OVID 
 
 PK 
 
 W^, HEROIDES, I, V, XII 
 
 HEl 
 
 TEXT AND NOTES 
 
 ALLCROFT AND HAYES 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 $B 3m ADM 
 
 UNIVERSITY TUTORIAL PRESS LTD 
 
OF THE 
 tINIVERSITT 
 
b 
 
Pa 6 5-/^ 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 1. Life of Ovid. — Publius Ovidius Naso was born at 
 Sulmo (iSulinona), about seventy miles from Rome, in the 
 country of the Paeligni, on March 20th, 43 B.C. Son of 
 an ancient equestrian family, he was destined for the bar, 
 and sent to Home to learn the art of rhetoric. He appears 
 to have acquitted himself with great success in the schools, 
 and afterwards, like most of the wealthy young students of 
 the day, went to Athens, the University of the Roman 
 world. On returning to Rome he held successively the 
 offices of Triumvir capitalis,* Centiiriivir,f and Decemvir 
 litibus iudicandis.X 
 
 But he soon threw over the honourable and lucrative 
 career his father had mapped out for him, and resigned 
 himself to the charms of poetic pursuits, in him so strong 
 
 * Member of a bench of three judges, who decided petty disputes 
 between slaves and persons of inferior rank, looked after prison?, 
 and superintended the execution of criminals. 
 
 t The court of the " Hundred Men " was a judicial body which 
 dealt with cases relating to property and inheritance. 
 
 X These Decemviri decided actions involving freedom, and presided 
 over the court of the centnmviri. 
 
b INTRODUCTION. 
 
 that, he probably tells no more than the truth when he 
 says, " Unbidden ever came song to fitting numbers, and 
 all that I essayed to speak was verse."* The success of 
 his poems was immediate and complete, and it was due 
 in some degree to the attractive nature of his subjects, but 
 mainly to the brilliant elegance with which he adorned 
 every theme he touched. 
 
 His married life does not appear to have been a happy 
 one : he was thrice married and twice divorced ; yet he 
 appears to have discovered a real affection for his third 
 wife when trouble came upon him. In his fifty-fii'st year, 
 8 A.D., for some cause the precise nature of which is doubt- 
 ful, his books were ordered to be removed from the public 
 libraries, and he was banished to Tumi, or Tomis, a town 
 in Moesia, on the Black Sea, near the Danube. From this 
 wild spot he sent unceasing laments and appeals to Rome ; 
 but Augustus was inexorable, and the hopes which he had 
 rested on the accession of Tiberius proved vain. Broken 
 in health and spirit by nine long years of loneliness and 
 sorrow, he died in exile, 18 a.u. 
 
 § 2. Ovid's writings. — The chief works of Ovid were as 
 follows : — 
 
 1. Amorum Libri III., principally addressed to Corinna, 
 a mistress of the poet. These were first published 14 B.C., 
 and in their final and collected form before 2 B.C. 
 
 2. The Ileroules, imaginary love-letters, for the most 
 pai"t from the heroines of mythology to their husbands. 
 
 3. Ars Amdloria, or De Arte Amandi, Libri III., pub- 
 lished about 2 B.C. The first two books are supposed to 
 uistruct men, and the last book women, in the art and 
 
 * " Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos, 
 
 Et quod temptabam dicere, versus erat." — Tristia. W. x. 2ft 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 methods of winning love. When Ovid was banished this 
 poem was removed from the public libraries by the command 
 of Augustus. 
 
 4. Remedia Amvris, suggesting remedies for the violence 
 of love, a kind of recantation of the immoralities of the 
 Ars Amatoria, probably intended to deprecate the possible 
 displeasure of Augustus. It appeared about 2 a.d. 
 
 5. Metdmorphoseon Lihri XV., mythological accounts of 
 transformations caused by the love, jealousy, and vengeance 
 of gods, heroes, and heroines, starting from the Creation 
 and reaching down to the time of Julius Caesar, who is 
 described as having been transformed into a star. The 
 first two or three books, in spite of their faults, abound 
 with beautiful passages, and passages of equal excellence 
 are met with, though less frequently, in the other books. 
 0\'id was engaged in revising and polishing this work when 
 he was driven into banishment ; in the hurry and vexation 
 of his flight he burnt the manuscript, but, luckily, some 
 copies had already been distributed among his friends, and 
 the poem was thus preserved, and was subsequently pub- 
 lished by the agency of one of his friends. 
 
 6. Fastorum Lihri VI., a metrical calendar of the Roman 
 year. Each book deals with one month, and as we have it, 
 it embraces the six months from January to June inclusive. 
 The remaining six books Avere never written. This work 
 was also incomplete at the time of the poet's banishment, 
 8 A.D., and he must have done the greater part of it at 
 Tomi. It is probable that he began writing this patriotic 
 work in order to recommend himself to the Emperor, who 
 might make him the court poet now that Horace and Vergil 
 were dead. His banishment, however, put an end to any 
 hopes he might have entertained in that direction. 
 
 7. Tristium Lihri V., five books of elegies waitten during 
 
8 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the first four years of his banishment, describing his misery, 
 * and entreating Augustus for meicy. 
 
 8. Epistolarum ex Ponto Lihri IV., letters written from 
 Pontus {i.e., Tomi) to various friends. They deal with the 
 same subjects as the Tristia. 
 
 In addition to these, Ovid wrote a tragedy called Medea, 
 which by his contemporaries was reckoned his greatest 
 work ; an elegiac " Complaint of a Nut-tree " styled Nux 
 Elegeia ; and a satire upon a faithless friend entitled Ibis. 
 
 With the exception of the Metamorphoses (which are 
 written in hexameters) and tlie Medea, all of these works 
 are in elegiac metre (see § 4). 
 
 PEOSODY AND METEE. 
 
 § 3. Prosody. — The metres used by the classical Latin 
 poets are all of Greek origin and depend enth*ely on quantity, 
 i.e., on the length of syllables. A syllable contains either 
 one vowel or a diphthong ; any syllable containing a dipli- 
 thong or long vowel is a long syllable, and a syllable con- 
 taining a short vowel is a short syllable unless two consonants 
 (see Eule 3, below) follow the vowel. Thus, 6s, " bone," 
 has genitive ossis, in which the first syllable is long on 
 account of the position of a before ss, although the o is 
 naturally short, as is seen by the nominative. 
 
 The following rules are sufficient for the learner's guidance 
 in reading verse, but are nearly all subject to some few 
 exceptions : — 
 
 (1) A chphthong or contracted syllable is long; e.g., mensae, 
 nil ( = nihil). 
 
p. OVIDI NASONIS HEROIDES. 
 
 I. 
 
 Penelope Ulixi. 
 
 TTAKC tua Penelope lento tibi mittit, Ulixe : 
 
 Nil milii rescribas, at tamen ipse veni. 
 Ti'oia iacet carte, Danais invisa puellis : 
 
 Vix Priamus tanti totaque Troia fuit. 
 utinam turn, cum Lacedaemona classe petebat, 5 
 
 Obrutus insanis esset adulter aquis ! 
 Non ego deserto iacuissem frigida lecto, 
 
 Kon quererer tardos ire relicta dies, 
 Nee mihi quaerenti spatiosam fallere noctem 
 
 Lassasset viduas pendula tela manus. 10 
 
 Quando ego non timui graviora pericula veris ? 
 
 Res est solliciti plena timoris amor. 
 In te fingebam violentos Troas ituros, 
 
 Nomine in Hectoreo pallida semper eram. 
 Sive quis Antilochum narrabat ab Hectore victum, 15 
 
 Antilochus nostri causa timoris erat : 
 Sive, Menoetiaden falsis cecidisse sub armis, 
 
 Flebam successu posse carere dolos. 
 Sanguine Tlcpolemus Lyciam tepefecerat hai^tam : 
 
 Tlepolcmi leto cura novata mea est. 20 
 
 Denique, quisquis erat castris iugulatus AcbiA i-, 
 
 Frigidiiis glacie pectus amantLs erat. 
 Sed bene consuluit casto deus aoquus amori : 
 
 Versa est in cinei'es sospite Troia viro. 
 Argolici rediere duces, allaria fumant, 25 
 
 Ov. H* 2 
 
14 OVID: HEROIDES. [l. 
 
 Ponitur ad patrios barbara praeda deos. 
 Grata ferunt nymphae pi'O salvis dona maritis : 
 
 Illi vieta suis Troica fata canunt. 
 Mirantur laetique senes trepidaeque puellae : 
 
 Narrantis coniunx pendet ab ore viri. 3° 
 
 lamque aliquis posita monstrat fera proelia mensa. 
 
 Piiigit et exiguo Pergama tota mero : 
 " Hac ibat Siinois, haec est Sigei'a tellus, 
 
 Hie steterat Priami regia celsa senis : 
 Illic Aeacides, illic tendebat Ulixes, 35 
 
 Hie lacer admissos terruit Hector equos." 
 Omnia namque tuo senior, te quaerere misso, 
 
 Rettulerat gnato Nestor, at ille mihi. 
 Rettulit et ferro Rhesumque Dolonaque caesos, 
 
 TJtque sit hie somno proditns, Ule dolo. 40 
 
 Ausus es, nimium nimiumque oblite tuorum, 
 
 Thracia nocturno tangere castra dolo 
 Totque simul mactare viros, adiutus ab uno ! 
 
 At bene cavxtus eras et memor ante mei. 
 Usque metu micuere sinus, dum vietor amicum 45 
 
 Dictus es Ismariis isse per agmen equis. 
 Sed milii quid prodest vestris disiecta lacertis 
 
 Ilios et, murus quod fuit, esse solum. 
 Si maneo qaalis Troia durante manebam, 
 
 Virque mihi dempto fine earendus abest? 50 
 
 Diruta sunt aliis, uni mihi Pergama restant, 
 
 Incola eaptivo quae bove victor arat ; 
 lam seges est, ubi Troia fuit, resecandaque falce 
 
 Luxuriat Phrygio sanguine pinguis humus j 
 Semisepulta virum curvis feriuntur aratris 55 
 
 Ossa, ruinosas occulit herba domos — 
 Victor abes, nee scire mihi, quae causa morandi, 
 
 Aut in quo lateas ferreus orbe, licet. 
 Quisquis ad haec vertit peregrinam litora puppim, 
 
 Ille mihi de te multa rogatus abit : 60 
 
I.] PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 15 
 
 Quamquo tibi recklat, si te modo videiit usquam, 
 
 Traditur huic digitis cliarta notata meis. 
 Nos Pylon, antiqui Nelei'a Nestori.s arva, 
 
 INIisimus : inccrta est fama remissa Pylo. 
 Misimus et Sparten : Sparte quoque nescia veii. 65 
 
 Quas habitas terras, aut ubi lentus abes ? 
 Utiliiis starent etiam nunc moenia Phoebi — 
 
 Irascor votis heu levis ipsa meis ! — 
 Scirem ubi pugnares, et tantum bella timerem, 
 
 Et mea cum multis iuncta querela foi-et. 70 
 
 Quid timeam, ignoro ; timeo tamen omnia dcmens, 
 
 Et patet in curas area lata meas. 
 Quaecumque aequor liabet, quaecumque pericula tellus, 
 
 Tarn longae causas suspicor esse morae. 
 Haec ego dum stulte metuo, quae vestra libido est, 75 
 
 Esse peregrine captus amore potes. 
 Forsitan et narres, quam sit tibi rustica coniunx, 
 
 Quae tantum lanas non sinat esse rudes. 
 Fallar, et hoc crimen tenues vanescat in auras, 
 
 Neve, revertondi liber, abesse velis ! 80 
 
 Me pater Icarius viduo discedere lecto 
 
 Cogit et immensas increpat usque moras. 
 Increpet usque licet ! tua sum, tua dicar oportefc : 
 
 Penelope coniunx semper Ulixis ero. 
 Ille tamen pietate mea precibusque pudicis 85 
 
 Frangitur et vires temperat ipse suas. 
 Dulichii Samiique et quos tulit alta ZacyntLos. 
 
 Turba ruunt in me luxviriosa proci 
 Inqiie tua regnant nullis prohibentibus aula : 
 
 Viscera nostra, tuae dilacerantur opes. 90 
 
 Quid tibi Pisandrum Polybumque Medontaque dirum 
 
 Eurymacliique avidas Autinoique manus 
 Atque alios referam, quos omnis turpiter absens 
 
 Ipse tuo partis sanguine rebus alis ? 
 Irus egens pecorisque Melanthius actor edendi 95 
 
16 ovid: heroides. [i. 
 
 TJltimns acceclunt in tua damna pudor. 
 Tres !?limus inbelles numero, sine viribus uxor, 
 
 Laertesque senex, Telemachusque puer. 
 Ille per insidias paene est mibi nuper ademptns, 
 
 Dtim parat invitLs omnibus ire Pylon. loo 
 
 Di, precor, hoc iubeant, ut euntibus ordine fatis 
 
 Ille meos oculos conprimat; ille tuos. 
 Hac faciunt custosque bourn longaevaque nutrix, 
 
 Tertius inmundae cura fidelis barae. 
 Sed neque Laertes, ut qui sit inutilis armis, lo^ 
 
 Hostibus in mediis regna tenere potest. 
 Telemacho veniet, vivat modo, fortior aelas : 
 
 Nunc erat auxiliis ilia tuenda patris, 
 Nee mibi sunt vires inimicos peilere tectis : 
 
 Tu citivis venias, portus et ara tuis ! no 
 
 Est tibi, sitque, precor, gnatus, qui mollibus annis 
 
 In patrias artes erudicndus erat. 
 Respice Laerten : ut iam sua lumina condas, 
 
 Extremum fati sustinet ille diem, 
 Certe ego, quae f ueram te discedente puella, 115 
 
 Protinus ut venias, facta videbor anus. 
 
v.] • OENONE TO PAIUS. 17 
 
 P. OVIDI NASONIS HEROIDES. 
 
 V. 
 
 Oenone Paridi. 
 
 "OERLEGIS, an coniunx prohibet nova? Perlege ! Non 
 -^ est 
 
 Ista Mycenaea littera facta manu. 
 Pegasis Oenone, Phrygiis celebcrrima silvLs. 
 
 Laesa queror de te, si sinis, ipsa mco. 
 Qnis deus opposuit uostris sua numina votis ? 5 
 
 Ne tua permaneam, quod mihi crimen obest ? 
 Leniter, ex merito quicquid patiare, ferendum est : 
 
 Quae venit indigno poena, dolenda venit. 
 Nondum tantus eras, cum te contenta marito 
 
 Edita de maguo flumine nympha fui. 10 
 
 Qui nunc Priamides, — absit reverentia vero — 
 
 Servus eras : servo nubere nympha tuli ! 
 Saepe greges inter requievimus arbore tecti, 
 
 Mixtaque cum foliis praebuit herba torum. 
 8aepe super stramen fenoque iaceutibus alto 15 
 
 Defensa est liuniili cana pruina casa. 
 Quis tibi monstrabat saltns venatibus aptos 
 
 Et, tegeret catulos qua fera rupe suos ? 
 Retia saepe comes maculis distincta tetendi, 
 
 Saepe citos egi per iuga longa canes. 20 
 
 Incisae servant a te mea nomina fagi, 
 
 Et legor Oenone falce notata tua : 
 Et quantum trunci, tantum mea nomina crescunt : 
 
 Crescite, et in titulos surgite rite mcos ! 
 Populus est, memiui, fluviali cousita rivo, 25 
 
l8 OVID : HEROIDES. . [v. 
 
 Est in qua nostri littera scripta memor. 
 Popiiie, vive, precor, quae consita margine ripae 
 
 Hoc in rugoso cortice carmen habes : 
 "Cum Paris Oenone poterit spirare relicta, 
 
 Ad fontem Xanthi versa recurret aqua." 30 
 
 Xanthe, retro propera, versaeque recurrite lympliae ! 
 
 Sustinet Oenonen deseruisse Paris. 
 Ilia dies fatum miserae mihi dixit, ab ilia 
 
 Pessima mutati coepit amoris hiemps, 
 Qua Venus et luno sumptisque decentior armis 35 
 
 Yenit in arbitrium nuda Minerva tuum. 
 Attoniti micuere sinus, gelidusque cucurrit, 
 
 Ut mihi narrasti, dure, per ossa tremor. 
 Consului — neque enim modice terrebar — anusque 
 
 Longaevosque senes : constitit esse nefas, 40 
 
 Caesa abies, sectaeque trabes, et classe parata 
 
 Caerula ceratas accipit uuda rates. 
 Flesti discedens. Hoc saltim parce negare : 
 
 Pi'aeterito magis est iste pudendus amor. 
 Et flesti et nostros vidisti flentis ocellos ; 45 
 
 Miscuimus lacrimas maestus uterque suas. 
 Non sic adpositis \ancitur vitibus ulmus, 
 
 Ut tua sunt coUo bracliia nexa meo. 
 A, quotiens, cum te vento quererere teneri, 
 
 Eiserunt comites ! Hie secundus erat. 50 
 
 Oscula dimissae quotiens repetita dedisti ! 
 
 Quam vix sustinuit dicere lingua, " vale " ! 
 Aura levis rigido pendentia lintea malo 
 
 Suscitat, et remis eruta canet aqua. 
 Pioseqvior infelix oculis abeuntia vela, 55 
 
 Qua licet, et lacrimis umet arena meis. 
 Utque celer venias, virides Nereidas oro : 
 
 SciUcet ut venias in mea damna celer. 
 Votis ergo meis, alii rediture, redisti : 
 
 Ei mihi, pro dira paelice blanda f ui ! 60 
 
v.] OENONE TO PARIS. 19 
 
 Aspicit immeusuin moles iiativa profundiuii, 
 
 Mons fuit, aequoreis ilia resistit aquis : 
 Hinc ego vela tuae cognovi prima carinae, 
 
 Et milii per fluctus impetus ire fuit. 
 Dum moror, in summa fulsit mihi purpura prora. 65 
 
 Pertimui : cultus iioii erat ille tuus. 
 Fit propior terrasque cita ratis attigit aura : 
 
 Femineas vidi corde tremente genas. 
 Non satis id fuerat — quid enim furiosa morabar '? — 
 
 Haerebat gremio turpis arnica tuo ! 70 
 
 Tunc vero rupique sinus et pectora planxi 
 
 Et secui madidas ungue rigente genas 
 Implevique sacram querulis ululatibus Ideu : 
 
 lUuc has lacrimas in mea saxa tuli. 
 Sic Helene doleat desertaque coniuge ploret, 75 
 
 Quaeqiie prior nobis intulit, ij)sa ferat. 
 Nunc tibi conveniunt, quae te per aperta sequantiir 
 
 Aequora legitimes destituantque viros : 
 At cum pauper eras armentaque pastor agebas, 
 
 Nulla nisi Oenone pauperis uxor erat. 80 
 
 Non ego miror opes, nee me tua regia tangit, 
 
 Nee de tot Priami dicar ut una nuiais : 
 Non tamen ut Priamus nymphae socer esse recuset, 
 
 Aut Hecubae fuerim dissimulanda nurus. 
 Dignaque sum et cupio fieri matrona potentis : 85 
 
 Sunt mihi, quas possint sceptra decere, manus. 
 Nee me, faginea quod tecum fronde iacebam, 
 
 Despice : purpureo sum magis apta toro. 
 Denique tutus amor mens est tibi : nulla parantur 
 
 Bella, uec ultrices advehit unda rates. 90 
 
 Tyndaris infestis fugitiva reposcitur armis : 
 
 Hac venit in thalamos dote superba tuos. 
 Quae si sit Danais reddenda, vel Hectora f'l atrem 
 
 Vel cum Deiphobo Polydamanta roga. 
 Ouid gravis Antenor, Priamus quid suadcat ipse, 95 
 
20 OVID : HEROIDES. [v. 
 
 Oonsule, quis aetas longa magistra fuit. 
 Tur^e rudimentum, patriae praeponere raptam. 
 
 Causa pudenda tua est. lusta vir arroa movet. 
 Nee tibi, si sapias, fidam promitte Lacaenam, 
 
 Quae sit in am plexus tain cito versa tuos. loo 
 
 Ut minor Atrides tamer ati foedera lecti 
 
 Clamat et externo laesus amore dolet, 
 Tu quoque clamabis. Nulla reparabilis arte 
 
 Laesa pudicitia est ; deperit ilia semel. 
 Ardet amore tui ? Sic et Menelaon amavit. 105 
 
 Nunc iacet in viduo credulus ille toro. 
 Felix Andromache, certo bene nupta marito : 
 
 Uxor ad exemplum fratris liabenda fui. 
 Tu levior foliis, tum cum sine pondere suci 
 
 Mobilibus ventis arida facta volant. 1 10 
 
 Et minus est in te quam summa pondus arista, 
 
 Quae levis assiduis solibus usta riget. 
 Hoc tua — nam recolo — quondam germana canebat, 
 
 Sic mihi difiusis vaticinata comis : 
 " Quid facis, Oenone ? Quid harenae semina mandas? 1 15 
 
 Non profecturis litora bubiis aras. 
 Graia iuvenca venit, quae te patriamque domumque 
 
 Perdat ! io proliibe ! Graia iuvenca venit ! 
 Duni licet, obscenam ponto demergite puppim ! 
 
 Heu, quantum Phrygii sanguinis ilia veliit ! " 120 
 
 Dixerat : in cursu famulae rapuere furentem, 
 
 At mihi flaventes diriguere comae. 
 Ah ! nimium miserae vates mihi vera fuisti : 
 
 Possidet en saltus Graia iuvenca meos ! 
 Sit facie quamvis insignis, adultera certe est. 125 
 
 Deseruit socios hospite capta deos. 
 Illam de patria Theseus — nisi nomine fallor — 
 
 Nescio quis Theseus abstulit ante sua. 
 A iuvene et cupido credatvir reddita virgo 1 
 
 Unde hoc conpererim tarn bene, quaeris ? Amo. 130 
 
v.] OENONE TO PARIS. -21 
 
 Vim licet appelles et culpam nomine velcs: 
 
 Quae totiens rapta est, praebuit ipsa rupi. 
 At manet Oenone fallenti casta marito : 
 
 Et poteras falli legibus ipse tuis. 
 Me Satyri celeres — silvis ego tecta latebam— 135 
 
 Quaesierunt rapitio, turba proterva, pede, 
 Cornigerum.que caput pinu praecinctus acuta 
 
 Faunus, in inmensis qua tumet Ida iugis. 
 Me fide conspicuus Troiae munitor amavit, 139 
 
 Admisitque meas ad sua dona manus. 146 
 
 Quaccumque herba potens ad opem radixque medendi 
 
 Utilis in toto nascitur orbe, mca est. 
 Me miseram, quod amor nou est medicabilis lierbis ! 
 
