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 COMMONWEALTH 
 
 BUREAU OF CENSUS AND STATISTICS 
 MELBOURNE. 
 
 INQUIRY 
 
 INTO 
 
 THE COST OF LIVING 
 
 IN AUSTRALIA, 
 
 1910-11. 
 
 BY 
 
 G. H. KNIBBS, CMC., 
 
 FELLOW OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY, ETC. 
 COMMONWEALTH STATISTICIAN. 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF 
 
 THE HONOURABLE KING O'MALLEY, M.P., 
 
 MINISTER FOR HOME AFFAIRS. 
 
 By authority : McCarron, Bird & Co.. Printers, 479 Collins Street, Melbourne. 
 
 CC.8., No. 138.] 
 

COMMONWEALTH 
 
 BUREAU OF CENSUS AND STATISTICS 
 MELBOURNE. 
 
 INQUIRY 
 
 INTO 
 
 THE COST OF LIVING 
 
 IN AUSTRALIA, 
 
 <f 
 
 1910- 
 
 BY 
 
 G. H. KNIBBS, C.M.G., 
 
 FELLOW OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY, ETC., 
 COMMONWEALTH STATISTICIAN 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF 
 
 THE HONOURABLE KING O'MALLEY, M.P., 
 
 MINISTER FOR HOME AFFAIRS. 
 
 DECEMBER, 1911. 
 
 By authority : McCarron, Bird & Co., Printers, 479 Collins Street, Melbourne. 
 
 EC. 8., No. 138. j 
 
'?; 
 
 
 
 . r 
 
 SYNOPSIS. 
 
 
 i. Introduction 
 
 1. Nature of Inquiry 
 
 2. Distribution of Budget Books 
 
 2. The Householder's Budget 
 
 1. Family Conditions 4 
 
 2. Weekly Statements ... 5 
 
 3. Tabulation and Classification ... 6 
 
 (i.) Geographical Distribution... 6 
 (ii.) Size and Structure of 
 
 Families 7 
 
 (iii.) Incomes 7 
 
 3. Family Conditions 
 
 1. General ... 7 
 
 2. Geographical Distribution ... ... 7 
 
 3. Structure of Families 8 
 
 (i.) General Membership 8 
 
 (ii.) Average Number of Members 
 
 in Sex and Age Groups ... 9 
 
 (iii.) Condition as to Children ... 9 
 (iv.) Dependents, Boarders, and 
 
 Servants 10 
 
 4. Occupations of Heads of Families... 10 
 
 4. Incomes 
 
 1. Sources of Incomes 
 
 2. Average Incomes 
 
 5. Expenditure 
 
 1. Relation to Income 
 
 2. General Analysis of Expenditure ... 
 
 3. Comparison with Other Countries 
 
 4. Housing Accommodation 
 
 5. Expenditure on Food 
 
 (i.) Average Weekly Expenditure 
 
 per Family 
 
 (iL) Average Weekly Expenditure 
 
 per Head 
 
 (iii.) Average Weekly Expenditure 
 per Head according to Sex 
 and Age Groups 
 
 6. Expenditure on Clothing 
 
 7. Expenditure on Other Items 
 
 8. Conclusion 
 
INQUIRY INTO THE COST OF LIVING IN AUSTRALIA, 
 
 i. Introduction. 
 
 1. Nature of Inquiry. In view of the desirability of obtaining reliable and compre- 
 hensive information in regard to the cost of living in Australia, a special inquiry was 
 undertaken by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, covering the period 
 from the 1st July, 1910, to the 30th June, 1911. The requisite data upon which the 
 results of this inquiry are based were obtained by distributing among householders 
 throughout the Commonwealth, copies of a small account book in which provision was 
 made for entering, for each week of the period referred to, particulars of income and 
 expenditure under certain specified headings. 
 
 After a careful examination of the methods adopted and procedure followed in 
 similar inquiries in other countries, and so soon as the necessary books and instructions 
 had been drafted and printed, notices were inserted in the daily press throughout the 
 Commonwealth directing attention to the projected inquiry, its scope and purpose ; com- 
 munications were also addressed to the Trades and Labour Councils in the several States, 
 seeking their co-operation and assistance in the distribution of the weekly account books. 
 In consequence of the press notices a large number of requests was received for books to 
 be forwarded, while several of the Trades and Labour Councils expressed their willing- 
 ness to distribute the books among their members. 
 
 2. Distribution of Budget Books. The distribution of the books was effected in 
 June, 1910, the total number despatched from the Bureau being approximately 1500 ; 
 of that number only 222 were returned after the end of June, 1911, filled in either in 
 part or in whole for the period of 52 weeks under review. It was found necessary to 
 reject 10 books as unsuitable for various reasons, such as incompleteness or obvious 
 inaccuracy, so that the contents of 212 books were available as a basis for the compilation 
 of the information furnished herein. Nearly all these appear to have been kept with 
 considerable care, and the thanks of the Bureau are due to those who have taken so much 
 trouble to assist in the investigation. 
 
 It is a matter for regret that so small a proportion (about 14 per cent.) of the books 
 distributed was returned, though it must be admitted that the labour entailed in keep- 
 ing the desired records for the whole period is somewhat heavy. In future investigations 
 of this kind it is probable that the period dealt with will be considerably curtailed with a 
 view to increasing the number of budgets available for analysis. 
 
 It may be observed that the distribution of the books was not in any way restricted, 
 either in regard to the nature of the occupation of the head of the family or to income 
 received. It was hoped that the number and nature of the returns would be such as would 
 enable the results to be presented both for various classes of occupations and for different 
 ranges of income. As will be seen later, however, owing to the small number of budgets 
 available, it was considered desirable to present the results without any classification of 
 occupations, and with only a very limited classification as to amount of income. Inas- 
 much as the families for which budgets were obtained were distributed over the six States, 
 and the proportion in each State corresponds fairly closely to its population and importance 
 
THE HOUSEHOLDER'S BUDGET. 
 
 in an ij)d\i$ttiai ,%etise, and cwing to the fact that the families are not restricted with 
 reference to any particular industry, it is believed that the results of the inquiry are 
 fairly representative of the conditions existing among the majority of the community. 
 While individual budgets may not be absolutely accurate, it can safely be assumed that 
 averages based on any considerable number of statements represent the true facts with 
 substantial accuracy. In any instances where the averages are based upon a small 
 number of families they should of course be accepted with due caution, for though the 
 family statements may be accurate, the averages may not include a sufficiently large 
 number to fairly represent the class to which they refer. 
 
 In this connection it should be observed that the value of any inquiry as to cost of 
 living based upon the voluntary keeping of budgets by householders is to some extent 
 limited by the fact that such budgets are more likely to be kept by the frugal and thrifty 
 than the liberal and generous. The consequence is that the results deduced from these 
 budgets other things being equal tend to be on the low, rather than the high, side. 
 
 $ 2. The Householder's Budget. 
 
 1. Family Conditions. The weekly account books issued to householders contained 
 in all 56 pages, 4 in. by 6^ in. in size, bound in flexible board covers. On the inside of 
 the front cover attention was drawn to the facts (a) that the book was the property of, 
 and when complete should be returned to, the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and 
 Statistics; (b) that the information furnished would be treated as strictly confidential; 
 and (c) that the name of the person furnishing the budget need not be specified in the 
 book where any objection was felt to so doing. The first page of the book was devoted 
 to the purpose of ascertaining particulars of locality and of family conditions, and was in 
 the following form : 
 
 WEEKLY STATEMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE, 
 
 1910 - 11 
 (Examples enclosed herewith.) 
 
 State 
 
 Town or nearest Post Town 
 
 Number and Ages of Children living at home : 
 
 Number and Ayes of Children not living at home who are a charge on the 
 family : 
 
 *Occupation of Husband 
 
 Occupations (if any) of Wife 
 
 Occupations (if any) of Children 
 
 C.4852. 
 
 * State occupation very fully, as " Carpenter, Jam Factory ;" "Labourer, 
 Sawmill;" "Engine-driver, Gas Works," &c. 
 
