CL UlENOO'N Fir ^^^^..^MHtajjaijirtrtiHW^ IRARY ERSITV or .IFOR*** 4 DIEGO SECOND RUSSIAN BOOK BY THE SAME AUTHOR RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 6s. net. FIRST RUSSIAN BOOK. The case-endings and many vocabularies with phonetic transcription, and numer- ous easy and useful phrases. 2s. 6d. net. THIRD RUSSIAN BOOK. Extracts from AKSAKOV, GRI- GOROVICH, HERZEN and SALTYKOV, with accents marked throughout, copious notes and complete vocabulary. In the press. FOURTH RUSSIAN BOOK. Russian and English Exer- cises, &c. In preparation. THE BALKANS : A History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey. By NEVILL FORBES, A. J TOYHBEE, D. MITRANY, D. G. HOGARTH. Crown 8vo. With three maps 5s. net. 1809.1 A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF RUSSIAN VERBS BY NEVILL FORBES, M.A. HEADER IN RUSSIAN AND THE OTHER SLAVONIC LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1916 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY HUMPHREY MILFORD PUBLISHER TO THE UKIVEESITY PREFACE THE present volume is a companion to the First Russian Book. That dealt mainly with the declension of substan- tives, pronouns, and adjectives ; this is devoted to conju- gation. It is intended to be a practical guide-book to the Russian verb ; at the same time it has been conceived in such a way that those who prefer to start Russian by learning the verb can begin with this book and use the other as a supplement. This book falls into two parts. The first (chapters 1-17) explains the nature and structure of the Russian verb and touches certain of its syntactical uses ; the second (chapters 18-100) consists of a systematic exposition of important verbs with examples of their use. Those, therefore, who wish to dine off the verbs without seeing how they are prepared may begin at chapter 18. Those of less robust digestion can order any verb, as it were, a la carte, by reference to the index. Gluttons should begin at the beginning and go through to the end. The arrangement of the verbs is neither alphabetical nor grammatical, yet it is not so chaotic as from its informal character it may at first sight appear. The verbs are arranged with a broad view to their utility. Generally speaking the plan has been to give prominence to those verbs which the beginner finds primarily essential and especially puzzling ; the primarily essential verbs in Russian, as in many other languages, tend to have the most idiosyncrasies, to be what is illogically termed the most ' irregular '. Occasionally it has been found desirable and vi PREFACE possible to arrange consecutively verbs which are etymo- logically cognate ; in some cases these sequences are connected in meaning also, in others this relation is not immediately apparent. Elsewhere verbs of various origin have necessarily been brought together in consecutive or single chapters because they are similar or cognate in meaning, which sometimes entails the divorce of etymo- logically related verbs. It is hoped, however, that with the aid of the table of contents and of the indices the method of arrangement will prove not only serviceable but also not unappetizing. N. F. OXFORD, April, 1916. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1. The Parts of the Verb . . . . . . 1 2. The Aspects of the Verb and their Formation . . 5 3. Examples showing how the Aspects are used . . 9 4. Variations of the Imperfective and Perfective Aspects ....... 13 5. The Formation of the Parts of the Verb . . .17 6. The Formation of the Present : class I or e-verbs . 19 7. The Formation of the Present : class II or n-verbs . 24 8. The Formation of the Imperative .... 29 9. The Formation of the Infinitive .... 33 10. Infinitives in -axb ...... 34 11. Infinitives in -Baxb ...... 36 12. Infinitives in -HTb, -(ep)eTb, --feTb, -HTb, -HTb, -OTb, -(HJVTb ........ 40 13. Infinitives in -TH, -Tb, -Mb ..... 42 14. The Formation of the Past 44 15. The Formation of the Conditional ... 48 16. Questions ........ 60 17. Negations 51 18. To be able, I can : MOHb, Mory .... 64 19. To help : noMorarb, nomdnb ..... 60 20. To want, to wish : xoT-fiTb, wejiaTb .... 62 21. Must, need, ought : HEIAO, HywHO H np. . . . 68 22. To go (on foot) : HTTH (HATH), xoflHTb ... 73 23. Examples of the use of these verbs ... 75 24. To come (on foot) : npuxoAHTb, npittTH . . 83 25. To go away (on foot) : yxoAHTb, yftTii . . 86 26. Other compounds of xoAHTb and HTTH ... 88 27. To go (ride, drive, travel) : txaxb, -LaAHTb 90 28. Examples of the use of these verbs ... 92 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER PACtE 29. To arrive : npi-BSJKaTb, nprixaTb .... 100 30. To depart : y-feajKa-rs, ykxaTb . . . .103 31. To carry : nee, (to wear] HOCHTb .... 104 32. To fetch, to bring (small things) : npHHOCHTb, npHHec 107 33. To convey, to cart : B63TH, B03HTb .... 109 34. To fetch, to bring (large things) : npHB03HTb, npHBeaTH 110 35. To lead : BBCTH, BoaiiTb ..... 112 36. To stand : CTOHTb, to cost : CTOHTb ; CTOHTb=to stand 115 37. CT6HTb : to cost ....... 117 38. To become, to get (intransitive) : CTanoBHTbCH, craTb . 120 39. To stop, to halt, to put up : ocTaHaBjiHBaTbCH, ocTano- BHTbCH ...... '. ; . 126 40. To stay, to remain : ocTasaTbCH, ocxaTbCH . .129 41. Other compounds of -CTaBaTb and -cxaib . . 133 42. To set, to place, to put : CTaBHTb, nocTaBHTb . .137 43. To leave (transitive) : ocTasjiHTb, ocTaBHTb . : V 139 44. Other compounds of -CTasjiHTb and -CTaBHTb . . 141 45. To put : jTBBaTb, ft-BTb ...... 143 46. To dress (to put clothes on and off) : compounds of A-BBaxb and ^-BTb ...... 144 47. To put, to lay : KJiacxb, nojio>KHTb (nojiaraTb) and their compounds ...... 149 48. To lie down (to go to bed) : Jio>KHTbCH, jie^b . . 154 49. To lie (to be in bed) : Jie>KaTb . . . .156 50. To sit down (to take a seat) : caAHTbcn, c-BCTb . .. 158 51. To sit (to be sitting) : CHfl-BTb . . . . .. 160 52. To take : 6paib, B3HTb . . . . . .163 53. Compounds of -SapaTb and 6paTb .... 166 54. Compounds of -HMaTb and -HTb .... 167 55. To understand : noHHMaTb, noHHTb . . . 170 56. To catch : JiOBHTb, noftMatb ..... 171 57. To know : snaTb, yanaTb, -anaBaTb . . .173 58. To mean : 3HaHHTb ; to become acquainted : 3Han6- MHTbCH ........ 175 59. To know how: ywBTb, cyM-BTb . . . ' . 177 60. To give : flaBaTb, maxb . ; . . . 179 61. To say, to tell, to speak, to talk : roBopwTb, cnasaTb . 185 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER PAGE 62. Compounds of -Kaaa-rb (to show] .... 191 63. To eat: fecxb, CT/fecTb ...... 194 64. To drink: HHTL, BbinHTb ..... 199 65. To buy: noKynaTb, Kyniiib ; to sell : npoAasaTb, npoflaTb ....... 202 66. To pay : njiaTHTb ; to change : M-feHHTb ; to cost (chap. 37) 205 67. To see : BHA-BTb ; to look : CMOxp-BTb (BHAaib, rjiHA'BTb) 208 68. To hear : CJibiuiaTb ; to listen : cjiyiuaTb (to obey) CJibixaTb (to smell) . . . . .217 69. To read : HHTaTb, npon^CTb ..... 224 70. To count (to consider) : CHHTaTb .... 228 71. To write : nucaTb ; to play : Hrpaib ; losing: n'BTb 231 72. To send: cjiaTb, nocbuiaTb ..... 236 73. To receive, to get (transitive) : nojiyqaTb, nojiyiHTb . 239 74. To run: 6-B}KaTb, S-feraTb ; to fly: JierETb , Jierarb . 240 75. The compounds of these verbs .... 246 76. To swim, to float : ruibiTb, njiasaTb . . . 250 77. To do (to make) : A'&iaTb, CA'b'JiaTb . . . 251 78. To permit : noaBOJiHTb, no.3BOJiHTb . . . 254 79. To let (go), allow : nycKaTb, nycTHTb . . . 256 80. To forbid: aanpemaTb, aanpeTHTb . . . . 258 81. To begin: HanwHaTb, nanaTb ; to continue: npoAOJi- TKaTb ........ 259 82. To finish : KonqaTb, K6nHHTb (to cease, cf. p. 135) . 262 83. To call, be called : asaTb, naabiBaTb . . . 264 84. To ask (questions) : cnpaiuHBaTb, cnpocHTb ; to invite : npnrjiaiiiaTb, npnrjiaciiTb .... 266 85. To ask (request, beg) : npoCHTb, nonpociiTb . . 270 86. To answer : OTB'feiaTb, OTB-BTHTb .... 272 87. Sleeping, waking, washing, tt-c. (getting up, cf. p. 133, dressing, cf. chap. 46) ..... 275 88. Opening and shutting ...... 278 89. In one's room ....... 281 90. Light, heat, and cold 283 91. To lose: TepflTb ; to look for: HCKaib ; to find : naxo- , nattTH ....... 286 CHAPTER PAGE 92. To be, to have . . . . . >fty . 290 93. Physical (Manual) Activities k . ' i . 295 94. To fall: na;naTb, nacTb ; to meet : BCTp^MaTb, BCTp'fe- THTb ; to jump . . . . . 299 95. To turn, to return ....... 301 96. Delay and haste 304 97. To try, decide, forget, remember . . -;-.;! . 307 98. To use, get used, learn, be of use .... 310 99. Birth, growth, life and death . . , . .312 100. The emotions K* . -. . 319 APPENDIX I. Alphabetical List of Prepositions used in composition with Verbs . . . . . 325 APPENDIX II. Certain Verbs, different in meaning, but similar in appearance ..... 326 INDEX OF RUSSIAN VERBS, &c. . . . . . 331 ENGLISH SUBJECT-INDEX ...... 334 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE For the further study of the Russian verb the following works are particularly recommended : Morphologie des aspects du verbe russe, par A. Mazon. Paris, Librairie Honbre Champion, 1908. __ Emplois des aspects du verbe russe, par A. Mazon. Paris, Librairie Honor6 Champion, 1914. De I' 'accentuation du verbe russe, par Paul Boyer. Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1895. (Centenaire de Pficole des langues orientales vivantes. Recueil de memoires public par les professeurs de 1'ficole.) Das russische Zeitwort (The Russian Verb), by A. Garbell. (A comprehensive alphabetical list of Russian verbs, giving their parts in both aspects, accented, published separately as part of the M6thode Toussaint-Langenscheidt.) Berlin, Langenscheidtsche Verlagsbuchhandlung ; also published by M. O. Wolf and Co., Petrograd and Moscow, 1901. The verbs are also fully explained in the author's Russian Grammar. The use of the participles, declinable and indeclinable, will be especially exemplified in the Third Russian Book. ABBREVIATIONS F.R.B.= First Russian Book. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1915. R.G.=Russian Grammar. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1914. ipfv. = imperfective. pfv. = perfective. CHAPTER 1 THE PARTS OF THE VERB THE Russian verb consists of the following twelve parts which are here illustrated by the verb iirraTL = to read, v^ ACTIVE < Present qaxaro chitayu Past qHxajTL chital Compound Future 6yAyqiixaTi> 1 budu chita't* J Conditional qHxajr& 6u 2 chitalby 2 Imperative qirrafi chitai Infinitive qniaTt chitaV Indeclin. (Present qHxaa Parties. \Past qnTaBi, 3 Present Participle qniaromift 4 ^Past Participle qnTaBmifi 5 PASSIVE 8 1 ^ resen * Participle qHiaeMMft 6 (Past Participle qHxaHHtift 7 chitaya chitaf 3 chitayushchi 4 chitafshy 5 chitayemy 6 chitanny 7 1. Accented vowels, followed by a consonant +B, are affected by the soft sign b, so that the vowel a in such a position sounds almost like ai in Cairo, cf. F.R.B., p. 2. 2. This y sounds like the y in hymn. 3. Voiced consonants at the end of a word become almost voiceless, i.e. v becomes/, cf. F. R. B., p. 6. 1WJ.1 B 2 THE PARTS OF THE VERB 4. -ift is a diphthong, and sounds like H (i), cf. F.R.B., p. 4. 5. Voiced consonants followed by voiceless consonants become voiceless themselves, i.e. vsh becomes /sA, cf. F.R.B., p. 8. After >K and in, H sounds like u (y), cf. F.R.B., p. 9. 6. The vowels e and t are both pronounced ye, as in English yet, after all vowels and after all consonants except >K, H, m and m, which absorb the y-sound ; except in such cases they are here always phonetically transliterated ye, or, occasionally, (y)e, ct.F.R.B.,p. 9. 7. -Lift is a diphthong, and sounds like u (y) , cf . F. R. B., p. 4. In the system of transliteration y, after or between conso- nants = u, is pronounced like the y in Whitby, exactly ; y before a vowel ya, ye, yi, yo, yu=H, e or "fe, H, e, ro is pronounced like the y in yard, yet, yield, yonder, yule, cf . F. R. B., p. 4. After all consonants, except Ji H T 3, H (yi) sounds like i in marine ; after >K and in, H sounds like H (y), cf. F.R. B., p. 9. 