 Deficior prudens artis ab arte mea. 150 
 
 Ipse repertor opis vaccas pavisse Pheraeas 
 
 Fertur et e nostro saucius igne fuit. 
 Quod nee graminibus tellus fecunda creandis, 
 
 Nee deus, auxilium tu mihi ferre potes. 
 Et potes, et merui. Dignae miserere puellae ! 155 
 
 Non ego cum Danais arma cruenta fero : 
 Sed tua sum tecumque fui puerilibus annis, 
 
 Et tua, quod superest temporis, esse precor. 
 
22 OVID : llEROIDES. [xii. 
 
 p. OYIDI NASONIS HEROIDES. 
 
 XII. 
 
 MEDEA lASONI. 
 
 A T tibi Colchoi-um — memini — regina vacavi, 
 Ars mea cum peteres ut tibi ferret opein ! 
 Tunc quae dispensant mortalia fata sorores 
 
 Debuerant fusos evoluisse meos ; 
 Turn potui Medea mori bene. Quidquid ab illo 5 
 
 Produxi vitae tempore, poena fuit. 
 Ei mihi ! cur umquam iuvenalibus acta lacertis 
 
 Phrixeam petiit Pelias arbor ovem ? 
 Cur umquam Colchi Magnetida vidimus Argo, 
 
 Turbaque Phasiacam Graia bibistis aquam ? 10 
 
 Cur mihi plus aequo flavi placuere capilli 
 
 Et decor et linguae gratia ficta tuae ? 
 Aut semel in nostras quoniam nova puppis harenas 
 
 Venerat audacis attuleratque viros, 
 Isset anhelatos non praemedicatus in ignes 15 
 
 Immemor Aesonides oraque ad usta boum ! 
 Semina iecisset, totidem sevisset et liostes, 
 
 Ut caderet cultu cultor ab ipse suo ! 
 Quantum perfidiae tecum, scelerate, perisset, 
 
 Dempta forent capiti quam mala multa meo ! 20 
 
 Est aliqua ingrato meritum exprobrare voluptas ; 
 
 Hac fruar, liaec de te gaudia sola feram. 
 lussus inexpertam Colchos advertere puppim 
 
 Intrasti patriae regna beata meae. 
 Hoc illic Medea fui, nova nupta quod hie est : 25 
 
XII.] MEDEA TO JASON. -•'' 
 
 Qiuim pater est illi, tain uiihi dives erat. 
 Hie Ephyreii bimarein, Scythia tenus ille iiivo.sa 
 
 Omne tenet, Ponti qua plaga laeva iacet. 
 Accipit liospitio iuvenes Aeeta Pelasgos, 
 
 Et premitis pictos corpoia Graia toros. 30 
 
 Tunc ego te vidi ; tunc coepi scire, quis esses. 
 
 Ilia fuit mentis prima ruina meae. 
 Et vidi et peiii. Nee notis ignibus arsi, 
 
 Ardet ut ad magnos pinea taeda deos. 
 Et formosus eras, et me mea fata trahebant : 35 
 
 Abstulerant oculi lumina nostra tui. 
 Porfide, sensisti. Quis enim bene celat amorem 1 
 
 Emiuet indicio prodita flamma suo. 
 Dieitur interea tibi lex, ut dura ferorum 
 
 Insolito premeres vomere colla boum. 40 
 
 IMartis erant tauri plus quam per cornua saevi, 
 
 Quorum terribilis spiritus ignis erat : 
 Aere pedes solidi, pruetentaque naribus aera, 
 
 Nigra per adflatus haec quoque facta suos. 
 Semina praeterea populos genitura iuberis 45 
 
 Spargere devota lata per arva manu, 
 Qui peterent natis secum tua corpox'a telis : 
 
 Ilia est agricolae mes-is iniqua suo. 
 Lumina custodis succumbere nescia somno 
 
 Ultimus est aliqiia decipere arte labor. 50 
 
 Dixerat Aeetts. Maesti consurgitis omnes, 
 
 Mensaque purpureos deserit alta toros. 
 Quam tibi nunc longe regnum dotale Creusae 
 
 Et socer et magni nata Creontis erat ? 
 Tx'istis abis. Oculis abeuntem prosequor udis, 55 
 
 Et dixit tenui murmure lingua : " vale ! " 
 Ut positum tetigi thalamo male saucia lectum, 
 
 Acta est per lacrimas nox mihi, quanta fuit. 
 Ante oculos taurique meos segetesque nefandae. 
 
 Ante meos oculos pervigil anguis erat, 60 
 
24 OVID : HEROTDES. [xil, 
 
 Hinc amor, hinc timer est. Ipsiim timor auget amorem. 
 
 Mane erat, et thalamo cara recepta soror, 
 Disiectamque comas aversaque in ora iacentem 
 
 Invenit, et lacrimis omnia plena meis. 
 Orat opem Minyis. Petit altera, et altera habebat. 65 
 
 Aesonio iuveni, quod rogat ilia, damns. 
 Est nemus et piceis et frondibus ilicis atrum, 
 
 Vix illuc radiis solis a dire Kcet, 
 Sunt in eo — fuerant certe — delubra Dianae : 
 
 Aurea barbarica stat dea facta manu. 70 
 
 Noscis, an exciderunt mecum loca ? Yenimus illuc : 
 
 Orsus es infido sic prior ore loqui : 
 "lus tibi et arbitrium nostrae fortuna salutis 
 
 Tradidit, inque tua est vitaque morsque manu, 
 Perdere posse sat est, siquem iuvet ipsa potestas : 75 
 
 Sed tibi servatus gloria maior ero. 
 Per mala nostra precor, quorum potes esse levamen, 
 
 Per genus et numen cuncta videntis avi, 
 Per triplicis vultus arcanaque sacra Dianae 
 
 Et si forte aliquos gens habet ista deos : 80 
 
 O virgo, miserere mei, miserere meorum : 
 
 Effice me meritis tempus in omne tuum ! 
 Quodsi foi'te virum non dedignare Pelasgum, — 
 
 Sed mihi tarn faciles unde meosque deos ? — 
 Spiritus ante meus tenues vanescat in auras, 85 
 
 Quam thalamo, nisi tu, nupta sit ulla meo : 
 Conscia sit luno, sacris praefecta maritis, 
 
 Et dea, marmorea cuius in aede sumus ! " 
 Haec animum — et quota pars baec sunt ? — movere puellae 
 
 Simplicis, et destrae dextera iuncta meae. no 
 
 Vidi etiam lacrimas ; an et are est fraudis in illis ? 
 
 Sic cito sum verbis capta puella tuis. 
 lungis et aeripedes inadusto corpore tauros 
 
 Et solidam iusso vomere findis humum. 
 Arva veuenatis pro semine dentibus imples : qc 
 
XII.] MEDEA TO JASON. 25 
 
 Nascitur et glatlios scutaqiie miles habet. 
 Ipsa ego, quae dederam medicamina, pallida sedi, 
 
 Cum vidi, subitos arma tenere viros : 
 Donee terrigenae — f acinus mirabile ! — fratres 
 
 Inter se strictas conseruero manus. loo 
 
 Insopor ecce vigil squamis crepitantibus horrens 
 
 Sibilat, et torto pectoro verrit humum. 
 Dotis opes ubi erant ? ubi erat tibi regia coniunx, 
 
 Quique maris gemini distinet Isthmos aquas 1 
 Ilia ego, quae tibi sum nunc denique barbara facta, 105 
 
 Nunc tibi sum pauper, nunc tibi visa nocens, 
 Flammea subduxi medicate lumina somno, 
 
 Et tibi, quae raperes, vellera tuta dedi. 
 Proditus est genitor, regnum patriamque reliqui, 
 
 Munus in exilio quodlibet esse tuli, 110 
 
 Virginitas facta est peregrin! praeda latronis, 
 
 Optima cum cara matre relicta soror. 
 At non te fugieus sine me, germane, reliqui. 
 
 Deficit hoc uno littera nostra loco. 
 Quod facere ausa mea est, non audet scribere dextra. 115 
 
 Sic ego, sed tecum, dilaceranda fui. 
 Nee tamen extimui — quid euim post ilia timerem ? — 
 
 Credere me pelago femina, iamque nocens. 
 Numen ubi est ? ubi di ? Meritas subeamus in alto 
 
 Tu fraudis poenas, credulitatis ego. i20 
 
 Compresses utinam Symplegades elisissent, 
 
 Nostraque adhaererent ossibus ossa tuLi, 
 Aut nos Scylla rapax canibus misisset edendos ! 
 
 Debuit ingratis Scylla nocere viris. 
 Quaeque vomit totidem fluctus totidemque resorbet, 125 
 
 Nos quoque Trinacriae subposuisset aquae ! 
 Sospes ad Haemonias victoi-que reveiteris urbes : 
 
 Ponitur ad patrios aurea lana deos. 
 Quid rt feram Peliae natas pietate uocentes 
 
 Cae.'^aque virginea membia paterna manu ? 130 
 
•26 
 
 ovid: herotdes. [xii. 
 
 Ut culpent alii, tibi me laudare necesse est, 
 
 Pro quo sum totiens esse coacta nocens. 
 Ausus es — o iusto desunt sua verba dolori ! — 
 
 Ausus es, " Aesonia," dicere, " cede dome ! " 
 lussa domo cessx, natis comitata duobus 135 
 
 Et, qui me sequitur semper, amore tui. 
 Ut subito nostras Hymen cantatus ad auros 
 
 Venit, et accenso lampades igne micant, 
 Tibiaque effundit socialia carmina vobis, 
 
 At mihi funerea flebiliora tuba, 140 
 
 Pertimui nee adhuc tantum scelus esse putabam : 
 
 Sed tamen in toto pectore f rigus erat. 
 Turba ruunt et, " Hymen," clamant, " Hymenaee," 
 freqvienter : 
 
 Quo propior vox haec, hoc mihi peius erat. 
 Diversi flebant servi lacrimasque tegebant. 145 
 
 Quis vellet tanti nuntius esse mali ? 
 Me quoque, quidquid erat, potius nescu'e iuvabat : 
 
 Sed tamquam scirem, mens mea tristis erat. 
 Cum clamore Pheres iussus studioque videndi 
 
 Constitit ad geminae limina pi'ima foris, 150 
 
 " Hinc mihi, mater, abi ! Pompam pater," inquit, " lason 
 
 Ducit et adiunctos aureus urguet equos." 
 Protinus abscissa planxi mea pectora veste, 
 
 Tuta nee a digitis ora fuere meis, 
 Ire animus mediae suadebat in agmina tuibae 155 
 
 Sertaque compositis demere rapta comis. 
 Vix me continui, quin sic laniata capillos 
 
 Clamarem, " mens est," iniceremque manus. 
 Laese pater, gaude ; Colchi gaudete relicti ! 
 
 Inferias, umbrae fratris, habete, mei ! 160 
 
 Deseror, amissis regno patriaque domoque, 
 
 Coniuge, qvii nobis omnia solus erat. 
 Serpentis igitur potui taurosque furentes, 
 
 Unum non potui perdomuisse virum. 
 
XII.] MEDEA TO JASON. 27 
 
 Qnaeqne feros repuli doctis medicatibus igness, 165 
 
 Non valeo flammas effugere ipsa moas. 
 Ipsi me cantus, herbaeqiie ai'tesque reliiKiuunt. 
 
 Nil dea, nil Hecates sacra potentis agunt. 
 Non mihi grata dies, noctes vigilantur amarae, 
 
 Et tener a misero pectore sornnus abit. 170 
 
 Quae me non possum, potui sopire draconem. 
 
 Utilior cuivis quam mihi cura mea est. 
 Quos ego servavi, paelex amj^lectitur artus, 
 
 Et nostri fructus ilia laboris habet. 
 Forsitan et, stultae dum te iactare maritae 175 
 
 Qiiaeris et iniustis auribus apta loqui. 
 In faciem moresque meos nova crimina fingas. 
 
 Eideat et vitiis laeta sit ilia meis. 
 Rideat et Tyrio iaceat sublimis in ostro : 
 
 Flebit et ardores vincet adusta meos ! 180 
 
 Dum fernim flammaeque aderunt siicusque veneni, 
 
 Hostis Mcdeae nuUus inultus erit. 
 Quodsi forte preces praecordia ferrea tangunt, 
 
 Nunc animis audi verba minora meis. 
 Tarn tibi sum supplex, quam tu mihi saepe fuisti : 185 
 
 Nee moror ante tnos procubuisse pedes. 
 Si tibi sum vilis, communis respice natos : 
 
 Saeviet in partus dira uoverca meos. 
 Et nimium similes tibi sunt, et imagine tangor, 
 
 Et quotiens video, lumina nostra madent. 190 
 
 Per superos oro, per avitae lumina flammae. 
 
 Per meritum et natos, pignora nostra, duos : 
 Eedde torum, pro quo tot res insana reliqui ; 
 
 Adde fidem dictis aiixiliumque refer. 
 Non ego te imploro contra taurosque wosque, 195 
 
 Utque tua serpens victa quiescat ope : 
 Te peto, quem meriii, quem nobis ipse dedisti, 
 
 Cum quo sum pariter facta paronte parens. 
 Dos ubi sit, quaeris ? Campo numeravimus illo, 
 
28 ovin: heroides. [xii. 
 
 Qui tibi laturo vellus arandus erat. 200 
 
 Aureus ille aries villo spectabilis alto, 
 
 Dos mea. " Quam," dicam si tibi, " redde," neges. 
 Dos mea tu sospes, dos est mea Graia iuventus. 
 
 1 nunc, Sisyphias, improbe, confer opes. 
 Quod vivis, quod habes nuptam socerumque potentis, 205 
 
 Hoc ipsum, ingratus quod potes esse, meum est. 
 Quos equidem actutum — sed quid praedicere poenam 
 
 Attinet ? ingentis parturit ira minas. 
 Quo feret ira, sequar. Facti fortasse pigebit : 
 
 Et piget infido consuluisse viro, 210 
 
 Viderit ista deus, qui nunc mea pectora versat. 
 
 Nescio quid certe mens mea maius agit. 
 
NOTES, 
 
 Proper names of any importance, when not mentioned in the notes, will he found 
 in the Index. 
 An obelus (t) prefixed to a word denotes thcat the reading is doubtful. 
 
 I. 
 
 PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 
 Preface. 
 
 Ulysses— or, as Ovid spells it, Ulixes— is the Latin name for the 
 hero known to the Greeks as Odysseus. He is the chief figure in 
 the OdysHey of Homer, as Achilles is in Homer's Iliad ; the two 
 being the most famous of the Grecian warriors in the Trojan Legend 
 (see Index, a.vv., PARIS and Troia). 
 
 Ulysses was king of Ithaca, a small island off the western shores 
 of Northern Greece. His father, Laertes, was already an old man 
 before Ulysses left his home to join the host which sailed against 
 Troy ; and had already resigned the kingship to his son. Already, 
 too, Ulysses had married Penelope, the daughter of Icarius, and 
 was the father of a son named Telemachus. 
 
 For ten years Ulysses remained before Troy in the camp of the 
 Greeks— Ovid styles them (as does Homer) Danai (v. 3), Achlvi 
 [y. 21), and Argolici {y. 25) — distinguishing himself by many deeds 
 of daring and subtlety, so as to earn the reputation of being most 
 crafty of all the Greeks. He it was who, with Diomedes, surprised 
 the camp of Rhesus, slew that prince, and carried off the horses 
 which were fated, had they once drunk of the Trojan river Xanthus, 
 to thwart all the efforts of the Greeks and to save Troy. He it was 
 who detected and slew Dolon, the Trojan spy, in the Grecian camp. 
 And he it was who designed the Wooden Horse and arranged the 
 plot whereby Troy was at length captured, being himself one of 
 the " forlorn hope" concealed within the Horse's frame. 
 
 After ten years Troy fell, and the Grecian chieftains sailed each 
 (yv. u* 3 
 
30 OVID : HEROIDES. [l. 
 
 for Ms home. But Ulysses had offended Neptune, god of the sea, 
 and in revenge that god persecuted him and drove him from place 
 to place. His adventures with the Cyclops Polyphemus, with Aeolus, 
 king of the Winds, with the Laestrygonian cannibals, with the 
 enchantress Ch'ce in Aeaea, with the whirlpool Charybdis and the 
 rocks of Scylla, with the sacred oxen of the Sun in the isle of 
 Thrinacia, with the nymph Calypso in Ogygia, and with the 
 Phaeacians, by whom he was at length set ashore upon his own land 
 of Ithaca — these form the matter of one-half of the Odyssey. 
 
 Meantime in Ithaca it was unknown whether he was alive or dead. 
 Many believed him lost, and the neighbouring chieftains, anxious 
 to secure his wealth and his kingdom, importuned Penelope to take 
 another husband. She refused them all, but as the years went on 
 her refusal grew more and more ditScult to maintain. In vain she 
 sent her son Telemachus, now grown to manhood, to search for her 
 lost husband : no tidings of him could be heard ; the suitors made 
 his palace their home, feasted upon his flocks, and wasted his 
 substance. Penelope was able to protect herself only by a ruse : 
 she promised to wed one or other of her suitors so soon as she had 
 completed the weaving of a certain robe ; but nightly she unravelled 
 most of what had been woven in the daytime, and so postponed the 
 completion of her task. 
 
 At last, at the expiry of ten years of wandering, and full twenty 
 years after his departure for Troy, Ulysses reached his home again. 
 Uncertain how things had gone in his absence, he dared not at 
 first declare himself openly : he entered the palace in the disguise 
 of a beggar, and it was only after several days that he ventured 
 (with the help of his son, his faithful swineherd Eumaeus, and his 
 neatherd Philoetius, and under the protection of his patron-goddess 
 Minerva) to drive the suitors out and recover his kingdom. 
 
 This Epistle purports to be written by Penelope during the latter 
 years of her husband's absence. She tells how anxious she is, and 
 has been, for his safety ; how she has sought in vain for news of him ; 
 how the suitors make life unbearable to her ; and how defenceless 
 she is, with her few faithful friends, amongst so many that are 
 against her. She begs him, for her own sake and for the sake of his 
 old father and of his young son, to return and protect her and 
 them. 
 
 Abgument.— Fr. 1-38. Ulysses, why do you not come hack 
 to me, now that the war with Troy is ended? Troy! that there 
 had Tievcr been a Paris or a Troy ! lam weary of waiting for you ! 
 
I.] PENELOPE TO UlASSES. 31 
 
 Wiilr the war yet lasted. I tremUed for ymr safety, and all 
 rumours that came to me from Troy were hut fresh food for my 
 apprehensions. You went unscathed throuyh all those years. Why 
 came you not honw with the rest of the heroes? They tell me of your 
 deeds at Troy, hut none can tell me where you are — not even your son 
 can find' news of yon. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Achilles, Antilochus, Hector, Patroclus, 
 Telemaclius, Tlepolemus, Troia.] 
 
 1. fhanc : sc. epistolam. The ellipsis is very unusual ; hence 
 the conjectural reading haec (accusative plural), " these words," 
 i.e., "this letter." lento: "who are still lingering." The word 
 properly means " bending " or " pliant " ; hence " tough " or " reluc- 
 tant " like a withy ; and finally "sluggish" or "dilatory," as here, 
 tibi : this use of the dative is poetic ; prose would require ad te. 
 For the vocative Ulixe, see Appendix 1. 
 
 2. rescribas: concessive subjunctive — "though you write me no 
 answer back." Such a subjunctive is usually introduced by ut {e.g., 
 V. 116) or qnamvis, but is not seldom found without any introductory 
 conjunction, ipse: "in person." The word may frequently be 
 rendered by this or some similar adverbial phrase. 
 
 3. iacet : " lies low," " is fallen." Danais : equivalent to " Grecian " ; 
 see Index, s.v. Danai. 
 
 4. tanti : locative (sometimes called genitive) of value, " worth 
 80 great a price." In this usage the locative denotes lohere in an 
 imaginary scale of values a thing is placed. The meaning is that the 
 conquest of Troy was scarcely worth so much sorrow and bloodshed 
 as it cost. 
 
 5. utinam: used with the pluperfect subjunctive utinam expresses 
 a wish that something had been otherwise than it was in the past. 
 Lacedaemona : Greek accusative singular of Lacedacmon ; see Ap- 
 pendix 1. classe: "on shipboard," lit. "by means of a fleet," 
 ablative of the instrument, 
 
 6. adulter : Paris, who carried off Helen, the wife of Menelaus, 
 and so brought about the Trojan war. Had he been drowned at sea, 
 while sailing from Troy to Sparta (Lacedaemon), the war would never 
 have occurred. 
 
 7. iaouissem : " for (if that had been his fate) I should never 
 have lain." The mood is that of the apodosis (result-clause) of a 
 conditional sentence in which the condition is one that was not 
 fulfilled in the past ; but the protasis (^/-clause) is here suppressed. 
 So q^iererer and lassasset below. The difference in the tenses must 
 be noticed : iacuissem = " I should Jiaxe lain " (in the past) ; quererer 
 == " I should hi- complaining " (in the present). 
 
 8. ire . , . dies : accusative and infinitive depending on quererer, 
 qveri denoting "to say complainingly." Tardos is part of the 
 predicate, and should be rendeied by an English adverb. 
 
 9. mihi : the dative is here used in a possessive sense and is to 
 be joined closely with mayius. quaerenti : the use of quaerere with 
 
32 OVID : HEROIDES. [l- 
 
 the infinitive (have fallere) in the sense of " to endeavour " is confined 
 to poetry, fallere : so -^e speak of " beguiling " time, i.e., filling it 
 up so that we forget to notice its length. 
 
 10. pendtrta: the foundation or "warp" {tela) consisted^ of the 
 vertical threads in a fabric hung down from a beam, the " woof " (cross- 
 threads) being plaited into it by means of a shuttle passed from side 
 to side. The°allusion is to the robe which Penelope alternately wove 
 and unwove by day and night. See the Preface to this Epistle. 
 
 11. veris : sc. j}ericulis, ablative of the standard of comparison. 
 
 12. timoris : plenus, and similar words denoting fulness, take either 
 genitive or ablative of the object. 
 
 13. Troas : Greek accusative plural of Tros. Hence the quantity 
 of the final syllable (Troas). 
 
 14. in : " at," " at the mention of." Hectoreo : see Index, s.v. 
 Hector. 
 
 15. quis: the indefinite pronoun, used regularly only after si 
 (sive, scu), nisi, ne, num. cum. and quando. Antilochum . . . victum : 
 literally "Antilochus defeated," i.e., "the defeat of Antilochas." 
 Notice this idiom, in which a concrete substantive and jierfect 
 participle together form a phrase which is represented in English by 
 an expression abstract in form. For the event, see Index, s.v. AXTI- 
 LOCHUS. 
 
 16. nostri : " mine." Noster is often used for meus, nos for 
 
 ego, etc. 
 