THE HOUSEHOLDER'S BUDGET. 5 
 
 The object of the first two lines as to locality was to permit of a classification of the 
 results according to geographical distribution ; this has only been carried out according 
 to distribution in the several States. The information as to number and ages of children 
 was required for classification purposes as to size and structure of family, while that 
 relating to occupation was intended for the purpose of analysing the variation in the 
 relative income and expenditure of persons engaged in different occupations and 
 employed in different groups of allied industries. Owing to the paucity in the number 
 of budgets returned, it was not, however, found possible to carry into effect the latter 
 intention, while as regards size and structure of family the only classification made 
 was that relating to families having over four members and those having four or less. 
 
 2. Weekly Statements. The remaining pages of the book were provided for the 
 householder to fill in week by week particulars of the weekly income and expenditure of 
 his or her family. Each page was in the following form : 
 
 WEEK ENDING ... 
 
 INCOME. 
 
 From Earnings of Husband 
 Earnings of Wife ... 
 ,, Earnings of Children 
 ,, Other Receipts 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 EXPENDITURE. 
 
 Rent* or 
 
 Instalments for House 
 
 Food Bread 
 
 Meat 
 
 Vegetables and Fruit 
 
 Milk 
 
 Butter, Cheese, &c. 
 
 Sugar ... 
 
 Tea, Coffee, &c. ... 
 
 Other Food 
 
 Other Groceries not Food 
 Non-Alcoholic Beverages 
 Alcoholic Beverages 
 Tobacco, Cigars, Cigarettes 
 Clothing, Drapery, Boots, <fec. 
 Fuel and Light 
 
 Fares Railway, Tram, 'Bus, &c. 
 Insurance Fh-e, Life, &c. 
 
 Contributions to Benefit Societies 
 
 &c. 
 
 Education Fees, School Materials, &c. 
 
 Medical Attendance and Medicine... 
 
 Rates and Taxes 
 
 Sport and Amusements ... 
 
 Other Expenditure 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 * Or Interest on Mortgage. 
 
 Each book despatched was accompanied by a copy of the following documents: 
 
 (i.) Addressed Envelope. A post-free addressed envelope was transmitted for the 
 return of the book when completed. 
 
 (ii.) Specimens. Specimens of the first page of the book (see p. 4 hereinbefore), 
 and of a weekly return of income and expenditure, each filled in with a 
 supposititious example, were included for the guidance of the householder. 
 
 (iii.) Instruction*. Printed instructions explaining briefly the object and scope of 
 the inquiry and the manner in which the returns were to be filled in, were 
 sent in the following form : 
 
THE HOUSEHOLDER'S BUDGET. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 1. The object of the whole inquiry is to obtain important sociological 
 statistics, viz., some indication of the cost and standard of living in the 
 various Australian States. 
 
 2. It is desired that the record should extend from 1st July, 1910, to 
 30th June, 1911, inclusive, so as to obtain fair averages as well as changes 
 in the cost of living in the different months of the year. 
 
 3. The book supplied is so drafted as to suit all grades of income, and 
 it is desired to receive records from persons haying widely different incomes. 
 The income shewn must be that actually received by the head of the house- 
 hold, and must, therefore, include income earned by any other members 
 of the household. 
 
 4. It is necessary that the record should be a correct statement of the 
 true total income and expenditure of each week of the period, and that the 
 grouping under each item in the book supplied should also be correct. For 
 this reason the book should be made up week by week. 
 
 5. The expenditure shewn should be inclusive of that for dependents 
 living away from home. 
 
 6. Where circumstances prevent the book from being completed for 
 the whole period, it should, nevertheless, be returned to this Bureau. 
 
 7. The examples given will shew the method to be followed. 
 
 8. It may be pointed out that in a statistical office all matter received 
 is confidential ; all officers have to make a declaration of secrecy, and 
 individual returns will under no circumstances be disclosed. Nevertheless, 
 if in view of the character of this inquiry any objection be felt to giving 
 the name, no mention of it need be made on the book. 
 
 9. If desired, a report as to the results will be sent on application to 
 any person assisting in the furtherance of this inquiry. 
 
 G. H. KNIBBS, 
 
 Commonwealth Statistician. 
 
 Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, 
 Melbourne, 1910. 
 
 In addition to the directions contained in the above document, instructions as to 
 filling in the returns were published in the daily press, and any person who desired to be 
 advised on any doubtful point had only to write to the Bureau, when he would be fur- 
 nished with an immediate reply. 
 
 3. Tabulation and Classification. In order to facilitate the analysis and classifica- 
 tion of the householders' budgets, the contents of each book were transferred to a 
 tabulation sheet, the various details summarised, and a weekly average for each item 
 computed. The next question considered was that of classifying the results in relation 
 to the following matters: (i.) Geographical distribution, (ii.) size and structure of 
 family, (iii.) income, and (iv.) occupations of wage earners. In regard to the last of 
 these matters, it was found that the number of returns was insufficient to enable any 
 classification to be made. 
 
 (i.) Geographical Distribution. The following table shews the distribution of 
 families, from which budgets were received, according to States. It was considered 
 that the small number of budgets available for each State, except New South Wales 
 and Victoria, did not justify the presentation of separate results. In the later tables the 
 figures have, therefore, generally been grouped together for the whole Commonwealth. 
 It was hoped, with a sufficient number of returns, to differentiate as to local distribu- 
 tion with greater particularity, as for example in regard to incomes and expenditure of 
 families living in (a) metropolitan towns, (6) country towns, (c) mining districts, and 
 (d) rural districts. 
 
 The distribution of the families in the several States is as follows : 
 
 COST, OF LIVING, 1910-1 1. DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES IN SEVERAL STATES. 
 
 Particulars. 
 
 N.S.W. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 Qsland. S.A. 
 
 W.A. 
 
 18 
 
 Tas. 
 
 Cwlth. 
 
 Number of families ... 
 
 64 
 
 81 
 
 19 i " 
 
 12 
 
 212 
 
FAMILY CONDITIONS. 7 
 
 (ii.) Size and Structure of Families. It was found that the families for which 
 budgets were received were divided roughly into two equal groups in regard to size of 
 family, 107 families having over four members, and 105 four and under. It was there- 
 fore decided to adopt these groups as the basis for classification. As regards structure 
 of family, it was originally intended to tabulate special results for normal families of 
 different sizes: i.e., for families having normal members consisting of father, mother, 
 and children within specified age groups ; owing to the small number of returns received 
 it was, however, found impracticable to carry out this scheme. The classification 
 adopted relates to actual size of families, the structure of the family (i.e., whether com- 
 posed of father, mother, children, dependents, or relatives), being necessarily disregarded. 
 
 (iii.) Income. The classification as to incomes was adopted after a careful consider- 
 ation of the facts. In order to make a distinction between the large class of wage- 
 earners who earn under 3 a week, and those persons who earn more than that amount, 
 it was at first intended to adopt a classification according to incomes of over about 150, 
 and those amounting to about 150 and under ; it was found, however, that taking 150 
 as the limit, the former class embraced 168 families, and the latter only 44. Further, 
 on an examination of the books it appaared that a large number of families depends for 
 their support on means other than the actual wages earned by the head of the household, 
 the other main sources of income being earnings of children, boarders, and interest -on 
 investments. It was therefore considered desirable to somewhat increase the limit, and 
 it was found that a fairly even distribution was obtained by making the division at 200, 
 there being 113 families whose incomes were over that amount and 99 under. The 
 following statement shews the number of families in each division of the scheme of 
 classification adopted : 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. NUMBER OF FAMILIES, CLASSIFICATION BY INCOMES 
 
 AND SIZE OF FAMILIES. 
 
 Particulars. 
 
 Number of Families having 
 
 Incomes over 200 per annum. 
 
 Incomes of 200 and under p. annum. 
 
 Over 4 Members. 
 
 4 Members or under. 
 
 Over 4 Members. 
 
 4 Members or under. 
 
 Number of families 
 
 58 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 64 
 
 3. Family Conditions. 
 
 1. General. In order to permit of any adequate analysis or criticism of the figures 
 relating to income and expenditure presented in this report, it appears desirable that the 
 returns as to family conditions should be first investigated. It is proposed to deal with 
 these matters from the following standpoints, viz. : (a) Geographical distribution of 
 families ; (6) Structure and size of families ; and (c) Occupations of heads of .families. 
 
