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 History of the church 
 
 DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Rev. ARTHUR HOWARD NOLL 
 
 Historiographer of the Diocese 
 
 Corresponding Member, New Jersey Historical Society 
 
 y4uthor of ^' Short History of Mexico,^' 
 
 etc., etc. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 JAMES POTT & CO., PUBLISHERS 
 
 1900
 
 Copyright, 1899 
 
 BY 
 
 lAMES POTT & COMPANY 
 New York
 
 
 
 >• 
 as 
 
 TO THOSE WHO LOVE THE 
 
 CHURCH 
 
 AND PRAY AND LABOR FOR HER 
 INCREASE IN 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY 
 DEDICATED. 
 
 tKj4^
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 When the present writer was appointed at the 
 Sixty-sixth Annual Convention of the Church in 
 the Diocese of Tennessee Historiographer of the 
 Diocese, in succession to the Rev. George White, 
 D.D., and Mr. P. M. Radford, he supposed that 
 he could best fulfil the duties of the office by 
 digesting the mass of material collected by the 
 patient and intelligent industry of his predeces- 
 sors, and by preparing therefrom a comprehen- 
 sive account of the progress of the Church in 
 Tennessee, which would be of interest outside 
 of the narrow circle of ecclesiastical antiquaries. 
 It was with deep regret, therefore, that he learned 
 that the materials collected by the Rev. Dr. 
 White had been scattered and lost; that the like 
 fate had overtaken some valuable historical papers 
 prepared by the Rev. Dr. Gray, now Bishop of 
 Southern Florida; and that such disposition was 
 made of the papers of the late Mr. Radford as to 
 defeat the ends which that indefatigable collator 
 of historical data had in view throughout his 
 labors as historiographer. The present writer 
 would have been quite content to have appeared 
 before the reader as the editor of Mr. Radford's 
 work, and the pursuit of such a course would
 
 undoubtedly have enhanced the merit of the 
 present history. But the author has been denied 
 access to any of his predecessor's wori<, save 
 what has been published in the Diocesan Journals 
 since 1887. 
 
 Under these circumstances, the author has 
 sought the greater part of his material in the jour- 
 nals of the diocese; but he has extended his in- 
 quiry to many other volumes treating of various 
 phases of the history of Tennessee, and he has 
 likewise sought much information by correspond- 
 ence. To those who have kindly assisted him 
 in his work he here makes his most grateful 
 acknowledgments. That the book may be kept 
 within the limits set for it from the beginning, 
 he refrains from more specific reference to the 
 authorities consulted or to those who have, by 
 contributing information, rendered assistance. 
 The reader will perceive the propriety, however, 
 of mentioning Mrs. Donna Otey Compton, who 
 has kindly placed at the author's disposal her 
 father's private journals and many papers which 
 have been of inestimable service. A. H. N. 
 
 SoMERViLLE, Tenn., June, 1899.
 
 COMTENTS. 
 
 r. The State of Tennessee, . . . -9 
 
 II. The People AND THEIR Religions, . . 2i 
 
 III. The Church, . . • • -37 
 
 IV. Advance of the Church into Tennessee, . 49 
 V. The Diocese of Tennessee, . . -63 
 
 VI. The First Bishop of Tennessee, . . 73 
 
 VII. A Day of Small Things, . . .82 
 
 VIII. Mission Work and Parochial Increase, . 94 
 
 IX. The Church AND Education, . . .118 
 
 X. Some of the Giants IN the Earth IN Those Days, 126 
 
 XI. Years that the Locust Hath Eaten, . 1 38 
 
 XII. The Inauguration of a New Regime, . • '53 
 
 XIII. Strengthening the Things that Remained, . 159 
 
 XIV. An Era of Ecclesiastical Architecture, . 173 
 XV. The Church AND THE Negro, . . 177 
 
 XVI. A Summing-up of Results, . . . 189 
 
 XVII. The Men of the Later Days, . . 198 
 
 XVIII. Preparing for a New Epoch, . . . 214 
 
 XIX. The Close of an Era and a Retrospect, . 223
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH 
 
 IN THE 
 
 DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 If history be, as some say, the narration of 
 events within the sphere of human agency and 
 interest, or, to quote a more specific definition 
 — "the sum total of events which have con- 
 tributed to the progress of mankind" — then the 
 territory now embraced within the State of 
 Tennessee has no history previous to the year 
 1768. De Soto may indeed have reached its 
 southwestern borders in the middle of the six- 
 teenth century, it was embraced in a royal grant 
 made to Sir Robert Heath in 1630 and in another 
 made to Lord Ashley and others in 1663; Mar- 
 quette, Joliet and La Salle, within the next two 
 decades, saw its western borders ; the first English 
 explorations from Virginia, in 1748, penetrated 
 its wilds in the eastern portion; and Fort Loudon 
 was built in 1756 somewhere in what is now East 
 Tennessee. Yet none of these events are known
 
 10 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 to have had any permanent influence upon the 
 history of the State or of its people. 
 
 By the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768, how- 
 ever, the "Six Nations," living upon the Northern 
 Lakes, ceded to the King of England a vast 
 region, including the country between the Ohio 
 and Tennessee Rivers. This country was then 
 occupied by the Cherokee Indians, and the sup- 
 position that their claim had been ceded by the 
 signatures of a few Cherokees who happened to 
 be present at Fort Stanwix when the Treaty was 
 made, induced white people to move into the 
 eastern portion of the territory, comprising the 
 valley of the Clinch, the Holston, the Watauga, 
 theNollichucky and French Broad — rivers which 
 combined to make the Tennessee. 
 
 The valley was from northeast to southwest, 
 between the Cumberland mountains on the 
 northwest and the Great Smoky and Unaka 
 mountains on the east, separating it from what 
 is now the State of North Carolina. It was 
 really a part of North Carolina, but was so situ- 
 ated by reason of its physical features as to be 
 of readier access to southwestern Virginia; and 
 thence the first movement for its colonization 
 came. 
 
 It was in 1769 that Captain William Bean from 
 Virginia erected a log house, and thus effected a
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE, I I 
 
 permanent settlement upon the banks of the Wa- 
 tauga, near its union with Boone's Creek. This 
 was followed by other settlements established in 
 Carter's Valley (in or near where the town of 
 Rogersville now stands) ; and at Brown's Settle- 
 ment, on the Nollichucky River. The settlers 
 were for the most part honest and brave men, 
 driven by their poverty from southwestern Vir- 
 ginia still further into the wilderness in search of 
 lands that would yield them a living. 
 
 About this time political troubles in North 
 Carolina, between the Royalist government and 
 certain malcontents who styled themselves 
 " Regulators," reached a crisis. At the battle of 
 Alamance in 1771, two hundred Regulators were 
 left dead on the field of battle, and out of a large 
 number taken prisoner by the Royalists, six 
 were executed for high treason. This had the 
 effect of directing another stream of settlers 
 across the mountains to join the settlements 
 already established, or to form new ones upon 
 the Watauga and Upper Holston and in the val- 
 ley of the Nollichucky. Some of these settlers 
 are said to have been desperate adventurers, 
 such as are usually to be found among the pio- 
 neers of colonization. But the greater numbers 
 were of the same sturdy, rugged class as those 
 who had preceded them into the valley — in-
 
 12 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 clined to follow the lead of such master minds 
 as those of John Sevier and James Robertson. 
 
 Up to this time the settlers had supposed that 
 they were within the boundaries of the Virginia 
 proprietary government, and they had taken up 
 their lands in conformity to the laws of that 
 government, relying upon the guarantees of 
 their rights against the Indians afforded by Vir- 
 ginia under the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. Now, 
 however, much to their chagrin, it was discov- 
 ered that the Watauga Settlements were within 
 the limits of North Carolina. The course pur- 
 sued in this exigency is admirably illustrative of 
 the character of the earliest settlers of Tennessee. 
 
 They were especially averse to acknowledg- 
 ing themselves under the control of a govern- 
 ment from whose oppressions many of them 
 had just fled; but promptly deciding that some 
 form of government should be adopted in their 
 trans-montane colony, by which wrong-doing 
 could be put down and equity could be estab- 
 lished between man and man, the "Articles of 
 the Watauga Association " were adopted early 
 in the spring of 1772. 
 
 These Articles are frequently cited as the first 
 written constitution ever adopted west of the 
 Alleghany mountains, or by any community of 
 American-born freemen. They were the fore-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 3 
 
 runner of the establishment of other free and 
 independent communities — a type of the repre- 
 sentative constitutional government subsequently 
 adopted by the States of the American Union. 
 Our present interest in them, however, is only 
 as they furnish an illustration of the democratic 
 character of the early settlements from which 
 has grown the great State of Tennessee. 
 
 The Watauga Association was chiefly efficient 
 in providing a means whereby lands could be 
 entered. It was found to have served its pur- 
 poses by the time the troubles between Great 
 Britain and the colonies came to a head; and in 
 1775 or 1776 the three settlements in the Wa- 
 tauga country formed themselves into what was 
 to be known as "Washington District," and 
 petitioned North Carolina for annexation. The 
 population at that time was about six hundred. 
 As is natural with frontier colonies, the region 
 was becoming attractive as a rendezvous for 
 horse thieves, gamblers and fugitives from jus- 
 tice.* 
 
 North Carolina was at first unwilling to rec- 
 ognize the Wataugans as upon her territory, be- 
 cause the recognition would have implied obli- 
 gations of protection. Nevertheless, the petition 
 
 *Vide Phelan's " History of Tennessee," p. 40.
 
 14 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 for annexation was granted in 1777, and the 
 annexed district became Washington County. 
 Its boundaries were specified as running west to 
 the Mississippi River, evidently in ignorance of 
 how vast an extent of territory this might com- 
 prise. 
 
 Washington County included for a time all of 
 the early settlements in what is commonly 
 known as "Upper East Tennessee." In 1779, 
 other counties began to be carved out of Wash- 
 ington County, and in that year Jonesboro, the 
 first town, was laid out. It was intended to be 
 the county seat of Washington County. In 1785 
 Greeneville was laid off as the county seat of 
 Greene County. 
 
 The trans-montane population of North Caro- 
 lina took an active part in the war for the Inde- 
 pendence of the Colonies and at one time it was 
 an important part. The " Backwoods-men of 
 Tennessee" fought and won the Battle of King's 
 Mountain on the 7th of October, 1780, an event 
 which sustained the same relation to the surrender 
 of Cornwallis as the Battle of Bennington to the 
 surrender of Burgoyne. 
 
 After the Independence of the Colonies was 
 established North Carolina, in 1784, passed a 
 legislative act ceding her trans-montane counties 
 to the United States as territorial possessions,
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I 5 
 
 upon the condition that the cession be accepted 
 by Congress within two years. Against this 
 action the sturdy settlers in Watauga protested 
 by a storm of indignation. This was before the 
 adoption of the Federal Constitution and the 
 Wataugans would have been deprived of the 
 protection of government and thrown back 
 again upon their own resources had the cession 
 been actually made. Their appeals to North 
 Carolina, in 1786, for protection against the In- 
 dians, were refused. They at once took steps 
 to organize "a separate and distinct State, inde- 
 pendent of the State of North Carolina." It was 
 a plucky following of the principles established 
 in the Revolution, and though it led to the im- 
 mediate repeal of thjg legislative act of cession, 
 yet the movement towards the establishment of 
 an independent State continued until the " State 
 of Franklin " was actually set up in the valley. 
 
 The adoption of the Federal Constitution in 
 1787, removed the principal objections of the 
 Tennesseeans to the cession of their territory to 
 the United States and brought to an end the 
 State of Franklin. In February, 1788, North 
 Carolina re-enacted the cession of her western 
 territory to the United States; the " Territory 
 southwest of the Ohio " was organized in 1790, 
 and a governor appointed therefor. Knoxville,
 
 1 6 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 the county seat of Keene County, on the west 
 bank of the Holston, and in the heart of a pic- 
 turesque region, had by this time grown into 
 sufficient importance to be made the territorial 
 capital. The population of the Territory, em- 
 bracing what are now the States of Kentucky 
 and Tennessee was, in 1791, 36,000, including 
 3,400 slaves. 
 
 Prior to the existence of the State of Franklin, 
 the settlement of the county adjacent to the 
 Cumberland River was begun by a movement 
 headed by James Robertson, formerly of North 
 Carolina, and more recently of Watauga. The 
 settlers of this region also agreed upon a "Com- 
 pact of Government." They were included in 
 the State of Franklin and followed that State 
 into annexation with North Carolina, and thence 
 into the Territory southwest of the Ohio. 
 
 The settlements previously attempted in this 
 region were at a low ebb when the Independ- 
 ence of the Colonies was established in 1783. 
 But hope and energy revived soon afterwards. 
 Davidson County was organized and the county 
 organization took the place of the "Compact of 
 Government." Nashborough, the result of the 
 earliest settlement near the "French Lick," was 
 made a county seat and its name was changed 
 to Nashville. Settlements in the neighborhood
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 7 
 
 increased. From " Renfroe Settlement" the 
 town of Clarksville was eventually evolved. In 
 1788 Tennessee County was set off from David- 
 son County and included all of the territory now 
 within the limits of five counties and parts of 
 three others. The county seat was fixed at 
 Clarksville.* In 179 1 the whole population of the 
 Cumberland settlements was over 7,000. 
 
 In 1792 Kentucky was organized as a State 
 and admitted into the Union. Four years later 
 it was ascertained that the territory included 
 within the boundaries of the State of Tennessee, 
 contained a little less than 67,000 free white 
 inhabitants and more than 10,000 slaves. The 
 population was distributed as follows: In the 
 eastern counties of Washington, Jefferson, Haw- 
 kins, Greene, Knox, Sullivan, Sevier and Blount, 
 there were over 56,000 whites and 8,000 slaves. 
 In Davidson, Sumner and Tennessee Counties, 
 there were over 8,400 whites and 2,400 slaves. 
 A constitution was adopted and an organization 
 as a State effected. The leaders in the move- 
 ment were of the same sturdy character as those 
 who had participated in the former organization 
 of the Watauga Association, the Cumberland 
 
 *Tennessee County disappeared from the map by an act of 
 the Territorial Legislature passed in April, 1 796, which divided 
 its area between Montgomery and Robertson Counties.
 
 1 8 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 "Compact of Government" and the "State of 
 Franklin." After some opposition in Congress, 
 the State, tailing its name from its chief river, 
 was admitted to the sisterhood of States on the 
 ist of June, 1796. 
 
 The State thus coming into existence com- 
 prised East Tennessee and West Tennessee. 
 The latter division extended to the Mississippi 
 River. As settlement advanced westerly it was 
 met by an influx of population coming down 
 the rivers from the north. Jackson and Browns- 
 ville were established. The former became a 
 centre of activity in the region of the State lying 
 west of the Tennessee River. 
 
 The history of that region, known at first as 
 the Western District, does not properly begin 
 until 1818, and the treaty made that year by 
 which the Chickasaw Indians parted with their 
 interest in the soil of Tennessee. Counties were 
 rapidly organized and settled: Hickman, in 1818; 
 Henry, in 18 19; Hardin, Madison and Shelby, 
 in 1820; Henderson, in 1822; McNairy and Gib- 
 son, in 1823, and Fayette, in 1824. Immigra- 
 tion into Fayette County was rapid the follow- 
 ing year and Somerville was laid off as the 
 county seat. La Grange, in the same county, 
 attained great prominence through a lucrative 
 trade with the Indians of North Mississippi, and
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 9 
 
 became the rival of Jackson, the county seat of 
 Madison County. Subsequently the name of 
 Hatchie, the county seat of Hardeman County 
 was changed to Bolivar; and the town of Ran- 
 dolph grew up on the bank of the Mississippi, 
 in Tipton County, as the entrepot for the coun- 
 ties farther east. 
 
 Memphis was laid off in 1 8 19 at a point where 
 it is supposed that De Soto reached the Missis- 
 sippi in 1 541; where La Salle built Fort 
 Prud'homme, in 1678; where the French built 
 Fort Assumption, in 1739; where the Spanish 
 Governor, Gayoso, built Fort Ferdinand, in 1795, 
 and Captain Isaac Guion built Fort Adams, in 1 797. 
 It was partly upon lands that had been pre- 
 empted of the North Carolina State Government 
 as early as 1783, but it was not until a much 
 later date that it was definitely ascertained by an 
 authentic location of the thirty-fifth parallel of 
 latitude that the site was in Tennessee and not 
 in Mississippi. 
 
 The population of Memphis at the time the 
 town was laid off was no more than fifty, and 
 there was little increase for the next ten years. 
 It was but a "prosperous village" in 1832 — a 
 competitor for municipal importance upon nearly 
 equal terms with the town of Randolph, and of 
 less consequence than La Grange. It was for a
 
 20 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 long time growing up in rivalry with Jackson. 
 It claimed a population of i,8oo in 1840. Ten 
 years later this was increased by 7,000. 
 
 In 1834 it was provided constitutionally that 
 there should be "Three grand divisions of the 
 State, East, Middle and West Tennessee," the 
 last named division comprising the region form- 
 erly known as the Western District. These 
 three divisions were considered a civil and 
 political necessity, and have not been without a 
 peculiar influence upon the history of the State 
 and that of the Church within the State. The 
 Supreme Court has had three branches, one for 
 the East, another for the Middle and a third for 
 the West. The University of Tennessee fol- 
 lowed the same lines. And later still, the State, 
 like a Christian mother, completed the compas- 
 sionate care of her most helpless children, the 
 insane, by the same three-fold provision. Local 
 feeling is strong in these three divisions and the 
 class of population is different in each. The 
 people of Middle and West Tennessee are closely 
 allied to those of the States of Alabama and 
 Mississippi lying just south of them respectively. 
 East Tennessee includes in its population the 
 mountaineers with their somewhat lawless ideas 
 of freedom, and their rather crude civilization 
 which has furnished better material for the nov- 
 elist than for the historiographer.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 21 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE PEOPLE AND THEIR RELIGIONS. 
 
 Early in the seventeenth century, the landed 
 estates of the Earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel, 
 comprising six counties in the Irish province of 
 Ulster, were confiscated by the English crown, 
 and were parcelled out among certain Scotch 
 and English favorites of James I., who were 
 brought over to Ireland for that purpose. By 
 far the greater numbers of these immigrants 
 were from the south of Scotland, and hence the 
 new occupants of the soil of Ulster became 
 known as "Scotch-Irish." 
 
 They were ultra-Protestant, thrifty, prosper- 
 ous and pugnacious. Emigrations from the 
 Scotch-Irish Ulstermen to America began later 
 in the seventeenth century; and in the early part 
 of the eighteenth century, by what were known 
 as the "Antrim Evictions," 30,000 of these 
 Scotch-Irish sought the land " where there was 
 no legal robbery, and where those who sowed 
 the seed could reap the harvest."* The institu- 
 tion by England of a more tolerant government 
 policy checked this emigration for a while; but 
 
 * Froude.
 
 22 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 it began anew in 1728, and it was estimated tliat 
 from that time until the middle of the eighteenth 
 century, 12,000 Scotch-Irishmen came to America 
 annually. 
 
 A part of this stream of immigration reached 
 the eastern borders of Pennsylvania, where it was 
 diverted southerly into Maryland, Virginia and 
 North Carolina. Another part reached the 
 American shores further south, encountered the 
 stream from the north, and the combined force 
 turned westward towards the Mississippi River; 
 and it was by this means that Tennessee claimed 
 to be peopled by Scotch-Irish stock. 
 
 The settlers of Tennessee were sturdy, enter- 
 prising and intelligent, with a fondness for the 
 excitement incident to the adventurous life of 
 the frontiersman. There is a lawless freedom 
 in the life of the van-guard of civilization; and 
 this produced in the early days of Tennessee 
 many wild, headstrong characters, who held in 
 no restraint the untamed and turbulent passions 
 which they had inherited from their Scotch-Irish 
 progenitors. They were tenacious of what they 
 held to be their rights and were quick to resent 
 a wrong. But they were, on the whole, God- 
 fearing and fair-minded. 
 
 By religious traditions the early settlers of 
 Tennessee were Presbyterians. But their pur-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 2} 
 
 pose in colonizing in that wilderness was, not to 
 find a suitable place for the exercise of their re- 
 ligion or to escape the temptations incident to 
 the world and organized society, but to get 
 plenty of good lands for the cultivation of corn 
 and tobacco. Their preachers followed closely 
 behind them, sharing their toils and their dan- 
 gers. Some of these were men of deep learning 
 and pure lives, who maintained a high standard 
 for the ministry, and "insisted upon dignified 
 quietness in their congregations." * One of the 
 traveling preachers of the Methodists reached 
 the Holston in 1783, and in 1787 a Methodist mis- 
 sionary was assigned to the "Cumberland" 
 region. The Baptists were on the ground 
 between 1770 and 1780, and in 1788 formed an 
 association known as the " Holston Association." 
 Despite the abundant labors of the Presbyte- 
 rian preachers and teachers, (for schools were 
 early established by them, and it is unquestiona- 
 bly due to their labors that Tennessee has taken 
 such high rank among the States for its educa- 
 tional facilities; ) and despite the efforts of the 
 Baptist and Methodist preachers, the religious 
 conditions of Tennessee sank to a deplorably 
 low state in the latter part of the eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 * Phelan.
 
 24 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 There were undoubtedly many, even among 
 the early settlers, who were fugitives from jus- 
 tice or evading the payment of debts contracted 
 elsewhere. The settlers of one locality in par- 
 ticular were said to be lawless desperadoes, who 
 made a practice of disguising themselves as 
 Indians and preying upon the emigrants passing 
 through their neighborhood. There was a pirate 
 element in the Western District, infesting the 
 river and the Natchez trail, down to the year 
 1834. Distilleries were among the earliest 
 industries established, and intemperance was 
 everywhere rife. One of the early preachers 
 narrates an occasion when he had a congrega- 
 tion too drunk to listen to him. Gambling 
 gained an early notoriety, and a fondness for the 
 race-track was noted as one of the first manifes- 
 tations of an advancement beyond the primitive 
 stages of civilization.* 
 
 In fact the moral and religious conditions of 
 the then border States of Kentucky and Tennes- 
 see in the last decade of the eighteenth century 
 were so deplorable as to be the subject of special 
 comment, even at a time when it was evident 
 everywhere that "the lowest low-water mark 
 of the lowest ebb-tide of spiritual life" had been 
 
 * Vide Phelan.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 25 
 
 reached in the history of American Christianity, 
 and that " infidelity was triumphant and religion 
 was expiring." * 
 
 This general low condition of religion is 
 admitted by writers upon religious economics 
 to have been largely due to a reaction from the 
 "Great Awakening," the revival which broke 
 out in New England in the early part of the 
 century and spread thence to all the settled por- 
 tions of America. Tennessee was settled and 
 admitted to statehood in time to be caught in 
 the flood of the reaction. It was a counter- 
 reaction that produced what is known as the 
 ^'Second Great Awakening," or the "Great 
 Revival of 1800." This movement centred 
 upon and radiated from the Cumberland country 
 in Kentucky and Tennessee, and was not with- 
 out its influence upon the history of religion in 
 the latter State. 
 
 It had its rise in the fervid preaching of James 
 McCready, a Presbyterian minister, in 1796; 
 followed three years later by that of two broth- 
 ers, William and John McGee, one a Presbyterian 
 and the other a Methodist, who in the course of 
 their itinerant preaching to open-air congrega- 
 tions, inaugurated the first camp-meeting in 
 
 * Leonard Woolsey Bacon: "A History of American 
 Christianity," p. 230, etc.
 
 26 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 America. It was in the woods of Logan County, 
 Kentucky, in July, 1800. It was due to the 
 exigencies of the case, and though not without 
 Scriptural analogy, seems not to have been 
 regarded even then as of the essence of the 
 Christian religion or as an especial means of 
 grace, but merely as an incident to the occasion. 
 Nevertheless, the picnic-form appendix has ever 
 since been a physiological phase of Tennessee 
 religion, subject to irritating congestions and 
 inflammations. 
 
 The " Great Revival of 1800" found in Ten- 
 nessee the class of temper peculiarly susceptible 
 of intense excitement. It acted directly upon 
 men and women living in a wild country, with- 
 out the constraints of law or conventionality,, 
 long since broken loose from the religious 
 sentiments and observances which were theirs 
 by heredity and tradition, and having their con- 
 sciences suddenly awakened from a long lethargy 
 in which they had abandoned themselves tO' 
 vicious lives. Under these circumstances, very 
 naturally, the physical manifestations attendant 
 upon the religious excitement fostered by the 
 preachings in the open air to immense throngs, 
 were of theintensest and most extravagant sort.* 
 
 * Vide Bacon : History of American Christianity.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 27 
 
 A Strange nervous malady — epidemic or even 
 contagious in its nature, a peculiar form or phase 
 of hysteria or catalepsy, which is known by the 
 rather unpoetical and wholly undignified name 
 of ' ' the jerks " — broke out among the attendants 
 upon those open-air gatherings. There is one 
 description of this curious manifestation which 
 is copied in nearly every work that takes account 
 of this historical period. The fact that the 
 eccentric Lorenzo Dow is apparently the chief 
 authority for this oft-repeated account of the 
 "jerky religion," might lead us to suspect that 
 he had been led astray by a perfervid imagina- 
 tion, were it not that parallels are to be found in 
 authentic annals throughout the history of Chris- 
 tianity, including the fourteenth century "dance 
 of St. John " and Flagellants, the Shakers of 
 more recent times, and the Penitentes and the 
 Indian ghost-dance of the present day. Besides 
 which, the physical manifestation of enthusiasm 
 has not been confined to religion, but has ex- 
 tended to political and military excitements as 
 well. 
 
 Whether or not anything religious in Tennes- 
 see is now to be traced historically to "the 
 jerks," the "Great Revival of 1800" had its 
 undoubted effect upon the religions of the Ten- 
 nesseeans. The population of the State was at
 
 28 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 the time, by tradition, at least, largely Presby- 
 terian; and the Presbyterians were beyond all 
 question the dominant religious body in the 
 State. The Great Revival was, in the manner 
 of its conduct, contrary to the spirit and genius 
 of Presbyterianism. The more intelligent of that 
 body were naturally repelled by the grotesque- 
 ness of the extravagant physical manifestations 
 and appalled by the irreverance which attributed 
 these excesses to the work of the Holy Spirit. 
 They were, furthermore, alarmed at the evident 
 lowering of the standard of qualifications for the 
 ministry which this movement portended, and 
 the debasement of the idea of religion which 
 "the jerks " were likely to create.* 
 
 On the other hand, there were those who re- 
 garded the work accomplished by the Great 
 Revival as a sufficient justification of all the ex- 
 cesses committed in the name of religion and as 
 one to be encouraged. They judged the move- 
 ment by the immense number of "conversions" 
 reported to have resulted from it, and the unedu- 
 cated preachers, whom it was now intended to 
 put into the field, promised far greater numerical 
 results than the educated ministry of the Pres- 
 byterians had previously attained to. The ad- 
 
 * Cf. Phelan, Bacon, McFerrin (" History of Methodism 
 in Tennessee "), and others.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 29 
 
 herents of those views formed the Cumberhind 
 Presbyterian Church, whose organization was 
 finally perfected in 1810, taking its name from 
 the territory whose chief river is the Cumber- 
 land. 
 
 This schism in Presbyterianism was fraught 
 with disastrous consequences to the parent body. 
 The growth of the Cumberland Presbyterians 
 was enormous and rapid, and it so sapped the 
 strength of the parent body that in 1890 they 
 were in Tennessee numerically nearly twice as 
 strong as the body from which they seceded; 
 and they had more than half the number of 
 members reported in the State as belonging to 
 all kinds of Presbyterians — Presbyterians, Pres- 
 byterians South, United Presbyterians, Associated 
 Reformed Synod of the South, Cumberland 
 Presbyterians, and Colored Cumberland Presby- 
 terians — that number being in excess of 66,000. 
 
 The schism in the Presbyterians gave the great 
 opportunity to the Baptists and Methodists; and, 
 after a period of bitter rivalry, each body grasped 
 its opportunity and soon outstripped the Presby- 
 terians in the State. In 1890 the Baptists were 
 able to report that they had organizations in 
 ninety-two out of the ninety-six counties of the 
 State and more than 106,000 enrolled members, 
 not including the colored Baptists, of whom
 
 30 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 something will be said iiereafter. Of Primitive 
 Baptists there were nearly 14,000, and of several 
 other varieties more than 4,000. 
 
 It was not until 1766, after 175,000 Scotch- 
 Irish Presbyterians had reached the American 
 shores, that American Methodism had its rise in 
 the preaching of Philip Embury in New York 
 and in the similar ministrations of Robert Strow- 
 bridge in Maryland. Eight years later there were 
 more than 1,000 Methodists scattered through 
 New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
 and Virginia. Up to the close of the Revolu- 
 tionary War the preachers labored under the 
 direction of Mr. Wesley without feeling at liberty 
 to assume the right to ordain ministers or estab- 
 lish any particular independent church organiza- 
 tion, and looking to others for the sacraments — 
 usually to the clergy of the Church of England.* 
 
 But the Independence of the North American 
 provinces and their erection into separate States; 
 and their complete severance from the govern- 
 ment — civil and ecclesiastical — of England, was 
 made by the Methodists the occasion of a change 
 of policy. In a letter dated from Bristol on the 
 loth of September, 1784, Mr. Wesley advised 
 what should be done in such an exigency by 
 
 * McFerrin.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 3 1 
 
 "'some thousands of inhabitants of these States." 
 Mr. Wesley believed "according to Lord 
 King," that Bishops and Presbyters were of the 
 same order and that "he as a Presbyter of the 
 Church of England, under God, had a right to 
 ordain ministers to take charge of the flock that 
 "God had given up to him in America." He 
 "accordingly appointed" certain persons "joint 
 superintendents over the brethren in North 
 America," and certain others "to act as elders 
 among them by baptizing and administering the 
 Lord's Supper." The follov;^ing year a Confer- 
 ence agreed that circumstances had made it 
 expedient for the Methodists to become a separ- 
 ate body and they formed themselves into an 
 independent Church under the denomination of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, giving as their 
 reason for so doing the above cited letter of Mr. 
 Wesley. They numbered at that time 18,000 
 members, and more than 100 preachers. They 
 adopted the " Episcopal mode of church govern- 
 ment, making the Episcopal office elective, and 
 the elected superintendent or bishop amenable to 
 the body of ministers or preachers."* 
 
 * Cf. McFerrin, who quotes Mr. Wesley's letter verbatim. 
 Mr. Wesley's letter of commission to Dr. Coke is a like inter- 
 esting document, it may be found in many historical works, 
 ■e.g., p. 291, Bp. Green's Memoir of Bp. Otey.
 
 32 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Upon entering Tennessee the Methodists found 
 themselves bitterly opposed by the Presbyte- 
 rians, already on the ground, who called them 
 "enthusiasts" ; and some even went so far as 
 to say that they were the "false prophets that 
 were to arise in the last days." Subsequent to 
 the Great Revival there was some dispute as to 
 whether the credit of originating that movement 
 was due to the Methodists or to the Presbyte- 
 rians; and acrimonious controversies regarding 
 Calvinism and Arminianism; and with the 
 Baptists regarding the mode of Baptism. And 
 though "it was said to be difficult to discrimi- 
 nate between a Presbyterian and a Methodist 
 preacher or member," in the Great Revival, and 
 that "they preached together and shouted 
 together — for stiff, sullen, dry formality was then 
 not much in vogue,"* yet for all that the con- 
 tinued peace of Zion seems not to have been the 
 most conspicuous resultant of that notable event* 
 
 In 1844 occurred the division which resulted 
 in the organization of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, South. In 1890 the Methodists num- 
 bered nearly 43,000 in Tennessee, and the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church, South, more than. 
 121,000, besides which there were representa- 
 
 *McFerrin.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 3^ 
 
 tives of four other kinds of Methodists and three 
 separate organizations of Colored Methodists. 
 That the Methodists are the dominant religious 
 body in Tennessee need not be explicitly stated. 
 
 The claim has been made on behalf of these 
 bodies which have had such a phenomenal 
 growth in Tennessee during the nineteenth cen- 
 tury under a low educational standard for their 
 ministry, that a religion of that kind is best 
 adapted to the population of this State.* Such 
 a claim may not be very flattering to the people 
 whose religious history is here commented 
 upon, and can only be conceded with the reser- 
 vation that it may have applied to times now 
 past, and that the people of Tennessee are now 
 qualified by culture and refinement for the ap- 
 preciation of another form of religion. 
 
 In the excited state of the people after the 
 Great Revival, we are told,f the "Arian heresy 
 found advocates in Tennessee, and a sect sprang 
 up called 'New Lights,' or 'Schismatics,' headed 
 by some Presbyterians. They called themselves 
 'Christians,' and afterwards united with the fol- 
 lowers of Alexander Campbell, who were at 
 first called the 'Reformers.' Others went into 
 the organization of the ' Crazy ' Shaking Quak- 
 
 * Vide McFerrin. 
 \ McFerrin.
 
 34 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 ers." It was the multiplication of sects after 
 the Great Revival, viewed with dismay by some 
 of the people brought directly under the influence 
 of that great movement, that led to the forma- 
 tion of still another which might be claimed as 
 indigenous to the soil of Tennessee.* It took 
 its names from the "Disciples," who were first 
 called "Christians in Antioch." It had its rise in 
 1827, and had attained in 1890 to more than 
 41,000 members. 
 
 These were dominant religious bodies and 
 actively engaged in their work when the Dio- 
 cese of Tennessee was organized in 1829 by a 
 devoted band of adherents of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, with scarcely more than 100 
 communicants to begin with. The number of 
 communicants in 1890 was more than 5,600. 
 
 The State of Tennessee has been considered a 
 fair field for the exploitation of nearly every kind 
 of religionism. Some Quakers settled in East 
 Tennessee early in the nineteenth century and 
 became active in efforts looking to the emanci- 
 pation of slaves. Societies were organized for 
 that purpose on Lost Creek, from which sprang 
 many similar societies all over the State. But 
 the Quakers or Society of Friends numbered in 
 
 * Bacon, p. 241.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 35 
 
 Tennessee in 1890 only fifteen organizations and 
 1,000 members. 
 
 Conditions have not been so generally favor- 
 able for the maintenance or growth of the 
 Roman Catholic Church in Tennessee as else- 
 where, though that Church numbered in 1890 
 nearly 18,000 communicants. The Lutherans 
 had in that year about 3,000. Both of these 
 represent numerical strength derived from com- 
 paratively recent immigration. We find in that 
 same year, the following having adherents num- 
 bering over 1,000 and less than 2,000 each: 
 Jews, Congregationalists, Dunkards and Spirit- 
 ualists; while Adventists, Plymouth Brethren, 
 Christian Union, Latter Day Saints, Mennonites, 
 Reformed, Unitarians and Universalists, were 
 barely represented in the population of the State.* 
 
 The population of Tennessee in 1890 was 
 1,763,723. The percentage of "Church mem- 
 bers " to the population in that year was com- 
 puted as 31.26 as compared with 32.92, the 
 general average for the United States. But these 
 figures take into account more than 112,000 
 negroes who belong to some religious organi- 
 zation ; and as it is safe to say that nearly every 
 
 * These facts regarding the religious statistics of Tennessee 
 are gathered from Dr. H. K. Carroll's " Religious Forces of the 
 United States." (Edition of 1893.)
 
 }6 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 adult negro belongs to some religious denomi- 
 nation or another, these latter figures must very 
 nearly represent the entire adult negro popula- 
 tion of the State. The estimated percentage 
 above given may, like all such mathematical 
 propositions, mean nothing whatever, excepting 
 as implying that Tennesseeans prefer not to be 
 known as being wholly irreligious, and that the 
 average white Tennesseean falls considerably 
 short of being as religious as the average citizen 
 of the entire Republic.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. yj 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 It is in no spirit of arrogance that tlie body 
 whose progress in Tennessee it is the present 
 intention to set forth, is termed "The Church." 
 It must be apparent to any one who is carefully 
 observant of the subject that what is called the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States 
 of America is one with a higher and more ex- 
 tended body which is justly denominated the 
 Church, and which is mentioned in the creeds of 
 Christendom as the One, Holy, Catholic and 
 Apostolic Church. It is only so far as the Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Church in the United States is 
 loyal to the Church's own conception of Chris- 
 tianity, and to the duties imposed upon her by 
 that conception, that she is entitled to be called 
 the Church; and it is only the Church in that 
 sense whose history in Tennessee is here in- 
 tended. 
 
 The Church's conception of the Church is not 
 that of an irresponsible collection of more or 
 less pious persons, each following the dictates 
 of his own conscience, even though that con- 
 science be far from quick and active — not that 

 
 38 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 of a mere accident of convenience or of supposed 
 possible utility in its relations to Christianity. 
 It is that of an integral part of God's plan for 
 man — the Body of Christ, a kingdom divinely 
 appointed to do Christ's work on earth. The 
 Gospel which Christ brought, the religion He 
 established, were in the form of a visible King- 
 dom or Church. Such a Kingdom or Church is 
 mentioned, not once, but many times, in words 
 recorded in the Gospel as being His own, and is 
 referred to by the Apostles in terms which imply 
 that it is of far more than ordinary importance — 
 as the Body of Christ, the Pillar and Ground of 
 the Truth. 
 
 That such a Church, once divinely founded, 
 realize the divine promise of the Founder's per- 
 petual presence, it must necessarily be continuous 
 throughout all time. In her early days she pro- 
 duced, and she has since then carefully preserved, 
 the sacred Scriptures upon which many other 
 bodies have based their claims to a right to inau- 
 gurate and maintain a system distinct from hers. 
 
 In the continuity of her life, separate nations 
 have left the marks of their native qualities upon 
 her ; and the best example of this is to be observed 
 in the history of the Anglo-Saxon race and the 
 English nation, which have given to the world 
 the best examples of free government and politi-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 39 
 
 cal institutions and the maintenance of the doc- 
 trine, worship, sacraments and ministry of the 
 Church in whose existence belief is expressed in 
 the Creed. 
 
