THE MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK A General Description DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY, GAS AND ELECTRICITY. Nicholas J. Hayes, Commissioner John J. Diet2, Deputy Commissioner Merritt H. Smith, Chief Engineer William W. Brush, Deputy Chief Engineer May. ^/'^' 40-S006-20-D THE MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK A General Description srUNICIPAI. REFBRENCB DSS-ARTilENT OCTol IH'^P GIFT JAN 1 3 '23 DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY, GAS AND ELECTRICITY. Nicholas J. Hayes, Commissioner John J. Dietz, Deputy Commissioner Merritt H. Smith, Chief Engineer William W. Brush, Deputv Chief Engineer May, 1920. BiiUscyc Nicw ui N\"ati.rsliLds ;uid Lines uf Aquuduclb ul llic Catskill, Crotou and Long Island Systems. SHU CONTENTS. Page Historical 6 Watersheds, Reservoirs and Aqueducts Now in Use — The Catskills and Croton vSu|)plies 11 Quality of the Water 15 Consumption and Waste of Water 18 Utilization of the Catskill and Croton Suj^plics — Pumping" Croton AX'ater to Cive It Adequate Pressure 20 Water Pressures 21 Distri1)ution System 22 Controlling the Location of Suhsurf.'ice Structures 23 High Pressure Fire Service 23 Municipal AX'ater Sup])ly Systems Placed in Reserve.,.. 27 W^ater Revenue 29 A^alue and Cost of Maintaining and (^])crating the Water Supply System 30 Private Water Comjxinies 30 Tables 32 GIFT The Municipal Water Supply System of the City of New York Of the 6,000,000 inhabitants, more or less, of New York City, all but about 400,000 are supplied with water by the municipality. Such 400,000, constituting a portion of the in- habitants of the Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, are sup- plied by private water companies. This pamphlet deals prin- cipally with the municipal water supply system and the work incident to the care, operation and development thereof, which work is confided by statute to the Department of Water Sup- ply, Gas and Electricity. The department's jurisdiction and principal duties in relation to this work are as follows : 1. It has jurisdiction, charge and control (a) of the sources of supply of all water furnished b}" the City, (b) of all water supply structures owned by the City, including reservoirs, dams, aqueducts and gatehouses, and (c) of the City's distribution system, including pumping stations, water mains, valves and fire hydrants. It supplies about 5,600,000 people with water for domestic and business uses and for fire protection, and in so doing operates and maintains the great- est municipal water supply system in the world, of an esti- mated cost of $341,500,000.' 2. It is responsible for the quality of the water, whether supplied by the City or by private water companies. 3. It operates through electrically driven pumps the high pressure fire service in Manhattan and Brooklyn and through gas driven pumps that are at Coney Island. 4. It collects the water revenue, amounting to about $15,000,000 per annum. 5. In conjunction with the Board of .Mdermen it fixes the rates at which water supplied l)y the C"ity shall be sold. 6. It tests water meters. It may require their installa- tion in places where water is supplied for business purposes and it inspects and reads some 108,000 at regular intervals. It may recommend to the Board of Aldermen their installa- tion in residential premises and there install them with the consent of such Board. 7. It determines the location and supervises the construc- tion of all sub-surface structures (including water mains, gas hiains, electrical conductors, steatn pipes and pneumatic tubes), except sewers and rapid transit lines. 8. It supervises the operation of the private water com- panies in Queens and Brooklyn and has jurisdiction to fix their rates lor water, its determination as to rates being sub- ject to review by the courts. At the head of the department is a Commissioner, ap- pointed by the Mayor. It has three operating bureaus, the largest of which is the Bureau of Water Supply. At its head is a Chief Engineer, appointed by the Commissioner and re- sponsible to him for the operation and maintenance of the water system. Of the 2,100 employees of the department, 1,470 are attached to the Bureau of Water Supply. The water revenue is collected through the Bureau of Water Register, which bureau also inspects all premises to determine the proper water charges, establishes consumers' accounts, examines fixtures and reads water meters. Electric current for the operation of the high pressure fire service pumps is provided through the instrumentality of the Bureau of Gas and Electricity. No reference will be made to departmental duties not relevant to the subject matter of this pamphlet.* HISTORICAL. The present City of New York is the result of a con- solidation in 1898 of two great cities and various adjacent communities. Their water supplies were developed with- out regard to the present city limits and it was not until 1917 that New York was served by a system planned for the city as a whole. A brief reference to the principal features of the important earlier systems will prove interesting. The Borough of Manhattan, constituting the old City of New York, had, until 1842, no general water supply system, although its population at that time amounted to over 300,000. The early settlers obtained water exclusively from wells, some of them constructed by the city in the important streets. The first general scheme for a supply of water actually put into operation was adopted by the Manhattan Company (now the Manhattan Bank), which, in 1800, sunk a well at Reade and Centre streets, pumped water therefrom into a reservoir on *A11 Catskill construction work is under tlie Board of Water Supply, a sepa- rate organization. As such work is completed it is transferred to the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity for maintenance and operation. GRADtTUNNEL fKens'CO Rtarvoir to , ^ STEEL PIPE SIPHON {Three pipti for toch siphon) PRESSURL TUNNEL Rondoul Wallkill -^ 14^' Moodna _ I4'-Z' Hution Brtokrttck.CnltnLake .l4'-0' fonkers _,. .16-7' OlyAfi^xJuct ^. irto /S' j, 2tO' CUT-AND-COVER AQUEDUCT (XensiiP Heseruoir lo Mill Vitw Rtsenxir, \tg^U-or) CATSKII_I_ AQUELDUCT GRADE TUNNEL PRESSURE TUNNEL NEW CROTON AQUEDUCT OLD CROTON AQUtDUCT BROOKLYN AQUEDUCT Cross Section of New York City Aqueducts. 7 Chambers street and distributed it thence through wooden mains to a portion of the community, which, at that time, con- sisted of about 60,000 inhabitants. The maximum amount supplied by this company was about 700,000 gallons a day. Tile initial step taken by the old city of New York in reference to public waterworks was the construction, in about 1830, of a reservoir at Thirteenth street and Broadway. After con- sideration of numcrcjus schemes locjking- to the creation of a suitable general supi)ly, it was decided to build an aqueduct from the Croton River to the city, to be supplied by one storage reservoir, which aqueduct (known to-day as the Old Croton Aqueduct), with a capacity of 90 m.g.d.,* was opened in 1842. This was an event of great importance in the history of older New York. The distribution reservoirs were at Forty-second street (abandoned in 1890) and in Central Park, south of Eighty-sixth street, the latter being the rectangular reservoir soon to be abandoned. In due course this aqueduct became inadequate and in ISS,-) a commission was formed to build a second one from the Croton watershed as well as addi- tional storage reservoirs in that watershed. The second aque- duct, known as the New Croton Aqueduct, was under con- struction from 1885 to 1893 (though it was used as earl^ as 1890), and has a capacity of 300 m.g.d.