias Blue clay 51 230 2. Boring on the western side of parish near Rauceby Station, G.N.R., for Kesteven Asylum. Completed June 21st, 1898. 100 feet above O.D. Communicated by Mr. Jesse Clare, of Sleaford. Abundant supply of water, which rises to within 42 feet of the surface. — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground . :} 2 6 2 6 Great Oolite Clay Light clay Blue clay 25 6 28 Great Oolite Limestone Hard blue rock . 13 41 Upper Estuarine Series Blue clay 27 68 /Light soft rock 5 73 Hard limestone 8 81 White limestone 6 87 Ier f'^^^^^^ of niarble-like grit - - Estuarine Series J Chiefly bine stone solid rock - . 531- feetl 1 Depth of water burstmg out violently, * ■' I and uniformly running [1825] - rr • 1 u • T- 4. ('Chiefly solid stone rock with one small [Lincolnshire Limestone J . ^ , , ^ ,, J x- .tu 4. cs jt\ mineral spring shown bv rust on the »nd^orthamptonSand]| boring irons - - ■- - - r Chiefly a very hard and uniform bed of [Upper and Middle Lias j blue slaty bine intermixed with a few Clay] ] balls of ironstone and pieces of very I strong sulphur [pyrites] - Ft. 4 7 21 3 2 4 h 2 51 19: 180 479^ 4. Mr. Sharpe's House. Information from Joseph Cocks, of Sleaford. Sunk 46 feet. Bored 167 feet. Chiefly through clay and blue rock, the rock being very thick in the lower part. See Analyses, p. 208. "Raithby by Spilsby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S.,1L">; 6 in. Map, 82 N.E.) Boring for coal on farm occupied by William Hobson. Farcy, in Thompson's Hist, and Antiq. Boston, p. 669. [Kimeridge Clay, etc.] Clay with clay-slat© (bituminated shale) Rauceby. Ft. 312 (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map, 106 N.W.). Boring on the high road made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley, 1898, to Mr. Whitaker. (See also under Quarrington). Water at 32, 93, 98, 109, and 115 feet. Great Oolite Clay Great Oolite Limestone Upper Estuarine Series 7696. r Light-coloured clay \Blue clay Hard blue rock Blue clay Thickness. Ft. in. 2 6 Depth. Ft. in. 2 6 25 6 11 28 39 K 14G Rauceby. 1. Boring on the high TOSid—continued. Thickness. Dapth. _ Ft. in. Ft. in. f Light - coloured soft 29 68 rock o 73 Hard rock 8 81 Lincolnshire Limestone < White limestone Blue Hmestone 6 G 87 93 White limestone 16 109 Blue rock 6 115 ^s White limestone 5 120 2. Cottages in the hollow, between North and South Rauceby. Information from Mr. Bland. Ft. in. I Soil and clay 2 Strong blue and purple clay - - 3 or 4 Tea-green clay - - - - 4 or 5 Skerry 4 PT- 11- T- i. T rHard blue shelly rock with a softer [Lmcohishire Limestone] I j^^^ly band 8 About 16 feet. 3. Rauceby Bottom, Gate-house by railway. Information from Mr. Joseph Cocks. Valley Gravel. — Sand and gravel Lincolnshire Limestone. — White rocl^ - - - Ft. 16 11 27 Two feet of water found running through a joint at the bottom, direction r s. of E. 4. Mr. Bland's House, South Rauceby. Information from Mr. Bland. Upper Estuarine Clays. 'Soil Rock Loamy clay - . - - . , Rock Loamy clay Blue rock ...-., Loamy clay ^Sandy rock with C£|,rl:|onaceous markings- Ft. In 2 6 3 6 1 3 3 6 2 2 1 6 15 a llESTON — ROXBY-CUM-RISBY. 147 Reston, South. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map, 66 S.E.) At the brickyard, bored in 1870. *^ Communicated by Mr. Robt. Harrison, of Woodthorpe (well-sinker). Ft. j^Soil, &c. 3 I Clay, with small stones , - . . 25? [Glacial Drift] C Grey sand, with very small gravel - - - 3 Dark clay, with stones 26 ICrey sand 8 65 Rippingale. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 132, N.E.) 4 in boring to depth 130 feet. Plentiful supply by lift-pump. J. Addy, Proc. Inst. C. E. Ixxiv. (1883), 160. Roxby-cum-Eisby. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 80 ; 6 in. Map, 11 N.W.). Mostly shallow wells. 1. WeU at High Risby. Ft. Lincolnshire Limestone. — All rock (limestone and greystone) - 45 2. Well at Roxby. Ft. in. Lincolnshire Limestone. — Limestone - - - 2 Lower Estuarine Series — White and red sand - - 16 ; 18 C 3. Boring at Roxby. Ft. in. Lincolnshire Limestone. — Rock 40 Lower Estuarine Series. — Measures to blue clay (Lias) - - 40 4. Well at Roxby Grange. Ft. in. Soil 2 „ ^ ( Gravelly stuff (probably broken rock) - 9 [Lower Estu- f ^^^^^ ^ . 'f . ^ . . . . 4 arme Series] | Greystone, very hard - - - - 6 15 6 See Analyses, p. 209. 7696. ^ 2 148 KOXBY-CUM-RISBY — RUCKLAND. 5. Boring at S.E. corner of Risby Warren. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston from information supplied by Mr. A. McD. Cobban, Scunthorpe. Height above O.D. 52 feet. Water overflows at surface. Yield 75,000 gallons per day whenjpumped to a rest-level of 19 feet. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. t Sandy soil 4 4 Gravel 5 9 Clay 1 10 { Tiimestone, with water - 6 16 Soft clayey limestone 3 6 19 6 Soft limestones 5 24 6 Hard limestone, with water - 5 29 6 Hard dense limestone 7 36 6 Soft shaly limestone 3 39 6 Hard limestone 4 43 6 DiiColnshire < Clays and Hmestones i7 eo 6 Limestone Very hard rock, with water - 4 64 6 Soft clay . - - . 6 70 6 Rocky hmestone - 2 72 6 Blue clay . . . . 7 79 6 Rocky limestone - 1 80 6 Blue clay .... 1 81 6 ^ Rocky limestone - 10 5 91 11 Rothwell. (1 in. Map, 86 N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map, 38 N.W). At the farmstead one mile E.N.E. of the churcli. Information obtained from the foreman by Mr. A. J. Jukes- Browne, and from specimens, on the spot. Ft. 4 - 16 1 Red Chalk Carstone. Soil and earth Gravel of small chalk pebbles Clean red clay I Small pebbly sand ) i Hard rock i 8 29 Ruckland. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 65, N.W.). At the Vicarage. Sunk thro\igh grey (.'balk into Red Chalk Ft. 28 RusKiNGTON — Saltfleet. 149 Ruskington. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 97, S.E.). 1. Shallow wells in gravel and sand. {Qth Report Rivers Poll. Camm., 1874, p. 390). 2. Good water has been obtained at a depth of about 120 feet at Rusk- ingtor, whence it rises above the surface ; and fair water has been met with about 200 feet deep in Ruskington Fen. (J. Clare, 1893.) 3. Communicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe, Sleaford. Water rose above surface ; very good supply. Ft. in. Soil --.-.. 3 Valley Gravel - Gravel- - - '- - - 5 6 Kt'llaways Beds - Sandstone 21 6 Cornbrash - - Rock 10 Great Oolite Clay - Clay 26 Great Oolite Limestone Rock ------ 15 Upper Estuarine / ^^^ '.'.'.'.'.'. t 6 ^""^ Iciay 14 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock 5 10 110 10 See Analyses p. 210. Saleby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map, 66 N.E.) 1. At the Vicarage. Communicated by Mr. Robert Harrison, of Woodthorpe (well -sinker). Ft. / Clay with [stones] 69 rOlacial Drift] J Sand - 12 [ Sand, with flints 2 73 2. At Mr. Farrar's. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Ft. [Glacial j Clav with stones 67 Drift] 1 Gravel 6 [Chalk] Rock 10 S3 3. Well at Mr. Riggall's pierces clay 66 feet, and gravel 9 feet, finding a supply of wat«r without touching the Chalk. Saltfleet. (1 m. Map 84, N.S., 91 ; 6 in. Map 41, S.E.). Average thickness of beds do^^^l to the surface of the Chalk in wells near Saltfleet. Communicated by Ch. Wilkinson (well-borer), of Louth. Ft. Warp clays --24 Stony brown clay [Boulder Clay] 60 Sand ^\■ith sca-shella 2 Chalk. 150 SaLTP'LE^EJTBY— SCAWBY. Saltfleetby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map, 49 N.E.). 1. At the railway station, half a mile west of Saltfleetby All Saints, Communicated by Mr. W. H. Kirkby, Louth. Ft. Alluvium - Soft black soil [Clay and Silt] 42 Glacial j Hard red clay [Boulder Clay] 28 Drift - I Sand 2 Chalk - - White chalk [and ? Red Chalk] - - - - 18 [Carstone?] - Sand 35 123 Water was found about midway in the Chalk, at a depth of 80 feet froL* the surface. It is possible, however, that the Chalk is a detached mass, anc that the sand below is Glacial. A. J. J. B. 2. At the brickyard three-quarters of a mile S.W. of Saltfleetby St. Peter Church. Communicated by Mr. J. Cannon (proprietor). Dug 30 feet, bored 66 feet. Ft. {Brown and black clays - - - - - - 10 Turf, with trees Of Sandy clay, with flint soones 2 Boulder Clay Marl, full of whites 74 Croy and Chalk 10 96| 3. Boring at Railway Station, on Louth and Mablethorpe Branch. Made for the Great Northern Railway Company, 1883. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Alluvium Glacial Drift Chalk - Carstone Soft black earth Hard red clay Sand - - White chalk (water) Sand Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 42 42 81 123 2 125 18 143 35 178 Scawby. (1 in. Map 86, N.S„ 89 ; 6 in. Map, 27 N.E.). 1. Well at Mr. Foster's, Mill Place, at the turning from the Brigg and Hib- aldstow road to Castlethorpe. Communicated to Mr. Ussher by Mr. Cressey, well-sinker, Scunthorpe. Ft. in. Yellowish braehy stone (base of the Hibald- stow Beds) - 7 . Clay 4 ft. to 5 Dark blue stone. I Hard limestone. Lincolnshire Limestone SCAWBY — SCREDINGTON. 151 2. Boring for Ironstone, by the Railway, half a mile south-west of Scawby Station. Communicated by Mr. Charles Hett, of Brigg. Lincolnshire Limestone Lower Estuarine Series and Upper Lias Middle Lias ' [HibaldBtow Beds] Limestone fClay - Rock - Clay Kirtou/' Rock Beds. ) Clay Rock - Clay - Rock Ft. in. 5 feet to 6 - 4 2 9 1 18 1 2 11 I Clay fStone J Shale ..--.. Rock very hard (probably Ironstone) 67 1 92 6 7 213 1 The want of detail in this boring forbids the correlation of the beds with any degree of certainty. It is probable that limestones occur in the 18 feet 8 inches of clay, as such a development in the Kirton Beds is abnormal. W. A. E. U. Scothern. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 102 ; 6 in. Map, 62 N.W.). Well at Scothern Grange. Ft. Boulder clay 7 Gravel, with water Scotter. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 89 ; 6 in. Map, 26 S.E.) Water obtained from shallow weUs. Scredington. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map, 115 N.E.). 1. Mr. aarke*s. Information from Joseph Cocks. Sunk 46 feet, and bored 66 feet. Water found in the silt at the bottom and rose to within 43 feet of surface. ■ri SCREDINGTON — SCREMBY. 2. Boring by side of roadway in village, 35 feet above O.D. Water overflowed. Communicated by Messrs. Tilley to Mr. Wbitaker, July, 1897. ■ Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. rClay 97 97 Oxford Clay and Kellaways ^ Beds. Rock Clay 2 4 99 103 Hard sandy clay Clay - - ' - 2 2 105 107 Loamy sand 14 121 ,Clay 2 6 123 6 Cornbrash Rock 5 128 6 r Dark clay - - - - 1 6 130 Great Oolite Clay. <| Coloured clay \ Dark clay - - - - 7 137 14 6 151 6 Great Oolite ) Limestone j ^ Rock 12 163 6 .Mixed clay (green, etc.) 4 167 6 Dark clay - - - - 2 6 170 Upper Estuarine Series. 32 feet. Mixed clay- Rock 4 3 174 177 Green clay - - 3 180 Dark clay - - - . 6 186 Slate coloured clay 7 193 \ Dark clay - - . . 3 196 T/incolnshire Limestone. p Rock 23 219 Scremby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map, 83 N.W.). 1. At. Mr. Forster's house, a quarter of a mile S.E. of the Church. Information from Mr. Woods (well-sinker), Scremby. Water rises to the surface. ^ Glacial Drift (2'''''?^^^^' T^*^ chalk and stones, dug for 1^ Bored through same mto chalky gravel Ft. 16 17 2. Well in farmyard, a quarter of a mile north of the Church. Information from Mr. Woods. Tealby Beds 1 1 ^^^""^ ^ 1^^^^ ^^^^ •^ yRea sand, with water , or soft ironstone \ Ft. 40 bCUNTHORPE. 153 Scunthorpe. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 89 ; 6 in. Map, 18 N.E.). Boring IJ miles west of village. Made by Messrs. Vivian and Company. 1898-1901. Communicated by Mr. W. Gibson from information afforded by Mr. A. McDonald Cobban, resident cngint^er. Note by Mr. Preston, from information given by Mr. A. McD. Cobban : — Lining tubes were put in to a depth of 1,567 feet, all water above this point being excluded. Pumping tests were made and continued for fourteen days and nights, with the result that 300,000 gallons per tAventy-four hours were obtained. This pumping reduced the flow from a slight Artesian head to a level of 160 feet down. Upon analysis the water was sliown to be organic- ally pure, but so excessively loaded with saHno constituents as to render it unfit for a town supply {see Analysis, p. 211). Thickness. Depth. it. in. Ft. in. ,Soil 1 1 Superficial Loamy sand .... 3 4 deposits, Running sand .... 14 4 18 4 21 ft. 6 in. Peat 6 18 10 Running sand .... 2 7 21 5 , Soft blue and dark grey marl [thin Rhsetic Beds black shales with bone- bed] - 11 22 4 and passage Dark grey and blue marl - 1 1 23 5 beds to ' Dark grey and blue marl vnth Keuper Marls, sulphur band .... 6 23 11 19 ft. 7 in. .Blue marl 17 1 41 / Red marl 4 41 4 Red and blue marl - 2 3 43 7 Red marl 13 8 57 3 Red and blue marl 21 5 78 8 Gypsum and marl 2 10 81 6 Keuper. Red and blue marl and gypsum - 131 8 213 2 Marls, ( Red marl and gypsum 28 1 241 3 845 feet. Red and blue marl and gypsum - Red and blue marl and gypsum 8 9 ' 250 with hard stones - 80 330 Red and blue marl and gypsum - 137 4 467 4 Blue marl and gypsum 6 473 4 y Red and blue marl and gypsum - 412 8 886 (Gradual passage of marl into sandstone) .... r'Grey sandstones and majl 4 890 Keuper Sandy Beds (probably , equivalent to Water- stones) Red sandstone .... 68 6 958 6 Red sandy marl .... 1 6 960 Red sandstone .... 44 () 1004 6 Red sandstone with mica joints and pieces of marl 7 6 1012 Red sandstone ... - 5 6 1017 6 Red sandstone with grey joints N and pieces of marl 8 6 1026 154 ScUNTHOHPE. Boring IJ miles west of village — continued. — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Keuper '^Red and blue sandy marl - 1 8 1027 8 Sandy Beds Red sandstone - - - - 26 10 1054 6 (continued) Red sandstone with small pebbles 10 6 1065 (probably Red and blue sandy marl - 1 6 1066 e equivalent to^ Red sandstone with small pebbles 39 3 1105 9 Water- St ones) Grey sandstone with small pebbles 2 1107 9 225 ft. 6 in. Red marl 2 3 1110 (? base) vGrey sandstone ... - 1 6 nil 6 Red sandstone and small pebbles 15 1126 6 Red sandstone with small pebbles and marl . . . . 11 9 1138 3 Red sandstone and few small p'febbles 32 3 1170 6 Red sandstone with grey joints - 15 1185 6 Red sandstone with pieces of marl 12 1197 6 Red sandstone with pebbles 47 9 1245 3 Red sandstone Avith pebbles and pieces of marl 3 9 1249 Red sandstone and pebbles 2 2 1251 2 Red sandstone and pebbles, band of marl 1 1252 2 Keuper Sandstone, -^ 441 ft. 6 in. Red sandstone and pebbles, grey joint Red sandstone and pebbles, marl 4 7 6 1252 9 1257 3 Grey sandstone 6 1257 9 Red marl 2 1259 9 Red and blue marl 4 6 1264 3 Red sandstone - - - - 19 1283 3 Red sandstone with marl joints and nodules ... - 48 9 1332 Red marl .... 6 1332 6 Red sandstone (6-in. marl be- tween 13501 and 1357^) - 38 1370 6 Red marl 1 1371 6 » Red sandstone with grey joint below marl - - . - 146 1517 6 Sandstone with mica joints and occasional nodules of marl 35 6 1553 /Red sandstone with mica joints and occasional nodules of marl and pebbles .... 21 9 1574 9 Red sandstone ... - 5 6 1580 3 Red sandy marl - - - - 2 1582 3 Red sandstone with pieces of marl and pebbles - ?2 9 1615 Bunter n96ft.llin.^ Red sandstone, pieces of marl and pebbles (inrush of watar about 1639 ft., 2-in. band red marl at about 1673 ft.) - 118 1 1733 1 Grey sandstone and 5-in. band red marl - • - - 1 8 1734 9 Red sandstone and marl 9 3 1744 Red sandstone, marl and pebbles 5 11 174? U \ (Full depth reached) . ,- — 1767 6 Silk Willoughby — Skegness. Silk Willoughby. 155 (1 in. JVIap 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 106, S.W.) 1. Boring on land in occupation of Mr. Doncaster on property of the Earl of Dysart. Communicated by Messrs. Wadsley & Son, of Horbling, 1891. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Clay and soil - 8 8 Combrash - Rock ... - 3 11 Great Oolite Clay - Blue clay 20 31 t Great Oolite Limestone } Rock .... 17 0. 48 ( Kale [i.e. hard shale] Soft rock 2 50 Upper Estuarine 5 55 Series <^ Clay - - - - White kale 1 Oolite - . - . 17 72 2 74 Lincolnshire Limestone 104 178 Upper Lias ^ Lias .... \ Blue rock [? hard shale] - 20 17 9 198 215 9 2. Mr. Sharp's brickyard near Mareham Grange. Liformation from Mr. J. Cocks of Sleaford. Sunk 33 feet ; bored 66 feet. All clay and " dice " (Oxford Clay). Sixhills. (1 in. Map 83, N.S.. 103 ; 6 in. Map 54 N.E.) At Mr. Drake's, close to the church. Communicated by Mr. James Freeborough, well-sinker. Ft. f White marl, about 17 \ Blue clay with chalk - - - - 30 Glacial Drift 47 Skegness. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in Map 84, S.E.). • 1. Waterworks. Made by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff and Messrs. 8. F. Baker & Sons. Date 1883. Communicated by Mr. S. Coetmore Jones, with notes by Mr. A Strahan. Height above O.D. 10 J feet ; water rose from Grey Sand at 321 feot to 6 feet above surface ; yield, 8 gallons a minute. Thickness. Depth. Ft. m. Ft. in. Alluvium /?"'^^^ 7^ ..... 