1 
 
GIFT OF 
 

 WHY I REJECT 
 
 the "Helping Hand" of 
 
 Millennial Dawn 
 
 By W. C. STEVENS 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Why I Reject the "Helping Hand" 
 of Millennial Dawn 
 
 By W. C. STEVENS 
 
 Late Principal of the Missionary Institute, 
 NYACK, N. Y. 
 
 Copyright, 1915, by the Author 
 
 For Price, see Book List at the end. 
 
 M. Q. McCLINTON & CO., Printers and Publishers 
 445 Sacramento St., San Francisco, Cal. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 * 
 
 I. The Professed "Helping Hand" 7 
 
 II. "Light Now First Due" 13 
 
 III. The Russellized Bible _ 19 
 
 IV. The Doctrine of Restitution 27 
 
 V. Doctrine of the Ransom _ 36 
 
 VI. Gross Errors of This Doctrine of the 
 
 Ransom 45 
 
 VII. Immortality and Resurrection _ 54 
 
 VIII. Other False Teachings on the Ransom 63 
 
 IX. False Doctrines of the Millennium 74 
 
 X. Mr. Russell's Pseudo-Christ 88 
 
 XI. Mr. Russell's Manifold Christ 101 
 
 XII. Christ Jesus Not a Present or a Sufficient 
 
 Redeemer -113 
 
 XIII. Arraignment of Millennial Dawn 121 
 
 
FOREWORD TO REVISED EDITION 
 
 A former, relatively small, edition of this book, 
 which was published four years ago by the Christian 
 Alliance Publishing Co., of New York City, from a 
 series of articles which the author had furnished to the 
 Christian Alliance Weekly at the urgent request of 
 its beloved Editor, A. B. Simpson, suffered the mis- 
 fortune of having the plates lost. Advantage, how- 
 ever, results from the necessity of preparing an en- 
 tirely new edition, in the way of opportunity to revise 
 the book and to secure the most helpful testimonial 
 of R. A. Torrey, the Dean of the Bible Institute of 
 Los Angeles, Cal., which will be found on a later page. 
 
 Furthermore, it is most timely and appropriate that 
 from San Francisco during the Exposition, just where 
 and when the Millennial Dawn forces, posing under 
 the screen of "The International Bible Students' As- 
 sociation," are concentrating their supreme efforts, 
 such a treatise as the present volume should be 
 promptly issued and widely circulated. The syndi- 
 cated sermons of their leader, "Pastor" C. T. Russell, 
 are being published in about fifteen hundred news- 
 papers of this and other lands, and in four languages ; 
 and daily at the present writing a two-column sermon, 
 paid for at advertising rates, is appearing, with a 
 cut of Mr. Russell, in each of the great journals of 
 San Francisco. (Two great metropolitan dailies, the 
 Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Herald, have re- 
 cently published their refusal to give any further pub- 
 
 310431 
 
licity to "Pastor" Russell's discourses not even at 
 advertising rates. This was due to a thorough in- 
 vestigation into Mr. Russell's record and methods 
 and an exposure thereof in a series of articles, similar 
 to the exposure of his business record which the 
 Brooklyn Eagle made several years ago.) This ex- 
 treme activity, begrudging no expense, is in evidence, 
 notwithstanding the long-standing prediction of Mr. 
 Russell that "some time before the end of 1914 the 
 last member of the divinely recognized Church of 
 Christ, the 'royal priesthood/ the 'body of Christ,' will 
 be glorified with the Head." The following chapters 
 will show that by this "divinely recognized Church" 
 is meant only such as follow Mr. Russell's "light." 
 It is reported that but few Dawnites departed this 
 life last year. Consequently, either Mr. Russell has 
 proved to be a false prophet or few Dawnites, himself 
 not excepted, have proved worthy of being "glorified 
 with the Head." 
 
 While the author professes to offer nothing in this 
 work attractive in subject or edifying in matter so 
 repulsive is the real essence of Millennial Dawnism 
 yet he is strongly impressed that every true-hearted 
 gospel representative, especially the ministry, should 
 gain the thorough acquaintance with the doctrine and 
 philosophy of this apostate system which this volume 
 alone affords; unless one prefers to undertake the 
 same severe task of an exhaustive first-hand investiga- 
 tion of a voluminous, ill-written, involved, illogical 
 mass of literature, embracing many extensive volumes, 
 the files of the Watch Tower covering many years, 
 
besides tracts, sermons, etc. Mere denunciation of 
 Millennial Dawn, borrowed from however high au- 
 thority, without preparation to show forth adequately 
 the grounds for such denunciation, will still leave 
 Satan free to steal away from saving truth the minds 
 and hearts of thousands of unguarded souls. Even 
 from among Dawnites themselves "Wake Up!" mes- 
 sages have for some time come forth expressing "fear 
 for the consequences of" Mr. Russell's "tampering 
 with the Word of God." It is the author's prayer 
 that this volume may be extensively circulated and 
 used to "wake up" gospel shepherds to a vigilant 
 guarding of their flocks and many private readers 
 to an intelligent rejection of what deceitfully offers 
 itself to them as a "helping hand to Bible study." 
 
 In order still more widely to disseminate warning 
 against this destructive heresy, Chapter XIII of the 
 volume, which is a summary exhibit of the findings of 
 the previous chapters, is printed in a separate tract. 
 It can not answer instead of the entire volume, but 
 it will greatly aid in extending the effect of the book. 
 
 W. C. STEVENS. 
 Oakland, Cal., March 29, 1915. 
 
PREFATORY TESTIMONIAL 
 
 I have read with considerable care WHY I RE- 
 JECT THE "HELPING HAND" OF MILLEN- 
 NIAL DAWN by W. C. Stevens. I consider it, tak- 
 ing it all in all, as the most satisfactory reply to Pastor 
 Russell and his vagaries that there is to put into the 
 hand of the every-day Christian who has been at all 
 troubled by the false teaching of Pastor Russell. 
 
 Sincerely yours, 
 
 R. A. TORREY, 
 
 Dean of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles. 
 Los Angeles, Cal, March 24, 1915. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 THE PROFESSED "HELPING HAND." 
 
 A VOLUMINOUS body of literature has appeared 
 during the last twenty-five years which, through 
 the phraseology used by its author, C. T. Russell, 
 has long been known as "Millennial Dawn" teaching. 
 This expression is employed because these writings 
 revolve about the coming millennial age. This litera- 
 ture has recently come to be issued anonymously by 
 -the "International Bible Students' Association," of 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. The main contents of these writings 
 are being published in a set of seven volumes 
 entitled "Studies in the Scriptures." They have 
 separate titles, but are all prominently designated 
 as "A Helping Hand for Bible Students." 
 
 The present writer became, for all practical pur- 
 poses, sufficiently familiar with this literature in its 
 early days, as it was deluging the Pacific Coast. He 
 detected its peculiar beguiling influence, especially 
 upon Christians of "itching ears." For the sake of 
 guarding some such that were under his pastoral 
 care, he read enough of the publications to qualify 
 himself, with full and intelligent reason, to reject it 
 all and warn the unwary and deluded ones. He has 
 had opportunity to watch the progress of this flood 
 of false doctrine over the land. In no instance has 
 
8 WHY I REJECT 
 
 it failed to appear to the writer that the spiritual 
 effect of this system of doctrine upon the credulous 
 reader is deplorable. It is, therefore, with readiness 
 that he adds an unpretentious contribution to writings 
 already given out against this heresy. 
 
 It is not proposed to enter into controversy with 
 doctrines so repugnant in their very nature and bold 
 expression that one's act would be tantamount to 
 taking a dog by the ears. It is proposed merely to 
 tell why a series of books, which comes to one almost 
 as a gift in price and in profession as "a helping 
 hand" to Bible study, is rejected. Rejected, not from 
 indifference to the Bible and its study or to the prac- 
 tical benefits to be derived only from constant and 
 deep study of all Scriptures; rejected, not merely as 
 an offer not "making good" its proffer ; but rejected 
 as a hand that defiles the pure waters of truth with 
 filth and poison. 
 
 One is the more urged to manifest by example and 
 personal reasons his rejection of such lying doctrines 
 after noting how widely this literature is diffused : 
 
 The copies now printed of the first six volumes suc- 
 cessively (in the inverse order of their appearance 
 at intervals of time) is as follows: Volume VI, en- 
 titled "The New Creation," 87,000 copies ; Volume V, 
 entitled "The Atonement Between God and Man," 
 127,000 copies; Volume IV, entitled "The Day of 
 Vengeance," 126,000 copies; Volume III, entitled 
 "Thy Kingdom Come," 929,000 copies; Volume II, 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 9 
 
 entitled "The Time is at Hand," 945,000 copies ; Vol- 
 ume I, entitled "The Divine Plan of the Ages," 4,500,- 
 000 copies.* The first volume the last in the list 
 just given an epitome of the whole system, is pub- 
 lished in fourteen languages, and it is issued in Eng- 
 lish in pamphlet form for five cents. In attractive 
 cloth binding these books are sold at thirty-five cents 
 per copy. 
 
 Were this literature a true helping hand to Bible 
 study, what untold good might the above figures 
 imply! But, if the present writer's view of the bale- 
 ful character of Mr. Russell's teachings be at all cor- 
 rect, we must believe that this literature is largely 
 responsible, along with Christian Science, Higher 
 Criticism and other heresies wearing a Scriptural pre- 
 tense, for the lamentable spiritual drift of our day. 
 
 As has been said, the first volume lays the founda- 
 tion of the doctrines which are more fully elaborated 
 in the succeeding volumes. It is well, therefore, to 
 look carefully to what is offered in this volume for 
 our help in Bible study. 
 
 The first thing to arrest our attention is, that cer- 
 tain Scriptural expressions taken in altogether pre- 
 conceived senses are used as keys with which, by a 
 purely theoretical process, to construe the whole body 
 
 *A11 these numbers, excepting the last, are five 
 years old. 
 
10 WHY I REJECT 
 
 of Scripture and to construct a "plan" which no one 
 would ever dream of reading naturally from the Bible. 
 
 This necessitates an absolute dependence of "Bible 
 Students" upon Mr. Russell's writings for their un- 
 derstanding of the Bible. Accordingly, we find in 
 the "Watch Tower," the weekly journal of the In- 
 ternational Association, a department of "Berean 
 Questions in Scripture Studies," which furnishes a 
 course of catechetical drill in regular order on each 
 volume, chapter by chapter, page by page, paragraph 
 by paragraph, point by point, in fullest detail. These 
 "Berean Lessons" are to be pursued by "all who 
 would merit the only honorary degree which the So- 
 ciety accords, viz., Verbi Dei Minister (V.D.M.), 
 which, translated into English, is Minister of the 
 Divine Word." 
 
 The extent to which Mr. Russell goes in binding 
 his followers to his own writings is shown by the 
 following quotation of his words from his journal, 
 "The Watch Tower," of September 15, 1910, page 
 298: 
 
 "If the six volumes of Scripture Studies are prac- 
 tically the Bible topically arranged, with Bible-proofs 
 given, we might not improperly name the volumes 
 the Bible in an arranged form. That is to say, they 
 are not merely comments on the Bible, but THEY 
 ARE PRACTICALLY THE BIBLE ITSELF, since 
 there is no desire to build any doctrine or thought 
 on any individual preference or on any individual wis- 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 11 
 
 dom, but to present the entire matter on the lines 
 of the Word of God. We, therefore, think it safe 
 to follow this kind of reading, this kind of instruc- 
 tion, this kind of Bible study. 
 
 "Furthermore, not only do we find that people can 
 not see the Divine Plan in studying the Bible by itself, 
 but we see, also, that if anyone lays the Scripture 
 Studies aside, even after he has used them, after he 
 has become familiar with them, after he has read 
 them for ten years if he then lays them aside and 
 ignores them and goes to the Bible alone, though 
 he has understood the Bible for ten years, our ex- 
 perience shows that within two years he goes INTO 
 DARKNESS. On the other hand, */ he had merely 
 read the Scripture Studies with their references, and 
 had not read a page of the Bible, as such, he would 
 be in the light at the end of two years, because he 
 would have the light of the Scriptures." 
 
 Let this be taken in clearly. "Scripture Studies" 
 "are practically the Bible itself." So much, for the 
 sake of duping the credulous Bible-lover. He who 
 "goes to the Bible alone" will within two years go 
 "into darkness." Whereas he who reads Scripture 
 Studies alone, without a word of the Bible directly, 
 will remain "in the light." The only light for us, 
 then, is the Russellized Bible. It follows that there 
 never was light before the Bible became Russellized. 
 
 The present writer believes he is justified in re- 
 jecting a "helping hand" which would forthwith grip 
 
12 WHY I REJECT 
 
 him in this deadly vise. As the writer "goes to the 
 Bible alone" he is quickened and enlightened and 
 blessed; the Word teaches, reproves, corrects and in- 
 structs him in righteousness; it even gives him light, 
 clear and consistent, on "the divine plan." But as 
 to "Scripture Studies," the writer found twenty-five 
 years ago that to read through one volume was a very 
 disagreeable task, unaccompanied by any light, quick- 
 ening or blessing. The wonder to him was that any- 
 one at all acquainted with God and His truth, at 
 all enlightened in the Scriptures, could fail to recoil 
 with aversion after reading a small part of the work. 
 And, the writer confesses, the present reading of 
 these volumes affords no pleasure or profit, except- 
 ing that one's testimony may keep some reader of 
 Millennial Dawn literature from being hoodwinked 
 and befogged. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 "LIGHT NOW FIRST DUE." 
 
 Mr. Russell opens his treatise with the claim which 
 runs as a refrain through the whole that the light 
 of God's Word is perceived only as it becomes due 
 from stage to stage in the course of time. He thereby 
 induces the credulous reader to be prepared for any 
 "advancing light" -which may be offered by novel in- 
 terpretation of the Word, however much in conflict 
 with all previous understanding it may be. While 
 this has a plausible side, yet it is a plea which an 
 artful interpreter can use with an untaught reader 
 to a ruinous effect. And the extent to which Mr. 
 Russell carries this principle was the first thing which 
 caused the writer to put himself on guard. Some 
 quotations will be just to the author and will make 
 the point under consideration clearer. 
 
 "It is the light from the Sun of Righteousness in 
 this dawning of the Millennial Day that reveals these 
 things as 'present truth/ now due to be appreciated 
 by the sincere the pure in heart" (Vol. I, p. 10). 
 "The truth is progressive, shining more and more 
 unto the perfect day, to those who search for it and 
 walk in the light of it, while the various creeds of 
 the various sects are fixed and stationary, and were 
 made so centuries ago." Accordingly he advises "to 
 
14 WHY I REJECT 
 
 divest our minds of all prejudice, and to remember 
 that none can know more about the plans of God 
 than He has revealed in His Word, and that it was 
 given to the meek and lowly in heart; and, as such, 
 earnestly and sincerely seeking its guidance and in- 
 struction only, we shall by its great Author be guided 
 to an understanding of it, as it becomes due to be 
 understood, by making use of the various helps di- 
 vinely provided. As an aid to this class of students, 
 this work is specially designed. It will be noticed 
 that its references are to Scripture only, except where 
 secular history may be called in to prove the fulfill- 
 ment of Scripture statements. The testimony of 
 modern theologians has been given no weight, and 
 that of the so-called Early Fathers has been omitted. 
 Many of them have testified in harmony with thoughts 
 herein expressed, but we believe it to be a common 
 failing of the present and all times for men to believe 
 certain doctrines because others did so, in whom they 
 had confidence. * * * Truth seekers should empty 
 their vessels of the muddy waters of tradition and fill 
 them at the fountain of truth God's Word." (I, 
 pp. 11, 12.) 
 
 "It is one continuous path, and the one continuous 
 and increasing light is the Divine Record, illuminating 
 as it becomes due" (p. 21). "There are special fea- 
 tures of truth constantly becoming due" (p. 24). 
 "True, we still go back to the words of the prophets 
 and apostles for all knowledge of the present and 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 15 
 
 the future; not, however, because they always under- 
 stood God's plans and purposes better than we, but 
 because God used them as His mouthpieces to com- 
 municate to us, and to all the Church throughout the 
 Christian Age, truth relative to His plans, as fast as 
 it becomes due" (p. 26). Speaking of the Book 
 of Revelation, he says: "Nor has that book ever 
 been, until now, all that its name implies an unfold- 
 ing, a revelation. So far as the early Church was 
 concerned, probably none understood any part of the 
 book. Even John, who saw the visions, was probably 
 ignorant of the significance of what he saw. He was 
 both a prophet and an apostle ; and, while as an apostle 
 he understood and taught what was then "meat in 
 due season," as a prophet he uttered things which 
 would supply "meat" in seasons future for the house- 
 hold" (p. 27). 
 
 "The length and breadth and height and depth of 
 the plan it (the Bible) unfolds, gloriously reflect the 
 divine character, hitherto but dimly comprehended, 
 but now more clearly seen in the light of the dawn- 
 ing Millennial Day" (p. 63). "By the light now due 
 to the household of faith, we discern that system and 
 order which mark the stately steppings of God through 
 the ages past" (p. 75). 
 
 Thus we are asked to brush aside everybody prior 
 to C. T. Russell and every doctrinal system prior to his, 
 and even apostles themselves as expounders of God's 
 plans, on the ground that much of darkness attaches 
 
16 WHY I REJECT 
 
 to them all, and what of light is shed by them is in- 
 cluded in and greatly enhanced by "Millennial Dawn." 
 But this reasoning is, alas, a boomerang ; what applies 
 to the past, applies to the present, and what applies 
 to Luther, applies to C. T. Russell; he will be a 
 past number tomorrow. We had better brush him 
 aside at once, lest tomorrow we be found believing 
 something behind the light then due. This very prin- 
 ciple logically closes the door to our acceptance of 
 Russell's teachings, because he is but a mortal man, 
 having his little day, after which the still "advancing 
 light" will leave this modern Lucifer in the shade. 
 In fact, he has already so outdistanced himself in 
 "advancing light" that his present teachings (not con- 
 tained in the six volumes of "Scripture Studies"), 
 stamp his earlier utterances on the most important 
 doctrines of Scripture as "gross error." The writer 
 confesses that he is contrary enough not to be in- 
 duced to swallow without sharp scrutiny the doctrine 
 of a man who pleads for its acceptance upon such 
 reasoning. 
 
 No one would question that events prophesied in 
 the Bible can be more vividly comprehended when 
 fulfilled; but prophesy is not history concealed until 
 its fulfillment, neither is it meant to be dark until it 
 catches the first rays of its impending enactment. It 
 is rather described as "a light in a dark place." John's 
 visions should be called Mystery, not Revelation, if 
 they depend upon the disclosures of Church History 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 17 
 
 for their interpretation. The Angel Gabriel said to 
 Daniel: "O Daniel, I am now come forth to make 
 thee skilful of understanding. * * * I am come 
 to tell thee. * * * Consider the matter, and un- 
 derstand the vision" (ix. 22, 23). Daniel says "he 
 instructed me." Jesus says : "Your Father Abraham 
 rejoiced to see My day ; and he saw it, and was glad" 
 (John viii. 56). Surely Mr. Russell is bold to claim 
 clearer insight into the manner of Christ's second 
 coming than the three apostles who "were eye-wit- 
 nesses of His majesty." And yet Peter declares that 
 they, with their contemporaneous fellow-believers, had 
 something better than that, namely, "the more sure 
 word of prophecy" (II Peter i. 19). 
 
 But not only does Mr. Russell claim that God's 
 explicitly predicted plans can be but meagerly under- 
 stood until some indefinite "due time" for light to 
 emerge from the passages in question, but he also 
 claims the same honor of throwing the first important 
 light upon Scriptures that pertain to the essentials 
 of spiritual experience. The same "light now first 
 due" has been reserved for him to give us in regard 
 to the new birth, consecration, moral responsibility, 
 the intermediate state, and all the rest that pertained 
 as intimately to generations long past as to us now. 
 What a pity those former generations died without 
 this "helping hand"! 
 
 But still, is it not true that we should fill our vessels 
 "at the fountain of truth God's Word?" Following 
 
18 WHY I REJECT 
 
 the introductory part of Volume I, in which the prin- 
 ciple of advancing into the latest light that is due 
 is developed, the author enters at large into the recom- 
 mendation of the body of Scripture as the inspired 
 Word of God and the sole revelation of His great 
 plans. He also emphasizes the need of distinguish- 
 ing the progress of the divine plans according to 
 defined dispensations and ages. But the fatal draw- 
 back to this otherwise admirable disquisition is, that 
 this divine revelation needs interpretation in light 
 now first due, and no one is recommended as an in- 
 terpreter but our friend, Mr. Russell. Even this were 
 not an end to all hope, did we not find at once that 
 almost every statement of the Book needs to be para- 
 phrased by this sole interpreter before its light can 
 be discerned. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 THE RUSSELLIZED BIBLE. 
 
 While brushing aside all historic statements of doc- 
 trine, in order professedly to afford us an unbiased 
 reading of the unadulterated Word, behold, our "help- 
 ing hand" forthwith assumes to put unfamiliar, arti- 
 ficial and binding meanings into key-words of the 
 Scripture, and then to paraphrase the text of Scrip- 
 ture at pleasure according to these imported meanings. 
 It is thus that for the first time, as it is claimed, the 
 Scriptures are completely, systematically and harmoni- 
 ously interpreted. 
 
 We may cite some illustrative instances of this 
 method of interpretation. By importing into key- 
 words of Scripture unsuspected meanings, the author 
 most emphatically teaches that all the dead as well 
 as the living will first enter upon probation for ever- 
 lasting life at the opening of the Millennium. By 
 preconceived construction of the meaning of these 
 key-words, he professes to make this teaching plain 
 from the whole testimony of Scripture. Every Scrip- 
 ture which may hitherto seem to have yielded nothing 
 in favor of this doctrine, even Scripture which has 
 been taken as solid proof against this doctrine, is easily- 
 made to do service in supporting it by simply para- 
 phrasing according to the keys. 
 