 2. Geographical Distribution. Though the budgets received were not sufficiently 
 numerous to permit of any classification of incomes according to families living in the 
 metropolitan towns and in other parts of the several States, the urban and rural distri- 
 bution of the families to which the returns refer is of importance. 
 
8 
 
 FAMILY CONDITIONS. 
 
 For the purpose of classification in the following table, the suburbs have been 
 included with the metropolitan towns, and in Western Australia, Fremantle has also 
 been included with Perth. The families in each State are classified according to income 
 and size of family : 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILIES RESIDING IN METRO- 
 POLITAN TOWNS AND IN OTHER PARTS OF EACH STATE. 
 
 
 
 Number of Families residing in 
 
 
 8 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Families having 
 
 Number of 
 
 N.S.W. 
 
 Vic. 
 
 Qld. 
 
 S.A. 
 
 W.A. 
 
 Tas. 
 
 H S2 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 || 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 53 
 
 11 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 H o 
 
 
 
 S2 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 S 2 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 58 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 9 41 
 
 200 and under ... 
 
 Over 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 49 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 30 64 
 
 Total 
 
 41 
 
 23 
 
 57 
 
 24 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 138 
 
 i 
 74 212 
 
 It may be seen that the majority of the returns received were from families residing 
 in metropolitan towns, 138, or 65.1 per cent., being from such towns and 74, or 34.9 per 
 cent., from other districts. 
 
 3. Structure of Families, The following tables have been compiled in order to 
 bring together the more important returns obtained as to membership of families, classified 
 according to income and size of family. 
 
 (i.) Getieral Membership. The total number of members of the families for which 
 returns were received was 999, including all persons who generally participated perman- 
 ently in the family expenditure, but excluding temporary guests or visitors. Some of 
 the families were without the husband, .who was either dead or separated from his 
 family, and similarly in the case of the wife. The following table shews the component 
 members of the families classified according to income and size of family : 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. MEMBERSHIP OF FAMILIES COMPRISED IN RETURNS. 
 
 Families having 
 
 Number of 
 
 ^j 
 
 03 
 ,' 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 a 
 o> 
 <O 
 
 U3 
 
 
 
 'w 
 
 03 
 
 1 
 
 ^1 
 
 Incomes of 
 
 Members. 
 
 el 
 
 cc 
 
 '$. 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 
 8 
 
 o 2 
 & S 
 
 
 
 fc 
 
 a 
 
 
 o 
 
 | 
 
 ffl 
 
 co 
 
 
 Over 200 ... 
 
 Over 4 
 
 No. 
 
 58 
 
 No. 
 
 57 
 
 No. 
 56 
 
 No. 
 
 237 
 
 No. 
 5 
 
 No. 
 10 
 
 No. 
 
 25 
 
 No. 
 390 
 
 
 4 and under... 
 
 41 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 47 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 142 
 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 173 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 277 
 
 
 4 and under. . . 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 65 
 
 ... 
 
 
 2 
 
 190 
 
 Total 
 
 212 
 
 202 
 
 205 
 
 522 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 37 
 
 999 
 
 From the above table it may be seen that 10 of the families (4.7 per cent.) were 
 without a husband, and that 7 (3.3 per cent.) were without a wife. Over 66 per cent, of 
 the families keeping servants were restricted to the class having incomes of over 200 
 
FAMILY CONDITIONS. 
 
 and comprising over 4 members. Of 202 husbands, 189 were at work during the whole 
 or the greater part of the period under review, while the remaining 13 were of indepen- 
 dent means or were invalids. 
 
 (ii.) Average Number of Members in Sex and Age Groups. The table in the 
 preceding paragraph shews the gross number of members of the families under con- 
 sideration, taking no account of the number of persons which were a charge upon the 
 expenditure during the whole period under review. In the next table this is taken into 
 consideration, and the length of time for which any person (stated to have been either 
 temporarily absent from his home or living temporarily at the home) was a charge upon 
 the family expenditure has been computed. Thus, for example, if a boarder or a servant 
 was stated to have resided with the family for only 9 months of the period under review, 
 such a person is taken into account as having been a charge upon the expenditure for 
 three-quarters of the year only, and is therefore assigned the value of 0.75. For the 
 purpose of computing in a later part of this report the average expenditure, weighted 
 according to sex and age, the number of members has been tabulated in the several age 
 and sex groups indicated. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO WERE A CHARGE 
 ON EXPENDITURE DURING WHOLE PERIOD. 
 
 
 
 o* 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Children. 
 
 
 Families 
 having 
 Incomes of 
 
 Number of 
 Members. 
 
 Numbe 
 Faniili 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Over 17. 
 
 13-16. 
 
 Over 17. 
 
 13-16. 
 
 10-12. 
 
 6-9. 
 
 2-5. 
 
 Under 
 2. 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 
 58 
 
 98.2 
 
 18.4 
 
 120.4 
 
 21.5 
 
 39.0 
 
 34.0 
 
 36.0 
 
 17.9 
 
 385.4 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 41 
 
 51.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 58.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 8.2 
 
 140.7 
 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 
 49 
 
 58.3 
 
 6.0 
 
 70.5 
 
 5.4 
 
 20.0 
 
 32.0 
 
 59.0 
 
 24.7 
 
 275.9 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 64 
 
 64.8 
 
 3.5 
 
 67.2 
 
 4.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 23.0 
 
 20.1 
 
 190.1 
 
 Total 
 
 212 
 
 272.7 
 
 29.9 
 
 316.2 
 
 32.4 
 
 65.0 
 
 77.0 
 
 128.0 
 
 70.9 
 
 992.1 
 
 
 (iii.) Condition as to Children. Out of the 212 families investigated 180 included 
 children. The subjoined table shews the average number of children in each group, 
 together with the number of children earning wages and those not earning wages (i.e., 
 either at home or at school or college) classified in age groups. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. CONDITION OF FAMILIES AS TO CHILDREN. 
 
 
 
 .8-2 
 II 
 
 
 .iL 
 
 Children 
 at Work. 
 
 Children at Home or at School. 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 tCr< >> 
 
 
 
 Families having 
 Incomes of 
 
 Number of 
 Members. 
 
 s 
 
 6 
 
 I! 
 
 
 
 Avera 
 Childrei 
 Farnil 
 
 Over 
 
 17. 
 
 13-16 
 
 Over 
 
 17. 
 
 13-16 
 
 10-12 
 
 6-9 
 
 2-5 
 
 "c 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 
 56 
 
 237 
 
 4.23 
 
 47 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 39 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 21 
 
 
 4 or under 
 
 30 
 
 47 
 
 1.56 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 200 and under ... 
 
 Over 4 
 
 49 
 
 173 
 
 3.53 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 59 
 
 27 
 
 
 4 or under ... 
 
 45 
 
 65 
 
 1.44 
 
 ' 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 Total 
 
 180 
 
 522 
 
 2.90 
 
 77 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 52 
 
 65 
 
 77 
 
 128 
 
 79 
 
 It may be seen from the above table that a somewhat unduly large number of the 
 children in the families investigated were comprised in the lower age-groups, those of the 
 age of 5 years and under numbering 207, or nearly 40 per cent, of the whole number. 
 This somewhat high percentage indicates that a considerable number of the persons 
 rendering returns had. not been married for a long period; and, indeed, it is only natural 
 to assume that such persons are the more likely to be interested in an inquiry of this 
 
10 
 
 FAMILY CONDITIONS. 
 
 nature. As might be expected, the great majority of children in the higher age-groups 
 who were not wage-earners is confined to the class having the larger incomes. The total 
 number of children at work was 88, or 16.8 per cent., and of those at home or at school 
 was 434, or 83.2 per cent., on the total number of children. 
 
 (iv.) Dependents, Boarders, and Servants. The following table shews the number 
 of persons who may be considered as outside the family circle, but whose cost of living is 
 included in the family expenditure, either as dependents (other than wives and 
 children), boarders, or servants. Families having dependents, boarders, or servants 
 during any part or the whole of the period under review are included in this table : 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. CONDITION OF FAMILIES AS DEPENDENTS, 
 BOARDERS, AND SERVANTS. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Dependents 
 
 Boarders. 
 
 Servants. 
 
