UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 ^<000 t^OOO CVJCDO ^ 
 
 
 
 Bevan 
 
 Notes on the 
 Church in Wales 
 
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 M 

 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 ^ 
 
 I
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 CHURCH IN WALES
 
 1!^ 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 BY 
 
 THE VEN. W. L. BE VAN 
 
 ARCHDEACO'n of BRECON 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE TRACT COMMITTEE 
 
 LONDON : 
 SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, 
 
 northumberland avenue, w.c. ; 43, queen victoria street, e.c. 
 
 Brighton : 129, North Street. 
 
 New York : E. S. GORHAM. 
 
 1905
 
 CHURCH COMMITTEE FOR CHURCH DEFENCE AND 
 CHURCH INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Presidents : — The Akchbishoi-s op CANTKKnuRY and York.
 
 3f^ 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The following ' Notes ' are intended to call attention 
 ^ to certain statements made by Liberationist speakers 
 in advocating the Disestablishment of the Church in 
 Wales. The statements in question refer for the most 
 
 09 
 
 >- 
 
 < 
 
 2q part to historical and statistical points which cannot 
 -^ be fairly discussed within the limits of a Parliamentary 
 ^ debate. Hence they pass unchallenged, to the pre- 
 '^ judice of the Church with the general public, who 
 -^ are apt to believe accusations confidently made and 
 ^not rebutted. Subsequent criticism can do but little 
 
 to rectify the injury done ; but it is the only resource 
 CO open to the supporters of the Church, and it is with 
 Q this object that the present writer ventures to com- 
 ^ ment on some of the charges that have been brought 
 
 against the Church in Wales. 
 
 r). 
 
 f 9
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 I 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAST AND PRESENT CONDITION OF 
 
 THE CHURCH 9 
 
 II 
 
 THE UNION OF THE WELSH AND 
 
 ENGLISH CHURCHES .... 28 
 
 III 
 THE ENGLISH EPISCOPATE IN WALES 35 
 
 IV 
 NEPOTISM 45 
 
 V 
 THE WELSH LANGUAGE .... 51 
 
 VI 
 ALIENISM 56 
 
 VII 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORK 60
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 I 
 
 TAST AND PRESENT OF THE CHURCH IN 
 WALES 
 
 Liberationist denial of Church progress — Appeal to 
 communicant statistics— Objection to them as a basis 
 of legislation — -Communicants in Welsh dioceses as 
 showing progress — Comparison with English dio- 
 ceses — Reasons for declining comparison with Non- 
 conformist statistics — Wide divergence in number 
 of Nonconformist communicants in different parts of 
 Wales — Church equipment in churches and clergy in 
 the early part of nineteenth century and at present 
 time — Advancement in the several dioceses : St. 
 Davids, Llandaff, St. Asaph, and Bangor. 
 
 The opponents of the Established Church in 
 Wales are fond of asserting that in spite of the 
 efforts made of late years to bring the Church 
 up to a proper standard of cfificicnc)', little or 
 no result has followed in the number of its
 
 10 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 adherents or the growth of its influence. This (it 
 will be remembered) was the cjround taken up 
 by Mr. Asquith in the last Parliamentar)' debate 
 on the Disestablishment of the Welsh C hurch, 
 Feb. 4, 1902. He frankly acknowledged the 
 "zeal, un.selfishness, and devotion" which had 
 been shown by Churchmen in the last two gener- 
 ations ; but he went on to say that " no one will 
 deny that the Church does not make an appeal 
 either to the religious or to the national senti- 
 ments of the people," and he seemed to think 
 that the efforts, and the measure of success which 
 attended them, were well-nigh confined to " the 
 great towns and centres of urban population 
 where there are no endowmcnt.s." We feel 
 some difficulty in understanding the allusion to 
 endoivinents. Does Mr. Asquilh suppose that no 
 endowments have been found for new churches 
 in populous or remote places ? But whether 
 this be so or not, the gist of the remark was to 
 imply that comparatively nothing had been 
 done in places where there are endowments, 
 meaning the greater part of Wales. To this we 
 decidedly demur. The restoration of churches, 
 the erection of parsonages, and the increase of 
 ministrations — these tokens of vigorous life 
 are to be seen in remote and thinly-occupied 
 country parishes just as much as in the towns 
 and minincT districts.
 
 PAST AND PRESENT II 
 
 In support of his view, as to the Church's 
 failure, Mr. Asquith quoted the number of the 
 communicants in the Church and Nonconform- 
 ity, namely, 130,000 and 460,000 respectively, 
 yielding, as he remarked, a proportion of some- 
 thing like three or four to one. Now, before 
 discussing these numbers, we desire to notice 
 two considerations that in our opinion detract 
 materially from the value of the communicant 
 test of numerical strength — one being the diffi- 
 culty of procuring reliable returns, and the other 
 the difficulty of calculating the number of 
 adherents represented by the communicants. 
 
 Mr. Asquith furnishes an illustration of the 
 former of these two points, for he evidently 
 casts doubt on the accuracy of the 130,000: — 
 " I dare say it may be an over-statement, but I 
 am putting it at the very highest." If so, it was 
 unfit to be introduced into his argument, for 
 figures quoted for penal legislation ought to be 
 based on indisputable authority; and his doubt 
 stands in odd contrast to the unhesitating con- 
 fidence which he accords to the abnormal return 
 of Nonconformity. Whether this return be 
 accurate, we presume not to say ; but his 
 quotation of 130,000 as the number for the 
 Church in 1902 was undoubtedly inaccurate, if 
 the Official Year-Book is to be believed. 
 
 The second point is of great importance.
 
 12 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 The total strength of a religious body consists 
 in the number of its adJieroits — including under 
 that term non-communicant attendants, and 
 children. But there may be very great varia- 
 tions in the proportion which the adherents 
 bear to the communicants ; and in testing the 
 accuracy of the factor which is to convert from 
 the one class into the other, regard must be had 
 to the various elements which go to make up 
 the population. 
 
 For the above reasons we do not place the 
 confidence in communicant statistics that Mr. 
 Asquith does : we regard them as mere ex parte 
 statements, very serviceable for the use of the 
 bodies to which they"belong ; but, so long as they 
 are unverified by official authority, inadmissible 
 as evidence for the purposes of State legislation. 
 On this understanding we should be perfectly 
 ready to institute a comparison between the 
 communicants of the Welsh Church at different 
 periods, or between the Welsh and English 
 sections of th3 Church at the same period : the 
 former would decide the question of progress or 
 no progress ; the latter would furnish a standard 
 of comparative eflficiency or non-efliciency. The 
 returns of the Welsh dioceses for the last four 
 years, commencing with the one ending Easter 
 1900, make up the following totals: — 137,011, 
 141,008, 144,3 19, ^"^1 1 5 ^794 — a J'^te of increase
 
 PAST AND PRESENT 1 3 
 
 which furnishes satisfactory evidence of progress. 
 And as regards the comparison with English 
 dioceses, we find that on the whole the Welsh 
 dioceses exhibit a higher percentage than the 
 English, in the proportion of 7 to 6 ; that while 
 St. Asaph and St. Davids fall below the 
 strongest of the English agricultural dioceses, 
 such as Bath and Wells, Salisbury, and Here- 
 ford, they nevertheless hold a respectable place 
 in the general scale; and that Llandaff with its 
 overpowering mining population stands above 
 the corresponding dioceses of Durham and 
 Newcastle. 
 
 With these few facts, we leave it to the judg- 
 ment of our readers whether the Church in 
 Wales holds so low a place as Liberationists 
 assign to it. We do not indeed desire to press 
 the argument from the number of communi- 
 cants, so as to imply that the Welsh section 
 stands on a par with the English in total 
 strength — far otherwise ; but we think that the 
 comparison furnishes a wholesome corrective of 
 the conclusion which Mr. Asquith has drawn 
 from the comparison with the Nonconformist 
 returns. 
 
 If we decline to be bound by his conclusion, 
 it is on the ground that the information as to 
 those returns is insufficient, and, as far as it goes, 
 implies a state of things which lies outside the
 
 14 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 range of our experience. In order to justify 
 this opinion we may state that we have ex- 
 amined the returns of the four leading denomin- 
 ations, viz. the Calvinistic Methodists, Congre- 
 gationahsts, Baptists, and Wesleyans, for the 
 year 1902 (the year of Mr. Asquith's statement), 
 and that \vc find a very wide divergence between 
 the number of communicants, as compared with 
 the population, in the western and in the 
 eastern counties. In the former, comprising 
 six counties, including Carmarthenshire, and 
 containing about one-fourth of the population 
 of the Welsh counties, the percentage stands at 
 about 36; but in the eastern division, including 
 Monmouthshire, and containing three-fourths of 
 the population, the percentage is only 16. If 
 then tlie adherents bear the same proportion to 
 the communicants in these two divisions, it 
 follows that Dissenters are more than twice as 
 numerous in the western counties as in the 
 eastern, and that it is an entire mistake to 
 regard the 460,000 of Mr. Asquith's statement 
 as representing the position of Nonconformity 
 in the bulk of Wales ; it certainly does not hold 
 good of three-fourths of the country. 
 