32, f^ ( Loamy clay . . - - ^ * *- Black and brown mud 3 6 2 3 6 5 6 27 32 6 r Brown clay with stones Glacial Beds J Dry gravel . - . - 2 3 34 9 1 3 36 18^ ft. 1 Brown clay .... ^ Dry sand and gravel 8 6 44 6 6 61 156 Skegness. I. Waterworks — continued. Chalk 33 ft. Red Chalk Carstone 17i ft. Roach Beds 28i ft. LTealby Beds 188 ft. Spilsby Sandstone 19 ft. f Chalk rock with salt water \ Chalk rock without water Red chalk or marl Red marl and sand - J Dead greensand N Fine dark greensand i Loamy greensand I Hard light coloured clay - - Blue clay I Sandstone& shale (first water found) /Pale greenish clays with silty bands, scattered grains of oolitic iron oxide occur throughout Pale bluish grey clay, with small white shell fragments. [At 246 ft. glauconitic green sand : at 263 brown clay slickensided : at 269 bright green glauconi- tic sand] .... Green silt and clay Greyish blue clay [iron- ore at 288| and 290] Buff and pinkish silt becomingN brown below and containing I oohtic grains of iron oxide / [earthy iron-ore with quartz grains at 295] - - - / Tough blue clay with grains of quartz Light blue clay with fine white sand Stone band .... Hard dark blue clay [light silty clay at 303] - - - - Light blue clay and silt Stone band . . . . Hard light coloured clay - Stone band with iron pjrrites [limestone at 319|] Grey sand (second water found at 321 ft.) [limestone at 321] - Brown sand and sandstone with thin clay bands containing grains of iron oxide and shell fragments {Pecten cinctus and Belemnites) - - - -J Greenish sand containing grains of ^ iron-ore, with a pale blue stony |^ band, containing specks of iron r' V pjnritea - - - - - J Thickness. Depth Ft. in. 10 11 12 8 6 2 1 G 6 6 8 6 L3 6 96 2 2 6 6 10 6 6 1 6 1 2 10 7 Ft. in. 61 72 84 92 98 100 101 6 108 116 6 130 226 43 269 17 I 286 i 4 i 290 I 5 295 297 299 6 300 310 316 316 6 318 319 321 .331 338 Skegness. 1. Waterworks — continued. 157 Thickness. Deplh Ft. in. Ft. in. (Age doubt- Pale-blue clay, with a hard stone band, containing fragments, of :: shells, specks of iron-pj^ites and ? oolitic grains of iron- l oxide (? from above) ful) 23ft. probably Kimericlge Clay 23 'M\\ ) Kimeridge { Dark blue clay, with bivalves \ and Ammonites Clay 42 4(».S A fresh boring was made in 1903, and the notes in square brackets have been added from specimens sent by Mr. Jones and examined by Mr. H. B. Wood- ward and Mr, A. Strahan. The yield at 321 feet was in September, 1903 at the rate of 2,300 gallons per hour ; but in November, 1903, the average yield proved to be no more than 1800 gallons per hour, 2. Waterworks. Date 1880. Communicated by Mr. Crawford (foreman in charge) to Mr. Whitaker. See Jukes-Browne, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xUx., p. 472. Thickness. I Deptli. Marsh Beds 34 feet. Glacial De- posits 16^ feet. Chalk Red Chalk Carstone Roach 28^ feet. Tealby Beds. Made ground Loamy clay - - - - Black and brown mud - Brown clay, with stones Dry gravel ... - Brown clay, with stones I Dry dead sand and rock Rock-chalk - - - - Red marl - . - - Green sand - - - - f Light coloured clay ^ Blue clay - . . . \ Ironstone shale /Pale blue and grey clays Hard dark -blue clay Brown and blue clay Hard clay ... - Clay and sand Blue clay, sand and shells - Clay and sand, fossils - Sand Clay and sand Hard brown clayandstones [?8eptaria] Blue clay, sand and fossils - Clay and fossils - Blue clay .... ^Brown clay - - - . Ft. n. Ft. in. 1 6 1 6 7 6 9 25 34 4 38 1 39 5 6 44 6 50 21 71 6 20 91 10 101 6 8 ^ 109 6 7 116 6 13 7 130 1 69 11 200 1 201 10 211 9 220 6 226 18 244 1 245 2 247 14 261 3 264 9 273 7 280 8 6 288 6 6 289 158 Skegness. i. Waterworks — continued. Thickness. Depth. - Ft. ir . Ft. in. ^ Brown clay and stone - 1 290 Brown clay and soft sandstone - 6 296 Tealby Beds 191 feet. Blue clay and fine white sand 6 302 Hard stone 6 302 6 Hard dark-blue clay - 10 6 313 Light-blue clay and silt 6 319 Stone band , Hard light-coloured clay 6 319 6 1 6 321 f Grey sand, with water SpilsbySand- Brown sand and sandstone - stone 26 ^ Sandstone feet. C4rey sandstone ... - V Hard stone ----- 2 323 10 333 4 337 8 345 2 347 Clay- stone 1 348 Hard blue clay .... 15 363 Light-blue clay, with flints [?septariaj 1 364 Kimeridge / Blue clay and fossils - 40 404 Clay 78 feet. [Not described] - - . - 9 413 Blue clay and fossils - 2 415 Blue clay, fossils, and black-brown V dirt 10 425 The " red marl '' (7H to 91^ ft.) probably includes pink as well as true Red Chalk, and possibly some Carstone mixed with red marl carried down by the boring tools. A sample from 297 feet was a hard oolitic marlstone with grains of iron -peroxide. Boring at Seathome (Nottingham and Notts. ) Convalescent Home., sea, 2,550 yards north-east of Skegness Waterworks. 1902. Communicated by Mr. S. Coetmore Jones. Height above O.D. 16 feet. By Thickness. Dep f>i Ft. in. Ft. in. r Sand 8 8 Alluvium and J Mud and sand 40 48 Glacial Drift < Shells and sand - 6 54 t Black sand - 20 74 Chalk Chalk 94 168 Red Chalk Red clay ... - 15 183 Carstone Black sand - - - - 20 ^.03 { Green sand ; N.B. Fresh water found here - - - - 6 209 Roach and ; Tealby Beds Black sand - - - - Unrecorded strata - Dark grey sandstone 13 15 4 237 241 Dark blue stone - 4 245 ^^Blue, brown and green clay - «30 375 Skegness — Sleaford. 3. Boring at Seathcrne — continued. im — Thickness. Depth. Tealby Beds Spilsby Sand- stone Kimeridge Clay C Soft brown rock Brown clay ... - ' Very hard rock - ^ Clay Groy sandstone Clay Ft. 3 1 1 19 28 18 in. 6 6 Ft. in. 378 379 380 6 399 6 428 44G When the boring was 270 feet deep the water stood at 26 feet from the surface, when it was 321 feet deep the water level was 18 feet from the surface, and there seems to have been a very considerable increase of water at about 400 feet. Skendleby. 1. Skendleby Salter. ; (1 in. Map 84, N.S. 116 ; 6 in. Map, 75 S.W.) Information from Mr. Belton (tenant). Ft. Dug in a hard rock like ironstone - -104 No spring was reached here, but water trickles in from the side some way down. The lower part is probably in hard clay, as in well No. 2. 2. At cottage on Mr. Higgin's farm, Skendleby Salter, half a mile east of last. Communicated by Mr. Ch. Wilkinson, of Louth (well-sinker). Dug 22 yards, bored 30 yards. Ft. 6 24 126 156 Carstone Tealby Beds Chalk rubble Brown soft sandstone [? and ironstone] - Black clay, dug for - - - - Two large oyster- shells were found at the bottom of the dug well ; no spring reached in the boring. Mr. Tyson, of Willoughby, describes a bed of hard bluish rock, drying grey and flaky, " with silvery chips in it," as occurring in this well, probably at the base of the sandstone. Sleaford. (1 in. Map 70, N.S. 127 ; 6 in. Map, 106 N.E.). 1. Farey mentioned in 1808 that a boring was made " in search of coals some time ago, about 1| miles from Sleaford, by the side of the road towards London, which at a great depth tapped so powerful a spring, that the same has ever since boiled up a considerable height above the ground and given rise to a small brook."* ♦ Extract from letter to Sir Joseph Banks, History and Antiquities of Boston, 1856, p. 671. printed in Thompson's 160 Sleaford. 2. Four-inch boring to depth of 120 feet. Water rose above surface. J. Addy, Proc. Inst. C.E., Ixxiv. (1883), 161. 3. Mr. Chamberlain's, West Street. Information from Mr. J. Cocks (well-sinker). Ft. in. [Oxford Clay] Dicey clay - - - - - about 20 [Cornbrash] Rock in bands and courses and blue rock - 4 24 6 4. Mr. Fearey's, Queen's Head, Westgate. Ft. in. [Oxford Clay] Dicey clay about 14 [Cornbrash] Shelly rock (" Kale ") - - about 1 3 15 3 5. Mr. Sharpc's Farm, outside the railway-gates. Sunk 33 feet, bored for 62 feet. — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Cornbrash J Soil and yellow rubbly rock \Blue rock .... 3 2 1 2 Great Oolite •Clay Blue rock .... 3 4 1 4 Clay Clay and marl .Blue rock . . - - Similar alternations of clay 4 6 1 6 . and rock to the bottom about 80 95 6. Boring at Messrs. Bass & Co.'s Maltings. Communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, who deepened the boring from 113 feet. Good spring at 156 feet which rose 13|^ feet above the surface, with a flow of over 12,000 gallons an hour. On being deepened to 177 feet the bore yielded 30,000 gallons per hour. 1892. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Surface Soil - - Soil . 1 6 1 6 Valley Gravel - - Gravel and sand 12 13 6 Kellaways Beds - Clay . 1 14 6 Cornbrash - - Rock . 10 24 6 Great OoUte Clay - Clay . 24 48 6 Great Oolite Lime-j ^^^^ stone - - - J - 12 60 6 /Clay Upper Estuarine Rock . 7 67 6 . 2 6 70 Series \ Green clay \ Dark clay . 1 71 - 4 75 Sleaford. 6. Boring at Messrs. Bass & Go's Maltings — continued. 161 7. Well in the Cross Keys Yard. Communicated by Mr. Jesse Clare, of Sleaford. Thickness. Depth. Alluvium and | Blaek^rt"'^ ' " ' Valley Gravel | q^^^/^^j ,^"i„g ^^^ [ f Scalv rock • - - Great Oolite C!Uy { Blue clay hard and tough - Grmt Oolite Lime-j B, ^^^^ - - - stone - - j Upper Estuarine | ^^J^ . . '. . ^^"^« Iciay .... Lincolnshire / Rock with water Limestone [ Rock with more water Ft. 2 3 11 1 4 11 9 2 25 7 4 in. 6 6 6 6 6 Ft. in. 2 6 6 17 18 6 23 34 43 45 70 77 81 6 8. Boring at the Great Northern Railway Station. Communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Water rose to 6J feet above the surface and overflows at the rate of 20,000 gallons per hour. Thickness. Depth. IJt. in. Ft. in. Soil Gay . 1 6 1 6 Valley Gravel { ^^ ; : ; : 2 12 3 6 15 6 Great Oolite Soft stone Hard stone . 2 6 18 Limestone . 4 22 Upper Estuarine ' Hard clay Stone - 8 1 6 30 31 6 Series . Hard clay . 16 6 48 / Stone rock (a sample sent is a grey oolitic limestone) 38 6 86 6 Lincolnshire Rock and layers of clay - 2 6 89 Limestone Rock oolitic . . . 24 113 Rock and thin layers of clay 4 IIV Rock - - - 34 151 7C9G. A. J. J. B. L 162 Sleaford. 9. On the estate of the Marquis of Bristol, half-way between Sleaford and Holdingham. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpo. Yield, a fine supply, rising from 1 foot below to 5 or 6 feet above the surface. Cornbrash Great Oolite Clay Great Oolite Limestone Upper Estuarine Series Lincolnshire Limestone Stone - Blue Clay - I Rock - f Clay - 4 Rock - ■ - I Mottled clay I Oolite - Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 10 10 28 38 12 50 5 55 3 58 21 79 39 118 10. On the estate of the Marquis of Bristol : water-cress beds, one mile east of Sleaford, 1900. Communicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe. Water rushed up in great force through 6 -inch bore -hole and rose 20 feet above ground. Yield, 184,500 gallons a day. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Valley Drifts | Black soil - . . - 2 2 Red running sand 3 5 Blue silt .... 14 19 Cornbrash Hard blue rock - 2 21 Great Oolite Clay ■ Scaly rock ... - Dry tough silt 4 16 25 41 Great Oolite J Limestone I ' Blue rock - . . . White rock - - - - 8 49 49^ ^ Blue rock - - - . 4i 54 r Hard blue clay 20 74 Black rock - - - - 2 76 Upper Blue clay - - 2 78 Estuarine ^ Very hard rock - 7 85 Series Soft and jointed rock - 3 88 Hard blue rock - 2i 90^ Blue and green clay 10 100^ r Hard blue rock - 12 im Shingle and gravel [broken rockj 3 115^ Limestone White rock - - - - Blue rock - - - • - 1 2 116i 118i ^ Rock (water) 5^ 124 S I ,E AFORD — SOMERCOTES. 163 11. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe, Sleaford. Yield, 27,000 gallons per hour. Water rises about 9 feet above ground level. Thickness. Depth. Soil Gravel and sand - Cornbrash - - Stone Great Oolite Qay - Mottled clay Great Oolite \ gtone beds - - - - Limestone j Upper Estuarine 1 |>- <"fy ] ] [ [ ^'''^ I Clay Lincolnshire ) Oolite - Limestone j Ft. 2 4 9 24 13 2 20 13 Ft. 2 6 15 39 52 58 60 80 93 Somerby. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map, 123 N.W.). Old Somerby Manor House, information obtained by W. H. Holloway. Ft. Lincolnshire Limestone. Limestone rock - - - - nearly 100 Somercotes, North. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 91 ; 6 in. Map, 41 S.W.). Communicated by Mr. Ch. Wilkinson (well-sinker). Ft. .„ . fReddish clav 4 Alhivmm, Black moor^and sand 50 ' -"^ ^^- ISand and shells- - - ..- - - - .4 ^4^ff * flayers of red clay, sand, and gravel - - - 44 Chalk, soft at the top with " greystono " at the bottom - - 40 142 Somercotes, South. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 91 ; 6 in. Map, 41 S.W.). 1 Communicated by Mr. Joseph Jackling (well- borer), of North Coatea. Ft. r Firm clay - - - - - - - - 18 Alluvium, { Soft black clay - - 30 52 ft. l^Sand ^ /Firm clay 12 Glacial, j Sand - - - ^^ 34 ft. ^ Firm clay l'» [Sand i Chalk, rather soft . 38 124 At this depth the rods struck a hard rock which they could not penetrate. 7696. ^ 2 164 SOMERCOTES — SPALDING. Alluvium, 34 ft. Glacial Drift, 56 ft. Chalk, 36 ft. 2. At Mr. Michaers farm. Record from a well -sinker in Saltfleet. 30 (Brown flilt - - - - , - - - - .4 ISand 64 rClay, with stones about 2 ISand about 6 rChalk rock (hard) 30 I^Soft chalk, with a hard stone at the bottom - - — 126 3. Communicated by Mr. Joseph Jackling. Ft. fClay 27 Alluvium. ( Black soft clay 45 \Sand 4 Glacial (Strong clay - - '- - - - - 12 to 16 Drift. ISand - - 1 Chalk (very soft, like putty) 39 129 Spalding. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 144 ; 6 in. Map 134 S.W.). For account of water -works, see p. 67. (6 in. Map 141 S.E.) 1. Boring made by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Communicated by Mr. G. W. Cunnington, Highfield, Spalding, to Mr. H. Preston. r Quicksand Fen Beds J ^^^^ ' 1 Shell marl - Shingle and sh3lls Glacial Drift - Boulder clay 2. Spalding Common. rsiit - Alluvium. J Clay - \ Peat - I Clay - Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 2 6 2 6 9 6 12 1 13 12 25 Spilsby — Stallingborough. 16i Spilsby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S.. 115; 6 in. Map 82 N.E.). 1. At house in New Spilsby, about two furlongs E.S.E. of the Church. No water found. Ft. Dug and bored through blue clay (Kimeridge Clay) - - • 90 2. Another well at the ** King's Head '* Inn was bored to the same depth. Stainfield. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 132S.E.). Boring made by Mr. Noble, 1899. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Yield good supply, but the water did not reach surface. Great Oolite Clay Great Oolite Limestone Upper Estuarine Series Lincolnshire Limestone f Clay ( Rock 1 Clay I Rock [aay Rock Grey sand . Rock 112 4 116 10 130 Stallingborough. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map, 21 N.E.). Borings made in 1874 ; communicated by Mr. Fisher. 1. Outside the sea-bank 50 feet S.E. of the Signal Post next Stallingborough Creek. Ft. r Brick clay 7 .,, . J Soft clay and warp 13 AUuvmm. Wood, silt, and soft clay 6 [Soft warp 16 r Hard marly clay [Boulder Clay] .... 5 Glacial J Small gravel 3 Drift. ] Hard marly clay [Boulder Clay] .... 10 [clean loose sand 4 To Chalk • - 64 166 StALLINGBOKOUGH — bTAMFORD. 2. Inside the sea-bank, 133 yards N.W. of No. 1. Ft. /'Brick clay - - - 5 Alluvium / Soft blue silt - - - , - - - - 35 \Clay and old timber - - - - - - 4 r Hard marly clay [Boulder Clay] ... - 3 Small gravel and sand 3 Glacial Drift (^ Hard clay, as above [Boulder Clay] - - - 12 Loose sand 5 [Hard clay 4 Chalk . 6 76 Alluvium. Glacial Drift. 3. I mile N.W. of the Battery Grounds. Ft. I^Brick clay 10 j Soft blue clay 15 ^ Blue silt 17 I, Wood and clay 2 r Loose red sand - - 12 J Soft clay 2 \ Loose red sand 6 [Smooth brown brick clay - - - - - 14 78 Stamford. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 157; 6 in. Map 151, N.W.). » 1. Six in. Boring at Hunt's Brewery, near Railway Station. Made by Mr! J. E, Noble, Thurlby. 1899. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Height above O.D., 95. Soil Lincolnshire Limestone Rock rClay Grey sand ( Yellow sand Ironstone [stone relay ( Rock \Clay f Rock ( Clay I Rock Qay Northampton Sands 24 feet Upper Lias 193 feet 6 inch. Middle Lias (Marlstone) 9 feet 6 inches Middle Lias Clays Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 1 14 15 2 17 4 21 2 23 6 6 29 6 9 G 39 155 194 6 194 6 38 232 6 1 233 6 4 6 238 4 242 52 294 Note— No water was obtained from the boring, but sometime after it was finished water broke in from the Northampton Sands, A well was sunk, 15 feet diameter and just over 30 feet deep. A pulsometer had to raise 5,00u gallons per hour whilst this well was being made. H.P. Stamford. IG' 2. Boring on Ketton Road, West of the Town. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble, 1898. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. No Water. Soil - Lncolnshire Limestone Rock - Northampton Sands \j ,' '■ ( Ironstone Upper Lias Clay - Thickness. Depth. ' Ft. in. Ft. in. 1 1 45 7 46 7 8 10 55 5 18 73 5 126 7 200 3. Boring on Empringham Road. Made by Mr. Noble. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. • No water. Sou ; Qay Gravel ! Lincolnshire Limestone-Rock - {Yellow Sand Black Sand- Ironstone - Upper JLias Clay - Thickness. Ft. in. 60 9 4 7 19 122 Depth. Ft. 1 2 6 67 71 m. 6 6 3 3 78 3 97 219 4. Boring close to Bone Mill Farm, 1| miles South of Stamford, on Old Oundle Road, made in 1900. Communicated by Mr. Booth, Stamford, to Mr. Preston. A good supply of water. Lincolnshire Limestone ^_ Northampton Beds I I Uoper Lia? Loam - - . - Limestone - ) Ironstone, mixed with / sandstone Blue rock - Thickness 19 6 26 () 168 Stamford — Strubby. 6. Well by Tinkler's Quarry. S. Sharp, Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xxix., 1873, p. 255. Ft. Lincolnshire \ Oolitic and compact Umeatonea more or less Limestone j shelly 49 Collyweston slate - Slaty rock. 0. Well at Torkington's brickyard, half a mile to the east of the above. Sharp, op. cit. p. 256. • Ft. L nco'.nshire Limestone 74 See Analyses, p. 213. Steeping. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116; 6 in. Map 83, S.W.). 1. Recorded by J. A. Clarke. aay (Boulder Clay) ] ^a t^. 1TTU -J. r^ 1 -^u J. h 20 ft. or more. White Gravel with water j 2. xAt cottage on the north side of railway, near Mill, by Halton Bridge, Great Steeping. Information obtained by Mr. Jukes-Browne. Ft. Boulder Qay 18 Gravel, with water ...... about 2 20 Stiekney. (1 in. Map 69, N.S„ 115 ; 6 in. Map 90, S.W.). From Mr. Skertchly's " Geology of the Fenland," p. 276. Actual site not specified, probably a boring at some spot west of the village. Ft. in. .Oayey silt 4 -m T> J Peat with trees - - - - to 6 Fen Beds j ^y^t,, ^^^ 2 I Dark gravel mixed with clay and sand - 6 'Dark blue clay 32 Kimeridge Clay | Very large septaria ----- 2 ( Dark blue clay — Over 46 Stoke Roehford. See p. 213. Strubby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map 57, S.E.). 