}l .^ A .*> a 6^^ ^ STORY OF TH£N ATI 0Nl^^?7Tr=7^ .>t?t:: CDc ^torp of tbc jSations. SICILY THE STORY OF THE NATIONS. Large Crown 8vo, Cloth, 'Ilhistra/cd, 5s. The Volumes are also kepi in the follozuing Special Bindings . Half Persian, cloth sides, gilt top ; Full calf, half extra, marbled edges ; Tree calf, gilt edges, gold roll inside, full gilt hack. ROME. By Arthur Oilman, M.A. THE JEWS. By Prof. J. K. HilsMKR. GERMANY. By Rev. S. Baking-Gould, M.A. CARTHAGE. By Prof. Alfred J. Chukch. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By Prof. J. P. Mahaffy. THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By Stanley Lank Poolk. ANCIENT EGYPT. By Prof. (ll'.OK-liE RaWLINSON. HUNGARY. By Prof. Armi- Nius Vamhekv. THE SARACENS. By Arthur Oilman, M.A. IRELAND. By the Hon. Emily Lawless. CHALDEA. By Z^naide A, KaG(j/.in. THE GOTHS. By Henry I'.KAUI.EY. By Z^NAIDE A. ASSYRIA. Racd/.in. TURKEY. Poole. HOLLAND. ■Jll.iKoi.i) R MEDI.ffiVAL FRANCE. Oustave Masson. By Stanley Lane- By Prof. J. E. ,i-:].C. Xerxes was marching against Old Greece, and the patriotic Greeks who met in council at the Isthmus sent envoys to Gelon to ask for help. 1 Ic had the best reason in the world for not sending help to Old Greece, namely that he needed all his forces to defend Syracuse and all Greek Sicily against the Carthaginians. But a wonderful set of speeches are given by Herodotus as having passed between Gelon and the envoys. They are quite unsuited to the circumstances of the time, and they INVASIONS OF SICILY AND OLD GREECE. 79 were evidently made up afterwards by some clever Syracusan, as a satire on the airs which the cities of the mother-country gave themselves towards the colonies. The Lacedaemonian and Athenian envoys are made to insult Gelon in the very act of asking for help. It is enough to say that Gelon sent no help, and could not send any. And another story told how he sent an agent to watch the state of things in Greece. If the King should be successful, he was to give him a great sum of money not to come against Sicily. This agent was one Kadmos of Kos, who had been tyrant in his own island, but had given up the tyranny and had settled at Zankle with the Samians. It was thought a wonderful feat of virtue that, when Kadmos found that the money was not wanted, he brought it back safe to Gelon. And now the blow which had so long been looked for fell suddenly. Theron was at his new possession of Himera, Gelon was waiting at S}racusc, when the great fleet sailed from Africa under the command of Hamilkar, one of the SJiophctim of Carthage. These were the chief magistrates, who are compared to the Roman consuls and the Spartan kings ; the name is the same as that of the Hebrew Judges. The Greek writers commonly speak of them as kings. Hamilkar set forth with a vast force. The ships that carried the horses and war-chariots — for the Carthaginians still kept the fashion of the old Canaan — were sunk on the voyage. The rest of the fleet reached Panormos, and thence the ships sailed and the land forces marched to Himera. There Hamilkar pitched two camps, one close to the sea, the other on the hill, 8o FIRST WARS WITH CARTHAGE AND ETRURIA. west of the town. The east side towards the river, and the landward side seem to have been left open. We hear nothing of any action on the part of Anaxilas ; but the Selinuntines were bidden, and they promised in a letter, to send their horsemen to the camp on a certain day. Meanwhile Theron and his force made a sally and were defeated. So the Carthaginians held the country and plundered" every- where. But Theron was able to send a message to Gelon, who at once marched to his help with his whole force. He pitched his camp on the right bank of the Himeras, and his horsemen scoured the country and took many of the Punic plunderers. The hearts of the men of Himera rose. The story goes that the letters from Selinous to Hamilkar fell into the hands of Gelon, and that he settled to attack the Carthaginians on the day when the Selinuntine horsemen were looked for. That day was commonly said to have been the same as that of the battle of Salamis in Old Greece. The two fights were certainly fought much at the same time, in the autumn of the year B.C. 480. And there is nothing against the story that they were fought on the same day, except that the talc sounds too good to be true. We have two quite different accounts of the great battle which followed. One, as it was told at Carthage, is given us by Herodotus. lie says that the Syra- cusan version was different ; that we get from Diodoros. In the Carthaginian stor}- Hamilkar stands apart from the fight, like Moses or Samuel. All day, while the battle goes on, he throws whole burnt-offerings into the fire. At last, towards evening, news comes that BATTLE OF HIMERA. 8l his army is defeated ; he then throws himself into the fire, as the most costly gift of all. For this he was honoured as a hero wherever Carthage had power. This is a grand story, and truly Semitic, but it tells us nothing about the battle. In the Syracusan story also a sacrifice offered by Hamilkar has a chief place ; but that is the whole amount of likeness. Gelon is said to have sent horsemen who went to the camp by the sea, and passed themselves off for the Selinuntines who were looked for. As such, they were let in. They killed Hamilkar, as he was sacri- ficing — to Poseidon, this story says — and many others, and set fire to the ships. Then, at a given signal, Gelon attacked the land camp, but was kept in check by the bravery of the Iberian mercenaries. The day was at last settled b}- the coming up of Theron with the garrison of Himera. The whole barbarian host was killed or scattered, a (ew only escaping to the ships that were still at sea. Those who fled hither and thither were gradually hunted down and made slaves ; the Akragantines especially caught a vast number, and set them to work at Theron's great buildings. Thus Greek Sicily was saved from the Carthaginian invader, as Old Greece was saved from the Persian. Only the Persian was driven out for ever, while after seventy years the Carthaginian came again. Gelon now went back to Syracuse, and was received with all honours, even with the titles of the gods. Benefactor (evepjerT]^), Saviour (aoiTi^p), and King {^aaiK.ev'i). And indeed from this time he and his 7 82 FIRST WARS WITH CARTHAGE AND ETRURIA. successors are spoken of by Diodoros as kings, and Pindar freely gives that title to Gelon's successor Hieron, while he does not give it to Theron. Pre- sently envoys came from Carthage, and seemingly from Anaxilas, asking for peace. Selinous must now have been set free from Carthage, as we presently hear of it as an independent city. The Carthaginians had to pay a large sum of money, and to build two temples at Carthage in honour of the Greek goddesses DAMARATEION. of Sicily. But they were not disturbed in their possessions in western Sicily. And a story was told that Gclon made it one of the terms of peace that the Carthaginians should give up the practice of human sacrifices. This cannot be true ; for no people interfered in this way with the religion of another, and the Carthaginians certainly did not give up the practice. But they may have engaged not to sacrifice Greeks ; in any case he wlio devised the story well understood the difference between Greek and Phoenician religion, and all that was implied in a struggle between the two nations. DEATH OF GELON. 83 Gelon himself gave great gifts to the gods of his own people at Olympia and elsewhere. He built the temples of Demeter and the Kore on the south side of Epipolai, and he began another temple near /Etna which he did not finish. For he died two years after his great victory, in the year 478 B.C. He was buried with all honour, and commemorated by a stately tomb in the low ground between Epipolai and the Olympieion. He was reverenced at Syracuse as a hero and a second founder, and in after days, when the statues of all the other tyrants were taken down, those of the deliverer of Himera were spared. Gelon left a young son and three brothers, Hieron, Polyzelos, and Thrasyboulos. His power was to pass to Hieron, but Polyzelos was to have the command of the army, and was to marry Gelon's widow and take care of his son. This arrangement did not last. Hieron reigned splendidly, and gained great fame by getting round him all the poets and philosophers of his time, Simonides, yEschylus, Pindar, besides Epicharmos, the founder of Sicilian comedy. And above all, his chariots and horses won prizes in the games of Old Greece, and their victories were sung in the odes of Pindar. But his rule was suspicious and cruel. He set spies upon all the acts of the citizens of Syracuse, and he was specially jealous of his brother Polyzelos, who was much beloved. Him, it is said, he tried to get rid of in a war, perhaps in Italy, perhaps against the Sikels. Polyzelos fled to Theron at Akragas, and war broke out between Theron and Hieron. Some say that the two tyrants 84 FIRST WARS WITH CARTHAGE AND ETRURIA, were reconciled by the poet Simonides. Another story told how the people of Himera, oppressed by Theron's son Thrasydaios, offered their city to Hieron, who betrayed them to Theron. Then Theron, so well spoken of at Akragas, went to Himera, and slew many of his son's enemies. The whole story is told confusedly ; but Theron and Hieron were recon- ciled, and Hieron married a niece of Theron. The chief action of Hieron within Sicily, that of which he was most proud, was hardly to his credit. He wished to be equal to his brother, to have the honours of a founder. To win them, he moved the people of Naxos and Katane to Leontinoi. He then repeoplcd Katane with new citizens from various parts ; he enlarged its territory at the cost of the Sikels ; he then changed the name of the town to ^tna, and gave himself out as its founder. He called himself a man of yEtna, and as Hieron of yEtna he won some of his victories in the games. And though he never ventured to call himself king at Syracuse, he set up his }'oung son Dcinomenes as King of /Etna. The best side of Hieron is seen out of Sicih-, where he carries on Gelon's work as a champion of Hellas against barbarians. Gelon hardly meddled in Italian affairs. Hieron, early in his reign, in 477, was able, without striking a blow, to save Lokroi from a threatened attack by Anaxilas of Rhegion and Zankle. And in 474 he did a work which is placed alongside of the day of Himera. The Greeks of Italy were often hard pressed by the barbarians ; above all, Kymc was threatened by the REIGN OF HIERON. 85 Etruscans. Hieron sent help to the Greeks, and the fleets of Syracuse and Kyme won a great victory, which did much to break the Etruscan power, and gave Kyme a time of peace and prosperity. But an attempt to plant a S)Tacusan colony on the island of Pithekoussa or Ischia failed. In the British GELA. C. 480. SELINOUS. C. 440. Museum we ma)- still sec the helmet which Hieron dedicated for the Etruscan victory won in his name. Here Hieron won real glory ; but he did nothing to help other Greeks in Italy against other barbarians. Anaxilas was now dead, and the government of his two cities was carried on by his steward Mikythos on behalf of his two sons. Mikythos sent help to the people of Taras or Tarentum, who were threatened b\' the Messapians or lapygians in the heel of the boot. This is almost the only time that 85 FIRST WARS WITH CARTHAGE AND ETRURIA. we hear of that people as dangerous to the Greeks ; but it sounds hke a foreshadowing of the general action of the nations of southern Italy which was presently to come. The two Greek cities were utterly defeated by the Messapians, but Mikythos kept his hold on both Rhegion and Zankle. We have thus had to speak of the wars of Greeks against barbarians, both in Old Greece and in Sicily and Italy. Great victories were won ; but in Old Greece the barbarians were driven out for ever, while in Sicily they came again. In Old Greece again the wars were waged by free commonwealths, while in Sicily they were w^aged by tyrants. We have now to see the cities of Sicily get rid of their tyrants, and enter on a time, if not of great victories, yet of wonderful prosperity and of a nearer approach than usual to peace among themselves. VII. THE GREEKS OF SICILY FREE AND INDErENDENT. B.C. 472-433- [Our main authority now is tlie continuous history 'of Diodoros. He alone gives us any account of Ducetius. Pindar still helps us a little at the beginning, as he has odes addressed to citizens of Himera and Kamarina after they had recovered independence. The acts of Empe- dokles come from his Life by Diogenes Laertios, compiled from various earlier writers. There are notices in Pausanias and elsewhere, specially notices of Sicilian luxury in Athenaios. And we now begin to feel the use of inscriptions, though those that concern us as yet are very frag- mentary, and were graven, not in Sicily, but at Athens.] We now come to a time which we might call the golden age of Gi'cek Sicily. Its cities are both independent and free. The tyrants are driven out. No Greek is under a barbarian master, nor does any Greek city bear rule over any other. The cities arc wonderfully rich and flourishing, and are able to raise great buildings. We cannot say that there is no war either against barbarians or between one Greek city and another. But there is much less war than there is in the times cither before or after. And the most remarkable war is one waged between Greek FALL OF TYRANNY AT AKRAGAS. 