University of California Berkeley 
 

LEWIS EVANS 
 
 HIS MAP 
 
 1755-1807 
 
LEWIS EVANS 
 
 HIS MAP 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MIDDLE BRITISH COLONIES 
 
 IN AMERICA 
 
 A COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF 
 
 TEN DIFFERENT EDITIONS PUBLISHED 
 
 BETWEEN 1755 AND 1807 
 
 BY HENRY N. STEVENS 
 
 LONDON 
 HENRY STEVENS, SON, AND STILES 
 
 39 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, 
 
 OVER AGAINST THE SOUTH-WEST CORNER OF 
 
 THE BRITISH MUSEUM 
 
 1905 
 
EARTH 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 AVING recently acquired a copy of the 
 original Philadelphia edition of Lewis 
 Evans' Map of the Middle British Col- 
 onies in America, published in 1755, to- 
 gether with his accompanying descriptive " Analysis" of 
 the same, I was tempted to read the book and examine 
 the map. 
 
 Recognizing some familiar features in the map, I 
 compared it with the one in Pownall's Topographical 
 Description of 1776, and was surprised to find that, 
 although twenty-one years apart in date, both were 
 printed from the very same copper-plate, although the 
 latter contains some importantadditions and alterations. 
 
 The text of Evans* "Analysis" was also found to be 
 largely quoted as such by Pownall in his Topographical 
 Description. But on reading Pownall's Preface I was 
 greatly struck with the forcible protests he makes con- 
 cerning a certain piratical issue of Evans' map, said 
 to have been made by Jefferys in London soon after 
 the original came over from Philadelphia in 1755, and 
 which piracy was then still current. 
 
 I was sufficiently interested to hunt up this piratical 
 
vi Preface. 
 
 issue in the Map Room of the British Museum and 
 compare it with the original. In my search for this 
 particular piracy, several other states and editions were 
 discovered, and between the British Museum collection 
 and my own I was fortunately able to identify no less 
 than ten different issues, but it is by no means certain 
 that others may not yet come to light. 
 
 As these ten editions are found scattered in various 
 books and atlases or as separate maps, it occurred to 
 me that it would be both interesting and instructive to 
 bring them all together into one Collection and bind 
 them in a morocco case together with Evans* "Analysis'* 
 and Pownall's Topographical Description. After con- 
 siderable search I succeeded in gathering together 
 eight out of the ten issues I had identified, and hope 
 in time to secure the other two. 
 
 The following Essay comprises the information ac- 
 quired during the search, and my original intention 
 was to print off merely one copy to accompany the 
 Collection as a sort of descriptive handbook. As, how- 
 ever, I am informed that the subject has some general 
 as well as bibliographical interest, as showing the tricks 
 of trade and modes of procedure of map makers in the 
 eighteenth century, a few copies have been printed off 
 for presentation and sale. 
 
 HENRY N. STEVENS. 
 January ', 1905. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I 
 
 I. 1755. THE ORIGINAL ISSUE .... 
 II. 1756. THE KITCHIN PIRACY n 
 
 III. 1758. THE JEFFERYS PIRACY 14 
 
 IV. 1771. THE CARINGTON BOWLES PIRACY. . 15 
 V. 1775. THE SAYER & JEFFERYS PIRACY . . 17 
 
 VI. 1 776. POWNALL'S RE-ISSUE OF THE ORIGINAL 
 
 PLATE IMPROVED 19 
 
 VII. 1776. SAYER & BENNETT'S RE-ISSUE OF THE 
 PLATE OF 1775 CORRECTED AND IM- 
 PROVED AFTER POWN ALL AND OTHERS 2 9 
 
 VIII. [1792-93 (?)] CARINGTON BOWLES* RE-ISSUE 
 
 OF THE PLATE OF 1771 . . . . 33 
 IX. 1794-1807. LAURIE& WHITTLE'S RE-ISSUE OF 
 
 SAYER & BENNET'S PLATE OF 1776 35 
 X. [1797-1800?] BOWLES & CARVER'S RE-ISSUE 
 
 OF C. BOWLES' PLATE OF 1 792-93 (?) 37 
 CONCLUSION 40 
 
A COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF TEN DIF- 
 FERENT EDITIONS OF LEWIS EVANS' 
 MAP OF THE MIDDLE BRITISH 
 COLONIES IN AMERICA. 
 1755-1807.' 
 
 I. 
 
 1755. THE ORIGINAL ISSUE. 
 
 N 1755 there was printed and published by 
 B. Franklin and D. Hall, in Philadelphia, 
 a quarto pamphlet l entitled, 
 
 Geographical, Historical, / Political, 
 Philosophical and Mechanical / Essays. / The First, 
 Containing / an /Analysis / Of a General Map of the / 
 Middle British Colonies /in /America; / And of the 
 Country of the Confederate Indians : / A Description 
 of the Face of the Country; / The Boundaries of the 
 Confederates; /and the/Maritime and Inland Naviga- 
 
 1 iv. + 32 pp. and Map. 
 B 
 
2 Evans Map of the 
 
 tions of the several Rivers /and Lakes contained 
 therein. / By Lewis Evans./ 
 
 It is not the purpose of these notes to give a sketch 
 of the life of Evans, but rather to trace the curious 
 bibliographical ramifications of his map for more than 
 half a century. 
 
 Three variations of the title-page of the " Analysis " 
 (as his first essay is usually cited) are known. The first 
 bears imprint " Philadelphia: / Printed by B. Franklin, 
 and D. Hall. MDCCLV." The second is designated 
 "The Second Edition" but bears the same imprint. 
 The third has an additional line to the imprint, " and 
 sold by J. & R. Dodsley, in Pall Mall, London." 
 
 Every copy of the "Analysis" should contain the 
 original edition of the map " Engraved by Ja 8 Turner 
 in Philadelphia," but the map is generally either want- 
 ing altogether, or supplied (in substitution of the ori- 
 ginal) by one or other of the London reprints herein- 
 after mentioned. 
 