 17. Menoetiaden : Greek accusative singular of Menoetiades, 
 which is a patronymic substantive (i.e., one expressing son-ship or 
 descent) formed from Menoetius. Such substantives usually end in 
 -ades, -mdes, -Ides, or -ides, if masculine. The " son of Menoetius " is 
 Patroclus, q.v. Index, falsis : because the armour was not his own, 
 but was borrowed from his friend Achilles. 
 
 18. successu: the customary case after careo and similar words 
 signifying want of a thing. Ulysses was notorious as the most crafty 
 of'the Greeks, and Penelope wept to think that wit might fail even 
 him at last, as it had failed Patroclus. The construction of posse is 
 like that of ire in v. 8. 
 
 19. Lyciam: Lychis, -a, -urn means "of Lycia," ^.r. Index. The 
 " Lycian spear " is that of Sarpedon, king of Lycia, who slew 
 Tlepolemus. tepefecerat : the clause, though expressed as a principal 
 sentence, is in effect subordinate to that of the following line, and 
 may be so translated. We have the same idiom— parataxis (or 
 co-ordination) instead of hypotaxis (or subordination)— in English. 
 The pluperfect tense is here used because the event was already past 
 when related to Penelope. 
 
 20. novata : because she dreaded a similar fate for Ulysses. 
 
 21. castris . . . AcMvis : local ablative, which in prose would 
 require the preposition in. 
 
 22. amantis : i.e., of Penelope. The adjective is grammatically 
 in agreement with the genitive of the personal pronoun (mei) in- 
 volved in the corresponding possessive adjective (^menm) which le 
 
!•] 
 
 PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 33 
 
 easily understood NA'ith jjcctun. So we may say scrmo vester dixpu- 
 tantium, " your talk when you are arguing." 
 
 23. amori : distinguish conmlcre aliqiiem, "to ask a person's 
 advice," and connulcre alicni, " to take measures for a person's good." 
 Aequns means primarily " level " or " even '' ; hence " equitable " or 
 •• fair " ; and finally " kind." Penelope means to say : the gods have 
 taken care that the purity of my love shall be rewarded, for they 
 have kept my husband safe through all the years of war at Troy. 
 
 24. sospite . . . viro : ablative of attendant circumstances (ab- 
 lative absolute). It may here be translated by a principal sentence, 
 " and still my husband is safe." 
 
 2n. fumant : i.e., with the smoke of burnt-sacrifices offered in 
 honour of the chieftains' return. 
 
 26. barbara praeda : " spoils won from the barbarians," i.e., from 
 the Trojans. The later Greeks gave the name of harharus to any 
 one who spoke a language other than their own, and therefore to the 
 Trojans. Ovid is merely borrowing a Greek expression. 
 
 27. ferunt : " receive." The matrons thank the nymphs for the 
 preservation of their husbands. 
 
 28. illi: sc. mariti. canunt : " are hymning the fortunes of Troy 
 that have been vanquished by their own," i.e., are telling how they 
 vanquished Troy. Canere is used of any solemn utterance, and 
 possibly here hints at Epic poems, such as the Iliad of Homer, in 
 which minstrels at great chieftains' banquets told of the Trojan war. 
 
 29. flaeti: this is a conjecture ; the MS. reading is iusti, which 
 must be explained as meaning " judicial," " severe." 
 
 30. pendet ab ore : we say " hangs on the lips," i.e. , listens 
 .attentively to. 
 
 31. posita . . . mensa : '■' on the table that is set before him." 
 The speaker illustrates his story by dipping his finger in his wine 
 and with it tracing upon the table plans of the siege, the battles, etc. 
 The words Ilao ibat . . , equos are quoted in his own words from 
 his story. 
 
 3o. hac : sc. rin, " in this direction." 
 
 35. Aeacides : Achilles. The word is a patronymic (see on v, 17) 
 formed from the name of his grandfather Aeacus. tendebat : sc. 
 taiernaculnm. Tendere is often used in the sense of " to pitch one's 
 tent," " to camp," the direct object being suppressed. 
 
 86. admissos : admittcre equum is "to give rein "to one's horse, 
 " to put him to the gallop," In this case the steeds of Achilles were 
 further frightened by the corpse they were dragging behind them. 
 
 37. omnia: the order is — namque -senior Nestor rettulerat omnia 
 tuo ynato, misso quaerere te, at ille (gnatus rettnlit omnia') mihi. 
 senior : often used without any comparative force, " elderly." Nestor 
 had outlived three generations, tuo . . . gnato : Telemachus. 
 quaerere misso ; " sent to seek for thee," the infinitive expressing 
 purpose. Such a usage is inadmissible in Latin prose, which would 
 require either (1) the subjunctive with vt or qiti ; (2) the gerundive 
 with ad, causa, or gratia ; or (3) the supine in -urn. Originally 
 
34 ovid: heroides- [i. 
 
 however the infinitive was in most of its forms a substantive in the 
 dative case, and could be used, like other substantives in that case, to 
 express purpose {e.g., Hiinc sihi domicilio loexim. clelegerunt, " They 
 chose this place for their abode "). This usa^e was lost in literary- 
 prose, bu'^ survived probably in ordinary speech, and is not rare in 
 poetry, where its occurrence may be due to imitation of Greek, in 
 which the same usage is common. Thus we have in Horace, Fruges 
 con.tunure nati, " Born to eat the fruits of the earth." 
 
 Argument. — Vv. 39-80. I heard how you rished your life to slay 
 Rhesus, and it made me shudder again. Wliy do you not come tacit 
 to me, noio that the war is ended ? None brings me news of you, nor 
 can I hear aught of you for all my efforts. I have sent even to 
 Pylos and to Sparta, hut in vain. Oh ! I wish that Troy were yet 
 untahcn : I sliould at least hnoio ivhere you are! And I am a fool 
 til talk so ivildly — perhajjs even now you are dallying with another 
 love, and jesting of your homely wife here in Ithaca! 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Dolon, Nestor, Phrygia, Pylos, Rhesus, 
 Telemachus.] 
 
 39. Dolona : Greek accusative singular. Cp. Lacedaemona. v. 5. 
 For the translation of the substantives and participle, see on victum, 
 V. 15. In this and the preceding line refero is constructed with an 
 object-accusative. In the next line it takes an object-clause in the 
 form of a dependent question introduced by ut, "how." 
 
 40. hie . . , ille : commonly when thus conjoined hie means " the 
 latter," ille " the former." Here however the reverse is the case, and 
 a similar inversion is not rare, fdolo : this word does not form tilte 
 required antithesis to somno; vigil, "wide-awake," has been suggested 
 as an emendation. 
 
 41. tuorum : the normal object-genitive after a word signifying 
 remembrance or forgetfulness ; cp. met, v. 44. 
 
 42. Thracia: from the adjective Thracius (-a, -w;«)> "Thracian." 
 The camp of Rhesus is meant, Rhesus being king of a Thracian tribe. 
 
 43. uno : Diomedes. 
 
 44. eras . . . ante : "you used to be in the old days." Ante is 
 adverbial. Penelope means that out of afEection for her Ulysses had 
 been used to take greater care of himself. 
 
 45. usque . . . dum: "all the time until," i.e., during the whole of 
 the story as it was told to her. micuere : " throbbed," " heaved 
 rapidly" ; the commoner meaning "to glitter" arises from the fact 
 that wliatcver quivers or moves rapidly seems to twinkle. 
 
 46 dictus es : sc. by him who told the story (aliquis^ v. 31). 
 Ismariis : the adjective is derived from IsniSrus, the name of a town 
 near th coast of Thrace. It is here used with the meaning of 
 " Thracian," and the horses meant are, of course, those of Rhesus. 
 Cp . ■i'42, note, and see Index, s.r. Rhesus. The ablative equis is 
 instrumental, isse : perfect infinitive of ire, " to go." 
 
I.] PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 35 
 
 47. vestris : not equivalent to tiiis (i.e., Ulysses'), but addressed to 
 all the lircoks at Troj^, "your right hands, ye Greeks." disiecta . 
 Ilios: "the rasing of Troy"; see note on v. 15. Ilios is, of course, 
 uoiuiuative. On the other hand, in the next line solum is accusative 
 the full construction being quid mild prodest id esse solum (accus 
 and infin.) ^iii>d murusfuit? 
 
 .")0. demptc fine : " without end," i.e., " for all time." carendus 
 carco (" to be without ") does not admit a direct object in the ac- 
 cusative ; it is therefore regarded as an intransitive verb, and is 
 commonly so constructed. Accordingly, we should expect carenditm 
 est viihi vivo (lit. "there is for me a going-without my husband," 
 i.e., "I must go without my husband"), carendum being the gerund ; 
 for the rule is that only t7-ajisitive verbs have a gerundive. Other 
 intransitive verbs from which gerundives are formed are utor,fruor, 
 fuiigor, and ^^ci^i^'r ; the reason being that these verbs in old Latin 
 took an accusative of the direct object, i.e., were transitive verbs. 
 
 51, aliis . . . mihi : dative of the person judging, i.e., of the person 
 whose point of view is assumed, " in others' eyes," or " so far as 
 others are concerned." 
 
 52. incola : " which the conqueror {i.e., the Greek), as settler, 
 ploughs with the ox he has taken from her." 
 
 55. virum : some substantives of the first and second declensions 
 make the genitive plural in -um (as well as in -arum or -arum), this 
 being an older form of inflexion, parallel to -um of the third declen- 
 sion. Chief amongst such substantives are vir, deus, and dlvus, with 
 patronymics (v. 17, note) and names of peoples. 
 
 57. victor : •' though conqueror of Troy." The words scire mihi 
 depend on licet, while the two clauses quae (sc. sit) causa morandi 
 and in quo lateas orbe are indirect questions depending upon 
 scire. Hence the subjunctive mood. 
 
 58. quo . . . orbe : " in what land." 
 
 59. puppim : sitis, " thirst," and tussis, " cough," always end in 
 'ini in the accusative singular ; navis, pujj^fis, and a few other words 
 end in -im or -em. 
 
 60. mihi : " by me," dative of the agent. This construction is 
 usual with the gerund and gerundive, and is not infrequent with the 
 perfect participle (as here) ; with other parts of the verb the construc- 
 tion is rare, and is confined to poetry and late prose, multa : the 
 active construction being ilium multa rogo, " I ask him many 
 questions," the corresponding passive is illc multa rogatur, the ac- 
 cusative of the internal object {multa) being retained. 
 
 61. quamque : i.e., et quam. The order is: {et) charia traditur 
 Jiuic, quam tihi reddat, si modo te usquam viderit. reddat : the 
 clause expresses purpose, and hence the mood, viderit : the rule is 
 that any indicative in a dependent clause refening to future time 
 must be either future or future-perfect. 
 
 62. huic : i.e., the quisquis of v. 59. f For notata, "marked," 
 i.e., " written." there is a variant reading novata, "renewed," i.e., 
 " newly written," " a fresh letter." 
 
36 OVID : HEROIDES. [l. 
 
 63 Pylon, "to Pylos." For the form, see Appendix 1. The 
 accusative is the case used to denote the goal of motion, and if 
 the substantive is the name of a town, no preposition is requu-ed ; 
 cp. Sparten, v. %o. 
 
 64. Pylo : " from Pylos." No preposition is used with the ab- 
 lative of names of towns when " motion from " is expressed. 
 
 65. Sparten: see on v. 63, above, and for the form, see Appen- 
 dix 1. veri : objective genitive ; the neuter of the adjective here does 
 duty for an abstract substantive, " the truth." This usage is frequent 
 with adjectives declined like substantives of the first and second 
 declensions, but rare with others. 
 
 67. utilius starent : " 'twere better if Phcebus' walls were stand- 
 ing." In efEect, though not in form, the line is a complete con- 
 ditional sentence, utilius erat si starent. moenia Phoehi : the walls 
 of Troy were said to have been built for King Laomedon by Neptune, 
 while Apollo (here called Phoebus) tended sheep in the neighbour- 
 hood, this being the peuance imposed on these two deities for having 
 ofEended Jupiter. Here, however, as elsewhere, Apollo is repre- 
 sented as the builder of the walls. 
 
 68. irascor : a parenthetical exclamation, i.e., independent of 
 the lines preceding and following. Penelope means that even while 
 declaring that she wishes that Troy were still unconquered she is 
 ashamed and vexed with herself for such a wish, levis : "fickle," 
 " changeable." Votis is dative of the indirect object with irascor. 
 
 69. scirem : potential, i.e., standing as apodosis (result-clause) 
 in a conditional sentence of which the protasis ((/-clause) is sup- 
 pressed. If expressed it would be si starent moeiiia Phoehi. So 
 with timerem and foret. pugnares : subjunctive of dependent 
 question. 
 
 70. querela : her complaints about her husband's absence would 
 be shared with many another woman's complaints to the same 
 effect. 
 
 71. quid timeam : '• what I am to fear." The subjunctive is 
 primarily dubitative or deliberative, e.g., quid timeam ? " what am I 
 to fear ? " and secondarily an indirect question depending on ignoro. 
 
 72. in curas : "/w my anxieties." The preposition in with the 
 accusative often expresses the result or intended result of the action 
 of a verb. The meaning is, " I have a wide field (i.e., plenty of 
 opportunities) for exercising my imagination and so making myself 
 miserable." 
 
 75. quae ... est : " such is the wantonness of your kind," or " of you 
 men." The relative qui, quae, quod is often thus idiomatically used, 
 and agrees in number and gender with the subject of the clause ; e.g., 
 Qui meus amor in te est, " such is my love for you." In these ex- 
 pressions the antecedent is the idea contained in the principal 
 sentence (here esse . . . jiotes). 
 
 76. peregrine . . . amore : " an alien love," i.e., love for a foreign 
 woman. 
 
 77. narres : forsltan requires to be followed by the subjunctive 
 
.] 
 
 PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 37 
 
 in the best Latin ; in poetry the indicative is also used. Fordtan is 
 compounded otfors + sit + an, and means " there is a chance that," 
 " perhaps." quam : " how," introducing a dependent question ; 
 hence tlic mood of sit. 
 
 78. quae . . . rudes : '' who leaves everything but her wools 
 unrefined." Spinning was the task of women in early times, and 
 while to neglect it was the mark of degenerate morals, yet to attend 
 too closely to it was also a mark of rusticity or homeliness. Sinat is 
 subjunctive because the description is not Penelope's own, but is part 
 of what Ulysses is supposed to say, i.e., is virtually oblique. 
 
 79. fallar : optative subjunctive, i.e., expressing a wish ; so also 
 vant'scat im(\.velis. crimen : here used.in its primary sense of an " in- 
 dictment," " charge." The meaning of " crime " or " sin " is secondary, 
 and is rare in classical Latin. 
 
 SO. revertendi: genitive of reference, denoting that in point of 
 which the adjective (Jihcr') is applicable, "free in respect of return- 
 ing," " at liberty to return," to Penelope. 
 
 Argument. — Vv. 81 — end. My life here is a life of difficulties, 
 hosts of suitors crowd about me, and even my own father would have 
 mc marry again. Your house, your suhstancc, is eaten up by haughty 
 lordlings ; and there are but three of us to withstand them all — three 
 iveaklings, and a menial or two — and Telemachus is not yet Jit to play 
 the man. Come home, husbatid, and protect us ! Come home and 
 suffer your old father to die in peace ! Come home, although when 
 you come you will tind me grown an old woman, so long have you been 
 absent. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Laertes.] 
 
 82. cogit : cogere here means " to urge," rather than " to compel." 
 
 83. increpet : the subjunctive is jussive, in semi-dependence on 
 licet ; ut might be inserted {licet ut increpet) without aiiecting the 
 sense, dicar : jussive, semi-dependent on oportet. 
 
 85. pietate: her fidelity to her lost husband. Pietas means the 
 "duty" of (1) man to his country ; (2) man to the gods ; (3) the 
 members of a family to one another. 
 
 86. frangitur : " is prevailed upon." ipse : " of his own will." 
 
 87. Dulichii Samiique: to be joined with proci — "suitors from 
 Dulichium and from Same." These were two islands oflE the coast of 
 western Greece near Ithaca, Dulichium lying off the estuary of the 
 river Achelous in Acarnania, and Same being the older name for the 
 island afterwards known as Cephallenia, now Cefalu. Zacynthos : 
 Greek nominative singular ; see Appendix 1. It is the island now 
 called Zantf, in the Ionian Sea. 
 
 88. turba : in apposition to ^^roci. 
 
 89. nuUis prohibentibus : ablative of attendant circumstances 
 (ablative absolute), " with none to stay them." 
 
 90. viscera nostra : either (1) " my heart," or (2) in apposition to 
 
38 OVID : HEROIDES. [l. 
 
 opes — " thy goods (that are) our vitals, i.e., our livelihood." If the 
 tirst interpretation is adopted, we have here an instance of zeugma 
 (Greek, " a yoking "), in which figure two subjects (here viscera and 
 iipes) or two objects are constructed with a verb not equally appli- 
 
 able to both. 
 
 '» 
 
 91. Medonta: Greek accusative singular of i)/e<^07i. The names in 
 this and the following verse are those of some of the suitors. The 
 accusatives depend on refer am in v. 93. 
 
 93. referam : present subjunctive (deliberative), omnis : accu- 
 sative plural. This is the original form of the accusative plural of 
 masculine and feminine substantives and adjectives of the third 
 declension of which the genitive plural ends in -ium. The ending -es, 
 which is the prevailing one in the classical period and the only one 
 found in later writers, was produced by the analogy of words that 
 form their genitive plural in -urn. 
 
 94. partis: "earned by (at the cost of) thine own blood." Res in 
 this line means " property," as often. 
 
 95. peccris . . . edendi : " the flock that is to be eaten " is Ulysses' 
 flock of goats and sheep. 
 
 96. ultimus . . . pudor : part of the predicate — " go as the crowning 
 shame to swell your losses " (lit. " are added as the last shame "). 
 For the force of in with the accusative, see on v. 72. 
 
 97. numero : ablativeof respect, to be joined closely with ifre^. The 
 following nominatives (7ixor . . . senex . . . puer) analyse tres. 
 
 99. mihi : dative of the indirect object, regularly found with cer- 
 tain verbs of talivng away. 
 
 100. dum parat : (him, " while" (i.e., at a point of time during the 
 period mentioned), is constructed with the present indicative even 
 when the principal verb (as here, ademptns est) is in a past tense. 
 omnibus : sc. procis. The suitors tried to prevent his going to seek 
 news of his father. 
 
 101. iubeant: direct jussive, ^ecor being parenthetical, i.e., inde- 
 pendent of the syntax of the sentence. The meaning of hoc is 
 explained by the following words vt . . . tuos. ordine : " in due 
 order," ablative of manner ; this ablative must be accompanied by the 
 preposition vum or by an epithet, except in the case of a few words, 
 of which ordo is one. If " fate took its proper course," Telemachus 
 would naturally outlive both his parents and be at their bedsides to 
 close (_cu7iprimere) their eyes after death. 
 
 103. hac faciunt : " on this {i.e., my) side are." We have the same 
 idiom in English when we say, e.g., that such and such a fact 
 " makes " in one's favour. With hac, sc. parte, custos boum : the neat- 
 herd Philoetius, nutrix : Ulysses' old nurse Euryclea, who was 
 amongst the first to recognise her master when he at last returned. 
 
 104. cura: abstract for concrete, "guardian," "warden." Hence 
 the gender of tertius, agreeing with the sense rather than the 
 word. The swineherd Eumaeus is meant, who first received Ulysf-es 
 on his return and kept him for some days concealed fium the 
 suitors. 
 
■1 
 
 PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 3?) 
 
 105. ut qui sit, etc., "unfitted as he is for war," lit. "as is natural, 
 seeinjj that he is unfitted for war." In this idiomatic usaj^e the sub- 
 junctive (here xit) following ut qui expresses cause, just as it may 
 after qui alone; e.g., fortunate adoleseens, qui ttiae virtiitis 
 Hoinerum jfi'ncccncm inveneris, " happy youth, seeing that thou 
 hast found a Homer to be the herald of thy prowess." 
 
 106. hostibus : i.e., the suitors. 
 
 107. vivat modo : " if he but live!" Joined with the subjunctive, 
 viodo means '• provided that." Vivat is concessive subjunctive, a 
 variety of the jussive use. 
 
 108. erat . . . tuenda ; " should be guarded (if things were as they 
 ought to be)." The sentence is potential, i./'.. it is the apodosis of a 
 conditional sentence of which the protasis is suppressed ; cp. note on 
 V. 7. When the condition is (as here) one that is represented as un- 
 fulfilled at the present time, the tense used is the imperfect subjunc- 
 tive, but in the case of certain verbs expressing possibility, duty, etc., 
 a past tense of the indicative is used in the apodosis ; with these verbs 
 must be classed esse with a gerund or (as here) gerundive, ilia : sc. 
 aetas, " his years, such as they are." 
 
 109. vires . . . pellere : so we say "strength to drive," i.e., " strength 
 for driving," the infinitive representing a dative of purpose. See the 
 no.te on qiiacrere, v. 37. In prose we should have ad peUe7t,dos inimi- 
 C0&, or utjjellam. tectis : ablative of separation. 
 
 IK), venias: optative subjunctive, expressing a wish, a variety of 
 the jussive subjunctive, ara: "sanctuary," "refuge"; to harm any 
 one who had taken refuge at an altar would be an insult to the deity 
 to whom the altar belonged, tuis: dative of advantage, "for thy 
 dear ones.'" 
 
 111. sit: optative subjunctive, precor : parenthetical, as in v. 101. 
 
 112. emdiendus erat : cp. erat tiienda, v. 108, note. 
 
 113. condas : the meaning is the same as in conprimatjV. 102. 
 
 114. sustinet : "bears up against," i.e., endures patiently the 
 burden of a;_'e and postpones his dying until his son's return. 
 
 115. fueram : we say, "who was," but Penelope uses the pluperfect 
 tense in reference to the time, stUl in the future, when Ulysses shall 
 have returned, te discedente: the ablative absolute is equivalent to a 
 temporal clause, •' when you were leaving me." 
 
 116. ut venias : concessive, "although you come" ; hence the sub- 
 junctive mood. With facta, sc, esse, " shall seem to have turned 
 into an old woman." 
 
v.] OE.NONE TO PARIS. 41 
 
 OENONE TO PARIS. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Priamus and Hecuba were king and queen of Troia. When about to 
 become a mother Hecuba dreamed that she gave birth to a firebrand ; 
 and when she took counsel as to the meaning of her dream she was 
 warned that the son who was on point to be born would be the ruin 
 of Troy and the Trojans. 
 
 To avoid the fulfilment of the prophecy, his parents resolved that 
 the child should not live, and ordered him to be exposed to the wild 
 beasts on the slopes of Mount Ida. There he was found, and reared 
 by shepherds of the royal flocks, and as one of them he grew to 
 manhood. His name was Alexander, or as he was more commonly 
 called, Paris. 
 
 Oenone was a nymph, daughter of the river-god Cebren (v. 10), 
 and Mount Ida was her haunt. There she met Paris, and wedded 
 him. 
 