89 cities and a Sikcl prince who was striving to bring about the unity and dominion of his own people. We have marked our dates from the beginning of deHverance, though it did not come all at once. In the year B.C. 472 Theron of Akragas died. What- ever men thought of him at Himera, he left behind him a good memory in his own city. He had greatly enlarged the town by taking in the great slope of the hill between the two rivers. He had made the walls which are still to be seen, and he had begun the great range of temples. At his death he re- ceived the honours of a hero, and was buried in a stately tomb in the burial-ground west of the city. The tomb in another part which is shown as his is of much later date. His power passed to his son Thrasydaios, who iiad ruled so ill at Himera. He ruled just as ill in Akragas. When, on what occasion we are not told, he began a war with Hieron, his power at once broke in pieces. Akragas and Himera, which had no tie but that of a common master, parted asunder, and became again indepen- dent commonwealths. Peace was made with Hieron, and Thrasydaios fled to Old Greece. There the people of the old Mcgara put him on his trial and put him to death. One can see no reason for this, unless that a tyrant was looked on as a common enemy of mankind, who might be brought to justice anywhere. Here was a great blow struck at the cause of tyrann\- in Sicil\-. And Hieron hardh' strengthened it when in 4G7 he stirred up the sons of Anaxilas to go GREEKS OF SICILY FREE AND INDEPENDENT. demand from Mikythos an account of his rule in Zankle and Rhegion. The faithful steward gave in an account which satisfied everybody, and the j-oung men asked Mikythos to go on managing things for them. But he would not stay where he had been sus- pected. He went to Old Greece, and died in honour at Tegea. The sons of Anaxilas now took the rule of his two cities into their own hands ; but they could not keep it so well as Mikythos had done. The next year the great stay of tyranny in Sicily was taken away. In 466 Hieron died at his own city of /Etna. There his son Deinomenes went on reigning, and made offerings at Olympia in his father's name. But the power of Hieron at Syracuse and in the rest of his dominions passed to his brother Thrasyboulos, the last of the four sons of the elder Deinomenes. But the people of Syracuse were now weary of tyranny, and they presently rose to upset the power of Thrasyboulos. But it was a hard matter to get rid of him. For he had many mercenaries in his pay, and the men of /Etna came to fight for the house of their founder. Between them they held the fortified parts of Syracuse, both the Island and Achradina which Gelon had joined on to it. The men of Syracuse were driven to besiege their own city from outside. Ikit the cause of Syracuse was felt to be the cause of freedom everywhere. From all parts, Greek and Sikcl, which had been subject to Hieron or where men had dreaded his power, helpers flocked to Syracuse. The tyrant was defeated in two battles by land and sea, and he presently agreed to surrender everything and go away c^uietly. He went and lived at Lokroi, ALL THE CITIES FREE. 9I where the memory of Hieron was doubtless honoured. At the same time or soon after, the sons of Anaxilas were driven out of Zankle and Rhegion. The cities which had been under the rule of the lords of Syracuse again set up for themselves ; even fallen Kamarina rose again, this time not as an outjo;t of Syracuse, but as a free colony of Gela. Thus all the Sikeliot cities were again independent, and all were free commonwealths, save only yEtna, where Dcinomenes still reigned. So the famous line of the tyrants of Gela and Syracuse passed away from both those cities, and we are surprised to find that it had lasted only eighteen years. The cities were now free, with neither tyrants within nor masters from outside. But it was not easy to settle the state of the new commonwealths after so many changes. The tyranny had swept away the old distinctions. At Syracuse, the city of whose affairs we hear most, there are no signs of any more disputes between the old Gamoroi and the old commons. But new distinctions had arisen. In the first ^eal of deliverance men set up the feast of the Elenthcria in honour of Zeus Eleuthcrios, the god of freedom, and they admitted the mercenaries and others to whom the tyrants had granted citizenship to the same rights as themselves. But the two classes did not agree, and after a while (463) the old citizens, being the greater number, passed a vote that those whose citizenship dated only from the time of the tyrants should not be able to hold magistracies. The ex- cluded class flew to arms. If fewer in number, they were better at fighting, and they again held the 92 GREEKS OF SICILY FREE AND INDEPENDENT. Island and Achradina against the old citizens. This led to another enlargement of the city. The suburb of Tycha, outside Achradina on the north side of the hill, was fortified by the Syracusan besiegers of Syracuse, and became part of the city. The war went on for about three years, and it is not clear how it came to an end. But at last (461) the mercenaries were got rid of somehow. Something of the same kind, disputes between the old citizens and the new, must have been going on in other cities also. For a general vote was passed by all the Sikeliot commonwealths that all the mer- cenaries everywhere should be settled in the one territory of Messana. This implies that that territory was open to settlement. It is moreover the first time that the name j\Icssaiia, Mcssciic, Messina, is given to the town which had hitherto been called Zankle. The dates are confused ; but it was certainly about this time that the last Mcssenian war was going on in Peloponnesos. Many Messenians were scattered abroad, and one cannot helj) thinking that it was now that the Messenian settlement at Zankle happened, and that the city changed its name. It was the first town that took that name. Messene in Peloponnesos had hitherto been the name of a land, and the town of Messene there was not founded till a hundred years later, Messana had the most motley population of any town in Sicily, and its policy was the most given to change, as one or the other party had the upper hand. In one city even now the house of the tyrants still reigned. But Greeks and Sikels joined to drive Deinomenes and the Ilieronian settlers out of yEtna. WEALTH OF AKRAGAS. 93 The Sikels were led by their famous prince Ducetius, of whom we shall hear again, ^tna once more became Katane ; the old citizens came back ; the honours of Hieron were abolished, and his tomb was destroyed. But his settlers, and doubtless their king with them, were allowed to occupy the Sikcl town of Inessa, further inland and nearer to the mountain. Its name was also for a while changed to /Etna. Thus the Greek cities of Sicily fell back, as far as they could, on the state of things which had been before the rise of the tyrants. Each city was again an independent commonwealth. Those cities which, like Syracuse and Akragas, had borne rule over others, now lost their dominion, and with it that kind of greatness which comes of dominion. They gained instead freedom at home. The constitutions of the cities were everywhere democratic, or more nearly so than they had been before. And the cities were wonderfully rich and flourishing. Above all, strange tales are told of the wealth and luxury of the rich men of Akragas. But, after so many shocks and changes, above all after so many movements of men from one place to another, there were many causes of dispute within the cities. Men in Old Greece contrasted the constant changes in Sicily with the stability of the older cities where the same people had lived for ages. It is only at Syracuse and Akragas that we get any details. At Syracuse there were, naturally enough, disputes about the rights of particular men to lands and citizenship. And, what no democratic forms can hinder, there seem to have 94 GREEKS OF SICILY FREE AND INDEPENDENT. grown up a kind of official class which kept affairs in its own hands. Thus there arose dcnmgogiies, leaders of the people. This name was in its origin perfectly honourable, marking a lawful and useful position, though one which might easily be abused. The demagogue commonly spoke against the ad- ministration of affairs at the time, and he could sometimes carry a vote of the people in opposition to the magistrates. And it marks an exclusive kind of feeling on the part of a governing class when we hear complaints that all the young men gave them- selves up to making speeches. For this was the time when oratory was becoming an art. And it began to be so first in Sicily. The first teachers of rhetoric were the Syracusans Korax and Tisias, and after them the more famous Gorgias of Leontinoi. There was always a certain fear that the dema- gogue might grow into a tyrant. He did so both in earlier and later times. At this time there were no tyrants in Sicily ; but there were men who were suspected of aiming at tyranny. There were several such at S}'racuse. Thus about the }'ear 454 one Tyndarion gave himself out as the champion of the poor, and his followers formed themselves into a voluntary body-guard. The body-guard was the very badge of tyranny. T)-ndari6n was there- fore charged with treason, and was sentenced to death. But his followers rose, and, instead of being lawfully put to death, he was killed in the tumult. Presently the Syracusans adopted a law in imitation of the Athenian ostracisiii. That name is often mis- used. At Athens it meant that, when the state was POLITICS OF SYRACUSE. 95 thought to be in danger, a vote was taken in which every citizen wrote on a tile (oarpaKov) the name of any man whose presence he thought dangerous. If 6000 citizens named the same man, he had to leave Athens for ten years. He could hardly be said to be banished, and he was in no way disgraced. He kept his property, and at the end of the ten years he came back to his full rights. Indeed his friends were often able to carry a vote to call him back before the time. At Athens this law worked well for a season, while the democracy was weak. When the democracy was fully established, it became needless, and gradually went out of use. We know much less of the working of the same institution at S\'racuse. There it was called petalism, because the name was written on a leaf {TreroKov). The time of absence was five )-ears. We know nothing of the details, whether they were the same as those at Athens or not. We are told that it worked badly, and was soon abolished by general consent. For it is said that, while it was in force, the best men with- drew from public affairs and left them to the worst men in the city. There may be some truth in this ; for, after so many changes, political differences were likely to be much more bitter at Syracuse than at Athens. But these accounts clearly come from writers hostile to democrac}-. And it is quite certain that Syracuse was at this very time very flourishing at home and could act a very vigorous part abroad. The constitution of Akragas after the fall of the tyrants seem to have been less strictly democratic than that of Syracuse. What we know about it g6 GREEKS OF SICILY FREE AND INDEPENDENT. comes from the Life of the philosopher Empedokles. About him there is a silly story, how he threw himself into the furnace of ^tna, that men might think that he had become a god. And, as so often happens, this silly story has stuck to his name rather than any of his real actions. There is something very strange about Empedokles. He seems to have given himself out as having a divine mission, and his followers believed that he did many wonders, even to raising the dead. He was certainly a poet and a physician, and he most likely had a knowledge of nature beyond his time. He cleansed rivers and did other useful works. And he was the foremost man in the common- wealth of Akragas in that day. He refused the tyranny or supreme power in some shape ; he brought about the condemnation of some men who were aiming at t}'ranny ; he lessened