1. At Mr. Dowse's. Communicated by IVIr. Robert Harrison, of Woodthorpe (well-sinker). Ft. fClay, red and marly 30 Sand 3 vjic»ui<*i Lyiiio N. Black clay, with small chalk and other pebbles 6 Uand 12 51 StRUBBY — SUDBROOKE. 160 {. At Mr. Kelk's farm, Woodthorpe, a mile and a half west of Leesby. Communicated by Mr. R. Harrison, of Woodthorpe. Surface soil Glacial Drift Chalk Yellow silt . - . . Sand and small gravel - Dark coloured clay Black clay, with small stones Sand and small gravel Loose chalk and flints (" croy ") Ft. 2 19 3 24 38 6 6 98 Sturton-by-Stow. (1 in. Map 8 '^ N.S., 102 ; 6 in. xMap 60 N.E.) Well, one quarter of mile S. of Sturton. Ft. ( Grey and brownish clay with selenite - - 6 Lower Lias I Bluish-grey clay with bluish-grey limestone ( {Oryphoea). W.A.E.U. Sudbrooke. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 102; 6 in. Map 62, S.W.). 1. Sudbrooke Holme. Communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Water rises to top of house. Yields 7,000 gallons per day of 10 hours Ft. in. Soil 2 {Stone 6 Grey sand 13 Blue clay 7 Cornbrash Stone 4 6 Great Oohte /Green clay 11 6 aay iDark clay - - - - - - 14 Great Oohte ( ^f ^^ t n Lixnestone I^J^J^;^^," i ; ! ! ] ] ,1 ^^ upp^^f^- |st:r^^^- : : : : : : 5' 4 arme Series I ^ i e r^ ^ Clay 15 Lincolnshire 1 04. r « Limestone I ^^^^ ........ 66 106 2. Sudbrooke Holme. Communicated by Messrs. Barnes and Sharpe. Water rose above surface. Oxford Clay and Kellaways Beds Cornbrash Great Oolite Clay Great Oolite Limestone Upper Estuarine Series Feet. .Clay 25 \ Hard clay 2 Rock 7 Clay 28 Rock 5 (Clay 10 \ Black sand 13 SO The water was no doubt derived mainly from the Lincoln>^hire Limestone below. 170 SUDBROOKE — S UTTON-ON-Se A. 3. Farm one quarter of a mile south-west of Langworth Station. Communicated by C. E. Do Ranee, Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Polyt. Soc. xii. 49. Water rises nearly to surface. Boulder Clay |g^^^ 3^^ ^^^^^ g^ . _ - _ _ . 90 Oxford Clay Kellaways Sand /' (with water) Sutton-on-Sea. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map 58, S.W.). 1. Well, recorded by Dr. Correa de Serra, in Phil Trans., vol. 89, p. 148 (1799). See also C. B. Rose, Geologist^ 1843, p. 77, and Thompson's - History of Boston." Ft. .Clay - - -16 [Alluvium] -| Moor, like that of the islets - - 3 to 4 ^Soft moor, mixed with Bhells and silt - - 20 r Marly clay 1 [Glacial J Chalk rock 1 to 2 Drift] 1 Clay 93 I Gravel and water (chalybeate taste) - - — 2. Trial-hole, made in 1885, opposite the Sandhill, near the Church. Surface at about high-water mark. Communicated by Mr. R. ElUott Cooper. Ft. in. Post-Glacial Glacial Soil Brown clay . - - - Blue clay - ... - Peat Blue clay Hard marly clay (not bottomed) 1 7 6 8 10 1 6 1 3 17 11 38 3. At the new Vicarage, bored in 1879. Communicated by Mr. Robert Harrison, of Woodthorpe (well-sinker) Alluvium 26 ft. Glacial Drift 53 ft. I' Surface soil - j Soft warp clay ^ Turf Chalk I Sand and small gravel - I^Clay, with very amall "whites Grey sand - - . . Dark clay, with small stones ( Gravel (with water) Black clay - - - - Green sand - - . - ^Grey sand and small gravel - Soft loose chalk - - - Ft 3 18 3 2 25 3 12 n 5 5 H 2 81 Sutton-on-Sea — Long Sutton. 171 i. Two wells, A. at Mr. Wood's, B. at Mr. Brown's, near the Inn, N. of the Church. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker.) A. B. ; I Ft. Ft. ^ Dug in soft brown clay - - - - 7 7 Alluvium \ Bored in the same - - - - - 33 30 ^Bedofturf 3 3 1 Strong brown clay, with chalk stones and other pebbles 36 39 Clean sharp sand 3 4 Gravel /.-.-.. 3 2 Brown clay, with stones - - - - 21 — Chalk 16 15 122 100 Sutton, Long. Sutton St. Mary's and Sutton Bridge. (1 in. Map 69, N.S., 145 ; 6 in. Map 136 S.W.). 1. The Town and Sutton Bridge were originally supplied from shallow welli. 2. Boring. Information from Mr. William Skelton. Ft. Fen Beds i ^^^* ^^^ ^® ^^^^ ^^ I Gravel and sea shingle 10 Boulder j Blue clay with small pieces of chalk and occa- Clay / sionally flints, about 100 pi ° [ Blue clay without chalk-stones, about - - 116 273 This was the depth of the boring in 1885 when it was stopped, as no water was obtained. We were informed by Mr. W. H. Woodcock, of Long Sutton, under date October 20th, 1897, that the boring was not continued, and that the tube still remains in the ground as it was left in 1885. 3. Boring at tSutton Bridge Dock. Communicated by Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly, 1879 {Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol.. i, p. 73). ^en Beds rSoil I Silt Black mud Silt Coarse sand Sand and gravel, mixed with vegetable matter and shells - . . - . . - Ft. 2 8 3 21 6 4F 172 • SWABY — SWARBY. Swaby. (1 in. Map 84, N.S. 103 ; 6 in. Map 65 S.E.)., Cottage by Windmill, three furlongs W.S.W. of Swaby. Information obtained from the miller. Ft. Dug in brown (Boulder) clay, with rubble at base - - - 10 Bored in Chalk, grey, with pink bands 58 68 Swallow. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 29 N.E.) At farm one mile north-east of Church. Information supplied to Mr. Clement Reid by Mr. Hopkins. Ft. Chalk, becoming red 174 Gravel, bright (Carstone) 1 175 Supply of water very limited and soon exhausted by pumping. Swarby. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 115 N.W.). 1. Opposite the Church. Information obtained by W. H. HoUoway. Ft. in. rr\ t J n^ t ( Soil and dark clay 2 6 [Oxford Clay] | Brown marly band 10 ( Soft brown rock in bands, from six to [Cornbrash] } twelve inches thick, with marly partings 2 6 ( Hard blue rock, with a few marly partings 3 3 ^^''c%f^ } Blue clay - - - - - - 20 29 3 2. Boring for water, close to site of old well. Information obtained by W. H. HoUoway. Particulars below depth of 57 feet uncertain. Ft. in. Soil 2 [Cornbrash] - - - Rock 16 [Great Oolite^Clay, } Yellow, green, and dark blue clay 29 6 Hard rock 12' r^ J./A 1-x T- i. I Soft marly band - - - 9 [Great Oolite Limestone jj^^^^^^^ 2 ^* "'J Dark blue clay - - - - 8 \ Hard rock 16 [Upper Estuarine Series] Light coloured clays - - - ? 20 fRock 16 Clay 3 [Lincolnshire Limestone f Rock 6 I Soft stone (a little water) - - 12 ( Hard rock ? 1 92 6 SWATON. 173 Swaton. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 128 ; 6 in. Map, 116 S.W.) 1. Boring near Mr. Yarrad's premises, 1884-5. Communicated by Mr. Jesse Clarke, of Sleaford. Water overflows all the year round, and is distributed through the village by gravitation. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Surface soil 1 1 Fen Gravel ( Yellow clay 3 6 4 6 Wet gravel - - - 2 6 6 \ Wet running sand 1 6 8 Boulder Clay | Dark blue clay with flint stones .... 34 42 Dark grey rock band (? septarium) - 2 42 2 Light dry blue clay 57 10 100 Hard blue rock - 2 102 Clay parting 6 102 6 Oxford Clay Hard rock ... - 7 109 6 and < Clay parting 4 109 10 Kellaways Beds Hard rock .... 5 114 10 Strong clay ... - 4 118 10 Very hard rock - 6 119 4 Strong clay .... 3 122 4 Very hard blue clay 4 6 126 10 ^Strong band 2 127 Cornbrash Hard rock - - - . 3 6 130 6 Great Oolite Ci&y ( Strong band 2 132 6 Rock 10 133 4 Strong clay bands 10 143 4 Great Oohte Limestone, { 2H ft. ^Rock with clay-partings Hard rock .... 1 Clay parting 5 6 4 8 3 148 8 155 4 155 7 I Very hard rock - 9 1 164 8 Blue clay .... 1 6 166 2 Rock 1 167 2 Blue clay .... 4 6 171 8 Rock 2 173 8 Upper Estuarine Dark bands 7 6 181 2 Series, Rock 1 182 2 27 ft. Dark rock-bands [? clay bands] .... 4 6 186 8 Rock -' - 6 187 2 Strong rock-bands [? clay \ bands] .... 4 6 191 8 / Very hard blue rock 17 6 209 2 Blue clay parting 6 209 8 Lincolnshire Very hard blue rock - 30 6 240 2 Limestone White rock .... 1 241 2 Light grey rock -parting 3 241 5 vVery hard rock - 9 3 250 8 174 I SwATON — Tetney. A grouping somewhat different from that adopted in the Memoir on Jurassic Rocks, vol. iv., p. 426, is here given. 2. A 4 in. boring carried to depth of 200 feet. Water stood between three and four feet below surface. J. Addy, Proc.Inst. C.E., Ixxiv. (1883), ICl. See Analyses p. 214. Tathwell. (1 in. Map S4, N.S., 103 ; C in. Map 56, S.W.). 1. Tathwell Hall. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Ft. White Chalk 64 Red Chalk -^ 15 Brown sand (Carstone) 24 93 2. Well in farmyard, Dovendale, about nine furlongs west of Tathwell Church. " Information obtained from the foreman. Ft. [Boulder Clay] - BrowTi clay - - - - - - 10 ^Vllite and pink Chalk - - - . 5 [Red Chalk] - Red marl 5 [Carstone] - - Red sand and water .... 1 21 Tattershall. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map, 89, S.W.) 1. At farm three-quarters of a mile west-south-west of Park House. Information from IVfr. Patchett of Park House. Ft. Soil and sandy gravel 6 ni • 1 T\ 'ti. fClay with stones 18 Glacial Drift (s^^/a and water 1 25 2. The well at Park House was dug and bored 30 feet tlirough Boulder Clay, mottled blue and brown, containing flints and pebbles of hard Chalk. Tetney. (1 in. Map 85, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 31, S.W.). Communicated by Mr. Joseph Jackling. 1. Near the Blow Wells. Ft. Clay (Alluvium ? and Boulder Clay) 63 Chalk — Water rises seven or eight feet abo\c the surface. 2. Village. Ft. Boulder aav - - 81 Rock [Chalk] — Theddi.ethorpe— Thoresby. 175 Theddlethorpe St. Helen. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; G in. Map 49, S.E.). Communicated by Mr. Robert Harrison, of Woodthorpe (well-sinker). 1. At the Rectory, bored in 1863. Ft. Alluvium / Surface clay 6 46 ft. (^ Soft mud 40 ( Marly clay 26 Glacial Drift J Hard silt 6 42 ft. 1 Dark clay, with small stones .... 2 [ Sand 8 Chalk - - White putty or soft chalk - - - - 25 113 2. At Mr. J. P. Badley's, bored in 1870. Ft. Alluvium / Surface clay, rather sandy .... 7 36 ft. \ Grey sand 29 riac* 1 Dr'ft ( ^®^^°^ ^^^y (with stones ?) - - about 10 42 ft i Dark clay, with pebbles and chalk stones about 26 l^ Grey sand 8 Chalk - - Loose chalk 5 85 Thoresby, North. (1 in. Map 85, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 39, N.E.). Communicated by Mr. Joseph Jackling. 1. At Engine Yard. Ft. Glacial Drift I'^^^y 7,1,*!^ t^?f« " " ' " ' ' ' ^^ y Sand (thm bed) — Chalk — 2, Near the Granby Inn. Glacial Drift {Bo^-^^r"^^: ! ! ! ! I I t! Thoresby, South. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 65, S.E.). Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). 1. At the shop, about 300 yards S.W. of Church. Ft. {Sand and gravel 9 Clay, with layers of gravel - - about 15 Gravel 7 Chalk 6 28 176 Thoresby — Thurlby. 2. Well in Mr. North's garden, not far from the above. PI ' \T) 'u f Clay, with chalk and stones - - - \ Sand and gravel, with water at bottom - Thornton Curtis. (1 in. Map 83, N.S. 80 ; 6 in. Map 73 S.W). Communicated by Mr. Westaby. 1. Immediately N. of Thornton College (Abbey). Sand Clav Ft. 21 8 29 Ft. 6 30 To Chalk - - - - 36 2. New Farm on Thornton Marsh. Ft. Sand 6 Clay - 42 To Chalk .... 48 Thorpe St. Peter. (1 in. Map 84, N.S. 116 ; 6 in. Map 91 N.E.). \t Fendyke, a mile and a quarter west of the Railway Station, Thorpe Culvert. Information obtained by Mr. Skertchly. Ft. Soil and fen clay .----...7 Peat, full of wood 3 Clean clay [partly Boulder Clay ?] 30 Sand, with water - - - --- - . - — 40 Thurlby. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 157 ; 6 in. Map 146, N.E.). 1. 4^ in. boring at Kate's Bridge Farm, South of Thurlby Made by Mr. J. E. Noble, 1902. Communicated by Mr. Henry Preston. Height above O.D., 24 ft. Water overflows. Yield, 7,000 gallons per hour Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in Soil .... 1 1 Drift Sand and clay - 3 9 4 9 Cornbrash Rock- 7 11 9 Great Oolite Clay Clay - - . - 15 26 9 j-Rock Great Oolite Limestone -^ Clay 1 Rock 4 30 9 2 3 33 8 41 Upper Estuarine Series | Q,7y'^^,f '. [ 25 13 66 79 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock 8 87 Thurlby. 177 2. Quarter of a mile north of Kate's Bridge Farm, in old brick-field. (1 in. Map 143 ; 6 in. Map 140, S.E.). Made by Mr. Noble in 1903. Height above O.D., 33 ft. Flow, a little over 7000 gallons per hour, from a 4 J in. bore. Drift Oxford Clay and Kellaways Beds Cornbrash Great Oolite Clay Great Oolite Limestone Upper Estuarine Series Lincolnshire Limestone Soil - relay - - ^^ Hard sand - raay - - - Sandstone I Clay - Rock Clay /Stone and Clay I Rock rClay- - I Grey marl Rock Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 1 6 1 6 4 3 5 9 4 9 9 3 12 9 2 14 9 10 9 25 6 7 32 6 13 6 46 8 54 8 62 6 24 86 15 6 101 6 9 6 111 3. 2 in. Boring at Thurlby. (1 in. Map, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 140, S.E.). Made by Mr. J. E. Noble. Date, 1898. Oommunicated by Mr. Preston. Height above O.D., 68 ft. Water level, 16 ft. below surface. — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Oxford aay Oay- Cornbrash Rock Great OoUte Clay Gay .... /Rock Great Oolite Limestone I Gay - - - - I Rock 17 5 16 11 10 17 22 38 49 10 2 6 4 9 52 4 67 1 Upper Estuarine Series Gay - - - - Lincolnshire Limestone Rock 28 6 20 85 7 105 7 7096. M 178 Thurlby. 4. A Boring made in 1900, just west of the Church, gave 10,000 gallons per hour overflow from a 4^ in. hole. It was afterwards tubed with 2 in. tubes. Communicated by Mr. Preston Height above O.D., 28 ft. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil .... 2 2 Drift r Gravel - ^""'^^ iSand 3 5 3 5 10 3 Cornbrash Shale 4 14 3 Great OoUte Clay Clay .... 16 30 3 /Rock 3 3 33 6 Great Oolite Limestone / Clay 2 6 36 (Rock - - 8 44 Upper Estuarine Series {yr^\ 27 12 71 83 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock 6 89 5. 3| in. Boring one and a quarter miles north of Church. (1 in. Map, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 140, S.E.). Made by Mr. J. E. Noble. Date, 1900. Communicated by Mr. Preston. Height above O.D., 20 ft. Water overflowed. Yield between 9,000 and 10,000 gallons per hour. - — Thickness. Depth. ~ Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil .... 1 1 Drift Clay and stone - 5 6 i Cornbrash Rock 5 11 1 Great OoHte Clay Clay- 19 30 ' Great Oolite Limestone Rock 9 39 Upper Estuarine Series rClay- . - - I Grey mf^rl 25 11 9 64 ' 75 9 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock 24 9 100 6 On February 9th, 1903, 1 visited this boring, and found that the water from the upper rock-bed (Cornbrash) had been tubed out and was running a constant stream into the drain. When the valve from the main supply was opened a supply of not less than 10,000 gallons per hour was running from the Lincohi- shire Oolite. Samples from this boring gave : From Cornbrash — 1-365 grains of chlorine per gallon. From Lincolnshire Oolite — 1*26 grains of chlorine per gallon. H. p. Thuklby, 179 6. 2 in. Boring I mile east of Railway Station. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble, 1897. Communicated by Mr. Preston. Height above O.D., 29. Water level, 12 ft. below ground. — — Thiokness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Oxford Clay Clay- 17 17 Cornbrash Rock 5 22 Great Oolite Clay Clay- - . - 16 6 38 6 rRock 11 49 6 Great Oolite Limestone -^Clay- - - - 4 53 6 I Rock 2 55 6 Upper Estuarine Series Clay- - - - 28 6 84 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock 59 11 143 11 7. A 2 in. Boring at the Mill House, i mile north of Church. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble, 1902. Communicated by Mr. Preston. Height above O.D., 29 ft. Water overflows. Yield, 5,000 gallons per hmr. - — Thicknos3. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil - - 2 2 Drift Yellow sand 8 10 Oxford Clay Clay- 7 17 Cornbrash Rock 7 24 6 Great Oolite Clay rClay - \ Shale Iciay - 16 2 3 40 9 42 9 2 44 9 Great Oolite Limestone Rock 7 51 9 Upper Estuarine Series /Cky- iGrey n.r. rl- 22 12 9 73 9 86 6 Lincolnshire Limestone Ro.k £0 106 6 I visited this Boring in Feb., 1903, and found that the pressure at a ,f in. tap, 2 ft. above the ground, was 20 lbs. per square inch. H.P. 7696. M 2 180 Thurlby. 8. 2 in. Boring at back of the Board Schools. Communicated by Mr. Preston. No Water. - Thicl [ncss. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil - - - - 1 6 1 6 rClay- - - - 3 6 5 Oxford Clay J Shale 3 8 IClay- - - - 10 18 Cornbrash Rock 5 6 23 6 Great OoUte Clay Clay- 15 38 6 (-Rock -Clay- - - - I Rock 2 40 6 Great Oolite Limestone 3 43 6 7 6 51 relay- - - - 3 64 Upper Estuarine Series 1 Rock Iciay- 4 58 29 3 87 3 Lincolnshire Limestone and Northampton Sands /Rock Clay- . . . s Rock 61 3 8 4 6 148 7 152 1 160 1 Clay. iRock 16 6 6 6 176 7 183 1 Upper Lias Clay- - . . 53 11 237 9. 2 in. Boring made in 1897 by Mr. Noble, at back of his own residence. Communicated by Mr. Preston. No Water. — — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Sand- . 5 5 Oxford Clay Clay. . 12 17 Cornbrash Rock - 4 6 21 6 Great Oolite Clay Clay. - 16 6 36 Great Oolite Limestone Rock . 11 6 49 6 fClay. . 2 51 6 Upper Estuarine Series / Rock - 3 54 6 I Clay - - SO 84 6 fRock . 61 9 146 3 Lincolnshire Clay. . 6 152 3 Lime!=5tone Rock . 8 6 160 9 and ^ Sandy Clay 15 6 176 3 Northampton Sands Clay. . 5 181 3 J^ock . 2 183 3 Upper Lias Clay. - - - 20 203 3 Toft — Uffington. 181 Toft. A Boring J mile east of Toft Lodge. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 140, S.E.) Made by Mr. Noble. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Height above O.D., 100 ft. Water level, 127 ft. below surface. Yield, very good supply. - — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Gravel 15 15 Oxford Clay (Clay- . 55 70 and Kellaways \ Sand- 8 78 Rock 1 Clay - 11 8 89 8 Cornbrash Rock 4 93 8 Sandy clay J Blue clay - N Sandstone I Clay (Dicey) 2 95 8 Great Oolite Clay 15 1 110 8 111 8 3 114 8 . Rock 5 119 8 Great Oolite Limestcne > Hard dicey clay 4 2 123 10 ' Rock . 