 The original map has the following title in an orna- 
 mental cartouche placed at the top in the centre, just 
 below the border lines: 
 
 A general Map of the /Middle British Colonies, 
 in America; / Viz Virginia, Mariland, Delaware, Pen- 
 silvania, / New- Jersey, New- York, Connecticut, and 
 Rhode Island:/ Of Aquanishuonigy, the Country of 
 the Confederate Indians;/ Comprehending Aquan- 
 ishuonigy proper, their Place of Residence, / Ohio 
 and Tiiu^soxnintie their Deer-Hunting Countries, / 
 
Middle British Colonies. 3 
 
 and Skaniadarade, their Beaver-Hunt- 
 ing Countries; / Of the Lakes Erie, Ontario and 
 Champlain, / And of Part of New-France : / Wherein 
 is also shewn the antient and present Seats of the 
 Indian Nations. / By Lewis Evans. 1 755. / 
 Below the cartouche is a scale of 150 English miles. 
 Immediately to the left of the bottom of the cartouche 
 is the engraver's imprint, " Engraved by Ja 5 Turner 
 in Philadelphia" In the right-hand bottom corner, just 
 inside the border line, is the publisher's imprint in two 
 lines. " Published according to Act of Parliament, by 
 Lewis Evans. June 23. 1755. and I sold by R. Dodsley, 
 in Pall Mall, LONDON, & by the Aiithor in PHILADEL- 
 PHIA. I 
 
 In the upper left-hand corner is the Dedication, so 
 engraved as to appear to be on a separate piece of 
 paper (7! inches long by 2% high), pasted on the map. 
 To the Honourable Thomas Pownall Esq r . / Permit 
 me, Sir, to pay You this Tribute of Gratitude, \for 
 the great Assistance You have given me in this Map; 
 and to I assure the Public, that it has past the Examina- 
 tion of a Gentleman, / whom I esteem the best Judge of 
 it in America: / Your most obedient, / and most humble 
 Servant, / L Evans. / 
 
 Below the Dedication is " A Sketch of the remaining 
 Part of Ohio R. &c " also engraved in such a manner 
 as to appear to be a separate piece of paper pasted on 
 the main map, and occupying a space of 6|- inches 
 high by 5^ wide. About an inch inside the bottom 
 
4 Evans Map of the 
 
 border of the main map just to the right of the centre 
 is an inscription engraved so as to represent a label 
 three inches long by half an inch high. "For a particular 
 Map of VIRGINIA the Reader is referred to that by 
 Fry and Jefkrson,fu6tisfr'd byM r Jefferys near Charing 
 Cross, LONDON, in 1751." 
 
 The map itself is covered with engraved descriptive 
 and explanatory notes, too numerous to mention in de- 
 tail, but the special features referred to above will be 
 sufficient for identification and comparison. The whole 
 map measures within the outside border lines 26^ inches 
 long by 1 9f high. The plate mark is about J inch beyond 
 the border lines and the uncut sheet of paper measures 
 about 29f x 2 1 \. The top border shows the Longitudes 
 East and West from Philadelphia, while the bottom 
 border shows the Longitudes from London. For the 
 purposes of easy reference from the accompanying 
 " Analysis " the top border has each degree space 
 marked with a small letter, a to s, commencing on the 
 right. The right-hand border has each degree space 
 similarly marked with capital letters, A to K, commencing 
 at the top. & f . { 
 
 Turning now to the " Analysis " Evans tells us in his 
 Preface that 
 
 " The Map, that these Sheets accompany, and that 
 " they are intended to explain and supply, is pre- 
 " sented to the Public, when a longer Time was indeed 
 " necessary to have given it the Degree of Correctness 
 " that was intended it. But the present Conjuncture of 
 
Middle British Colonies. 5 
 
 " Affairs in America, and the generous Assistance of the 
 " Assembly of Pensilvania, have brought it to Light, 
 " when the Public will, it is hoped, receive Advantage 
 " from it, that will render an Apology for its premature 
 " Publication needless ; and think it worthy the En- 
 " couragement of a Body who devote the Public Money 
 " to the Public Service." 
 
 The " present conjuncture of affairs " no doubt refers 
 to the rapidly increasing encroachments of France on 
 the back settlements, to which Evans draws particular 
 attention in his " Analysis." He especially points out 
 the great advantages to the English Colonies of the 
 Country on the Ohio and the Lakes, and urges the 
 necessity for more general knowledge of the nature and 
 position of those remote parts and of the various ways 
 by which they may be reached, in order that the French 
 may more easily be dispossessed. He then proceeds to 
 explain the scope and details of his map and particularly 
 he points out the nature and sources of his information, 
 and quotes his authorities for each part of the country 
 when describing it. One has only to read Evans' 
 " Analysis " to readily realize the extreme difficulty of 
 making a map of this vast country on a small scale of 
 about thirty six miles to the inch on anything like correct 
 lines. It is evident that he drew the map with the most 
 conscientious desire for accuracy, and the "Analysis" 
 reveals the extraordinary amount of information he had 
 collected for the purpose. In his concluding remarks 
 Evans makes some curious and slighting allusions to 
 
6 Evans Map of the 
 
 the ambitions of Massachusetts towards Independency, 
 most interesting and prophetic in the light of subsequent 
 events. But the main object of his book seems to have 
 been to direct particular attention to the advantages of 
 a colony on the Ohio and the retrieving of the country 
 encroached on by the French. Some copies of the map 
 were probably issued in advance of the publication of 
 the " Analysis " for the map is stated, in the imprint, to 
 have been published on June 23, 1755, whereas the 
 Preface to the " Analysis" is dated August 9. In Evans' 
 Essay No. II, 1 published in 1756, he says on p. 24, 
 
 " My map was begun engraving in November 1754 
 "and finished towards the end of June 1755, the 
 " pamphlet published August 9th next following/' 
 The map evidently excited considerable attention in 
 the Colonies, and, according to what Governor Pownall 
 says in 1 776, 2 it was for a long time generally accepted 
 as the standard authority for settling boundaries, 
 purchases, etc., on account of the extreme care and 
 accuracy with which it had been prepared. ( Vide No. VI, 
 pp. 2 1 and 22.) As a further testimony to the accuracy of 
 Evans* work may be quoted Captain Thomas Hutchins, 
 who, in the Preface to his Topographical Description of 
 Virginia, published in 1778, says, 
 
 " It is fit also, that I should take notice, that in the 
 " account which I have given of several of the branches 
 " of the Ohio, and Alleghany rivers, I have adopted the 
 
 1 Vide full title pp. 7 and 8. 
 
 2 Topographical Description^ p. iv. Vide p. 1 9, etc *upra. 
 
Middle British Colonies. 7 
 
 " words of the late ingenious Mr. Lewis Evans, as I 
 " found he had properly described them in the Analysis 
 "to his Map of the Middle Colonies." 
 Nevertheless, it is clear that the map and " Analysis " 
 did not satisfy all parties, especially the Shirley faction, 
 for in the New York Mercury for January 5th, 1756, 
 appeared a letter with the following heading: 
 
 " Mr. Gaine. The following Letter from a Gentleman 
 " in New York to his Friend at Philadelphia is upon a 
 "subject of so much importance that I beg you'll give 
 " it a Place in your Paper." 
 
 The letter is dated ist December, 1755, and in it the 
 writer accuses Evans of wrongfully stating in his 
 " Analysis " the right of the French to the country on 
 the North-West of the St. Lawrence River from Fort 
 Frontenac to Montreal. He further characterizes him 
 as diverting himself by setting false bounds to Provinces 
 and Empires on his map, and he falls foul of Evans' 
 conclusions generally. 
 
