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AMERICAN HISTORY
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THE ROBERT E. COWAN COLLECTION
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UNIVERSITY OF CRLIFORNIR
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C. P. HUNTINGTON
dUNE. 1897,
;sion Nc. . Class-No.
.
TOPICAL ANALYSIS
AMERICAN HISTORY
AND THE
U. S. CONSTITUTION
WITH NUMEROUS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
AND
REFERENCES
Prepared by
C. W. CHILDS
TEACHER OF HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT
IN THE CALIFORNIA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, SAN JOSE
SAN FRANCISCO, CAI,.
THE BANCROFT COMPANY
6993V-
Entered according to an Act of Congress, in the year 1888
By THE BANCROFT COMPANY
In the Office of the librarian of Congress, at Washington
PREFACE
tHK time has probably passed when it is needful to
argue in favor of the topical method of teaching his-
tory and civil government as against the memoriter
method. The topical plan of studying is the only one
which men pursue in business or in professional life, and
the earlier one becomes accustomed to it the better.
For many years, the original manuscript of the Consti-
tution was kept folded up in a tin box, in an obscure
corner of the library of the Department of State at Wash-
ington, while the Declaration of Independence, mounted
in elegant style, was exposed to the admiring gaze of the
many visitors. The librarian has recently mounted the
Constitution in a similar way, because of the growing
demand to see the instrument. This incident is typical of
the change which the last few years have seen in our way
of looking at American history. The popular interest,
which was formerly centered in the more dramatic eras of
Colonial and Revolutionary times, is now being extended
to our Constitutional period. This period has little pic-
turesqueness, yet it is capable of being, to a thoughtful
American mind, the most interesting and valuable portion
of history.
The object of this manual is to encourage a systematic
study of the history and government of the United States,
and to promote good citizenship, for, in a republic, "good
citizenship is next to godliness." C. W. C. .
BOOKS FREQUENTLY REFERRED TO IN THIS MANUAL
(In "References" the Titles of these Books are Abridged)
Lalor's "Cyclopedia of History and Government;" Har-
per's "Cyclopedia of U. S. History;" Barnes' "General
History;" Barnes' "U.S. School History;" Swinton's "Out-
lines of General History;" Fisher's "Outlines of Universal
History; "Coffin's "Old Times in the Colonies, " "Building-
theNation," "Boys' of '76," "Boys' of'6i," "DrumBeat
of the Nation;" "Johnson's "Cyclopedia;" "American
Encyclopedia;" Bryant's "U. S. History;" Bancroft's "U.
S. History," last edition; McMaster's "History of thePeo-
ple of the U. S.;" Lodge's "History of English Colonies
in America;" MaKenzie's "America;" Greene's "Histori-
cal View of the Revolution;" Lossing's "Field Book of
the Re volution;" Irving's "Life of Washington;" Lossing's
"Story of the U. S. Navy;" Johnston's "School History
of the U. S.;" Cooper's "Politics;" Johnston's "American
Politics;" Schouler's "History of the U. S.;" Von Hoist's
"Constitutional History of the U. S.;" Elaine's "Twenty
Years of Congress;" Higginson's "Larger U. S. History;"
Grant's "Personal Memoirs;" Champlin's "Young Folks'
History of the Civil War;" Draper's "Civil War in Amer-
ica;" Roosevelt's "Naval War of 1812;" Harper's Maga-
zine; Scribner & Century Magazine; New Scribner Maga-
zine; Atlantic Monthly; Popular Science Monthly; The
N. A. Review; The Forum; The Overland Magazine; The
History Magazine; Sterne's "Constitutional History of U.
S.;" "How We Are Governed, " by A. L. Dawes; Young's
"Government Class Book;" Martin's "Civil Government;"
The Federalist; Elliott's "Debates;" Townsend's "Analysis.
of U. S. Government;" Gillet's "Federal Government;"
Hopkins' "Manual of American Ideas;" Macy's "Our
Government;" Frotheringham's "Rise of the Republic;" 1
Mowry's "Studies in Civil Government."
(iv)
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS
Assign the lessons by topics ; let the pupils use the
various text-books, the school library and reliable mag-
azine articles in preparing their lessons.
An accurate knowledge of history cannot be acquired
and retained without a full and clear knowledge of its
accompanying geography ; therefore, associate events with
place.
Require pupils to make outline maps and use them in
daily recitations, marking routes, locating historical points,
and inserting important dates.
For the period of Discovery and Exploration use a
map, on Mercator's projection, of the Atlantic ocean,
including North and South America, Europe and Africa.
Distinguish the routes of the explorers of different nations
by continuous lines, dots, dashes, etc. For the blackboard
maps, use colored crayon.
For the period of colonization, a map of that part of
North America east of the Mississippi, including the region
of the great lakes and southern Canada, is best. This
map may also be used for the Colonial and Revolutionary
wars.
For the other periods, a map of North America,
about 18x24 inches in size, may be used. None of the
maps should be less than 18x20 inches. Occasionally it
is well to have plans of campaigns, battles, and sieges
drawn upon the board.
Review often orally at times, and occasionally in
writing. I have found it profitable to give an oral review
one week and a written review the next.
(v)
VI SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS
Require pupils to write essays upon important
subjects. It is excellent composition work, and the pupil
is given an opportunity for a critical and systematic study
of leading events. It is not expected, nor is it desirable,
that each pupil shall read all the 'references" on a
particular subject ; but in the recitation each will get the
benefit derived from the wide reading of the class.
Give at least two-thirds of the time allotted to tne
study of history to the Constitutional period, from 1789
to the present time.
c. w. c.
FOUNDATION LESSONS
FOR
AMERICAN HISTORY
THE WORLD IN THE FIFTEENTH GENTURY
1. GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE.
a. Speculations upon size and form of the earth.
b. Draw a map of the known world. Swinton's
Gen. Hist., page 308.
c. A short account of the great kingdoms in 1492.
d. The Feudal System.
e. Some of the superstitions of this age.
2. REVIVAL OF LEARNING.
a. Influence of the crusades.
b. The power of the church.
c. Protestant reformation i6th century. When?
What? Why? Effects?
d. The art of Printing. When ? Where ? Effects ?
e. The invention of gunpowder. When ? Where ?
Effects ?
3. COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES.
a. The compass. Where invented ? How used ?
Effects?
b. The astrolabe ? What? Effects?
c. The ships of the period.
d. What was the commercial problem of the age ?
Why?
e. Name and locate the commercial cities.
(7)
8 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS
f. Why the great cities were on the Mediterranean.
g. Portuguese discoveries.
REFERENCES 1-a-b, Swinton, p. 308. 1-d, Lalor, Vol. 2,
p. 174. 2-a, Lalor, Vol. 1, p. 710. 2-d-e, Fisher, p. 287. 3,
Barnes' Gen. Hist., p. 424. Barnes' S. Hist., p. 41 . 3-d-f, Bancroft,
Vol. 1, p. 9. 1-2-3, Drapers' Intel. Develop, of Europe, Chaps.
19-20 ; Eliot's Romola ; Bryant, Vol. 1, p. 88.
FOUR MARITIME ENTERPRISES
1. THE NORTHMEN.
a. Who they were.
b. Account of discovery of Iceland and Greenland.
c. Discovery of America rooi.
d. Results.
2. De GAMA.
a. The story of his vovage to India, 1498.
b. General results.
3. COLUMBUS COLOMBO COLON.
a. Birth-place and early life.
b. His geographical theories and expectations.
c. Efforts to obtain aid.
d. Account of voyages and discoveries, 1492-1498.
e. Incidents ; story of the eclipse ; of the compass ;
of the egg, etc.
f. Death and Burial.
4. CABOTS.
a. The story of their discoveries and explorations,
1498.
b. Results of voyage.
c. Subsequent life.
REFERENCES. 1, Bryant, Vol. 1, Chap. 3; Harper's, Vol. 66,
p. 515; Higgins' "American Explorers." 2, Towle's "De Gama;"
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS
Frost's "Half Hours with Early Explorers." 3, Bryant, Vol. 1, p.
98; Harper's, Vol. 64, p. 114; Irving's "Columbus;" Bancroft, Vol.
1, p. 7; Hist. Mag., Vol. 9. p. 1. 4, Bryant, Vol. 1, p. 129;
vSparks'"Cabot;'' Old English Seamen; Harper's, Vol. 66, p. 217;
Bancroft, Vol. 1, p. 10.
ABORIGINAL PERIOD
1. THE MOUND-BUILDERS.
a. Where mounds are found.
b. Forms and uses of mounds.
c. What the mounds teach; civilization, pop., age,
etc.
d. Theories as to origin of mound-builders.
el The cliff-builders, and antiquities in southwestern
North America.
2. THE INDIANS.
a. Origin of name and location of great families.
b. Indian character and mode of life.
c. Religion, language, education, legends.
d. Government, warfare.
e. Population present and past in U. S., Mexico.
/. Theories as to origin.
g. Present and future of the Indian.
REFERENCES. 1, Bryant, Vol. 1, p. 20; Baldwin's "Ancient
America;" Foster's "Prehistoric Races of the U. S.;" Short's " North
Americans of Antiquity;" Harper's, Vol. 65, p. 342. 1-e, Harper's,
Vol. 51, p. 327. 2, Bancroft, Vol. 2, pp. 86, 136; Scribner, Vol. 3,
p. 143; Scribner, Vol. 10, p. 484; Harper's, Vol. 56, p. 768; Mrs.
Jackson's "A Century of Dishonor."
THE SPANISH IN AMERICA
1. COLUMBUS.
a. Review the work of his life.
10 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION
2. FLORIDA.
a. Discovery and exploration De L,eon, 1512.
3. BALBOA.
a. Discovery of Pacific Ocean 1513.
4. MAGELLAN.
a. Circumnavigation and S. W. Passage 1520.
b. The separation line of Pope Alexander 6th, 1493.
c. Object and results of Magellan's voyage.
5. CORTEZ PIZARRO.
a. Conquest of Mexico and Peru, 1520-31.
6. CABRILLO.
a. Exploration of the Pacific Coast 1542.
7. De SOTO.
8. CALIFORNIA AND NEW MEXICO.
a. Coronado, Kspejo, Jesuits.
9. NAMING OF AMERICA.
a. Vespucci Portuguese, 1501 1507.
10. EXTENT OF CLAIMS. RESULTS.
REFERENCES. 1-10, Harper's, Vol. 64, p. 438 and Vol. 65, p.
729. 1, 2, 3 and 7, Bryant, Vol. 1, Chaps. 5, 6, 7; Bancroft, Vol. 1,
pp. 22, 38. 4, Towle's "Magellan;" Frost's "Early Explorers;"
Johnson's Cyclopedia, Vol. 3, p. 205. 5, Prescott's "Mexico" and
"Peru;" Wallace's "Fair God." 6 and 8, Hubert Bancroft,
Vol. 18, pp. 64-109. 7, Bancroft, Vol. 1, Chap. 3.
THE FRENCH IN AMERICA
1. FISHERIES OF NEWFOUNDLAND.
2. CARTIER'S VOYAGES.
3. CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLORATIONS, 1608-9.
4. La SALLE'S EXPLORATIONS.
5. THE FRENCH JESUITS.
6. EXTENT OF CLAIMS.
PERIOD OK DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION 11
REFERENCES. 1, Old Times in Col., p. 37. 2, 3, 4, 5, Bry-
ant, Vol. 1, Chaps. 8, 9, 12 ; Bancroft, Vol. 1, pp. 14-22 ; Parkman'a
"Pioneers of France in America" "Jesuits in America." 3,
Hist. Mag., Vol. 15, p. 246. 6, Harper's, Vol. 65, p. 99.
THE DUTCH IN AMERICA
1. VOYAGE OF HUDSON, 1609.
2. EXTENT OF CLAIMS.
REFERENCES. 1, Harper's Vol. 52, p. 822. 1, 2, Bryant,
Vol. 1, Chap., 13; Bancroft, Vol. 1, pp. 475-494; Old Times in
Col., Chaps. 13, 16.
THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA
1. REVIEW THE CABOTS.
2. THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE.
a. Frobisher, 1576. Other voyagers.
3. DRAKE'S VOYAGE.
a. New Albion, 1579.
4. RALEIGH'S EFFORTS.
5. GOSNOLD'S VOYAGE, 1602.
G. LONDON AND PLYMOUTH COMPANIES.
REFERENCES. 1-6, Bryant, Vol. 1, Chaps. 10, 11, 12.
Bancroft, Vol. 1, Chap. 5 ; Old Eng. Seamen, Harper's, Vol,66, p.
217; Century, Vol. 25, p. 61 ; .Kingsley's "Westward Ho." 2,
Harper's, Vol. 9, p. 453, Vol. 14, p. 341, Vol. 20, p. 535. 3, Ban-
croft, Vol. 1, p. 66.
12 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION
GENERAL TOPICAL REVIEW
Spanish,
French,
Portuguese
Dutch,
English,
Explorers, /iooi, 1492,
j 1498, 1501,
Dates, J 1507, 1513,
} 1520, 1534-5,
Object of Voyage, I54 1 " 2 , 1 579>
Countries Explored, \i6o2, 1609.
Incidents,
Results,
Extent of Claims.
REVIEW AND SEARCH QUESTIONS
i. Why do you study history ? 2. What were the
speculations about the form of the earth in the fifteenth
century? 3. Name the foremost nation of Europe in
1500. 4. What was the object of the Crusades, and
what was accomplished ? 5. Explain the meaning of the
terms, * ' Middle Ages, " ' ' Dark Ages, " " Feudal Age, ' '
and give reasons for their use. 6. What religious reason
for discovering a water passage to India ? 7. When and
why did Venice and other Italian cities begin to decline ?
8. What is the Vatican? 9. Why did the Pope have
civil as well as spiritual power? 10. Name and locate
the great nations in 1500. n. Name the periods of
American history, with dates, and give reasons for the
use of the various terms and dates. 12. How do we
know that the Northmen discovered America ? 13. Why
did the Northmen abandon America? 14. Why were
the discoveries of the Northmen unknown to the rest of
the world? 15. Ought Columbus to be called the
discoverer of America? 16. For what three events is
the year 1498 noted ? 17. How many times was Colum-
bus' body moved, and where is he buried? 18. "He
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION 13
asked for bread, and they gave him a stone. " Explain
this quotation, and state why it is applicable to Columbus.
19. "They first fell upon their knees, and then upon
the Aborigines. " Explain. 20: Locate the first land
seen by Columbus in the New World. 21. What is the
present condition of Palos ? 22. Why are three names,
Columbus, Colombo, Colon, given to the Great Admiral ?
23. Tell and explain the story of Columbus and the egg.
24. Why and how did the Pope divide the New World ?
25. Why did the Pope locate this line a hundred leagues
west of the Azores? 26 Where was Cabot born, and
where is he buried? 27. Are there any mounds in
California ? 28. Describe the mounds and state what is
found in them. 29. Describe the habitations of the
Cliff Builders. 30. What estimate has been made of
the age of the mounds? 31. The mound builders
resembled what ancient people in form? 32. Are the
mound builders the ancestors of the American Indians ?