 Now there was a dispute amongst the great goddesses — Juno and 
 IVIincrva and Venus — as to which was the fairest (r. 35) ; and they 
 put the decision in the hands of the handsome shepherd Paris 
 Each endeavoured to gain the umpire's favour in her own way, but 
 Venus prevailed, for she promised to reward him with the fairest 
 wife in Greece if he would decide in her favour. And so he did, and 
 from that day forth Juno, in jealousy, hated and persecuted the 
 nation of the Trojans ; and Paris had his reward in being bidden 
 to sail to Sparta, where Venus would give over to him Helene (v. 75), 
 the fairest woman in Greece, the wife of Menelaus (r. 105), Sparta's 
 king. 
 
 Menelaus was the younger brother of Agamemnon, for both were 
 sons of Atreus (r. 101). Agamemnon was the mightier monarch : 
 his throne was in Mycenae, the great capital of Argolis ; under his 
 command there came ap-ainst Troy the fleets and armies of all Greece 
 to avenge the insult done to king Menelaus, and to recover the lost 
 Helen. 
 
 And so it was that Paris brought ruin upon Troy ; for by this time 
 
42 OVID : HEROIDES. [V, 
 
 he had been recognised by his parents as the child whom they had 
 exposed, and had been acknowledged as their son. He came back 
 to Troy with his stolen bride, and at his heels came the host of 
 Greeks, who after ten years took and burnt the city. 
 
 The judgment of Paris was the end of Oenone's happiness. In 
 vain she strove to prevent her lover's going to Greece : neither her 
 entreaties, nor the sinister presages of his sister Cassandra {v. 113), 
 availed to prevent it. He left her broken-hearted. 
 
 This epistle purports to be addressed to Paris when now he has 
 reached Troy again with his bride. It is Oenone's last appeal to her 
 faithless lover. She reminds him of their love in the past, and 
 recalls the whole story of events until his return ; she upbraids him 
 for his disloyalty, and seeks to remind him of her own merits. She 
 will forgive and forget if he will come back to her. 
 
 Argument. — Vv. 1-48. Why has Heaven crossed the path of onr 
 love? iniy do you despise ine now? I am a nymph, my parentage 
 divine, and you were hut a slave when first you loved, me. Think of 
 all the pleasures we shared together in these woodlands liere. Hoio 
 happy we were in the days when you ivould carve my name upon the 
 trees, and vow yotir love and loyalty to me! Ah! you have irohen 
 your vows, and I have had no peace since the evil day ivhen the three 
 goddesses came to hear your judgment, and set you to building ships 
 and sailing over the sea. Nay, even then you were loth to go— you 
 loved me still ! 
 
 [Eefer to the Index for luno, Minerva, Phrygia, Venus.] 
 
 1. perlegis : sc. hanc epistolam. C/z; ;•«??;. is, as usual, omitted before 
 the former (perlegis} of the two alternatives. The words coniunx 
 nova allude to Helen, as do Mycenaea mami, in v. 2. 
 
 2. ista . . . littera : " this letter, which you hold in your hand." 
 The plural (litterae') is generally used for "an epistle " ; the singular 
 littera is rare in this sense, and usually means " a letter " of the 
 alphabet. Mycenaea : Helen's husband Menelaus was brother of 
 Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, leader of the Greek force sent to 
 recover Helen. 
 
 3. Pegasis : " a fountain nymph," from the Greek pege, " a foun- 
 tain," celeberrima : here used in its secondary sense of " famous." 
 The original and more usual sense of celeher is " crowded," " fre- 
 quented." 
 
 5. quis deus : q^ii deus might be expected, quis being commonly 
 treated as an interrogative pronoun, and qui as an interrogative 
 adjective (e.g., in the next line, qtiod crimen, not quid) ; but the rule 
 seems to be that quis asks for a name, qui for a description. 
 
 7. ex merito : " in accordance with what is deserved," " deservedly." 
 patiare : subjunctive of the supposed case (potential subjunctive), 
 
v.] 
 
 OENONE TO PARIS. 43 
 
 used in the indefinite second person singular, answering to the 
 similar idiom in English, "whatever you suiJEer," where "you" 
 means " any one." 
 
 8. indigno : " to the undeserving (man)," i.e., for the undeserving 
 man to lx;ir, dative of disadvantage. 
 
 t). tantuB : " so exalted." When Oenone first met Paris he was 
 but an outcast of unknown parentage and a shepherd-serf, in no way 
 on a level with Oenone, who was a njmiph, and therefore half divine. 
 
 10. flumine : the river (or river-god) Cebren in the Troad. 
 
 11. Priamides: "a son of Priam," a patronymic {i.e., a substantive 
 denoting sonship or descent) formed from Priamns. absit reverentia 
 vero: "let fear be far from truth," i.e., " let me speak the truth 
 without fear." 
 
 12. nubere: nubere is used of the woman only. It signifies "to 
 take the marriage veil for " another, and hence requires the dative 
 (^sei'vo^. A man is said iixorcm dncere, " to take to wife." 
 
 15. iacentibus : dative, sc. nobis, '^ from us as wc lay." Such a 
 dative is usual, especially in poetry, with many verbs compounded 
 with ab, dc, or ex, and signifying " taking away " or " keeping off." 
 
 17. quia : the answer to the question is of course " Oenone." 
 
 19. maculis : macida is properly a " spot " or "stain"; the word 
 is here variously interpreted to mean either " meshes " or " knots " 
 in the hunting-nets. 
 
 22. legor : Paris had carved the name of his sweetheart upon the 
 bark of trees. As the trees rose in height, so did the name carved 
 upon them. 
 
 24. crescite : addressed as an " aside " to the trees, in titulos : 
 " to be a monument to m.e " ; this use of in expressing the purpose 
 is noticeable. The plural tiUdos is merely a poetical variant for the 
 singular, like nomina in the preceding line, jrite : there is another 
 reading, recta ; if this is adopted, crescite must be taken as addressed 
 to the name {nomina), and recta, " straight," is in agreement with 
 nomi1^a. 
 
 26. est in qua : inverted for in qua est. nostri : objective genitive 
 with mentor. The form nostri is used only as an objective genitive 
 of nos, nostrum only as partitive. So with vestri and vestrum as 
 genitives of vos. Littera is here " writing," i.e., " a verse." 
 
 27. margine : local ablative ; in prose a preposition (/«) would be 
 required. 
 
 2y. poterit : future, because dependent upon a main \ci:h{recxirret) 
 which is itself future, this being the rule with regaivi to dependent 
 verbs in the indicative mood. Oenone is ablative here. Paris had 
 cut upon the tree a vow that he would live without Oenone only 
 when rivers should run up-hill — that is to say, never, 
 
 30. XantM : the Xanthus (or Scamander) was one of the two 
 streams of the Trojan plain. The other was the SimGis. 
 
 32. sustinet . . . deseruisse : "can bear to have deserted." The 
 perfect implies that the desertion is already an old affair ; the 
 present {snstinef), that Paris does not even yet repent of it. 
 
44 OVID : HEROIDES, [v. 
 
 33. ilia dies : with regard to the gender of dies in the singular no 
 strict rule can be laid down, but roughly speaking it is masculine 
 when dies means a period of twentv-four hours, and feminine when 
 dies means "occasion," "date," "time," in a wider sense. In the 
 plural di^s is invariably masculine. ab ilia : sc. die. It was the 
 fatal day whereon Paris gave his Judgment on Mount Ida ; see 
 Preface. 
 
 34. mutati . . . amoris : " the winter of your change of love." The 
 genitive is that of definition— the hiemps and the mutafns amor are 
 one and the same. Note that Latin may use an attributive past 
 participle where English uses the corresponding abstract substantive : 
 mutatns amor =z "change of love." 
 
 35. sumptis . . . armis : " who would have been more comely had 
 she worn her panoply " ; the ablative absolute expresses a condition. 
 
 37. mitaere : " heaved." The original meaning of micare is " to 
 palpitate " or " quiver," whence its common meaning " to twinkle " 
 or "shine." 
 
 40. nefas : it was nefas that Paris should think of going to Greece 
 on purpose to carry off another man's wife. 
 
 41. caesa : sc. est. So sunt must be supplied with sectae. 
 
 43. flesti : i.e., flexisti, parce negare : j^n^rce is commonly con- 
 structed with an infinitive in Latin poetry, and serves to form a 
 periphrasis for prohibition ; e.g., imrce negare (like noli negare) = 
 nc negaveris. 
 
 44. praeterito : his love for Oenone, iste : his love for Helen. 
 Praeterito is ablative of the standard of comparison. 
 
 45. nostros . . . flentis : '• the eyes of me weeping," equivalent 
 to " my weeping eyes." It is idiomatic Latin to say, e.g., meos flentis 
 ocellos, where the genitive agrees with a personal pronoun in the geni- 
 tive case {mei), understood from the possessive {meos'). It is equally 
 idiomatic in poetry to use noster for 7neus. In this passage (1) nostros 
 is used for 7neos ; but (2) the gemtive flentis must be referred to a 
 genitive personal pronoun (mei:) logically though not grammatically 
 involved in tiostros. The present seems to be a unique instance of 
 this construction. [In the parallel from Martial (vii. 51, 7) usually 
 quoted, ahsentis nostros libeUos,^ " books written by me who am not 
 present," ahsentes is now read, in accordance with the requirements 
 of the context.] 
 
 47. vitibus ulmus : in the vineyards of Italy the vines are still 
 trained to grow up the stems and branches of elm-trees. 
 
 Argument. — Vv. 49-98. How well I remember your going. I 
 icatclied your vessel pass out of Yiglit, and jrrayed your voyage miglit 
 he fair— prayed for my own misery ! Daily I watched for your 
 return, and it luas I who first sighted your sails again. I looked, 
 o/nd la ! I saw the evil woman's gavds upon your deck, Jiay, I .mw 
 you toying unth her ! May Helen learn what it is to fed such mi.<sery 
 as mine ! Why have you deserted me ? Surely I was meet wife 
 enough for you, meet wife even for a prince. Had you but clung 'to 
 
v.] 
 
 OENONE TO PARIS. 45 
 
 me, you had cnUrd down no vcng ancc on yni/r pcnjth-'x Juads / Your 
 oirn I.inx/nrn will hear me out. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Danai, Hector, Priamus.] 
 
 • 
 4'.i. quererere : -when you complaiued." The subjunctive is used 
 because Paris' grumblings were not only the occasion when, but fur- 
 ther the rciiKon why, his comrades laughed (caus^al subjunftive). 
 
 50. secundus : "it was a fair wind enough." Paris complained 
 that he was kept waiting by the wind, allegitig tliat it was not a fair 
 wind for his voyage to Greece ; Ijut his companions laughed at his 
 pretence, knowing that the wind was fair enough and tliat I'aris was 
 only making excuses so as to be the longer with Oenone. 
 
 51. dimissae : so. mihi. 
 
 54. suscitat : this and the following present tenses (rv. 51-57) are 
 historic, i.e., relate to past time graphically represented as i)resent. 
 
 57. celer : we should use an adverb, ''speedily"; so in v. 58. 
 Nereidas : Nereus was a sea-god, and his daughters, the NeieldSn 
 {■mil), were nymphs of the sea. The colour of the sea (luridis) is 
 tran.sferred to the nymphs themselves ; translate, " nymphs of the 
 green sea.'' The word is a feminine patronymic (see on v. 11). 
 
 58. scilicet: '■forsooth"; the word often serves to introduce a 
 sarcasm, in mea damna: " to my ruin" ; cp. v. 2i, iw titulos. 
 
 •"9. votis : instrumental ablative, "by help of my prayci's." alii : 
 dative of advantage, " for another's Qi.e.. Helen's) benetit." 
 
 60. pro: "on behalf of." blanda : she had "coaxed" the gods 
 and the sea-nym]ilis to bring her i'aris safely back. 
 
 61. moles nativa : " a natural eminence," i.e., not one thrown up 
 by man. profundum : here a substantive, " the deep." 
 
 63. hinc : " hence," i.e., while watching from that roqk. Prima 
 is predicative. " I was the first to recognise." 
 
 64. impetus ire : " desire to go." The construction of an infinitive 
 depending upon a substantive is for the most pait found only in the 
 case of substantives formed from verbal stems (<'.//., here impctics 
 contains the stem otpeto'). This usage is mainly poetical, though it 
 is occasionally found in prose; ^'.y,, Cicero, has ratio tunittere, "a 
 reason for losing.'' 
 
 65. dum moror : dnm in the sense, of " within the time that" takes 
 a present indicative, even when depending on a verb in historic time. 
 mihi : ethic dative, a usage confined to personal pronouns ; it indi- 
 cates that the statement is one that concerns the person in question. 
 A literal translation of an ethic dative is impossible : " ah me 1 " 
 will serve in this passage. 
 
 67. aura : '• before the wind," instrumental ablative ; cp. votis, v. 59. 
 
 (iO, quid enim : enim is not seldom used with reference to sonn;tliing 
 not expressed but umlerstood. Exitrcssed in full the train of thought 
 is: "This (viz., that I saw a woman on board your shi[)) was not 
 enough ; and yet // ought to have been enovyh, for why was I so mad 
 as to wait longer I " 
 
 Or. E.* 4 
 
46 OVID : HEROIDES. [v. 
 
 71. sinus: here the "folds" of Oeuone's robe, falling across her 
 bosom. To tear the dress, or beat the bosom and cheeks, was a sign 
 of extreme grief. 
 
 75. doleat . . . ploret: subjunctive expressing a wish ; &o ferat, 
 V. 76. coniuge : as conlnnx is an agent we should expect the pre- 
 po.=ition a with the ablative. Ovid occasionall_y uses the ablative 
 without a preposition to express the agent ; here, however, the 
 ablative may be one of sepayatio)i. 
 
 77. sequantur : consecutive (or generic) subjunctive, " such as 
 follow " ; so destituant. 
 
 78. viros : " husbands," a common meaning. 
 
 82. nee . . . nurus : the line stands as the subject of tanqlt 
 ("moves me") repeated from the previous verse. Priami : Priam 
 had fifty sons, and therefore possibly fifty daughters-iu-law. Oenone 
 would rank as one of them now if Paris had but been true to her, 
 for Paris had been acknowledged as Priam's son. 
 
 83. non tamen ut : " not however that . . ." The English idiom 
 here is similar to the Latin. The subjunctives are consecutive, non 
 standing for non ita est, "it is not the case that." 
 
 Bi. aut, etc. : " or that I was a daughter-in-law to be disowned by 
 Hecuba," i.e., one whom Hecuba, Priam's wife, would have been 
 ashamed to acknowledge. Ilecuhae is dative of the agent, the usual 
 case with a gerund or gerundive. It is used also with perfect 
 participles passive, and rarely with other tenses of the passive verb, 
 in lieu of the ablative with a or ah„ 
 
 86. possint : consecutive subjunctive; cp.5f(jf;/rt«iwr, v. 77. decere : 
 decct is not always an impersonal verb ; it may be used with a 
 definite subject (as here), but only in the third person, singular or 
 plural. 
 
 88. purpureo : i.e., "of a monarch," "royal," purple being the 
 royal colour. 
 
 91. Tyndaris : i.e., Helen. The word is a feminine patronymic 
 (cp. V. o7) denoting "daughter of Tyndareus." 
 
 93. si sit . . . reddenda . . . roga : the clause quae . . . reddendo, 
 stands as a protasis (//-clause) in a conditional sentence of which the 
 apodosis (result-clause) is suppressed, and perhaps not even dis- 
 tinctly conceived ; expressed it would be the object of ror/a, " ask 
 them, if Helen is to be given up, to .my .<o," In such sentences 
 the conditional clause becomes in sense, though not in form, an 
 indirect question. Hectora : Greek accusative singular ; so also 
 Polydamanta in v. 94, Sec Appendix 1. 
 
 94. cum Deiphobo Polydamanta : Polj'damas was, next to Hector, 
 the stoutest warrior of the Trojans and their best adviser. Deiphobus, 
 like Hector, was a brother of Paris. 
 
 95. suadeat : subjunctive of indirect question, consiilo taking the 
 construction of a verb of asking. 
 
 96. quis : dative plural of qni ; the quantity is long (^qins). 
 
 97. turpe: this couplet {vv. 97, 98) gives the gist of what Hector 
 and the rest might be supposed to say if questioned as to what they 
 
v.] 
 
 OKNONE TO I'AlilS. 47 
 
 thouccht of I'aris' conduct. Titrpe rudimcntum (sc. est) forms the 
 predicate to which the infinitive chiiise ptitriae prarponrre ntptam 
 furnishes the subject. 
 
 98. iusta : the emphatic word, and therefore placed first, vir : 
 " her husband," i.e., Menelaus. 
 
 Argumknt. — Vv. 99-end. Think not that she tvill be true to 
 you, icho ha.i deceived another husband. Would that Andromache's 
 happy lot irere mine ! You are iinstahle too ; I miyht have foreseen 
 it all, for Cassandra foretold it, and woe is me that she spoke so 
 truly! This is not the first time that your new bride has beeji 
 carried off from home. I have had lovers in j'^enty, and yet I 
 spurned them all and love only you. I loved Apollo once, and he 
 taught me the healing properties of lierbs ; hit no herb ivill heal my 
 heart, only you can do that. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Danai, Ida, Pherae Phrygia.] 
 
 9i>. nee . . . promitte : '• do not say to yourself that Helen will 
 be loyal.'' Latin prose would require ne promiscris (perfect subjunc- 
 tive). Lacaenam : i.e., Helen. Laco is "a man of Sparta," Laeaena 
 is " a woman of Sparta," Laconia being the name of the territory of 
 which Sparta was the capital. 
 
 lOii. quae sit: the clause is causal, and therefore requires the 
 subjunctive, " seeing that she turned." 
 
 101. minor Atrides : i.e., Menelaus, younger brother of Agamemnon 
 Both were sons of Atreus. For the form Atrides, cp. the note on 
 Priamides, v. 11. foedera : "cries out upon the bond of a marriage 
 that has been outraged." Clamare, properly an intransitive verb, is 
 here used transitively by a slight stretch of the meaning. 
 
 102. externo . . . amore : '• a stranger's passion" for Helen. 
 
 104. deperit : •• perishes wholly" ((le-). 
 
 105. ardet : the subject is Helen. The words ardeo, ignis, flamma, 
 are constantly used metaphorically of the " flame " of love. 
 
 107. Andromache : the wife of Hector. Their love for each other 
 is the subject of one of the most affecting scenes in Homer's Iliad. 
 With Andromache, sc. est. 
 
 108. uxor, etc. : " I ought to have been accounted a wife after the 
 pattern of your brother's wife," i.e., as hapjjy as Andromache, whose 
 husband was Paris' brother, fni : esse with a gerund or gerundive, 
 and verbs expressing duty or possibility, are regularly used in the 
 indicative instead of in the subjunctive in hypotheses depending on 
 a condition (expressed or understood) of which the non-fulfilment 
 is known. 
 
 lUit. levior : sees, suci : "sap.'" 
 
 112. solibus : in the plural soles means '• sunny days." 
 
 113. germana : Cassandra, one of the daughters of Priam. Apollo 
 gave her the gift of prophecy, but (jualified it with the penalty that 
 no one should believe her prophecies. Wherefore Oenone also refused 
 
48 OVID : HEROIDES. [v. 
 
 to believe them until too late, canebat : this word is constantly 
 
 used for "prophesy," because prophetic utterances were usually 
 
 chanted in the form of verse. 
 
 ] 15. harenae . . . mandas : a proverb for wasted labour, 
 
 117. Graia iuvenca : the "Grecian heifer" is Helen, as again in 
 
 V. 124. quae . . . perdat: "such as shall ruin" (consecutive), or 
 
 " to rain " (final) ; hence the subjunctive mood. 
 
 119. puppim : the vessel in which Paris was bearing Helen to Asia. 
 The termination -im is found in a few /-substantives only. 
 
 120. Phrygii sanguinis : Cassandra speaks of the vessel as loaded 
 with Phrygian blood — i.e., with the blood of Trojans who would fall 
 in battle for Helen's sake. 
 
 121. dixerat : jiluperfect denoting instant accomplishment, and 
 marking the speedy transition from one act to another, furentem : 
 the usual word for one " inspired." 
 
 122. mihi: possessive dative. 
 
 126. socios . . . deos : the gods who presided over her married 
 life in Sparta. In changing home and country, the Greeks and 
 Pomans believed that tliey also changed their deities, hospite : ah 
 lidspite would be expected ; see note on conivge, r. 7.5. 
 
 127. Theseus : see Index. There was a legend that he had once 
 carried ofE Helen when still a child, and that she had been recovered 
 by her brothers, the divine Castor and Pollux, nomine : ablative of 
 respect. 
 
 128. nescio quis Theseus : "one Theseus." When thus constructed 
 with a verb in the indicative mood (abstulit'), nescio qvis is merely 
 an indefinite pronoun ; if constructed with the subjunctive it retains 
 its full verbal force. Thus nescio quern vidi = " I saw some one or 
 other," but nescio quern viderim := " I know not whom I have seen." 
 ante : an adverb, " in days gone by." 
 
 129. credatur : deliberative subjunctive, " is it to be believed that 
 she . . .?" (literally, "is she to be believed to . . .?"). With red- 
 dita supply esse as usual, and note that English idiom often prefers 
 the impersonal rendering where Latin employs the personal, virgo : 
 " a maid," predicative. 
 
 130. hoc : viz., the unexpressed answer to the question in r. 129, 
 wliich answer was of course emphatically No, 
 
 131. licet appelles : "you may call"; the subjunctives apj)el!es 
 and veles are in reality in semi-dependence upon licet. The direct 
 jussive becomes semi-dependent when it is made to depend in thought 
 upon another verb {e.g., oro venias = " I beg you come"), but is not 
 introduced by a subordinating conjunction {ut). 
 
 132. praebuit ipsa rapi: i.e., ipsa praehuif se rapi — " herself allowed 
 the alKliu'tiun," literally, "allowed that she should be carried off." 
 
 134. legibus : "conditions," "terms" ; it would be giving him like 
 for like. 
 
 135. Satyri : fabulous beings in the shape of men, with the horns, 
 feet, and tails of goats, supposed to dwell in the woods. 
 
 136. quaesierunt : notice the quantity of the penult (Srunt). Ovid 
 
^•] 
 
 OENONE TO PARIS. 49 
 
 ocoasionnlly takes this licence in the 3rd person plnral of the perfect 
 indicative active. 
 
 137. cornigerum : Faunus was represented much as were the 
 Satyrs : be was an Italian god of tiocks and herds, caput : the 
 perfect p^ivticiple praechictns here has a "middle" meaninpr, ?'.<'., it 
 represents a person as having performed an action of which he him- 
 self is the indirect object, '■ who has wreathed (for himself) his head " 
 (qvi s'cst ccint hi tetf) ; the accusative QcajiUt) is that of the direct 
 object. 
 