 Although this letter was only published in the New 
 York Mercury of January 5th, Evans immediately 
 replied to it at some length ; answering and refuting his 
 antagonist on all points in a pamphlet issued in similar 
 style to the "Analysis" under the following title: 
 
 Geographical, Historical, / Political, Philosophical 
 and Mechanical / Essays. / Number II. Containing, / 
 A / Letter / Representing, / the I mpropriety of sending 
 Forces to Virginia: / The Importance of taking 
 Frontenac;/ And that the Preservation of Oswego 
 
8 Evans Map of the 
 
 was owing to General Shirley's / Proceeding thither. / 
 And containing Objections to those Parts of Evans's 
 General Map and / Analysis, which relate to the 
 French Title to Country, on the / North- West Side 
 of the St. Laurence River, between Fort Frontenac / 
 and Montreal, &c. / Published in the New- York 
 Mercury, No. 178, Jan. 5, 1756. / With an / Answer, / 
 To so much thereof as concerns the Public; / And the 
 several Articles set in a just Light. / By Lewis Evans. / 
 Philadelphia: / Printed for the Author; and Sold by 
 him in Arch-Street :/ And at New- York by G. Noel, 
 Bookseller near Counts's Market. / MDCCLVI. / l 
 In this pamphlet Evans reprints in full the letter 
 from the New York Mercury. It will be observed that 
 on the title he divides the writer's views into various 
 sections. These he answers in separate chapters, and 
 certainly appears to have the best of the argument. He 
 spiritedly holds to the views given in his " Analysis," 
 and while asserting his entire loyalty to the Colonies 
 and his desire to see the French dispossessed, he re- 
 asserts that his object was to set down on his map such 
 boundaries as his information and surveys led hi mto 
 believe were correct, thus acting fairly and impartially 
 to both sides. Although this pamphlet fills 42 quarto 
 pages, the preface is dated Jan. 10, 1756, only five 
 days after the publication of the letter in the New 
 York Mercury. 
 
 Considerable anxiety was all this time being caused 
 1 4to, pp. 42 + (i). 
 
Middle British Colonies. 9 
 
 to the home government by the persistent encroachments 
 of the French on the back settlements. It is not 
 surprising, therefore, to find that the matter aroused 
 extensive public interest in England. The desire for 
 information doubtless caused considerable demand for 
 those copies of Evans' Map and " Analysis," which 
 had been sent over from Philadelphia for sale by R. 
 and J. Dodsley. The subject was evidently attracting 
 such great public notice, that instead of copies of Evans* 
 second Essay being sent over from America for sale in 
 London, that pamphlet was immediately reprinted there 
 by R. and J. Dodsley, 1 probably at the instigation of 
 Governor Pownall, who happened to be in England 
 during the first half of the year 1756. 
 
 The work is briefly noticed in the Monthly Review 
 for September, 1756. The Reviewer holds that Evans 
 has replied to the Letter in the New York Mercury of 
 Jan. 5, 1756 "with the appearance of much solidity of 
 " argument, as well as honesty of intention. He was 
 "certainly a sensible man, a good geographer, (so far 
 " at least as concerns that part of the world he treats of) 
 " and a true friend to his country; so that his death may 
 " justly be deemed a public loss." 
 
 From the extensive titles of the two Essays which 
 Evans published in 1755 and 1756, it is evident that he 
 contemplated continuing the series, but unfortunately he 
 died in June, 1756. From the Preface to his "Analysis'* 
 it would seem that he contemplated issuing maps of the 
 
 1 4to, 35 PP- 
 c 
 
io Evans' Map. 
 
 separate Colonies on a larger scale, in which he would 
 be able to include certain sectional and physical features 
 which he was compelled to omit from his Map of the 
 Middle British Colonies for want of space. 
 
II. 
 
 1756. THE KITCHIN PIRACY. 
 
 VANS' Map, as published in London by 
 R. and J. Dodsley, had in the meantime 
 attracted the attention of a rival map pub- 
 lisher, T. Kitchin, who piratically copied, 
 re-engraved, and published it in 1756, professedly with 
 improvements. Pownall writing in 1776, about the 1758 
 issue of this piracy, says, " this Plagiarism was falsely 
 " sold as Evans's map improved ; by which that very 
 " laborious and ingenious but poor man was deprived of 
 "the Benefit of his Work." (Vide No. VI, p. 24.) 
 The following is the title of Kitchin's reprint : 
 
 A general Map of the / Middle British Colonies in 
 America : / viz. Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pen- 
 silvania, / New- Jersey, New York, Connecticut and 
 Rhode-Island : / Of Aquanishuonigy the Country of 
 the Confederate Indians / Comprehending Aquanish- 
 uonigy proper, their Places of Residence, / Ohio and 
 Thuchsochruntie their Deer Hunting Countries, / 
 Couchsachrage and Skaniadarade their Beaver 
 
12 Evans Map of the 
 
 Hunting Countries, / Of the Lakes Erie, Ontario 
 and Champlain, / And of Part of New France : / 
 Wherein is also shewn the antient and present Seats 
 of the /Indian Nations; carefully copied from the 
 Original Publish'd at / Philadelphia, By M r Lewis 
 Evans 1 755, with /some Improvements by I. Gibson./ 
 To say that this Map is carefully copied from the 
 Original is a libel on Evans, as will be seen in our 
 description of No. VI. The Dedication to Pownall is 
 omitted, and the resulting space is filled by the scale 
 of 200 miles and by two descriptive paragraphs of text, 
 the third and eighth from the Preface to the " Analysis." 
 Several of the Notes in the original map, relating per- 
 sonally to Evans, are entirely omitted, and their places 
 filled with other notes taken wholly, or adapted from 
 the " Analysis." The ornamental cartouche is of differ- 
 ent design from the original. In the right-hand lower 
 corner is the imprint, "Sold by T. Kitchin Engraver 
 & Printseller at the Star opposite Ely Gate Holborn. 
 1756. Price 2s." The Index letters in the margins are 
 omitted. The size is slightly different from the original, 
 being 26 \ x 19 within the outer border lines. Numerous 
 differences (mostly erroneous) in the interior details of 
 the country are manifest, to which reference will be 
 found in Pownall's description of Jefferys' reissue of 
 this same plate. ( Vide No. VI, p. 24.) 
 
 The I. Gibson mentioned on the title of this issue 
 seems to have been a map draughtsman and engraver 
 of some repute, for his name is to be found attached to 
 
Middle British Colonies. 13 
 
 many maps, mostly undated, but presumably between 
 1750 and 1780. At the end of the Atlas Minimus, 
 published by J. Newbery in 1758, is an advertisement 
 in which he gives his name and address as "J. 1 Gibson, 
 Engraver No. 18 George's Court, Clerkenwell." His 
 name appears frequently as engraver in conjunction 
 with Eman Bowen, Geographer to his Majesty. 
 
 1 Although Gibson's initial is given as I on Evans' map, the name 
 John is frequently found on other maps. 
 
III. 
 
 1758. THE JEFFERYS PIRACY. 
 
 Y 1758 Kitchin's plate seems to have 
 passed into the possession of Thomas 
 Jefferys, the famous map publisher of 
 Charing Cross, for in that year we find 
 the map re-issued with exactly the same title as 
 Kitchin's, but with an alteration in the imprint, which 
 now reads, "Sold by T. Jefferys, Charing Cross 1758. 
 Price 2 s 6 d " The inherent defects common to both 
 the Kitchin and Jefferys issues are fully described by 
 Governor Pownall in 1776. (Vide No. VI, p. 24.) 
 