8. The Passive voice of the finite verb can best be expressed in Russian by using the 3rd person plural of the Present tense Active ; this is also used to express our idiom one. In the case of certain verbs the passive can also be expressed by the reflexive pronoun -CH. Example : aToro ne n-fejiarorb or 310 ne a r fejiaeTCH=<^< is not done or one doesn't do that (cf. p. 251). In the case of the Russian verbs it is not sufficient to know the Infinitive in order to tell how the rest of the verb is conjugated, as might appear to be the case judging by this harmless specimen. Conversely, knowledge of the Present is not sufficient to predict the form of the Infinitive or of the forms of the verb derived from it. It is necessary to know both the Infinitive and the Present in order to form the other parts of the verb, because in many cases the stem of the former is different from that of the latter; this is here illustrated by the verb THE PARTS OF THE VERB == to drive (trans.) ACTIVE PASSIVE Present Past Compound Future Conditional Imperative Infinitive Indeclin. [Present Parties. (Past Present Participle 'Past Participle (Present Participle (Past Participle TOHK) 1 raaJTL ganyij J gnal . biidu gn^M' rnaJTb 6ti gnalby roiui ganyi raaib gna j t' roiiH mast ganya gnaf roHamift rHasniift rOHHMLIH ganyashchi gnafshy ganyimy raaHHLia gnanny From this second example it will be seen that the Past, Compound Future, Conditional, Past Indeclinable Participle, and both Past Participles are formed with or from the Infinitive, while the Imperative, Present Indeclinable Participle, and both Present Participles are formed from the Present. This applies to all Russian verbs without exception, and holds good of all their parts, except in the case of two or three irregular indeclinable participles and imperatives. Further to illustrate this, two more examples of verbs are given, their parts arranged according to their deriva- tion ; from the second example emerges the fact that not all Russian verbs are to be had complete in twelve parts, indeed the majority of them being more or less defective in participles. 1 Unaccented o before the accent sounds like a, cf. F. B.B., p. 5. B2 THE PARTS OF THE VERB . = to draw (sc. design) Present piicyio x risuyu 1 Imperative pncyft risui Pres. Indeclinable Participle piicya risuya Pres. Part. Active piicyioinifi: risuyushchi Pres. Part. Passive pncyeMtift risuyemy Infinitive pncoBaTt risav^t' Compound Future 6y^y pncoBaTL biidu risava't' Past pHCOBajii, risaval Conditional pHCOBajn, 6u risavalby Past Indeclinable Participle pncoBaBt risavaf Past Part. Active pHcoBaBinifi risavafshy Past Part. Passive piicoBaHHbra risovanny pishu pishy 2 pishushchi nncaTL = to write Present nnmy Imperative nnniH 2 Pres. Indeclinable Participle Pres. Part. Active ninny mift Pres. Part. Passive Infinitive nncaTL J pis^t' ! Compound Future 6yy nncaTB budu pisa't' Past nncajit pisal Conditional micajr& 6H pisalby Past Indeclinable Participle nncaBt pisaf Past Part. Active nHcaBmift pisafshy Past Part. Passive nHcamraH pisanny 1 N.B. Russian c (s) is ALWAYS pronounced ss as in hiss. 2 n after in and Ht sounds like u (y), cf. p. 2, notes 5 and 7. It is important to remember that the H in the first syllable of this verb must be pronounced like the i in marine, not like the i in pin. The aspects of the verb are varieties of the same verb which describe varieties of the same action, for instance : yroBapHBait = to try to persuade ( = to urge) yroBopHTb = to succeed in persuading ( = to persuade) Aspects exist in English as well as in Russian, but they can only be expressed by means of auxiliary verbs, adverbs, or other additional words, e.g. : / used to read, I was reading, I read through I read, I am reading, I often read I shall read, I shall be reading, I shall read through In Russian they are expressed, as in English, by means of adverbs and, to a more limited extent than in English, by means of auxiliary verbs, but they are also expressed by the alteration of the verb itself. This alteration is effected in some cases by prefixing prepositions to the verb, e.g. : iHTaib = to read npoiHTait = to read through in others by lengthening or amplifying the verb, e.g. : yroBopHTt = to persuade yroBapHBaiB = to try to persuade in others again by the alteration of the vowel which connects the root with the infinitive ending, e.g. : 6pocaxb = to throw ojten or continuously 6p6cnTL = to throw once ff 6 THE ASPECTS OF THE VERB or by the substitution of another syllable between the root and the infinitive ending, e.g. : npriraTb = to jump npbirHyrb = to make a jump The number of aspects of any verb in any language is almost unlimited. That is to say, any verb can be endlessly varied by the addition of adverbs or other words to express varieties of action. But the number of aspects of the Russian verb which consist in the alteration of the verb itself is strictly limited. It is only these aspects which from the point of view of grammar have to be considered. The Imperfective and Perfective Aspects The two main divisions of aspects are called imperfective and perfective. Every Russian verb belongs to one or the other, and almost all verbs exist in both aspects. 1 That is to say, each verb has an imperfective and a perfective form. A verb of the imperfective aspect, or an imperfective verb, is one which describes an action of an incomplete or indefi- nite character, e.g. : = to do (to do often or actually to be doing) = to read (in a general way or actually) = to write (to write much or to be writing) nojryqaTb = to receive (often) fipocaib = to throw (continuously) All the tenses belonging to such imperfective verbs are themselves also imperfective. They refer to actions which were incomplete or indefinite 1 For the exceptions, of. pp. 117, 157 and K. G., p. 230. AND THEIR FORMATION 7 or habitual or frequent in the past, are so in the present, or will be so in the future, e.g. : a flijiajn. = I was doing or used to do R fl&Jiaio = I am doing or I do 6y,ny A^Jiaib = lam going to do (in a general way, not one particular thing) a iHTajTL = / was reading or used to read a TOTaro = I am reading or I read 6y,ny wraib = I am going to read (in a general way, not any particular thing) A verb of the perfective aspect, or a perfective verb, is one which describes an action which has been or will be definitely completed, e.g. : Cfl-ijiaxt = to finish doing npowraTb = to read through HanncaTL = to finish writing nojiymiL = to receive (one particular thing) 6p6cHTt = to throw (one particular thing at one par- ticular time) All the tenses belonging to such perfective verbs are themselves also perfective. They refer to actions which were definitely completed in the past or will be so in the future, e.g. : a cfl'&JiajrB = I have done, I have finished doing, I did a CA^Jiaro = I shall do, shall accomplish (cf. p. 8) a npoiHTaJiT, = 1 have read through a npoiHTaro = 1 shall read through (cf . p. 8) a im imr;t. n, = I have written, I wrote (one particular thing) a Hanmiiy =1 shall write (and finish) (cf. p. 8) 8 THE ASPECTS OF THE VERB It will be noticed that no actions taking place either actually in the present or habitually are described in this last paragraph dealing with the perfective verb. The reason is this. From the point of view of the Russian language any action which is habitual or frequent or is in actual progress must be described by an imperfective verb. The tenses of the perfective aspect cannot be used to describe any such action (for the apparent exceptions to this rule see p. 16). As a result of this a very curious development of the verb has taken place. The Russian verb possesses no future tense different in form from the present tense. The means of describing an incomplete, indefinite, habitual or frequent action in the future is to use the auxiliary verb a 6y,u,y = I shall be followed by the infinitive of an imperfective verb, e.g. : si 6yo,y A^JiaiB = I am going to do si 6yffy iHTaxt = I am going to read si 6yxy nncaTt = I am going to write a 6y,ny 6pocaTb = I am going to throw (to begin throwing or keep throwing) The means of describing a complete or definite or single action in the future is to use the present tense of a perfective verb, e.g. : a Cfl&Jiaio = I shall do, I shall accomplish a. npowraro = I shall read through si nanHiny = I shall write (and finish) a. nojiy^y = I shall receive a 6pomy = I shall throw AND THEIR FORMATION 9 That is to say, the present tense of the perfective aspect, or the perfective present, has taken the place of the definite future ; it is the perfective future. It must be remembered that it is only imperfective infinitives which can be used with the auxiliary verb to form the indefinite (imperfective) future. EXAMPLES SHOWING HOW THE ASPECTS ARE USED The chapters devoted to the various verbs in the course of this book give examples of the use of the tenses of these two aspects in this order : Present Future (Imperfective, with 6y^y) Future (Perfective, ex-Present) Past (Imperfective) Past (Perfective) Imperative (Imperfective) Imperative (Perfective) Infinitive (Imperfective) Infinitive (Perfective) Wherever necessary the principal parts of both aspects of the verb are given in full at the beginning of each chapter, and in the case of those tenses of any particular verb which are little used examples have not been forced. A few remarks are here added on the use of the various tenses of both aspects, and on their English equivalents. 10 EXAMPLES SHOWING HOW THE Present This is used to describe incomplete actions actually in progress or of frequent or habitual occurrence : a xenepb HHTaro = I am now reading a MHoro iHTaio = I read a lot a ne iHTaro = I do not read H nojiyiaio raaexy = I receive 1 a newspaper a iacTO nojiyiaro ) _ ( I often receive letters nncBMa HB^^HraiH) j from England a ne nojiyiaro raa^Tbi 2 = I don't receive 1 a paper Future (Imperfective) This is used to describe incomplete actions in the future : a 6y,o;y wraib = I am going to read (unspecified things for an unspecified time) a 6y,n;y nHcaTB=I am going to write (in a general way, not one particular thing, not specifying what or for how long) Future (Perfective = ex-Present) This is used to describe any action in the future the completion of which is foreseen : a c/rijiaK) BTO xenepb = / shall do this now a nannniy eMy nncbMo = I shall write him a letter a nojiyiy OTB^xt aaBipa = I - shall receive the answer to- morrow Negative actions in the future are naturally more fre- quently described by the imperfective future, as they are usually of unspecified duration. 1 = get , take in regularly. 2 The object of a transitive verb in a negative sentence is in the genitive, of. pp. 53, 64. ASPECTS ARE USED 11 But when the impossibility of doing one particular thing is implied then the perfective future can be used (cf . p. 16) : a ne 6y,oy iniaTb rase =1 am not going to read the newspaper a. ne npoiHTaro aiofi raaerti = I shan't get this paper read ceroflHa to-day Past (Imperfective) This is used to describe actions in the past which were habitual or frequent, in spite of the fact that each action was complete in itself, or an action which was in actual progress. It is also used in such phrases as : have you (ever) read? I have read (at some time previously), I have not read, never read, &c. a MH6ro HHTajTb = (1) I used to read a great deal (2) I have read much BH iHTaJiH 8TO ? = have you (ever) read this ? mrrajTB = I have (read it at some time) ne iirrajrb = I have not read it (ever) a. HHcaJTL HHCBMO = I was writing a letter This tense is often used ' illogically ', especially in the case of the potential imperfective verbs (cf . p. 13) when one would expect the Perfective Past, cf. R. G., pp. 184, 185. Past (Perfective) This is used to describe actions completed in the past : a npoiHTajTL aiy KHiiry = I have read this book (through) a HanncajTB nnci>M6 = I have written a (or the) letter a eqepa HanHcajiT> = I wrote yesterday a nojiyHHJi'B nncbwtf = I have received a (or the) letter BH cflijiajra 3TO ? = have you done (or did you do) this ? eme He cflijiaJTb = I have not yet done (it) 12 EXAMPLES SHOWING HOW THE Imperative (Imperfective) This is most generally used in prohibitions which are naturally usually of an indefinite extent : He nnnraxe eny = don't write to him ne flijiafixe axoro = don't do that ne 6pocaHxe = do not throw If it is used in positive commands it means continue doing what you are doing : nnniHTe =go on writing wraftxe^o on reading (cf. pp. 157, 161, 275) Imperative (Perfective} This is most generally used in positive commands : HanHiHHxe ceft-iac'B = write immediately npOHHxafixe xenept = read (this) now cflijiafixe axo cer6flHa= do this to-day 6poci>xe 8TO = throw that away, drop it, ' stop it ' (cf. pp. 155, 159, 165, 183) Infinitive (Imperfective) This is used to describe actions the completion of which is not foreseen : a jno6jiro iHxaxt = I like reading a ne Jiro6jiK) HHcaxL = I don't like writing neiero 1 = there is nothing to be done 1 Not to be confused with nvi*ier6= nothing ; it is nothing ; it doesn't matter ; all right. ASPECTS ARE USED 13 Infinitive (Perfective] This is used to describe a single action or one the com- pletion of which is foreseen, also in questions : a xoiy 910 npOHHTait = I want to read this (through) a He Mory axoro Cfl'fcjiaTL = I cannot do this (particular thing) HanncaTL ceroflHa = (this) must be ivritten to-day saMt eme naniKy ? = (shall I) pour you out another cup ? CHAPTER 4 Double Imperfeetive Verbs A few verbs have two forms of the imperfective aspect, one to describe an action actually in progress, another to describe the same action if it is frequent or habitual, or vague and aimless, somewhat like the English I am uniting and I write ; but in Russian only a few verbs possess these two forms, which are called respectively : the actual x imperfective and the potential z imperfective. The most important verbs of this kind are mentioned on pp. 73, 90, 104, 109, 112, 240, 250. Two sub-divisions of the two main divisions of the aspects must now be mentioned. These are the verbs of iterative 3 aspect which are a sub- division of the imperfective verbs, and those of semelf active 4 aspect which are a sub-division of the perfective verbs. 