the power of the senate, and so made the state more democratic. In after days, when the Athenians came into Sicily and warred against Syracuse, and when Akragas was bitterly jealous of Syracuse, Empedokles helped the Syracusans against Athens. For thus preferring the interests of all Sicily to the passions of his own city, Empedokles was banished from Akragas. He went to Old Greece and died, and was buried at the elder Megara. One can believe that the jealousy between Syracuse and Akragas, between the first city in the island and the second, had been handed on from the days of the tyrants or earlier. But it was at least greatly strength- ened by events in the wars of the time. For, though gS GREEKS OF SICILY FREE AND INDEPENDENT. the time was comparatively peaceful, there were wars. In 453 the commonwealth of Syracuse undertook to chastise the Etruscan pirates, just as Hieron had done. A fleet went forth and ravaged the whole Etruscan coast. Much spoil was brought in, and it would almost seem as if the Syracusans made some settlements in the islands of Corsica and Elba ; but, if so, they did not last. And there was a war in the west of Sicily, of which we can make out nothing distinctly ; but it looks as if Akragas and Sclinous won some advantages over the Phoenicians. In neither of these meagre accounts do we see Akragas and Syracuse coming across one another in any way, friendly or unfriendl}'. It was another war with barbarians in which we hear of them in both wa}'s, and which led to a lasting jealousy between the two cities. This sprang out of the last and greatest attempt of the Sikels to throw off the dominion of the Greeks in their own island. Many of the Sikels on the coast had been made bondmen ; but their inland towns were independent, and had largely taken to Greek ways. But they were hampered and kept in the background in their own land, and the more they felt themselves the equals of the Greeks, the less would they abide any Greek sui)eriority. They had now a great leader among them, that Ducetius of whom we have already heard as helping against the Hieronians at Katane. He strove to unite his people, and to win back for them the full possession of their own island. His schemes must have been very like those of Philip of Macedon a hundred years later. He would found a RISE OF DUCETIUS. 99 state which should be poHtically Sikcl, but which should have all the benefit of Greek culture. He would be King- of Sicily or of as great a part of it as he could, with his royal throne in one of the great Greek cities. But Philip inherited an established kingdom, which he had only to enlarge and strengthen ; Ducetius had to create his Sikel state from the begin- ning. He started about the year 459, by founding the town of Menaenum, now Mineo, on the hill above the lake of the Palici, the special gods of his people. There mighty walls are to be seen, most likely of his building. From that centre, in the space of six years, he brought together most of the Sikel towns, all, it is said, except the Galeatic Hybia, into an union of some kind under his own headship. Unluckily we can say no more ; of the terms of union we know nothing. For the power thus called into being he founded in 453 a new capital close by the holy lake, and bearing the name of Palica. He then came down from the hills to the plain, just as Philip came down from Aigai or Edessa to Pella. This was a step in advance ; his next step, if possible, would have been to the sea. But we may be sure that he wished above all things to put his state under the protection of the great Sikel gods. As yet Ducetius had not attacked any Greek city. His first step in that way was to besiege and take Inessa, now called ^tna. Thither, it will be remem- bered, the Hieronian settlers in the other ^tna, that is, Katane, were allowed to move. Ducetius himself had helped to place them in the Sikel town. No Greeks gave any help to the remnant of the friends 100 GREEKS OF SICILY FREE AND INDEPENDENT. of the tyrants, perhaps with Dcinomcnes still calling himself their king. It was otherwise when Ducetius attacked the Akragantine town or post of Motyon. Ducetius was now so powerful that Akragas had to seek help at Syracuse. Ducetius won a battle against the joint forces of the two Greek cities, and took Motyon. The Syracusan general was charged with treason and was put to death. The Syracusans then sent a greater force, and, while the Akragantines besieged and recovered Motyon, they defeated Ducetius in a second battle. Defeat was what a power like that formed by Ducetius could not bear. There wms no tradition of union among those whom he had brought together. All gradually forsook him, and the man who had striven to found the unity of his people was left alone, and in danger of his life. Ducetius now took a bold step. He would throw himself on the generosity and the religious feelings of his enemies. He rode to Syracuse by night ; how he passed the gate we are not told ; but in the morn- ing all Syracuse saw the dreaded Sikel king sitting as a supf^liant at the altars of the gods of the agora. An assembly was at once held. Some were for put- ting him to death ; but there was a general cry of " Save the Suppliant." Ducetius' life was spared, but he was not allowed to stay in Sicily. The Syra- cusans -sent him to their metropolis Corinth, under a promise to live there quietly on a maintenance which the commonwealth of Sj'racuse supplied him with. The Akragantines were much displeased with the FOUNDATION OF KALE AKXi. lOI Syracusaiis for thus sparing the common enemy. And they were the more angry at what presently happened. Ducctius no doubt learned a great deal by living in a great city of Old Greece, and he made friends there. Before long he gave out that the gods had bidden him to plant a colony in Sicily. He set forth with companions who must have been mainly Greeks, and began his settlement at the same place, Kale Akte on the north coast, where Skythes of Zankle had once wished the lonians of Asia to settle. The Akragantines said that this could not have happened without at least the connivance of the Syracusans. A war broke out in which each side had allies ; we are not told who they were. The Syracusans had the better ; peace was made ; we are not told on what terms. But from that time Akragas always had a grudge against Syracuse. This war gave Ducetius time to go on with his settlement. Many joined him, both Greeks and Sikels ; he was specially helped by the neighbouring Sikel prince Archonides of Herbita. His Greek name is worth marking, as distinguished from the evidently Latin name of Ducetius. The new town grew and prospered, and Ducetius was supposed to be again planning greater things. But the chances of the Sikels came to an end when he died of disease in 444. Many of the Sikel towns remained in- dependent ; but tiieir only hope now was to make themselves Greek, which they gradually did. And Syracuse conquered some of those which were near her own territory. One was Trinacia, the town which had in some sort criven its name to the island. 102 GREEKS OF SICILY FREE AND INDEPENDENT. Another was Ducetius' own Palica, which was de- stroyed. Thus all the great schemes of the Sikel prince came to an end. But he had done something. He had at least founded three towns, two of which lived on for many ages, and one of which, Menaenum, now Mineo, lives on still. For several years after this time there is no Sicilian PANORMOS. C. 420 E.G. MESSANA. C. 420 B.C. history. We hear only that about the year 439, or perhaps somewhat later, Syracuse began to make great preparations for something. She built a fleet ; she doubled the number of her horsemen ; she was thought to be aiming at the dominion of all Sicily. Nothing more is told us ; but it is plain that we have here the beginning of the story which we shall have to tell in our next chapter. The Chalkidians of Sicily and Italy were thoroughly frightened, and GREAT PREPARATIONS OF SYRACUSE. 103 they began to seek for allies in Old Greece. Till this time Sicily has been pretty well a world of its own, and for the last generation a very prosperous world. The Greek cities were free and flourishing. The failure of the plans of Ducetius showed what was the destiny of the native races. Carthage kept quiet. She was no doubt only biding her time, and, before her time came, we have to tell what happened when Sicily became mixed up in the wars of Old Greece, and \\hen the destiny of the greatest powers of Old Greece was fought out in the waters of Syracuse. viri. THE SILVRE OF SICILY IN THE WARS OF OLD GREECE. B.C. 433-4C9- [We have now, for the only time in the history of Greek Sicily, the narrative of a contemporary historian of the first rank. Through the whole of this chapter, except a very short time just at the end, we have the guidance of the Athenian Thucydides. In his earlier books we have to pick out what concerns Sicily from the general story of the Pelopon- nesian war. In the sixth and seventh books Sicily is the main subject, and they are the noblest pieces of contemporary history ever written. In the eighth book we have again to pick out what concerns Sicily from the general narrative, and just before the end we lose Thucydides, and are left to the very inferior, but still contemporary, Xenophon. When Thucydides is to be had, we are tempted to despise Diodoros ; and, during the greater part of the story, his account is, strange to say, below the usual level of his Sicilian work. But in some places he gives us valuable matter which he has clearly copied from the contemporary Syracusan historian Philistos. Philistos was indeed more than a contem- porary ; in all the latter part of the war he w as an actual eye\yitncss and actor. The earlier Syracusan historian Antiochos ended with the con- ference at Gela in B.C. 423. And we have some subsidiary contemporary sources. There are many references to things that concern us in the plays of the Athenian comic poet Aristophanes, and the Athenian Iso- krates, though he lived so long that he seems to belong to a later time, was con-temporary with the great siege, and he has left a remark or two about it. Among the Lives of riutarch, too, those of Nikias and Alki- biades,deal with this time, and they preserve many things from Philistos 104 SPARTA AND ATHENS. 105 and other lost writers. And, as usual, we pick up things occasionally in writers of all kinds, as Pausauias, Polyainos, Athenaios. Altogether there is no time before or after for which we have so much and so good materials.] We have now come to a time in which the Greek cities of Sicily get mixed up, in a way in which they have not been before, with the disputes of the mother- country. The more part of the Old Greek cities were now divided into two great alliances. These were Sparta with her following, and Athens with hers. Sparta was the head of the Dorians, Athens of the lonians. Sparta was old-fashioned, oligarchic, slow to act. Athens was fond of new things, democratic, daring in enterprise. Sparta was strong by land and Athens by sea. But though in their home govern- ments Sparta represented oligarchy and Athens democracy, yet in her dealings with other cities, Sparta had made herself better liked than Athens. The allies of Sparta were willing allies who followed her by traditional attachment. The so-called allies of Athens were mostly cities which she had lately brought under her dominion and which paid her tribute. When she had any willing allies, they were almost always cities which joined her out of some grudge against Sparta or some other member of the Lacedaemonian alliance. Before many )'ears had passed, men found that Sparta, as a ruling city, was much more oppressive than Athens. But as yet Sparta represented free alliance and Athens repre- sented subjection. The LacedxMnonian cause was therefore popular throughout Greece. At this moment the two 'racuse, following the best side of Hicron of old, sent into Italy to help Kroton against the neighbouring Bruttians. But the generals Sosistratos and Hera- kleides refused Agathokles the rewards of his valour. They were then the chief men in Syracuse, and a bad report is given of them. They were the leaders of an oligarchic club of 600 men, whom Agathokles denounced as conspiring to set up a t}'rann}\ Banished, it would seem, he became an adventurer and mercenary captain in Italy. One time we find him defending Rhegion, the city of his forefathers, against a Syracusan army. Presently Sosistratos and his party were banished, and Agathokles was recalled. The banished men sought help from the Carthaginian general Hamilkar, and Agathokles again distinguished himself in the war against them. Next we hear of a Corinthian named Akestorides being general at Syracuse, as if he had been another Timoleon. He seeks the life of Agathokles, who again escapes. 