 138. Faunus : sc. »ie quarsivit, '•wooed me." 
 
 139. fide : ablative of respect. The quantity (fde) shows that the 
 word does not come from Jiiie.t, "faith." Troiae munitor : Neptune 
 was said to have built the walls of Troy while Apollo was keeping 
 sheep hard by, but Ovid here represents Apollo as the builder. He 
 was the god of medicine and healing, as well .as of music, and en- 
 dowt'd Oenone with a knowledge of medicinal herbs. 
 
 1-iO-l l.">. U'hcse lines are condemned by critics as spurious. 
 
 liG. admisit : " let my hands approach his gifts," i.e., the healing 
 herbs which he gives to men. 
 
 147. medendi : the genitive depends upon vtilis, defining the 
 particular respect in which that epilhet is applicable (genitive of 
 definition). 
 
 150. artis : objective genitive with prudens. ab arte : the simple 
 ablative without ah would have been sufficient ; but Ovid does not 
 strictly observe the difference between agent and instrument. The 
 use of fli'Jicio as a transitive verb is unusual. 
 
 151. opis : "medicine," as in v. 147. vaccas . . . Pheraeas : see 
 Index, s.v. Pherae. 
 
 152. nostro . . . igne: ■•the flame (of love) which I feel." 
 
 158. quod . . . temporis : " for such time as remains." The ante- 
 cedent to qnod is omitted, as often, quod temporiit standing for id 
 temporis quod. Temporis is a partitive genitive, esse : this use of 
 the infinitive is poetic ; in prose the construction would hQ preeor vt 
 sim. 
 
XII.] 
 
 MEDEA TO JASON. 51 
 
 XII. 
 
 MEDEA TO JASON. 
 
 Preface. 
 
 Ias5n, son of Aeson (?'. Ifi), was bidden to fetch to Greece the 
 Golden Fleece of the r;ini which once upon a time carried through 
 the air the children Phrixus {v. 8) and Helle ; for these were cruelly 
 illtreated by their step-mother, and endeavoured thus to escape, 
 Phrixus indeed succeeded, but his sister Helle became giddy as the 
 ram flew over the narrow strait which separates Asia from Europe, 
 and fell into the waves. Whence that strait was known .as 
 Hellespontus — the Sea of Helle (Str^iitti of GaUipoli). The Golden 
 Ram carried Phrixus to Colchis, the land of the Colchi (y. 1), which 
 lies about the river Phasis {v. 10), near the Caucasus, in the south- 
 east corner of the Pontus (y. 28) or Black Sea ; and there, in a 
 grove, Phrixus, after sacrificing the ram, hung up the Fleece of 
 Gold. 
 
 Now as yet no man had sailed the sea, nor were there any ships. 
 But Jason, aided by the gods, collected a band of young heroes from 
 Thcssaly and other parts of Greece to his home in Magnesia (c. '.)), 
 which is in south-east Thessaly or Haemonia (v. 127), and there they 
 built a ship from the timbers which grew upon Mount PeUon (r. 8). 
 The name of the ship they called Argo (v. 9), and themselves were 
 known as Argonautae — " those who sailed in Argo " — or sometimes 
 Minyae (c. 03). They sailed eastward through the Hellespont and 
 the Thracian Bosporus (^Bardaiiellcif'), and passed the Symplegades 
 (Index) across the sea of Pontus, until they came to Colchis. 
 
 The king of Colchis was Aeetes (c. 51), whose daughter was 
 Medea. He received the adventurers warmly, for he thought not 
 that they could ever carr}' off the Fleece ; and he told them how it 
 was guarded, and what they must do to reach it. But Medea had 
 fallen in love with Jason, and upon his promising to make her his 
 wife she consented to her own wishes and to the prayers of her 
 sister (i-. G.5). She gave him charms which protected him from 
 danger, and disarmed the monsters which guarded the Fleece ; for 
 
52 OVID : HEROIDES. [xil. 
 
 Medea was skilled beyond all mortals in magic and witchcraft. By 
 her help, therefore, Jason slew a dragon and drew its teeth, and 
 sowed them iipon soil which he had just ploughed with the fire- 
 breathing, bronze-hoofed bulls of Mars. From the teeth so sown 
 there sprang up men of iron in complete armour ; but by Medea's 
 charms they were made to turn their weapons against one another, 
 and all perished. By Medea's help also Jason lulled to sleep another 
 dragon which guarded the Fleece in the grove. So he won the 
 Fleece, and sailed away for Greece, carrying with him Medea and 
 her brother Ahsyrtus {v. 113). 
 
 Aeetes followed in pursuit, and was like to overtake them ; but 
 Medea was ruthless. She slew her brother and dismembered liim, 
 and strewed the fragments of his body here and there, so that Aeetes 
 must delay to pick them up, thus giving her time to make good her 
 escape. And so Jason and Medea arrived in Thessaly. 
 
 Aeson was now old and bent with years, and moreover he had 
 been dethroned by his brother Pelias (f. 129). Medea by magic 
 restored Aeson to youth ; and thereafter avenged him upon Pelias 
 by persuading the daughters of the latter to kill him and boil his body 
 in a cauldron. For thus, she declared, Pelias also might be made 
 young again. Thereafter she went with Jason to Ephyre (v. 27). 
 which is Corinth, where Creon (v. 5i) was king. There Jason 
 deserted IMedea and married Creiisa (r. 53), the king's daughter. 
 But Medea took fearful vengeance upon those who wronged her: 
 to Creusa she sent a poisoned robe, which devoured her; the two 
 sons born to herself and Jason she slew ; and then she fled from 
 Corinth in a car drawn by winged and fiery serpents. Jason died 
 long after, crushed by a beam which fell upon him fi-om the ship 
 Argo. 
 
 This Epistle purports to be written just when Medea has learnt of 
 Jason's faithlessness, and has seen him riding by in Creusa's wedding- 
 rout. She makes but one appeal to his old love (vv. 185-198) : she 
 curses him for his ingratitude, relating all that she h.ad done and 
 suffered for his sake, and ends with a suppressed threat of vengeance. 
 
 Argument.— Ti'. 1-50. You neglect me vow, Jason, hut I had 
 always leisure to attend to you. that I had died ere you came to 
 Colchis, or else had let you go vnicarned to meet your fate from Jlery 
 hulls and dragons ! So had, it been best for me ! 'Tis some small 
 comfort to remind you of all that I have done for you. Was not J 
 the daughter of a king, as rich and jyoiverful as your ?icw lore's 
 father:' Yet I learnt to love you, and could not hide my love and 
 
XII.] MEDEA TO JASON, 53 
 
 apprchriiitioH mhrn I hrard my father tell you of all the perils tvhich 
 awaitid Iiiiii wlio irouJil .s/rtil airtiy the O'oJden Fleece. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Colchi and Ephyre.] 
 
 1. at : the word serves to connect the opening of the Epistle with 
 some imaginary train of thought preceding—" How cruel is your 
 treatment of me now, yet I remember," etc. tibi : dative of a'-lvantage 
 with vaeavi, " I had leisure for you," i.e., " I was at your service." 
 
 2. ars: Medea's "art" was that of an enchantress ; see Preface. 
 The prose oi-der of the words is cum pcteres ut ars mea tibi opcm 
 ferret. 
 
 3. quae . . . sorores : the Fates (^Parcac), represented as thiee 
 sisters who spin and sever the thread of men's dt>stinies. Man's life 
 was imaged as a thread which the Parcne " pay off" (^dLtprii.tant) from 
 the distaff (<•('/;/.<). which holds the rough wool, to the spindle (fi(.w.s). 
 Wlicn the fiisii.t is full tlie tLread is reeled off into a ball ready for 
 use; and "when the reeling off {cvolvere) is finished, and the /«.«?« 
 empty, the man's life is ended even as the thread is. 
 
 4. debuerant : the pluperfect signifies, " it had been (before that) 
 their duty," but English idiom requires the use of the simple past, 
 "they ought." evoluisse : for evolvissc, v being "vocalised," i.e., 
 treated as «, for the purposes of metre. So Tibullus uses soluisse 
 for solri.t.ie. 
 
 G. vitae : the genitive is partitive, depending on quidijiiid. 
 
 8. Phrixeam . . . ovem : the ram with the Golden Fleece ; see 
 Preface. Ovid here uses the feminine word oris for " sheep " gener- 
 ally. Pelias arbor : " the timbers of Pelion." Pelion was a mountain 
 in "the south-east of Thessaly, abounding in pine-forests, and Pelias 
 (^■ddis) is a feminine adjective formed from the name. The "timber 
 of Pelion " means the pine trees which were felled there to build the 
 Argo, whei-cin .lason sailed in seaich of the Golden Fleece. 
 
 9. Magnetida : Greek a'icusative singular of Maynefis, agreeing 
 with the accusative Argo; see Appendix 1. The Magnetes dwelt in 
 south-east Thessaly about Pelion (r. 8, note), and Maynetis is the 
 feminine adjective formed from their name. 
 
 10. Phasiacam: "of the Phasis," a river of Colchis, bibistis: here, as 
 oflen, a collective substantive (^tnrha') is the subject of a phn-al verb. 
 
 14. audacis : accusative plural, as the metre shows (aiidacls). 
 
 lo. isset : " he ought to have gone," jussive subjunctive, expressing 
 what ought to have taken place in the past. So too iecisset and 
 xeri-iset (r. 17). Both the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are 
 thus used. 
 
 1(). Aesonides : a patronymic (/.c, a substantive denoting sonship 
 from Ae.'<on. Jason is meant, jad usta : most MSS. have adnneo, 
 " hooked." i.e., " horned." With this reading ora must mean " heads." 
 
 17. iecisset: see v. 1.5, note. Et must be construed between this 
 and the following word. The line has been altered and emended in 
 various ways; e.y., seininn sevisset, totident qi(ot semiiia et hoates 
 (sc. secis'-ct). 
 
54 OVID : HEROIDES. [xil. 
 
 18. flit caderet : " that he might be slain," final subjunctive. 
 There is another reading, et for vt, and If this be adopted caderet is 
 jussive (cp. note on v. 15). 
 
 1 9. perisset : potential, " wouici have perished (had things happened 
 so)." So demptaforent. 
 
 20. capiti : "from my life"; verbs compounded with ah, de, or 
 ex, and meaning " to take away," usually express by the dative that 
 from which something is taken. 
 
 21. ingrato : dative, with exprohrare, " to cast in a thankless man's 
 teeth." 
 
 23. inexpertam : because the Argo was, according to legend, the 
 first ship ever launched. Colchos : prose would say in or ad Colelws, 
 but the omission of the preposition with adverto is common in poetry. 
 
 24. beata : often used, especially in poetry, in the sense of " rich." 
 2.5. hoc, etc. : "in that land (i.e., in Colchis), I, Medea, was all 
 
 that now in this land {i.e., in Corinth) is his new bride," i.e., "I 
 too was a king's daughter." He had deserted Medea for Creusa, 
 daughter of the king of Corinth. 
 
 26. illi : Creusa, the nova nnpta of v. 25, whose father was Creon. 
 
 27. Ephyren: ?.e., Corinth. ScytMa : a vague name for the little- 
 known regions about the eastern, northern, and north-western shores 
 of the Pontus {Black Sea), hie . . . ille : " the former . . . the 
 latter " ; usually when liic and ille are thus conjoined, Idc signifies 
 " the latter," ille '■ the former." 
 
 28. laeva : the left hand, as you enter the Black Sea, corresponds 
 to the direction in which lay Ovid's Scythia. 
 
 29. Pelasgos : Pela.tgi was a name for the ancient peoples of 
 Greece, more especially those of Thessaly. The allusion here is to 
 the Argonauts, who sailed from south-east Thessaly, See on 3rag- 
 neilda, v. 9. luvencH not uncommonly means "warriors," persons 
 not too old for military service. 
 
 30. pictos : '• broidered," such as would be used at the palace. 
 
 32. ilia : as the word refers to the whole of the preceding state- 
 ments we should have expected the neuter illud. The feminine 
 gender is used by a common idiom by which a demonstrative pro- 
 noun standing as the subject of a sentence is regularly assimilated 
 in gender and number to the predicate (here rnina). 
 
 34. ad magnos . . . deos: '• before the mighty gods," i.e., in sacrifices 
 or processions in their honour. 
 
 3G. abstulerant ; '• carried away {i.e.. captivated) my gaze." 
 Lvmen often bears the sense of "eye." The pluperfect is that of 
 instant effect, marking the sudden nature of the occurrence. 
 
 39. lex: " condition." ut : explanatory, "namely that." 
 
 40. premeres : historic sequence is permissible after the historic 
 present dicitnr. 
 
 41. plus quam per cornua : "formidable for more than their horns 
 alone," i.e., they breathed fire. 
 
 43. aere : viiih. solid i, '• solid with bronze," i.e., "of solid bronze." 
 naribus : dative ; " their muzzles were sheathed with bronze," 
 
XII.] 
 
 MEDEA TO JASON. 55 
 
 47. qui peterent • " to attack," final subjunctive, expressing purpose. 
 For the sciiueiice after iuhcris, sec on v. 40. 
 
 4S. iniqua : •' danjj;erons." Inhpnts has the three meanings oppo- 
 site to those of aefjuii.i, and aequus may be either (1) " level," or (2) 
 "fair." or (3) " kindly disposed." 
 
 49. lumina : as in r. 36. custodis : the tlragon which guarded the 
 fleece; cp. v. 60, pervlgil angnis. succumbere : the infinitive 
 depends upon the adjective nencius, "that know not how to yield 
 to sleep." Such a construction is not legitimate in prose, but 
 common in poetry ; it may be explained as an extension of the 
 usage of the infinitive witli the corresponding verb nc.fcio. 
 
 Argument. — Vv. .51-108. Little you thought in those days of 
 Creusa and her father's power and ivealth. I was your singlethonght, 
 and alas! you were viiue too; for I could not rest itntil I had 
 promised to lend you aid and sare you from doom. Have you for- 
 gotten the grove lohere we met ? and all that you said ? You adjured 
 me to save you, and swore to malte me your icife if I ivould so do. Alt. 
 me! I helieved you, and I gave you charms zrhich hept you safe 
 against Ji re-breathing hulls and meji of iron, and the dragon. Ton 
 think me a savage, a jjaujjer, 71010 ; yet 'twas I ivho saved you then, 
 and gave to you the Fleece of Gold! 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Diana, and to the Preface for Aeiites, 
 Creon, Creusa, Minyae.] 
 
 51. ;dixerat :iin the preceding lines {vr. 39-50) Aet-tes, Medea's 
 father, is represented as telling the Argonauts the conditions which 
 they must fulfil in order to win the Golden Fleece. 
 
 ')2. deserit : i.^., the tables were taken away, the banquet was over. 
 Ovid is tliiiiking of the Roman fashion in which the guests reclined 
 by threes, on couches arranged three together as three sides of a 
 square, about movable tables, which would be brought in \n\h each 
 new course of the fea.st and removed at its close. 
 
 54. socer : Creon, who was one day to become Jason's father-in- 
 law. 
 
 58. per lacrimas : '■'• the night, long as it wag, was passed in tears." 
 The correlative to quanta (viz., tanta) is omitted, as often. 
 
 61. hinc , . . nine : " on the one hand ... on the other." There 
 was a cfiullict between her love of Jason and her fear of the dangers 
 involved in aiding liim. 
 
 63. disiectamque congas : " with hair dishevelled." sc. me. The per- 
 fect participle has here the force of the "middle" voice ; i.e., it 
 denotes that the actor acts for or on himself. Accordingly disieetam 
 comas means " having dishevelled my hair," comas being the ordinary 
 object-accusative, faversa : " turned away " to the wall. There is 
 ancjther reading adversa, " turned against" the bed, so that adversa 
 in ora iaccntem would mean " lying face downwards." 
 
 64. lacrimis : "all about was wet with my tears" (literally "full 
 of tears "'). 
 
56 OVID : HEROIDES. [xil. 
 
 65. Minyis : dative of advauLagc, ' fur the Minyae," which was the 
 name of a Thessahau race, and which is often applied to the Argo- 
 nauts, they being mostly Thessalians. fpetit altera ; sc. opem, as also 
 with hahebat ("had the power to aid"). Altera . . . altera means 
 " the'one . . . the other " ; the former referring to Medea's sister, the 
 latter to Medea herself. The reading here is doubtful. 
 
 66. Aesonio : " descended from Aeson" ; cp. Acsonides, r. 16. 
 
 69. fuerant certe : " at least, there used to be (whether or no they 
 are there now)." This is a regular force of the pluperfect of sum. 
 
 70. barbarica : to a Greek, and to a Roman writing of Greek 
 themes, whatever was non-Greek was •' barbaric." dea : " (a statue 
 of) the goddess." 
 
 71. exciderunt : sc. ex anlmo tuo, or perhaps tihl (as in Epistle II., 
 105), "dropped out of your memory." Notice the quantity of the 
 penultimate syllable (-t-) ; poetry occasionally allows it to be 
 shortened in this form of the verb. 
 
 78. avi : Medea was daughter of Aeetes, who was son of the 
 Sun. 
 
 79. f triplicis : there is a variant frij)liccs, qualifying vultus. The 
 adjective refers to the fact that the goddess here styled Diana has 
 three characters: in the heavens she is the Moon ; in earth the hunt- 
 ress goddess ; in hell she is Proserpine or Hecate. 
 
 80. et si forte : " and by the gods of this (your) race, if perchance 
 it has any."' 
 
 83. Pelasgum : see note on v. 29. 
 
 81. sed, etc. : the line is parenthetical. The accusative dcos de- 
 pends on some verb omitted, e.g., sperem, " whence (by what means) 
 can I hope that the gods will be so kind, so much on my side (as to 
 grant me Medea's love) ? " meos : " propitious to me." 
 
 85. vanescat : jussive subjunctive, espress'ng a wish. Ante be- 
 longs to the following qvam, and the main verb being subjunctive 
 (vanescat), the dependent verb (niqda sit) is also, according to rule, 
 in that mood. 
 
 87. maritis : here used as an adjective. 
 
 89. quota pars : " how small apart (of all the arguments which you 
 used."') 
 
 90. dextera iuncta : " the clasping of your right hand in mine." A 
 Latin perfect participle is often to be thus rendered by an English 
 abstract substantive. 
 
 91. an : strictly speaking, an introduces only the second or further 
 member of a compound question direct or indirect {e.g., v. 71). In 
 cases like the present, where it seems to introduce a simple question 
 only, it is because the former alternative is suppressed (e.g., here, 
 " Am I to believe in your tears as genuine ? ") and the second part of 
 the question is asked with indignation. 
 
 96. miles : collective, "soldiery," " warriors."' 
 
 100. strictas : '-bared for battle." The meaning is derived from 
 the common phrase enseni stringere, " to draw the sword." Conscvcre 
 7>ionus is a phrase for " falling to blows," " fighting." 
 
XII.] 
 
 MEDEA TO JASON. 57 
 
 101 . fvigil : to be translated as a substaulive, '• guardian." There is 
 a variant ccinjectiire draco. 
 
 104. Isthmos : the isthmus of Corinth. 
 
 105. ilia ego: the verb to which these words are &\\h]Gcii& suhdiixi, 
 r. 107. "I am slic who withdrew." tibi ; "in your eyes," dative 
 deiiotine: the person whose point of view is assumed. 
 
 10(;. pauper : she brought him no dower such as did Creusa (v. 53). 
 nocens : "in the way." 
 
 107. lumina : so. draconis, "the dragon's eyes." 
 
 108. quae raperes : final subjunctive, expressing purpose; cp. 
 jtetcrait. v. 47. vellera : the Golden Fleece ; the plural is merely a 
 poetical variant for the singular. 
 
 Argument. — Vv. 109-158. M'hat have I not given i/jj or dared 
 for your sal'c ? I have ht.st fatlier, sister, country, and home; and 
 I hare murdered vnj own brother. O that ive had died, you and T, 
 his awful death ! or had perished hij any terrihle fate at sea! For 
 your sahe I murdered Pelias, too, and yet, tchen all 'is done, you 
 cast me from you! I heard the music which celehrated your new 
 viarriage — our little son called me to the door — and I could leave torn 
 you then and therefrom your new darling's arms. 
 
 [Ecfer to the Index for Scylla and Symplegades, and to the Preface 
 for Pelias.] 
 
 110. munus : Medea means that, for the sake of Jason's company, 
 she had en<lured exile and regarded it as a positive boon. 
 
 111. latronis : Jason himself. 
 
 113. germane : Absyrtus, whom she dismembered in order to escape 
 pursuit ; see Preface. 
 
 IK), tecum: addressed to Jason. He ought to have shared with 
 her the same horrible punishment. 
 
 117. timerem : deliberative subjunctive, " what was I to fear ? " 
 
 l\[). numen : ''the power of heaven," "Providence." subearaus : 
 jussive, alto : here a substantive, "the deep." 
 
 121. compresses : sc. nos. utinam . . . elisissent: "0 that they 
 had crushed (but they did not)." So utinam eliderent would mean 
 " that they were crushing (but they arc not)," but utinam elidant 
 = " O that they may crush (and perhaps they will)." 
 
 122. adhaererent : for the force of the tense, see the preceding 
 note. " Bone would cling to bone," if both were crushed into one 
 shapeless mass. 
 
 12."?. misisset: still depending on utinam, v. 121. The dative 
 can/bus is that of the agent, edendos : " to be devoured byher dogs." 
 
 124. debuit . . . nocere : English idiom here requires a past 
 infinitivr, "ought to have done harm." 
 
 125. quaeque : " and she who." The allusion is to the whirlpool 
 Charybilis ; see Index, 5.iv SCYLLA. 
 
 126. Trinacriae : Trinacria — the " land of three corners " — is an 
 
58 OVID : IlEROIDES. [xii, 
 
 ancient name for Sicily, upon the coast of which island lay 
 Charybdis. subposuisset : jussive, "ought to have sunk us"; see 
 note on v. 15. 
 
 127. Haemonias: "of Haemonia," which was an ancient name for 
 Thessaly, the home-land of •Ja'^on. 
 
 128. ad : cp. v. 34. aurea lana : the Golden Fleece. 
 
 129. referam : deliberative. Peliae : see Preface, pietate: causal 
 ablative, " by reason of their filial love." 
 
 131. ut culpent : concessive (" though others blame "), and there- 
 fore requiring the subjunctive. 
 
 133. sua verba: "fitting words" ; this is a common meaning of 
 smts in Ovid. The reflexive adjective here refers not to the subject 
 (rerha) but to the indirect object {dolor i) ; this usage is occasionally 
 found where it cannot give rise to any ambiguity. 
 
 134. Aesonia: i.e., Jason's own house, he being the son (Aesonides, 
 i: 16) and representative of his father Aeson. The phrase tede diniio 
 was the formula in which a Roman husband pronounced the divorce 
 of his wife. 
 