33. Are there any Indians in W. I. islands ? 34. What
estimate has been made of the population of Mexico, Cuba,
Hayti and North America east of the Mississippi in 1492 ?
35. Did the Indians believe in a future state? 36.
Who and where are the Esquimaux? 37. Who and
where were the Aztecs ? 38. Are the Indians decreasing
in number? 39. Compare the Indians of California
with those of the Mississippi Valley. 40. Are Fennimore
Cooper's descriptions of the Indians reliable? 41. What
induced the Spanish, the French, the Dutch and the
English to explore America? 42. How did Balboa
prove that a new continent had been discovered? 43.
What was the object of De Leon's search ? 44. Why
did the Spanish king send out Magellan's expedition ?
45. What were the financial effects of the conquest of
Mexico and Peru? 46. What became of
OF THP
UNIVER
14 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION
Magellan, Drake, Gosnold, Hudson, Balboa, Pizarro? 47.
When, how and why was this continent called America?
48. What officer burned his ships ? Why? 49. Give
a summary of Spanish Explorations. 50. What was
the effect of Chainplain's fight with the Iroquois ? 51.
What and where were the Five Nations ? The Six Nations ?
52. Why were the Indians generally more friendly with
the French than with the English ? 53. Who are the
Jesuits, and when, where and why did they originate ?
54. Compare Paris and Quebec as to latitude and
climate. 55. What did Francis I. say when he heard of
the rich spoils Cortez sent to Spain ? 56. Who were the
Huguenots, and why did they leave France ? 57. Who
is called the father of New France ? 58. Who are the
Dutch ? 59. What was the object of Hudson's voyage
in 1609 ? In 1610 ? 60. Why did Cabot sail in a north-
easterly direction ? 6 1 . Who was called a ' * splendid
pirate ?" 62. What is the historical significance of the
geographical names in the N. E. part of North America ?
63. Did Drake discover San Francisco Bay ? 64. Who
shortened the route to the New World ? How? 65. Who
said that this continent ought to be called the Old World ?
Why? 66. Give a short account of the first two
circumnavigations of the globe. 67. In what length of
time can you make the circuit of the globe ? 68. Did
Raleigh visit the New World ? 69. Tell the story of
Raleigh's tobacco bet. 70. What did Raleigh introduce
into Great Britain from America ? 71. What part of North
America did the English claim ? Why? 72. Give the
origin and meaning of the following names : Esquimaux,
Indian, Christopher, Mexico, Mississippi, Louisiana,
Montreal, St. Lawrence, Florida, California, South Sea,
Pacific, Hispaniola, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, Labrador,
Cape Nun, Cape Good Hope, Montezuma, Mediterranean.
TJlli COLONIAL 1'EKIOJ) 15
OCEANIC PASSAGES TO INDIA
South-East, discovered by De Gama for Portugal, 1498.
South- West, discovered by Magellan for Spain, 1520.
North-West, discovered by McClure for England, 1854.
North-East, discovered by Nordenskiold for Sweden,
1879.
VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND
1. THE KING'S GRANTS.
a. The London Company. Virginia Charter, Balti-
more Grant.
2. THE PIONEERS.
a. When, where and why settled?
b. John Smith, his services and exploits.
c. Character of the colonists, ; the four classes.
d. Occupation. Production. Tobacco.
3. GOVERNMENT.
a. Kind, Commercial Corporation. Royal. Pro-
prietary.
b. The first Colonial Assembly.
c. Land tenure. Plantations.
4. SLAVERY.
a. When, where and how introduced? Effects.
Indentured servants.
5. RELIGION AND EDUCATION.
a. Church of England. Catholic.
b. William and Mary's College. Other means of
education.
6. TROUBLES.
a. Religious, Protestant and Catholic in Mary-
land.
16 THE COLONIAL PERIOD
b. Political, with Governors. Bacon's Rebellion.
Mason and Dixon's line.
c. Indian, Massacre in Virginia.
7. DATES.
a. 1607, 1619, 1692.
REFERENCES. 1-7, Lodge, pp. 1-132; Bancroft, Vol. l,pp. 84 r
154; Bryant, Vol. 1, Chaps. 11 or 18, Vol. 2, Chap. 9; Harper's, Vol.
65, p. 895 ; Century, Vol. 25, p. 61 ; Harper's, Vol. 66, p. 414 ; Old
Times in Col., pp. 259, 293. 4, Bancroft, Vol. 1, chap. 8, Barnes' S.
Hist, p., 46.
THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
1. THE PIONEERS.
&. When, where and why each colony was settled.
b. The Pilgrims, wanderings, settlement, etc.
c. The Puritans, Who? Why go to America, etc.?
d. Character of colonists.
e. Occupation. Products. Soil and Climate. Slavery.
2. GOVERNMENT.
a. Kinds, Charter, Royal, Temporary, Voluntary
Association, Proprietary.
b. Voice of people in government. Town meetings.
c. The New England Confederacy, 1643.
d. Land tenure. Small farms.
3. RELIGION AND EDUCATION.
a. Church and State. Religious intolerance, etc.
b. Common schools. History of colleges. What,
when, where, etc ?
c. Literature and printing.
4. TROUBLES.
a. Religious, with Quakers. Williams. Mrs.
Hutchinson.
Tin: COLONIAL PERIOD
b. Political, with Dutch. French. Governors.
Navigation Acts.
c. Indian, Pequot and King Philip Wars. Inter-
colonial wars.
5. INCIDENTS.
a. Salem Witchcraft. Charter Oak, etc.
6. NOTED MEN.
a. Roger Williams ; Eliot ; Standish ; Bradford ;
Endicott.
7. DATES.
a. 1620, 1638, 1643, 1692.
REFERENCES. 1-7, Lodge, pp. 341-476; Bryant, Vol. 1, Chaps.
14, 15, 20, and Vol. 2, Chaps. 1-6 and 16; Harper's, Vol. 66, p. Ill;
Ceutury, Vol. 25, p. 350; Barnes' S. Hist., p. 53; Johnston's S.
Hist., p. 24. 1-b, Harper's, Vol. 64, p. 246 ; Bancroft, Vol. 1, p. 194.
1-c, Greene's Short Hist. Eng. People, Chap. 8, Sec. 1 ; Bancroft,
Vol. 1, pp. 177-311. 2-b, Frotheringham, Chap. 1 ; Hosmer's
''Sam'l Adams," Chaps. 1 and 23. 2-e, Frotheringham, Chap. 2.
3-b, "Building the Nation, "p. 63; Century, Vol. 11, p. 761, and Vol.
12, p. 337; ''Plymouth Rock," Hist. Mag., Vol. 8, p. 789. 4-a,
Bryant, Vol. 2, Chap. 8. 4-c, Century, Vol. 26, pp. 96, 697. 5,
Bryant, Vol. 2, Chap. 19 ; Old Times iu Col. p. 303 ; Makenzie,
p. 6 ; Bancroft, Vol. 2, p. 58.
THE MIDDLE COLONIES
1. PIONEERS OF N. Y. AND N. J.
a. When, where and why New York and New
Jersey were settled.
b. Nationality and character of colonists.
c. The "Patroons" and "Walloons."
d. Occupation. Productions.
2. GOVERNMENT.
a. Kind, Commercial Corp., Proprietary, Royal.
b. Under Dutch rule. Under Eng. rule. The Jerseys.
3. RELIGION AND EDUCATION.
ii
18 THE COLONIAL PERIOD
4. TROUBLES.
a. With Indians. With Swedes. Negro plot.
5. PIONEERS OF PENN. AND DEL.
a. When, where and why settled?
b. Character of colonists. Origin of Quakers. Penn's
grant.
c. Treaty with Indians.
6. GOVERNMENT.
7. RELIGION AND EDUCATION.
8. NOTED MEN AND DATES.
a. Stuyvesant. Penn. Capt. Kidd. 1613-23. 1664.1682
REFERENCES. 1-8, Harper's, Vol. 66, p. 913; Century, Vol. 25,
p. 724; Lodge, N. J. p. 263 and N. Y. p. 285; Bryant, Vol. 1, chap.
13, and Vol. 2, Chaps. 6, 7, 8 and 20; Old Times in Col., pp. 97,195;
Bancroft, Vol. 1, p. 475, 1-c. Meyer's "Young Patroon." 2-b, Hist.
Mag., Vol. 16, p. 5 ; Lodge, p. 211; Harper's, Vol. 65, p. 811.
THE CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA.
1. THE PIONEERS.
a. When, where and why each was settled.
b. Character of colonists. Classes of people. Hugue-
nots.
c. Occupation. Productions. Slavery.
2. GOVERNMENT.
a. Kind, Commercial Corporation. Royal. Trustee.
b. Locke's " Grand Model."
c. Ogle thorpe's plan. What result? Debtor laws.
3. RELIGION AND EDUCATION.
a. Methodist Church Wesleys and Whitefield.
4. TROUBLES.
a. With Spanish. How Oglethorpe defended these
colonies.
THE COLONIAL PERIOD 19
5. THE 13 COLONIES.
a. Settlements, with important dates.
b. Names of the thirteen colonies. Origin and
meaning of names.
REFERENCES. 1-4, Bryant, Vol. 2, Chaps. 12, 15 and Vol. 3,
Chap. 4; Ivodge, pp. 132-205; Bancroft, Vol. 1, p. 408; Harper's,
Vol. G(), p. 414. 2-b, Johnston's S. History, p. 49. 2-c, Hist. Mag.,
Vol. 9, p. 114; Bryant, Vol. 3, p. 140.
FRENCH AND ENGLISH IN AMERICA
1. FRENCH COLONIES.
a. When, where and why they colonized.
2. RELATIONS WITH INDIANS.
3. INTER-COLONIAL WARS.
a. King William's. Queen Anne's. King George's.
b. Causes. Results. "Treaty of Utrecht."
4. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.
a. Causes of war and why so called.
b. Compare extent of claims and population in 1754.
c. The five points of attack. Why objective points.
d. Congress of 1754. Franklin's plan
e . The story of the Acadians.
f. Washington account of his services.
g. Capture of five objective points.
h. Treaty of Paris, and its provisions.
5. PONTIAC'S WAR.
6. EFFECTS OF THESE WARS.
REFERENCES. 1-6, "The Hundred Years' War," Harper's,
Vol. (57, p. 20; ''Overthrow of French Power;" Harper's, Vol. 65, p.
<)); Bryant, Vol.3, Chaps. 8, 10, 11, 12 ; Barnes' S. History, pp.
77-91; Johnston's S. History, pp. 68-79. 4, Parkman's "Mont-
calm and Wolf." 4-d, Bancroft, Vol. 4, Chap. 5 ; Frotheringham,
p. 140. 4-e, Harper's, Vol. 69, p. 877; Bancroft, Vol. 2, p. 42fi;
"Montcalm and Wolf," Chaps. 4 and 8. 4-f, Hist. Mag., Vol. 19,
p. 2. 5, Parkman's "Conspiracy of Pontiac;" Bryant, Vol. 3, p.
312.
20 THE COLONIAL PERIOD
REVIEW OF OLD COLONY TIMES
1. CONTRAST NORTH AND SOUTH.
a. In the character of the people.
b. In occupations and productions.
c. In the laboring classes, etc.
2. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT.
a. The Charter. The Royal. The Proprietary.
b. Temporary forms Commercial Corporation.
Plymouth plan.
3. CHURCH AND STATE.
a. Colonies settled because of religious oppression.
b. Different sects. Church power and customs.
Clergymen.
4. EDUCATION.
a. Colleges, schools, literature. The Professions.
5. SLAVERY AND INDENTED SERVANTS.
6. CHIEF TOWNS.
a. Name, locate and give population of largest six.
7. THE INDUSTRIES.
a. Of the Northern, Middle, Southern colonies.
b. How affected by legislation of Great Britain.
c. Traveling facilities. Money. Postal matters
8. SOCIAL AND HOME LIFE.
a. Sectional peculiarities.
b. Thanksgiving. Christmas. New Year's Day.
c. Frontier life its hardships and pleasures.
9. NATIONALITIES.
REFERENCES. 1-9, Old Times in Col., Harper's, Vol. 67,
p. 213 ; Irving's " Woolfert's Boost" and "Rip Van Winkle;"
Thackeray's " Virginians;" Harper's, Vol. 71, p. 769; Hawthorne's
" Scarl et Letter ;" Barnes' S. Hist., p. 91. 1, Draper, Vol. 1, pp. 146,
175-189, 206-212. 2, Johnston's IS . Hist., p. 22; Sterne, p. 3. 3,
THE COLONIAL PERIOD 21
Century, Vol. 28, p. 848; Building the Nation, Chaps. 5 and 0;
Century, Vol. 29, p. 873. 8-b, Hist. Mag., Vol. 8, p. 757.
REVIEW AND SEARCH QUESTIONS
i. Why is Virginia called the "Old Dominion?"
2. What caused Bacon's rebellion ? 3. Who was "Lady
Rebecca?" 4. Who wrote the first book in America ?
5. Why was there no common school system in the
South ? 6. Give name and date of the first three colleges
in the colonies. 7. How did these colleges originate?
S. What effect did the large, isolated plantations have on
social customs? 9. Why was slavery unprofitable in
the North ? 10. Why profitable in the South ? 1 1 . Do
you believe Smith's story about Pocahontas ? 12. How
many crimes were punishable with death in Colonial
times? 13. Give an account of some of the methods of
punishment. 14. Who may be styled the " Father of
Virginia ? " 15. What boundary line was called ' ' Mason
and Dixon's" line ? 16. Tell the story of the witchcraft
mania. 17. Why did the mania cease? What about
witchcraft in Europe in the i6th and I7th centuries?
18. Who was the "Witch of Endor?" 19. When,
how and where did the common school system originate ?
20. When, where and how did Thanksgiving originate ?
21. State some of the good features of this custom. 22.
Tell the story of the ' ' Charter Oak. " 23. What became
of this tree ? 24. What noted tree in Pennsylvania in
this period? 25. What did Governor Berkeley of
Virginia say about schools and printing? 26. Who
named New England ? 27. Name the 13 colonies. 28.
22 THE COLONIAL PERIOD
Name the 4 leading colonies in population and wealth.
29. What was the land tenure in Virginia and Massa-
chusetts ? 30. Name, locate and give population of the
5 leading cities. 31. State the difference between the
Pilgrims and the Puritans. 32. Why and how was
Jamestown destroyed? 33. Why did Williams leave
Massachusetts? 34. State the origin of "Wall St." in
New York. 35. Who was the ' ' Great Indian Apostle ?' '
36. What caused the Indian wars in Virginia ? 37.
Why is the Hudson, on the west side of New York,
called "The North River?" 38. Who was " Rip Van
Winkle ?" 39. State the origin of the name of the creek
separating New York island from the mainland. 40.