20 WHY I REJECT 
 
 For instance : "Jesus Christ will be 'the light which 
 lighteth every man that cometh into the world/ 'in 
 due time'" ("Watch Tower," back of front page, 
 under "To us the Scriptures clearly Teach"). That 
 is, Jesus Christ has not yet in any general sense been 
 this light to men's souls, for it will not be "due time" 
 until the Millennium, when all mankind will be resur- 
 rected to be lighted by His presence in such a way as 
 to give them their first fair opportunity to win ever- 
 lasting life. We have been accustomed to think John 
 v. 28, 29 quite plain in meaning. It reads: "Marvel 
 not at this; for the hour is coming in the which all 
 that are in the graves shall hear His voice, and shall 
 come forth ; they that have done good, unto the resur- 
 rection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the 
 resurrection of damnation." But we find that we 
 have been taking this passage in light ahead of "due 
 time." Mr. Russell gives us the "meat in due season" 
 from this passage thus : "In John v. 28, 29, a precious 
 promise for the world of a coming judgment-trial 
 for life everlasting is, by a mistranslation, turned 
 into a fearful imprecation. According to the Greek, 
 they that have done evil that have failed of divine 
 approval will come forth unto resurrection (raising 
 up to perfection) by judgments, 'stripes,' 'discipline' *' 
 (I, p. 147). That is, they that have done evil (and 
 who has not?) will come forth from death to a 
 gradual raising up under millennial light and oppor- 
 tunity to the original perfection of the un fallen Adam ; 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 21 
 
 a progress to perfection which will be promoted by 
 disciplinary judgments or dealings of God, until all 
 will be qualified to exercise a decisive moral choice 
 for themselves as to whether they will henceforth 
 behave properly under God's law. 
 
 Enough has been given to indicate how the author 
 paves the way for himself to take with "helping hand" 
 "Bible students" and lead them Whither ? Is it any 
 wonder that one hesitates to accept this hand? In- 
 deed, is it not a wonder that any are found so un- 
 wary as to have any confidence in a hand stretched 
 out in this fashion, even before it is known whither 
 it will lead? But, it will suitably conclude the present 
 chapter to quote quite freely the author's own com- 
 mendation of his work to us all. 
 
 "It will be useless to attempt to harmonize the divine 
 plan herein set forth with many previously held and 
 supposed to be Scriptural, yet not proved so. It will 
 be observed that the divine plan is complete and har- 
 monious with itself in every part, and that it is in 
 perfect harmony with the character which the Scrip- 
 tures ascribe to its great Author. It is a marvelous dis- 
 play of wisdom, justice, love and power. It carries with 
 it its own evidence of superhuman design, being be- 
 yond the power of human invention, and almost be- 
 yond the power of human comprehension. 
 
 "Doubtless questions will arise on various points 
 inquiring for solution according to the plan herein 
 
22 WHY I REJECT 
 
 presented. Careful, thoughtful Bible study will settle 
 many of these at once; and to all we can confidently 
 say, No question which you can raise need go with- 
 out answer sufficient, fully in harmony with the views 
 herein presented. Succeeding volumes will elaborate 
 the various branches of this one plan, disclosing at 
 every step that matchless harmony of which the truth 
 alone can boast. And be it known that no other 
 system of theology even claims, or has ever attempted, 
 to harmonize in itself each statement of the Bible; 
 yet nothing short of this can we claim for these views. 
 This harmony not only with the Bible, but with the 
 divine character and with sanctified common sense, 
 must have arrested the attention of the conscientious 
 reader already and filled him with awe, as well as 
 with hope and confidence. It is marvelous indeed, 
 yet just what we should expect of the TRUTH, and of 
 God's infinitely wise and beneficent plan. 
 
 "If you give diligence to the Word of God, and 
 receive its truths into a good, honest, consecrated 
 heart, it will beget in you such a love for God and 
 His plan, and such a desire to tell the good tidings, 
 to preach the Gospel, that it will become the all- 
 absorbing theme of life thereafter; and this will not 
 only separate you from the world and from many 
 nominal Christians, in spirit, but it will lead to separa- 
 tion from such entirely. They will think you peculiar 
 and separate you from their company, and you will 
 be despised and counted a fool for Christ's sake; be- 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 23 
 
 cause they know not us, even as they knew not the 
 Lord. 
 
 "Are you willing to follow on to know the Lord 
 through evil and through good report? Are you 
 willing to forsake all, to follow as He may lead you 
 by His Word? to ignore the wishes of friends, as 
 well as your own desires? It is hoped that many 
 of the consecrated ones who read this volume may 
 by it be so quickened to fresh zeal and fervency of 
 spirit, through a clearer apprehension of the divine 
 plan, that they will be able to say, 'By the grace of 
 God, I will follow on to know and serve the Lord, 
 whatever be the sacrifice involved.' Like the noble 
 Bereans (Acts xvii. n), let such studiously set them- 
 selves to prove what has been presented in the fore- 
 going pages. Prove it, not by the conflicting tradi- 
 tions and creeds of men, but by the only correct 
 and divinely authorized standard God's own Word. 
 It is to facilitate such investigation that we have cited 
 so many Scriptures" (I, pp. 347-349). 
 
 How piously plausible this reads! But, we are 
 to remember what Mr. Russell means by reading 
 diligently and following at all costs the Word of God. 
 It simply means his version of it, even to the exclusion 
 of the Bible in any direct use, as was shown in the 
 first chapter by his own words. And it means bondage 
 to a trickster, who can not be relied upon to stand 
 true to his own plausible expositions. The fact is, 
 that our "helping hand" is found to be contradicting 
 
24 WHY I REJECT 
 
 its own teachings of former years in most vital points. 
 A quantity of evidence has reached the writer's hands 
 from former prominent followers of Mr. Russell, by 
 which this serious contradiction of teaching is ex- 
 posed explicitly and in startling light. The later 
 teaching has been appearing during the last four years 
 in the periodical of Millennial Dawn teaching, the 
 "Watch Tower." Very cautiously and secretly the 
 latest issue of some of the volumes we are examining 
 has been altered here and there to harmonize with 
 the periodical mentioned. As one writes: "Mr. Rus- 
 sell has made but few changes in the books, evidently 
 fearing to do too much at once." 
 
 As to this change in teachings, so marked that one 
 formerly prominent as a follower writes : "Separation 
 has occurred in practically every country on this globe 
 because of Mr. Russell's perversions of Scripture," 
 Mr. Russell himself, with characteristic duplicity, ex- 
 plains, at one time, that the old teaching "is a part 
 of the smoke of the dark ages, which we are glad 
 now to wipe from our eyes," and, at another time, 
 that the new teaching is really the "elucidation" of 
 the old. 
 
 And yet, to quote again from a competent informant 
 from the ranks of Millennial Dawnists: "He today 
 makes the presumptuous claim of being the 'only 
 channel' of truth, the only one qualified and authorized 
 to interpret God's Word. In fact, there is such a 
 mass of evidence of his spiritual degeneracy, that the 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 25 
 
 question really is as to what to select from the abun- 
 dance of proof in order to show the digression." 
 "Nevertheless, he did not and does not hesitate to 
 consign to 'second death/ 'outer darkness,' etc., any 
 who differ with him on any matters." 
 
 It is the opinion of the present writer, that Mr. 
 Russell's claim that his present teachings are but the 
 "elucidation" of the former ones, is really truer to 
 the facts. While direct contradiction in language oc- 
 curs, yet nothing new in principle is involved. Much 
 that is now boldly asserted, which horrifies his former 
 followers "in practically every country on this globe," 
 was from the first seen by the present writer to be 
 involved in the accepted teachings, and the marvel 
 was that thousands of well-meaning people could fall 
 into such an evident pitfall of heresy. And it is our 
 opinion that there are yet other things "up his sleeve" 
 to be in "due time" evolved as the only logical con- 
 clusions of the old teachings. 
 
 Attention has been called to Mr. Russell's facility 
 in paraphrasing Scripture to suit his theories. Such 
 capricious and reckless juggling with Scripture marks 
 the new developments more than ever, and it is serving 
 to "wake up" his followers to the precipice over which 
 their leader is dangling them. The following is quoted 
 from "Wake Up! No. 3:" "Are not the 'Watch 
 Tower' readers filled with horror; are they not well 
 nigh paralyzed with fright, as they think of the altera- 
 tions that are necessary, and that are deliberately 
 
26 WHY I REJECT 
 
 made in the Words of Inspiration, in order that they 
 may be made to seem harmonious with the 'Watch 
 Tower' teachings concerning the Covenants, Mediator 
 and Sin Offering? Is not the Editor himself over- 
 whelmed with FEAR of the consequences of his tam- 
 pering with the Word of God leading the Holy Spirit, 
 instead of being led by the Spirit?" 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 THE DOCTRINE OF RESTITUTION. 
 
 The next Scriptural expression to be mentioned, 
 which Mr. Russell constantly employs as a magic key 
 to Biblical doctrine and interpretation, is the word 
 "restitution." He makes Acts 3: 21 his great proof- 
 text. This reads: . (Jesus Christ) "Whom the heaven 
 must receive until the times of restitution of all things, 
 which God hath spoken by the mouth of all His holy 
 prophets since the world began." 
 
 It is plain to see that the extent and character of 
 the restitution here spoken of is to be ascertained from 
 the prophets themselves. But Mr. Russell has already 
 claimed to have light "now due" far beyond what the 
 prophets had. He has already claimed that no one 
 ever has been able or now is able to understand the 
 divine plan of the ages from the Bible, excepting 
 by means of this Russell-light "now due." Hence, 
 Mr. Russell throws his light upon this text and de- 
 clares that all the prophets agree with it (of course, 
 as he explains them). 
 
 Accordingly, this text teaches that the Millennium 
 is to bring the restoration of all mankind and every- 
 thing earthly, from Adam and from creation down, 
 to exactly the same state as that which was lost by 
 Adam's sin. 
 
28 WHY I REJECT 
 
 The governing standpoint in all Mr. Russell's system 
 of teaching is clearly the millennial probation of the 
 race as a whole for everlasting life. We give a quota- 
 tion or two. "It is a blessed fact that free grace in 
 fullest measure, not merely for the living, but for 
 those who have died, is provided in our Father's plan 
 as the blessed opportunity of the coming age. * * * 
 Those in their graves have as much interest in that 
 glorious reign of Messiah as those who at that time 
 will be less completely under the bondage of corrup- 
 tion death. * * * We should expect blessings in 
 the Millennial age upon all those in their graves, 
 as well as upon those not in them; and of this we 
 will find abundant proof, as we look further into the 
 Lord's testimony on the subject. It is because of 
 God's plan for their release that those in the tomb are 
 called 'prisoners of hope! " 
 
 The doctrine is, that the penalty for Adam's dis- 
 obedience was death in the sense of the loss of all 
 being and human existence. This is considered a 
 penalty suited to the comparatively light offense of 
 Adam. "It is absurd to suppose that God would per- 
 petuate Adam's existence forever in torment for any 
 kind of a sin which he could commit, but especially 
 for the comparatively small offense of eating for- 
 bidden fruit" (I, p. 159). 
 
 By virtue of this penalty of extinction of being 
 pronounced upon Adam, all men descending from him 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 29 
 
 are born under sentence of extinction of being. They 
 are born dying and have simply existed in a dying 
 condition, some a little longer, some a little shorter 
 time than others. The Millennium is the time when 
 all are again to be given being, or human existence. 
 But why? 
 
 Here again we must not fail to agree with Mr. 
 Russell on the meaning of terms. "None can appre- 
 ciate this Scriptural argument who do not admit the 
 Scriptural statement that death extinction of being 
 is the wages of sin. Those who think of death as 
 life in torment, not only disregard the meaning of 
 the words death and life, which are opposites, but 
 involve themselves," etc. (I, pp. 158, 159). That 
 is, as the only meaning of death is extinction of be- 
 ing or human existence, so the only meaning of life 
 is being, or human existence. 
 
 Now, according to Mr. Russell's key to Scripture, 
 no one had immortality by creation. It is anticipating 
 a little, but it may here be said that Mr. Russell teaches 
 that, not only did not Adam have immortality of be- 
 ing by creation, but that even Jesus Christ did not 
 until His resurrection. "We learn that Jehovah, who 
 alone possessed immortality originally, has highly ex- 
 alted his Son, our Lord Jesus, to the same divine, 
 immortal nature; hence, he is now the express image 
 of the Father's person" (Heb. I. 3). So we read, 
 "As the Father hath life in Himself (God's definition 
 
30 WHY I REJECT 
 
 of 'immortality' life in himself independent, inher- 
 ent life), so hath he given to the Son to have,/*/? 
 not drawn from other sources, nor dependent on cir- 
 cumstances, but in himself (John V. 26). Since the 
 resurrection of the Lord Jesus, then, two beings are 
 immortal" (I, p. 211). 
 
 This, then, is the sense of immortality, it is "a 
 synonym for divinity" (I, p. 208). Men in general 
 are never to be immortal, having "inherent life," "an 
 exhaustless supply of life in ourselves" (I, p. 209). 
 As we shall later see, while God only has immortality 
 originally, and Jesus Christ is the only other who has 
 immortality yet and He only by virtue of His resur- 
 rection a few among men are now having oppor- 
 tunity under light "now due" to obtain as a special 
 reward this immortality, this inherent, "death-proof" 
 existence in "the divine nature and form," in which 
 they will be no longer "human beings" at all. This 
 is the "prize now offered," "the only offer of this age." 
 "With the end of the Gospel age, the narrow way 
 to immortality will close" (I, p. 213). 
 
 For what, then, is mankind in general to be given 
 existence again in the Millennium? It is to have their 
 "trial for everlasting life." With Mr. Russell ever- 
 lasting life is not a "new life from above" within a 
 living soul, received through being "born of God," 
 but it is simply the endless prolonging of human ex- 
 istence. Accordingly, Adam had existence, but it was 
 not yet determined that it should be everlasting; he 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 31 
 
 was put on trial for everlasting existence; he failed, 
 suffered extinction of human existence, and will be 
 brought into existence again at the Millennium to take 
 a new trial for everlasting human existence. But 
 Adam alone has had the chance of winning everlast- 
 ing existence. "Each does not die now for his own 
 sin, but for Adam's sin In Adam all die. * * * 
 The day in which every man (who dies) shall die 
 for his own sin only is the Millennial or Restitution 
 day" (I, p. 109). 
 
 "Our Lord teaches that the Sodomites did not have 
 full opportunity; and he guarantees them such oppor- 
 tunity" (I, p. 110). "All will sooner or later (in 
 God's 'due time') have a full opportunity to be re- 
 stored to the full standing that Adam enjoyed before 
 he sinned" (I, p. 129). "No recovery from the 
 Adamic loss is yet accomplished, though nearly two 
 thousand years have elapsed since our Lord died" (I, 
 p. 151). "If anyone chooses to call this a 'second 
 chance,' let him do so; it must certainly be Adam's 
 second chance but it will be the first individual op- 
 portunity of his descendants, who, when born, were 
 already under condemnation to death. Call it what 
 we please, the facts are the same, viz.: All were 
 sentenced to death because of Adam's disobedience, 
 and all will enjoy (in the Millennial age) a full 
 opportunity to gain everlasting life" (I, pp. 130, 131). 
 
 "We may well inquire, Why did God see fit to take 
 away these people without giving them a chance of 
 
32 WHY I REJECT 
 
 salvation through the knowledge of the only name 
 whereby they can be saved? The answer is, because 
 it was not yet their due time. In 'due time' they will 
 be awakened from death and brought to a knowledge 
 of the truth, and thus blessed together with all the 
 families of the earth, by the promised 'Seed.' They 
 will then be on trial for everlasting life" (I, p. 131). 
 To what purpose were the six thousand years of 
 successive generations of human beings, born under 
 sentence of death for another's sin, without oppor- 
 tunity of gaining everlasting life, and without ability 
 to make a successful attempt had opportunity been 
 afforded them? The answer is ready and very inter- 
 esting. 
 
 "God's plan has been to give mankind a full ap- 
 preciation of the curse, in order that when the blessing 
 comes upon all they may forever have decided upon 
 the unprofitableness of sin" (I, p. 168). "Man, by 
 reason of his present experience with sin and its bitter 
 penalty, will be fully forewarned; and when, as a 
 result of the ransom, he is granted another, an in- 
 dividual trial, under the eye and control of him who 
 so loved him as to give his life for him, and who 
 would not that any should perish, but that all should 
 turn to God and live, we may be sure that only the 
 wilfully disobedient will receive the penalty of the 
 second trial. That penalty will be the second death, 
 from which there will be no ransom, no release, be- 
 cause there will be no object for another ransom or 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 33 
 
 a further trial. All will have fully seen and tasted 
 both good and evil; and all will have witnessed and 
 experienced the goodness and love of God; all will 
 have had a full, fair, individual trial for life, under 
 most favorable conditions. More could not be asked, 
 and more will not be given. That trial will decide 
 forever who would be righteous and holy under a 
 thousand trials ; and it will determine also who would 
 be unjust and unholy and filthy still under a thousand 
 trials. The great difference will be the increased 
 knowledge. The experience with evil, contrasted with 
 the experience with good, which will accrue to each 
 during the trial of the coming age, will constitute 
 the advantage by reason of which the results of the 
 second trial will differ so widely from the results of 
 the first, and on account of which divine Wisdom 
 and Love provided the 'ransom for all/ and thus guar- 
 anteed to all the blessing of a new trial." 
 
 "The ransom given does not excuse sin in any; it 
 does not propose to count sinners as saints, and usher 
 them thus into everlasting bliss. It merely releases 
 the accepting sinner from the first condemnation and 
 its results, both direct and indirect, and places him 
 again on trial for life, in which trial his own wilful 
 obedience or wilful disobedience will decide whether 
 he may or may not have life everlasting" (I, pp. 150, 
 152). 
 
 Mr. Russell teaches that after men are given ex- 
 istence again in the Millennium and placed on trial 
 
34 WHY I REJECT 
 
 for life, they will be gradually enlightened and 
 strengthened under the favorable circumstances then 
 surrounding them, until with full light and ability, as 
 well as with every helpful inducement drawn from 
 former experience with sin and its curse and from the 
 later experience of the good and its rewards, they 
 will be prepared to make their final decision. 
 
 "The word resurrection (Greek, anastasis) signifies 
 raising up. As related to man, it signifies raising up 
 man to that condition from which he fell, to full per- 
 fection of manhood the thing lost through Adam. 
 The perfection from which our race fell is the per- 
 fection to which they will gradually rise during the 
 Millennial age of restitution or resurrection (raising 
 up). The Millennial age is not only the age of trial, 
 but also of blessing, and through resurrection or resti- 
 tution to life all that was lost is to be restored to 
 all who, when they know and have opportunity, gladly 
 obey. The process of resurrection will be a gradual 
 one, requiring the entire age for its full accomplish- 
 ment; though the mere awakening to a measure of 
 life and consciousness, as at present enjoyed, will, of 
 course, be a momentary work. Consequently, it will 
 not be until the thousand years are finished that the 
 race will have fully attained the complete measure 
 of life lost in Adam. And since anything short of 
 perfect life is a condition of partial death, it follows 
 that it would be strictly true to say that 'the rest of 
 the dead' will not live again (will not regain the 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 35 
 
 fulness of life lost) until the thousand years of resti- 
 tution and blessing are complete" (I, p. 289). 
 
 Space has been given to these quotations, in order 
 that the teachings on this subject might speak suffi- 
 ciently to their own condemnation. Beautiful they 
 may seem to the rebellious heart, encouraging it to 
 take full license, saying, "Let us eat and drink, for 
 tomorrow we die"; yet are we entirely dependent 
 upon a Russellized Bible for this shallow, easily re- 
 futed theory. Had we space to controvert it, it would, 
 as said before, be simply taking a dog by the ears, 
 as it were. But whatever may need to be said will 
 come in more properly after taking up in the next 
 chapter the important point of the "ransom" by which 
 the new trial for life is obtained for man. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 DOCTRINE OF THE RANSOM. 
 
 We will first make an exhibit of Mr. Russell's teach- 
 ing and then give corresponding quotations from him. 
 
 His foundation text from Scripture is II Tim. ii. 6 : 
 "Who gave himself a ransom for all, to be testified 
 in due time." The "due time" is arbitrarily identified 
 with the Millennium, when the fact of the ransom's 
 having been made will first be "testified," or pro- 
 claimed fully. It is claimed that this proclamation 
 must be made equally to all for whom the ransom 
 was made. He defines "ransom" as "a corresponding 
 price." By "corresponding" he means, not equivalent, 
 but identical, identical in kind, form, degree, manner, 
 indeed in every particular. This is rigidly insisted 
 upon, that the ransom is an exact duplicate, "offset" 
 to the penalty. Christ, who "gave Himself a ransom," 
 was, then, Himself the corresponding price, or exact 
 offset to what was lost. 
 
 We need to recall what was lost according to Mr. 
 Russell by Adam's sin of disobedience. A mortal 
 creature, of conditional existence, a perfect man, 
 Adam, because of an act of disobedience, lost favor 
 with God, lost his opportunity to gain by obedience 
 the reward of a perpetual continuance of his human 
 existence, lost his title to earthly dominion, and lost 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 37 
 
 his very existence by death, he suffered the "extinction 
 of being." The race of men in Adam's loins and yet 
 unborn shared necessarily in all this loss; but indi- 
 rectly so, as they have been born, not into life proper, 
 but into a dying existence, and have never had their 
 individual trial for everlasting life (existence), their 
 chance for favor with God or their opportunity for 
 human perfection and earthly dominion. 
 
 We are told that the ransom must be identically cor- 
 responding in every particular. It must be a living 
 but mortal creature, one who is man only but a per- 
 fect man, the exact duplicate of Adam, only that he 
 maintains a perfect obedience. This being, after sus- 
 taining his trial for obedience and its reward ever- 
 lasting existence in human perfection and earthly do- 
 minion must give up for Adam individually (the 
 race being indirectly included) his right to divine 
 favor, to everlasting life, to the propagation of a nat- 
 ural human seed, to the right of earthly dominion as 
 man; and he must, all there is of him, die just as 
 Adam is claimed to have died, i.e., he must undergo 
 entire extinction of being or existence. 
 
 Of course, the person required to pay this price 
 could not be found among human beings, because all 
 were either dead already or under sentence. Hence, 
 requisition was made upon the higher order of beings, 
 the spirit beings. These beings are all mortal crea- 
 tures, Mr. Russell teaches, but of higher organism 
 and nature than man. Chief among them was the Son 
 
38 WHY I REJECT 
 
 of God, Himself a creature of God, but superior in 
 rank to angels because He was the first and only 
 being directly created by the Almighty, while all other 
 creatures were created through Him. It was not 
 necessary to choose Him for man's ransom, but it 
 was eminently appropriate, because there was not only 
 great testing in prospect but a great reward, which it 
 would be more fitting should come to Him. 
 