 It was the Church of England, fully competent 
 to vindicate her claims to be an integral part of 
 the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church (a 
 claim that was then scarcely disputed save by the 
 Church of Rome), that was planted in the English 
 colonies in America — in Virginia, in New York, 
 and even in New England. The Church of Eng- 
 land was "established" in New York, New Jer- 
 sey, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina and 
 Georgia. Later she was established in North 
 Carolina, and remained so until the breaking out 
 of the Revolutionary War, though without becom- 
 ing effective in the trans-montane region. 
 
 Jurisdiction in the American colonies was given 
 to the Bishop of London, and the Church main- 
 tained in the colonies the same constitution, the 
 same ministry, the same liturgy and the same 
 sacraments as the Church of England. Besides 
 a large number of parochial clergy of the Church 
 of England, the Society for the Propagation of 
 the Gospel was maintaining in the colonies at 
 the beginning of the Revolution about eighty 
 missionaries. Repeated attempts to secure for 
 the colonies the Episcopate ended in failures.
 
 40 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 At the close of the Revolutionary War, when 
 the Independence of the Colonies was secured, all 
 relationship to the See of London and the Eng- 
 lish National Church was destroyed. This was 
 of the nature of a disaster to a large number of 
 churches scattered throughout New England, 
 the Middle States, Maryland, Virginia, the Caro- 
 linas and Georgia. The war had left some of 
 them without ministerial oversight, and now all 
 were without Episcopal supervision. 
 
 In May, 1784, at a conference of clergymen 
 and laymen from New York, New Jersey and 
 Pennsylvania, steps were taken to form " a con- 
 tinental representation of the Episcopal churches." 
 In October of that year a preliminary convention 
 was held, in which the churches of Delaware 
 and Maryland were represented, in addition to 
 those of the three States already named. It was 
 at this convention resolved that "there be a gen- 
 eral convention of the Episcopal Church," held 
 in Philadelphia in September, 1785. At that 
 convention steps were taken towards the adop- 
 tion of a constitution, the alteration of the liturgy 
 to meet the needs of American Churchmen, and 
 the securing of the Episcopate. 
 
 And it would seem that the attention it de- 
 serves has never yet been paid to the conservatism 
 of the Churchmen of those days, manifested in
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 4 1 
 
 the face of a contrary popular feeling in America. 
 The temptation must have been strong to throw 
 aside the distinctive features of the Church and 
 substitute for them anything that happened to 
 be convenient in the way of a religious society. 
 The leading Churchmen must have foreseen that 
 the maintenance of a ministry of Apostolic suc- 
 cession and a liturgical form of worship would 
 handicap them from the start in a race for success 
 if it were to be estimated wholly by numbers. 
 They were setting themselves a task — and they 
 must have known it — which was not only ex- 
 ceedingly difficult in itself, but which promised 
 few immediate results. Religious societies had 
 in them every element of popular expansion; 
 but in that new country, where the popular 
 mind was well-nigh intoxicated by the sense of 
 the recent success of democracy, the Church, 
 M'ith her inherent ideas of submission to orderly 
 government, was never likely to have such suc- 
 cess. 
 
 It must have required no small amount of true 
 heroism to stand up for a ministry of Apostolic 
 succession under such circumstances as then 
 existed, especially as Episcopacy was inseparably 
 connected in the minds of Americans with tyr- 
 anny and hypocrisy, owing to the recent deteri- 
 oration of the Episcopal office in the English
 
 42 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Church during the Georgian period. And look as 
 closely as we may, we fail to discover a worldly 
 or otherwise unworthy motive actuating the 
 pains that were taken to organize the Church in 
 this country upon the basis of the principles 
 inhering in the Church Catholic. 
 
 The proposition of Dr. White, of Pennsylvania 
 (in his pamphlet, "The Case of the Episcopal 
 Churches in the United States Considered," issued 
 in 1782), to convey for a while the power of 
 ordination to a presiding presbyter, until such 
 time as a Bishop could be obtained, "called 
 forth much animadversion, especially from the 
 clergy of New England and New York," and 
 probably hastened the election of Dr. Seabury to 
 the Bishopric of Connecticut and his journey to 
 England in search of consecration. This was 
 not obtained until after many months and much 
 discouragement. Then it was from the non- 
 juring Bishops of the Scottish Church. 
 
 This called the attention of the English Church 
 to her duty to the people of the same faith in 
 America, and led to the amendment of English 
 statutes, so that the Episcopate might be in future 
 more readily conferred for the benefit of the 
 daughter Church in the new nation across the 
 seas. Consequently, Drs. White and Provoost 
 were consecrated Bishops of Pennsylvania and
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 43 
 
 New York, respectively, in Lambeth Palace, on 
 the 4th of February, 1787, by the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, the Bishop 
 of Bath and Wells and the Bishop of Peter- 
 borough. 
 
 In 1789 the Church was fully organized under 
 the name of "The Protestant Episcopal Church 
 in the United States of America," and equipped 
 with a constitution, a general convention, and a 
 Prayer Book. Her Episcopate of one Bishop of 
 the Scotch succession and two of the English 
 succession was subsequently augmented by the 
 consecration of James Madison as Bishop of Vir- 
 ginia, at Lambeth Palace, on the 19th of Septem- 
 ber, 1790, by the Archbishop of Canterbury and 
 the Bishops of London and Rochester. 
 
 The continuance in the American Church of 
 the doctrine, the discipline and the worship of 
 the Apostolic Church was made a matter of con- 
 cordat between the Scottish Bishops and Dr. 
 Seabury before the latter was consecrated to the 
 high office of Bishop. And the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church in the United States of America 
 came into corporate existence, not as a voluntary 
 society, independent of all external, higher au- 
 thority, but with all the notes and marks of the 
 Catholic and Apostolic Church, and clearly iden- 
 tified therewith by historic continuity.
 
 44 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Her growth and expansion were necessarily 
 slow. Previous to the Revolutionary War, the 
 efforts of the Church had been too feeble to reach 
 all of her own people east of the AUeghanies. 
 Although the advance of Methodist preachers 
 beyond the AUeghanies and into Tennessee in 
 1783 and 1787 was under authority and direction 
 derived from Mr. Wesley of the Church of Eng- 
 land; and their subsequent increase, expansion 
 and organization were expressly under his author- 
 ity "as a Presbyter of the Church of England," 
 yet all that was done was without any intention 
 of edifying the Church of England or her daugh- 
 ter Church in America. It was, on the contrary, 
 intentionally inimical to such edifying and to an 
 ecclesiastical system which did not promise 
 prompt numerical results. And the plan of Dr. 
 Coke, who was still a clergyman of the Church 
 of England, exercising a superintendency over 
 the Methodist preachers in America by Mr. Wes- 
 ley's appointment, looking to the reunion of the 
 Methodists with the Church and the extension 
 of the Episcopate to them by consecration de- 
 rived from Bishops Seabury, White and Madison, 
 miscarried. 
 
 During the struggle for the Independence of 
 the Colonies, the Church had been regarded as a 
 symbol of British rule. To call her, as she was
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 45 
 
 at that time entitled to be called, and as she 
 afterwards for a long time continued to be called, 
 "The English Church," was to prejudice the 
 American mind against her. And the popular 
 prejudices thus created survived much longer 
 than would naturally have been supposed, and 
 served to retard the Church's progress. As late 
 as 1828 there were people in Ohio who looked 
 askance at Bishop Philander Chase as wanting 
 to "make himself a king, or at least to introduce 
 English power" into the State, and who regarded 
 the ;^6,ooo which the Bishop had collected in 
 England for Kenyon College "as really for the 
 purpose of erecting an English fort in Ohio."* 
 
 The sudden transition from a monarchical to a 
 republican form of government in America had 
 furthermore affected the popular mind in regard 
 to the Kingdom of Heaven, and created a ten- 
 dency towards the attempted conversion of that 
 kingdom into a democracy; and this resulted in 
 such forms of religious anarchy as we have seen 
 in the Great Revival of 1800. And for a long 
 time subsequent to the Revolution the Church 
 was not fully understood by her own children, 
 or even by her own priests and Bishops. Bishop 
 
 *The Rev. Henry Caswall: "America and the American 
 Church," p. 47.
 
 46 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 White, who could never be suspected of mon- 
 archical tendencies, such an ardent republican was 
 he, and whom it was impossible to dislike be- 
 cause of his lovely character, did much to dispel 
 the prejudice against the name and office of 
 Bishop. But Bishop White had no very firm 
 grasp of the necessity of Church principles. 
 Bishop Seabury, who represented the old histori- 
 cal school of English Churchmanship, and had a 
 firm grasp of Church principles, was limited in 
 his influence to a small territory and did not out- 
 live the eighteenth century.* 
 
 And so, because it was impossible to over- 
 come the popular prejudices against a Church 
 which was conservative of her Apostolic inher- 
 itances, there was a lower point of depression to 
 be reached than that she had occupied imme- 
 diately after the Revolution. It was when those 
 who, at the close of the Revolutionary War, had 
 remained faithful to the order, doctrine and wor- 
 ship of the Church had passed away, and there 
 were few to fill their places. 
 
 Still the Church survived. In 1792 Thomas 
 John Claggett was consecrated Bishop of Mary- 
 land, all four American Bishops uniting in the 
 consecration. The General Convention that vear 
 
 *John H. Overton, D.D.: "The English Church in the 
 l^ineteenth Century," pp. 339 and 340.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 47 
 
 revised and set forth the Ordinal, and inaugu- 
 rated "measures for providing missionaries to 
 preach the Gospel on the frontiers of the United 
 States. ' ' Bishops were subsequently consecrated 
 for South Carolina and Massachusetts, and the 
 succession was kept up in Connecticut upon the 
 death of Seabury, and in New York upon the 
 retirement of Provoost. 
 
 But a new epoch dawned upon the Church in 
 America in i8i i, in the consecration of Dr. John 
 Henry Hobart as Bishop of New York. Hobart 
 realized the proper position of the Church in the 
 world, and he set this forth in a manner that 
 gained for it a hearing even in the midst of bitter 
 opponents. So indifferent had people become 
 to the principles he enunciated that it was not 
 strange that they seemed to them as new theories 
 regarding the Church. But to the Bishops who 
 came later the facts which he stated were patent 
 enough. 
 
 He was in America "the Remodeler of the 
 Episcopate," as that term was applied by Dean 
 Burgon to Wilberforce of Oxford. He brought 
 to the office excellent business habits and an in- 
 fluence over younger men. And from his time 
 down the Bishops of the American Church have 
 held the Church to be of divine origin, her mis- 
 sion in this country to be of far greater impor-
 
 48 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 tance than the mere holding together of voluntary 
 organizations, and her extension as far more 
 than the mere extension of benevolent lodges, 
 which, as they multiply, serve to augment the 
 treasury of the grand lodge.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 49 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ADVANCE OF THE CHURCH INTO TENNESSEE. 
 
 An event very nearly affecting the history of 
 the Church in Tennessee was the organization of 
 the Diocese of North Carolina in 1817. Bishop 
 Moore, of Virginia, who had, under the influence 
 of Hobart, made the Church a reality in that 
 State, took the Episcopal oversight of the new 
 diocese, made visitations and presided at annual 
 conventions therein for four successive years, 
 beginning in 1819. In 1823 a Bishop was 
 elected for the diocese. Upon the nomination 
 of the Rev. William Mercer Green (afterwards 
 Bishop of Mississippi), then the youngest priest 
 in the convention, and the only one who was 
 able from personal knowledge to vouch for the 
 character and value of his nominee, the Rev. 
 John Stark Ravenscroft, of Virginia, was unani- 
 mously elected by clergy and laity upon the first 
 ballot taken. 
 
 Ravenscroft was a native of Virginia, and of 
 the same sturdy Scotch-Irish stock as the early 
 settlers of Tennessee. Up to the age of thirty- 
 eight he had lived an utterly Godless life, reflect- 
 ing in his character the spirit of his time in
 
 50 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Virginia. It was by remarkable means that he 
 had been brought to surrender himself to religious 
 influences, and he became a High Churchman of 
 the Hobart type. He was ordered a deacon at 
 the age of forty-five, and in due time advanced 
 to the priesthood. The six years of his ministry 
 in Virginia had borne such abundant fruits as to 
 attract the attention of Mr. Green and furnish an 
 actuating cause for the election of Ravenscroft 
 to the Episcopate of North Carolina, and that 
 diocese had no cause to regret the choice she 
 made. 
 
 His consecration marked an epoch in the his- 
 tory of Church extension. North Carolina had 
 but four churches at the time of its organization 
 as a diocese, three of which were survivors from 
 the colonial period; but it furnished a point from 
 which the Church was able to radiate, and par- 
 ticularly into what was then called the "Western 
 Country." 
 
 It was from the Diocese of North Carolina that 
 the first missionary of the Church entered Ten- 
 nessee. If it was said of Kentucky in 1792, 
 whose population then included many "Episco- 
 palian " emigrants, chiefly from Virginia, that it 
 might be hazarded as a public conjecture that no 
 Episcopal Church could ever be erected in that 
 State, the same could be said with greater force
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 5 1 
 
 apparently in 1821 of Tennessee, which then had 
 no population of Church predilections. Yet in 
 that year there appeared within the borders of 
 the State a man for whose coming the upbuild- 
 ing of the Church therein was providentially 
 waiting, albeit he was not at that time baptized, 
 nor had he any knowledge of the Church whose 
 Episcopate he was, within a decade and a half, 
 to adorn. He was James Hervey Otey, then 
 teaching school near Franklin. 
 
 It was undoubtedly due to the terribly low 
 religious conditions which marked the quarter 
 of a century succeeding the Revolutionary War 
 that Otey was not born in the Church. He was 
 of good English stock on both sides. His father, 
 Isaac Otey, was, through the maternal line, 
 descended from Sir John Pettus, a member of 
 the British House of Commons toward the end 
 of the seventeenth century, deputy-governor of 
 the royal mines, author of some professional 
 works, one of the founders of the Virginia colony 
 and a benefactor of Norwich Cathedral. Otey's 
 mother was a Matthews, a lineal descendant of 
 Tobias Matthews, who, in the latter part of the 
 sixteenth and early in the seventeenth century, 
 was successively Bishop of Durham and Arch- 
 bishop of York. Both families were Church of 
 England people down to Colonel John Otey, a
 
 52 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 revolutionary hero, who was the father of Isaac 
 Otey, a well-to-do farmer, a man of sterling 
 integrity, and for thirty years a member of the 
 Virginia Legislature. 
 
 The family home of the Oteys was at the foot 
 of the Peaks of Otter, in Bedford County, Vir- 
 ginia; and there James Hervey was born on the 
 27th of January, 1800, one of the younger of the 
 twelve children of his parents. 
 
 Although it was in the midst of the period of 
 the low ebb of spiritual life in the country, when 
 skepticism, infidelity and religious indifference 
 were triumphant along the whole line, yet there 
 were men born within the previous half decade 
 and within the subsequent decade, in the States 
 most keenly affected by this spiritual depression, 
 who were destined to play prominent parts in 
 the history of the Church in the States south of 
 the Potomac and Ohio Rivers. Among them 
 were Green, already mentioned ; Francis Huger 
 Rutledge, afterwards Bishop of Florida; Nicholas 
 Hamner Cobbs, afterwards Bishop of Alabama; 
 Leonidas Polk, afterwards Bishop of Louisiana; 
 Stephen Elliott, afterwards Bishop of Georgia; 
 Thomas Frederick Davis, afterwards Bishop of 
 South Carolina; and Thomas Atkinson, after- 
 wards Bishop of North Carolina. Of these, 
 Cobbs was born in 1785 in the immediate neigh-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 53 
 
 borhood of the Otey home, though it is unlikely 
 that the two families knew aught of each other 
 until more than a quarter of a century later. 
 
 Young Otey was sent in his boyhood to a 
 neighboring "old field" school, and later to the 
 Academy at New London, the county seat of 
 Bedford County. It was because of his readi- 
 ness to learn and his ambition for a thorough 
 education that he was favored beyond his broth- 
 ers and sent at the age of fifteen to the University 
 of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was then 
 six feet in height and far from graceful in his 
 carriage, and of such swarthy complexion as to 
 gain for himself from his college mates the nick- 
 name of "Cherokee." 
 
 He was studious and faithful, and found leis- 
 ure for some excursions into the field of pure 
 literature, where he unconsciously laid the foun- 
 dations of that clear, vigorous and accurate, if 
 somewhat heavy and inflexible style which 
 marked his later writings. He graduated in 
 1820, taking the unusual degree of " Bachelor in 
 Belles-Lettres." But for certain family reasons 
 he would have proceeded at once to the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh for further study. In place 
 thereof he accepted the appointment of Greek 
 and Latin tutor in his Alma Mater and began his 
 career as an educator in which he subsequently 
 won distinction.
 
 54 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 He married at the age of twenty-one and re- 
 moved to Tennessee where he opened a school 
 for boys near Franklin. At the end of eighteen 
 months he accepted an appointment to the 
 charge of a school at Warrenton, North Carolina. 
 There he had two distinguished pupils, the 
 brothers Braxton and Thomas Bragg, one of them 
 afterwards a General in the Confederate Army, 
 the other a member of the Cabinet of the Presi- 
 dent of the Confederate States. 
 
 Here we must place the incident which marked 
 a turning-point in the life of Mr. Otey and 
 proved of inestimable importance to the history 
 of the Church in Tennessee. In his position as 
 principal it became Mr. Otey's duty to open the 
 school every morning with some religious exer- 
 cises. Through the difficulties he experienced 
 in the performance of this duty, his attention 
 was directed to the Book of Common Prayer. 
 There was a Prayer Book at his home in Vir- 
 ginia — an heir-loom in the Matthews family; but 
 it seems not to have been accessible to him, and 
 one was presented to him by Mr. James H. Piper, 
 who then or subsequently resided at Columbia, 
 Tennessee. He it was, whose efforts as a boy 
 to carve his name beside that of Washington 
 under the arch of the Natural Bridge, Virginia, 
 furnished a reading lesson of thrilling interest to 
 the school-boys of half a century ago.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 55 
 
 This was Mr. Otey's first introduction to the 
 "Literature of Prayer," and to the Church 
 whose doctrine and worship the Prayer Book so 
 admirably illustrates. He not only found in the 
 book a solvent for his present difficulties, but he 
 became forthwith a student therein of those 
 things which a Christian ought to know and be- 
 lieve to his soul's health. At this juncture he 
 was enabled to renew the friendship begun at 
 the University with the Rev. William Mercer 
 Green, who had just been ordered a deacon by 
 Bishop Moore of Virginia and was in charge of 
 the Church at Warrenton. Otey was baptized 
 by his old friend, and on the 8th of May, 1824, 
 in St. John's Church, Williamsboro, he was con- 
 firmed by Bishop Ravenscroft, whose influence 
 over him had already become very marked. 
 
 He began his preparation for Holy Orders, and 
 after his ordination to the diaconate by Bishop 
 Ravenscroft in October, 1825, he removed again 
 to Tennessee by the advice of the Bishop, who 
 grasped with eagerness this opportunity to ex- 
 tend the Church into the "Western Country." 
 Mr. Otey returned to his former purpose of es- 
 tablishing a classical school for boys in Ten- 
 nessee. The school was established in Franklin, 
 the county seat of Williamson County, situated 
 on a beautiful spot in a bend of Harpeth River
 
 56 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 and surrounded by a country which has been 
 justly designated " The Garden Spot of Tennes- 
 see." The school he called " Harpeth Acad- 
 emy." It maintained a high reputation and Mr. 
 Otey won for himself a place in the history of 
 the educational enterprises of the State, as one of 
 the three pioneer educators who made a marked 
 impress upon the people of Tennessee. 
 
 The Maurys, a family of cultured and wealthy 
 Virginians, were living in the neighborhood of 
 Franklin and were warm friends of the young 
 deacon school-master. And among the pupils 
 at Harpeth Academy was Matthew Fontaine 
 Maury, who throughout a life of remarkable dis- 
 tinction, bore testimony to the excellent quality 
 of Mr. Otey's system of teaching. 
 
 Tennessee was still in its pioneer stages. 
 There were neither steamboats nor railways in 
 those days; not even turnpikes, stage roads nor 
 stage coaches west of the Alleghanies. Bridle 
 paths and rough farm roads were the only thor- 
 oughfares. And the soil of Tennessee, attractive 
 as it might be to the agriculturist, was regarded 
 as the most stubborn of any in the whole coun- 
 try to receive the impress of religious instruction. 
 This was largely the result of the religious meth- 
 ods established by the "Great Revival" and 
 practiced periodically ever since. It was scarcely
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 57 
 
 a wonder that to those to whom that form of 
 religion had been proclaimed as the only genuine 
 article, and to whom it appeared justified by the 
 number of "converts "it made, — the sane and 
 sober way of the Church should seem a spurious 
 form of Christianity, and to lack the power of 
 Godliness, — that is, of numerical results. 
 
 Mr. Otey had learned his religion from the 
 Bible and the Book of Common Prayer, and at 
 the feet of the Rev. Mr. Green and Bishop Rav- 
 enscroft. Ravenscroft's experiences had been 
 such as to disgust him with the excitable kind of 
 religion. In 1810, after eighteen years in which 
 " he never bent his knees in prayer, nor did he 
 once open a Bible," his mind took a new direc- 
 tion and he joined a body of Christians (no 
 longer existent), known as "Republican Meth- 
 odists"; but their extravagant and almost wild 
 fanaticism soon drove him from them. And if 
 the naturally refined tendency of Mr. Otey's 
 mind and the instruction he had received from 
 the Bible and Prayer Book were not sufficient of 
 themselves to turn him from all that was de- 
 grading in the popular presentation of religion, 
 to what was dignified and ennobling, the knowl- 
 edge of Ravenscroft's feelings was. So he 
 sternly set his face against the popular form of 
 religion and determined to introduce the Church
 
 58 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 services into Middle Tennessee and to instruct 
 the people in " the more excellent way." 
 
 His religious ministrations were rudely op- 
 posed at first. Liturgical worship was most 
 strongly opposed even by those who had, 
 throughout the "Great Revival" held most 
 strenuously to orderly quiet in congregational 
 worship and to a high educational standard for 
 the Christian ministry. There must have been 
 some families having Church traditions, at least, 
 scattered through Middle Tennessee. Yet even 
 these looked upon the efforts of the young deacon 
 as heroic, but as zeal misdirected. Otey was for 
 a while as " the voice of one crying in the wilder- 
 ness," when he began to hold services in the 
 lower story of the Masonic Hall in Franklin, the 
 only place that offered itself for the purpose. 
 Even the curiosity which prompted some to go 
 occasionally to "hear the man preach and his 
 wife jaw back at him," was not likely to draw 
 together many capable of receiving permanent 
 religious impressions, and that kind of curiosity 
 was soon gratified. 
 
 But Mr. Otey persisted; and soon he began 
 his journeys to Columbia, south of Franklin 
 about eighteen miles, to open up work there. 
 Of this he was relieved by the Rev. John Davis, 
 a deacon from the Diocese of Pennsylvania, sent
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 59 
 
 out by the Domestic and Foreign Missionary So- 
 ciety of the Church in 1826. On his way to 
 Middle Tennessee Mr. Davis had stopped in 
 Knoxville, but without leaving any record of 
 work done there. 
 
 Then Mr. Otey began his trips to Nashville, 
 eighteen miles north of Franklin. That town 
 was then coming into prominence and was prid- 
 ing itself upon its wealth and aristocratic spirit, 
 though not yet for many years the permanent 
 seat of government of the State. There were 
 undoubtedly Church people there who had 
 either wandered off to other religious denomina- 
 tions, or holding themselves aloof from all, ap- 
 peared to the ordinary observer as " heathen and 
 publicans." Among the earliest adherents of the 
 Church there are given the names of Dr. Menick, 
 Dr. John Shelby, Major H. F. M. Rutledge, 
 Thomas Claiborne, James Diggon, Matthew 
 Watson, Colonel George Wilson, Godfrey M. 
 Fogg and Francis B. Fogg. 
 
 Dr. John Shelby was a native of Tennessee, 
 being the first white child born in Sumner 
 County. He remained one of the stanchest 
 friends of the Church in Tennessee up to the 
 time of his death, in 1858. Godfrey M. Fogg 
 and Francis B. Fogg came from New England. 
 The latter had been living in Nashville since 18 17.
 
 6o HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 He became eminent as a legislator and judge, 
 was named high upon the list of the most dis- 
 tinguished lawyers of the State, and never failed 
 in his active and efficient support of the Church 
 for half a century, until his death in April, 1880, 
 at the age of eighty-five. 
 
 In order to hold services in Nashville it was 
 necessary for Mr. Otey to take a hurried dinner 
 after his Sunday morning service in Franklin and, 
 regardless of the weather, ride a borrowed horse 
 over roads scarcely passable to a less determined 
 person. Arriving punctually in the town, he 
 was accustomed to hunt up the key to the Ma- 
 sonic Hall where services were to be held, make 
 a fire when necessary, and give notice to the 
 people of his readiness for the service. In these 
 days of selfishness and mutual suspicion, such 
 energetic zeal would be misconceived as being 
 actuated by self-interest, and people would re- 
 spond, if at all, with the feeling that they were 
 in some way helping out the minister and plac- 
 ing him under obligations to them. 
 
 But in those days there were evidently some 
 who were anxious for the establishment of the 
 Church, and who recognized in the young and 
 earnest deacon one who had "come not to be 
 ministered unto but to minister" ; and they re- 
 sponded heartily to his efforts, recognizing them
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 6 1 
 
 as work for the Lord. Soon a parish was or- 
 ganized in Nashville, and took the name of 
 Christ Church. 
 
 In 1827, Mr. Otey returned to North Carolina 
 and was on the 7th of June advanced to the 
 priesthood by Bishop Ravenscroft. During his 
 absence the Rev. Mr. Howell was engaged by 
 the vestry of Christ Church to take charge of 
 the work in Nashville. This was an unfortu- 
 nate movement, and had the effect of imperilling 
 the work that Mr. Otey had accomplished. The 
 following year the Rev. Mr. Davis came from 
 Columbia, and he remained in Nashville as Mis- 
 sionary until December, 1829, when he removed 
 to Alabama. 
 
 With the priestly office conferred upon him, 
 Mr. Otey returned to his work in Franklin. In 
 March, 1828, Mr. Piper, who had been as we 
 have seen, a providential instrument in the prep- 
 aration of Mr. Otey for the work of bringing the 
 Church into Tennessee, wrote to him from 
 Columbia that he had just conversed with three 
 other prominent citizens of the place upon the 
 propriety of organizing a Church there, and all 
 had agreed that " the present was a very propi- 
 tious period for making the effort." Mr. Piper, 
 while promising many friends for the Church 
 among the Presbyterians of Columbia, felt that
 
 62 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 "festinaie leniter {sic) should be the motto 
 under which the work should be carried on." 
 The result of the action then proposed was the 
 organization of St. Peter's Church. The Rev. 
 Mr. Davis was succeeded, in 1829, by the Rev. 
 Daniel Stephens, D.D,, who took charge of the 
 newly organized parish as rector. Dr. Stephens 
 was a man about fifty years of age, who had re- 
 ceived orders in the Church in 1809, at the 
 hands of Bishop Claggett. He devoted the re- 
 maining years of his life to the upbuilding of 
 the Church in Tennessee. The efforts of Mr. 
 Otey at Franklin bore fruits in the organization 
 of a parish to be known as St. Paul's Church.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 6^ 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 The time seemed to have come in 1829 when 
 the scattered fragments of Church work in Ten- 
 nessee could be unified and made more effective 
 by the organization of a diocese, and Mr. Otey 
 wrote to Bishop Ravenscroft, " the man he loved 
 above all others," urging him to visit the field of 
 his chosen missionary labors. And despite his 
 failing health (he died on the 5th of March in 
 the following year), the Bishop came to Nash- 
 ville in the latter part of June. He brought with 
 him the Rev. Daniel Stephens, who settled at 
 Columbia and established a school there.* 
 
 Mr. Otey's instruction in Nashville had been 
 patient and accurate. But when Ravenscroft 
 came, the large crowds gathered to see (many 
 of them for the first time in their lives), a Bishop, 
 had the doctrine, discipline and worship of the 
 Church explained to them as never before. 
 Christ Church was set far forward in its progress 
 towards permanent establishment. The Bishop 
 
 * Radford. Journ., 1894. p. 65.
 
 64 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Sternly obeyed the call of duty and suspended 
 the Rev. Mr. Howell from the ministry. 
 
 " During my short stay in Nashville," wrote 
 the Bishop, "I have been greatly delighted and 
 encouraged by the interest manifested among 
 members and friends of the Church for the ad- 
 vancement of religion and for the attainment of 
 regular and fixed services for the congregation 
 once organized in the city, but broken and scat- 
 tered by the hasty and unfortunate employment 
 of the Rev. Mr. Howell, now suspended indefin- 
 itely from the ministry. Owing to the part 
 duty compelled me to take in that unhappy af- 
 fair, not a few of the vestry were disposed to 
 look unfavorably on me, but reflection and more 
 correct information have produced their slow 
 but sure effect and I find them all zealous for 
 putting the congregation once more upon a reg- 
 ular footing, and for exerting themselves to 
 build a Church and obtain a resident minister. 
 . . . A vestry has been elected, subscription 
 papers are out to raise funds for the building, to 
 which a considerable sum is already subscribed, 
 and I am authorized to employ a clergyman and 
 to pledge eight hundred dollars certain as a salary. " 
 
 In the Masonic Hall, Nashville, on the ist and 
 2d of July, Bishop Ravenscroft presided over a 
 remarkable convention. It was remarkable, not
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 65 
 
 by reason of the number of its members, for the 
 members included three clergymen, (the Rev. 
 Mr. Otey, the Rev. Dr. Stephens and the Rev. 
 Mr. Davis) and six lay delegates, (Messrs. 
 Thomas Claiborne, George Wilson and Francis 
 B. Fogg, of Nashville; James H. Piper, of Col- 
 umbia; Thomas Maney, of Franklin, and God- 
 frey M. Fogg, of Nashville, representing Knox- 
 ville) There were also present part of the time 
 Messrs. William Hardeman, P. N. Smith and B. 
 S. Tappan, of Franklin. But as there were only 
 about fifty communicants of the Church in the 
 State at that time, a representation of one dele- 
 gate for less than every five communicants, was 
 relatively much larger than in any convention 
 that has since sat in the diocese. 
 
 This convention proceeded to the organization 
 of the Church in the State of Tennessee by the 
 adoption of a "Constitution and canons for the 
 government and regulation of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in Tennessee." It recognized 
 the following parishes as constituent parts of the 
 diocese thus organized: Christ Church, Nash- 
 ville; St. Peter's Church, Columbia; St. Paul's 
 Church, Franklin, and St. John's Church, Knox- 
 ville, though the work in the last named place 
 had scarcely begun. 
 
 A Committee on the State of the Church was
 
 66 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 appointed and reported as follows : " From what 
 has been effected within a few years by the ex- 
 ertions of a few who have stepped forward and 
 under most discouraging circumstances lent 
 their aid to advance the interests of religion and 
 virtue among us, we may form the most pleas- 
 ing anticipations of future success. A few years 
 since, the Episcopal Church was hardly known 
 in this State; her spirit-stirring liturgy was un- 
 heard within our borders. Now three altars have 
 arisen and it is cheering to know that they are 
 crowded by pious and devoted worshippers of 
 the Most High God." As yet there was no 
 Church building erected for any of the organized 
 parishes in the diocese. 
 
 Bishop Ravenscroft confirmed several persons 
 in Nashville; visited Franklin, where he con- 
 firmed ten persons; and wrote in his journal the 
 impressions he had received of the character of 
 the services Mr. Otey had performed for the 
 Church in Franklin, despite the care imposed 
 upon him by his school work. He left Tennes- 
 see, visited Lexington, Kentucky, to the great 
 encouragement of the Church then just organized 
 in that State; and in the Fall of 1829 attended 
 the meeting of the General Convention in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 He bore in mind his pledge to the Church in
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 67 
 
 Nashville and made efforts to secure a clergyman 
 for residence there. These efforts resulted in the 
 arrival in Nashville, in December, 1829, of the 
 Rev. George Weller. He brought with him a 
 large number of Prayer Books and other Church 
 literature, both for gratuitous distribution and for 
 sale, and was also supplied with information as 
 to where more were to be readily obtained. And 
 as Mr. Otey knew from his own experience the 
 value of the Prayer Book as a missionary and as 
 an instructor in religion, we may be sure that he 
 recognized in the advent of the Rev. Mr. Weller 
 a valuable coadjutor in the work of the Church 
 in Tennessee. 
 
 Mr. Weller took charge of Christ Church, 
 Nashville, succeeding therein the Rev. Mr. Davis. 
 The following year he established a Sunday 
 School in which the Catechism was faithfully 
 and persistently taught. The corner-stone of a 
 Church building was laid on the 5th of July in 
 that year, the beginning of the first church edi- 
 fice to arise in the diocese. It was upon a lot 
 purchased for $2,400 on a prominent street and 
 in a commanding position in Nashville. The 
 building was completed at a cost of $1,600, and 
 consecrated by Bishop Meade of Virginia on the 
 6th of July, 1 83 1. 
 
 In that year, Bishop Meade visited the diocese
 
 68 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 and "strengthened the Church " by administer- 
 ing the rite of Confirmation in Nashville and 
 Franklin, and by wise counsels to the clergy and 
 laity gathered in the third annual convention. 
 On the 2d of July he laid the corner-stone of St. 
 Peter's Church, Columbia. 
 
 It was about this time that there came from 
 North Carolina and settled at La Grange in West 
 Tennessee, Mrs. Mary Gloster, a widow, together 
 with her son, Arthur B. Gloster, her son-in-law, 
 John Anderson, and his brother George Ander- 
 son. They were Church people and had been 
 acquainted with Mr. Otey in their former home. 
 Indeed Mrs. Gloster was his sponsor in baptism ; 
 and he subsequently spoke of Mr. John Ander- 
 son as one who had preceded him into the Church 
 and who had influenced his coming. 
 
 They had scarcely settled in La Grange when 
 Mrs. Gloster began to feel most keenly what it 
 was to be deprived of Church privileges; and 
 she rode on horse-back to Middle Tennessee to 
 visit her God-son, to enjoy the services of the 
 Church, and to lay before Mr. Otey the religious 
 needs of the country in which she had settled. 
 It was this visit that caused Mr. Otey's applica- 
 tion to the Foreign and Domestic Missionary So- 
 ciety in New York, for missionaries to advance 
 the Church in what was then known as the
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 69 
 
 Western District of Tennessee. In answer to 
 this application the Rev. Thomas Wright was 
 sent from North Carolina and arrived in Nash- 
 ville on the I St of July, 1832. His arrival was 
 opportune, as we shall see. 
 
 In that year. Bishop Ives, the successor of 
 Ravenscroft in the Episcopate of North Carolina, 
 came to Tennessee by the urgent request of the 
 Church people. He came by way of Knoxville, 
 where he preached and confirmed two persons. 
 He then proceeded to Franklin where on the 
 24th of June he confirmed five persons, and be- 
 fore his return to North Carolina he confirmed 
 two others in Franklin. At Nashville he pre- 
 sided over the fourth annual convention of the 
 diocese in the latter part of June and in the 
 early days of July. Trinity Church, Clarksville, 
 had been organized a few days before under the 
 direction of the Rev. John H. Norment, a deacon 
 of the Diocese of North Carolina, and was at 
 this convention admitted into union with the 
 diocese. 
 
 But the most important work accomplished by 
 Bishop Ives in this visit was the ordination of 
 John Chilton and Samuel George Litton to the 
 diaconate on the 29th of June, and the advance- 
 ment of the former to the priesthood three days 
 later, the day of the arrival of the Rev. Mr.
 
 70 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Wright, in Nashville. These were the first or- 
 dinations in the Diocese of Tennessee. 
 
 A few days after this ordination the Rev. 
 Messrs. Wright and Chilton set out for the im- 
 mense field of labor selected for them. They 
 held services in Clarksville, Paris, Jackson and 
 Brownsville. In Jackson, on the 23d of July, 
 under the direction of Mr. Wright, St. Luke's 
 Church was organized. Five persons were 
 elected vestrymen, though five years later there 
 were only six communicants reported as belong- 
 ing to this parish. Shortly afterwards the Rev, 
 Mr, Chilton was elected rector of St. Luke's 
 Church, in connection with the work of Zion 
 Church, Brownsville, which he and Mr, Wright 
 had organized. 
 
 Mr. Wright proceeded to La Grange where he 
 held services, to the great joy of Mrs. Gloster and 
 her family, and where he presided over a meet- 
 ing of the citizens at which Immanuel Church 
 was organized. The recently made deacon, 
 Samuel George Litton, was appointed mission- 
 ary-in-charge and continued his labors there and 
 thereabouts until 1846. 
 
 Mr. Wright then went to Memphis which he 
 found a town of only twelve hundred inhabit- 
 ants. What encouragement it offered for the 
 establishment of the Church may be judged from
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 7 1 
 
 the entry found in Bishop Otey's diary at a much 
 later date: "Rode to Memphis. The town was 
 tilled with Indians and the people too busily en- 
 gaged in traffic to think of their spiritual inter- 
 ests." However, as the result of Mr. Wright's 
 early labors, the parish of Calvary Church was 
 organized that year, though only ten communi- 
 cants of the Church remained in Memphis in 
 1835. Mr. Wright extended his labors to Ran- 
 dolph, then and long afterwards a rival of Mem- 
 phis, but now scarcely more than a name upon 
 the map. There he organized St. Paul's Church. 
 Thus as a consequence of Mrs. Gloster's horse- 
 back ride there were five parishes ready to ap- 
 ply for admission to union with the diocese 
 when the fifth annual convention met at Frank- 
 lin, in 1833. They were all in the Western Dis- 
 trict and they marked the course of the mission- 
 ary journey of the Rev. Thomas Wright. The 
 route of this pioneer missionary was through the 
 counties of Madison, Hardeman, Haywood, 
 Fayette, Lauderdale, Tipton and Shelby. Fifty 
 years later the Historiographer of the diocese, * 
 commenting on this journey, remarked: "The 
 Church area to-day ... is limited to that 
 territory in those counties. There has been a 
 
 Dr. George White.
 