1 6 125 4 Upper Estuarine Series (Clay. - \Grey marl- - 11 14 136 4 150 4 Lincolnshire Limestone Limestone Ro ck 49 4 199 8 Torrington, East. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 54, S.W.). At Mr. Trafford's. Communicated by Mr. James Freeborough (well-sinker). Ft. Yellow clay 4-5 Blue clay, with stones [Kimeridge Clay with septaria]. There was bad air with a sulphurous smell in this well. Water is often found in the beds containing the septarian stones, and in the bands of " dice." TJffington. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 157 ; 6 in. Map 151, N.W.). 6 in. boring at back of West Hall Farm, western end of village. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble, Thurlby, 1898. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Height above O.D. about 114 ft. Water-level 75 feet below surface. Yield, a plentiful supply from middle of the Lincolnshire Limestone, but no increase after. Soil - Cornbrash - Great Oolite Clay Great Oolite Limestone Rock Clay /Rock Clay Rock Clay I, Rock Tliicl mess Depth. 1^'t. in. Ft. in. 1 1 3 6 4 6 18 22 6 9 23 3 1 24 3 1 6 25 9 1 3 27 11 2 38 2 182 U FFINGTON — WaLMSG ATE . West Hall Farm — continued. ' Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. upper Estuarine Series Clay 24 62 2 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock 73 4 135 6 (Sand Clay - - - (Rock 7 142 6 Northampton Sands 6 6 149 13 162 /Clay - - - 2 9 164 9 Rock (5 165 3 Upper Lias Clay - - - 18 6 18S 9 Rock 9 184 6 i,Clay - - - 34 6 219 The yield was tested for two days by steam-power and bore-hole pump, but without finding any diminution of flow ; quantity not measured. See Analyses, p. 214. Ulceby (by Alford). (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116 ; 6 in. Map 75, N.W.). 1. At Mr. Cartwright's farm, (Fotherington) Fordington. Information from Mr. Cartwright of Well. Ft. White and grey Chalk 118 Red Chalk 12 Brown sand (Carstone) with water - - - - - - 5 135 2. At the Grange Farm (Mr. Riggall's). (1 in. Map, N.S., 104). Ft. White and grey Chalk • - - 180 Red Chalk, with a little water - 10 190 Walcot. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 114 ; 6 in. Map 88, S.W.). Boring made at Catley Abbey, S.W. of Walcot to depth of about 80 feet, found spring of natural " seltzer " water. (See pp., 195 201.) Walmsgate. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103; 6 in. Map 65, N.E.). At the farm half a mile W.S.W. of the hall. Information from the foreman. Ft. Dug through clay with stones into sand [Glacial Drift] - - 36 Washtngborough — Welton. 183 Washingborough. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 114; 6 in. Map 71, S.W.). In field a furlong west of tlie Church. Ft. Lincolnshire Limestone Oolitic limestone to water - - 42 Water here is obtained mostly from shallow wells. Welby. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127 ; 6 in. Map 114, S.E.) Well at the Gippluij, on Ermine Street. Bored 102 feet without reaching bas^ of Lincolnshire Limestone. Well. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; G in. Map 75, N.W.). At Mr. Cartwright's, three furlongs N.E. of the Church. Water rose to the surface. Dug 25 feet, bored 40 feet. Ft. Glacial i Clay, with stones 55 Drift, \ Gravel of chalk and flints 4 Chalk Solid chalk 6 G5 Welton-le-Marsb. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116; in. Map 75, S.E.). 1. Boothby Hall. Sand 22 ft. 2. At house, one furlong N.W. of the Church. Information from Mr. J. Tutty, well-sinker. In clay with stones 36 ft. No water obtained. 3. At the Inn : bored 27 feet through clay into giavel, with water. 4. At houses, two furlongs N.W. of the Church, Mr. J. Tutty made two wells. A. B. Ft. Ft. Brown clay 6 7 Soft marl 10 10 SoUd Chalk 20 23 36 40 5. At Mill, three-quarters of a mile west of the Church. Ft. White and grey Chalk 92 Red Chalk, witii water 10 102 6. Thwaite Hall, near Welton Wood. Ft. pi . 1 relay, with stones 35 Drift 1 Hard chalk gravel 12 ISand and water * 3 60 184 WeLTON — WiLLINGHAM. 1904. 7. Boring in village (for Skegness Water Supply). Communicated with specimens by Mr. S. Coetmore Jone3, Height about 70 feet above O.D. Water rose 10 feet above surface : Yield about 3,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. ' Top soil — sandy loam .... 1 6 1 6 Brown chalky boulder clay - 20 6 22 Chalky debris 1 C 23 6 Glacial Drift. ' •Sand with chalky debris - - - 6 24 Sandy marl 1 6 25 6 Sand 1 6 27 ^ Sand with chalky debris 2 29 Sand with flints 8 37 .Flint gravel with hard chalk - 5 6 42 6 Brown oolitic iron -ore .... 6 43 Greenish calcareous sandy bed 8 6 51 6 Ironshot and glauconitic gritty calcareous rock, with fragment of large oyster {Ostrea c.f. Leymerii) - . . - 6 52 Greenish calcareous sand 7 69 Dark grey calcareous clay 7 66 Brown concretionary iron -ore 9 66 9 Tealby { Stiff grey slightly calcareous clay - 3 3 70 Beds. Stiff grey clay 6 76 Stiff dark grey clay .... 11 6 87 6 Brown clay 1 6 89 Grey calcareous clay . . - . 8 97 Stiff grey clay 6 6 103 6 Stiff bluish calcareous clay - 53 156 6 Hard stone including phosphatic nodules 8 6 165 .Dark clay 14 6 179 6 Fine grey sand 1 180 6 Fine grey sandstone - . . . 1 9 182 3 Fine silver sand : 840 galls, per hour - 2 184 3 Spilsby Sand- stone. Hard stone 6 10 191 1 Coarse sand with soft beds of sandstone: 3,000 galls, per hour 16 5 207 6 Very hard rock 1 6 209 Softer rock --...- 8 1 217 Light coarse grey sand - - - - 10 11 228 Light and hard blue stone . . - 3 9 231 9 Kimer- ^ idge iDark blue clay 8 239 9 Clay. J Willingham, South. (1 in. Map, 83 N.S., 103; 6 in. Map 54, S.E.). At Mr. Fieldsend's, Belmont, on the eastern side of the High Street, south of the road from South WilUngham to Donnington-on-Bain. Communicated by Mr. James Freeborougli (well-sinker). Ft. 6 15 39 _15 75 White marl .... Clean white sand Pipe clay and sand Sharp sand [? Spilsby sandstone] WiLLINGHAM — WlLLOUGHBY. 2: About 100 yards east of the Church. 185 Ft. Glacial r White marl -- 15 Drift. 1 Blue clay with chalk and flints - - - - 18 ^^Jl^^J'^S"}Blue shale - See p. 10. Willoughby. 33 (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 116; 6 in. Map 75, N.E.). 1. At Railway Station. Communicated by Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, and Mr. M. Staniland, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.y vol. xHx., p. 469, 1887. Water rose 30 feet above surface. Yield, good supply, 4619 gallons per hour. Glacial Drift 63 ft. " Roach Beds, 43 ft. Tealby Clay 108 ft. Ironstone Beds. 18 ft. . / Red Boulder Clay, with pebbles of chalk Coarse red sand, with lydianite and quartz grains (water flows to surface) Compact sand, with chalk pebbles Running sand, with chalk and flint pebbles Angular grey sand Coarse red sand, with oolitic grains of iron _ . . . : I Light brown silty clay Dark ,, »» »» ■ - Light „ „ „ - - Dark ,, „ ,, - - Darker „ „ ,, - - Red (brown) sandstone, with oolitic iron-grains . - . . I^Dark clay Lighter-coloured clay - Blue clay, with selenite Sandy clay Brown clay .... Blue clay, darker below Brown clay, darker below (^ Sandy clay ^Red sandstone, with oolitic grains of iron Red sand and clay, with oolitic grains Dark brown clay, containing sand s^ coated with oxide of iron - Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. 28 28 22 50 1 51 2 53 4 57 6 63 4 67 1 68 9 77 6 83 13 96 10 106 29 135 6 141 19 160 5 165 10 175 11 186 22 208 6 214 4 218 2 220 12 232 186 WiLLOUGHBY — WiLLOUGHTON. 1. At Railway Station — continued. Spilsby Sandstone I Semi-compact sand with a broken Belemnite, shell fragments, etc. Compact coarse-grained sandstone Light grey sandstone ... Dark brown, oolitic, ferruginous marlstone (water rose above sur- face from this depth) Fine sharp blue sand with thin bed of clay, which when pierced, water burst through, and rose 30 feet above ground * Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. 1 6 10 6 Ft. in. 233 233 6 244 1 3 245 248 2. At Rectory, near the Church. Information from Mr. Tyson, of Willoughby (well-sinker). Glacial Drift / Dug through gravel and clay ] Clay with stones^ ' Sand at bottom / bored Ft. 18 40 3. At Mill, half a mile S.E. of the Church. Information from Mr. Tyson. 68 Ft. Glacial Drift /Sunk through clay with small chalk stones, \ into sand - 15 4, At Mr. Tyson's cottage, 400 yards west of the station, the well sunk by himself. Ft. / Clay full of chalk stones and thin veins of sand 30 J Soft chalky clay or marl - - - - 6 Clay, with chalk stones - - - - 12 Sand, with water 2 Glacial Drift 60 Willoughton. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 89; 6 in. Map 44, N.W.). Communicated by Mr. S. Coetmore Jones. Upper Lias Middle Lias I Dug Well (probably clay) 1 Black slaty shale - Ironstone Depth. Ft. 24 40 42 * Information from Mr. H. C. Cheetham, District Engineer, G. N. Railway. WiLSFORD — WiLSTHORPE. 187 Wilsford. (1 in. Map 70, N.S., 127^ 6 in. Map 105, S.E.). 1. Gatehouse on Railway. Information from Mr Joseph Cocks. All white rock [Lincolnshire Limestone] - - - / Water at bottom from an open joint. 2. Copper Hill Farm. Lincolnshire Limestone. (A few feet of water). Wilsthorpe. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 157 ; 6 in. Map 146, N.E.). 1. Boring for Dr. Joy, about half a mile W.N.W. of village. Made by Mr. J. E. Noble, Thurlby, Bourn. 1902. Communicated by Mr. Preston. Height above O.D. 55 feet ; water-level 1 foot below ground. Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil- 1 1 Cornbrash Stone 2 6 3 6 Great Oohte Clay aay 15 18 6 /Rock 1 6 20 aay. . - - 1 21 Great Oolite Limestone (^Rock 1 22 Clay 2 24 VRock 9 33 Upper Estuarine Series relay . - - \Grey marl 20 16 6 53 69 6 Lincolnshire Limestone Rock 34 103 6 2. For Peterborough Waterworks, 1888. Communicated by J. C. Gill, Proc. Inst. C.E. ci. 221. Yield of three wells per day in 1888 : (1) 674,818 ; (2) 681,108 ; and (3) 810,320 (total 2,166,246 gallons). Section of No. 3 Well. Stiff yellow surface soil (Dark clay Peat [Lignite ?] - - Bed of marine shells Great Oolite Limestone Grey limestone - [ Green clay TT T-i i. • CI • J Hard shale Upper EBtuarme&erics|^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ clay Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in 4 7 4 7 6 6 1 1 6 1 1 7 1 7 6 14 7 6 8 20 3 1 11 22 2 27 9 49 11 188 WlLSTHORPE — WlNTERINCttAM. 2. For Peterborough Waterworks, 1888 — continued. — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. { Soft rock (water-bearing) 3 3 53 2 Hard rock 4 57 2 Soft rock (water in- creased) - 2 59 2 LincolQshireLiniestone( Hard rock - 10 60 Soft rock (yield of water vastly increased) 3 4 63 4 Boring stopped in hard [ rock The supply previously available was pumped from a well 5 feet 6 inches in diameter, and the object of the present work was to augment the quantity by constructing artesian tube-wells and discharging into that well. {See under Braceborough). Yield above noted was maintained to 1890 (date of Mr. Gill's paper.) During 1889, the volume of water pumped from the well [at Braceborough] into which the borings discharge, was 523,316,410 gallons. At commencement of year, the height of water in well was 51 feet 6 inches above O.D., and at end of year 52 feet 3| inches ; the rainfall at pumping station in 1889 was 22*61 inches. The wettest month was May, when 5 01 inches of rain fell ; and the maximum height of water in well (54 feet 10|^ inches) was reached on June 8. The minimum height (51 feet 5 inches) was reached on October 26. J. C. Gill. See Analyses, p. 215. Winteringham. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., Sheet 80 ; 6 in. Map, 6 N.W.), Boring at Read's Island in the Humber. Information supplied by Mr. Owston to Mr. Strangways. Ft. Warp to bed of the Humber 90 Black clay - - - - 3 White sand 7 Blue clay - • 5 Gravel - - 13 Soft clay 15 Fine clay 27 Ironstone 25 White Chalk 7 192 The water rose 2 feet 10 inches above the surface. WiNTEKTON — WiTHERN. 189 Winterton. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 80 ; 6 in. Map 11, N.W.) Water obtained mostly from shallow wells. Ft. in. 1. Well in liraeBtone, thin greystone, and blue shale - 48 2. Well at Farm on Winterton Carrs. Alluvium {^^;/^^j ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ^l I C.F.S. Witham-on-the-Hill. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 140, S.W.). Boring made by Mr. Noble. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Water-level 104 feet below surface : supply good. Ft. in. Glacial Drift, etc. {Dug well) 17 Great Oolite Clay and Limestone. Alternations of rock and clay 30 9 Upper Estuarine Series. Stone, clay, and marl - - - 20 3 Lincolnshire Limestone. Rock (water at depth of 122 ft.) - 60 1 128 1 Witham, South. (1 in. Map 64, N.S., 143 ; 6 in. Map 138 N.E.) Supply derived from wells in Lincolnshire Limeetone, 28 to 40 feet deep ; and from spring. Withcall. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 103 ; 6 in. Map 55, N.E.) 1. At the back of Mr. Soulby's farmyard, S.W. of the Church. Communicated by Mr. Ch. Wilkinson, of Louth (wcH-sinker). Ft. Sunk through pink Chalk into greyish-white Chalk, without piercing the latter, but finding water at - - - - 21 2. Well near the Railway Station. Communicated by Mr. W. H. Kirkby, Great Northern Railway. Ft. Wliite Chalk 19 Red Chalk (water at bottom) 8 27 3. At cottage by the farmstead on Withcall Hill or " Donnington Top." Communicated by Mr. C. Wilkinson. Dug and bored about 150 feet through Chalk witli two bands of pink chalk, finding water in dark Red Chalk at the bottom. 4. Another well at the farmstead, three-quarters of a mile north-east of Cold Harbour, is 165 feet deep, through the same beds. Withern. (1 m. Map 84, N.S., 104 ; 6 in. Map 57 S.W.) 1. About half a mile west of the Church. Communicated by Mr. J. Bingley, of Aby (well-sinker). Dug 24 feet, bored CO foot. Ft. 78 gravel 12 Glacial Drift | g^^^' ^^^^ «*«^f "^^ I Sand and gravel 90 190 Wood Enderby — Woodhall. 2. At Mr. Well's farm, two furlongs S.E. of Church. Communicated by Mr. Robert Harrison, of Woodthorpe, Alforu Fv Clay, with stones - - about 50 Sand - - ' - - .,15 65 Wood Enderby. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 115 ; G in. Map 81, S.E.). At Mr. Vintner's farm. Ft. White clay (Boulder Clay) with veins of sand near the bottom, and blue clay (probably Kimeridge Clay) below - - - 30 Woodhall. (1 in. Map 83, N.S., 115 ; 6 in. Map 81, N.W.). 1. Not far from the Church. Communicated by Mr. R. Harrison. Feet. J ^r^ Clean clay with Ammonites - - - - 33 and Kime- r^* wi, u j- «^ ridge Clay J Bored through same for .... 70 103 At a depth of 33 feet a spring of salt water was tapped, resembling that of Woodhall Spa, but it gradually became less salt, and was finally replaced by a supply of fresh water. 2. Shaft and Bore-hole at Woodhall Spa. (6 in. Map 80, S.E.) The following account of the Woodhall Spa was furnished to Dr. Granville by a physician resident at Homcastle : — " In the year 1819, some speculators, under the idea of finding coal at Kirkstead, near Horncastle, caused a shaft to be sunk at that place, 100 yards deep ; they then bored 100 yards deeper, w^hen the works were discontinued, as it was stated, for want of money. Immediately on the discontinuance of this attempt, a gentleman, owning an estate in the parish of Woodhall, about a mile distant from Kirkstead, was induced, without previously boring, to sink a shaft, thereon of 280 yards in depth. " Boring was then had recourse to, which was carried 120 yards deeper, when this scheme, like all the preceding ones, was abandoned as hopeless, In this trial no regular account was kept of the strata passed through, but from the information and specimens received, it appears that the sinking was commenced in the clunch clay, which was found to be 120 yards in thickness ; they then passed in succession through forest marble, combrash, oolite, Bath freestone, lias, clunch clay again ; then a rock, composed of carbonate of lime, siUceous sand, alumine, a greenish substance resembling chlorite, and a portion of mica, in which many terebratulso were embedded [Marlstone]. In this rock, the sinking was discontinued. Of the boring no other account has been obtained than that they left off in a stone of light colour, A brine spring was found at about 170 yards deep, which was the only water met with. " At present, the water, which is pumped up from a depth of 60 yards by iron pipes, and conveyed by pipes of the same material to a reservoir for distribution, becomes charged with the oxyde of that metal, which it possesses not in its natural state. The marble slabs in the bath are stained with the brown marks of the same." * * The Spas of England and Principal Sea-bathing Places, by A. B. Gran- ville, M.D., F.R.S. London, 1841, Chap, v., p. 104. WOODHALL. 191 Water overflowed when the shaft was abandoned. Putting together this information with that above given, ISIr. Jukes-Browne believes this boring to have gone through the following beds, and to have terminated in a sandstone belonging to the " A. armatus zone " of the Lower Lias: — Gravel and Boulder Clay - - - - Kimeridge, Corallian, and Oxford Clays Kellaways Beds, Combrash, Great Oolite Clay and Limestone, Upper Estuarine Series Lincolnshire Limestone and Northampton Sands Lias (Upper, Middle, and part of the Lower) Thicknef>B. Depth. Ft. in. 10 350 Ft. in. 10 360 140 140 380 500 640 1,020 The spring of saline water issues at a depth of 530 feet, and would, there- fore, appear to be in the Inferior Oolite. The shaft is lined with brickwork to this depth. Mr. Tea"^ue, who descended the well in March, 1884, stated to Mr. Cameron that the water stands naturally at 50 feet from the surface, and at 330 feet from the surface when the pump is at work. Pumping carried on for 26^ minutes yielded 640 gallons, lowering the water from 50 to 52^ feet from the surface. The present machinery is capable of raising 1,000 gallons per hour, but is inadequate to drain the well. 3. At the School House, Woodhall Spa. Communicated by Mr. Dobbs of Kirkstead (well-sinker). Sand and gravel, not bottomed Ft. 18 4. About 200 yards north east of the Spa Hotel. Boring made in 1877 ? Communicated to Mr. Cameron by Mr. J. Smalley of Hull (well-sinker). Boulder Clay Kimeridge Clay Corallian Clay Oxford Clay Kellaways Beds Cornbrash, etc. \ / Blue bind 400 I Blue bind, with beds of sandstone from 2 J to 3 feet thick, and 12 to 14 feet apart 120 520 192 WOODHALL. 