 Turning to the western counties, we find 
 that in two of them the percentage far exceeds 
 36, rising above 43 in Merioneth, and approxi- 
 mating to 44 in Cardigan. We might reason-
 
 TAST AND PRESENT 15 
 
 ably ask that the statisticians engaged in 
 preparing these returns should furnish us with 
 approximate estimates of the other elements 
 that contribute to make up the population, 
 namely, the minor Nonconformist bodies, Church 
 people, Romanists, non-communicant adults, 
 children, and non-religious. The last of these 
 items holds a prominent place in Nonconformist 
 estimates, rising sometimes to half-a-million for 
 the whole of Wales ; it is found very useful in 
 deciding the number of adherents to be allowed 
 to the Church, which is frequently represented 
 by the residuum left after deducting every other 
 element, particularly the non-religious, from the 
 total population. 
 
 Whether similar percentages are to be found 
 in other parts of the world we are not aware. 
 We do not find them among Nonconformists in 
 England : the Congregationalists and Baptists 
 have their co-religionists on both sides of the 
 border, but their contributions to the member- 
 ship of their joint body are in striking contrast 
 to the populations, the Welsh out of two millions 
 yielding half the number that the English do 
 out of more than thirty millions. Or we might 
 suggest the inquiry whether in any part of 
 England the total number of communicants. 
 Church and Chapel alike, equals what is reported 
 of the two Welsh counties we have specified —
 
 1 6 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 whether, for instance, in a large group of parishes 
 averaging a population of i,ooo there are to be 
 found, as a rule, 430 communicants or even 
 more. We trust that these remarks will not 
 appear to be either captious or irrelevant. These 
 statistics form one of the leading charges in the 
 attack on the Church : we have a right therefore 
 to look for some explanation of the widely- 
 divergent conclusions to be drawn from the 
 above comparisons. 
 
 Having thus, as we trust, cleared the way for 
 a f^iir appreciation of the efforts made by the 
 Church to discharge its responsibilities, we pass 
 on to offer a slight sketch of what has been done 
 in this direction since the revival of Church life, 
 aided by the reforms, financial and administra- 
 tive, introduced by the Ecclesiastical Commis- 
 sioners subsequently to 1831. Down to that 
 time there had been a lamentable insufficiency 
 of equipment both in churches and clergy, but 
 more particularly in the latter. This arose 
 primarily out of an insufficiency of income. It 
 can be no matter of surprise that, as compared 
 with its area, Wales falls far short of England in 
 the production of tithe : this would follow from 
 the natural character of the country, which 
 contains so much larger a proportion of un- 
 cultivable and consequently untitheable land. 
 But a further cause of depreciation lay in the
 
 PAST AND PRESENT 1 7 
 
 fact that the ah'enations of tithe to monastic 
 houses, ecclesiastical dignitaries, and educational 
 establishments, were heavier in Wales than in 
 England in the proportion of three-fifths to two- 
 fifths, involving an extra loss to Wales of i^30,ooo 
 a year, a considerable amount of which went to 
 enrich the English dioceses. The effect of these 
 two conditions on Wales as compared with Eng- 
 land was, that having about one-seventh of the 
 area it has only one-seventeenth of tithe rent 
 charge as commuted payable to parochial in- 
 cumbents — which means either that the Welsh 
 parishes are twice as large, or Welsh incomes 
 half as large as in England. True that the 
 population of England has always been largely 
 in excess of that of Wales, and on this score 
 the two divisions would be on an equality ; but 
 Wales would still be left under the disadvantage 
 of excessive area. Welsh incumbents received 
 under the Commutation Act very little more 
 than half the total tithe rent charge raised in 
 their dioceses, and the net income derived from 
 all sources in 1831 averaged per benefice ^^137 
 for St. Davids, i^i77 for Llandaff, ^^"252 for 
 Bangor, and ^^271 for St. Asaph. The general 
 average value of benefices throughout England 
 and Wales at this time was ^^285 ; and when 
 the excessive area of Welsh parishes is taken 
 into consideration, and the further disadvantage
 
 18 NOTES ON TIIK CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 of the duplicate language in many parts of 
 Wales, which can be fully met only by a 
 duplication of churches and clergy — may it not 
 be fairly estimated that the resources of the 
 Welsh Church for its work were not more than 
 half of those which the English dioceses had ? 
 
 The insufficiency of the equipment of the Welsh 
 dioceses might be illustrated by comparisons with 
 some of the English dioceses or districts which 
 had the same approximate area and population 
 in 1851. Thus the county of Lincoln approxi- 
 mated to North Wales in both these respects ; 
 but the former had 657 places of worship and 
 the latter only 364. The diocese of Bath and 
 Wells with 462 benefices had about the same 
 area as St. Asaph with 169. Bath and Wells 
 had about the same population as St. Davids, 
 but their respective incomes were i^ 109,400 and 
 ^^56,3 10. Such comparisons might be multiplied. 
 From these general remarks on the financial 
 condition of the Welsh Church, we pass on to 
 give a few particulars as to the several dioceses, 
 describing the equipment before the dawn of 
 the Revival and at the present time. We begin 
 with St. Davids, which was suffering from the 
 effects of the deep impoverishment that had 
 brooded over it for more than a century. " Not 
 half-a-dozen livings," says Dr. Erasmus Saunders, 
 writing in 172 1, " were worth ^100 nor perhaps
 
 PAST AND PRESENT 1 9 
 
 10 above ;^8o. Two hundred livings were ex- 
 cused paying tenths to Queen Anne's Bounty as 
 being under _^ 50, and 1 10 of these averaged only 
 about £6, while curates had to serve three 
 or four churches in order to win £\o or £12 
 a year."' We hear of 32 churches with stipends 
 not exceeding £2, and some as having nil. 
 Queen Anne's Bounty came to the rescue 
 about the middle of the century, and had 
 effected a decided improvement by 1831 ; but 
 there were still 160 livings of less value than 
 i^ioo a year. The consequence was a large 
 amount of plurality, non-residence, and general 
 disorganization. As far as we have been able to 
 calculate, there were only 262 incumbents for 394 
 benefices, containing 485 churches ; and of those 
 incumbents about 70 seem to have been either 
 total absentees or inactive. Assistant curates 
 numbered 20, and very many churches were 
 served by curates in sole charge, of whose 
 number we have no information. Sunday 
 services were scanty, though probably more 
 numerous than when Bishop Burgess, in 1803, 
 reported that he could only find t^t, churches 
 that had a double service. The buildings were 
 in a scandalous state of disrepair, and in many 
 places wholly inadequate in point of accommo- 
 dation, the population having largely increased 
 during the first half of the century in the
 
 20 NOTES ON THE CHURCH TN WALES 
 
 mineral districts, and their seaports, Swansea 
 and Llanelly. 
 
 Such being the unsatisfactory state of the 
 diocese in 1831, we are able to report that the 
 churches have been generally restored, and in a 
 style that would do credit to any diocese. The 
 Church Building Society records grants made to 
 313 churches, affording 52,341 additional sittings, 
 exclusive of 40 mission buildings, and there were 
 others which were not aided by that Society. 
 The total number of buildings consecrated or 
 licensed for Divine service is now 678. Thirty- 
 four new parishes have been formed, eight in 
 Swansea, four in Llanelly, and the remainder in 
 various parts of the diocese, where several old 
 chapelries in large ancient parishes have been 
 elevated into independent benefices. But the 
 most signal improvement, and that which gives 
 value to the other improvements, is to be found in 
 the increased staff of clergy, which now consists 
 of 365 incumbents and 148 assistant curates. 
 This number permits of a largely increased 
 number of Sunday services — which forms the 
 very best test of efficiency. The incomes of the 
 benefices have on the average advanced to iJ^i/i 
 a year ; but in 1901 there were still 121 benefices 
 with incomes averaging only ^117. 
 