 72 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 large increase in churches and congregations — 
 new ones have been organized and some have 
 gone to pieces — but there has been no new terri- 
 tory taken in." Reasons for this will be made 
 to appear further on.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 73 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE FIRST BISHOP OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 To enable us to appreciate the epoch-making 
 events transpiring in the years 1833 and 1834, it 
 is necessary to bestow some attention upon the 
 relation of the Church in the Diocese of Tennes- 
 see to the ecclesiastical organization known as 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United 
 States of America. Tennessee was one of 
 twenty States, (out of the twenty-four States 
 then existing in the American Union), in which 
 the Church had been organized. But as there 
 were at that time only fifteen Bishops in these 
 States, and two of these were assistant Bishops, 
 some of the others must needs have the Episco- 
 pal oversight of the Church in more than one 
 State. There was indeed in one case, that of the 
 Eastern Diocese, as it was called, an arrangement 
 made by which the Church in five States might 
 share the Episcopal oversight of one Bishop. 
 
 And this was the only case in which the term 
 "diocese " was recognized at large in the Prot- 
 estant Episcopal Church. The Church in 
 America had not yet realized her national exist-
 
 74 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 ence. The popular idea of the Church was 
 democratic and somewhat Erastian, utterly at 
 variance with the comprehension of a national 
 Church. The Church people in each of the 
 twenty States referred to, had organized, elected 
 a Bishop, (if they could not assure themselves of 
 the Episcopal supervision of some Bishop in a 
 neighboring State), obtained consecration from 
 other Bishops for their Bishop-elect, and then 
 regarded themselves as a Church wholly auton- 
 omous, independent of any higher governing 
 body, owing scarcely any duties outside of them- 
 selves. 
 
 The General Convention was regarded as 
 scarcely more than an advisory board and was 
 jealously watched to prevent its arrogating to 
 itself any powers which would tend to the crea- 
 tion of a national Church by gathering together 
 its scattered members and articulating them. 
 And to the prevalence of this false idea of 
 Churchmanship the legislation of the General 
 Convention had contributed not a little by recog- 
 nizing the Church in "States" but not (save in 
 the single instance above noted) in " dioceses." 
 
 Matters were, however, already beginning to 
 move towards a proper centralization of the 
 Church. Thoughtful Churchmen, with clear 
 ideas of Church polity, and capable of taking the
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 75 
 
 leadership in whatever required readjustment in 
 the Church, had been advanced to the Episcopate 
 since the days of Hobart. The General Conven- 
 tion was beginning to exercise powers which 
 had at first been denied it as belonging exclu- 
 sively to the separate "State" Churches. And 
 two years later all of its deliberations implied 
 that its constituents had begun to realize that 
 there existed in America, not an agglomeration 
 of "State" Churches, but a national Church; 
 though it was not until the next General Con- 
 vention, (that of 1838,) that the word " diocese " 
 supplanted "State" in the first four articles of 
 the constitution of that body and the idea was 
 fully grasped that an ecclesiastical body and not 
 a political division furnished the unit of eccle- 
 siastical government in the Church in America.* 
 Perhaps this is the only relation which the 
 Church in Tennessee sustained at this time to the 
 important movement then in progress in England 
 which was later known as the Tractarian or the 
 
 *The present writer has hopelessly lost the authorities which 
 should be given for the statements here made, and prob- 
 ably for much of the language used in setting forth these state- 
 ments. They occur in notes made in the course of the study 
 of another subject several years ago. The subject then in hand 
 required no specific citation of authorities. Hence none was 
 preserved. If any reader recognizes the above language as 
 appearing elsewhere in print a favor will be conferred by com- 
 municating the fact to the writer.
 
 76 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Oxford movement. That movement had begun 
 to make men on this side of the water think, and 
 as a result of their thinking they were learning 
 far more about the Church than they had ever 
 before known. 
 
 It had been, in spite of the previous inability of 
 the Church in America, implied in the conditions 
 above suggested, to adjust her machinery to pro- 
 visions for the spiritual needs of her children as 
 they followed the tide of colonization westward 
 beyond the Alleghanies, that she had been organ- 
 ized in Ohio, Kentucky and in Tennessee. In 
 the last named State it had been due, as we have 
 seen, to the missionary enterprise of Mr. Otey. 
 Four years after the organization had been effected 
 it could but be felt that, with an Episcopal head, 
 the diocese (for such it was in fact though 
 generally denied the name), could accomplish 
 far more work. Possibly if the Churchmen in 
 Tennessee had been able to forecast the trend 
 of events, they might have exercised their pa- 
 tience for another year and a half, and then taken 
 advantage of the legislation of the General Con- 
 vention of 1835, which provided that on the re- 
 quest of any diocese, however small its clergy 
 list and however fev/ its parishes, the House of 
 Bishops might nominate a Bishop to be confirmed 
 by the House of Deputies, or (if the election oc-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 77 
 
 curved in the recess of the General Convention) 
 by the several Standing Committees. 
 
 It would be idle to speculate what might have 
 been the outcome of waiting for this enabling 
 legislation, or of waiting to be able to comply 
 more fully with the canonical requirements then 
 in force regarding the election of a Bishop in a 
 diocese. The Church in Tennessee is too well 
 satisfied with the result of the action then taken 
 to inquire too closely into its strict conformity to 
 the letter of laws which in their spirit were in- 
 tended to advance the progress of the Church, 
 not to retard it. It was then from reasons of 
 prudence required by the canons that no diocese 
 be allowed to proceed to the election of a Bishop 
 until there were six presbyters in charge of 
 parishes duly settled in the diocese for one year, 
 and until there should be twelve duly organized 
 parishes therein. 
 
 There were eight clergymen at work in Ten- 
 nessee in 1833, but of these the Rev. Thomas 
 Wright, a presbyter, and the Rev. John H. Nor- 
 ment, a deacon, were canonically resident in 
 North Carolina, and the Rev. Albert Arney Mul- 
 ler, D.D., who had been elected rector of Trinity 
 Church, Clarksville, had not been a year in resi- 
 dence. But the need of a Bishop was now felt 
 to be so great that it was thought unnecessary
 
 78 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 to construe canonical restrictions too severely, 
 and due notice was given of a convention of the 
 diocese to meet in Franklin in June, 1833, for the 
 purpose of electing a Bishop. 
 
 The convention met accordingly. The Rev. 
 Dr. Stephens presided. Mr. Godfrey M. Fogg 
 was chosen as secretary. After the new parishes, 
 organized in the Western District during the 
 previous year, had been formally admitted to 
 union with the diocese the number of parishes 
 was but nine. 
 
 On the 27th of ]une the convention proceeded 
 to the election of a Bishop. On the first ballot 
 Mr. Otey received the votes of all the clergy ex- 
 cepting his own and Dr. Weller's, which were 
 cast for the Rev. William Mercer Green. The 
 nine laymen present voted unanimously in con- 
 firmation of the election of Mr. Otey. The tes- 
 timonial of the Bishop-elect was signed by the 
 Rev. Daniel Stephens, D.D., the Rev. George 
 Weller, D.D, the Rev. Albert A. Muller, D.D., 
 the Rev. John Chilton, the Rev. Samuel G. Lit- 
 ton; Messrs. John C. Wormley and George C. 
 Skipwith, of Columbia, William G. Dickinson, 
 B. S. Tappan and Thomas Maney, of Franklin; 
 Matthew Watson, Godfrey M. Fogg and Francis 
 B. Fogg, of Nashville, and John Anderson, of La 
 Grange.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 79 
 
 During the months that followed there was a 
 scourge of cholera in Nashville and in Memphis, 
 prophetic of one of the characteristics of the 
 Diocese of Tennessee throughout its history. 
 There was no little anxiety as to the manner in 
 which the Church in other dioceses would regard 
 the action of the convention in Franklin. South 
 Carolina declined to consent to the consecration 
 of Mr. Otey on the grounds that Tennessee had 
 not the canonical number of parishes and pres- 
 byters to elect. Three dioceses, Maine, New 
 Jersey and Georgia, were asking for further time 
 for the consideration of the subject, as late as 
 September. But later the consent of a majority 
 of the dioceses (which seemed not inclined to 
 force too strict a construction of the canons in 
 such an exigency to the manifest detriment of 
 the Church's advance), was obtained, and the 
 Presiding Bishop took order for the consecra- 
 tion. 
 
 Mr. Otey was disappointed, however, of his 
 hope of going to Philadelphia for consecration 
 before the Winter set in. He had never before 
 been outside of the three States, Virginia, North 
 Carolina and Tennessee, and was apprehensive 
 of the effects of a visit to a northern State dur- 
 ing the cold weather. It was on the 14th of 
 January, 1834, that he was consecrated in Christ
 
 8o HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Church, Philadelphia, by the venerable Bishop 
 White, Presiding Bishop, assisted by Bishops 
 Onderdonk of Pennsylvania, his brother of New 
 York, and Doane of New Jersey. The last 
 named preached the sermon. In the course 
 thereof he said: 
 
 " There is a common notion that Bishops are 
 stately persons, and that large salaries, noble ed- 
 ifices and splendid equipages are somehow an 
 essential appendage of their office. But here is a 
 Bishop who has never had a Church to preach in, 
 and has never yet had a living at the altar, but has 
 been obliged to labor for his children's bread in 
 the laborious though most honorable vocation of 
 teaching; spending five days out of seven in a 
 school, and for years has not had a month's re- 
 laxation." * 
 
 Yet for all that, though Bishop Otey was able 
 to adapt himself to the crude conditions of civ- 
 ilization that prevailed in his diocese and was 
 able to "endure hardness as a good soldier of 
 Jesus Christ," he was never unmindful of the 
 dignity of the high office to which he was now 
 called, nor was his conduct therein ever such as 
 to lower its dignity in the eyes of others. He 
 
 * So reported by my predecessor, the late P. M. Radford. I 
 do not find the words in the sermon as published in the Bishop 
 of Albany's " Life and Letters of Bishop Doane."
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 8 1 
 
 was six feet four inches in height and well pro- 
 portioned throughout. And not only from his 
 unusual size but from his whole appearance and 
 especially from his general bearing and de- 
 meanor he was one to attract attention any- 
 where. His visit to England in 1851 and his 
 meeting there with the Bishops of the English 
 Church, were severe tests of his possession of 
 those qualities which are rightly demanded of a 
 Bishop; and he stood the tests well. Columbia 
 College in 1833 bore testimony to the quality of 
 his scholarship by conferring upon him the de- 
 gree of S.T.D. 
 
 At his consecration Bishop Otey became the 
 thirtieth in the line of the American Episcopate 
 and raised the number of Bishops then living to 
 sixteen. He was with two exceptions, the 
 youngest Bishop consecrated up to that time in 
 the American Church, being within a few days 
 of thirty-four years of age.
 
 82 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 A DAY OF SMALL THINGS. 
 
 Returning to Tennessee after his consecration, 
 Bishop Otey was able to number five priests and 
 three deacons upon his clergy list within the fol- 
 lowing year; and of actual communicants of the 
 Church there were about one hundred and sev- 
 enteen. With that energy and wisdom which 
 had marked his career as deacon and priest and 
 now gave character to his Episcopate, he began 
 at once measures for the advancement of the 
 Church. He was young, and at that time in ro- 
 bust health. It was not until after years of most 
 wearing toil, part of which time he had charge 
 of the Diocese of Mississippi as Provisional 
 Bishop, and in which he undertook journeys, 
 filled with adventures, through Alabama, Florida 
 and Georgia, and answered the claims for work 
 over a vast field extending from Kentucky and 
 Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico and between 
 Florida and the Pacific, that he became a prey to 
 dyspepsia and we find him noting in his diary 
 from time to time the restraints placed by failure 
 of health, upon his putting some of his grand 
 plans into effect.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 83 
 
 He at once established the custom, (and he 
 continued it as long as he was able to do so,) in 
 visiting the congregations in his diocese, to as- 
 semble as many of the clergy as could meet to- 
 gether with convenience, and try the effect of 
 continued religious services for several days to- 
 gether. Thus were instituted what in these 
 days would be called "missions." But the 
 Bishop, although having reason to believe that 
 this course was attended in some instances with 
 happy results, did not regard it as "to be relied 
 upon as better than the regular and systematic 
 inculcation of divine truth from week to week, 
 in the stated ministrations of the parochial 
 clergy;" and felt that it would be better on the 
 whole to let the Bishop, when he came, pass on 
 after performing the duties strictly pertaining to 
 his office, without laying upon him the burden 
 of so much preaching as was then expected of 
 him at his visitations. 
 
 It is significant of the primitive conditions of 
 life in Tennessee before the middle of the nine- 
 teenth century, and not a premonition of the 
 "ritualism" subsequently grafted upon the 
 Church life in this country, that we read fre- 
 quent notices of services to be held at "candle- 
 light." Yet as we read of the struggles of those 
 who were laboring for the upbuilding of the
 
 84 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Church in that wilderness, the noble Bishop and 
 his devoted band of clergy, of the Apostolic 
 journeys they made and their earnest efforts to 
 win people we cannot avoid finding analogies in 
 that age when the lighting of candles suggested 
 to the Greek Christians evening hymns of praise 
 to the Triune God. 
 
 The annual conventions of the diocese were 
 made the means of disseminating a knowledge 
 of the Church in such centres of population as 
 Jackson, Pulaski, Nashville, Clarksville, Ran- 
 dolph, La Grange, Columbia, Bolivar, Knoxville 
 and Franklin. Some of these towns at the time 
 of the first meeting of the convention therein, 
 were wholly without Church buildings or even 
 without organized parishes. In such cases 
 Court houses were used for the purpose, and in 
 some instances Presbyterians or Methodists 
 graciously loaned their places of worship with- 
 out hope of reward. 
 
 The conventions lasted for several days, some- 
 times for a whole week. Morning and evening 
 prayer would be said daily and a sermon was 
 preached every night. The Sunday included in 
 the time of holding the convention would be 
 "improved" by services in which the Church 
 was prominently set before the people. The or- 
 dinations (which averaged two a year during
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. »5 
 
 the Episcopate of Bishop Otey), were sometimes 
 held on these occasions in order that the people 
 might have the fullest instruction possible in the 
 character and purpose of the ministry of the 
 Church. 
 
 By all these means all portions of the State, 
 and towns, large and small, had abundant oppor- 
 tunities to "hear the Church." How meagerly 
 the people availed themselves of the opportuni- 
 ties is apparent from some comments the Bishop 
 makes in his official diaries from time to time 
 and more particularly from the words of his ad- 
 dress before the twenty-third annual convention 
 held in 1856, and the action taken thereon by a 
 committee appointed to consider the same and 
 report. 
 
 The preaching of the Church was in those 
 days direct and clear. Otey's trumpet had been 
 attuned to that of Ravenscroft and so was in ac- 
 cord with those of Hobart, the Onderdonks and 
 Doane; and when he put his lips to it, it gave 
 forth no uncertain sound. The clergy he gath- 
 ered about him were likewise fearless in speak- 
 ing the truth. It was a time more tolerant of 
 logical, didactic sermons than is the present, 
 though undoubtedly the sermons which Bishop 
 Otey and his clergy delivered, were, in their
 
 86 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 enunciation of Church principles, in advance of 
 the times. 
 
 In 1839 the Rev. Mr. Litton preached a ser- 
 mon on " Christ and the Church " at the open- 
 ing of the eleventh annual convention of the 
 diocese in Randolph, it was a bold statement 
 of Church principles and was subsequently pub- 
 lished at the request of some who heard it. 
 This invited a reply from the Presbyterian min- 
 ister in Randolph, which was also published and 
 contained the Presbyterian arguments then in 
 vogue against Episcopacy, but which have since 
 been abandoned. To this reply the Rev. Mr. 
 Alston published a most conclusive rejoinder; 
 but of course with the usual result of convincing 
 men against their will. 
 
 Three years later the Bishop preached three 
 sermons in St. Peter's Church, Columbia, on 
 "The Unity of the Church," "The Ministry," 
 and "The Apostolical Succession." The fol- 
 lowing year they were published with notes and 
 an appendix containing corroborative evidence 
 of the arguments he used. They created among 
 the various denominations represented in Ten- 
 nessee and neighboring States, a sensation out 
 of all proportion to the numerical importance of 
 the Church whose principles they so boldly 
 proclaimed. These various denominations were
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 87 
 
 far from being at peace with each other and 
 were even then about to break into pieces upon 
 a religio-political question. Yet these sermons 
 furnished the occasion for them to "cast their 
 heads together with one consent " and to " con- 
 federate against " the Church in a more active 
 and open warfare than they had before pursued. 
 These incidents unquestionably retarded the 
 numerical growth of the Church in Tennessee. 
 But they are by no means to be deplored. By 
 her very constitution the Church was precluded 
 from resort to those popular methods by which 
 numerical increase is insured to the neglect of the 
 true mission of the Church; by her spirit and 
 genius she is precluded from entertaining mere 
 numerical increase as a sole motive for her work. 
 And if the Church excited enmity by the frank 
 declaration of her principles, it was a far more 
 honest course to pursue than to seek to win al- 
 legiance by false representation of herself and 
 by concealment of her principles. She pursued 
 the Gospel method. Her Lord had contented 
 Himself with few followers, so that they might 
 know Him and His Father's will. And one who 
 thought he saw the promise of a future tri- 
 umphant party in the followers of Jesus of Naz- 
 areth, was turned back by the Master's own 
 word — and he was a rich man too.
 
 88 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 The diocese was missionary ground and 
 Bishop Otey was as truly a Missionary Bishop as 
 Kemper or any since his time. He gives in his 
 convention address in 1856 an account of 
 services then recently held in East Tennessee, 
 which illustrated the character of the field in 
 which he had to labor. The room (it was the 
 Court room of a county town), he tells us, was 
 filled with people, but they had been drawn to- 
 gether by curiosity to witness something novel 
 or to hear " preaching." They had not come to 
 worship. They seemed not disposed to take the 
 Prayer Books offered them, never recognizing 
 that they had the same right of inheritance in 
 that book as in the Bible. There were no re- 
 sponses to the prayers save from the clergy who 
 were present; and when the congregation was 
 called upon to unite with the clergy in praise by 
 singing a psalm, only a voice here and there re- 
 sponded. And the Bishop regarded the neglect 
 of worship as the "prevailing characteristic of 
 the population throughout the length and breadth 
 of the land." He gratified the desire of the 
 people to "hear preaching," but felt that he 
 was but the " voice of one crying in the wilder- 
 ness." 
 
 And such was a fair sample of much of the 
 Church's effort. But it had been foreseen and
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 89 
 
 foretold by the Divine Founder of tine Church: 
 "Behold a sower went forth to sow; and when 
 he sowed, some seeds fell by the wayside; 
 . . . some fell upon stony places." 
 
 During the first fifteen years of Bishop Otey's 
 Episcopate the average confirmations performed 
 by him was fifty annually. Between 1850 and i860 
 the average was one hundred and fifteen. In 
 1844, ten years after his consecration there were 
 fifteen resident clergymen at work in Tennessee 
 and about four hundred communicants. Ten 
 years later there were seventeen clergymen, 
 seventeen parishes and about eight hundred 
 communicants. In i860 the clergy numbered 
 twenty-seven, the organized parishes twenty- 
 six and the communicants fifteen hundred. 
 
 It will be noted that there is a discrepancy be- 
 tween the total number of confirmations thus 
 given and the figures denoting the increase in 
 the number of communicants. The latter did 
 not keep pace with the former by nearly five 
 hundred. This is not wholly accounted for by 
 the deaths occurring in the Church during the 
 Episcopate of Bishop Otey. Though the num- 
 ber of deaths must have been great for that 
 period included years when plagues and pesti- 
 lences visited the country and by ravages in 
 Tennessee impressed upon the diocese one of its
 
 90 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 chief distinctions. Yet in these epidemics the 
 Church usually found her opportunity, and her 
 clergy, by standing bravely at their posts, estab- 
 lished traditions that were fearlessly followed 
 in the post belliim period. But the loss of 
 nearly five hundred communicants out of two 
 thousand confirmations and an unknown num- 
 ber of Church immigrants, is accounted for by 
 removals from the State, a habit of Tennessee 
 Churchmen which more seriously affected the 
 numerical growth of the diocese in a later 
 period. 
 
 Those early days included the great finan- 
 cial depression of 1837 and all that followed 
 iri its track. Yet it was in a subsequent period 
 of financial prosperity that the Bishop appears to 
 have been the more disheartened in regard to the 
 growth of the Church. In 1856 he had con- 
 firmed but one hundred persons. It seemed a 
 small return for the great amount of labor be- 
 stowed. One of the obstacles to his success 
 that year, he thought, was the prosperity all were 
 enjoying; and he reminded the clergy and laity 
 then gathered in convention of a "truth estab- 
 lished by all history and proven by all experi- 
 ence, that a very prosperous worldly condition 
 and high attainments in the Divine life very 
 rarely consist together." At the same time the
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 9 1 
 
 exceeding difficulty and unpropitiousness of the 
 field given him and his clergy to cultivate, re- 
 curs to him and he states that he has known for 
 many years "that anamount of prejudice, ignor- 
 ance and prepossession prevailed in this diocese 
 respecting our communion, unequalled in any 
 other State of the Union." 
 
 It was to combat this ignorant prejudice that 
 a Diocesan Book Society was organized in 1858 
 chiefly through the efforts of the Rev. Charles 
 Todd Quintard, M.D., who had then recently 
 abandoned a lucrative medical practice to adorn 
 the ministry of the Church in Tennessee. The 
 Society succeeded in establishing depositories 
 for the sale of Church books and tracts, first at 
 Memphis and afterwards in Nashville and Knox- 
 ville, and was making fair progress when the 
 period now under review was brought to an end 
 by the war beginning in 1861, and by the death 
 of Bishop Otey in 1863. 
 
 The early conventions of the diocese included 
 meetings of the Diocesan Missionary Society, 
 and the brief minutes of these meetings were 
 published with the journals of the convention. 
 The meeting answered very well to the Mission- 
 ary Meeting now held on the last evening of a 
 Diocesan Convention, though the latter is not 
 the direct successor of the former, but is of in-
 
 92 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 dependent origin. In the "day of small 
 things " the treasurer reported something like a 
 hundred dollars from regular subscribers to the 
 society and from the offerings during the con- 
 vention. After a few years the minutes of a 
 formal meeting of the society disappear from the 
 journal though the list of subscribers is continued 
 for several years longer and increases in length. 
 Bishop Otey ordained to both the diaconate 
 and to the priesthood seventeen men; to the di- 
 aconate alone, nine; and to the priesthood alone, 
 twenty-six. There were some ordinations for 
 Tennessee by Bishops Kemper, Green and Smith 
 in the period between i860 and 1865. Some of 
 these ordinations were of native Tennesseeans. 
 But the Bishop was receiving and dismissing 
 every year several deacons or priests, so that the 
 clergy list of the diocese down to the year iS'-'O 
 comprises nearly one hundred names. It is gen- 
 erally supposed that his inability to hold the 
 clergy for a longer time proceeded from an in- 
 sufficiency of support. Yet in i860 there were 
 reported by the Committee on the State of the 
 Church, three parishes paying (or promising) 
 their rectors salaries of two thousand dollars; 
 one paying fifteen hundred dollars, and four 
 one thousand dollars each. These last included 
 such small towns as Columbia and Somer-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 93 
 
 ville. There were few cases of rectories pro- 
 vided for the clergy. In nearly every case the 
 clergy had to follow the example of the Bishop 
 and eke out a living by teaching five days 
 in the week. Then the constant shifting of the 
 clergy is partially accounted for by the fact that 
 there were some on the clergy lists who as in- 
 valids were attracted to Tennessee, where they 
 hoped to find a semi-tropical climate and were 
 driven further south by early frosts the year of 
 their arrival. 
 
 The Bishop suffered keenly the loss of several 
 of his clergy by death. He suffered still more 
 keenly the necessity laid upon him of disciplin- 
 ing other clergymen. No less than seven left 
 the ministry either by renunciation or by de- 
 position. Those were the days before the cus- 
 tom arose among Bishops of gently shoving an 
 unworthy cleric from one diocese into another 
 to avoid the inconvenience of an ecclesiastical 
 trial. The patient but upright Bishop was com- 
 pelled to exercise discipline so often that one of 
 his clergy was forced to sigh, as he glanced over 
 the clergy list, " Bad men come here to be dis- 
 ciplined; good men come here to die!"
 
 94 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 MISSION WORK AND PAROCHIAL INCREASE. 
 
 For three years, Christ Church, Nashville, en- 
 joyed the distinction of possessing the only 
 Church edifice in the diocese. St. Peter's 
 Church, Columbia, was completed and conse- 
 crated in 1834; St. Paul's Church, Franklin, 
 completed in 1834, was consecrated the follow- 
 ing year.* Trinity Church, Clarksville, was com- 
 pleted and consecrated in 1838. 
 
 St. Paul's Church, Franklin, although the first 
 organized of the parishes in Tennessee, suffered 
 greatly by the resignation of the rectorship by 
 Bishop Otey in 1835. The Rev. Hamble James 
 Leacock was locum tenens for two years subse- 
 quently. The removal of many of the Church 
 people from Franklin was causing the parish to 
 
 *"The edifice is commodious and beautiful, built after the 
 Gothic style, with galleries on the sides, and an organ-loft. 
 The present of a large and fine-toned bell has been made to 
 this Church by H. R. W. Hill, Esq., of Nashville." Conv. 
 Ad. Bishop Otey, 1836. This building required repairs in 1849, 
 again in 1854, ^nd again in 1857. "^ was reported in a state of 
 dilapidation in 1869 and was " restored " and consecrated by 
 Bishop Quintard, in 1871. The rectory was built subsequent 
 to the war.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 95 
 
 go down, and when in 1841 the Rev, W. P. 
 Saunders was appointed Missionary in Charge, 
 there was but one male communicant in the 
 parish and there were but few women commu- 
 nicants. There being no material out of which 
 to elect a vestry, the parochial organization had 
 been suffered to lapse. Saunders was succeeded 
 by the Rev. Samuel Sherwell, and he by the 
 Rev. James W. Rogers in 1847. The parish 
 was reorganized in 1849. ^t had then about 
 eighteen communicants. 
 
 There came to settle upon his family estates 
 in Maury County, in 1833, the Rev. Leonidas 
 Polk. The purpose he had in view was the 
 complete restoration of his health, which had 
 been impaired, and had only been partially re- 
 stored by a recent trip abroad. He was a man 
 of a remarkable history. He was a graduate of 
 West Point, where, under the influence of Dr. 
 Mcllvaine, then chaplain of the United States 
 Military Academy and afterwards Bishop of 
 Ohio, he had been baptized and confirmed. 
 Soon after his graduation he had resigned the 
 army and prepared for holy orders. He was 
 placed in charge of St. Peter's Church, Columbia, 
 upon his coming to Tennessee, and remained 
 rector until his election by the General Conven- 
 tion, in 1838, to be Missionary Bishop of the
 
 96 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Southwest. Bishop Otey, upon leaving Frank- 
 Un, in 1835, fixed his residence in Columbia and 
 opened a school for boys in his own house, 
 which he called " Mercer Hall," after his friend 
 and benefactor, Dr. Mercer, of New Orleans, 
 whose praise is in all the Churches of the South. 
 The Bishop succeeded the Rev. Mr. Polk in the 
 rectorship of the parish in 1838 and was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. Mr. Wheat, who came from 
 Nashville in 1849 to assist the Bishop in his ed- 
 ucational enterprises. 
 
 The Bishop resumed charge of the parish on 
 the I St of January, 1850. Three years later, the 
 Rev. David Pise, D.D., came from the princi- 
 palshipof Millwood Academy, Davidson County, 
 to take charge of the Columbia Female Institute 
 and the rectorship of St. Peter's Church. But 
 though Columbia was all the while a centre of 
 the Church's educational work, St. Peter's 
 Church progressed but slowly, and in 1850 
 there were but eighteen communicants. The 
 town, like Franklin, was never large. 
 
 Even Christ Church, Nashville, with a town 
 back of it coming into some prominence as a 
 State capital, was not flourishing to the extent 
 that was to be expected. At the end of five 
 years of persistent efforts for the advancement 
 of the Church, the Rev. Mr. Weller was able to
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 97 
 
 report having baptized forty-seven children and 
 six adults, and presented twenty-eight persons 
 for confirmation. The congregation comprised 
 about forty families and the number of commu- 
 nicants was greater than the whole number of 
 persons attendant upon his ministry at the begin- 
 ning. Yet he was compelled to resign the rec- 
 torship of the parish in 1837 because of the 
 inability of the congregation to support him and 
 his family, and because the labor of teaching 
 school in connection with his parochial work 
 was too great. 
 
 He was succeeded by the Rev. J. Thomas 
 Wheat, who, though a North Carolinian, received 
 his deacon's orders from the Bishop of Virginia 
 and now came from the Diocese of Ohio. He 
 was eloquent, affable, zealous and progressive. 
 He instituted the weekly offertory, an unpopular 
 "innovation" in those days, and in 1843 estab- 
 lished a parochial school for girls. He reported 
 one hundred and sixteen communicants in 1844. 
 He resigned in 1848 and removed to Columbia. 
 
 Under less favorable circumstances outwardly, 
 Trinity Church, Clarksville, was manifesting 
 more encouraging signs of progress than any of 
 the other parishes in Middle Tennessee during 
 this period. Dr. Muller, the rector, extended his 
 labors to the employes of the Cumberland Iron
 
 98 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Works in Stewart County, and erected there a 
 chapel in which services were held. He was 
 deposed from the ministry in 1841 after an 
 ecclesiastical trial, and was succeeded by the Rev. 
 E. Harrison Cressey, who was in his turn suc- 
 ceeded in 1845 by the Rev. William Croes Crane, 
 from the Diocese of Mississippi. He was a 
 native of New Jersey, a nephew and namesake 
 of the first Bishop of that diocese, and received 
 his deacon's orders from the second Bishop there- 
 of. He was a man greatly beloved and con- 
 tinued in the rectorship of Trinity Church, 
 Clarksville,* until 1850, and was then succeeded 
 by the Rev. Dr. Joseph James Ridley. 
 
 *In 1845, ^i"- Thomas Fraser, Senior Warden of Trinity 
 Church, Clarksville, died. He willed to the parish certain 
 property, a record of which is made in the vestry book and I 
 quote it, for in the light of history, it reads oddly, in his will 
 item 11. is as follows: "It is my will that my servants, by name, 
 Austin, a blacksmith by trade; Betsey and her children, Henry, 
 Austin, Jr., John and an infant, Peter, Mary Jane and Betsey 
 Ann, with all their future increase, and my stock in the Rus- 
 sellville and Clarksville Turnpike Company, consisting of 
 twenty shares and the dividends that may be from time to 
 time declared on the same, be vested by my executors for the 
 benefit of Trinity Church, Clarksville, Tennessee, as a perpetual 
 fund. The hire of the negroes and the dividends of the stock 
 aforesaid annually arising, to be appropriated by the vestry and 
 their successors in the following manner: 
 
 "First. That the vestry shall lay out twenty-five dollars in 
 books for the Sunday School of said Church; after which the 
 said vestry shall appropriate the one half of the residue of such 
 annual fund for the support of the rector of said Church an-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 99 
 
 In the neighborhood of Columbia two mis- 
 sionary enterprises were established during the 
 period now under consideration, which for a 
 while added to the parochial strength of the dio- 
 cese. They were St. Mark's Church, Williams- 
 port, and St. John's Church, Ashwood. 
 
 Williamsport is a village about ten miles down 
 Duck River from Columbia. It had been settled 
 by people from the Eastern States who had 
 
 nually, or withhold it at their discretion, two-thirds of the 
 whole number of the vestry concurring, and annually the said 
 vestry shall appropriate the said residue of said annual fund 
 towards the finishing of the Episcopal Church in Clarksville, 
 and keeping the lot in order, building a parsonage on said lot, 
 and keeping the same in order. And when all this shall be 
 done, I desire the vestry to purchase a suitable lot in Clarks- 
 ville and build a female academy out of said annual fund, to be 
 under the control of said vestry as the trustees of the same, 
 which shall be called the Female Academy of the Episcopal 
 Church of Clarksville. And after the completion of the several 
 objects aforesaid, I desire said annual fund shall constitute an 
 endowment for said academy to be under the control of the 
 vestry for the promotion of science and virtue." 
 
 Gustavus A. Henry and John H. Poston were to be the ex- 
 ecutors of this will " except the hiring of the negroes, collecting 
 the hire and receiving the dividends on the turnpike stock." 
 This devolved upon the vestry. At one time the hire of the 
 negroes amounted to nearly eight hundred dollars per annum, and 
 one servant was given to the rector for board and clothing. — Bp. 
 Quintard's Ad. at anniversary of the parish in 1896. 
 
 Trinity Church, Clarksville, has not only had eminent men 
 as rectors, but some distinguished men as wardens and vestry- 
 men. One of these was Major Gustavus Adolphus Henry, who 
 was on the vestry in 1834 and almost continuously since for 
 nearly half a century. He was an eminent citizen and states- 
 man. He died in 1880 at the age of seventy-six.
 
 lOO HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 brought with them some Church traditions. 
 The Rev. John H. Norment organized a parish 
 and opened a school there about the year 1838. 
 The parish took the name of St. Mark and was 
 admitted to union with the diocese. A church 
 edifice was at once erected and was consecrated 
 by Bishop Polk at the request of Bishop Otey in 
 October, 1840. 
 
 Bishop Polk and his three brothers donated 
 six acres of land to the diocese about six miles 
 from Columbia on the road to Mount Pleasant 
 and within a few hundred yards of Bishop Polk's 
 house, and erected thereon a brick church of 
 simple Gothic design, capable of accommodating 
 five hundred worshippers. It was intended for 
 the convenience of the families in the neighbor- 
 hood and the negroes upon their plantations. It 
 was consecrated in 1840, Bishop Polk being the 
 consecrator on this occasion likewise. The 
 parish of St. John's was admitted to union with 
 the diocese in 1845. 
 
 Thus Maury County had three Churches. 
 The congregation of St. Mark's, never large, rap- 
 idly declined. There were but eight communi- 
 cants in 1850, and the Church was reduced to 
 the status of a mission. The Rev. E. Harrison 
 Cressey was rector of St. John's, Ashwood, in
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. lOI 
 
 1850, and the parish then had about fifty com- 
 municants. 
 
 In the period extending from the consecration 
 of Bishop Otey to the year 1850, West Tennes- 
 see was the scene of great missionary activity. 
 Upon his return to the diocese as a Bishop, in 
 1834, some of the parishes recognized as consti- 
 tuting the diocese in 1829 and of those admitted 
 to union therewith in 1832 and 1833 were either 
 wholly extinct or in a moribund condition. 
 But West Tennessee was then in process of col- 
 onization by a class of people not so deeply 
 affected by the religious convulsions which had 
 marked the beginning of the century. Hence it 
 offered the most promising field for the 
 Church's growth. The Bishop, therefore, turned 
 his attention chiefly in that direction. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Stephens had gone from Co- 
 lumbia to Bolivar early in 1834. He reported the 
 population of that county-seat "of a singular cast, 
 though intelligent." Neither the men nor the 
 women had hitherto been in the habit of going to 
 hear any kind of preaching. Faithful efforts on 
 the part of this now aged missionary brought 
 together six communicants of the Church and 
 others who were friendly; and on the 17th of 
 April, Bishop Otey visited the place and presided 
 at a meeting of the citizens at which a parish
 
 102 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 was organized, taking the name of St. James. 
 Thirty-seven persons signed the articles of asso- 
 ciation. The new parish was admitted to union 
 with the diocese at the convention held that year. 
 
 The parish grew so slowly and encountered so 
 many obstacles to its prosperity that it was not 
 able to have a church edifice consecrated until 
 1845. In 1848 the Rev. Dr. Stephens was suc- 
 ceeded in the rectorship by the Rev. Lewis 
 Jansen. The parish reported but fourteen com- 
 municants in 1850. 
 
 To the convention of 1835 the Bishop reported 
 having made a visit the previous year to Somer- 
 ville and to a congregation then newly organized 
 by the Rev. Mr. Litton, to which the name of 
 St. Thomas had been given. At Pulaski, in 
 Giles County, some work had been done in the 
 early part of 1834 by the Rev. Mr. Matthews, a 
 deacon. The Bishop had visited Pulaski and 
 organized a parish, calling it St. Stephen's. 
 These two new parishes were admitted to union 
 with the diocese at the convention held in Jack- 
 son in 1835, and the Diocesan Convention met in 
 Pulaski the following year. Nevertheless both 
 parishes appear to have been prematurely organ- 
 ized and recognized. They developed strength 
 slov/ly, if at all, for several years, and in 1839 
 St. Thomas', Somerville, had to be revived from
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. IO3 
 
 a mission known as St. Andrew's, Fayette 
 County. 
 
 In 1835, the Rev. John Chilton discovered a 
 few friends of the Church at a point near where 
 corners of Tipton, Haywood and Fayette Coun- 
 ties met, and began to minister to them. St. 
 Andrew's parish was organized with ten com- 
 municants in April, 1836; a house was purchased 
 and fitted up for services, and the Rev. John H. 
 Drummond, a deacon, was placed in charge. He 
 was succeeded by the Rev. William Steel, who 
 revived the work in Somerville in 1859, and after 
 1845 St. Andrew's, Fayette County, is no more 
 known. The building is reported to have been 
 burned during the war. St. Thomas', Somer- 
 ville, was unable to begin building operations 
 until 1858. 
 