 But not even the Son of God while a spirit being 
 could pay the ransom price, because that would be 
 no more "a corresponding price" than the blood of 
 bulls or goats. Consequently, the Son of God under- 
 went the humbling change of nature by which He for- 
 feited all higher nature and became perfectly and only 
 human, an exact duplicate of Adam in his pristine 
 human perfection. His personal existence, not merely 
 His bodily life, was mortal, capable of extinction by 
 bodily demise ; and His everlasting existence depended 
 upon His maintaining obedience where Adam failed. 
 His obedience had the exact merit which obedience 
 on Adam's part would have had, but no more. Christ 
 not only won the right to everlasting life (existence 
 in human perfection) by obedience, but passed exam- 
 ination for the title to the dominion of the earth and 
 to the fatherhood of a race of perfect human beings to 
 spring from His loins. 
 
 Having won back for Himself all that Adam lost 
 by disobedience, Christ surrendered it all as a ransom 
 price with which to obtain for Adam (and his race 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 39 
 
 inclusive) the chance to try over again under the 
 more favorable circumstances already described. That 
 Adam (and his race inclusive) might be brought back 
 into existence for this millennial trial, Christ gave 
 up His own human and earthly existence in death. 
 Suffering played no part in the ransom; the essential 
 thing was the extinction of His being to ransom Adam 
 (his race included) back from extinguished existence. 
 We must not here fail to understand our "helping 
 hand" as to what Christ gave up to death. "It took 
 all that He had to effect the purchase, and nothing 
 was left" (Vol. I, p. 455). For three days, accord- 
 ingly, the person known in his pre-human existence 
 as the Son of God, and in His earthly existence as 
 the Son of Man, was non-existent, as extinct in being 
 or existence as are now (according to Mr. Russell) 
 Adam and all the dead. 
 
 Moreover, what was laid down was never taken up 
 again. That life remains held in death, or non- 
 existence, as our perpetual ransom price due to divine 
 justice. His being as a man went out of existence 
 with his expiring body and his body has never been 
 revived, his soul has never awakened. But, as a re- 
 ward for his sacrifice for Adam and his race, God 
 brought Christ forth after three days as another be- 
 ing, not human in any sense, but a spirit being again, 
 only now first in the divine degree (not deity), i.e., 
 having immortality, made death-proof, or having "life 
 in Himself." As a further part of His reward, Christ 
 
40 WHY I REJECT 
 
 is to conduct the millennial trial of the human race, 
 to bestow everlasting life (existence) upon the finally 
 obedient and to send the finally disobedient into death 
 the second time, from which there is no return to ex- 
 istence. When He shall have led the obedient to a 
 degree where they can forever meet law and justice 
 on their own moral ability, and be competent of them- 
 selves to rule the world for God's pleasure, then Christ 
 will vacate His mediatorial character and office. 
 
 Quotations will now be given which will show this 
 summary to be true to the teachings of Mr. Russell. 
 They will leave us, however, with a desire to investi- 
 gate further these peculiar teachings on the person 
 and offices of Jesus Christ. This latter exhibit will be 
 left for further chapters. 
 
 "What our Lord did for us, what price He gave 
 on our behalf, what He surrendered, or laid down 
 in death, since it was a corresponding price, a ransom 
 for all, should correspond exactly to whatever was 
 man's penalty" (V. 441). "The thought, and the 
 only thought, contained in it is that as Adam, through 
 disobedience, forfeited his being, his soul, all his rights 
 to life and to earth, so Christ Jesus our Lord, by 
 His death, as a corresponding price, paid a full and 
 exact offset for father Adam's soul, or being, and, 
 in consequence, for all his posterity every human 
 soul who shares in his fall and in his loss" (V. 428). 
 "A substitute must be of the same nature as Adam, 
 human nature ; the substitute must be equally free from 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 41 
 
 sin, free from the curse, free from wrath; similarly 
 holy, similarly harmless, similarly separate from sin- 
 ners and from sin, similarly approved of God, as was 
 Adam before his transgression" (V. 440). "One Re- 
 deemer was quite sufficient in the plan which God 
 adopted, because only one had sinned, and only one 
 had been condemned. (Others shared in his con- 
 demnation.) If the first trial had been an individual 
 trial, and if one-half of the race had sinned and been 
 individually condemned, it would have required the 
 sacrifice of a redeemer for each condemned individual. 
 One unforfeited life could redeem one forfeited life, 
 but no more. The one perfect man, the man Christ 
 Jesus, who redeemed the fallen Adam (and our losses 
 through him), could not have been a ransom (a cor- 
 responding price) for all under any other circum- 
 stances. If we should suppose the total number of 
 human beings since Adam to be one hundred billions, 
 and that one-half of these had sinned, it would require 
 all of the fifty billions of obedient, perfect men to die 
 in order to give a ransom (a corresponding price) for 
 all the fifty billions of transgressors" (I. 133). 
 
 "Justice must, therefore, demand the life of another 
 as instead of the life of Adam, before releasing Adam 
 and his race. And if this penalty were paid, the whole 
 penalty would be paid, one sacrifice for all, even as 
 one sin involved all. The perfect Adam, the trans- 
 gressor, who was sentenced, was not an angel, nor an 
 archangel, nor a god, but a man. Strictest Justice, 
 
42 WHY I REJECT 
 
 therefore, could demand as his substitute neither more 
 nor less than one of Adam's own kind, under similar 
 conditions to his, namely, perfect, and free from con- 
 demnation. None such could be found amongst men, 
 all of whom were of the race of Adam, and therefore 
 sharers, through heredity, of his penalty and degrada- 
 tion. Hence it was that the necessity arose that one 
 from the heavenly courts, and of a spiritual nature, 
 should take upon him the human nature, and then give 
 as substitute himself, a ransom for Adam and for all 
 who lost life through him. Amongst the angels who 
 had retained their first estate and loyalty to God, no 
 doubt there might have been found many who would 
 gladly have undertaken the accomplishment of the Fa- 
 ther's will, and to have become man's ransom price; 
 but, inasmuch as our Lord Jesus was already the first, 
 the chief in the heavenly Kingdom, next to the Father, 
 the apqstle informs us that this work of redemption, 
 this privilege of executing the divine will in respect 
 to man. was given Him as a mark of special confi- 
 dence, and as a favor because of the honors which 
 according to divine law must attach to so great obedi- 
 ence, humility and self-sacrifice (Matt, xxiii. 12; James 
 iv. 10; I. Peter v. 6). With confidence in the Son 
 and desiring His attainment of the high exaltation 
 which would accrue as a result of that faithfulness, the 
 Father gave the first opportunity to him" (V. 422-4). 
 
 "As the blood of bulls and goats could never take 
 away sin, because they were of an inferior nature, so 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 43 
 
 the death of angels or archangels could never have 
 taken away Adam's sin, nor become a suitable atone- 
 ment sacrifice for him, because these were not of 
 his nature. It was man's life that had been for- 
 feited through sin, and only man's life could be 
 accepted as the redemption price, the ransom price. 
 It was for this cause that it was necessary that our 
 Lord should leave the glory of His pre-human condi- 
 tion, and humble Himself, and become a man, because 
 only by becoming a man could He give the ransom 
 price" (V. 425). "It was absolutely necessary that 
 He should be a man neither more nor less than a 
 perfect man. 'As by a man came death, by a man also 
 came the resurrection of the dead' [I Cor. xv. 21]" 
 (V. 95). Please note the wilful alterations of this 
 quotation to support the blasphemous doctrine that 
 Jesus of Nazareth was exclusively human. 
 
 "The necessary thing was surrender of His inno- 
 cent soul (being) as an offset or in exchange for a 
 guilty soul (being) whose existence was forfeited 
 through transgression. Neither was it necessary, 
 so far as the ransom feature was concerned, that 
 our Lord's person should be wounded, and his blood 
 literally shed or spilled on the ground. The penalty 
 for sin was death, the cessation of being, and when 
 that was accomplished the penalty was met" (V. 443). 
 "The man Christ Jesus laid down all that He had 
 for the redemption of the man Adam and his race, 
 a full corresponding price, a man for a man. The 
 
44 WHY I REJECT 
 
 race of Adam not having been born at the time of 
 his transgression, was not directly, but indirectly, 
 sentenced, and consequently needed not to be directly, 
 but indirectly purchased. An unborn seed in the loins 
 of the man Christ Jesus became the offset or cor- 
 responding price for the seed of Adam unborn at 
 the time of his transgression. He was put to death 
 [cessation of being] a man, but was raised [after three 
 days of absolute non-existence] a spirit being of the 
 highest order of the divine nature; having finished 
 the work for which he became a man, and having per- 
 formed the services acceptably to the Father, He was 
 raised from the dea^l to exceeding honor and dignity, 
 far above angels, principalities and powers, and every 
 name that is named. Nor could our Lord have been 
 raised from the dead a man, and yet have left with 
 Justice our ransom-price; in order to the release of 
 Adam (and his condemned race) from the sentence and 
 prison-house of death, it was necessary, not only that 
 the man Christ Jesus should die, but just as necessary 
 that the man Christ Jesus should never live again, 
 should remain dead, should remain our ransom-price 
 to all eternity. The man Jesus is dead, forever dead" 
 (V. 453, 454). 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GROSS ERRORS OF THIS DOCTRINE OF THE 
 RANSOM. 
 
 While, as has been said, we do not feel called upon 
 to conduct a refutation of Mr. Russell's system of 
 teaching, which to a candid, simple-minded Bible 
 reader plainly refutes itself, yet we do feel free to 
 give some personal reasons for rejecting such teach- 
 ings, when they are offered to us and to others so 
 insistently as a "Helping Hand to Bible Students." 
 We, therefore, subjoin some points wherein we feel 
 plainly taught of the Word of God to reject and con- 
 demn Mr. Russell's doctrine of the ransom. 
 
 I. ONE SOUL LEFT UNRANSOMED. 
 
 We cannot forbear pointing out a ludicrous over- 
 sight on Mr. Russell's part in his application of the 
 ransom. It will be remembered how urgent he is that 
 Christ as a ransom constitutes a corresponding price 
 for Adam only (his posterity not being individually 
 or directly condemned), and that one unforfeited life is 
 sufficient to ransom but one condemned soul. 
 
 But there was a second person, not of Adam's un- 
 born seed when he fell, who was equally condemned 
 for disobedience, who indeed fell first and led him to 
 
46 WHY I REJECT 
 
 his fall. That was Eve, "the mother of all living." 
 She remains, according to Russellism, unransomed. 
 And we must hold Mr. Russell accountable for it, be- 
 cause all that is necessary in all these momentous con- 
 cerns is his say-so, and it must be so, whether the 
 Bible, as we would unsophisticatedly read it, says so 
 or not. He is able to make the Bible accord with 
 "light now due." Remember, we can go two years at 
 a stretch without reading our Bibles, only reading his 
 "Studies," and we will remain "in the light" (of Mr. 
 Russell), whereas, if we neglect "Studies," we will 
 inside of two years go into darkness (fortunately lose 
 Mr. Russell as our light), no matter what light we had 
 before and no matter how diligently we may read our 
 Bibles for ourselves. 
 
 Now, how are we to account for Mr. Russell's leav- 
 ing mother Eve unransomed ? Did she not have a soul 
 to be ransomed? Was she but "an error of mortal 
 mind?" Forsooth, she was a suffragette, and Mr. 
 Russell, like Mr. Asquith, does not wish to give them 
 a "chance for everlasting life" (existence). But then, 
 if, according to Mr. Russell, restitution means return 
 at the Millennium to the same human, earthly exist- 
 ence as at the first, only under more favorable condi- 
 tions, what will Adam do in the Millennium without 
 Eve ? Can it be possible that he will find the Millen- 
 nium happier for him without Eve than Eden was 
 with her? This dark suspicion Mr. Russell has already 
 forestalled. For, in his ability to explain anything, he 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 47 
 
 has given us an explanation of Adam's falling with 
 eyes wide open to consequences, which explanation 
 precludes the idea that Adam would rather rise again 
 without Eve. "Adam, we are told, was not deceived 
 (I Tim. 2, 14), hence he must have transgressed with 
 a fuller realization of the sin, and with the penalty 
 in view, knowing certainly that he must die. We can 
 readily see what was the temptation which impelled 
 him thus recklessly to incur the pronounced penalty. 
 Bearing in mind that they were perfect beings, in the 
 mental and moral likeness of their Maker, the godlike 
 element of love was displayed with marked promi- 
 nence by the perfect man toward his beloved com- 
 panion, the perfect woman. Realizing the sin and 
 fearing Eve's death, and thus his loss (and that with- 
 out hope of recovery, for no such hope had been 
 given), Adam, in despair, recklessly concluded not to 
 live without her. Deeming his own life unhappy and 
 worthless without her companionship, he wilfully 
 shared her act of disobedience in order to share the 
 death-penalty which he probably supposed rested upon 
 her" (I, 123). 
 
 But perhaps we can divine the deep secret of Mr. 
 Russell's thought in not providing ransom for Eve. 
 Inasmuch as she, as seen above, plunged Adam to his 
 reckless act of self-destruction for love of her, feeling 
 that he would rather perish than exist without her, 
 it seems quite likely to be Mr. Russell's "light in due 
 time," that Adam would recklessly follow Eve again 
 
48 WHY I REJECT 
 
 in the Millennial trial in whatever course she chose. 
 His trial could be no more unbiased the second time 
 than the first. If she chose disobedience again and 
 went to "the second death," right along with her he 
 would go too. And would not that be a bad example 
 for millions of love-lorn sons of Adam? We all know 
 how blind love is, and are we sure that the experience 
 of evil in that direction, which men are acquiring in 
 the present, will be a security against love-madness 
 in the Millennium? It is, therefore, clear that the 
 whole age of the restitution would be in danger of 
 worse disaster than came of the first trial, if Eve were 
 ransomed and were allowed to get into the Millen- 
 nium alive again. Surely, one ought, with eyes closed 
 to all tradition, creed, private reason, Bible and all, to 
 clasp such a "helping hand" and yield oneself to be 
 blindly led whither? 
 
 2. FALSE DOCTRINE OF LIFE. 
 
 It is unscriptural to confine the term life to mere 
 existence, to confine human life to existence on the 
 earth in the human body. The Scripture guards 
 against this error, both of fact and of philosophy, in 
 its account of man's origin. 
 
 There are two chapters in the record of man's be- 
 coming "a living soul." The first is the account of his 
 creation (Gen. i. 26, 27). This presents man as a 
 being brought into existence by God's creative word, 
 out of no pre-existing substance, and in the likeness 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 49 
 
 of the invisible God. This, then, is man in invisible, 
 immaterial nature, in mental, moral and spiritual 
 nature the image of God who "is a Spirit." In Gen. 
 ii. 7 is given the account of this man's being "formed 
 of the dust of the ground." This is not his creation 
 personally, but his formation physically. The very 
 words employed in these two accounts, the words 
 "created" and "formed," are opposites in meaning, 
 and could not be applied to man's origin in one and 
 the same aspect. As has been said, "created" signifies 
 being produced out of nothing, while "formed" signi- 
 fies being constructed out of prior substance. 
 
 Man as we see him is, then, a being of dual con- 
 stitution. In created and essential constitution he 
 is a person invisible like the invisible God, spiritual 
 like God who is a Spirit. In derived constitution, in 
 material, external make-up, he is visible, corporeal, 
 adapted to life amidst visible and material creation. 
 In this dual constitution man is "a living soul." But, 
 notice, "he became a living soul." By virtue of bodily 
 formation and the breath of life in his nostrils he 
 became a living soul. But his original and essential 
 being is not as "a living soul." This is shown by the 
 prior account of his creation and by the word "became" 
 in the account of his material formation. Conse- 
 quently, man who thus "became a living soul" ceases 
 not to exist, but to be such when the breath goes 
 out of his nostrils and his material frame is dissolved 
 again into its component dust. (We are not to be un- 
 
50 WHY I REJECT 
 
 derstood as implying that man was "created" some time 
 before he was "formed" and "became a living soul," 
 but only as pointing out from Scripture that man's 
 created being does not depend upon bodily form and 
 life.) 
 
 Hence, man as "a living soul" is a being combin- 
 ing an "inward man" and an "outward man" (I Cor. 
 iv. 16). This passage shows that these two aspects 
 of man's present visible being are so distinguishable 
 as to be capable of undergoing diametrically opposite 
 experiences simultaneously. Yet it is not the case 
 of man's mere tenantry in a bodily house. There is 
 a living union between spirit and flesh, by virtue of 
 which the inward man and the outward man constitute 
 an integral personality, "a living soul." We may, 
 then, say that it is rather the case of a marvelous 
 mode and manifestation of a human being's existence. 
 It is a mode of existence, however, which can be sus- 
 pended without cessation of personal existence in any 
 original and essential respect. While Scripture frankly 
 says, "The body without the spirit is dead," yet no- 
 where is it intimated that the converse is true ; but 
 we have the strongest testimonies of Scripture to 
 the contrary. 
 
 Were we to attempt to make a complete inventory 
 of Scriptural testimonies to man's personal and con- 
 scious existence after death, we would need a consid- 
 erable volume to include all the quotations. Let a few 
 serve rather as random samples. I Cor. xv. 18; 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 51 
 
 "Then they also which are fallen asleep in Christ are 
 perished." Of course, that is just what is here de- 
 nied. Phil. i. 21 : "For me to live is Christ, and to 
 die is gain," i. e., more of Christ. Accordingly Paul 
 adds, vs. 23 : "For I am in a strait betwixt two, having 
 a desire to depart, and to be with Christ; which is 
 far better." That this means immediate, and not in- 
 definitely future, gain is evident from the next verse, 
 "Nevertheless to abide in the flesh is more needful 
 for you." If dying had been to Paul's view the inter- 
 ruption of enjoyable existence, he would have been in 
 no "strait betwixt two;" he would have preferred "to 
 abide in the flesh," especially as it was "more needful" 
 for the Philippians. Then the expression, "to abide 
 in the flesh," implies that the body was an abiding 
 place which one could vacate and take personal resi- 
 dence elsewhere. Agreeably to this, Paul expresses 
 himself in II Cor. v. 6, 8, 9. "Whilst we are at home 
 in the body, we are absent from the Lord" (i.e., "by 
 sight," vs. 7) : "We are * * * willing rather to 
 be absent from the body, and present with the Lord. 
 Wherefore we labor, that, whether present or absent, 
 we may be accepted of Him." Of course, theorists 
 deceitfully set these testimonies aside by misconstruc- 
 tions of them to suit their theories. No wonder Mr. 
 Russell prefers to have Bible students read their 
 Bibles, if at all, only by the light of his "Studies." 
 The passages already cited might be multiplied in- 
 definitely. These are sufficient for present purposes. 
 
52 WHY I REJECT 
 
 And Jesus gives us the philosophy of this right doc- 
 trine of life, when He rebukes the Sadducees for their 
 materialistic view of human existence. In Luke xx. 37, 
 38 we read: "Now that the dead are raised, even 
 Moses showed at the bush, when he calleth the Lord 
 the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the 
 God of Jacob. For He is not the God of the dead, 
 but of the living; for all live unto Him." The mean- 
 ing is easily discerned. The Sadducees denied all 
 disembodied existence. They, therefore, called man 
 "dead" after expiring physically, dead in the sense 
 of "extinction of being/' On that ground they 
 denied the possibility of resurrection. Jesus here 
 argues that God, by declaring Himself to Moses to be 
 the God of deceased patriarchs, bore testimony to their 
 uninterrupted personal existence, because He could not 
 call Himself the God of extinct beings. So Jesus con- 
 cludes, "All live," i.e., are living, "unto Him." Living, 
 personal human relations to God are uninterrupted 
 and unchanged by bodily dissolution. 
 
 3. THE FALSE DOCTRINE OF DEATH 
 
 We now come to consider Mr. Russell's false doc- 
 trine of death. He relates death only to bodily exist- 
 ence and allows no spiritual significance to the term. 
 He strenuously maintains that death as "the wages of 
 sin" has the sole meaning of "extinction of being" by 
 bodily dissolution. Accordingly, while God had de- 
 clared that Adam should die in the day he disobeyed 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 53 
 
 the commandment, yet as a matter of fact, Mr. Russell 
 says, Adam was nearly a thousand years in dying. But 
 we prefer to take the God of truth on His own state- 
 ment. Adam did die, not only on the day but at the 
 very moment he disobeyed. For he thereby cut him- 
 self off instantly in his essential personal life, his moral 
 and spiritual life, from God as his fountain of true life. 
 Life, in the Scriptural sense, does not consist with man 
 either in mere physical or even in mere personal exist- 
 ence, but in the existence in spiritual union with God. 
 As soon as man disobeyed God, he ceased to drink 
 "of the fountain of the water of life" and began to 
 draw moral and spiritual currents from the "lake of 
 fire." This latter mode of moral and spiritual exist- 
 ence the Scriptures call "death." Accordingly, "He 
 that hath the Son hath life; and he that hath not the 
 Son hath not life" (I. John v. 12). This clearly im- 
 plies that such an one is living and yet is devoid of 
 "life indeed." Many other like passages might be 
 quoted. For instance, John iii. 36: "He that be- 
 lieveth on the Son hath everlasting life: and he that 
 believeth not the Son shall not see life ; but the wrath 
 of God abideth on him." One is, then, dead and hope- 
 lessly so upon whom the wrath of God finally rests. 
 But the state of death is not one of extinction of being, 
 but of the suffering of divine wrath. This is "the 
 wages of sin." To confine the wages of sin to bodily 
 death is to ignore the primary penalty for a secondary 
 consequence. But more of this later. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 IMMORTALITY AND RESURRECTION 
 
 1. THE DENIAL OF MAN'S IMMORTALITY ANSWERED. 
 
 The truth of man's essential immortality has already 
 been implied by us. Mr. Russell attributes immortal- 
 ity to the Almighty alone, only that, since His resur- 
 rection, Jesus Christ has been given immortality as 
 a reward for his death. Mr. Russell identifies immor- 
 tality with divine nature, and places it beyond the 
 reach of all except Christ on this side of His resur- 
 rectionand the "little flock" (of Russellites to be 
 shown later). 
 