* Of the former Bronx water supply it is sufficient to say that in recent 3'ears nearly three-quarters thereof came from the Croton and the remainder from the less important Bronx and Bryam watersheds. The waters from the latter, yielding about 20 m.g.d., were until recently delivered into a pipe line over fifteen miles long, leading from the former Kensico Lake to the Williamsbridge reservoir in the Bronx. This lake has now been merged in the new Kensico reservt^ir, and at that point the waters from the Bronx and Byram watersheds be- come merged in the new Catskill supply. A distinguishing feature of the supplies from the Croton. Byram and Bronx watersheds is that they have always been delivered to the boroughs in which they were used by gravity, though it was necessary thereafter (and it still is necessary) to pump a portion of the Croton water to obtain adequate pressures to reach certain high ground. On the other hand, the former municipal water supplies of Brooklyn, Queens and Note. — "M.g.d." stands for "million gallons daily." Richmond were collected for the most part by wells and in- filtration galleries. It was necessary, at a great expense, to pump the water from the ground and also, as a rule, there- after to an appropriate elevation before it could be sent into the mains for distribution. The former City of Brooklyn, like the former City of New York, did not develop a public water supply system until its population had reached nearly 300,000, the use of local wells and cisterns being the only sources of supply prior to 1859. In that year the city began sending water collected on the south side of Long Island into its dis- tribution system. The original works ran easterly to the Hempstead Valley. Later they were extended to Massape- qua. Long Island, and the great Alilburn and the Ridgewood South Side pumping stations constructed. For the Borough of Queens no municipal waterworks of magnitude have been constructed. Prior to 1913 the First Ward was served by three local municipal pumping stations and by private water companies. Between 1913 and 1917 it was served largely from the Brooklyn watershed. The Third Ward, prior to 1917, was served by two municipal pumping stations, while the Second, Fourth and Fifth Wards were and still are supplied by private water companies, their sources of supply being ground water collected by means of driven wells. Prior to 1917 the Borough of Richmond was dependent for its supply on ground water drawn from wells. Until 1909, except as to Tottenville, it was served by private water com- panies, the principal of which were in that year acquired by the city. The last of the private companies in this borough was acquired by the city in 1917. Some twenty years ago the necessity was foreseen of pro- viding a large additional water supply for the use of Greater New York, but it was not until 1902 that definite steps were taken to formulate and execute such a plan. In that year a commission of engineers was appointed which, after careful study, recommended that the city go to the Catskills for ad- ditional water. In 1905 the Board of Water Sujjply — not to be confused with the Department of Water Supply, Gas and IClcctricity — was created by act of the Legislature and pro- ceeded forthwith to i)lan and construct the works for im- pounding the waters of the Esopus, one of the four watersheds in the Catskills, upon which the city had planned to draw, ••AAMaaMHte ^gj- '^^ !_;" " - • _^/^^^^^T* Ashokan Reservoir. Ashokan Reservoir Spillway. 10 and for deliverins^ such waters throuj^hout New York City. This mounmental work, commonly known as the Catskill sys- tem, was successfully completed and turned over to this de- partment for operation in 1917. The Board of Water Supply is now eng;a,L^efl in developing another of the Catskill water- sheds, the Schoharie, from which it is expected to derive about 250 m.g.d. beginning- with the year 1924. WATERSHEDS, RESERVOIRS AND AQUEDUCTS NOW IN USE— THE CATSKILL AND CROTON SUPPLIES. The municipality now draws its water alnu)St exclusively from (1) the Esopus (Catskill), (2) the Croton, (3) the Byram and Bronx watersheds. Some 7 m.g.d. is drawn from wells in Richmond to supplement the Catskill supply and at times slightly over 20 m.g.d. has been drawn from the Long Island watershed to reduce the draft on the Catskill system in Brook- lyn. As a result of the introductic^n of the water from the Catskills, the city's watersheds on Long Island and Staten Island are now largely in disuse. I low soon the reserve sup- ply will be again drawn on depends on a number of factors, such as the growth of the city, the future per capita consump- tion of water and whether or not other sources of supply are developed. The aqueducts in use at this time are the Catskill and the new Croton, the old Croton aqueduct being held in reserve. Brief descriptions of the Catskill and Croton systems follow. The Esopus watershed in the Catskill Mountains, with an area of 257 square miles, has been developed to yield a safe minimum of 250 m.g.d., the precise amount varying with the rainfall. The average present draft is about 375 m.g.d. Its waters are collected in the Ashokan reservoir, with an avail- able capacity of 127,700 m.g. and at an elevation of about 590 feet. This capacity can be increased to 130,400 m.g. by placing flash boards on the overflow dam. The water from this reservoir is sent l)y gravity into the five boroughs of the city. It first passes through the Catskill aqueduct, which extends a distance of ninety-two miles from the Ashokan reser- voir to the northerly city limits, crossing the Hudson by means of a tunnel in rock at Storm King Mountain at a depth of 1,114 feet below sea level. From the city limits it passes through the Bronx and Manhattan b}' means of the continua- U Croton Dam and Spillway. Kensico Dam. 12 tion of the aqueduct, knowu as the City Tunnel, lying from 200 to 750 feet below the street surfaces, thence beneath the ]£ast Ri\er to two terminal shafts in Brooklyn, whence steel and iron pipe conduits carry it into the boroughs of Queens and Richmond. The conduit leading to Richmond passes be- neath the Narrows. The terminal of the Catskill system is Siher Lake reservoir on Staten Island, with a capacity of about 438 m.g. The distance from Ashokan reservoir to Silver Lake is about 120 miles, and at the averag'e velocity of flow the water requires about three days to travel this distance. The Catskill aqueduct is twice as long as the greatest Roman aqueduct. Kensico reservoir, with an available capacity of 30,573 m.g. (or sufficient to supply the city with water for about two months,), has been built on the line of the Catskill aqueduct, near Valhalla, as a storage reservoir for the purpose of main- taining the su])])ly of the city when the aqueduct north of that point may be temporarily out of service. As already stated, it receives also the water from the Byram and Bronx water- sheds. Llill View