 We pass on to the diocese of L/a/idnff, the 
 special feature of which is the enormous growth
 
 PAST AND PRESENT 21 
 
 of population in a region where Church pro- 
 vision was at a minimum. We refer, of course, 
 to the South Wales Coalfield — a high mountain 
 district, which offers little scope for agricultural 
 settlement, and was consequently thinly occupied 
 before the discovery of iron ore and coal there 
 about the middle of the eighteenth century. It 
 may give some idea of this growth if we say that 
 Glamorganshire, four-fifths of whose population 
 live within this diocese, has advanced from 
 71,000 in 1801 to 860,000 in 1901 — a twelve- 
 fold increase ; and that a similar rate of increase 
 has occurred in that part of Monmouthshire 
 which lies within the Coalfield. The bulk of 
 the mining population is contained in nine 
 ancient parishes, which in 1801 had an aggre- 
 gate population of about 17,000, and in 
 1 90 1 one of 334,600, or nearly twenty-fold 
 increase. The area of these parishes was 
 excessive, averaging 16,000 acres, the greater 
 part of it bare mountain top. In 1831, when 
 the population was already mounting up through 
 the establishment of iron-works, no attempt 
 had been made to subdivide these large parishes, 
 and only one additional church had been built. 
 Several of the old churches were small, badly 
 situated, and poorly endowed. Three of them 
 were originally chapcls-of-ease to a distant 
 mother-church, whose aggregate incomes in
 
 22 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 1 83 1 amounted to only ^290, the rectorial 
 tithes of the original parish having been appro- 
 priated by the Normans to the Abbey of St. 
 Peter at Gloucester. 
 
 Such being the state of the district, we have 
 to report in the way of progress that the same 
 area has been now broken up into 43 parishes, 
 having, as far as wc can estimate, 144 churches, 
 chapels, and mission-rooms, served by 134 clergy. 
 The seaports dependent on the Coalfield exhibit 
 a similar growth of population. Cardiff and 
 Roath had in i8or a joint population of about 
 2,100, with two churches and the same number 
 of clergy : the County Borough of Cardiff now 
 has a population .of 164,420, divided into nine 
 ecclesiastical parishes, with 32 places of worship 
 and 48 clergymen. Newport (the County 
 Borough) now has a population of 67,270 with 
 six parishes, 13 places of worship and a like 
 number of clergy, as compared with a popula- 
 tion of 1,423 in 1801, with a single church and 
 a single clergyman. The total number of new 
 parishes in and connected with the Coalfield 
 is 56, many of which contain more than a single 
 church. The additional accommodation pro- 
 vided in these and other churches since 1850 
 exceeds 98,000 sittings. 
 
 The rural districts either in Glamorganshire 
 or Monmouthshire have undergone little change.
 
 PAST AND PRESENT 23 
 
 Parishes are there of moderate size, churches 
 proportionately numerous, and clergy fairly 
 sufficient, though there was a considerable 
 amount of absenteeism in 1831. The incum- 
 bents for the whole diocese at that time num- 
 bered 145 for 192 benefices, and there were 
 16 assistant curates ; there were therefore 47 
 cases of plurality, and, as far as we can ascertain, 
 the acting incumbents were reduced to nearly 
 90. The incumbents now number about 246 
 and the assistant curates 237 — a notable in- 
 crease, yet not sufficient to cope with the 
 increasing population of the diocese, which 
 amounts to above a million souls. The average 
 net income of the benefices is now ^194. 
 
 It is somewhat difficult to establish an exact 
 comparison between the positions of St. Asaph 
 diocese in 1831 and in 1901, inasmuch as con- 
 siderable alterations were effected in its area 
 subsequently to the former date, with the result 
 that it gained about 20 benefices from neigh- 
 bouring dioceses. In 185 1 it had 151 ancient 
 benefices, exclusive of 12 sinecures which have 
 been since happily abolished, to the removal of 
 a grievous scandal. The provision of churches 
 and clergy was exceedingly scanty, and we find 
 that no less than 18 new parishes were formed 
 in the first twenty years ; yet, even then, the 
 number was wholly disproportioned to the area
 
 24 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 and the population, the average giving 1,400 
 persons on 6,000 acres to each benefice, and the 
 benefices seldom containing more than a single 
 church, there not being so large a number of 
 consolidations or chapels-of-ease as in the South 
 Wales dioceses. Since 185 1 a further addition 
 of 40 new parishes has been effected ; chapels- 
 of-ease have been built in the larger towns, and 
 20 mission buildings in various quarters ; 24,000 
 additional sittings have been obtained since 
 185 I. The clergy now number 207 incumbents 
 and 95 assistant curates, the number in 1831 
 having been (as far as we can ascertain) 116 
 incumbents and 10 assistant curates. The in- 
 come per benefice was in 1831 considerably 
 higher in St. Asaph than in the South Wales 
 dioceses, partly because the land was more pro- 
 ductive and partly because the recipients were 
 fewer; but the effect of the increased number 
 of the clergy and of the diminished value of 
 the tithe rent charge has been to reduce the 
 average from £2']\ to ^^224, and a consider- 
 able number of the benefices fall below ^200 in 
 value. 
 
 The diocese of Bangor has in times past 
 laboured under a deficiency in the number of 
 its clergy as compared with its churches. This 
 was particularly the case as regards Anglesey, 
 where in 1831 there were 78 churches or civil
 
 PAST AND PRESENT 2$ 
 
 parishes in 41 benefices, giving the impression 
 of a large amount of pkiraHty, though the 
 dependent churches were for the most part old 
 chapels-of-ease. In the other ' parts of the 
 diocese there were 27 dependent churches in 
 86 benefices. The staff of clergy in 1831 con- 
 sisted of 99 acting incumbents and 16 assistant 
 curates. As the population has been but 
 slowly progressive, Carnarvonshire with its 
 slate quarries being the only county that has 
 exhibited much elasticity, there has not been 
 the same occasion to provide additional churches 
 as in the other dioceses. Nevertheless, much has 
 been done for the increase of church accommoda- 
 tion: 17 entirely new parishes have been formed; 
 three of the old chapelries in Anglesey have 
 been elevated to independent positions; 13 
 mission churches erected ; an increase of 23,000 
 sittings obtained through the erection of new 
 churches and the restoration of old ones. The 
 benefices now number 143, and as the incum- 
 bents equal that amount, aided by about 70 
 assistant curates, there is reason to believe that 
 the ministrations offered to the people are 
 adequate. The average net income per bene- 
 fice has dropped from ;^252 in 1831 to i^i88. 
 Such then is a very imperfect summary of the 
 work achieved by the Welsh Church for the
 
 26 NOTES ON TIIK CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 better discharge of its duties to its people. It 
 would be interesting" to know what the buildings 
 have cost in the way of voluntary contributions; 
 but the returns arc incomplete, and we can 
 only surmise that the sum total would not fall 
 short of ;^3,ooo,ooo. This is exclusive, of 
 course, of the sums contributed for endowments 
 by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, with regard 
 to which it is occasionally suggested that the 
 Welsh Church is wholly enriched at the expense 
 of the English, forgetting the large sums that 
 have come to hand from former appropria- 
 tions within the Welsh dioceses. But from 
 whatever source the funds have come, there can 
 be no doubt that they are usefully and econo- 
 mically applied. The largely increased number 
 of the clergy favours, to our thinking, two con- 
 clusions : one being that there has been in the 
 past a great insufficiency of them, and that to 
 this may be attributed in great measure the 
 depression from which the Church suffered ; 
 and the other, that there is good ground for 
 believing in the substantial advance in the 
 strength of the Church as shown in the com- 
 municant returns already quoted. The clergy 
 are fully employed, and the fact that they are 
 so furnishes the best argument in favour of the 
 continuance of the Established Church in Wales.
 
 PAST AND PRESENT 2/ 
 
 The facts which we have mentioned show that 
 the Church retains the character accorded to it 
 some years past by the late Mr. Gladstone as 
 "an advancing Church, an active Church, a 
 living Church, and a rising Church." 
 
 1 ^ovim 
 
 s<^
 
 II 
 
 THE UNION OF THE CHURCHES OF ENGLAND 
 AND WALES 
 
 The Welsh Church at the time of the Norman Conquest 
 — Its union with the Church of England the result of 
 the civil subjection of the country — Nomination of 
 bishops a token of sovereignty in those days — Exercise 
 of the right by the Conqueror in the Anglo-Saxon 
 Church — The Welsh no worse treated than the English 
 — No archbishops in the Welsh Church, and thus no 
 single national organized Church — The Welsh dioceses 
 independent of each other — Natural character of the 
 country unfavourable to unification — Archbishops of 
 Canterbury acting in Wales before the Norman 
 Conquest — Signs of friendly approximation between 
 the Churches — Attempts of Bishop Bernard and 
 Giraldus Cambrensis to establish a metropolitan see 
 at St. Davids. 
 