236 THE TYRANNY OF AGATHOKLES. Another change brings back Sosistratos and Hera- kleides, who call Hamilkar to their help, while Agathoklcs commands a force from the inland towns, the old Sikcl towns which had now taken to Greek ways. But he wins over Hamilkar, and by his mediation, he is again received at Syracuse, on taking a most solemn oath to be faithful to the commonwealth. Presently he was chosen general, and was charged with a special commission to bring about peace among contending parties. Never did any man more foully betray a trust than Agathokles did. Some of the party of Sosistratos had left Syracuse, and were trying to establish them- selves in one of the inland towns. Under cover of marching against them, Agathokles got together his soldiers, and being joined by his partisans in Syracuse, they made a general massacre, which lasted for two days, of the whole party of the six hundred. Then he called an assembly ; he congratulated the people on winning back their freedom ; he said that, as this was done, he wished to lay aside his office and to live as a private man. They of course again elected him general with full powers, the style under which Dionysios had seized the tyranny. But Agathoklcs did not put on the state of a tyrant ; he trusted himself to the people, and had no body-guard. Slaughter and banishment ceased till he found it convenient to try them again. So in the year B.C. 317, began the new tyranny over Syracuse and a great part of Sicily. The object of Agathokles, even more than that of Dionysios, was to make himself lord of all Sicily, or HIS RISE TO POWER. 2T,y of as great a part of it as he could. He first brouglit under his power many of the inland towns — a little time back we should have said the Sikel towns — and he even — with the connivance, it is said, of Hamilkar — carried his arms into the Punic territory. When this was known at Carthage, Hamilkar was recalled ; a lucky death saved him from the fate which he might have met at home, and another general of his oivn name, Hamilkar, son of Gisgon, was sent out to take his place. We hear nothing clearly about the doings of Agathokles for some time, but about the year 315, we find him warring against Messana, which was saved by Carthaginian help. But he took Abacxnum, the Sikel town from whose territory Dionysios had cut off his new town of Tyndaris, and there did a small massacre, only forty of the party opposed to him. All this showed how dangerous he was to all the Sicilian commonwealths. Akragas, above all, ever jealous of Syracuse and now the special shelter of Syracusan exiles, took counsel how best to withstand him. As had been so often done before, the enemies of Agathokles sent for a leader from Old Greece, naturally not from Corinth, metropolis of Syracuse, but from Sparta, even now renowned as the head of all Dorian states. Fallen from her old power, she still kept her laws and her kings. As King Archida- mos had gone to help the Greeks in Italy against barbarian neighbours, so Akrotatos, son of King Kleomenes, came to help the Greeks of Sicily against a Greek tyrant. They no doubt hoped that he would be as Timolcon ; he was not even as Archidamos or as 238 THE TYRANNY OF AGATHOKLES. Alexander. He did nothing in war ; he disgusted men by his pride and his luxury, most unlike a Spartan. At last he caused the murder of Sosistratos the Syracusan exile ; and then he had to flee. But, deprived of this expected help, the Akragantines and Geloans lost heart, and under the mediation of Hamilkar, a treaty was made with Agathokles. Therma, Herakleia, and Selinous, were to remain Carthaginian possessions ; the other Greek cities in Sicily were to be free, but under the overlordship of Syracuse or her master. Messana alone stood aloof, and there the Syracusan exiles w^ere still received. It was thought at Carthage that more favourable terms might have been had, and Hamilkar was greatly blamed. Messana had been left out of the treaty. About the year 312 we again find Agathokles warring against that city. He did not take it, but he contrived to get into his hands 600 men from Messana and Tauro- menion and slew them. He then marched against Akragas, which was saved by the coming of a Punic fleet ; but he went on and ravaged several places in the Punic territory. He was now thoroughly com- mitted to war with Carthage. The Syracusan exiles therefore took the opportunity to pray for a great Punic force to be sent into Sicily. Even in the time of Dionysios Vv'e should have called them traitors ; but men now felt that the yoke of Carthage was less heavy than the j-oke of Agathokles. But, besides asking for Punic help, they did what they could themselves. Two gallant, but unsuccessful, attempts were made by the exiles to free Centuripa and Galaria, nis coxQUESTs. 239 two inland towns which were held by Agathokles' garrisons. His recovery of them was niar]. Archagathos, the younger, con- spires against his grandfather, 259 ; slain by Mainon, 262 Archias, founder of Syracuse, 42, 59 Archidamos, king of Sparta, slain at Manduria, 231 Archimedes, kinsman of Hieron II., 294; at the siege of Syra- cuse, 304 ; his death, 312 ; his engines in Marcellus's ovation, 314 _ Archonides I., Sikel king, helps Ducetius to found Kale Akte, 1 01, 161 ; ally of Athens, 108, 124 ; his death, 124 Archonides II., Sikel king, founds Haljesa, 161 Arete, daughter of Dionysios, and wife of Dion, 200, 201 ; given in marriage to Timokrates, 20I ; taken back by Dion, 213 ; sus- pects Kallippos, 214 ; his treat- ment of, 215 ; her death, id. Arethousa, fountain of, 37, 42 Argos, sends contingent to Athe- nian army, 114; Pyrrhos slain at, 271 Aristijipos of Kyrene, Dionysios' treatment of, 191 Aristomache, wife of Dionysios, 165, 200 ; welcomes Dion's re- turn, 213 ; suspects Kallippos, 214 ; his treatment of, 215 ; her death, ?7;. Ariston of Corinth, improves Syra- cusan naval tactics, 12S Aristos of Sparta, supports Diony- sios, 160 Asdrubal, his defeat at the Krimi- sos, 225-7 Asdrubal, his attack on Panormos, 284 ; his victory off Drepana, 286 Ashtoreth, worshipped at Eryx, 14, 27 Assinaros, river, Athenian slaugh- ter at, 136 Athenagoras, his speech at Syra- cuse, 115 Athenion, general under Salvius, 329 ; succeeds him as king, id. ; killed, id. Athens, her relations to Sparta, 105 ; her alliances in Sicily, 106, 108 ; helps to found Thou- rioi, 106 ; Sikeliot appeals to, 107, 108 ; generals accept peace ofCiela, IIO; embassy to Sicily 422 B.C., Ill; Segesta a]ipeals to, 1 12 ; story of the envo)s, 113; ex])edition to .Sicily voted, 114 ; action of Nikias, 117; battle by the Anapos, 118; Nikias asks for reinforcements, 119; beginning of siege of Syra- cuse, 121 ; second expedition voted, 127 ; defeat at sea, 12S, 131 ; coming of Demosthenes, 358 INDEX. 129 ; last battle and retreat, 132-6 ; end of the invasion, 137 ; Sikeliots, imprisoned by, 139 ; decrees in honour of Dionysios, 180, 194 ; recep- tion of Dionysios' tragedies at, 190, 194 ; her alliance with him, 194 Atilius, A., invades Panormos, 146, 282 ; takes it, 282, 283 Augusta, see Xiphonia Augustus, see Ciesar, G. O. B Bacchiads of Corinth, 58 Balearic Isles taken by Gaiseric, 346 Barbarians^ meaning of the name, 21 Belisarius, his expedition against the Vandals, 348 ; wins back Sicily, 348, 349 ; effect of his conquest, 350 Beneventum, battle of, 271 Boeo, Cape, see Lilybaion Bomilkar, in command against Agathoklcs, 244 Bomilkar at the siege of Syracuse, 30S; seeks reinforcements, 309; goes to Tarentum, ih. Bruttians, war of, with Krolon, 235 ; Segestans sold to, 252 C Cadiz, 23 Ccesar, G. J., at Lilybseum, 332 ; his death foretold, ib. Csesar, G. O. (Augustus), his war with Sextus, 333-5 ; makes peace with him, 335 ; his second war with Sextus, 336-9 ; master of Sicily, 339 ; his Sicilian ovation, ib. ; plants colonies in Sicily, 340 Calabria part of the tlienie of , Sicily, 353 Caltabellotta, said to be site of Kamikos, 33 ; whether identical with Triocahi, 329 Caitavulturo, see I'orgium Campanian mercenaries, under Hannibal, 141 ; help Diony- sius, 159; take Entella, ib.; settle at /Etna, 175; Timo- leon's dealings with, 229 ; in the camp of Archagathos, 262 ; seize on Messana, ib. ; take the name of Mamertines, 263 ; ra- vage Rhegion, 273 ; chastised by the Romans, 273, 277 Canaan, gods of, worshipped in Sicily, 21, 26 Caracalla, Emperor, his edict, 344 Carthage, origin of the name, 23 ; her dependencies in Sicily, 24, 66 ; war with, to avenge Dorieus, 74; her alliance with Persia, 77 ; invades Sicily under Hamilkar, 77-81 ; Shophetini of, 79 ; treaty with Gelon, 82 ; cult of the goddesses at, 82, 180; Athenian embassy to, 120; second invasion of Sicily, 140 seqq.; spoil from Akragas sent to, 150 ; treaty with Dionysios, 154 ; his embassy to, 166 ; Sicilian Greeks rise against, ib.; sends Himilkon, 171 ; victory off Katane, 175 ; besieges Syra- cuse, 176-179; defeat of, 179; invasion of, under Magon, 183; makes peace with Dionysios, 184 ; first war in Italy, 192 ; fresh peace with Dionysios, ib. ; robe of Lakinian Hera sold to, 193 ; fresh war with Dionysius, 194 ; makes peace with his son, I95i 199 ; Hiketas in league with, 216, 218 ; envoys at Tauro- menion, 219 ; admitted into Syracuse l)y Hiketas, 222 ; cru- cifies Magon, 222 ; war of, with Timolcdn, 225-227 ; defeat at the Krimisos, 227 ; supports the tyrants, 227 ; makes peace with Timoleun, 228 ; recalls Hamilkar, 237 ; treaty with Agatiiokles, 238 ; help sought by Syracusan exiles, ib. ; naval losses, 239 ; victory at the Hi- INDEX. 359 meras, 240, 241 ; her position in Africa, 242 ; expedition of Agathokles against, 243-251 ; Akragas throws off her aUiance, 249 ; defeats Archagathos, 250 ; peace made with, by the Greek soldiers, 251 ; treaty of Aga- thokles with, 255 ; Mainon's alliance with, 262 ; supports Phintias, 263 ; besieges Syra- cuse, 264 ; her alliance with Rome, 267, 272 ; withstands Pyrrhos, 267, 271 ; fortifies Lilybaion, 270 ; alliance with Hieron, 273, 277 ; wars of, with Rome, 276-290, 295-317; makes peace with Rome, 290 ; em- bassy of Hieronymos to, 296 ; second peace of, with Rome, 318; taken by Scipio, 323; under Gaiseric, 346 Cassibile, see Kakyparis Cassiodorus, his notices of Sicilian matters, 347 Castrogiovanni, origin of the name, 20 Catania, plain of, 17, 18, a)!d see Katane Catulus, G. L. , his victory off Aigousa, 289 ; makes terms with Hamilkar, 290 Caucana, Belisarius sets sail from, Centuripa, Centorbi, Sikel site, 20 ; tyrants at, 229 ; held by Agathokles, 238 ; attacked by him, 250 ; position of, under Rome, 322, 340 ; specially favoured as regards land, 322 Cephalcedium, Cefalii, Sikel site, 20; betrayed to Dionysios, 182; taken by Agathokles, 250 ; joins Deinokrates, 254 ; Agathokles negotiates for, 255 Cethegus, Prcetor, 314, 315 Chaironeia, battle of, 230 Chalkis, metropolis of Naxos, 40, 41 ; of Zankle, 48 ; its treat- ment by Athens, 1 19 Charles the Great, crowned at Rome, 350 Charondas, his code of law's, 57, 65 ; story of his death, 65 Charybdis, tale of, 30 Chersikrates, founder of Korkyra, 42 C/iJia, land of the Pha'nicians, 21 Christianity preached in Sicily, .342 Cicero, his speeches against Verres, .319, 330-332 Cilician pirates enslaved in Sicily, .325 Citizenship, right of, in old com- monwealths, 58 Claudius A., Roman pr?etor, 296 ; Syracusan negotiations with, 298, 299 ; with the fleet at Syracuse, 300 ; at the siege of Syracuse, 304 Claudius P., defeated off Drepana, 286 Colonies, nature of, 10, 11 Constans II., Emperor, at Syra- cuse, 352 ; killed, id. Constantina, Empress, appeals to Gregory the Great on behalf of Sicily, 351 Constantina IV., Emperor, wins back Sicily, 352 Constantine V., Emperor, 353 Constantine VI., Emperor, 353 Constantinople, seat of the Em- pire, 349 ; its connexion with Sicily, 350 Corinth, her colonies and their re- lations, 41, 42 ; mediates be- tween Syracuse and Hippo- krates, 71 ; Ducetius sent to, 100 ; Syracusan embassy to, 120, 160 ; embassy of Dionysios to 176; Syracusan appeal to, 216 ; sends Timoleon, 217 ; Dionysios the younger sent to, 220 ; sends settlers to Syracuse, 223 ; Leptines sent to, 224; Carthaginian spoil sent to, 227 Corn, Sicily the market of, for Rome, 19, 317, 324, 334, 338, 351 ; for Gaul, 347 Cornelius G. takes Panormos, 282 360 INDEX. Cornificius, Q., his retreat before Sextus, 338 Corsica, possible Syracusan settle- ment in, 98 ; claimed by Rome, 290 ; ceded by Carthage, 320 ; taken by Sextus, ^1,1,, 334; confirmed to him at Misenum, 335 ; joins Coesar, 336 ; taken by Gaiseric, 346 Crete, independent cities in, 14; settlers from, at Gela, 49 Crispinus, T. Q., commands at siege of Syracuse, 305, 308 ; pestilence in his army, 309 Cuma;, battle off, 336, and see Kyme Cyprus, compared with Sicily, 5 ; rhoenicians in, 22 D Daidalos, stoiy of, 32 Uamarata, wife