 P.c. of Families having 
 
 Families 
 having 
 Incomes of 
 
 Number of 
 Members. 
 
 >tal Famil 
 
 amilies 
 having 
 pendents. 
 
 imber of 
 pendents. 
 
 amilies 
 aaving 
 oarders. 
 
 imber of 
 oarders. 
 
 Ill 
 
 j| 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 i 
 
 3rvants. 
 
 
 
 EH 
 
 " P 
 
 Q 
 
 fc pq 
 
 ffi 
 
 I*. OQ 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 dc 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 
 58 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 6.89 
 
 12.07 
 
 36.20 
 
 
 4 and under ... 
 
 41 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 12.19 
 
 12.19 
 
 19.51 
 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 - 
 
 2 
 
 4.08 
 
 6.12 
 
 4.08 
 
 
 4 and under ... 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3.13 
 
 Total 
 
 212 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 5.19 
 
 7.07 
 
 15.09 
 
 4. Occupations of Heads of Families. In order to give some idea of the class of 
 persons to whom the returns refer, the following table shewing the occupations of the 
 heads of families has been compiled : (a) Unskilled labour includes such persons as 
 general labourers, railway gangers, etc. ; (6) Skilled labourers, artisans and tradesmen, 
 such as fitters,, carpenters, electrical workers, etc. ; (d) Agricultural includes farmers, 
 dairymen, gardeners, and orchardists ; (e) Commercial, those engaged in trade, such as 
 chemists, tobacconists, storekeepers, efcc. ; (/) Clerical, book-keepers and clerks ; (g) 
 Professional, clergymen, doctors, school teachers, etc.; and (h) No occupation comprises 
 persons retired from business, families with no husband, and heads of families who failed 
 to state their occupations : 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. OCCUPATIONS OF HEADS OF FAMILIES. 
 
 
 
 Occupation of Head of Family. 
 
 
 Families having 
 Incomes of 
 
 Number 
 of Members. 
 
 Un- 
 skilled 
 Labour 
 
 Skilled 
 Labour 
 
 Agric'l- 
 tural. 
 
 Com- 
 mercial 
 
 Cleric' 1 
 
 Profes- 
 sional. 
 
 None. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 58 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 41 
 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 49 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 64 
 
 Total 
 
 21 
 
 52 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 25 
 
 212 
 
 It may be seen that what is commonly known as the wage-earning class (skilled and 
 unskilled labour) comprises 73 families, or 34.4 per cent.; clerical and commercial 
 together include 61 families, or 28.8 per cent. ; and professional 42, or nearly 20 per- 
 cent. 
 
INCOMES. 
 
 11 
 
 4. Incomes. 
 
 1. Sources of Incomes. The sources of the family incomes are shewn in the sub- 
 joined table, classified according to amount of income and size of family. The third 
 column shews the number of families having incomes from the husband only. The 
 fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh columns comprise families having incomes from more 
 than one source. " Miscellaneous" comprises incomes from boarders, investments, etc. 
 The figures given in these columns are not mutually exclusive ; that is to say that, for 
 example, a family having an income from both husband and wife is included in both 
 the fourth and fifth columns, while a family having an income derived from wife, 
 children and boarders is included in each of the fifth, sixth and seventh columns. It 
 may be seen that a larger proportion of the small families than the large families derive 
 their incomes from the husband only. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. SOURCES OF INCOMES. 
 
 
 
 las 
 
 Families having Incomes from 
 more than one source. 
 
 si. 
 
 "o 
 !* 
 
 Families having 
 Weekly Incomes 
 of 
 
 Number of 
 Members. 
 
 ill 
 
 [usband 
 id 
 ources. 
 
 Wife 
 id 
 eurces. 
 
 I i 
 
 I I 
 s* 
 
 allies wi 
 }s of Inc 
 >t stated 
 
 Numbe 
 amilies. 
 
 
 
 MI 
 
 a . 
 
 n's 
 
 fl 5 
 
 I s * 
 
 11 
 
 "o 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 1 1 
 
 "o 
 
 A 
 
 o 
 
 I 1 
 
 s 
 
 EH 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4... 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 
 41 
 
 200 and under ... 
 
 Over 4... 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 49 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 64 
 
 Total 
 
 71 
 
 125 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 
 106 
 
 6 
 
 212 
 
 2. Average Incomes. The following table shews the average weekly income for 
 each of the groups specified, and also the general average for all families for which 
 budgets were received : 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. AVERAGE INCOMES OF FAMILIES. 
 
 Particulars. 
 
 Incomes of over 200. 
 
 Incomes of 200 & under. 
 
 General 
 Average. 
 
 Families 
 of over 4 
 Members. 
 
 Families of 
 4 and under. 
 
 Families 
 of over 4 
 Members. 
 
 Families of 
 4 and under. 
 
 Average weekly income 
 
 s. d. 
 6 7 11 
 
 s. d. 
 6 16 4 
 
 s. d. 
 3 .1 11 
 
 s. d. 
 2 18 5 
 
 s. d. 
 4 13 1 
 
 The figures given in the above table are subject to certain limitations, inasmuch as 
 in a few cases the total earnings of children were not included in the returns, the 
 amounts specified comprising only the weekly payments made into the housekeeping 
 fund for board and lodging. In a few other cases the amount of actual income was not 
 specified at all, the sums drawn from a bank account for current expenses being given. 
 It is somewhat remarkable that in the higher income class the average incomes of 
 f milies of over 4 members (6 7s. lid.) is less than that of families of 4 and under 
 6 16s. 4d.) Although the number of returns is insufficient for secure deductions, 
 this result appears to indicate that the class of persons with larger income have 
 relatively small families. 
 
12 
 
 EXPENDITURE. 
 
 5. Expenditure. 
 
 1. Relation to Income. The average weekly incomes of the 212 families are sum- 
 marised in the table hereunder. It should be noted that the figures relating to income 
 are subject to the limitations pointed out in the preceding paragraph of this report. The 
 differences between these weekly averages, representing the surplus available for saving 
 are also shewn. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. RELATION OF INCOME TO EXPENDITURE. 
 
 Particulars. 
 
 Families having Incomes 
 of over 200. 
 
 Families having Incomes 
 of 200 and under. 
 
 General 
 Average for 
 all Families. 
 
 Over 4 
 Members. 
 
 4 Members 
 and under. 
 
 Over 4 
 Members. 
 
 4 Members 
 and under. 
 
 Income ... 
 Expenditure 
 
 Difference 
 
 s. d. 
 6 7 11 
 5 12 4 
 
 s. d. 
 6 16 4 
 5 2 5J 
 
 s. d. 
 3 1 11 
 2 15 7 
 
 s. d. 
 2 18 5 
 2 13 Of 
 
 s. d. 
 4 13 1 
 3 19 5 
 
 15 62 
 
 1 13 lOf ! 6 4 
 
 5 42 
 
 13 8 
 
 Just as the table on page 11 indicated that, in the higher income group, the smallei 
 families had relatively larger incomes, so the above table points to the fact that, as 
 might be expected, the surplus, after payment of cost of living, is considerably 
 greater in small than in large families. The weekly averages specified in the lasi 
 line of this table represent annual amounts of 40 9s. 3d., 88 2s. 7d., 16 9s. 4d., li 
 18s. 5d., and 35 10s. 8d. respectively. This advantage in economic res9urces whicl 
 characterises the small family is probably generally true. 
 
 2. General Analysis of Expenditure. Selecting what may be considered as th( 
 four most important heads of expenditure, viz., housing, food, clothing, and fuel anc 
 light, and grouping all other expenditure under the heading " Other Items," an analysis 
 of the average weekly expenditure per family is given in the following table. The results 
 are shewn both as actual averages and as percentages on the total expenditure. Th< 
 individual items included in each group may be readily understood by reference to th( 
 list given on page 5. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. ANALYSIS OF AVERAGE WEEKLY EXPENDITURE 
 
 PER FAMILY. 
 
 Families 
 having 
 Incomes of 
 
 Number 
 of Members. 
 
 Housing. 
 
 Food. 
 
 Clothing. 
 
 Fuel 
 and Light. 
 
 Other 
 Items. 
 