 Trinity Church, Tipton County, was admitted 
 to union with the diocese in 1846, and had then 
 a building in process of erection. St. Matthew's 
 Church, Covington, was at the same time 
 reported newly organized with a church edifice 
 nearly ready for consecration. Both were in 
 charge of the Rev. James W. Rogers, who was 
 also in charge of St. Paul's Church, Randolph. 
 
 But the first church building erected in the 
 Western District was Ravenscroft Chapel. It 
 was erected by Mr. J. J. Alston near his residence,
 
 I04 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 five miles east of Randolph, and was consecrated 
 by Bishop Otey on the 23d of October, 1836. 
 The Alston family were Church people from 
 North Carolina, who had recently settled in Tip- 
 ton County. Ravenscroft Chapel was intended 
 for the convenience of the families in the vicinity 
 and the negro slaves for whom due provision 
 was made as at St. John's, Ashwood. When St. 
 Paul's Church, Randolph, was completed and 
 consecrated somewhat later, Tipton County, like 
 Maury County, in Middle Tennessee, was abun- 
 dantly supplied with churches. Never since in 
 the history of the Church in Tennessee has the 
 proportion of Church privileges to the amount of 
 population been so great as in those two coun- 
 ties, Maury and Tipton. 
 
 Immanuel Church, La Grange, after worship- 
 ping for some time in a small frame structure 
 provided by the Gloster and Anderson families, 
 erected a substantial brick church which was 
 consecrated in 1843. The Rev. Mr, Litton was 
 succeeded in the rectorship in 1846 by the Rev. 
 William Fagg from the Diocese of Ohio. 
 
 Calvary Church had a lot in Memphis and had 
 erected thereon a frame building to serve as both 
 chapel and rectory. It was regarded as but a 
 temporary makeshift; and after the Rev. Mr. 
 Wright had been succeeded by the Rev. Dr.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. IO5 
 
 Weller, and he in turn by the young and brilliant 
 Philip W. Alston, a new building was erected 
 and was consecrated in 1844.* The parish then 
 numbered 115 communicants, the increase being 
 largely due to the fervor and earnestness of the 
 young rector. He died in 1847, and was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. David C. Page, D.D. 
 
 In 1837 the Rev. Mr. Chilton was serving the 
 Church in St. Gregory's Chapel, as it was called, 
 a building he had erected with the aid of his 
 neighbors, near Brownsville, to serve as both 
 Church and school-room. Zion Church, Browns- 
 ville, was without a building until about 1846. 
 There were then twelve communicants of the 
 Church in Brownsville. 
 
 In 1844 an effort made to resuscitate the Church 
 work in Jackson under the Rev. Lewis Jansen 
 was so far successful that $800 were raised 
 towards the erection of a church edifice. There 
 were twenty-two communicants. The following 
 year a building costing $2,500 was completed 
 
 * " Calvary Church at that time (say 1850) was very plain in 
 the interior. There was a side door on Adams Street, and the 
 communion table was raised high on quite a wide platform. 
 The pulpit and reading desk were odd enough to be funny; 
 they looked like pockets on a school-girl's apron — ^just two 
 little balconies high up on the wall, with little doors behind. 
 The stairway leading to these was outside from the vestry." 
 — The Rev. Dr. George White's Historical Address.
 
 I06 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 upon a lot for which $450 had been paid. The 
 Diocesan Convention was held in this building 
 in 1846. The Rev. Mr. Jansen was succeeded 
 by the Rev. J. W. McCullough, D.D., who was 
 Professor of Literature in the West Tennessee 
 College at Jackson. 
 
 East Tennessee was by no means neglected 
 during this period of unusual activity in the 
 Western District. Whatever may have been the 
 actual status of St. John's parish, Knoxville, 
 when recognized in 1829 as one of the constitu- 
 ent parishes of the nascent diocese, it was cer- 
 tainly extinct in 1833 when the Rev. John H. 
 Norment, a deacon of the Diocese of North 
 Carolina, fitted up a hall in that town as a place 
 of worship. The population of Knoxville was 
 about two thousand. A congregation was gath- 
 ered up numbering about fifty persons and a 
 vestry was elected. The following year Mr. 
 Norment took charge of a Female Academy at 
 Athens, and the Rev. Mr. Forbes, a deacon, suc- 
 ceeded him in his work in Knoxville. Mr. 
 Forbes held services until 1836, by which time 
 the congregation had increased three-fold, though 
 there were but four communicants. 
 
 Two years followed in which services were 
 held only at visitations of the Bishop. Then
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. IO7 
 
 for about a year the Rev. Edward Reed gave 
 services in Knoxville and Athens on alternate 
 Sundays. In 1844 there was but one communi- 
 cant of the Church in Knoxville, Mr. Albert 
 Miller Lea, Professor of Mathematics in East 
 Tennessee University. Yet the Church had some 
 friends there, and among them was Mr. Thomas 
 W. Humes, who proved one of the most active 
 and energetic workers in the upbuilding of the 
 Church in East Tennessee. 
 
 He was a native of Knoxville and a represen- 
 tative Tennesseean. He had already had a career 
 of some note. After graduating from the East 
 Tennessee College, he had begun preparation for 
 the Presbyterian ministry; but, discontinuing 
 his studies, he had engaged in business, and in 
 1837, at the age of twenty-two, he was elected 
 a director of the Great Cincinnati and Charleston 
 Railroad, and three years later he assumed editorial 
 charge of a newspaper in Knoxville. In 1844 he 
 was awaiting a visitation from Bishop Otey, in 
 order that he might be confirmed. He began 
 lay-reading, and somewhat later the Bishop sent 
 the Rev. Charles Tomes to re-establish the Church 
 in Knoxville. Articles of Association were 
 adopted, a vestry was elected and delegates were 
 chosen to the Diocesan Convention. A building 
 was fitted up as a chapel, and was used as such 
 for more than two years.
 
 I08 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Mr. Humes was ordered a deacon in March, 
 1845, and was advanced to the priesthood the 
 July following. When the Bishop visited Knox- 
 villethat year he confirmed twenty-three persons 
 — the largest number ever yet confirmed by him 
 at one time — and laid the corner-stone of a 
 church building for St. John's parish, whose suc- 
 cess seemed now assured. He confirmed sixteen 
 persons in 1846. That year the Rev. Mr. Tomes 
 resigned the rectorship of the parish, and was 
 succeeded therein by the Rev. Mr. Humes. The 
 church building was then ready for occupancy, 
 and was consecrated in July, 1848. 
 
 The Rev. Charles Tomes, to whom so much 
 of the success of the Church in Knoxville and 
 elsewhere throughout the diocese was due, was 
 a native of England, and had been engaged in a 
 prosperous business in New York when he made 
 the acquaintance of Bishop Otey, and resolved to 
 enter the ministry. He studied under the Bishop's 
 directions, and was ordered deacon on the 26th 
 of May, 1844, in Christ Church, Nashville, and 
 advanced to the priesthood a week later in St. 
 Peter's Church, Columbia. The Bishop gave as 
 his reason for advancing Mr. Tomes so rapidly, 
 that his destined field of labor. East Tennessee, 
 was remote from any church or clergyman of 
 our communion, and it was obvious that, to the
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I09 
 
 efficient prosecution of his work, the authority 
 to administer the Holy Communion and perform 
 other functions of the priesthood was highly 
 necessary. In 1846 he married a daughter of the 
 Bishop, 
 
 In 1845 the Rev. Mr. Tomes, with the assistance 
 of the Rev. Mr. Humes, began missionary work 
 in Greeneville, Three years later a parish was 
 organized and admitted to union with the diocese 
 under the title of St. James' Church. In Septem- 
 ber, 1849, the Bishop made a visitation, and held 
 services in an unfinished church building and 
 confirmed twenty-six persons. The building 
 was completed the following year, and it was 
 claimed that it was the handsomest church edifice 
 in East Tennessee.* 
 
 The seed-time of the Church in Tennessee 
 might be said to have extended to the year 1850. 
 In the decade from 1850 to i860 the State of 
 Tennessee was well advanced beyond the primi- 
 tive conditions which marked the earlier years. 
 Railroads and turnpikes were facilitating travel. 
 The larger towns were expanding and the smaller 
 towns were increasing in number. The history 
 
 *It was, however, poorly located, and no very churchly 
 plan had been adopted for it. It was a square building, with 
 a tower resting upon the roof timbers. — Radford. Journal of 
 1895.
 
 no HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 of the diocese during this decade is marked by 
 the increase of parochial organizations in the 
 cities of Nashville and Memphis, the mission 
 work of the Rev. Mr. Gay in East Tennessee and 
 by the apparent fruition of the Bishop's hopes 
 regarding a great University. 
 
 In the autumn of 1852 Bishop Otey removed 
 with his family from Columbia and took up his 
 residence in the suburbs of Memphis. That city 
 had at that time a population of about 10,000, 
 and Calvary Church was the only organized 
 parish therein. Under the rectorship of Dr. Page 
 that parish was growing so rapidly that in 1853 
 the time seemed to have come for the establish- 
 ment of another parish, and it was hoped that 
 the choice of Memphis as the Bishop's home 
 would contribute to that end. Services were 
 begun by him in a rented room over a restaurant 
 and place of popular entertainment, and Grace 
 Church was organized. In 1857 the Rev. Mr. 
 Schetky became rector of the new parish, and 
 the following year Grace Church was admitted 
 to union with the diocese. Its roll of communi- 
 cants rose to 120 before i860, but it was unable 
 to build a suitable place of worship. The Rev. 
 Mr. Schetky was succeeded by the Rev. Edward 
 McClure in 1859. 
 
 Grace parish was located in the lower
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I 1 1 
 
 southern part of Memphis. The need of a similar 
 parish in the northern portion of the city was 
 met by some ladies of Calvary Church, who 
 began in 1855 the work which grew into St. 
 Mary's Church. Work was begun on the chapel 
 in 1857, and the building was completed and 
 consecrated on Ascension Day the following 
 year upon a site given by Colonel Robert Brinkley. 
 The Rev. Richard Hines became rector of the 
 parish. There were fifty-five communicants in 
 i860. 
 
 After serving the Church in East Tennessee, 
 the Rev. Mr. Tomes was for a while rector of a 
 church in Sing Sing, N. Y., and subsequently 
 assistant to Bishop Hawks, rector of Christ 
 Church, St. Louis. In 1848 he returned to Ten- 
 nessee to succeed the Rev. Dr. Wheat as rector 
 of Christ Church, Nashville. In July, 1849, the 
 Rev. J. P. T. Ingraham was appointed by Bishop 
 Otey, at the request of the vestry of Christ 
 Church, missionary, under the General Board of 
 Domestic Missions, to serve at the same time as 
 the assistant of the Rev. Mr. Tomes at Christ 
 Church. He established St. Paul's Mission in 
 South Nashville, and presented seventeen persons 
 for confirmation, as the first-fruits of this mission, 
 the following year. That year he also acted as
 
 112 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 chaplain of the Penitentiary in Nashville, and 
 presented twenty-eight of the inmates of that 
 penal institution for confirmation. The convicts 
 in those days were all whites, and a general 
 average of 200 convicts annually was main- 
 tained. 
 
 St. Paul's Mission had varying success. Its 
 strength went to the Church of the Holy Trinity, 
 when that parish was organized and admitted 
 to union with the diocese in 1852 under the 
 energetic labors of the Rev. Mr. Tomes. In that 
 year the corner-stone of a church building for 
 this parish was laid. The building was an 
 exquisite specimen of Gothic architecture, and 
 was planned under the supervision of Mr. Tomes. 
 The church was completed with the exception 
 of the tower, and Mr. Tomes had the extreme 
 gratification of seeing it consecrated before his 
 death in 1857. The Rev. George C. Harris took 
 charge of the parish in 1858. He was able to 
 report sixty-five communicants in i860. 
 
 The "advanced views " of the Rev. Mr. Tomes 
 and his advocacy of such catholic practices as 
 daily morning and evening prayer, the weekly 
 offertory and "free pews" led to opposition to 
 him in Christ Church, his resignation of the 
 rectorship in 1855, and the establishment of the 
 Church of the Advent, Nashville. The new
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I I 3 
 
 parish was admitted to union with the diocese 
 in 1858. Upon the death of the Rev. Mr. Tomes 
 in 1857, the Rev. Dr. Quintard succeeded to 
 the rectorship. There were 204 communicants 
 reported in this parish in i860, but the church 
 building had not advanced beyond the foundation 
 walls. The three parishes of Nashville were 
 located within a short distance of each other, 
 and thus furnished the occasion for parochial 
 jealousies in a subsequent period. The Church 
 work in the capital city of Tennessee has been 
 much retarded by the frequent discussion of the 
 "bad location " of the parishes. 
 
 In 1858 the town of Edgefield, lying east of 
 the Cumberland River from Nashville, had a 
 population of something less than a thousand. 
 That year the Rev. Dr. Quintard, being then 
 rector of the Church of the Advent, presided at 
 the organization of a parish in Edgefield, which 
 adopted the name of St. Stephen's Church. One 
 of the supporters of the movement was Dr. John 
 Shelby, who is entitled to be called one of the 
 lay fathers of the Church in Tennessee. A church 
 building was erected upon land set apart for that 
 purpose by Dr. Shelby, and was completed in 
 i860. Dr. Quintard was succeeded as rector of 
 the parish by the Rev. W. D. Harlow, and the 
 parish was admitted into union with the diocese
 
 114 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 in i860. Out of this work has grown in post 
 bellum times the flourishing parish of St. Ann's 
 Church, Nashville, the suburb of Edgefield having 
 been merged into the capital city. 
 
 The Rev. John Lenoir Gay was a native of 
 North Carolina, and was ordered deacon by 
 Bishop Polk in 1843, advanced to the priesthood 
 by Bishop Cobbs in 1845, and had served the 
 Church in Alabama, Florida and New York before 
 he came to the Diocese of Tennessee in 1852 to 
 undertake mission work in the eastern part of 
 the State. He selected for his field the southern 
 portion of East Tennessee, comprising the six 
 most south-easterly counties of the State : Blount, 
 Loudon, McMinn, Monroe, Bradley and Polk. The 
 region was thirty miles long by forty in width, 
 and included the towns of Athens, Chilhowee, 
 Tellico, Ducktown, Cleveland, Charleston and 
 Louisville. In each of these, through his efforts, 
 services were held and the church secured a 
 hearing; and, as a result, church buildings were 
 erected at Loudon and Riverside and begun at 
 Athens, Cleveland, Chilhowee and Louisville. 
 
 Grace Church, Loudon, was admitted to union 
 with the diocese in 1855, and the same year the 
 church building was consecrated. But the parish 
 was reported extinct in i860, with no hopes of its
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I I 5 
 
 resuscitation. The Rev. Mr. Gay resigned charge 
 of the church erected at Riverside, and so was 
 not connected with the incident which has given 
 to that ephemeral church building a prominence 
 in the history of the diocese out of all proportion 
 to the amount of good it accomplished. The 
 church was a beautiful edifice, built of brick 
 with marble trimmings, stained glass windows, 
 oak ceiling and elegant furniture, costing in all 
 over $4,000. It was erected at the expense of 
 Mr. Andrew Humes (an early patron of St. John's 
 Church, Knoxville) and Colonel John McGhee, 
 on lands of Mr. J. W. Miles, a beautiful site near 
 the mouth of the Tellico River, near where in for- 
 mer days the United States kept a garrison, and in 
 sight of old Fort Loudon. It commanded a 
 view up and down the river, and overlooked a 
 lovely and fertile agricultural district.* 
 
 When Bishop Otey, in company with Bishop 
 Polk, visited Riverside in 1857, for the purpose 
 of consecrating this church, he was shocked to 
 see what he supposed were unmistakable signs 
 of the inroads of that "ritualism" which was 
 already rampant in the cities of the East. There 
 was "a cross over every gate, three crosses on 
 the roof and one on the belfry " ; and inside the 
 
 * Radford. Dioc. Journ., 1891.
 
 Il6 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 church, five crosses, besides the " large movable 
 cross " on the altar. The candlesticks were, 
 furthermore, of wood, so that the canons of good 
 taste must have been violated by overdecoration. 
 It was because of the good Bishop's fears 
 of Romeward tendencies that he refused to 
 consecrate the church until the candlesticks were 
 removed and the number of crosses was reduced. 
 His demands were complied with, though not 
 without some one's taking offence.* The church 
 suffered from the removal of the neighboring 
 population, and has no present existence. 
 
 In 1854 St. Paul's Church, Chattanooga, was 
 admitted to union with the diocese. There were 
 seventeen communicants. In i860 the Bishop 
 complained that after an expenditure of $4,000 
 for a church building for this parish, there was 
 still a debt of $2,000 upon it. And while this 
 was only an aggravated case of something which 
 elsewhere existed, he doubted the existence of 
 another diocese in the country which had so little 
 to display in the number and costliness of its 
 church buildings. 
 
 Trinity Church, Winchester, organized in April, 
 1859, under the supervision of the Rev. Thomas 
 
 * The incident is related more fully, and with the Bishop's 
 explanation of his part therein, in Bishop Green's " Memoir of 
 Bishop Otey "; in the Dice. Journ. of 1858, and elsewhere.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. II7 
 
 A. Morris, was admitted to union with the diocese 
 the following year, with fifty-nine communicants. 
 The parish was the result of the then recent 
 location of the University of the South at Sewanee, 
 twelve miles distant. St. Paul's Church, Athens, 
 and St. Andrew's Church, Murfreesborough, were 
 also admitted to union with the diocese in i860. 
 The latter had thirteen communicants, and a 
 like number was reported by the Church of 
 the Redeemer, Shelbyville, an unorganized 
 congregation. Immanuel Church, Ripley, also 
 submitted a report. There were reports submitted 
 to the convention of i860 of missionary work 
 by the Rev. William Crane Gray in West 
 Tennessee, and by the Rev. Dr. Thomas B. 
 Lawson in East Tennessee. Altogether, the 
 outlook for the Church in the diocese, (which 
 had been incorporated on the 15th of March, 
 1858, under the name of " The Convention 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
 Diocese of Tennessee,") must have been bright 
 and encouraging.
 
 Il8 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE CHURCH AND EDUCATION. 
 
 Bishop Otey was pre-eminently an educator, 
 and he succeeded in permanently impressing the 
 character of a teacher upon the diocese over 
 which, in the providence of God, it was given 
 him to rule for thirty years. His idea of the 
 Church's mission was that of a teacher. The 
 Apostles had been sent forth to teach all nations 
 no less than to baptize them. Instruction was 
 the very foundation of the missionary enterprises 
 of the Church. 
 
 He had come to Tennessee as a teacher, and 
 the State never had an abler, more devoted, or 
 more constant friend of education than he. It 
 was as a teacher that he had been so admirably 
 qualified to take up the work of the ministry in 
 the then frontier State. It has been usual to 
 refer to his pursuit of educational enterprises as 
 mere makeshifts — means whereby he was enabled 
 to live and do the work of the ministry. The 
 truth is that he regarded teaching as a part, and 
 a very important part, of his work in the ministry. 
 His elevation to the Episcopate appeared to him 
 but to increase the responsibility resting upon
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I I9 
 
 him to instruct all who came within the ran^e 
 of his influence, and to provide a wider range 
 of instruction. A teacher and a projector of 
 educational enterprises he remained to the end 
 of his earthly life, and his influence in the world 
 has been perpetuated through the two great 
 educational institutions which he succeeded in 
 having established in Tennessee. 
 
 It is probably more than a mere coincidence 
 that so many of the clergy of Tennessee should 
 have been teachers. The fact has already been 
 adverted to in its relation to the support which 
 teaching afforded the clergy, enabling them to 
 do their work at God's altar. But, besides this, 
 there seems to have been that in Bishop Otey 
 which attracted teachers to him, and this has 
 served to make the Diocese of Tennessee stand 
 out prominently among the dioceses of the 
 American Church, both in its ante bellum and its 
 later epoch, as an educational diocese. There 
 have been times when it could be said literally 
 that wherever a church was to be found in 
 Tennessee there also was to be found a school. 
 
 The education the Bishop imparted, and which 
 he sought to make more general in Tennessee and 
 throughout the Southwest, was of the broadest 
 and most liberal character and was firmly based 
 upon Christianity. The seminary he began to
 
 120 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 plan before he was elevated to the Episcopate 
 was to furnish a thorough classical and scientific 
 education to all who chose to avail themselves 
 of it, as well as to prepare for the sacred ministry 
 such as were desirous of taking orders in the 
 Church. And this plan grew in his mind until 
 it embraced a scheme for a university such as is 
 now to be found in the University of the South. 
 Christian Education was the subject of a pastoral 
 letter issued by him in 1841 and the theme of 
 his sermon before the General Convention in 
 Richmond in 1859. 
 
 In the third annual convention of the diocese, 
 held in 1832, Mr. Otey put his ideas of the 
 educational character of the Church in the form 
 of a resolution, which the convention passed, 
 whereby the infant diocese was pledged to 
 establish a classical and theological seminary to 
 educate persons desirous of obtaining Holy Orders ; 
 and authorized the StandingCommittee to appoint 
 trustees with full power to take all necessary 
 measures for furthering this object and to report 
 at the next convention. Mr. Otey was then a 
 member of the Standing Committee. 
 
 No report upon the subject was made at the 
 next Diocesan Convention, which was that at 
 which Mr. Otey was elected Bishop. But the 
 subject was by no means forgotten. In his first
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 121 
 
 convention address in 1834 he expressed his fears 
 that the time was then inauspicious for pressing 
 the needs of the seminary. The convention, 
 however, by resolution requested the Bishop and 
 Standing Committee to devise such plans and 
 take such measures as might be deemed expedient 
 for the establishment of a classical and theological 
 seminary and to report to the next convention. 
 That year the Rev. Leonidas Polk was in charge 
 of St. Peter's Church, Columbia, and he became 
 a zealous co-worker with Bishop Otey in all of 
 his efforts on behalf of Christian education. The 
 Standing Committee, which was to co-operate 
 with the Bishop in this work, was composed of 
 the Rev. Messrs. Weller and Polk, Mr. Francis B. 
 Fogg and Dr. John Shelby. 
 
 In 1835 the Bishop was able to report to 
 the seventh annual convention of his diocese 
 that a project had been set on foot by friends 
 of the Church in Tennessee, Mississippi and 
 Louisiana for founding and endowing a Protestant 
 Episcopal College at some suitable point near the 
 southwestern boundary of Tennessee, and that 
 the scheme had already been attended with every 
 encouraging earnest of success. A committee 
 on education was forthwith created by the 
 convention, to consist of Bishop Otey, chairman, 
 ex-officio; the Rev. Mr. Polk, Mr. Adlai O. Harris 
 and General B. S. Tappan.
 
 122 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 In his exercise of Episcopal oversight in the 
 Diocese of Mississippi, Bishop Otey was more 
 profoundly than ever impressed by the illiteracy 
 and impiety he had encountered on all hands in 
 his journey; with the urgent needs of the educa- 
 tional institution he had been advocating, and of 
 widening its scope to include the entire southwest, 
 he brought the subject to the attention of 
 Mississippians in a circular letter issued from 
 Natchez on the i6th of February, 1856. It 
 contained a stirring appeal for funds to carry out 
 a scheme which embraced three departments. 
 One was a theological seminary; the second was 
 a literary, scientific and classical college; the 
 third was a normal school for the education of 
 professional teachers; wherein Bishop Otey was 
 one of the earliest advocates of the normal system 
 of educating teachers. 
 
 In his address to the convention, held in Pulaski 
 in 1836, the Bishop regretted that circumstances 
 had defeated his expectations of raising funds 
 for his enterprise; but the scheme was by no 
 means abandoned, and after the adjournment of 
 the convention he spent much of his time pushing 
 the matter in various parts of West Tennessee. 
 
 In 1837 he stated that Mr. Polk had made 
 arrangements to go to Louisiana to solicit funds 
 for the proposed college or university, but that
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 12^ 
 
 the financial distress which had overtaken the 
 country had upset his plans. The convention, 
 however, decided that year that a charter should 
 be secured for a college to be located in Madison 
 County, and to be named Madison College, and to 
 embody in its scope as far as was practicable the 
 Bishop's ideas and plans. And the charter was 
 accordingly obtained the following December. 
 
 But the financial stringency of the times 
 prevented the establishment of Madison College. 
 Perhaps the hand of Providence was in it; for 
 had Madison College succeeded, it might have 
 diverted and absorbed the attention that was 
 destined for the University of the South, which 
 was the fuller embodiment of Bishop Otey's 
 educational scheme. 
 
 Meanwhile the Bishop's plans for the Chris- 
 tian education of young women had been 
 maturing, and in 1838, with Mr. Polk and Mr. 
 Adlai O. Harris, he succeeded in establishing 
 Columbia Female Institute, for which, first and 
 last, he raised not less than $15,000. What care 
 this school imposed upon him it would be folly 
 to attempt to estimate. It was not intended to 
 be diocesan in its purpose, and so has no part in 
 the history of the diocese until a time very near 
 the present. 
 
 In 1844 the Bishop opened Mercer Hall at
 
 124 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Columbia, in which he taught and was assisted 
 by some of his theological students. After four 
 years he was forced to close this school. But in 
 the winter of 1848-9 he opened Ravenscroft 
 College near Columbia, for which a charter had 
 been secured by Mr. Francis B. Fogg. The 
 school was taught by the Rev. Dr. Wheat and 
 Mr. Donald McLeod. This scheme also failed 
 for lack of funds. But the indomitable Bishop 
 was not altogether disheartened by his many 
 failures. He still held to his plan for a Church 
 University, and his persistence was not in vain. 
 In 1838 Bishop Polk attained, as we have seen, 
 to the Episcopate, and in 1841 he became the 
 Diocesan of Louisiana. In 1856 he had reached, 
 by an independent process of reasoning, based 
 upon his own experiences and observations in 
 the Episcopate, a plan almost identical with that 
 which Bishop Otey had under consideration, 
 and which he had been formulating for the past 
 five years. This was for the establishment of 
 a Church University to serve the educational 
 needs of all the dioceses south of Virginia and 
 of the Ohio River. He found the way largely 
 prepared for the success of this enterprise by the 
 work which Bishop Otey had done during twenty 
 years and more. Bishop Otey entered into the 
 scheme with all the warmth of his noble and
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I25 
 
 generous nature. He was glad that some one 
 had taken hold of it who had more leisure than 
 he had to prosecute it to a happy result. 
 
 At the convention of 1857 the Rev. Dr. Pise, 
 the Honorable Francis B. Fogg and Mr. John 
 Armfield were elected commissioners to the 
 Convention of Bishops and others to be held in 
 July of that year near Chattanooga on the subject 
 of the proposed university. The history of the 
 University of the South from that time onward 
 has been so frequently told that it requires no 
 repetition here. Its history in a subsequent 
 period is so closely related to that of the diocese 
 as to be almost that of a diocesan institution. 
 But for the present its place here is because of 
 its location upon a domain within the Diocese 
 of Tennessee, and because the first Bishop of 
 Tennessee became the first chancellor of the 
 University of the South. And it was an undoubted 
 mercy to him that he was removed from the 
 scene of his earthly labors before he knew what 
 havoc war had made in that for which he had 
 worked so long and amid such discouragements.
 
 126 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 SOME OF THE GIANTS IN THE EARTH IN THOSE 
 DAYS. 
 
 There are a hundred names appearing upon 
 the roster of the clergy of Tennessee in the 
 time of Bishop Otey's Episcopate. Of the three 
 clergymen in Tennessee before the organization 
 of the diocese, two (the Rev. Mr. Howell and the 
 Rev. John Davis) were deposed from the ministry. 
 The third became a Bishop, and his biography 
 for nearly thirty years is so interwoven with the 
 history of the diocese that neither could be 
 separately written. The Rev. Thomas Wright 
 was a missionary organizer. The history of 
 every parish or mission in West Tennessee is 
 traceable to the missionary journey he made 
 through that part of the State in 1832. He died 
 of cholera in Memphis in 1835. The Rev. John 
 Chilton's career in the ministry was spent in 
 the vicinity of Jackson and Brownsville. He 
 died in 1839. 
 
 The Rev. Samuel George Litton was a native 
 of Ireland and a graduate of Dublin University. 
 He was advanced to the priesthood by Bishop 
 Otey in 1 835. He extended the Church in Fayette
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 27 
 
 County, built Immanuel Church, La Grange, and, 
 in faihng health, left the diocese in 1846. He 
 died in Louisiana three years later. Ten years 
 after his death Bishop Otey spoke of him as "the 
 loved and loving Litton." 
 
 The life of the Rev. Daniel Stephens, D.D., 
 was one of sorrow, but one of long and faithful 
 service, pro Christo et Ecclesia. He was the 
 first rector of St. Peter's Church, Columbia, the 
 organizer of St. James' Church, Bolivar, and its 
 rector for eleven years. He died at Bolivar in 
 1850, in the eighty-third year of his age and in 
 the forty-third year of his ministry. He outlived 
 a son of great promise, the Rev. Abednego 
 Stephens, a professor in the University of 
 Nashville, whom Bishop Otey ordered deacon 
 in 1837 and advanced to the priesthood two years 
 later. He left the diocese in 1840 to accept the 
 presidency of Jefferson College, Mississippi, and 
 died there in 1841. 
 
 The Rev. George Weller, D.D., after resigning 
 Christ Church parish, Nashville, in 1837, continued 
 for a while as principal of a girls' school there, 
 and then accepted the rectorship of Calvary 
 Church, Memphis. He resigned this parish in 
 1839, and died of cholera in Vicksburg in 1840, 
 having stood manfully at his post as rector of 
 Christ Church in that city while the disease was 
 epidemic there.
 
 128 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 The Rev. Leonidas Polk went from the Diocese 
 of Tennessee to adorn the Episcopate, first of an 
 immense missionary field, and then of the Diocese 
 of Louisiana. Upon the organization of the 
 Army of the Confederate States, he accepted a 
 commission therein as major-general, and was 
 killed by a cannon shot while reconnoitering on 
 Kennesaw Mountain in 1864. 
 
 The Rev. John Chilton was succeeded in 1836 
 as rector of St. Luke's Church, Jackson, (while 
 that Church, although recognized as a parish in 
 union with the diocese, was in its early mission 
 stages), by the Rev. Thomas West, a man of 
 remarkable career. He was a native of Ireland, 
 and as a Methodist preacher had been a com- 
 panion of Mr. Wesley in many of his journeys. 
 After the death of Mr. Wesley and the separation 
 of some of his followers in England and Ireland 
 from the English Church, and their establishment 
 of a separate organization (against which Mr. 
 Wesley had earnestly warned to the year of his 
 death), Mr. West came to the United States and 
 received orders from the Bishop of New York. 
 For sixty years he served at the Church's altars. 
 He left the Diocese of Tennessee some time in 
 the "forties," and was crippled by an accident 
 in Philadelphia. Returning to the vicinity of 
 Brownsville, Tenn., he died there in 1848 at the 
 age of eighty-three.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 29 
 
 The Rev. William Thomas Leacock, D.D., was 
 connected with the diocese in 1839 and was some 
 time rector of St. Mark's Church, Williamsport. 
 He had received his orders from the Bishop of 
 London as early as 1822 and 1824. He was sub- 
 sequently for thirty years rector of Christ Church, 
 New Orleans, and died in 1884 at the age of 
 eighty-eight. 
 
 In 1838 the Rev. Franklin G. Smith came to 
 the Diocese of Tennessee to become rector of 
 the Columbia Female Institute, and he was for 
 many years identified with the educational inter- 
 ests of the diocese. He was a native of the 
 North, a graduate of Middlebury College, Ver- 
 mont, and had begun a course of preparation for 
 the Presbyterian ministry at Princeton, N. J., 
 when his studies led him to the ministry of our 
 communion. He was ordained by Bishop Moore 
 of Virginia at the same service at which Bishop 
 Cobbs received priest's orders. " He was a man 
 of great gentleness of disposition, possessing a 
 warm heart and a thoroughly furnished mind."* 
 He was suspended from the ministry in 1852,! 
 and died in 1866 at the age of sixty-nine. 
 
 * Bp. Quintard, Con v. Ad., 1867. 
 
 f From all that the present writer can learn of this case, it 
 seems to have been similar to that of Bishop Onderdonk, of New
 
 130 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 No man was more active in the work of the 
 Church in West Tennessee than he who suc- 
 ceeded the Rev. Dr. Weller in the rectorship of 
 Calvary Church, Memphis, in 1839. The Rev. 
 Philip William Whitmiell Alston was, in a 
 peculiar sense, a representative of the Church in 
 Tennessee throughout the succeeding eight 
 years. He was a native of North Carolina, was 
 born within the Church's fold and was educated 
 at the University of North Carolina, where he 
 was graduated in 1829 at the age of sixteen. He 
 removed with his family to the neighborhood of 
 Randolph, Tenn., in 1831, and was confirmed 
 by Bishop Otey at his first visitation in Randolph 
 in the spring of 1834. He was then twenty-one 
 years of age. He served as lay delegate to the 
 Diocesan Conventions of 1834 and 1835, and as 
 lay deputy to the General Convention in the 
 latter year. 
 
 He prosecuted his studies for the ministry 
 
 York, and throughout the years that the sentence of suspen- 
 sion rested upon him, the Rev. Mr. Smith conducted himself 
 in the same noble manner as did Bishop Onderdonk, whom 
 most Churchmen now believe to have been guilty of no wrong, 
 but to have been the victim of a persecution. Mr. Smith's name 
 was continued upon the clergy list of Tennessee until his death, 
 with the note of his suspension. And in his address before the 
 Convention of 1867, Bishop Quintard devoted many words to 
 his life and character, without, however, explaining the cir- 
 cumstances of his suspension.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I3I 
 
 under the direction of Bishop Otey, part of the 
 time at the Bishop's residence. He was ordered 
 deacon in 1838 and licensed to preach. The 
 following year he was called to the rectorship of 
 Calvary Church, Memphis, which he served 
 faithfully to the close of his life. He was ad- 
 vanced to the priesthood in 1840. He served as 
 clerical deputy to the General Convention in 1841 
 and 1844. His death resulted from exposure to 
 the elements and the hardships of travel on the 
 way to the Diocesan Convention at Columbia on 
 the 17th of June, 1847.* 
 
 The Rev. Charles Tomes was a man of like 
 influence in the Church in Tennessee. From the 
 year of his ordination, in 1844, he was never 
 absent from the Diocesan Convention when 
 entitled to a seat therein. He served faithfully 
 as Secretary of the Diocese, President of the 
 Standing Committee and Deputy to the General 
 Convention. During a scourge of cholera in 
 Nashville he performed the most arduous duties 
 
 *Some of his sermons and addresses were collected in 1854 
 and published in an octavo volume of 450 pages. They are 
 largely polemic in character, and of a style of which the present 
 age is quite intolerant. But they imply that the clergy of Ten- 
 nessee in those early days firmly upheld the principles of the 
 Church, and they suggest that it was this straightforward, 
 fearless setting forth of "sound doctrine" that enabled the 
 Church to grapple with the great difficulties which then pre- 
 sented themselves to her progress.
 
 132 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 when nurses and doctors fled, and sometimes 
 even robed the dead for the grave. He died in 
 1857 from exposure returning from the Diocesan 
 Convention held that year in Jackson, 
 
 The Rev. William Croes Crane, after leaving 
 the Diocese of Tennessee, served the Church in 
 Louisiana from 1850 to 1852, and died in Jack- 
 son, Miss., in 1877 at the age of seventy-two. 
 
 The Rev. John Sandels served the Church in 
 Tennessee, chiefly in her educational enterprises, 
 from 1856 until some time during the period of 
 the Civil War. He had received deacon's orders 
 from Bishop Mcllvaine, of Ohio, in 1840, and 
 was canonically resident in Louisiana from 1846 
 to 1856, and again from 1864 for ten years until 
 his death in 1874. 
 
 The Rev. David C. Page, D.D., who suc- 
 ceeded Alston at Calvary Church, Memphis, was 
 received from Mississippi in 1847. He was "a 
 man to be remembered — dignified, courtly, 
 genial and interesting in conversation, a fine 
 scholar, a great lover of music, a good man and 
 a true gentleman."* He was a member of the 
 Standing Committee and served as Deputy to 
 the General Convention, and occupied other 
 positions of prominence in diocesan affairs until 
 
 *Dr. White.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 33 
 
 1856, when he removed to the Diocese of Ken- 
 tucky. He had received his orders from Bishop 
 White. He died in 1878 at the age of seventy- 
 six. 
 
 The Rev. J. W. McCullough, D.D., resigned 
 the rectorship of St. Luke's Church, Jackson, in 
 1854 to accept a professorship in the University 
 of Nashville, and was three years later trans- 
 ferred to the Diocese of Maryland. 
 
 These all obtained a good report through 
 faith. Yet the time would fail to tell of others 
 of that early period, who, having served with 
 fidelity at the Church's altars in Tennessee, went 
 forward to receive their reward. 
 
 Of the faithful laymen, whose lives reflected 
 the history of the Church in Tennessee in those 
 days, there were many. The Hon. Francis 
 Brinley Fogg and his brother, Godfrey M. Fogg, 
 were ever the friends of the Church in Tennessee, 
 and survived the period of the Civil War to ren- 
 der yet further services. Mr. John Anderson, of 
 La Grange, died on the 14th of May, 1847. ^^ 
 was well-known, both in Tennessee and North 
 Carolina, for his humble piety and fervent zeal 
 for the Church. He served the Church in Ten- 
 nessee in such capacity as a layman could, and 
 was in all things found faithful. Dr. John 
 Shelby was for twenty years an active and use-
 
 134 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 ful member of the Standing Committee. He 
 died in Nashville in May, 1859. 
 