 Very little difference is to be observed between the 
 issues of 1756 and 1758, but a number of new Forts 
 on the back settlements are added in the latter, e.g., 
 Forts Littleton, Shirley, Granville, Shipeconk, Nomin- 
 ack, William Henry, Edward, Ticonderoga, etc., etc. 
 Fort du Quesne, which was marked simply " F. du 
 Quesne" in the 1756 plate, is now lettered " F l du 
 Quesne Destroy'd 1758 now called Pittsburg." 
 
IV. 
 
 1771. THE CARINGTON BOWLES PIRACY. 
 
 N 1771 Evans' map was again piratically 
 copied, entirely re-engraved on a new 
 plate, and published by Carington Bowles 
 under the following title : 
 A General Map of the / Middle British Colonies 
 in America / Viz. Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, 
 Pensilvania, New- Jersey, New York, / Connecticut 
 & Rhode-Island: of Aquanishuonigy the Country 
 of the / Confederate Indians Comprehending Aquan- 
 ishuonigy proper, their Places of Resi-/ dence, Ohio 
 & Thuchsochruntie their Deer Hunting Countries, 
 Couchsachrage / & Skaniadarade their Beaver Hunt- 
 ing Countries, of the Lakes Erie, / Ontario and 
 Champlain. Wherein is also shewn the antient / & 
 present Seats of the Indian Nations, carefully copied 
 from the / Original Published at Philadelphia, by 
 M r . Lewis Evans./ 
 
 The above title is in an ornamental cartouche at the 
 top, in the centre below the border lines, but the 
 
1 6 Evans Map. 
 
 design is not a copy of that on either the Original 
 Evans Map or the Kitchin-Jefferys reprint. Immedi- 
 ately below the cartouche is the imprint in two lines : 
 Printed for Carington Bowles, at N 69 in S* Pauls 
 Church Yard, London. / Published Jan?: i. 1771. 
 The map itself is not "carefully copied from the 
 Original Published at Philadelphia by M r Lewis Evans," 
 as stated in the title, because it exhibits all the altera- 
 tions and omissions described in the Kitchin-Jefferys 
 editions, which alterations were probably the so-called 
 improvements by I. Gibson, whose name, however, is 
 totally ignored in this Bowles reprint (vide No. II). 
 This Bowles edition is accordingly but a slavish copy 
 of the Kitchin-Jefferys issues, but exhibits one or two 
 new features. For instance, the lettering in the Kitchin- 
 Jefferys plate, " Part of New France," is omitted, and 
 a much larger tract of country to the North and West 
 of Lakes Ontario and Erie is now lettered " Canada." 
 The new boundary is shown by a dotted line extending 
 across Lake Ontario from Frontenac to Niagara. The 
 dimensions of the Bowles map are also quite different 
 from thoseof the Kitchin-Jefferys plate, being 2 5f inches 
 wide by iQf inches high, and the engraving of the map 
 is not carried out into the double border lines at the 
 top and bottom, as in the previous editions, both 
 original and reprint. The Connecticut River, which in 
 previous editions ended at Great Falls, just above 43, 
 is now carried up to 45. 
 
V. 
 
 1775- THE SAYER & JEFFERYS PIRACY. 
 
 HE Kitchin-Jefferys plate, which had 
 apparently been slumbering peacefully 
 since 1758 (unless used in the meantime 
 without alteration of date, or in an issue 
 which has not as yet come under the notice of the 
 writer), came again into use in 1775 with an altered title. 
 The first nine lines are exactly the same, after which 
 there are seven new lines in place of the former last five. 
 The altered title now reads as follows: 
 
 A General Map . . . Champlain (as in Nos. II 
 and III) Exhibiting / the Antient and Present Seats 
 of the Indian Nations / Published by Lewis Evans at 
 Philadelphia / Corrected and Improved with the ad- 
 dition of the Line of Forts on the / Back Settle- 
 ments. / By Tho s Jefferys Geographer to the / King./ 
 The imprint is in the same place as in Nos. II and 
 III, in the bottom right-hand corner, but is now in 
 two lines: 
 
 Sold by R. Sayer in Fleet street & T. Jefferys, 
 
1 8 Evans Map. 
 
 Charing Cross. Price 2 s 6 d / Publish'd as the Act 
 
 directs. 15 June 1775. 
 
 One would suppose from the addition to the title 
 that this map was really corrected and brought up to 
 date, but as far as can be seen the alterations in the 
 plate since the Jefferys issue of 1758 are infinitesimal. 
 Even the Forts stated to be added by Jefferys are all 
 to be found in the 1758 issue, when the improvements 
 were claimed on the title as the work of I. Gibson, 
 whose name is now omitted altogether. The only alter- 
 ation in the body of the map readily to be noticed, is 
 that the lettering " Part of New Hampshire," is now in 
 two lines, while in the 1758 issue it was in one line. 
 This issue of the map is found in the American Atlas 
 published by Sayer and Bennett 1 in 1775, where it forms 
 Map No. 1 8 in the Table of Contents. I twill be observed 
 that while the imprint on the map is Sayer and Jefferys, 
 it is Sayer and Bennett on the title of the Atlas. Ac- 
 cording to Pownall 2 the Jefferys plate came into the 
 hands of Sayer in the course of trade by purchase. 3 
 Pownall 2 vehemently protests against the further use 
 of this plate, and Sayer withdrew it from the next 
 edition of the American Atlas published in 1 776, and 
 substituted for it in the Table of Contents No. 18 a 
 map of Lake Champlain, including Lake George. But 
 the old plate was by no means dead yet, in fact it sur- 
 vived and did duty for another thirty years or so, as 
 will be seen later on. 
 
 1 This name is frequently found spelt with one t. 
 
 a Topographical Description^ p. vi. 3 Jefferys died 20 Nov., 1771. 
 
VI. 
 
 1776. POWNALL'S RE-ISSUE OF EVANS' ORIGINAL 
 PLATE IMPROVED. 
 
 GREAT change came over the fortunes 
 of Evans' map in 1776. In that year 
 Thomas Pownall, who had spent much 
 time in America as Governor of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay and South Carolina, and Lieut.-Governor 
 of New Jersey, published a folio volume entitled, 
 
 A Topographical Description of such parts of 
 North America as are contained in the (annexed) 
 Map of the Middle British Colonies, &c., in North 
 America. 1 
 
 Pownall, after his return from America continued to 
 take the greatest interest in the welfare of the Colonies, 
 as witness his famous work The Administration of the 
 Colonies, which ran through several editions. The 
 
 1 London: J. Almon, 1776, vi. +46 pp. -f Appendix 16 pp. and 
 map. 
 
2o Evans Map of the 
 
 increasing public interest taken in the affairs of the 
 Colonies at the outbreak of the Revolution, doubtless 
 prompted the publication of the Topographical De- 
 scription. 
 