 Commenting on the stagnant condition, as he 
 deemed it, of the Church in Wales, Mr. Asquith 
 attributed its condition to its connection with the 
 Church of England from the time of the Norman 
 Conquest to the present day. Having referred 
 to the previous existence of the Church as a 
 28
 
 THE UNION OF THE CHURCHES 29 
 
 portion of the old British Church, he proceeded 
 to describe " one of the most remarkable and 
 regrettable facts in our history," namely, that 
 " the Church, which in its origin was a native 
 Church, and by its history a national Church, 
 was denaturalized and denationalized by a 
 superior power : it was conquered and annexed 
 by the Church of England." It will be observed 
 that the incorporation of the Church in Wales 
 into the Church of England is here represented 
 as the result of a contest between the two 
 Churches — a purely ecclesiastical war. But surely 
 this was not the case. It was rather the result 
 of the civil conflict between the two countries. 
 The country and people of Wales were " de- 
 naturalized and denationalized," and as a 
 necessary consequence the Church shared the 
 same fortune : it could not be otherwise, inas- 
 much as the Church and the State in those 
 days were but divers aspects of one and the 
 same body. Ecclesiastical subjection followed 
 as a matter of course on civil subjection : the 
 Church was one of the assets of the conquered 
 nation. 
 
 The token of ecclesiastical supremacy consisted 
 in the nomination of bishops. There was more 
 reason perhaps in those days than in these for 
 the retention of that right ; for bishops were 
 frequently appointed to high offices of State.
 
 30 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 The Norman conqueror of Rni^land exercised 
 this right to the full. Within four years of the 
 battle of Senlac he filled all the English sees 
 except two with Norman occupants ; he even 
 deposed Archbishop Stigand to make room for 
 Lanfranc. His successors did the same for 
 Wales, and the Welsh people understood that 
 it was the act of the civil, not the ecclesiastical, 
 governor. "The King," says the Welsh 
 Chronicle, " made a person called Bernard, a 
 Norman, bishop without the leave of or asking 
 the Welsh scholars ; by which the Bishop of St. 
 Davids lost his privilege, which was taken by 
 the Bishop of Canterbury." 
 
 In this matter Wales was treated no worse 
 than England : the linguistic qualification was 
 equally disregarded in both cases. In what 
 way the Church of England, itself recently 
 "denationalized," assisted in denationalizing the 
 Church in Wales we are at a loss to discover. 
 As far as we know, it was passive throughout 
 the proceeding: the Archbishop of Canterbury 
 accepted the role assigned to him by his 
 Sovereign, and did no more. The union of the 
 two Churches followed naturally on the union of 
 the States. That Canterbury should be utilized 
 for the purpose was perhaps partly due to the 
 fact that there was no Archbishop in Wales, and 
 probably never had been one in the sense which
 
 THE UNION OF THE CHURCHES 3 1 
 
 we commonly attach to the term as implying 
 metropolitan jnnscUctioii. It was, no doubt, 
 applied to the Welsh bishops as a title of dignity, 
 but not to any one of them as having authority 
 over the others. This is conclusively shown to 
 have been the case in the eighth century in 
 connection with the adoption of the Roman 
 Easter. Elfod, Bishop of Bangor, having 
 adopted it, called upon the South Wales bishops 
 to follow his example ; but the Chronicle records 
 that " the bishops of Llandaff and Menevia 
 would not succumb to the Archbishop of 
 Gwynedd (Bangor), being themselves Arch- 
 bishops of older privilege." The absence of a 
 metropolitan see in Wales reveals the fact that 
 Wales had no national organized Church. Each 
 of the four leading principalities had its own 
 independent Church, and there was no common 
 authority to bind them together for joint action. 
 We have seen this in regard to the Easter 
 question : no attempt seems to have been made 
 to convene a council for the consideration of 
 that knotty point ; each diocese formed its own 
 decision. The Welsh dioceses were thus in the 
 same position as the English dioceses before 
 they were welded together into a single Church 
 by Archbishop Theodore — a measure which is 
 held to have paved the way for the consolidation 
 of the several independent States into the single
 
 32 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 State of England. But nothing of this sort 
 occurred in Wales : the principalities never 
 coalesced, nor did their Churches. We cannot 
 help thinking that the physical conformation of 
 the country had something to do with this. 
 Wales does not lend itself kindly to unification. 
 Its two most important districts adjacent to its 
 northern and southern coasts are separated from, 
 rather than united to each other, by a central 
 highland in which the geographical lines as 
 marked by the rivers Severn, Wye, and Dee run 
 east and west, towards England, instead of north 
 and south. Hence there is no trunk-road between 
 North Wales and South Wales : hence also 
 Wales has never had a capital — a sign that it 
 was not a single State, nor yet a single Church ; 
 for the very term " metropolitan " implies a 
 metropolis of some kind or other, and there was 
 none in Wales. 
 
 How far this special feature in the geography 
 of Wales helps to account for the absence of a 
 metropolitan, we must leave to the judgment of 
 our readers. It is, however, noteworthy that 
 the services of the Archbishop of Canterbury 
 had been obtained for consecrations of bishops 
 in South Wales during the century preceding 
 the Norman Conquest ; and as there cvould have 
 been no claim of canonical jurisdiction at that 
 time, it looks as if there had been a degree of
 
 THE UNION OF THK CHURCHES 33 
 
 frietidly appivximatioti between the Welsh and 
 t^nglish Churches, of which there are other 
 indications, such as the adoption of the Roman 
 Easter, and the employment of Welsh ecclesi- 
 astics (Asser and Tremerin) in England. It may, 
 however, be thought on the other hand that the 
 subsequent efforts of Giraldus Cambrensis to 
 obtain thj primacy for St, Davids, with himself 
 as archbishop, was a recrudescence of the war 
 which Mr, Asquith supposes to have been waged 
 between the Churches of England and Wales. 
 But whatever may have been the political sig- 
 nificance inqjorted into the matter by the 
 Welsh princes, it was essentially an ecclesiastical 
 question, as shown by the fact that Giraldus 
 had been anticipated in his action by the 
 Norman Bishop Bernard, who seems to have 
 been as eager for the honour of his see as 
 Giraldus himself ; for the Welsh Chronicle de- 
 scribes him as '" a man of extraordinary praise 
 and piety, who died after extreme exertions 
 upon sea and land towards procuring for the 
 Church of Menevia its ancient liberty." In- 
 dependence of Canterbury did not necessitate 
 a denial of the Royal supremacy, otherwise it 
 would hardly have been claimed by a Norman 
 bishop, nor could Giraldus with any degree of 
 consistency have pressed for it after having 
 accompanied Archbishop Baldw in in his Welsh
 
 34 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 tour and countenanced his assertion of metro- 
 politan authority in the four cathedrals. 
 
 On this review of the leading circumstances 
 connected with the incorporation of the Welsh 
 Church into the Church of England, we leave it 
 to our readers to decide whether Mr. Asquith 
 was right in representing it as the result of a 
 conflict between the two Churches, for the issue 
 of which the Welsh Church must be held re- 
 sponsible at the present day. The dissolution of 
 the ecclesiastical union, while the civil union is 
 retained, seems an odd mode of rectifying the 
 wrong committed some eight hundred years 
 since. Whether the severance of the Church 
 is regarded as merely an instalment of a 
 more complete severance between England and 
 Wales we are not aware.
 
 Ill 
 
 THE ENGLISH Kl'ISCOl'ATE 
 
 Welsli bishops in the first case appointed by ()iiceii 
 Elizabeth— Faikuc of the phin in Lhindaff and St. 
 Davids through the indigence of the sees — Their 
 augmentation from Enghsh preferments with English 
 bishops — Continuance of a Welsh episcopate in 
 Bangor and St. Asaph through the augmentation of 
 the sees from local sources — English bishops sent 
 into these dioceses from the reign of Charles II. — 
 Causes of the change — Translation of Welsh bishops 
 to English sees — General laxity of the Georgian 
 period — Assimilation to South Wales. 
 
 The English cpi.scoi)atc of the post-Reforma- 
 tion periotl holds a prominent place among the 
 hostile charges brotight by Liberationists against 
 the Church in Wales ; it fiu'nishes them with 
 evidence (as they suppose) of alienism, and of 
 hostility on the part of England to the language 
 and nationality of Wales. Without for a moment 
 wishing to deny or extenuate the misfortune 
 which that episcopate proved to the Church in 
 various ways, we may demur to the conclusions 
 35
 
 36 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 drawn as to the causes and motives which led 
 to its estabHshment, in as far as they can be dis- 
 covered from the facts of the case ; for there 
 is no authoritative explanation why English- 
 speaking bishops were sent into Wales ; we can 
 only judge of it from circumstantial evidence. 
 We therefore propose to offer a slight sketch 
 of the history of the episcopate from the time of 
 the Reformation, commencing with the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth. She undoubtedly intended 
 to establish a Welsh episcopate for the Church 
 in Wales. But difficulties presented themselves 
 on the score of the indigence of the sees. Llan- 
 daff held the first place in this respect, its 
 income being only ;^8o: on which account Arch- 
 bishop Parker reported that " few that were 
 honest and able would be persuaded to meddle 
 with it." ^ 
 
 Nevertheless, efforts were made to supply it 
 with Welsh bishops, and altogether we can 
 reckon up seven such who held the see for an 
 aggregate period of 45 years, though not con- 
 tinuously, Englishmen being interspersed. Ikit 
 subsequently to W. Lloyd, in 1679, no Welshman 
 was appointed, the sec still remaining lament- 
 ably poor, as stated by liishop Beaw, the gross 
 income being ^230, and the net only sufficient 
 "to find his household in vinegar, pepper, salt, 
 ^ Strype, Life of Parker^ i. 404.
 