Why is the norther a boundary of Delaware nearly an arc
of a circle? 41. What do you know about the prisons
and jails of this period? 42. L/ocate Manhattan Island,
and give the origin of the name. 43. Tell the story of
the ' ' Walking Purchase ' ' of land. 44. How did
Johnson in New York outwit an Indian and obtain a large
tract of land ? 45. What were the ' ' Patroon Estates ?' '
46. Name and locate the colleges founded prior to the
Revolutionary War. 47. Explain the quotation, " The
history of the colonization of America is a history of the
crimes of Europe." 48. What was wampum, and why
did it lose its le^al tender value in New York ? 49.
What was thought of insanity, and how treated ? 50.
Of what colony was it said that the people paid tribute
neither to God nor Caesar? 51. What is meant by
paying tribute to God and Caesar ? 52. Tell the story
of Ogle thorpe's strategy in the fight with the Spanish.
53. Why was Georgia colonized ? 54. Which colony
had no schools, nor literature, nor printing during the
first century of its existence ? Why ? 55. What was
Till: COLONIAL PERIOD 23
the condition of the ''Professions" during this period,
and which was the foremost ? 56. What was the ' ( Town
Meeting" of New England? 57. What was paid for
the island on which New York stands? 58. What is
meant by the " Blue L,aws " of Connecticut ? 59. Name
and locate the first four settlements on the Atlantic coast
of North America. 60. Why was the Congress of 1754
held at Albany, and what was done? 61. What
European powers had possessions in North America at
the close of 1763, and what were the boundaries? 62.
Why were the English successful in the French and
Indian War after Pitt became Prime Minister? 63.
What is the origin of the southern "poor whites?" 64.
What were Queen Anne's and King George's wars called
in Europe? 65. Tell the story of the capture of Quebec.
66. Origin and meaning of " Cape Breton." 67. State
the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht. Of Paris, 1673. 68.
What do you know about paper money in the Colonies ?
69. What was the population of the 13 colonies in 1763 ?
70. State the particular value to the French of Louisburg,
Ft. Niagara, Ticonderoga, Ft. Duquesne, Quebec. 71.
For what noted 1565, 1605, 1607, 1620, 1638, 1643,
1664, 1692, 1701, 1733, 1763.
REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
In order to understand and appreciate the strategy
displayed by the officers of the American and the British
armies during this war, the geographical features of the
theatre of war must be studied. A military writer says :
' ' From the usual formation of armies by right, center,
and left divisions, there is derived an analogous
geographical separation into right, center, and left zones,
or belts of operation. Thus, from New York as a base,
there is developed, as the right zone, New Bngland, and
as the left zone, the Southern States. "
The British soon perceived that New York, from its
central position, was the strategic point of the war. They
accordingly took possession of it at the earliest opportunity.
A wise counter strategy devolved upon the American
commander the necessity of holding the central zone so
firmly as to threaten New York, and at the same time
support the other zones. His location, during the greater
part of the war, amid the hills of New Jersey and in the
Highlands of the Hudson, enabled him to fulfill the best
strategic conditions of ultimate success.
In describing a battle the following formula may be
used:
BATTLE.
(24)
Where.
When.
Commanders.
Why fought.
Grand Tactics.
Special Incidents.
Results
THE REVOLUTIONARY I'KUIOD 25
CAUSES OF THE WAR.
1. CHARACTER OF COLONISTS.
a. Emigrated to escape persecution.
b. Effect of isolation and self-dependence
2. BRITISH IGNORANCE OF COLONISTS.
3. CHARACTER OF GOVERNORS.
a How appointed. Extent of power. Personal char-
acter.
4. BRITISH LEGISLATION.
a. Navigation acts. Acts against manufactures.
b Stamp act. Tea tax. Boston "Port Bill"
c. Smuggling, and Writs of Assistance."
d. Why the colonists opposed Taxation
5. INTER-COLONIAL WARS.
a. Effect of last war in training the colonists.
b. Effect upon the public debt of Great Britain.
c. Influence of France.
6. COLONIAL CONGRESSES.
a. Of 1754, 1765, 1774, how these were causes.
7. CHARACTER OF KING.
a. Power of the King at this period.
b. Personal character of George III.
8. INFLUENCE OF NOTED MEN.
a. Franklin, Otis, Henry, John and Samuel Adams.
b. Whigs and Tories.
REFERENCES. 1-8, Makenzie, Chap. 4 ; Lodge, Chap. 23,
Harper's, Vol. 67, p. 428 ; Greene, pp. 1-32 ; Bryant, Vol. 3, p.
329 ; Bancroft, Vol. 3, p. 30. 5, Mowry, pp. 32-35 ; Johnston's S.
Hist, p. 79. 6, Greene, pp. 69-89. 7, Green's "Short Hist. Eng.
People," p. 729. 8-a, Biographies. 8-b, Cooper, Bk. 1, p. 3 ;
Harper's Cyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 1513.
26 T11E REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
THE REVOLUTION. 17 75.
1. PREPARATIONS FOR WAR.
a. Compare population and military resources of
England and the Colonies.
b. Why Canada and Florida did not rebel.
2. LEXINGTON CONCORD.
3. TICONDEROGA, CROWN POINT.
a. Ordnance captured. Why valuable.
4. BUNKER HILL.
5. CONGRESS OF 1775.
a. Financial measures. War measures.
b. How conducted. Sessions. Delegates.
6. CANADA EXPEDITION.
a. Object. Commanders. Routes. Results.
b Washington's army. Where, and in what con-
dition.
REFERENCES. 1-6, "Boys of '70 ;" Irvmg's "Washington;"
Vol. 13, p. 143.
THE REVOLUTION 1776
1. SIEGE EVACUATION OF BOSTON
2. FORT MOULTRIE.
3. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
a. Resolutions of Lee.
b. Committee. Author. Action of Congress. Effects.
c. Colonies become States.
4. LOSS OF NEW YORK.
a. Battle of Long Island. Incidents.
b. Washington's retreat. Chas. Lee.
Tin: uicvoi.rrroNARY PBHIOD 27
c. Condition of army and country.
d. The Hessians. Why employed. Number, etc.
5. TRENTON PRINCETON.
a. Effect upon the country. Winter quarters.
REFERENCES. 1, Atlantic, Vol. 37, p. 4G6; Bryant, Vol. 3,
p. 4 <1 ; Lossing, Vol. 1, p. 577. 2, Barnes' S. Hist., p. 113. 3,
Harper's, Vol. 3, p. 14>&Vol. 35, p. 217; Bryant, Vol. 3, p. 470;
Johnston's S. Hist., p. 104; " Mecklenburg Dec." Johnson's Cyclo.,
Vol. 3, p. 387; Bancroft, Vol. 4, p. 426. 4, Bryant, Vol. 3, p. 490 ;
Lossing, Vol. 2, p. 598 ; Harper's, Vol. 53, p. 333 ; Irving's
' ' 3l. 2, p. 330. 5, Harper's, Vol. 7, p.
Vol. 3, p. 525 ; Lossing, Vol. 2, p. 21; Irving, Vol. 2, p. 503
"Washington," Vol. 2, p. 330. 5, Harper's, Vol. 7, p. 446 ; Bryant,
THE REVOLUTION. 1777.
1. LOSS OF PHILADELPHIA.
a. Howe's plans for the campaigns.
b. Brandywine, Germantown.
c. Wanderings of Congress.
2. BURGOYNE'S INVASION.
a. Plans. Rendezvous. Army. Clinton.
b. Ticonderoga. Bennington. Schuyler's efforts.
c. St lyeger's expedition. Arnold's efforts.
d. Battle of Bemis Heights Stillwater. Saratoga.
^
^T " OF THK
1 TJNIVERSr.
34 PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION
REFERENCES. 1-8, Fisk's, "Washington and his Country;"
Schouler, Vol. 1, pp. 74-342; Harper's, Vol. 64, p. 515, Vol. 70, p.
604, Vol.12, p. 289. 1-a, Cooper. Bk. 1, p. 256; Mowry, p. 143;
N. A. Rev., Vol. 139-Feb. 1-a-e, "How We Are Governed," pp.
167-187; Young's "Gov. C. Book," p. 20. 1-c, Lalor, Vol. 2, pp.
50,60; Mowry, p. 145 Johnston's S. Hist., p. 148. 1-d-f, McMaster,
Vol. 1, p. 539; Schouler, Vol. 1, p. 74; Harper's, Vol. 68, p. 249'
2, "How We Are Gov.," pp. 77, 103; Young's "Gov. C. Book," pp.
124-133. 3, "How We Are Gov.," p. 204; Johnston's S. Hist., p.
150. 4, Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 105; Lodge's "Alexander Hamilton ;"
Schouler, Vol. 1, pp. 131-142; McMaster, Vol. 1, pp. 568-590;
"Location of the Cap.," Hist. Mag.,Vol. 11, p. 46; Century, Vol. 27,
pp. 643, 803. 5-a, Hist. Mag. Vol. 12, p. 332. 5-a-b, Bryant, Vol.
4, p. 114. 6, Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 261; Johnson's Cyclo., Vol. 1, p.
1171. 7, Johnston's "American Politics;" McMaster, Vol. 2, p. 49;
Schouler, Vol. 1, p. 48. 9, Lossing, Vol. 2, p. 209; Harper's, Vol.
18, p. 433.
JOHN ADAMS. 1797-1801.
1. ELECTION.
a. What party. Meaning of election.
2. TROUBLE WITH FRANCE.
3. ALIEN AND SEDITION LAWS.
a. What. Why made. Political effect.
4. RESOLUTIONS OF '98.
5. WASHINGTON'S DEATH.
a. When. Where. Cause. Effect.
6. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
a. What. Why formed. Bxtent. Government.
b. Removal of the Capital. Government buildings.
REFERENCES. 1, Morse's "John Adams;" "Building the
Nation," Chap. 8. 2, "Building the Nation," Chap. 4; Schouler,
Vol. 1, pp. 492-500. 3, McMaster, Vol. 2, pp. 389-400. 4, McMas-
ter, Vol. 2, p. 419; Von Hoist, Vol. 1, p. 145. 5, McMaster, Vol.
2, p. 452; Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 135; Harper's, Vol.12, p. 314. 6, "How
We Are Gov.," p. 396; McMaster, Vol. 2, p. 483 ; Johnson's Cyclo.,
Vol. 1, p. 1365 and Vol. 4, p. 1256; Century, Vol. 25, p. 803.
JEFFERSON. 18011 809
1. ELECTION.
a. What party. How elected. Policy.
PKK10I) OF NATIONALIZATION 35
2. TROUBLES
a. War with Tripoli.
b. England and France, Orders, Decrees, Embargo.
3. BURR-HAMILTON
a. Account of duel. The " Code Duelo."
b. Review Hamilton's career.
c. Give an account of Burr's life.
4. LOUISIANA PURCHASE
a. When. Why bought. Area. Cost.
b. Why France sold it. Results.
5. LEWIS-CLARKE EXPEDITION
6. 12th AMENDMENT
a. Why made. Principal features.
7. THE STEAMBOAT
a. Inventor. When. Where. Eifects.
8. SLAVE TRADE
9. WEST POINT
REFERENCES. 1, Morse's and Parton's "Jefferson ;" "Monti-
cello," Harper's, Vol. 7, p. 145; Schouler, Vol. 2, pp. 198-204 and
Chap. 5. 2, Bryant, Vol. 4, pp. 155, 174; "Building the Nation,"
Chap. 9, Schouler, Vol. 2, Chaps. 6, 7. 3, Harper's, Vol. 25, p.
69; Vol. 29, p. 293, Vol. 44, p. 689; Lodge's "Hamilton," pp. 245-
2">2. 4, Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 145; Schouler, Vol. 2, pp. 37-52; Mc-
Master, Vol. 2, p 621. 5, Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 170. 6, U. S. Con-
stitution. 7, Scribuer, Vol. 22, p. 563; Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 170. 8,
Johnson's Cyclo., Vol. 1, p. 12; American Cyclo., Vol. 15, p. 96;
Schouler, Vol. 2, pp. 55-60, 125-130. 9, Scribner, Vol. 4, p. 257.
MADISON. 1809 1817.
1. ELECTION
2. WAR OF 1812. CAUSES
a. Right of search. Impressment of seamen.
b. Western forts. Indian troubles.
c. War plans of the United States. Of England.
d. Why the Federalists opposed war.
36 PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION
3. INDIAN WAR IN N. W.
4. EVENTS OF 1812.
a. Hull's campaign, Where, Results.
b. Compare navies of United States and England.
Privateers.
c. Constitution, Guerriere and Java.
d. United States Macedonia. Wasp Frolic.
5. EVENTS OF 1813.
a. Plan of campaigns.
b. Perry's victory. Battle of the Thames.
c. Shannon Chesapeake.
d. Other events.
6 EVENTS OF 18145.
a. Chippewa and Lundy's I^ane.
b. McDonough's victory, Lake Champlain.
c. Campaign against Washington Baltimore.
d. The Star Spangled Banner.
P-
Draper, Vol. 2, p. 531. For period of Civil War, see "Campaigns
of the Civil War," and "The Navy in the Civil War" Scribner's
Sons.
CIVIL WAR. '62.
1. MILITARY PLANS.
a. Richmond. The blockade. Mississippi river.
2. WESTERN CAMPAIGNS.
a. Forts Donelson and Henry. Shiloh,
b. Bragg' s invasion. Murfreesboro.
3. COAST AND RIVER CAMPAIGNS.
a. Forts on Atlantic Coast. Monitor- Merrimac.
b. New Orleans. Upper Mississippi.
4. EASTERN CAMPAIGNS.
a. McClellan's Peninsula campaign.
b. Lee's invasion, Antietam. Fredericksburg.
c. Sum up results of the year.
44 CIVIL WAR
Bryant,
of the
p. 781; Grant,
Vol. 1, pp. 294-373. 2-b, Champlin, pp. 307, 313; Hist. Mag., Vol.
14, pp. 351, 464, 577; Draper, Vol. 2, p. 350. 3-a, Champlin, p.
231; Century, Vol. 29, p. 738; Lossing's "U. S. Navy," p. 315;
Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 464; "Blue Jackets of '61," pp. 114, 129. 3-b,
Ivossing's ' 'U. S. Navy," p. 304; Champlin, p. 218, Bryant, Vol. 4,
p. 526; ' 'Blue Jackets of '61," pp. 155, 219; Draper, Vol. 2, p. 327.
4-a, Champlin, pp. 240-279; Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 467; Draper, Vol.
2, p. 367; "Drum-Beat of the Nation," p. 236. 4-b, Champlin, p.
280; Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 493; Draper, Vol. 2, p. 449; Century, Vol.
32, pp. 315, 783, 609; "Drum-Beat," p. 298. 4-c, Barnes' S. History,
p. 243; Johnston's S. History, p. 323.
CIVIL WAR. '63.
1. EMANCIPATION.
a. The two proclamations. Provisions.
b. Contrabands. Negroes.
2. WESTERN CAMPAIGNS.
a. Vicksburg. The Mississippi.
b. Chickamauga and Chattanooga.
3. EASTERN CAMPAIGNS.
a. Chancellorsville. Officers Potomac army.
b. L,ee's second invasion, Gettysburg.