5. Boring for the Rev. J. 0. Stephens, near Woodhall Spa. 1897-98. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. to Mr. Whitaker. Water level, 42 feet below surface. — ~ Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Glacial Drift - • - Dug well - 6 5 / Blue clay J Blue shale s Light clay [ Brown clay 65 60 Kimeridge and Oxford 190 250 Clays 175 425 48 6 473 6 ( Light rock Sandy blue clay [ Light clay 1 6 475 Kellaways Beds 17 6 492 6 6 6 499 Combrash - - - Light blue rock 6 1 505 1 Great Oolite Clay Mottled clay - Bro^vn clay 7 18 11 513 531 Great Oolite Limestone Blue rock 10 6 541 6 f Light blue clay Blue rock Light brown clay 10 551 6 Upper Estuarine Series. / 4 17 6 555 6 573 [ Blue sandy clay 5 578 Lincolnshire Limestone Light blue rock Hard blue rock 23 45 6 601 6 646 6- f Hard light clay 13 659 6 Light rock 8 6 668 Lower Estuarine Series s Dark brown clay 6 6 674 6 Green clay 1 6 676 [ Hard blue rock 1 677 6. Well at Woodhall Spa. 1904 (in progress). Made by Mr. Aldrldge, well-sinker, for Mr. R. Adolphus Came, Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. — Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Glacial Drift Sand and gravel . - - . 12 12 / Soft clay 24 36 Soft blue bind .... 12 48 Soft blue bind .... 28 76 Very strong grey bind with pyrites (had to be blasted) 27 103 Kimeridge, Rock (concretions ?) - - - 7 103 7 Corallian Strong grey bind, with fossils - 15 5 119 and / Strong grey bind, with septaria 17 136 Oxford Clays ^ Strong dark blue bind 14 150 Strong dark blue bind 15 165 Strong grey bind .... 15 180 Very tough dark blue bind (reqnired blasting) 13 193 Blue bind 29 222 \ Blue bind, very strong - 18 240 WOODHALL — YaRBURGH. 193 7. Well at the farm north-north-east of Tower-on-Moor, near Woodhall Spa. Communicated by Mr. Dobbs of Kirkstead, well-suiker. Ft. n ' 1 D ft I Clean yellow sand 36 \ Gravel and shingle, no bottom ... 6 42 r See Analyses, p. 215. Wroot. (1 in. Map 86, N.S., 88 ; 6 in. Map 24, N.E.) Dr. R. B. Low. 1893. Public pump-well in village. Stated to be 22 feet deep and to yield a good supply of pure water. Average depth of private wells about 18 feet. Some liable to pollution. Yarburgh. Near the Carpenter's shop. (1 in. Map 84, N.S., 90 ; 6 in. Map 48, N.W.). Communicated by Mr. Ch. Wilkinson (well-sinker), Louth. Ft. (Red and blue (? purple) clay . . - 30 Gravel 10 Sand 9 Blue (? purple) clay 5 Sand and clay 1 Chalk 6 70 rC06. N 194 ANALYSES OF WATERS. The water-bearing strata are for the most part calcareous, and the springs and ordinary well-waters of the county contain in solu- tion from about 12 to 30 grains of mineral matter per gallon, chiefly calcium carbonate. The Lias waters, as a rule, contain a larger amount of mineral constituents than the waters of the Oolites or Chalk, while among the Oolites the waters of the Kellaways Beds are often impregnated with an excess of mineral matter. The character of the constituents depends naturally on the rocks traversed by the waters; and the Lias and Oolites, and some of the Cretaceous rocks and their included fossils, yield not only calcium carbonate, small quantities of magnesium and sodium carbonate, and sodium chloride, but also calcium sulphate and ferruginous compounds derived from the selenite, ironstone and pyrites that are conspicuously present in some of the strata. Sodium chloride is derived also from rain-water through the influence of strong winds from the sea carrying spray and foam. Ordinary chalybeate springs are not uncommon along the outcrop of the ferruginous strata, but it is only here and there that they have ever risen to the dignity of a Spa, and then, as a rule, but temporarily. The more strongly saline waters are usually deep-seated, and they may owe their constituents to the saliferous Triassic strata, or in some cases possibly in part to the percolation of sea-water. In all questions of this sort the geological structure and proximity to sea have not only to be considered, but, as Mr. W. W. Fisher points out, also the chemical argument.* In some cases where the salinity of the water has been due to the damming up of underground waters, so that the ingredients have become concentrated, the pumping of the water may be attended by gradually lessening salinity. Waters must, in many cases, travel long distances underground, and it is likely that the argillaceous strata are less impervious at a depth than at the surface. Records of borings show that clays which are soft and absolutely impervious at the surface, may be hard and jointed shales below ground — the joints or fault planes affording facilities for the passage of water. On this subject Dr. H. F. Parsons contributes the following notes : *' The water obtained from the Lower Oolite Series (Lincolnshire Limestone) is sometimes of a mineral character, especially where obtained by deep borings at a distance from the outcrop. Thus the water from a public well at Heckington, 400 feet deep, com- mencing in the Oxford Clay, contains per gallon 128 grains of mineral * "On the Salinity of Waters from the Oolites," Analyst, Feb., 1904. Analyses of Waters. 195 matter, the chlorine being 68 . 5 grains ( = 96 • 5 grains of common salt), while the hardness is only 3.6°. A somewhat similar water from Catley is, or used to be, bottled in an aerated state and sold for use as a table-beverage, like ApoUinaris or Seltzer water, being, I believe, the only British example of such a water. (See pp. 182, 201). " The water from a deep boring at Belmisthorpe near Stamford is of a different mineral character, it contains per gallon 107 grains of solids, but only 4*7 of chlorine and has 47° of hardness. " The mineral character of the water obtained from the Lincoln- shire Limestone varies according to the distance from the outcrop, the chlorine and total solids increasing with the distance, while the hardness diminishes, as shown in the following table in which the wells are arranged in order from N.W. to S.E. Depth grs. per gallon. Place. Miles from Total solids. Chlorine. Hardness outcrop. ft. Bourn 2 100 27-6 1-4 19-0 Tongue End 5 200 44-4 10-64 3-5 Littleworth 9 350 173-9 60-5 2-75 Crowland 13 600 200- 105-0 4-5 " A series in a different direction, but showing similar results, is given by Mr. H. Preston. (See Table, p. 198.) "Water of a similar character (i.e., containing much chloride of sodium, often also carbonate of soda), and of a but slight degree of hardness, is obtained in other places from calcareous strata covered by impermeable beds and at a distance from the outcrop, e.g., in S.E. Essex from the Chalk under the Tertiary strata, and in Northamptonshire from the Marlstone under the Upper Lias and Oolite clays. But though one can understand how the water in tra- versing a great thickness of strata gets charged with mineral matters dissolved out of them, it is not so easy to imderstand how it gets rid of the carbonate and sulphate of lime. Does this crystallize out as calcite in the interstices of the rocks ? Waters of this class appear to have been imprisoned in the strata for long periods of time, and hence in such a case one may doubt the permanence of the supply if much drawn upon by pumping. " The water obtained from the New Red Sandstone beds near the N. border of Lincolnshire, especially where these beds are covered with clay and peat, and at some distance from the outcrop, con- tains iron in solution in the state of ferrous carbonate, and often sulphuretted hydrogen, which give it an unpleasant smell and chalybeate taste. On exposure to the air this iron is precipitated as hydrated ferric oxide, and the water, though it loses its taste and smell, becomes turbid with an unsightly brown sediment. Such water, though it may be free from sewage-pollution, is distasteful, so that more palatable water from more dangerous sources is apt 7696. N 2 196 Analyses of Waters. to be preferred. The iron may, however, be removed by a process of aeration and sedimentation or filtering, or by Clark's softening process. The water from the Red Sandstone in this part of the country is usually hard ; much of the hardness being due to magnesia probably derived from debris of the Magnesian Limestone. " The water obtained by bored wells from the sand and grave beds(?Pleistocene), below the laminated clay, is apt to be of similar character. (See analysis of water from public well at Luddington, p. 207.) " The water from shallow wells above the clay is commonly pol- luted with sewage, but the considerable amount of organic matter which it contains is probably derived in part from vegetable remains in the soil ; and it also contains rather large amounts of chlorine which may be derived from sea-salt remaining in the beds of estuarine origin. See analyses of waters from well at Eastoft and Garthorpe, pp. 202, 203." H. F. P. It is noteworthy that the amount of mineral matter in solution in springs is liable to variation at different times. Dr. Thresh remarks that " The total amount of saline matter permissible in a drinking water depends in a great measure upon the nature of the salts. No hard and fast line can be drawn, but the best waters rarely contain more than 20 grains of mineral matter per gallon. When 100 grains is reached the water becomes rather of the character of a ' mineral ' than a ' potable ' water." In some well waters near to the sea-coast or to estuaries, a con- siderable amount of sodium chloride may be met with, but if the water contains not more than about 50 grains per gallon " it appears to be quite harmless."* Hardness is due to the presence of salts of lime and magnesia. That kaown as temporary hardness is produced by carbonates of lime and mag- nesia, and chiefly by carbonate of Hme. It is removable by boiling the water. Permanent hardness is caused by the sulphates of Hme and mag- nesia. Both sources of hardness are removable by sundry softening processes, but those applied to the permanent hardness are the more expensive. t In the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission (p. 21), " a sample containing 1 lb. of carbonate of lime or its equivalent of other hardening salts in 100,000 lbs. is said to have one degree of hardness. Each degree of hardness indicates the destruction and waste of 12 lbs of the best hard soap by 100,000 lbs., or 10,000 gallons of the water, when used for washing." In Clark's Table of Hardness each degree of hardness is equal to one grain of carbonate of lime per gallon. One grain of carbonate of magnesia is equal to about If grains of carbonate of lime. A soft water has less than 6° of hardness. The scale of hardness used by the Rivers Pollution Commission can be transformed into degrees of hardness on Clark's scale by multiplying the number by seven and then moving the decimal point one place to the left. {op. ciL, p. 29). * " Water and Water Supplies," by Dr. J. C. Thresh. Ed. 3, 1901, p. 124. t See Thresh, " Water and Water Supplies," Ed. 3, p. 288, lyY I I I i S § Em O •-I a! « "its I Ills I I I I I ^ I I o o II i^ i i III I » s s a.1 ^2 r-l f-t O O eS 11 I o o s § -0,°^ ^a SB 1= S .2 S' >> I I I s i So . « O « 00 « « k •* , 8 2 5? '* 9 6 6 ill " >. "3 y I I i< <«: z O lis &4 u lis 198 Analyses. ANALYSES OF DEEP WELL-WATERS IN SOUTH LINCOLNSHIRE. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. Results in Parts per 100,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Crow- Market Thurlby. St. James Near land. Deeping. Thurlby. (Lincoln- Deeping Cay- Peter- (Line. (Line. (Gt. shire (Line. thorpe (Marl- borough Lime- Lime- Oolite.) Lime- Lime- (L. Lime- stone.) stone.) stone.) stone). stone.) stone ) Colour / Lt. \Yellow Lt. ...Yellow V.F. ...Yellow F. ...Yellow. F. ..Yellow Yellow.. . None Odour . None . .. None . .. None .. . None .. . None . .. None .. . None Appearance Little deposit ox. iron Iciear . Clear.. . Clear .., , ClearJ Clear at^ first, V. turbid f after j Bright Chlorine .... 153-0 .. , 13-6 . .. 2-4 ... 2-4 .. . 20-5 ... 4-0 . .. 5-4 Permanent hardness 0-0 .. . 1-4 .. . 8-0 ... 8-0 ... , 2-0 ... 12-0 . .. 4-0 Temporary do. Total ditto 6-0 .. . 7-6 .- . 150 ... 17-0 ... 7-6 ...22-0 . .. 16-0 6-0 .. . 9-0 .. . 23-0 ... 25-0 .. . 9-6 ... 34-0 . .. 20-0 Nitrites 0-0 .. . 0-0 .. . trace .. 0-0 .. . 0-0 ... 0-0 . .. 0-0 Nitric nitrogen 0*1 .. . 0-06 .. . 0-03 ... 0-06 .. . 0.06 ... 0-06 . .. 0-05 Iron trace .. . 0-0 .. . 0-0 ... 0-0 .. 0-0 ... 1-5 . (Oxide) .. 0-0 Free ammonia 0-160.. . 0-056 .. , 0-004... 0-002 ... , 0-080 ... 0-014 . .. 0-020 Organic ammonia '('02. . . 0-003... , 0-003... 0-003 ... , 0-001 ... 0-003 . .. 0-006 Oxygen absorbed -083.. . 0-072... 0-039... 0-029 ... 0-025 ... 0-020 .. 0013 Full Analysis OF Solids. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Crowland. ^^^l Thurlby. Thurlby. '^ei^S^Caythorpe-P^^ Carbonate of U\Jl\J 11 calcium ... 5-5 ... 8-65 ... 23-7 .. . 24-0 ... 8-15 ... 34-75 ... 20-25 Carbonate of magnesium 3-15 ... 3-5 . — . — 3-65 ... -65 ... 3-5 Sulphate of calcium . . . — ... — 3-4 .. . 6-45 .. — — ... — Sulphate of magnesium. — ... — 3-75 .. .. 3-5 .. — ... 6-5 — Sulphate of sodium 16-3 ... , 8-7 ... 4-6 .. . 1-65 .. . 8-2 .. 25-45 ... 10.35 Sulphate of potassium.. — — — — 11 — ... — Chloride of sodium ': 244-2 ... , 22-45 ... 3-95 .. . 3-95 .. . 33-3 ... 6-6 ... 8-9 Carbonate of sodinm 50-75 ... 20-3 ... . 22-1 ... 5-05 Carbonate of iron •35 .. . — ... — .. — .. — ... 2-2 Nitrates, silica, etc. . . 3-25 .. . '4 ... 11 .. 1-45 . ,. 20 ... 1-05 ... 2-85 323-5 64-0 40-5 41-0 78-5 77-2 50-9 None of these contained more than a trace of nitrates, and they are all very pure organically. * Reprinted from paper read by Mr. H. Preston before the Brit. Assoc, of Waterworki Engineers, 1903. See also Dr. Thresh, "The Examination of Waters and Water Supplies," 1904, pp. 307, 322, &e. Allington — Barrowby. 199 Allington. Salt well Aswarby Spa. Saline' chalybeate. 480 grains of mineral matter per gallon (Dr. T. Short). Probably from Kellaways Beds. Aunsby. 304 grains mineral matter per gallon. (Dr. T. Short). Probably from Kellaways Beds. Bardney. Communicated by the Local Government Board. 1. Analyses of Water from Bardney New Well (36 feet deep in Drift gravel, n manured allotment-ground). No. 1. 23 October, 1900. No. 2. 30 May, 1901. No. 3. 26 AuCTist, 1901 after 14 days' pumping. Total Solids Chlorine - - - - Free Ammonia - Albuminoid Ammonia Oxygen required to oxidize ) organic matter - -/ Nitrogen as Nitrates Temporary hardness Permanent hardness Total hardness 2. Analysis of water from Bardney Well after 14 days pumping received 23rd January, 1903. (New Well 26 feet deep in old river terrace gravel over boulder clay). Total Solids 266 grains per gallon Chlorine- 15 „ Oxygen required to oxydize organic matter 084 „ ,, Nitrogen as Nitrate .... trace Free Ammonia '02 parts per million Albuminoid Ammonia .... -06 ,, „ Temporary hardness - - - - 120 degrees Permanent hardness - - - - 3 2 „ Total hardness 15-2 „ The solid residue left on evaporation was white and did not blacken on nsineration. The analysis shows no sign of contamination by organic matter and the water is suitable for domestic use. Charles Harrison. Barrowby. See Report to Local Government Board, by Dr. H. F. Parsons. 1890. At that date many of the wells were found to be polluted. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. 42.0 490 32-2 . 2-9 20 2-4 ^ •0028 •007 •0014 ^ ^ •0140 •0728 •0126 •0056 •0336 li •42 — •35 10^ — 925 ^ S 12^ — 475 I 2 22^ — 1400 J ^ Charles Hari IISON. 200 Analyses. Billingborough. (W. H. Dalton, in Geology of S.W. Lincolnshire, p. 158). At Billingborough there is a remarkably strong spring constantly in a state resembling ebullition, and said to be the origin of the name *• Boilingborough." It evolves large quantities of gas, consisting of — Carbonic acid 3*43 Oxygen 4-14 Nitrogen 92-43 In volumes 100* 00 A gallon yields the following solid ingredients : — grains. Carbonate of lime 14*66 „ magnesia - - - - - - - - 0*41 „ iron - - - - - • - - - 0*61 „ potash 0-44 „ soda 2-11 Sulphate of Ume ........ 6-91 „ potash - - - - - - - - 0-37 Chloride of magnesium 1*32 „ potassium - - - 0* 15 Silica 0-66 Nitrate of ammonia - - trace Phosphoric acid trace Organic matter - trace 27-64 Twenty-five yards distant is a strong chalybeate spring, close to which is a third regarded as of medicinal value.* These are derived probably from Kellaways Beds. Boston. See Table, p. 197. Bourn. Lincolnshire Limestone Water. Sample of water from Bourn Well-head, analysed by Dr. John C. Thresh, July, 1903. (See also Table p. 179.) Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. 'parts per 100,000 Calcium carbonate 22-8 „ sulphate - • 10-2 Magnesium sulphate - - - - 4- 12 chloride ..------ 091 Sodium chloride • • - 2*49 Sodium nitrate - - - ..... 0-46 Silica, &c. - - . - 0-52 Total solids dried at 180°c. - 41 5 Temporary hardness - - 18*2 Permanent „ - - 9*4 Total „ ... 27-6 Organic ammonia •003 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27°c. •014 Nitrites nil * J. VV. Kynaston, in Journ. Chem. Soc, 1860, vol. xii., pp. 57-62. BiLLINGBOROUGH — DeEPING. 