 135. natis : comito (not con/itor) is often found with an ablative 
 without ah denoting the agent. 
 
 137. Hymen: the name of the god who presides over marriage. 
 His name was invoked in the cjjitJuiIamium, or bridal-song, and 
 stands here for the lay itself. 
 
 138. lampades: Greek nominative plural; hence the short tinal 
 syllable (-&•)■ The reference is to the torches carried in the pro- 
 cession which escorted a bride (here Creusa, v. 58) to her husband's 
 home. 
 
 140. tuba: an instrument shaped like a post-hom, and used in 
 funeral processions. 
 
 143. turba : the procession. Being a collective substantive, tin'ba 
 is here constructed wilh a plural verb, ffrequenter : there is a 
 variant reading '• Hymen " clamant, " Hy menace " frequent a Jit— 
 " cry ' Hymen ! ' and raise the slumt of ' Hymenaee 1 ' again and 
 again.'" 
 
 144. quo . . . boc : ablative of measure, " in proportion as . . . so " ; 
 i.e., " the nearer the sound came, the more ill at ease was I." 
 Peitis is an adverb, the expression being the comparative of male 
 crat mihi, " I was grieved, or in evil case." 
 
 146. vellet : potential, " who could have been desirous 1 '' 
 
 147. quidquid erat : " whatever was the fact, 'twas better for me 
 that I did not know it" ; the words must not be translated as if they 
 depended on nescire, which would require quid esset. 
 
 148. scirem : the usual mood with tamquam, when the implication 
 is that the supposition is false. 
 
 149. fcum clamore Pheres : Phcres was the yoimger of the two 
 children of Jason and Medea. The line as it stands in the text is in 
 accordance with Prof. Palmer's conjecture. Most MSS. have cum 
 minor e 2'veris, which is unsatisfactory, it being impossible to 
 explain iussus with this reading, whereas clamore ivssns may well 
 
XII. I MEDEA TO JASON. 59 
 
 mean " summoned by the shouting." The verse has also been 
 emended in various other ways. 
 
 150. geminae : " foldini:^ "' doors, as consisting of two leaves. 
 
 1.51. mihi: ethic dative, found only with personal pronouns; it 
 indicates an interest felt by tlie person in question in the statement 
 or command. Translate, " prithee," or " 1 say." 
 
 155. ire: prose would require ut irem after siiadeo meaning "to 
 persuade to" a course of action. 
 
 156. comis : of Creusa. 
 
 157. sic : "there and then," "just as I was." capillos : for the 
 accusative with the perfect participle, sec note on comas, v. 63. 
 
 158. meus est: so. la-sn/i,. The plirase iriicere mamis is legal, " to 
 take pos.session of." 
 
 ABfiUMENT. — Vv. 159-end. Xoio are vnj father and viij brother 
 and my jjcojfle roell avetujcd ! I am mined and /ielj?less, and the 
 cliarms which hare availed me in aU else profit me nothing now. Mtj 
 grief is ieyond all cure — I am heart broken. Perhap.s' you amuse 
 your new love ivith gibes at the old one ! Let her laugh now. while 
 she can: she shall rue it bitterly, for never yet did any irrong me 
 and go unpunished. Think of our children at hast. Are they too to 
 suffer for your faithlessness ? Think of all I brought you — your life, 
 your safe return, the Fleece itself — and make me not so poor a re- 
 quital ! Yet will I revenge myself. 
 
 160. inferias : " an offering to appease j'ou." Medea asks that her 
 present sufferinj^s may make satisfaction for her past conduct towards 
 her family, umbrae : it was believed that each person had two 
 spirits, and hence the word manes ('■ ghost ") has no singular. 
 Umbrae is here used in the same way for the ghost of Absyrtus ; for 
 whom see Preface. 
 
 162. coniuge : as coniunx is a personal agent, we should expect 
 a with the ablative. Ovid, however, not seldom omits the prepo- 
 sition with the agent; but the ablative here may be one I of 
 separation, omnia: predicative, "my all." 
 
 163. serpentis : accusative plural. 
 
 166. flammas : the "fire" of love, as in v. 38. But ignes in the 
 preceding line refers to the fire-breathing oxen. 
 
 167. cantus : " incantations." barbae : the herbs used in the concoc- 
 tion of her spells and potions. artes : in the pluriil the word 
 commonly means "accomplishments," "skill." 
 
 1()8. Hecates : see note on v. 79. She was the special patroness of 
 witchcraft, nil . . . agunt: " effect nothing," /.<'., "are of no avail." 
 
 169. vigilantur : usually rigilare is intransitive, "to be awake." 
 Here it is used personally in the passive as if transitive in the 
 active, " the nights are passed in wakefulness." 
 
 178. rideat ... sit : jussive. Ilia refers to Creusa" (paele.v, v. 173). 
 
 179. Tyrio : purple was the royal colour (y. 52). The best purple 
 came from Tyre in Phoenicia. 
 
60 OVID : HEROIDES. [XII. 
 
 ISO. adusta : an allusion to the manner in which Medea revenged 
 herself ; bce Preface. 
 
 181. dum . . . aderunt : when followed by a tense of the indicative 
 other than the present, dum means " so long as," ■'•all the time that." 
 
 181. minora : "too meek for" my feelings. 
 
 186. procubuisse : the perfect infinitive is in poetry often found 
 instead of the present when dependent on a verb expressing some 
 mental attitude. 
 
 187. tibi: "in your sight" ; cp.?". 10.5. communis: accusative plural. 
 191. avitae , . . fiammae: the fires of the Sim, her grandfather; 
 
 cp. V. 78. 
 
 195. te implore contra: "implore your help against." The con- 
 struction is here an object-accusative. In the next line it changes 
 to an oV;ject-clanse with vt. 
 
 198. cum quo: the more usual form is quocvm; "mated with 
 whom I became a mother even as you became a father." 
 
 199. dos : if a Eoman husband divorced his wife without good 
 cause he was bound to return to her the dowry which she had 
 brought him. So it would be with Jason (as Ovid suggests). He 
 divorces Medea ; she demands back her dos ; and he retorts by asking, 
 "where is it?" — i.e., by asserting that she brought him none, 
 numeravimus : the proper word for " counting out " money. 
 
 200. tibi : dative of the agent. latiiro : conditional, " if you 
 would {or were to) carry off the Golden Fleece." 
 
 201. alto : " hung high " on the tree. 
 
 202. quam, etc. : construe, si tibi dicam, " redde mihi cam dotei)i" 
 neffps. JVcf/es — "you would refuse." 
 
 203. Grata iuventus : i.e., those who went with Jason in the Argo 
 and whose safe return was due to Medea. Inventus is 'collective. 
 
 204. Sisyphias : " of Corinth." See Index, s.v. Sisyphus. 
 
 205. quod vivis : " the fact that you are still alive." So quod hahes 
 and quod petes, potentis : accusative plural ; cp. infje7itis, v. 208. 
 
 20(i. meum est : "it is all my giving, or my doing." 
 207. quos : the sentence is left incomplete, Medea not venturing to 
 finish her threat, so that q^ios stands as accusative to an unexpressed 
 verb. This figure is known as ajjosiojjesis (Greek, " lapse into 
 silence "). 
 
 210. consuluisse viro : consulcrc alicui — " to take thought /or a 
 man," "trouble oneself for him"; consulere aliqiieni = "to ask a 
 man's advice." 
 
 211. viderit : " the god (Cupid) shall look to that." V'-dsro Is used 
 in all persons to put off the consideration of a question. The use of 
 the future-perfect in principal sentences Is rare ; when so used it 
 signifies postponement, and is practically equivalent to a simple 
 future, ista : " what I have mentioned," i.e., the covert threat in 
 vr. 207-209. versat : " wrings." 
 
 212. nescio quid : " something or other." In this sense ncscio qiiis 
 does not introduce a dependent question, and therefore does not 
 require to be followed by the subjunctive, agit : "is busy with." 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 I. 
 
 1. lento leutut;, -a, -um {.slotv), li/ii/cri/iff. 
 
 2. rescribas rescribo, resciipsi, rescriptuiu, 3, ^t> ?tT/fe 5ac/i, 
 
 3. iacet iaceo, iacui, iacitiim, 2, to lie, befallen. 
 
 Danais Danau^;, -a, -um. Banaan, Grcch, 
 
 invi.«a invisus, -a, -um, A«^^/i//. 
 
 6. obrutus obruo, obnii, obrutum, 3, to whelm. 
 
 insanis insanus, -a, -um (wivr/), uUd. 
 
 7. iacuissem iaceo, iacui, iacitum, 2, to lie, 
 
 frigitia fvigidus, -a, -um, coW. 
 
 lecto ... lectus, -i, m., hed. 
 
 8. qucrerer qucror, que.-'tus, 3, ft> cow/yz/c?//;. 
 
 y. spatiosain spatiosus, -a, -um, Zowi/. 
 
 fallere fallo, fefelli, falsum, 'h, toh:<iHile, 
 
 10. lassassct la.sso, 1, to weary. 
 
 viiluas viduus, -a, -um, widowed. 
 
 pendula pcndulus, -a, -um, hanging, swinging. 
 
 tela telum, -i, n., ic(h. 
 
 12. solliciti soUicitus, -a, -um, anxious. 
 
 13. fiugebam i\ugo. fiuxi. Hctum.'ii (^to/ashinn). tc/dneg, 
 
 14. pallida jiallidus, -a, -um,y;«/<'. 
 
 15. victum vinco, vici, victuui, 3, )"(> <?e/i'«^ 
 
 17. falsis ialsus, -a. -um. deeejjt ire. 
 
 cecidissc cado, cecidi, casum, 3 {to fall'), to he .4(iin. 
 
 !>*. iiebam fleo, flevi, fletum, 2, ^o iiw^. 
 
 successu .succcs.sus, -us, m., 5«c'tr5A'. 
 
 cavere careo, 2, ^o 7«c'Z". 
 
 19. tepefcccrat tepefacio, tepefcci, tepcfacUim, 3, to warm, 
 
 hastam hasta, -ae, f., spear. 
 
 20. leto letum, -i, n., r7c«///. 
 
 novata novo, \, to renew. 
 
 21. denique conj. , injine. 
 
 iugulatu.-^ iugulo, \,to.^lay. 
 
 22. glacio , glacies, -ei, f., Jcr. 
 
 23. con.suluit consulo, consul ui, consultum, 3, to take thought. 
 
 Or. //.. 5 
 
62 ovid: heroides, 1. 
 
 23. casto casins, -a, -x\m, pure. 
 
 aequus aequus, -a, -um {level, fair), propitious, 
 
 24. sospite sospes, -itis, safe. 
 
 25. Argolici AigoWcViS, -a, -win, of A rgulis. 
 
 faniaiit fumo, \,to smohe. 
 
 2(». barbara ImvhaxMn, -a, -\\m, of tlic iarharlan, 
 
 '11. grata gratus, -a, -um, (//v/fc/w^. 
 
 salyis salvus, -a, -um, kej)t safe, 
 
 29. miiantur miror, 1, to marvel. 
 
 trepidae trcpidus, -a, -um, /;r<;wWt«/7. 
 
 30. pendet pendeo, pependi, 2, fo //art/7. 
 
 31. posita pono, posui, positum, 'i, fo set hcfore. 
 
 32. pingit pmgo, i>'mx\, pictnm/S, to /Mint, sJ^etoh. 
 
 exiguo exignvis, -a, -um. little. 
 
 mero merum, -i, n., ^rine. 
 
 3i. regia regia, -ae, f . , 2>alace. 
 
 celsa celsus, -a, -uni, Iqfti/. 
 
 33. tendebat tendo, ktendi, tentuni aud tensum, 3 (to 
 
 stretch), to pitch one's tent. 
 
 36. lacer lacer, -era. -erum, mangled. 
 
 admissos admitto, admisi, admissum. 3, fc» Zp^ 170. 
 
 38. rettulerat lefero, rettuli, relatum, refcrrc, to relate. 
 
 guato gnatus, -i, m,, son. 
 
 31). cacsos caedo, cecidi, caesura, 3, /o s'rt//. 
 
 40. proditns prodo, prodidi, proditum, 3, to betray. 
 
 dolo dolus, -i, m., treachery. 
 
 41. ausus audeo, ausus, 2, to have courage. 
 
 oblite obliviscor, oblitus, 3, to forget. 
 
 42. taiigerc tango, tetigi, tactum, 3 {to touch), to meddle 
 
 icith: 
 
 43. tot adj. indecl., 5() w««y. 
 
 mactare macto, 1, to slay. 
 
 adiutus adiuvo, adiuvi, adiutum, 1, to aid. 
 
 44. cautus cantus, -a, -nm, cautious. 
 
 45. micuere mice, micui, 1 {to flash), to heave. 
 
 sinus sinus, -us, m. {fold), hosom. 
 
 46. issc (= ivisse), eo, ivi, itum. ire, to go, pass. 
 
 47. disiecta disicio, disieci, disiectum, 3, to scatter, over' 
 
 throw. 
 
 lacertis lacertus, -i, m., arm. 
 
 48. solum solum, -i, n., Sdi/. 
 
 50. dempto demo, dempsi, demptum, 3, to tahc airay. 
 
 51, diruta divno, dirm, dirntum, 3, to ovei'throiv, 
 
 53. seges seges, segC'tis, f., forw-cr^y;. 
 
 resccanda reseco, resecui, vesectum, 1, to reap. 
 
 falce falx, falcis, f ., sichle. 
 
 64. pinguis pinguis, -c./«/, (of soil) ;'/c/(. 
 
 humus humus, -i, f . , soil. 
 
 55. semiscpulta semisepultus, -a, -um, half buried. 
 
VOCABULARY. f{3 
 
 55. virum (= virorum), vir, viri, m. (man), hero. 
 
 foriuntur I'crio. jiercussi, i)ercussum, 1, to strilic. jostle. 
 
 aiatris aratruiu, i, n., jiloiujh. 
 
 .")(). occulit occulo, occului, occultum, 3, to hidet 
 
 58. lateas l&ico, 2, to lie hid. 
 
 5!). inippim puppis, -is, f. («f/'/vi.), Zir/;'/,'. 
 
 r>2. notata noto, \ {to mark), to 2>en. 
 
 68. votis yoiwxQ, -\,i\,,2)ra)ier. 
 
 levis lovis, -e (Jight),Jiclilr. 
 
 (19. tantum adv., onJij. 
 
 70. querela (luerela, -ae, f.,^>Zai«/. 
 
 71. (lemens AcvaQns, (XemQniis, distravffht. 
 
 72. area M'ea, -a.c,i. {area), field. 
 
 7.3. aequor aequor, -oris, n., t/(e ^fe/y;. 
 
 76. peregriuo peresfrinus, -^, -\xm, alien. 
 
 77. forsitan adv., haphj. 
 
 rustica vusticus, -a, -um, country-bred, 
 
 78. lanas lana, -ae, f., leool. 
 
 rudes rudis, -c, unrefined. 
 
 79. crimen crimen, -inis, n., charge, 
 
 vauescat vanesco, 3, to ranixh. 
 
 80. liber liber, -era, -erum,//vr. 
 
 82. increp it increpo, increpui, increpitum, 1, to ehidp, 
 
 usque ndv., ever. 
 
 So. pietate pictas, -atis, f., diiteoun affection. 
 
 pudicis pudicus, -a, -um, 7n^r/t'.*^. 
 
 SG. frangitur frango, fregi, fractiim, 3 {to hrcah), to move. 
 
 temperat tempero, 1, to curb. 
 
 %%. luxuriosa luxuriosus, -a, -um, icanton. 
 
 proci procus, -i, m., suitor. 
 
 89. aula aula, -ae, f., /ia?Z. 
 
 90. viscera viscus, -eris, n. {flesh), heart. 
 
 dilacciantur ... dilacero, 1 {to tear), to squander. 
 
 93. referara refero, rcttuli, relatum, referrc, )*() ^t'Z/ a/". 
 
 9-i. partis pario, peperi, partum, 3 (/o^.»?w/kc('), ft> .«7«/». 
 
 alls alo, alui. alitum or altum, 3, to feed, maintain, 
 
 9."). actor actor, actoris, m., /(i"?W.i'wa«.. 
 
 97. inbelles inbcUis, -c, unfit to fight. 
 
 99. insidias insidiac, -aiiira, f., treachery. 
 
 ademptus adimo, ademi, ademptnm, 3, to take aioay. 
 
 100. invitis invitus. -a, -um, unwilling. 
 
 101. ordine ordo, -inis, m., o/vZr;-; ordinc, duly. 
 
 102. conpriniat conprimo, conpressi, conpressum, 3, <o cZo»e M/>. 
 
 103. boum bos, bovis, m., o.r. 
 
 longaova longaevus, -a, -um, aged. 
 
 101. inmundae inmundu.«, -a, -um, «?((Z (i/4. 
 
 harae hara, -ae, f., sfy. 
 
 107. modo adv. {only), but. 
 
 108. tucuda tucor, 2, to guard. 
 
()4 OVID : HEROICES, 
 
 110. citius adv., comi>a.v. oicito, quickly. 
 
 ara ava, •SiC,t. (altar'), sanctuari/. 
 
 112. artes ais, aYtis,L, 1)1. acawipUsh/ncnt^^. 
 
 113. lumina lumen, luminis, n. (light), cijc. 
 
 condas condo. condidi, conditum, 3 (to put toi/ct/icr), 
 
 to close. 
 
 Hi. sustinct sustineo, sustiiiui, sustentuin, 2, to bear up 
 
 against. 
 
 116. protinus a&Y.,forthwUk. 
 
 anus anus, -us, f ., old woman. 
 
 V. 
 
 3. pegasis pegasis, -idis, f., a fountain ni/mj?h, 
 
 4. laesa laedo, laesi, laesum, 3, to injure. 
 
 5. votis votum, -i, n., vow. 
 
 6. crimen crimen, -inis, n., charge, indictment. 
 
 obest obsum, obfui. obesse, to he in the icay, 
 
 10. edita edo, edidi, editum, 3, to pid forth. 
 
 11. Priamitles Priamides, ae, m.. son of Priam. 
 
 12. nubere nubo, nupsi, nuptum, 3, to hccome a bride. 
 
 13. tecti ... tego, texi, tectum, 3, to screen, 
 
 11. foliis folium, -i, n., leaf. 
 
 herba \\c\ha, -ae,i., grass. 
 
 15. stramen stramen, -inis. n., s^raiw. 
 
 feno ,. tcrvava, •\,n.,haij. 
 
 16. defensa defendo, defendi, defensum, 3, to heep off, 
 
 pruina pruina, -ae, f../;v)s^ 
 
 casa casa, -ae, f., hut, cot. 
 
 17. saltus ^altyxs, -Zxs, va.., looodland. 
 
 18. catulos catulus, -i, m., ?rZ'("7^;. 
 
 fera fera, -ae, f., ivild beast. 
 
 It), retia rete, -is, n., net. 
 
 maculis macula, -ac, f. (.'ij}ot), knot (in a net). 
 
 distincta distinguo, distinxi, distinctum, 3, to adorn, star. 
 
 tetcndi tendo, tetendi, tensum or tcntum, 3, to sj)read. 
 
 20. cites citus, -a, -\im, qnick ; p-P-p. of cieo, civi, citum, 
 
 2, to urge. 
 iuga iugum, -i, n. (yolie), ridge. 
 
 21. fagi fagus, -i, f., JffcA. 
 
 22. falce falx, falcis, f., sickle. 
 
 24, titulos titulus, -i, m. (inscription), monument. 
 
 25. populus populus, -i, f., j'7()/;?«?', 
 
 consita consero, consevi, consitum, 3 (to sow), to set. 
 
 rivo rivus, -i, m., stream, course. 
 
 28. rugose rugosus, -a, -um. irrinkled. 
 
 certicc cortex, -icis, m.. bark. 
 
 21). spirare spiro, 1 (to breathe), to live, 
 
 31. lymphae Ijmiiha, -ae, i., zvater. 
 
VOCABULARY. 65 
 
 37. micucrc niico, miciii, 1 {to jUi.'ih). to throh. 
 
 cuciiri'it c'lUTO, cucurri, cuisum, '^, to run, 
 
 40. longaevos luiigaevus, -a, -uni, afji'd. 
 
 constitit constat, 1, /< /.s- rt<//'(7Y/. 
 
 i 1 . abies abics, -C'tis, f ., pine. 
 
 sectac seco, secui, sect mil, \, to cut, hew, 
 
 trabes trabs, -is, f., beam, 
 
 42, ccmtas cero, 1 {to jvii.r'), to canlli. 
 
 43. flesti (= flevisti), ileo, flevi, flctum, 2, to irrrp. 
 
 saltim adv., at least. 
 
 40. macstus macstus, -a, -uiii, .sr?';7)/r/'(//. 
 
 47. viiicitur viiicio, vhixi, vinctiini, 4 (/o hiiul), to elasj), 
 
 vitibus vitis, -is, f., r(«('. 
 
 ulmns ulmus, -i, f., ^//w. 
 
 4S. nexa nccto, nexui, nexum, 3, to tirine, 
 
 49. querercrc queror, questiis, 3, to lavieiit, 
 
 52. quam adv., hoir. 
 
 53. nialo nialus, -i, m., mast. 
 
 r)4. eriita eruo, erui, eriitam, 3, to turn vp, churn. 
 
 canet caneo, 2, to be white. 
 
 55. prosequur proscquor, prosecutus, 3, fc/I'/ZoiO?^;. 
 
 56. umet umeo, 2, to be wet. 
 
 GO. paelicc i^aalex, -ids, t, paramour. 
 
 61. nativa mxtivus, -a, -nm, nritural. 
 
 63. carinae carina, -ae, f. {heel), ah ip. 
 
 65. f ulsit f ulgeo, f ulsi, 2, to gh ine. 
 
 (')('<. cultus cultus, -us, ra., drcuK. 
 
 68. genas gcna, -ae, f., r/i«'Z'. 
 
 69. fnriosa turiosus, -a, -um, /w«rf. 
 
 70. gremio gremiiim, -i, u., J<is(/w. 
 
 71. planxi jilango, plauxi, planctiuii, ^, to beat, 
 
 72. madidas madidus, -a, -uni, Jtv/. 
 
 rigentc I'igeo, 2, to be rigid, uinjieldiiKj. 
 
 73. nlulatibus ulvilatus, -us, m., hoielinij, leailinij. 
 
 76. intulit infero, intuli, illatuni, iuforre, f« /;r««/7 ?/^(»». 
 
 77. couveniuut convenio, conveiii, conventum, 4, ^' .y^/f, ^^/ra-si?. 
 
 79. armenta armentum, -1, n. ,_^ocA\ 
 
 .^1. legia regia, -ae, i., palace. 
 
 tangit tango, tetigi, tactum, 3, to toueh, more, 
 
 83. nyniphae nympha, -ae, f., ni/mph. 
 