1 Or concrete. 2 Or frequentative, or abstract. 3 Or frequentative. * Or instantaneous. 14 VARIATIONS OF THE IMPERFECTIVE Iterative verbs These specify an action which is habitual or frequent ; they are a variety of imperfective verb. They may be either simple verbs (i.e. without prepositions) formed from other imperfective verbs, such as : = to do habitually or often = to say habitually or often formed from = to do = to say, speak These simple iterative verbs are very seldom used. Or they may be compound verbs (i.e. with prepositions), such as : nepefl-EJi&iBaxB = to do over again yroBapuBaxB = to try to persuade These are much commoner and serve the following purpose. When an ordinary simple imperfective verb, e.g. : iH-EJiaxb = to do roBOpHTB = to say, speak has become perfective by the prefixing of a preposition to it, e.g. : cflTiJiaxB = to accomplish noroBopHTB = to speak for a short time that particular preposition (it may be almost any one, though some are much more commonly used for this purpose than others, e.g. : no-, c(i)-) loses all or much of its original meaning. When other prepositions are prefixed to the same ordinary simple imperfective verb, e.g. : ft'EJiaxB = to do nepe/ri-JiaxB = to do over again, to alter AND PERFECTIVE ASPECTS 15 that verb becomes perfective and the prepositions both retain their own meaning and influence that of the verb. When this new verb, which is perfective nepe^jiaTt = to do over again yroBOpHTB =to persuade successfully is required to describe a similar action which is imperfective, it is made imperfective by internal enlargement and becomes what is called iterative. Such iterative verbs are really only imperfective verbs of amplified form and meaning. Semelfactive verbs These specify an action which is instantaneous ; they are a variety of perfective verb. They are simple verbs and are formed by the infixing of the syllable -Hy- between the root of the verb and the infinitive ending -TB. Such verbs are : npuTHVTB = to give a jump npBiraxB = to jump (about) axnyTB = to say ' ah ' once axaTB = to say ' ah ' repeatedly OXHJTB = to say ' oh ' once 6xaxB = to say ' oh ' repeatedly The same remarks apply to these as to the other perfective verbs (cp. pp. 7, 8). The present tenses of such verbs npurny, axny, 6xHy have, strictly speaking, future meaning. At the same time the present tenses of these, and, indeed, of all perfective verbs, often retain the value of a present when used to describe an action which is not 16 VARIATIONS OF THE IMPERFECTIVE continuous or in actual progress. The commonest in- stances of such use are : (1) description of an instantaneous action which took place repeatedly in the past or is taking place repeatedly in the present (the equivalent of the historic present in English), e.g. : ' TaTbHHa TO BBAOXHers, 1 TO oxnerb ' (Pushkin) ' Tatiana at one moment sighs, at another she moans ', or ' would sigh and moan ' (2) description of a single action after such words as whenever, as soon as, if ever, e.g. : KaKT> BCnOMHJO TO Bp^MH (inf. BCIIOMHHTb, Cf. p. 309) whenever (lit. how) I recollect that time KorAa yBiiflHinb anaKOMoe jmu.6 (cf. p. 210) whenever one sees a familiar face (N.B. one is often rendered by the 2nd person singular) Kant T6jibKo HacTynHTB Becna (cf. p. 135) as soon as spring approaches CJIH (or KorAa) noflyiwaeiiib, HTO ... (or CJIH if(oT when) one thinks, that . . . (perfective of (3) negation of possibility of achievement, or description of a negative action, e.g. : HHner6 ne noHMenib (or ne noiiMy, cf. p. 170) ! one can't (or / can't) understand a thing ! ne paaSepy (cf. p. 167) ; ne paac-Jibiniy (cf. p. 217) ; ne pasrJiHffly (cf. p. 215) / can't make out (decipher, distinguish) ; I can't hear well ; I can't see well (distinguish) nafliepHija KaKi. HH yrojKflaerb KHH-BM-B He yroflHTt (folk- tale) however much the step-daughter tries to please (imperfective) she cannot by any means succeed in pleasing (perfective) BOJIKT> jiejKHTb, ne BOpoxneTCH (folk-tale) the wolf lies (quiet), and doesn't budge 1 Infinitive B3AOXHyTb=to give a sigh (BBflbixaTb, B3Abixaio= to sigh). AND PERFECTIVE ASPECTS 17 na rdpn-fe He aporHerb KpbiJioNTb, naAt KpyTbiM-b OBparoM-b jrfect He npomyMiirb, po>Kb ne KOJibixneTCH, BOJibHbift B-ETep-b cnHTb (Nikitin) The mill on the hillock moves not with its wing, above the steep gully the wood makes no sound, the rye does not wave, the wild wind sleeps (as in English never moves, never so much as . . .). CHAPTER 5 THE FORMATION OF THE PARTS OF THE VERB The examples of verbs on pp. 3, 4 are enough to show that the Present tense of a verb can differ from the Infini- tive not only in its ending but also in its substance. That is to say, there is often one stem for the Infinitive and another for the Present ; while some verbs have the same stem for both parts : IHTJITB = to read iHiaio = I read AyMaiB = to think ffyMaro = I think jrijiaTB = to do flijiaro = Ido Beam = to know 3HaH) = I know CTp6HTB TOBOpHTB = to build = to speak roBopro = I build = I speak others have two stems, such as : JKHTB = to live 5KHBy = I live 6paTB = to take = to send 6epy = I take = I send PHCOB&TB iracaiB l 1 = to draw = to cut = to write pncyro l piacy = I draw = I cut = I write 1 Russian c (s) always = , 109-1 18 FORMATION OF THE PARTS OF THE VERB The number of verbs with only one stem is considerably larger than the number of those with two, but the latter include many of the commonest verbs in the language, and those which the beginner most needs to use. In the chapters on the formation of the Present and of the Imperative (which is formed from the Present), verbs of both kinds, those with two stems and those with only one, have been drawn upon to illustrate these parts of the verb. The number of these confusing verbs with two stems is limited, and all the most important and useful ones are mentioned in this volume. The student will find these verbs with two stems puzzling, but he must remember that they have got to be learnt some time, and he may reflect that no useless or uncommon verbs have been included in this volume which merely illustrate rules or are merely exceptions to rules. The few verbs which in Russian are radically different from the rest (the so-called ' irregular ' verbs), those which in Russian as in other languages are the most common and the most useful -of all, are given in full in the course of the book (cf. pp. 63, 90, 154, 179, 194, 241). The formation of the various parts of the verb are dealt with in the following order : (1) the Present, (2) the Imperative, (3) the Infinitive, (4) the Past. The Imperative is formed from the Present, and the Past is formed from the Infinitive. The other parts of the verb which are less urgently needed (Declinable and Indeclinable Participles) are not mentioned here except where they are particularly common ; they are fully described elsewhere (cf. E. G., 95-9). 19 CHAPTER 6 THE FORMATION OF THE PRESENT The Russian regular verbs are divisible into two large classes, according to the personal endings of the present tense. The endings of those verbs which constitute the first class are : ., , 1st person -y or -ro SINGULAR \ 2nd person -enn> 3rd person -eit 1st person PLURAL \ 2nd person 3rd person -exe -yrL or -rort The endings of those verbs which constitute the second class are ro Qr _ y -mni, -HIT, ^ lgt pergon SINGULAR -j 2nd person I 3rd person [ 1st person PLURAL 2nd person -HMT> -HTC ( 3rd person -art or -ait Hence the verbs of the first class can be called e- verbs, those of the second class H- verbs. Class I or e-verbs IST PERSON SINGULAR AND SRD PERSON PLURAL In the case of the verbs of the first or e-class these are hard (-y and -yn>) when the stem of the verb (the present-stem) 02 20 THE FORMATION OF THE PRESENT ends in a consonant (except in -ji and in a very few cases in -p) ; the present-stem of a verb is always to be found in the 3rd person plural. Such are : STEM (The page-references against each verb refer to those pages where examples of the use of each verb are given.) JKHB- (p. 313) acHBy zhy vii 1 zhy viit 1 I live they live Bg. (PP. 75, 76) S idii idut I am going they are going TflH- Tany tyanu 2 tyanut I am pulling they are pulling 6ep- (p. 163) 6epy 6epyn> b(y)erii b(y)eriit I take they take They are soft (-ro and -IOTT,) when the stem of the verb ends in a vowel, in -Ji, and in a very few cases in -p. Such are : STEM nui- mjno shlyii I am sending (p. 236) nraron. shlyiit they are sending SyMa- flyMaro diimayu I think (cf. p. 34) flyMarorB diimayut they think pncy- pncyro risiiyu 3 I draw (design) (cf. pp. 37, 38) pHcyroTi, risiiyut 3 they draw (design) 6t- 6i>io byii I beat (cf. pp. 201, 327) 6Lrorb byut they beat 1 Cf. note 2 on p. 21. 2 Colloquially pronounced : tyenu ; unaccented H sounds like e or H. 3 Russian c (s) always = ss. CLASS I OR E-VERBS 21 2ND AND 3RD PERSON SINGULAR IST AND 2ND PERSON PLURAL Examples of complete presents are now given with the addition of these four persons, which all begin with the soft or palatal vowel e. When the accent is throughout the present on the personal endings, this vowel is always pronounced e = yo, (y)o. The ending of the 2nd person singular in all verbs is always pronounced as if spelt -mi,. As regards the accent, the 2nd person singular is the criterion ; on whichever syllable it is in that person on that syllable it remains throughout the rest of the tense. Infinitive : JKHTB = to live H^TH l = to go Present (stem JKHB-) (p. 313) (HA-) (pp . 75, 76) 1st - 3KHBy 2 zhyvu 2 - Hfly idii Sing.- 2nd 'jKHBeim, zhyvy6sh H^emb idyosh 3rd JKHBe'TI, zhyvyot H^exi idyot 1st j JKHBCMt zhyvyom idyom Plur.- 2nd IjKHBCXe zhyvyotye ^HAexe idyotye L 3rd - JKHByTI, zhyvut ^.Hflyxt idut Infinitive : xaHyxfe = to pull 6paxt = to take Present (stem THH-) (6ep-) (p. 163) 1st ;- TflHy tyanii -> 6epy 3 b(y)erii 3 Sing.H 2nd (Timeum 3 tyanyesh 3 /6epenii> b(y)ery6sh 3rd jTflHeT'b tyanyet J 6eperi b(y)eryot 1st 1 TflHCMI, tyanyem j 6epe'Mi> b(y)eryom Plur. 2nd iiaHexe tyanyetye \6epexe b(y)eryotye ^T"f1 ^ T CTTIAT'T'L ,O1 LI > 1 /ill \ 1 i> tyanut -> 6epyrB b(y)eriit 1 Also spelt : HTTH. 2 After the consonants /K and 111 the vowel H ia pronounced like bi, transliterated y, cf. notes 5 and 7 on p. 2. 8 For the pronunciation of e after this consonant cf. note 6 on p. 2. 22 THE FORMATION OF Infinitive : cjiaib = to send Present (stem lira- *) (p. 236) '1st H* mjiro Sing.