reservoir, located within the limits of Yon- kers and fifteen miles south of Kensico reservoir, has been constructed to regulate the flow of water as between the aque- duct, where it is relatively steady, and the city mains, in which it varies from hour to hour. It holds 929 m.g. of water and has a depth of 36}4 feet. Its elevation of 295 feet above sea level determines the "head" of the Catskill supply. The Catskill aqueduct is either circular or horseshoe in section, ^\•ith a maximum height of 17^ feet and a capacity of at least 500 m.g.d. Tt will not be utilized to capacty until the v^choharie watershed shall have been developed (at which time additional pipe sii)hons across certain valleys must be built, as the ]')rescnt si])hons limit the cai)acity to about 375 m.g.d.). The Catskill supply is deli\'ered to the street mains in the bor- oughs of Manhattan and the Bronx through nineteen water- way shafts, and from the Brooklyn terminal shafts large, steel pipe conduits have been laid in the streets to supply the bor- oughs of Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond. 14ie Croton ^vaters1u■d has an area of 3,75 s(|uarc miles and may be counted u])on to }ield a mininnun of 336 m.g«d., the average yield being 400 m.g.d. Its waters are collected through twelve storage reservoirs and six controlled lakes, the 13 ^^^-^^-^■-- -^"{rfOS^', 1 Catskill Aqueduct Passing Beneath Hudson River North of West Point. Construction of Catskill 36-lnch Pipe Line to Staten Island Beneath the Narrows. 14 lowest and largest of which is known as Croton Lake about 20 miles loni,^ At the westerly end of this lake is the Croton Dam, an imfxjsin^ masonry structure built between 1892 and 1905, at a cost of approximately .$17,000,000 (includinq; land). The spillway of this dam is at an elevation of about 200 feet. The total a\aihd)le capacity of all the reservoirs on this water- shed is 104.443 m.'^. The two Croton aqueducts have a com- bined capacity of 390 m.i>-.d., or slightly less than the average yield above mentioned. The length of each to the city line is about twent\'-four miles. The old aqueduct crosses the ?Iar- lem Ri\cr at and by means of Ilighbridge, while the new aque- duct passes underneath the Harlem River near 180th street at a depth of 300 feet below the river surface. Practically all Croton water reaching Manhattan is carried to the gatehouse at 135th street and Amsterdam avenue, except that taken from the new Croton aqueduct at the pumping station at 179th street and Harlem River. From the gatehouse all Croton water goes by gravity into the mains, either directly or through the (listril)uling reservoirs in Central Park, except that which may be sent tt) the pumping station at Xinety-eighth street and Ctikunbus avenue. The Central Park reservoirs have an ele- vation of 119 feet. QUALITY OF THE WATER. The city makes unremitting effort to keep the water free from pollution. (a) A uniformed force under a sanitary expert is engaged in patrolling the watersheds to detect and abate sources of contamination and to see to it that the department's sanitary rules and regulations are observed. (b) All water is treated with chlorine. The Croton is so treated at Dunwoodie. near Yonkers ; also portions thereof at sundr\- j)oints on the watershed ; the Catskill as it enters the Ashokan reservoir, and also at the Kensico reservoir. The use of chlorine to destroy bacteria is recognized as a generally efficient means of i^rotecting a ct)mnumity against disease be- ing transmitted through its water supply. Tt is ap])lie(l in amounts so small (usually about one pound of chlorine to 500,000 gallons of water) that there is no resulting taste or odor. (c) All Catskill water may be aerated to free it from gases and in some cases from microscopic organisms which, though 15 and in some cases fnjin niicrosc<)i)ic orj^anims which, ihouj^h harmless, may nevertheless produce an unpleasant odor or taste. It is only at limes that the water recpiires such treat- ment. The aerators, each consistino of some 1,800 fountains, are installed at the Ashokan and Kensico reservoirs. (d) Microscopic organisms which develop in the reser- voirs and at times impart an un])leasant taste and odur t(j the water, though in no sense harmful to health, are destroyed by treatment with copper sulphate. (e) The department is resisting- the inslallalinn of addi. tional State institutions on any of the watersheds. Experi- ence shows that the operation of sewage disposal jilants (es- pecially at institutions) is Hable to interruption, while the general contamination of the water supply resulting from large aggregations of people, many of them undisciplined, residing within a restricted area, is a menace which should not be allowed unnecessarily to arise. (f) At two laboratories daily bacteriological examinations are made of samples of water -taken at seventeen different points. Additional samples from sources of supply which do not require daily investigation result in the laboratories exam- ining over thirteen thousand samples during the year. In case any portion of the supply is shown to be unsatisfactory, either its use is discontinued or the objectionable conditions are ascertained and remedied. The laboratories in cjuestion are well equipped with modern apparatus and are located, respec- tively, at Mount Prospect reservoir, Brooklyn, at Mount Kisco and at the Ashokan gatehouse, where Catskill water is tested. (g) The department has recently forbidden the introduc- tion of water from any private wells or other auxiliary water supply into the pipes through which w^ater supplied by the municipality flows, unless the same has been first approved by the Board of Health as suitable for domestic use. How successful the city has been in maintaining the quality of its water is shown in part by the low typhoid death rate, which is now at its lowest known point, namely. 2.0 per 100.000, nor does the department concede that any of these deaths are due to impure water; rather arc they traceable to oysters, milk, uncooked vegetables and ice cream, or to dis- ease contracted beyond the city limits. The quality of the water supplied by the city is excellent 16 Laboratory at Mount Prospect, Brooklyn. Chlorinating Plant at Dunwoodie. 