 84. dissimulaml.T ... (\\Asimi\lo, l {to ili.s-semble'), to di;<oien. 
 
 85. matrona iiiatrona, -ae, f., wv/c. 
 
 87. faginca fagineus, -a, -um, a/ J^'f^"/*. 
 
 88. purpurco \mv]n\TC\is, -a, -xim {jmrple), Jiiu(jhj. 
 
 90. ultrices ultiix, -Tcis, ?V'«^^;/'«/. 
 
 advoliit adveho, advexi, advectum, 3, to enrri/ to. 
 
 91. Tyndaris lywXdLVis, -\d\9, f., daughter of Tipidareun, 
 
 infestis infestus, -a, -um, ho.<ttile. 
 
 reposcitur reposco, 3, to seek bach. 
 
C)C) OVID : HEROIDES, V. 
 
 95. gravis gravis, -e (iccighty), grave. 
 
 OG. inagistra inagistra, -ae, f., teacher. 
 
 07. rudimeutimi ... vwiWmaniwm, .\,T\.,beghiiiiiiri. 
 !)9. sapias sapio, sapivi, 3, to he wise. 
 
 101. minor minor, -ns (less), youngei: 
 
 temerati temero, 1, to outrage. 
 
 102. externo c^tevnvi?,, -a, -wxa, of a stranger. 
 
 lOi. pudicitia .. \)\n\\c\t\?i, -a,<i,i., modestg. 
 
 deperit depereo, deperii, deperire, ^o 7^/'?'/.s'7( icJioUg. 
 
 lOt?. viduo \idnus, -a, -urn, w'ulowed, hi/ieJg. 
 
 107. certo CQitns, -a, -nm (sure), sftncl/ast, 
 
 1(9. suci sucus, -i, m., ,9<7j». 
 
 110. arida aridus, -a, -um, ^^ry. 
 
 111. arista arista, -ae, f . , ear of corn. 
 
 112. assiduis assiduus, -a, -um, f()«^/«?/(WS, 
 
 nsta uro, nssi, nstum, 3, to hum, roast. 
 
 riget rigeo, 2, to be hard. 
 
 113. recolo recolo, recolui, recultum, 3, to rememhcr. 
 
 germana germana, -ac, f . , .lister. 
 
 114. diffusis ... diflfundo, diii'udi, diffusum, 3, to dishevel. 
 
 vaticinata Yaticinor, I, to foretell. 
 
 115. hareuae ... harena, -ae, f., .^flHr/. 
 
 110. bubus bos, bovis, m., <)». 
 
 aras arc, 1, to j^lovgh. 
 
 117. iuvenca iuvenca, -ae, f., Zi^/A ;'. 
 
 119. obscenam obscenus, -a, -um, ominous, eiirsed. 
 
 demergite demergo, demersi, demersum, 3, to sinli. 
 
 121. famulae famula, -ae, f., ^awr/wrti/Z. 
 
 122. flaventcs flaxeo, 2, to be yellow. 
 
 diriguerc dirigesco, dirigui, 3. to grow stiff, stand on end. 
 
 121. saltus saltus, -lis, m., (/Za^/f. 
 
 125. quamvis adv., however, as much as gon n-ill. 
 
 126. socios socius, -a, -um, of ma rriage. 
 
 hospite hospes, -itis, c, guest. 
 
 129. cupido cupidus, -?i, -um, eager. 
 
 130. conpereri.u conperio, conperi. cunpcrtum, 4, to find out. 
 
 131. licet conj.,though. 
 
 veles velo, I, to sci-een. 
 
 1 81. legibus lex, legis, f . (Jaio), terms. 
 
 1 36. proterva protcrvns, -a, -um, jvanfon. 
 
 137. cornigerani corniger, -era, -ernm, horned. 
 
 praeciuctns . . . praecingo, praecinxi, praecinctum. 3, to wreathe. 
 
 1 38. tumet tumeo, 2, to swell, tower. 
 
 iugis iugum, -i, n. (gohe), ridge. 
 
 139. luunitor munitor, -oris, m. {fortifier), hui'der. 
 
 147. radix radix, -Icis, f., root. 
 
 medendi medeor, 2, to heal. 
 
 149. mcdicabilis ... medicahilis, -e, to be heah d. 
 
 1.50. dcficior deficio, defeci, defectum, 3, to leave, desert. 
 
VOC.VnULARY. 67 
 
 IT)!, ropcrtor rcpcrtor, -oris, m., discoverer. 
 
 paviisse pasco, pavi, pastuni, 3, to feed, tend. 
 
 152. fertur fero, tuli, latum, ferre {to hear), to rf'j>in-t. 
 
 saucius saiicius, -a, -um, icounded, 
 
 153. graminibus gramcii, -iuis, n., herb. 
 
 XII. 
 
 1. vacavi vaco, 1, to hare leisure, 
 
 3, dispcnsaiit {\\^^Qnso,\,to paij out, 
 
 4. fusos fusus, -i, m., xp indie. 
 
 evoluisse cvolvo, evolvi, ovolutain, 3, to roll out. reel off. 
 
 7. iuvenalibus iuvt-nalis, -e, youtlifid, li/xfi/. 
 
 laceitis lacertus, -i, m., nrm. 
 
 8. Pelias Klias, -adis, i., from Mf. I'elioii. 
 
 !). Magnetida Magnetis, -idis, f., of Jfajticsia. 
 
 Argo Argo, -us, f., the s/tip Arf/o. 
 
 10. Phasiacain rha,sia,c\i% -a, -um, of the ricer Phasi^^ 
 
 bibistis bibo, hihi, 3, to drinh. 
 
 11. flavi flavus, -a, -um, i/el!oa\ 
 
 capilli caiiillus, -i, m., hair. 
 
 12. decor decor, -oris, m., heantij. 
 
 gratia gratia, -ae, f., charm. 
 
 Hcta Jingo, finxi, fictura, 3, ^(j /^'f//«. 
 
 13. harenas harcua, -ae, f., .fand. 
 
 14. attulerat aft'ero, attuli, allatum, afferre, /o Zir/w/? ^ff. 
 
 15. anhelatos anhelo, l,to j>ant. 
 
 praemcdiratus ... praemedicatus, -a, -uni, anointed prrriiushj. 
 
 It), immemor immemor, -oris, vnnnndful. 
 
 usta uro, ussi, ustum, 3, to hum (trans.). 
 
 17. totidem nd]., as many. 
 
 sevisset sero, sevi, satum, 3, to sow. 
 
 20. dempta demo, dempsi, doinptum, 3, to take from, 
 
 21. exprobrare cxiirobro, I, to fiin^ in, the teeth. 
 
 23. inespertam inexpertus, -a, -um, ?/?^^/•^Vr/. 
 
 24. iutrasti (= intravisti), intro, 1, to come into. 
 
 beata beatus, -a, -um {happy), leealthy. 
 
 25. nupta nupta, -ae, f., bride. 
 
 27. bimarcm hiuxSiris, •c,heticee)itico seas, 
 
 tenus prep., as far as. 
 
 iiivosa nivosus. -a, -um, «?io?«y. 
 
 28. plaga plaga, -ae, f., n'/y/c//. 
 
 iaeva laevus, -a, -um, on the left. 
 
 29. ho.spitio hospitium, -i, n., /(('s/;(Yrt/(7//. 
 
 30. pictos pingo, pinxi, pictum, 3 {to paint), to em. 
 
 hroider. 
 
 32. ruina ruina, -ae, f., downfall, hreahinr/. 
 
 33. arsi ardco, arsi, arsum, 2, ^<? J«?7t (iiitrans ). 
 
 34. taeda taeda, -ae, f., ^)?rA, 
 
nS OVID : IIEEOIDES, XIT. 
 
 35. formosus formosus, -a, -mn, handsmnc. 
 
 36, abstuleraut anfcro, aiiferrc, abbtuli, ablatum, aufeire (Jo 
 
 carry off), to captivate. 
 lumina lumen, -iiiis, n. (Jii/ht), eye. 
 
 38. eminet emineo, 2, to stand fortli. 
 
 indicio indicium, -\,n., siijn, sijmj'toin. 
 
 prodita .. prodo, prodidi, proditum, 3, tohetray. 
 
 39. lex lex, \egis,t. {law), condition. 
 
 40. vomere vomer, -eris, m., phuiyJishare. 
 
 colla collum, -i, n., necJ,'. 
 
 42. spiritus spiritus, -us, ni., biratJt. 
 
 43. aere aes, aeris, n.. bronze. 
 
 praetenta praetendo, praetendi, praetentum, 3, to stretch 
 
 over. 
 naribus naris, -is, f . , nostril. 
 
 44. adflatus adflatus, -us, m., breath. 
 
 45. genitura gigno, genui, genitum, 3, fo Zi?'m///(r>?'^7t. 
 
 iuberis iubeo, iussi, iussum, 2, to lid. 
 
 46. devota devoveo, devovi, devotum, 2, jfe ^A'cw. 
 
 48. agricolae agricola, -ae, m., husbandman. 
 
 messis .. vacsiia, -is, t., harvest. 
 
 macsti maestus, -a, -um, sad. 
 
 consurgitis consurgo, consurrexi, consurrectum, 3, to rise, 
 
 escrit desero, deserui, desertum, 3, to leave. 
 
 toios torus, -i, m., couch. 
 
 53. dotale ... dotalis, -e. ^mvi /;« <^()u'e/-. 
 
 ho. prosequor prosequor, prosecutus, 3, tofolloio on the way. 
 
 57. male ... adv., badly, sore. 
 
 saiicia saucius, -a, -um, tcounded, smitten. 
 
 58. acta ago, egl, actnm, '3 (to drive), ta pass (im\e). 
 
 59. nefandae neiandns, -a, -um, nnspeal-aJde, /earful. 
 
 60. pervigil pervigil, -is, ever-icaltrful. 
 
 62. mane n., indecl., w;o?-«. 
 
 63. aversa ... . averto, averti, aversum, 3, /o r/wrt. 
 
 67. piceis picea, -ae, f., the jiitch-j/ine. 
 
 ilicis ilex, ilicis, f., holm-oak. 
 
 68. radiis radius, -i, m., beam. 
 
 69. delubra delubrum, -i, n., s/(;'/«^. 
 
 70. barbarica barbaricus, -a, -iim, barbarian. 
 
 71. exciderunt excldo, es.cidi,'i, to 2)ass (from memory). 
 
 72. orsus ordior, orsus, 4, to begin. 
 
 73. arbitrium arbitrium, -i, n., decision. 
 
 74. tradidit trado, tradidi, tradituni, 3, to hand over. 
 
 75. sat (= saA'is), ndw, enough. 
 
 potestas potestas, -atis, f ., power. 
 
 77. levamen . levamen, -inis, n., seZr/w. 
 
 78. numen numen, -inis, n., godhead. 
 
 79. tiiplicis triplex, -icis, triple. 
 
 arcana arcanua, -a. -um, wy.9f/<?. 
 
VOCAnULARY. fiO 
 
 S2, nicritis ..-. mcritiim, -i, ii., //'"''' ';/'''''^- 
 
 83. dcdigiKUu di'dignor, \, to i/i.si/u/n. 
 
 S-t. mcos me.ns, -a, -mn, on )iii/ siilr. 
 
 Ho. tenues ... tenuis, -e, t/t in. 
 
 vanescat vanesco, 3, to vanish. 
 
 87. conscia conscius, -!\, -um (privi/ io), wit )ii'ss. 
 
 maritis nianius, -a, -nm, of mtirriiiz/r. 
 
 W. simplicis s\m]i\cx, -ids, simjiJi: 
 
 91. ars uxs, ariifijf., siibtliti/. 
 
 i>3. aeripedcR ncY[\)es, -itcdis, //r(i}t:c-Iioiifit7. • 
 
 inadusto inadustus, -a, -um, unscorehrd. 
 
 94. iiisso iubeo, iussi, iussura, 2, ^(1 <»?Y/(a'/t 
 
 findis findo, fidi, fissuiu, 3, to cJrti n; 
 
 9."). venenatis veneuo, 1, to ciurnoDi. 
 
 9(5. scuta scutum, -i, \)., sliicld. 
 
 97. medicamiua ... medicameu, -iuis, n., cliarm. 
 
 98. subitos mhitus, -a, -\\m, sudden, nnc-xpntng. 
 
 99. terrigcnae {eTxi^iHna, -ac, earth-horn. 
 
 f acinus f acinus, -oris, n. {deed), crime. 
 
 100. strictas stringo, strinxi, strictum, 3, ^o r7rrt?f'. 
 
 conseruerc consero, conserui, conseitum, 3, to join. 
 
 101. insopor \i\9O\)0v, sleepless. 
 
 squauiis squama, •&c,i., seale. 
 
 crepitantibus... crepito, 1, to erackle, rustle. 
 honens horreo, 2, to hristle. 
 
 102. sibilat sibilo, 1, to hiss. 
 
 torto ... torqueo, torsi, tortum, 2, to ttrist, vrithe. 
 
 verrit verro, verri, vcrsum, 3, ^y iftrr^;. 
 
 lOi. gemini peminus, -a, -um, fa-j'H. 
 
 distinct distinco, 2, ^» r/iCiV?£?. 
 
 105. denique ndy., at hcsf. 
 
 107. flammea flammeus, -a, -\im,ftami)i{/. 
 
 subduxi subduco, subduxi, subductum, d, to draw ojK 
 
 medicato medico, 1, to druf/. 
 
 108. vellora vellus, -eris, n., /r^^r. 
 
 109. genitor genitor, -oris, m.. father. 
 
 111. latronis latro, -onis, m. {roljher), free-lance. 
 
 112. cara carus, -a, -um, c/rar. 
 
 113. germane germanus, -i, m., hrnther. 
 
 114. deficit deficio, dcfcci, defectum, 3, to default, fail. 
 
 116. dilaceranda ... dilacero, 1, to tear asunder. 
 
 117. extimui extimesco, cxtiniui, 3, /f;/<'ar. 
 
 119. numcn nnvaGix, -m\s,\i., divine pmrev. 
 
 subtamus subeo, subii, subitum, sul>ire, to meet. 
 
 121. compresses comprimo, compressi, compressum, 3, to squeeze, 
 
 catch. 
 elisissent elido, elisi, clisum, 3 (to dash out), to crush. 
 
 122. adhaerereiit ... adhaereo, adhaesi, r.dhaesum, 2, to cling to, 
 
 123. rapax rapax, -acis, ^?rr</^. 
 
70 OVID : HEROIDES, XII. 
 
 125. vomit Yomo, vomui, vomitum, 3, to roniit, emit. 
 
 resorbet resorbeo, 2, to drink in again. 
 
 127. sospes sospes, -itis, in safety. 
 
 Haemonias Haemonius, -a, -um, of Thessaly, 
 
 128. lana \vii\a,, -2iQ,i.,inool, fleece. 
 
 129. pietate pietas, -atis, f.,./(7/aZ Zow. 
 
 132. totiens adv., so ofteti. 
 
 nocens nocens, -ntis, c, a sinner. 
 
 1 33. sua suns, -a, -um (/( /a-). Jj^f '^'fJ- 
 
 134. Aesouia Acsoninfi, -a, -nm, of Aeson. 
 
 cede cedo, cessi, cessum, 3. to give place, depart. 
 
 137. cantatus canto, 1, /o r/(«?(/. 
 
 138. lampades lampas, -adis, f., /('?r7(. 
 
 micant mico, micui, 1, to gleam. 
 
 139. tibia tibia, -ac, f.,_flufc. 
 
 socialia socialis, -c, of marriage. 
 
 140. flebiliora flebilior, -us, compar. of flebilis, -e, movrnful. 
 
 tuba tuba, -ae, f., clarion. 
 
 141. adhuc adv., so far. 
 
 143. ruunt ruo, mi, rutum, 3, ^o jv/x/.! (>?*. 
 
 144. quo adv. ,l)y how mvch, in proportion as, 
 
 145. diversi diversus, -a, ■•am, turning away. 
 
 tegebant tego, texi, tectum, 3, to cover, hide. 
 
 1 4 8 . t amquam ad v. , rt .v ?/ 
 
 150. limina limen, -inis, n., f/nr.y/foZrf. 
 
 foris foris, -is, f., door. 
 
 151. pompam pompa, -ae, f.,7Jro^^.«.«o«. 
 
 152. adiunctos adiungo, adiunxi, adiunctum, 3, /o 7(rt'/v/c.<f.s. 
 
 153. protinus adv., sfraighticay. 
 
 abscissa abscindo, abscidi, abscissum. 3, to tear. 
 
 planxi plango, plauxi, planctum, 3, to smite. 
 
 155. agmina agmen, -inis, n., Zmf. 
 
 156. serta sertum, -i, u., ^rtrZ«/ir7. 
 
 compositis compono, composui, compositum, 3, to order, 
 
 arrutige. 
 
 demere demo, dempsi, demptum, 3, to talie au-ay, 
 
 icrcst. 
 
 157. laniata lanio, 1, fo ;'<'(7?-. 
 
 158. inicercm iiiicio, inieci, inicctum, 3, to lay upon. 
 
 KiO. infcrias iaieriac, -avum, f., projritiatory offering. 
 
 umbrae umbra, -ac, f., shade. 
 
 163. igitur con]., so then. 
 
 164. perdomuisse ... perdomo, perdomui, perdomitum, 1. to tame 
 
 master. 
 
 165. repuli repello, repuli, rcpulsum, 3, to turn aside. 
 
 medicatibus ... mcdicatus, -us, m.. charm. 
 
 166. valeo valeo, valui, 2, to he aide. 
 
 1()8. potentis potens, -ntis, ?»////////. 
 
 agunt ago, egi, actum, 3, to act, avail. 
 
VOC'ABL'LARY. 71 
 
 169. vigilantnr vigilo, 1, to he awake, to j}ass (time) in wake- 
 
 fulness. 
 
 aniavac amarus, -a, -uni, hitter. 
 
 171'. tcncr tcner, -era, -erum, gentle. 
 
 171. sopire Ropio, i, to lidl to sleejj. 
 
 draconcni draco, -onis, m., draffoii. 
 
 173. jiaelex paelex, -icis, f., y;(//-rt///()«r. 
 
 artus art us, -fis, m., //«(/'. 
 
 17t!. iniustis IniustuH, -n, -nm (iinji(st),v n J,- ii/d, 
 
 amibus auris, -is, f., ear. 
 
 177. crimina crimen, -inis,n., c/uirge, insvlt. 
 
 thigas fingo, finxi, tictiim, 3, to fashion, coin. 
 
 17S. vitii.s \\tmra, -\,w.,fititlt. 
 
 179. sublimis sul)limis, -e, on Jiit/li. 
 
 ostro oainim, -i, }\., jjurjflr. 
 
 180. adusta aduro, .adussi, adustuiii, 3, to set on fire. 
 
 181. sucus swcvLS, -\,r\\., juice. 
 
 veneni venenum, -i, n., jwison. 
 
 1S2. imiltus innltus, -a, -nm {nnavenijed), u/ic/iaxfised. 
 
 1S;{. praeconliu piaecordia, -drum, n., //^-a;'^. 
 
 1S4. minora minor, -u>^, too little, too hiinible. 
 
 180. moror nioror, 1, to dehnj, hesitate. 
 
 procubuisse .., procumbo, proculjui, procul)itum, 3, to fall be- 
 fore. 
 
 1S7. respicc respicio, respexi, respoctum, 3, ^o loolt haek on, 
 
 think of. 
 188. partus partus, -us, m., ojhjjrin;/. 
 
 noverca novcvcn, -ac, f., stej)-)ii(>t her. 
 
 190. quotiens couj., as often as. 
 
 lumina lumen, -inis, n. (^lit/Jit), eye. 
 
 madent madeo, 2, to he moist. 
 
 191. superos siiperi, -ovum, m.. the god-i ahore. 
 
 avitae avitus, -a, -urn, (fa grandfather. 
 
 192. pignora pignus, oris, n., ^v/c^///^. 
 
 198. redde roddo, reddidi, redditum, 3, /(^ r//;»(" hack. 
 
 t'Tum torus, -i, m. (eoneh), marriage rights. 
 
 19t. fidem fides, -ei, f., faith, truth. 
 
 196. quiescat quiesco, quievi, quictum, 3, to become quiet, be 
 
 lulled. 
 
 ope (ops), opis, r., Z/^'/^;. 
 
 198. pariter adv., in like irise. 
 
 19.1. dos dos, dotis, f., dower. 
 
 numeravimus... numero, 1, to count. 
 
 200. vcllus vellus, -eris, n., /?rf^s. 
 
 arandus aro, I, to plough. 
 
 201. aries aries, ariCtis, m., ram, 
 
 villo vidus, -i, m., nwol. 
 
 201. spectabilis f^pectuhilis, -e, seeri afar. 
 
 203. sospes sospes, -itis, ««/«;, 
 
72 OVID : HEROIDES, XII. 
 
 20i. improbe improbus, -a, -um, hnavisli. 
 
 confer confero, contuli, collatum, conferrc, ti> cmn- 
 
 jjcire. 
 205. potentis poteiis, -ntis, ??«/(/// fy, 
 
 207. cquidem conj., of a truth. 
 
 actutum iidY., xperdily. 
 
 praedicere praedico, praedixi, pracdictum, 3, to foretell. 
 
 208. attinet attiiieo, attinui, attentum, 2, to ])i^'rtain,2^rofit. 
 
 partiirit parturio, 4, to be in labour. 
 
 209. quo adv., n^hithrr. 
 
 pigebit Ytiget, pignit, 2, it maJtes soi-ry. 
 
 210. consuluisse consulo, consului, consultum, 3. fo take thought, 
 
 211. versat \g.vb\\ {to turn), to agitate. 
 
TKST QUEtSTlONS ON HEKOIDES I., V., XU. 
 
 ON EPI8TLE T, 
 
 1. Tnuislate : — I., 83—^38, H;ic ib:il ... illc milii. 
 
 2. Translate: — I., 51 — 58, Diruta ... licet. 
 
 3. Translate : — I., 67 — 7(). Utilius ... potes. 
 
 4. Translate : — I., 95 — lUO, Irus egeus ... Pyloii. 
 
 5. Translate : — I., 103 — 110, Hac faciunt ... r r.i tuis ! 
 (i. Translate:—!.. Ill — 116, Est tibi ... anus. 
 
 7. Parse the following forms, giving the principal parts of tlic verbs 
 from which they come : — occulit, tssc, oblitc, hissasxet, (lempto. 
 
 8. Give the meaning of the following words and phrases: — 
 ((?) lentus ; (jb) pendula tela ; (t-) micarc ; (jl) crimen ; (c) pietas. 
 
 9. Give the meaning of the following words and phrases: — 
 (a) lumina condere ; (Jj) inmundae cura fidclis harac ; ('•) pecoris 
 actor edendi. 
 