- Plur. THE PRESENT = to think 1st - mjiio shlyu 2nd iirae'niL shlyosh 3rd nuie'Ti> shlyot 1st nme'MT> shlyom 2nd injie'Te shlyotye 3rd -=> mjHort shlyiit (yMa-) (cf. p. 34) > flyMaro diimayu (flyMaenib 2 dumayesh 2 UyMaen, 2 dumayet 2 I flyivtaeM'b 2 diimayem 2 IffyMaeie 2 dumayetye 2 diimayut Infinitive : pncoBaxb = to draw, design 6mb = to beat, strike, hit Present (stem pncy-) (cf. pp. 37, 38) (6b-) (cf. pp. 201, 327) byu byosh byot byom byotye byiit If the present-stem ends in r or K, these consonants are changed by the e of the 2nd and 3rd person singular and 1st and 2nd person plural endings into SK and i respectively, though they remain unchanged in the 1st person singular and 3rd person plural, e.g. : (1st -> pncyro 3 risuyu 3 ,-> SLID 2nd / pncyemb risuyesh ! [6i>einb 3rd ! pncyeTt risiiyet 1 6beTL fist j pHcyeMi, risiiyem 6be'M r b Plur.|2nd IpncyeTe risiiyetye 6b6Te [3rd -> pncyioTt risiiyut ^. CblOTt 1 In the case of this unique verb the j/-sound of the letters -K>, -e in the personal endings has had the effect of transforming the c- of the root of this verb into m-. 2 In rapid speech the y in these four endings is slurred over, but in similar verbs with the accent on the a (e.g. 3HaTt>, HHTaib), it is more pronounced. 3 Russian c (s) always = ss. CLASS I OR E-VERBS 23 Infinitive : MOIB = to be able Present (stem MOF-) (pp. 55-57) Sing. Plur. 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Mory MOJKeMt Moryit magu mozhesh 1 /"neienib mozhet J neie'Tt mozhem mozhetye mogut ] neieMi. \neqeie - neKyrb neit = to bake -) (cf. p. 198) p(y)ekii x p(y)ech(y)6sh p(y)ech(y)6t p(y)ech(y)6m p(y)ech(y)6tye p(y)ekut Certain verbs of this class with roots inrflSKTCx and CK change the last consonant of the root, which is apparent in the Infinitive and the Past, throughout the Present (and the Imperative) as follows : 3 K T C X T CK become JK become q become in become m The number of verbs which undergo this change is small, but includes some which are extremely common. These must be learnt by observation and practice. The reasons which determine the retention, or the partial or total alteration of the last consonant of the root before the e of the personal endings belong to the domain of historical grammar (cf. E. G. 87, 88). Examples : 1 For the pronunciation of e after these consonants cf. note 6 on p. 2. 24 THE FORMATION OF THE PRESENT Infinitive : piaaxb = to cut njiaKaxb = to weep Present (root p-fes-) (p. 296) (njian-) (p .321) 1st -* piacy rye a zhu * njiaiy plachu Sing. - 2nd /p-fcjKemb 1 rye a zhesh J (njiaqemb 1 plachesh 1 L 3rd 1 p^JKCXTb rye a zhet njia^exi, plachet 1st 1 piacem rye a zhem plachem Plur. 2nd Ip-fcjKexe rye a zhetye / plachetye k 3rd -> p^JKyxi, rye a zhut i. > njiaiyrB plachut Infinitive : iracaxb = to write HCKaXb = to seek Present (root nnc-) (p. 231) (HCK-) (p. 288) 1st -* nniny pishu ->nmy ishchii Sing.. 2nd [nnmemb 1 pishesh J Hm,enib 1 ishchesh 1 3rd J iramex'b pishet Hmext ishchet 1st 1 nmueMi, pish em j HmeMi> ishchem Plur.. 2nd \nnmexe pishetye Hmexe ishchetye 3rd L nnrayx-B pishut I ^amyxi, ishchut CHAPTER 7 THE FORMATION OF THE PRESENT Class II or n-verbs IST PERSON SINGULAR AND 3RD PERSON PLURAL In the case of the verbs of the second or n-class these endings are soft (-ro and -HTI>) when the stem of the verb ends in n6BMHJip or in a vowel, e.g. 1 For the pronunciation of e after these consonants cf. note 6 on p. 2. CLASS II OR H-VERBS 25 Infinitive : (The page-references against each verb refer to those pages where examples of the use of each verb are given.) IHHHTI> (p. 283) 1HH- TOHK) IHHaifc chinyii chinyat I mend they mend najiK) najiaTE. palyii palyat I fire they fire Kypro KyparB kuryii kiiryat I smoke they smoke CTOK) CTOflTI. stayii stayat 1 stand they stand 60K)CL 6oHTca 2 bayiis' bayatsya 2 I fear they fear CTpOK) CTpOflTl, stroyu stroyat 1 build they build nan- KVpHTB (cf . p. 28) Kyp- CToaiB (p. 115) CTO- 6oaTBCa 1 (p. 319) 60- CTpOHTB (Cf . p. 282) CTpO- In the case of those verbs of this class the stems of which end in n 6 B M the letter n is always inserted between the last consonant of the stem and the ending -K> of the 1st person singular. The present-stem is always to be found in the 3rd person plural of the Present. Examples : Infinitive : ciurn, (p. 275) rii. i h i splyu I sleep en- cnarb spyat they sleep roidBHTB (p. 283) TOTOBJIIO gatovlyu I prepare, cook TOTOB- roitiBarb gat6vyat they prepare, cook 1 This is a reflexive verb ; for an example of one in full cf. p. 290. 2 Colloquially pronounced : bayatsa, cf. p. 129. 26 THE FORMATION OF THE PRESENT Infinitive : JiK)6HTB (p. 323) Jiio6jiK) lyublyii I love, like JIH)6- jn66arb lyubyat they love, like KopMHTB KopMJiro karmlyu I feed (trans.) KOpM- KOpMarB kormyat they feed (,,) The endings are hard (-y and -aT&) when the stem ends in 3K i m m, e.g. : Infinitive : (p. 297) ffepsKy dyerzhii I hold jjepJKaT'B dye a rzhat they hold Kpniy krichii I cry out krichat they cry out dyshu I breathe dyshat they breathe In the case of those verbs of this class the stems of which end in fl, T 3 C these consonants in the 1st person singular become respectively 3K i (or m) JK m followed by the ending -y, after which the stem reappears in its original form ; the last consonant of the stem is retained also in the 3rd person plural with the ending -art. The present-stem is always to be found in the 3rd person plural of the Present. Examples : Infinitive : (p. 215) rjiajKy glyazhii glyadyat CLASS II OR H-VERBS 27 Infinitive : myTHTB niyqy shuchu I joke myT- myTHT'B shiityat they joke 6jiecT^TB 6jiemy blyeshchii I glitter 6jiecT- 6jiecTHT'& blyestyat they glitter rposHTB rpojKy grazhu I threaten rpo3- rposHTB grazyat they threaten KpacHTB Kpamy krashu I paint 1 Kpac- KpacflTi> krasyat they paint 1 It is to be noticed that the endings of the 3rd person plural (-HTT>, -an>) are, when unaccented, very frequently pronounced, even by well-educated people, as if they were written -Km>, -yrt, that is to say, they are confused with the 3rd person plural endings of the 1st or e-class. This is especially common after the consonants >K and in, though it occurs after all of them. Thus, while the correct pronunciation is always -yat, -at, the forms of the 3rd person plural given above which are unaccented on the ending are often pronounced as follows : kuryut lyiibyut dyshut str6yut k6rmyut shutyut gat6vyut dye a rzhut krasyut 2ND AND 3RD PERSON SINGULAR IST AND 2ND PERSON PLURAL Examples of complete presents are now given with the addition of these four persons, which all begin with the soft or palatal vowel H. It is not necessary to give in full all the verbs given on pp. 25-27. Sc. decorative painting, cf. p. 234. 28 THE FORMATION OF THE PEESENT As regards the accent, the rule given on p. 21 applies to all verbs in this class also. Infinitive : KypiixB = to smoke cxponxB = to build Present (stem Kyp-) (cf. p. 254) (expo-) (cf. p. 282) 1st -> Kypro kuryii * cxporo stroyu Sing. 2nd KypmnB 1 kiirish 1 cxponniB 2 stroyish 2 3rd KypHxt kurit CXp6HT& 2 stroyit 2 1st KypHlVTB kurim CXpOHMt 2 stroyim 2 Plur. 2nd Kypnxe kiiritye cxponxe 2 stroyitye 2 3rd - Kypax-B kiiryat -> cxpoaxt stroyat Infinitive : cnaxB = to sleep jnoSiixB = to /i/ce, love Present (stem en-) (p. 275) (jiro6-) (p. 323) (1st -> cnjiro splyii -> JIK)6JIK) lyublyu Sing. J 2nd cnnmt 1 spish l 1 lyubish 1 (3rd cnnxt spit lyiibit (1st GEVLWb spim j JirodHMTb lyiibim Plur.] 2nd cnnxe spitye ' jii66Hxe lyiibitye (3rd - cnaxT> spyat -> JIK)6flX'L lyiibyat Infinitive : .nepJKaxB -to hold KpHHaxB = to shout Present (stem flepac-) (p 297) (KPOT-) 1st - flepsKy dyerzhii -* Kpnqy krichii Sing. - 2nd 3;ep}KHmB 1 dye a rzhysh 1 /KpHqranB ] [ krichish J [3rd flepJKHX'b dye a rzhyt 1 KpHqArt krichit (1st ffiepatHM'B dye a rzhym IKPHIHMI, krichim Plur. 1 2nd AepJKHxe dye a rzhytye 1 KpHTOXe krichitye ; "j [3rd H> flepJKaxt dye^zhat -> Kpniaxi, krichat 1 For the pronunciation of H after these consonants cf. note 7 on p. 2. 2 In rapid speech the y in this case is slurred over, but it is more pronounced in those verbs, like CTOHTB, where the accent throughout the present is on the end. CLASS II OR H-VERBS Infinitive : flbimaTt Present (stem 1st Sing. - Plur. 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Infinitive : myiHTb Present (stem rayi-) 1st Sing. -] 2nd myrarb myTHM-b Plur. 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd myTHTe to breathe rjia^iiL = to glance (rjia,n;-) (cf. p. 215) dyshii "^ 'PTTCIMJ'AT X . 1 y 1 i 1 i \ glyazhii dyshysh 1 rjiaAHnm 1 glyadylsh l dyshyt rjia^HT'b glyadyit dyshym rJiajjHM'b glyadyim dyshytye rjiaji,HTe glyadyitye dyshat ^ raaflaTi glyadyat to joke KpacHTt = to paint (npac-) (cf. p. 234) shuchu -* Kpamy krashu shiityish 1 / Kpacnmi, 1 krasish 1 shutyit ' KpacH-n, krasit shutyim KpacHM-b krasim shutyitye KpacHxe krasitye shutyat -+ Kpacarb krasyat CHAPTER 8 THE FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE 2 The Imperative is formed from the present-stem, which is always to be found in the 3rd person plural of the Present. When the accent on the 1st person singular of the Present is on the personal ending, then the endings of the Imperative are : 2nd person singular = -rf 1 2nd person plural = -irre x 1 For the pronunciation of H after the various consonants cf. note 7 on p. 2. 2 For fuller treatment cf. R. 0. pp. 168-170. 30 THE FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE Examples : (Verbs of Class I, or e- verbs) 3KHBy = I live Hfly = I am going zhyvi zhyvitye (p. 313) y = I am pulling tyanyi tyanyitye (cf. p. 20) Present nraio = I am sending ,. fnuiH shlyi Imperatives , ,' (mjiHTe shlyitye (p. 238) ninny = I write pishy Present (jKHBH Imperative ] 5KHBHT6 Present (THHH Imperative s (TflHHTC idyi idyitye (p. 80) 6epy = I take 6epii b(y)eri 6epHTe b(y)eritye (p. 165) neKy = I bake neKH peki neKHie pekitye (cf. p. 198) Present -r ,. (iramH Imperative ] , . . , (nmnHTe pishytye (p. 233) Present ishchi ishchitye (6epery J ) (6eperncb Imperative^ r , (oeperirrecb (p. 288) take care 1 beregis' beregityes' (Verbs of Class II, or H-verbs) Present IHHK) = I mend najiro = I fire T ,. fiHHH chinyi najin palyi Imperatives , , . , , , (qHHHTe chmyitye najinxe palyitye (p. 283) 1 Infinitive 6ep6m>, present Sepery, 6epejKeTT>, deperyrt = to guard, keep ; used reflexively = to be careful. 31 Present Kypro = I smoke CHJIIO = I sleep (KVPH kuri cnn spi Imperative \ , (Kypirre kuritye cnnie spitye (p. 254) (p. 275) Present KopMJiio= I feed (trans.) Moni^ 1 = I am silent ,. (KOPMH karmi MOJI^H malchi Imperative (KOpMirre karmitye MOJIIHTC malchitye Present AepsKy = I hold Kpnqy = I shout ,. UepsKH dyerzhy KpHqH krichi Imperatives , -, , , (flepJKHTe dyerzhy tye KpniHTe krichitye (p. 297) Present rjiaacy = I glance niyqy = I joke , . frJiflflH 2 glyadyi myxH shutyi 1 711 nfil'n Ti TTrt J O C v v / iinptrdtive 1 , , ,, , , . . (rjiH,o;HTe glyaditye inyiHTe shutyitye (P- 215) When the accent in the 1st person singular of the Present is on the stem, then the endings of the Imperative are : 2nd person singular = -L 2nd person plural = -BTC the accent remaining on the stem. Examples : (Verbs of Class I, or e- verbs) Present p-kacy = I cut njiaiy = I weep Imperative plach ' ry6 a shtye njiaibTe plach 'tye (p. 296) (p. 321) 1 Infinitive MOJinaTb, present MOJIH^, MOJIIHTB, 2 The short form rjiHb ! is also used = behold I 32 THE FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE (Verbs of Class II, or H- verbs) Present rox6BJiK) = I prepare Kpamy = I paint (roTOBs gato'f Kpact kraV Imperative i , ,,.,,, , . . , (roTOBBTe gato'f tye KpactTe kra's tye (p. 283) (p. 234) When the stem ends in a vowel, wherever the accent be, then the endings of the Imperative are : 2nd person singular = -ft 2nd person plural = -fiTe i.e. they form a diphthong with the stem. In those cases where the personal ending of the 1st person singular of the Present is accented, or where the final vowel of the stem is accented, the accent remains on the Imperative diphthong-ending ; where the accent on the Present is further back, that on the Imperative is also further back. Examples : (Verbs of Class I, or e- verbs *) Present myMaio = I think pncyio = I draw . (fly Matt dumai pHcyfi risu IflyMafiTe dumaitye pHcyirre risuitye (cf. p. 34) (cf. p. 37) (Verbs of Class II, or H-verbs) Present (CTOIO) (stand, wait ! 