 But man's immaterial being is immortal. It is such 
 because of being created in the likeness of the im- 
 mortal God. He who created could annihilate; but 
 He has nowhere even threatened annihilation. Other- 
 wise there is no possible cessation of personal exist- 
 ence. God created man for endless existence, and He 
 has never put man on trial for everlasting life in the 
 sense of endless prolonging of mere existence. All 
 the Scriptures commonly quoted to prove human per- 
 ishability relate to man on the "outward" side. There 
 is a mortal side to fallen man, but it is only the ex- 
 ternal, the bodily side, the "clothing" that is divested 
 at natural death. 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 55 
 
 This is made clear by II Cor. 1. 1-6: "For we 
 know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were 
 dissolved, we have a building of God, an house not 
 made with hands, eternal in the heavens." Even with- 
 out going into niceties of translation, we see clearly 
 that the point here is not that of man's personal dis- 
 solution but of the dissolution of his tabernacle of 
 earthly residence ; and it is not that of his being given 
 personal existence again, but of his being given an 
 habitation again which shall not be liable to disso- 
 lution. "For in this" ("house," of the present body) 
 "we groan, earnestly desiring to be clothed upon with 
 our house which is from heaven, if so be that being 
 clothed we shall not be found naked." Here the same 
 distinction between personality and place of residence 
 is maintained, only here the "house" is also called 
 "clothing," and the idea is introduced that, although 
 we are kept "groaning" while in the present bodily 
 house, yet, in our longing for release, it is with earnest 
 desire for the final heavenly embodiment and with an 
 instinctive shrinking from being "found naked," i.e., 
 unembodied. But what difference would it make to 
 be "found naked" if there were no personality? Ex- 
 tinct beings could not be called naked, and they could 
 not experience either shame or lack of satisfaction at 
 being in such a state. "For we that are in this taber- 
 nacle do groan, being burdened ; not for that we would 
 be unclothed, but clothed upon, that mortality might 
 be swallowed up of life." The same thoughts are here 
 
56 WHY I REJECT 
 
 carried along, and the further idea is introduced of 
 our present mortality, or body now mortal, being 
 "swallowed up of life." Oh, what a prospect! How 
 the spirit of man chafes under the mortality of body ! 
 And yet at the same time, we instinctively cling to the 
 body. Now comes the assurance that our body is to 
 be made one in life with the spirit, and what is now 
 mortal of us is to be engulfed in immortality. It is 
 clear that, while man was at first "formed * * * 
 of the dust of the ground" and, hence, could be dis- 
 solved as to body into dust again, yet he was designed 
 ultimately to be "formed" anew bodily in oneness of 
 imperishable existence with his spirit. 
 
 To continue with the passage being quoted "Now 
 He that hath wrought us for the self-same thing 
 [bodily immortality] is God, who also hath given us 
 the earnest [first instalment, the foretaste, of bodily 
 immortality] of the Spirit." That is, there is for us 
 here and now a foretaste through the Spirit of coming 
 bodily immortality. How so? The answer is at hand 
 for such of us as have experienced the quickening of 
 the mortal body by the indwelling Spirit (Rom. viii. 
 2), for such of us as have experienced miraculous 
 reversal of the sentence of death in our bodies (II 
 Cor. i. 9, 10). Some of us are fully cognizant of 
 what it means physically to "have tasted * * * 
 the powers of the world to come" (Heb. vi. 5). 
 This is the real glory of "divine healing" and of "the 
 life of Jesus in our mortal flesh" (I Cor. iv. 2). 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 57 
 
 We are not attempting any extended proof of im- 
 mortality or refutation of the contrary doctrine, but 
 only to give enough of our own personal reading of 
 Scripture to show why we reject the teachings we 
 are considering as heretical, and to give enough read- 
 ing of Scripture in its original light, in preference to 
 "light now first due," to help some disingenuous one 
 to see for himself the teaching of the Word. 
 
 But we will cite one more passage, chiefly because 
 it is commonly relied upon as a strong support to the 
 doctrine of "conditional immortality." The error here, 
 as elsewhere generally, is that the passage is taken 
 only in part, and consequently the whole teaching is 
 missed. We refer to Eccles. iii. 19-21: "For that 
 which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts ; even 
 one thing befalleth them: as the one dieth, so dieth 
 the other ; yea, they have all one breath ; so that a man 
 hath no pre-eminence above a beast: for all is vanity. 
 All go unto one place; all are of the dust, and all turn 
 to dust again." Suppose the Word stopped there and 
 that we had no further testimony elsewhere in the 
 Bible. We would certainly be left to understand that 
 death ended all for man the same as for the beast, 
 that man's personality was as much wrapped up indis- 
 solubly with his physical existence as the beast's. But 
 we read further : "Who knoweth- the spirit of man 
 that goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast that 
 goeth downward to the earth?" Could it be made 
 clearer, that man is separable from his body and free 
 
58 WHY I REJECT 
 
 to continue in personal existence in original invisible 
 being, returning in personal spirit to God who gave 
 him by creation such an indestructible being? 
 
 2. ERRORS IN MR. RUSSELI/S DOCTRINE OF RESURRECTION. 
 
 The foregoing brings us right to the matter of resur- 
 rection and why we have to reject Mr. Russell again 
 most decidedly as our "helping hand." His doctrine 
 of resurrection involves both absurdity and impossi- 
 bility. It is absurd and impossible for an extinct being 
 to be resurrected. That is an axiomatic truth, intui- 
 tively perceived. It needs no argument. You can 
 awaken a sleeping person, but you cannot awaken an 
 extinct being. A beast cannot be resurrected just be- 
 cause "the spirit of the beast * * * goeth down- 
 ward to the earth." Its spirit is extinct and cannot 
 come again into body. There is nothing to come. A 
 new creature could be called into being by God, but, 
 no matter how apparently identical with the prior crea- 
 ture, there would be no sort of identity between them. 
 
 On Mr. Russell's theory of death as the extinction 
 of a man's life, there can be no renewal of his existence. 
 There is nothing to awaken. To produce a being 
 exactly alike in every way would still not be an awak- 
 ening, a resurrection, a renewed existence. It would 
 be a new creation, another being. There could be no 
 connection of personal identity, consciousness or recol- 
 lection. When Jesus raised Lazarus He called to a 
 living person to come forth again, even in his mortal 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 59 
 
 body. We also read in Luke viii. 54, 55: "And He 
 put them all out, and took her by the hand, and called, 
 saying, Maid, arise. And her spirit came again, and 
 she arose straightway." It was this spirit that Jesus 
 addressed as the "maid." It was the maid that "came 
 again" in spirit into her body and arose in that body. 
 And that body without this spirit-maid was dead, but 
 by the return of this spirit-maid it became alive again 
 and capable of arising. 
 
 But under Mr. Russell's doctrine there is no spirit 
 left, there is nothing left. Even "the man Jesus is 
 dead, forever dead." And Mr. Russell does not claim 
 that it is the same being that now lives. "It was neces- 
 sary, not only that the man Christ Jesus should die, 
 but just as necessary that the man Christ Jesus should 
 never live again, should remain dead, should remain 
 our ransom-price to all eternity." It is contrary to 
 reason as well as to Scripture that a being can be resur- 
 rected from such a state. The appearance of a being 
 in exact duplicate would carry no identification of 
 personality, there could be no identity created even by 
 God Himself. 
 
 Again, Mr. Russell's main idea of resurrection is 
 that of man's gradual development of being from the 
 present low estate to the original human perfection 
 of Adam. The restoration of all men to mere exist- 
 ence again is treated by him as comparatively trivial. 
 But Mr. Russell's theory involves two very serious 
 defects. First, what Scripture magnifies as an event, 
 
60 WHY I REJECT 
 
 sudden and momentary, namely, the awakening of the 
 dead in body again, Mr. Russell belittles, almost de- 
 spises. Secondly, what Mr. Russell makes so much 
 of, the "raising up to perfection," "requiring the en- 
 tire [Millennial] age for its full accomplishment," has 
 no warrant whatever from Scripture. 
 
 It is so evident, as we said before, that Mr. Russell's 
 theory makes resurrection both impossible and absurd, 
 that it seems scarcely worth while to argue the two 
 last objections. A few words will suffice. 
 
 Mr. Russell's doctrine makes nothing more of resur- 
 rection in its initial stage than the mere resumption of 
 existence as it was when laid aside with the expiring 
 breath. The matter of vast consequence in his eyes 
 is the further gradual "process of resurrection" by 
 which man will "gradually rise, during the Millennial 
 age." "The mere awakening to a measure of life and 
 consciousness, as at present enjoyed, will of course 
 be a momentary work" (I, p. 289). But it is just to 
 this momentary resurrection, "resurrection from the 
 dead," "resurrection of the dead," that Scripture de- 
 votes its exalted testimonies. In I Cor. xv. Paul 
 places three events in Christ's experiences in climac- 
 teric succession, His death, His burial, and His resur- 
 rection. Mind you, it is stated as His resurrection "the 
 third day according to the Scriptures," a specific point 
 of time. These three events constitute the Gospel 
 facts. Then upon Christ's resurrection, or rather upon 
 the risen Christ Himself, is made to depend the resur- 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 61 
 
 rection of all men. And their resurrection is treated 
 throughout as an event, complete at once and stu- 
 pendous, and strictly after the likeness of Christ's 
 bodily ascent out of death and the tomb. (No won- 
 der Mr. Russell minimizes and almost despises the 
 event of awakening from death, because he denies that 
 Jesus arose in body at all, or that "this same Jesus" 
 ever awoke or will awake.) After treating of the lit- 
 eral facts of Christ's resurrection, the fact of universal 
 resurrection in consequence, the order of resurrection 
 and the manner thereof, Paul concludes this classic 
 passage in words within the comprehension of the child 
 and beyond the power of the most learned to make 
 clearer even by some pretended "light now due :" 
 
 "Behold, I shew you a mystery: We shall not all 
 sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a moment, in 
 the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump : for the 
 trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised in- 
 corruptible, and we shall be changed. For this cor- 
 ruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal 
 must put on immortality. So when this corruptible 
 shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall 
 have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass 
 the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in 
 victory. O death, where is thy sting ? O grave, where 
 is thy victory?" 
 
 Now, as to the meaning Mr. Russell mainly puts 
 into resurrection, "the Millennial age of restitution or 
 resurrection (raising up)," little needs to be said, but 
 
62 WHY I REJECT 
 
 that needs to be said plainly. Mr. Russell's claim that 
 the word resurrection in the Greek admits any such 
 sense is fraudulent. There is not a Greek lexicon or 
 a respectable Greek exegete in the world, who will 
 admit that the Greek word for resurrection can pos- 
 sibly involve even remotely the idea of a prolonged 
 process, a rising in the general scale of being through 
 a thousand years subsequent to return from death. 
 We unequivocally assert that Mr. Russell practices 
 fraud as a teacher, when he palms off upon readers 
 who are ignorant of Greek such a meaning of the 
 word under consideration. 
 
 And it is purely out of such fraudulent dealing 
 with inspired words that Mr. Russell finds a shadow of 
 support for his theory of millennial "restitution or 
 resurrection." No unprejudiced reader of Scripture 
 would ever draw from its pages such an idea. It is 
 no wonder that Mr. Russell presses the necessity of 
 every Bible student's not ceasing to read "Scripture 
 Studies," even if by the year he never reads a line 
 of Scripture directly further than as referred to and 
 expounded by "Studies." No wonder he insists upon 
 laying aside all accustomed understanding of the Bible 
 for "the light now due" from his pen. No wonder 
 he asserts that no one has in the past, or can in the 
 present, understand the Bible without "Helping Hand." 
 For ourselves, we reject such "light" and such "hand," 
 and condemn it as false. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 OTHER FALSE TEACHINGS ON THE 
 RANSOM. 
 
 In bringing the objections to Mr. Russell's teach- 
 ings on the "Ransom" to a conclusion, we notice a few 
 more serious errors. 
 
 1. MR. RUSSELL'S FALSE DEFINITION OF RANSOM. 
 
 While "ransom" may be allowed to mean "a cor- 
 responding price," yet it is unwarrantable for Mr. 
 Russell to insist that "corresponding" shall mean 
 "identical in kind" instead of equivalent. He requires 
 that Christ as a ransom shall be no more, as no less, 
 than the exact human duplicate of the perfect Adam, 
 and that Christ should lay down all earthly rights and 
 all human existence in death ("extinction of being"), 
 as he claims Adam did as the penalty for sin. 
 
 This identity in kind is no necessary element of 
 ransom whatever. The necessary thing in a ransom 
 is an equivalent as determined by the one to whom 
 it is due. The Old Testament abounds in ransom- 
 types, but very seldom is the ransom-price of the iden- 
 tical kind or degree with that which is to be redeemed. 
 And even Mr. Russell forgets himself in discussing 
 the subject of "substitution," which he defines as the 
 
64 WHY I REJECT 
 
 exact synonym of "ransom." He uses this language: 
 "For instance, if we purchased a loaf of bread for a 
 piece of money, we exchange the money for the bread, 
 i.e., we substitute the money for the bread. If a 
 farmer takes a sack of wheat to the mill, and receives 
 therefor an equivalent value in flour, the wheat has 
 become a substitute for the flour, and the flour a sub- 
 stitute for the wheat. The one is a corresponding 
 price, a ransom, a substitute for the other" (V. 481). 
 Consequently, his argument that Christ as a ransom 
 must be purely a man like Adam and die his death, 
 in the sense of extinction of being, falls flat. 
 
 2. MR. RUSSELL'S FALSE LIMITATION OF THE RANSOM. 
 
 Mr. Russell claims that Jesus' sacrifice as a "cor- 
 responding price" reached no further, and could reach 
 no further, than to redeem one human life, that of 
 Adam. Adam's race being indirectly involved in the 
 penalty is allowed to be indirectly sharers in the ran- 
 som. But had any other human being as yet had a 
 separate trial and failed as Adam did, Jesus would 
 not have availed for him but another redeemer would 
 have been necessary. "If the first trial had been an 
 individual trial, and if one-half of the race had sinned 
 and been individually condemned, it would have re- 
 quired the sacrifice of a redeemer for each condemned 
 individual" (I. 133). Of course this would be the 
 case if ransom must be the same in kind and degree 
 and if Christ was nothing more than the perfect Adam. 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 65 
 
 But this limitation of Christ's sacrifice to the value 
 of one merely human being is contrary to Scripture. 
 All admit that the sacrifices of the Old Testament are 
 all typical of Christ's sacrificial work, i.e., that they 
 represent various aspects of His work and all to- 
 gether contribute to present His work in its fulness. 
 Hence Christ's death has the various applications and 
 the full value represented by all the different sacrifices. 
 
 So, there was the atonement offering, made once 
 every year. This was for all Israel together, and it 
 represented Christ as "the Lamb of God which taketh 
 away the sin of the world" (John i. 29). But notice, 
 the sacrifice was made for "the congregation of Israel" 
 and not at all just for one person as federal head 
 of the rest. Hence it teaches the value and the appli- 
 cation of Christ's death for all men, not merely indi- 
 rectly through the federal headship of Adam, but 
 directly for all the constituent members of the whole 
 race. Then, there were the daily sacrifices presented 
 by every man for himself. This represents every 
 man's right to claim the atonement in Christ's blood 
 for himself as an individual independently of other 
 men. Hence Paul speaks of "the Son of God, who 
 loved me and gave Himself for me" (Gal. ii. 20). 
 And any one of us may use the same language. Then, 
 there was the "trespass offering," making atonement, 
 not only for an individual person, but for a particular 
 offense of any individual. Accordingly we read : "If 
 any man sin," commit a particular sin, "we have an 
 
66 WHY I REJECT 
 
 advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ, the righteous: 
 and He is the propitiation for our sins : and not for 
 ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world" 
 (I John ii. 1, 2). 
 
 3. FALSE STATEMENT OF THE RESULT OF THE RANSOM. 
 
 Mr. Russell limits the result of the ransom to merely 
 releasing man from extinction of existence in order 
 that he may have a chance in the Millennium to try 
 for everlasting existence as a reward for obedience. 
 It is the old existence renewed on the old fallen plane, 
 only with a thousand-year chance of "resurrection" 
 (raising up to perfection) under more favorable con- 
 ditions than those of Adam's trial, especially as first 
 affording an individual trial for all men. There is 
 to be no new moral or spiritual nature created (re- 
 generation), no grace of imparted righteousness from 
 Jesus Christ. Man will only be kindly taught and pa- 
 tiently disciplined (judged), and gradually through 
 decades and centuries he will rise up as he avails him- 
 self of opportunity, until he develops himself into a 
 perfect likeness of Adam as he was created. Mr. Rus- 
 sell holds that full obedience will not be required until 
 man has thus become perfect. It is obedience in his 
 own ability ; and only perfect, independent ability will 
 bring full accountability. Then, when a man has be- 
 come perfect in being, knowledge and ability, he must 
 choose whether he will always behave or not. If he 
 chooses aright he will be given right to ceaseless 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 67 
 
 existence in human perfection. Otherwise, he will 
 forfeit further existence forevermore. Moreover, after 
 Christ has chaperoned mankind to the end of the Mil- 
 lennium (although not directly and visibly), He will 
 retire from further mediatorship, and will leave man- 
 kind to stand forever on its own meritorious charac- 
 ter and to rule the world in its own right, "when they 
 will be fully capable of rightly exercising the dominion 
 of earth as originally designed" (I. 247). 
 
 According to Mr. Russell there was no ransom what- 
 ever for mankind for four thousand years until Christ 
 historically died; and then it could be of no avail 
 to the dead, or even to the living who were but dying 
 and were not as yet under probation. In fact, there 
 has been no bona fide offer of everlasting life as yet. 
 "No recovery from the Adamic loss is yet accom- 
 plished, though nearly two thousand years have elapsed 
 since our Lord died" (I. 157). 
 
 How utterly untrue to Scripture is this limitation 
 of the ransom to future release from extinction and 
 this exclusion of all present availability of everlasting 
 life as a result of the ransom price paid by Jesus 
 Christ! How utterly untrue to Scripture is the claim 
 that men in general have not had light enough to 
 give them a chance of eternal life! Mr. Russell dog- 
 matizes as to what everlasting life is, as to what man 
 must do to inherit it, and as to what conditions man 
 must enjoy in order to be able to fulfil the require- 
 
68 WHY I REJECT 
 
 ments of the case. But all of these dogmas are unsup- 
 ported by the truth of God's Word. 
 
 Eternal life is not merely perfect human existence 
 endlessly prolonged ; it is the eternal God's own life. 
 It becomes man's not by a thousand years of his be- 
 ing trained up to human perfection and ability to 
 obey in his own power a perfect divine law; it is a 
 gift to man, whereby he is at once graciously enabled 
 and constrained to obey God in love. It is not of- 
 fered first for the Millennial age; but it is available 
 now and is offered to all now. "Whosoever will, let 
 him take the water of life freely" (Rev. xxii. 17). 
 'This life is in His Son. He that hath the Son hath 
 life ; and he that hath not the Son of God hath not 
 life" (I John v. 11, 12). "This [Jesus Christ] is the 
 true God, and eternal life" (I John v. 20). 
 
 Mr. Russell's Christ has no life to share with us. 
 He is only at best a spirit being ; and there is no spirit 
 being not possessed of deity (and Mr. Russell denies 
 deity to Christ, both in pre-existence and in present 
 existence) that can give us his own life. But Mr. 
 Russell makes man perfectly competent of self- 
 recovery, only give him a good "chance," a "fair 
 trial." And Mr. Russell has publicly acknowledged 
 that he has no need of Christ as a Mediator. 
 
 It would take a volume to go through the sickening 
 details of Mr. Russell's misconstruction of every Bib- 
 lical term pertaining to the results of the ransom, 
 whether present or prospective. What little result 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 69 
 
 there is at present is only "reckonedly" such, not really 
 anything. He takes away the last crumb of present 
 bounty from our Father's table, and for the future 
 offers only theoretical meritorious rewards for theo- 
 retical works of self-righteousness. 
 
 4. NO TRUE RANSOM AT ALL AS YET. 
 
 Mr. Russell really takes away all true ransom. One 
 of two things results from his doctrine. We get the 
 idea from the first volume of "Scripture Studies" that 
 the penalty of sin is death in the sense of extinc- 
 tion of being, or cessation of existence this and noth- 
 ing more than this in its simple sense. As Mr. Russell 
 puts it: "The Scriptural statement is that death 
 extinction of being is the wages of sin" (I. p. 159). 
 With this understanding, we would have to admit that 
 the full penalty of sin was met by Adam's death, 
 which, as Mr. Russell claims, was the extinction of 
 his being. God could in perfect justice, then, resur- 
 rect Adam (allowing that an extinct being can be 
 resurrected) and let him have another trial without 
 requiring any ransom. There is no ransom-price to 
 be paid. A so-called "ransom" would be a second pay- 
 ment of the same penalty. 
 
 But in the fifth volume Mr. Russell tells us that the 
 penalty consists not in being extinguished, but in for- 
 ever remaining extinct. "Had the penalty against 
 sin been merely dying had the Lord said to Adam, 
 Because of your sin you must experience the trying 
 
70 WHY I REJECT 
 
 ordeal of dying, then, indeed, the penalty would be 
 met by Adam and others in dying. But such is not the 
 penalty: the penalty is death, not dying; and death 
 is the absence of life, destruction. Hence for man 
 to pay the penalty would mean that he must stay dead, 
 devoid of life forever. Had it not been for the redemp- 
 tion, Adamic death would have been everlasting de- 
 struction. And when our Lord Jesus did become our 
 Redeemer, when He did give Himself as our ransom- 
 price, it meant to him what the original penalty would 
 have meant to us, viz., that the man Christ Jesus suf- 
 fered for us death in the most absolute sense of ever- 
 lasting destruction. Hence we know Christ no more 
 after the flesh" (V, 465, 466). 
 
 We may make one or two remarks. What is the 
 difference, pray, between extinction simple and ex- 
 tinction everlasting? Can extinction be less than final, 
 everlasting? Extinction that is not final and ever- 
 lasting is inconceivable. Anything less than final ex- 
 tinction is not extinction but suspension. But suspen- 
 sion is not death in Mr. Russell's view. Seeing, then, 
 that there is no conceivable distinction between extinc- 
 tion and everlasting extinction, there can be no dif- 
 ference between death and a complete dying. There 
 can, then, be no difference in penalty between dying 
 and death, seeing dying means with Mr. Russell "the 
 extinction of being." Adam, accordingly, paid the 
 full penalty of his sin, and ransom has no place or 
 meaning. 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 71 
 
 But, allow that extinction can be either tempor- 
 ary or everlasting, that the latter is the worse, and 
 that this is the real penalty for sin. Then the penalty 
 of sin is endless, exhaustless. We must then urge the 
 same injustice on God's part that Mr. Russell urges 
 against everlasting conscious punishment. If Adam's 
 eating the fruit was so slight a sin, as Mr. Russell 
 makes it to be, what an unjust penalty, that Adam, 
 who only ate of forbidden fruit, should pay an infinite 
 penalty, and not only he but also "forty-two billions" 
 of human beings also who did not eat ! 
 