 Of Mr. Adlai O. Harris, when he died in March, 
 1861, Bishop Otey wrote, " He was one of the 
 best men I have ever known. He was the most 
 prominent layman in this diocese for thirty 
 years. He was liberal of his means and ever 
 prompt in the performance of good and charita- 
 ble deeds. He was a man of exemplary piety, 
 and a well-informed and sound Churchman 
 . . . and the only member of the Church in 
 Tennessee who, to my knowledge, has remem- 
 bered the poor in his will!" He was a native of 
 North Carolina, and of the same age as Bishop 
 Otey. He was first married to a sister of Presi- 
 dent Polk. He was one of the earliest members 
 of the Church in Columbia. In 1839 he removed 
 to Randolph, where he was active in Church 
 work, and in 1842 he became a resident of Mem- 
 phis, where he was a vestryman in Calvary 
 Church. His second wife was a leader in that 
 noble band of women whose good works for the 
 Church in Tennessee have been abundant. She 
 survived her husband until 1885. 
 
 The list is no inconsiderable one of those who 
 in those early days were preparing to serve the 
 Church in Tennessee in a succeeding period. 
 The Rev. John Thomas Wheat came to Christ
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 35 
 
 Church, Nashville, in 1837 from Louisiana, where 
 he had been rector in succession of Christ Church 
 and St. Paul's Church, New Orleans. After 
 eleven years in Nashville and a few years in 
 Columbia, he moved to North Carolina, He 
 returned to Tennessee after the war. His suc- 
 cessor at Columbia, the Rev. Dr. Pise, remained 
 in the diocese and in charge of the Columbia 
 Institute until after the later period began. 
 
 In 1846 Bishop Otey ordained to the diaconate 
 John A. Harrison and advanced him to the priest- 
 hood in 1848. In 1852 he ordered Charles Fran- 
 cis Collins deacon, and advanced him to the 
 priesthood a year later. In 1859 he ordained 
 William Crane Gray, a nephew of the Rev. Wil- 
 liam Croes Crane, to the diaconate, and advanced 
 him to the priesthood in i860. These served 
 the Church in the diocese with fidelity for many 
 years, the record of their work filling a large por- 
 tion of the history of the diocese during the 
 second Episcopate. In the twenty-ninth annual 
 convention of the diocese, held in St. Luke's 
 Church, Jackson, the Rev. George White, of the 
 Diocese of Alabama, who was visiting the con- 
 vention, was invited by resolution to a seat 
 therein. In 1859 Dr. White was a member of 
 the convention, having entered upon a rectorate 
 at Calvary Church, Memphis, which was to last 
 for nearly thirty years.
 
 136 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 It was on the second day of the twenty-sixth 
 annual convention, meeting in St. John's Church, 
 Knoxville, in July, 1854, that the name of Charles 
 Todd Quintard, M.D., was added to the list of 
 delegates representing St. Paul's Church, Ran- 
 dolph, and, in the language of the diocesan sec- 
 retary, " he appeared and took his seat." By a 
 prophetic sort of irony he was appointed upon 
 the Committee on Assessments, and thus con- 
 fronted one of the phases of diocesan economics 
 which was to rise up before him almost contin- 
 uously throughout a subsequent period of over 
 thirty years. And from that time until 1898 Dr. 
 Quintard was the most conspicuous personality 
 in the diocese. 
 
 Dr. Quintard had then recently occupied the 
 chair of Physiology and Pathological Anatomy in 
 the Tennessee Medical College, Memphis, to 
 which he had been elected in 185 1. He was a 
 native of Stamford, Conn., was educated in New 
 York City, and had received his degree of Doc- 
 tor of Medicine from the University of the City 
 of New York in 1846. He had subsequently 
 practiced his profession in Rome, Ga. His 
 friendship for Bishop Otey had led his mind to 
 the ministry of the Church, and he had been 
 admitted a candidate for Holy Orders in January, 
 1854. He was ordained to the diaconate in Cal-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 37 
 
 vary Church, Memphis, on the 21st of January, 
 1855, and began at once a career as missionary 
 in Tipton County. In 1856, on the 6th of Janu- 
 ary, he was advanced to the priesthood, and a 
 year later he entered upon his duties as rector of 
 Calvary Church, Memphis. The next fall, how- 
 ever, he accepted a call to the Church of the 
 Advent, Nashville, having charge also of the 
 Church of the Holy Trinity in the same city, and 
 extending his work to Edgefield (now East Nash- 
 ville and the parish of St. Ann's). In this field 
 of labor he was the parochial successor of the 
 Rev. Charles Tomes, then recently deceased. 
 
 From the time of his ordination to the priest- 
 hood he had taken an active interest in diocesan 
 affairs. He served on the Missionary and Edu- 
 cational Committee, as deputy to the General 
 Convention and as member of the Standing Com- 
 mittee. He became familiar with every detail of 
 diocesan and missionary work, and uncon- 
 sciously prepared himself to receive the mantle 
 of the great Bishop Otey.
 
 138 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 YEARS THAT THE LOCUST HATH EATEN. 
 
 The thirty-third annual convention of the 
 Church in the Diocese of Tennessee was held in 
 St. Thomas' Church, Somerville, from the 15th 
 to the 19th of May, 1861. It was the last con- 
 vention at which Bishop Otey presided, though 
 he lived until nearly two years later. It was the 
 last convention of the diocese possible until the 
 autumn of 1 865. The journal of the proceedings, 
 in manuscript, was destroyed by fire in a print- 
 ing office in Memphis, to which it had been com- 
 mitted for the purpose of publication. 
 
 It was a time of doubt and perplexity. Fort 
 Sumpter had surrendered a month before, and 
 war had begun between the Northern and the 
 Southern States of the American Union. Some 
 of the latter had passed ordinances of secession, 
 and the President of the United States had issued 
 a call for 75,000 volunteers to assist the Federal 
 Army in putting down the insurrection. This 
 State had, through her governor, responded to 
 the call with the words, "Tennessee will not 
 furnish a single man for coercion, but 50,000, if 
 necessary, for the defence of our rights and those 
 of our Southern brethren."
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 39 
 
 The State Legislature had passed a bill, subject 
 to the approval of her citizens, calling for a State 
 Convention to decide whether or not to secede. 
 The popular vote taken in February had resulted 
 in more than 67,000 against, and less than 
 55,000 in favor of the convention. The legisla- 
 ture, however, had, on the ist of May, by joint 
 resolution, authorized the governor to enter into 
 a military league with the seceded States. Seven 
 days later the legislature proclaimed its inde- 
 pendence of the United States Government and 
 its abrogation of all the laws and ordinances by 
 which Tennessee had become a member of the 
 Federal Union. The vote in June to sustain this 
 action of the legislature was 104,000. That 
 against it was less than 50,000. The opponents 
 were largely from East Tennessee, where an 
 abortive attempt was subsequently made to erect 
 a separate state to remain in union with the Fed- 
 eral Government. 
 
 The mental excitement under which the clergy 
 and lay delegates met in Somerville may perhaps 
 be imagined. Though they did not know how 
 perilous the times then were — they did not read 
 in the mutterings of the distant thunder the 
 monitions of the ruin and desolation that were 
 to sweep over their fair heritage and leave such 
 lasting changes upon the institutions, the poll-
 
 140 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 cies, and the social usages of our country — yet it 
 was really in the midst of war's alarums that the 
 Rev. Mr. Vaulx was ordained deacon on the 19th 
 of May, that St. Thomas' Church was conse- 
 crated on the following day, and that other 
 business of the Church was transacted. 
 
 When called to order on the 14th there were 
 six clergymen present, among whom were Dr. 
 Pise and the Rev. Messrs. Hines and Harrison. 
 There were, however, only three parishes repre- 
 sented by lay delegates. The following day 
 other clergy and lay delegates arrived, sufficient 
 to constitute a quorum, and the convention 
 organized. The excited state of the popular 
 mind appears to have had little effect upon the 
 proceedings of the convention. One measure 
 seems to have survived the destruction of the 
 official records. It was in regard to a training- 
 school for candidates for the ministry. The 
 resolution regarding this measure was called up 
 in a special convention in 1865 and re-affirmed. 
 It was evident that the thought that war was to 
 engulf the land was not uppermost in the minds 
 of those assembled in Somerville in May, 1861, 
 on the business of the diocese. 
 
 But a meeting of the clergy was held, and 
 after discussion it was decided by vote to leave 
 to the individual discretion of the clergymen the
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I4I 
 
 use or disuse of the prayer for the President of 
 the United States. A resolution was adopted by 
 the convention asking the Bishop to prepare a 
 pastoral letter recommending the observance of 
 every Friday as a day of fasting and prayer dur- 
 ing the disturbed condition of public affairs. 
 The Committee on the State of the Church was 
 able to report but 1,224 communicants in the 
 diocese — an apparent decrease from the previous 
 year — possibly due to the incompleteness of the 
 parochial reports submitted. 
 
 Since the consecration of Bishop Otey, the 
 several dioceses south of Tennessee had per- 
 fected their organization by the election of 
 Bishops — Georgia and Louisiana in 1841, Ala- 
 bama in 1844, Mississippi in 1850, Florida in 
 1 85 1, and Texas in 1859 — and the succession of 
 Bishops exercising jurisdiction in Arkansas had 
 been kept up by the consecration of Bishop Lay 
 in 1859. With the secession of the Southern 
 States and the inauguration of the Confederate 
 Government, there was started a movement for 
 the conservation of the Church in the seceded 
 States. The conditions which prevailed after the 
 secession and after the opening of hostilities be- 
 tween the great political sections of the country, 
 had been wholly unforeseen and, therefore, un- 
 provided for by the Church in her organization
 
 142 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 in America; and the question which arose as to 
 what should be done in the premises was a 
 debatable one. On the one side, Bishop Polk, 
 of Louisiana, and Bishop Elliott, of Georgia, 
 favored the immediate withdrawal of the 
 Southern dioceses and the establishment by them 
 of a National Church, to correspond with the 
 new nation which they felt had been called into 
 existence. From this view (which was regarded 
 by its opponents as savoring of " Erastianism " 
 — a term frequently used with as little meaning 
 as "the Monroe Doctrine," and in much the 
 same way), Bishop Otey agreed with Bishop 
 Lay in dissenting. He did not think (and we 
 find him expressing this view as late as the latter 
 part of August, 1861), that the union of the 
 Church under her constitution and canons, ought 
 to be affected at all by the changes in the civil 
 government. 
 
 There was one Southern Bishop who was hap- 
 pily delivered from the perplexity which arose 
 about this matter. Bishop Cobbs, of Alabama, 
 had been opposed to secession and had prayed 
 that he might not live to see the State of Ala- 
 bama secede. His prayer was answered. He 
 died on the nth of January, 1861. The same 
 day, at a later hour, the legislature of Alabama 
 passed the ordinance of secession.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 43 
 
 Circumstances, however, ruled that the views 
 of Bishop Polk and Bishop Elliott should appar- 
 ently prevail for a while, but that the conclusions 
 of Bishop Otey should prove their correctness in 
 the end. In accordance with the first views, a 
 preliminary council was held in Montgomery, 
 Ala., in July, 1861. From attendance upon this 
 Bishop Otey was detained by illness, and only 
 Bishops Polk, Elliott, Rutledge (of Florida), and 
 Davis (of South Carolina), were in attendance. 
 Six dioceses were represented by clerical and lay 
 deputies. They adjourned to meet in Columbia, 
 S. C, the following October and perfect the 
 organization of the Church in the Confederate 
 States. 
 
 Bishop Otey appointed clerical and lay dele- 
 gates to represent his diocese in the Council in 
 October, and of these Dr. Pise and the Rev. Mr. 
 Hines were in attendance. The Bishop was also 
 able to attend, but his part in the proceedings 
 was always with a reservation respecting the 
 principle which he felt was involved. The 
 " Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate 
 States of America " was organized, and a Prayer 
 Book was adopted in which the name of the 
 "Confederate States" was everywhere substi- 
 tuted for that of the "United States" (save in
 
 144 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 one instance, by a curious oversight).* The Dio- 
 cese of Arkansas, previously a Missionary Juris- 
 diction of the Church in the United States, was 
 admitted to union with the newly organized 
 National Church. 
 
 Shortly afterwards the Diocese of Alabama 
 elected a Bishop to fill the place left vacant by 
 the death of Bishop Cobbs, and the Standing 
 Committees of the dioceses in the Confederate 
 States were asked to give their consent to his 
 consecration. He was consecrated in March, 
 1862, at Richmond, Va., by Bishop Meade, the 
 senior Bishop of the Southern Church, assisted 
 by Bishops Johns and Elliott. 
 
 Upon the death of Bishop Meade soon after- 
 wards, Bishop Otey became the senior Bishop of 
 the Church in the Confederate States. But he 
 seems never to have exercised the functions of 
 Presiding Bishop. He had been reprobated for 
 giving his consent to the consecration of Bishop 
 Stevens for the Diocese of Pennsylvania, though 
 he gave the like free consent to the consecration 
 
 ^This was in the Forms of Prayer to be used at sea, 
 wherein the Confederate navy might have been slightly em- 
 barrassed had the book been used with the prayer, "That we 
 may be a safeguard to the United States of America, and a se- 
 curity for such as pass on the seas on their lawful occasions." 
 See McConnell ''History of the Episcopal Church," seventh 
 edition, p. 371, note.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 45 
 
 of Bishop Wilmer for the Diocese of Alabama. 
 In this latter action he was seconded by the 
 Standing Committee of his diocese, which also 
 gave consent to the consecration of Bishop Vail, 
 of Kansas, in October, 1864. 
 
 In the war that followed the secession of the 
 Southern States, Tennessee was, next to Vir- 
 ginia, the great battleground of the two contend- 
 ing armies. It was impossible that the Church 
 should avoid any of the horrors which war inev- 
 itably entails upon whatever lies in its track. 
 Many of the clergy of Tennessee served in the 
 army of the Confederacy as chaplains. Of these 
 were the Rev. Dr. Quintard, the Rev. Mr. Gray 
 and the Rev. George C. Harris. The first named 
 of these attained to an unusual prominence in 
 the discharge of his duties as chaplain of the 
 First Tennessee regiment, to which he was 
 elected at the outbreak of the war. "In 1863, 
 in consideration of his great faithfulness and 
 efficiency, in compliance with the request of his 
 fellow chaplains, he was specially assigned by 
 Gen. Bragg to the general charge of all the hos- 
 pitals of Polk's corps, with the privilege of over- 
 sight and ministration for the care of the sick 
 and wounded."* 
 
 ^Bishop Gailor, Mem. Ser., i<
 
 146 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 The suspension of services in most places, the 
 dispersion of congregations and the spoliation of 
 church edifices were natural consequences of the 
 war. The church buildings were freely offered 
 as hospitals where the need of hospitals was 
 seen ; but they were more frequently taken for 
 ordnance storehouses, stables or barracks. St. 
 Paul's Church, Randolph; St. Andrew's, Fayette 
 County, and Trinity Church, Winchester, were 
 burned. St. Paul's Church, Chattanooga; St. 
 Paul's Church, Franklin; the Church of the Holy 
 Trinity, Nashville, and Immanuel Church, La 
 Grange, were sadly desecrated and seriously in- 
 jured.* 
 
 *lt has been difficult to get any full account of the dam- 
 age done to the property of the Church during the war. The 
 following notes are taken from reports made to the Diocesan 
 Convention of 1867. St. Paul's Church, Chattanooga, was oc- 
 cupied by the army, and the United States Government subse- 
 quently paid $3,640 to repair the damage done to the building 
 by its military occupants. Immanuel Church, La Grange, a 
 brick building, was used for ordnance storage. The windows 
 and blinds were broken, chancel furniture and surroundings 
 destroyed, seats (used for coffins) and stoves gone, vestry room 
 destroyed, and walls of church sadly defaced. St. Paul's 
 Church, Franklin, was so greatly injured by the Federal troops 
 that its sacred character seems to have been wholly lost, and it 
 was occupied subsequent to the war as a carpenter's shop. St. 
 Peter's Church, Columbia, was closed for nearly eighteen 
 months (1863-65) by military order, part of the time occupied 
 as a hospital. It sustained injuries, including the total destruc- 
 tion of the organ, not to be repaired for less than $2,000. Rav- 
 enscroft Chapel was in ruins at the close of the war.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 47 
 
 But the heaviest loss which the Church in Ten- 
 nessee was called upon to sustain was that of 
 her noble first Bishop. He was in feeble health 
 when the war broke out, but he bravely stood at 
 his post. He had been opposed to secession 
 until that movement was a foregone conclusion, 
 and then he bestowed his sympathy and his 
 prayers upon the section to which he belonged. 
 On the loth of May, 1861, he addressed an open 
 letter to the Hon. William H. Seward, Secretary 
 of State in President Lincoln's cabinet, in which 
 he summed up the condition of affairs. It was 
 a masterly document, exhibiting considerable 
 statesmanship. While the Federal troops were 
 in possession of Memphis, the Bishop was 
 treated with every mark of respect by Gen. 
 Sherman, who was in command, and Bishop 
 Otey was able to do much towards alleviating the 
 sufferings of the citizens and soldiers. Prayer 
 Books sent to him by Bishop Potter, of New 
 York, were distributed among the soldiers in 
 the camps. With the assistance of the Rev. Mr. 
 Hines, he maintained services at St. Mary's 
 Church. 
 
 But the strain imposed upon him by the dis- 
 turbed condition of public affairs, added to the 
 undermining effects of the arduous labors of the 
 Episcopate upon his once vigorous constitution.
 
 148 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 told upon him at last. The early months of 1863 
 were months of continual illness, and on the 
 23rd of April he entered into rest. 
 
 His body rested in Memphis until after the 
 clouds of war had passed away, and his wishes 
 in regard to its final disposition could be carried 
 out. Then it was removed to Ashwood, where 
 in the churchyard of St. John's Church, it now 
 rests under a tomb, by his direction, inscribed 
 with his name and the simple but bold state- 
 ment: 
 
 THE FIRST BISHOP OF THE CATHOLIC 
 CHURCH IN TENNESSEE. 
 
 The orphaned diocese had to wait until the 
 return of peace before it could pay fitting honors 
 to the memory of this truly great and good man, 
 who had, amid toil and tribulation, laid the 
 foundation of the Church of Apostolic Truth and 
 Order in Tennessee. 
 
 The organization of the diocese was main- 
 tained and the affairs of the Church were admin- 
 istered as well as was possible by the Standing 
 Committee elected at the Somerville Convention 
 in 1 86 1 and holding over until successors could 
 be elected. The committee was composed of 
 the Rev. David Pise, D.D., the Rev. Charles
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 49 
 
 Todd Quintard, M.D., the Rev. Joseph James 
 Ridley, M.D., the Hon. Francis B. Fogg and Mr. 
 James B. Craighead. Bishop Green, of Mississ- 
 ippi, at the request of the Standing Committee, 
 ordained some of those who were awaiting ordi- 
 nation, and other evidences were not wanting 
 that the Church in Tennessee, though perplexed, 
 was not in despair; though persecuted, was not 
 forsaken, and though cast down, was not de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 In March, 1864, the Standing Committee in- 
 vited Bishop Smith, of Kentucky, to visit the 
 parishes of Nashville and other places within the 
 diocese, and to perform any Episcopal services 
 that might be required. In September of that 
 year a similar invitation was extended to Bishop 
 Hawkes, of Missouri, and the following April 
 the invitation was extended to Bishop White- 
 house, of Illinois, to visit Nashville. The atti- 
 tude of the diocese to the Church in the North 
 at this time is implied by a similar invitation to 
 Bishop Hopkins, of Vermont, the Presiding 
 Bishop of the Church in America, to visit 
 Memphis. 
 
 In other and perhaps better ways Bishop Hop- 
 kins subsequently showed his affectionate re- 
 gard for the orphaned diocese. Bishops Smith, 
 Hawkes and Whitehouse complied with the invi-
 
 ISO HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 tations extended to them, and the reports they 
 made of their visits are exceedingly interesting. 
 
 Bishop Smith visited Trinity Church, Clarks- 
 ville, in April, 1865, and confirmed there five 
 persons. On the ist of May he confirmed nine 
 persons in Christ Church, Nashville, and ad- 
 vanced to the priesthood the Rev. Lucius N. 
 Voight, deacon and post chaplain in one of the 
 hospitals at Knoxville. The Bishop then says, 
 " In three years what desolation has war wrought 
 upon this once prosperous diocese! Out of 
 sixteen parishes, only six are supplied with min- 
 isters. The Female Seminary at Columbia, the 
 labor of Bishop Otey's life, reduced to the 
 dimensions of a village school; the church at 
 Chattanooga a ruin ; and Trinity Church, Nash- 
 ville, by far the finest specimen of beautiful stone 
 Gothic church in the diocese, soiled and dese- 
 crated to a degree enough to make the heart of 
 a devout Christian bleed — a small organ com- 
 pletely rifled and destroyed and the chaste and 
 beautiful stained glass windows a mass of ruins! 
 
 "No blame is here intended to be thrown 
 upon any one. The terrible track of war too 
 often leaves such desolation behind it. . . 
 As I beheld these desolations, 'What,' 1 ex- 
 claimed, * would have been the emotions of the 
 Rev. Mr. Tomes, the projector of this church
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I5I 
 
 improvement, could he now witness what I here 
 deplore!' And to think of that indefatigable, 
 long-suffering man of God, the first Bishop of 
 this diocese, living to hear of all this destruction, 
 and outlasting those works of his hands which 
 he supposed would have endured for ages. 
 
 "You, dear brethren, feel as 1 feel, 'that if 
 any member suffer, all the members suffer with 
 it' ; and I have drawn this sad picture, not that 
 you may shed unavailing tears, but that you may 
 hold forth a helping hand to a sister diocese in 
 her distress, and unite your prayers with mine, 
 that God would be graciously pleased speedily 
 to restore the waste places of our Zion!" 
 
 Bishop Smith visited Clarksville again on the 
 30th of May, 1865, and confirmed twenty-three 
 persons. 
 
 Bishop Hawkes visited Memphis in January, 
 1865, and confirmed, in Calvary Church, sixty- 
 five persons; in St. Mary's Church, nineteen 
 persons, and in Grace Church, nine persons. He 
 would have visited other points in West Ten- 
 nessee, but found it impracticable, owing to the 
 disturbed and unsafe condition of the country. 
 "The Church in Memphis," he says, "was 
 working well considering all circumstances. 
 But in Tennessee 1 found she was, as she is in 
 Missouri, largely desolated by war."
 
 152 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Bishop Whitehouse visited Nashville in May, 
 1865, and confirmed twenty-three persons in 
 Christ Church. "My visit," he writes, "of 
 several days was filled with kind attentions and 
 affectionate hospitality, and my only regret was 
 that 1 could do so little for the orphaned diocese. 
 I felt deep sympathy and interest."
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I 53 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE INAUGURATION OF A NEW REGIME. 
 
 On the 9th of April, 1865, occurred the sur- 
 render at Appomattox, and on the 12th of that 
 month certain orders were issued from the War 
 Department at Washington that served as a vir- 
 tual proclamation that the war, which had swept 
 over the Southern country for four years and 
 had wrought sad havoc to the Church in Ten- 
 nessee, was at an end. On the 14th of June the 
 Standing Committee of the diocese issued a call 
 for a special convention to meet in Christ Church, 
 Nashville, on the 6th of the following Septem- 
 ber. 
 
 There were twenty-five clergymen canonically 
 resident in the diocese and entitled to seats in 
 this convention. Thirteen of these were present 
 on the day appointed and three others subse- 
 quently appeared and took their seats. The fol- 
 lowing parishes were represented by lay dele- 
 gates: Christ Church, the Church of the Holy 
 Trinity and the Church of the Advent, Nashville; 
 Calvary Church, Grace Church and St. Mary's, 
 Memphis; Trinity Church, Clarksville; St. Luke's,
 
 154 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Jackson; St, John's, Knoxville; St. James', Boli- 
 var; St. Paul's, Franklin; St. Peter's, Columbia; 
 St. Stephen's, Edgefield; Trinity Church, Tipton 
 County; St. John's, Ashwood, and St. Mark's, 
 Williamsport. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. David Pise was elected president 
 of the convention and the Rev. Richard Hines 
 was elected secretary, an office which he had 
 held in two previous conventions. 
 
 A special solemnity was given to the proceed- 
 ings on the second day by the announcement 
 that one of the lay delegates from St. Mary's 
 Church, Memphis, had died on the way to the 
 convention; and still further by the information 
 that the body of Bishop Otey was en route to St. 
 John's Church, Ashwood, for final interment. 
 Three clergymen and three laymen were ap- 
 pointed a committee to receive the body in Nash- 
 ville and make arrangements for forwarding it to 
 its destination. 
 
 After the transaction of some business of an 
 ordinary character, the convention proceeded to 
 the election of a Bishop. About the middle of 
 the afternoon of Thursday, the 7th of Septem- 
 ber, the president of the convention announced 
 that the clergy, by an almost unanimous vote, 
 had nominated the Rev. Charles Todd Quintard, 
 M.D., for Bishop of Tennessee. The laity re-
 
 BISHOP QUINTARU
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 55 
 
 tired to consider the nomination and soon 
 returned and reported that the nomination had 
 been ratified by a majority of the parishes. The 
 formal announcement was thereupon made that 
 the Rev. Dr. Quintard had been duly elected 
 Bishop of Tennessee. His testimonials were 
 signed on the following day by fourteen clergy- 
 men and by fifteen laymen, representing eleven 
 parishes. 
 
 Before the adjournment of the convention a 
 resolution was introduced by the Rev. Dr. 
 George White, and promptly seconded by the 
 Bishop-elect, looking to the division of the dio- 
 cese and the establishment of a "See Episco- 
 pate " in the cities of Knoxville, Nashville and 
 Memphis; and instructing the delegates to the 
 General Convention to meet that year to lay 
 this subject before that body and urge its adop- 
 tion 
 
 On the following Sunday the Rev. Dr. Pise 
 held appropriate services in St. Peter's Church, 
 Columbia, where the body of the first Bishop of 
 Tennessee was resting for a while on its way to 
 the place selected for its final sepulture. Later 
 in the day, in St. John's churchyard, Ashwood, 
 in the presence of Dr. Pise, the Rev. John A. 
 Harrison, the Rev. Charles F. Collins, and a mul- 
 titude of friends from the surrounding country,
 
 156 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 he who had been elected to bear the mantle of 
 the sturdy prelate, committed the body of his 
 predecessor to the ground, "looking for the 
 general Resurrection in the last day and the life 
 of the world to come, through our Lord Jesus 
 Christ." The solemn scene was significant of 
 the close of an epoch in the history of the 
 Church in the Diocese of Tennessee and the 
 opening of a new one. 
 
 All doubt as to the status of the dioceses in 
 the Southern States was dispelled at the meeting 
 of the General Convention in Philadelphia in the 
 autumn of 1865. The dioceses which had 
 united to constitute the Church in the Confeder- 
 ate States of America had never been dropped 
 from the roll of the General Convention. They 
 had been duly called with the other dioceses, 
 in alphabetical order, beginning with Alabama, 
 each day of the General Convention meeting in 
 New York in 1862. Though absent, the right 
 of the Southern dioceses to be present was not 
 denied. They were still regarded as members 
 of the American National Church. 
 
 Two Bishops from the South were present at 
 the General Convention of 1865, and responded 
 to the roll-call of the Bishops when made at the 
 organization of the House of Bishops Clerical
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I 57 
 
 and lay deputies from North Carolina and Texas, 
 as well as from Tennessee, answered to their 
 names when the roll was called in the House of 
 Clerical and Lay Deputies. The two Southern 
 Bishops received a hearty welcome from their 
 Northern brethren of the Episcopate. And when 
 the report was made to the House of Deputies 
 on the consecration of Dr. Quintard, Bishop- 
 elect of Tennessee, although his attitude toward 
 the Federal Government throughout the war had 
 been especially conspicuous through his official 
 position in the Confederate Army, there was but 
 one dissenting vote. 
 
 In the religious services of the convention no 
 personal or sectional prejudices were allowed to 
 interrupt the heartiness of the thanksgiving for 
 the restoration of peace to the country and unity 
 to the Church. 
 
 Thus did the Protestant Episcopal Church in 
 the United States act fully in accord with her 
 Catholic principles at a very trying period of her 
 existence, and verify the words of Calhoun : 
 "The Episcopal Church is the only one of the 
 four great Protestant denominations which re- 
 mained unbroken and entire. . . . Power- 
 ful as the others were, they have not been able 
 to resist the explosive effects of the slavery 
 agitation."
 
 1^8 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Dr. Quintard's consecration crowned the work 
 of reunion by a significant act. It took place in 
 St. Luke's Church, Philadelphia, in the presence 
 of the General Convention, on Wednesday, the 
 iith of October, 1865. The sermon was 
 preached by the Bishop of Pennsylvania. The 
 Right Rev. John Henry Hopkins, D.D., Bishop 
 of Vermont and Presiding Bishop, was the con- 
 secrator. Bishops Burgess, of Maine; Atkinson, 
 of North Carolina; Coxe, of Western New York; 
 Odenheimer, of New Jersey; Bedell, of Ohio, 
 and Stevens, of Pennsylvania, united in the act 
 of consecration, as did also the Right Rev. 
 Francis Fulford, D.D., Bishop of Montreal and 
 Metropolitan of Canada, whose presence "con- 
 tributed to a growing sense of the unity of the 
 Church throughout the whole American conti- 
 nent."* 
 
 * Tiffany, " History of the Protestant Episcopal Church," 
 p. 504.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 59 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 STRENGTHENING THE THINGS THAT REMAINED. 
 
 The new Bishop returned to his diocese on 
 the 24th of November, 1865, and on the 28th he 
 held his first service as the Bishop of Tennessee 
 in Calvary Church, Memphis, where he con- 
 firmed twenty-eight persons. He began forth- 
 with a series of visitations over the greater part 
 of his large diocese, noting everywhere the 
 devastating effects of the war upon the Church. 
 He confirmed three hundred and fourteen per- 
 sons in the course of these visitations. 
 
 In his journeyings he reached Sewanee on 
 Thursday, the 22nd of March, 1866, in company 
 with the Rev. Thomas A. Morris, rector of Trin- 
 ity Church, Winchester; the Rev. Dr. J. Austin 
 Merrick (then recently arrived in the diocese to 
 assist the Bishop in carrying out his schemes for 
 a diocesan training-school), and Major George R. 
 Fairbanks, one of the trustees of the University 
 of the South. Together they went to " Univer- 
 sity Place," where, on the 9th of October, i860, 
 Bishop Polk, assisted by Bishop Otey and others, 
 had laid the corner-stone of the University build- 
 ing. With the exception of an old log cabin, all
 
 l6o HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 the buildings erected in that locality before the 
 war had been burned by the Federal soldiers 
 who had encamped there. The corner-stone — 
 a block of marble weighing six tons — was 
 broken up and entirely removed. In short, noth- 
 ing remained of the University of the South but 
 its charter and a magnificent domain of nearly 
 10,000 acres. 
 
 The Bishop selected locations for the buildings 
 necessary for the diocesan training-school, which 
 it was his immediate purpose to establish, 
 and in the evening erected a cross on the site 
 selected for the chapel, gathered the workmen 
 about it, and asked the blessing of the Great 
 Head of the Church upon the undertaking. The 
 Apostles' Creed was said and the grand old woods 
 rang with the Gloria in Excelsis.* 
 
 This was virtually the re-founding of the Uni- 
 versity of the South. There seemed little hope at 
 the time of reviving the scheme of the ante 
 bellum Bishops. The endowment of nearly half 
 a million secured by the personal efforts of 
 Bishop Polk and Bishop Elliott before the war 
 had been swept away. But Bishop Quintard 
 was determined and persistent. In 1867 a reor- 
 ganization was effected under the charter and 
 
 * Bishop Quintard. Conv. Ad., Journ., i866.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. l6l 
 
 the Bishop was elected Vice-Chancellor. A 
 grammar school was opened at Sewanee with 
 njne pupils. The Bishop summoned the Church- 
 men of the South to the great undertaking. He 
 traveled far and wide in the Southern States, 
 and in the years 1867 and 1868 in England, get- 
 ting subscriptions, making appeals and winning 
 friends for the enterprise. His magnetism and 
 his faith drew around him at Sewanee first two 
 or three of the Bishops, and then a band of high- 
 minded and consecrated clergymen and laymen, 
 of fine scholarship and noble aims, whose splen- 
 did sacrifice set high the standard of the institu- 
 tion and invested it with a poetic beauty and 
 sacredness that dwell there still, and more than 
 compensate for the poverty and trials of those 
 early years.* In 1871 the Academic Department 
 of the University was organized with five pro- 
 fessors. In 1876 the Theological Department 
 was opened with four professors. By that time 
 the heroic struggle of the University of the South 
 had begun to attract admiring attention; gifts 
 began to flow into it, and not only its continued 
 existence, but its ultimate success were assured. 
 Buildings began to grow up, and there was 
 a visible advance towards the ideal that had 
 
 * Bishop Gailor. Mem. Ser., p. 8.
 
 1 62 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 been set for it by its founders and its re-founder. 
 Broader than diocesan in its scope and purpose, 
 the history of the University of the South is yet 
 intimately connected with that of the diocese. 
 When, in 1891, Bishop Quintard presented to 
 the Diocesan Convention sitting that year, a list 
 of ordinations held in the diocese since its 
 organization, he called attention to the fact that 
 out of seventy-three men ordained during his 
 Episcopate, twenty-eight had been educated at 
 the University of the South. On the clergy list 
 of the diocese in 1898, out of forty-two priests 
 and eight deacons, eleven were alumni of the 
 University. But there seems to be no means of 
 determining the extent of the University's influ- 
 ence upon the Church life of Tennessee through 
 the education it has provided for the laymen of 
 the diocese. 
 
 The Bishop early observed that the missionary 
 enterprises of the diocese had been very circum- 
 scribed. There had for years been a Diocesan 
 Missionary Society in existence, but it had 
 scarcely justified its existence by doing any 
 work. The Bishop proposed, therefore, to the 
 first convention over which he presided, a com- 
 plete reorganization of the missionary work of 
 the diocese and the inauguration of a system for
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 63 
 
 which the time seemed propitious. The clergy 
 of the city of Memphis had already united with 
 him in the formation of a cathedral chapter, St. 
 Mary's Church had been selected for the cathedral 
 and the Rev. Dr. Hines had been appointed 
 dean. 
 
 But this arrangement did not become imme- 
 diately effective. The cathedral system was not 
 formally adopted until the Feast of the Circum- 
 cision, 1 87 1. On that day, after a celebration of 
 the Holy Communion by the Bishop, assisted by 
 the Rev. Dr. Hines and the Rev. John A. Harri- 
 son, the Bishop submitted to the congregation of 
 St. Mary's Church, resolutions adopted by the 
 wardens and vestrymen of the parish on the 
 previous Christmas Eve tendering the church to 
 the Bishop for a cathedral, and requesting him 
 to organize the cathedral system. The resolution 
 was unanimously ratified by the congregation, 
 and the rector, wardens and vestrymen presented 
 the keys of the edifice to the Bishop, who for- 
 mally received them on behalf of himself and his 
 successors in office. 
 
 Thus culminated various attempts to provide 
 a church for the Bishop of Tennessee. Calvary 
 Church had been offered for that purpose in 
 1866. An attempt was subsequently made to 
 unite two other Memphis parishes for the forma-
 
 164 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 tion of a cathedral, but St. Mary's Church became 
 in fact the Bishop's church. The residence occu- 
 pied by Bishop Otey had become in the mean- 
 time the property of the diocese for a permanent 
 Episcopal residence. 
 
 Tennessee was, therefore, among the earliest 
 of the American dioceses to adopt the cathedral 
 system in one of its simpler forms, and was one 
 of the first to provide itself with a cathedral. 
 Subsequent efforts to give the cathedral some 
 canonical status were less successful. The con- 
 vention of 1873 failed to adopt a proposed canon 
 whereby the cathedral chapter was to constitute 
 the Board of Missions for the diocese. The 
 present cathedral canon merely protects St. 
 Mary's Cathedral in the rights previously inhering 
 as a parish church. 
 
 The proposition was made as early as 1866 to 
 divide the diocese outside the city of Memphis 
 into three districts, for each of which the Bishop 
 was to appoint a Rural Dean, who was to be 
 responsible for all the missionary work within 
 the bounds of his deanery. The committee to 
 whom this proposition was submitted for con- 
 sideration reported in favor of the convocational 
 system and the division of the diocese into the 
 three convocations which now exist under the 
 names of the three chief cities of the State. This
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 165 
 
 was by no means the actual inauguration of the 
 convocational system in Tennessee, however. 
 The system was canonically established in 1867, 
 and the canon was subsequently revised. At 
 first the "Western District" was made to com- 
 prise all the clergy resident in West Tennessee, 
 and it was their duty to attend the meetings of 
 the convocation when called. The Rev. Dr. 
 Hines, Dean of the Cathedral, was to be the pre- 
 siding officer whenever the meetings were held 
 in Memphis, and the Rev. John A. Harrison, 
 Rector of St. Luke's Church, Jackson, the pre- 
 siding officer whenever the meeting was held 
 elsewhere. Much excellent missionary work 
 was done by very efficient general missionaries 
 (the Rev. George N. James, for example), and 
 some Associate Missions were attempted from 
 time to time in the effort to carry out the Bishop's 
 missionary enterprises. But the convocational 
 system was not made a practical working scheme 
 until between 1885 and 1890, when its success 
 was doubtless due to its being in the hands of 
 such deans as the Rev. Dr. George Patterson, of 
 the Convocation of Memphis; the Rev. Dr. Henry 
 R. Howard, of the Convocation of Nashville, and 
 the Rev. Dr. Samuel Ringgold, of the Convoca- 
 tion of Knoxville. And their work has since 
 been taken up and pursued with good results by
 
 1 66 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 the Rev. Joseph E. Martin, of Jackson; the Rev. 
 T. F. Martin, of Nashville, and the Rev. Joseph 
 H. Blacklock, formerly of Cleveland. The reports 
 of these deans to the annual conventions are the 
 reports of faithful service with good results. 
 