 That work may be described as a new and much 
 enlarged edition of both Evans' Map and his " Ana- 
 lysis" of 1755. 
 
 As to the map, Pownall appears to have been in 
 possession of the original Evans plate engraved by Jas. 
 Turner in Philadelphia, and he uses it as the basis of 
 his improved map. The title is now altered to read : 
 
 A Map of the / Middle British Colonies in North 
 America. / First Published by Mr. Lewis Evans, of 
 Philadelphia, in 1755; / and since corrected and im- 
 proved, as also extended, / with the Addition of New 
 England, and bordering Parts of Canada; / from 
 Actual Surveys now lying at the Board of Trade. / 
 By T. Pownall, M.P. / with a Topographical De- 
 scription of such parts of North America / as are 
 contained in this Map. / Printed & Published accord- 
 ing to Act of Parliament for J Almon in Piccadilly, 
 London / March 25 th I776./ 
 
 The old engraver's imprint, " Engraved by Ja s Turner 
 in Philadelphia ", still remains to the left of the car- 
 touche. Not much alteration is to be observed in the 
 Western parts, save that an alternative course of the 
 River Ohio, according to Gist and Gordon, is laid down 
 in dotted lines. But the whole of the map east of 
 the longitude of Philadelphia is greatly changed, and 
 
Middle British Colonies. 2 1 
 
 is filled in with new details. The old right-hand border, 
 which in the original Evans plate was placed at about 
 4 degrees east of Philadelphia, is cut off, and the map 
 is now extended eastward to about 9 degrees. The 
 new portion of 5 degrees appears to be engraved on a 
 separate plate, and, after separate printing, the im- 
 pressions from each plate are neatly pasted together 
 to form one map. In the ocean and in various other 
 blank spaces are Lists of the Counties and Townships 
 of the various Colonies, numbered to correspond with 
 numbered references in the body of the map. 
 
 In the Preface to the Topographical Description, 
 Pownall first reprints Evans' Preface to the " Analysis " 
 of 1755, and then goes on to describe the additions 
 and corrections he has made to the map, and the 
 sources from whence he derived his information. 
 Speaking of Evans' original map he says : 
 
 " The Western Division of this present map was 
 " composed and published at the Commencement of 
 "the late War in America. It was found by the Officers 
 " and Servants of the Crown to have that Degree of 
 " Precision, that it was used by them both in England 
 " and in America, and served every practical Purpose 
 " during the War. Those who have served and tra- 
 " veiled in America, have had few Occasions of correct- 
 ing it; on the contrary, its Exactness as far as a 
 " general Map means to go, as far as a Map on this 
 " small Scale could go, has generally been confirmed by 
 " Experience on the Spot. In any Transactions since 
 
22 Evans Map of the 
 
 " the War, where local Precision has been necessary, 
 " this Map has been referred to, not simply in private 
 "but public Transactions, such as the great Indian 
 " Purchase and Cession. The Boundaries by which the 
 " Propositions for the Purchase of Lands on the Ohio 
 " were made to the Boards of Trade and Treasury, were 
 " marked and settled on this Map. When the Servants 
 " of the Crown proposed in the House of Commons the 
 " Clause for the Limits of the Government of Quebec; 
 " and when the Line of those Limits was there opposed, 
 " both Sides, with this Map in their Hands, argued 
 " from it." 
 
 After describing the alterations and corrections he 
 has made to Evans' original map, Pownall goes on to 
 mention the additions he has made in the New England 
 portion : 
 
 " What there was wanting to a compleat Map of New 
 "England, is now added from later Information, and 
 " from later Draughts and Surveys deposited at the 
 " Board of Trade, which the Earl of Dartmouth per- 
 " mitted me to have copied for the Benefit of the Public. 
 "These new Parts which I have added are plotted 
 " down in the Form in which I think every Map which 
 "can offer to give the Face of the Country should be 
 "drawn, tracing the Features of it, and not in Default 
 " of that, filling up the Map with Writing. Instead of 
 " Writing I have put Figures of Reference, and the 
 " Writing is put in the Margin and in other blank 
 " Places." 
 
Middle British Colonies. 23 
 
 Pownall then proceeds to make some curious com- 
 parisons, retrospective and prospective, which appear 
 to be of sufficient interest to repeat. He says : 
 
 " Many Tracts which the Geographer will see marked 
 " on Evans's Map, in the western Parts, and which were, 
 "when it was first published, mere Indian or Traders 
 " Paths through the Wilderness, are now in Course of 
 " a very few years become great Waggon Roads. Many 
 " Indian Settlements being merely a Collection of Wig- 
 " warns or Cabins, must now be marked as County 
 " Towns. Many other Particulars marked in the Map, 
 "and noticed in the original Analysis, which were, 20 
 " Years ago, Matter of practical Information, and useful 
 " to the Service, ceasing, perhaps, now to have that Use, 
 " may yet be amusing as Matters of curious Antiquity, 
 "become so at this early Period. It will be curious in 
 " a few Years, as the Face of the Country changes and 
 " is totally altered, to view in this Map, and to read in 
 " this Description, what it was in its natural State, and 
 "how the Settlements began to expand, and had ex- 
 pended themselves in 20 Years." 
 Pownall concludes his long and interesting Preface 
 with some very caustic remarks on the pirated copy of 
 Evans* map published by the late Thomas Jefferys 
 in 1758 (vide No. Ill), but it is curious to note that 
 he makes no mention of the original pirated issue by 
 Kitchin in 1756 (vide No. II), nor of the later one by 
 Carington Bowles in 1771 (vide No. IV). As these re- 
 marks of Pownall were the direct incentive to the 
 
24 Evans' Map of the 
 
 present bibliographical investigation, it may be as well 
 to repeat them in full. 
 
 " A pirated Copy of this Map, soon after it came to 
 " England, was in a most audacious Manner published 
 " by the late Thomas Jefferys, under a false Pretence 
 "of Improvements, Lewis Evans's Name was put to 
 "it; and this Plagiarism was falsely sold as Evans's 
 " Map improved ; by which that very laborious and in- 
 genious, but poor Man, was deprived of the Benefit 
 "of his Work. The Engraver was so totally ignorant 
 " of the Principles on which the Original was formed, 
 " that although he traced the Lines of the Rivers and 
 " Roads in the usual Way, yet it can scarce be called 
 " a Copy. The Mountains in America, which give the 
 "real Features to the Face of it, run in Ridges of a 
 " specific Direction, do in Places here and there run up 
 "into Peaks; do in others end abruptly in Knobs and 
 "Bluff-points; do interlock and have Gaps; all which 
 " Particulars were in the Original with a scrupulous At- 
 " tention plotted and set down; as also the Parts where 
 " these Ridges spread into hilly Land. The Officer or 
 " the Geographer will look in vain for this Precision in 
 " the pirated Copy. The blundering Copyist thought, 
 " that the filling the Places where he happened to meet 
 "with the Word Mountains, with the Engraver's com- 
 "mon Marks scratched in at random, was doing the 
 " Business, by which he has put Mountains where they 
 " are not; and has converted great Swamps into Moun- 
 tains; and in other Parts has totally omitted the 
 
Middle British Colonies. 25 
 
 * Marks of high Ground, because he did not under- 
 " stand those Marks which were used to express such 
 " high Ground, without presuming to give the Range 
 "and Form, where that was not yet known. So far as 
 "respects the Face of the Country, this Thing of 
 "Jefferys might as well be a Map of the Face of the 
 " Moon. Further, in the Original there was observed 
 " a scrupulous Caution not to deceive; the Parts which 
 " were drawn from Report and Computation, and col- 
 " lected from Journals, are in the Original engraved in 
 " a slighter Manner, and very differently from those 
 " Parts which are laid down from actual Surveys ; 
 " neither the Eye, the Ideas, nor the Spirit of the 
 " Copyist went to the Marking this ; and all Parts 
 " stand equal in authority in his false 1 Copy. 
 