 THE ENGLISH EPISCOPATE 37 
 
 and fire." It was absolutely necessary that 
 additional funds should be found ; but the 
 diocese possessed no available resources. Bishop 
 Beaw reported — " I have but three livings in my 
 gift, whereof two are so lean and ill-favoured, 
 that should they be sent to the fair, no chap- 
 man would be found to bid for them. I have 
 no deanery ; and as for prebends, such as 
 usually fall in my gift, they arc such as he that 
 should give five pounds for any one of them 
 would bid too much by three." The only alter- 
 native was that the see should be subsidized 
 from English preferments. For this purpose 
 the deanery of Hereford was attached to it 
 during the incuiubencics of three bishops, Tj-lor, 
 Clavering, and Harris (1706 — 1740); and at a 
 subsequent [)criod the deanery of St. Paul's for 
 Bishops Van Mildert, Sumner, and Coplestone 
 (1819 — 1849). Other bishops were allowed to 
 retain what preferments they held at the time 
 of their consecration — Gilbert, for instance, the 
 deanery of Exeter and a canonr)' of Christ- 
 church ; Shipley, the deanery of Winchester ; 
 and the notorious Watson no less than nine 
 livings in various parts of luigland. There 
 can be no doubt that the English c|)iscopate in 
 this diocese was due to the impoverishment of 
 the see. 
 
 The case was very much the same with St.
 
 38 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 Davids, though that see was less denuded of 
 funds than Llandaff. We find the third Welsh 
 bishop, Middlcton, complaining that he "could 
 not even pa)' his debts to the Queen's Majesty 
 or other persons, nor live in credit, nor govern 
 his diocese." ^ Thenceforward Englishmen held 
 the see, with hardly an exception, down to the 
 accession of the late Bishop Basil Jones in 1874, 
 retaining the preferments they held at the time 
 of their appointment — Milbourne, for instance, 
 the rectory of Sevenoaks ; Laud, the rectory of 
 Ibstock and a canonry of Westminster ; Field, 
 the rectories of Cotton and Mayfield ; and so 
 forth, terminating with Burgess, holding the 
 richest canonr)-, and Jciikinson, the deanery of 
 Durham. TJiat the reason for this arrangement 
 was well understood appears from the following 
 remarlcs of ])r. Saunders in his Vu'za of St. 
 Davids, p. 49, written in 1721 : — " Wc are not 
 always to impute it to their lordships' choice, 
 but to their necessities, that they are so commonly 
 obliged to make us thus unhappy " (viz. bj' their 
 absence) ; " for since their bishopricks afford 
 neither habitations for them to live in, nor just 
 revenues for them to li\'e uiK')n, they may well 
 be excused if they hold them with what rectories 
 or dignities they have in other dioceses, though 
 it should be wished that what conniiendanis are 
 ' Slrypc, Lijc of Grinddl, p. 401.
 
 THE ENCiLISII EPISCOPATE 39 
 
 allowed them were always in their own." The 
 concluding remark would equally well apply to 
 the appointment of Welsh instead of English 
 bishops ; for if the couimendams were within the 
 limits of the diocese, there would be no need of 
 English bishops. This was the case with the 
 two northern sees, Bangor and St. Asaph, which 
 were originally as impoverished as the)' well 
 could be, having incomes of ;i^i3i and ^187 
 respectivcl)-, but which were subsidized, the 
 former by the annexation of the archdeaconries 
 of Bangor and Anglesey with four livings, and 
 the latter by the annexation of the arch- 
 deaconry of St. Asaph and five sinecure 
 rectories. 1^}' these accretions the incomes of 
 the sees became adequate, and Welshmen held 
 Bangor for about a century and a half, and St. 
 Asaph for somewhat more than a centur\'. 
 
 We have now to consider the question, What 
 led to the cessation of the Welsh episcopate in 
 North Wales ? People have not unnaturall)' 
 sought for some special cause of hostility on the 
 part of England, such as might have been the 
 case if Wales had exhibitctl strong Jacobite 
 proclivities, or had objected to the accession of 
 the Hanoverian dynasty. lUit no .such cause 
 can be found ; there were, no doubt, numerous 
 Jacobites in Wales as there were in England ; 
 but they did not commit any overt act of rebel-
 
 40 NOTES ON TIIK CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 lion, while as regards the Hanoverian ci)'na.sty the 
 Welsh people seem on the whole to have been 
 forward with their declarations of loyalty. The 
 Society of Ancient l^ritons in London selected 
 March i, 171 5, for its inauguration, not only in 
 commemoration of St. David's festival, but also 
 because it was the birthda}- of the Princess Caro- 
 line, and " to manifest the attachment of man)' 
 influential Welshmen to the House of Hanover 
 during the troubles which threatened the security 
 of that dynast)'." We also hear of an address 
 signed by " 200 persons of the best quality in 
 the Principality," as having been presented to 
 the King that same )'car. Nor indeed do the 
 appointments of bishops accord with the date of 
 the Jacobite outbreak ; two Englishmen, Glem- 
 ham and Barrow, were appointed to St. Asaph 
 by Charles H., and three, Hooper, Beveridge, 
 and Fleetwood, by Ouecn Anne ; and the first 
 appointment made by George I. was a Welsh- 
 man, Wynne. Special significance has been 
 attached to the appointment of Iloadley to 
 Bangor in 17 16, the more so as he never visited 
 the place during the five years of his episcopate 
 there. His non-residence has been attributed to 
 the fear of personal violence ; but there is not 
 the slightest foundation for this idea ; he was 
 equally an absentee from the sees of Hereford 
 and Salisbury which he afterwards held, and
 
 THE ENGLISH El'ISCOPATE 4 1 
 
 possibly Ills unwillini^ncss to move from London 
 was due to bodily infirmity. His successor at 
 Bangor, Reynolds, seems to have been well 
 received, if we may jrnh^e from the tenor of his 
 primary cliarge, which betrays no uneasiness. 
 
 While we cannot find any ground for suspect- 
 ing hostility in the change that occurred at this 
 period, we may draw attention to the increasing- 
 frequency of the translation of Welsh bishops 
 as endangering the continuance of a Welsh 
 episcopate ; for it would be impossible to be 
 continually filling up the vacancies caused by 
 promotions to luiglish .sees. The last two Welsh 
 bishops of Bangor were translated, Humphries 
 in 1701 and Evans in 1715 ; so also William 
 Lloyd of St. Asaph in 1692, and his namesake 
 of Llandaff in 1679; Thomas of St. Davids 
 in 1683, and Wynne of St. Asaph in 1727. 
 There was thus a gradual process o{ assiuiilation 
 between Wales and iMigland, which was un- 
 doubtedly prejudicial to the spiritual interests 
 of the former countr}% but not necessarily 
 attributable to hostile feeling on the part of the 
 latter. Considering the length of time that 
 English bishops had held swa)- in South Wales, 
 it may not have appeared a serious step to 
 extend the same treatment to NorLh Wales. 
 A general laxity of religious principle i)rcvailed 
 throughout the Georgian period, and this
 
 42 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 affected the appointment of bishops, who were 
 henceforth selected by the Prime Minister 
 instead of, as heretofore, by tlie Archbishop of 
 Canterbury. Poh'tical quahfications outweighed 
 ecclesiastical ; and on such grounds Welshmen 
 were at a disadvantage. It may be further 
 added that a different standard of episcopal 
 duties prevailed during the Georgian period to 
 that to which we are accustomed. The pastoral 
 office was very much in abeyance, and the main 
 office of the bishop was considered to be to 
 govern his diocese ; hence special qualifications, 
 such as concerned the Welsh tongue, were apt 
 to be overlooked. It must not, however, be 
 hence concluded that the bishops were them- 
 selves indifferent to the spiritual needs of the 
 people, or that the)- considered themselves as 
 "holding a brief" from the English Government 
 for discouraging the use of the Welsh language. 
 We know indeed very little of their doings, but 
 what we do know does not support the idea of 
 hostility to the language. We find, for instance, 
 Bi.shop Bull urging the clergy of St. Davids to 
 forward the circulation of the W(;lsh Common 
 Prayer-book ; Beveridge arranging with Nelson 
 for a popular edition of the same, and distribut- 
 ing largely a Welsh translation of Nelson's tract 
 on Confirmation ; Fleetwood, of St. Asaph, 
 complaining in 1710 of the conduct of tho.se
 
 THE ENGLISH EriSCOPATE 43 
 
 clergy who gave an English sermon to favour 
 one or two families in a parish whore the rest 
 of the population was Welsh ; and Iloadley 
 preaching the anniversary sermon before the 
 Welsh Society in London in 17 17. These 
 bishops could not possibly have considered 
 themselves pledged by their appointments to 
 neglect or discourage the use of the Welsh 
 language ; yet this is constantly charged against 
 them, and the)' are denounced as an English 
 garrison in Wales. We can hardly think it 
 possible that men of high character would have 
 accepted the office of bishop on such a humili- 
 ating condition as that which is attributed to 
 them. 
 