17 for all i)iirposes. At the lime of its delivery from the reser- voirs into the mains it is clear and wholesome and safer to drink than most bottled waters. If water is dirty as it runs from faucets, this is generally due to rust or accumulations within house tanks or piping, for which the city is not re- sponsible. The Catskill water is particularly well suited for business uses, for it is very soft and very low in iron content and corrosive constituents. A soft water reduces the use of soap in laundries, in silk dyeing establishments and in the household ; it aids in procuring correct colors in dyes and in silk dyeing" ; it affects favorably the operation of powerhouses, breweries and photographic establishments and reduces cor- rosion in local house piping and other fixtures. A soft water with low corrosive action eliminates to a great extent scale in boilers and corrosion of tubes, thereby reducing the cost of steam production and the probability of accident. The Catskill supply is softer than either the Croton or the former Brooklyn and Queens supplies. The former Ivichmond supply had a hardness ten times as great at that of Catskill water. The use of softer water will mean aggregate savings of hun- dreds of thousands of dollars, affecting many classes of consumers in Greater New York. The question whether or not the water supply of New York should be filtered was considered in 1910, the then responsible authorities reaching the conclusion that it was not necessary to do so at that time. (With the growth of the com- munities on the watersheds and under an insistent public demand the subject wall, in due course, undoubtedly again receive attention. Meanwhile, it should be remembered that in addition to the mechanical means of purification above de- scribed, the long period of sedimentation in the reservoirs operates still further to purify the water. CONSUMPTION AND WASTE OF WATER. The dailv aggregate consumption of water within Creater New York exceeds 660 m.g.d., including the 40 m.g.d., more or less, furnished by the private water companies of Brooklyn . and Queens. Thus the municipality supplies about 620 m.g.d., or somewhat over 100 gallons per capita to those whom it serves. Figures already cited show that the Croton, By ram. Bronx and Esopus (Catskill) watersheds may, with average rainfall, be reasonably counted on to yield together at least 18 750 m.g.d., and it follows that just now New York City has available a supply of water well in excess of its needs. Cats- kill water is being used to nearly the full present capacity of the Catskill aqueduct, because through its greater pressure it constitutes the least expensive of the supplies to operate, and so it comes about that at the present time about three-fifths of the water used is Catskill and two-fifths Croton. As much Croton water as it is possible to distribute by gravity is now being withdrawn for use, and no further substantial amount of Croton water could be used except after i)uniping to give ade- quate pressure. For this reason the department selects Croton water as the excess water which shall run to waste, in so far as any must run to waste. This is a vital fact to be remem- bered in any consideration of the present surplus of water. Other points to be considered are (a) that the annual growth in consumption will absorb more and more of this surplus, and (b) that it will be almost, if not entirely, eliminated by a succession of dry years. The consumption figures include the water that is lost through leaks in mains and fixtures and wasted through reck- less use. Hiis is a large subject with which it is impossible to deal fully here. Since 1912 leaks from water mains and house services within street limits, representing in all 7S m.g.d., have been located and stopped, an amount suificient to supply a city of about 750,000 inhabitants. The daily aggre- gate waste within buildings where the services are not metered is known to be a very large amount. The department is, to the best of its ability, endeavoring to reduce such waste through house inspections, but this is a slow process and one in which it is often difficult to secure the required co-operation on the part of the citizens. The most effective known remedy against waste within houses is the installation of water meters, for each householder then has a personal interest in reducing it to a minimum. Leaky fixtures and allowing water to run on cold nights to prevent i)ipes from freezing are much less likely to occur where the size of water bills depends upt)n the precise quantity of water used than where a lump sum is paid for the water sui)plied, irres])ccti\e of the (|uanlity used. Aleters have, been installed generally in New ^'ork on services where water is used iov business consumption. It sht)uld be realized by all that water is not oidy a priiduct of great value, 19 but a very costly product by the time it has Ijccn placed at the disposal of consumers in a large city. The necessity of con- serving the supply is perhaps best illustrated Ijy the fact that the city is now engaged in developing the Schoharie watershed in the Catskills, at a cost of over $20,000,000 in anticipaticm of the increased requirements of the not distant future. UTILIZATION OF THE CATSKILL AND CROTON SUPPLIES— PUMPING CROTON WATER TO GIVE IT ADEQUATE PRESSURE. The uses to which the Catskill and Crctlon supi>hcs are put are determined largely by the elevation of the respective points from which they flow into^the distributing mains. In the case of the Catskill such point is Hill \'iew rcserx'oir with an elevation of 295 feet. In the case of the Croton such points are Jerome Park reservoir, the 135th Street gatehouse and the Central Park reservoir, with respective elevations of 134, 124 and 119 feet. The "head" of the Catskill supply is thus nearly two and a half times that of the Croton, sufftcient to send it by gravity to all portions of the Bronx and Brooklyn and to all buildings of average height in other than the very highest portions of the three remaining boroughs. 'Jlie greater "head" of the Catskill renders it the more valuable of the two supplies. Only Catskill water is now mainly used for the municipal service in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, about 200 m.g.d. being required for this purptise. Such use of Catskill water has made it possi])le to virtually disi)ense with the costly pumping of water from the ground in these boroughs and thus to effect an annual saving estimated on the basis of normal prices at about $600,000 net. In addition, about 50 m. g. of Catskill water are being used daily to sujiply the high ground in the Bronx. The remainder is available for Manhattan and most of it is used in lower Manhattan to suppl}- the important mercantile sections with adequate pressures. Croton water is used in portions of Manhattan and the Bronx. All that is used on ground with an elevation greater than 40 feet or thereabouts must first be ])umped to give it adequate pressure. About 65 .m.g.d. are normally l^ejing pumped for this purpose at the department's two pumping stations situated respectively at 179th Street and Harlem 20 River and at 98th Street and Colnmbns Avcnne. The water so pumped serves Iniilding's on certain hij^h ground in upper and central Manhattan. 'J'hc Jerome Park pumi)ing" station in the Bronx, heretofore used to pump Croton water, was idle from February, 1917, when the use of Catskill water in that boruugh became general, until May, 1919. when the operation of this station \\as resumed to reduce the draft on Catskill supplw It may not l)e necessary to run this station in 1920. A small amount of Catskill water is ])um])ed in the Third \\ aril of Oueens and in kiclimond for ust' on the highest ground of those boroughs. In Kichmond also about 7 m.g.d. is ])uniped from wells to augment the Catskill sui)ply. 