of Gelon, 74 ; marries Polyzelos, 83 ; her tomb destroyed by Himilkon, 177 Damareta, wife of liadranodoros, 297 ; put to death, 299 Damarista, mother of Timoleon, 217 Damas, promotes Agathokles, 235 Damippos, as to his ransom, 306 Damophilos, defeats Xenodikos, 249 Damophilos of Henna, his treat- ment of his slaves, 325 ; killed by them, 326 Daphnaios, Syracusan general, be- fore iVkragas, 149 Darius I., King of Persia, 69 ; re- ceives Skythes of Zanklc, 70 Darius II., his alliance with Sparta, 137 Deinokrates, joins Ilamilkar, 245; withstands Agathokles, 250, 254 ; negotiates with him, 255 ; his defeat, 256 ; Agathokles' treatment of, il). ; slays I'asi- philos, 257 Deinomenes, father of (ieli'in, 71 Deinomenes, son of Ilicrnii, King of /I'Una, 84, 90; (hi\eii cnil of yEtna, 92 Delphi, designs of Dionysios on, 191 Demagogues at Syracuse, 94 Demeter and Persephone, legend of, 29, 35 ; temple of, at Syra- cuse, 83, 176; temples of Car- thage, 82, 180 ; solemnity of oath by, 214; Corinthian ship consecrated to, 217 ; Agathokles ofiers up his ships to, 243 Demetrios the Besieger, 258 Demochares, in command under Sextus, 336, 337 ; cuts off Lepi- dus' reinforcements, 338 Democracy, origin of, 58 ; defined by Athenagoras, 115 Demos of Athens, 59 Demosthenes, appointed general, 114, 127; his plan of attack, 129 ; counsels retreat, 130 ; surrenders, 134; put to death, 136 Dexippos, commands at Akragas, 147 ; suspected of bribery, 149, 150; commands at Gela, 151; sent back by Dionysios, 152 Dikaiopolis, see Segesta Diodoros, his Sicilian history, 8, 31, 76, 104, 140, 156, 319 ; his version of the l)attle of Himera, So ; gives the kingly title to Gelon, 82 Diokles of Syracuse, his code of laws, 138 ; negotiates with Plannibal, 143 ; marches back to Syracuse, 144 ; banished from vSyracuse, 146 Dion, Life of, by Plutarch and Cor- nelius Nepos, 156, 197 ; favoured by Dionysios the elder, 200 ; per- suades Plato to revisit Syracuse, 201 ; banished, ib. ; treatment of his property and wife, ib. ; re- ceives S])artan citizenship, 202; his expedition against Dionysios the younger, 202 seqq. ; enters Syracuse, 204 ; chosen general, 205 ; drives out the mercenaries, //'. ; negotiations of Dionysios with, 206 ; Dionysios' letter to, 207 ; charges against, ib. ; INDEX. 361 counsels acceptation of Diony- sios' terms, 20S ; deprived of his generalship, 209 ; retires to Leontinoi, i/i.; his return, 211, 212 ; his treatment of his enemies, 212 ; reconciled to Herakleides, 213; recovers the Island, 213 ; refuses to destroy tomb of Dionysios, ib. ; con- nives at murder of Herakleides, 214; plots against, ib.\ his death, 215; Plato's schemes for his son, 162 Dionysios the elder, escapes the fate of Hermokrates, 146 ; his speech in the assembly, 151 ; chosen general, ib.; his conduct at Gela and Leontinoi, 151, 152 ; established as tyrant, 152; his marriage, ib. ; empties Gela and Kamarina, 153 ; treatment of his wife, ib. ; recovers his power at Syracuse, 154 ; his treaty with Himilkon, ib.; great- ness of his power, 157, 184 ; fortifies Ortygia, 158; his Sikel wars, 158, 161 ; revolt against, ib.; his policy to his besiegers, 159; his alliance with Sparta, 160 ; his treatment of Naxos and Katane, 161 ; extends the Syracusan fortifications, 164 ; founds Iladranum, z'/!'. ; his war with Rhegion and Messana, 165 ; his double marriage, ib. ; his preparations against Car- thage, 165, 175, 176; his speech, 166 ; besieges Eryx, 16S ; and Segesta and Entella, 170, 171 ; defeated off Katane, 175 ; his em- bassies to Peloponnesos, 176 ; calls an assembly, 177 ; defeats the Carthaginians, 178; his agreement with them, 179 ; Attic decrees in his honour, 156, 180, 194 ; his settlements, 181, 182 ; his defeat at Tauromenion, 183 ; defeats Magon, ib.; makes peace w'ith Carthage, 184; takes Tauromenion, ib. ; his wars in Italy, 1 84- 1 89 ; takes Rhegion, 1 88; his embassy to Olympia, 190; his tragedies at Athens, I90> 195 ; liis treatment of men of letters, 190, 191 ; his Hadri- atic and Etruscan campaigns, 191 ; fresh war with Carthage, 192 ; terms of peace, ib.; takes Kroton, 193 ; wall planned by, ib.; invades Western Sicily, 194; his death, 195 ; effect of his reign, 1955 197 ; bis tomb in Ortygia, 199, 213 ; his sun-dial, 205 ; compared with Agathokles, 234, 257 Dionysios the younger, compared with his father, 198, 199 ; ac- knowledged by the assembly, 199 ; makes peace with Car- thaginians and Lucanians, ib.; his marriage, 200 ; his friendship for Plato, 201 ; his treatment of Dion, ib. ; banishes Herakleides, ib. ; his negotiations with Dion, 206, 208 ; his letter to Dion, 207 ; escapes from Ortygia, 209 ; sends Nypsios to Syracuse, 210 ; re-occupies Ortygia, 216 ; sur- renders to Timoleon, 220 ; sent to Corinth, ib. Dionysios of Corinth, 224 Dorian settlements in Sicily, 41, 46, 49 Dorieus of Sparta, his expedition to Western Sicily, 66 ; war to avenge him, 74 Doris of Lokroi, wife of Diony- sios, 165 Drepana, haven of Eryx, 194; stronghold of Carthage, 281, 2S5 ; Roman defeat olT, 2S6 ; taken by Rome, 289 Ducetius, helps to drive out Deino- menes, 92 ; union of Sikels under, 98, 99 ; founds Menae- num, 99, 102 ; and Palica, 99 ; takes /Etna, ib. ; his war with Akragas and Syracuse, 100 ; throws himself on the mercy of the Syracusans, ib. ; sent to Corinth, ib. ; founds Kale Akte, loi ; his death, ib. 362 INDEX. Duilius, G., his victary off Mylai, 281 E East and West, their strife in ^ Sicily, 4, 354 Ebbstleet, compared witli Naxos,4i Egypt, Roman conquest of, its effect on Sicily, 341 Eknomos, Punic camp on, 239, 240 Elba, 98 Elephants first used in the West, 266; use of in the Punic armies, 283-285 Eleiitlieria, feast of, at Syracuse, 9^ . Elpidius, Sicilian tyrant, 353 Elymians, hold Segesta and Eryx, 13, 20; as to their Trojan origin, 20, 30, 31 Empedion of Selinous, 143 Empedokles, his Life by Diogenes Laertios, 87 ; legend of, 96 ; refuses tyranny of Akragas, ib. ; banishment and death, ib. Empire, Eastern, its connexion with Sicily, 350 Empire, Roman, Sicily a province of' 339> 340, 344> 349 ; division of the empire, 350 Engyuni, submits to Timoleon, 224 Entella, taken by the Campanians, 159 ; besieged by Dionysios, 170; taken by him, 194 ; saved by Timoleon, 226 Epicharmos, at Hieron's court, 83 Epikydes, his mission to Syracuse, 296 ; intrigues against Rome, 298, 299 ; chosen general, 299 ; stirs up the Leontines, 300 ; spreads falsehoods about Mar- cellus, 302 ; re-enters Syracuse, 303 ; his answer to the Roman envoys, ib. ; puts Roman parti- sans to death, 306 ; holds Ach- radina, 307, 309 ; asks for re-inforcemcnts, 309 ; leaves Syracuse, ib. ; holds Akragas, 313 ; escapes from it, 316 Epijjolai, see Syracuse Ergetion, conquered by Mippo- krates, 68 Erineos, river, Athenian halt by. 134 Erymnon of Aitolia, withstands Hamilkar, 244 Eryx, temple at, 14, 27 ; Phce- nician remains at, 27 ; attempted foundation of Durieus on, 67 ; Athenian envoys at, 113 ; joins Dionysios against Carthage, 168 ; taken by liamilkon, 171 ; retaken by Dionysios, 194 ; won by Pyrrhos, 269 ; taken by Rome, 2S6 ; lower town seized by Hamilkar, 288 ; prolonged strife for, 288-290 ; garrison marches out, 290 Eryx, eponymos hero overthrown by Herakles, 31 Etruscans, Hieron's victory over, 85 ; war of, with Syracuse, 98 ; help Athens, 120, 131 ; war of Dionysios with, 191 Euboia, island, independent cities in, 14 Euboia in Sicily, a settlement of Chalkis, 46 ; its treatment by Gelon, 73 Eumelos, the poet, settles at Syra- cuse, 59 Eunous the slave. King of Henna, 326 ; calls himself Antiochos, ib. ; defeats the Romans, 327 ; his death, ib. Ell pat rids of Athens, origin of, 59 . . Euphemos, his speech at Kama- rina, 1 19 Euryalos, occupied by the Athe- nians, 121 ; Dionysios' castle at, 164 ; surrendered to Marcellus, 308 ^ Euryleon, founds Herakleia, 67 ; his tyranny and overthrow at Selinous, ib. Eurymedon, conmiander of second Athenian expedition, 127 ; joins in attack on E])iix)lai, 129 ; counsels retreat, 130 ; dies in the sea-fight, 131 INDEX. 363 Euthydemos, Athenian general, 127 ; joins in attack on Epipo- lai, 129 Faro, Capo del, .we Peloris Fiiimare, 18 Floridia, 133 Franks invade Sicily, 342 G Gadeira, Gades, 23 Gaiseric, King of the Vandals, his African kingdom, 346 ; invades Sicily and Italy, ib. ; gives Sicily up to Odowakar, ib. Gaisylos of Sparta, 213 Galaria, held by Agathokles, 238 Galateia, legend of, 31 Gainoroi of Syracuse, 59 ; politi- cal disputes among, 60 ; driven out of Syracuse, 62 ; restored by Gelon, 72 Gaul, corn sent to, from Sicily, 347 Gauls, their wars with Rome, 189, 293 ; take service under Dionysios, 189, 194 Gaulos, island of, 17 Gela, foundation of, 49 ; founds Akragas, 51 ; secession to Mak- torion from, 67 ; tyranny of Kleandros, 68 ; of Hippokrates, 68-71 ; of Gelon, 72 ; metro- polis of new Kamarina, 91 ; makes peace with Kamarina, 109; congress at, ?V^. ; peace of, 1 10 ; joins Gylippos, 124 ; asks for help from Syracuse, 151 ; siege and forsaking of, 153 ; tributary to Carthage, 154 ; re- settled by Timoleon, 229 ; makes terms with AgathoklCs, 238 ; taken liy Agathokles, 240 ; joins Akragas against him, 248 ; destroyed by the Mamer- tines, 264 Gelas, river, meaning of the name, 49 Gellias of Akragas, his death, 150 Gelon, son of Deinomenes, his treatment of the sons of Hippo- krates, 71, 72 ; becomes tyrant of Syracuse, 72 ; his dealings with oligarchs and commons, 73 ; enlarges Syracuse, ib. ; grants citizenship to strangers, 74 ; allies himself to Theron, ib. ; alleged treaty with Car- thage, 75 ; embassy from Greeks of the Isthmus to, 78 ; his victory at Himera, 80, 81 ; honours paid to at Syracuse, 81, 83; his treaty with Syra- cuse, 82 ; his gifts and temples, 83; his death, ib.\ his tomb destroyed by Himilkon, 177 Gelon, son of Hieron II. ; his death, 295 Geryones, his oxen, 31 Girgenti, see Akragas Gongylos of Corinth, 124 Gorgias of Leontinoi, teacher of rhetoric, 94 ; his embassy to Athens, 107 Goths, their rule in Sicily, 347- 349 Gozo, island of, see Gaulos Greeks, independent political sys- tem of, 9; national migrations of, 10 ; their settlements in Sicily, II, 14, 39 seqq.; com- pared with the Phcenicians, 22; ask Gelon's help against Xerxes, ' 78 ; Sikel attempt against, in I Sicily, 98 ; share of Sicily in [ their wars, 105 seqq., 160 ', Gregory the Great, Pope, Sicilian [ notices in his letters, 351 ; Gylippos, sent to Syracuse, ' 121 ; collects contingents, 124; 126 ; his proposals to Nikias, i 125 ; his forts and w'all, ib. ; urges attack on the fleet, 127 ; takes Plemmyrion, 128 ; l^locks the roads, 133 ; takes Nikias and his army prisoners, 136 ; pleads for Athenian generals, ib. 364 INDEX. H Hadranodoros, uncle of Hicrony- mos, 295 ; supports Carthage, 296 ; hopes to succeed Hier- onymos, 297 ; elected general, tf>. ; put to death, 298 Hadranum, foundation of, 34, 165; Timoleon's victory at, 219 ; attempted murder of Timo- leon at, 221 ; taken by Rome, 278 Hadranus, Sikel fire-god, 29, 34, 35 . Hadrian, Emperor, his visit to Sicily, 341 Hadriatic, the, settlements of Di- onysios on, 19 1 Iladrumetum taken by Agatho- kles, 245 Haleesa, foundation of, 161 ; position of under Rome, 322 Halikyai, Halicyre, Sikan town, 106 ; position of, under Rome, 322 Halykos, river, 18 ; boundary be- tween Syracuse and Carthage, 193, 199 Ilamilkar, son of Ilannon, in- vades Sicily, 79~8i ; his defeat and sacritice, 80, Si ; his death avenged by Hannibal, 143 Hamilkar, his defeat at the Kri- misos, 225-227 Hamilkar, Syracusan generals seek help of, 235, 236 ; won over by Agathokles, 236 ; his recall and death, 237 Hamilkar, son of Gisgon, suc- ceeds his namesake, 237 ; his treaty with Agathokles, 238 ; fresh expedition under, 239 ; his victory at the Himeras, 240, 241 ; his policy towards the Sicilians, 241 ; his attemjHs on Syracuse, 244, 245 ; his death, 246; head exposed by Agathokles, 245, 246 Hamilkar Barak, sent against Rome, 287 ; takes Herkte, //■'. ; and lower l'>yx, 288 ; makes peace with Rome, 290 Hananiah, meaning of name, 21 Hannibal, meaning of name, 21 Hannibal, son of Giskon, his hatred of Greeks, 141 ; be- sieges and takes Selinous, 142 ; takes and destroys Himera, 144 ; his second invasion, 147 ; his death, 149 Hannibal, Carthaginian comman- der, at the siege of Akragas, 281 Hannibal, son of Hamilkar Ba- rak, Syracusan embassy to, 296 ; sends envoys to Syracuse, 29S ; pleads for reinforcements in Sicily, 305 ; sends help t(5 Akragas, 313 ; his war with Scipio, 317 ; makes peace with Rome, 318 Hannibal the Rhodian, at the siege of Lilybaion, 2S6 ; his ship copied by Rome, 286, 289 Hannun, in command against Aga- thokles, 244 Hannon, holds Akragas, 313 ; his jealousy of Mutines, 313, 315 ; his victory and defeat at Phintias, 314 ; deprives Mu- tines of his command, 315 ; es- capes from Akragas, 316 Harmonia, wife of Themistos, 298 ; put to death, 299 Hebrew tongue same as Phoeni- cian, 21 Pleliodoros the magician, 353 Heloris, of Syracuse, his advice to Dionysios, 158; whether the same as the Rhegian general, 182 ; his death, 185 Ileloron, outpost of Syracuse, 50 Ileloros, river, battle of, 70 Henna, Sikel site, 20; its modern name, i/i. ; legend of the god- desses at, 35 ; attacked by Di- onysios, 161 ; betrayed to him, 182 ; joins Akragas against Agathokles, 248 ; taken by Carthage and by Rome, 28 1 ; massacre at, 305 ; revolt of the slaves at, 325 lleiakleia Minoa, founded by Eurykon, 67 ; destroyed by the INDEX. 