6oroct> 2 = I /ear 2 T . (cT6n jstoi 668ca b6isya (cToflTe (stoitye Sofiiecb boityes' (p. 116) (p. 319) 1 The imperative of dbio (6nTb, of. pp. 20, 22) is irregular, cf. p. 201. 2 Cf. p. 25. 33 CHAPTER 9 THE FORMATION OF THE INFINITIVE The greatest difficulty for the beginner is not so much in the varieties of the Present as in those of the Infinitive. As a rule only the Infinitive of the verbs is given in the dictionaries, and the beginner is naturally inclined to deduce the Present from the Infinitive according to the model of any verb he may happen to know. This is impossible. For instance, he knows the common verb wraxB = to read, which has the Present iHTaro ; he will naturally try to form a Present from any other Infinitive in -a-n>, e.g. cjiaxt = to send, in the same way, and inevitably feels discouraged on finding the Present is not *cjiaro, but nuiro (cf. p. 22). Conversely, of course, it is impossible to deduce the Infinitive from a knowledge of the Present. Now the number of verbs like cjiaib is strictly limited, but in Russian, as in other European languages, it is just these short, so-called ' irregular ' verbs, which are the commonest and the most useful. The beginner is therefore recommended to make notes of such verbs whenever he comes across them. He will soon find that he has exhausted them, and also that many such verbs have other verbs derived from them, often equally common, which go ' regularly ' according to the model. For instance, he will before long discover that from cjiau> there is a derivative verb nocHJiaib which means the same as its parent verb and is just as common, and has the Present nocHJiaro, on the analogy of 1809-1 34 THE FORMATION OF THE INFINITIVE On the other hand he will find that there are numerous compounds of cjiaiB which are conjugated just like it. In the following chapters it is not proposed to depress the student with lists of Infinitives the Presents of which follow one or the other model, and further lists of the inevitable and usually more important exceptions. It is intended rather to show the broad characteristics of the various groups of verbs as illustrated by their Infinitives. CHAPTER 10 INFINITIVES IN -ATb The vast majority of Russian verbs end in -ait, and they fall into several sub-divisions (cf. reference on p. 39). I There is, first of all, the large number of simple verbs, imperfective in aspect, many of them derived from nouns, which follow the model given on p. 22, e.g. : 3HaTt>, sHaro (p. 173) = to know wraTt, iHTaio (p. 224) = to read flyMaTb,flyMaK)(cf.p.l91)= to think (derived from my Ma (j.) = a thought] H^JiaTB, Hanaro (p. 251) = to do, make (derived from fl^Jio (n.) = deed, work, affair, business) pa6oTaTB, pa66iaK> (p. 253) = to work (derived from pa66ia (/.) = work) Also a few verbs in class II. see pp. 3, 26, 156, 217, 275, 297. INFINITIVES IN -ATB 35 II Then there are the verbs formed directly from these by the addition to them of propositions, and perfective in aspect (cf. pp. 5, 7), e.g. : yanaxb, ysHaro (p. 173) =tofind out npoHHxaxb, npoiHxaro (p. 224) = to read through nepewraxb, nepeinxaro = to read over noflyiviaxb, no^yMaro = to think for a bit , paa^yMaro = to change one's mind ijiaio (p. 251) = to do, accomplish , nepe^ijiaio to do over again sapa66xaxb, sapaSoxaro = to earn Various other prepositions can, of course, be prefixed to such verbs, each different preposition altering more or less the meaning of the verb, but the verbs themselves still follow the same model : snaxb and Ill Then there is a large number of compound verbs, imper- fective in aspect, formed, by the addition of prepositions (each slightly altering the meaning of the verb), and by the amplification of the verb-stem or root, from the more difficult, so-called ' irregular ' simple verbs, e.g. : (6paxb) co6npaTb, co6Hparo (p. 167) = to collect (BJieib) npHBJieKaib, npHBJieKaio = to attract (rHecra) yrHexaTb, yrHexaro = to oppress (acflaxb) oacHflaxb, oacHAaH) (p. 304) = to await (aceib) saacHraxb, aaacHraio (p. 283) = to light ) npojKHBaxb, npojKHBaro (p. 313)= to stay, sojourn noMoraxb, noMoraro (p. 60) = to help D2 36 INFINITIVES IN -ATE. HasBiBaTB, Ha3tiBaio (p. 265) = to call by name naiiraaTB, HaiHEaro (p. 259) = to begin TB, npHHHMaio (p. 169)= to receive nocHJiaTB, noc&maio (p. 236) = to send (yMepeiB) yMHpaTB, yMnparo (p. 318) = to die (KynHTB) noKynaTB, noKynaro (p. 202) = to buy (cnaxB) sacbinaTB, sacbinaro (p. 275) = to fall asleep CHAPTER 11 INFINITIVES IN -BATL The largest sub-division of the verbs in -aiB consists of those with Infinitives in -saTB (-nsaTB, -LisaTB, -feaTB). These are, first, mostly compound verbs, imperfective in aspect, derived from verbs with stems ending in a vowel, e.g. : (BHTB) pasBHBaxB, pasBHBaio (p. 327) = to develop (6HTB) y6nBaTB, y6HBaio (p. 318) = to kill (MBITB) yMHBaxB, yMBiBaro (p. 276) = to wash (KPBITB) saKpHBaxB, saKpBiBaro (p. 278) = to close (6tiTB) SBiBaiB, 6BiBaio (p. 292) = \tobefrequently 1 or habitually (fl'B'TB) na^BaTB, Ha^'lBaio (pp. 143, 144) = to put on (nfoB) san-B-BaiB, san^Baio (p. 235) = to start singing N.B. In the case of the verbs ssaTB (pres. sosy), HasHBaiB = to call, and HCHTB (pres. JKHBy), npoHBaiB = to live, dwell, stay, the B is part of the original root of the word. Secondly, it includes a very large number of imperfective compound verbs, often with frequentative meaning, which are formed from simple verbs and have Infinitives ending in -BiBaTB and -HBaiB, such as : INFINITIVES IN -BAIL 37 npOHHTBiBaro = to read through pasflyMBreaio = to hesitate nofl'EJiBiBaK) l = to do 1 , nepeft'EJiBiBaio = to do over again 3apa6aTHBaTB 2 , 3apa6aTBiBaio 2 = to earn ocMarpHBaTB 2 , ocMa/rpHBaio 2 = to examine (derived from CMOipiTB = to look, p. 208) paaroBapHBaTB, 2 paaroBapHBaio 2 = to converse (derived from roBopniB = to speak, p. 185) Compound verbs of this category which are derived from simple verbs of the second class with the Infinitive in -HTB show throughout the verb the same phonetic peculiarities as the first person singular of the simple verb, e.g. : (rOTOBHTB, rOTOBJIK), p. 283) BaroTaBJTHBaTB, saroTaBJiHBaio = to prepare (cnpocHTB, cnporay, p. 266) cnpanmBaxB, cnparnHBaro = to ask , njiaiy, p. 205) ynjiaiHBaio = to pay back Thirdly, the numerous derivative verbs in -osaTB and -esaTB are of different formation, and their Presents, though also of the first class, are characterized by the appearance of the syllables -osa- and -esa- of the Infinitive as -y- and -ro- throughout the Present and Imperative, 3 e.g. : 1 For the colloquial meaning of this verb of. p. 253. 2 The o of the last syllable of those stems containing this letter becomes a in the amplified derivative form ; this a always bears the accent. 3 N.B. The verb 3AOp6BaTbCH=to greet (cf. p. 314) does not come under this rule because here the letters -OB are part of the root of the word. 38 INFINITIVES IN -BATB Kyro, KyM = to forge, shoe B, pacyio, pncytt = to draw (design) , Tamryio, Tannyft = to dance coB-BTOBaTB, coB'ETyH), coB r ETyft = to advise , njiroio, njnofi = to spit , BOIOK), BOioft = to make war The verbs in -esaTB occasionally have -y- in the Present and Imperative for phonetic reasons : HOieBaxB, Hoiyio, noiyft = to spend the night To this category of verbs belong a large number of verbs of comparatively recent formation derived from foreign languages, e.g. : peKOMeHflOBaTB, peKOMCHflyio = to recommend, introduce KOHKypiipoBaTB, KOHKypiipyio = to compete {to redecorate (rooms) = pCMOHTHpOBaTb, ./is (to repair (houses) Compound verbs derived direct from those in -OBaiB and -esaTB by the addition of prepositions, and perfective in aspect, follow the same conjugation, e.g. : pacKOBaTB, pacKyro = to unshoe, unforge nepepncoBaxB, nepepncyio = to re-draw HapncoBaTB, Hapncyio = to make a sketch HanjiesaTB, nanjuoio = to spit upon , aaBoroio = to conquer nepeHo^yro = to spend one night to which verbs also belongs by its formation : ynaKOBaTB, ynaKyro = to pack a parcel But verbs derived from these and further amplified, frequentative and imperfective in aspect, again revert to the first model, e.g. : INFINITIVES IN -BATB 39 pacKOBHBaib, pacKOBHBaio = to unshoe nepepncoBHBaTb, 1 nepepHCOBbiBaro 1 = to re-draw HapncoBHBaTb, HapncoBbiBaio = to sketch Hanjie'Bbreaio = to spit about saBoeBHBaio = to conquer ynaKOBHBaTb, ynaKOBbiBaro = to pack parcels It will be noticed that some verbs in -HBaib have two forms of the Present and both are used, e.g. : ( saBifftiBaio ) to look after, con- i \ = ( or aaB'Eflyio I trol, manage = to experience or .. , ( o6fl3HBaio ) , 7 . o6fl3biBaTb \ = to obhqe { or ooasyio j Three verbs in -BaTb, which have numerous compounds, are all imperfective and drop the syllable -Ba- in the Present, but retain it in the Imperative ; these are : Infinitive Present Imperative ftaBaTL flaro ffasaft =foacHaio = to explain nonpaBJiaTB, nonpaBJiaio = to correct noBTOpaxt, noBTOpaio = to repeat But cf. pp. 115, 167-171, 319, 321, and E.G., p. 153. Infinitives in -(ep)exB There are only four of these. They all belong to the 1st or e-class and follow the model : ipy, The two most important are given on pp. 280, 318 ; they are referred to on p. 154 of the R. G. Infinitives in -- Many verbs in -^TB are derived from adjectives and denote a gradual process ; they belong to the first or e-class and are imperfective : eMH^eTB = to grow dark , xyfliro = to grow thin , nojnrEH) = to grow fat ciap-BTB, cxap-lro = to grow old INFINITIVES IN -HTt, -HTb, -OTb, -(H)yTB 41 With the addition of the prefix no- these become perfective (cf. p. 123). The most important variations will be found on pp. 63, 143, 160, 177, 208, 215, 235, 241, 281, 284, 301. Infinitives in -BTTB There are only very few of these ; they belong to the 1st or e-class and mostly follow the verb : MBITB, MOK) =to wash (transitive) For variations and other examples cf. pp. 250, 278, 292. All the verbs in -HTB are given on pp. 151, 156, of the R. G. Infinitives in -HTB The large majority of the verbs in -HTB belong to the 2nd or n-class, cf. pp. 24-29. The most important varia- tions will be found on pp. 199, 201, 277. Infinitives in -OTB There are only five of these, and they are not very common verbs. They belong to the 1st or e-class and follow the model : KOJi6TB, KOJIK), KOJierb = to pierce, to prick For the other verbs of this kind cf. R. G., p. 155, where they are all given. Infinitives in -(H)VTB These all belong to the 1st or e-class and fall into two large categories. The first includes verbs which are imperfective and denote a gradual process ; these are the so-called inchoative verbs, such as : MepsHVTB, Mep3Hy, Mep3HerL = fo be or get frozen, very cold The second includes verbs which quite on the contrary, curiously enough, are perfective and denote an instan- 42 INFINITIVES IN -TH, -TB, -HB taneous action ; these are the so-called semelf active verbs, such as : KHHVTB, KHHy, KHHeT'b = to fling There are only very few verbs which end in -VTB (i.e. not in -HJTB), e.g. : , flyro, fly era = to blow CHAPTER 13 INFINITIVES IN -TH, -Tt>, -HB There is another group of Infinitives which must be specially mentioned. These belong to those verbs in which the Infinitive ending -TB follows immediately on a stem which ends in a consonant. In some such cases the two consonants have undergone phonetic changes, so that the Infinitive appears disguised, in others the accent has shifted to the Infinitive, so that it appears not as -TB but as -TH. Such verbs (they are all given in E. G. 88) are : Stems in -6 rpecra rpe6y rpe6e'T f & row Stems in -r 6epen& (p. 30) 6epery 6epejKe'Ti> keep 3KC1B (p. 283) SKry jKJKe'T'b burn (trans.) CTPHHB (p. 278) CTpnry CTpHJKe'Ti, shear MOIB (pp. 54-59) Mory MOJEera be able (pp. 154-156) nary najKeTT. lie down INFINITIVES IN -TH, -TB, -HL 43 Stems in -R (pp. 149-153) KJia^y KJia^eT'L put nacTB (pp. 299, 300) na^y naflerB fall BGCTH * (pp. 112-114) Be,ny BefferB lead HTTH 2 (pp. 73-83, 99) H^y HfleTTi go eicTB (pp. 158, 159) Stems in -3 BC3TH l (p. 109) sesy Beser-B convey Stems in -K (pp. 23, 30, 198) neicy neqe'TL bake Stems in -c H 1 (pp. 104-106) necy Heceii carry Stems in -T MCCTH (p. 4&) Mexy Meie'Tt sweep npoiecib (p. 224) npoTry npOHTerL read through pacTH (p. 47) pacxy pacTe'T^ grow In the case of the stems in -r and -K, -rrt and -KTb have combined to form -IB, e.g. MOIB from *MorrB. In the case of the stems in -6, -ff, and -T dissimilation or differentiation has occurred (except in the case of HTTH), i.e. -^TB or -^TH and -TTB or -TTH have become -CTB or -CTH, e.g. KJiacTB from *KJia^TB, BecTH from *Beflra, MCCTH from *MeTTH, -6TH becomes -CTH, e.g. rpecra from *rpe6rH. 1 In composition with prepositions these sometimes appear as -Been,, -BeaTb, -necTb, e.g. npHHecTb or npHH6CTH=/o bring. 