20 1 BraceboroughiSpa. North of railway-station and village. {See also Table, p. 107). Rises through black peaty soil, about six feet deep, resting on gravel and Great Oolite series. Analysis by Dr. H. W. Hake. Gases evolved — Carbonic acid. Oxygen. Nitrogen. Chlorine (a little). , Yields- Carbonate of lime. Sulphate of lime. „ soda. Chloride of sodium. Brace bridge. Trial bore-hole for Messrs. Bass & Co. Grains per gallon. Sodium chloride 549-00 Sodium bromide . . 11*00 Sodium carbonate - - - - - - 15*00 Calcium carbonate - - - - - - 12*50 Magnesium carbonate 4*58 Calcium sulphate 1*13 Silica 0-35 Iron oxide, Alumina, Phosphoric acid - - - - 0*21 Suspended matter - - - - . - - - - 0*04 693*81 " As this boring commenced in the Lower Lias, near the top of that deposit, which is at least 800 feet thick, the saline water must cither be derived from tl c Lower Lias, or must have flowed up along the plane of some fault or joint from the Keuper Marls below."* Catley Abbey, S.W. of Walcot. " Only natural British seltzer water." Water obtained from depth of 80 feet from beds below Oxford Clay. (see pp. 182, 195). Cawthorpe, near Bourn. Saline chalybeate spring in middle of street, IGO grains mineral mattci- per gallon (Dr. T. Short). Probably from Kellaways Beds. Deeping. /Sfce Table, pp. 197,198. * C. E. De Ranee, Proc. Yorksh. Gcd. and Polytechn. Soc, xii. 1891, p. 49 ; Rev. Brit, Assoc, for 1891, p. 302. 202 Analyses. Dry Doddington. Communicated by the Local Government Board. 1. Sample from a well in Lower Lias. Composition per 100,000 parts. Chlorine 37'2 Sulphuric Acid 168-44 Nitric Acid - 1000 Free Ammonia 00047 Albuminoid Ammonia 00148 Total solid matter 427-6 Phosphoric Acid None The above figures show that the water is saturated with mineral salts, mainly sulphate of lime. These give to the water a nauseous and bitter taste, and absolutely prevent its use for household purposes. Organically also the water is not pure, although, as the well is shallow and new, the organic pollution could probably be prevented. As the the water is evidently derived from a soil largely composed of sulphate of lime (Gypsum) it will, in my opinion, be impossible to obta,in drinkable water from it unless the strata yielding the lime can be penetrated. Otto Hehnee. April I2th, 1893. 2. Water from subsoil drains in loamy clay over Lias. 100,000 parts of the sample were found to contain — Chlorine 150 Sulphuric Acid 7-00 Nitric Acid 1-32 Free Ammonia 0078 Albuminoid Ammonia 00123 Total SoUds 41*24 Loss on ignition 4*96 Phosphoric Acid None The water when received was somewhat turbid, and this fact doubtless accounts for the albuminous organic matter being rather higher than is considered advisable. Otto Hehneb. June 2Sth, 1893. Eastoft. Water from well sunk by Crowle Local Board in site of old river Don. Well shallow in alluvial deposit. Total solids 160 grains per gallon. Chlorine 10-5 „ „ Hardness, before boiling - - - 42° after boiling - - - - 20-5" Free ammonia 19*0) .„ .„. Albuminoid ammonia .... 1.3} parts per miUion. H. F. Paesons. AprU 29th, 1875. Dry Doddington — Garthorpe. 203 Gainsborough. 1. Spring, south-east of town ; saline, chalybeate and sulphurous. Probably from Rhsetic Bet^a. 2. Analyses of Water from New Red Sandstone. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. See also Dr. Mair's Report to Local Government Board on Urban District of Gainsborough, 1899, ik 4 .1 •» ^hL Results givtn in parts HOLE r. Mute Tiary, 1 1110 per 100,000. OREHO r. Percy] Septemt §=^i Islsl t't n Ave sampl Red Rive Re « a cq « Total Solids - 59-50 58-00 87-28 30-63 Chlorine - 2-30 2-71 7-00 2-94 Nitrogen as Nitrate, etc. - 0-004 None Trace. 0-717 Albuminoid Ammonia None 0005 0-006 Not given. Ammonia - 0001 0-003 0005 -0003 Hardness Temporary - 1400 17-57 18-57 7-40 Permanent - 8-40 19-57 15.71 10-50 22-40 37-14 34-28 17-90 Appearance, &c. Turbid Colorless Pale Yellow Generally Palatable aear. SUghtly turbid. clear. Talatable. Garthorpe. 1. Water from shallow well in alluvial soil by site of old river Don. Water clear with yellowish tinge. Total soUds Chlorine Nitric acid Iron Hardness before boiling - „ after boihng - „ due to magnesia Free ammonia . . . . Albuminoid ammonia 122 grains per gallon. 144 >> ,, very much 78° 65° 65° •04 •38 parta per milUon November SOth, 1878. 2. Water from well 20 feet deep in surface soil and sand near site of old river Don. Water dear and colourless, free from taste and smell. Total solids - Loss on ignition Chlorine Nitric acid Iron .... Hardness before boiling „ after boiling - „ due to magnesia Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia June lHh, 1876. 135 grains per gallon. 30 „ 23-2 „ much considerable 60^^ 44° 48° •24- rP*^^ P®^ million. H. F. Parsons. 204 Analyses. Grantham. Spittlegate. Chalybeate water. 50 grains mineral of matter per gallon (Dr. T. Short). From sand and gravel over Middle Lias. Grimsby. Analyses from the 6th Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission. Total Solid Impurities . . . . Organic Carbon . . . . . Organic Nitrogen Ammonia Nitrogen as Nitrates and Nitrites - Total Combined Nitrogen Previous Sewage or Animal Contamination Chlorine Hardness, temporary .... Hardness, permanent .... Hardness, total Grimsby Blow Wells. 10th Jan. 1873. (Temperature, 7-2 C). Grimsby Well at Docks 300 feet, 10th Jan. 1873. (Temperature, 11-5 C). 27-26 32-40 •028 •025 •003 •007 •001 — •267 107 •271 •114 2-360 75000 1-80 5-00 14-3 14-5 6-3 7-6 20-6 22-1 Clear and palatable. Haverholme. Near Alnwick, N.E. of Sleaford. Medicinal spring. Probably from Kellaways Beds. Haxey. South Carr Bore (see p. 108.) Communicated by the Local Government Board. From a report by Messrs. Fairbank, Civil Engineers, on proposed water- works for Thorne. Grains per gallon. • (parts 70-000). Appearance Clear Hardness 20-0° Chlorine 15^4 Nitrate None Total Solid Residue - - - - .- - - 4690 Loss on Ignition 1050 Free Ammonia Oil Albuninoid Ammonia -0007 Oxygen consumed in two hours at 100°C. - - ' -109 GrA-NTHAM — HORNCASTLE. 205 Heckington. Analyses by Dr. Alfred Ashby. 1892. The results of the analyses are expressed in parts per 100,000. Chlorine 83-80 82-70 Equal to common salt 138-00 130-28 Nitrous acid 0-00 Nitric acid (NA) ' " * ' - - ^'^^^ Phosphoric acid very faint trace Sulphuric acid traces Total solids dried at (115° C.) - - - - 181-64 180-9G Free ammonia -1220 -0900 Albuminoid ammonia -0044 '0097 Lead and copper absent. Total hardness 3-64 Permanent hardness 1*74 Temporary hardness - - - - - 1*90 The analyses show that this is a very pure and soft water, but that the saline matter (equal to 127 grains per gallon) is very high, and gives it a brackish flavour. On this account it is not fitted for a domestic supply. Hemswell. North of village. Chalybeate spring from Northampton Beds. Horncastle. 1. Water (for boiler-purposes) received from Horncastle Rural District Council, 6th June, 1896. Analysis by Mr. J. Muter, 18th June, 1896. grains per gallon. Silica -56 Carbonate of lime '7 Sulphate of lime 928-2 Carbonate of magnesia 1-4 Total incrusting solids 95*48 Non-incrusting solids 385-42 Total solids 480-9 This water is unfit for use in a steam-boiler as, it contains far too much saline matter. From well at sewage-farm, at the depth of 40 feet. Shaft, 60 feet ; bored, 30 feet. Fair supply. 2. Analysis of Water Company's water by the Clinical Research Association, London. Communicated by the Local Government Board. Colour in 2 ft. tube yellowish green Suspended matter very minute in amount grains per gallon Total Solid Residue (dried at 120°) 17-16 Combined Chlorine 1*30 Expressed as Common Salt 2-14 Nitrogen as Nitrates 0-53 J^itrites .....-.--. absei^t 206 Analyses. 2. Analysis of Water Company's water by the Clinical Research Association, London — continued. grains per gallon. Saline Ammonia - - traces only Albuminoid Ammonia - - - - '- - - 0*00049 Oxygen required to oxidise the Organic matter - - 0*0130 Hardness (in degree) 13*4° Lead or Copper ........ absent The above analytical results are satisfactory, and the water may be quite safely used for drinking purposes. Kingerby Spa. South of village, by Kingerby Wood. Chalybeate spring, which seems to issue from the base of a lenticular bed of sand which here intervenes between the Boulder Clay and the Oxfordian. (A. J. Jukes-Browne, in Geol. Lincoln, p. 135). Leadenham. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. Water from the Lower Lias ; band of ironstone belonging to zone of Ammonites semicostatus. There is evidence that this band thins out east- wards, in which case the water would be retained in a stagnant condition. grains per parts per gallon. 100,000 Calcium carbonate 25*9 37*0 Calcium sulphate - - - - - '8 1*15 Magnesium sulphate 41*9 59*9 Sodium sulphate 130*8 186*9 Sodium chloride 277*2 396*0 NitrateS; etc. (traces) * 3 * 35 476*9 -681*3 John C. Thresh, D.Sc. Nov. 6th, 1904. Leasing ham. Report on a sample of water from Leasingham Boring, for Sleaford R.D. Council, June 14th, 1901, by Mr. J. Clare. Communicated by the Local Government Board. Results expressed in parts per 100,000. Chlorine 1-70 Nitrous Acid 0*00 Nitric Acid (NgOrJ 2*42 Sulphuric Acid (S.O3) - - 3*68 Phosphoric Acid very faint trace Total Solids 36-40 Free Ammonia *0065 Albuminoid Ammonia -0060 Temporary hardness 17*73 Permanent hardness ....... 9-96 Total hardness 27*69 Lead and Copper - . - absent Tliis is a eood and pure water. It is hard, but that is a character belonging to limestone waters. A large portion of the hardness may be removed by boiling the water for about half an hour. Alfred Ashby. KiNGERBY — OSBOURNBY. 207 Luddington. Water from public well sunk by Goole Rural Sanitary Authority near site of old river Don. Well 24 ft. deep, made watertight with large stoneware [)ipes as far down as clay bed, and bored to depth of 57 ft. from surface, through the clay into brown sand with some pebbles. Water clear when first drawn, with strong chalybeate taste and smell; on standing it became very turbid, but free from taste or smell. I. II. April 14th, 1876. May 30th, 1878. grains per gallon Total solids 75 79 Tvoss on ignition 23 22 Chlorine 10*8 9-4 Nitric Acid Iron - - - - ■ - - - - much 1 Hardness, before boiling - - - . 27° — „ after boiling - - - - 12° — „ due to magnesia* - - - 17° — parts per million Free Ammonia -86 1*94 Albuminoid Ammonia - - - - '09 -08 H. F. Pabsons. Monkswell, Lincoln. South-east of Monk's Abbey. Chalybeate spring, temperature 61° (air 60°). (Dr. A. B. Granville). From Middle Lias. Nettleton. Sample of Water received from Mr. Septimus P. Skipworth, on the 6th day of October, 1897. Communicated by the Local Government Board. grains per gallon Total solid residue 1980 Chlorine - 1-30 parts per million Free Ammonia - - - -0266 Albuminoid Ammonia - '0480 Temporary hardness 10 1° Permanent „ 3-5° Total „ 13-6° Jas. Baynes. Oct. 7th, 1897. Osbonrnby. Calcareous spring with tufa-deposit north-east of village. * The hardness due to magnesia is that remaining after precipitation of the lime by ammonium oxalate. — H.F.P. 208 Analyses. Potter Hanworth. Analysis of water from a bore-hole, 31st October, 1901. Communicated by the Local Government Board grains per gallon. Total Solid Residue - - - 30- 8 . Chlorine 1-8 Nitrogen as Nitrates and Nitrites -15 Oxygen absorbed -04 parts per million. Free Ammonia "01 Albuminoid Ammonia -06 Degrees. Temporary Hardness 16- Permanent Hardness 4* Total Hardness 20* The residue left on evaporation was white and did not blacken on incin- eration. Charles Harrison. November ]2th, 1001. ftuarrington. Analysis of water from a boring on the site of the new Lunatic Asylum at Quarrington (see p. ) received from Mr. Jesse Clare, of Seaford. Results expressed in parts per 100,000 Sulphuric acid (S.O3) 14-12 Chlorine 2-56 Nitrous acid 0*00 Nitric acid (NA) 1-34 Phosphoric acid Faint trace Total solids in solution - - - - ' - - 62*16 Free ammonia -0000 Albuminoid ammonia -0058 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate ) in ^ hour - - "0158 at 80° F. / in 4 hours - - -0273 Temporary hardness 20-1 Permanent „ - - 20-4 Total „ -' 40-5 Lead and Copper - • absent This water is remarkably puie, containing as it does only a very minute quantity of organic matter. It is, however, very hard, the total solid being high, and unfortunately the permanent hardness is very great, constituting about half of the total hardness. The hardness could be reduced to nearly one-half by the use of lime, or to a still greater extent in other ways. Alfred Ashby, March m, 1898, Potter Hanworth — Roxby. 209 Roxby-cum-Risby. ('ommunicated by Mr. H. Preston. 1. — Risby Warren. Lincolnshire Limestone water. Analysis made by Professor J. A. Wanklyn, October 17th, lH{)i. Bore Water. grains per gallon. Carbonate of lime 160 Sulphate of lime - - - - - - - - 2-4 Nitrate of magnesia 2-0 Chloride of sodium 2-1 22-5 Hardness, 19-5 degrees. No poisonous metals. Parts per million. Free ammonia - - - 008 Albuminoid ammonia 0*04 This is water of first class organic purity, perfectly free from sewage. It is good drinking water but is rather hard. 2. — Warren Beck Water. grains per gallon. Carbonate of lime 11-5 Sulphate of lime 2-9 Nitrate of magnesia 2*0 Chloride of sodium 2-1 IS-f) Hardness 15'5 degrees. No poisonous metals. parts per million. Free ammonia 000 Albuminoid ammonia - - - - - - - 02 This is water of first rate organic purity, perfectly free from sewage. It is a good drinking water. It is softer than the bore water and for general domestic and tovm use i« to be preferred. 3. — Risby Warren. Dr. Muter's Analysis September 12th, 1902. This water was colourless and clear. Description of Sample. From experimental well 22 feet deep. Odour when heated to 100° F. None Chlorine 130 Nitrogen as nitrates Slight traces. Ammonia 00105 Albuminoid ammonia 00035 Oxygen absorbed by organic | 15 minutes at 88° F. 00090 matter in - - - / ^ hours at 80^ F. - 0120 Total solids (dried at 228° F.) 25-20 Hardness, degrees of Clark's Scale — Before boiling 19 2 After boiling 30 Microscopical examination of deposit — Mineral matter. This should prove an excellent water for public supply. John Muter. 7696. O 210 Analyses. Ruskington. Analysis of water from boring September 15th, 1899. J. Clare. Communicated by the Local Government Board. Results expressed in parts per 100,000. Chlorine 1-80 Nitrous acid - 0-00 Nitric acid (N.Og) 0-10 Sulphuric acid (S O3) 4-23 Phosphoric acid • - very faint trace. Total solids 36-96 Loss on ignition of ditto -----... 2'88 Free ammonia -0007 Albuminoid ammonia ..--... -0028 Temporary hardness 17-80 Permanent hardness - - - 9*06 Total hardness 26-86 Lead and oopper --.-.-.. absent Colour and appearance in 2 foot tube, pale greenish blue ; clear. Odour at 100° Fahrt. none Deposit - - , - - - - - - - - none This is a palatable and exceedingly pure water without any suspicion of sewage-contamination. It is hard, but that is a character natural to limestone waters, whilst it is much less so than the polluted surface well waters of the district. Alfrep Ashby, Scredington. Analysis of water from boring, 219 feet through Oxford Clay into Lower Oolites. (See p. 152). Jesse Clare, 22nd April, 1897. Communicated by the Local Government Board. Results expressed in parts of 100,000. Chlorine 1-50 Nitrous acid 0*00 Nitric acid (NgOr,) 0-09 Sulphuric acid (SO3) 4-23 Phosphoric acid faint trace Total solids in sol ution - - - - . - - 38-32 Free ammonia - - - -0066 Albuminoid ammonia - - -0048 Oxygen absorbed from )^ in | hour. - . . . -0077 permanganate at 80°F. j in 4 hours .... -0164 Permanent hardness 7-4 Temporary hardness 22-2 Total hardness 29-6 Lead and Copper absent Iron a trace mostly in the deposit. Odour at 100° F. -----.. . none Alfred Ashby., RusKiNGTON — Scunthorpe. 211 Scunthorpe. Water from Bonter Sandstone. A. Analyses by Messrs. Stanger and Blount, Novc^mber. 1901. 1. Analysis for Organic Impurity. grains jDer gallon. Total solids 388-50 Chlorine - 91-23 parts per 100,000. Free anmonia 0*021 Albuminoid ammonia 0-001 Oxygen a})sorbed after four hours 0-01 Nitrogen as nitrites nil „ ,, nitrates 0-36 2. Analysis for Mineral Constituents. grains per gallon. Silica (SiOo) MS Alumina, Ferric oxide (AUO^ + Fe^O^) - - - - 0-28 Lime (CaO) - - "- - " 77*84 Magnesia (MgO) 24-89 . Soda(Na,,0) 27-08 Carbonic "anhydride (CO.J 1*45 Sulphuric anhydride (S O3) 86*18 Nitric anhydride (N2O5) 0*97 Chlorine 91*23 311*07 I Peduct Oxygen equivalent to chlorine - - - - 20*66 290-51 ' Combined water, organic matter and loss - - - - 97*99 Total Sohds 388*60 The chief salts present are probably therefore : — grains per gallon. Calcium carbonate (CaCOj) ^*30 ^ Calcium sulphate (CaS04) 146*61 Calcuim chloride (CaCl,) 31*25 Magnesium chloride (MgCl,) 53*83 Magnesium nitrate (Mg(N03)2) 1*^ Sodium chloride (NaQ) ^ I-IO J . 287*32 From these analyses it appears that the water although organically pure, is loaded with saline constitutents, and that it is unfit for a town's supply. 7606. ^^'^ 212 Analyses. B. Analyses by Dr. J. Muter, November, 1901. ]. Analysis for Mineral Constituents grains per gallon. Calcium sulphate 146-72 Calcium carbonate 2*45 Calcium chloride 25* 63 Magnesium carbonate 0*53 Magnesium chloride 63*20 Potassium chloride 5-25 Sodium chloride 58*45 Ferric oxide 0*52 Silica 0-70 303-45 This water was colouriess and clear. Examined for sanitary purposes it was found to be free from organic contaminations as evidenced by the following figures : 2. Analysis for Organic Impurity. • grains per gallon. Albuminoid ammonia 0*0021 Oxygen consumed in fifteen minutes 0*0089 Oxygen consumed in four hours 0-0201 Nitrogen as nitrites or nitrates None. Unfortunately its high saline contents render it unsuitable for a public water- supply. Sempringham. Priory. 