365 Carthaginians, 75 ; T>\Cm lands at, 203 ; held hy Carthage, 203, 229, 238; delivered by Akra- gas, 249 ; seized by Agathokles, 250 ; taken by I'yrrhos, 269 ; taken by Himilkon, 305 Ilerakleia, daughter of Hieron, put to death, 299 Ilerakleides, of Syracuse, ban- ished by Dionysios the younger, 202 ; plots against him, zd. ; elected admiral at Syracuse, 207 ; defeats Philistos, 208 ; his attack on Dion, 209 ; ap])ointed general, z'l). ; sends to Dion for help, 211 ; Dion's treatment of, 212; reconciled to him, 213; secret murder of, 214 Herakleides, Syracusan general, denounced by Agathokles, 235 ; banished, zd. • seeks Ilamilkar's help, 235, 236 Ilerakleides, son of Agathokles, 243, 251 Herakles, legends of, 31 Ilerbessus, besieged by Dionysios, 158 ; Hijipokrales and Epi- kydes at, 302 Ilerbita, attacked by Dionysios, i6i Ilerkte, rock of, 25 ; taken by Pyrrhos, 269 ; held by Carthage 283 ; taken by Rome, 285 ; re- covered by liamilkar, 287 Ilermokrales of Syracuse, his speech at Gela, 109, no; his speech at Syracuse, 114; and at Kamarina, 119; appointed general, 119 ; driven back from Euryalos, 121 ; deposed, 124 ; advises attack on fleet, 127; his stratagem, 132; pleads for mercy to Athenian generals, 136 ; his action in Asia, 137 ; his banishment, 138; his deal- ings with Pharnabazos, 138, 145 ; occupies Selinous, 145 ; his war with Motya and Panor- mos, 145. 146 ; enters Syracuse and is killed, 146; his daughter marries Dionysios, 152 Herodotus, on Sicilian history, 57 ; his account of Gelon, 76, 78 ; of the battle of Himera, So Hieron I., son of Deinomenes, 72 ; his victories commemorated by Pindar, 76, 83 ; his helmet, 76, 85 ; his dialogue with Simon- ides, 76 ; succeeds Gelon, 83 ; his war with Theron, t6. ; re- conciled to him, 84 ; founds ^Etna, id. ; sends help to Lok- roi and Kyme, 84, 85 ; his death, 90 ; his tomb at /Etna destroyed, 93 Hieron H., stories of his ancestry and birth, 272 ; chosen general at Syracuse, id. ; marries Phi- listis, 273 ; his war with the Mamertines, 273, 277 ; his rule in Syracuse, 274, 293, 294 ; his alliance with Rome, 279; posi- tion of his kingdom under Rome, 293 ; strengthens and adorns Syracuse, 294 ; his law as to tithe, 294, 322 ; his death, 295 ; slaughter of his descendants, 299 Hieronymos, son of Hieron II., kingdom of Syracuse be- queathed to, 295 ; his character, 295, 296 ; joins Carthage, 296, 297 ; killed at Leontinoi, 297 Hiketas, puts Aristomake and Arete to death, 215 ; tyrant of Leontinoi, id. ; in league with the Carthaginians, 216, 218, 219, 221 ; defeated by Timo- Ie6n,2i9; besieges Ortygia, 219, 221 ; his plots against Timo- leon, 221 ; besieges Katane, 222 ; escapes to Leontinoi, //;. ; submits to Timoleon, 224 ; set up again by Carthage, 227 ; put to death, 228 Hiketas, Syracusan general, with- stands Mainon, 262 ; tyrant of Syracuse, 263 ; defeats Phin- tias, id. ; overthrown by Thoi- non, 264 Hill towns in Sicily, 20 Himera, founded by Zankle, 50 ; 366 INDEX. its hot baths, 51 ; held liy The- ron, 78 ; battle of, 79-Si, 227 ; betrayed by Hieron to Theron, 84 ; Pindar's odes to the citi- zens, 87 ; refuses Athenian al- liance, 117; joins Gylippos, 124; vengeance of Hannibal on, 143, 144 ; Hermokrates at, 146 Himeras, river, 18 ; battle of, 240, 241 ; proposed boundary of Hieronynios, 297 Himilkun, colleague of Hannibal, besieges Akragas, 147, 150 ; sacrifices his son, 149 ; be- sieges Gela, 153 ; his treaty with Dionysios, 154; tries to defend Motya, 170; recovers Western Sicily, 17 1 ; founds Lilybaion,//;. ; destroys Messana, 173; founds Tauromenion, td. ; his victory off Katane, 175 ; besieges Syra- cuse, 176 ; plunders temples, td. ; and destroys tombs, 177; his defeat, 179; makes terms with Dionysios, td. Himilkon, Carthaginian general, his expedition to Sicily, 305 ; besieges Marcellus at Syracuse, 309 ; his death, j^. Hipparinos, father of Dion, 200 Hipparinos, son of Dion, 201 ; his alleged letter to him, 207 ; welcomes his father back, 213 Hipparinos, son of Dionysios, takes Ortygia, 215 ; killed, t'd. Hippo, Phoenician colony, 23 Hi]ipokrates, tyrant of (Jela, his concjuests, 68 ; his dealings with Zankle, 69, 70 ; his war with Syracuse, 70 ; refounds Kamarina, 71 ; his death, i7>. ; Gelon's dealings with his sons, 71,72 Hippokrates, of Carthage, his mission to Syracuse, 296 ; intrigues against Rome, 298, 299 ; chosen general, 299 ; stirs up the Leontines, 300 ; spreads falsehoods about Mar- cellus, 302 ; re-enters Syracuse, 303 ; joins Himilkon against Marcellus, 308; his death, 309 Hippon, tyrant of Messana, 227 ; put to death, 228 Hipponion, Dionysios' treatment of, 187 Holm, A., his Geschichte Sici- iieiis, 8 Hybia, Sikel goddess, townscalled after, 33 ; temple of, at Paterno, 34 HybIa the Greater, see Megara Hyblaia Hybla, Galeatic, worship of the goddess at, 34 ; unsuccessful Athenian attack on, 117 Hyljla Heraia, called after the goddess, 33 ; death of Plippo- k rates at, 71 Hyblon, Sikel prince, helps Me- garian settlers, 47 Hykkara, taken by Nikias, 1 17 Hypsas, river, at Selinous, 51 ; at Akragas, 53 lapygians defeat the Tarcntines, Iberian mercenaries under Diony- sios, 189, 194 Iliyrians, alliance of Dionysios with, 191 Inessa, name changed to ^tna, 93 ; Syracusan garrison at, 108 Inscriptions, Sicilian, mainly Roman, 320 Ischia, see Pithckoussa Isokrates, on the Athenian siege, 104 ; on the Peace of Antal- kidas, 190 Issos, island settlements from Paros on, 191 Italy, wars of Dionysios in, 184, 193 ; Punic invasions of, 192, 193 ; intercourse of, with old Greece, 198 ; campaign of Pyrrhos in, 267, 271 ; designed for his son Helenos, 268 ; under INDEX. 3^7 the Goths, 347 ; war of Bcli- sarius in, 349 J Jchohanan, same as Hananiah, 21 Jews in Sicily, dealins^s o( Gregory the Great with, 351 John, origin of the name, 21 Junius, L., takes Eryx, 286 Justinian, Emperor, Sicily re- covered by, 348, 349 Kadmos of Kos, 79 Kakyparis, ris'er, guarded by Syra- cusans, 133 Kale Akte, proposed Greek settle- ment at, 69 ; settlement at by Ducetius, loi Kallimachos, his mention of Henna, 35 Kallipolis, Chalkidian settlement, 46 ; conquered by Hippokrates, 68 Kallippos, his friendship with Dion, 202 ; enters Syracuse, 204 ; plots the death of Diun, 214 ; his rule at Syracuse, 215 ; turned out, iV?. ; murder of, 224 Kamarina, outpost of Syracuse, 50 ; its war with Syracuse and destruction, zl>. ; refounded by Hippokrates, 71 ; destroyed by Gelon, 73 ; Pindar's odes to, 87 ; set up again by Gela, 91 ; allied with Athens, 108 ; makes peace with Gela, 109 ; refuses Athenian alliance, 116, 120; de- bate in the assembly, 1 19 ; joins Gylippos, 126 ; emptied by Dionysios, 153; tributary to Carthage, 154 Kamikos, built by Daidalos, 32 ; its ]irobable site, ;i^ Karkinos, father of Agathoklcs, 234 Kasmenai, outpost of Syracuse, 50 ; occupied by the Gatiioroi, 62, 72 Ka«sandros, King of Macedon, 258 Katane, Catina, Catania, founda- tion of, 45 ; legends of the lava at, 46, 343 ; Charondas makes laws for, 65 ; enforced migration and repopulation by Hieron, 84 ; name changed to zEtna, ib., see /Etna ; its old name restored, 93 ; joins Athenian alliance, 1 16; Athe- nian headquarters at, 116, 1 18, 121 ; camp at, burnt, 1 19 ; war of, with Syracuse, 140 ; treat- ment of, by Dionysios, 161 ; sea-fight off, 175 ; Kallippos, tyrant of, 215 ; welcomes Pyrrhos, 267 ; Roman colony at, 340 ; Saint Peter at, 343 ; bishopric of, 344 ; amphitheatre at, 347 ; Belisarius lands at, 348 ; stories of Heliodoros at, ^353 Kaulonia, siege of, 1S5-1S7 Kephalos of Corinth, 224 Kleandros, tyrant of Gela, 68 Kleon, general under Eunous, 326, 327 ; his death, 327 Knidos, metropolis of Li]:)ara, 55 ; Athenian victory at, 180 Kokalos, King of Kamikos, 32 Korax, teacher of rhetoric, 94 Korkyra, colony of Corinth, 41, 42 ; mediates between Syracuse and Hippokrates, 71 ; asks help of Athens, 106 ; sends contin- gent to Athenian expedition, 114; meeting of Athenian fleet at, 115 ; sends help to Syracuse, 218 ; won by Agathokles, 258 ; dowry of his daughter, ib. Kossoura, island, 17 Krimisos, river, 18 ; battle of, 226 Kroton, at war with Sybaris, 66 ; sends help to Kaulonia, 185 ; makes treaty with Dionysios, 186 ; taken by Dionysios, 193 ; at war with the Bruttians, 235 Kyana, legend of, 36, 43 Kydippe, wife of Terillos, 74 Kyklopes, 30 Kyme, f(jundation of, 40, 42 ; settlers from, at Zankle, 48 ; delivered by Hieron, 85 368 INDEX. Kyrene, 247 LcCvinus, M. V., chosen consul, 314 ; his exchange with Mar- cellus, 315 ; Akragas betrayed to, 316; his deahngs with the brigands, 317 Laistrygones, 30 Lamachos, appointed general, 114; is for attack on Syracuse, 116; his plan carried out, 121 ; killed in battle, 123 Lamis, his attempt at settlement in Sicily, 46 ; his death, 47 Lanassa, daughter of Agathoklcs, 258 Land tenure in Sicily, under Rome, 322 Landowners of Syracuse, see (jamoroi Latin tongue, akin to Sikel, 12, 27 Leo, Bishop of Catina, 353 Leo, Emperor, deprives the Popes of jurisdiction in Sicily, 350 Leontinoi, Lentini, plain of, 17, 18; foundation of, 45; its war with Megara, 63 ; taken by Hippokrates, 68 ; peopled from Naxos and Katane, 84 ; its treaty with Athens, 106 ; wars with Syracuse, 107 ; asks help of Athens, 107, 1 12; absorbed by Syracuse, m ; Athenians atltempt to restore, ih. • Akra- gantine refugees settled at, 151 ; independent of Syracuse, 155 ; treatment of, by Dionysios, 161 ; given to his mercenaries, 181 ; revolts against Dionysios the younger, 208 ; welcomes Dion, 2 10; Iliketas, tyrant of, 215; Hiketas escapes to, 222; Ti- moleon's attempt on, 224 ; Hicronymos slain at, 297 ; re- volts against Syracuse, 300 ; taken by Marcellus, 301 Lepidus, M. /E., invades Sicily, 337-339 ; his designs on Sicily, 339 . . , Leptincs, commands Dionysios fleet, 175, 177 ; Attic decrees in his honour, 180; his treat- ment of the Thourians, 185 ; banished by Dionysios, 190 ; his death, 192 Leptines, tyrant of Engium and Apollonia, 224 Leptines, general of Agathokles, defeats Xenodikos, 249, 251 Leptines, father of Philistis, 273 Leukas, sends help to Syracuse, 218 Libyphcenicians, 313 Licata, see Phintias Libo, father-in-law of Sextus, 335 Lilybaion, its geographical posi- tion, 16; foundation of, 25, 171 ; besieged by Dionysios, 194 ; Carthaginian fleet at, 225 ; besieged by Pyrrhos, 270 ; besieged by Rome, 285, 288, 289 ; garrison marches out, 290 ; Scipio at, 317 ; Csesar sets out for Africa from, 332 ; besieged by Lepidus, 337 ; marriage portion of Theodoric's daughter, 347 ; Lnperial claim to, 348 Lindioi, akropolis of Gela, 49 Lipara, 17 ; Knidian settlement on, 55 ; Himilkon at, 173 ; attacked by Agathokles, 258 ; taken by Rome, 283 ; ceded to Rome by Carthage, 290 Lissos, founded by Dionysios, 191 Lokroi, delivered by Hieron, 84 ; Thrasyboulos retires to, 90 ; its union with Messana, 108 ; refuses peace of Gela, 1 10 ; gives a wife to Dionysios, 165 ; IMessana repeopled from, 181 ; lands given to Dionysios, 187, 189; Dionysios the younger at, 216 Lombards in Italy, 350 Longanos, river, battle near, 273 Lucanians, tlieir treaty with Dionysios, 185 ; wage war on Tarcntincs, 231 Lucullus, L. L., defeats Tryphon, 329 INDEX. 