4. SIEGE OF CHARLESTON.
5. THE DRAFT.
6. FINANCIAL AFFAIRS.
a. National Banks. Bonds. Greenbacks.
b. Confederate finances.
c. Sum up results of the year.
REFERENCES. 1-a, Lalor, Vol. 2, p. 76 ; Cooper, Bk. 1, pp.
137-145; Draper, Vol. 2, pp. 596-614; Champlin, p. 315; Bryant,
Vol. 4, pp. 504, 543. 1-b, "Drum-Beat," p. 364 ; Champlin, p. 86;
Century, Vol. 34, p. 777. 2-a, Champlin, p. 323; Bryant, Vol. 4,
p. 557; Century, Vol. 30, p. 752; Draper, Vol. 3, p. 25. 2-b, Bry-
i, p. 375; Century,Vol.
34, p. 136; Draper, Vol. 3^ pp. 57-96. 3-a, Bryant, Vof. 4, p. 546;
ant, Vol. 4, p. 561; Champlin, p. 375; Century,Vol. 31; p. 129, Vol.
Champlin, p. 349; Hist Mag., Vol. 15, p. 370; Century, Vol. 32,
p. 745; Draper, Vol. 4, p. 107; "Drum-Beat," p. 386. 3-b, Bry-
ant, Vol. 4, p. 551; Champlin, p. 354; Century, Vol. 33, pp. 112,
CIVIL WAR 45
278, 451; Draper, Vol. 3, p. 133; Mackenzie, p. 35 4, Champlin,
p. 387; "Bluejackets of '61, "p. 293. 5, Champlin, p. 321; Lalor,
Vol. 1, p. 836. 6-a, Champlin, p. 476; Draper, Vol. 2, pp.
558-576; Johnston's S. History, p. 324; Bolles' "Financial Hist.,"
(1861-1885) pp. 43, 74, 197, 241. 6-b, "Boys of '61," p. 523. 6-c,
Barnes' S. Hist., p. 255; Johnston's, p. 355.
CIVIL WAR '64
1. MILITARY TITLES.
a. Commander-in-Chief. An account of military
and naval titles.
2. WESTERN CAMPAIGNS.
a. Atlanta campaign, Sherman and Johnston.
b. Hood and Thomas in Tennessee.
c. Sherman's march to the sea.
3. EASTERN CAMPAIGNS.
a. Grant's efforts to capture Richmond.
b. Sheridan and Early in Shenandoah valley.
4. CAMPAIGNS ON COAST.
a. Mobile bay. Fort Fisher. The blockade.
5. THE CONFEDERATE CRUISERS.
REFERENCES. 1, Century, Vol. 27, pp. 450-451; Champlin,
p. 433. 2-a, Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 580; Champlin, p. 458 ; Century,
Vol. 34, pp. 442, 585 ; Draper, Vol. 3, p. 266. 2-b, Bryant, Vol. 4,
p. 582 ; Champlin, p. 464 ; Draper, Vol. 3, p. 343. 2-c, Bryant, Vol.
4, p. 583 ; Champlin, p. 473; Century, Vol. 34, p. 917; Draper,
Vol. 3, p. 310. 3-a-b, Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 571. Champlin, pp. 428-
457 ; Grant, Vol. 2, pp. 124, 177 ; Draper, Vol. 3, p. 364. 4, Cen-
tury, Vol. 31, p. 280; Champlin, p. 407; " Blue Jackets of 61," pp.
90, 303, 313. 5, Century, Vol. 31, p. 911; Champlin, p. 400; Los-
sing's " Navy," p. 323 ; " Bluejackets ot '61," p. 180.
CIVIL WAR. '65.
1. GRANT'S CAMPAIGN.
a. Fall of Richmond. Appomattox.
2. SHERMAN'S CAMPAIGN.
a. Northward march, surrender of Johnston.
3. ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN
46 PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION
4. CAPTURE OF DAVIS.
5. REVIEW OF THE WAR.
a. Great campaigns, and leading generals.
b. Cost in men and money. U. S. debt.
c. Sanitary, Christian commissions. Prisoners.
d. Military and naval inventions.
e. Results, good and bad.
REFERENCES. 1, Mackenzie, p. 36; Champlin, pp. 513-540;
Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 587 ; Century, Vol. 35, p. 127; Grant, Vol. 2, p.
420; Draper, Vol. 3, p. 560. 2, 'Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 598 ; Champliu,
p. 545; Draper, Vol. 3, p. 533. 3, Mackenzie, p. 38; Champlin,
p. 541; Bryant, Vol. 4, p. 599 ; Draper, Vol. 3, p. 626. 4, Century,
Vol. 27, p. 130 ; Champlin, p. 54y. 5-a, Century, Vol. 85, p. 583.
5-b, Cooper, Bk. 1, pp. 244-252; Johnston's S. Hist., p. 361;
Barnes' S. Hist., p. 275; Bolles,' 1861-85, p. 241. 5-c, Champlin,
p. 80 ; Draper, Vol. 3, pp. 498-520 ; Century, Vol. 35, p. 770. 5-d,
Champlin. 5-e, Champlin, p. 554; Draper, Vol. 3, p. 657; Mac-
kenzie, p. 39.
JOHNSON. 1805-1869.
1. AMNESTY PROCLAMATIONS.
a. What. Why issued. Effects.
2. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS.
a. Points in I3th and I4th. W r hy made.
3. RECONSTRUCTION.
a. What. Policy of Johnson ; of Congress.
b. How and when accomplished.
4. CONGRESS.
a. Tenure of Office act. Civil rights, etc.
5. FRENCH IN MEXICO.
a. When. Why. Attitude of U. S.
6. ALASKA PURCHASE.
a. Why bought. Area. Cost. Value.
7. IMPEACHMENT.
a. What. Why. Account of trial.
PERIOD OF NAT10NA1.I/ATION 47
REFERENCES. 1-4, Johnston's " American Politics," Chap.
21; Elaine, Vol. 2, pp. 281, 296,31(5; Johnson's Cyclo., Vol. 2, p.
1429. 2, U. S. Constitution. 3, Johnston's S. Kist., p. 369; Cooper,
Bk. 1, pp. 168-174. 4, Elaine, Vol. 2, pp. 267-274 & 173-179. 5,
Johnson's Cyclo., Vol. 3, p. 367 ; Barnes' S. Hist., p. 285. 6, John-
son's Cyclo., Vol. 1, p. 79; Elaine, Vol. 2, p. 333. 7, Johnston's
"Politics," p. 204; Cooper, Bk. 1, pp. 178-190; Lalor, Vol. 2, p.
482.
GRANT. 1869-1877.
1. ELECTIONS.
2. 15TH AMENDMENT.
3. TREATY OF WASHINGTON
a. Geneva Arbitration.
b. N. W. boundary. Fishery question.
4. THE PACIFIC RAILROAD
a. Why and how built. Effects.
5. THE GREAT FIRES
6. THE CENTENNIAL
a. Fair at Philadelphia. Celebrations.
7. FINANCIAL FRAUDS
a. Credit Mobilier, Whisky Rings, etc.
8. TROUBLE IN SOUTH
REFERENCES. 1. Cooper, Bk. 1, p. 191. 3, Harper's, Vol. 46>
Cooper, Bk. 1, p. 200; Lalor, Vol. 1, p. 709. 8, Ku Klux Klan,
Century, Vol. 28, p. 398; Lalor, Vol. 2, p. 680. Tourgee's "Invisi-
ble Empire" and "Bricks Without Straw."
HAYES. 18771881.
1. ELECTION
a. An account of Electoral Commission.
2. FINANCES
a. Resuming specie payment. Silver question.
3. CIVIL SERVICE REFORM
4. GRANT'S TOUR
48 PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION.
5. INVENTIONS
a. Telephone. Phonograph. Blectric light,
b. Elevated R. R. Mississippi Jetties.
6. CHINESE BILL
REFERENCES. 1, Cooper, Bk. 1, pp. 228-242; Elaine, Vol. 2,
p. 567; Lalor, Vol. 2, p. 50. 2, N. A. Rev., Vol. 143, p. 99; "The
Silver Question," Overland Mag., Vol. 8, p. 521; Johnston's S.
Hist., p. 390; Lalor, Vol. 2, p. 195; Elaine, Vol. 2, p. 603. 3, Elaine,
Vol. 2, p. 647; N. A. Rev., Vol. 141; Lalor, Vol. 1, p. 478. 5,
Johnson's Cyclopedia. 6, Cooper, Bk. 1, p. 281; Elaine, Vol. 2, p.
651.
GARFIELD AND ARTHUR. 1881-1885.
1. ELECTION
2. STAR ROUTE FRAUDS
3. ASSASSINATION OF GARFIELD
a. Cause. Trial of the murderer. Results.
4. PUBLIC WORKS
a. Washington Monument. Bartholdi Statue.
Brooklyn Bridge.
5. OTHER EVENTS
a. Panama Canal. Legal Tender Decision. Order
of Presidential Succession. Civil Service Bill.
REFERENCES. 1, Century, Vol. 23, pp. 168, 299; Elaine, Vol.
2, p. 657. 2, Cooper, Bk. 1, p. 277. 3, Century, Vol. 22, p. 784,
Vol. 23, p. 299; Elaine's "Eulogy;" Cooper, Bk. 3, p. 240. 4,
Lalor; Encyclopedias.
CLEVELAND. 1885.
1. ELECTION
2. DEATH'S WORK
a. Grant, McClellan, Hendricks, Hancock, Tilden,
Logan.
3. STRIKES AND RIOTS
4. CHINESE TREATY
5. OTHER EVENTS
PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION
6. QUESTIONS OF THE DAY
a. The tariff and the public debt.
b. Socialism in the U. S.; in Europe.
c. Foreign immigration.
d. Relations of L,abor and Capital.
e. National aid to education.
f. I,and monopoly. Public lands.
g. The fishery question.
h. Southern States, industrial and political con-
dition.
i. National defence, Army; Navy; Coast.
j. The railroad question.
k. Prohibition.
REFERENCES. 1, Johnston's and Barnes' S. Histories. 2,
"Grant," Century, Vol. 30, pp. 151-919. For others, Harper's 1885-6,
Record of Current Events. 3, Century, Vol. 31, p. 940; Lalor
Vol. 3, p. 815. 4, N. A. Rev., Vol. 139, p. . 6-a, Lalor, Vol. 3,
p. 856; N. A. Rev., Vol. 144, p. 79. 6-b, Century, Vol. 31, pp. 51,
737; N. A. Rev., Vol. 144, p. 12; New Scribner, Vol. 1, p. 107.
6-c, Century, Vol. 28, p. 761. Forum, Vol. 3, p. 532. 6-d,
Century, Vol. 32, p. 397; New Scribner, Vol. 1, p. 107. 6-e, New
Princeton Review, March, '86; Century, Vol. 31, p. 960 ; Harper's,
Vol. 68, p. 471. 6-f, N. A. Rev., Vol. 144, p. 107; Century, Vol. 25,
p. 599. 6-g, Hist. Mag., Vol. 16, p. 50. 6-h, Century, Vol. 30, p.
074. 6-i, Harper's, Vol. 71, p. 927 ; Century, Vol. 33, p. 148; New
Scribner, Vol.1, pp. 51, 223. 6-j,Century, Vol.21, p. 258, Vol. 22, p.
899; N. A. Rev., Vol. 143, p. 505. 6-k, Century, Vol. 28, p. 150;
Forum, Vol. 2, pp. 232, 401, Vol. 3, pp. 39, 152; N. A. Rev., Vol.
143, p. 382.
GENERAL REVIEWS.
1 . Territorial growth of the U. S.
2. History of the Slavery question.
3. Financial history of the U. S.
4. History of Political Parties in the U. S.
5. History of Progress.
6. Our Common Schools. Colleges.
50 PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION
7. History of the Tariff.
8. Our Indian policy.
9. A list of Presidents, with dates.
10. The three Departments of Government.
11. The progress of literature. Authors.
Harper's,
Vol. 11, p
" Washington," p. 548"; Lalor, Vol.3, p. 722. 3, Bolle's" "Financial
Hist, of U. S.;" Johnson's Cyclo., Vol. 4, p. 1046 ; Lalor, Vol. 3, p. 43
(Paper Money); N. A. Rev.,Vol. 144, p. 29; Harper's, Vol. 51, p. 552.
4, Cooper's and Johnston's " American Politics." 5, "Building the
Nation," pp. 425, 450; Harper's "First Century of the Republic;"
Harper's, Vols. 49-53. 6, Mackenzie, p. 44; Harper's, Vol. 51, p.
845. 7, Lalor, Vol. 3, p. 856; Forum, Vol. 4, p. 357. 8, Scribner,
Vol 19, p. 775 ; Harper's, Vol. 76, p. 598; Forum, Vol. 3, p. 254. 9,
Hist. Mag. Vol. 11, pp. 89-185 ; Harper's, Vol. 68, p. 548. 10,
Century,|Vol. 25, p. 163 (Supreme Court); Hist. Mag., Vol. 12, p.62 ;
"How we are Gov." pp. 50-59. 11, First Century of National Ex-
istence," pp. 265-307, 367-538; Harper's, Vol. 53, pp. 401, 514.
POLITICAL PARTIES.
Federalists 1792 to 1820
" Era of Good Feeling" , 1820 to 1825
National Republicans 1825 to 1835
Whigs 1835 to 1856
Republicans 1856 to 1887
Democratic-Republicans 1 79 2 to 1829
Democrats ; 1829 to 1888
The Free Soil Party organized in 1848 and joined
with the Republican Party in 1856. In 1860, the
Democratic Party divided into two parties, Northern and
Southern Democrats. The Northern or Douglas wing
soon after (1861) united with the Republican Party, and
the party thus formed was known as the Union Party
during the Civil War. The American or Know-Nothing
Party organized in 1852 and died out in 1860. The Anti-
PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION 51
Masonic Party organized in 1826 and lasted about ten
years. The Prohibition Party organized in 1872, and
lias gradually increased up to the present time.
Those who have favored a strict construction of the
Constitution have been known as Democratic-Republicans
and Democrats. Those who have favored a loose
construction of the Constitution have been known as
Federalists, National Republicans, Whigs and Repub-
licans.
DIAGRAM OF POLITICAL PARTIES
Constitutional ^^ 1787 ^ Convention
The / ^^^^NV Constitution
^/ 1789 N^
^s^
\\ ashmgtc
John Ada
Jefferson
| %
Q
P?
Madison
6 '
3 *
s
8
S
Monroe
i
I
J. Q. Adams
| Jackson
_
2
\ ^
u Van Buren
\. .
-
^N. * ^^
EH
Ji
5
Polk
:
\\ i ^ L Harrison
^X gcg-pyler
X. - 1
o X. o g.^
H
' \. B: ^Taylor
Pierce
\v ^ 5 iFilluiore
| |^J
Buchanan
i
Lincoln
Johnson
Grant
w
Hayes
J* ^ ?