32 grains of mineral matter per gallon. (Dr. T. Short). Probably from Kellaways Beds. Spital (in the Street) Spa- r Between Glentham and Hemswell. Chalybeate. . Stainfield, N.W. of Bourn. 264 grains of mineral matter per gallon. (Dr. T. Short), Other wells containing mineral matter are mentioned.* *See Geol. S.W. Lincolnshire, p. 155. Sempringham — SroKE HocHFORD. '2\:\ Stamford. Probably from Northampton Sands. Chalybeate. Sample of water from the River Welland, 1 mile above Stamford. Analysed by Dr. John C. Thresh, M.D., D.Sc., F.I.C. July, 1903. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. parts per 100,000 Calcium carbonate 19*8 Calcium sulphate 8*15 Magnesium sulphate 3 05 Magnesium chloride - - - - - - - - 1*6 Sodium chloride 2- 65 Organic matter, nitrates, &c - - - - - 1*75 Total solids at 180° C- 3700 Temporary hardness ------ 17'0 Permanent harJness 8-0 Total hardness - 250 Free ammonia - 000 Organic ammonia ........ .020 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27'" C. - - - - -174 Nitrites nil. Stoke Rochford. Analysis of water from the waterf.ill (Lincolnshire Limestone) in Stoke Park. Analysed by Dr. John C. Thresh, M.D., D.Sc, F.I.C. July, 1903. Communicated by Mr. H. Preston. parts per 10{),000 Calcium carbonate --...... i8-7 Calcium sulphate ........ 5.3 Magnesium sulphate -5 Magnesium chloride 1*54 Sodium chloride 1-07 Sodium nitrate 3.00 Silica, &c. '49 Total solid constituents dried at 1 ">0° C. - - - - 310 Temporary hardness 151 Permanent hardness -..-.-. 0* Total hardness 211 Free ammonia - ^003 Organic ammonia '005 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. - - - .032 Nitrites »u7. 214 Analyses. Swaton. Analj^sis by Mr. Alfred Ashby, M.B., of water taken on September Vth, 1885, from a boring 261 feet deep. The results are expressed in parts per 100,000. Chlorine 1-50 : Sulphuric acid (SO3) 5-5073 Phosphoric acid very faint trace Nitrous acid -000 Nitric acid (NaO^) -000 Free ammonia -0052 Albuminoid ammonia • 0042 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 mts. at 80°Fahr. ♦ 0070 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 4 hrs. at 80°Fahr. '0168 Total solids in solution ' 38-00 Loss on ignition of total soUds 2-20 Total hardness 27-80 Permanent hardness 5-10 Temporary hardness 22*70 Lead, Iron and copper absent Sulphuretted hydrogen absent CJolour and appearance in 2 foot tube clear pale blue Smell when heated to 100*^ Fahr. none • ' Behaviour of residue on ignition darkens slightly Reaction of residue left after evaporation very sHghtly alkaline Microscopical appearance of sediment - . . . nil Taste cool and palatable The analysis shows that this water is extremely pure and without suspicion of pollution of any description. Like ali Umestone- waters it is hard, but it is much less so than the water obtained from the polluted surface-wells of the district. It is well adapted for a pubUc supply. Uffington. Analysis of water from boring 219 feet deep in Lower Oolites, received from Mr. F. Dickinson, Chemist, St. Mary's Street, Stamford. Communicated by the Local Total solid matter .... Free ammonia - - . . Albuminoid ammonia - Nitrogen as nitrites and nitrates - Chlorine Degrees of hardness .... Metals, Lead or Copper Government Board. Grains per gallon Parts per million Grains per gallon 5J )J >> - 30 - none slight traces slight traces - 2-0 - 23.5 - none There being an entire absence of free ammonia and only slight traces of nitrogen and albuminoid ammonia with a small amount of chlorine present, in our opinion the water is of average purity and one well suited for drinking and other purposes. John Richabdson & Co., Leicester, Limited. H. N. B. Richabdson, B.A., F.C.S., Director. November 2nd, 1898. SWATON— WlLSTHORl^li:. '2\n Walcot Spa. N.W. of Billinghay. 266 grains of mineral matter per gallon. (Dr. T. Short). Washingborough. Analyses of water from shallow wells in alluvium and gravel are given in the sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission (1868) 1874, p. 88. Willihgham, North. Medicinal spring. From Drift on Kijueridge Clay. Willoughby. An analysis of well water for Great Northern Railway, Locomotive De- pirtment (per Mr. H. C. Cheetham). parts jHjr miUion. Ammonia free • 430 Ammonia albuminoid 0-047 Mineral Constituents grains per gallon. SiUca 0-67 Iron oxide traces Chalk 1-92 Carbonate of magnesia 2-37 Common salt - - 2-96 Sodium and potassium carbonates - - - - - 20*88 Sodium sulphate traces Total Solids - - - - 28-80 The water is clear and bright and free from taste or smell ; it is a good water for engine and domestic purposes, being soft and free from pollution. The hardness is 6-5°. A water containing so much sodium and potassium carbonates is peculiar in character. J. W. Young. February \m, 1893, Doncaster. Wilsthorpe, (Water for Peterborough). The Analysis by Professor Wanklyn.* The water was of first-class purity organically. parts per million Free ammonia 0-14 Albuminoid ammonia O-O.') Total organic matter 2-40 Poisonous metals absent. One gallon contains : ^' ; Grains. Silica " - 0-5 Carbonate of lime - - - - - - - 16-5 Sulphate of lime - - - - - - 2-0 Sulphate of magnesia - - - -_- - -4*3 Chloride of sodium 2*9 26-2 Hardness 23° (temporary down to 6". i Nitric acid • 1 grain per gallon. * J. C. Gill, Proc. Inst. C.E. -.oi. (1890), 220. 216 Analyses. Woodhall Spa. From an account by Dr. Robert Barnes in " The Climates and Baths o^ Great Britain." vol. i. 1895, p. 575. The well, according to Mr. R. B. Latham, yields 1,100 gallons per hour *' After three week's cessation of pumping, the water stood at 122 feet below the surface, and much below the level of the sea. He also inferred, judging from the temperature of the water, 56°F. at a depth of 140 feet from the surface, that there is every probability that the water comes from the depth indicated, namely, about 500 feet. It is not at all unlikely," adds Mr. Latham, " that the spring has a direct connection with the sea." The following is the result of an analysis made by Sir E. Frankland in 1891 • " The water was collected on the 22nd of May last. It was verj' turbid when drawn from the well, but became clear on standing for about ten days, the deposited reddish matter consisting almost entirely of hydrated peroxide of iron. The sp. gr. of the clear water at 50°F. was 1 • 0165. The water tested soon after collection contained neither free iodine nor arsenic. 100,000 parts of the clear water left, on evaporation and drying at 340°F. a solid residue of 2262 • 4 parts, from which the following constituents were obtained : Soda (NagO) 1037-0 Potash (KgO) 1-06 Lime (as carbonate) 8*59 Total lime (CaO) 77-70 Magnesia (as carbonate) - - 1*61 Total magnesia 49-94 Alumina and peroxide of iron ------ -29 Ammonia (NH3) -94 Organic carbon .---.--. • 064 Organic nitrogen • 078 Nitrogen, as nitrates or nitrites - - - - - 0-00 [ Silica (SiO^) -85 Sulphuric anhydride (SO3) 6-57 Chlorine 1351-38 Bromine 4*71 Iodine -57 "These constituents probably exist in the water in the form of the following compounds : — Parts. Carbonate of lime (CaCOg) 15-34 Sulphate of lime (CaS04) 11-17 Chloride of calcium (CaClg) 127-87 Carbonate of magnesia (MgCOg) 3- 38 Chloride of magnesium (MgCl2) 114-79 Chloride of sodium (NaCl) 1950*75 Bromide of sodium (NaBr) 4-22 , Bromide of potassium (KBr) 2*13 Iodide of potassium (KI) -75 Silicate of soda (Na^SiOg) 1*72 " One hundred thousand parts of the water deposited on standing 0-99 parts (dried at 212°F.) of suspended matter, consisting chiefly of peroxide of ron. On ignition this suspended matter lost 0- 12 part." WOODHALL. 217 A previous analysis by Professor Wanklyn, made in December, 1886, gave the following result : — Chloride of sodium - Chloride of calcium Chloride of magnesium Carbonate of soda Sulphate of soda - Nitrate of soda Free iodine Iodine (as iodates) - Iodine (as iodides) - Bromine (as bromides) Peroxide of iron Grains per gallon. 1,333- 00 11100 91-20 10-00 •30 •55 •20 •20 •40 3-40 traces Reduced to parts per 100,000 1,900-00 158-56 130-28 14-28 •43 •78 •28 •28 •56 4-85 traces Dr. Barnes, after referring to the differences in the analyses, observes that " the question arises whether the supply of iodides and bromides is constant and uniform." In an analysis by Frankland in 1874 the amount of iodine in 100,000 parts was -880, and of bromine 6-280 ; in an analysis by Messrs Wright & Burton in 1883, the iodine was -5216 and the bromine 4-9729.* It Is interesting to find that, not far from the church at Woodhall, at a depth of 33 feet, *' a spring of salt water was tapped, resembling that of Woodhall Spa, but it gradually became less salt, and was finally replaced by a supply of fresh water. "t Analyses of Kimeridge Clay from Benniworth. Communicated by Mr. J. Stuart Bogg. The following analyses of cores and samples from the Benniworth boring (see p. 48) were made by Mr. F. W. Richardson, F.I.C., F.G.S., City Analyst for Bradford : — 1. Sample of dark clay, from depth of 78 ft. 2 in., received Mar. 4th, 1904. Moist Dry sample- sample, (burnt.) Free moisture 29-08 — Water of hydration 10-00 — Ammonia — — Alumina 13-19 21-65 Iron protoxide 3-42 5*61 Lime carbonate 12-81 21-02 Magnesia — — SUica 31-60 51 72 10000 10000 ♦ See Geology of Lincoln (Geol. Survey), pp. 208, etc. t A. Strahan, in Geol. Lincoln, p. 205. 218 AjfALYl^ilg. 2. Sample of clay bluish, with fossils, from depth of 97 ft. 2 in. Received Mar. 16th, 1904. Moist Dry sample, sample. (burnt.) I*ree moisture* - 20-00 — Water of hydration 6-70 — Ammonia — — Alumina 20-14 27-48 Iron protoxide 4-96 6-77 Lime carbonate - 2-80 3-82 Magnesia - - — — Silica 45-40 61-93 100-00 100-00 Iron and alumina silicates - - - 70*5% 90*18% This is much better than the previous sample, as it contains only a small quantity of lime carbonate, and consists of clay to the extent of 96 per cent. 3. Two samples of shale. Received April 28th, 1904. No. 1. No. 2. Moisture 7-00 6-00 Water of hydration and organic matter - 16-50 28-00 Mineral matter 76-50 66-00 100-00 100-00 Composition of the mineral matter :— Silica - - 50-96 43-18 Alumina 23-88 30-80 Iron protoxide 5-22 7-74 Chalk - - 12-42 ] Magnesia - - - - - - - 1-41 r 18-28 Alkalies, etc. 6-31 J 100-00 100-00 By distillation : — Ammonia (NH3) - - - -05 per cent. -06 per cent. Equal ammonia sulphate - - -19 per cent. -23 per cent. per ton 4J lbs. 5^ lbs. Heavy oils 3-00 per cent. 6-1 per cent. Light oils 7-75 per cent. 3 - 2 per cent. 10-75 9-3 This is a very poor yield of ammonia, as one ton of an average shale would yield ammonia equal to about 25 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia. The yield of oils is fairly satisfactory when we consider the fact that only a small quantity was available for distillation. On a larger scale the amount of oils obtained would be greater. 4. Two samples of clay. No. 1 sample was from a 13 in. seam at the depth of 306 ft., and No. 2 from a 12 in. seam at the depth of 309| ft. Received April 29th, 1904. No. 1. No. 2. Per cent, of total sulphur on the moist clay - - 3-95 5-35 These are very high percentages. F. W. RiCHABDSON. Bibliography. ■ 2 Id BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Geological Survey Publications on Ln^cOLJrsHiRE. Sheets of the Index Map. Scale, four miles to one inch. 5. Wroot. 6. North LincolnBhire, including Epworth, Kirton-in-Iindsey, and Caistof . 9. Central and South Lincolnshire. Sheets of the Map. Old Series. Scale one inch to a mile. 64. Stamford, Market Deeping. 05. Portion of Fenland. $ 69. Boston, Wainfleet, Holbeach, Sutton St. Marys. 70. Sleaford, Tattershall, Grantham, Spalding. 83. Gainsborough, Market Rasen, Lincoln, Homcastle. 84. Louth, Alford, Spilsby, Skegness. 85. Grimsby. 86. Barton-upon-Humber, Brigg, Crowle, Epworth, Kirton-in-Lindsey, Caistor. Memoirs, 8vo. 1875. JuDD, J. W. — The Geology of Rutland and the parts of Lincoln . . . . included in Sheet 64. 1877. Skertchly, S. B. J.— The Geology of the Fenland. 1885. Jukes-Browne, A. J. — ^The Geology of the south-west part of Lin- colnshire. (Explanation of Sheet 70). Reid, C. — The Geology of Holdemess, and the adjoining parts of Yorkshire and Lincohishire. (Explanation of Sheet 85). 1887. Jukes-Browne, A. J. — The Geology of East Lincolnshire, including the country near the towns of Louth, Alford, and Spilsby. (Ex- planation of Sheet 84). 1888. UssHER, W. A. E., A. J. Jukes-Browne, and A. Strahan. In part from Notes by W. H. Penning, W. H, Dalton, and A. C. G. Cameron.— The Geology of the Coimtry around Lincoln. (Ex- planation of Sheet 83). 1890. UssHER, W. A. E. Parts by C. Fox-Strangways, A. Cl G. Cameron, C. Reid, and A. J. Jukes-Browne. — The Geology of North Lncoln- shire and South Yorkshire. (Explanp.tion of Sheet 86). 1893. WmTAKER, W., S. B. J. Skertchly and A. J. Jukes-Browne.— The Geology of South- Western Norfolk and of Northern Cambridge- shire [including the south-eastern end of the Lincolnshire Fen- land]. (Explanation of Sheet 65). 1893-95. Woodward, H. B.— The Jurassic Rocks of Britain, vol. III. The Lias of England and Wales (Yorkshire excepted), 1893 ; vol. IV. The Lower Oolitic Rocks of England (Yorkshire excepted), 1894 ; vol. V. The Middle and Upper OoUtic Rocks of England (York- shire excepted), 1895. 1890. Whitaker, W. and A. J. Jukes-Browne. — The Geology of the Borders of the Wash, including Boston and Hunstanton. (Ex- planation of Sheet 69). 1900-1904. Jukes-Browne, A. J., with contributions by William Hill. — The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, vol. I. The Gault and Upper Greensand of England, 1900 ; vol. II. The Lower and Middle Chalk of England, 1903 ; vol. III. The Upper Chalk of England, 1904. 220 Bibliography. 2. Reports of Medical Inspectors of Privy Council and Local Oovtskn- MENT Board on Lincolnshire. (Gommunicatedby Dr. H. F. Parsons.) I.i the Annual Reports of the Medical Officer (Sir J. Simon) to the Privy Council, reports by Medical Inspectors on the following Lincolnshire localities were referred to : — 1864. Bristowe, Dr. On Fever at Grantham. 1868. Thorne, Dr. R. Thorne. On Epidemic of typhoid fever at Wintorton. 1870. Radcliffe, Netten. Fever at Ingham. Fever at Scothern. Fever at Stamford. Of these reports only extracts or abstracts were published. All had to do with the prevalence of typhoid fever, and in each case polluted water is given as one of the causes. 1S80, Parsons, Dr. H. F. Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Sutton Bridge Urban Sanitary District. 1881. Parsons, Dr. H. F. Report on the Sanitary Condition of Great Grimsby. 1 882. Parsons, Dr. H. F. Report on an Outbreak of Diphtheria at Gedney Drove End, and on Enteric Fever at Whaplode Drove, in the Holbeach Rural Sanitary District. 18 v3. Parsons, Dr. H. F. Report on the prevalence of Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria in the Thorne Registration District, and on the general Sanitary condition of the Districts comprised therein. (Refers to Crowle and the Isle of Axholme.) 1885. Gresswell, Dr. D. Astley. Report on two Outbreaks of Enteric Fever in the Rural Sanitary District of Lincoln. Report on the Prevalence of Diphtheria in the Rural Sanitary District of Glanford Brigg. Spear, John. Report on the prevalence of Diphtheria in the Spilsby Rural Sanitary District. 1888. Page, Dr. D. Report on the Sanitary State of the adjoining Urban Sanitary Districts of Clee-with-Weelsby and Great Grimsby, with reference to the Prevalence of Enteric Fever there. 1890. Parsons, Dr. H. F. Report on an Epidemic of Pneumonia at Scotter, Lincolnshire, and in the neighbouring places. Report on the Water Supply of Barrowby, in the Grantham Rural Sanitary District. 1893. Low, Dr. R. Bruce. Report on the circumstances of the River Trent in Lincolnshire and part of Nottinghamshire, with special reference to the Water Supplies of Populations resident on or near the banks of the river, and to the occurrence amongst those Populations of Enteric Fever. 1894. Reece, Dr. R. J. Report on Cholera in 1893 in Grimsby and in Cleethorpes with Thrunscoe. (In Report of Medical Officer, Loc. Gov. Board, on Cholera in England in 1893.) Bibliography. 221 1895. Evans, E. Report upon an Outbreak of Diphtheria in the toA^n of Holbeach. 1898. Wheaton, Dr. S. W. Report on outbreaks of Diphtheria at Marston, Hougham and Long Bennington, in the Claypole Rural District. 1899. Mair, Dr. L. W. Darra. Report upon the Sanitary Circumstances and Administration of the Urban District of Oainsborough, with special reference to the prevalence of Fever therein. Low, Dr. R. B. Report on an Outbreak of " Fever " in the village of South Witham, in the Grantham Rural District. South Lincolnshire. 1901. Copeman", Dr. S. M. Report on the General Sanitary Hrcumstances and Administration of the Borough of Boston. 3. Other Books and Papers on Wells and Borings in Lincolnshire. 1734. Short, T. The Natural, Experimental, and Medicinal History of the Mineral Waters of Derbyshire, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire. 4to. Lond. 1782. Englefield, Sir H. C. Account of the Appearance of the Soil at opening a Well at Hanby in Lincolnshire. Phil. Trans. Ixxi. 345, 346. 1787. LiMBiRD, James. An Account of the Strata observed in sinking for Water at Boston, in Lincolnshire. Phil. Trans. Ixxvii. 50-54. 1824. Cragg, J. Account of Well, in Dr. A. Wesburgh's Sketches of Slea- ford. 8vo. Sleaford. 1856. Thompson, P. History and Antiquities of Boston. (Well-section.) 4to London. 1860. Kyn ASTON, J. W. Analysis of the Water of a Spring at Billingborough, Lincolnshire. Journ. Chem. Soc, ser. 2 , xii., 57-62. 1867. CJuTPB, R. The Woodhall or Iodine Spa, Lincolnshire. 8vo. London. 1868. Wheeler, W. H. A History of the Pens of South Lincolnshire. 8vo. Boston. Ed. 2, 1894. (Water Supply, pp. 467, etc.) 1874. Wilson, J. M. Well-sinking in the Lincolnshire Fen district. Geol Mag. 143, 480. 