 But passing this, and allowing all that Mr. Russell 
 claims, that an ever-continuing extinction is the penalty 
 of sin. From this he draws his blasphemous doctrine 
 (by pure reasoning, without even attempting to sup- 
 port it by Scripture), that "the man Christ Jesus is 
 dead, forever dead," left extinct forever as "our ran- 
 som-price to all eternity." Note well that it follows, 
 then, that the ransom has not been paid up and never 
 can be. As eternity can never end, His extinction 
 of being can never reach termination as a finished 
 ransom. Mr. Russell says that the element of suffer- 
 ing is not at all involved in paying the ransom price, 
 it is exclusively the extinction of being. Well, how 
 long since Christ died? Not two thousand years yet. 
 What is that to eternity? Relatively Christ has only 
 begun to pay the ransom. What is thus far paid is 
 only infinitesimal. It is a penalty which can never 
 be paid more than to an infinitesimal degree, for a 
 
72 WHY I REJECT 
 
 thousand billion years are infinitesimal in comparison 
 with eternity. 
 
 How differently Scripture speaks! Let us turn to 
 just one passage, Hebrew x. First, this idea of an un- 
 finished sacrifice, which was the nature of the old 
 Mosaic sacrifices, is contrasted with Christ's sacrifice. 
 "But in those sacrifices there is a remembrance again 
 made of sins every year. For it is not possible that 
 the blood of bulls and of goats should take away sins" 
 (vss. 3, 4). Then, the priestly service, never complete 
 because of not having a finished sacrifice to present, 
 is contrasted with Christ's effectual priesthood. "And 
 every priest standeth daily ministering and offering 
 oftentimes the same sacrifices, which can never take 
 away sins : but this man, after he had offered one sac- 
 rifice for sins forever, sat down on the right hand of 
 God; from henceforth expecting till his enemies be 
 made his footstool. For by one offering he hath per- 
 fected forever them that are sanctified. Whereof the 
 Holy Ghost also is a witness to us: for after that he 
 had said before, this is the covenant that I will make 
 with them after those days, saith the Lord, I will put 
 my laws into their hearts, and in their minds will I 
 write them ; and their sins and iniquities will I remem- 
 ber no more. Now where remission of these is, there 
 is no more offering for sin" (vss. 11-18). 
 
 This speaks as plainly as language can of a com- 
 pleted ransom; of a priestly ministry that is already 
 as effectual as it ever can be; of "this man," the 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 73 
 
 identical man that shed the blood of the ransom, as 
 now sitting "on the right hand of God" as "an high 
 priest over the house of God" (vs. 21) ; of Him as 
 "henceforth expecting [waiting] till His enemies be 
 made His footstool" (by His glorious coming as "this 
 same Jesus," Acts i. 8). 
 
 Who can blame the writer that again he rejects 
 such a treacherous "helping hand?" One's righteous 
 indignation rises to white heat, as one considers the 
 thousands of unwary souls that are confiding in this 
 false "light, now due," which is so aptly described 
 by the Apostle Jude, verse four: "For there are cer- 
 tain men, crept in unawares, who were before of old 
 ordained to this condemnation, ungodly men, turning 
 the grace of our God into lasciviousness, and deny- 
 ing the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus Christ." 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 FALSE DOCTRINES OF THE MILLENNIUM. 
 
 In this chapter Mr. Russell's false doctrines regard- 
 ing the Millennium will be presented. We will point 
 out four respects in which his teachings on this sub- 
 ject are erroneous and false, namely, as to the time, 
 the manner, the purpose and the outcome of the Mil- 
 lennium. 
 
 1. ERROR AS TO THE TIME OF THE MILLENNIUM. 
 
 Mr. Russell begins the second chapter of Volume II 
 of "Studies in the Scriptures" with these words: "In 
 this chapter we present the Bible evidence which in- 
 dicates that six thousand years from the creation of 
 Adam were complete with A.D. 1872; and hence that, 
 since 1872 A.D., we are chronologically entered upon 
 the seventh thousand or the Millennium the fore- 
 part of which, the "Day of the Lord," the "day of 
 trouble," is to witness the breaking into pieces of the 
 kingdoms of this world and the establishment of the 
 Kingdom of God under the whole heavens." This 
 "forepart" of the Millennium he makes to be a period 
 of forty years, extending till 1914 A.D. and winding 
 up "The Times of the Gentiles." "The Bible evidence 
 is clear and strong that the 'Times of the Gentiles' 
 is a period of 2520 years, from the year 606 B.C. 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 75 
 
 to and including 1914 A.D." (p. 79). Again, "In 
 view of this strong Bible evidence concerning the 
 Times of the Gentiles, we consider it an established 
 truth that the final end of the kingdoms of this world, 
 and the full establishment of the Kingdom of God, 
 will be accomplished at the end of A.D. 1914" (p. 99). 
 Throughout the six volumes of "Studies," one is 
 impressed with the fact that, without mentioning him- 
 self, Mr. Russell yet thrusts himself into the place 
 of the very focus of the religious progress of the 
 ages up to the dawning of the Millennium. It was 
 just after 1873 that he began these writings as "the 
 light now due," the light mankind had waited six 
 thousand years for, the light that alone constitutes 
 the beacon of the Millennium's opening. Referring 
 to his first volume, on "The Divine Plan of the Ages," 
 Mr. Russell naively says: "Since He [God] has 
 recently made the grand outlines of His plan so clear, 
 we may reasonably expect that His time is due to 
 lead us into a knowledge of its time features" (II, 
 p. 25). Thus he makes himself the timely and ex- 
 clusive herald of the "Millennial Dawn." 
 
 But we feel obliged to question rudely, even to 
 dispute flatly, his chronology. 
 
 To begin with, no man has been able, or now can, 
 make out with certainty the chronology from creation 
 to the present, even admitting, what the Scriptures 
 nowhere aver, that the seventh thousand of years will 
 
76 WHY I REJECT 
 
 constitute the Millennium of Revelation xx. 4, 6, 7. 
 The data for such an unmistakable chronology are 
 defective. There are some broken links in the present 
 text of Scripture. Besides, the Greek translation of 
 the Old Testament gives 1466 more years to time 
 before Christ than our Hebrew text does. And the 
 Greek translation is from Hebrew manuscripts older 
 by some centuries than those from which our Hebrew 
 text has descended. Moreover, there is strong reason 
 for believing that the Jewish copyists, from whose 
 hands our present Hebrew text has been transmitted, 
 tampered with the chronology for the purpose of prov- 
 ing that the reputed Messiah, Jesus of Nazareth, ap- 
 peared some centuries before the true Messiah, accord- 
 ing to accepted tradition, was due. Hence, to say the 
 least, it is very cool and bold to make a positive claim 
 that the Millennium is the seventh thousand of years 
 and that the Millennium began in A. D. 1873. 
 
 But it is enough to upset Mr. Russell's chronology 
 entirely, to point out the fact that he coolly post- 
 pones the reckoning fully sixty years at one point, 
 thereby bringing his Millennial date down to 1873, 
 the eve of his own debut, instead of sixty years earlier, 
 which would be the true date, even accepting all his 
 other points as correct. This discrepancy will now be 
 explained. It occurs in connection with the time-link 
 of 430 years between God's covenant with Abraham 
 and the giving of the Law to Moses (Gal. Hi. 15). 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 77 
 
 Mr. Russell makes this period begin after the death 
 of Abram's father Terah, on the basis of Stephen's 
 word in Acts vii. 4: "When his father was dead he 
 removed him into this land, wherein ye now dwell." 
 Thus Abram would at this time have been 135 years 
 old, for Terah died at 205 years of age and Abram 
 was born when Terah was seventy (Gen. xi. 26, 32). 
 But Genesis xii. 4 states that "Abram was seventy 
 and five years old when he departed out of Haran," 
 and it connects that age immediately with the Cove- 
 nant. Besides, this date is required by Exodus xii. 
 40, 41, where the entire time of "the sojourning of 
 the children of Israel," the "sojourning" in Canaan 
 as "strangers" and then in Egypt as bondsmen, is 
 said to have been just 430 years. This period falls 
 into these divisions: From the covenant with Abram 
 to Isaac's birth when Abram was 100 years old, 
 25 years ; thence to Jacob's birth, 60 years ; thence to 
 Jacob's descent into Egypt, 130 years, equalling 215 
 years (See Gen. xxi. 5, xxv. 26, xlvii. 9). The re- 
 maining time of 215 years constituted the four gen- 
 erations of Egyptian bondage (Gen. xv. 16, and Ex. 
 vi. 16-20). Furthermore, if we took Mr. Russell's 
 reckoning, it would date God's covenant with Abram 
 35 years after the birth of Isaac, the child of the 
 covenant. 
 
 This discrepancy of sixty years would not be so 
 vital, only that it spoils all of Mr. Russell's Millennial 
 calculations. We have quoted his statement that after 
 
78 WHY I REJECT 
 
 forty years from 1873 all Gentile kingdoms were to be 
 succeeded by the universal Kingdom of God on earth. 
 It would be hazardous to assert that this revolution 
 has now recently transpired. But the discrepancy 
 pointed out requires that this stupendous change 
 should have already occurred 60 years ago. Further- 
 more, Mr. Russell states that "some time before the 
 end of A.D. 1914 the last member of the divinely 
 recognized Church of Christ, the 'royal priesthood/ 
 'the body of Christ/ will be glorified with the Head; 
 becau.-.e every member is to reign with Christ, being 
 joint-heir with Him in the Kingdom, and it can not 
 be fully 'set up' without every member" (II, p. 77). 
 According to the correction made above, this departure 
 of the last member of the "divinely recognized Church 
 of Christ" should have occurred 60 years ago. And 
 how account for the fact that now, after 1914, Mr. 
 Russell and his followers are still in our midst as 
 visible mortals? 
 
 2. FALSE TEACHING AS TO THE MANNER OF THE 
 MILLENNIUM. 
 
 The more important and momentous the successive 
 stages of truth become, the more trickily and deceit- 
 fully does Mr. Russell appear to us to handle the 
 Word of truth. So here, in the matter of the reality 
 of the coming of Christ in the Kingdom of God upon 
 earth, Mr. Russell befogs everything with private 
 interpretations of the plainest statements of Scripture, 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 79 
 
 so that all meaning is made so peculiar that we are 
 wholly dependent upon him for any understanding 
 whatever. This is in accord with his own statement, 
 Vol. II, p. 142 : "There are some statements of Scrip- 
 ture with reference to the manner of the Lord's re- 
 turn and appearing which, until critically examined, 
 appear to be contradictory of each other. And no 
 doubt they have for centuries served the divine pur- 
 pose of concealing the truth until the due time for 
 it to be understood [ !] ; and even then, from all ex- 
 cept the special class of consecrated ones for whom 
 it was intended." It is thus that this seductive teacher 
 lures his credulous followers to their destruction, first 
 making them cast away the trusted direct testimony 
 of the Word, and then binding them to his beguiling 
 constructions of it. 
 
 In a word, Mr. Russell teaches as the manner of 
 the coming in and prevalence of the Millennium an 
 entire absence of the sudden and demonstrative, the 
 very features which are everywhere attributed to it 
 by the plain language of Scripture. Mr. Russell takes 
 most elaborate pains to deal with every passage which 
 clearly characterizes the coming in of the new King- 
 dom as attended with sudden and demonstrative 
 tokens, and construes it in undreamed-of ways to get 
 rid of these features. But a perfect maze of con- 
 fusion and misconception, not to say unblushing mis- 
 representation, is thereby created. 
 
80 WHY I REJECT 
 
 He quotes Luke xvii. 20, "The kingdom of God 
 cometh not with observation," as declaring the secret 
 character of the King and His Kingdom not only, 
 as Christ meant, at that particular time, but also at 
 the time of His second coming. He ignores the fact 
 that a few verses below the one quoted Christ as- 
 sured His disciples of the spectacular character of 
 His second coming in the words: "For as the light- 
 ning, that lighteneth out of the one part under heaven, 
 shineth unto the other part under heaven; so shall 
 also the Son of man be in His day." In the same 
 passage He refers to the sudden descent of judgment 
 spectacularly upon Sodom and adds : "Even thus shall 
 it be in the day when the Son of man is revealed" 
 (vs. 30). 
 
 But it is necessary for Mr. Russell to brush away 
 every feature of literalism and simplicity, because it 
 is with him necessary at all hazards to avoid having 
 "the man Christ Jesus" reappear at all, least of all 
 in any literal human, though glorified, manifestation. 
 He says: "Our Lord Jesus * * * is no longer 
 a man, but a spirit being, whom no man hath seen 
 nor can see without a miracle" (II, 131). Again, 
 "Many Christians have the idea that our Lord's glori- 
 ous spiritual body is the very same body that was 
 crucified and laid away in Joseph's tomb ; they expect, 
 when they see the Lord in glory, to identify Him 
 by the scars He received on Calvary. * * * Our 
 Lord's human body was, however, supernaturally re- 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 81 
 
 moved from the tomb. * * * We know nothing 
 about what became of it, except that it did not decay 
 or corrupt (Acts ii. 27, 31). Whether it was dis- 
 solved into gases or whether it is still preserved some- 
 where as the grand memorial of God's love, of Christ's 
 obedience, and of our redemption, no one knows 
 * * * nor is such knowledge necessary. * * * 
 It will not surprise us if, in the Kingdom, God shall 
 show to the world the body of flesh, crucified for all 
 in giving the ransom on their behalf not permitted 
 to corrupt, but preserved as an everlasting testimony 
 of infinite love and perfect obedience. * * * It is at 
 least possible that John xix. 37 and Zech. xii. 10 may 
 have such [ !] a fulfilment. Those who cried, 'Crucify 
 Him!' may yet, as witnesses, identify the very body 
 pierced by the spear and torn by the nails" (II, 130). 
 
 All of Christ's appearings to His disciples after 
 His resurrection are accounted for as put on for the 
 occasion, as an angel might make himself visible in 
 the form of a man. These were miraculous and not 
 natural appearances, Mr. Russell claims; and they 
 did not signify any existing visible embodiment of 
 Christ. Indeed, every appearance was in a distinct 
 miraculously assumed body or visible medium. He 
 allows that these "bodies" were "real human bodies," 
 so that Christ could say, "Handle Me and see; for 
 a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see Me have ;" 
 but this flesh-and-bones embodiment, Mr. Russell says, 
 did not pertain to Christ, but was only miraculously 
 
82 WHY I REJECT 
 
 created for the occasion, in order to convince the 
 disciples of His presence, which they would otherwise 
 not have apprehended or with certainty have identified. 
 
 With equal unconscionable dexterity he resolves into 
 nebulous private constructions all the vivid descrip- 
 tions of the millennial characteristics. For instance 
 as explaining Dan. ii. 44, which represents that when 
 the God of heaven shall set up His Kingdom, "It shall 
 break in pieces and consume all these" historic Gentile 
 powers he says: "In harmony with this, we see 
 all about us evidence of the beginning of the smiting, 
 shaking and overturning of the present powers, pre- 
 paratory to the establishment of the kingdom which 
 can not be moved" "the strong government" (II, 
 170). "As the trouble increases, men will seek, but 
 in vain, for protection in the 'dens' and caves, the 
 rocks and fortresses of society, (Free Masonry, Odd 
 Fellowship, and Trades Unions, Guilds, Trusts, and 
 all societies secular and ecclesiastical), and in the 
 mountains (governments) of earth; saying, Tall over 
 (cover, protect) and hide us from the face of Him 
 that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the 
 Lamb ; for the great day of His wrath is come' " ( Rev. 
 vi. 15-17) (II, p. 139). 
 
 It would be tedious to go further into details, for 
 it is a limitless maze of private interpretations, which 
 one man is as much at liberty to make as another; 
 which no two would ever make alike; which Mr. 
 Russell, however, for his little day claims to be "light 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 83 
 
 now first due" for which we must all depend abso- 
 lutely upon him, even if for two years at a time we 
 pay no attention to our Bibles excepting as referred 
 to and explained by him. 
 
 3. FALSE TEACHING AS TO THE PURPOSE OF THE 
 MILLENNIUM. 
 
 This point has already become familiar in preced- 
 ing stages of this review. Mr. Russell makes the 
 sole purpose of the Millennium to be universal restora- 
 tionism. He denies all full human accountability since 
 Adam's fall on the score of human ignorance and 
 moral inability. He conceives that the Millennium 
 is to be the first reasonable opportunity of probation 
 for any member of the race but Adam, and that even 
 Adam will then have his better chance, because he 
 will have become convinced that his first disobedience 
 was a great mistake. Accordingly, humanity, living 
 and dead, will be placed under tutelage and favoring 
 influences during the Millennium to enable them, with 
 full light and moral attainment, to make good their 
 choice of obedience and to gain the reward of endless 
 existence in restored Adamic perfection. 
 
 This denial of all real, final accountability of men 
 to God up to the present and to the time of the resur- 
 rection of all the dead and the time of the Millennial 
 age, is something undreamed of by the universal 
 human conscience, something without a scintilla of 
 Scripture testimony. We read of the workings of 
 
84 WHY I REJECT 
 
 the universal conscience "the candle of the Lord, 
 searching all the inward parts of the belly" (Prov. 
 xx. 27) in Rom. ii. 14, 15: "For when the Gentiles, 
 which have not the law [of Moses], do by nature 
 the things contained in the law, these, having not the 
 law, are a law unto themselves; which show the work 
 of the law written in their hearts, their conscience 
 also bearing witness, and their thoughts the meanwhile 
 accusing or else excusing one another." 
 
 Again, we read in the first chapter of Romans re- 
 garding the accountability of Gentile mankind, living 
 outside of Scriptural illumination : "For the wrath 
 of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodli- 
 ness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth 
 in unrighteousness ; because that which may be known 
 of God is manifest in them; for God hath showed 
 it unto them. For the invisible things of him from 
 the creation of the world are clearly seen, being under- 
 stood by the things that are made, even His eternal 
 power and Godhead ; so that they are without excuse : 
 because that, when they knew God, they glorified Him 
 not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain 
 in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was 
 darkened. * * * Who changed the truth of God 
 into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature 
 more than the Creator. * * * And even as they 
 did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God 
 gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those 
 things which are not convenient; who knowing the 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 85 
 
 judgment of God, that they which commit such things 
 are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have 
 pleasure in them that do them" (vss. 18-21, 25, 28, 32). 
 
 The whole tenor of Scripture is consistent with 
 these proofs of adequate original moral sense and 
 strength, and of moral degradation and darkness as 
 the judicial consequence of stifling and deadening con- 
 science and extinguishing unwelcome light through 
 deliberate hatred of God. The verdict of God upon 
 all past incorrigibles is: "Thou * * * after thy 
 hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thy- 
 self wrath against the day of wrath and revelation 
 of the righteous judgment of God; who will render 
 to every man according to his deeds: to them who 
 by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory 
 and honor and immortality, eternal life : but unto them 
 that are contentious, and obey not the truth, but obey 
 unrighteousness, indignation and wrath, tribulation and 
 anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of 
 the Jew first, and of the Gentile; but glory, honor, 
 and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the 
 Jew first, and also to the Gentile: For as many as 
 have sinned without law shall also" be given their 
 first real chance after their resurrection in the Mil- 
 lennium? No! but "shall also perish without law: 
 and as many as have sinned in the law shall" be 
 given a more favorable chance in the Millennium? 
 No! but "shall be judged by the law" (Rom. ii. 
 5-12). 
 
86 WHY I REJECT 
 
 4. FALSE DOCTRINE OF THE OUTCOME OF THE 
 MILLENNIUM. 
 
 Mr. Russell makes the Millennium to be the final 
 stage of probation, as well as the time of universal 
 resurrection. But both of these positions are con- 
 tradicted by the plain testimony of Scripture. 
 
 First, the millennial resurrection is not complete, 
 but partial. "And they lived and reigned with Christ 
 a thousand years. But the rest of the dead lived 
 not again until the thousand years were finished. This 
 is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy is he that 
 hath part in the first resurrection: on such the second 
 death hath no power, but they shall be priests of God, 
 and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand 
 years" (Rev. xx. 4-6). Other Scriptures agree with 
 this distinguishing of resurrections both as to time 
 and kind. See Dan. xii. 2; Luke xiv. 14; John v. 29. 
 And nowhere is it indicated that the first resurrection 
 is unto a new probation, but it is exclusively a resur- 
 rection unto reward for faithfully fulfilled probation. 
 
 Secondly, the millennial probation (of existing gen- 
 erations, not resurrected ones) is represented by Scrip- 
 ture not to be the last probation. Once more, after 
 the millennial reign of Christ with all its privileges 
 and achievements, unregenerate men will be given 
 the chance to prove that the "heart of man * * * 
 is desperately wicked." "And when the thousand 
 years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his 
 prison, and shall go out to deceive the nations which 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 87 
 
 are in the four quarters of the earth * * * to 
 gather them together to battle: the number of whom 
 is as the sand of the sea. And they went up on the 
 breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the 
 saints about, and the beloved city : and fire came down 
 from God out of heaven, and devoured them" (Rev. 
 xx. 9). This shows conclusively that the millennial 
 age does not merge at once into the eternal condi- 
 tions, into the everlasting life of the obedient and the 
 second death of the disobedient, as Mr. Russell teaches ; 
 but that Satan is to be let loose in the earth once 
 more, to carry out his final and supreme effort to hold 
 the dominion of this world through the instrumentality 
 of incorrigible men; and the supreme visitation of 
 God upon rebellious man will follow that final re- 
 bellion. It is only afterwards that the final judg- 
 ment of all humanity until then unresurrected shall 
 occur. This is all clearly, but briefly, set forth in 
 Rev. xx. 7-15. The writer has confidence that God 
 means just what He says here, that He has meant it to 
 be clear to every reader since it was given, and that 
 He has left no light to "become due" from this pas- 
 sage when conscienceless deceivers shall arise to pose 
 as His latter-day interpreters. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 MR. RUSSELL'S PSEUDO-CHRIST. 
 
 The real criterion of any system of religious doc- 
 trine is the answer given by it to the question, 
 "What think ye of Christ?" The false doctrine of 
 Millennial Dawn in regard to Jesus Christ is its crown- 
 ing shame. Various features of Mr. Russell's heretical 
 teachings on the person and work of Christ have 
 already appeared, but it is important to gather up 
 in one a complete exhibit. 
 
 His doctrine of Christ falls naturally into three 
 branches, according to three totally distinct and diverse 
 stages of Christ's career. These three branches of 
 teaching may be placed under the heads: i. The 
 Pre-existent Christ, ii. The Earthly Christ, iii. The 
 Present Christ. 
 