Garfield
1 1 ^
Arthur
Cleveland
^ O
PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION 53
REVIEW AND SEARCH QUESTIONS
i . Give a short account of the Constitutional Conven-
tion and the formation of the Constitution. 2. Name some
of the compromises in the Constitution. 3. How is a
President inaugurated ? 4. Why was not Washington
inaugurated on the 4th of March ? 5. How many
capitals has the United States had ? 6. Ought the
capital to remain at Washington ? 7. Why did the
United States pay the Barbary States tribute ? 8. What
effect did Whitney's invention have upon our national
history? 9. What Departments were established by
Congress? 10. Tell the story of the location of the
capital, ii. Give an account of the "Society of the
Cincinnati." 12. What was the Whisky Rebellion?
13. What and where is Mt. Vernon ? 14. What is the
present condition of Mt. Vernon? 15. State the points
in Hamilton's financial plans. 16. Give the origin of
the first two political parties. 17. Where is the "Key
to the Bastile?" 18. Was Washington ungrateful in
refusing to assist the French ? 19. Give a short account
of the election of John Adams. 20. How did it happen
that the Vice- President was of the opposite political party ?
2 1 . State the substance of the Alien and Sedition laws.
22. Why did these laws affect the political situation?
23. What reply did Pinckney make to the offer of the
French Directory? 24. What was the cause of the
trouble with France? 25. Why was not Adams re-
elected? 26. How was Jefferson elected? 27. How
did Hamilton influence the election of Jefferson? 28.
What change did the i2th amendment make in the elec-
tion of President ? 29. Who was the Sage of Monticello ?
30. Why did Napoleon wish to sell Louisiana to the
54 PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION
United States ? 31. Had the Government any right to
purchase Louisiana ? 32. Give an account of the
Hamilton-Burr duel. 33. What effect did Hamilton's
death have on duelling ? 34. What does the Constitu-
tion say about slavery? 35. What became of Burr?
36. What was the verdict of the jury that tried Burr for
conspiracy? 37. What were the boundaries of the
Louisiana purchase? 38. Tell the story of Decatur's
exploit. 39. State the cause and the result of the war
with Tripoli. 40. Give an account of Fulton's inven-
tion. 41. What was the embargo act? 42. What did
the Federalists call this act ? 43. What were the two
theories as to naturalization of foreigners? 44. What
was Jefferson's policy in regard to the navy ? 45. What
caused the war of 1812 ? 46. Why is this war called
the War for Independence ? 47. Why had the western
forts been held by the English? 48. Why did the
Federalists oppose this war ? 49. What effect did this
Avar have upon manufactures? 50. State the origin
of "Don't give up the ship." 51. Origin of the "Star-
Spangled Banner." 52. Give an account of the battle
on Lake Erie ; on Lake Champlain. 53. Compare the
English and American navies in this war. 54. Was
Madison a good war executive ? 55. Enumerate the
decisive battles of this war. 56. What do you under-
stand by the term "decisive battle?" 57. Why did the
British burn Washington ? 58. State some of the
results of this war. 59. Give an account of the war
with Algiers. 60. Why did the Hartford convention
injure the Federalists? 61. Why is Monroe's term
called "The Era of Good Feeling?" 62. When and
why did the Federalist party die out ? 63. State the
' ' Monroe Doctrine. ' ' 64. What was the ' ' Holy Alliance ?' '
PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION 55
65. Give an account of the Florida purchase. 66.
Why did we buy Florida ? 67. What was the Missouri
compromise, and why was it made ? 68. Who was
called The Great Pacificator? Why? 69. Give an ac-
count of foreign immigration. 70. Why was the Erie
Canal built? 71. What is its present condition? 72.
How was J. Q. Adams elected? 73. Define a "Tariff
for Revenue only." 74. What is a protective tariff?
75. Why did the Democratic party oppose a protective
tariff? 76. Why was not Adams re-elected ? 77. For
what is the 5oth anniversary of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence noted? 78. Give an account of the invention
of the locomotive, and the building of railroads. 79.
What made Jackson President of the United States. 80.
What was the Nullification ordinance ? 8 1 . Give an
account of the Webster-Hay ne debate. 82. What is
the ' 'Spoils System ?" 83. What is the proposed remedy ?
84. Give the origin of the Anti-Masonic party. 85.
Do the various secret societies exert a dangerous or a
beneficial effect upon our country ? 86. Why did Jack-
son veto the U. S. Bank bill? 87. What is the origin
of the term "Pocket Veto?" 88. What are the Public
Lands of the United States ? 89. State what you know
about the surveys, classes and sales of public land. 90.
Can a foreigner buy U. S. public land ? 91. Where was
Jackson's home, and what was it called ? 92. Give an
account of Wild-cat banking. 93. What caused the
financial crash of '37 ? 94. Give an account of the Sub-
Treasury plan. 95. What was the "Underground Rail-
road ?" 96. What caused the election of Harrison?
97. Give an account of the Harrison Van Buren
political campaign. 98. How are political campaigns
conducted now ? 99. Can you suggest a better plan ?
56 PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION
ioo. What caused Harrison's death? 101. How did
Congress aid in introducing the telegraph ? 102. Who
invented it, and where and how was it first used ? 103.
Tell the story of the Mormons. 104. Is Congress justi-
fied in passing severe laws against the Mormons ? 105.
When and why did they found Salt Lake City? 106.
When, why and how did we acquire Texas? 107.
Where and why was there opposition ? 108. What
caused Folk's election? 109. State the cause of the
Mexican war. no. Why did not the Mexicans win
any battles? in. Was the United States justified in
making war on Mexico? 112. State the Ashburton-
Webster treaty. 113. When and how did the United States
acquire Oregon ? 114. Describe the conquest of California.
115. What was the Wilmot Proviso ? 1 1 6. State the results
of the Mexican war. 117. How did Commodore Sloat
prevent the British from interfering with the conquest of
California? 118 Why were Clay and Webster un-
successful candidates for the Presidency? 119. Give
an account of the discovery of gold in California. 120.
Give an account of the Vigilance Committees in Califor-
nia. 121. How did the discovery of gold affect the
business of the world? 122. What was the Fugitive
Slave law? 123. Give an account of the Filibusters.
124. What is the political meaning of the word? 125.
State the compromise of 1850. 126. Why was Scott
defeated for the Presidency? 127. State the Kansas-
Nebraska bill. 128. What is ''Squatter Sovereignty ?"
129. Who were the Abolitionists?" 130. Why was
the American party organized, and why was it called the
Know-No thing party? 131. State the origin of the
Republican party. 132. Give an account of the assault
on Chas. Sumner. 133. What was the Martin Koszta
PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION 57
case? 134. State the Dred Scott decision. 135. Why
did it create intense excitement in the North? 136.
Tell the story of the John Brown raid. 137. Give an
account of the political campaign of 1860. 138. What
was the doctrine of State Sovereignty ? 139. What was
Buchanan's position in regard to Secession ? 140. Why
did the Southern States secede? 141. Why and how
did the territorial growth of the United States create sec-
tional trouble ? 142. What objection to the acquisition
of Mexico? 143. Why was the Gadsden purchase
made? 144. Cost and area of this acquisition. 145.
Why was $10,000,000 paid to Texas? 146. State the
action of the United States with regard to public lands
and the public debt of Texas. 147. State the condition of
the army arid navy when the Civil War commenced. 148.
When and how was the first successful cable laid ? 149.
Give an account of the inauguration of Lincoln. 150.
State the causes of the Civil War. 151. How did Jack-
son receive the name of "Stonewall?' 152. What ad-
vantage to the South to recognize them as "belligerents ?"
153. Why was the Bull Run Battle a moral victory for
the North? 154. What is a paper blockade? 155.
What special advantage had England for running the
blockade? 156. What Southern States did not secede?
Why? 157. Describe the flag of the Southern Con-
federacy. 158. Describe the Trent affair. 159. Why
did the United States release Mason and Slidell ? 160.
Give a short account of the Emancipation Proclamations.
161. How did these proclamations affect slavery? 162.
How was slavery fully abolished ? 163. Name the
decisive battles of the war. 164. Who were the suc-
cessive commanders of the Army of the Potomac ? 165.
Who were the successive commanders-in-chief of the
58 PERIOD OF NATIONALIZATION
Union army? 166. Name the 5 most noted officers in
the Southern army. 167. What men have held the title
of Lieutenant-General in the U. S. army ? The title of
General? 168. Describe the Merrimac-Monitor fight.
169. What effect had this battle upon naval warfare?
1 70. When and why was Lincoln assassinated ? 171.
What region was the main battle-ground of the war?
Why? 172. How did the United States raise mone)^ to
carry on the war? 173. State some of the good and
some of the bad results of the war. 174. What pre-
vented England, and France from recognizing the inde-
pendence of the Southern Confederacy ? 175. State the
substance of the quarrel between Johnson and Congress.
176. Why was Johnson impeached? 177. What is
meant by Reconstruction? 178. On what terms were
the Southern States reconstructed? 179. Who were
the "carpet baggers ?" 180. State the substance of the
1 4th amendment; the i5th. 181. What was the
"Electoral Commission?" 182. What is the language
of the Constitution in regard to counting the votes for
President? 183. What was the Washington Treaty?
184. What were the "Alabama Claims," and how
settled? 185. What was the " Ku Klux Klan?" 186.
Are the States compelled to give the right of suffrage to
the negro? 187. What was the " Star Route " trouble ?
188. What is meant by "demonitizing" silver? Why
do it? 189. What was the "Credit Mobilier" trouble?
190. Give an account of the Mississippi jetties. 191.
Give a short account of the Bartholdi Statue and the
Washington Monument. 192. What was the "legal
tender" decision? 193. Why did Conkling resign his
position as Senator? 194. Why were Utah, Dakota and
Washington territories not admitted into the Union ? 195.
1'EKIOD OF NATIONALIZATION 59
What is the G. A. R.? 196. Where is the "center of
population " of the United States, and how is it determin-
ed? 197. What is the origin and meaning of the term
"Old Probability?" 198. What part of the United
States has produced nearly all of our best literature and
the great inventions? Why? 199. Give a short account
of the progress of education in the United States. 200.
What constitutes citizenship in the United States ?
SOMTTUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
[NOTE A large figure is placed on the left margin of each paragraph of the
following copy of the constitution, so that the paragraphs may be referred to
by numbers. This will be found a convenience in studying the Analysis of the
Constitution, as the corresponding figures are used there.]
PREAMBLE
WE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, pro-
1 vide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do
ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
America.
ARTICLE I.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. Congress in General.
1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
& Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate
and House of Representatives.
Section 2. House of Representatives.
1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem-
3bers chosen every second year by the people of the several States,
and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications re-
quisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
Legislature.
2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have
A attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a
citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be
an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned
ft among the several States which may be included within this
Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be
(61)
62 CONSTITUTION
determined by adding to the whole number of free persons,
including those bound to service for a number of year**, and
excluding Indians not taxed, (three-fifths of all other persons. )
The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after
the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and
within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as
they shall by law diract. The number of Representatives shall
not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall
have at least one Representative ; and, iintil such enumeration
shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to
choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations one, Connecticut Jive, New York six, New Jersey
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia
ten, North Carolina jive, South Carolina Jive, and Georgia three.
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any
State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election
to fill such vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker
and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
6
8
9
10
Section 3. Senate.
1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for
six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence
of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may he,
into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year ; of the
second class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the
third class, at the expiration of the sixth year ; so that one-third
may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen, by
resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of
any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint-
ments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall
then fill such vacancies.
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained
to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabi-
tant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
r< INSTITUTION 63
4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President
Uof the Senate, but shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally
divided.
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a
12 President pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or
when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.
6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach -
. and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,
*^ unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 5. The Houses Separately.
1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns,
I *y and qualification of its own members; and a majority of each shall
constitute a quorum to do business but a smaller number may
adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the
attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such
penalties as each house may provide.
2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings,
18 P un * s h its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concur-
rence of two-thirds, expel a member.
- Q 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and
A U from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may,
in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the
64 CONSTITUTION
members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of
one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, with-
out the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days,
nor t an y other place than that in which the two houses may be
sitting.
Section 6. Disabilities of Members.
_ - 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen-
& JL sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of
the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except
treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest
during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses,
and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech
or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any
other place.
2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for
OO which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the
authority of the United States which shall have been created, or
the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such
time; and no person holding any office under the United States
shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.
Section 7. Mode of Passing Laws.
1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
OO Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
&** amendments, as on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Represen-
tatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented
O L to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign
it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House
in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections
at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after
such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to
pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the
other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if
approved by two-thirds of that House it shall become a law.
But, in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be deter-
mined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for
and agahut the bill shall be entered on the journal of each
CONSTITUTION 65
House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the
President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have
been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as
if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment,
prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law.
2O 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence
of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary
(except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the
President of the United States, and, before the same shall take
effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him,
shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in
the case of a bill.
Section 8. Powers Granted to Congress.
The Congress shall have Power,
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to
P a y the debts, and provide for the common defense and general
welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises
shall be uniform throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the
28 several States, and with the Indian tribes;
4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform
laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States;
A 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign
coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures.
01 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the
securities and current coin of the United States;
32 ^' ^ esta ^ sn post-offices and post-roads;
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by se-
33 curing for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive
right to their respective writings and discoveries;
9- To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on
the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations'
(v,
OF TH
UNIVEJ?
>0 CONSTITUTION
QQ 11. To declare war, to grant letters of marque and reprisal,
and make rules concerning captures on land and water;
Q*7 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of
money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;
QQ 13. To provide and maintain a navy;
O A 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the
**v land and nava> forces;
AQ 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the
laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;
M + 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the
* ! militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed
in the service of the United States, reserving to the states res-
pectively the appointment of the oflicers, and the authority of
training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by
Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever
"t<4 over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by
cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress be.
come the seat of the Government of the United States; and to
exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent
of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other
needful buildings. And,
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for
carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers
vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United
States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Section 9. Powers denied to the United States.
1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro.
hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight
hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such
importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
AjF\ 2. The privilege of the writ of Jinbeas corpus shall not be sus-
pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public
safety may require it.
CONSTITUTION 67
AC\ 3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be passed.
m ytj 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in
^T 4 proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to
be taken.
AQ 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any
State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com-
merce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another;
nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter,
clear, or pay duties in another.
49 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in conse-
quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement
and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money
shall be published from time to time.
JJQ 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States;
and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them
shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present,
emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king,
prince, or foreign state.
Section 10. Powers denied to the States.
1 XT- CU
51
1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder-
ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit
bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver a tender in
payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law,
or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title
of nobility.
2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be
absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the
net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on im-
ports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United
States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and
control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of
Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships-of-war
in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with
another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit
of delay.
68 e OXSTIT TTIOX
ARTICLE II.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. President and Vice- President.
53
54
55
1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
United States of America. He hall hold his office during the
term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen
for the same term, be elected as follows:
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legisla-
ture thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole
number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may
be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative,
or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United
States, shall be appointed an Elector.
3. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
ballot for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabi-
tant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of
all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which
list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the
Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Sen-
ate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate
and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes
shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes
shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole num-
ber of Electors appointed; and, if there be more than one who have
such majority and have an equal number of votes, then the House of
Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for
President; and, if no person have a majority, then from the five hijrh st
on the list, the said House shall in like manner choose the President.
But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the
representation from each State having one vote: a quorum for this-
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the
greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be Vice-President. But,,
if there should remain two or more who have eqiial votes, the Senate
shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President.
(Superseded by Article XII of Amendments.)
4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the
Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes J
which shall be the same throughout the United States.
c w
Of
fi .
th J.
CONSTITUTION (39
5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the
United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution,
shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any
person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to
the age of thirty -five years, and been fourteen years a resident
within the United States.
6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of
his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and
duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-
President ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of
removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President
and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as
President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the dis-
ability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his ser-
vices a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor dimin-
ished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and
he shall not receive within that period any other emolument
from the United States, or any of them. .
8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take
the following oath or affirmation :
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute
the office of President of the United States ; and will, to the best
of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of
the United States."
Section 2. Powers oj the President.
1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army
and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several
States when called into the actual service of the United States ;
he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in.
each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to
the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have the power
to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United
States, except in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have the power, by and with the advice and eoli-
sent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the
70 CONSTITUTION
Senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint embas-
sadors, other public ministers, and, consuls, judges of the Supreme
Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appoint-
ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the ap-
pointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the
President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart-
ments.
|*O 3- The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies
**& that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting
commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session.
Section 3. Ditties of the President.
1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress informa-
Ot5 tion as to the state of the union, and recommend to their consid-
eration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ;
he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or
either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such
time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive embassadors and
other public ministers ; he shall take .care that the laws be faith-
fully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the
United States.
Section 4- Impeachment of the President.
1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the
feA United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for,
and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and
misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. United States Courts.
1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in
e Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress
CONSTITUTION 71
may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both
of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during
good behavior ; and shall, at stated times, receive for their ser-
vices a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their
continuance in office.
Section 2. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts.
1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and
equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United
States, and treaties made or which shall be made under thei r
authority ; to all cases affecting embassadors, other public minis-
ters, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime juris-
diction , to controversies to which the United States shall be a
party ; (to controversies between two or more States,) between a
State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different
States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under
grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens
thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects.
2. In all cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers,
and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the'Su-
preme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other
cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate
jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and
under such regulations as the Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,
shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where
the said crimes shall have been committed ; but, when not com-
mitted within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places
as the Congress may by law have directed.
Section 3. Treason.
1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving
them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason,
unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act,
or on confession in open court.
7'2 CONSTITUTION'
*t A
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment
of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption
of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person
attainted.
ARTICLE IV.
THE STATES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
Section 1. State Records.
1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other
State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the
manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be
proved, and the effect thereof.
I
Section 2. Privileges of Citizens, etc.
1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
and immunities of citizens in the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or
| O * ner cr i me > wno shall flee from justice and be found in another
State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State
from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State
having jurisdiction of the crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any
law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or
labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom
such service or labor may be due.
^ m
ft
Section 3. New States ami Territories.
1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the
junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the
consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as
of the Congress.
COXSTI1UTION 73
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all
needful rules and regulations respecting the territory, or other
property, belonging to the United States, and nothing in this
Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of
the United States or of any particular State.
Section 4. Guarantee to the States.
1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each
of them against invasion, and, on application of the Legislature
or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened),
against domestic violence.
ARTICLE V.
POWER OF AMENDMENT.
1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall
I O deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitu-
tion, or, on the application of two -thirds of the several States >
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in
either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of
this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-
fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three -fourths
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be
proposed, by the Congress : provided that no amendment which
may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and
eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in
the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without
its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI.
DEBTS; SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION; OATH;
RELIGIOUS TEST.
1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before
/ \j the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the
United States, under this Constitution, as under the Confeder-
ation.
74 CONSTITUTION
QA 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which
shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or
which shall be made, under the authority of the United States,
shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every
State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or
laws of any State to the contrary not withstanding.
81
3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and
the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive
and judicial officers both of the United States and of the several
States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this
Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a
qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.
ARTICLE VII.
RATIFICATION or THE CONSTITUTION.
1. The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be
82 sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the
States so ratifying the same.
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
OtJ religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging
the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a
redress of grievances.
ARTICLE II.
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a
free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall
not be infringed.
( ONSTnTTION 75
ARTICLE III.
-^ soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house
without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war but in a
manner prescribed by law.
ARTICLE IV.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon
probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and partic-
ularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or
things to be seized.
ARTICLE V.
^T _ l 11 1 l
87
No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand
jury, except in cases arising in the land and naval forces, or in
the militia, wlien in .actual service, in time of war or public
danger; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offense to
be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled,
in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just
compensation.
ARTICLE VI.
Q Q In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right
OO to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which
district shall have been previously ascertained by law; and to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con-
fronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the
assistance of counsel for his defense.
76 CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE VII
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall
exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserv-
ed ; and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined
in any court of the United States than according to the rules of
the common law.
ARTICLE VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines im-
posed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.
ARTICLE IX.
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
ARTICLE X.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti-
tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
States respectively, or to the people. [Thejirst ten Amendment*
were adopted in 1791, and are called "Personal Liberty Bills."]
ARTICLE XI.
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed
to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted
against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or
by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. [Adopted 1708.]
ARTICLE XII.
1. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote
by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least;
shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ,
they shall name in their ballot the person voted for as President,
and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ;
and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as
President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of
\- * - FT
or THW
OLIVERS:
CONSTITUTION
the number of votes for each ; which lists they shall sign and
certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and
House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes
shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of
votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no
person have such majority, then, from the persons having the
highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted
for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose im-
mediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the Presi-
dent, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from
each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall
consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States,
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President,
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President
shall act as President, as in the case of the death, or other con-
stitutional disability, of the President.
2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-
President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a ma-
jority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no-
person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on
the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President. A quorum
for that purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number
of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be neces-
sary to a choice.
3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of
President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United
States. [Adopted 1804.]
ARTICLE XIII.
1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
78 CONSTITUTION
QQ 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by ap-
propriate legislation. [Adopted 1865.]
ARTICLE XIY.
CIVIL RIGHTS ; APPORTIONMENT or REPRESENTATIVES ;
POLITICAL DISABILITIES ; PUBLIC DEBT.
Civil Rights.
99 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall
make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges o r
immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State
deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due pro-
cess of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws.
Apportionment of Representatives.
1 AA 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.
But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of
President and Yice-President of the United States, Representa-
tives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State,
or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of
the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of
age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged?
except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which
the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole num-
ber of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,
JL\JN .U, CON V K NTI < > N 91
was adopted, Congress could only recommend
it to the States, and they could execute it if
they chose.
d. "One Nation to-day and thirteen to-morrow."
* 'A rope of sand. ' '
REFERENCES. Bancroft's U. S. Hist., Vol. 6, pp. 7-86; John-
ston's "Politics," pp. 0, 9, 21(5 ; Martin, p. 232 ; Schouler, Vol. 1,
pp. 15-18 ; Lalor, Vol. 1, p. 574 ; Gillet's "Fed. Gov." p. 57 ; Mc-
Mastsr, Vol. 1, p. 362 ; Mansfield, p. 37.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
A convention of delegates from all the colonies, except Rhode
Island, met in Philadelphia, May 14th, 1787, and closed its session
September 17th, 1787. The Constitution prepared at this session
was submitted to the States and ratified by the requisite number
(9) in 1788, but did not go into effect until March 4th, 1789.
1. NEW JERSEY PLAN.
a. A proposal to continue the Articles of Confedera-
tion and strengthen them by giving them some
means by which to act, so that Congress would
not be wholly dependent upon the States.
b. Rejected, because deemed insufficient.
2. VIRGINIA PLAN.
a. A series of thirteen resolutions, framed according
to suggestions of Madison, and contemplating
an entirely new Government, composed of
executive, legislative, and judicial depart-
ments ; to act directly on the people, and to
be supreme within certain limits.
b. Taken as the basis of a Constitution and nearly
every suggestion in it used.
3. RESULT.
a. A Constitution partly Federal, partly Republican.
It is slightly Federal, because, in a few in-
92 LEGISLATIVE DKI'ARTMENT
stances, members and measures depend upon
States. It is chiefly Republican, because, in
most instances, it acts directly upon the people.
REFERENCES. McMaster, Volume 1, pp. 416-424,436-502;
Schouler, Vol. 1, pp. 36-68; Johnston's " Politics," pp. 10-17;
Johnson's Cyclo., Vol. 1, p. 1128; Atlantic, Feb. '87, Vol. 59;
Hist. Mag., Vol. 13, p. 313; Harper's, Vol. 25, p. 116 ; Atlantic,
Vol. 60, p. 673; Von Hoist, Vol. 1, pp. 47-77 ; Lalor, Vol. 1, p.
637; Harper's, Vol. 41, p. 570.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
1. Senate. Vice-President, $8,000 ; 76 Senators,
$5,000 each and mileage, 20 cents per mile each way.
2. House of Representatives. Speaker, $10,000 and
mileage; 325 Representatives, $5,000 each and mileage,
20 cents per mile each way. Ratio of representation
(1880), 151,912.
3. Congress. The First Continental Congress met
at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774. It held sessions in Phila-
delphia, Baltimore, Lancaster, York, Princeton, Annapo-
lis, Trenton, and New York. One House ; secret ses-
sions ; membership from 30 to 52.
The first U. S. Congress convened in extra session at
New York, March 4, 1789. The first, second, third, fourth,
fifth Congresses, and the first session of the sixth, held
their meetings at Philadelphia; the sixth Congress, second
session, Nov., 1800, and all subsequent Congresses, at
Washington, D. C. Extra sessions, 1789, 1837, l8 4 I
1 85 1. Congress meets the first Monday in December
each year, and each Congress expires at noon of the 4th
of March next succeeding the beginning of its second
regular session, when a new Congress begins. The term
of a Representative (two years) is called a Congress.
lOXKCTTIVE AND JUDICIAL DKI'AKTMENTS
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
i. President. Fifty thousand dollars per year, 4
years^. In addition to the President's salary, Congress
appropriates about $80,000 per year for running the
"White House."
Cabinet. Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury,
Secretary of War, Secretary of Navy, Secretary of Interior,
Attorney- General, Postmaster- General, each $8,000 per
year. About 75,000 persons are employed in the " Civil
Service" of the U. S. Congressmen and persons employed
in the army and navy do not belong to the "Civil
Service."
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Chief Justice. Ten thousand five hundred dollars ;
eight Associate Justices, $10,000 each. Members hold
office for life, or during good behavior, but may retire at
the age of 70. Chief Justices, John Jay, 1789-1795;
Oliver Ellsworth, 1796-1801; John Marshall, 1801-1835;
Roger Taney, 1836-1864; Salmon P. Chase, 1864-1873;
Morrison R. Waite, 1874-1888; Melville W. Fuller, 1888.
Inferior Courts. Court of Claims A Chief Justice
and four associates, each $4,500; nine Circuit Courts,
$6,000; fifty-eight District Courts, $3,500; Territorial
Courts one in each Territory ; Court in D. C.
94 ELECTOUAL COLLEGE FINANCIAL STATEMENT
VOTES IX THE ELECTORAL COLLEdK
Alabama, 10; Arkansas, 7; California, 8; Colorado 3;
Connecticut, 6; Delaware, 3; Florida, 4; Georgia, 12 ;
Illinois, 22; Indiana, 15; Iowa: 13; Kansas, 9; Kentucky,
13; Louisiana, 8; Maine, 6; Maryland, 8; Massachusetts,
14; Michigan, 13; Minnesota, 7; Missouri, 16; Nebraska,
5; Nevada, 3; New Hampshire, 4; New Jersey, 9; New
York, 36; North Carolina, n; Ohio, 23; Oregon, 3;
Pennsylvania, 30; Rhode Island, 4; South Carolina, 9;
Tennessee, 12; Texas, 13; Vermont, 4; Virginia, 12;
West Virginia, 6; Wisconsin, n. Total, 401.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS MONEY IN U. S.,
JAN. 1, 1887.
Gold $548 ,320, ooo
Silver 308,784,225
Paper 643,000,000
Total $1,500,104,225
Public debt of U. S., 1887 $1,325,000,000
Revenues of U. S., 1885 323,690,706
Expenditures of U. S., 1885 260,226,935
Exports of U. S. , 1885 784,421,280
Imports of U. S., 1885 623,769,652
The public debt is decreasing at the rate of $100,-
000,000 per year.
Congressional appropriation for 1887 $395,000,000
Expenses of the U. S. Government for 1791.. 7,207,539
JIOl'SKS OK COXCJKKSS 95
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1. COMPOSITION.
a. Term. Electors. Elections, 3.
2. QUALIFICATIONS.
a. Age. Citizenship. Inhabitancy, 4.
b. Disencumbrance, 22. Royalty, 101.
3. APPORTIONMENT.
a. Proportion. Census. Indians. Slaves. Num-
ber, 5.
b. Conditional, 101.
4. VACANCIES, 5.
5. POWERS.
a. Officers. Impeachment, 5. Rev. Bills, 23. Elec-
tion President, 94.
REFERENCES. 1, Sterne, p. 28; Young, p. 125; Martin, p.
243. 2, "How we are Gov." pp. 80, 99; Martin, p. 245 ; Young,
p. 125. 3-a, "How we are Go-v." pp. 75-80 ; Sterne, p. 30; Mi tin,
p. 244. The Federalist, pp. 378-403. 3-b, Sterne, p. 29. 5, ''Im-
peachment, " Martin, p. 274; "How we are Gov." p. 194. "Revenue
Bills," How we are Gov. p. 129 and Young, pp. 133-135. Elec-
tion Pres." Sterne, p. 67 and "How we are Gov." p. 179. 1-5,
Mowry, pp. 89-92.
SENATE
1. COMPOSITION.
a. Number. Term. Klection, 8.
2. CLASSIFICATION.
a. How made at first, 9. How, when new States
admitted.
3. VACANCIES, 9.
4. QUALIFICATIONS.
a. Age. Citizenship. Inhabitancy, 10.
b. Disencumbrance, 22. Loyalty, 101.
96 HOUSES OF CONGRESS
5. PRESIDING OFFICERS.
a. Vice- President, n. President pro tempore, 12.
6. POWERS.
a. Legislative, 2. Executive, 61. Judicial. 13. Vote,
8. Elective, 12, 95.
REFERENCES. 1, "How we are Gov." pp. 83-88; Martin,
p. 246. 1-5, Sterne, pp. 33-36 ; Young, pp. 128-131 ; The Feder-
alist, pp. 428-446. 6, The Federalist, pp. 446-466. 1-6, Elliot's
Debates, Vol. 2, pp. 305-324; Bancroft's "Hist, of the U. S. Con-
stitution," Chaps. 7 and 8.