2 Also spelt HATH (cf. pp. 21, 30, 47). 44 CHAPTER 14 THE FORMATION OF THE PAST The Past in Russian is really an old form of the Past Participle Active, and not a tense, in the same way that the Present is. It has, therefore, no personal endings, and varies only in gender and number in agreement with the subject of the sentence. In the case of all verbs the Infinitive of which ends in -aTB, -HTB, -diTB, -BITB, -HTb, -OTb it is formed by cutting off the ending -TB of the Infinitive and substituting the following endings : -JTL, -Jia, -Jio ; -JIH The first three are used for any person in the singular, varying according to the gender of the subject ; the fourth is used for all persons of the plural of whichever gender. The accent is usually there where it is in the Infinitive, but sometimes, especially in verbs of one or two syllables, shifts to the ending in the case of the feminine and more rarely also of the neuter, or to the prefix (preposition) in compound verbs, or to the reflexive pronoun -ca in reflexive verbs. Examples (cf. p. 17) : OHI. iHTcWTb = he was reading OHa syMajia = she was thinking OHH inijiajra = they were doing a 3Hajn> = I knew (masc.) OHH CTp6njiH = they were building OHa roBOpHJia = she was speaking, saying THE FORMATION OF THE PAST 45 MH acHjra = we used to live OHH 6pajiH = they used to take a nocjiajr& = I have sent (masc. ; cf . p. 34) ona pncoBajia = she was drawing a pisajia = I was cutting (fern.) OHt nHcajn = he was writing 8TO 1 6HJio = this was, it was ona ui,i.'[;'i = she was OHI 6HJTL = he was OHH 6Hjffl = they were (masc., or masc. and fern.) oni SHJIH = they were (fern.) In the case of the verbs with roots ending in consonants mentioned on pp. 42, 43 the endings of the Past are added immediately to the root, whereupon various changes occur : (1) after 6, r, 3, K, and c, the -JTL of the masculine lapses owing to difficulty of pronunciation, but the other endings remain, e. g. : j^ ( oHt Mort mok = he } } ona Morjia magla = she \ on6 Morji6 maglo = it I OHH MOIMIH maglyi = they ) vyos = he v(y)ezla = she [ was conveying v(y)ez!6 = it Y could (p. 58) inf. (p. 109) inf. H6CTH, H6C- (p. 106) Best "ii;'i Besjia OHO B63JIO OHH B63JIH v(y)ezlyi = they were conveying a Heci ny6s = I was carrying (masc.) TH necjia nyesla = thou wast carrying (fern.) OH6 necjio nyes!6 = it was carrying (neut.) MH necjiH nyeslyf = we were carrying 1 This is much more commonly used for it than on6. 46 THE FORMATION OF THE PAST (2) stems ending in n and T lose their consonants before all four endings of the Past, e.g. : Inf. IOITB BCJTb vy61 = he B6CXH, BejJ- / / ona Bejia v(y)ela =she - was (p. 113) OHO B6JIO OHH B6JIH v(y)e!6 = it . v(y)elyi =ihey leading were inf. / / TVTVW^ITTCT* MP" it myol M6CXH, M6X- J 6a6a Mejia m(y)ela ' was } (p. 43) ] AHXfl M6JIO VJIIOffH M6JIH m(y)elo , m(y)elyi \ sweepin were ) The verbs with Infinitive in -(ep)eTt lose the -ext in the Past, and further the -JI-B of the masculine lapses, e.g. : inf. xepi xepexB xepna to rub 1 T epJio (p. 40) tyor tyorla tyorla tyorlyi /'npocTep'b prastyor to stretch out 11 ? ? P rast y 6r | a . \npocTepJiH prastyorlyi inf. yiaept um(y)er yMepexB ysiepjia um(y)erla to die ymepjio iim(y)erla (p. 318) lyMepJiH iim(y)erlyi inf. /aanepi, aanepexb J sanepjia to bolt ] sanepjio (p. 280) \3anepJiH zap(y)er zap(y)erla zap(y)erla zap(y)erli Of the verbs in -HVXB, those which connote a gradual process (the inchoative verbs, cf. p. 41) drop the syllable -ny-, whereupon in certain cases the -m> of the masculine lapses (cf. p. 45), e.g. : THE FORMATION OF THE PAST 47 inf. Nepal, myors Mepajia myorzla to get frozen i Mepsjio myorzla (p. 285) 1 MepajiH myorzlyi inf. ( CTtui'B styl CTHHyTB J CTHJia styla to grow cold CTHJIO styla (p. 285) I CTHJTH stylyi Those which denote an instantaneous action (the semel- j 'active verbs, cf . p. 15) follow the rule given on p. 44, e.g. : inf. / KHHyjii, kinul . * [ CMeKHyji'L sm(y)ekniil KHHVTB KHHVJia kinula ', I CMeKHVJia sm(y)eknula / i , i , CMeKHVTB { ) J ' to fling KHHyjio kinula . ... cMCKHyjio sm(y)eknula (p. 295) \KHHyjiH kinulyi i CMeKHyjin sm(y)eknulyi But there are exceptions to both these rules, and some verbs have both forms of the Past (cf. E. G., pp. 164, 165). The verbs in -yTB follow the rule given on p. 44. The following verbs must be particularly noticed, as their Pasts are formed somewhat differently : inf. (jie'Fb Iy6k Jieit J jierjia lyegla to lie down j jierao lyeglo (p. 154) VJierjiH lyeglyi inf. aceri) zhok JKrjia zhgla to burn JKFJIO zhglo (p. 283) iacrjra zhglyi inf. /"raejit shol HTTH J nuia shla to go ] mjio shlo (p. 78) iBfitt shlyi inf. poc-L ros l pacTH pocjia rasla 1 to grow pocji6 raslo 1 (p. 313) pOCJIH raslyi l inf. /c-fejit sy6*l C^CTB I cijia sy6 a la to sit down c^Jio sye a la (p. 159) IdbtH sy^lyi inf. / npoiejii prach61 npoiecTL J npoqjia prachla to read through] npoiJi6 prach!6 (p. 226) \ npoqjiH prachlyi 1 Russian c (s) always = 88. 48 CHAPTER 15 THE FORMATION OF THE CONDITIONAL This has been described in the F. E. B., p. 29. It is exactly the same for all verbs in the language. It merely consists in the addition of the particle 6bi (a remnant of the original conditional, long obsolete, of the verb 6HTB = to be) to the Past. This particle can either precede or follow the Past, but it cannot stand alone at the beginning of the sentence. That is to say, if it precedes the verb at the beginning of a sentence, the personal pronoun, which is otherwise some- times omitted, must be retained, or any other word which is the subject must stand first. Whether the particle 6ti precedes or follows the verb the meaning is the same. There is only one form of the Conditional for the past and for the future. Example : , , 7 , ., , 7 , , ... . =1 should write, or should have written or (a) Hanncajn. OH) The particle 6ti can also be attached to a conjunction instead of directly to the Past tense of a verb, e.g. : ecjiH 6u = if xoxa 6bi = even if (XOTH : although) XOTB 6ti = if only, if at least Tr66H = in order that, that ficjiH 6ti BLI HanncajiH HHCBMO Biepa, ona 6u nojiyniraa er6 ceroffHa. If you had written the letter yesterday, she would have received it (or would receive it) to-day. THE FORMATION OF THE CONDITIONAL 49 XOTH 6u BH HanHcajra Biepa, ona 6H cero^Ha He nojryqiijia. Even if you had written yesterday, she would not have received (it, or would not receive it) to-day. H HanHcajTL Baivrb, qT66ti BH ysHajra npaB^y. I have written (or wrote] you in order that you should learn the truth. But when the subject of a clause beginning with HTo6bi ( = in order that) is the same as the subject of the principal sentence, then the past tense in the clause is replaced by the infinitive, = 7 don't know whether he is there. Jin followed by JIH = whether . . . or . . . ; in the folk tales the constantly repeated phrase : JIH, KOPOTKO JIH = in course of time (lit. whether long, or short) QUESTIONS 51 The particle JIH is in verse often curtailed to -JIB, and is then usually joined to the preceding word by a hyphen. Questions in conversation are more frequently asked without this particle than with it. In such cases the ordinary order of words is followed, pronoun first and verb second, and the question is indicated by the tone of voice : BLI 3Haeie, lyr/fr OHa ? = do you know where she is? BH noHHMaeie no-aHrJiiftcKH ? = do you understand English ? CHAPTER 17 NEGATIONS The sign of the negative is He. This always precedes the word which is negatived, and it can stand at the beginning of a sentence : ,3 HC 3Haio = I don't know. He SHaeie JIH BH ? = do you not know ? He OHT> roBOpHJTL = it was not he who was speaking. He roBopHJTL = he was not speaking. In Russian two negatives are often required where we only use one : HHKTO He 3HaerB = no one knows. fl HHKoro HC 3Haro = I don't know anybody. OHT> HHiero He roBopiirL = he says nothing. Neither . . . nor . . . = HH . . . HH . . . H ne yM^ro HH Hrpaib HH n r feTb = I can't play or sing (cf. p. 177). E2 52 NEGATIONS The particle HH alone is often used in indefinite sentences where in English there is no negative : ^TO BH HH CKajKexe, a saM'B He noB-tpio. 1 Whatever you say (p. 185) I shall not believe you (lit. what you not shall say}. The conditional, referring to the present or future, is often used in such sentences : " KHU? Sa vn\ Kxl frt-wt* Ki6 6ti OHt HH SbBTb = whoever he may be. KTO 6bi ona HH 6braa = whoever she may be. 6bi TO HH 6bino = whatever it be (sc. anything, it doesn't matter what). O 6&i Bbi HH roBopiraH = whatever you may say. This HTO must not be confused with Tr66bi = in order that, cf. pp. 41, 49. See note on p. 59. It is very important to distinguish words beginning with the syllables HH-, He-, (and H-B-) : fl HHKoro He cnpomy=I shall ask (cf. p. 266) no one. HeKoro cnpocHTb = there is no one to ask. Si HHiero ne roBOpro = I say nothing. Heiero roBOpHTB = there 's nothing to be said, there 's no denying it. 51 HHKorjja ne iHTaro = I never read. HeKorfla HHTaTB = there is no time to read. H H-EKorfla 2 MHoro iHTant = at one time (formerly) I used to read a lot. When pronouns such as HHKTO (no one), HHITO (nothing, but scarcely ever used in the nominative), HHKaKoii (of no 1 BipHTb (ipfo. ; pres. B-fepIO, B-fepUTt, B-fepHTt, past B'kpHJTb, imper. B^pbTe), nos'BpHTb (pfv.)=to believe, takes the dative. 2 Cf. the root H-B- in words like H-BKOTOpbiii=a certain. NEGATIONS 53 kind), and neKoro and neiero are governed by a preposition, the latter is inserted between HH and the rest of the word, e.g. : OHI> ociajica HH ct TEMI* = he remained with nothing (sc. got snubbed). 9ro HH na HTO ne nox6jKe = that is not like anything (sc. is intolerable, monstrous). KaKi, 67,0,10 HH Bt qem> He fiHBajio = as though nothing had happened, quite unruffled (lit. as though it had never been in nothing, cf . p. 292). HH Bt KaKOJTB cjiy^a-B = inno case, not under any circum- stances. HH 3a. Tr6 (ace.) Ha CB^T'B = not for anything in the world, not in these trousers. ' Bjiaroflapro sact oient ! ' ' He aa ITO (ace.) ! ' 'I thank you very much ! ' ' Don't mention it ' (lit. there is nothing for what, sc. to thank). There is a rule that the object in a negative sentence must always be in the genitive, and generally speaking this is adhered to. In the case of animate beings in the singular and plural of the masculine and the plural of the feminine, the accusative and genitive are in any case identical (cf. F. E. B., p. 164). It is with inanimate masculine things and the singular of feminine nouns and adjectives that doubt sometimes arises. It is always correct to say, for instance : H ne BHJKy r6po.ua = I can't (or don't) see the (or a) town. H ne cjiHmy n6^3Aa = I can't (or don't) hear the (or a) train. fl ea HC SHaro = I don't know her. But in practice this rule both in literature and in conversa- 54 NEGATIONS tion is rather loosely observed. For instance, it is possible to say : OHT> He Jirodnrb csoeft JKCHbi ) _ He does not love (or like) or Ont ne JiK)6Hrt CBOIO SKeny j Ms wife. a He Mory wraTB 9ioft wrfni j =I ^ read m ^ or a He Mory HHxaTB axy KHHry J j ^ Such instances are often to be explained by the fact that the verb may be looked at in various ways. Thus He JnoSHTB may mean either he does not love, does not care for, or else dislikes. In He Mory HHTaib the emphasis may be either on I can't or else on the word read ; in the latter case the accusative is preferred. As a general rule it may be said that while it is never wrong to put the object in the genitive, it sometimes sounds a little pedantic. In colloquial conversation the accusative is often used where the genitive is strictly correct. For examples of the verbs to be and to have used nega- tively, cf. F. R. B., chapters 32 and 41. CHAPTER 18 TO BE ABLE, I CAN: MOHb.MOrV Infinitive f- C . [MOIL mo^h'] Present (a) Mory magii (TH) MOJKenit mozhesh (OHI>) MOMKeTt m6zhet (MH) MoiKeMi* m6zhem (BH) Moacexe mozhetye (OHH) Moryxt mogut a * vi jv Ceb&jOt, [CM01B CMory smagu &c. TO BE ABLE, I CAN 66 Imperfective Perfective Past (OHI) Morb mok CMOPB smok (ona) Morjia magla &c. (OHO) MOFJIO maglo (OHH) MOFJIH niaglyi Present (In such phrases as I can see, I can hear, the presents of the verbs BH^TB and cjiBimaiB are usually sufficient without Mory, cf. pp. 208, 218.) MoJKerB SBITB or SBITB Moacert (abbrev. : M.6.). It may be (this is the ordinary phrase for perhaps). 