369 Lykiskos of Aitolia, 246 Lysandros, Spartan envoy to Syracuse, 160 Lysias, Attic orator, 156; his embassy to Dionysios, 181 ; his speech against Dionysios, 190 Lyson, idol, 343 M Maccaluba, mud volcano of, ^^ Macrobius, on the Palici, 29 Ma. ; falsehoods about, i/>. ; besieges Syracuse, 303-7 ; takes the outer city, 307 ; con- tinues the siege, 308 ; Syracusan negotiations with, 310; his treat- ment of Syracuse, 31 1 ; of other Sicilian towns, 313 ; his victory over Hannon, 314; his ovation, id. ; re-elected consul, z'd. ; Sicilian feeling against, 315 ; his exchange with Lcevinus, id. ; patron of Syracuse, id. 25 Marcellus, M. C, betrothed to Pompeia, 335 Marius, C, his war with Sulla, 330 Marsala, see Lilybaion Massilia, Verres in exile at, 332 Mazaros, river, Selinuntine out- post on, 51, 142 Megakles, brother of Dion, enters Syracuse, 204 ; elected general, 205 Megallis, her treatment of the slaves, 325 ; killed by them, 326 Megara, Old, its colonies in Sicily, 46-48 ; trial and execution of Thrasydaios at, 89 ; Empedo- kles buried at, 96 Megara, Hyblaia, foundation of, 33, 48 ; metropolis of Selinous, 51 ; its war with Leontinoi, 63 ; its treatment by Geion, 73 Melita, island of, 17 ; won by Rome, 295 Melkart, his relation to Herakles, Mengenum, temple of the Palici near, 34 ; founded by Ducetius, 99, 102 Menandros, Athenian general, 127 ; joins in attack on Epipolai, 129 Menas, freedman of Sextus, 334 ; his proposal at Misenum, 335 ; joins Cpesar, 336 ; wounded at Cumoe, id. ; returns to Sextus, 337 ; changes sides again, 338 ; Menekrates, killed off Cumce, 336 Mercenaries, Sikeliot, decree as to their settlement, 92 ; see also Campanians Mericus, betrays Syracuse to Mar- cellus, 310 ; his rewards, 312 Messana, Messene, Messina, name of Zankle changed to, 92 ; its shifting politics, 108 ; attacks Naxos, id. ; its union with Lokroi, id. ; refuses Athenian alliance, 116 ; independent of Syracuse, 155 ; joins Syra- cusan revolt against Diony- sios, 1 58; makes peace with Dionysios, 165 ; destroyed by 370 INDEX. Himilkon, 173; repeopled by Dionysios, 181 ; puts Hippun to death, 228 ; war of, with Agathokles, 237 ; refuge of Syracusan exiles, 238; attacked by Agathokles, z7). ; massacre at, by mercenaries, 262 ; called Civitas Mamertina, 263, 321 ; Carthaginian garrison in, 277 ; its alliance with Rome, 321 ; occupied by Sextus, 333 ; Cajsar defeatedat,337 ; getsfuU Roman franchise, 340; bishopric of, 344 Messapians, their wars with the Tarentines, 85, 231 ]\Iessenia, settlers from, in Sicily, 92, 181, 182 Metellus, L. C, defends Panor- mos, 284 Metropolis, relations of, to the colony, 10, II Mezetius, set up as Emperor in Sicily, 352 Mikythos, his rule at Rhegion, 85, 90 ; his retirement and death, 90 ISIilan, church of, holds lands in Sicily, 347, 351. Milazzo, see Mylai Milesians share in the Samian expedition to Sicily, 69 Miletos, Tissaphernes' castle at, 137 Mineo, see Menrenum Minoa, foundation of, 32, see also Herakleia Minoa Minos, King of Crete, 32 Misenum, peace of, 335 Monaco, principality of, 322 Morgantina, battle of, 329 Motya, Phcenician settlement of, 24; Ilanniljal at, 142; war of Ilermokrates against, 145; be- sieged by Dionysios, 168-71; won back by Himilkon, 171 ; forsaken for Lilybaion, ih. Motyon, taken and lost by Ducetius, 100 Mulines, his exploits in Sicily, 313, 314 ; deprived of his command, 316 ; betrays Akragas to Rome, ib. ; receives Roman citizenship, Mylai, said to be site of Thriitakie, 30 ; outpost of Zankle, 48, 50 ; attacked by Athens, loS ; seized by Rhegion, 182; won back by Messana, il>. ; Roman victory off, 281 ; occupied by Sextus, 333 ; sea-fight off, 338 Myletids, banished from Syracuse, 60 N Naulochus, sea-fight off, 339 Naxos, island, gives its name to Sicilian Naxos, 41 Naxos, Sicilian, foundation of, 41, 42 ; analogy with Ebbsfleet, 7h. ; conquered by Hippokrates, 68 ; people of, moved to Leon- tinoi, 84 ; attacked liy Messana, 108 ; joins Athenian alliance, 116; Athenian fleet at, 118; war of, with Syracuse, 140 ; destroyed by Dionysios, 161 Neaiton, Netum, outpost of Syra- cuse, 50 > 'ts position under Rome, 321, 340 Neptune, Sextus claims him as father, 334, 338 ; devotion to, at Rome, 335 ; Caesar's edict against, ib. Neon, 222 Nerva, P. L., sets free the slaves, 328 Nikias, opposes Sicilian expedi- tion, 113; appointed general, 114; counsels return, 116; his delays, 117, 123, 125 ; his stratagem, 118; asks for horse- men and money, 119; in sole command, 123 ; sends ships to meet Gylippos, 124 ; his letter to the Athenians, 126 ; refuses to retreat, 130; his energy during the retreat, 133 ; sur- renders to Gylippos, 135, 136 ; put to death, 136 Nikotelcs, of Corinth, 160 Norman kingdom in Sicily, 6, 353 Noto, see Neaiton INDEX. 371 Numidians under Mutines, 313, Nypsios, holds Ortygiafor Diony- sios, 210-212 Nysaios, in possession of Ortygia, 215 ; driven out, 216 O Odowakar, 346 Odyssey, sites for, sought in Sicily, 16, 30, 48; mention of Sikels in, 39 Olympia, embassy of Dionysios to, 190 ' Olympieion, temple at Syracuse, 43; Himilkon'shead-quartersat, 176 ; robbed by Dionysios, 191 Ophelias of Macedonia, 247 Orethos, river, 18 Ortygia, story of Arethousa at, 36, 42 ; see also Syracuse Ostracism, meaning of, 94 Pachynos, Promontory of, 16 Palazzuolo, see Akrai Palermo, Semitic and Norman capital of Sicily, 26 ; Phcenician tombs in museum, 27 ; see also Panormos Palica, founded by Ducetius, 99 ; destroyed by the Syracusans, 102 Palici, their lake and worship, 34, 99 ; temple of, refuge for the slaves, 32S ; protectors of King Tryphon, 329 ; whether they survived in god Phalkon, 343 Panaitios of Leontinoi, 63 Panormos, harbour of, 17, 26 ; Plireiiician settlement at, 26 ; Semitic head of Sicily, 26 ; Hamilkar lands at, 79 ; invaded by Hermokrates, 146; taken by Pyrrhos, 269 ; taken by Rome, 2S2 ; attacked by Asdrubal, 284 ; position of, under Rome, 322 ; bishopric of, 344 ; withstands Belisarius.349 ; see aha Palermo Pantagias, Panlakyas, river, 46 Pantellaria, see Kossoura Papyrus at Syracuse, 294 Paros, settlements of, 191 Pasiphilos, joins Deinokrates,254; slain by him, 257 Passero Cape, 16 Paterno, see Hybla Galeatic Peithagoras, tyrant of Selinous, 67 Pellegrino, see Herkte Peloris, 16 Pentathlos, counted as founder of Lip^ra, 55 Pergus, Lake, 35, 36 Persephone, see Demeter Persia, its alliance with Carthage, 77 ; invades Greece, 78 Petalism, instituted at Syracuse, 95 Phalaris of Akragas, his forged letters, 57 ; stories of, 64 ; his bull, 64, 323 Phalkon, idol, 343 Pharakidas, Spartan admiral, 177, Pharnabazos, his dealings with Hermokrates, 138 Pharos, Parian settlement on, 191 Philinos of Akragas, 276 Philip of Macedon, his conquests in Greece, 218, 230 ; interviews Dionysios, 221 Philistis, wife of Hieron II., 273 Philistos, Sicilian historian, 8, 76, 140 ; takes part in the war against Athens, 104 ; his friend- ship with Dionysios, 1 51, 158; banished by him, 190 ; recalled, 200 ; in command against Dion, 203, 208 ; taken by Herakleides and slain, 208 Philodamos of Argos, 308 Philoxenos, treatment of, by Dionysios, 191 Phintias, tyrant of Akragas, 263 ; defeated by Hiketas, ib.; driven out of Akragas, 264 ; town founded by, ib. Phintias (town), foundation of, 204 ; battle of, 314 Phcenicians, their political system. 372 INDEX. 9; plant colonies in Sicily, 11, 14, 21-28 ; oiit^in of the name, 21 ; their tongue the same as Hebrew, id. ; their relations with the Greeks, 21, 22 ; their Mediterranean colonies, 22, 23, 26 ; alphabet taught to Greeks by, 22 ; hold the west of Sicily against Greeks, 24 ; remains of their walls at Motya, 25 ; tombs of, in Palermo Museum, 27 ; their coins, z/>. ; their wars with the Greeks, 66 Phyton, Rhegian general, 188 ; Dionysios' treatment of, 189 Pinarius, L., his massacre at Henna, 305 Pindar, notices of the goddesses in, 35 ; refers to Phalaris, 57 > Sicilian references in his odes, 76, 83, 87 ; entertained by Hieron, 76, 83 ; gives Hieron title of king, 82 Pious Brethren, legend of, 46 Pithekoussa, island, 85 Plato, his alleged letters on Syra- cusan affairs, 156, 196 ; treat- ment of by Dionysios, 191 ; visits the younger Dionysios, 201 ; his constitutional schemes for Syracuse, 214, 216 Plemmyrion, peninsula, 42 ; occu- pied by the Athenians, 125 ; recovered by (iylippos, 128 ; Himilkon's fort on, 177 Plennius, 339 Polichna, early Greek outpost, 43 ; occupied by Syracuse, 125 ; Himilkon's camp on, 176 Pollis, king of Syracuse, 62 Polyphemos, legend of, 31 Polyxenos, brings help from Old Greece to Syracuse, 177 Polyzelos, son of Deinomencs, 72; marries Damareta, 83 ; Hieron's plots against, ?7>. Pom]jeia, daughter of Sextus, 335 Pompeius G., in Sicily, 330 Pompeius S. , his war in Sjiain, 332 ; his war with the Trium- virs, 23^; charges made against. 334; claims divine origin, 334, 338 ; his agreement with An- tonius, 334 ; makes peace with Cffisar and Antonius, 335 ; pro- posal of Menas to, z/>. ; his second war in Sicily, 336-339 ; his death, 339 Porcari, see Pantagias Probus, Emperor, 341 Province, Roman system of, 320, 344, 345 ,. Ptolemy, King of Egypt, his friendship with Agathokles, 258, 259 Punic Wars, see Carthage Pylos, won back for Sparta, 1 39 Pyrrhos, King of Epeiros, marries Agathokles' daughter, 258 ; (ireek Sicily seeks his help, 265 ; his wars against Rome, 265, 266, 267, 271 ; withstood by the Mamertines, 267 ; lands at Tauromenion, i/>. ; received at Syracuse, 267 ; wins Akragas, 268 ; his title of" King of Sicily, z'l'. ; his campaign in North-west Sicily, 268, 269 ; takes Panor- mos, 146, 269 ; besieges Lily- baion, 270 ; fails to recover Messana, 271 ; leaves Sicily, ?7'. ; defeated at Beneventum, ?/>. ; killed at Argos, id. Ragusa, see Hybla Heraia Ras Melkart, see Herakleia Minoa Ravenna, church of, holds lands in Sicily, 351 Regulus, M. A., his attack on Carthage, 282 Rhegion, tyranny of Anaxilas at, 69, 70 ; rule of Mikythos at, 85, 90 ; sons of Anaxilas at, 90, 91; treaty with Athens, 106; asks help of Athens, 107 ; Athenian fleet at, 115 ; joins Syracusan revolt against Diony- sios, 158 ; makes peace with Dionysios. 165 ; refuses him a wife, 165, 181 ; seizes on Mylai, INDEX. 37^ 182 ; attacked by Dionysios, 184 ; sends embassy to him, 186 ; siege and taking of, 188 ; destruction of, 189 ; Timoleon at, 218 ; ravaged by Agathokles, 235 ; by the Campanians, 273 ; defence of, by Laevinus, 317 Rhodes, her settlements in Sicily, 49' 53j 55 > bounty of Hieron II. to, 294 Roman Peace in Sicily, 323 Rome, Romans, Sicily the granary of, 19, 317. 324, 334, 338, 351; war of I'yrrhos with, 265-7, 271 ; allied to Carthage, 267, 272 ; dealings of, with the mercen- aries, 273 ; wars of, with Carthage, 276-290, 295-317 ; Hieron's alliance with, 279 ; establishment of her power in Sicily, 292 ; Hieronymos re- volts against, 296 ; war-law of, 301 ; uses Sicily as an outpost against Africa, 317 ; relations of, to subject cities, 320 ; state of Sicily under, 321-323, 330-2 ; enactment as to slaves, 328 ; colonies of, in Sicily, 340 ; rights of, extended by edict of Caracalla, 344 ; taken by Alaric, 345 ; besieged by Totila, 349 Rome, Church of, deprived of jurisdiction in Sicily, 350 ; estates therein, 351 Rome, New, see Constantinople Rufus, Q. S., sent against Sextus, 334 Rupilius, P., takes Tauromenium, 327 ; his laws, zb. Sacerdos, G. L., Praetor in Sicily, 331 Sacred Band of Carthage, de- stroyed at the Krimisos, 225- 227 Saint Agatha of Catania, 343 Saint Kalogeros, 343 Saint Lucy, Matron, 343 Saint Lucy of .Syracuse, \'irgin, 343 Saint Marcian, bishop of Syra- cuse, 342 Saint Paul, at Syracuse, 342 Saint Peter, legends of, at Syra- cuse, 342 ; said to have been at Catania, 343 Saint Pancratiusof Tauromenium, 342 Saint Zosimus, Bishop of Syra- cuse, 352 Salvius, king of the slaves, 328 ; calls himself Tryphon, 329 ; his revolt against Rome, il>. Samians, take Zankle, 69 ; treaty of Hippocrates with, 70; turned out by Anaxilas, ?7'. Samnites, pray Pyrrhos for help against Rome, 271 .San Filippo d'Argiro, 343 ; sec Agyrium San Marino, repulilic of, 322 Saracen invasion of Sicily, 4, 353 .Sardinia, ceded by Carthage to Rome, 290, 320 ; taken by Sextus, 333, 334 ; confirmed to him at Misenum, 335 ; joins Cffsar, 336 ; taken by Gaiseric, 346 Sciacca, hot springs near, 33, 343 Scipio, P. C, his expedition against Hannibal, 317 Scipio, P. C, the younger, re- stores to Sicily %\)o\\ from Carthage, 323 Segesta, Elymian site, 13, 20; wars of with Selinous, 55, 112, 141; with Dorieus, 67; its treaty with Athens, 106, 108 ; appeals to Athens, ili. ; trick played on Athenian en- voys, 113 ; helps Athens, 120 ; alliance of, with Carthage, 141 ; besieged by Dionysios, 170; siege raised, 171 ; treatment of, by .