 It is wrong to assume, as seems to have been 
 quite widely assumed, that the Churchmanship 
 of Bishop Quintard was so different from that of 
 his predecessor that the two were contradictory. 
 In a certain sense the Churchmanship of the 
 second Bishop of Tennessee was that of Bishop 
 Otey naturally developed under the conditions 
 which prevailed during the years when it was 
 given to Bishop Quintard to exercise the Episco- 
 pal oifice in Tennessee. And it would be difficult 
 to write the history of the Church in the Diocese 
 of Tennessee without referring to the changed 
 conditions which made the two Bishops, who 
 were really of the same rugged, manly type of 
 Churchmanship, appear to be of such totally dif- 
 ferent schools of thought. 
 
 The Oxford movement had its rise in England 
 about the time of Bishop Otey's election and 
 consecration to the Episcopate. But it took 
 some years for its effects to be felt in this new 
 country, and it has taken many more years for 
 
 t movement to be understood here and appre-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 67 
 
 dated at its true value. For a long time the 
 defection to Rome of one of the leaders in the 
 movement and of some of his personal followers 
 was regarded as the most prominent and signifi- 
 cant event connected with the Oxford movement. 
 And the defection of the successor of Bishop 
 Ravenscroft in the Episcopate of North Carolina 
 was regarded as a direct result of Tractarianism. 
 This naturally caused the movement to be viewed 
 with suspicion on this side of the water, and the 
 more so as its earliest phases were a wild and 
 extravagant manifestation of "ritualism." 
 
 Bishop Otey was not a party man. The High 
 Churchmen (and that term had a meaning then 
 which it has not now, and was a distinctly party 
 name) never quite forgave him for the part he 
 took in the presentation of Bishop Onderdonk 
 for trial. The Low Churchmen were equally 
 unforgiving because of his outspoken words 
 against the Evangelical Knowledge Society. He 
 was a " Catholic, Prayer-Book Churchman of the 
 old school,"* and he was not a Ritualist. It 
 was rather too early in the history of the Ameri- 
 can Episcopate for any Bishops to be found 
 avowed members of the Ritualistic party. 
 
 For this reason it required as much courage 
 
 5. Green. Mem., p. 66.
 
 1 68 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 for Bishop Quintard to refuse to sign the Anti- 
 Ritualistic memorial in 1866 as for Bishop Otey 
 to refuse, in 1857, to consecrate a church before 
 certain objects had been removed, which seemed 
 to him to symbolize the heresies of Rome, or to 
 speak and write as he did of the Evangelical 
 Knowledge Society. And when Bishop Quin- 
 tard gave his reasons for not signing the Anti- 
 Ritualists' Declaration, in his address before the 
 Convention of 1867, he showed that he was in 
 advance of the times and foresaw then most 
 clearly that the drift of the Oxford movement, 
 even in its most suspected phase of ritualism, was 
 not necessarily Romeward, and that it might 
 result in great good to the Church in America. 
 
 It was a strong and virile type of Churchman- 
 ship which Bishop Otey had maintained and set 
 forward in Tennessee. He had believed the 
 Church to be the one undivided Bride of Christ, 
 with no element of division or sectarianism in 
 her; that in her creeds she held in its integrity 
 the Faith once delivered to the saints ; that she 
 had a Divine Order, connecting her, clear back 
 through the ages with the Apostles and Christ; 
 that she was the appointed teacher and preserver 
 of all true religion and virtue; and, finally, that 
 to our portion of the Church, the country in which 
 we live would one day look for help amid her
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 169 
 
 social and political trials. He had familiarized 
 the Diocese of Tennessee with the great truth of 
 the spiritual character of the Church, her Catholic 
 claims, her Apostolic ministry. He had taught 
 men of the birth into Christ by Baptism and of 
 the life in Christ by the Holy Communion.* 
 
 But in the decade which saw the death of 
 Bishop Otey and the election of Dr. Quintard to 
 the Episcopate, there was danger of receding 
 from this strong type of Churchmanship and 
 attempting to gain favor with those outside of 
 the Church by compromising the Church's claims 
 and committing her to the narrowness of the 
 popular religions. Bishop Quintard saw from 
 the start that the Oxford movement meant no 
 more than the reassertion of those Church prin- 
 ciples which had been steadily maintained in 
 this country by a long line of Bishops, his prede- 
 cessor among them, and that their more emphatic 
 assertion was the best defence against Roman- 
 ism, f He was able to see, as Bishop Otey had 
 
 *Cf. Bp. Green, Mem. Bp. Otey, p. 122. Bp. Gailor. 
 Mem. Ser., p. 1 1. 
 
 f It is significant that of the clergy canonically resident in 
 Tennessee during the thirty-three years of Bishop Quintard's 
 Episcopate, but two defected to Rome, while three were re- 
 ceived from the Church of Rome during the same period: and 
 the three received were men of greater value than those the 
 Church lost.
 
 170 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 not lived long enough to see, that the result of 
 the Oxford movement had been a marvellous 
 transformation of the work and power of the 
 Church of England, the increase of her influence, 
 her charities and her missionary enterprises.* 
 
 And so with one of the phases of the Oxford 
 movement — ritualism — Bishop Quintard was in 
 advance of his time in the early years of his 
 Episcopate. But he was able to wait patiently 
 for the Episcopate to fill up with men who went 
 even in advance of him. He was never an 
 extremist — judged by the standard of the present 
 day. And he steadily prevented any form of 
 ritual gaining in his diocese that was not in good 
 taste, that had not the sanction of catholic usage, 
 or that was the expression of aught but the 
 "beauty of holiness." And he succeeded in 
 improving the tone of the services in the Diocese 
 of Tennessee and bringing them into nearer com- 
 pliance with the Paulian rule of decency and 
 order: — (that is, set rule.) 
 
 it was especially gratifying to Bishop Quintard, 
 in his address to the Diocesan Convention meet- 
 ing in May, 1887, to use these words: "Many 
 of the churches have been improved and beauti- 
 fied. There is an evident growth in churchly 
 
 *Bp. Gailor. Mem. Ser., p. 10.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I7I 
 
 and religious life. The services in most of our 
 parishes are more reverent and beautiful and 
 hearty. We are gradually getting a better style of 
 ecclesiastical music. In the six or eight parishes 
 in which surpliced choirs have been introduced, 
 they have given great satisfaction to the wor- 
 shippers. Our Common Prayer requires common 
 praise, and it is simply impossible for the con- 
 gregation to unite in praising God in psalms and 
 hymns with a quartette choir, with their florid 
 and elaborate style of music." 
 
 One of the fruits of the Oxford movement 
 was the establishment of Sisterhoods. They 
 had been included in the desiderata of the memo- 
 rialists, with whom Bishop Otey had been intim- 
 ately connected; and the General Convention, in 
 acting upon the memorial, had thought best to 
 leave the regulations regarding them untrammeled 
 by canonical provisions. The first Sisterhood 
 arose in New York in 1843, and was formally 
 constituted nine years later. The first Sister was 
 "admitted" in 1857. The Sisterhood of St. 
 Mary came into being in New York in 1865. 
 The Sisters were popularly regarded as one of 
 the distinctive marks of the much-dreaded " High 
 Church," and it required no small amount of 
 courage on the part of Bishop Quintard to invite 
 them to his diocese in 1870 to assist him in
 
 172 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Strengthening the things that remained. But 
 they soon had the opportunity to prove their 
 value to the Church by their heroic conduct 
 during successive epidemics. 
 
 One incident alone in the annals of the diocese 
 is sufficient to justify the action of the Bishop in 
 securing the work of the Sisters, and to justify 
 the existence of Sisterhoods in the work of the 
 Church in America. In July, 1878, Sisters Con- 
 stance and Thecla, of the Sisters of St. Mary, 
 went to New York for needed rest and refresh- 
 ment. Two weeks later the news followed 
 them that yellow fever had broken out in Mem- 
 phis, and Sisters Constance and Thecla returned 
 at once to the plague-stricken city to give up 
 their lives a sacrifice for others. Two other 
 Sisters died of the fever that year. And after 
 this heroic manifestation of the spirit of self- 
 sacrifice which was seen to animate the Sister- 
 hood, the voice of opposition was effectually 
 hushed. The Sisters added St. Mary's School to 
 the number of Church schools in the diocese, and 
 have presented the noble evidences of their 
 devoted work in the Church Orphans' Home in 
 Memphis.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 73 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 AN ERA OF ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 The condition in which the war had left the 
 material possessions of the Church in the Diocese 
 of Tennessee probably occasioned the outspoken 
 words of Bishop Quintard in his address before 
 the Diocesan Convention of 1867. It was a sad 
 reflection that the people of the diocese had yet 
 to erect the first temple to the honor and glory 
 of God that would be worthy of His worship or 
 a fitting expression of their love and devotion to 
 that blessed Saviour Who had laid down His life 
 for them. The people of Tennessee had invoked 
 the taste and skill of the architect and the patient 
 toil of the laborer in building houses in which 
 they and their children might dwell, but they 
 had refused them to God's holy house. The 
 Bishop did not want costly churches at all for 
 their own sake, but for the sake of the spirit 
 that would build them. It was not the church 
 building that was wanted, but the sacrifice; not 
 the emotion of admiration, but the act of adora- 
 tion; not the gift, but the giving. There was 
 nothing at that time in any of the parish churches 
 of Tennessee to speak to the heart, the imagina-
 
 174 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 tion or the affections. There was no home 
 feeling — nothing to indicate a holy and reverent 
 use. And all this was only an outward and 
 visible sign of a utilitarian spirit in the worshipper 
 — of a spirit that might be earnest, severe, duti- 
 ful, but that was not rich, full, susceptible of 
 impressions, solemn, grand, attractive.* 
 
 And the Bishop manifested his deep earnest- 
 ness upon this subject by his personal interest in 
 the plan and design of each church edifice erected 
 in the diocese during his Episcopate, and by the 
 gifts he made or secured for the encouragement 
 of proper church architecture. Not a few churches 
 of the diocese to-day point with pride to windows 
 given by Bishop Quintard. And the giving of 
 these was usually conditioned upon the selection 
 of a design for the church building which would 
 meet his views as to what the house of God 
 should be. 
 
 Whether or not entirely due to the efforts of 
 Bishop Quintard, the churches built during his 
 Episcopate include some notable specimens of 
 ecclesiastical architecture. The Committee on 
 the State of the Church, reporting to the Con- 
 vention of 1874, noted a "wonderful improve- 
 ment in all parts of the diocese in the matter of 
 
 Dioc. Journ., 1867, pp. 43-46.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 75 
 
 church architecture." "A few years ago," the 
 report reads, "there was scarcely a church in 
 good ecclesiological style in our diocese; now 
 there are many that would challenge admiration 
 in any part of the land. . . . We gladly 
 recognize here again the persistent efforts of our 
 Diocesan to elevate the taste of our people upon 
 this not unimportant subject." 
 
 As the direct result of the Bishop's influence 
 in this matter, St. Luke's Church, Cleveland; 
 the Church of the Messiah, Pulaski, and Grace 
 Church, Chattanooga, were built as memorials. 
 The first was built by Colonel John H. Craigmiles 
 to the memory of his little daughter Nina, and 
 was opened for public services in December, 1 873. 
 The Bishop described it as one of the most per- 
 fect parish churches in the country. " The lamp 
 of Truth and the lamp of Sacrifice burn with 
 steady light from foundation-stone to turret. 
 Beautiful in outline, its interior finish of native 
 wood (oak and walnut) is chaste and rich." 
 
 The Church of the Messiah, Pulaski, was com- 
 pleted and furnished throughout at a cost of 
 more than six thousand dollars, as a memorial to 
 the two daughters of ex-Governor John C. Brown. 
 It was consecrated in December, 1887. Grace 
 Church, Chattanooga, was erected by Mr. Theo- 
 dore Richmond in memory of his daughter Grace. 
 It was consecrated in May, i<
 
 176 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Magnificent and costly edifices of stone have 
 been erected for Trinity Church, Clarksville; St. 
 John's Church, Knoxville; St. Paul's Church, 
 Chattanooga; Christ Church, Nashville, and St. 
 Barnabas' Church, Tullahoma. The new stone 
 church for Trinity Parish, Clarksville, was con- 
 secrated by Bishop Quintard, assisted by the 
 Bishop of Alabama, on the ist of December, 
 1 88 1 . St. Paul's Church, Chattanooga, was com- 
 pleted in 1888. St. John's Church, Knoxville, 
 was built of Georgia marble, and is pronounced 
 one of the most beautiful churches in any of our 
 dioceses. Christ Church, Nashville, was opened 
 for services on the i6th of December, 1894. It 
 increased the value of the property belonging to 
 that parish to one hundred and fifty thousand 
 dollars. St. Barnabas' Church, Tullahoma, was 
 erected in 1898 at a cost of seven thousand dol- 
 lars, and increased the value of the Church prop- 
 erty there to about seventeen thousand dollars. 
 
 Doubtless the climax of this era of ecclesiastical 
 architecture will be reached when the Cathedral 
 of St. Mary's, Memphis, will be completed. The 
 corner-stone was laid in May, 1898.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I77 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE CHURCH AND THE NEGRO. 
 
 The condition of the negro after the war was 
 such as to impose serious problems upon the 
 Church in the Southern dioceses. It was Bishop 
 Quintard who, together with Bishop Dudley of 
 Kentucky, took the earliest steps towards the 
 solution of these problems, and inaugurated the 
 system by which the Church might resume, under 
 a new order of things, the spiritual care of the 
 negro throughout the South. It is this that 
 brings this subject especially within the scope of 
 a Diocesan History of Tennessee. 
 
 There will scarcely be found anyone who will 
 now defend the institution of slavery, either as 
 a moral or as an economic principle. Yet it is 
 impossible to deny that the negroes of the South 
 were happier and better cared for, physically and 
 morally, under the system of slavery existing in 
 the South, than they have been at any time since 
 they obtained their freedom and were suddenly, 
 without any training, endowed with the rights of 
 citizenship. The fact has already been adverted 
 to in the course of this history, that the Peniten- 
 tiary in Nashville, in the slave days, held none but
 
 178 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 white convicts. The slave owners were to an 
 extent responsible for the conduct of their slaves, 
 and the form of discipline pursued was suffi- 
 cient to prevent the occurrence of the greater 
 crimes. 
 
 No picture of Southern life in the ante bellum 
 days is complete that does not show something 
 of the spiritual care bestowed upon the slaves by 
 their religious masters. Such masters as were 
 Churchmen had their slaves baptized, instructed 
 in the things pertaining to their spiritual welfare 
 to the extent of their capacity for receiving 
 instruction, confirmed and admitted to the Holy 
 Communion. The records of their baptisms and 
 confirmations were carefully kept. The slaves 
 attended the same services of the church as their 
 masters. St. John's Church, Ashwood, and 
 Ravenscroft Chapel, Tipton County, were two 
 examples of plantation churches, and were built 
 with the religious needs of the negro slaves in 
 view. It was no unusual sight at a Sunday 
 morning service in these churches, after all the 
 white communicants had received, to see the 
 altar rail thronged with negroes, partaking with 
 reverence of the soul-nourishing food of the Body 
 and Blood of Christ. 
 
 We may not take time to dwell on the signifi- 
 cance of some incidents in the history of the
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I79 
 
 State of Tennessee to which full justice seems 
 never to have been done. Although in the 
 cession by North Carolina of her western terri- 
 tory in 1788, it was stipulated in the act of cession 
 "that no regulation made or to be made by 
 Congress should tend to the emancipation of the 
 slaves," yet to the Constitutional Convention 
 of 1796 petitions were presented with nearly two 
 thousand signers from all the settlements, asking 
 that a provision be embodied in the constitution of 
 the new State prohibiting slavery after 1864. In 
 1801 the Legislature passed "an act empowering 
 the County Courts to emancipate slaves." The 
 preamble offers as an apology for such an act 
 the large number of petitions presented to the 
 Legislature for the emancipation of slaves. In 
 the early "twenties" people were thinking and 
 acting in Tennessee on the subject of universal 
 emancipation, and there were three periodicals 
 published within the borders of the State devoted 
 to that cause. One of them. The Emancipator, 
 is claimed as the first paper in the United States 
 wholly in the interests of emancipation.* It is 
 not improbable that could the war have been 
 averted, or even postponed for a few years, the 
 
 * Allison. "Dropped Stitches in the History of Ten- 
 nessee."
 
 l8o HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 borders of the slave States would have receded 
 below the southern boundary of Tennessee. 
 
 But the Church in the Diocese of Tennessee, 
 after the war, had to deal, not with what might 
 have been, but with what actually was. The 
 edict of emancipation when issued in war time 
 was virtually non-effective in the South until 
 after the war had ended. Then it was suddenly 
 realized by both the masters and the slaves (now 
 " freedmen " ) that the social conditions previously 
 existing had been broken up, and no preparation 
 had been made to provide a substitute that would 
 be at all satisfactory to meet the demands of the 
 new order of things. The result of the change 
 upon the temper of the freedmen was aggravated 
 by the interference of those who had none other 
 than a self-interest in the matter; and finally, by 
 the most stupendous blunder in statesmanship 
 ever perpetrated in the history of any nation, by 
 which the duties of citizenship were suddenly 
 thrust upon those who had never been trained 
 either to exercise its duties or to appreciate its 
 privileges. The former masters, dazed by the 
 sudden turn matters had taken, and seeing readily 
 enough the political motive underlying it all, 
 were forced at once into a position of self-protec- 
 tion. If the trend of events were to mean 
 "social equality," they would have none of it.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. l8l 
 
 If it meant the political domination of the inferior 
 race, they would take steps to prevent it. 
 
 In 1866 the "Colored Baptists " began to form 
 separate organizations in the South (to the im- 
 mense relief of the white Baptists), and there were 
 in Tennessee in 1890 over fifty-two thousand 
 negroes claiming allegiance to one branch or 
 another of the religious denomination thus 
 vaguely defined. In 1869 "The Cumberland 
 Presbyterian Church, Colored," was organized 
 at Murfreesboro, Tenn., "under the direction of 
 the Cumberland Presbyterian Church," and was 
 constituted of colored ministers and members 
 who had been previously connected with the 
 Cumberland Presbyterians.* 
 
 In i860 about two hundred and seven thousand 
 of the slave population of the Southern States 
 were recognized as members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, South. In 1866 it was found 
 that these had dwindled down to less than 
 seventy-nine thousand through desertions to the 
 African Methodists, the African Methodist Epis- 
 copal Zion, and other Methodist bodies which 
 were representatives of the Northern States. To 
 prevent a further diminution, the General Con- 
 ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 
 
 Carroll. " Religious Forces, etc."
 
 l82 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 in 1866, authorized the organization of separate 
 congregations and separate conferences; and in 
 1870, by the action of the General Conference of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, the 
 "colored" conferences were organized into a 
 "separate and independent Church." It took 
 the name of the " Colored Methodist Episcopal 
 Church," and comprised the colored members 
 and ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 South. The result of this movement was seen 
 by the increase during twenty years to one hun- 
 dred and twenty-nine thousand members in the 
 South. In the order of membership Tennessee 
 stands third among the Southern States. It had 
 nearly nineteen thousand members in 1890. 
 
 Meanwhile the African Methodist Episcopal 
 Church had secured over twenty-three thousand 
 members in Tennessee in 1890, and the African 
 Methodist Episcopal Zion Church over twelve 
 thousand members. The total of over one hun- 
 dred and eleven thousand members of all denom- 
 inations of negroes must include very nearly all 
 the adult negro population of the State in 1890, as 
 it is a well-known fact that a negro who does 
 not claim membership in some religious denom- 
 ination is exceedingly rare. 
 
 It was thus that the three dominant religious 
 bodies of the State of Tennessee, representing
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 83 
 
 the forms of religion professedly most popular 
 with the negro, relieved themselves (two of 
 them, at least, with a shrewdness which we 
 must admire) of all responsibility for the religious 
 care of the negro. Organized into separate and 
 independent societies, which have been yearly 
 increasing in number by division as well as by 
 addition, the negroes could fix their own standards 
 of faith, of worship, of morals, and of Christian 
 requirements or discipline. If they chose to re- 
 adopt their former African fetichism, ophiolatry 
 or voudooism as a part of their religious system, 
 there was no one to say them nay. There was 
 not even the check imposed upon their religious 
 excesses by public opinion, which is so influen- 
 tial in the case of the religious denominations of 
 the whites. There is a parable in all this which 
 we shall not pause to pursue. 
 
 The Church, however, is not permitted to 
 adopt such easy methods of solving difficult 
 problems. She inherits her principles, does not 
 make them, and cannot change them to suit her 
 temporary convenience, or to shirk a God-given 
 responsibility. The number of her children 
 among the unfortunate race is small, yet it is her 
 duty, as a Catholic Church, to embrace them with- 
 in her fold and to care for them spiritually. Un- 
 fortunately she was unable to take up the white
 
 184 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 man's burden at once when these problems first 
 presented themselves ; she was financially crippled 
 at the time. But it is to the honor of the Church 
 in the Diocese of Tennessee that she never 
 shirked her duty or sought to shift her respon- 
 sibility; and "she hath done what she could." 
 
 It was in the face of considerable popular 
 opposition that Bishop Quintard had to assert 
 the catholic position of the Church upon this 
 question. On Palm Sunday, 1869, at Calvary 
 Church, Memphis, Bishop Quintard administered 
 the rite of confirmation to seven persons, one 
 of whom was a negro. Before going to the 
 church he was informed by the rector that there 
 was a colored candidate for confirmation, and 
 was asked what was to be done. His reply was, 
 " Let him be confirmed according to the usage 
 of the Church," which had been to administer 
 confirmation to whites and blacks at the same 
 time, kneeling at the same chancel rail. It was 
 the practice of Bishops Otey, Elliott, Cobbs and 
 Polk — of all other Bishops in the Southern dio- 
 ceses — and Bishop Quintard made it his own 
 practice immediately upon being called to the 
 Episcopate. No one had dreamed in the past 
 that the simple performance of an ecclesiastical 
 act altered in any way the social relation of the 
 two races.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 85 
 
 The colored candidate did not, however, ap- 
 pear at the chancel rail with the others, but 
 waited until the confirmation office was com- 
 pleted and the final blessing bestowed. When 
 the Bishop found him then kneeling there, he 
 turned to the congregation, and, in explanation 
 and apology for going over the office a second 
 time, he said: "This person should have come 
 forward with the other candidates, for, in the 
 bestowal of her spiritual blessings, 
 
 ' Our mother, the Church, hath never a child 
 To honor before the rest.' " 
 
 The Bishop's action "was made the occasion 
 of a vast amount of unmerited abuse . . . 
 by the secular press of the city of Memphis," and 
 the Bishop thought it well to advert to the inci- 
 dent in his address to the Diocesan Convention 
 that year in the following words: 
 
 " While I do not at all believe in the propriety 
 of abrogating the distinctions which have always 
 been maintained, I should have been altogether 
 unworthy of my high office had I failed on such 
 an occasion to vindicate the catholicity of the 
 Church. Surely at this day our people have 
 not to learn that Christ's kingdom is not of this 
 world.
 
 l86 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 They know full well that 
 
 ' Our mother, the Church, hath never a child 
 
 To honor before the rest, 
 But she singeth the same for mighty kings 
 
 And the veriest babe on her breast; 
 And the Bishop goes down to his narrow bed 
 
 As a ploughman's child is laid. 
 And alike she blesseth the dark-browed serf 
 
 And the chief in his robe arrayed.' " * 
 
 To active work among "the freedmen" the 
 Bishop addressed himself at once upon his con- 
 secration to the Episcopate. And a work of a 
 very practical nature was begun by Mrs. Martha 
 A. Canfield, who founded what was known as 
 " Canfield Orphan Asylum " in Memphis. Her 
 husband, Lieutenant-Colonel Canfield, of the 72d 
 Ohio Volunteers, had fallen in the Battle of 
 Shiloh. The Bishop said of her, after her death 
 in 1889: "The Church has lost a daughter of 
 deep and earnest character and of great useful- 
 ness in her day and generation. . . . Her 
 services were indeed the noblest that woman 
 could render her country in a time of war, and 
 . . . she confronted its most horrid aspects 
 with mighty love and earnestness, in ministering 
 to the wounded, the sick and the dying." f 
 
 ■*Journ. Conv., 1869, p. 39. 
 t Journ. Conv., 1890, p. 45.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 87 
 
 The organization of separate congregations of 
 negroes began as speedily as possible, and with 
 it the preparation of colored ministers for their 
 supervision, this being fully in accord with the 
 Catholic principles of the Church with regard to 
 the negro. Immanuel Church, Memphis, was 
 able to report one hundred and twenty-seven 
 communicants in 1898. There were also the 
 following missions included in this department 
 of the Church's work: St. Philip's, Bolivar; St. 
 Stephen's, Burlison; Holy Comforter, Columbia; 
 St. Cyprian's Gallatin; St. Thomas', Jackson; 
 St. Paul's, Mason; St. Augustine's and St. Paul's, 
 Nashville; and St. Paul's-on-the-Mountain, Se- 
 wanee, having in all in 1898 two hundred com- 
 municants. 
 
 This department of Church work was com- 
 mitted to various Archdeacons for Colored work 
 in succession and with varying success until 1895 
 when the Rev. Robert C. Caswall was appointed 
 thereto. Under his efficient management the 
 work has made considerable advancement and 
 gives promise of good results. 
 
 The most hopeful phase of this department of 
 diocesan work is that undertaken at Hoffman 
 Hall, Nashville. This work was begun in 1 890 by 
 Bishop Quintard, who saw in the opening of 
 Fisk University, Nashville, the Church's oppor-
 
 1 88 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 tunity for efficient work on behalf of the negro. 
 He at once took steps for the establishment of a 
 Church Home and training school for such 
 colored men as showed special promise for the 
 work of the ministry. Through the generosity 
 of the Rev. Dr. Charles F. Hoffman, of New 
 York, a valuable piece of property was secured, 
 and two buildings were erected, Hoffman Hall 
 and the Warden's Cottage. By arrangement 
 with the President of Fisk University, the Hoff- 
 man Hall students are to be entered regularly in 
 the University as candidates for its degrees. In 
 the Hall they are trained in the Church's doctrine, 
 discipline and worship, keeping the strictest rule, 
 attending daily services in Hannington Chapel, 
 and cultivating habits of self-help, neatness and 
 order. 
 
 The work at Hoffman Hall was formally in- 
 augurated under the most favorable auspices in 
 June, 1891, and has been carried on with vary- 
 ing success, but always advancing towards its 
 ideal. It has had twenty pupils in the present 
 school year. These take good rank at Fisk 
 University and are admitted to be exerting a 
 good influence among the large number of 
 students there and are thus practically illustrat- 
 ing what the Church can do for the negro.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 89 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 A SUMMING UP OF RESULTS. 
 
 The committee on the State of the Church ap- 
 pointed at the Diocesan Convention held in Boli- 
 var in 1866 — the first convention held after the 
 consecration of Dr. Quintard to the Episcopate — 
 reported fourteen hundred and ninety-eight 
 communicants in Tennessee, six churches not 
 reporting to the convention. In 1867 there were 
 five hundred more communicants in the diocese, 
 three parishes still neglecting to send in reports. 
 The Bishop had confirmed four hundred and 
 seventy persons in his diocese during the con- 
 ventional year ending in May, 1867. And these 
 figures were an earnest of the Church's growth 
 during the years of Bishop Quintard's Episcopate, 
 and set a standard of accomplishment which it 
 was disappointing not to reach in any one year. 
 In point of fact the Bishop succeeded in making 
 the annual average of confirmations for the first 
 twenty years of his Episcopate three hundred 
 and six. During the latter twelve years of his 
 Episcopate he maintained an annual average of 
 four hundred confirmations. Into the circum- 
 stances which prevented a corresponding in-
 
 190 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 crease in the number of communicants in the 
 diocese we shall inquire later on. 
 
 At the fifty-third annual convention of the 
 diocese, held in Sewanee, the seat of the Uni- 
 versity of the South, in May, 1885, the oppor- 
 tunity was presented to sum up the results of 
 the work done by the Church in the Diocese of 
 Tennessee. It was the completion of twenty 
 years of the Episcopate of Bishop Quintard. 
 He had designed such a review, and to that end 
 he had directed a circular letter to his clergy, ask- 
 ing them to answer a set of questions calculated 
 to develop definite information regarding the 
 status of their various cures. As the Bishop 
 himself summed up the needs of the Church in 
 the diocese, the outlook was depressing. He 
 pointed out that in most of the counties of the 
 State the voice of the Church was never heard. 
 There were large and important towns, such as 
 Murfreesboro,* Lebanon, Paris and others equally 
 important, which no missionary of this Church 
 ever visited. The whole plant of this Church in 
 East Tennessee consisted of two parishes in 
 Knoxville, one at Cleveland and one at Chatta- 
 nooga, with Church buildings in Greeneville, 
 Loudon and Athens. In Middle Tennessee there 
 
 ■ So spelled after the war.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I9I 
 
 was a whole range of counties in which the 
 Church had yet to be planted. In nineteen con- 
 tiguous counties extending the entire width of 
 the State, embracing an area of over ninety-three 
 hundred square miles (greater in extent than 
 many of the dioceses), containing a population 
 of over two hundred and fifty thousand, being 
 one-sixth of the population of the whole State, 
 and greater than that of any one of eleven of the 
 fourteen Missionary Jurisdictions then existent, 
 there was not a Church building, not a clergy- 
 man nor a single agency of the Church at work.* 
 
 The clergy list that year numbered forty-seven, 
 the communicants over forty-one hundred and 
 fifty (an increase of seven hundred and fifty 
 upon the number reported the previous year), 
 and the number confirmed in the conventional 
 year then ending was three hundred and eighty- 
 nine. The diocese then consisted of thirty-two 
 parishes and several missions. Yet the Church 
 had barely held the territory preempted by her 
 forty years before, 
 
 Thetotalnumberof baptisms during the twenty 
 years that had elapsed since the war had been in 
 excess of ten thousand. The total number of 
 confirmations six thousand one hundred and 
 
 ■ Journ. Conv., 1885, p. 24.
 
 192 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 eighty-seven. Forty deacons and twenty-four 
 priests had been ordained by Bishop Quintard 
 during the years then under review and $984,420 
 had been raised within the diocese for Church 
 purposes. The Church property had gained in 
 value to the amount of $309,000 since 1865, esti- 
 mated as an increase of a little more than three 
 hundred per cent. The property consisted of 
 thirty-two Church buildings, eight chapels and 
 twelve rectories, few parishes owning landed 
 estates apart from that upon which the parish 
 buildings were erected. Nine parishes reported 
 debts aggregating about $5,400. 
 
 In the matter of the payment of the rectors' 
 salaries, in answer to the Bishop's interrogatories, 
 twenty-four churches reported business-like and 
 religious promptness in so doing; seven frankly 
 and penitently admitted that they had left un- 
 done, or but partially and tardily done, those 
 things which they ought to have done; and 
 eight ignored the question, presumably taking 
 advantage of the well-known legal maxim, 
 Accusare nemo se debet. 
 
 In regard to the spiritual condition of the par- 
 ishes and missions it was, as it ever must be, 
 difficult to collect data upon which to found cate- 
 gorical statements. Spiritual conditions refused 
 to arrange themselves in the form of tabulated
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 93 
 
 Statistics. " The wind bloweth where it listeth 
 and thou hearest the sound thereof but canst not 
 tell whence it cometh and whither it goeth." 
 Still from the answers submitted by the clergy 
 to the questions of the Bishop's circular, the 
 committee appointed to consider these subjects 
 was able to deduce some significant facts. 
 Thirty-one parishes and missions reported im- 
 provement in spiritual conditions as manifested 
 by increased attendance upon the services of the 
 Church and by Godliness of life. But while 
 generally united in the welfare of the parishes, 
 by far the greater number were more or less in- 
 different to the interests of the Church at large. 
 There was an evident willingness to learn, but 
 little effort made to acquire knowledge through 
 the medium of Church literature. There were 
 but seven parish libraries, and but two parish 
 schools in the diocese. 
 
 The Church people of Tennessee were re- 
 ported as showing an appreciation of the bene- 
 fits and privileges of the Church in the matter of 
 baptism and confirmation, but there was great 
 room for improvement in the matter of sending 
 for the clergyman and desiring the prayers of 
 the Church in cases of sickness, and there was 
 "a painful unanimity" in the replies to the 
 questions so far as touched the point of thank- 
 fulness shown for mercies received.
 
 194 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 As a general rule services were held in the 
 parishes on all Sundays and Holy Days; in 
 several instances they were held once or twice 
 on week days. In few cases were daily morn- 
 ing and evening prayer said. In eleven cases the 
 Ember seasons were observed. In nine cases 
 the Holy Communion was celebrated on all Sun- 
 days and Holy Days. In sixteen, that curious 
 superstitious reverence was maintained for "the 
 First Sunday of every month," and that was set 
 apart from all other Sundays by a celebration of 
 the Holy Communion. Though in seven of 
 these celebrations were had on the greater fes- 
 tivals also, even when they failed to occur upon 
 " the First Sunday of the month." In two 
 parishes there were daily celebrations. 
 
 There had been some parochial development 
 in the period under review. St. Lazarus' Church 
 was established in Memphis by the Rev. James 
 W. Rogers directly after the war. After some 
 objections to the curious name selected for it had 
 been overruled, the parish was admitted to 
 union with the diocese in 1867. The congrega- 
 tion included at one time some most distin- 
 guished citizens and numbered over one hun- 
 dred communicants. But the parish did not 
 long survive the epidemic of 1878 and the con- 
 gregation was merged into that of Grace Church.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. I95 
 
 Mission work of the ante bellum period devel- 
 oped St. Matthew's Church, Covington, admitted 
 to union with the diocese in 1866; the Memorial 
 Church of the Redeemer, Shelbyville, admitted 
 in 1867 and Trinity Church, Mason, admitted in 
 1 87 1. Work subsequent to the war resulted in 
 the Church of the Messiah, Pulaski, and the 
 Church of the Epiphany, Knoxville, admitted as 
 parishes in 1869; St. Luke's Church, Cleveland, 
 (developed from a mission called St. Alban's), 
 and St. Paul's-on-the-Mountain (afterwards 
 changed to Otey Memorial), Sewanee, admitted 
 in 1 871; the Church of the Good Shepherd, 
 Memphis, admitted in 1872; and St. Barnabas 
 Church, Tullahoma, admitted in 1875. Besides, 
 which there were the flourishing missions of St. 
 Mary Magdalene, Fayetteville; St. James, Cum- 
 berland Furnace; St. John, Buntyn, and Christ 
 Church, Rugby.* 
 
 The end of another decade showed a continu- 
 ance of the growth manifested during the former 
 two decades. The number of parishes was in- 
 creased by the organization and admission of St. 
 
 *The last named was once organized as a parish and ad- 
 mitted to union with the diocese, but upon the failure of 
 Rugby Colony, an experiment originating with the late Thomas 
 Hughes, M. P., the famous author of " Tom Brown at Oxford," 
 etc., its parochial organization was suspended and it returned 
 to its former mission status.
 
 196 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Peter's Church, Nashville, 1886; Christ Church, 
 South Pittsburg, 1887; St. Mary Magdalene's, 
 Fayetteville, and Grace Church, Rossview, 1890; 
 Grace Memorial Church, Chattanooga, and 
 Christ Church, Johnson City, 1892. While 
 flourishing missions have been established at 
 Tracy City,* Murfreesboro, Arlington, Collier- 
 ville, Gallatin, Spring Hill, Harriman, Lewisburg, 
 Morristown. Elizabethton and elsewhere. 
 
 During this period the rite of confirmation 
 was administered to more than four thousand 
 persons. Yet there were the same conditions 
 existing in the diocese as heretofore to prevent 
 an increase in the number of communicants re- 
 ported in 1898 beyond fifty-seven hundred and 
 seventy-four. To these conditions more partic- 
 ular reference will be made hereafter. 
 
 The educational character of the diocese, 
 firmly established by Bishop Otey, was steadily 
 maintained by Bishop Quintard. Not only were 
 the University of the South at Sewanee, and the 
 Female Institute at Columbia — both within the 
 territorial limits of the diocese and having a 
 churchly aim — rapidly developed, but schools 
 which, though not under diocesan control, were 
 
 * The outcome of a service held by Bishop Quintard, Bishop 
 Gregg of Texas, and the Rev. Dr. Knight, in an "open saw 
 mill," in Tracy City, on the twelfth Sunday after Trinity, 1868.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 1 97 
 
 distinctly designed to aid the work of the 
 Church in Tennessee, were established. St. 
 Mary's School, Memphis, under the charge of 
 the Sisters of St. Mary; Fairmount School, Mon- 
 teagle, and Beechcroft School, Spring Hill, are of 
 this character. St. Katharine's Hall (formerly 
 St. James' Hall), Bolivar, on the other hand is a 
 distinctly diocesan school. All these are for the 
 education of girls. Cleveland had its Parish 
 School for girls, founded by Colonel J. H. Craig- 
 miles in 1884. And Bedford University, the 
 Otey School for boys, at Mt. Pleasant; a Parish 
 School for girls and boys at Fayetteville; a 
 school at Cumberland Furnace, and Arnold 
 School at Rugby, were reckoned for a while 
 among diocesan institutions.
 
 198 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE MEN OF THE LATER DAYS. 
 