 Total Ex- 
 penditure 
 
 Over 200 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 4 and under 
 Over 4 
 4 and under 
 
 s. d. 
 13 3i 
 14 2 
 080! 
 8 8i 
 
 s. d. 
 1 11 101 
 1 2 6i 
 1 2 3i 
 16 8 
 
 s. d. 
 14 82 
 12 5i 
 074 
 066 
 
 ! s. d. 
 3 3f 
 038 
 2 4k 
 020 
 
 s. d. 
 2 9 1* 
 2 9 7i 
 15 6i 
 19 2J 
 
 s. d. 
 5 12 4t 
 5 2 5t 
 2 15 7 
 2 13 Of 
 
 General Average 
 
 10 10* 
 
 1 3 3i 
 
 10 It | 029 
 
 1 12 5 
 
 3 19 5 
 
 PERCENTAGE ON TOTAL EXPENDITURE. 
 
 Over 200 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 4 and under 
 Over 4 
 4 and under 
 
 per cent. ! per cent. 
 11.84 28.39 
 13.83 22.00 
 14.48 40.12 
 16.41 31.41 
 
 per cent. 
 13.11 
 12.16 
 13.22 
 12.25 
 
 per cent. 
 2.95 
 3.58 
 4.26 
 3.77 
 
 per cent. 
 43.71 
 48.43 
 27.92 
 36.16 
 
 per cent. 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 General 1 
 
 Average 
 
 13.70 29.30 
 
 12.72 
 
 3.46 
 
 40.82 
 
 100 
 
EXPENDITURE. 13 
 
 It may be seen that, disregarding the expenditure on other items, the cost of food is 
 by far the most important consideration, amounting to over 29 per cent, of the total 
 expenditure. Next comes housing (13.70 per cent.), followed closely by clothing (12.72 
 per cent.), while expenditure on fuel and light amounts to 3.46 per cent. As regards 
 expenditure on housing, clothing, and fuel and light, the divergencies in the percentages 
 for the several groups, classed according to income and size of family, are not very 
 marked, whereas the percentage expended on food ranges from 22 to over 40, being 
 naturally higher in the larger family groups. The expenditure on food is again relatively 
 much larger in the smaller income group, indicating that economies in expenditure are 
 primarily effected in regard to matters other than food. It is not unlikely, indeed, that 
 expenditure on food alone furnishes a true indication of the standard of material well- 
 being.* The more limited the resources of the individual, the less must his consumption 
 be, and the coarser the quality of his food.t In Germany anthropometrical measure- 
 ments have resulted in shewing that the typical man of the poorer classes, by reason of 
 the nutritive inferiority of his food, is neither so corpulent nor so heavy as the typical 
 man of other classes. 
 
 In connection with the preceding table it is interesting to compare the results 
 obtained in Australia with those obtained in the United States of America in regard -to 
 the economic law propounded by Doctor Engel, for many years Chief of the Royal 
 Bureau of Statistics of Prussia. Dr. Engel's propositions were as follow : 
 
 (i.) That the greater the income the smaller the percentage of outlay for subsistence. 
 This is confirmed in Australia, Germany, and the United States. 
 
 (ii.) That the percentage of outlay for clothing is approximately the same, whatever 
 the income. 
 
 This proposition is confirmed in Australia, but in Germany and the United States 
 it is not so, as in these countries the percentage of expenditure on clothing increases as 
 the size of the income increases. 
 
 (iii.) That the percentage for lodging or rent, and for fuel and lighting, is invariably 
 the same, whatever the income. 
 
 The first part of this proposition is not confirmed in Australia, as the families _with 
 smaller incomes pay a larger percentage in housing than those with larger incomes. The 
 second part is practically confirmed here. 
 
 In the United States the first part is confirmed, and the expenditure for lighting 
 varies little, but the percentage of expenditure for fuel decreases as the income increases. 
 In Germany neither parts of the proposition are confirmed, the percentages decreasing 
 as the incomes increase. 
 
 (iv. i That as the income increases in amount the percentage of outlay for sundries 
 becomes greater. This is confirmed in Australia, Germany, and the United States. 
 
 3. Comparison with other Countries. Any direct comparison of the results of 
 inquiries as to the cost of living in Australia and other countries is practically impossible, 
 owing mainly to two things, viz., (a) that the inquiries have not generally been con- 
 ducted on similar lines ; and (b), that budgets have not been obtained either for corre- 
 sponding classes of persons or for similar income groups. Any adequate comparison of 
 cost of living in different countries requires the dissection out of the general result of the 
 folio wing things, viz., (i.) standard of living; (ii.) prices; (iii.) rates of wages ; (iv.) social 
 classifications ; and (v. ) general economic conditions. 
 
 Of those countries for which information is available the results for the United 
 States of America and for Germany can be presented in a form similar to that shewn in 
 the table in paragraph 2 hereof (see p. 12). But even in these cases direct comparisons 
 are impracticable, for in America the inquiry was limited to working-class families, 
 
 * See Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. LI., p. 161. tit does not of course follow 
 that the nutritive value is less. 
 
14 
 
 EXPENDITURE. 
 
 while in Germany the average incomes are much lower than in either Australia or th< 
 United States. A comparison of the general percentage distribution of expenditure ii 
 these countries is shewn in the table hereunder. In order to make the figures mor< 
 fully comparable, family groups have been selected for the United States and Germany 
 with incomes approximately the same as the general average for Australia. 
 
 COST OF LIVING. COMPARISON OF GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENDITURE 
 IN AUSTRALIA, UNITED STATES, AND GERMANY. 
 
 
 Percentage on Total Expenditure of Cost of 
 
 
 Particulars. 
 
 Housing. 
 
 Food. 
 
 Fuel 
 and Light. 
 
 Clothing. 
 
 Other Ex- 
 penditure. 
 
 
 Australia 
 
 13.70 
 
 29.30 
 
 3.46 
 
 12.72 
 
 40.82 
 
 100.00 
 
 United States* ... 
 
 17.40 
 
 36.45 
 
 5.03 
 
 15.72 
 
 25.40 
 
 100.00 
 
 Germany "f 
 
 14.90 
 
 30.31 
 
 3.12 
 
 14.91 
 
 36.76 
 
 100.00 
 
 Inquiry made in 1902. t Inquiry made in 1907. 
 
 It may be seen that the greatest variation occurs in the percentage expended o 
 food, and this is largely due to the facts previously mentioned, namely, that in th 
 United States families with high incomes were expressly excluded, while in Germany th 
 average income is low, whereas the budgets for Australia include all classes, and income 
 are thus relatively high. 
 
 As regards expenditure on food in relation to income, comparisons can be mad 
 with the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium, in addition to the United Stat< 
 and Germany, special inquiries having been made into the cost of living in thes 
 countries by the British Board of Trade during the years 1907 to 1910. In tt 
 inquiries instituted in all the countries specified, except Australia, the budgei 
 relate only to working-class families. For Australia figures are therefore given, not on] 
 regarding general results obtained for all groups, but also for the special group bavin 
 incomes of 200 and under, and families of over 4 members, since it is considered thj 
 the families included in that group are more closely analogous to the class of famili< 
 for which investigations were made in the other countries specified. The groups ( 
 working-men's families earning the highest rates of wages have been selected for thes 
 other countries in order that the results may approximate as closely as possible to th 
 conditions present in the Australian inquiry. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. EXPENDITURE ON FOOD IN AUSTRALIA COMPARE 
 WITH THAT IN OTHER COUNTRIES. 
 
 Country. 
 
 1 
 Average 
 Weekly In- 
 come per 
 Family. 
 
 Average 
 Number of 
 Members 
 per Family. 
 
 Average 
 Weekly Ex- 
 penditure 
 on Food. 
 
 Percentage 
 of Expendi- 
 mre on Food 
 on Average 
 Income. 
 
 Weekly 
 Cost of 
 Food 
 per Head 
 
 
 S. d. 
 
 No. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Australia -, j. 
 
 4 13 1 
 3 1 11 
 
 4.71- 
 5.6 
 
 1 3 3J 
 1 2 S| 
 
 25.0 
 36.0 
 
 4 11J 
 4 0| 
 
 United States 
 
 306 
 
 6.0 1 12 6 
 
 53.7 
 
 5 5 
 
 United Kingdom ... 
 