BOTH HOUSES
1. COMPOSITION.
a. Election, 15. Meetings, 16.
b. Membership. Quorum, 17.
2. RULES, PENALTIES, 18.
3. JOURNAL, 19.
4. YEAS AND NAYS 19.
5. SALARY AND PRIVILEGES, 21.
6. PROHIBITIONS.
a. Adjournment, 20. On Members, 22.
7. DISABILITIES.
a. Senator. Representative. U. S. Officer, 22.
8. OFFICIAL OATH, 81.
REFERENCES. 1, Shepherd, pp. 81-83 ; Martin, p. 246 ; Town-
send, p. 248. 2, Shepherd, p. 85 ; Towusend, p. 151. 3, Shepherd,
p. 87 ; Townsend, p. 149; Elliot's "Debates," p. 378. 4, Town-
send, p. 150; Elliot's Debates, p. 378. 5, Townsend, p. 154; "How
we are Gov." p. 96. 6, Shepherd, pp. 89-93; Martin, p. 248;
Townseud, p. 152 ; "How we are Gov." pp. 92, 99 ; Elliot's "De-
bates," p. 378. 1-8, Mowry, p. 99 ; "How we are Gov." pp. 89-101.
LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF CONGRESS
1. FINANCIAL.
a. Tax. Paying Debts, 26. Borrowing, 27.
b. Territory. Other Property, 76.
LEGISLATIVE TOWERS OF CONGRESS 97
2. COMMERCE.
a. Foreign. Inter-State. Indian Tribes, 28.
3. COMMERCIAL
a. Coinage. Weights and Measures, 30. Bankrupt-
cies, 29.
4. NATURALIZATION, 29.
5. PENALTIES.
a. Counterfeiting, 31. Treason, 70.
b. Piracies. Felonies. International Offenses, 35.
6. POSTAL.
a. Post-offices. Post-roads, 32.
7. MONOPOLIES.
a Copyrights. Patent-rights, 33.
8. JUDICIARY.
a. Inferior Courts, 34. Place of Trial, 68. Restric-
tions, 67.
9. WAR.
a. Declaration. Marque and Reprisal. Captures, 36.
b. Armies, 37. Navy, 38. Rules, 39.
c. Militia calling forth, 40.
d. Militia general control, 41.
10. STATES.
a. Elections, 15-55. Records, 71. Imports, 52.
New States, 75.
11. EXECUTIVE VACANCY, 57.
12. APPOINTMENTS, 61.
13. SLAVERY.
a. Slave-trade, 44. Abolition, 98.
14. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS, 78.
15. MEETINGS, 16.
REFERENCES. 1, Macy, pp. 39-49; Young, 133-136. 1-a,
Towiisend, pp. 157-165. 1-b, Townsend, pp. 160-162. 2 and 3,
Young, pp. 136-140 ; Townsend, pp. 166-172. 4, Townsend, pp.
(vii)
98 LAW MAKING "
189-192; Young, p. 141; "How we are Gov." pp. 326-330. 5,
Townsend, pp. 173-175 ; Hopkin's "Manual of American Ideas,"
pp. 263-271. 6, Townsend, pp. 175-178; "How we are Gov." pp.
226-228; Macy, pp. 98-104. 7, Hopkin's Manual, pp. 284-290;
Townsend, pp. 179-181 ; Young, pp. 142-145. 8, Townsend, p.
188. 9, Hopkin's Manual, pp. 184-196 ; Townsend, pp. 182-188 ;
Young, pp. 147-150. 10, Townsend, pp. 192-200. 11, This Man-
ual, p. 83. 12, "How we are Gov." p. 146; Townsend, p. 202.
13, Townsend, pp. 203-205; "How we are Gov." pp. 317-324.
14, "How we are Gov." pp. 414-417 ; Townsend, p. 203; Martin,
p. 272. 15, Townsend, p. 206. 1-15, Sterne, pp. 35-64 ; Mowry,
pp. 105-128; Bancroft's Hist, of U. S. Constitution, Vol. 2, pp.
119-164.
LAW MAKING
1. FIRST PROCESS.
a. Action of Congress; Of the Executive, 24.
2. SECOND PROCESS.
a. Action of Congress. Executive Veto. Recon-
sideration. Voting. Record, 24.
3. THIRD PROCESS.
a. Action of Congress. Of the Executive. Execu-
tive Neglect. Effect, 24.
4. RESOLUTIONS, ETC.
a. Action of Congress. Executive Action. Sub-
sequent Action, 25.
REFERENCES. 1-4, "How we are Gov." pp. 149-159; Martin,
p. 249; Townsend, pp. 208-211; Young, pp. 40-44; Macy, pp. 136-
149 ; Mowry, p. 103.
PROHIBITIONS UPON THE U. S.
1. HABEAS CORPUS, 45.
2. DIRECT TAXES, 47.
3. EXPORT DUTIES, 48.
4. INTER-STATE COMMERCE.
a. Ports. Vessels, 48.
[ or THB
f UNIVERS
PROHIBITIONS UPON THE STATUS ^W^?Ar
5. PUBLIC MONEY.
a. Appropriations, 49. For Armies, 37.
6. GRANTING TITLES, 50.
7. PENALTIES.
a. Bill of Attainder. Ex-post-facto law, 46.
b. Attainder of Treason, 70.
8. SLAVE TRADE, 44-78.
9. REPUDIATION.
a. Land Claims, 76. Contracts, 79. Public Debt,
102.
b. Debts and Claims from Civil War, 102.
10. FREEDOM.
a. Civil, 83. Religious, 81-83.
REFERENCES. 1-10, Young, pp. 152-155 ; Townsend, pp.
211-226;, Gillet's "Fed. Gov.", p. 84; Elliot's "Debates," Vol. 1,
pp. 265-272, 301 ; Sterne, pp.. 49-52 ; "How we are Gov." pp. 110-
114; Mowry, pp. 129-133.
PROHIBITIONS UPON THE STATES
1. COMPACTING.
a. Treaties. Alliances. Confederations, 51.
2. COMMERCIAL.
a. Money. Bills of Credit. Tender, 51.
3. PENALTIES.
a. Bill of Attainder. Ex-post-facto law, 51.
4. WAR, 51-52.
5. GRANTING TITLES, 51.
6. DUTIES, 52.
7. SLAVERY, 97.
REFERENCES. 1-7, Martin, pp. 286-289; Townsend, pp. 237-
248; Sterne, pp. 52-64; Mowry, pp. 134-130.
100 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
1. TITLE. TERM, 53.
2. ELIGIBILITY.
a. Age. Citizenship. Residence, 56.
3. ELECTION.
a. Electors. House of Representatives, 94.
4. ELECTORS.
a. Number. Qualification, 54.
b. When chosen. When they vote, 55.
c. Proceeding in "Electoral College." In Congress,
94-
5. REMOVAL. 57-64.
6. SALARY, 58. OATH, 59.
7. MILITARY POWERS.
a. Army. Navy. Militia, 60.
8. CIVIL POWERS.
a. Departments. Reprieves and Pardons, 60.
b. Treaties. Appointments, 61. Vacancies, 62.
9. DUTIES.
a. Messages. Meetings and Adjournment of Con-
gress. Receptions. Execution of L,aws. Com-
missions, 63.
b. Veto, 24-25.
10. THE CABINET, 60.
REFERENCES. 1, Schouler's U. S. Hist., Vol. 1, p. 106;
Townsend, p. 261; Young, p. 160; Martin, p. 251. 2, Townsend,
p. 262; Martin, p. 251 ; Sterne, p. G7. 3, Sterne, pp. 65-67 ; Hist.
Mag., Vol. 14, p. 181 ; " How We Are Gov.," p. 179; Gillet's "Fed.
Gov.," p. 133; Townsend, p. 264; Martin, p. 251. 3-4, This Man-
ual, p. 25; Hist. Mag., Vol. 12, ''Unsuccessful Candidates";
" How We Are Gov.," pp. 167-186 ; Young, p. 161. 4-a, Sterne, p.
65. 4-c, Gillet, pp. 133-135. 5, Townsend, p. 146; Young, p. 163;
Gillet, pp. 135-137 ; Martin, p. 254; "Presidential Inability," N.
A. Review, Nov. '81, Vol. 132. 6, This Manual, p. 35 ; Townsend,
p. 271 ; Martin, p. 254 ; Sterne, p. 73. 7, Young, p. 163; Gillet, p.
130. 8-a, Townsend, pp. 273-281; The Federalist, pp. 467-538;
VICE-PRESIDENT JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 101
"How We Are Gov.," pp. 187-203; Gillet, pp. 139-142; Young, p.
164; Sterne, p. 84. 8-b, Young, pp. 164-166; Sterne, pp. 74-89.
9-a, Young, p. 166; "How We Are Gov./' pp. 208-210. 9-b, "How
We Are Gov.," p. 192. 10, " How We Are Gov. ," pp. 204-246; Macy,
pp. 114-135; Schouler, Vol. 1, p. 93. 1-10, Mowry, pp. 137-157 ;
Lalor, Vol. 2, p. 131.
VICE-PRESIDENT
1. ELECTION.
a. By Electors. By Senate, 95.
2. QUALIFICATIONS, 96.
3. OATH OF OFFICE, 81.
4. POWERS AND DUTIES.
a. President of the Senate, n.
b. President of the United States, 57-94.
5. TERMS, 53.
REFERENCES. 1, Sterne, pp. 65-72, 160. 1-5, Townsend, pp.
68, 103, 138-139, 281-284 ; Martin, p. 255; Elliot's "Debates," Vol.
1, pp. 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 20; "How We Are Gov.," pp. 141, 173-178,
183-186, 191, 199; Gillet, pp. 109-114. 4-a, Sterne, p. 34. 4-b,
pp. 79-81. 5, Sterne, pp. 65, 72-73.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
1. WHERE VESTED.
a. Supreme Court. Inferior Courts, 65.
2. JUDGES.
a. How appointed, 61.
b. Tenure of office. Salary, 65.
c. How Removable, 64. Oath, 81.
3. JURISDICTION.
a. Original. Appellate. Limitation, 66-67.
4. MODE OF TRIAL.
a. By Jury. Exception. Place, 68.
5. TREASON.
a. Definition. Conviction. Punishment, 69.
102 STATES AND TERRITORIES. CON. REGULATIONS
REFERENCES. 1, Century, Vol. 25, p. 163. 1-5, Young, pp.
171-191; Macy, pp. 89-97; Sterne, pp. 96-144; The Federalist, pp.
538-594; " How We Are Gov.," pp. 252-280; Elliot's "Debates,"
Vol. 5, pp. 561-563; Gillet, pp. 100, 335-387; Bancroft's " Hist, of
the Constitution," Vol. 2, pp. 195-206; Mowry, pp. 158-162; Porter,
pp. 154-158; Lalor, Vol. 2, p. 653. 4, "How We Are Gov.," pp.
280-296; Macy, pp. 67-89, "Marshall," Hist. Mag., Vol. 12, p. 62.
"The Jury System," Scribner, Vol. 10, p. 637. This Manual, p. 93;
The Forum, Vol. 5, p. 247 " The Miscarriages of Justice."
STATES AND TERRITORIES
1. REPRESENTATION.
a. House, 5. Senate, 78.
2. STATE RELATIONS.
a. Records. Judicial Proceedings, 71.
3. STATE OBLIGATIONS.
a. Privileges of Citizens, 72.
b. Restoration of Fugitives, 73. Of Slaves, 74.
4. NEW STATES.
a. Admission. Formation, 75.
5. TERRITORY AND U. S. PROPERTY.
a. Sale. Government, 76.
6. STATE GUARANTEES.
a. Republican Government. Protection, 77
7. MILITIA, 41.
8. ELECTIONS, 15.
REFERENCES. 1, 2, 3, Townsend, pp. 228-230, 234; Young,
pp. 178-180. 4, Townsend, p. 231; Mowry, pp. 165-167. 5, Porter,
p. 160. 6, Townsend, p. 233. 1-8, " How We Are Gov.," pp. 366-
401; Martin, pp. 286-301; Lalor, Vol. 3, pp. 800-812, 914-920;
Elliot's "Debates," Vol. 5, pp. 316, 381-492, 443, 497, 561.
CONSTITUTIONAL REGULATIONS
1. AMENDMENTS.
a. Proposal. Ratification. Limitation, 78.
2. NATIONAL DEBT, 79.
3. NATIONAL LAW, 80.
PERSONAL JilCJUTS 103
4. OATH OF OFFICE, 81.
5 RATIFICATION, 82.
REFERENCES. 1, <( How We Are Gov.," pp. 414-417; Sterne,
pp. 17-26; Townsend, pp. 32, 236; Elliot's " Debates," Vol. 4, p.
404. 2, "How We Are Gov.," pp. 221, 352; Lalor, Vol. I, p. 734.
4, Townseud, pp. 154, 271, 239-240; Sterne, pp. 32, 34, 63; Elliot's
" Debates," Vol. 5, p. 182. 5, Townsend, p. 31. 1-5, Mowry, pp.
168-175.
PERSONAL EIGHTS
1. POPULAR RIGHTS.
a. Freedom of speech. Press. Petition, 83.
2. RIGHT OF SECURITY.
a. Arms, 84. Domicile, 85.
b. Searches and Seizures. Warrants, 86.
3. JUDICIAL RIGHTS.
a. Indictment. Trial. Witness. Property, 87.
4. RESERVATION.
a. Rights, 91. Powers, 92.
5. ABOLISHING SLAVERY, 97.
6. RIGHTS OF CITIZENSHIP.
a. Definition. State Obligation, 99.
b. Basis of Representation, 100.
c. Political Disability, 101. Public Debt, 101.
7. RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE, 103.
REFERENCES. 2, Martin, pp. 31-33. 1-7, "How We Are
Gov.," pp. 280-296; Townsend, pp. 249-260; Elliot's l< Debates,"
Vol. 3, pp. 445-449; Johnston's " Politics", p. 20; Martin, p. 272;
Sterne, pp. 135-144; Gillet, p. 103; Lalor, Vol. 1, p. 287; Harper's,
Vol. 46, p. 570. 5, 6, Martin, p. 288. 7, " How We Are Gov.," pp.
320-324.
104 CURRENT QUESTIONS
CURRENT QUESTIONS
1. Centralization and States' Rights.
2. Civil Service Reform.
3. Taxation and Surplus Revenue.
4. Banking and Currency.
5. National "Divorce" legislation.
6. Increasing or Limiting the Right of Suffrage.
7. National Aid for Education.
8. Immigration and Naturalization.
9. The Labor Questions.
10. Railroads and Telegraphs.
1 1. The Silver Question.
12. The Negro Question.
13. Reform in Methods of Legislating.
14. Industrial Education.
15. Temperance Legislation.
1 6. Socialism.
REFERENCES. 1, Sterne, pp. 222-227; "The Strong Gov.
Idea," Atlantic, Feb., '80, Vol. 45 Johnston's "American Politics,"
p. 2; Draper's "Civil War," Vol. 1, pp. 208-291 ; Lalor, Vol. 1, p.