 The roster of the clergy serving in the Diocese 
 of Tennessee during the Episcopate of Bishop 
 Quintard comprises more than two hundred and 
 thirty names. Many of these names appear but 
 a short time upon the clergy list of Tennessee. 
 But of the men who by long and faithful service 
 of the Church in this diocese, have left the im- 
 press of their lives upon the work of the Church 
 here, the list is no inconsiderable one. Some of 
 these are selected for especial mention as illus- 
 trating the three decades of diocesan history 
 embraced in the Episcopate of the second Bishop 
 of Tennessee. 
 
 Of those who were present at the special con- 
 vention held in 1865, but six are still living, and 
 of these six, but one is at present at work in the 
 Diocese of Tennessee. The Rev. Samuel Ring- 
 gold, D.D., served the Church in Tennessee as 
 rector of Trinity Church, Clarksville, for ten 
 years from December, 1864. He was then ab- 
 sent from the diocese for many years. He re- 
 turned in 1887 and became rector of St. John's 
 Church, Knoxville, where his rectorate has been
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 199 
 
 marked by the erection of a beautiful and costly 
 church edifice, the purchase of a rectory, and the 
 establishment of an orphanage. He was some 
 time Dean of the Convocation of Knoxville. 
 
 Of the five survivors of that memorable con- 
 vention who no longer canonically reside in the 
 diocese, the Rev. William Crane Gray, D.D., 
 served the Church in Tennessee most faithfully 
 as a zealous missionary, as the rector succes- 
 sively of St. James' Church, Bolivar, and the 
 Church of the Advent, Nashville, and perform- 
 ing some special services of a delicate nature for 
 the diocese. He represented the diocese in the 
 General Convention, and served on the Standing 
 Committee as well as on several special com- 
 mittees, until 1892, when he was consecrated 
 first Bishop of Southern Florida. 
 
 The Rev. Charles Francis Collins was ordained 
 both to the diaconate and to the priesthood by 
 Bishop Otey. He served the Church in this 
 diocese with true missionary zeal for more than 
 thirty-five years, in St. Mark's Church, Williams- 
 port; St. John's Church, Ashwood, and in all 
 the smaller places of West Tennessee. Since 
 1890 he has been resident in the Diocese of 
 Missouri. 
 
 The Rev. George Henry Hunt, the Rev. 
 George Carroll Harris, S.T.D., and the Rev.
 
 200 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 James Junius Vaulx, are natives of Tennessee. 
 The first named was made deacon by Bishop 
 Otey in i860 and was missionary at Pulaski un- 
 til the dispersion of his flock at that place in the 
 war. He was advanced to the priesthood by 
 Bishop Green and returned to Pulaski, reestab- 
 lished the Church there at the close of the war 
 and remained there until 1869. He now resides 
 in St. Louis. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Harris was made deacon by 
 Bishop Green in 1858, and advanced to the 
 priesthood by Bishop Otey in i860. He was 
 rector of the Church of the Holy Trinity, Nash- 
 ville, from 1858 to 1862, and then served as 
 Chaplain in the Confederate Army for three 
 years. He was Dean of St. Mary's Cathedral, 
 Memphis, for ten years from 1871. He is now 
 resident in Mississippi. 
 
 The ordination to the diaconate of the Rev. 
 Mr. Vaulx was the last service of that kind per- 
 formed by Bishop Otey. Mr. Vaulx was ad- 
 vanced to the priesthood by Bishop Green in 
 1862 and served the Church in Tennessee well 
 and faithfully until 1876. He resides at present 
 in Arkansas. The Rev. John A. Harrison, the 
 sixth survivor of the memorable convention of 
 1865, was rector of St. Luke's Church, Jackson, 
 from 1856 to 1880 and now resides in Alabama.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 201 
 
 One of the earliest deaths in the band of faith- 
 ful clergy which had stood by the Church in the 
 diocese throughout the dark days of 1 861-1865 
 was that of the Rev. William Fagg. He had 
 been received from the Diocese of Ohio in 1844 
 and was engaged for a while as a private tutor 
 in Bedford County. He afterwards succeeded 
 the Rev. Mr. Litton in the rectorship of im- 
 manuel Church, La Grange, and lived there until 
 the opening of the new regime. He was a 
 " pure hearted and affectionate pastor, who 
 made full proof of his ministry," and died at La 
 Grange in 1866, "stretching out his priestly 
 hands even in the article of death, while his 
 spiritual children knelt weeping around his bed- 
 side, and pronouncing with a clear, calm voice, 
 the benediction of peace."* 
 
 Another was that of the Rev. John Alexander 
 Wheelock, whose whole ministerial life, since 
 his ordination to the diaconate in 1849, with the 
 exception of two brief periods, was spent in the 
 Diocese of Tennessee. He died " with his armor 
 on, preaching Christ one day and the next with 
 Christ in glory. . . . Ministering to his 
 people in sickness during the epidemic of 1866, 
 he fell one of its noblest victims. ... He 
 
 Bishop Quintard. Conv. Ad., 1867.
 
 202 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 endured many hardships and much privation, 
 but closed his life as rector of Grace Church, 
 Memphis, when there was every prospect of 
 success and when he himself was laying plans 
 for enlarged usefulness."* 
 
 in like manner died also the Rev. Moses L. 
 Royce and the Rev. John Miller Schwrar of that 
 earlier group of devoted priests, and the Rev. 
 Charles Carroll Parsons, whose ministry belonged 
 to a somewhat later period. The Rev. Mr. 
 Royce had served the Church in Tennessee in the 
 ante belliim period as rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 Franklin. Later he became rector of the Church 
 of the Holy Trinity, Nashville, and died of 
 cholera in the latter city, in 1873. "Not count- 
 ing his life dear unto himself so that he might 
 finish his course with joy . . . he visited the 
 sick and dying, and carried the consolations of 
 the Gospel to the abodes of want and misery, 
 and at length laid down his life in his Master's 
 cause." t 
 
 The Rev. Mr, Parsons and the Rev. Mr. 
 Schwrar were victims of the great epidemic of 
 yellow fever in 1878. The former died in 
 Memphis on the 17th of September; the latter in 
 
 * Bishop Quintard. Conv. Ad., 1867. 
 f Bishop Quintard. Conv. Ad., 1874.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 20} 
 
 Somerville on the nth of October. Mr. Parsons 
 was a graduate of West Point and had served 
 with great bravery and some distinction in the 
 Federal Army throughout the war. He was 
 made deacon in 1871 and advanced to the priest- 
 hood by Bishop Quintard the following year. 
 He was rector of St. Lazarus' Church, and or- 
 ganized the Church of the Good Shepherd, 
 Memphis, "Disciplined by military education 
 and army life to be a faithful soldier of Jesus 
 Christ, he did every duty well. He was a man 
 so genial and yet so firm, so loving and yet so 
 tender that he won all hearts."* He was but 
 thirty-nine years of age at the time of his death. 
 The Rev. Mr. Schwrar was in the forty-third 
 year of his age. Ordered deacon in 1862 and 
 advanced to the priesthood in 1865 by Bishop 
 Green, his whole life in the ministry was given 
 to the Diocese of Tennessee. He was one year 
 rector of the Church of the Advent, Nashville. 
 The rest of his life was devoted to parishes in 
 Somerville and La Grange and to missionary 
 work in the vicinity of those two places. 
 Tempting offers of larger and more important 
 fields he steadily refused. For years he was 
 Secretary of the Diocesan Convention. " Ac- 
 
 * Bishop Quintard. Conv. Ad., 1879.
 
 204 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 curate, exact and prompt, his journal was al- 
 ways ready for the press when the convention 
 adjourned."* He sacrificed his life in the service 
 of others. 
 
 The Rev. Richard Hines, D. D., first rector of 
 St. Mary's Church, Memphis, first dean of the 
 Cathedral, and for a number of years Secretary 
 of the Diocesan Convention, spent the closing 
 years of his life in a neighboring diocese and 
 died in 1882. The Rev. Dr. Wheat was for a 
 while rector of St. Lazarus' Church, Memphis, 
 and then removed again from the diocese. He 
 died in 1887 being eighty-seven years of age and 
 having spent sixty-three years at the Church's 
 Holy Altar. The Rev. David Pise, D.D., who 
 presided at the memorable convention of 1865, 
 resigned the presidency of the Standing Com- 
 mittee of the Diocese and removed to the 
 Diocese of Indiana in February, 1868. He had 
 been in orders nearly half a century when he 
 died in August, 1894, at the age of seventy-eight. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Joseph James Ridley, the Rev. 
 Dr. George White and the Rev. Dr. Thomas 
 W. Humes died in the diocese. Dr. Ridley 
 was a native of North Carolina, an alumnus of 
 the University of North Carolina and a graduate 
 
 * Bishop Quintard. Conv. Ad., 1879.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 205 
 
 in medicine of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He became rector of Trinity Church, Clarksvilie, 
 in succession to Dr. Pise, in 1853. I" i860 he 
 was elected President of the University of East 
 Tennessee and removed to Knoxville. In 1862, 
 the University was closed in consequence of the 
 war and Dr. Ridley left the diocese. He returned 
 in 1867 and was for a while rector of St. 
 Thomas' Church, Somerville, and subsequently 
 rector of Zion Church, Brownsville. He died in 
 Somerville, in March, 1878. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. White was rector of Calvary 
 Church, Memphis, until 1883 when he was 
 made Rector Emeritus. He was for many years 
 one of the most notable citizens of Memphis, 
 and for eight years Historiographer of the 
 diocese. He died in 1886 at the age of eighty- 
 four. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas W. Humes, S.T.D., was 
 elected President of the East Tennessee College, 
 now the University of Tennessee, and remained 
 in that office until 1883. He died in 1891. He 
 was a ripe scholar, a learned theologian, earnest 
 and eager for the cause of missions to the last.* 
 
 Of those who have taken up the burden of 
 work in the diocese since 1865 and who have de- 
 
 Conv. Journ., 1892, p. 64.
 
 206 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 parted hence in the Lord, mention may be made 
 of the Rev. Richard N. Newell. D.D., LL.D., the 
 Rev. Telfair Hodgson, D.D., the Rev. George 
 T. Wilmer, D.D., the Rev. Elisha Spruille Bur- 
 ford, the Rev. Henry Ripley Howard, S.T.D., 
 and the Rev. Francis A. Shoup, D.D. 
 
 The career of the Rev. Dr. Newell was a not- 
 able one. He was born in London, England, in 
 1797, and was educated at St. Edmund's Roman 
 Catholic College, Hertfordshire, and at the Sor- 
 bonne, France. He returned to England in 182'^, 
 was appointed Professor in St. Edmund's Col- 
 lege, and was elected President of that college in 
 1833. While a professor in St. Edmund's he 
 was admitted to the priesthood. He remained 
 in the presidency of the college until 1837, when 
 he came to this country. Upon the promulga- 
 tion of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception 
 in 1854 he abandoned the Church of Rome and 
 entered our communion. In 1872, he made his 
 submission and vow of conformity to the con- 
 stitution and canons of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church in the United States and was restored by 
 Bishop Quintard to the priestly office. In 1874, 
 he took charge of St. John's Church, Ashwood, 
 and remained rector until his death in October, 
 1889, when he was in his ninety-second year. 
 " He was a man of profound learning, a rich and
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 207 
 
 mellowed character, of large and profound ex- 
 perience."* 
 
 Dr. Hodgson and Dr. Wilmer served the 
 Church in Tennessee chiefly through the 
 University of the South. The latter was Pro- 
 fessor in the Theological Department for many 
 years and was dimitted to South Carolina in 
 1886. He died there in 1899 at an advanced 
 age. Dr. Hodgson was Dean of the Theological 
 Department after 1878 and Vice-Chancellor of 
 the University after 1879. He died in 189331 
 the early age of fifty-three. He was active in 
 matters pertaining to the diocese, and long time 
 held the office of Registrar. 
 
 The Rev. E. Spruille Burford came to the 
 diocese from Louisiana in 1887 and succeeded 
 the Rev. Davis Sessums as rector of Calvary 
 Church, Memphis. He resigned in 1891 and 
 died in New York three years later. "He was a 
 man of great singleness and sincerity of purpose, 
 of great earnestness and devotion ^of life; he 
 was instrumental in largely increasing the list of 
 the communicants of the parish. No man has 
 ever been more helpful to his fellow laborers 
 than was Mr. Burford."! 
 
 *Journ. Conv., 1890, pp. 41 and 67. 
 f Bishop Quintard. Conv. Ad., 189.
 
 208 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 The Rev, Dr. Howard came to Tennessee in 
 May, 1882, and took charge of St. Barnabas* 
 Church, TuUahoma, and continued with that 
 parish for thirteen years, fulfilling until within 
 a few days of his death his office of priest. As 
 Dean of the Convocation of Nashville he per- 
 formed work, the reports of which occupy many 
 pages of the Diocesan Journals and will never be 
 forgotten in the impress it has left upon Middle 
 Tennessee. He entered into rest on the 19th of 
 March, 1895. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Shoup was of illustrious career. 
 He was a native of Indiana and a graduate of 
 West Point. He served five years as an artillery 
 officer in Florida and subsequently practiced law. 
 He served throughout the war and rose to the 
 rank of Brigadier-General in the Confederate 
 Army. While thus engaged he was presented 
 for confirmation by Dr. Quintard. Bishop 
 Quintard directed his studies for the ministry 
 after the close of the war. He was ordained in 
 Mississippi. He served the Church in the 
 Diocese of Tennessee as rector of St. Luke's 
 Church, Jackson, and subsequently of the Church 
 of the Advent, Nashville. He represented the 
 Diocese at the General Convention in 1895. He 
 was long time Diocesan Secretary, and on one 
 occasion in the absence of the Bishop, presided
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 209 
 
 over the Convention. He further served the 
 Church as Professor at the University of the 
 South and at one time as Principal of the Col- 
 umbia Institute. He died in 1896. 
 
 Of those who have left the diocese and are 
 still laboring for the Church of Christ in other 
 fields after long years of faithful service here, 
 the names of the Rt. Rev. Davis Sessums, D.D=, 
 the Rev. Charles Mcllvaine Gray, the Rev. Isaac 
 N. Marks, the Rev. Edward Bradley, the Rev. 
 G. W. Dumbell, the Rev. William Graham, 
 D.D., the Rev. James R. Winchester, D.D., the 
 Rev. George Frederic Degen, and the Rev. 
 Joseph H. Blacklock stand high. 
 
 The Rt. Rev. Dr. Sessums was a graduate of 
 the University of the South, was first the assist- 
 ant and then the rector of Calvary Church, 
 Memphis, from 1883 to 1887. He was subse- 
 quently made Bishop of Louisiana, being one of 
 six Bishops whom Tennessee has given to the 
 Church. The Rev. Mr. Gray, a native of Ten- 
 nessee and a graduate of the University of the 
 South, was made deacon by Bishop Quintard in 
 1872 and advanced to the priesthood by the 
 same prelate in 1874. He served the parish of 
 St. Luke's, Cleveland, from 1874 to 1882 and St. 
 Paul's Church, Franklin, and Grace Mission, 
 Spring Hill, from 1882 to 1895. He now resides 
 in Southern Florida.
 
 210 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Bradley was a business man 
 with a son in the ministry of the Church when 
 he was ordained to the diaconate by Bishop 
 Quintard in 1869, He was advanced to the priest- 
 hood a year later. He served the Church in St. 
 Paul's, Franklin, and subsequently in the Church 
 of the Advent, Nashville, until 1875, and is now 
 resident in Ohio. The Rev. Mr. Marks was re- 
 ceived from the Diocese of Louisiana in 1883, 
 and was rector of St. Luke's Church, Jackson, 
 for eight years. He now resides in Wisconsin. 
 The Rev. Mr. Dumbell was rector of St. Luke's 
 Church, Jackson, and subsequently of St. Paul's 
 Church, Chattanooga, and altogether served the 
 Church in Tennessee from 1881 to 1892. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Graham came to the diocese a 
 deacon, and was admitted to the priesthood by 
 Bishop Quintard on Trinity Sunday, 1869. He 
 became the rector of Christ Church. Nashville, 
 and began the building enterprises which have 
 distinguished that parish of late years. He re- 
 signed the parish in 1889, and was for a time 
 rector of the Church of the Epiphany, Knoxville. 
 He is now resident in his native Scotland. The 
 Rev. Dr. Winchester succeeded the Rev. Dr. 
 Graham at Christ Church, Nashville, in 1889, and 
 completed the building of that church. During 
 a rectorate, extending over nine years, he baptized
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 2 I I 
 
 four hundred and forty-seven persons and pre- 
 sented three hundred and thirty-four for confir- 
 mation. He resigned this parish to accept impor- 
 tant parochial work in St. Louis. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Degen succeeded Dr. Gray as 
 rector of the Church of the Advent, Nashville, 
 and resigned that parish in 1897. He was 
 eminent in the councils of the Church as member 
 of the Standing Committee. He is now engaged 
 in parochial and educational work in the Diocese 
 of Maine. The Rev. Mr. Blacklock came to the 
 diocese as the teacher in the Arnold School at 
 Rugby Colony in East Tennessee. His mission- 
 ary work in Rugby was of such a character as 
 to commend him for the sacred ministry, and he 
 was ordained deacon and priest by Bishop Quin- 
 tard. He served with fidelity as rector of Christ 
 Church, South Pittsburg; as rector of St. Luke's, 
 Cleveland; and as Dean of the Convocation of 
 Knoxville. He is now resident in Alabama. 
 
 The Rev. George Beckett, D.D., came to the 
 diocese in 1866 from Kentucky, and is still can- 
 onically resident in Tennessee, though actually 
 resident in New York City. He succeeded the 
 Rev. Dr. Pise as Principal of Columbia Institute, 
 and was for more than a quarter of a century in 
 charge of that institution, raising it to the very
 
 212 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 front rank of Southern schools. For many years 
 he added to his duties the rectorship of St. Peter's 
 Church, Columbia. 
 
 There are still at work in Tennessee the Rev. 
 George Patterson, D.D., rector of Grace Church, 
 Memphis, since 1885; the Rev. William Mont- 
 rose Pettis, D.D., rector of Trinity Church, Clarks- 
 ville, from 1889 to 1892, and since then rector of 
 St. Paul's Church, Chattanooga; the Rev. Fred- 
 erick P. Davenport, S. T.D., missionary at various 
 points in Tennessee from 1876 to 1881, and 
 rector of Calvary Church, Memphis, since 1891; 
 the Rev. Thomas Ferdinand Martin, rector of St. 
 Ann's Church, Nashville, since 1879; and the 
 Rev. Joseph E, Martin, D.D., LL.D., rector of St. 
 Luke's Church, Jackson, since 1893, who by 
 long rectorates and by distinguished services as 
 Deans of Convocations, in Diocesan Conven- 
 tions, on Standing Committee and in the General 
 Convention are now setting the Church in the 
 Diocese of Tennessee far forward in her career. 
 
 Of men of note in the history of the Confed- 
 eracy, an unusual number settled in Tennessee 
 after the war and took part in the affairs of the 
 Church. The Honorable Jefferson Davis, during 
 his residence in Memphis, was vestryman in St. 
 Lazarus' Church and represented the parish in 
 successiveDiocesan Conventions. General Gideon
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 2I3 
 
 J. Pillow, Lieutenant-General Richard S. Ewell 
 and Major Gustavus Adolphus Henry were like- 
 wise prominent in Church matters. General 
 Josiah Gorgas was one of the early teachers at 
 the University of the South. General Edmund 
 Kirby Smith represented the Church of the Holy 
 Trinity, Nashville, in the Diocesan Convention 
 of 1872, and soon afterwards became a Professor 
 in the University of the South. He was a devout 
 Churchman to the end of his life in 1894. 
 
 Perhaps the Honorable Jacob Thompson was 
 more prominent in his deeds for the Church be- 
 cause of the abundance of his opportunity. 
 After a long and distinguished public career he 
 came to reside in Memphis, and was many years 
 a vestryman in Calvary Church, a delegate to 
 successive Diocesan Conventions, a deputy to 
 the General Convention and a member of the 
 Standing Committee. He gave the greater part 
 of the money with which Thompson Hall at 
 Sewanee was built. His death occurred in 1884.
 
 214 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 PREPARING FOR A NEW EPOCH. 
 
 The subjects most persistently brought to the 
 attention of the diocese through the annual con- 
 ventions during the years from 1865 to 1893 were 
 the division of the diocese, the establishment of 
 the See system and the obtainment of two or 
 three Bishops to do the work all that time de- 
 volving upon one. These subjects were brought 
 up through references in the Bishop's convention 
 addresses, through the reports of committees 
 and through resolutions until the division of the 
 Diocese of Tennessee must have seemed the 
 chief reason for that diocese's existence; and if 
 all that was said and done (no, not done) in 
 regard thereto were collected and edited, it would 
 prove a valuable and voluminous contribution to 
 the general literature of the See Episcopate and 
 the Division of Dioceses. Scarcely a convention 
 was held, from the thirty-fourth to the sixty- 
 first, that did not either appoint a committee to 
 consider and report upon one phase or another 
 of these subjects, or listen to reports made by 
 committees previously appointed for that purpose. 
 And, judging from the records, no triennial con-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 21 5 
 
 vention of the Church, meeting during this 
 period was regarded as fully organized and ready 
 for business until it had received (and refused to 
 grant) an application for the division of the 
 Diocese of Tennessee.* 
 
 Throughout all this agitation of the subjects 
 there was manifested a loyal adherence upon the 
 part of the diocese to the scheme suggested by 
 the Rev. Dr. White in the convention of 1865. 
 In the ultimate triumph of that scheme the con- 
 ventions seemed never to have lost faith, how- 
 ever dilatory they might be in taking steps to 
 make the scheme immediately effective. Nor 
 
 * An incident somewhat related to these subjects, though 
 not sufficiently to be made a portion of the text of this chapter, 
 may be here noted. In his address before the Diocesan Con- 
 vention of 1877, Bishop Quintard related his efforts to bring 
 the domain of the University of the South, so far as was prac- 
 ticable, into closer and more intimate relations to the several 
 dioceses engaged in the work of the University, and to divest 
 the University of any appearance of being in a special way con- 
 nected with the Diocese of Tennessee or under the supervision 
 of the Bishop of Tennessee. The Board of Trustees of the 
 University had in 1876, with that end in view, "Resolved, 
 That the Bishops concur in the advisability of placing, so far as 
 may be practicable, the University domain under the united 
 jurisdiction of all Bishops who are members of the Board of 
 Trustees"; and Bishop Quintard referred this matter to the 
 convention. The convention, however, adopted the report 
 of the Committee of Reference on the subject, to the effect that 
 no precedent nor authority could be found in canon law, ancient 
 or modern, for giving, delegating or conferring ecclesiastical 
 jurisdiction upon more than one Bishop as Diocesan— v. Journ. 
 Conv., 1877, pp. 32 and 53.
 
 2l6 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 did the Bishop appear to lose faith throughout 
 the first twenty years of his Episcopate. In 
 1886, however, it was evident that his patience 
 had been tried to the uttermost by the careless- 
 ness of the parishes in providing for the support 
 of one Bishop while so much was being said 
 about securing the services of two or three. His 
 health had broken under the strain imposed upon 
 him of doing the work of three men and the 
 discouragement at the little progress the Church 
 had made in Tennessee. He was too ill to attend 
 the convention meeting that year in St. Ann's 
 Church, Nashville, but he sent an address in 
 which he earnestly urged the convention to ap- 
 point a committee charged with the duty of 
 making another effort to divide the diocese or to 
 provide for the election of an assistant Bishop. 
 
 At the convention of 1887 resolutions were 
 passed with the Bishop's full approval looking to 
 the election of an assistant Bishop. But the 
 convention adjourned without accomplishing 
 anything further. In 1888 the Bishop, wearied 
 with this dilatoriness, decided not to ask for an 
 assistant, but hoped "that when there should 
 be adequate strength, earnestness and liberal 
 giving in the diocese, the resolution of 1865 might 
 be carried out." 
 
 Successive conventions refused to consent to
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 217 
 
 the election of an assistant Bishop, and a 
 heroic effort was made to secure an endowment 
 for the Episcopate that would enable the plans 
 for division to be carried out. The Rev. Dr. 
 Gray was appointed a Commissioner of Endow- 
 ment of the Episcopate, and at the invitation of 
 the convention of 1890 spent much time that 
 year in a personal canvass of the diocese. The 
 times were financially "hard." Nevertheless, 
 Dr. Gray was able to report to the convention of 
 1891 the collection of forty thousand dollars in 
 money and notes, divided as follows: For West 
 Tennessee, sixteen thousand dollars; for Middle 
 Tennessee, fifteen thousand dollars; and for East 
 Tennessee, nine thousand dollars. 
 
 On the strength of this report an additional 
 attempt was made to secure from the General 
 Convention of 1892 the division of the diocese, 
 the erection of a new diocese to comprise West 
 Tennessee, and the consent of the General Con- 
 vention to elect an assistant for Bishop Quintard, 
 should he decide, after the erection of the new 
 diocese, to remain in the diocese which would 
 then include Middle and East Tennessee. 
 
 The General Convention of 1892 declined to 
 grant the application for the division. There 
 were but forty places in the diocese requiring 
 the personal visits of the Bishop; the whole
 
 21 8 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 number of communicants reported was at that 
 time only about five thousand, and of this num- 
 ber only nineteen hundred were in the proposed 
 new diocese. There were only five priests can- 
 onically settled in West Tennessee, and the pro- 
 vision suggested for the support of the Episcopate 
 in two dioceses appeared insufficient. These 
 were among the reasons given why the General 
 Convention acted unfavorably upon the applica- 
 tion. "If the strength of the present Bishop 
 was not sufficient for the whole diocese, as then 
 existing," it was suggested, "the proper remedy 
 would be found in some other way," namely, 
 in the election of an assistant Bishop. At the 
 time of this General Convention, the Rev. Dr. 
 Gray was elected Bishop of Southern Florida, 
 and his consecration before the end of that year 
 removed from the Diocese of Tennessee one of 
 its most valuable priests and an invaluable friend 
 of the scheme for the division of the diocese and 
 of the endowment of the Episcopate. It seemed, 
 therefore, at the adjournment of the General 
 Convention of 1892 that the Diocese of Tennes- 
 see had reached an unique position in physics, its 
 absolute indivisibility having been officially de- 
 creed. The minds of those who were interested 
 in the progress of thje Church in Tennessee 
 began to look at once in another direction for aid.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 219 
 
 The sixty-third annual convention of the 
 diocese had been appointed to meet in St. John's 
 Church, Knoxville, on the third Wednesday in 
 May, 1893. But so important did the Bishop 
 consider the matter of securing additional Epis- 
 copal supervision for his diocese, which was 
 destined to come before that convention, and so 
 anxious was he to secure a good attendance 
 thereat, that he exercised his canonical privilege 
 and advanced the time of meeting to the 19th of 
 April, and changed the place to St. Ann's Church, 
 Nashville, as more centrally situated and more 
 easily reached from all parts of the diocese than 
 Knoxville. In his address to the convention the 
 Bishop set forth the full history of the latest 
 effort to divide the diocese, and urged upon the 
 convention, as the most important business before 
 it, the securing of increased Episcopal supervision 
 for the Church in Tennessee. 
 
 A committee appointed to consider this subject 
 reported a resolution to proceed to the election of 
 an assistant Bishop, and to pledge the conven- 
 tion to work before the General Convention, to 
 meet in 1895, for the division of the diocese 
 along the lines proposed in 1892. The retention 
 of the sums and pledges contributed for the 
 endowment of the Episcopate was made a mat- 
 ter of adjustment between the trustees of the
 
 220 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Endowment Fund and the individual contributors, 
 it being implied in some cases that the contribu- 
 tions were made conditional upon the division 
 of the diocese. In consequence of this action 
 the Endowment Fund quickly diminished to 
 less than twelve thousand dollars of available 
 funds. 
 
 On the second day of the session, being 
 Thursday the 20th of April, at half-past four in 
 the afternoon, the convention proceeded to the 
 election of an assistant Bishop.* The Rev. Dr. 
 Davenport nominated for that office the Rev. 
 Thomas Frank Gailor, S.T.D., Vice-Chancellor 
 of the University of the South, and then Secre- 
 tary of the Convention. The Rev. Dr. Shoup 
 seconded the nomination, tellers were appointed 
 to receive the ballots, and the Bishop bid the 
 convention to prayers. The result of the ballot 
 was the unanimous election by both clergy and 
 laity of the Rev. Dr. Gailor for assistant Bishop 
 of Tennessee. The formal announcement was 
 made of his election and the convention pro- 
 ceeded with its usual business. 
 
 The election of Dr. Gailor was as acceptable 
 to the Church at large as it was gratifying to the 
 
 * The title of Assistant Bishop was changed to Bishop Co- 
 adjutor by canon adopted at the General Convention of 1895.
 
 BISHOP GAIl.OR
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 221 
 
 Bishop and to the entire Diocese of Tennessee. 
 No other name had been mentioned in connec- 
 tion with the office. Dr. Gailor was born in 
 Jackson, Mississippi, in 1856 and grew to early 
 manhood in Memphis, where his acquaintance 
 with Bishop Quintard began in his boyhood. 
 He took his Bachelor's and Master's degrees at 
 Racine and entered the General Theological Sem- 
 inary, New York, where he graduated in 1879 
 with the degree of S.T.B. He was ordained 
 deacon that year and advanced to the priesthood 
 the year following by Bishop Quintard. From 
 1879 to 1882 he was in charge of the Church of 
 the Messiah, Pulaski. He was then for eight 
 years Chaplain and Professor of Ecclesiastical 
 History in the University of the South. In 1890 
 he was elected Vice-Chancellor. 
 
 By this time his name was known all over the 
 American Church. He received votes for the 
 Episcopate in Michigan, California and in other 
 dioceses. In 1892 he was elected Bishop of 
 Georgia but declined. He likewise declined 
 elections to the rectorate of parishes in Chicago 
 and New Orleans. Columbia College and the 
 General Theological Seminary conferred the de- 
 gree of S.T.D. upon him in 1890 and Trinity 
 College, Hartford, gave him the degree of D.D. 
 in 1892. With the affairs of the Diocese of
 
 222 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Tennessee he was familiar from occupying the 
 office of Secretary of the Convention from 1882 
 to the time of the announcement of his election 
 to the Assistant Bishopric, when he resigned. 
 He represented the diocese as Clerical Deputy in 
 the General Conventions of 1886, 1889 and 1892. 
 Dr. Gailor was consecrated in St. Augustine's 
 Chapel, Sewanee, on St. James' Day, the 25th of 
 July, 1893. Bishop Quintard was the conse- 
 crator, and was assisted by Bishops Dudley, of 
 Kentucky; Perry, of Iowa; Seymour, of Spring- 
 field; Watson, of East Carolina; Jackson, of 
 Alabama, (Assistant); Nelson, of Georgia; Hale, 
 of " Cairo," and Kinsolving, of Texas.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 22? 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE CLOSE OF AN ERA AND A RETROSPECT. 
 
 In full accord with the wishes of Bishop 
 Quintard, the Bishop Coadjutor took up his resi- 
 dence in Memphis and exercised full Episcopal 
 jurisdiction in West and East Tennessee, extend- 
 ing it over Middle Tennessee whenever the elder 
 Bishop desired. He early projected the erection 
 of a new and stately cathedral which would be a 
 distinct advance towards the establishment of 
 the See system, and that project is in process of 
 realization. 
 
 Bishop Quintard was permitted to review the 
 work accomplished by him upon the thirtieth 
 anniversary of his consecration, and there was 
 much in the retrospect that was gratifying. He 
 presided over the sixty-fifth annual convention 
 of the diocese, which was held in Sewanee, in 
 May, 1897. It was the last convention he at- 
 tended. 
 
 At Darien, Georgia, on the i ^th of February, 
 1898, in the seventy-fifth year of his age, and in 
 the thirty-fourth year of his Episcopate, his 
 earthly career closed so quietly and peacefully 
 that the precise hour of his departure will never
 
 224 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 be known. Four days later, in the cemetery at 
 Sewanee, in tiie presence of the Bishops of 
 Georgia and South Carolina, a number of the 
 clergy of the diocese and a large concourse of 
 sorrowing friends, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Gailor, long 
 time his friend, his coadjutor and now his suc- 
 cessor, committed his body to the earth. 
 
 And with this solemn incident, recalling a like 
 occasion nearly a third of a century earlier, and 
 marking the close of a second era in the progress 
 of the Church in Tennessee, the historiographer 
 finds his opportunity to bring his present work 
 to a close. As with every attempt to write the 
 annals of a work that is still in progress, it must 
 fail of a climax of glorious achievement that 
 would be the delight of a literary artist and his 
 readers. It may even seem in the retrospect dis- 
 appointing if the attempt be made to compare 
 results with the religious denominations in this 
 State with whom it has been impossible to com- 
 pete upon equal terms for mere numerical 
 strength. But this has never been the intention 
 nor the expectation of the Church in Tennessee, 
 and upon comparing the condition of the Diocese 
 of Tennessee with that of neighboring dioceses 
 of nearly equal size and population it will be 
 found that the former has reason to be encour-
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 22 5 
 
 aged with the success to which she has attained. 
 We have already seen some of the hindrances 
 to the Church's growth in Tennessee. When 
 these are taken into consideration, it is a great 
 achievement for the Church to have stood her 
 ground and not to have suffered total defeat. 
 And we can readily see how a different course 
 of events many years ago might have bettered 
 her present condition. Possibly could the Church- 
 men in Tennessee have waited patiently without 
 organizing as a diocese until the dawn of the era 
 of missionary Bishops, she might have been a 
 participant in the largess of the Eastern and 
 Northern Churchmen to whom missionary dis- 
 tricts and missionary Bishops have been very 
 attractive, and Tennessee might then have shared 
 with the Western missionary districts their rapid 
 progress. But no one could foresee in 1829 
 or in 1833 what course the Church was going to 
 pursue in regard to missionary enterprises, and 
 the action of the Churchmen of Tennessee in 
 those years was in accordance with the best 
 wisdom of that time. And so the first Bishop 
 of Tennessee toiled in poverty for thirty years 
 and was gratified to see some of the fruits of 
 his labor. 
 
 But the war swept away, to a large extent, 
 the results of the labors of the ante bellum
 
 226 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 Church. The diocesan organization in 1865 
 confronted changed conditions, which imposed 
 hindrances upon the Church's growth scarcely 
 less than the former regime. The Church had 
 suffered through the war, because the Church- 
 men of the South had been of that wealthy 
 planter class whose wealth had been swept 
 away. Those who succeeded to their wealth 
 and social position were of a class inimical to 
 the Church in the former regime, and they stead- 
 fastly maintained their prejudices under the 
 changed conditions. It was like the popular 
 feeling at the earlier period when the Church 
 was regarded as a phase of the tyrannical gov- 
 ernment of England from which America had 
 by war freed herself. 
 
 In both periods the Tennesseeans have mani- 
 fested a curious phase of conservatism, which 
 rendered them impervious to the appeals of the 
 "Church Idea." They do not like to change 
 their religion. Scarcely knowing why, they yet 
 prefer to remain in the religion which first se- 
 cured their attention, which was that which 
 manifested itself in the early days of the Nine- 
 teenth Century. To them that is " the old time 
 religion," and it is "good enough for them." 
 They are disposed to regard that which is of 
 Apostolic origin as of a more recent development.
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 227 
 
 Probably could the plans of the leaders in 
 diocesan work in the later period for the division 
 of the diocese and the establishment of the See 
 system, have prevailed, the results would have 
 been far difTerent. But the second Bishop of 
 Tennessee was compelled to struggle on in the 
 face of the obstacles to the Church's progress 
 imposed by the changed conditions after the 
 war, and with inadequate assistance from the 
 general missionary funds of the Church, in a 
 field far too large for the care of one Bishop. 
 Again and again the Church refused to divide 
 this field in order that the Church's agencies 
 might work to better advantage therein. 
 
 In a curious way the Church in Tennessee has 
 been deprived of the results of her labors. Al- 
 though Bishop Quintard confirmed more than 
 twelve thousand persons, the list of communi- 
 cants has never attained to half that number. 
 Other fields have reaped the results of the faith- 
 ful and patient labors of those who have striven 
 for the upbuilding of the Church in Tennessee. 
 There are colonies of Tennesseeans in Texas, 
 Missouri and California which have added to the 
 Church's strength in those dioceses. Be it so! 
 It is with gratitude to Almighty God that we 
 may contemplate this evidence that the labors of 
 the Church in Tennessee have not been in vain,
 
 228 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN 
 
 despite the somewhat discouraging deductions 
 sometimes made from our own diocesan 
 statistics. 
 
 In the post bellum period of the history of 
 Tennessee the tendency of the population has 
 been towards the cities, and the towns and vil- 
 lages have been left stationary or even going 
 down. All this has a very decided effect upon 
 the progress of the Church in the small towns 
 and villages. But in the aggressive work being 
 done by the Church in Chattanooga, Nashville, 
 Knoxville, Jackson and Memphis — growing 
 cities — evidence is furnished that she is keeping 
 pace with the growth of the cities. The admis- 
 sion of the parish of St. Luke's, Idlewild, 
 Memphis, to union with the diocese at the con- 
 vention of 1898, may be taken as an earnest of 
 what may be early expected in the new epoch 
 which has just opened. 
 
 It behooves us to speak and to think with all 
 humility of the spiritual growth to which the 
 Church has attained in Tennessee, and as to 
 what has been the measure of her influence upon 
 the State and upon society. But it is certain that 
 she has been true to the Church's conception 
 of what the Church is, and under her noble 
 Bishops and the noble bands of clergy who have 
 aided them, she has held fast to that which has
 
 THE DIOCESE OF TENNESSEE. 229 
 
 been committed to her and has striven with both 
 hands earnestly to do her Lord's work in the 
 way of His appointment.
 
 NDEX 
 
 Advent, Church of the, Nashville, 112, 113,137, 153, 199,203, 
 
 208, 210, 211. 
 Adventists, 35. 
 African Methodist Church, 181. 
 