 2 12 Ofc 
 
 6.4 198 
 
 57.0 
 
 4 7J 
 
 Germany ... 
 
 2 8 8i 
 
 5.8 1 7 4 
 
 54.4 
 
 4 8 
 
 France 
 
 2 12 11 
 
 4.9 1 11 7| 
 
 59.7 
 
 6 If 
 
 Belgium ... 
 
 2 12 1J 
 
 5.9 j 1 9 8i 
 
 56.9 
 
 4 9i 
 
 * All Groups, t Groups having incomes of 200 and under and families of more than 4 rnembei 
 
EXPENDITURE. 
 
 15 
 
 It may be seen, therefore, that in regard to the first set of figures given for Australia 
 (relating to all groups) the weekly cost of food per head is higher than in all the other 
 countries except the United States and France, while the percentage of expenditure on 
 food- is less than in any other country. In regard, however, to the special group selected, 
 which is considered to approximate more closely to the groups included in the returns 
 for other countries, the cost per head is considerably less than in any other country, as 
 also is the percentage of expenditure on food. 
 
 Having dealt with the general distribution of expenditure, it will now be desirable 
 to refer in greater detail to some of the more important items specified in the budgets. 
 
 4. Housing Accommodation. The following table gives particulars of the number 
 of families (a) owning houses unencumbered by mortgage ; (6) living rent free, i.e., 
 having houses or quarters either in lieu of, or in addition to, salary or wages ; (c) owning 
 houses, but paying interest on mortgages thereon ; and (d), leasing houses on rent. The 
 absolute numbers are shewn in addition to the percentages in each class. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1919-11. PARTICULARS OF FAMILIES OWNING, LEASING 
 
 HOUSES, ETC. 
 
 Families having 
 Incomes of 
 
 Number 
 of Members. 
 
 Owning 
 Houses. 
 
 Living 
 BentFree. 
 
 Paying In- 
 terest on 
 Mortgages 
 
 Paying In- 
 stalments 
 on 
 Purchase. 
 
 Paying 
 Rent. 
 
 Total 
 Families. 
 
 NUMBER OF FAMILIES. 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 58 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 41 
 
 -200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 29 
 
 49 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 
 Total 
 
 34 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 109 
 
 212 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES. 
 
 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 
 20.69 
 
 6.89 
 
 10.35 
 
 13.79 
 
 48.28 
 
 100 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 19.51 
 
 4.88 
 
 14.63 
 
 12.20 
 
 48.78 
 
 100 
 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 
 10.21 
 
 8.16 
 
 8.16 
 
 14.18 
 
 59.19 
 
 100 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 14.07 
 
 4.69 
 
 7.81 
 
 24.43 
 
 50.00 
 
 100 
 
 Total 
 
 16.04 
 
 6.13 
 
 9.91 
 
 16.51 
 
 51.41 
 
 100 
 
 It may be seen from the above figures that slightly over one-half (51.41 per cent.) of 
 the total number of families lease their houses on rent, and that the proportion of 
 families leasing houses is greater in the lower than in the higher nicome group. The 
 percentage of families buying bouses by instalments is 24.43 in the group having incomes 
 of 200 and under and families of 4 and under, and is considerably higher in that group 
 than in any other. The figures shew, not unexpectedly, that a greater proportion of 
 families in the higher income group than in the lower own their houses. 
 
 The average weekly amount spent on housing accommodation by way of interest, 
 instalments on purchase, and rent is shewn in the table hereunder. The last column 
 shews the average weekly percentage of expenditure on housing accommodation on total 
 expenditure for those families which have an expenditure on this item ; that is to say, 
 that in computing the percentages, the expenditures of the 47 families which either own 
 their houses or live rent free are excluded. 
 
If, 
 
 EXPENDITURE. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11, EXPENDITURE PER FAMILY ON HOUSING 
 ACCOMMODATION. 
 
 
 
 
 Average Amount Spent 
 
 < uo , 
 
 rt O 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weekly on 
 
 ^-S'SSc 
 
 Families having 
 
 Number of 
 
 Number 
 of 
 
 
 '-? s s 
 a o'- 3 
 
 
 
 
 Incomes of 
 
 Members. 
 
 Families. 
 
 Interest. 
 
 Instal- 
 ments. 
 
 Rent. 
 
 a^sS-fl 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Over 200 ... 
 
 Over 4... 
 
 42 
 
 4 6f 
 
 14 6 
 
 17 3| 
 
 16.10 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 31 
 
 7 5i 
 
 13 6| 
 
 18 4 
 
 17.58 
 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 ... 
 
 40 
 
 2 2} 
 
 9 10 
 
 9 3 
 
 17.50 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 52 
 
 2 10 
 
 10 2J 
 
 10 3i 
 
 20.22 
 
 General Average 
 
 165 
 
 4 7 
 
 11 9 
 
 13 3| 
 
 17.58 
 
 It is significant that in both income groups the smaller families pay not only a 
 higher rent than the larger families, but also disburse a greater percentage of their 
 expenditure on housing accommodation. This points to the fact that the smaller 
 families are able to live in greater comfort than the larger. 
 
 Owing to the comparatively small number of budgets received, it is not possible to 
 make any general analysis of the average amounts paid for housing accommodation 
 according to geographical distribution of the families. The figures shew, however, that 
 the 25 families living in Sydney paid an average weekly rent of 17s. 10d., or 18.4 per 
 cent, on the total expenditure of their families, while in Melbourne 29 families paid an 
 average weekly rent of 14s. 10d., or 18.5 per cent, on their total expenditure. The 
 number of budgets from other individual places is not sufficient to warrant the presenta- 
 tion of any averages based thereon. 
 
 5. Expenditure on Food. The data obtained from the budgets as to expenditure on 
 food form one of the most important features of the inquiry. It is proposed to present 
 the results from the following standpoints, viz. : (i.) Average weekly expenditure per 
 family ; (ii.) average weekly expenditure per head (unweighted) ; and (iii.) average 
 weekly expenditure per head (weighted) according to sex and age groups. 
 
 (i.) Average Weekly Expenditure per Family on Food. The table given here- 
 under shews the average weekly expenditure per family on each item of food specified 
 in the householder's budget, classified according to income group and size of family. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. AVERAGE WEEKLY EXPENDITURE PER FAMILY ON 
 VARIOUS ITEMS OF FOOD. 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 -+3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Families having 
 Incomes of 
 
 Number of 
 Membres. 
 
 0) 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 g 
 
 || 6 
 
 3 n 03 
 
 D 
 
 I'll 
 
 * 
 
 S3 o 
 
 "o 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 |1 
 
 
 MO 
 
 02 
 
 
 
 OEn 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 4 and under... 
 
 3 2 
 1 lOi 
 
 in 
 
 4 4* 
 3 5 
 
 3 5| 
 
 4 2 
 
 1 lOi 
 l 04 
 
 1 2 
 10 
 
 6 74 
 4 9 
 
 1 11 10i 
 1 2 64 
 
 200 and under ... 
 
 Over 4 
 4 and under... 
 
 2 8i 
 1 8 
 
 4 11 
 3 9i 
 
 2 8* 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 74 
 
 III 
 
 l 0* 
 
 10| 
 8| 
 
 4 4 
 3 3i 
 
 1 2 34 
 16 8 
 
 ' General Average 
 
 2 4J 
 
 5 2J 
 
 3 14 
 
 2 8 
 
 2 114 
 
 1 44 
 
 10| 
 
 4 8| 
 
 1 3 3i 
 
 It may be seen that the most important item of expenditure in Australia is that on 
 meat, which is followed in the order named by expenditure on other food : vegetables 
 and fruit, butter, cheese, etc.. milk, bread, sugar, and tea, coffee, etc. That order is 
 
EXPENDITURE. 
 
 17 
 
 not, however, invariably maintained in the individual groups. As might be anticipated, 
 the expenditure on food is greater in the higher income class and in the larger family 
 groups. A comparison of expenditure on food in Australia with that in other countries 
 has already been given on p. 14 hereof. 
 