 1. THE PRE-EXISTENT CHRIST. 
 
 Under this head we will notice several points suc- 
 cessively which will be recognized by any devout 
 reader of Scripture as grossly heretical. To under- 
 take serious refutation would be treating these teach- 
 ings as debatable. 
 
 (1). Although pre-existent, Christ was not from 
 eternity. Mr. Russell denies that John's statement 
 (I, 1), "In the beginning was the Word," means 
 that Christ existed with God before all time, and he 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 89 
 
 claims that Christ was not eternal with the Father 
 (V, 86). 
 
 (2). In other words, Christ, though a pre-existent 
 being and prior to all other creations of God Almighty, 
 was yet a creature of God, "the beginning of creation" 
 (in a false sense). "He was the first, the direct crea- 
 tion of God." By this expression, "the direct creation 
 of God," is meant that all other created things were 
 not directly created by the Father but by Him through 
 His Son. The "Only Begotten" as Jehovah's repre- 
 sentative, and in His name created all things angels, 
 principalities and powers, as well as the earthly crea- 
 tion (V, 84). It is a question which Mr. Russell does 
 not seem to be troubled over, how a creature, even 
 as a representative of God, could himself be a creator. 
 We are accustomed, and the writer believes rightly 
 so, to consider Christ's unquestioned work of creating 
 all finite existences as the positive proof of His own 
 absolute deity. 
 
 (3). Not only was Christ but a creature ; He was not 
 even divine in His pre-existence. Mr. Russell ac- 
 cords to Him the divine nature since His resurrection. 
 But he distinguishes between deity and divinity, and at- 
 tributes to divinity the distinguishing feature of im- 
 mortality, deathlessness. In pre-existence the Son 
 of God was a mortal creature, i.e., liable to death. 
 Mr. Russell rules out from application to the pre- 
 existent Son of God all Scripture testimonies relating 
 to immortality. 
 
90 WHY I REJECT 
 
 (4). While the pre-existent Son of God is made 
 to be only a mortal creature of God, yet godship is 
 allowed to Him, but a non-divine godship. This seems 
 to us at first a contradiction. But Mr. Russell oc- 
 cupies nearly one hundred pages of closely printed 
 matter in the attempt to destroy all Scripture testi- 
 mony to the deity of the Son of God. Every vital 
 passage is taken up and deprived by his peculiar 
 methods of its vitality and, in many cases, even turned 
 for a testimony against the deity of our Saviour. The 
 godship allowed to Him is as "a god" and "a lord" 
 among the "gods many and lords many." Speaking 
 of Christ in His pre-existence, Mr. Russell says : "At 
 that time, as well as subsequently, he was properly 
 known as 'a god' a mighty one. As chief of the 
 angels and next to the Father, he was known as the 
 Archangel (highest angel or messenger), whose name, 
 Michael, signifies, 'Who as God,' or God's repre- 
 sentative." 
 
 (5). This denial of deity to Jesus Christ is part 
 of Mr. Russell's denial of the trinity, a doctrine against 
 which he displays the utmost antipathy. Along with 
 the rest, of course the denial not only of the deity 
 but even of the personality of the Holy Spirit comes 
 to. The following somewhat extended quotation em- 
 bodies Mr. Russell's whole doctrine of God. 
 
 "There is consistency in the Scripture teaching that 
 the Father and Son are in full harmony and oneness 
 of purpose and operation. * * * And equally con- 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 91 
 
 sistent is the Scripture teaching respecting the Holy 
 Spirit that it is not another God, but the spirit, 
 influence or power exercised by the one God, our 
 Father, and by His Only Begotten Son; in absolute 
 oneness, therefore, with both of these, who also are 
 at one or in full accord. But how different is this 
 unity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit from 
 that held and taught under the name of Trinitarian 
 doctrine, which in the language of the Catechism 
 (Questions 5 and 6) declares, There are three per- 
 sons in the One God the Father, the Son and the 
 Holy Ghost: 'these three are one God, the same in 
 substance, equal in power and glory.' This very well 
 suited 'the dark ages' which it helped to produce. 
 The period in which mysteries were worshipped in- 
 stead of unraveled found a most choice one in this 
 theory, which is as unscriptural as it is unreasonable. 
 How could the three be one in person, in substance? 
 And if only 'one in substance,' how could they be 
 equal? Does not every intelligent person know that 
 if God is one in person He can not be three? and 
 that if three in person there can be only one sense 
 in which the three could be one, and that not in per- 
 son but in purpose, in mind, in will, in co-operation? 
 Verily, if it were not for the fact that this trinitarian 
 nonsense was drilled into us from earliest infancy, 
 and the fact that it is taught in Theological Seminaries 
 by gray-haired professors, in many other ways ap- 
 parently wise, nobody would give it a moment's serious 
 
92 WHY I REJECT 
 
 .consideration. How the great adversary ever suc- 
 ceeded in foisting it upon the Lord's people to be- 
 wilder and mystify them, and render much of the 
 Word of God of none effect, is the real mystery which 
 will probably not be solved until we 'know even as 
 we are known,' in glory" (V, 165-6). 
 
 Mr. Russell devotes nearly three hundred pages 
 of Vol. V, of "Studies in the Scriptures," to the sub- 
 jects of the non-divine personality of the pre-existent 
 Christ and the non-personality of the Holy Spirit. 
 He seeks to despoil every testimony of Scripture that 
 can be read directly in favor of the deity of our Lord 
 and the personal deity of the Holy Spirit. Such is 
 "the sleight of man" brought to this task, that abso- 
 lute dependence upon these human writings must be 
 maintained for this understanding of the Scriptures. 
 It is evident that, if one read the Bible only for two 
 years, without reference to these "Studies," one would 
 altogether lose this "light" (of Mr. Russell), whereas 
 one might for two years read only the "Studies" and 
 not one line of Scripture, and he would still retain 
 "the light" (of Mr. Russell's denial of Christ's deity 
 and of the Holy Spirit's personality and deity). 
 
 2. THE EARTHLY CHRIST. 
 
 Under this head we notice several points which 
 equally require absolute dependence upon our "help- 
 ing hand" for guidance. 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 93 
 
 (1). The earthly Christ was not only character- 
 ized by real humanity in nature, but He was strictly 
 and solely human. As has before been shown, Mr. 
 Russell's teachings otherwise require that Christ Jesus 
 should be the exact duplicate of Adam, "nothing more, 
 and nothing less." And yet, it is freely admitted 
 that in His pre-existence He had nothing whatever 
 of the human in Him. How could He be so abso- 
 lutely metamorphosed? 
 
 (2). Mr. Russell develops a most ingenious theory 
 for this entire change of nature in Christ. He teaches 
 that a "living soul," or "sentient being," is produced 
 by "the union of the breath or spirit of life with an 
 organism." In the case of a man, the sentient person 
 is the result of the breath or spirit of life uniting 
 with a human bodily organism. The being is not in 
 the breath or spirit of life, neither is the being in the 
 organism, but the union of the breath or spirit of 
 life with the prepared organism produces the sentient 
 being. The life is the same for all orders of being, 
 the difference in beings resulting wholly from the 
 difference in organism with which the life-principle 
 is united. 
 
 Now, in the case of the earthly Christ, Mr. Russell 
 affirms, the spirit of life from the pre-existent Son 
 of God was "transferred" into a human physical or- 
 ganism through the womb of Mary, so that a new 
 sentient being, purely human, resulted. This person, 
 though born through a maternal channel in the line 
 
94 WHY I REJECT 
 
 of the fallen Adam, was pure from Adamic taint, 
 because, says Mr. Russell, the moral nature is deter- 
 mined by the paternal parent and not affected by the 
 maternal parent. Christ, being supernaturally pro- 
 created in Mary by God Almighty, became a pure, 
 untainted human being. His identity with the pre- 
 existent Christ was not a matter of personality, but 
 only of "spirit of life." That is, the spirit of life, 
 which in union with another organism had produced 
 the pre-existent, angelic Christ, produced, when trans- 
 ferred by the Almighty into another organism, the 
 human Christ derived through the body of Mary, the 
 "man Jesus Christ/' As Mr. Russell puts the matter, 
 this change was "merely a transference of his life 
 from a higher or spirit nature to a lower or human 
 nature." 
 
 (3). But it was not a transference of the person, 
 "the sentient being." Where then was the Son of 
 God? That sentient being was, of course, no longer 
 existent. Jesus of Nazareth was a new sentient be- 
 ing, only that He lived by a pre-existent, impersonal, 
 non-sentient spirit of life, which in another organism 
 had produced the non-divine Son of God. In His 
 pre-existent being He had been of the highest angelic 
 capacity. In his new being He was limited in every 
 respect to human capacity. Mr. Russell teaches that 
 Christ Jesus had no quality superior to or different 
 from any other man unfallen. All the divine and 
 supernatural attending His life and ministry was not 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 95 
 
 inherent, not belonging to Him as Philip's "My Lord 
 and my God," or as "the Son of the living God," but 
 was exclusively the operation of the Father through 
 Him, as would be equally possible through any other 
 perfect man. 
 
 (4). As we have previously learned, Mr. Russell 
 teaches that in expiring on the cross Jesus Christ be- 
 came extinct. He freely admits that for three days 
 all that had ever entered into the pre-existent Son 
 of God or the earthly Jesus was absolutely non- 
 existent. Organism was wrapped in death, spirit of 
 life was extinguished. The Son of God, the man 
 Christ Jesus annihilated! We fail to see how any 
 weaker expression can be employed. Let the reader 
 think for a moment (and shudder at the thought) 
 of the universe being for three days without so much 
 as the existence of the Son of God. 
 
 (5). Finally, it is not only the fact, according to 
 Mr. Russell, but also the necessity of the case, that 
 the earthly Christ should abide in extinction perpet- 
 ually, or our ransom-price would fail of perpetual ef- 
 fect. Therefore, our guide through the Word of God 
 teaches that nothing that was given up by the earthly 
 Christ has ever been resumed, or ever will be. 
 
 3. THE PRESENT CHRIST. 
 
 We will now endeavor to trace under a few points 
 
 Mr. Russell's teachings in regard to the present Christ. 
 
 (1). Mr. Russell teaches that resurrection is not 
 
96 WHY I REJECT 
 
 of the body but of the soul, the sentient being ; that it is 
 from unconsciousness, from death in the sense of de- 
 struction, of extinction of existence. He claims, though 
 not attempting to explain how, that God Almighty 
 preserves the identity. But, if such identity can be 
 credited in the case of the dead generally, how can it 
 be claimed in the case of Jesus Christ, seeing that all 
 that was given up must necessarily remain perpetually 
 extinct as the continued ransom-price? 
 
 Consequently, in Christ's case, there is no resur- 
 rection of His body, there can be no resurrection of 
 His soul, which was "poured out unto death." How 
 can there be any identity between the former and the 
 present Christ? And, indeed, he admits that in the 
 resurrection of men in general there is really a "re- 
 creation." Certainly, it must be so in the case of this 
 Christ of Mr. Russell's construction. Only in a most 
 fictitious way can He be called "the risen One." 
 
 (2). This present Christ is taught to be a purely 
 spirit-being, with nothing of humanity inhering in 
 Him any more than in His pre-existent state. His 
 organism is purely spiritual, not bodily, or in any way 
 capable of being perceived by or made perceptible to 
 the eye, excepting by a temporary miracle of special 
 manifestation. Mr. Russell holds that it was thus that 
 Christ was apparent to His followers after His so- 
 called resurrection. He had no visible form, His body 
 was not restored to Him, but it was miraculously re- 
 moved from the tomb and secreted by God from all 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 97 
 
 further human knowledge. Hence, whenever Christ 
 "appeared" to His disciples during the forty days, it 
 was by a miraculous apparition. So also when He 
 ascended, it was simply a miraculously produced and 
 temporary visibility. 
 
 In like manner Christ may come in His Second 
 Advent without being seen and without anyone's 
 knowledge of the fact, excepting by the effects gradu- 
 ally appearing. His second advent "presence," it is 
 said, will produce such changes in human society, 
 political, social, moral and religious, that it will be- 
 come evident that He has returned, though unseen. 
 At any time He will be able to make Himself visible, 
 if He so please. Indeed, Mr. Russell claims, Christ 
 has already returned in His second advent "presence" ; 
 Mr. Russell's ministry in the enlightening of the re- 
 ligious world is contemporaneous with and explana- 
 tory of this "presence" of Christ. 
 
 (3). As has been previously brought out, the pres- 
 ent Christ is for the first time in His career divine. 
 He has been raised into spirit-being again, and now 
 first of the divine nature. Indeed, this is all that the 
 resurrection of Christ means; it is not a resurrection 
 of His body, or of the person who died, but it is a 
 re-creation resulting in a being whom God in some 
 inexplicable way identifies with His pre-existent Son 
 and with the earthly Christ, but who is neither one now 
 in person, nature or rank. 
 
98 WHY I REJECT 
 
 This does not mean that God has created Him in 
 deity but only as the highest creature-spirit higher 
 than He was before in that now He is immortal, proof 
 against death, which Mr. Russell claims is an exclusive 
 attribute of God and is the characteristic of divinity. 
 And it is in this "exaltation" that Christ has first 
 come into those titles which we have been wont to 
 attribute to Jesus of Nazareth, namely, the Son of 
 Man, the second Adam, the Root and Offspring of 
 David, David's Son and Lord, the Everlasting Father, 
 King of kings and Lord of lords. These titles never 
 belonged, Mr. Russell tells us, to the Son of God or to 
 the earthly Jesus. He did not possess these characters, 
 even incognito, but, as a reward for His giving Him- 
 self up to extinction of human being for the first Adam 
 (and his race included), He has been raised up to a 
 being and rank which have attached to them these 
 various titles. It may well be asked in bewilderment, 
 "Who is this Son of Man?" 
 
 (4). The purpose of this "exaltation" of Christ in 
 his present being is to make Him the "Father" of 
 mankind in the Millennial age. That is, He is to 
 possess mankind as His children in place of the seed 
 which He might have procreated had He not forfeited 
 that right for our redemption. He is to raise all man- 
 kind into the privileges of the Millenium, train them 
 back into Adamic condition of intelligence and moral 
 ability, counsel and persuade them as a father to 
 choose "that better part" which before had been re- 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 99 
 
 jected and so to receive the gift of everlasting life, 
 i.e., a never-ending continuance of perfect, self-suf- 
 ficient human existence. 
 
 This last point is important, a "self-sufficient" ex- 
 istence. Mr. Russell disdains the idea that man is to 
 be regenerated supernaturally and sustained in right- 
 eousness by the grace of God. Man is not given any- 
 thing from above in the way of righteousness further 
 than the opportunity and the light and the paternal 
 influence to lead him to make himself what he ought 
 to be. Consequently, after Christ shall have raised up 
 right-minded people during the Millennium to a state 
 of original Adamic perfection and to a state of self- 
 chosen and self-wrought righteousness, His exalted 
 mission will be over. He will give this little Cuba 
 over to self-government and retire from all sovereignty 
 in this world. One can not but pity Him for this 
 everlasting retirement from the occupation for which 
 He was exalted as a reward for His sacrifice on the 
 cross. It is to be specially noted, however, that all 
 of this paternal activity of Christ in the Millennium 
 is to be without any personal, visible presence on His 
 part, and, indeed, without any direct action on His 
 part ; it is all to be directly carried out by others, His 
 angels and the members of His body, the Church. 
 Hence, He will not be missing His occupation in the 
 ages after the Millennium as much as will these agents 
 of His millennial activities. 
 
100 WHY I REJECT 
 
 We have entitled this Christ the "Pseudo-Christ." 
 It is not the Christ of our hearts and of our lives. It 
 is not the Christ of Calvary and of the mercy-seat 
 and of the throne. It is not the Christ of the Word 
 of God, it is not the "Christ of God." We have not in 
 this treatment introduced quotations largely from Mr. 
 Russell's pen for the reason that his discussion is too 
 voluminous, labored and complicated. But this ex- 
 hibit of Mr. Russell's Christ has been given in fullest 
 fidelity to his conception. Indeed, it would be utterly 
 impossible for us to devise such a portrayal, and dis- 
 tortion of Mr. Russell's conception would be less of- 
 fensive than a faithful exposition thereof has to be. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 MR. RUSSELL'S MANIFOLD CHRIST. 
 
 There are various figures employed by Scripture to 
 represent the relations subsisting between our Lord 
 and His saints, as the vine and the branches, the house 
 and its builder, and others. But one figure is seized 
 upon by Mr. Russell and made use of to build up a 
 doctrine of monstrous error. That is the figure of the 
 head and the body, While this representation is em- 
 ployed several times ,in Scripture, Mr. Russell runs 
 it prominently through all six volumes of "Studies in 
 the Scripture." The phase he puts upon the figure is 
 that Christ is not individual but corporate, not single 
 in personality but manifold, consisting of Jesus Christ 
 and all believing members of Him. This is obviously 
 a great strain upon and perversion of I Cor. 12: 12: 
 "For as the body is one, and hath many members, and 
 all the members of that one body, being many, are one 
 body : so also is Christ." 
 
 The Scripture uses this figure, not as representing 
 that Christ's members are His completion and fulness, 
 but that He is the fulness of believers, filling all them 
 in all respects. Mr. Russell teaches, on the contrary, 
 that the personal Christ can do nothing final until He 
 is added to by t*ne "little flock." He is a trunkless 
 body, a helpless head. 
 
102 WHY I REJECT 
 
 Another text that to him is fundamental in this 
 line, of teaching is Colossians I: 27: "Which is Christ 
 in you, the hope of glory.'* He makes this mean that 
 your hope of glory consists in that you too are Christ, 
 that the Christ is found in you as well as in Jesus. It 
 is not the indwelling of Christ as another one in us, 
 but it is our contributing with Him to constitute a 
 composite Christ. Taking the name Christ to mean 
 "The Anointed/' he makes the anointed to be "an 
 anointed company," including with Jesus all who have 
 "the anointing/' 
 
 We quote some passages: "The Christ is not one 
 member, but many/' "Unitedly they constitute the 
 promised Seed, the Great Deliverer" (I, 82). "The 
 main object of the gospel age is to get this body of 
 Christ. The witnessing to the world during this age 
 is a secondary object" ( I, 92) . "The gospel age began 
 the development of the Christ" (I, 85). "This was 
 truly a mystery never before thought of, that God in- 
 tends to raise up not only a deliverer, but a deliverer 
 composed of many members. This is the 'high calling' 
 to which the consecrated believers of the gospel age 
 are privileged to attain" (I, 84). 
 
 It will be necessary to bring out more explicitly the 
 component elements of this general doctrine. 
 
 1. Our Lord is waiting to be completed as the 
 Christ by the union with Him in glory of many mem- 
 bers of like nature. We must remember that our Lord 
 is now wholly non-human, a spirit being now first in 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 103 
 
 divine, i.e., immortal nature. His members, whom He 
 waits for, are to be changed from human to divine 
 nature likewise and to constitute with the Almighty 
 and with Jesus Christ so many immortals. 
 
 With Mr. Russell all being is the product of the 
 union of the universal "spirit of life" ("an , energizing 
 principle which inheres in God, but which in his 
 creatures results from certain causes which God has 
 ordained") with organism. There is no being in either 
 spirit of life or organism alone, but being results from 
 their union; and as "all life," Mr. Russell says, 
 "whether in God or in his creatures, is the same," the 
 nature of any being depends upon the rank of the 
 organism of that being. "Thus was Adam before he 
 fell grander than any other earthly creature, not by 
 reason of any difference in the life principle implanted, 
 but because of a grander organism" (I, 209). 
 
 We are told that Jesus Christ originally consisted 
 of an angelic organism, infused with the principle of 
 life by the Almighty ; that, when He came below, this 
 spirit of life was disunited from that angelic organism, 
 the pre-existent Christ as a being ceased, and that same 
 infusion of the life-principle was imparted to a human 
 organism, and the "man Christ Jesus" resulted; that, 
 when Jesus died as our ransom, both organism and 
 principle of life became extinct, the man Christ Jesus 
 in every sense became extinct and forever so; that, 
 after three days, Christ was renewed in existence, not 
 either the pre-existent or the human Christ, but a new 
 
104 WHY I REJECT 
 
 Christ by virtue of the infusion of the principle of life 
 by Almighty God into a spirit organism, superior to 
 the first in its being of a higher type, the divine. That 
 which constitutes this higher type of nature is the 
 attribute of immortality. Never before was the Son of 
 God "the express image of the Father's person." "It 
 is this quality, which pertains only to the divine nature, 
 that is described by the term immortality, death-proof, 
 a synonym for divinity." "As the Father hath LIFE 
 IN HIMSELF (God's definition of "immortality" 
 life in himself not drawn from other sources, nor de- 
 pendent upon circumstances, but independent, inherent 
 life), so hath He given to the Son to have LIFE IN 
 HIMSELF (John 5:26). Since the resurrection of 
 the Lord Jesus, then, two beings are immortal" (I, 
 211). 
 
 But, the Christ, embracing many members with the 
 head, is to be, when constituted, wholly divine. The 
 "little flock" of chosen believers are to be changed into 
 equal divine nature with their head, Christ Jesus. "The 
 reward promised to those who walk the narrow way 
 is the 'divine nature' life inherent, life in that superla- 
 tive degree which only the divine nature can possess 
 immortality. These, when born from the dead in the 
 resurrection, will have the divine nature and form. 
 This immortality, the independent, self-existent, divine 
 nature, is the life to which the narrow way leads" (I, 
 210, 211). 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 105 
 
 2. The entire object of this present gospel age is 
 this "development of the Christ," as has already been 
 said. "Had not Jehovah purposed the selection of the 
 'little flock,' 'the body of Christ/ the first advent would 
 not have taken place when it did, but would have oc- 
 curred at the time of the second advent, and there 
 would have been but the one. For God evidently de- 
 signed the permission of evil for six thousand years, 
 as well as that the cleansing and restitution of all shall 
 be accomplished during the seventh thousand. Thus 
 seen, the coming of Jesus, as a sacrifice and ransom for 
 sinners, was just long enough in advance of the bless- 
 ing and restoration time to allow for the selection of 
 his 'little flock' of 'joint-heirs.' This will account to 
 some for the apparent delay on God's part in giving 
 the blessings promised and provided for in the ransom. 
 The blessings will come in due time, as at first planned, 
 though, for a . glorious reason, the price was paid 
 longer beforehand than men would have expected" (I, 
 94). "Free Grace is God's provision for the world in 
 general during the Millennial Age" (I, 96). "When 
 the called-out company is complete, then the plan of 
 God for the world's salvation will be only beginning. 
 Not until it is selected, developed, and exalted to 
 power, will the Seed bruise the serpent's head" (I, 
 98). "It is in our interest that the reign of Christ is 
 separated from the sufferings of the Head by these 
 eighteen centuries" (1,^93). 
 