 The considerations adduced to account for 
 the cessation of the Welsh episcopate in North 
 Wales ma}' not be convincing ; but the)- ma)' at 
 all events induce persons interested in the sub- 
 ject to take within their purview South Wales 
 as well as North Wales, with the effect possibly 
 that it may tend to mitigate the appearance of 
 harshness and hostility derived from the con- 
 templation of North Wales alone. We cannot 
 believe that the provision of funds for St. 
 Davids and Llandaff was otherwise than kindly 
 meant ; nor should we form any other opinion 
 of the translation of Welsh bishops, though wc 
 consider it fatal to a Welsh episcopate. We
 
 44 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 arc therefore not disposed to accept Mr. Asquith's 
 description of Wales as "a place chosen to send 
 English-speaking bishops," if by that he means, 
 as we suppose, that England was actuated by 
 mean and selfish motives in its conduct towards 
 Wales. It may be so ; but we think that a 
 more fa\'ourablc complexion may be placed 
 upon it, and one which will exonerate the 
 Church from the opprobrium which has been 
 heaped upon it in connection with this phase of 
 its history.
 
 IV 
 
 NEPOTISM 
 
 Exaggeration on this subject — Mr. W. Jones, M P., quoted 
 — No truth in the accusation as regards St. Davids 
 and Llandatf---Particulars of IJishop Luxmoore's 
 nepotism — Other bishops of St. Asaph — Alleged 
 e.Ktent of nepotism " to the ninth degree of con- 
 sanguinity,'' and of English appointments to cathedral 
 posts and parochial benetices. 
 
 The conduct of sonic of the English bishops 
 in showing undue favour to relatives in the dis- 
 posal of their patronage has exposed them to 
 just reprobation, l^ut when their conduct is 
 adduced as an argument for the disendowment 
 of the Church in the present day, and for this 
 purpose is exaggerated and misrepresented, we 
 may protest against such a use of the incident, 
 and detnand at all events that the charge be 
 brought within the bounds of strict fact. 
 
 As an instance of such unfair use of the 
 argument we quote the following words from 
 the speech of Mr. \V. Jones, M.P. for Arfon, in 
 45
 
 46 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 his address to the House of Commons, Feb. 4, 
 1902 : — " Nepotism was a glaring abuse in the 
 Church. One bishop, named Luxmoore, gave 
 a])pointmcnts to other five Luxnioores, and these 
 Luxmoores between tliem received over ^25,000 
 out of a total income of ^39,000 for the whole 
 diocese. Such was the Church of the nation." 
 
 It will be observed that the speaker here 
 attributes to the wJiole Church in Wales conduct 
 similar to that of Bisho[) Luxmoore of St. Asaph. 
 Nepotism was (he says) a glaring abuse " in the 
 Church, the Church of the nation." We propose 
 to test this by a review of the several dioceses, 
 in so far as our information permits. Taking a 
 period of 150 years — say from 1700 to 1850 — 
 we have been unable to discover any evidence 
 of nepotism in the two southern dioceses, if 
 by " nepotism " is meant either an excessive 
 number of relatives promoted, or an excessive 
 number of appointments heaped on individual 
 relatives. St. Davids was singularly free of 
 the taint ; the family name of a bishop (and 
 there were twenty of them) never appears on 
 the roll of the parochial clerg}', and only once 
 (Moss) in the higher appointments ; and we 
 know of only two collateral relatives, namely, 
 Archdeacon Stephens, nephew of Bishop Bull, 
 and Brookes, brother-in-law of Bishop Small- 
 brooke, as holding parochial benefices. As
 
 NEPOTISM 47 
 
 regards Llaiidalf, we have already had occa- 
 sion to advert to the poverty of the see ^ in the 
 matter of patronage, whicli would elTcctually 
 have tied tiic bishops' hands, had they been 
 disposed to indulge in nepotism. In the diocese 
 of Bangor, as now constituted in point of area, 
 no bishop's name appears in the roll of the 
 parochial clergy ; but in that portion which 
 has been transferred to St. Asaph we meet 
 with the names Majendie and Newcome, each 
 of whom held two benefices ; and in Bangor 
 cathedral six posts were held by relatives. In 
 St. Asaph there was, no doubt, flagrant nepotism, 
 as manifested in the conducL of Bishop Lux- 
 moore, of whose proceedings Mr. Jones has a 
 somewhat hazy idea ; for he talks of " five " 
 relatives, whereas there were but four, and that 
 these received ^,"25,000 out of the iJ'39,000 whicli 
 made up the total income of the parochial clergy. 
 The "fifth" member of the family was really 
 the bishop himself, whose large income (about 
 ^12,000) was included in the ^^25,000, though it 
 was in no sense the product of nepotism, nor was 
 it taken out of the ^39,000. The same may be 
 said of the deanery, held by one of the four, 
 and of the sums derived from the Hereford 
 diocese ; so that, in point of fact, a very small pro- 
 portion of the i;2 5,000 (about ^2,500) came out 
 ' Page 37.
 
 48 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 of the ii'39,000. But these corrections would not 
 mitigate the heinousnes.s of Bishop Luxmoore's 
 avarice and nepotism. It still remains true that 
 he and his family accumulated an aggregate 
 income of ^^25,000, more or less, from various 
 quarters. Nor was he the only bishop of St. 
 Asaph who exhibited an undue partiality for 
 his relatives ; we may mention liishops Shipley, 
 Bagot, Horsley, and Cleaver in this connection, 
 though in a far less degree ; and the only plea 
 that we can offer in their exculpation is that the 
 diocese offered special temptation in the exist- 
 ence of a number of sinecure rectories, to which 
 no duties were attached, and in the large amount 
 of patronage at the bishop's disposal. 
 
 But let the conduct of these bishops be as 
 fliigrant as any enemy of the Church may desire, 
 how can this justify the assertion that the whole 
 of Wales was infected with their failing ? Or 
 how can it be fair to make the Church of the 
 present day responsible for the faults of past 
 generations.'' The sinecure icctories have been 
 abolished, and the Pluralities Acts forbid the 
 accumulation of parochial benefices on indi- 
 vidual incumbents. But in default of present- 
 day abuses Liberationists find it necessary to 
 fall back on those of former times, and to repre- 
 sent that what happened in one diocese and at 
 one period happened in all the dioceses and at
 
 NEPOTISM 49 
 
 all periods. It is only thus that the imagination 
 has full play, so as to believe that the English 
 bishops " brought in their sons, nephews, and 
 cousins to the ninth degree of coiisaitgiiijiily"^ 
 a curious commentary on the fact that not a 
 single son can be found in St. Davids for 150 
 years. There may be more foundation for Mr. 
 Asquith's assertion that Wales was "a place 
 chosen to send canons, prebendaries.and rectors"; 
 but we should very much like to have particulars 
 as to persons and places, particularly in the case 
 of parochial benefices, which may have required 
 a knowledge of the Welsh language for the 
 proper performance of the duties. Strangers to 
 Wales may well assume a larger area for the 
 Welsh language than really exists; and may con- 
 sequently suppose that e\'cry monoglot English- 
 man is unsuited lo Wales, and that such cases 
 are very numerous. It may tend to correct this 
 impression if we mention that Mr. Johnes, who 
 exposed so severely the misdoings of the English 
 bishops in the Luxmoore period, mentions onl)' 
 two cases of incumbents ignorant of Welsh 
 throughout North Wales.'- Other ecclesiastical 
 posts, such as English-speaking canons and pre- 
 bendaries, mentioned by Mr. Asquith, stand on 
 a different footing as regards the language, inas- 
 much as their duties do not necessitate the use 
 Johnes, Essay, p. 65. - lOi'd. p. 221.
 