 " Zion, 182. 
 Alabama, 53,82, 114, 135, 141-144, 200, 211, 222. 
 Alamance, Battle of, 11. 
 
 Allison, " Dropped Stitches in History of Tennessee, "cited, 179. 
 Alston, Mr. J. J., 103, 104. 
 
 " Rev. Philip W. W., 86, 105, 130-132. 
 Anderson, George, 68. 
 
 " John, 68, 78, 104, 133. 
 Antebellum Bishops, i6o. 
 
 " Church, 225, 226. 
 " Period, 178, 195, 202. 
 
 Archdeacons for Colored Work, 187. 
 Architecture, Church, 173-176. 
 Arkansas, 141, 144, 200. 
 Arlington, 196. 
 Armfield, John, 125. 
 Arminianism, 32. 
 Arnold School, Rugby, 197, 211. 
 Ashwood, 99, 100, 104, 148, 154, 155, 178, 199, 206. 
 Assistant Bishop, 216-220, 222. 
 Associated Reformed Synod of the South, 29. 
 Athens, 106, 107, 114, 117, 190. 
 Atkinson, Bishop, 52, 158. 
 Bacon, Leonard Wolsey, cited, 25, 26, 28, 34.
 
 11. INDEX. 
 
 Baptisms, 191, 193, 21 1. 
 Baptists, 23, 29, 30, 32, 181. 
 
 " Colored, 29, 181. 
 Bean, Captain William, 10. 
 Beckett, Rev. Dr. George, 211, 212. 
 Bedford County, 201. 
 
 " University, 197. 
 Beechcroft School, 197. 
 Bishop, Coadjutor, 220, 223. 
 Blacklock, Rev. Joseph H., 166, 209, 211. 
 Blount County, 17, 114. 
 Board of Missions, 164. 
 
 Bolivar, 19, 84, loi, 102, 127, 1S4, 187, 189, 197, 199 
 Boone's Creek, 1 1 . 
 Bradley County, 1 14. 
 
 " Rev. Edward, 209, 210. 
 Bragg, General Braxton, 54, 1415. 
 
 " Thomas, 54. 
 Brinkley, Colonel Robert, 111. 
 Brown, Ex-Governor John C, 175. 
 Brown's Settlement, 1 1 . 
 Brownsville, 18, 20, 105, 126, 128, 205. 
 Buntyn, 195. 
 
 Burford, Rev. Elisha Spruille, 206, 207. 
 Burlison, 187. 
 California, 221, 227. 
 
 Calvary Church, Memphis, 71, 104, 105, note iio, 111, 127, 
 130-132, 134, 13=;, 137, 151, 153, 159, 163, 184, 205, 207, 
 209, 212, 213. 
 Calvinism, 32. 
 Camp-meetings, 25, 26. 
 Campbell, Alexander, 33. 
 Canfield, Mrs. Martha A., 186.
 
 INDEX. 111. 
 
 Canfield Orphan Asylum, 186. 
 Carroll, Dr. H. K., cited, 35, 36, 181. 
 Carter's Valley, 1 1 . 
 Caswell, Rev. Robert C, 187. 
 Cathedral System, 163, 164. 
 Catholic Practices, 112. 
 
 " Principles, 157, 168, 169, 170, 183-187. 
 Character of Early Settlers, 24. 
 " of Field, loi. 
 
 " of Population of State, 33, 88, loi, 226. 
 Characteristics of Diocese, 89, 90, 224-229. 
 Charleston, 1 14. 
 Chattanooga, ii6, 125, 146, 150, 175, 176, 190, 196,210, 212, 
 
 226. 
 Cherokee Indians, 10. 
 Chickasaw Indians, 18. 
 Chilhowee, 1 14. 
 
 Chilton, Rev. John, 69, 70, 78, 103, los, 126, 128. 
 Cholera, Memphis, 79, 126. 
 
 " Nashville, 79, 131. 
 Christ Church, Johnson City, 196. 
 
 " " Nashville, 61, 64, 65, 94, 96, 108, M 1, 13s, ISO, 
 
 152, 153, 176, 210. 
 Christ Church, Rugby, 195. 
 
 " " South Pittsburg, 196, 211. 
 
 " Christians," 33, 34. 
 Christian Education, 120, 121, 123. 
 
 " Union, 35. 
 Church in Confederate States, 144, 156. 
 
 " of England, 30, 31, 39, 44, 170. 
 
 " Membership in Tennessee, 35. 
 
 " Orphans' Home, 172. 
 
 " Principles, 40, 42, 47, 48, note ni.
 
 IV. INDEX. 
 
 Church Property, 192. 
 
 " What is the, 37, 38. 
 Churchmanship, 46, 166-171. 
 Claggett, Bishop, 46, 62. 
 Claiborne, Thomas, 59, 65. 
 Clarksville, 17, 69, 70, 77, 84, 94, 97, 98, note 98, qq, 150, 
 
 15", 153, "7^ 198, 205, 212. 
 Clergy, Statistics of, 77, 89, 92, 191, 198. 
 
 " Support of, 92, 192. 
 Cleveland, 114, 166, 175, 190, 195, 197, 209, 211. 
 Clinch, 10. 
 
 Cobbs, Bishop, 52, 114, 129, 142, 144, 184. 
 Coke, Dr., 44, note 31. 
 Collierville, 196. 
 
 Collins, Rev. Charles Francis, 135, 155, 199. 
 Colored Ministers, 187. 
 
 " Work, 187, 188. 
 Columbia, 58, 61, 63, 65, 78, 84, 86, 92, 94-97, 99, 101, 108, 
 
 I ID, 121, 124, 127, 129, 131, 134, 135, note 146, 150, 154, 
 
 155, 187, 196, 209, 211, 212. 
 Columbia Female Institute, 96, 123, 129, 150, 196, 209, 211. 
 Commissioner of Endowment of Episcopate, 217. 
 Communicants, Statistics of, 89, 90, 97, 100, 101, 105, no, 
 
 1 1 1, 141, 189, 191, 196, 217, 218. 
 Confederate Army, 54, 200, 208. 
 
 " Navy, note 144. 
 
 " States, 54, 128, 141, 143. 
 
 Conference, Methodist, 31 
 
 " Colored, 182. 
 
 Confirmations, Statistics of, 66, 68, 69, 89, 90, 108, 111, 112, 
 
 130, 189, 191, 193, 196, 227. 
 Congregationalists, 35. 
 Connecticut, 42, 47, 136.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Consecration of Bishop Seabury, 42. 
 
 " of Bishops White and Provoost, 42, 43. 
 
 " of Bishop Madison, 43. 
 
 " of Bishop Ciaggett, 46. 
 
 " of Bishop Hobart, 47. 
 
 " of Bishop Ravenscroft, so. 
 
 " of Bishop Otey, 80. 
 
 " of Bishop Quintard, 158. 
 
 " of Bishop Gailor, 222. 
 
 " of Churches, 67, 100. 
 
 Conservatism, 40, 46, 226. 
 Controversies, Religious, 32, 33, 85-87. 
 Conventions, Diocesan, 84, 107, 132, 208, 209, 21;, 214. 
 
 " First, 64, 65. 
 
 " Third, 68, 120. 
 
 " Fourth, 69. 
 
 Fifth, 71. 
 
 " Sixth, 130. 
 
 " Seventh, 102, 130. 
 
 " Eighth, 102, 122. 
 
 " Eleventh, 86. 
 
 " Eighteenth, 106. 
 
 " Nineteenth, 131. 
 
 " Twenty-third, 85. 
 
 " Twenty-sixth, 136. 
 
 " Twenty-eighth, 88. 
 
 " Twenty-ninth, i 35. 
 
 " Thirty-third, 138-141. 
 
 Thirty-fourth, 189. 
 
 " Thirty-fifth, 173. 
 
 " Thirty-seventh, 185. 
 
 " Fortieth, 213. 
 
 " Forty-second, 174.
 
 VI. INDEX. 
 
 Conventions, Fifty-third, 190. 
 
 " Fifty -fourtii, 216. 
 
 " Fifty-fifth, 170. 
 
 " Fifty-eighth, 217. 
 
 " Sixty -third, 219, 220. 
 
 " Sixty-fifth, 223. 
 
 " Special (1865), 153-155. '98, i99, 204, 215. 
 
 " State, 139. 
 
 Constance, Sister, 172. 
 Convocations, 164-166, 212. 
 Corporate Name of Diocese, 117. 
 Councils of Church in Confederate States, 143. 
 Court Houses Used for Church Services, 84, 86. 
 Covington, 103, 195. 
 Craighead, James B., 149. 
 Craigmiles, Colonel John H., 175, 197. 
 Crane, Rev. William Croes, 98, 132, 135. 
 Cressey, Rev. E. Harrison, 98, 100. 
 Cumberland Compact of Government, 18. 
 
 " Country, 23, 25. 
 
 " Mountains, 10. 
 
 " Presbyterians, 29, 181 (Colored, 29, 181). 
 
 " River, 16, 113. 
 
 " Settlements, 17. 
 
 " Iron Works, 97, 98. 
 
 " Furnace, 195, 197. 
 
 Davidson County, 16, 17, 96. 
 Davis, Bishop, 52, 143. 
 " Hon. Jefferson, 212. 
 " Rev. John, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 67, 126. 
 Davenport, Rev. Dr. Frederick P., 212, 220. 
 Daily Celebrations, 194. 
 Debts, Church, 116, 192.
 
 INDEX. VU. 
 
 Degen, Rev. George Frederic, 209, 211. 
 Depositions from Ministry, 93, 98, 126. 
 Doane, Bishop, (of New Jersey,) 80, 85. 
 
 •' " (of Albany,) note 80. 
 
 Doctrine, Discipline and Worship, 43, 46, 6}, 183, 188. 
 Dow, Lorenzo, 27. 
 Dickinson, William G., 78. 
 Difficulties of Church Work, 91, 225, 228. 
 Diggon, James, 59. 
 Diocesan Book Society, 91. 
 
 " Missionary Society, 162. 
 " Training School, 159, 160. 
 Diocese, Word Supplants "State," 75. 
 
 " Use of Term, 73. 
 
 " of North Carolina Organized, 49. 
 
 " of Tennessee Organized, 65. 
 Disciples, 34. 
 
 Discipline, Clerical, 64, 93, 126, 129. 
 Division of Diocese, 155, 214-219, 227. 
 Divisions of State, 20. 
 Drummond, Rev. John H., 103. 
 Duck River, 99. 
 Ducktown, I 14. 
 Dudley, Bishop, 177, 222. 
 Dumbell, Rev. G. W., 209, 210. 
 Dunkards, 35. 
 Eastern Diocese, 73. 
 East Nashville, 1 37. 
 " Tennessee, 18, 88, 106, 108-11 1, 114, 117, 139, 190, 
 
 217, 223. 
 Ecclesiastical Trial, 93, 98. 
 Edgefield, 113, 137, 154. 
 Educational Character of Diocese, 118-12S, 196.
 
 Vlll. INDEX. 
 
 Educational Committee, 137. 
 
 " Enterprises, 96, 118-125, 12Q, i'52. 
 
 Education in Tennessee, 23. 
 
 " Character of that Imparted by Bishop Otey, i iQ. 
 Election of Bishops, 74, 77. 
 
 " of Bishop Otey, 78. 
 
 " of Bishop Quintard, 154, 155. 
 
 " of Bishop Gailor, 220. 
 
 " of Bishop Ravenscroft, 49. 
 Elizabethton, 196. 
 
 Elliott, Bishop, 52, 142-144, 160, 184. 
 Emancipation, 179, 180. 
 Embury, Philip, 30. 
 Endowment Fund, 217, 219, 220. 
 England, 81, 128, 206, 226. 
 
 " Church of, 38, 40, 42, 45, 51, 81, 128. 
 " English Church in Nineteenth Century,"' cited, 46. 
 Epidemics, 77, 89, 90, 172, 194, 201, 202. 
 Epiphany, Church of the, Knoxville, 195, 210. 
 Episcopacy, 41, 86. 
 
 " Episcopal Churches, Case of, Considered," 42. 
 " Residence, 164. 
 " Visitations, 150-152, 159. 
 
 Episcopate, 40, 43. 
 
 " Attempts to Secure, for America, 39. 
 " Bishop Quintard's, 189-191. 
 Erastianism, 74, 142. 
 Ewell, Lt. General Richard S., 213. 
 Fagg, Rev. William, 104, 201. 
 Fairbanks, Major George R., 159. 
 Fairmount School, 197. 
 Fayette County, 18, 71, 103, 126, 127, 140. 
 Fayetteville, 195-197.
 
 INDEX. IX. 
 
 Federal Army, 138, 203. 
 
 " Government, 157. 
 Financial Depression, 90. 
 Fisk University, 187, 188. 
 Florida, 52,82, 114, 141, i43- 
 
 " Southern, 199, 209, 218. 
 Fogg, Francis Briniey, 59, 65, 78, 121, 124, 125, 133, 149. 
 
 " Godfrey M., 59, 65, 78, 133. 
 Forbes, Rev. Mr., 106. 
 Franklin, 54, 58-62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 78, 79, 84, 94, 146, 154, 
 
 202, 209, 210. 
 Franklin, State of, 15, 16. 
 Fraser, Thomas, Will of, note, 98, 99. 
 Freedmen, 180. 
 French Broad, 10. 
 French Lick, 16. 
 Friends, Society of, 34. 
 Froude, Quoted, 21. 
 Fulford, Rt. Rev. Dr. Francis, 158. 
 Gailor, Bishop, 220-222, 224. 
 
 " Memorial Sermon, cited, 145, 161, 169, 170. 
 Gallatin, 187, 196. 
 
 Gay, Rev. John Lenoir, 110, 114, 115. 
 General Convention, 43, 46, 66, 74, 76, 120, 130-132, 155, 
 
 156, 158, 199, 208, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218, 220, 222. 
 Georgia, 39, 40, 52, 79, 82, 141, 142, 221-224. 
 Gibson County, 18. 
 Giles County, 102. 
 Gloster, Arthur B., 68, 104. 
 
 " Mrs. Mary, 68, 70, 71, 104. 
 Good Shepherd, Church of, Memphis, 195, 20'5. 
 Gorgas, General Josiah, 203. 
 Grace Church, Chattanooga, 175, 196.
 
 X INDEX. 
 
 Grace Church, Loudon, 1 14. 
 
 " " Memphis, 110, 151, 153, 194, 202, 212. 
 
 " " Rossview, 196. 
 
 " " Spring Hill, 209. 
 
 Graham, Rev. Dr. William, 209, 210. 
 Gray, Rt. Rev. Dr. William Crane, 117, 135, 145, 199, 211, 
 
 217, 218. 
 Gray, Rev Charles Mdlvaine, 209. 
 Great Awakening, 25. 
 Green, Bishop, 49, 50, 55, 57, 78, 92, 149, 200, 203. 
 
 " Memoir of Bishop Otey, cited, 31, 169, note 1 16. 
 Greene County, 14, 17. 
 Greeneville, 14, 109, 190. 
 Gregg, Bishop, note 196. 
 Hannington Chapel, 188. 
 Hardeman County, 19, 71. 
 
 " William, 65. 
 Hardin County, 18. 
 Harlow, Rev. William D., 113. 
 Harpeth Academy, 56. 
 Harriman, 196. 
 Harris, Adlai O., 121, 123, i 54. 
 
 " Rev. Dr. George Carroll, 112, 145, 199, 200. 
 Harrison, Rev. John A., 135, 140, 155, 163, 165, 200. 
 Hatchie, 19. 
 
 Hawkes, Bishop, 1 11, 145, 151. 
 Hawkins County, 77. 
 Haywood County, 71, 103. 
 Henderson County, 18. 
 Henry County, 18. 
 
 " Major Gustavus Adolphus, 99, 213. 
 Hickman County, 18. 
 Hill, Mr. H. R. W., note 94.
 
 INDEX. XI. 
 
 Hines, Rev. Dr. Richard, iii, 140, 143, 147, 154, 163, 165, 
 
 204. 
 " History of American Christianity," cited, 25^ 26, 28, 34. 
 " of Methodism in Tennessee," cited, 28, 30-33. 
 " of Tennessee," cited, 13, 23, 24, 28. 
 Hobart, Bishop, 47, 49, 75, 85. 
 Hodgson, Rev. Dr. Telfair, 206, 207. 
 Hoffman Hall, 187, 188. 
 
 " Rev. Dr. Charles F., 188. 
 Holston, 10, II, 16, 23, 
 " Association, 23. 
 Holy Comforter, Mission, Columbia, 187. 
 " Communion, 194. 
 " Days, Observance of, 194. 
 
 " Trinity Church, Nashville, 112, 137, 146, 150, 153, 200, 
 202, 213. 
 Hopkins, Bishop, 149, 158. 
 Howard, Rev. Dr. Henry Ripley, 165, 206, 208. 
 Howell, Rev. Mr., 61, 64, 126. 
 Hughes, Thomas, M.P., note 195. 
 Humes, Andrew, 115. 
 
 " Rev. Dr. Thomas W., 107-109, 204, 205. 
 Hunt, Rev. George Henry, 199, 200. 
 Immanuel Church, La Grange, 104, 127, 146, 201. 
 " Memphis, 187. 
 " Ripley, 1 17. 
 Incorporation of Diocese^ 1 1 7. 
 Ingraham, Rev. J. P. T., 111. 
 Inscription on Bishop Otey's Tomb, 148. 
 Ives, Bishop, 69, 167. 
 Jackson, Mississippi, 132, 221. 
 
 " Tennessee, 17, 20, 70, 84, 105, 106, 126, 128, 133, 
 135, 154, 165, 187, 200, 208, 210, 212, 228.
 
 Xll. INDEX. 
 
 James, Rev. George N., 165. 
 
 Jansen, Rev. Lewis, 102, 10s, 106. 
 
 Jefferson County, 17. 
 
 "Jerks," the, 27, 28. 
 
 Jews, 35. 
 
 Johns, Bishop, 144. 
 
 Johnson City, 196. 
 
 Jonesboro, 14. 
 
 Keene County, 16. 
 
 Kemper, Bishop, 88, 92. 
 
 Kentucky, 16, 24, 25, 26, 50, 66, 76, 82, 133, 149, 177, 211, 
 
 222. 
 King's Mountain, Battle of, 14. 
 Kirby-Smith, General Edmund, 213. 
 Knight, Rev. Dr., note 196. 
 Knox County, 17. 
 Knoxville, 15, 54, 65, 69, 84, 91, 106-108, 115, 136, 150, 154, 
 
 155, 165, 166, 176, 190, 195, 198, 199, 205, 210, 211, 
 
 219, 228. 
 La Grange, 18, 19, 68, 70, 78, 84, 104, 127, 133, 146, 201, 
 
 203. 
 Latter-Day Saints, 35. 
 Lauderdale County, 71. 
 Lawson, Rev. Dr. Thomas B., 1 17. 
 Lea, Prof. Albert Miller, 107. 
 Leacock, Rev. Hamble James, 94. 
 
 " Rev. Dr. William Thomas, 129. 
 Lebanon, 190. 
 Lewisburg, 196. 
 
 Litton, Rev. Samuel George, 69, 70, 78,86, 102, 104, 126,201. 
 London, Bishop of, 39, 43, 129. 
 
 " See of, 40. 
 Lost Creek, 34.
 
 INDEX. XUl. 
 
 Loudon, 1 14, 190. 
 
 " County, 1 14. 
 
 " Fort, 9, 115. 
 Louisiana, 52, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 152, 141, 142, 207, 
 
 209, 210. 
 Louisville, 1 14. 
 Lutherans, 35. 
 Madison, Bishop, 43, 44. 
 
 " College, 123. 
 
 " County, 18, 19, 71, 125. 
 Maine, 79, 158, 211. 
 Maney, Thomas, 65, 78. 
 Marks, Rev. Isaac N., 209, 210. 
 Martin, Rev. Dr. Joseph E., 166, 212. 
 
 " Rev. Thomas Ferdinand, 166, 212. 
 Maryland, 30, 40, 46, 133. 
 Mason, 187, 195. 
 Matthews Family, 54. 
 
 " Rev. Mr., 102. 
 
 " Tobias, 51. 
 Maury County, 95, 100, 104. 
 " Matthew Fontaine, 56. 
 McClure, Rev. Edward, i 10. 
 
 McConnell, " History of Episcopal Church," cited, note 144. 
 McCready, James, 25. 
 McCullough, Rev. Dr. J. W., 106, 13 j. 
 McFerrin, cited, 28, 30-33. 
 McCee, William and John, 25. 
 McGhee, Colonel John, 115. 
 Mcllvaine, Bishop, 95, 132. 
 McLeod, Donald, 124. 
 McMinn County, 1 14. 
 McNairy County, 18.
 
 XIV. INDEX. 
 
 Meade, Bishop, 67, i^i. 
 
 Memphis, 19, 70, 71, 79, 91, i lo, 1 1 1, 126, 127, 130-132, 134- 
 
 138, 147-149, '5'. i53-'55, 'S9, >63-i65, 172, 176, 184, 
 
 185, 187, 194, 195, 197, 200, 202-205, 207, 209, 212, 
 
 213, 223, 228. 
 Menick, Dr., 59. 
 Mennonites, 35. 
 Mercer, Dr., 96. 
 
 " Hall, 96, 123. 
 Merrick, Rev. Dr. J. Austin, 159. 
 Messiah, Church of the, Pulaski, 17s, 195, 221. 
 Methodism, American, Origin and Growth of, 30. 
 Methodists, 23, 25, 29, 32, 33, 84, 181, 182. 
 
 " Colored, 32, 182. 
 
 " Preachers, 44, 128. 
 
 Middle Tennessee, 58, 59, 68, 97, 104, 190, 191, 208, 217, 223. 
 Miles, Mr. J. W., 115. 
 Milwood Academy, 96. 
 Missionary Bishops, 95, 128, 225. 
 
 " Committee, 137. 
 
 " Enterprises, 99, 162, 225. 
 
 " Society, Diocesan, 91 ; Foreign and Domestic, 59, 68. 
 Missions, 83, 195. 
 
 " Board of, 164. 
 " General Board of Domestic, 1 1 1. 
 Mississippi, 49, 82, 98, 121, 122, 127, 132, 141, 149, 200, 208, 
 
 21 1. 
 Missouri, 149, 151, 199, 227. 
 Moore, Bishop, 49, 55, 129. 
 Moral Conditions, 23-25. 
 Morris, Rev. Thomas A., 116, 117, 159. 
 Morristown, 196. 
 Monroe County, 1 14. 
 Monteagle, 197.
 
 INDEX. XV. 
 
 Montgomery County, 17. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, 197. 
 
 Mul'.er, Rev. Dr. Albert Arney, 77, 78, 97, 98. 
 
 Murfreesboro (Murfreesborough), 117, 181, 190, 196. 
 
 Nashborough, 16. 
 
 Nashville, 16, 59-61, 63-70, 78, 79, 84, 91,94, 96, 108, ni- 
 
 "4, 127, 131, '35, '37, '46, 149, 150, '52-i5'5, 165, 166, 
 
 '7^, '77, '87, 196, 199, 200, 202, 208, 210-213, 216, 
 
 219, 228. 
 Natchez, 122. 
 
 Trail, 24. 
 National Church, 75, 142, 156. 
 Negroes, 35, 36. 
 
 " Relation to Church, 177-187. 
 " Slaves, 100, 104. 
 Newell, Rev. Dr. Richard N., 206, 207. 
 New England, 25, 39, 40, 42. 
 New Jersey, 39, 40, 79, 98, 158. 
 New Lights, 33. 
 New London, 53. 
 New York, 30, 39, 40, 42, 47, 68, 114, 128, 136, 147, 171, 
 
 172, 207, 211. 
 Nollichucky, 10, 11. 
 Normal School, 122. 
 
 Norment, Rev. John H., 69, 77, 100, 106. 
 North Carolina, 10-16, 39, 40, 49, 50, 52-54, 61, 68, 69, 114, 
 
 130, i33-'35, '57, '58, 167, 179, 204. 
 Northern States, 138, 181. 
 Ohio, 45, 76, 95, 97, 104, 132, 158, 201, 210. 
 Onderdonk, Bishop, (New York,) 80, 85, note 129, 130, 158, 
 
 167. 
 Onderdonk, Bishop, (Pennsylvania,) 80, 85. 
 Open Letter, Bishop Otey's, 147.
 
 XVI. INDEX. 
 
 Ordinance of Secession, 138. 
 
 Ordinations, 55, 61, 69, 70, 84, 92, 1 14, 126-137, 192, 200. 
 
 Otey, Bishop, 51-148, 159, 184, 196, 200, 225. 
 
 " Colonel John, 51. 
 
 " Isaac, 51, 55. 
 
 " Memorial Church, Sewanee, 195. 
 
 " School for Boys, 197. 
 Overton, John H., D.D., Reference to, note 46. 
 Oxford Movement, 76, 166-171. 
 Page, Rev. Dr. David C, 105, 110, 132, 133. 
 Paris, 70, 190. 
 
 Parish Schools and Libraries, 193. 
 Parochial School, 97. 
 Parsons, Rev. Charles Carroll, 202, 203. 
 Patterson, Rev. Dr. George, 165, 212. 
 Peaks of Otter, 52. 
 Penitentiary, Church Work in, 1 12. 
 Pennsylvania, 30, 40, 42, 58, 144, 158. 
 Pettis, Rev. Dr. William Montrose, 212, 
 Pettus, Sir John, 51. 
 Phelan, cited, 13, 23, 24, 28. 
 Philadelphia, 66, 79, 80, 128, 158. 
 Pillow, General Gideon J., 213. 
 Piper, James H., 54, 61, 65. 
 Pise, Rev. Dr. David, 96, 125, 135, 143, 148, 154, 155, 204, 
 
 205, 211. 
 Plymouth Brethren, 35. 
 Polk, Bishop, 52, 95, 96, 100, 114, 115, 121, 123, 124, 128, 
 
 142, 143, 159, 160, 184- 
 Polk County, 1 14. 
 
 Popular Characteristics and Prejudices, 44-46, 57, 58, 101, 228. 
 Population, Cumberland Settlements, 17. 
 
 " Memphis, 19, 20, 1 10.
 
 INDEX. XVll. 
 
 Population, Tennessee, 17, 3'>. 
 
 " Religious Character of, 28. 
 
 Post bellum Period, 228. 
 Poston, John H., note 99. 
 Prayer for the President, 140, 141. 
 Prayer Book, 43, 54, 55, 57, 66, 6-j, 88, 143, 147, 167. 
 Preaching, 88. 
 
 " of the Church, 85. 
 Presbyterians, 22, 25, 28-30, 32, 33, 61, 84, 86. 
 
 " Ministry, 107, 129. 
 
 Primitive Baptists, 30. 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, 34, 37, 43. 
 
 " " " in the Confederate States, 143. 
 
 Provoost, Bishop, 42, 47. 
 Pulaski, 84, 102, 175, 195, 200, 221. 
 Quintard, Bishop, 91, 113, 136-229. 
 
 " Quoted and cited, 129, 130,201-205. 
 
 Radford, Mr. P. M., cited, 6}, 109, 115. 
 Randolph, 19, 71, 84, 86, 103, 104, 130, 134, 136, 146. 
 Ravenscroft, Bishop, 49, 50, 55, 57, 61, 63, 64, 66, 69, 85, 
 
 167. 
 Ravenscroft Chapel, 103, 104, note 146, 178. 
 
 " College, 124. 
 
 Redeemer, Memorial Church of, Shelbyville, 1 17, 195. 
 Reed, Rev. Edvi^ard, 107. 
 Reformed Church, 31;. 
 Reformers, 33. 
 Religious Conditions, 23-25, 35, ^6. 
 
 " Controversies, 32, 33. 
 
 " Forces of the United States, cited, 35, 36. 
 Renfroe Settlement, 1 7. 
 Republican Methodists, 57. 
 Revival, Great, of 1800, 25-28, 32-34, 45, 56, 58.
 
 XVlll. INDEX. 
 
 Richmond, Theodore, 175. 
 
 Ridley, Rev. Dr. Joseph James, 98, 149, 204, 205. 
 
 Ringgold, Rev. Dr. Samuel, 165, 198, 199. 
 
 Ripley, 1 17. 
 
 Ritualism, 83, 1 15, 167. 
 
 Riverside, 1 1 4-1 16. 
 
 Robertson County, 17. 
 
 " James, 12, 16. 
 Rogers, Rev. James W., 95, 103, 194. 
 Rogersville, 1 1 . 
 Romanism, 169. 
 Rome, Church of, 35, 39, 206. 
 Rossview, 196. 
 Royce, Rev. Moses L., 202. 
 Rugby, 195, 197, 211. 
 
 " Colony, note 195. 
 Rural Deans, 164. 
 Rutledge, Bishop, 52, 143. 
 
 Major H. F. M., 50. 
 St. Alban's Mission, 195. 
 St. Andrew's Church, Fayette County, 103, 146. 
 
 " " Murfreesborough, 117. 
 
 St. Ann's Church, Nashville, 114, 137, 212, 216, 219. 
 St. Augustine's Mission, Nashville, 187. 
 St. Barnabas' Church, Tullahoma, 176, 195, 208. 
 St. Cyprian's Mission, Gallatin, 187. 
 St. Gregory's Chapel, 105. 
 St. James' Church, Bolivar, 102, 127, 154, 199. 
 
 " " Greeneville, 109. 
 
 St. James' Hall, Bolivar, 197. 
 
 " Mission, Cumberland Furnace, 195. 
 St. John's Church, Ashwood, 99, 100, 104, 148, 154, 155, 178, 
 
 199, 206.
 
 INDEX. XIX. 
 
 St. John's Church, Knoxville, 65, 106-108, 115, 136, 154, 176, 
 
 198, 219. 
 St. John's Mission, Buntyn, 195. 
 St. Katharine's Hall, Bolivar, 197. 
 St. Lazarus' Church, Memphis, 194, 203, 204, 212. 
 St. Luke's Church, Cleveland, 175, 195, 209, 211. 
 
 " " Idlewild (Memphis), 228. 
 
 Jackson, 70, 128, 133, 135, 153, 165, 200, 
 
 208, 210, 212. 
 
 St. Mark's Church, Williamsport, 99, 100, 129, 154, 199. 
 
 St. Mary's Church (Cathedral), Memphis, iii, 147, 151, 153, 
 
 154, 163, 164, 200, 204, 223. 
 St. Mary's School, Memphis, 172, 197. 
 St. Mary Magdalene's Church, Fayetteville, 195, 196. 
 
 " Sisters of, 171, 197. 
 St. Matthew's Church, Covington, 103, 195. 
 St. Paul's Church, Athens, 1 1 7. 
 
 " " Chattanooga, 116, 146, 176, 210, 212. 
 
 " " Franklin, 62, 65, 94, 96, 146, 154, 202, 
 
 209, 210. 
 
 St. Paul's Church, Randolph, 75, 103, 104, 136, 146. 
 " " On-the-Mountain, Sewanee, 187, 195. 
 
 " " Mission, Mason, 187. 
 
 " " Mission, Nashville, iii, 112, 187. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, Columbia, 62, 6s, 68, 94-96, 108, 121, 127, 
 
 note 146, 154, 155, 212. 
 St. Peter's Church, Nashville, 196. 
 St. Philip's Mission, Bolivar, 187. 
 St. Stephen's Church, Edgefield, 113, 154. 
 " " Pulaski, 102. 
 
 " Mission, Burlison, 187. 
 
 St. Thomas' Church, Somerville, 102, 138, 140, 205. 
 " Mission, )ackson, 187.
 
 XX. INDEX. 
 
 Sandels, Rev. John, 132. 
 Saunders, Rev. W. P., 95. 
 Schetky, Rev. Mr., 1 10. 
 Schismatics, 33. 
 Schools, 23, 197. 
 
 Schv^rar, Rev. John Miller, 202-204. 
 Scotch-Irish, 21, 22, 30,49. 
 Scottish Church and Bishops, 42, 43. 
 Seabury, Bishop, 42-44, 46, 47. 
 Secession, 139, 141. 
 Sects, Multiplication of, }}, 34. 
 See Episcopate, 155, 214, 223. 
 Sermons, 85-87. 
 
 " Alston's, note 131. 
 Sessums, Bishop, 207, 209. 
 Sevier County, 1 7. 
 
 " John, 12. 
 Sewanee, 117, 159, 161, 187, 190, 195, 196, 213, note 215, 
 
 222-224. 
 Shaking Quakers, 33-35. 
 Shelby County, 18, 71. 
 
 " Dr. John, 59, 113, 121, 133. 
 Shelbyville, 1 17, 195. 
 Sherwell, Rev. Samuel, 95. 
 Shoup, Rev. Dr. Francis A., 206, 208, 209, 220. 
 Sisterhoods, 171, 172. 
 Skipwith, George C, 78. 
 Slavery, 177, note 98, 99, 157. 
 Smith, Bishop, 92, 1 49-151. 
 
 " Rev. Franklin C, 129, note 129, 130. 
 
 " Mr. P. N., 65. 
 Society for Propagation of Gospel, 39. 
 Somerville, 18, 92, 102, 138-140, 148, 203, 205,
 
 INDEX. XXI. 
 
 South Carolina, 39, 40, 47, 52, 79, 145. 
 " " Nashville, 1 1 1. 
 
 " " Pittsburgh, 196, 211. 
 
 Southern Bishops, 156, 157, 184. 
 
 " Dioceses, 142. 
 
 " States, 138, 141, 156, 181. 
 Special Conventions, 153-155. 
 Spiritual Conditions, 192, 193, 228. 
 Spiritualists, 35. 
 
 Spoliation of Church Property, 146. 
 Spring Hill, 196, 197, 209. 
 Stanwix, Treaty of Fort, 10, 12. 
 " State " Churches, 75. 
 Statistics, 182, 227. 
 Steel, Rev. William, 103. 
 Stephens, Rev. Abednego, 127. 
 
 " Rev. Dr. Daniel, 62, 6-}, 65, 78, loi, 127. 
 
 Stevens, Bishop, 144, 158. 
 Stewart County, 98. 
 Stipends of Clergy, 119, 192. 
 Strowbridge, Robert, 30. 
 Sullivan County, 1 7. 
 Sumner County, 17, 59. 
 Tappan, General B. S., 65, 78, 121. 
 Tellico, 1 14. 
 
 " River, 115. 
 Tennessee County, 17. 
 Territory Southwest of the Ohio, 15, 16. 
 Texas, 141, 157, 222, 227. 
 Thecla, Sister, 172. 
 Thompson Hall, 213. 
 
 " Hon. Jacob, 213. 
 Tipton County, 19, 103, 104, 137, 154, 178.
 
 XXll. INDEX. 
 
 Tomes, Rev. Charles, 107, 108, 109, iii, 131, 137, iso. 
 
 Tractarian Movement, 75. 
 
 Tractarianism, 167. 
 
 Tracy City, 196. 
 
 Training School, Church, 140. 
 
 Trinity Church, Clarkville, 69, 77, 94, 97, 98, note 98, 99, 
 
 150, 153, 176, 198, 205, 212. 
 Trinity Church, Mason, 195. 
 
 " " Tipton County, 103, 154. 
 
 " " Winchester, 116, 146, 159. 
 
 Tullahoma, 176, 195, 208. 
 Unitarians, 35. 
 United Presbyterians, 29. 
 Universalists, 35. 
 University, East Tennessee, 205. 
 
 " Nashville, 127, 133. 
 
 " North Carolina, 53, 130, 204. 
 
 " of the South, 117, 120, 123-125, 159-162, 190, 
 
 196, 207, 209, 213, note 215, 220, 221. 
 University, Tennessee, 20, 205. 
 
 " Place, 159. 
 
 Vail, Bishop, 145. 
 Value of Church Property, 192. 
 Vaulx, Rev. James Junius, 140, 200. 
 Vermont, 129, 149, 158. 
 Virginia, 10-12, 30, 39, 40, 43, 49-52, 54, 55, 67, 79, 97, '29. 
 
 145. 
 Voight, Rev. Lucius N., 150. 
 War, Civil, 91, 132, i33, '45->52, 159, 160, 225, 226. 
 
 " Revolutionary, 14, 30, 39, 40, 44-46, 51. 
 Warrenton, North Carolina, 54, 55. 
 Washington County, 13. 
 
 " District, 14, 17.
 
 INDEX. XXlll. 
 
 Watauga, lo, 1 1, 14, 16. 
 
 " Association, 12, 13, 17. 
 " Settlements, 12. 
 Watson, Matthew, 59, 78. 
 Weekly Offertory, 97. 
 
 Weller, Rev. Dr. George, 67, 78, 96, 105, 121, 127, 130. 
 Wesley, Rev. John, 30, 31, 44, 128, 
 West, Rev. Thomas, 128. 
 Western Country, 50, 55. 
 
 " District, 18, 20, 24, 69, 71, 78, 103, 106, 165. 
 West Point, 95, 203, 208. 
 
 " Tennessee, 68, 78, 101, 117, 122, 126, 130, 151, 
 
 199, 217, 218, 223. 
 Wheat, Rev. Dr. John Thomas, ^6, 97, in, 124, 134, 135, 204. 
 Wheelock, Rev. John Alexander, 201, 202. 
 White, Bishop, 42, 44, 46, 80, 153. 
 
 " Rev. George, 71, 72, 105, 152, 135, 155, 204, 205, 215. 
 Whitehouse, Bishop, 149, 152. 
 Williamson County, 55. 
 Williamsport, 99, 129, 154, 199. 
 Wilmer, Bishop, 144, 145. 
 
 " Rev. Dr. George T., 206, 207. 
 Wilson, Colonel George, 59, 65. 
 Winchester, 116, 146, 159. 
 
 " Rev. Dr. James R., 209-21 1. 
 
 Wormley, John C, 78. 
 Worship, 43, 46. 
 
 Wright, Rev. Thomas, 69-71, 77, 104, 126. 
 Zion Church, Brownsville, 70, 105, 205.
 
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