'Jdie only Catskill water available during the next few years will be that from the i-'sopus watershed, the maximum quantit}' of which is practically hxed, .and any increase in con- sumption in the areas su]»plie(l by it must be obtained from other sources. The only other available sources (until the Schoharie watershed shall have been developed) are (1) pumped Croton water and (2) \\ater to be deri\ ed through the resumption of pumping on the Long Island watershed and on Staten Island. The former is a far more economical source of supply than the latter, l)Ut after the Jerome I 'ark station shall have again been ])ut in commission and the maximum capacity of this and the two Manhattan stations for jiumping Croton water reached (stich total ma.xinnnn capacity being about 100 m.g.d.), it may and doubtless will be necessary again to resort to pumping on the Long Island watershe(l. WATER PRESSURES. Since the introduction of the Catskill sup]ily water i)rcs- sures in Manhattan ha\e undergone gre.it im])ro\ cment. In many districts tluia' has been ;in incri'a'^e ol Iritm 2^ to 35 pounds and in se\eral sectious tlu' cost of ])ri\ate ])umping in buildings has been greatly reduced or the necessity there- for entirely eliminated. IVessures still remain unsatisfactory in certain sections on the east side of Manhattrni and in the central part of that borough between 14th and .Uth Streets. This has been occasioned by the increased demands for water since the Catskill sujijily was first furnished and the policy of reducing costs b\- holding stations in reserve. There is planneil a minimum pressure of 30 pmmds 21 throughout Manhattan and at many places the pressures will be from (>() to 65 pounds. The ])rc'ssurcs in the lironx ha\e been increased where required, but no general increase was necessary. In Brooklyn there has been an increase of from 5 to 10 pounds through- out the greater i)art of the low service area. In the First Ward of Queens the pressures have been increased about 20 pounds. There has been no general change iri the Third Ward of Queens or in Richmond. The minimum pressure supplied by the municipality in the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond is 30 pounds except in certain small isolated areas, while the average pressure is over 40 pounds. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. The demand for water is subject to more or less variation during the course of the day, while during certain morning hours it is twice or three times as great as shortly after mid- night. To meet this situation distributing reservoirs are nec- essary, and the principal ones are those located at Hill View, at Jerome Park and in Central Park. The total length of city-owned water mains within Greater New York is about 3,000 miles, exclusive of high pres- sure fire service mains, hereinafter more fully referred to. They vary in diameter from 4 to 66 inches, the usual size on residential streets being 6 or 8 inches. Connected with them are 45,400 fire hydrants. Some 69,000 gates control the flow in the mains and to the hydrants. There are about 397,000 con- nections, known as services, through wdiich water is drawn for domestic or business purposes. The mains are chiefly of cast iron and some of them were laid as many as seventy-five years ago. The life of a cast iron main depends largely upon the character of the water, although electrolysis and local out- side deterioration are occasional factors. In Manhattan at least a hundred years should elapse before internal corrosion so weakens a main as to necessitate its removal. There are cast iron pipes now in use in France which were laid over two hundred and fifty years ago. The cost of an 8-inch main and of the laying thereof is about $6,000 a mile under normal price conditions and where there is no rock excavation. \Miere there is rock excavation, or where a modern pavement must be cut and replaced, such cost is nearly doubled. 22 To cope with the situations which arise when breaks occur in the mains, repair companies are maintained in each borougii. 'J'here are seventeen of these ccnnpanies, comprising in all about 675 men. J\Iost of them are manned twenty-fuur hours a day and all are provided with motor trucks for quick transportation. While during the course of a year several thousand leaks occur in the water mains calling for repairs, yet the number of important breaks is relati\ely small. 'IMie latter are often attributable to the fre((uent underground changes in the streets of New York whit-li rcsuH in the settle- ment of the fill supporting the mains. The introduction of C'atskill water necessitated many readjustments ui the distri1)iUion system in all of the bor- oughs, but this work has been so performed that the .system can be readily re-adapted to the old methods of supply. CONTROLLING THE LOCATION OF SUB-SURFACE STRUCTURES. The department determines the location not only of water mains, but of all other sub-surface structures (such as elec- trical ccMuluits, gas mains, steam pipes and pneumatic tubes) except sewers and rapid transit tunnels. This great power is vested in the department as the successor in interest of the Board of Electrical C"ontrol. Its special significance here is that it enables the department to see to it that ready access to water mains is left for the purpose of repairs and connec- tions and that proper si>acc is reserved for the installation of future mains. HIGH PRESSURE FIRE SERVICE. The Department. t)f Water Sui:)])ly, Gas and Electricity has most important duties to perform in conneclion with the protection of the city against fire. Jt not only sup[)lics water at the propel" pressure and installs the mains through which it runs and the fire hydrants through which it is drawn from the mains, but it also oi)erates in portions of Manhattan and Brooklyn and at Coney Island a special ser\ice knt)\vn as the high-pressure fire service. One of the Manhattan statit)ns is at Oliver and South Streets and the other at (lansevoort and West Streets. There are two similar stations in Brooklyn, located respectively at I''urnian and Joralemon ."-Streets and 23 High Pressure Fire Service Pumping Station, Gansevoort Street, Manhattan. Water Meter Testing Station, Manhattan. 24 at Willoughby and St. Edwards Streets. The Coney Island station is at Twcll'ili Street and Neptune Avenue. There are about 49,500 lire hych^ants in (Ireater New Vt^rk, 4,100 of which are on the hii^li i)ressure hre service in the b(jr- out^hs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. The low pressure fire hydrant furnishes at best a pressure utterly inadequate for the extins^uishnient of fires in New \'i)rk. 'i'lu- stream fnmi a fire hose attached to such a hydrant wduM be insufficient in volume and would not reach beyond tin- third story of a l)uild- ing'. The purpose of the fire engine is to furnish pressure and create an efificient stream, and the pumps at the high-pressure fire service stations perform this service far more efiicientl\' than do the fire engines. Through each of the Manhattan stations a supply of w'ater may be furnished about ecpial to that of forty fire engines. The capacity of a single high- pressure hydrant is ample to furnish as many lire streams as are furnished by five ordinary fire engines. \\'ith a 60-foot water tower in the street the stream may be made to reach the fourteenth story of a building. So great is the pressure furnished by this system that a good stream can be delivered from a standpipe at the top of a forty-story l)uilding. In the area served by it fire engines are rarely if ever used, though some are still brought to fires as a matter of jtrecaution. The length of the high pressure lire ser\ ice mains in Manhattan is 128 miles, and in Brooklyn 45 miles. The lower East Side of the Manhattan system is arranged so that it may be divided instantaneously into two independent systems; \\ hen so di\ided, each sxstem ser\ es the alternate cross streets and the alternate streets running north .md siiuh. In case of a break only one system would be atfected. as the other would be shut off from it imnuMJiale'.N- by \al\i's electri- cally o])erated from the jjumping stations. The high ])ressure tire service stations are oi)erated througli high-\-oltage current furnished in .Manhattan by the New York TMlison t'ompan\-, and in Uvooklyn by the lulison Electric Illuminating C"om])any. Tiie (,dne\ Island engines are gas drixcn. Prior to the intnuluction t>f the C"atskill suj)- ply, with its great pressure, the initial pressure furnished in Manhattan was 125 and in I'.rooklyn 7S ])ounds per scpiare inch. 