106 WHY I REJECT 
 
 3. This prize of glory with Jesus, this change from 
 human to divine nature, this attainment of immortality, 
 as Mr. Russell explains it, must be laid hold of by 
 what he calls "consecration." He insists that this "call 
 to a change of nature, from the human to the divine," 
 is the only call of the gospel age. He admits that but 
 few apprehend its character, and fewer care to meet 
 the conditions of final exaltation. Mr. Russell focuses 
 all Scriptures relating to a present life of devotion 
 upon this "calling to a change of nature" as it has been 
 elucidated. But his construction of consecration is cer- 
 tainly very peculiar. 
 
 He teaches that, while the ransom price paid by 
 Christ is to be made available to all mankind in the 
 millennial age, and not until then, yet it can be ap- 
 propriated in belief now. By so doing one becomes 
 justified of God; that is, he is reckoned by God as 
 a probationer for everlasting human life as it will 
 be offered to all in the millennium. One who is now 
 thus justified gains nothing excepting "reckonedly ;" 
 but he does become eligible thereby as an applicant for 
 the "high calling," namely, to the "change of nature" 
 already explained. ''Those who are justified by faith 
 in the ransom are reckoned of God as holy and ac- 
 ceptable." Only such, it is held, have anything as yet 
 to offer to God in sacrifice. They can enter upon 
 the "narrow way" by voluntarily and forever re- 
 nouncing in a consecration unto death all the human, 
 earthly blessings secured by the ransom, to be offered 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 107 
 
 to mankind in the millennium which they have al- 
 ready taken "by faith." We will give some of Mr. 
 Russell's own words. 
 
 "Transformation of nature results to those who, 
 during the Gospel age, present their justified humanity 
 a living sacrifice, as Jesus presented His perfect hu- 
 manity a sacrifice, laying down all right and claim to 
 future human existence, as well as ignoring present 
 human gratification, privileges, rights, etc." (I, 199). 
 "The narrow way, while it ends in life, in immortality, 
 might be called a way of death, since its prize is gained 
 through the sacrifice of the human nature even unto 
 death. Being reckoned free from the Adamic guilt 
 and the death penalty, the consecrated ones voluntar- 
 ily surrender or sacrifice those human rights, reckoned 
 theirs, which in due time they, with the world in gen- 
 eral, would have actually received. As 'the man Christ 
 Jesus' laid down or sacrificed His life for the world, 
 so these become joint-sacrificers with him. * * * 
 They sacrifice and die with him as human beings, in 
 order to become partakers of the divine nature and 
 glories with him" (I, 212). "These, from the moment 
 of consecration to God, are no longer reckoned as men, 
 but as having been begotten of God through the Word 
 of truth no longer human, but thenceforth spiritual 
 children. If you have been begotten of the Spirit, Ye 
 (as human beings) are dead, and your life is hid with 
 Christ in God" (I, 226-7). 
 
108 WHY I REJECT 
 
 4. But this momentous act of consecration to a 
 non-human life and future must be lived out appro- 
 priately. We must admit that this is a perplexing en- 
 deavor, as well as a difficult one. In the first place, 
 who can think out what a non-human life should be? 
 In the second place, who that remains to all practical 
 purposes as much human as ever (as witness the 
 Dawnites themselves) is sufficient for such a life, 
 especially seeing that transformation from old pro- 
 pensities to heavenly-mindedness is not by supernatural 
 operation, but only by the self-made process ? 
 
 Mr. Russell does not disguise the fact that to really 
 win the prize of the ultimate change of nature is up "a 
 rugged, steep, narrow way." In this respect he draws 
 the sharpest contrast with the "way of holiness" that 
 is reserved for mankind in general in the millennial 
 age. The way to immortality has been a way which 
 required the sacrifice of the otherwise lawful and 
 proper hopes, ambitions and desires the 'sacrifice for- 
 ever of the human nature. But the way to human per- 
 fection, to restitution the hope of the world will re- 
 quire only the putting away of sin; not the sacrifice 
 of human rights and privileges, but of their improper 
 enjoyment. This will lead to personal purification 
 and restoration to the image of 'God as enjoyed by 
 Adam before sin entered into the world. 
 
 "The way to actual human perfection is to be made 
 very plain and easy; so plain that none may mistake 
 the way; so plain that 'the wayfaring man, and those 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 109 
 
 unaccustomed therewith, shall not go astray' (Is. 35: 
 8 Leeser) ; so plain that none will need to teach his 
 neighbor, saying, Know the Lord, for all shall know 
 the Lord from the least unto the greatest (Jer. 31: 
 34). Instead of being a narrow way that few can 
 find, it is termed a 'highway,' a public roadway not a 
 narrow, steep, difficult, rugged, hedged by-way, but a 
 way specially prepared for easy travel specially ar- 
 ranged for the convenience and comfort of the travel- 
 ers. It is a public road, open to all the redeemed 
 every man. Nor will these be reckoned justified and 
 granted a reckoned standing of holiness and perfection 
 in the sight of God; when started upon this highway 
 of holiness they may go up thereon to actual perfec- 
 tion, as a result of endeavor and obedience, to which all 
 things will be made favorable by their Redeemer, then 
 reigning in power. Each individual will, according to 
 his necessities, be aided by the wise and perfect ad- 
 ministration of the new kingdom" (I, 215-16). 
 
 5. After this probationary experience of living as 
 non-human beings and as reckonedly divine beings, the 
 faithful are, at the arrival of the Millennium, to un- 
 dergo a sudden metamorphosis in organism, by which 
 in form, as well as already in character, they shall 
 become "by so much better than the angels." 
 
 "In the beginning of the millennial age, those who 
 now walk the narrow way will have gained the great 
 prize for which they ran, immortality ; and being thus 
 clothed with the divine nature and power, they will 
 
110 WHY I REJECT 
 
 be prepared for the great work of restoring and bless- 
 ing the world during that age. With the end of the 
 Gospel age, the narrow way to immortality will close, 
 because the select 'little flock' that it was designed to 
 test and prove will have been completed. 'Now is the 
 accepted (Greek, dektos, acceptable or receivable) 
 time' the time in which sacrifices, coming in the merit 
 of Jesus and becoming dead with Him, are acceptable 
 to God a sacrifice of sweet odor. Death, as the 
 Adamic penalty, will not be permitted forever; it will 
 be abolished during the Millennial age; as a sacrifice 
 it will be acceptable and rewarded only during the 
 Gospel age" (I, 213-14). 
 
 We do not feel slow to state why we personally 
 reject all this doctrine of "the Christ." We could not 
 accept on such weighty matters teachings which are 
 so manifestly throughout but a tissue of specious con- 
 jectures and special interpretations. But there are be- 
 sides some special points of objection. 
 
 1. We cannot accept these peculiar definitions of 
 life, being and nature. It is sheer juggling with terms 
 to make life a mere "energizing principle," "the same, 
 whether in God or in His creatures." For example, 
 "He that hath the Son hath life," means to us far more 
 than that in having Jesus we have only the same vital- 
 izing principle that makes a worm able to squirm. 
 Being, as a mere product of impersonal life-principle 
 united with impersonal organism, is another vapid idea 
 that neither expounds the Word nor interprets per- 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 111 
 
 sonal consciousness. And to grade "nature" accord- 
 ing to the scale of organism is, to say the most, as 
 clear as mud. It is impossible to escape the conclusion 
 that the supreme God is but a product of superior or- 
 ganism quickened into being by "the infusion of life- 
 principle." 
 
 2. The confinement of immortality to God (in 
 whom alone immortality is indeed inherent originally), 
 and the identifying of derived immortality with divinity 
 itself, so that a creature who becomes immortal (to 
 use Mr. Russell's theory) thereby becomes "self- 
 existent" as God Himself, is a mere theory to suit a 
 purpose which is not supported by the Word of God 
 or by any man's sober consciousness. 
 
 3. While the Word of God is rich in its promises of 
 the coming exaltation of the followers of Christ Jesus, 
 yet it is ever careful to leave the redeemed adoring 
 Him in His matchless worth, His infinite superiority, 
 with whom no creature is equal in station, nature, at- 
 tributes or offices. 
 
 4. The worst feature of Mr. Russell's teaching 
 here, as elsewhere, is his exaltation of creature-self 
 to the belittling of the Son of God. In the teaching 
 being at present treated of, we reach a more advanced 
 stage of this process than we have before met. The 
 Scripture teaches that "Ye are complete in Him," not 
 that He is yet incomplete without you; that He "fill- 
 eth all in all," not that He is as yet a bodiless head, 
 waiting to be mostly filled up as the Christ by His yet 
 
112 WHY I REJECT 
 
 ungathered, unprepared members. The real meaning 
 of it with Mr. Russell is that our Lord is not as yet 
 the Savior of the world in any practical sense, but is 
 waiting to become the Savior through us. This crown- 
 ing venture of his daring heresy will be brought out 
 in the next chapter. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 CHRIST JESUS NOT A PRESENT OR A SUFFI- 
 CIENT REDEEMER. 
 
 Mr. Russell's dominating propensity to exalt self 
 and degrade Christ, to bring Him down to the level 
 of the creature and to make Him insufficient without 
 the sinful creature, has become more and more appar- 
 ent as we have progressed. This spirit of antichrist 
 in his heart has long concealed itself from the per- 
 ception of many. But it must out, and out it has come 
 all too plainly to be longer doubted. 
 
 Reference was made in the early part of our writing 
 to Mr. Russell's more recent conflict of teaching with 
 his early doctrine. Alterations in this line have been 
 made only measurably in the six volumes, of "Studies" 
 which we have been especially examining. It is in the 
 "Watch Tower" and the oral and printed utterances, 
 which are more directly addressed to his immediate 
 and acknowledged followers, that disguise has been 
 thrown off. As was said before, this has caused. a 
 revolt among his followers "in every land of the 
 world." It is from his former followers that we have 
 been put in the way of the facts and their proofs. 
 
 This contradiction in doctrine is on the most vital 
 point of Christ's sacrifice for human redemption. In 
 brief, it may be stated thus: that Christ's personal 
 
114 WHY I REJECT 
 
 sacrifice is only the initial part of the price of man's 
 redemption; that it must be completed by the joint- 
 sacrifices of the "little flock" of the Gospel age ; and, 
 consequently, no provision or covenant of redemption 
 is yet in existence and operation, the Church itself not 
 requiring any "blood of the new covenant." Hence, 
 Jesus Christ is not yet qualified as a Mediator between 
 God and man, the Church has no need of Him as a 
 Mediator, the world can not have Him as such until 
 His sacrifice is completed by that of His Church. As 
 the Christ is manifold, composite, corporate, not indi- 
 vidual and personal, so the ransom-price is manifold, 
 the Mediator is composite, the blood of atonement is 
 of a corporate anti-typical lamb. 
 
 This awful doctrine will first be pointed out from 
 the "Studies." Even in our previous chapter (p. 107 
 bottom) a quotation was given that involves the whole 
 matter, although it doubtless passed without special 
 suspicion. It was this: "As the 'man Christ Jesus' 
 laid down or sacrificed His life for the world, so these 
 (the 'consecrated') become joint-sacrificers with Him. 
 They sacrifice and die with Him as human beings, in 
 order to become partakers of the divine nature and 
 glories with Him" (I, 212). 
 
 In quoting from "Studies," the purposed alteration 
 in favor of the afore-mentioned evil doctrine will be 
 made the more apparent by giving in parallel columns 
 the passages as they stood in the old editions and as 
 they now stand in the latest edition. 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 
 
 115 
 
 "The sacrifice of Christ 
 as the sacrifice of the 
 Atonement WHICH 
 SEALED the New Cove- 
 nant" (V, 28). 
 
 "These New Covenant 
 blessings have been con- 
 firmed of God in Christ, 
 WHO HATH SEALED 
 THE NEW COVENANT 
 WITH HIS OWN PRE- 
 CIOUS BLOOD" (Vol. I. 
 p. 113, line 16). 
 
 "All were sentenced to 
 death because of Adam's 
 disobedience, and all will 
 enjoy (IN THIS LIFE OR 
 THE NEXT) a full oppor- 
 tunity to gain everlasting 
 life under the favourable 
 terms of the New Cove- 
 nant" (Vol. I, p. 130, bot- 
 tom). 
 
 "During the Gospel age, 
 the New Covenant and its 
 blessed heart-writing and 
 spirit-teaching is not for 
 the ten tribes, nor for the 
 two, BUT ONLY FOR THE 
 REMNANT SELECTED 
 FROM THE TWELVE 
 AND THE RESIDUE 
 SELECTED FROM 
 AMONG THE GENTILES" 
 (Vol. Ill, p. 298, line 8). 
 
 "The Apostle says he- 
 (Christ) set aside the typi- 
 cal Law Covenant sacri- 
 fices that he might estab- 
 lish the second, the anti- 
 typical, the real sacrifice 
 for sins, HIS OWN SAC- 
 RIFICE, HIS OWN 
 DEATH AS the sealing of 
 the New Covenant between 
 God and men, by Himself, 
 the Mediator of the New 
 Covenant. And our text 
 tells us the same thing, 
 that it was the 'Man Christ 
 Jesus who gave Himself a 
 ransom for all.' " (Vol. V, 
 p. 426, line 26). 
 
 "The sacrifice of Christ 
 as the sacrifice of the 
 Atonement FOR SEAL- 
 ING the New Covenant." 
 
 "These New Covenant 
 blessings have been con- 
 firmed of God in Christ, 
 WHOSE PRECIOUS 
 BLOOD IS TO SEAL THE 
 COVENANT." 
 
 "All were sentenced to 
 death because of Adam's 
 disobedience, and all will 
 enjoy (in the MILLEN- 
 NIAL AGE) a full oppor- 
 tunity to gain everlasting 
 life under the favorable 
 terms of the New Cove- 
 nant." 
 
 "During the Gospel age, 
 the New Covenant and its 
 blessed heart-writing and 
 spirit-teaching is not for 
 the ten tribes, nor for the 
 two. IT MUST FIRST BE 
 SEALED BY THE BLOOD 
 (DEATH) OF THE MEDI- 
 ATORHEAD AND BODY 
 FROM JEWS AND GEN- 
 TILES." 
 
 "The Apostle says he 
 (Christ) set aside the typi- 
 cal Law Covenant sacri- 
 fices that he might estab- 
 lish the second, the anti- 
 typical, the real sacrifice 
 for sins, HIS OWN DEATH 
 (AND HIS MEMBERS) 
 FOR the sealing of the 
 New Covenant between 
 God and men, by Himself, 
 the Mediator of the New 
 Covenant. And our text 
 tells us the same thing, 
 that it was the 'Man Christ 
 Jesus who gave Himself a 
 a ransom for all.' " 
 
116 
 
 WHY I REJECT 
 
 Other quotations equally pertinent and forcible 
 might be given, but space forbids. A set of compar- 
 isons between statements of doctrine in the "Studies" 
 and statements on the same doctrines made in the 
 "Watch Tower" is given below: 
 
 "Only by handling the 
 Word of God deceitfully 
 can any be blinded to the 
 force and real meaning of 
 this, the Lord's testimony 
 to the work which has 
 b,een accomplished by Our 
 Great Mediator * * * The 
 thought, and the only 
 thought, contained in it 
 is that as Adam, through 
 disobedience, forfeited his 
 being, his soul, all his 
 rights to life and to earth, 
 so Christ Jesus our Lord, 
 by His death as a corres- 
 ponding price, paid a full 
 and exact offset for Father 
 Adam's soul or being and 
 in consequence for all his 
 posterity" (V, 428). 
 
 "Papacy has substituted 
 a false or sham sacrifice in 
 the place of the one ever- 
 lasting, complete, and 
 never-to-be-repeated sacri- 
 fice of Calvary, made Once 
 for all time. *. * The base, 
 or foundation truth, upon 
 which the truly consecrat- 
 ed or sanctuary class is 
 built, is that our Lord 
 Jesus, by the sacrifice of 
 Himself, has redeemed All, 
 and will save to the utter- 
 most all who come unto 
 God by Him, without any 
 other mediator, without 
 priest, or bishop, or pope, 
 .and Without Any Other 
 Sacrifice any other being 
 an abomination in God's 
 sight, as teaching by im- 
 plication the insufficiency 
 
 "God has provided a New 
 Mediator who has already 
 given his life a redemption 
 price Jesus the Head and 
 the Church the Body. The 
 finish of the sacrifice is in 
 sight" ('09: 46). 
 
 "It is the merit of Jesus, 
 * * * which must be sacri- 
 ficed again by us as His 
 members That is to Con- 
 stitute Eventually the Ran- 
 som-price of the whole 
 world of mankind" ('03: 
 379). 
 
 "By divine arrangement 
 the blood or death of his 
 church is also Made Nec- 
 essary" ('09: 13). 
 
 "The sacrifice of Christ, 
 Head and Body, has pro- 
 gressed for over eighteen 
 centuries. * * * When the 
 High Priest * * * shall have 
 finished the sacrificing he 
 will apply * * * the blood, 
 his own blood, the blood 
 of his members, on the 
 mercy seat on behalf of 
 all the people" COO, Febru- 
 ary 15th, page 62). 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 117 
 
 of Christ's great ransom- 
 sacrifice" (Vol. Ill, p. 103). 
 
 "The Atonement Was "Our expectation is that 
 
 Made, so far as God was Adam Will be Atoned for 
 
 concerned, eighteen cen- in the end of this age" ('09, 
 
 turies ago, and that for page 316). 
 
 The following is another quotation from the "Watch 
 Tower," of Jan. 15, 1909, page 29 : "As already shown, 
 the New Covenant .will not be sealed, ratified, until 
 the sacrifice of The Christ shall have been finished. 
 And the finishing of these sacrifices closes the work 
 of this great day of sacrifice and atonement. With 
 the second presentation of the. blood of atonement in 
 the Most Holy at the end of this age the New Covenant 
 with Israel will be sealed." Is not this a "counting of 
 the blood of the covenant a common thing" ? 
 
 It has only been recently that Mr. Russell's follow- 
 ers have been coming to detect that he has been sur- 
 reptitiously teaching such vile error from early days. 
 It is now detected in such a passage of "Studies" as the 
 following: "Thus it is shown again that the RE- 
 DEEMER and Restorer is spiritual, HAVING 
 GIVEN UP THE HUMAN A RANSOM FOR ALL, 
 and that from this highly exalted spiritual CLASS all 
 blessings must proceed" (I, 293-4). Commenting at 
 St. Louis on this extract, Mr. Russell said : "What do 
 we mean by this? I answer, we refer not only to 
 Jesus, who gave up His human nature, but also to the 
 church." 
 
118 WHY I REJECT 
 
 Mr. Russell even avers that the consecrated ones of 
 this age, the "joint-sacrificers," do not need Jesus 
 Christ as Mediator or any mediator at all. We give 
 the following extract from the Souvenir Report of the 
 Watch Tower and Tract Society Convention, Niagara 
 Falls, 1907, Part II, page 69: "Question put to the 
 editor of Zion's Watch Tower : "Do we as individuals 
 need Christ as our Mediator before we become mem- 
 bers of His Body" ? Answer by the editor : "I answer 
 that if we had needed Christ as a Mediator, then God 
 would have provided Him as a Mediator, and the fact 
 that God did not provide Him as our Mediator proves 
 that we do not need Him as such. We are under the 
 Original covenant, which required no mediator. The 
 Church does not need a mediator." But, as has been 
 shown, Christ, according to Mr. Russell, does need 
 us to make Him sufficient as Mediator for the world in 
 the millennial age. 
 
 But we now reach the acme of this impostor's un- 
 conscionable heresy and blasphemy. He distinguishes 
 between the blood of Jesus and the blood of the New 
 Covenant, and declares that "The New Covenant is not 
 yet in existence." He tells us that the blood of the 
 New Covenant was not poured out for the Church's 
 benefit, but that it is exclusively for the world, the 
 Jewish and other nations; and that it only began to be 
 poured out when our Lord died, and that it has been 
 pouring out ever since by the death of the members 
 of the Church ; and that when the last member of the 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 119 
 
 Church shall have died, then the blood of the New 
 Covenant will have been completely poured out. Con- 
 sequently Mr. Russell dares to go to the length of even 
 altering Scripture, and that of the most sacred char- 
 acter. He alters the words with which Christ Him- 
 self announced and explained the exclusive sealing 
 element of the New Covenant, namely, in Matt. 26: 
 28: "This is My blood of the new covenant." Mr. 
 Russell changes this to read : "This is the blood of the 
 new covenant," and explains his reason for the change 
 thus: "When our Lord said, 'This cup is the blood 
 of the New Covenant," we should understand that, 
 primarily the cup is His, and secondarily it is ours" 
 ("Watch Tower," Jan. 1, 1909, page 12). And this 
 alteration of "my" to "the" is not the only one the 
 "Watch Tower" has taken the liberty to make in the 
 divine Word. 
 
 When confronted with these contradictions in his 
 doctrines, especially on such vital doctrines, Mr. Rus- 
 sell calls them "trifling" at one time, "elucidation" of 
 the old teachings at another time. Again, he explains 
 it thus: "In our issue of 1906, page 26, we said, 
 'Our Lord Jesus, in His own person, has been the 
 Mediator between the Father and the household of 
 faith, during the Gospel age.' This statement is in- 
 correct. No Scripture so declares. It is a part of the 
 smoke of the dark ages, which we are glad now to 
 wipe from our eyes" ("Watch Tower," Sept. 15, 1909, 
 page 283). 
 
120 WHY I REJECT 
 
 Has not enough been written to show cause for re- 
 jecting such a treacherous and misleading "Helping 
 Hand"? We feel sure our readers must be wearied 
 and nauseated, as we are ourselves. The impudence 
 and impiety of a man who trifles with the truth, the 
 Deity, the inspired Word and. the interests of im- 
 mortal souls, as does Mr. Russell, is amazing. That 
 he should expect intelligent persons to swallow such 
 wormwood and gall is insulting. That thousands are 
 found to be duped with such trickery and deceit, in 
 lands where the Bible is not chained but is open as 
 the daily newspapers, is appalling. That many of his 
 followers in all parts of the world are drawing back 
 and separating from him, because of the abyss of error, 
 falsehood and damnation into which they see he is 
 plunging them, is encouraging. If God shall use our 
 unworthy effort toward averting the evil which is 
 being done and in furthering happier issues, we shall 
 feel abundantly rewarded. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 ARRAIGNMENT OF MILLENNIAL DAWN. 
 