 " The Plate of this blundering Copy has, in the 
 " Course of Trade, by Purchase, fallen into the Hands 
 " of Mr. Sayer of Fleet-street, a Man of Reputation in 
 " a very extensive Line of Business. He very honour- 
 " ably told me, that if the Plate stood as a single Article 
 " in his Shop, he would destroy it directly; but that it 
 " made Part of an Atlas already published by him; 2 and 
 " was also part of another very soon to be published by 
 " him, which cost many thousand Pounds; and that he 
 " did not know how to take it out of these Collections. 
 " I can only say, it will disgrace any Collection in which 
 " it stands, and that I am sorry it is to disgrace any 
 
 1 Reads pirated in the prospectus, vide next page. 
 
 2 American Atlas, 1775, No. 18. 
 
 E 
 
26 Evans Map of the 
 
 " coming from a Shop in which there are so many 
 " valuable Maps and Charts. Neither this improved 
 11 Map nor the following Sheets are published with any 
 " View of Profit to the Editor; if any should accrue 
 " it will be given to M r Evans's Daughter or her 
 " Children." 
 
 Pownall's accusation of piracy against Jefferys, and 
 his protest against the continued use of the plate by 
 Sayer were not confined to the preface of the Topo- 
 graphical Description. In the British Museum (11900, 
 c. 5) there is fortunately preserved a copy of the orig- 
 inal prospectus issued by J. Almon, announcing that, 
 " speedily will be published A map of the Middle 
 " British Colonies in North America. First published 
 "by Mr. Lewis Evans, of Philadelphia, in 1755; and 
 " since corrected and improved, as also extended, with 
 " the Addition of New England, &c., and bordering 
 " Parts of Canada; from actual Surveys now lying at 
 " the Board of Trade. By T. Pownall, M.P., Late 
 " Governor, &c., &c. With a Topographical Descrip- 
 " tion of such Parts of North America as are contained 
 " in the Map." 
 
 The above heading is followed by Extract from the 
 Preface. The part relating to Jefferys is slightly 
 different in the wording to what actually afterwards 
 appeared in the published work, but is, if anything, 
 more forcible. For instance, the first sentence reads, 
 " This map, soon after it came to England, was, in a 
 " most audacious manner, pirated by the late Thomas 
 
Middle British Colonies. 27 
 
 " Jefferys, under a false pretence of improvements." 
 The part relating to Sayer is identical in both pro- 
 spectus and book. 
 
 These forcible remarks, so widely published, evi- 
 dently had some effect on Mr. Sayer, for in the 1776 
 edition of the American Atlas the offending plate 
 (which had appeared in the 1775 edition of that work, 
 vide No. V) was withdrawn, and a map of Lake 
 Champlain substituted for it in the Table of Contents. 
 
 According to the Dictionary of National Biography, 
 xlvi, 267, Pownall "in 1785, had prepared a second 
 " edition (i.e. of the Topographical Description) with 
 " very many additions, which was probably identical 
 " with the copy sold at New York about 1856 (Drake, 
 "History of Boston, 1857, p. 655 *). He meditated 
 " publishing a French translation for the benefit of the 
 " daughter of Evans (Franklin, Works, x. 198-201)." 
 Neither the second edition in English nor the French 
 translation appear ever to have been published, but it 
 is quite clear Pownall had them both in contemplation, 
 for in a letter he wrote from Lausanne, 3rd July, 1785, 
 to his friend Franklin at Passy, just before the latter's 
 return to America, he says : 
 
 " I received at Marseilles your letter by M r Part- 
 " ridge, respecting the nature of the account made out 
 " by the editor and bookseller of my map and descrip- 
 
 1 Drake says, "A copy of it [i.e. Topographical Description and Map}, 
 with MS. additions by Gov. Pownall himself, was recently imported by 
 Mr. Welford, of New York, and sold at auction. Its present fortunate 
 possessor is unknown to me." 
 
28 Evans' Map. 
 
 " tion of the States of America. I had already done in 
 " the matter every thing in my power when I was on 
 " the spot, and pressed the point stronger than I should 
 " have done, had it been for my account; but, when I 
 " considered it, as what I really wished, the doing an 
 " act of charity to the daughter of an ingenious and 
 " ill-treated man, I exerted more pains about it than 
 " is my ordinary custom. I wished to make my in- 
 " tended charity as efficient and productive as possible. 
 " If I were on the spot I could not do more. I have 
 " prepared a second edition, with very many additions. 
 "If you will recommend to me any person who will 
 " translate it into French, I will publish this edition 
 " in France and give the whole profits to Evans's 
 " daughter." 1 
 
 Evans' daughter seems to have been a favourite with 
 both Franklin and Pownall. In fact Franklin's wife 
 was her godmother, as appears from a letter written by 
 Franklin to his wife, dated London 22 July, I774*. 2 
 
 " I enclose a letter I have just received from your 
 " goddaughter, M rs Barry. I wrote to you before, that 
 " she had married the captain of a ship in the Levant 
 " trade. She is now again at Tunis, where you will see 
 " she has lately lain in of her third child. Her father, 
 " you know, was a geographer, and his daughter has 
 " some connexion, I think, with the whole globe; being 
 " born herself in America, and having her first child in 
 " Asia, her second in Europe, and now her third in 
 -Africa." 
 
 1 Sparks' Franklin^ x, 198. 2 Ibid, viii, 125. 
 
VII. 
 
 1776. SAYER AND BENNET'S RE-ISSUE OF THE PLATE 
 
 OF 1775 CORRECTED AND IMPROVED AFTER 
 
 POWNALL AND OTHERS. 
 