'With Catskill water a\ailable a consi.inl prosure of between 100 and 125 pounds per scpiart' inch can l>e main- 25 Ridgewood Pumping Station, Brooklyn (in Reserve). Millburn Pumping Station, Long Island Watershed (in Reserve). 26 tained and the pumps at the stations in Brooklyn are only operated for the larger fires. Upon the request of the Fire Department the pressure can be increased up to 300 pounds per square inch. At Coney Island the limit of pressure is 150 pounds per square inch. When an alarm is received pres- sure is furnished throughout each of the systems within the period of a minute. Salt water can be used in this system, but since it cor- rodes the pipes and damages merchandise, its use is not con- templated in Manhattan or Brooklyn, unless the fresh water supply were to fail, which has never yet (u'curred. At Coney Island salt water is used in conjunction with fresh water. MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS PLACED IN RESERVE. In the early part of 1917, soon after it had been, demon- strated that reliance could be placed upon the new Catskill aqueduct, the department began gradually shutting down its water supply system on Long Island, which formerly served the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, except in so far as these boroughs were served by private water companies, and that on Staten Island. From ten to thirty days must elapse before operations at most of the pumping stations of these systems can be resumed. Following are brief descriptions thereof. The main Long Island watershed lies easterly from Brook- lyn, extending a distance of about 23 miles to Amityville and containing about 168 square miles. The ci^iditions on this watershed are the exact opposite of those on the Croton water- • shed, where storage of water on the surface is the economical method of obtaining and holding a large part of the rainfall. On the Long Island watershed the storage of any large quantity of water on the surface is impracticable, owing to the pervious soil and shght changes in ground level, and there are no large storage reservoirs. Most of the water flows underground and must l)c ])Uinpc(| tlu'refrom. It is collected by infiltration galleries or driven wells. The intiltration gal- leries laid for nearly six miles about ten to fifteen feet below the water table may be made to yit-ld between 30 and 40 m.g.d.. while the driven wells of a dei)tli \arying from 30 to several hundred feet furnished formerly 7?> m.g.d. There are 24 nuuiicipal pumping stations on the main Long Island 27 watershed; in addilinn, tlicrc are 5 |)Uiii])iii|n' slalions within the h'niits nl the I'xirdUi^h (if lirnoklyn, two of whieh (those at l\id,L;i'\\<>()(l and Mount I'mspeet) nierel_\- i)uni|) water drawn at other stations. 'I'he most easterly punii)inL^ station is at Massapeciiia, where a masonry eonduit Ijei^ins throUL^h whieli the w.ater may l)e eondueted by ^raxity to the Mill)urn sta- tion where it may l)e pumped at suflieient pressure to deliver it throuj^h a eombined system of pipe lines and masonry con- duit to the Ivid^ewood piun])int4- station in Hrooklyn. There is also a 72-inch steel pipe from Massapecpia to Rid.i(ew(jo(l. 'Jdiere the water may be pumped to the height necessary to deliver it into the distribution system of ]>rookl\n. the ,^"reater part going- hrst into the Ridgewood reservoir and flowiuL;- thence by gravity into the distribution pipes. The Long Island watershed supplied also the First A\'ard of Oueejis, except that this ward received a small amcnmt of water from the municipal pumping stations (now virtually closed down) in the Third Ward. This latter ward was sup- ])lied by two pumping stations, one drawing its supply of 2.8 m.g.d. entirely from driven wells and the other drawing its supi)ly of 3.1 m.g.d. i)artly from driven wells and partly from filtered surface sources. There were no city reservoirs in Queens other than standpipes in the Third Ward, the water being ])umped directly into the mains. The Second, Fourth and I^'ifth Wards. are, as elsewhere stated, supplied by private water companies. The quality of the water obtained from the Long Island watershed was excellent except w here the quantity taken was greater than the fresh water available. This was at titnes the case, and then the high chlorine content of the atlmix- ture of sea water made the water highly corrosive. The former Staten Island system consisted of six pump- ing statit)ns drawing subsurface water. The total available sub-surface supply was al)out 15 m.g.d. There are two small reservoirs (one of them now in use) and a standpipe to equal- ize the flow. One station remained in o]u>ration to pump Cats- kill w.ater to high level ground. The main station is that at Grant City, com])leted in 1915, with a capacity of about 7 m.g.d. Ai)purtenant thereto are five groups of wells, one group at the central station and another at each of four auxiliary stations nearly one mile apart from which the water is drawn 28 by means of electrically driven pumps deriving power from the central station, the water being delivered by gravity to the steam pumps at the central station. As the consumption in the borough of Richmond has increased forty (40) per cent since the Catskill supply was introduced it is now necessary to continuously operate the Grant City station. The Narrows siphon will deliver only two- thirds of the necessary supply. WATER REVENUE. The city's water revenue is collected through what is known as the Bureau of Water Register, except that accounts in arrears are collected by the Finance Department. All water charges are established by joint action of the Board of Alder- men and the Commissioner of this department. At the close of 1919 there were 387,000 consumers' accounts, of which 269,000 were what are known as "frontage," and 118,000 as meter accounts. It is estimated that about 25 per cent, of the water supplied to the city is metered. During 1919, $7,073,249 of revenue accrued through frontage accounts and penalties, while approximately $7,653,218 accrued through meter accounts and ])enalties, making a total of $14,726,467 to which should be added the proceeds from water sold for building purposes, for washing sidewalks, for street sprink- ling and for use of vessels, also certain miscellaneous revenue and penalties, totaling $343,765. Frontage rates vary from $4 for a one-story building sixteen feet wide, to $14 for a one- story building fifty feet wide. To these rates $2 is added for each ten feet in excess of fifty feet frontage, and $1 for each story above the first. The foregoing items yield only about 35 per cent, of