 (ii.) Average Weekly Expenditure per Head on Various Items of Food. The next 
 table furnishes particulars of expenditure per head, irrespective of sex and age, on each 
 item of food. In computing the number of persons who were a charge upon the family 
 expenditures temporary absence from home has been taken into account (see p. 9 herein- 
 before) . 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. AVERAGE WEEKLY EXPENDITURE ON FOOD PER HEAD. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sx 
 
 Expenditure per Head on 
 
 
 
 
 *.2 
 
 3* 00 
 
 OjjJS 
 
 
 
 Families 
 having 
 Incomes of 
 
 Number 
 of Members. 
 
 Numb* 
 of Famil 
 
 E 
 fc-8 
 
 Average > 
 ber of He 
 per Fam 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
 egetables 
 nd Fruit. 
 
 i 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 cc 
 
 4 
 
 O ^ 
 
 38 
 
 Ofe 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p> e3 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d ' 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 
 58 
 
 385.4 
 
 6.65 
 
 53 
 
 1 Of 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 9 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 41 
 
 140.7 
 
 3.43 
 
 6* 
 
 1 6 
 
 Hi 
 
 10 
 
 gl 
 
 3w 
 
 3 
 
 1 4* 
 
 6 6J 
 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 4 and under 
 
 49 
 64 
 
 275.9 
 190.1 
 
 5.63 
 2.97 
 
 1 
 
 lOi 
 1 31 
 
 5 
 8f 
 
 54 
 
 71 
 
 9* 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 91 
 1 11 
 
 3 114 
 5 71 
 
 General Average 
 
 212 
 
 992.1 
 
 4.68 
 
 6 
 
 1 1 
 
 7| 
 
 61 
 
 71 
 
 8ft 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 4 10j 
 
 It may be seen that in each of the income groups the smaller families spend a 
 greater amount on food per head than the larger families. This is no doubt partly due 
 to the fact that in the larger families greater economies can be effected in regard to 
 waste, but it also indicates that the smaller families, as previously pointed out, live in a 
 greater degree of comfort than the larger families. The expenditure per head on the 
 various items specified is in the same order as the expenditure per family. 
 
 (iii.) Average Weekly Expenditure per Head on Food, according to Sex and 
 Age Groups. The figures given in the table in the preceding paragraph relating to cost 
 per head of various items of food do not differentiate either between sex or age groups. 
 On page 9 hereof particulars have already been given specifying the average number of 
 members of families classified according to sex and age groups. By weighting each 
 class, in the manner indicated hereunder, according to the cost of food consumed, an 
 average weekly cost can be computed for each class. Earlier investigations have shewn 
 that the average consumption of an adult male and an adult female differ, so also, of 
 course, does the average consumption at different ages. Hence in analysing the results 
 we should weight each class according to its consumption so determined. Then in the 
 manner indicated hereunder the average weekly cost can be computed for each class on 
 a common basis. (See footnote for method.) 1 
 
 1. Let Ni, N 2 , Ns, ...... etc. represent, in any income and family group, the average number of 
 
 heads in each sex and age class. Let also w iy w 2 , w 3 , ...... etc., denote the corresponding weights 
 
 representing the relative consumption of each sex and age class. Then if S be the total weekly sum 
 expended on food for a whole group, we shall have 
 
 _ S _ _ ^. gav 
 Niw>i + N 2 w 2 + N 3 u> 3 + etc. 
 k being then the average cost of food per unit-weight, this unit being arbitrarily taken to measure w. 
 
 Let Ci, C 2 , C 3) ...... etc., denote the average weekly cost per head in each class with the corre- 
 
 sponding suffixes, then 
 
 the square brackets denoting the sum of all the products of the numbers into the weight as above. 
 Similarly C 2 , C 3 , etc. = fcw 2 , kw 3 , etc. These values kw, etc., denote then the average weekly 
 expenditure per head for the several classes denoted by the suffixes. 
 
18 
 
 EXPENDITURE. 
 
 The weights applied to each sex and age group were selected after a careful stud 
 had been made of reports and other available information bearing on the matter, hot 
 from a physiological, economic and anthropometric standpoint. The weights selecte 
 for each class were as follow : 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. EXPENDITURE ON FOOD, WEIGHTS ASSIGNED TO 
 
 EACH CLASS. 
 
 Particulars. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Children. 
 
 Age in years ... 
 
 Over 17. 
 
 13-16. 
 
 Over 17. 
 
 13-16. 
 
 10-12. 
 
 6-9. 
 
 2-5. 
 
 Under 2 
 
 Weight 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 
 The average number of persons in each sex and age class in the various grouj 
 classified according to income and size of family have already been given in the table o 
 page 9. The total weekly expenditure on food for each group was 92 9s. 7d. , 46 3s. lOd 
 54 lls. lid., and 53 6s. 7d., while the total weekly expenditure for all groups wa 
 246 lls. lid. Proceeding on the lines indicated, see formula in preceding footnot< 
 the results are shewn for each class in each group in the following table : 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. AVERAGE WEEKLY EXPENDITURE PER HEAD ON 
 FOOD FOR EACH SEX AT DIFFERENT AGES. 1 
 
 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Children. 
 
 Families having 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 Incomes of 
 
 of Members. 
 
 Over 17. 
 
 13-16. 
 
 Over 17. 
 
 13-16. 
 
 10-12. 
 
 6-9. 
 
 2-5. 
 
 Unde 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 4 and under ... 
 
 6 61 
 8 3| 
 
 5 2f 
 
 6 7* 
 
 5 23 
 6 7$ 
 
 4 6f 
 5 10 
 
 4 2f 
 5 4| 
 
 3 3} 
 4 I* 
 
 2 31 
 2 lOf 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 8 
 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 
 6 21 
 
 4 Hi 
 
 4 lli 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 Or 
 
 3 H 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 22 
 
 
 4 and under ... 
 
 7 61 
 
 6 Of 
 
 6 02 
 
 5 3} 
 
 4 11 
 
 3 9k 
 
 2 7| 
 
 1 6 
 
 General Average 
 
 6 11 
 
 5 6| 
 
 5 6J 
 
 4 10 
 
 4 6 
 
 3 5* 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 4i 
 
 1 These are the values of kw in the formula deduced as shewn. 
 
 It may be seen that instead of the general average cost previously obtained for a, 
 classes, amounting to 4s. 10d., the average cost in the special sex and age classes range; 
 from Is. 4d., in the case of a child under two years of age, to 6s. lid. for an adul 
 man. From the figures given in the above table the average cost of food can, of course 
 be computed for any given family. Applying the results shewn in the table to variou 
 families selected at random from the householders' returns, it is found that the diver 
 gencies between the cost of food thus estimated and the average cost obtained from th 
 weekly budgets are generally small. This indicates that the weights which have beei 
 assigned are substantially in accordance with the facts. Thus, for a family in Ne\ 
 South Wales, consisting of father, mother, and five children, aged 11, 8, 5, 4 and 1 year 
 and having an income of over 200 a year, the estimated weekly cost of food, accordin: 
 to the results given in the preceding table, is 25s. Id., whereas the actual average com 
 puted from- the weekly budgets is 23s. lOd. Again, in the case of a family of elevei 
 persons, also with an income of over 200, the estimated cost is 41s. l^d., as against ai 
 actual cost of 42s. 5d.; and for a family of seven persons in Western Australia, wit! 
 an income under 200 a year, the estimated cost is 27s., as against an actual averagi 
 of 30s. lOd.- 
 
 It is not practicable to obtain similar results for sex and age classes in regard t< 
 expenditure on items other than food, owing to the difficulty in computing any satis 
 
EXPENDITURE. 
 
 19 
 
 factory system of weights accurately denoting the extent to which the various items are 
 used or consumed by persons in the various classes. 
 
 6. Expenditure on Clothing. In the family budgets there was included a number 
 of persons, such as boarders, servants, and adult children, whose clothing was not paid 
 for out of the common fund. In order, therefore, to obtain particulars of the average 
 cost per head these persons must- be excluded. The third column in the table hereunder 
 shews the average number of persons whose expenditure on clothing was included in the 
 returns, due allowance having been made for temporary absence from home. The 
 succeeding columns shew the average weekly and the corresponding annual expenditure 
 for the different income and family groups. 
 
 COST OF LIVING, 1910-11. AVERAGE WEEKLY AND ANNUAL EXPENDITURE 
 PER HEAD ON CLOTHING. 
 