1878. Miller, S. H. and S. B. J. Skertchly. The Fenland Past and Present. (Notes on Water Supply, pp. 429, etc.) 8vo. Wisbech. Wheeler, W. H. Arterial Drainage and the Storage of Water. Journ. R. Agric. Soc. xiv. 1. 1879. Beavan, F. W. Boring at Sutton Bridge Dock, Lincolnshire. Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc. i. 73. Db Rance, C. E. Fourth Report of the Committee for Investigating the Circulation of the Underground Waters. Hep. Brit. Assoc, for 1878, 382-419. Wheeler, W. H. Rainfall, Water Supply and Drainage of Lincoln- shire. {Paper read at Lincoln, at the Meeting of the Chamber of Agriculture.) 1881. De Range, C. E. Sixth Report of the Committee for Investigating the Circulation of the Underground Waters. . . Rep. Brit. As8o§. for 1880, 87-106. 222 ' Bibliography. 1882. Anon. The Boring for Coal near Groole. Coll. Guard, xliii. 345. De Range, C. E. The Water Supply of England and Wales. Svo. Lond. 1883. Addy, John. The Water Supply for Peterborough. Proc. Inat. Civ. Eng. vol. Ixxiv. pp. 146-162. 1884. PiLBROW, J. Some Particulars of an Artesian Well bored through the Oolitic Rocks at Bourn, Lincolnshire, in 1856. Proc. Inst. Civ.. Eng. Ixiv. 245. — Wright, W. T. and T. Burton. Analysis of Woodhall Spa water Journ. Chem. Soc. xlv. 168. 1890. Gill, J. C. Artesian Wells in South Lincolnshire. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. ci. 218-221. 1892. De Range, C. E. On the Underground Waters of Lincolnshire. Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc. xii. 22-51. 1893. Jukes-Browne, A. J. On some recent Borings through the Lower Cretaceous Strata in East Lincolnshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xlix. 467-478. Anon. Artesian bored tube well at Bourne, Lincolnshire. Engineering, November 24, p. 649. 1894. Anon. Remarkable Overflowing Artesian Well [Bourne.] Engineer, Ixxvii. 23, 24. 1898. Martin, E. A. Artesian Well at Bourn. Sci. Goss., n.s , vol. v., p. 143. 1900. Griffith, P. Report on proposed boring at Boultham. Water, vol. ii., pp. 57-61. 1903. Preston, H. On a new Boring at Caythorpe (Lincolnshire). Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. lix., pp. 29-32. Notes on the Geology and Underground Water Supply of South Lincolnshire. Supp. to Contract Journal, Aug. 19th, pp. 1-8; Trans. Brit. Assoc. Waterworks Engineers, vol. viii., pp. 98-134. 1904. Woodward, H. B. The Jurassic Limestones of Britain [in reference to Water Supply] xi^. Congres Internal, d' Hygiene et de Demographie, Bruxdles. INDEX. 223 y ft met of persons [authorSy observers, and informan's) are in small caps. Abbott, S., 126. Aby, 29. Acre House Mine, 81. Addy, J., 8, 37, 52, 65, 67, 70, 95, 96, 115, 139, 142, 147, 160, 174, 197. Alford, 29 ; Flexure near, 1, 2. AUington, 31, 199. Alluvium, 18. Alnwick, 204. Althorpe, 32. Amcotts, 32. Analyses of clays, 217. of waters, 194. Ancholme valley, 19. Anderby, 32. Anticlines, 1, 2. Appleby, 32. Area of Lincolnshire, 20 ; Area under cultivation, 20. Areas of Geological formations, 20. Asgarby, 36, 56. AsHBY, Dr. A., 205, 206, 208, 210, 214. Ashby-cum-Fenby, 36. Aslackby, 37. Aswarby, 38. Spa, 199. Atkinson, A., 32, 75. Aunsby, 199. Authorpe, 39. Axholmo, Isle of, 18, 46. Baker & Son, Messrs. S. F., 29, 97, 155. Banks, Sir J., 58, 159. Bardney, 39, 199. Barnes, Dr. R., 215, 217. Barnes & Sharpe, Messrs., 38, 53, 54, 55, 93, 114, 117, 139, 142, 143, 149, 162, 169. Bardney, 2. Barkstone, 39. Barrow-upon-Humber, 41, 42. Barrowby, 40, 199. Mires, 41. Baston, 44. Bawtry, 4. Baynes, J., 207. Beesby, 45. Bedford, W., 126. Belton, Grantham, 47. Belton, Isle of Axholme, 46. Benniworth, 47, 217. BibUography, 219. Billingborough, 52, 200. Billinghay, 53. Bilsby, 54. Bingley, J., 30, 45, 54, 77, 79, 80, 84, 93, 103, 107, 119, 131, 132. 136, 140, 149, 171, 174, 175, 189. BiRKETT, Mr., 85. Birthorpe, 54. Bland, Mr., 77, 146. Blow-wells, 9, 14. Blo^vn Sand, 18. BoGG, E., 15, 47; T. S.. 48, 217. T., 47. Booth, Mr., 167. Boothby Hall, 183. Pagnall, 55. Boston, 56, 197, 200. Boulder-clay, 14, 17. Boultham, 63. Bourn, 64 ; Anticline near, 1 ; Well Head at, 8, 197, 200. Eau, 71, 72. Fen, 71. Braceborough, 73, 197. Spa, 8, 201. Bracebridge, 74, 201. Brackish water, 15, 19, 194, 196. Brandon, 117. Brant valley, 5. Brigg, 75. Brinkhill, 75. Brocklesby, 74. Bromby, 76. Brooks, Mr., 105, 133. Broughton, 76. Brumby, 76. Bunter, 3. Burgh-le-Marsh, 76. Burke, W., 79. Burrows, W., 101, 113; Burton, F. M., 4, 97. Burton, Mr., 131, 132. Burton, Lincoln, 77. Burton-upon-Stather, 5. 224 Index. Cabourne, 78. Cadney, 78. Caistor, 78. Calcethorpe (Calsthorpe), 121. Came, R.A., 192. Cameron, A. C. G., 32, 63, 77, 87, 123, 126, 130, 141, 191. Cannon, J., 150. Canwick, 78, 129. Carboniferous, 3. Carlton Great, 79. Carr, W. D., 130. Carr, South, 108, 204. Carstone, 11. Cartwright, Mr., 182, 183. Casthorpe, 40. Catley Abbey, 182, 195, 201. Caudles, The, 8. Cawthorpe, 70, 201. Caythorpe, 79, 198. Chalk, 12. Chalybeate (ferruginous) water, 6, 10, 67, 194. Chapel St. Leonards, 80. Cheetham, H.C, 186, 215. Chester, Mr., 120. Clare, J., 38, 53, 91-93, 106, 114, 137, 141, 144, 149, 161, 173, 208, 210. Clarke, J. A., 15, 18, 19, 96. Claxby, 81 ; Flexure near, 1. Ironstone, 11. Clayhole, 63 Clay-stones, See Septaria. Claythorpe, 80. Cleethorpes, 82, 104. Coates, Great, 16, 82. , Little, 15, 17. , North, 83. Cobban, A. Mc. D., 148, 153. Cockerington, South, 84. Cocks, J., 79, 106, 113, 124. 145, 146, 151, 160, 187. Coleby, 84. Colsterworth, 9. Coningsby, 18. Copeman, Dr. S. M., 56. Copper Hill, 187. Cooper, R. E., 170. Corallian, 10. Corby, 84. Cordeaux, J., 16, 82, 83. Cornbrash, 9. CoEREA DE Serra, Dr. J., 170. Courtney, F. S., 66. Covenham, 85. Cragg, J., 145. Crawford, Mr., 157. Cressey, Mr., 76, 105, 142, 150. Cretaceous, Lower, 10. Upper, 12. Crosby, 76. Cross, Rev. J. E., 32. Crowland, 85, 198. Crowle, 47, 86. Hill, 4. Croy, 169. Cultivation, Areas under, 20. Cumberworth, 87. CUNNINGTON, G. W.. 164. Daglish, J., 84, 122. Dalby, 87. Dalderby, 88. Dalton, W. H., 7, 8, 119, 200. Dawber, Mr., 126. Dean, W. W., 116. Deeping Fen, 197. St. James, 88, 198. St. Nicholas, 89. , West, 90. Denton, 90. De Range, C. E., 7, 74, 94. 97, 98, 104, 105, 170, 201. Derby, W., 56. Dewey, H., 20. Dice, 10, 92. Digby, 91. Dobbs, Mr., 88, 138, 191, 192. Dogger, 6. Don, Old, River, 19. Doncaster, 4. Donington, 92. Donna Nook, 92. Donnington-on-Bain, 47. Top, 189. Dorrington, 92. Dovendale, 174. Dowsby, 93. Driby, 93. Drift Deposits, 17. Dunholme, 94. Dunsby, 94. Dry Doddington, 202. Dyke, near Bourn, 70. Eastoft, 202. Easton, E., 67, 73. & Anderson, Messrs., 65, 66 Eastville, 95. Eaton, Dr., 117. Elkington, North, 96.- Englefield. Sir H. C, 125. .NDEX. ^25 Epworth, 4, 96. Estuarine Series, Lower, 6. , Upper, 9. Faiebank, Messrs., 204. Fabey, J., 58, 61, 145, 159. Faults, 2. Fenland, 2, 19. Firsby, 96. Fisher, Mr., 122, 165. W. W., 194. Flints, 12. Folkiagham, 90 ; Anticline nciw, 1. Formations, List of, 2 ; Areas of, 20. Fosdyke, 97. Foston, 5. Frankland, Sir E., 215, 217. Freeborough J., 52, 106, 133, 155, 181, 184.- Frodingham, 76. Ironstone, 5. Froghall, 87. Frow, C, 142. Fulbeck, 8. Fulstow, 97. Gainsborough, 97, 203. Hill, 4. Garthorpe, 203. Gayton-le-Marsh, 98. Geology of Lincolnshire, 1. Gebtord, Hon. M. R., 55. Gill, J. C, 187, 188, 215. Glacial Drift, 17. Glen, River, 8, 197. Good, J., 77. Goxhill, 99. Graby, 37. Grainsby, 100. Grantham, 100, 204. Granville, Dr. A. B., 190, 207. Grayingham, 7, 102. Gravel, Term used by well-sinker for broken rock, 58. Gn^at Spring Head, 7. Groat Oolite Series, 3. Limestone, 9. Clay, 9. Grebby, 103. Greetwell, 103, 129. Gresswell, Dr. D. A., 76. GreyOhalk, 12. Griffith, P., 63, 98. Grimoldby, 103. Grimsby, 15, 104, 204. Gunby, 106. 7696. Gunhouse, 105. Gypsum, 3, 4, 108, 153. Habertoft, 140. Hacconby, 105. Hagworthingham, 100. Hainton, 106. Hake, Dr. H. W., 201. Hale, Great, 106. Halton, East, 107. Bridge, 168. Skitter, 107. Hannah, 107. Hanby, 125. Hanthorpe, 139. Harlaxton, 108. Hardness of waters, 196. Hare Booth, 39. Hamnett & Co., Messrs., 36. Harrison, C, 199, 208. R., 45, 54, 98, 103, 134, 135, 136, 147,149, 168-170, 175, 190 Harrowby Hill, 102. Haverholme, 204. Plantation, 34. Hawkshaw, J. C, 15. Hawksley, T., 56. Haxey, 108, 204. Haydor, 113. Heckington, 113, 205. Hehner, O., 202. Helpringham, 114. Helsey, 115. Hemswell, 205, Hessle Beds, 17. Hett, C, 151. Hibaldstow Beds, 7. Blow-well, 9. Hill, W., 12. HoBSON, F., 40, 56, 99, 100. H., 108. W., 145. HoDSON & Son, Messrs., 85 Hogsthorpe, 115. Holbcach, 115. Holdemess, 12 ; Water-supply of, 16. HoLLOWAY, W. H., 38, 90, 101, 113, 117, 141, 163, 172. Holy Well, Fulbeck, 8 ; Somersby, 10. Hopkins, Mr., 78, 172. Horbling, 8, 115. Spring, 8. Homcastle, 116, 205. Horsington, 116. Hough-on -the-Hill, 117. Hougham, 117. 226 Index. Howell, 117. HowsE, R., 84, 122. Humber Wells, 15, 19, 82, 83, 104, 188. Humberstone, 17. Humby, 118. Himdleby, 118. Ironstone, li. Huttoft Bank, 118. Idle, River, 19. Idlestop, 108. Immingham, 119. Impervious formations, 20. Inferior Oolite Series, 3. Ingham, 119. Ingoldmells, 120. Inliers, 1. Ironstone, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11. Isle of Axholme, 18, 46. IsLER & Co., C, 65-68, 144, 192. Jackling, J., 16, 82, 83, 100, 134, 163, 164, 174, 175. Jones, S. C, 155, 157, 158, 184, 186. JuDD, Prof. J. W., 6, 81. Jukes-Browne, A. J., 10, 12-14, 18, , 29, 31, 60, 61, 71, 75, 82, 83, 95, r 121, 142, 148, 150, 157, 168, 185, 206. Kale, 6. Kate's Bridge, 176, 177. Keadbj,, 120. Keal, 120. West, 10. Keelby Springs, 15. Keisby, 121. Kellaways Beds, 9. Kelsey, South, 121. Kelstem, 121. Kesteven Asylum, 144. Keuper, 4^ Killinghohne, 121. Kimeridge Clay, Analyses of, 217. Kingerby Spa, 206. KlRKBY, 0., 80. W. H., 71, 116, 150, 189. Kirkby, East, 122. Kirkstead, 190. Kirton Lindsey, 122. Beds, 7. Kyle, A., 48. Kyme, South, 122. Kynaston, J. W., 200. Laceby Beck, 16. Lade Bank, 124. Lady Well, Ancaster, 8 ; West Keal, 10. Lambcroft, 121. Langtoft, 123. Langworth, 170. Latham, R. B., 216. Langton, 123, 124. Lavington, 125. L^adenham, 125, 206. Leake, 124. Leasingham, 124, 206. Le Grand & Sutclifp, Messrs., 31, 74, 87, 118, 126, 155, 160, 161,, 164, 169. Lenton, 125. Lias, Lower, 6. , Middle, 5. — , Upper, 6. Lignite, 9. Limber, Great, 125. LiMBiRD, J., 57, 58. Lincobi, 125, 197, 207. Cliff, 9 ; Rainfall on, 23. Lincolnshire Limestone, 7. Littleworth, Deeping St. Nicholas, 89. Littleworth, Goxhill, 99. Long Bennington, 117. Sutton, 170. Louth, 131. Springs, 14. Low, Dr. R. B., 19, 46, 96, 193. Lower Greensand, 11. Luddmgton, 133, 207. Ludford, Magna and Parva, 133. Lusby, 133, Mablethorpe, 18, 133. MacDAKLtT, Captain, 84. Magnesian Limestone, 3. Mair, Dr. L. W. D., 98. Maltby, 14. Maltby-le-Marsh, 136. Manby, 135. Mareham, 18. Grange, 155. Markby, 136. Market Deeping, 136, 198. Stainton, 137. Marlstone, 6. Marsh, Mr., 100. Marsh Chapel, 137. Marsh grounds, 19.. Mason, E., 31. Marston, 117. Martin, 137. *"! Mather & Platt, Messrg., 104. Index. 227 Maughan, Mr.^ 104. Mavis Enderby, 138. Melbourn Rock, 12. Messingham, 5. Metheringham, 139. Mill, Dr. H. R., 21. Mineral waters, 194. Miningsby, 56, 197. Monkswell, 207. Morton, Bourn, 139. Muter, J., 205, 209, 212. Navenby, 5. Naylor, G., 57. Nettleton, 207. Common, 17. New Holland, 42. Newton, E. T., 52. , T., 32, 80, 115, 118, 120. Nicholson, Mr., 102. Noble, J. E., 37, 44, 45, 68-72, 74, 79, 90, 91, 94, 102, 123, 136, 139, 165-167, 176-181, 187, 189. Nocton, 7. Norcliff spring, S. Normanton, 140. Northampton Beds, 6. Nottingham, 4. Obthorpe Hill, 74. Oa shale. 10, 52. 218. Old Man's Head Spring, 7. Oolitic iron-ore, 11. strata, 6. Orby, 140. Ormsby, South, 140. Orry, Mr., 122. Osbournby, 141, 207j Overflowing wells, 15, 64-73, 85. OwSTON, Mr., 188. Owston, 141. Oxford Clay, 9. Parker, J., 75. Parsons, Dr. H. F., 4, 18, 19, 40, 47, 133, 194, 199, 202, 203, 207. Parsons Drove, 142. Partridge, T., 56, 57, 58. Patchett, Mr., 174. Peat, 18, 19. Pecten-bed, 6. Penning, W. H., 7, 42, 78, 82. Permian, 3. Pervious formations, 20. Peterborough water-supply, 73, 187. , - 197, 198, 215. Petrifying springs, 5, 207. Pilbrow, J., 64. Pilham, 142. Pinchbeck, 142. Podeholo, 197. Pointon, 142. Ponton, Great, 143. Beds, 7. Potter Hanworth, 143, 208. Preston, H., 2, 29, 37, 39, 40, 44, 53, 55, 56, 68-72, 78, 79, 84, 85, 90, 92-94, 98-100,102, 108, 117, 121- 123, 125, 135, 136, 139, 143, 148, 150, 153, 164-167, 176-181, 187, 189, 192, 195, 198, 200, 203. 206, 209. Purple (Boulder) Clay, 17. Quadring, 144. Quarrington, 144, 208. Radcliffe, J. W., 119. Rainfall, 21. Raithby, 14. Raithby by Spilsby, 145. Rauceby, 144, 145. Read's Island, 188. Recent Deposits, 18. Red Chalk, 12. Reid, C, 12, 14, 15, 29, 78, 172. Reston, South, 147. Revesby, 18. Rhoctic, 5. Richardson, F. W., 218. , J., & Co., 214. Riggall, 87. Rippingale, 147. Risby, 147, 148, 209. River Gravel, 18. Roach, 11. Robinson, Prof. H., 131. Rock-bed (Marlstone), 6. Rose, A., 142. C. B., 170. Rothwell, 11, 148. Roxby, 147, 209. Ruckland, 148. Ruskington, 149, 210. Saline water, I9,36»117, 121,126, 194. Saltfleet, 149. Saltfleetby, 150. Sandtoft, 47. Sargent, W., 92, 97, 104, 137. Saleby, 149. Sampson, Mr., 42. Scawby, 150. Scothem, 151. 228 Index. Scotter, 151. Scredington, 151, 210. Scremby, 152. Scunthorpe, 76, 153, 211. Sea-cliff, Ancient, 12. Seathome, 158. Selbomian, 2. Selenite, 10, 11. Sempringham, 212. Fen, 55. Septaria, 10, 11, 58, 181. Shale, Inflammable, 10, 52, 218. Sharp, S., 168. Sherwood Forest, 4. Short, Dr. T., 199, 204, 212, 215. Silk Willoughby, 155. Silver springs, 14. Six hills, 155. Skegness, 18, 155, 184 ; Flexure nca % 2. Skelton, W., 171. Skendleby, 159. Skerry, 40. Skertchly, S. B. J., 60, 115, 116, 124, 144, 168, 171, 176. Skirbeck, 14. Sleaford, 159 ; Anticline near, 1. Smalley, J., 42, 191. Smith, J., 82, 119, 121, 122, 125. Somerby, 163. Somersby, 10. Somercotes, South, 163. Spas, 194. Spalding, 164, 197. Waterw^orks, 67. Spilsby, 165. Sandstone, 10. Spital-in-the -Street Spa, 212. Spittlegate, Grantham, 101, 204. Springs, 5-18. Spring Wood Lodge, 33. Stainfield, 165, 212. Stallingborough, 165. Stamford, 166, 213. Hill, Bourn, 70. Stanger & Blount, Messrs., 211. Staniland, M., 95, 185. Steeping, 168. Stephens, Rev. J. O., 192. Stickney, 168. Stoke Rochford, 9, 213. Strahan, a., 10, 29, 155, 157, 217. Strangways, C. Fox, 29, 32, 35, 87, 188 Strubby, 168. Sturton-by-Stow, 169. Smik Island, 16. Superficial Deposits, 17. Sudbrookc, 169. Sutton-on-Sca, 18, 170. Bridge, 171. , Long, 171. St. Marv's, 171. Swaby, 172. Swallow, 172. Swarby, 172. Swaton, 173, 214. Sykes, H., 88, 89. Symons, G. J., 21. Tabular flint, 12. Tathwell, 14, 174. Tattershall, 18, 174. Teague, J. H., 8, 63, 126, 191. - Tealby Series, 11. Tetney 83, 174. Thackson's well, 5. Theddlethorpe St. Helen, 175. Thistlewood, G. W., 46. Thompson, P., 56, 58, 59, 145, 159, 170. Thoresby, North, 175. , South, 175. Thorne, 4. Thornton Curtis, 176. Moor, 15. Thorpe St. Peter, 176. Thresh, Dr. J. C, 126, 196, 198, 200, 206, 213. Thurlby, 54, 176, 198. Thwaite Hall, 183. Till, River, 127. Tilley, Messrs., 145, 152. TiMMiNS & Sons, E., 97, 98. Toft, 181. Tongue End Farm, 73. Torne, River, 19. Torrington, East, 181. Totternhoe Stone, 12. Trent, River, 19. Valley, 19. Triassic, 3. Tudor, E. C. B., 47, 133. Tumby, 18. Turner, Mr., 39. TuTTY, Mr., 183. TUXFORD, P., 59. W. W., 59. Tuxford, 4. Twenty, 71, 72. Tyson, Mr., 81, 159, 186. Ulceby (by AHord) 182. Beck, 15, Index. 229 Uffington, 181, 214. UssHER, W. A. E., 7, 29, 32, 75, 70, 98, 102, 105, 142, 150, 151, 169. Valley Gravel, 18. Villages, Sites of, 7, 8. Vivian, Messrs., 108, 153. Waddingham, 7. Wadsley, J., 116. & Son, Messrs., 155. Walcot, 182, 201. Spa, 215. Wainfleet, 2. Wallis, T. W., 82, 131, 133. Walmsgate, 182. Wanklyn, Prof. J. A., 209, 215, 216. Warp, 18. Washingborough, 183, 215. Water-bearing strata, 3. Water- finder, 40. Waters, Analyses of, 194. Waters, Potable, 196. Watkins, Mr., 77. Welbourne, 5. Welby, 183. Well, 183. Well Head, Bourn, 8, 197, 200. Wells, L. B., 108. Wells, Overflowing, 15, 64-73, 85, etc. Welsh, Mr., 124. Welton, 7. Welton-le-Marsh, 183. Welton-on-Wold, 14. Westaby, Mr., 36, 41, 42, 74, 99, 107, 121, 125, 176. Wheaton, Dr. S. W., 117. Wheeler, W. H., 61-63, 92, 124. Whitaker, W., 29, 66, 145, 152, 157, 192. White Lias, 5. Whitton, 5. Wield, Mr., 96. Wilkinson, C, 96, 121, 132, 137, 149, 159, 163, 189, 193. WiLKS, J., 58. Willingham, North, 215. Willingham, South, 10, 184. Willoughby, 185, 215 ; Flexure near, 2. Willoughton, 186. Wilsford, 8, 187. Wilsthorpe, 187, 215. Winn, Mr., 35. Winter-bournes, 14. Winteringham, 188. Winterton, 189. Withcall, 14, 189. Witham-on-th2-Hill, 189. Witham, River, 127. , South, 189. Withern, 189. Wolds, 12, 13 ; Rainfall on, 23. Wood, S. V., jun., 124. Woodcock, W. H., 171. Wood Enderby, 190. Woodhall, 190. Spa, 190, 191, 216. Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., 78. Woods, Mr., 152. Wroot, 193. Yarburgh, 193. Young, J. W., 215. VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY SHEET MEMOIRS OF OLD SERIES MAFS-continued. j).> :-.K . 61 SE • il NE - - 53 SE • - 63 NE • - 65 - - - 66 SW • 67 NW- 67 - 68 E 68 NW, H\V - 69 - 70 - 71 NE • - 79 NW - - 79 SE - - 80 NW • - 80 SW - - 81 NW,8W- 82 SE - 82 NE - - 83 - 84 • 86 - 87 NW . - 87 SW - - 88 SW - - 88 SE - - 88 NE - - 89 SE - - 90 SE - - 90 NE - - 91 SW • - 91 N^^ - - 92 SE ■ 93 N^\ - - 93 NE 93 NW - 93 SE, 94 8V,' 94 NW- - 94 NE. - - 95 SW^ SE - 95 NW »6 SE - - 96 NE - - 96 NW, SW - 97 SW - - 97 NW - - 9S NE - 102 SW - 104 SW, SE - 107 108 SE ■ - 103 NE • 103 SW • 110 s^^ ■ 110 NV.- • 110 NE 110 SE ■ HALESWOKTH and HARLES'I'ON'. P.y VV. Whitaker and W. H. Dalton. In. BURY ST. EDMUNDS and NEWMARKET. By F. J. Bennett, J. H. BLAKE, and W. Wirir ak : PARTS of CA^IBRIDGESHIRE and SUFFOLK. 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