 50 NOTKS ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 of the vernacular ; but we doubt whether any 
 serious number of such appointments took place, 
 beyond the sphere of the relatives to whom we 
 have already referred. If, however, the point is 
 considered worthy of a place in deciding the 
 question of the discndowmcnt of the Church 
 in Wales, is it unreasonable to suggest that full 
 and fair inquiry should be made in'.o the facts 
 of the case ? Even a superficial inspection of 
 the names of the clergy would probably satisfy 
 any fair-minded inquirer as to the gross ex- 
 aggeration of the numbers.
 
 V 
 
 TIIK WELSH LANC;UAGE 
 
 Bilingualism — Practical difficulty in Church services — 
 The English-speakers mainly Church-people — Effect 
 of bilingualism on the strength and popularity of the 
 Church -Advantage taken by Liberationists to traduce 
 the Church — Illustrations thereof : — (i) The accusation 
 of neglect of the Welsh Press, (2) The delay in 
 producing the Welsh liible. 
 
 That the Welsh Cluueh has had a special 
 difficulty to contend with in the duplicate 
 lanojua<;c is a matter of common knowledge ; 
 but it may be doubted whether the extent of 
 the difficulty is sufficiently appreciated by those 
 who live outside Wales. People may think of 
 it as confined to the awkwardness of bilingual 
 services in parishes where the two languages 
 exist side by side, but where from want of funds 
 or other causes it is impossible to provide 
 separate buildings and clergymen for the 
 languages. In such cases the practical incon- 
 veniences of the two languages make themselves 
 51
 
 52 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WAEES 
 
 severely felt, constituting what is commonly 
 known as the " bilingual difficulty.'' 
 
 This difficulty has pressed with unequal 
 weight on the Church as compared with Non- 
 conformit)'. The English-speaking element of 
 the population has in past times been main!)- 
 attached to the Church, and it has been the 
 bounden duty of the Church to do what it could 
 for the supply of its spiritual needs. Noncon- 
 formity, on the other hand, has been monoglot 
 Welsh, and has been at liberty to offer purely 
 Welsh services to its people. We do not say 
 that this is the present position of Nonconformity. 
 It has begun to feel the pressure of the English 
 language, and has become more or less bilingual. 
 Rut this is a matter of recent growth ; while 
 the Church has had to contend with a condition 
 that for generations has been sapping its strength 
 through the natural preference which the Welsh- 
 man feels for places of worship where he has a 
 full supply of the ministrations which go to his 
 heart. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the Church has been 
 heavily handicapped by the linguistic condition 
 of the country, and it can hardly be a matter of 
 surprise that she has suffered from it in numbers 
 and popularity. This would naturally be the 
 case even if there had been nothing beyond the 
 spontaneous influence of language at work. But
 
 THE WELSH LANGUAGE 53 
 
 it is well known that other agencies are brought 
 to bear upon the subject, and that no efforts 
 are spared to bring the Church into disrepute 
 with the people as a non-Welsh and non-national 
 institution. 
 
 In illustration of this tendency we will refer to 
 statements made by Mr. VV. Jones in his speech 
 on Welsh Disendowment (Feb. 4, 1902). The 
 first of these is directed to show the absence of 
 any Welsh Church publications. He said : — 
 " There were 32 magazines and 25 newspapers 
 published in the Welsh language. How many 
 of these were in the hands of Church people ? 
 A Church magazine was started in Januar}', it 
 flickered in June, and was dead before Christ- 
 mas " — whereat the audience cheered and 
 laughed : it was a good joke against the Church. 
 But did not Mr. W. Jones know that the Church 
 maintains four periodicals, namely, the Haul, 
 Llan, Cyfaill, and Perl, three of which are of old 
 standing 1 If so, how was he justified in imply- 
 ing that the Church had utterly failed to supjjort 
 a single one ? How far the 57 [jublications to 
 which he referred were of sectarian character 
 we are unable to judge ; but if Mr. W. Jones 
 had wished to put the contrast fairly, he might 
 have informed the House that the multiplicity 
 of Nonconformist publications is due to the 
 multiplicity of Nonconformist sects, each of
 
 54 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 which requires to have its own publications. 
 The Welsh Church press is confessedly weak, 
 but this forms no excuse for so gross a mis- 
 representation of its efforts. 
 
 The other statement is directed to deprive the 
 Church of what credit it is entitled to in 
 connection with the production of the Welsh 
 Bible. Having premised that there was a lack 
 of sympathy between the Church and the people, 
 he adduces the following evidence of his as- 
 bertion : — " It was to a layman that the Welsh 
 owed the translation of the Bible, although it 
 was claimed that the bishops of the Church gave 
 it. But on their own confession, in the dedica- 
 tion to Elizabeth, they gave it only after 26 years 
 of sloth." This statement is extremely inexact. 
 A layman, Salesbury, did indeed translate the 
 greater part of the New Testament, but he did 
 so at the request (as he says) of "our most 
 vigilant pastors, the Bishops of Wales"; a 
 bishop, R. Davies, translated five of the Epistles, 
 and a clergyman the Book of Revelation. But 
 the Old Testament was not published until after 
 a considerable delay, and then not by the lay- 
 man, but by a clergyman, W. Morgan, with the 
 assistance of the Bishops of St. Asaph and 
 Bangor. The reasons of the delay are perfectly 
 well known, and should have been explained by 
 Mr. Jones before he attributed it to "sloth."
 
 THE WELSH LAN(;UAGE 55 
 
 Yet, after all, the production of the Welsh version 
 occupied very little more time than that of the 
 revision of the English Bible a few years since, 
 with all the immense advantages which the 
 revisers enjoyed as compared with the Welsh 
 translators. It should be stated that Queen 
 Elizabeth had ordered the bishops to produce 
 the publication, but had provided no funds for 
 the purpose ; and it was quite impossible for 
 them to meet the heavy charges of printing out 
 of their slender incomes. 
 
 Whether the translation of the Welsh Bible 
 in the reign of Queen Elizabeth is a suitable 
 subject for discussion in connection with Dises- 
 tablishment at the present time is a point for 
 the decision of Parliament, But if the subject 
 is raised, the circumstances should be fully and 
 fairly stated : and we question whether this has 
 been done in the present instance. Whatever 
 may have been the delay in performing the 
 work, and whatever the causes of the delay, the 
 broad fact remains that to the Church is due 
 the credit of having given the Welsh Bible to 
 the Welsh people.
 
 VI 
 
 ALIENISM 
 
 I'romincncc of the charge of alienism in Liberationist 
 attacks on the Cliuich — Use made of tlic title " Church 
 of ?2ngland " for this purpose — The imputation retorted 
 on the Nonconformist sects in Wales — The extension 
 of the name "Church of England" over Wales 
 probably a gradual process in the absence of any 
 previous name. 
 
 The charge of alienism holds a foremost place 
 ill the attacks on the Church in Wales. It 
 addresses itself to the feeling of patriotism 
 Avhich burns so strongly in a Welshman's breast. 
 It is also vague, and imperfcctl\' understood by 
 those who use it ; but it is understood to be a 
 term of reproach, and consequently serves as a 
 convenient nickname — a stone ever at hand to 
 cast at the Church in the absence of more solid 
 accusations. 
 
 We have had occasion to refer to alienism by 
 name, and still oftener by implication, in the 
 preceding pages. For it constitutes the sting 
 56
 
 ALIENISM 57 
 
 in most of the charges which we have noticed 
 as brought against the Church. There remains, 
 however, one which has not hitherto been 
 mentioned, viz. the title " Church of England." 
 The importance of this in the eyes of Liber- 
 ationists is shown by the fact that they have 
 adopted a new form, in which the name 
 " England" is brought more prominently forward, 
 styling it "The Church oi England \\\ Wales," in 
 lieu of the ordinary " Church in Wales " ; so con- 
 veying the idea that the Church owed its origin 
 to the present Church in England, and ignoring 
 the fact that it existed here several centuries 
 before the Church of England or even the name 
 of England had been born ; so also conveniently 
 recalling, as the late Mr. H. Richard, M.P., 
 remarked, "traditions of repugnance and hatred 
 from the past when England was the deadly 
 enemy of Welsh freedom and independence." 
 