 
 Numbers of Members. 
 
 Number 
 of Heads. 
 
 Expenditure on Clothing. 
 
 Families having Incomes of 
 
 Per Week. 
 
 Per Year. 
 
 Over 200 ... 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 4 and under 
 Over 4 ... - ... 
 4 and under 
 
 328.3 
 118.9 
 253.7 
 184.1 
 
 s. d. 
 2 4 
 4 3i 
 1 5 
 2 3 
 
 S, s. d. 
 6 11 
 10 4 10 
 3 13 8 
 5 17 5 
 
 General Average 
 
 885.0 
 
 2 5 
 
 662 
 
 7. Expenditure on Other Items. The table hereunder shews the average weekly 
 expenditure per family on items other than housing, food, clothing, and fuel and light, 
 each of which, with the exception of the last, has been dealt with separately. Expendi- 
 ture on fuel and light does not permit of further analysis. The percentage of each item 
 on the total expenditure is also shewn. 
 
 COST OF 
 
 LIVING, 1910-11. AVERAGE WEEKLY EXPENDITURE PER FAMILY 
 ON OTHER ITEMS. 
 
 
 11 I.- 
 
 1 . 
 
 n m > O 
 
 
 
 *8 
 
 2 43 
 
 11 
 
 
 X 
 
 *S 
 
 
 
 
 Families 
 having 
 Incomes 
 of 
 
 i gi3 ' 2 
 
 Number g o foS 
 Members. ?* *? 5 
 
 ||l||l 
 
 Alcoholi 
 Beverage 
 
 Tobacco 
 Cigars, et 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 to 
 a 
 
 Contributioi 
 Benefit Socie 
 
 Education 
 (School Mate 
 
 Medical 
 Expense 
 
 Rates and Tt 
 
 1 Sports an 
 Amusemei 
 
 Other 
 Expenditu 
 
 O 
 
 AVERAGE WEEKLY EXPENDITURE. 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 d 
 
 R, d. 
 
 d. 
 
 s. d.!s. d. 
 
 R. d. 
 
 R. d. 
 
 R. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 R. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Over -200 
 
 Over 4 ...;-2 9* 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 5* 
 
 4 7 6 91 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 91 
 
 2 1* 
 
 
 22 4 
 
 2 9 14 
 
 200 and under 
 
 4 and under 2 24 
 
 Over 4 ... 1 10J 
 
 31 
 14 
 
 1 03 
 31 
 
 61 
 5* 
 
 3 -2ii4 10 
 1 41 81 
 
 1 3? 
 1 Of 
 
 1 7 
 4 
 
 
 2 8| 
 6| 
 
 5* 
 
 26 41 
 
 5 8| 
 
 2 9 71 
 15 6l 
 
 
 4 and under 1 84 
 
 1! 
 
 44 
 
 6* 
 
 1 9i 
 
 i ioi 
 
 1 0* 
 
 4 
 
 1 51 
 
 1 1 
 
 6$ 
 
 8 34 
 
 19 21 
 
 General Average ...2 Ij 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 2 84 
 
 3 9 
 
 1 li 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 51 
 
 1 6| 
 
 i li 
 
 15 04 
 
 1 12 5 
 
 PERCENTAGE ON TOTAL EXPENDITURE. 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 % | % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 Over 200 
 
 Over 4 
 
 2.4ri 
 
 0.22 0.67 
 
 0.41 
 
 4.08 
 
 6.02 
 
 1.04 
 
 2.45 
 
 3.35 
 
 1.89 
 
 1.24 
 
 19.88 
 
 43.71 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 91.15 
 
 0.27 1.04 
 
 0.51 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.72 
 
 1.24 
 
 1 .55 
 
 3.01 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.40 
 
 25.75 
 
 48.43 
 
 200 and under 
 
 Over 4 
 
 3 33 
 
 0.221 0.49 
 
 08fi 
 
 9,40 
 
 3.04 
 
 1 91 
 
 O.fiO 
 
 9,.9fi 
 
 1.01 
 
 0.79 
 
 10.31 
 
 27.92 
 
 
 4 and under 
 
 3.21 
 
 0.27 0.70 
 
 1.02 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.57 
 
 2.00 
 
 0.62 
 
 2.70 
 
 2.04 
 
 1.02 
 
 15.68 
 
 36.16 
 
 General Average 
 
 2.67 
 
 0.26 0.74 
 
 0.63 
 
 3.41 4.72 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.57 
 
 3.09 
 
 1.97 
 
 1.41 
 
 18.94 
 
 40.82 
 
20 EXPENDITURE. 
 
 It may be seen that, disregarding " other expenditure," the most important item 
 in the above table is expenditure on insurance, which is followed in the order named by 
 fares, medical expenses, other groceries not food, rates and taxes, education and school 
 materials, contributions to benefit societies and sports and amusements (equal) , alcoholic 
 beverages, tobacco, cigars, etc., and non-alcoholic beverages. 
 
 In view of the probability, previously referred to, that the budgets include a con-, 
 siderable proportion of returns from householders whose habits are of a thrifty and 
 economical nature, and who habitually exercise a careful supervision over their expendi- 
 ture, it appears likely that the average amounts specified as being expended on various 
 items especially on those which are of the nature of luxuries are somewhat too low 
 to be representative of the general community. This view is also borne out by an 
 examination of the individual budgets. Thus, in regard to alcoholic beverages, it 
 appears that no less than 88 out of the 212 families were teetotallers. Of the balance 
 42 families spent on this item an average amount of less than 3d. per family per week, 
 while there are only 15 families entered as spending over 2s. each a week. Of the last 
 number nine exceeded 3s. each per week, and three exceeded 5s. a week. On non- 
 alcoholic beverages the average weekly expenditure per family is only 2jd., while the 
 average expenditure on sports and amusements is also very low, viz., Is. l^d. per week, 
 
 21 families returning no expenditure under this heading. Expenditure on tobacco is 
 also small, the weekly average per family being 6d. There are only 81 families with a 
 weekly expenditure in excess of that sum, while 103 families returned no expenditure 011 
 this item. The relatively high expenditure on insurance and contributions to benefit 
 societies, amounting together to 6.13 per cent, on the total expenditure, indicates thrift 
 and economy. "Other expenditure" includes a considerable variety of miscellaneous 
 items, such as servants' wages, furniture, repairs and maintenance of property, holiday 
 expenses, and any other outlay not specifically mentioned under any other heading. The 
 percentage on total expenditure ranges from 10.31 for larger families in the smaller 
 income group to 25.15 for small families with larger incomes. 
 
 8. Conclusion. It is to be regretted that in an inquiry of such importance, and so 
 closely touching the interests of the majority of the community, the response of the 
 public in furnishing budgets of income and expenditure has been so limited. In a 
 similar inquiry carried out in the United States of America in 1902, data were obtained 
 as to cost of living for one year from 25,440 families, representing 124,108 persons. 
 Many interesting investigations and important analysis could thus be carried out. Again 
 in Germany, in 1907, schedules were distributed to 4134 families, of which 960, or 23.2 
 per cent., filled in the particulars for the full period of twelve months, while 699 
 families, or 16.9 per cent., persevered for from six to eleven months. The results of the 
 inquiry in Australia compare very unfavourably with those in the countries mentioned, 
 only 178, or 9.4 per cent., on the total number distributed (1500), having persevered for 
 the full period of twelve months, and 20 families, or 1.1 per cent., for from six to eleven 
 months. The result in those countries where the people respond willingly to inquiries 
 of this nature is that a better knowledge of sociological and economic sonditions is 
 acquired, and the possibility of directing national development on scientific lines is 
 enhanced. In the United States and Germany especially, it appears that the masses of 
 the community are beginning to realise that, in so far as sociological knowledge can con- 
 tribute to national success, that people have the position of advantage whose investi- 
 gators discover the largest body of scientific truth, and whose practical men are the 
 most prompt in the application of it in social organisation. A movement has recently 
 been set on foot for an inquiry into the cost of living on an international basis. If 
 such an inquiry be carried out in all its bearings the results should go far towards 
 elucidating several important matters in regard to which the information at present 
 available is meagre and unsatisfactory. 
 

 
 
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