the amount derived through frontage accounts. About 52 per cent, additional is derived in nearly equal shares from charges for baths and for toilets in excess of one per building and 13 per cent, from charges for families in excess of one in any building. There are other miscellaneous charges, but they contribute only a small portion of the frontage reve- nue. The charge for metered water is ten cents per 100 cubic feet. The cost of collecting the water revenue is about $3,520 per $100,000, which includes the cost of inspecting premises to determine the proper charges, of the reading of meters, of the 29 kccpinjT^ of consumers' accounts, of tlie preparation of bills with subsequent adjustments as to many, and of the issuance of some 70,000 permits. VALUE AND COST OF MAINTAINING AND OPER- ATING THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM. The estimated cost of the city's water works system, includini;- the Catskill and Croton watersheds, as well as the Brooklyn and other watersheds now held in reserve, is about $341,500,000. The total water revenue for the year 1919 was approximately $15,070,000. The expenses of the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity in the operation and maintenance of the water works and in the collection of the water revenues in 1919 were about $3,700,000. The interest and sinking fund charges on the old water debt (i.e., exclusive of the Catskill debt) amount to $4,000,000, and on the bonds issued for the Catskill project, to slightly over $7,100,000. The prices of labor and materials and other uncertainties resulting from the Avar, make it hazardous to venture a definite estimate as to what will be the department's expenses for operation and maintenance of the water supply system during the next few years. The water revenue for the year 1919 left the city with a small surplus for the first time since the introduction of the Catskill supply ; and although maintenance costs are steadily increasing, the average annual increase in revenue of about $350,000 should in a few years again bring about a favorable balance. PRIVATE WATER COMPANIES. Although it is not the purpose of this pamphlet to dis- cuss these companies in any detail, yet a brief reference thereto is necessary, since some 400,000 citizens residing in Brooklyn and Queens and consuming about 40 m.g.d. are still depend- ent upon them for water. All of these companies draw their supplies from driven wells. The one located within the Bor- ough of Brooklyn is the h^latbush Water Works Company, serving the Twenty-ninth Ward (Flatbush). In the Borough of Queens the Citizens' Water Supply Company of Newtown and the Urban Water Company furnish water for the Second Ward, the Jamaica Water Su])ply Company and the ^Vood- haven Water Supply Company for the Fourth Ward and the 30 Queens County Water Company for the Fifth Ward. With one exception (the F"latbush Water Works Company) their franchises are non-exclusive. In the Second Ward of Queens, served principally by the Citizens' Water Supply Company, the City has heretofore made a heavy investment in trunk mains. For the amounts of water supplied by these com})anies. reference is made to Table Xo. 8. These companies are under the general superintendence, regulation and control of the Commissioner of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. With the many perplexing features of this relationship it does not fall within the purview of this pamphlet to deal. NICHOLAS J. HAYES, Commissioner. 31 LIST OF TABLES No. L Rainfall and ^'icld of Catskill and Croton Watersheds, 1910-1919. 2. Storage Reservoirs in Watersheds. 3. Aqueducts and Pipe Lines. 4. Typical Analyses of Sources of Supply. 5. Average Daily Consumption in New York City from 1910 to 1919. 6. Average Daily Per Capita Consumption in New York City in 1910 and 1919. 7. Consumption in Various American Cities in 1919. 8. Average Daily Consumption in New York City during 1919. 9. Estimated Consumption in the Various Services of the Municipal Systems during 1918-1919. 10. Chlorinating Plants. 11. Distribution Reservoirs and Standpipes. 12. Distribution System (December 31, 1919). 13. High Pressure Fire Service System (December 31, 1919). 32 TABLE NO 1. l^ainfall, and Yield of Catskill and Croton Watersheds 1910-1919. Catskill (Esopus) Watershed , Area— 257 sq. miles^ ^ Safe yield— 250 m.g.d. , Area — 375 sq. miles > Safe yield — 336 m.g.d. Kaintall Yield Yield inches M.g.d. per sq. per (Aver, of mile of cent of 10 Stations) watershed rainfall Rainfall Yield Yield inches M.g.d. per sq. per (Aver, of mile of cent of 9 .Stations) watershed rainfall 1910 48.2 1.486 65 43.2 0.883 43 1911 43. S 1.253 60 48.1 0.912 40 1912 50.1 1.576 66 45.6 1.U45 48 1913 48.1 1.586 69 49.3 1.277 54 1914 39.6 1.290 68 39.4 1.072 57 1915 52.6 1.663 66 51.8 1.189 48 1916 45.0 1.648 77 41.9 1.315 66 1917 46.2 1.496 67 36.3 0.763 43 1918 43.1 1.153 56 41.1 0.850 43 1919 51.5 1.522 62 50.5 1.378 57 Aver, for 10 years. , 1.463 50 TABLE NO. 2. Storage Reservoirs in Watersheds. Name. Year first placed in service. "Elevation of spillway, feet. Storage with tlashboards, million gallons. Catskill Watershed— Ashokan 1915 Kensico 1915 Croton Watershed — Boyd's Corm-rs 1873 Middle Branch 1878 East Branch 1891 Bog Brook 1891 West Branch 1895 Amawalk 1897 Croton Falls 1911 Titicus 1893 Cross River 1908 Croton Lake 1905 Lake Mahopac 1870 Lake Kirk 1870 Lake Gleneida 1870 Lake Gilead 1870 Barret's Pond 1870 White Pond 1890 Totals Bronx and Byram Watersheds- Byram 1897 Wampus 1897 Long Island Watershed — Hempstiad 1879 12 Ponds 590 355 600 380 417 417 503 400 310 325 330 200 660 583 .505 497 779 831 452 458 30 130,400 30,573 2,727 4,155 5,243 4,400 10,669 7,086 15,753 7,617 10,923 33,815 575 565 165 380 170 200 104,443 925 87 1.012 880 220 1,100 •Elevations on Croton Watershed refer to Croton datum. Other elevations refer to mean sea level at Sanely Hook, which is 0.94 feet above Croton datum. TABLE NO 3. Aqueducts and Pipe Lines. Description Limits Length Miles. Type. Rated Capacity, M. G. D. Catskill Aqueduct Catskill Aqueduct (City Tunnel) New Croton Aqueduct Old Croton Aqueduct Bronx Pipe Line Long Island Brick Con- duits Long Island 72-inch Steel pipe Long Island Cast iron pipes Ashokan Reservoir to '\ liillview Reservoir f Hillview ■J^ Reservoir to I Brooklyn f Old Croton Dam -I to 13Sth St. I Gate House rOld Croton Dam -< to Central Park [ Reservoir j Kensico Res. to \ W'msbridge Res. Massapequa Pond to Milburn Pump- ing Station Hempstead Pond to Ridgew'd P. S. r Suffolk Co. Line ■I to Pitkin Avenue, t Brooklyn Milburn P. S. to Ridgewood P. S., (2-48") Milburn P. S. to old Milburn Res. Efflux (48") Old Milburn Res. J Efflux to Smith's ' Pond (36") Spring Creek to Ridgewood P. S. (48") Pitkin Avenue, B'klvn, to Ridge- wood P. S. (48") 55 Cut-and-cover 14 Crade tunnel 17 Pressure tunnel 600 6 Steel pipe siphon 18 Pressure tunnel 22.5 Grade tunnel 1.5 Cut-and-cover 7 Pressure tunnel 33 Cut-and-cover 2 Grade tunnel 3 C. I. & Steel pipe 300 90 15.2 Cast-iron pipe 7.3 Cut-and-cover 59 12.4 Cut-and-cover 76 23.4 57 15 50 L6 25 L4 14 0.9 25 0.7 25 a, d ^ z o »3 <-M o n V <: M H "rt C < 04 ra^" o '-' d IS £ H g^ < S " o N .'^ ^>w5 l-H O 4-. o • CO k O I. ^ u&K« .0 O or-^ • o o o \o r-^ cs ■<*• 10 000 •lOOr-l •OC Om • 0000 ■.fc :^o^:^^ 'J « o W E : S E ° % Ji.S s- o S cH. ' "30 O o u*; p c c < £ 4) »j , go ''' O ^ ti j.w ^'^ i^ ■ 5 o O o ~ c "" O u o " u ° '-* o rt ti "^ ) c S c .;5 « o.