 10. Explain the allusions in the following :— (tf) Sigeia tcllus ; 
 (i) Acacidcs ; (f) hie lacer admissos terruit Hector equos ; {d) Lycia 
 hasta; (<?) anti(iui Neleia Nestoris arva ; (/) ausus cs . . . tot simul 
 mactare viros. adiutus ab uno. 
 
74 OVID : HEROIDES. 
 
 11. Define the position of Ismarus, Lycia, Pylos, Same, Bigeutti, 
 Simois, Zacyntlios. 
 
 12. Explain the following allusions : — 
 
 («) Menoetiaden falsis cecidisse sub armis. 
 
 (b) Sanguine Tlepolemus Lyciam tepefecerat hastam. 
 (r) Dictus es Ismariis isse per agmen equis. 
 
 [ Tou are not to send uj} a translation of the above,'} 
 
 13. Translate, adding any explanations that may be necessary : — 
 
 (fi) Grata ferunt nymphae pro salvis dona maritis. 
 {/)} lamque aliquis posita monstrat fera proelia mensa 
 Pingit et exiguo Pergama tota mero. 
 
 (c) Viscera nostra, tuae dilacerantur oiies. 
 
 14. Explain the case-usages of the words in italics in the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 (a") Diruta sunt aliis, uni mihi Peigama rcstant. 
 
 (h) lUe miJii de te nmlta rogatus abit, 
 
 (f) Misinius et SjMirfen. 
 
 (r/) Neve, revertendl liber, abesse velis. 
 
 15. Write short notes on the words in italics : — 
 
 [F"« are not asJ/cd/or a translation.'] 
 
 (a) Die per insidias paene est miJti nuper ademptus. 
 (h) Vix Priamus tatiti totaque Troia fuit. 
 
 l(j. Translate the following lines, and explain precisely the reason 
 for the use of the subjunctive mood in each case : — 
 
 (a) Increpet usque licet I tua sum, tua dlcar oportet. 
 (J) Telemacho veniet, vivat modo, fortior aetas. 
 
 17. Cumment on any grammatical peculiarities in the following, 
 ichioh are not to be translated : — 
 
 (a) Virquc mihi dempto fine carendus abest. 
 (fi) Nee mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis. 
 
 18. Explain the following uses of the infinitive : — 
 
 (a) Nee mihi quaerenti spat\osa.mfallere noctom 
 
 Lassasset viduas pendula tela manus. 
 
 (b) Omnia namque tuo senior, tc quaerere misso, 
 
 Kettulerat guato Nestor, at ille mihi. 
 
Test questioKs. 75 
 
 19. Annotate the italicised words in the following : — 
 
 (rt) Nil niibi rcs'crihas. 
 {_!)) Me piitcr Icaiius viduo discedcre lecto 
 Cogit. 
 
 2(1. Name and describe the metre in whicli the Ilcroides are 
 written. 
 
 ON EPISTLE V. 
 
 1. Translate :--V., l,"* — 2i, Saepe ... meos I 
 
 2. Transhite :— V., 2.j— 30, Populus ... aqua. 
 
 3. Translate : — V., 37—48, Attouiti ... meo. 
 
 ■1. Translate : — V., .51 — GO, Oscula ... blanda fui 
 
 5. Translate :— v., 81—86, Xou ego .. manus. 
 
 II. Translate : — ^^. 107-112, Feli.x Andromache ... rigct. 
 
 7. Translate : — V.. 110 155, Jle miseram ... puellac ! 
 
 8. K.xplain the meaning of the following phrases :^('f) viridea 
 Nereides ; (b) sumptis decentior arniis Minerva; (c) pegasis Oenone ; 
 (</) et legor Oenone falce uotata tua ; {e) moles nativa ; (/) minor 
 Atrides ; (ff) dissimulanda mirus. 
 
 y. Translate, adding anj' explanation that may be necessary : — 
 Descruit socios hospite capta deos. 
 
 10. Parse the following, gi\ing the principal parts : — conju'i-frim, 
 micucre, velen, pavisse, medendi. 
 
 11. Parse the following words : — vincitiu; eruta, mulu, qucnrcre, 
 diriguere, vcnatibus, flesti. 
 
 12. Give the meaning of these wonls and phrases : — («) absit reve- 
 rentia %-cro ; (Jj) rudimentnm ; (<■) retia maculis distincta ; {d) 
 ccratae rates ; (^0 Tyndaris ; (/) non profectnris litora Inibus aras; 
 (y) cana pruina. 
 
 13. Write the accusative and genitive singular of Tyndaris, 
 lUl nr, Pol ij da mas, Mcnclaos, Idr, Hector, 
 
76 OVID : HEROIDES. 
 
 14. Explain the allusions in the following passages :-' 
 
 (a) Fide conspicuus Troiae tnimitor. 
 
 (b) Ipse repertor opis vaccas pavisse Pheraeas 
 
 fertur. 
 (r) Noil ego cum Danais arma cruenta fero. 
 
 15. Account for the use of the subjunctive in the fullowing 
 passages : — 
 
 (a) Qui nunc Priamides, — absit reverentia vero — 
 
 Serviis eras. 
 
 (b) Leniter, ex merito ([uicquid patiare, ferendum est. 
 
 (c) Graia iuvenca venit, quae te patriamque domumque 
 
 Perdat. 
 ('I) Quae si sit Danais reddenda, vel Hectora fratrem 
 Vel cum Deiphobo Polydamanta roga. 
 
 16. "Write grammatical notes on the words in italics : — 
 
 (a) Et flesti et nostros \idisti ff cut is ocellos. 
 
 (h) Dum )ii(>ro)', in summa fulsit 7nlhi. purpura prora. 
 
 (f) Et mihi per fluctus impetus irr fuit. 
 
 17. Comment briefly on the grammar of the words in italics : — 
 
 (a) Deficior prudens arils ab arte mea. 
 
 (b) Caput pinu praecinctus acuta. 
 
 (c) Eadix mcdendi utilis. 
 
 (rf) Et tua, quod superest temporis, esse precor, 
 
 18. Mark the quantity of the doubtful vowels in canet, comis, 
 jrriiina, rudbnentnm, and point out any case in which the quantity 
 atfucts the meaning. 
 
 ID. Write grammatical notes on the following : — 
 
 («) Sunt mihi. quas possint sceptra decere, maniis. 
 (/y) Quae totiens rapta est, praebuit ipsa rapi. 
 
 I'O. Write grammatical notes on the following : — 
 
 (a) Votis ergo meis, alii rediture, redisti. 
 
 (ft) Sic Hclene doleat, desertaque coniuge ploret. 
 
 (c) lUam , . . nescio quis Theseus abstulit, 
 
 •1\. Write brief notes on the following : — 
 
 («) Nunc tibi conveniunt, quae tc per aperta Sfijiiioitur 
 
 Acquora. 
 (Zi) Ista Mycenaea littera facta mauu. 
 
TEST QUESTIONS. 77 
 
 ON EPISTLE XII. 
 
 1. Translate :— Xll., 13—22, Aut scmcl ... I'cram. 
 
 2. Translate:— XII., 30— IS, Uicitiir ... suo. 
 
 3. Translate :— XII., 67 — 72, Est nemus ... loqiii, 
 
 4. Translate: — XJI., 95 — 102, Arva ... verrit huraum. 
 .5. Translate :— XII., 133—112, Ausus es ... frigus crat. 
 
 6. Translate :— XII., 119—158, Cum clamore ... manus. 
 
 7. Translate :— XII., 205-210, Quod vivis ... viro. 
 
 8. Tiauslate the following passages : — 
 
 ('t) Noscis, an exciderunt mecum loca 1 
 
 (f)) 8cd mihi tarn facilcs mule meosquc deos ? 
 
 (r) ]\Iuuus in exilio quodlibet esse tuli. 
 
 (rZ) Vidi etiam lacrimas ; an et ars est fraudis in ill is 1 
 
 9. Explain the allusions in the following : — 
 
 (rt) I'hrixeam petiit Pelias arbor ovcm. 
 
 (b) I lie Ephyren bimarem ... tenet. 
 (f) I'hasiaca aqua. 
 
 [JVo credit loUl he given for a mere trandation.'] 
 
 10. Parse these words : — vellera, conseruerc, orsus, vomere, picei'', 
 elisiisenf, miserere, Pelias, Pcliae. 
 
 11. Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases : — 
 (a) terrigenae fratres ; (h) mensaque purpurcos deserit alta toros ; 
 (c) Symplegades ; (rf) inferiae ; {e) actutum ; (/) sucus vcneni ; 
 (g) praecordia ferrca ; (A) Trinacria aqua. 
 
 12. Give the meaning of the following words and phrases : — 
 (a) pompa ; (i) pcrvigil anguis ; (r) regnum dotalc ; (rl) laniare ; 
 (e) strictas conserore manus; (/) Haemoniae urbes ; (jr) Si-syphiae 
 opes. 
 
 13. Explain the allusions in the following passages; — 
 
 (a) At non te fugiens sine me, germane, reliqui. 
 
 (i) Quaeque vomet tolidcm fluctus totidemque resorbet. 
 
 (c) Quid referam Peliae natas piotate nocentes ? 
 {d) Per superos oro, per avitae lumina tiammae. 
 
 Ov. H* tJ 
 
78 OVID : HEROIDES. 
 
 14. What do you know of the following ?— Symplegades, Scylla, 
 Tiinacria, Aesonides, Colcki. 
 
 15. Explain the case-usages of the words in italics :— 
 
 (a) Aere pedes solid i. 
 
 (5) Dempta forent capiti quam mala multa meo ! 
 
 (<■) At tibi Colchorum — memini — regina vacavi. 
 
 16. Annotate the following words and phrases : — (o) Ponti plaga 
 laeva ; (&) tauri plus quam per cornua saevi ; (f) isset. 
 
 17. Comment on the grammar of the words in italics : — 
 
 (rt) Nunc tibi sum pauper. 
 
 {b) Tidi etiam lacrimas ; an et ars est fraudis in illis? 
 
 (f) Quid enim post ilia timcrein 1 
 
 Id) Hinc inihi, mater, abi. 
 
 18. Write grammatical notes on the following : — 
 
 (rt) Disiecta comas. 
 
 lb) Semiua iecisset, totidem sevisset et hostes I 
 (r) Pro quo sum totiens esse coacta nocens. 
 (<7) iusto desunt sua verba dolori ! 
 
INDEX OF PEOPER NAMES. 
 
 Achivi, -orum or -um, m. : the Achivi or Achaei were one of the 
 chief tribes of Greece at the time of the Trojan War. Hence tlie 
 adj. Achivus, -a, -um, is used for " Grecian " (i. 21), 
 
 Aeeta or Aeetes, -ae, m. : father of Medea and king of Colchis. 
 See Ep. XII.. Pkeface (xii. 29, 51). 
 
 Antilochus, -i, m. : son of Nestor, king of I'yios (i. 15). 
 
 Apollo, -inis, ra. : god of the sun, of medicine, and of music. 
 When banished by Jupiter he kept the flocks of Laoraedon, king of 
 Troy, and at another time the herds of Admetus (v. 151). In i. 67 he 
 is called Phoebus. 
 
 Argo, -lis, f. : the ship Argo. See Ep. XII., Preface, 
 
 Argolis, -idis, f . : an important division ef Peloponnesus, on the 
 eastern coast. Its chief towns were Argos and Mycenae. Hence 
 adj. Argolicus, -a, -um (i, 2.")), 
 
 Colchi, -orum, m. : the people of Colchis, which was the legendary 
 name for the region about the south-east corner of the Black Sea, on 
 either side of the river Phasis, It was the kingdom of Medea's father, 
 and the scene of the stories connected with the carrying ofiE of the 
 Golden Fleece, See Ep. XII., Preface, 
 
 Credn, -ntis, m. : king of Corinth and father of Creusa, the second 
 wife of Jason (xii. 54). See Ep. XII., Preface. 
 
 Creusa, -ae, f. : the daughter of Creon, king of Corinth, wlio 
 married Jason after his desertion of Jlcdea (xii. 58). See Ep. XII., 
 Preface. 
 
 D. 
 
 Danai, -um or -orum, m. : a name for the Greeks of Argolis, also 
 applied to the Greeks generally. It is said to be derived from 
 Danaus, an early king of Argos. Hence adj. Danaus, -a, -um (i. 3, 
 etc.). 
 
80 OVID : HEROIDES. 
 
 Diana, -ae, f. : goddess of the Moon, and sister of Apollo. See the 
 note on xii. 79. 
 
 Dolon, -onis, m. : a Trojan who was sent to act as a spy upon the 
 movements of tlie Greeks. He was seized in the camp by Ulysses 
 and Diomedes and put to death (i. 39). 
 
 B. 
 
 Ephyre, es, f. (afterwards better known as Corinthus, -i, f .) : the 
 city of Corinth. From its position between two seas it is styled 
 hlmaris (xii. 27). 
 
 Hector, -oris, m. : eldest and bravest of the sons of Priam, king 
 of Troy. All the time that Achilles refused to fight. Hector inflicted 
 severe losses on the Greeks, but was at length met and slain by 
 Achilles, in revenge for his having himself slain Patroclus, Achilles' 
 bosom friend. Achilles, to glut his hate, tied Hector's corpse behind 
 his war-chariot, and so dragged it all round the walls of Troy (i. 36). 
 Hence adj. Hectoreus, -a, -um (i. 14). 
 
 Heciiba, -ae, f. : wife of Priam, and queen of Troy (v. 84). 
 
 Helene, -ae, f. : Helen, daughter of Tyndareus and wife of 
 Menelaus, king of Sparta. Her abduction br<iui;ht about the Trojan 
 War. See Ep. V., Preface. She is the Tyndaris (-idis) of v. 91, 
 and the Lacaena (-ae) of v. 99, being a native of Laconia (^.r. 
 Lacedaemon). 
 
 lason, -onis, m. : see Ep. XII., Preface. 
 
 Ida, -ae, and Ide, -es, f. : the lofty mountain of the Troad, over- 
 hanging the town of Troy from the southern and south-eastern sides. 
 It was covered with pine-woods, abounded in streams, and was the 
 scene of the famous Judgment of Paris (Ep. V., Preface). 
 
 irus, -i, m. : an insolent beggar, who made the palace of Ulysses 
 his headquarters, and ingratiated himself with the suitors. When 
 Ulysses at last returned he entered the palace disguised as a beggar, 
 and was at once attacked by Irus. In the tight which ensued Irus 
 was easily worsted and expelled (i. 9o). 
 
 IHno, -onis, f. : wife of Jupiter. She vied with Venus and Minerva 
 for the prize for beauty, and when disappointed by the Judgment of 
 I'aris, she turned her hatred upon the Trojans at large. It was she 
 who persecuted Aeneas through the years of his wandering, and 
 caused him to land at Carthage. Under the title of Pronuba she 
 was the special patroness of lawful and propitious marriages. 
 
INDEX OF PllOPER NAMES. 81 
 
 T,. 
 
 Lacfidaemon, -onis, f. : the older name for the district of which 
 Sparta (Sparte, i. 05) was the capital, comprising the valley of the 
 river Eiuvtas iu the south of I'elopomn'sus, the central portion of the 
 later Laconia. It was the legendary capital of 5Ienclaus, Helen's 
 husband (i. ."). 
 
 Laertes, -ae, m. : the father of Ulysses (i. 0^, lOo, 113). Sec 
 
 Ep. I., I'liEFACK. 
 
 Ljfcia, -ae, f. : a district in the south-west of Asia Minor. Its 
 king, Sarpodon, aided the Trojans against the Greeks, and slew 
 Tlepolemus, king of Rhodes (i. 111). Hence adj. Lycius, -a, -um. 
 
 M. 
 
 Medea, -ae, f. : see Ep. XII., Preface. 
 
 Melanthius, -i, ni. : the keeper of the goats of Ulysses. He abetted 
 the suitors who threatened to consume all Ulysses' substance in the 
 latter's absence (i. 95), 
 
 Menelaus, -i, m. : younger son of Atreus (mi/ior Atrides, v. 101), 
 king of Sparta and husband of Helen. See Ep. V., Preface. 
 
 Minerva, -ae, f. : the goddess of wisdom and arts. She was one of 
 the three who presented themselves before Paris to hear his decision 
 as to which was fairest of them (v. 36). 
 
 Mycenae, -arum, f. : a city of Ar;_-olis, the liomc of Agamemnon, 
 Hence adj. Mycenaeus, -a, -um, and Mycenis, -idis (f.). 
 
 N. 
 
 Nestor, -oris, m. : king of Pylos. He was the oldest and wisest of 
 the Greek host at Troy, and to him Telemachus went to ask for news 
 of his father Ulysses. He was son of Neleus (adj. Nelv'ius, -a, -um), 
 whence his country is called NeU'ia arra (i. G3). 
 
 O. 
 
 Oenone, es, f. : see En. V., Preface. 
 
 P. 
 
 Paris, idis, m. : also called Alexander (-dri). See Ep. V., 
 Preface. 
 
 Patroclus, -i, m. : the friend and comrade nf Achilles. He was 
 the son of !Menoetius, and is hence styled Menoetiades (-aa) in i. 17. 
 His death at the hands of Hector {q.r.) was the occasion of Achilles' 
 return to the fight. 
 
82 OVID : HEROIDES. 
 
 Penelope, -es, f. : see Ep. I., Preface. 
 
 Pergama, -orum, n. : properly the citadel of Troy, but often used 
 as a name for Troy generally. Hence adj. Pergameus, -a, -um, 
 Trojan, 
 
 Pherae, -arum, f . : a town of Thessaly. Apollo is said to have kept 
 the herds of Admetus, king of Pherae. Hence adj. Pheraeus, -a, -um 
 (v. 151). 
 
 Phrygia, -ae, f. : the name, in historical times, of a large portion 
 of north-western Asia Minor, including the Troad, or land of Troy. 
 Hence the name is frequently used as equivalent to Troas, and the 
 adjective Phrygius, -a, -um, as equivalent to " Trojan." 
 
 Pontus, -i, m. : the Pontus Euxinus or Black Sea. In its south- 
 east corner lay the home of Medea, Colchis ; to the north and north- 
 west lay Scythia (xii. 27) ; and at its entrance, ofi the Dardanelles, 
 stood the mythical SymplegSdls (q.iK). 
 
 Priamus, -i, m. : king of Troy, and father of Hector and Paris 
 (i. 34). 
 
 Pyios, -i, f. : the city and country of Nestor (q.v.). There was in 
 historical times a Pylos on the western coast of Peloponnesus, in 
 Messenia (now A'ararinoy, this, however, was probably not the 
 Pylos of Nestor (i. 63). 
 
 R. 
 
 Rhesus, -i, m. : a prince of the tribes of Thrace, who came to the 
 aid of Troy against the Greeks. There was a prophecy that, if his 
 steeds should once drink of the waters of Simois and Xanthus, the 
 streams of Troy, the town would never be taken. To prevent this, 
 Ulysses and Diomedos entered the camp of the Thracians on the very 
 night of their arrival, slew Pihesus while asleep, and carried ofiE his 
 horses (i. 39). 
 
 S. 
 
 Scylla, -ae, f. : the personification of a dangerous rock upon the 
 Italian shore of the Htraits of Messina. She was represented as 
 having the figure of a woman as far as the waist, and the tail of a 
 fish, while her waist was girdled with wolves or savage dogs (cani' 
 hii.s, xii. 123). Upon the opposite shore was the equally dangerous 
 whirlpool of Charybdis, (-idis). described by Homer as thrice daily 
 sucking down the waves, and thrice vomiting them up again 
 Qvomit . . . resorbct, xii. 125). 
 
 Sigeum, -i, n. : the name of a promontory and town on the coast 
 of the Troad. Hence adjective Sigeius, -a, -um (i. 33). 
 
 Simois, -entis, m. : one of the two rivers of the plain of Troy, upon 
 the banks of which were fought many of the battles between Greeks 
 and Trojans (i. 33). 
 
 Sisyphus, -i, m. : a legendary king of Corinth. His guile and 
 deceitfulness were so great that he brought upon himself the special 
 
INDEX OF PUOrEU NAMES. 83 
 
 punishment of the pfods, and was doomed to pass eternity in hell in the 
 vain attempt to roll up a hill a gipantic stone, which invariably fell 
 back at the moment of success. The adjective Sisyphius, -a, -um, is 
 used in xii. 204 as ecpiivalent to " Coiinthian." 
 
 Symplegades, -um, f. : two rocky islets at the eastern entrance of 
 the Bosph^rus (Uardn /idles). According to the legend they were 
 movable, and crashed together upon whatever attempted to pass 
 between them (xii. 121). 
 
 Telemachus, -i, m. : only son of Ulysses and Penelope. During 
 the long absence of his father from Ithaca (see Ep. I., Preface) he 
 was sent by his mother to Pylos and Sparta, to seek for news of the 
 missing hero. For his loyalty to his father and mother he was hated 
 by the suitors who filled the palace, and narrowly escaped death at 
 their hands. When Ulysses at length returned, Telemachus aided 
 him to slay or expel the suitors (i. 37, 98). 
 
 Tlepolemus, -i, m. : a son of Hercules and king of Rhodes. He was 
 slain by Sarpedon, king of Lycia, when fighting on the side of the 
 other Greeks at Troy (i. li)\_ 
 
 Troia, -ae, f. : also called Ilios (f.) and Ilioa (n.), the town of Troy. 
 It lay in the extreme north-west of Asia j\Iinor, about a small hill in 
 the plain of the rivers Xanthus (or Scamander) and Simois, some 
 three miles from the fea at the western outlet of the Hellespont 
 (Straits of Gallipoli), and in the territory afterwards known as 
 Phrygia (-ae). For the legend of the cause of the Trojan war, see 
 Ep. v., Preface. The war was said to have lasted ten years, and 
 was at length ended by stratagem : the town was taken and rased, 
 and all its people slain or enslaved. 
 
 U. 
 dlixes, -is, m. : Ulysses. See Ep. I., Preface. 
 
 VSnus, -6ri8, f. : the goddess of love and beauty. She was said to 
 have sprung from the foam of the sea. She was the mother of 
 Aeneas and of the god Cupid, and it was to her that Paris gave the 
 prize for beauty. Sec Ep. V., Piif;FACE. 
 
RETURN TO the circulation desk of any 
 University of California Library 
 
 or to the 
 
 NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 BIdg. 400, Richmond Field Station 
 University of California 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 • 2-month loans may be renewed by calling 
 (510)642-6753 
 
 • 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing 
 books to NRLF 
 
 • Renewals and recharges may be made 
 4 days prior to due date 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 ^^B 2 3 2003 
 
 DUE 
 
 DEC 2 1 2004 
 
 iiUtsJECTTO RECALL 
 
 DD20 15M 4-02 
 
YB 
 
 ^07 
 
 5