9xo He MoacerB 6im>. MOSKCTB cjiyiHTBca. It cannot be. It may happen. M6JK6TC JTH BH MH-fe CKa3aTb ? o6l.flCHHTI> MH^ ? Can you tell me ? explain to me ? H Mory BaMi> CKaaaTB ; ne Mory saMt CKaaaTt. I can tell you ; (I) cannot tell you. H He Mory noHHTb Bact. I cannot understand you. H HC Mory snaib, 6apHH'b (6apHHH, SaptirnHfl). I can't tell (lit. know), sir (madam, miss). H aioro Tepn^TB ne Mory. I can't stand (lit. suffer, endure) this. H HHrA 1 ! ne Mory Hafira CBOHX-B Bem^tt. I can't find my things anywhere (lit. nowhere). M6SK6Te JIH BBI HattTH MH^ BKBeMnJIfll. ^TOft KHHTH ? fl H6 BaMT> Can you find me a copy of this book ? 1 can't promise you. 56 TO BE ABLE, I CAN H ne Mory^ sanjiaTHTB Baart Tenept. I can't pay you now. H (ne) Mory npiflTH ceroflna oS^aTB. I can(not) come and dine to-day. Oxiero BH He M63Keie npiflTH ceroflHa ? Why can't you come to-day ? EMJ TaKt HJIOXO, TOO OHI ne MOSKCTI. BLIXO^HTB. He is so bad that he can't go out (of doors). BH M6JK6T6 8TO Cfl'EJiaTB fljia MCHa ceroAHa ? Can you do this for me to-day ? BH ne MOJKexe 066^ npe^ciaBHTB, Kani. STO xopomo. You cannot imagine how nice it is. P^-E a Mory KynaTB nannpocfci (MapKH, OTKPHTKH) ? Where can I buy cigarettes (stamps, postcards) ? Fflij a Mor^ HaflTH TaKyro BemB (xaicia Bem;H) ? Where can I find a thing like this (things like these) ? BH Moaceie oSimjaTB ? H He Mory pasoSpaiB. Can you promise ? I cannot decipher (make out). BH MOJKeie 9x0 sepJKaTB p;jia Mena na Can you hold this for me for a minute ? H (He) Mory BaMt axo odtacHHTB. I can(not) explain this to you. H ne Mory no^HaTB OTOTB cyn^yKi. (9iy I cannot lift this chest (this load). H ne Mory aio HCCTH O^HH'B (fern. I can't carry this alone. H ne Mory saiBOpHTB (OTBOPHTB) 3Ty I cannot shut (open) this door. TO BE ABLE, I CAN 57 fl ne Mory saicpHTB (OTKPHTB) I cannot close (open) this drawer. H ne Mory aaMKHyTL (oTOMKHyrt) aio-rb I cannot lock (unlock) this trunk (or bag). For phrases such as : I cannot help, cf. p. 62. For phrases such as : to be able to talk languages, cf. pp. 178, 186. Future (Ipjv.) The verb 6yffy is not used with MOIB, and so a paraphrase has to be employed : OHI fltfjiro He 6yAer& BT> cocToaniH ixaTt. He will not be able to travel /or a long time yet. Ona ne dy^erL Bt cocToamn ITETL aaBipa. She will not be able to sing to-morrow. (BHTL BI cocToaniH = to be in a position, condition^ cf .p. 117. ) Future (PJv.) The perfective verb CMory = I shall be able, is seldom used. The present often takes its place, as in English, e.g. : H Mory nottTH Tyfla saBTpa. I can go there (lit. thither) to-morrow. ficjiH (a) Mory, TO (a) npn^y saBipa. Ij I can, then I will come to-morrow. CJIH BH Moaceie 310 c^ijiaTb, a 6yfly BaTL 6qeni> 6jiaro- HapeHi> (fern. 6jiaroffapHa). Ij you can do this, I shall be very grateful. In such phrases I can really stands for I shall be able in both languages. The verbs cyRrlro = I shall know how to, and ycniro = I shall have time to, can also be used occasion- ally instead of CMory, cf. pp. 178, 305. 58 TO BE ABLE, I CAN Past (Ipjv.) H OHCHB SKaJI^H), 1TO BBI H6 MOFJIH npiMTH B I am very sorry that you were unable to come yesterday. H HHrfl'E He MOFB naftTH Baa&. I couldn't find you anywhere. Ona HHiero He Moraa HaMi> She couldn't tell us anything. MBI HHKoro He MOFJIH BHflijTB. We couldn't see any one. HHKTO He Mora Mena HOHHTB. Nobody could understand me. H He MOFE. cjiBiniaxt, HTO OHI, roBOpHJit (cf. note on p. 59). I couldn't hear what he was saying. Past (PJv.) This is very seldom used ; cf. pp. 178, 305. Conditional (Ipjv.), cf. pp. 48, 49. ficjinSti a MOPL, TO a 6ti npHmejiii. If I had been able, I should (have) come. cjiH6ti a.Mort, TO a 6u nomejit. If I could, I should go (or have gone). BLI 6u MOFJIH npifiTH, ecjinSLi BBI xoTfen. You could (have) come, if you (had) wished. The conditional can be used with reference either to the past or to the future, and such sentences as those given above can be translated either way, according to the general context. The Infinitives of these verbs are very seldom used. TO BE ABLE, I CAN 59 Cognate expressions MOJKHO = one may, it is possible, permitted. M6JKHO CKasaTB = one may say. M6JKHO KypHTB ? = may one smoke ? MOJKHO MH^ nonpocHTB Bad* ? = may 1 ask you ? MOJKHO, TO" JIBKO ocTOp6jKHO = you may, but be care/ul (prov.) [HejiB3H = one may not, one can't, it is impossible, forbidden, is commoner than He MOJKHO. HenBsa KypHTB = one mayn't smoke. HejiBsa Tjffa BXOAHTB = it is forbidden to enter there. HejiBsa xaM-L xoflHTB = you mayn't walk about there.] Bo3M6acHO = it is possible ; BOSMOJKHOCTB (/.) = possibility. Bo3M6jKHO, qio OH-B npHfl,erB : it is possible that he will come. C)TO OHCHB (COBC'BM'B) B03MOJKHO = that is very (quite) pos- sible. HeB03M6jKHO = it is impossible. cfro H6B03M6JKHO = that is impossible. HeB03M6jKHO noHHTB = it is impossible to understand. HCBOBMOJKHO, HT66H ^TO 6ujio i a,Kb = it is impossible that this should be so (the conditional is used in this kind of sentence). [B-BpOflTHO = it is probable. HeB^poaTHO = it is improbabk.] NOTE In Russian a comma is always placed before every subordinate sentence ; ITO = what is usually accented in these cases to differentiate it from the conjunction TTO = that. 60 CHAPTER 19 TO HELP: nOMOFATb, HOM6HL Imperfective pamagaV Perfective pamd'ch' pamagayu pamagayet pamagayut noMory pamagii pamozhet pam6gut pamagal pamagala pamagalyi HOMOFL noMorjia HOMorjiH pam6k pamagla pamaglyi pamagitye Infinitive noMoraxb Present (a) noMoraio (oHt) noMoraert (OHH) noMoraioTt Past (OHI) noMoraji-B (ona) noMorana (OHH) noMorajra Imperative [noMorafiTe pamagaitye] noMorHie These verbs are derived directly from MO^L = to be able. Present KT6-HH6yfli> BaMi> noMaraerb ? HHKTO MH-fe He noMaraen,. Does anybody help you ? Nobody helps me. BBI MH-fc (HHCK6jibKo) He HOMoraeie, a T6jibKO Mimaeie. 1 You don't help me (in the least), you only hinder me. ch-o mil 6ieHB HOMaraeTt. That is of great help to me. Future (Ipjv.) KTO 6yfl,erB Basr& noMaraxB ct Bameft paSoioft ? Who is going to help you with your work ? 1 M'feniaTb (ipfv. ; pres. M r feiiiaK)) = to hinder, obstruct, be un- pleasant, HELP 61 Future (PJv.) 8ro HHCKOJIBKO (or HHiero) ne That won't be of the least help. fl noMory BaivrL. BBI MH I will help you. Will you help me ? MH-E KT6-Hn6yffi> naB-kpno (BipoaxH Somebody will be sure to (will probably) help me. Past (Ipjv.) BaMt noMaraji'B KTO-HHSJAB ci BamHMH ypoKaMH ? Did anybody help you with your lessons ? Past (P/tj.) 9ro Baurt CK6jiBKO-HH6yAL noMorji6 ? Did that help you at all ? Oiiero BBI MH^ HC HOMOFJIH ? Why didn't you help me ? Imperative (PJv. ; ipfv. not used) noMorirre MH^ nonecTH TH Bemn ; no^HaTb TO. Help me carry these things ; to lift this. HoMorHTe MH-B OTKPHTL (aaKpHTB) TO OKH6. Help me to open (to shut) this window. Infinitive (Ipjv.) Ona Jn66HTB noMarait ApyrHM-L. She likes helping others. Infinitive (PJv.) IIoMoit BaiTB ? fl He Mor BaMi noM6ib. Shall I help you ? I cannot help you. 62 HELP Ilpomy Bact noMoib MH^ o6i>acHHTbca. I beg you (please) to help me to explain myself. MojKeie JIH BLI JOTE noMoib, nojKajiyfiCTa ? Can you help me, please ? The phrase I cannot help is rendered in Russian as follows : H ne Mory HC KanraaTb, qaxaib, I can't help coughing, sneezing, yawning. H 9TO ff-BJiaiO HCBOJIBHO. I can't help doing it (lit. I do it involuntarily). He^ero fl'SJiaib. Hio-ace (or ^TOJKL) a Mory ^Tbiaib ? or ITO MH-B ^^jiaTB ? It can't be helped. How can I help it ? This verb (noMaraTL, noMoib) cannot be used to render the phrase : to help any one or oneself to food, cf. pp. 151, 164. Cognate word (/)= help '> CT> 6ro n6Mombio= with his help, 6jiaroAapn eaiiiett rioMomn = thanks to your help. CHAPTER 20 TO WANT, TO WISH, SHOULD LIKE: XOTBTb, JKEJIATL This is one of the ' irregular ' verbs ; the first three persons (singular) belong to the e-class, the second three (plural) to the H-class. Next to it is given an alternative (regular) verb meaning to wish, the use of which will be explained later. Both are imper/ective. WANT, WISH, SHOULD LIKE 63 Infinitive \f*~\ KOTOpoMt lacy BH JKejiaeie, 1T66&I Bact pa36yfl,HJiH (BI K. q. BH npHKajKeie pa36y^HTB Bact, cf . pp. 193, 276) ? At what hour do you wish to be called (waked) ? BH XOTHTG (jKejiaeie) em;e *rr6-HH6y,n;B ? Do you want anything further ? BH XOTHTG (sKejiaeie) eme neMHoacKO noKyinaiB ? Do you wish to eat a little more ? (cf . p. 195) H xony eme HCMHOSKKO aioro 6jiioa. I want a little more of this dish ? H xoiy nocjiaTB 9TH Bein;H BI> CTHpKy. I want to send these things to the wash. H xony noflTH BTE> onepy, Bt 6ajieTi>, BT> Teaipi,, B-L Baptexa, fit KHHeMaTorpa$'&, BT> 6aHH. I want to go to the opera, the ballet, the theatre, the music- hall, the cinematograph, the baths. H xoiy no-BxaiB BI> Piiry, Bt MocKBy, Bt Kiesi, Bt FejiL- CHHr^opci,, BI> Bapmasy, BT> ApxaHrejiBCKi> 3 BI> O^eccy. I want to go to Biga, Moscow, Kiev, Helsingjors, Warsaw, Archangel, Odessa. fl xo^y Baci) qio-To (or KOB-^TO) cnpocHTB o6i> a I want to ask you something about this. WANT, WISH, SHOULD LIKE 65 fl xoq^ KVHHTB nannpoc'B, nnrap'B, Ta6aK^, , OTKpBITOK'B, HOTTtiBOH 6jMarH, KOHBe'pTOB'B, to buy some cigarettes, cigars, tobacco, matches, stamps, post-cards, writing-paper, envelopes, ink. H xoiy KOMHaxy ci o^Hoii KpOBaxBio (ci, qHCTyro, CBixjiyio, noKOtoyio, H He CJIHUIK I want a room with one bed (with two beds), clean, light, and quiet, and not too dear. In such phrases as the following the verb XOT^XB followed by cicaaaTB is the equivalent of the English to mean when used of persons (cf. p. 175) : (^ U^rf-)"/6wa j2*^ * ciacxjiHBaro Hosaro r6ffa ! I wish you a happy New Year ! (genitive case) JKejiaro BaMi> scero xop6maro (Bcer6 Jiyimaro) ! I wish you everything good (everything oj the best) ! (A common phrase on saying good-bye or at the end of ajetter.) 1809.1 F Wlt> Ka c6nm4 T^uuW- xtrt&mc*. ,? tfr/fw. srncA. ? J 66 WANT, WISH, SHOULD LIKE UKeaaro BaMt ciacTJiHBaro nyTH ! 3;npaBt>fl Bon voyage ! = I wish you a good journey ! Your health ! An equally common way of conveying good wishes is to use the verb to congratulate, followed by ct and the instrumental case : nosflpaBjraio Baci. ct RHeMt Bamero pojK^eHia, ct Bamero anrejia (ct HMeHiraaMH), CT. XpHCTOBHM'L ! I congratulate you with the day of your birth, with the day oj your angel (namesday, sc. of the saint after whom you were called, which seldom falls on the same day as the birthday), with the Birth of Christ ! = I wish you many happy returns oj the day, a merry Christmas ! Future There is no imperfective future (with 6yy) from the verb XOT-ETB, and that from JKejiaxt is only rarely used. Both verbs have, however, perfective forms, viz. ( = suddenly to conceive a desire) and nojKejiaTB ; the presents of these have future meaning, like those of all other per- fective verbs, but they are not very commonly used. Past (Ipfv.) fl xoT"B,irb Baci. cnpocHTb ; BaMt CKasaTt. I wanted (meant) to ask you ; to tell you. H ne TO xoT^jn> CKasaTb. S xorEJTL noftra Tyfla. I didn't mean that. I wanted (meant) to go there. Bti ITO XOTTWIH CKaaaTb ? What did you wish to say ? or What did you mean ? H HC XOT'BJTL BaCl> SeSHOKOHTL. 