<«-C 5 . TABLE NO 5. Average Daily Consumption in New York City From 1910 to 1919 Expressed in Million Gallons. Man. - — Brookly n — — Queens- — Richmond — Total and the Muni- Pri- Muni- Pri- Muni- Pri- Muni- Pri- Bronx cipal vate cipal vate cipal vate cipal vate 1910... 331 143 15 13 18 9.0 0.1 496 33 1911... 298 140 15 13 18 10.0 0.1 461 33 1912... 303 142 16 14 20 10.0 0.1 469 36 1913... 314 124 16 14 19 12.0 0.1 464 35 1914... 347 134 16 15 21 12.0 0.1 508 37 191S... 341 129 14 13 19 12.0 0.1 495 33 1916... 365 136 15 13 25 13.0 0.1 527 40 1917... 374 140 14 19 25 12.0 0.1 545 39 1918... 413 170 13 16 30 16.5 0.0 616 43 1919... 417 169 13 16 28 17.0 0.0 619 41 TABLE NO. 6. Average Daily Per Capita Consumption in New York City in 1910 and 1919. • 1910 — Average Daily — Consumption Gals, per Population Total Capita Manhattan and Bronx 2,762,500 334.0 120 Brooklyn 1,634,350 158.0 97 Queens 284,040 30.0 106 Richmond 85,970 9.0 105 Total 4,766,860 528.0 111 Population 3,440,000 2,079,000 410,000 104,000 6,033,000 -1919 —Average Daily — Consumption Gals, per Total Capita 417.4 181.6 44.2 17.0 660.2 121 87 108 164 109 TABLE NO. 7. Consumption in Various American Cities in 1919. City. Population. New York 6,033,000 Chicago 3,000,000 Philadelphia 2,000.000 Cleveland 1,050,000 Boston 807,600 St. Louis 780,000 Daily Consumption Million Gals. Daily Consump- Percent- tion Gallons age of Taps per Capita. Metered. 660.2 109 2,7 720.8 240 9 320.0 160 22 127.6 121 100 89.7 111 60 100.9 130 8 Ij .2'Jj'-"^'-"t^C^'-'tx£7vOtM-«;»-< be'- n 3 1-1 cM^ 00 oo t^i t^- f^- -r <~T^. »o O P^ — , SO rc 00 a\ lo eg cc c^ u^ rx CM o <* 0'^r7!OCN00\0>OU~jTtcct^l^\000 o O g c'-g :2'S a. g W ^^ a 00 C I O ^\ W .tJl .s c '•4-> a S 3 M B O o rtCMOTtoO'O'-'VOOmirxNOO Qt^^r^iXTfirir^tN^ooodt-Cr-lod 5^«joopocMNa>Oi-io\«voc\oa O S^fO ro i-i O O 1- "i t>^ vo VO lO v6 oi (J, Tj- 1^ ^f^f*^i^vo ^ ."Z uS ^ ^ lO \0 I^ «o u^ \o \d >*"- NO : o Tj^ "-- 00 o\ o rj pj NO ro t--^ >-< ^ 'dSo ^ I NO — '^ NO r^. ^v i^ r^ i^ r^ 1^ NO 00 H •Ox; c ca 3-c C r-—^ 3 '"' , »-tCNJ'^'^OOfONONO»'^t^NO " — o^„^(^codt^'^NCf^r-l'-' rt "n *^ NO >o vn lO r^ NO U-) r^ i^ NO CO -^NONONOONOoOCNJiriCNt^OO *^l-xf^POr^c6T^ONNOONNOCgco ^-r^oO'-'NOoooN'^'^'^CNCNoNO iS'^Noi-~^'-<''-'«M'-o -t *^ 't ,T}-r^ro lO NOoOCOCCr^NOt^ CO Ct^ NOMO»-iir)-^noO"-;'-;tvCjNNOrodinNdt^i-^r~C 3iom»oioNOo\ON0000ON0C00 > ,^CN00»orJ-|^,-)»r)CCi-«O«OCNj ii.'7^(^iNONO'-r-i'-i.-i'-i'^'-'-^ OCTT I^CTNO Tj^ S c -••r re o « t: Ell' •■S E ^ E E ►i2.Pi, S < S ►-,f^.< w O JC C CSO\ o 00 ON NO NO C^l o CM o o o VO CM k" ON ro ^ "^ NO ro CO w 00 CN) c3 O i^ 00 CM CO CM o s o Q fO O NO o 00 •NT CM O o c C7N m c m ■ On 00 •* lO 1- oc CM CO o O On CO CO 'c ?? (M c '-' NO CO CM '"' NO CM E o O u < ON 00 C3N OC o O c o o eg o "^ NO CM '"' CN) CM 3 > re M NO O CM fO On C c CO t^ o o CM CNJ rs. 00 NO ^ ^ O CM ^ ■* ■* Tt C c r> 00 lO P^ CO t-( f^ NO NO U- o NO c vr T- t^ O o OC o re CO r-. fN) NO ui .— . rt .re .J2 re C. •T3 a re E w £ ■^ c 1 • a a ;iz {« t 1 (/) c« o "E C. c75 a ft 3 E bo c o : C-.5 V U re > . d U U C> "5. a u : >< p u V 'a ^"6 ^_>>_ U c« a 3 i : o c r w c 'ater Sup part of 2r er Supply 2nd War ater Supp 4th Ward Water Su 4th Ward inty Wate d u C t- 6 u 1 c u u 6 •^ '^ i^'z^'o = OCv -.2-f -' z ■ ■" re O fN tizens Grea rhan \ part maica part oodha\ SB c o H fe U p i-» ?: Cn' pq s o w < OS t— I m > rt tn O b > ceo Q CJ w 160.0 36.0 8.3 311.7 36.0 40.7 29.0 r^ f, n ,-1 10 i-> in r^i m r 1 rt 168.6 11.3 4.6 15.9 14.7 3.3 1 <7\ 1 ^'^ f^ w rooo 0000 o'l t^ CIO 10 in ° D .0 ro t^ CO --^ 00 ^ f^ in in r-icsm r-.iT (N -^ -< tM I', c^ r'. fn C^ .-1 Cn I^ Cs I^ ■-I i-iCM rO CM .-i^ g S " rt 4) -irtWcv; « a tt'f u +■ -.= u £ a r. !: > t^ 00 0\0 00 o CO 00 eg in ci in m ■-■CM CM 't .SrCJ; (^ > ;-5. gS^ -a| Is ••§ i- « ^f^H •gc^ C I. u. Ss5 Tottenville S .Silver Lake Clove Reserv Cirymes Hill £ be TABLE NO. 10. Chlorinating Plants. Location Water Treated Type of Plant. Chlorine used. Parts per million by w't. High. Low. Ave. Dunwoodie Kensico Katonah Mt. Kisco Mt. Kisco Carmel Brewster Brewster Phonecia ("roton Supply Catskill Sujiply Katcinah Pirook Kisco Kivcr KlThicnt from Mt. Kisco Sewage Disposal Plant lake (lleiiciiia Tonctta Brook Brewster Sewage Esopus River Lii|uid Chlorine l.iijuicl Clilorine Hypochlorite of Lime 0.3 0.15 0.20 0.2 0.10 0.14 9.0 2.0 i.i 2.0 1.3 1.6 M.O 10.9 15.00 0.2 5.4 1.5 ?.06 400.00 0.15 TABLE NO. 11. Distribution Reservoirs and Standpipes. Borough Name. Normal Water level. Elev., feet. Storage, Million GaHons Manhattan. Bronx. Brooklvn , Queens Municipal Riclnnund. * 1 1 illvicw Reservoir 29.T flligh Bridge Reservoir 218 I Central Park Reservoir (ohD... 119 ] Central Park Reservoir (new).. 119 I High Bridge Standpipe 336 [ 98th Street Standpipe 229 [Jerome Park Reservoir 134 \ Williamsl)ridge Reservoir 193 [Jerome Avenue Standpipe 320 r Ridgewood Reservoir (3 basins) 172 ^ Mt. Prospect Reservoir 200 I Mt. Prospect Tower 280 r Flusliing Standpipe 221 \ College Point Standpipe 192 1 W'iiitestone Standpipe 181 f Silver Lake Reservoir 228 I Clove Reservoir 254 1 Crimes Hill Standpipe 453 [ Toltenvillc Standpipe 143 929 11 220 985 773 147 300 19 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.2 438 2.7 0.2 0.1 *North of City Line TABLE NO. 12. Distribution System (December 31, 1919). DISTRIBUTION MAINS Diam. Indies. 66. 60. 48. 42. 36. 30. 24. 20. 16. 14. 12. 10. 8. 6. 4. Total feet Total miles Size Inches 48... 36. . . 30... 24... 20... 16... 14... 12... 10... 8. . . 6... 4... Total . Total. Taps Meters Per cent of taps metered. . . Per cent of Aver. supply metered. Manhattan & Tlic Uron.K Brooklyn ( )uecns Kiehmond All Boroughs daily 29,316 29,316 804 3,571 4.375 246,263 193,384 4,066 13,953 4,335 457.935 4,066 288.321 79,527 399 368,247 60.426 90,527 47.426 16 198,395 12.942 42.053 43.006 52,786 150,787 543, (>26 373,484 42,066 60,769 1,019,945 34. LSI 268.409 36,250 51,979 390,789 1.7S4 3,159 7,530 10,683 23,156 2,344.4.i2 579.460 279.368 292.562 3,495,842 10.901) 19.601 31.943 29,134 91,578 178,613 1.796.586 547.377 308,518 2,831,094 3,267,410 2,319,886 314.129 323,588 6,225,013 131,575 143,574 41,663 1,404,711 306,681 623,493 7.121,267 5.946,603 1,441,450 15.914,031 1,348.72 1,126.25 266.04 273.00 3,014.01 DISTRIBUTION VALVES. 63 31 94 142 86 5 4 237 48 87 10 145 21 102 15 24 162 688 726 72 84 1,570 38 729 41 53 861 1 9 20 30 7,479 1,758 794 365 10,396 9 7 48 43 107 683 5.625 1,509 1.013 8,830 22.715 16.712 2,543 3.006 44,976 379 224 38 1,035 1,676 32,265 26,088 5,084 5,647 69,084 HYDRANTS. 20.426 IS. 820 3,221 2,921 45,388 TAP AND METERS. 186.745 177.995 1.3.818 ■MS,431 396.989 61,992 31,413 8,347 6,284 108,036 43.20 17.64 60.41 34.09 36.75 24.1 24.8 48.4 28.8 25.0 'Includes private service line connections. TABLE NO. 13. High Pressure Fire Service System (December 31, 1919). Length of Mains Number of \'alves Number of Hydrants Diam. Manhattan Brooklyn jManhattan Brooklyn Manhattan Brooklyn Inches feet feet 24 . . 50,029 90 57,014 62.141 296 141 16 .... 134.691 72.764 *391 171 12 377,567 87.801 1.268 229 8 55,645 12,500 2,754 1,369 6 846 42 Total . 675,794 235.206 4,751 1,910 . 2,751 1.363 Total miles. 127. 99 44.55 *Inckidcs 5 motor operated valves. '^^ ''^•i i>?» UCSOUTHtHNHfGIONAL LIBRARY f AGILITY