\gathokles, 252, 279 ; joins Pyrrhos, 269 ; joins Rome, 279 ; p)Osition of, under Rome, 322, 340 Selinous, foundation of, 51 ; wars with Segesta, 55, 112, 141; tyranny of Peithagoras and 374 INDEX. Euryleon at, 67 ; her relations to Carthage, 74, 82, 154, 229, 238 ; promises help to Hamil- kar, 80 ; joins Gylippos, 124; sends help to Greece, 137; taken by HannilDal, 139, 142; fortified by Hermokrates, 145 ; recovered by Dionysios, 194 ; origin of the name, 226 ; wel- comes Pyrrhos, 269 ; destroyed by Carthage, 2S5 Selinous, river, 51 Servilius, Q., his war with the slaves, 329 Shophetiin of Carthage, 179 Sicily, its historical importance, 1,2; its geographical position and character, 3, 9, 15 se.jq. ; strife between East and West for, 3, 26, 354; compared with Cyprus and Spain, 5 ; Norman kingdom of, 6, 353 ; Phoenician colonies in, 11, 14, 21-28; Greek colonies in, 11, 14, 39 seqq. ; older inhabitants of, 1 1- 14 ; becomes practically Greek, 16, 324 ; its triangular shape, 16 ; sites for Odyssey sought in, 16, 30, 48; mountain and rivers of, 17-19 ; chief granary of Rome, 19, 317, 324, 334, 338, 351 ; hill towns of, 20 ; legends of, 29 seqq. ; Hamilkar's in- vasion of, 77-81 ; independence of its cities, 87 seqq. ; share of, in the wars of Greece, 104 seqq., 160 ; Athenian expedi- tion to, I i^seqq. ; second Cartha- ginian invasion of, 140 seqq. ; effect of the reign of Diony- sios on, 197, 198 ; new settle- ment of, 223 ; freed by Timo- leon, 229 ; position of Aga- thokles in, 257 ; war of Pyrrhos in, 265-271 ; a wrestling ground for Rome and Carthage, 272, 276 seqq. ; given up by Carthage, 290 ; becomes a Roman pro- vince, 292, 320, 339, 344 ; main battlefield of Hannibal, 305 ; outcry in, against Marcellus, 315 ; an outpost of Europe, 317 ; Scipio's starting point for Africa, 317; relation of its cities to Rome, 320-322 ; Roman Peace in, 323 ; increase of slavery, 324 ; slave wars of, 325-329, 341 ; Cicero's account of, 330; Juhus Cesar's starting point for Africa, 332 ; occupied by Sextus, 333 seq. ; war be- tween Cresar and Sextus for, 336-339 ; Cresar master of, 339 ; Roman colonies in, 340 ; Hadrian's visit to, 341 ; Prank- ish invasion of, 342 ; Chris- tianity in, 342-344 ; effect of the edict of Caracalla on, 344 ; part of the diocese of Italy, 345 ; Teutonic invasions of, 345 seq. ; under Theodoric, 347; won back by Belisarius, 348-349 ; its connexion with the Eastern Empire, 350 ; lands of the Roman Church in, 347, 351, 352 ; Constans H. in, 352 ; Mezetius Emperor in, 352 ; re- covered by Constantine IV., ih.; Saracen invasions in, 353 ; won back by the Normans, 353 Sidon, probable settlement from in Sicily, 24 ; its hatred to- wards the Greeks, 77 Sikania, name of Sicily, 1 1 ; men- tioned in Odyssey, 39 Sikans, the, II-13, 27 ; hill towns, characteristic of, 20 ; remains of, in Sicily, 27 ; traditions of, 32. Sikelia, 11 ; subject to Carthage, Sikeliots, distinguished from Si- kels, 41 Sikels, the, 11-13; gradually become Greek, 13 ; language of, akin to Latin, 12, 27 ; hill- towns of, 20 ; remains of, in Sicily, 27 ; tale of their migra- tion from Italy, 29 ; their beliefs and traditions, 33-37 ; men- tioned in Odyssey, 39 ; driven out of Syracuse, 45 ; Theokles' INDEX. 375 dealings with, 47 ; war of, with Skythes, 69 ; their union under Ducelius, 98 ; helpNaxos, 108 ; help Athens, 120; guaranty of their independence, 155 Simonides, Sicilian references in his poems, 76 ; entertained by Hieron, 76, 83 ; said to have reconciled Hieron and Theron, 84 Skylla, tale of, 30 Skythes of Zankle, his war with the Sikels, 69 ; Hippokrates' treatment of, 70 ; escapes to Asia, z7>. Slaves, increase of, in Sicily, 324; wars of, 325-330 ; Roman order for their liberation, 32S ; third revolt of, 341 Solous, Solunto, Phoenician settle- ment of, 25 ; taken by Pyrrhos, 270 ; joins Rome, 283 Sophrosyne, daughter of Diony- sios, 200 Sosis, slays Hieronymos, 297 ; takes refuge with Marcellus, 303, 306 ; leads the Romans into the Hexapyla, 307 ; re- warded by Marcellus, 312 Sosistratos, denounced by Aga- thokles, 235 ; banished, id. ; seeks Hamilkar'shelp, 235, 236; his death, 238 Sosistratos, in command at Syra- cuse, 264 ; welcomes Pyrrhos, 267 ; takes service under him, 268 ; flees from Syracuse, 271 Spaccaforno, st'c Kasmenai Spain, compared with Sicily, 5 ; Phcenician colonies in, 14, 15, 23, 26 Spanish mercenaries of Diony- sios, 179 Sparta, compared with Athens, 105 ; Syracusan embassy to, 120; her alliance with Darius, 137 ; Pylos won back for, 139 ; supports Dionysios, 160; em- bassy of Dionysios to, 176; objects to settlement of ]\Ies- senians by Dionysios, iSi ; Dionysios sends help to, 189, 194 ; checks his advance, 191 ; admits Dion to citizenship, 202 ; sends help against Agathokles, 237 Sthenics of Therma, 330 Stesichoros, 64 Strabo, his description of Sicily, 39, 340 Sulla, L. C, his war with Marius, 330 Sulpicius, G., invades Panormos, 282 Susa, see Hadrumetum Sybaris, its war with Kroton, 67 Symaithos, river, 18 Synalos, receives Dion at Hera- kleia Minoa, 203 Syracuse, foundation of, 42 ; her relations to Corinth, //'. ; im- portance of her topography, 43 ; her outposts, 49, 50 ; her war with Kamarina, 50 ; cham- pion of Europe against Africa, 56 ; Gamoroi of, 59-62 ; war of Hippokrates with, 71 ; tyranny of Gelon at, 72 scqq. ; enlarged by him, 73 ; temples at, built by Gelon, 83 ; drives out Thrasy- boulos, 90 ; feast of the Ekii- theria at, 91 ; exclusion of the new citizens, ib. ; demagogues at, 94 ; institution of petalism, 95 ; her wars with Akragas, 96, loi ; with Etruscans, 98 ; with Ducetius, 100 ; with Leon- tinoi, 107, III ; attacks Naxos, 108 ; Athenian expedition against, 114 seqq. ; debate in the assembly, ib. ; embassies to Peloponnesos, 120 ; beginning of the siege, 123; coming of Gylippos, 124, 125 ; improve- ment of naval tactics, 1 28 ; Athenians surrender to, 134, 136 ; treatment of prisoners, 136 ; sends help to Greece, 137 ; threatened by Hannibal, 144 ; feeling towards Hermo- krates, 145-6 ; sends help to Akragas, 149 ; generals accused 376 INDEX. of treason, 151 ; recalls the exiles, 151 ; Dionysios tyrant at, 152, 156; revolt of the horse- men, 153 ; return of Dionysios, 154 ; subjection to Dionysios guaranteed by Carthage, 155 ; fortification of the Island, 158 ; revolts against Dionysios, ih. ; fortified by Dionysios, 164 ; be- sieged by Himilkon, 176 ; Olym- pieion plundered by Dionysios, 191 ; her treaty with Carthage, 195 ; position of, under Diony- sios, 197 ; delivered by Dion, 203-5 ; Island held by Dionysios the younger, 205, 207 ; treatment of Philistos by, 20S ; gets rid of Dion, 209 ; prays him for help against Dionysios, 211 ; Dion's entrance into, 212 ; Plato's schemes for, 214, 216 ; tyrannies in, on Dion's death, 215-6; embassy to Corinth, 217 ; de- livered by Timoleon, 220-2 ; second Corinthian settlement of, 223 ; treatment of Hiketas' family, 228, of Mamercus, ib. ; massacre at, by Agathokles, 236 ; his tyranny at, ib. ; Carthaginian attack on, 239 se(jq. ; Hamilkar retires from, 245 ; his first attack on, 246 ; wars of with Akragas, 249, 263 ; Hiketas tyrant of, 263 ; prays Pyrrhos for help against Carthage, 265 ; welcomes Pyrrhos, 267 ; allied with Carthage against Mamertines, 273, 277 ; Hieron's kingdom of, 274, 278-9 ; pros- perity of, under Ilierun, 293, 294 ; misrule of Ilieronymos in, 297 ; negotiates with Appius Claudius, 298, 300 ; slaughter of Hieron's descendants, 299 ; Leonlinoi revolts against, 300 ; effect of Marcellus' treatment of the deserters on, 301-2 ; Roman siege of, 303, 311; Mar- cellus, hereditary patron of, 315 ; gradual decay of, 324, 352 ; occupied by Sextus, 333 ; Ro- man colony at, 340 ; sacked by the Franks, 342 ; SS. Peter and Paul at, ib. ; bishopric of, 344 ; Gothic count of, 347 ; sub- mits to Belisarius, 348 ; temple of Athene turned into a church, 352 ; Constans II. at, ib. Taormina, see Tauromenion Taras, Tarentum, helped by Mi- kythos, 85 ; asks help of Sparta, 231 ; helped by Pyrrhos against Rome, 265, 266, 271 ; submits to Rome, 271 ; head-quarters of Antonian ships, 337, 338 Tauromenion, foundation of, 173; defeat of Dionysios at, 183 ; taken by him, 184 ; Timoleon lands at, 219 ; Punic envoys at, ib. ; men of, slain by Aga- thokles, 238 ; Pyrrhos lands at 267 ; its alliance with Rome, 321 ; taken by the slaves, 327 ; Roman siege of, ib. ; Ccesar at, 338 ; Roman colony at, 340 ; church of Saint Pancratius at, 342 ; bishopric of, 344 Taurus, S., in command under An- tonius, 337 Tegea, Mikythos dies at, 90 Telemachos of Akragas, 65 Telines of Gela, 68 Temenites, outpost of Syracuse, 43 ; taken into the city, 119 Tenea, settlers from, at Syracuse, 59 Terillos, tyrant of Himera, 74 ; driven out by Theron, 78 Termini, see Thermal of Himera Terranova, see Gela Teutonic invaders of Sicily, 342, 345 Thapsos, peninsula, 43 ; Megarian settlement at, 47 ; Athenian station at, 121 ; taken by Aga- thokles, 245 Thearidas, admiral of Dionysios* fleet, 1 85 Themistos, elected general, 297 ; put to death, 298 INDEX. 377 Theodahad, king of the East Goths, 348 Theodoric, king of the East Goths, 347 Theodoros, denounces Dionysios, Theodotes, Dion s treatment of,2 1 2 Theodotos, slays Hieronymos, 297 Theokles of Chalkis, founds Naxos, 40 ; and Leontinoi, 45 ; his dealings with the Sikels and Megarians, 47 Theokritos, his verses to Hieron II., 294 Therma, Thermal, of Himera, 51, 343 ; colony of Carthage at, 33, 147 ; becomes Greek, 147 ; subject to Carthage, 154, 238; Agathokles born at, 234 ; taken by Agathokles, 250 ; joins Deinokrates, 254 ; Agathokles negotiates for, 255 ; taken by Rome, 283 ; Roman colony at, 340 Thermai of Selinous, 343 Theron, tyrant of Akragas ; his alliance with Gelon, J^ ; drives out Terillos, 78 ; his share in the battle of Himera, 80, 81 ; his war with Hieron, 83 ; recon- ciled to him, 84 ; his works at Akragas and death, 89 ; de- struction of his tomb, 149 Thespia, sends contingent to Syracuse, 126, 129 Thoinon, of Syracuse, overthrows Hiketas, 264 ; welcomes Pyrr- hos, 267 ; put to death, 271 Thourioi, foundation of, 106 ; treatment of by Leptines, 185 ; makes treaty with Dionysios, 186 ; helped by Corinth, 221 Thrasimund, king of the Vandals, 347^ Thrason, adviser of Hieronymos, 296 Thrasyboulos, son of Deino- menes, 72, 83 ; his tyranny at Syracuse, 90 ; withdraws to Lokroi, id. Thrasydaios, his oppression at 26 Himera, 84 ; his tyranny at Akragas, 89 ; put to death at Old Megara, zi>. Thrinakic , 16, 30 Timokrates, Dion's wife given to, 201 ; left in command at Syra- cuse, 203 ; his letter to Dio- nysios, 203, 205 Timoleon, his share in Timo- phanes' death, 217 ; sent to help Syracuse, ib. ; lands at Tauromenion, 219; defeats Hi- ketas at Hadranum, ib. ; Dio- nysios surrenders to, 220 ; plots against, 221 ; takes Syracuse, 222 ; re-founds it, 223 ; repulsed at Leontinoi, 224 ; Leptines and Hiketas submit to, ib. ; his war with Carthage, 225 ; his victory by the Krimisos, 227 ; his treat- ment of the tyrants, 227, 228 ; makes peace with Carthage, 228 ; sends settlers to Gela and Akragas, 229 ; ends his days at Syracuse, ib. ; the Timoleon- teion built in his honour, 230 Timophanes, of Corinth, his tyranny and death, 217 Tisias, teacher of rhetoric, 94 Tissaphernes, his alliance with Sparta, 137 ; withstood by Hermokrates, ib. Torgium, battle of, 255 Totila, king of the Goths, invades Sicily, 349 Trinacia taken by Syracuse, 107 Ti-inaks'ia, 16, 30 Triocala, capital of King Tryphon,. 329 Trotilon, first Megarian settlement at, 46 Trojan traditions at Segesta, 13, 252, 269, 279 Tryphon, see Salvius, 75 Tunis, head -quarters of Aga- thokles, 243 ; victory of, over Carthage, 244 ; taken by the mercenaries, 246; Ophellasslain at, 247 Tycha, (quarter of Syracuse, 92, 165 378 INDEX. Tyndarion, his attempt at tyranny at Syracuse, 94 Tyndarion, tyrant of Taurome- nion, 263 ; joins Pyrrhos, 267 Tyndaris, foundation of, 182 ; joins Timoleon, 220 ; Roman victory off, 282 ; occupied by Sextus, 333 ; Roman colony at, 340 Tyrants, use of the name, 62, 353 ; Greek view as to slaying of, 217, 228 Tyre, probable settlements from in Sicily, 24 ; its hatred to- wards Greeks, 77 ; the Geloan Apollon sent to, 153 ; Carthagi- nian embassies to, 244 Utica, Phoenician colony, 23 ; taken by Agathokles, 248 V Vandals, alleged invasion of Sicily by, 342 ; in Africa, Italy, and Sicily, 346 ; Belisarius' cam- paign against, 348 Vet res, C. , Cicero's speech against, 3I9>.330, 332; his oppression in Sicily, 331 ; goes into exile, 332 ; put to death, ib. ^^olcanic mountains and lakes in Sicily, 33, 34 X Xenodikos of Akragas, defeated by Leptines, 249, 251 Xerxes, invades Greece, 78 Xiphonia, peninsula, 43, 46 Zankle, foundation of, 48; founds Himera, 50 ; ruled by Skythes, 69 ; seized by the Samians, ib. ; its army enslaved by Hippocrates, 70 ; occupied by - Anaxilas, ib. ; name changed to Messana, 70, 92 ; rule of Mikythos at, 85, 90 ; sons of Anaxilas at, 90, 91 ; see Messana Zoippos, uncle of Hieronymos, 295 ; supports Carthage, 296 ; sent to Egypt, 299 ; slaughter of his family, ib. UNWIN BROTHERS, CHILWORTIl AND LONDON. 'm^ Large crown 8vo., cloth, 5s. each, fully Illustrated. I. ^6e @.bBcnfureD of ^^ounger ^on. By E. J. TRELAWNY. \Vith an Introduction by EDWARD GARNEIT. Illustrated with several Portraits of Trelawny. II. (KoBerf ©rurgB ^ournaf in (V^abaQascat. With Preface and Notes by Capt. S. P. OLIVER, Author of "Madagascar. III. QVlemotrB of f 3e (gjtfraorbtnarg (Wtftfarg Coreer of ^o3n Mi^ipp. With Introduction by H. iMANNERS CHICHESTER. IV. t^c (^bBcnfuree of t^omas (peffo5B, of Qpcnrgn, (JHanner. Written by Himself; and Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by Dr. ROBERT BROWN. ^3e Q^uccanecre anb (ttlarooncre of Q.mtvica: Being an account of certain notorious Freebooters of the .Spanish Main. Edited by HOWARD PYLE. VI. ^3e ^03 of a 3ac^ tav; or. C0e Etfe of ^amca ^gogcc, (Vnaefer QTlan'ncr, With O'Brien's Captivity in France. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by V. LOVETT CAMERON, R.N VII. ^6e (pogagcD anb @bHcnfureB of Serbtnonb (Hlcnbe"? 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