 UT the old Kitchin-Jefferys-Sayer plate, 
 although withdrawn in disgrace from the 
 American Atlas of 1776 after Pownall's 
 protest, was by no means yet done with ; 
 in fact it had more than thirty years yet to live. On 
 the 1 5th of October in the same year it re-appeared 
 in a new guise, yet so strangely altered as to be almost 
 unrecognizable, but it is our old friend all the same. It 
 now takes its place as Map No. 4 in The American 
 Military Pocket Atlas, published by R. Sayer and 
 J. Bennet in 1776. The title of the Atlas bears no 
 date, but the Dedication to Governor Pownall is dated 
 1776. In this Dedication the Editors say : 
 " SIR, 
 
 " As we undertook this Work for the use of the 
 " Military Gentlemen at your recommendation, we can- 
 
30 Evans' Map of the 
 
 " not but hope that the avowed patronage of a person 
 " so well informed in Geography, and having such a 
 " particular knowledge of the country of North America, 
 " may recommend it to the public ; we therefore pre- 
 " sumed to dedicate it to You. To You we owe our just 
 "acknowledgements for having enabled us to rectify 
 "former mistakes, to offer details hitherto unknown, 
 "and to collect a very great variety of interesting 
 " objects, within a moderate compass. Notwithstanding 
 " our utmost assiduity and attention to compleat your 
 " idea ; we have still reason to wish this work could have 
 " been rendered more worthy of your patronage and 
 "acceptance, and that it might shew in a manner ade- 
 " quate to our wishes, the respect and gratitude with 
 " which we have the honour to be, 
 
 " Sir, Your most humble and devoted Servants, 
 
 " THE EDITORS. 
 
 " Fleet Street, 1776." 
 
 In the Advertisement which follows the Dedication, 
 the Editors, speaking of the Map of the Middle 
 Colonies, say that it has " been collated with and cor- 
 rected by Governor Pownall's late Map." From the 
 Dedication it is quite clear that Pownall authorized 
 and approved the re-issue of the Evans Map in this 
 corrected form, but one is at a loss to surmise why he 
 allowed Evans' name to be altogether omitted from it 
 after all he had written in his Topographical Descrip- 
 tion only a few months before about the previous in- 
 justice to Evans. 
 
Middle British Colonies. 31 
 
 In this re-issue of the map in its altered form, nine 
 and a half inches of the outside top border line are cut 
 away, and in the resulting space is a new headline 
 title, " The Seat of War in the Middle British Col- 
 onies, containing Virginia, Maryland, The Delaware 
 Counties, &ca." 
 
 The ornamental cartouche is entirely re-engraved 
 in a different design, and the main title is also entirely 
 re-engraved, and the wording of it altered as follows : 
 
 A General Map of the / Middle British Colonies, / 
 in America. / containing Virginia, Maryland, The 
 Delaware Counties, / Pennsylvania and New Jersey. / 
 With the addition of New York, and of the Greatest 
 Part of New England, / as also of the Bordering 
 Parts of the Province of Quebec, / improved from 
 several Surveys made after the late War, / and Cor- 
 rected / from Governor Pownall's Late Map 1776. / 
 The imprint is in one line in very small letters in the 
 lower right-hand corner. " London Printed for JR. 
 Sayer 6f J. Bennett, Map, Chart & Printsellers, No. 
 53 Fleet Street as the Act directs, 15'* Oct r 1776." Be- 
 neath the imprint is the scale of 130 miles, removed 
 from the top left-hand corner. 
 
 Although Evans' name is now omitted from the title 
 the main delineations of the country in the central part 
 of the map conform to Evans' original. In fact that 
 part of the old Kitchin-Jefferys-Sayer plate has now 
 been specially corrected to conform to Evans' original 
 in those particulars to which Pownall so strongly takes 
 
32 Evans Map. 
 
 exception when protesting against the Jefferys piracy 
 in his Topographical Description already quoted. 1 The 
 spurious mountains are eliminated and the swamps 
 reinstated. But in the Northern and Western regions 
 the map is hardly recognizable. All the legends re- 
 lating to the Indians, engraved on various parts of the 
 map in all the previous editions, are now omitted, as 
 are also the several Tables of Distances, formerly placed 
 in the blanks in the Atlantic Ocean. The course of the 
 Ohio River is greatly altered West of 8 from Phil- 
 adelphia. The shapes of Lakes Erie and Ontario are 
 considerably changed, and the country to the north of 
 them is filled in and lettered. Lake Huron begins to 
 take definite shape. The little inset map, " A sketch 
 of the remaining Part of Ohio R., &c," which had 
 appeared in all previous editions is now much en- 
 larged, and is carried right up to the top border in 
 place of the Dedication in the original, or in place of 
 the scale and two paragraphs of text in the reprints. 
 It is now entitled, " A Sketch of the Upper Parts of 
 Canada," and includes the whole of Lake Superior and 
 some country to the north of it. 
 
 As the American Military Pocket Atlas is not dated 
 on the title, it is reasonable to suppose that this state 
 of our map remained current till the close of the war. 
 
 1 Vide p. 24 ante. 
 
VIII. 
 
 [i 79 2 ~ J 793 ?] CARINGTON BOWLES' RE-ISSUE OF THE 
 PLATE OF 1771. 
 
 UR old acquaintance, No. IV of 1771, now 
 comes to life again in fresh garb : Caring- 
 ton Bowies' piracy of the Kitchin-Jefferys 
 piracy rejuvenated and rehabilitated. The 
 ornamental cartouche and title of 1771 are removed, 
 and the general appearance of the old plate so consider- 
 ably altered that it was actually issued as 
 
 Bowles's / New Pocket Map / of the following / 
 Independent States of / North America, viz. / Vir- 
 ginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pensylvania,/ New Jersey, 
 New York, Connecticut & Rhode Island. / Compre- 
 hending also the / habitations and hunting countries 
 of the / Confederate Indians; / by Lewis Evans. / 
 Printed for the Proprietor Carington Bowles, / N 
 69 in S* Pauls Church Yard, / London. / \No date.~\ 
 The date of this issue is very uncertain, but probably 
 the title New Pocket Map justifies the assumption that 
 it was issued in separate form, although it also appears 
 with the same title as a sheet map No. 34 in Bowles s 
 Universal Atlas, London: Printed for and sold by the 
 Proprietor, Carington Bowles &c. [Folio. No datel\ 
 
34 Evans' Map. 
 
 Many of the maps in this volume are variously dated 
 between 1779 and 1792, but some, like this one, are 
 undated. As some are dated as late as 1792, the Uni- 
 versal Atlas (unless previously issued with different 
 contents) could not have been issued before 1792; and 
 as Carington Bowles was succeeded in 1 794 by Bowles 
 and Carver, it is pretty safe to assign the date of 1792 
 or 1 793 to it. The map, whether issued separately or 
 in the volume, could not be before 1791, as the new 
 State of Vermont is marked. Comparing the New 
 Pocket Map with Carington Bowies' previous issue of 
 1771, the principal alterations are as follow: The State 
 of Vermont is added. The Indian Legends are omitted. 
 The Boundary of the United States is shown by a bold 
 dotted line through Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron; 
 and the Country to the North of Lake Erie is filled in 
 with rivers, lakes and trees. Only the scale and one 
 legend remain in the top left-hand corner above the 
 sketch map of Ohio. But the old physical errors in the 
 mountains and swamps, to which Pownall in 1776 took 
 such strong exception in describing the Jefferys piracy, 
 still remain, for the Bowles edition of 1771 was copied 
 from the Jefferys plate of 1758 (vide No. IV). 
 