 In this charge Nonconformists might well 
 look to themselves. What shall we say of the 
 names Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, and 
 Wcsleyan, whether in their English or Welsh 
 forms, but that they were borrowed from 
 England, and betray the English origin of the 
 sects which they represent, and with which, 
 with a single exception, they maintain close 
 relations at the present day? The exception 
 to which we refer is the Calvinistic Methodists,
 
 58 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 who have no corporate union with any kindred 
 body in England, and this for the simple reason 
 that they were followers of Whitfield and not of 
 Wesley, and that the former left no organized 
 sect behind him ; this, however, does not divest 
 them of the fact that their name, as their origin, 
 was from England. No difficulties seem to be 
 experienced by Nonconformists in maintaining 
 inter-communion with their luiglish brethren. 
 Offa's Dyke is in this respect only a geographical 
 expression. And it is hardly necessary to 
 remark that in commercial and social life no 
 barrier exists : Welshmen and Englishmen 
 associate freely without the slightest idea that 
 they arc alien to each other. It is only in 
 religious warfare that an artificial barrier of this 
 kind is set up by Liberationists to the prejudice 
 of the Church. 
 
 If it be thought a harsh and hostile measure 
 to have extended the title " Church of England " 
 over Wales at the time of the Norman Conquest, 
 we suggest two circumstances which may have 
 tended to modify that impression to the minds 
 of those who were conteinporary with the event, 
 the first being the absence of any existing name, 
 and the second the gradual character of the 
 process by which the unification of the Churches 
 was effected. We have already said that the 
 Welsh Church had no collective or official name
 
 ALIENISM 59 
 
 as a whole. Its several dioceses may have been 
 named after their sees. The way thus lay open 
 for thediffusion of the name " Church of England." 
 And this may have been a gradual process ; for 
 the dioceses were brought into union separately, 
 by the exercise of an act of authority, such as 
 consecration, accompanied by a profession of 
 obedience. This happened at the consecration 
 of Urban, a Welshman, to Llandaff, in 1107; 
 Bernard, a Norman, to St. Davids, in 1115; 
 David, a Welshman, to Bangor, in 11 20; and 
 Gilbert, to St. Asaph, in 1143. Herveus, a 
 Breton, had been intruded into Bangor in 1092, 
 but there is no evidence that he professed 
 obedience. Now, as the subjection of Wales is 
 supposed to date from 1081 with the visit of the 
 Conqueror to St. Davids, there was ample time 
 for the gradual diffusion of the name " Church of 
 England " over Wales in the absence of any pre- 
 existing title. We put these considerations 
 forward for what they may be worth, and as 
 matters of historical interest. To throw the 
 odium of the Norman Conquest on the Church 
 of the present day is a mean device, not worthy 
 of refutation. Whatever blame may attach to 
 that event must be shared by the ancestors of 
 Nonconformists.
 
 VII 
 
 KDUCATIONAL WORK 
 
 Brief review of tlie liistoiy of education — Circulating 
 schools — National schools in the early part of the last 
 century — Nonconformist and British schools at that 
 period — National schools at end of that century — 
 Board schools — Increased cost of schools between 
 1870 and 1902 — Violent attack on the Church in 
 reference to the Education Act of 1902. 
 
 A BRIEl'" notice of the educational work of the 
 Church in Wales may not be out of place at the 
 present juncture. We need go no further back 
 than the beginning of the last century. The 
 Circulating schools set on foot by the Rev. Griffith 
 Jones, of Llanddovvror, in 1730 had been in 
 abeyance between 1779 and 1809; but the good 
 work they had done is attested by the following 
 extract from a letter written by the Rev. T. 
 Charles in 181 1 : — 
 
 "The Circulating Day-schools have been the 
 princi[)al means of erecting Sunday-schools ; for 
 without the former the state of the country was 
 such that we could not obtain teachers to carry 
 on the latter ; besides, Sunday-schools were set 
 up in every place where the Day-schools had 
 been." 
 
 60
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORK 6 1 
 
 But the Circulating schools were obviously 
 insufficient to supply a basis for a scheme of 
 national education ; and so they were in the first 
 place supplemented, and finally superseded by a 
 more efficient system of permanent buildings and 
 better-trained masters. The inauguration of this 
 improved method dates from the foundation of 
 the National Society in 1811. The Welsh 
 Church was not behindhand in availing itself 
 of its new opportunities. In North Wales it 
 had established 106 schools before 1827, and 
 279 with 18,732 scholars before 1847. The 
 Nonconformist sects meanwhile had at that 
 date established only 13 schools with 755 
 scholars ; and there were 42 British schools, the 
 earliest dating from 1838, with 4,979 scholars. 
 In South Wales the Church had established 312 
 schools before 1847 with 16,868 scholars, as com- 
 pared with 22 Briti h and 91 Nonconformist 
 schools, with a joint attendance of 6,548 scholars. 
 Thus in the twelve counties the Church had 
 about the middle of last century 581 schools 
 with 35,600 scholars, while the two other classes 
 had 169 schools with 12,282 scholars. Un- 
 doubtedly the Church took the lead. 
 
 Coming down to recent times we find that in 
 the thirteen counties (Monmouthshire included) 
 the Church had dyj schools in 1902 with 91,506 
 scholars in the four Welsh dioceses. It would
 
 62 NOTES ON THE CHURCH IN WALES 
 
 be futile to institute a comparison with the two 
 other classes, inasmuch as the establishment of 
 Board schools in iS/ohad relieved Nonconformists 
 of the necessity of building new schools, or even of 
 maintaining old ones. They were satisfied with 
 the constitution and religious teaching of those 
 schools, and did not care to multipl)' denomina- 
 tional schools of their own. 
 
 Board schools were established for the pur- 
 pose of supplementing and not superseding the 
 Voluntary schools, which had done such admir- 
 able service to the cause of national education. 
 But the permission accorded to the former to draw- 
 freely from the parochial rates has proved fatal 
 to the maintenance of the latter. We express 
 no opinion as to whether this result has been 
 foreseen and designed by the managers of those 
 schools ; but the fact remains that the expendi- 
 ture has advanced in them from an average of 
 £i ^s. ^d. per scholar in 1870 to £2 \^s. gd. in 
 1902 for Wales, and ;^3 os. gd. for England and 
 Wales together. The Voluntary schools, dejjcnd- 
 ing on private contributions as the equivalent 
 of rates, were, of course, compelled to follow in 
 their wake, but at an ever-increasing interval, and 
 finally succumbed to the " intolerable strain " 
 when the cost per scholar had reached £2 6s. gd. 
 Yet though so far below the Board schools in 
 expenditure, they appear to have been on a level
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORK 63 
 
 with them in cfficienc}', the diftercnce in the 
 annual grants earned being on the average only 
 three-farthings in favour of the Board schools. 
 
 The Church, having been relieved of the cost 
 of secular instruction by the Education Act of 
 1902, has been permitted to retain her definite 
 religious instruction in consideration of giving 
 the use of the school-rooms to the County 
 Councils. But Liberationists see in this an 
 opportunity for attacking the Church along the 
 whole line. Religious instruction is the nomi- 
 nal bone of contention ; but it is perfectly clear 
 that this is only the pretext : the real objects 
 are Disestablishment and Home Rule. The 
 movement is essentially political ; and this 
 accounts for the virulence with which the educa- 
 tional question is discussed : there is no wish for 
 a settlement except on the terms of a surrender ; 
 no wish for compromise or agreement, because 
 that might bring the dispute to a close, whereas 
 what its leaders desire is to keep the sore open, 
 and to enlarge and irritate it by bringing in all 
 kinds of side issues. 
 
 Demands and assertions take the place of 
 arguments. Conscience — the conscience of the 
 individual, luiinstructed as it may be — the Non- 
 conformist conscience which practically ignores 
 the existence of a Church conscience — this one- 
 sided conscience is made the absolute arbiter
 
 64 NOTES ON TIIK CIIURCII IN WALES 
 
 of the whole quc-tion, scttini^- itself above law ; 
 and in obedience to this it is soui^ht to prohibit 
 Churchmen from instructing^ their own children 
 in their own schools. It seems stran^^e that 
 Wales — Bible-loving Wales — should take the 
 lead in this anti-religious crusade ; but perhaps 
 this is the natural result of sectarianism, lead- 
 ing in the first place to undenominationalism 
 as a necessity whenever differing sects combine 
 for joint action ; and ultimately to secularism. 
 We have seen this last stage reached already 
 in more than fifty of the Board schools in Wales; 
 and it was the deliberate wish of the late Mr. 
 II. Richard, M.l'., that the Intcrn-iediate schools 
 should be established on this basis, as may be 
 seen in a memorandum appended to the Report 
 of the Committee on Higher Education in 1881. 
 It is an alarming sign of the times. Churchmen 
 may look back with some degree of satisfaction 
 on their past efforts to lead their fellow-countr)- 
 men in a better way. It has been the main 
 purport of this Note to show what they have 
 done in the past. May it please God to enable 
 them to carry on the good work in the future, 
 that so His blessing may descend on our land, 
 and it may continue to be, what it has been in 
 the past, " a praise in the earth." 
 
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