369. 2, Sterne, pp. 227-235; "The Present Condition of Civil Service
Reform;" New Princeton Review, May, '86; " Our Political Meth-
ods;" The Forum, Vol. 2, p. 213; Lalor, Vol. 1, p. 478 ; The Forum,
Vol. 1, p. 486. 3, "Evils of Indirect Taxation," Forum, Vol. 2, p.
628; "Recent Experiments in State Taxation," Pop. S. Monthly,
Feb. '86, Vol. 28; "Our Pub. Debt," Princeton Review, Sept. '81;
" What Shall be Done with the Surplus Revenue?" N. A. Rev.,
Vol. 144, p. 79. 4, " Postal Savings Banks," Pop. S. Monthly,
Dec. '85, Vol. 28; " The Future of National Banking," Pop. S. M.,
Aug. '85, Vol. 27; "National Banks," N. A. Rev., Vol. 144, p. 29;
"Future Paper Money," Princeton Rev., Jan. '82; Macy, pp. 104-
114; "Do We Need a Metallic Currency?" Forum, Vol. 1, p. 261.
5, "Our Marriage and Divorce Laws," Pop. S.M.June, '83 Vol. 23;
"National Divorce Law," The Forum, Jan., '87, Vol. 2. 6, "The
CURRENT QUESTIONS 105
361; Lalor, Vol.3, p. 822; The Forum, Vol. 2, p. 350. 7, "Federal
Aid iu Education," New Princeton Rev., March, '86; Education,
March, '84, Vol. 4, and March, '83, Vol. 3. 8, Harper's, Vol. 19, p.
559; Century, Vol. 14, p. 577; Lalor, Vol. 2, p. 959. 9, The Forum,
Vol. 1, pp. 114, 136, 307; Vol. 2, p. 1; "A Tyranny That Cannot
Live in U. S.," Century, Jan., '87, Vol. 33, also " Labor Parties,"
Feb., '87; "Labor in Penn., " N. A. Rev., Jan., '87, Vol. 144; "The
Distribution of Wealth," Pop. S. M., Oct. '86, Vol. 29; "What
Makes the Rich Richer and the Poor Poorer?" Pop. S. M. , Jan.,
'87, Vol. 30. 10, " Discrimination in R. R. Rates," Pop. S. M.,
Feb.
Vol.
toration of Silver," Forum, Vol. 2, p. 243; "The Silver Question,"
The Overland, Vol. 8, p. 521. "The Decrease of Gold," Pop. S. M.,
Vol. 22, p. 503; Lalor, Vol. 3, p. 712. 12, The Forum, Vol. 1, p.
562; "Are We Becoming Africanized?" Pop. S. M., June, '85, Vol.
27; "The African in the U. S.," Pop. S. M., Vol. 22, p. 433. 13,
"The Sins of Legislation," Pop. S. M., May and June, '84, Vol. 25;
"Sham Legislation" New Princeton Rev., Nov., '86. 14, " Manual
Training," Forum, Vol. 2, p. 559; "Education, "Sept., '83, Vol. 4, p.
63; "Manual Instruction" Pop. S. M., Jan., '87, Vol. 30; also,
"Methods in Industrial Education," Dec. '80, Vol. 18. 15, "Liquor
Legislation," Pop. S. M., April, '85, Vol. 26; " How Prohibition
Grows," Century, Vol. 33, p. 490; The Forum, Vol. 3, pp. 39, 153.
16, The Forum, Vol. 3, pp. 122, 230, 373; N. A. Review, Vol. 145,
p. 545.
106 REVIEW AND SEARCH QUESTIONS
REVIEW AND SEARCH QUESTIONS
i. Define Civil Government. 2. Name and define
the different kinds that have existed. 3. Explain the
statement : "The King never dies." 4. What is the dif-
ference between an absolute and a limited Monarchy ? 5.
What is the difference between a Democratic and a Repub-
lican form of Government ? 6. State the cause of the
downfall of some of the most important nations of past
history. 7. Why is Government necessary ? 8. Would
a Republican form of Government be the best for all the
nations of Europe to-day ? 9. Define Common, Statute
and International law. 10. Define slander and libel, and
tell how each is punished. 1 1 . Why ought a person to
make a will ? 12. What is meant by murder in the first
degree; in the second degree? 13. What is man-
slaughter? 14. What is the object of punishment ? 15.
What are accessories, and how punished? 16. What
objections to capital punishment? 17. What prison re-
forms are being discussed ? 1 8. How are arrests made?
19. Define arson, larceny, perjury, etc. 20. What is
the fundamental rule of contracts? 21. What persons
need not fulfill their contracts ? Why ? 22. What con-
tracts must be written ? 23. At what age is marriage
lawful? 24. How may partnerships be dissolved ? 25.
What is a dower? 26. May a person give away his
property? 27. What is meant by "business paper?"
28. To whom is an indorser liable ? 29. What two
things are necessary to make an indorser liable? 30.
What is a common carrier, and what are his liabilities as
to passengers and goods? 31. What is a lien? 32.
State the necessary contents of a deed or mortgage ? 33.
What is the purpose and effect of recording ? 34. What
REVIEW AND SEARCH QUESTIONS 107
are appurtenances ? 35. When may a landlord evict his
tenant ? 36. Define a nation and state what is meant by
sovereignty. 37. How is International law enforced?
38. State the jurisdiction of a nation. 39. May a nation
prevent emigration or immigration ? 40. Define bellig-
erents and neutrals. 41. Name some just causes of war.
42. Define contraband of war, and state what articles are
contraband. 43. How was this country governed prior
to and during the Revolution ? 44 When and why was
the confederation formed ? 45. Name the defects of the
Confederacy. 46. When and how was the U. S. Con-
stitution made ? 47. State the objects of forming the
Constitution as given in the preamble. 48. What aids
did the "convention" have in making the U. S. constitu-
tion ? 49. Why did not Jefferson and Adams help make
the Constitution ? 50. State the position of Rhode Island
in regard to the Constitution. 51 Give a short account
of the ratification of the Constitution by the States. 52.
Who put the Constitution in "literary form?" 53.
What reasons for having two legislative branches ? 54.
Under how many Governments do you now live? 55. Is
the Senate or House of the higher dignity. Why ? 56.
What is an impeachment, and how made? 57. Who
are liable to impeachment? 58. State the privilege
of members of Congress as to arrest. Why ? 59. What
are the qualifications of a Representative ? Senator ? 60.
How is the number of representatives determined ? Sen-
ators ? 61. What is meant by a Congressman-at-large ?
62. What reason for having bills of revenue originate in
the House? 63. What is "Gerrymandering?" 64.
What is ' 'filibustering ?" 65. What taxes may Congress
lay? 66. From what source does most of the revenue come?
67. What was the amount of revenue collected last year
108 REVIEW AND SEARCH QUESTIONS
by the U. S. ? 68. What officers does the House elect ?
Senate ? 69. Which is the most desirable position, that
of Speaker of the House or Vice-President? 70. How
are vacancies in the House filled ? Senate ? 71. What
is the "ratio of representation," and how determined?
72. Name the powers and duties of Representatives?
Senators? 73. May the Speaker debate or vote?
74. Ought Congressmen to receive a larger salary?
Why ? 75. Ought the powers of the V. P. to
be increased? Why? 76. How and why are Territories
represented in Congress ? 77. How and when are Con-
gressmen paid? 78. How does the U. S. Congress com-
pare with the British Parliament in powers, numbers, etc.?
79. What is a "Congress ?' ' Number of the present Con-
gress ? 80. Must a Representative reside in the District
in which he is chosen ? 8 1 . Does the Constitution require
a Congressman to be a voter ? 82. By whom are the
qualifications of a voter defined ? 83. Can a person who
is not a citizen of the U. S. vote in any of the States ? 84.
Is it necessary to amend the U. S. Constitution in order
that women may vote for national officers? 85. Reasons for
and against "woman suffrage." 86. Define U.S. Citizen-
ship. 87. State how an "alien" may become a citizen of
the U. S. 88. Is it desirable that any change in the
naturalization laws be made ? Why ? 89. Over what
part of the U. S. has Congress exclusive authority ? 90.
What is meant by "implied powers ?" 91. Name some
of the implied powers of Congress. 92. Name the prohi-
bitions upon the U. S. 93. Name the prohibitions upon the
States. 94. What control has Congress over the army ?
95. How may Congress interfere with the duties of the
Executive? 96. With the decisions of the Supreme Court?
97. Explain what is meant by Protection and Free Trade.
REVIEW AND SEARCH QUESTIONS 109*
98. What is the difference between money and "legal
tender?" 99. What is "legal tender" in the U. S. now ?
100. Where does the Government keep its money? 101.
In what way is money obtained from the U. S. Treasury ?
102. What is meant by the "franking privilege?" 103.
What is meant by the Civil Service of the U. S.? 104.
Why is cheap postage desirable? 105. How is war de-
clared? 106. When does the "fiscal" year of our Gov-
ernment end? 107. Define a "bill" and state the three
ways in which a bill may become a law. 108. What is
meant by "engrossing" and "enrolling" a bill? 109.
WTien and why are the yeas and nays entered upon the
Journal? no. Who decides upon elections and qualifi-
cations of Congressmen ? in. Describe the Sergeant-
at-arm's "mace" and state how and when it is used. 112.
Define the Electoral College. 113. Name the powers
and duties of the Executive. 114. State the qualifica-
tions of the President. 115. How is a candidate for the
Presidency nominated? 116. Do all parties nominate in
the same way? 117. How are Presidential Electors
nominated and elected ? 118. How many Electors are
chosen by each State? 119. May the same President
serve more than two successive terms? 120. Ought a
change to be made in the manner of electing a President ?
Why? 121. W T hen and how does the House elect the
President? 122. For what and how may a President be
removed? 123. Under what circumstances may the Sen-
ate elect the President? 124. When and where do Presi-
dential electors vote ? 125. When and where are the
votes of the Presidential electors counted? 126. Who
counts the votes? 127. State the qualifications of a voter
in California. 128. State the "process" of voting ? 129.
What oath does the President take? 130. May the
110 REVIEW AND SEARCH QUESTIONS
President command the army in person? 131. How
many Cabinet officers, and what are the duties of each ?
132. What is an ' 'Extradition" treat}' ? "Reciprocity?"
133. How is a treaty made? 134. What is an "execu-
tive" session of Congress? 135. State the duties of the
V. P. 136. What legislative power has the President?
137. Give the substance of the bill fixing the "Order of
the Presidential Succession." 138. In what way may an
TJ. S. officer accept a present from a foreign power? 139.
What are the duties of Consuls and U. S. Ministers? 140.
What is meant by the "secret service" fund? 141. What
use did President Madison make of it? 142. In what
is the judicial power of the U. S. vested ? 143.
What is the salary and term of office of Supreme
Judges ? 144. State the law in regard to retiring
Supreme Judges. 145. What cases may be brought
before the Supreme Court ? 146. Name the Federal
Courts. 147. What is the Court of Claims, and how
are its laws enforced ? 148. How is the Supreme Court
established and organized? 149. Why was the nth
amendment adopted ? 1 50. Can a direct suit be brought
against the U. S.? 151. Does the word State, used in
the nth amendment, include Territories and D. C. ?
152. What is meant by original and appellate jurisdic-
tion? 153. In what cases does the Supreme Court have
appellate jurisdiction ? 154. What is a " grand" jury,
and what are the duties of "grand" jurors ? 155. Name
the State Courts of Cal. 156. Define treason. 157. By
whose order is the arrest of a fugitive criminal made ?
158. What is meant by "fugitives from service?" 159.
How many and where are the Circuit Courts? 160
How may new States be formed ? 161. Does the Con-
stitution authorize the Government to purchase territory ?
KKVIEW AND SEARC1I QUESTIONS 111
162. State the two ways in which amendments to the
Constitution may be proposed. 163. The two ways in
which they may be ratified. 164. What effect did the.
1 2th amendment have on the election of a President?
165. State the object of the I3th amendment. 166.
What persons are prohibited from holding any office
under the United States ? 167. State the substance of
the 1 5th amendment. 168. Does the Constitution define
a republican government? 169. Can a State withdraw
its ratification of an amendment ? 170. What permanent
limitation was made to the power of amending the Con-
stitution ? What temporary ? 171. What is a ' ' Bill of
Rights?" 172. What is the nature of the first ten
amendments? 173. State the rights secured to the
individual by these amendments. 174. What are the
duties of committees in Congress ? 175. Ought United
States Senators to be elected by the people ? 176. Have
"strikes" in any way benefited the laborer? 177.
"Formerly we had to Americanize individuals; now we
have to Americanize organizations." Explain. 178.
Kxplain these terms: Anarchist, Socialist, Communist,
Nihilist.
NATIONAL CONVENTIONS.
In June, 1888, each of the two great parties will hold its
National Convention the Democrats in St. Louis, and the Republicans
in Chicago. Each of these conventions will be composed of delegates rep-
resenting States and Congress-districts. Its membership will be double
that of both branches of Congress combined, for there will be, to repre-
sent each State, four members "at large," twice the number of
Senators, and from each Congress-district two delegates. The Terri-
tories are also represented, usually by two delegates each.
In the early days of the Republic there were no party conventions.
The Presidents down to and including Mr. Monroe were nominated by
caucuses of Congressmen. Such a caucus selected Mr. William H.
Crawford, of Georgia, as the successor of Mr Monroe; but the people
rebelled against the dictation of Congress in this most important of
elections, and "King Caucus," as our great-grandfathers called it,
was dethroned.
Then, for a time, nominations were made independently. A
legislature would present the name of a ' 'favorite son" of the State, or
a mass meeting would be held to promote the candidacy of some states-
man; but in 1840 the practice of holding national conventions became
well established.
Then, however, and for a long time afterward, parties were not
so fully organized as they are now. Delegates were chosen in each
State in conformity with local customs. It is only a few years since
the delegates "at large" to the Republican Conventions that is, those
who represented the State were chosen in Maine by the Republican
members of the legislature. And it was then, and perhaps later, the
custom in some States to select the entire delegation at a State con-
vention.
Such practices, mere matters of convenience at the outset, led to
abuses. A State convention would choose a delegation unanimously
in favor of one candidate, and the minority had no voice. It is now
universally the practice to give each district the right to elect its own
delegates.
The Republicans have this year, for the first time, made a rule
that the State and district conventions shall all be held within a
prescribed time. The object of this rule is the same as the object
aimed at in holding elections on the same day, to prevent a few States
to forestall the course of others by early action.
Formerly, too, it was not uncommon for a State convention to
instruct all the delegates from the State to "act as a unit." If a majority
of one in the New York delegation favored any particular candidate,
all the votes of that great State must be cast for him. Ihis, also,
stifled the voice of the minority, and the "unit rule" is no longer
recognized.
The Democrats still have one peculiar rule, which has been
followed since the Convention of 1844, that no person shall be declared
nominated who does not receive two-thirds of the votes.
112
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