 Although this map cannot compare with that of 
 1776 (No. VII) for accuracy and up-to-dateness, the 
 publishers deserve some credit for retaining the name 
 of Evans as the author. 
 
IX. 
 
 1 794- 1807. LAURIE AND WHITTLE'S RE-ISSUE OF 
 SAYER AND BENNET'S PLATE OF 1776. 
 
 N 1794 our other old friend, the Kitchin- 
 Jefferys-Sayer-Sayer & Bennet plate, last 
 used as our No. VII in 1776, again comes 
 to life as "A New and General Map" 
 after some eighteen years' slumber (unless used in 
 the meantime in some edition not yet identified). 
 The name of Evans had already been omitted from 
 the title of 1776, and now in 1794 Pownall is also 
 relegated to oblivion, although no alterations of any 
 importance have been made since his corrections of 
 1776. The new title now reads 
 
 A new and general Map / of the Middle Dominions 
 belonging to the / United States of America, / viz., 
 Virginia, Maryland, the Delaware Counties, / Penn- 
 sylvania, New Jersey &c. / with the Addition of 
 New York, & of the Greatest Part of New England 
 &c. / as also of the Bordering Parts of the British 
 Possessions in Canada. / London: / Published by 
 
36 Evans Map. 
 
 Laurie & Whittle, No 53 Fleet Street. / as the Act 
 
 directs, 12 th May 17947 
 
 Almost the only alteration in this edition from that 
 of 1776 is the addition of a dotted line through the 
 Lakes to show the Boundary of Canada and the United 
 States. The headline title, " The Seat of War," etc., 
 is, of course, omitted, and the border line reinstated. 
 
 From the imprint it seems probable that this map 
 was sold separately in 1794, but it also appears as 
 sheet No. 47 in A new and elegant Imperial Sheet 
 Atlas, published by Laurie and Whittle in 1798. It is 
 also to be found as Sheet No. 71 in A New Universal 
 Atlas, Third Edition, published by the same firm in 
 1799. It also forms Sheet No. 50 in the New Edition 
 of A New and elegant Imperial Sheet Atlas, published 
 in 1807 by the same firm. In all these atlases the 
 plate still bears the date of i2th May, 1794, though, 
 as the paper varies, apparently reprinted for each 
 edition of the atlas. It is quite possible that the map 
 may have been issued in later editions of some of 
 these atlases, for the firm of Laurie and Whittle 
 seems to have been carried on till 1813, after which 
 date the name seems to have been changed to Whittle 
 and Laurie, who continued to carry on business down 
 to 1819, when the name of the firm drops out alto- 
 gether from the " London Directory." 
 
X. 
 
 1797-1800? BOWLES AND CARVER'S RE-ISSUE OF 
 CARINGTON BOWLES' PLATE OF 1 792-3 (?). 
 
 OWLES and Carver in 1794 succeeded 
 to the business of Carington Bowles, and 
 continued to publish the Universal Atlas 
 with their imprint, but still undated. The 
 Bowles Plate of Evans' Map again appears therein, 
 this time as No. 33. The title now reads: 
 
 Bowles's / New one-sheet Map / of the / Independ- 
 ent States / of / Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pen- 
 sylvania, /New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, 
 Rhode Island, &c. / Comprehending also the / habita- 
 tions & hunting countries of the / Confederate 
 Indians: / by Lewis Evans. / Printed for the Pro- 
 prietors Bowles and Carver, / N 69 in S* Paul's 
 Church Yard, / London / 
 The date of this issue is very uncertain. 
 
 Considerable alterations in the plate have again been 
 made. The old name, Aquanishuonigy, is omitted, and 
 
38 Evans Map of the 
 
 the district south of Lake Erie is now named "Western 
 Territory." To the South of the Ohio River, the new 
 State of Kentucky (admitted 1792) is shown. Tennessee 
 is also marked, but whether intended as the Territory 
 (1794) or the State (i 796) there is nothing to show. A 
 small district, corresponding somewhat to the present 
 State of West Virginia, is marked " Indiana," but does 
 not seem to have any connection with the position of 
 Indiana Territory as organized in 1800, or the State as 
 admitted in 1816, because it is south of the River Ohio 
 in the angle made by the Little Kanhawa River. This 
 Indiana seems to correspond almost exactly to the 
 district marked by that name in Hutchins' New Map 
 of the Western Parts of Virginia, &c., published by him 
 in 1778. In his Topographical Description of Virginia, 
 &c.> published in the same year to accompany the Map, 
 he says: " Indiana, as may be seen in my Map, lies 
 " within the territory here described. It contains about 
 " three millions and an half of Acres, and was granted 
 "to Samuel Wharton, William Trent, and George 
 " Morgan, Esquires, and a few other persons, in the year 
 "1768." 
 
 Possibly the approximate date for this state of the 
 plate may be between 1797 and 1800, but in all 
 probability the map continued current in the Universal 
 Atlas for many years later, as the firm of Bowles and 
 Carver was carried on till 1832. In the Universal 
 Atlas as issued by Bowles and Carver, all the imprints 
 of the maps in Carington Bowies' edition are altered 
 
Middle British Colonies. 
 
 39 
 
 to that of the new firm, and all the dates are omitted. 
 It is accordingly very difficult to assign an exact date. 
 Turning to Map No. 31 in the same volume, in the 
 General Map of the United States we find Louisiana 
 and East and West Florida are specially designated as 
 belonging to Spain. As Louisiana was retroceded to 
 France in 1800, it is pretty safe to assume that this 
 edition of the Universal Atlas must have been issued 
 before the date of that important event. 
 
CONCLUSION. 
 
 T now only remains to thank Mr. Basil H. 
 Soulsby, the Superintendent of the Map 
 Room in the British Museum, and his 
 assistant, Mr. T. C. Chubb, for the cordial 
 and ready help offered and rendered to the search, in 
 placing their knowledge of the resources of their De- 
 partment at the disposal of the writer. 
 
 With their kind assistance the bibliographical history 
 of Evans' Map has now been traced from 1755 to 1807 
 in no less than ten distinct and separate states : 
 2 issues of the original plate ; 
 5 issues of the Kitchin-Jefferys plate; 
 and 3 issues of the Bowles plate. 
 It is quite possible, indeed highly probable, that 
 other states, reprints, or variations exist which have 
 not as yet come under notice, particularly as this in- 
 vestigation has only been a very short time in hand. 
 When it is realized that the same old copper plate of 
 
Conclusion. 41 
 
 >, was re-issued in 1807 as ^ New and General 
 
 Map after a life of 51 years, with three intermediate 
 
 aliases, one is tempted to exclaim, " Good 'Evans, is it 
 
 possible !" Verily, as the Preacher of old hath it, 
 
 " there is no new thing under the sun." 
 
CHISVVICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND co. 
 
 TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. 
 
$94