 A careful examination of this system of false 
 doctrine, by means of the latest edition of "Studies in 
 the Scriptures" and of the periodical, "The Watch 
 Tower," the former of which, a series of seven com- 
 pact volumes, is published by the hundreds of thou- 
 sands and almost given away in well-bound copies as 
 "A Helping Hand for Bible Students," impels us to 
 expose, in a summary -form under seven chief captions, 
 its flagrant denials of the gospel of God. The osten- 
 sible author, C. T. Russell, has offered to us in these 
 writings a compound of the heretical teachings of the 
 last nineteen centuries, which he now casts out of his 
 mouth as a flood, that he might cause incautious 
 readers "to be carried away of the flood" (Rev. xii. 
 15). 
 
 I. THE BIBLE. He handles the Word of God 
 deceitfully. 
 
 1. He offers the Bible to us as capable of being un- 
 derstood only by means of his interpretation. He pro- 
 fesses to give in "Studies in the Scriptures" the ex- 
 haustive exposition of all and every Scripture. These 
 volumes he declares to be "the Bible in an arranged 
 form," yea, "they are practically the Bible itself." He 
 
122 WHY I REJECT 
 
 declares them to be in -such a sense "the light of the 
 Scriptures," that "people cannot see the Divine Plan 
 in studying the Bible by itself/* Indeed, he declares 
 that if one, after obtaining the interpretation of the 
 Bible from his Studies, then makes use of the Bible 
 alone without the Studies, "within two years he goes 
 into darkness," whereas "if he had merely read the 
 Studies with their references, and had not read a page 
 of the Bible, as such, he would be in the light at the 
 end of two years." It follows, then, that our only 
 light is the Russellized Bible, and that the Word of 
 God never was the lamp to one's feet, the light to one's 
 path, until it became Russellized. 
 
 2. He represents God as purposely secreting from 
 human knowledge throughout the past six thousand 
 years the most vital truths of revelation. Not only 
 does he claim to be the first reliable and exhaustive 
 interpreter of the Scriptures, but he also claims that by 
 God's express plan his teachings are "the light now 
 first due." He denies that the writers of Scripture 
 understood at all reliably or largely their own utter- 
 ances ; he asserts that nineteen centuries of Bible study 
 and teaching have progressed mostly in "the smoke," 
 and that God meant it to be so and that he should be 
 the first and exclusive revelator of the sense of God's 
 entire Bible. He explicitly defines this as "the divine 
 purpose of concealing the truth until the due time for 
 it to be understood." 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 123 
 
 3. He obtains his sense of Scripture by means of 
 key-words chosen and capriciously explained by him- 
 self, by a continual paraphrasing of Scripture language 
 in a way to suit his own mind, by false translations of 
 the original, and even by sacrilegious alteration of the 
 very language of Scripture. 
 
 4. His followers and associates tell us that with 
 them, as not with the public, he is undisguised in "the 
 presumptuous claim of being the 'only channel' of 
 truth, the only one qualified and authorized to interpret 
 God's Word," while exposing to them "a mass of 
 evidence of his spiritual degeneracy." "Nevertheless, 
 he does not hesitate to consign to 'second death,' 'outer 
 darkness,' etc., any who differ with him on any 
 matters." 
 
 II. THE GODHEAD. He denies the Godhead of the 
 Father, the Son and the Holy. Ghost. His doctrine is 
 strictly Unitarian. 
 
 1. He makes God Almighty to be a solitary being 
 from eternity, who is unrevealed and unknown, not 
 only in any direct way, but even in any mediate way, 
 for no one has existed as His equal to reveal Him. 
 
 2. He denies to Jesus Christ all deity and makes 
 Him in His pre-existence to have been only a finite, 
 mortal creature, though the highest of all creatures. 
 He is to be called only "a god/' as there are "gods 
 many, and lords many," a "mighty one," a hero. He 
 is the "only begotten Son" simply because God gen- 
 
124 WHY I REJECT 
 
 erated only Him, while Christ generated all other 
 creatures. 
 
 3. He denies all being and personality to the Holy 
 Spirit and makes Him to be only mind, power or in- 
 fluence, whether of God, of Christ, or of any holy per- 
 son. All expressions and evidences of the Spirit's 
 personality are ignored by Mr. Russell, or easily 
 brushed aside by his method of interpretation. The 
 saints' "fellowship" and "communion" with the "other 
 Comforter" is of no present weight or value, however 
 much of delusive "consolation" it may have afforded 
 them all these past centuries. 
 
 III. MAN. His teachings as to human being, life 
 and death are false. 
 
 1. He represents life to be a principle common to 
 all beings, whether God, man, animals or plants. Being 
 results from the infusion of this life-principle into 
 organism, the nature of the being resulting wholly 
 from the kind of organism. Man results spontaneously 
 from the impartation of life-principle to a human 
 bodily organism. Extinction results necessarily from 
 the separation of the life-principle from the organism. 
 This is all a denial of man's true creation and of his 
 immortality of spirit, the latter being a truth which Mr. 
 Russell utterly repudiates. 
 
 2. He makes death to be an extinction of being, 
 whether in beast or man, or even in Christ Him- 
 self. And he allows no more to death, as the penalty 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 125 
 
 of sin, than a forfeiture of right to continued ex- 
 istence, and no more to "everlasting life" than never- 
 ending existence. He, therefore, allows no moral or 
 spiritual character to any Scriptural terms of life and 
 death; they mean only the departure of the life- 
 principle from organism, on the one hand, and the 
 continuance of the universal life-principle in organism, 
 on the other. There is no such thing, then as "the gift 
 of eternal life" as a present boon from heaven to us 
 mortals, but only as a finally unending continuance of 
 our existence in our own human nature. Accordingly, 
 Adam did not die in the day he sinned but only began 
 to journey toward the tomb. "She that liveth in pleas- 
 ure" can not in any moral or spiritual sense be said to 
 be "dead while she liveth," neither can it be said, 
 "nevertheless I live, yet not I, but Christ liveth in me." 
 3. The "second death" is described as extinction 
 of being the second time, to last forever. This means 
 'the annihilation of the finally disobedient, an old doc- 
 trine of the devil. 
 
 IV. RESTITUTION. He teaches future probation for 
 all the dead. 
 
 1. He falsely interprets the Scriptural promise of 
 "the restitution of all things." What refers to a 
 restoration of earthly dominion to Israel and to its at- 
 tendant circumstances, he capriciously construes to 
 refer to a "future probation" and restoration of man- 
 kind in general. 
 
126 WHY I REJECT 
 
 2. He claims that only Adam has had a probation 
 for everlasting life, that even he will and must have a 
 "second probation" before he, now extinct, can obtain 
 that life. All others have died in consequence of father 
 Adam's sin and have not been as yet on trial at all for 
 their final destiny. Indeed, he teaches, God is permit- 
 ting sin without probationary restraint or accountabil- 
 ity for full six thousand years, with no other end in 
 view than to give mankind a thorough experience of 
 the natural results of evil doing. 
 
 3. The time of this first general probation of men 
 individually is set for the Millennium, the "seventh 
 thousand years," when man's past experience in sin 
 will, it is supposed, serve as a deterrent and as a 
 spur to take the most favorable opportunity of the 
 Millennium to do well. 
 
 4. Most offensive is his definition of resurrection. 
 He belittles, almost eliminates, the bodily resurrection 
 of the Scripture ; and he interprets the word as a rais- 
 ing up of man to Adamic perfection through the favor- 
 ing influence of the thousand years to follow the 
 return to earth of the generations of men now dead, 
 or extinct, as he makes out. 
 
 5. In all this conglomerate doctrine of being, life, 
 death, resurrection, it is evidently impossible to estab- 
 lish any identity of being and personality between 
 man's first and second existences; yet this does not 
 trouble Mr. Russell at all. But an extinct memory, an 
 extinct conscience, an extinct personality, no kind of 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 127 
 
 resurrection, not even a re-creation, can restore. The 
 very term resurrection pre-supposes unbroken identity, 
 an unsuspended intelligence, conscience and person- 
 ality. 
 
 6. All ordinary meaning of "judgment," as a moral 
 settlement of accountable acts, he entirely expunges 
 and replaces with the idea of a mere disciplinary train- 
 ing in this coming probation by which the way to self- 
 perfecting by gradual degrees during the thousand 
 years will be made easy. 
 
 So betwitched is the heart of many that this mess of 
 heresy finds welcome, encouraging men carelessly to 
 say, "Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die" (be- 
 come extinct, to be given another and a better chance 
 later on to mend our ways and inherit everlasting life), 
 
 V. CHRIST. He takes away the known for an un- 
 known Christ. 
 
 1. As already said, he denies that "the Word was 
 God" (John i. 1), and reads it, 'the Word was a god, 
 
 a mighty one, as many others are so called, angels or 
 men.' Christ was merely the highest of all creatures, 
 mortal at that. 
 
 2. He insists that "the man Christ Jesus" was not 
 the being of prior existence ; only the life principle of 
 His former being was "transferred" into a new and 
 purely human organism, so that a merely human, un- 
 known, untried being was the result. 
 
128 WHY I REJECT 
 
 3. This Jesus simply was and did what Adam 
 might and should exactly have been and done. 
 
 4. Upon dying Jesus became extinct altogether, as 
 His human organism perished for lack of the life- 
 principle. His life-principle was forever forfeited as 
 our ransom, so that, as Mr. Russell says, "the man 
 Jesus is dead, forever dead." 
 
 5. He denies the resurrection pf Jesus Christ, 
 whether of His body or of His sentient being. Noth- 
 ing of the known Christ of Bethlehem, of Nazareth or 
 of Calvary was resumed after death, or ever will be. 
 
 6. The present Christ is made up by Mr. Russell 
 of a new portion of universal life-principle, united to 
 an entirely new organism, resulting in an entirely new 
 "sentient being," neither the one prior to earthly birth 
 nor the one known in Gospel record. In this "spirit 
 being," not God indeed or man at all, a so-called Christ 
 is said to be of higher rank than was the pre-existent 
 Christ, in that he possesses the divine attribute of im- 
 mortality, i.e., of perpetually self-sustaining existence, 
 the only being, besides God himself, who as yet 
 possesses immortality. 
 
 7. "Who is this Christ?" He was never known in 
 the Father's eternal bosom or to the angelic hosts of 
 old. He never was known to Mary, to Simeon, to 
 John the Baptist, to the Twelve, to Mary Magdalene 
 or to Mary of Bethany, to the woman of Samaria, to 
 Lazarus, to Pilate and Herod, to the centurion at the 
 cross or to the dying thief. Under grossest deception 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 129 
 
 did this "spirit-being now first of divine rank" show 
 "himself alive after His passion by many infallible 
 proofs" as the "Jesus" those eleven disciples had 
 known. Most falsely did the dying martyr assert, "I 
 see the Son of man standing at the right hand of 
 God," and it was only for stage effect that he gave 
 himself up into "extinction," saying: "Lord Jesus, re- 
 ceive my spirit." And how awfully this "spirit-being, 
 now first of divine order," lied to Saul of Tarsus, 
 when He said to the trembling inquirer, "I am Jesus, 
 whom thou persecutest." And He keeps up the lie 
 to the very end in saying (Rev. 22, 16, 20) : "I Jesus 
 have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things 
 in the churches. Surely I come quickly. Amen." 
 
 VI. THE CHURCH. The Church of Millennial 
 Dawn is a repulsive pretense. 
 
 1. He denies that there is any call as yet to ever- 
 lasting life; that is reserved for mankind in the Mil- 
 lennium. 
 
 2. The only call now is to "complete the body of 
 Christ." Christ is as yet a trunkless head and not "the 
 Christ" at all, which is a corporate, manifold organism 
 of head and members. 
 
 3. The many "anointed" ones, who, with Jesus 
 Christ, are to constitute THE ANOINTED, THE 
 CHRIST, are during this dispensation being called and 
 prepared. Jesus Christ Himself waits, a helpless, un- 
 
130 WHY I REJECT 
 
 finished Savior of the world, for the Church to sup- 
 plement Him. 
 
 4. The qualification for membership in this corpor- 
 ate Christ and Savior is, to be changed in nature, as 
 Jesus Christ is supposed to have been, from solely 
 human to exclusively divine, with no bodily or human 
 resurrection. 
 
 5. It is, therefore, necessary for the aspirant to 
 this "high calling" to forfeit now all human as well 
 as earthly being, rights and manner of life, yea, all 
 hope of "everlasting life" as the perpetual duration of 
 perfect human existence, and to live in consecration to 
 this "change of nature from the human to the divine." 
 
 6. The rewards of the Church are to be immor- 
 tality, or life in ourselves as self-sustained perpetually 
 as God Himself has ever been or as Jesus Christ has 
 been (only) since His exaltation and the privilege of 
 conducting for the invisible Lord Jesus the rulership 
 of the millennial age. 
 
 7. All this present consecrated life is of our own 
 work, all this future reward is of our own merit, grace 
 consisting only in giving us the chance to run this race 
 for the high calling. 
 
 VII. THE ATONEMENT. He teaches the blasphem- 
 ous doctrine that the blood of Jesus Christ alone is not 
 enough and that the Church does not need even that. 
 
 1. He teaches that Christ was not the only one that 
 could have made atonement by dying for man, but only 
 
MILLENNIAL DAWN 131 
 
 that it was most appropriate for Him, the highest of 
 all creatures, to be chosen. 
 
 2. It is claimed that it was necessary for Christ 
 to be changed into a purely human being, identical 
 with Adam in human perfection "nothing less, noth- 
 ing more" in order to be a true ransom, "an exact 
 corresponding price." 
 
 3. But it is denied that Jesus Christ as a ransom 
 had value beyond the redemption of the one man, 
 Adam. Yet all other men, as the seed in Adam's 
 loins, were involved in Adam's penalty; they also are 
 included, then, in the purchase Christ paid. Had they 
 needed individual purchase, on account of failing un- 
 der individual probation, another life would have had 
 to be given for each human being as a ransom. We 
 can not say, then, of Jesus Christ, "Who loved me, and 
 gave Himself for me." 
 
 4. It was not the cross, the blood, the sufferings, 
 or any moral or spiritual element in Christ's death, that 
 constituted or contributed to the value of His ransom 
 price; it was purely the dying, i.e., the extinction of 
 His being, that constituted the ransom. And, to make 
 that ransom complete and perpetual in effect, Jesus 
 Christ as He died must remain dead forever. His 
 ransom for us is, then, never paid up, it is an ever- 
 lastingly deficient ransom. 
 
 5. He teaches that the ransom made by Christ will 
 not go into effect until all men are raised up for their 
 millennial probation. Meantime, the Church now be- 
 
132 WHY I REJEC 
 
 ing called out, is not a beneficiary of the blood of the 
 covenant, for she does not need it. "The Church does 
 not need a Mediator" (Mr. Russell's very words). 
 
 6. Moreover, as "The Christ" is not personal, but 
 corporate, including Jesus Christ and all His members, 
 so the blood of the covenant is not that of one, Jesus 
 Christ alone, but that of all the members of His body 
 also, as they suffer, and especially as they renounce 
 everlasting perfect human life for the afore-mentioned 
 high calling to "change of nature." This denial of the 
 blood that bought us, this mingling of the blood of 
 Millennial Dawnists with that of Jesus to bring it up 
 to par, is the culmination of this system of foul heresy. 
 
 It remains only to explain why this witches' cauldron 
 of all heresies is called "Millennial Dawn." It is based 
 on Mr. Russell's claim that the Millennium really 
 dawned with his "light now first due," namely, in 
 1874; that for forty years from that date "the day of 
 the Lord," the time of Christ's presence in overturning 
 all earthly systems preparatory to the fully manifested 
 millennial kingdom, should prevail. (He denies the 
 visible return of Christ, or that He will personally 
 judge and rule, asserting that this will be done by the 
 Dawnites, of whom he is chief, through their teachings 
 and influence). All former earthly order was to 
 terminate with 1914; from which time the Dawnites 
 for no others constitute "the Church, the body of 
 Christ" were to conduct earthly affairs in Christ's 
 name for the "thousand years" now just begun. 
 
REVISED APRIL 1, 1915 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LIST OF WRITINGS 
 
 By W. C. STEVENS 
 
 Late Principal of the Missionary Training Institute, 
 Nyack, N. Y. 
 
 BOOKS 
 
 THE BOOK OF DANIEL, 1915, 251 Pages; Cloth, 50c. Dedicated 
 to the fifteen hundred students who passed under the author's 
 teaching at Nyack. Introduction by James M. Gray, Dean of 
 Moody Institute. A book especially for this day of world- 
 convulsion and of age-crisis. A judicious critic thus describes 
 the author's work: "His unfolding of the book is the book's 
 unfolding of itself." 
 
 MYSTERIES OF THE KINGDOM, Revised Edition, 1915, 130 
 Pages; Cloth, 50c; Paper, 35c. Introduction by Lapsley A. 
 McAfee, Pastor of First Presbyterian Church, Berkeley, Cal. 
 Contains twelve chapters on as many topics vitally related 
 to Christ's Second Coming, which are treated in what has 
 been declared by many readers to be an unusually clear and 
 happy way. "Just what we need for young people," writes 
 one standing at the center of young people's work in Cali- 
 fornia. The first chapters are: 1. The Sure Light of Prophecy. 
 II. The Three Threes of Christ's Coming. III. The Salvation 
 Yet to Be Revealed. IV. Occupy Till I Come. V. The Bride 
 of Christ in Parable. VI. Christ's Conquest of the Sky. 
 
 TRIUMPHS OF THE CROSS, Revised Edition, 1915, 100 Pages; 
 Paper, 25c. Introductory notes by Max Wood Moorhead and 
 by President Blanchard of Wheaton College. Treats of the 
 "deeper lessons of the Cross." It has proved to be "meat in 
 due season" to many, and a new edition has long been called 
 for. Presents the triumphs of the Cross in relation succes- 
 sively to The Law, Regeneration, The World, Satan, Sickness, 
 Cleansing, The Old Man, Suffering, The Body of Christ, The 
 Perishing, The Kingdom, and Eternal Ages. 
 
 WHY I REJECT THE "HELPING HAND" OF MILLENNIAL 
 DAWN, Revised Edition, 1915, 132 Pages; Paper, 40c. Prefa- 
 tory Testimonial by R. A. Torrey, Dean of Bible Institute of 
 Los Angeles. This is the only book offered to the public which 
 fully expounds, rather than merely declaring, the fatal errors 
 of Millennial Dawn. Mr. Torrey says: "I consider it, taking it 
 all in all, as the most satisfactory reply to Pastor Russell and 
 his vagaries that there is to put into the hand of the every- 
 day Christian who has been at all troubled by the false 
 teaching of Pastor Russell." 
 
 Add 5c for any book ordered by mall. 
 
 TRACTS 
 
 ARRAIGNMENT OF MILLENNIAL DAWN, a Booklet, 5c. 
 
 This is the last chapter of the above book on Millennial Dawn, 
 
 and it is intended for the widest circulation in disseminating 
 
 the things proved by the exposition of the preceding chapters. 
 PRAYING IN THE HOLY GHOST, 5c. Most highly commended 
 
 by one versed in all prayer literature and in the secrets of 
 
 prayer. 
 THE LORD'S DAY NOT THE SABBATH, 5c. Called "the best 
 
 thing on the subject" by one whose name is well known today. 
 
 A safeguard against Sabbatarianism. 
 
SANCTIFICATION, 5c. Entirely independent and distinctive. 
 Embraces and harmonizes the various, often conflicting, 
 phases and theories on a vital subject. 
 
 THE INTERMEDIATE STATE, 3c. A clear Scriptural and 
 philosophical exposition which leaves no room for soul-sleep- 
 ing, annihilation, etc. 
 
 THE FALLACY OF THE 2520 YEARS, 3c. Showing how 
 groundless and harmful is the modern theory that the "seven 
 times" measure 2520 years of the "Times of the Gentiles," and 
 that the time measurements of Daniel and Revelation are to 
 be construed on the principle of "each day for a year." 
 Urgently needed today. 
 
 THE LATTER RAIN, 2c. Third edition, revised; very popular 
 and widely distributed. Calling to expectation of increasing 
 revival, demonstration of the Spirit and world-wide evangeli- 
 zation till Jesus conies. 
 
 JESUS, OUR HEALER, 2c. Second edition, revised; a clear 
 presentation of the atonement for healing. "Widely distrib- 
 uted and greatly used for many. 
 
 THE LORD'S HEALING, 3c. Second edition, revised; clearly 
 discriminating Christ's healing from all other cures, and very 
 helpful to definite faith. 
 
 HEALING IN THE NAME OF JESUS, 2c. Especially designed 
 to explain the nature of this healing and the plan of its min- 
 istry. 
 
 THE SALVATION OF THE BODY, 2c. Brings out in Scrip- 
 tural importance the reserved salvation, "the redemption of 
 our body," and shows its relation to present supernatural 
 healing. Much needed by all Christians. 
 
 THE CROSS AND SICKNESS, 2c. Consists mainly of an expo- 
 sition of Matt. 8, 1-17, bringing forth the ground principles 
 from this Magna Charta of divine healing. 
 
 THE CROSS AND CLEANSING, 2c. An important chapter from 
 "Triumphs of the Cross," of special help for seekers of heart 
 purity. 
 
 THE CROSS AND THE OLD MAN, 2c. Also from "Triumphs 
 of the Cross," clearing up perplexities regarding full deliver- 
 ance through Christ. 
 
 THE THREE THREES OF CHRIST'S SECOND COMING, 3c. 
 Taken from "Mysteries of the Kingdom." Most useful for im- 
 mediate illumination on the subject. 
 
 Prices Per Dozen: 2c Tracts, 20c; 3c Tracts, 30c. 
 Add 1c for Postage on every one to three Tracts. 
 
 MIMEOGRAPHS 
 
 The following are mimeographed expositions of Scripture 
 books, very helpful, but a little expensive by mail because of 
 letter rates. Prices are reduced on that account. Price of each 
 by mail is indicated by figures in parenthesis: 
 
 GENESIS 1-XI, 12c (20); EZRA ESTHER 12c (20); ISAIAH 
 
 20c (35): JEREMIAH 12c (20); MINOR PROPHETS 12c (20); 
 
 ROMANS 20c (35). 
 THE BIBLE IN RELATION TO UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE, 
 
 lOc (15). A brochure of great importance upon the subject of 
 
 the only true method of Christian education. 
 
 Remit with orders to the Author, 
 
 W. C. STEVENS, 
 3129 Twenty-second Avenue, Oakland, Cal. 
 

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