7 didn't want (mean) to disturb (trouble) you. WANT, WISH, SHOULD LIKE 67 OH8, 9THM'B XOT-EJia CKasaTB ? What did she mean by that ? ^TO BBI XOTEJIH ceroflHa cfl'EJiaTB ? What did you wish (mean) to do to-day ? MH-B XOT-EJIOCB nonpocHTB Baci, CKaaaiB JOTE. I wanted to ask (beg) you to tell me. Mni OIBHB XOT-EJIOCB HHTB H "BCTB. I was very thirsty and hungry. MH^ ne XOT-EJIOCB BCTaBaiB. I did not want to get up. Past (Pfi>.) ' Saxoi-BJiocB K03JiiiKy BI jiici noryjiaTH.' The little goat took it into his head to go for a stroll in the forest (popular rhyme). MBI noacejiajiH eMy noKofiHoft H6iH. We bade him good-night (of a quiet night). Conditional (Ipfv.) ; cf. pp. 48, 49. H 6tl XOT'BJIl, nOCMOTp'ETB, 1TO OHH TaM"B fl^JiaroTL. I should like to have a look (and see) what they are doing there. BaMt SH xoT'EJiocB noixaTB B-B CnSiipB, na KaBKaa-B ? Would you like to go to Siberia, to the Caucasus ? MH^ 6Bi 6ieHB XOT-BJIOCB noixaTB no B6jirB. I should very much like to travel on the Volga. MH^E XOT'EJIOCB SBI STO KynHTB, r-c.niui.i y MCHH SBIJIH I should like to buy that, if I had the money. MB^E 6u XOT^JIOCB noi^'EJioBaiB I;;H- i,. I should like to kiss you. F 2 ft*. 68 CHAPTER 21 MUST, NEED, OUGHT =HARO, H^JKHO H HP. 1 There are various words to express these : f Haj(o nada :Ha*o6HO nadabna k* is ^ one , , must k nyjKHO nuzhna v j nyel'zya(cf. p. 59) = . ' >/ ( mustn' .(o C He na^o nyenada ) . . . , , , */ \ = it is unnecessary, dont He nyjKHO nyenuzhna j *\\l ' npHxoflHTca prikhodyits(y)a = one /ias to (cf. pp. 83, 290) j noipe6oBaTb (infinitive) = to require noipeSyro (present) = I require .tf.(C /* ntaaceHi m. dolzhen \ y \ ^ojKKHa /. dalzhna = ouqht, must J MiL ; i ^ojiJKH6 n. dalzhno (cf. F. E. B., p. 23). \3;oji3KHH pi. dalzhny ( o6a3aH r B m. abyazan ] - oSflsana /. abyazana \ = obliged ' odasaHH pZ. abyazany j slye a duyet = it is correct, proper prinyata ; .v/-. = it is received, proper Present BaMTb Haflo ? Mn-fe HHKy.o.a He naAO ; MH^ na^o Where do you want ( to go) to ? Nowhere ; there. 7_ Mnij Ha^o (HyjKHo) HOHTH xy^a KynHTB qTO-HH6yAi>. / must go there and buy something (cf. E.G., p. 70). 1 =H npoHiH,_emd others, &c. MUST, NEED, OUGHT, HAVE TO 69 3 Hxo BaMi Ha/jo (nyjKHo) ? MH-E miqero ne na^o. What do you want ? I need nothing. u BH qx6-HH6y,n;B noxpeSyexe ? Do you require anything ? )" MH-B lacxo npnxoffHxca SnsaxB xain-B. 1 often have to be there (cf . p. 292 ; it falls to my lot, it happens to me). ' Mni Haflo fleHBra pasMimaxB. He Ha^o ! I have to change some money. No, don't ! MH^ nafto noftxH BBi6pnxBca H o6cxpH%ca. I must go and get a shave and have my hair cut. $ Baiai HCJiBsa xyfta BXO.HHXB, axo sanpemeHo. You must not go in there, it is forbidden. 7 BaMt nejiBsa ixaxB, BH nesftoptiBH. You mustn't travel, you are unwell. r He Haflo paaroBapHBaxB. HejiBBa KypaxB. One mustn't talk. One mayn't smoke. '.' MH^ Ha,n;o (nyjKHo) ceft-qaci nocjiaxB xejierpaMMy. I must immediately send a telegram. '" MH^ Ha^o roBopnxB no xejie^ony. I must speak on the telephone. H flOJUKeH'B HanncaxB HHCBMO. I ought to (have got to) write a letter. .- ^xo BH flOJiJKHH cer6^Ha c^'EJiaxb ? What have you got to do to-day ? \ T Ona flOJUKHa ixaxB aasxpa B^iepOM'B. She has got to go off to-morrow evening. Korfla BH AOJIJKHH ixaxB ? Ky^a MH AOJIJKHBI When have you got to go '/ Where must we go to ? 70 MUST, NEED, OUGHT, HAVE TO 17 CKOJILKO a eaivrB AOJiHceHi, ? How much do I (raasc.) owe you ? How much do I (fern.) owe you ? l JJOJUKH6 6tm>. ^OJDKHO 6HTB saitpBiTo (aanepTo). It must be (sc. I expect). It must be (I expect it 's) shut. [^ fl BaMt 6ieHB o6a3aH r b. H o6a3airb BawrB CKasaTt. I am very much obliged to you. I am obliged to tell you. 1*> BaivTB cji'B.nyeT'B Ty^a HOHTH. You ought to go there (sc. it is worth your while). U He npHHflTO (ne cjiiflyeTi>) axo roBopnib. It is not correct (proper, the thing) to say that. Future t>- HaMi, cicopo naffo 6yAeTi> H^TH ('BxaTt). We shall soon have to go (to start). vi BaMi> (HO) HyjKHO 6yff6Ti, BLI ne JHOJDKHBI 6yAexe. You will (won't) have to, will (won't) need to (or must (not)). i,v MH'B (ne) na^o dyAeTt 3TO c^^JiaTB.irHejibBa Sy^eTt. I shall (not) have to do this. It will be impossible. \V> BaM-B npHffe'Tca (cf . pp. 83, 290) BT> Opjii nepeca^HBaTBca. You will have to change trains at Orel (nom. Ope'jTB, pron. Aryol). "^T fl 6yy o6a3aH-B.^fHaM'B Ha^o 6y,neT i B no^yMaTB. J s/ia^ fee obliged. We shall have to consider a little. 1^ H flyMaro, Haffo SyAeit aTB eny no-66jiBine. I think it will be necessary to give him a little more. 6yA6T-B MH-B axB eMy HTO-HH6yAB Jinnmee ? I feave to give him anything extra ? ~ KaK-B BBI flyMaeTe, npH3,e'Tca JIH MH-B HOHTH Tyjja ? What (how) do you think, shall I have to go there ? MUST, NEED, OUGHT, HAVE TO 71 Past lu Mirk Haflo (HPKHO) SHJIO nocjia/rb sa flOKTOponrs. I had to send for the doctor. ;-, HTO MH-k Haflo 6bbio c^JiaiB ? vHejibaa 6bmo. What ought I to have done ? It was impossible. ^ r EMJ Ha,n,o SHJIO cicasaTb (oSiacHHTt) MH-k. He ought to have told (explained to) me. BaMt ne Ha^o 6tKio CKaaaTb (saTt) eMy. You ought not to have told (given) him. He naffo 6biJio A^TL eMy CTOJIBKO or TaKi, MHOFO. There was no need to give him so much (you should not have given). \>% IIpHniJi6cb (cf. pp. 83, 290) eMy ,u,aTi> 66jibine. ;. Ha^o 6biJio. I had to give him more. It was necessary. i ( o Mn-fe paa-b npHinjjocb iya nottTH. It fell to my lot (I had to, happened to) go there once. Past (specifically imperfective) -< I BaMt Kor^a-HHSyAB npaxoAHJiocb Ty^a no-ixaib ? Have you ever had to go (travel) there ? HHRor^a ne I have never had to (it has never fallen to my lot). tt!> Mirk (lacTo) npHXOffHJiocb I have (often) happened to see, have seen (at some time). Conditional Such phrases as HEAO SMJIO, Hyamo 6biJio do not need the addition of the conditional particle 6u when they are used 72 MUST, NEED, OUGHT, HAVE TO in the sense of ought to have. But it is added when they are used for should have had to : ac/ Mirfe 6bi Haflo 6b'uio y&xaTb paHBme. I should have had to depart sooner (earlier). ^ r BaMi> npHinjiocB 6n ^oporo aanjiaraTB sa aio. You would have had to pay a great deal for that. .- Cji^AOsajio 6u = cjii^yerB = one ought to, it is the proper thing. The particle 6bi added to these words without Sb'rao makes the condition a future one ; such sentences are similar in meaning to those given under the heading Present (cf . also p. 49) : "} Mirk 6ti Haflo BCTaeaTB, oflieaTBca. I really ought to get up, get dressed. t* BBI 6Bi flOJDKHBi Tyfla aarjiflHyiB. You really ought to have a look in there (go and see). 4 4 BaMi> 6&i MAO KynHTB qTo-HH6yff& na naMHTB. You really ought to buy something for a souvenir. But in phrases such as ought not to 6u is superfluous, He Haflo and He nyiKHO being sufficient by themselves. Cognate words a (f.)=necessity ; HyatHHKT, (m.)=W .C. (N.B. this word is not used in conversation except amongst men ; a politer term is y66pnaH (sc. KOMHaTa) = toilet, or copTiipi, (m.).) (/.)= necessity ; H^TT, HaAo6HOCTH=^ere is no need. (f.)=need ; TpeSoBaxt (Tpe6yio) = to demand ; xp66o- (n.)=a demand ; 3,0 BOCTpeSosaHiH (till demand)= Poste Bestante, to be called for. (/.)= obligation. 73 CHAPTER 22 [TO GO (on foot): HTT^ (M.UTH) Imperfective Perfective Infinitive HTTH (or HATH) ittyi HOHTH paityi Present (a) (TBI) (Mil) (Mi) (OHH) Past (OH-B) me'jH> (oHa) rajia (OHH) mjiH Imperative HAHTC idii idyosh idyot idyom idyotye idiit shol shla shlyi nomeji'B nonraa nomjiH paidu paidyosh paidyot paidyom paidyotye paidiit pashdl pashla pashlyi paidyitye idyitye The primary meaning of HTTH is motion by one's own agency ; it may mean either to go or to come. The meaning of HOHTH is rather to go anywhere in particular, to start. Both verbs are used of anything which moves along the ground or of itself, such as human beings, animals, engines, trains, motors, and also of machinery, clocks, watches, roads, &c., but especially of motion on foot. They can never be used specifically of any form of riding, driving, or travelling, nor even of skating. This is the theory, but in practice these verbs, especially noftTH, are nevertheless often used rather more loosely, when the actual means of locomotion, e.g. within the radius of one town, is unknown or may be uncertain. But they must not be used if driving or riding is meant. 74 TO GO Besides those already given these verbs have a consider- able number of secondary meanings. The numerous com- pounds, as well as the verbs for driving, &c., will be given later. The verb HTTH is, further, what is known as an actual or concrete imperjective verb (cf. p. 13) ; this means that it only describes an action which is in actual progress, to be in motion, to be walking in a definite direction. The corresponding, so-called potential, abstract or fre- quentative imperfective verb (cf. p. 13) is XO^HTB. All that has been said above applies also to this verb, but it only describes an action which is habitual or potential, or one which is going on for some time ; it means to be in the habit of going or to be walking about vaguely or aimlessly (to walk about Jor pleasure is ryjiaib, cf. p. 99). From this verb, again, is derived a perfective verb, cxoflHTB, which means to go and return within a short time ; these two verbs are conjugated thus : Infinitive XOflHTb Present (a) xojKy (OHt) XOflHTt (OHH) xoftHT'b Past (OHt) XOflHJTB Imperative (k)hadyit' CXOAHTB skhadyit' (k)hazhii (k)hodyit (k)hodyat cxojKy skhazhu cx6,prc"b skhodyit CXO.HHT'L skhodyat (k)hadyil CXORHJTB skhadyil (k)hadyitye CXOAHTC skhadyitye In order to show more plainly the difference in meaning between these two verbs, HTTH and XO.O.HTB, examples of their use are grouped together under the various tenses. 75 CHAPTER 23 EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THESE VERBS Present y (from HTTH ; primary and literal use) a BH HAe'Te ? H HAy AOM6ft. H HAV ryjurrt. Whither (sc. where) are you going (sc. on foot) ? I am on my way home. I am going for a walk. OiKy.ua BH Hfle'ie ? MH HACM^ HBI ijepKBH. Whence are you coming ? We are coming from church. (Secondary, ' illogical ' use, cf. p. 57, Future, Pfv.) fl Hffy saBipa BI> xeaTpi. I am going to the theatre to-morrow (sc. 1 intend going). OHH Hflyrt K-L HaM'B ceroAHH BT> r6cTH. They are coming to visit us to-day (sc. intend coming). (In both these instances the means of locomotion is not specified, and no stress is laid on it ; it suggests motion on foot, but does not preclude other means.) Thus fl Hfly KI. HHMt Bt rdcTH means I am on my way to see them, but with cer6AHa added : I am going to see them to-day (lit. = fo them as or in amongst guests). (Other uses) ^TOTT, n643ffi> Hfler-B 6ieHt THXO (6iicTpo). This train is going very slowly (quickly). no-EBfla na 3Toft Aoporfe HAyn. M^AJICHHO. The trains on this line go slowly (sc. always). 76 GOlcAND COMING yjKe Hflex'B. KTO Hflerb ? H,n;ex:& KTO-HH6y ( a,b ? T/ie fraiw is already in motion OR -is already in sight. Who goes there ? Is any one coming ? p;6jiro He H^erE (or Hefi,n,e'rb). KTO-TO Hflera. in is long in coming. Some one is coming. Bors HaKOHeu,!) OHI> Hji,eTi>. Hfly, n^y ! There it (or Tie) comes at last. I am coming. [ Hfly xenept. B&i yace H^eie ? I am gfomgr now. You are going already ? Must you go ? ^ojKflt n^e'T-B. H^Tt, He Hfle'Ti. Hfei) jj;ojK,n,a. I< is raining. No, it isn't. It is not raining. Hfle'Tt CHJibHBift CH-hrt. BpeMa HflerB. HHKTO ne H.a.eT'B. It is snowing hard. Time is going. No one is coming. ^Jio H,nerE> xopomo. Barnn qacH HflyrB ? The business is going well. Is your watch going ? 9xo HJiaxLe (KI> H)ett He Hflexi) ; oieHB H^exx. This dress does not suit her ; suits her very well. xoacy (from XOAHXB) BBI xoflHxe Bi) xeaxpt ? (Bn H^exe BI> xeaxpi, ?) Do you go to the theatre ? (Are you going to the theatre ?) H nacxo xosKy Bt xeaxpi (fl H,o,y B-B xeaxpt). I often go to the theatre (I am on my way to the theatre). OHI> IC& HaMi XOflHX'B 016HB pi/l.KO. He very seldom comes to (see) us. OffB KajKflBra A6HB xoflHit Bt KHHeMax6rpa$i. He goes to the cinema every day. (In all these instances motion on foot is indicated, but other means are not precluded.) Vf fae* , caxJ;" /\.T&Vijp~ 'WOtA'C'vj t K^C/OC 1/vvi/wA 78 GOING AND COMING H cerdflHa noftfly KT> HHMI> ct 1 shall go and pay them a visit to-day. CJIH BH noft^eTe, a T6ace noftfly. If you go, I shall go too. KaKb BH ffyMaexe, noH^eTb ;n;oac,a;i> Do i/ow think it will rain to-day ? He noftflerb. no'Es^i ceft-^act J^o, ii won't. The train will start directly. Korfta napoxo^i) noH^ert ? CeroflHa He When will the steamer start ? It won't start to-day. MH nofifleM-B ryjiaib HOCJI^ saBTpaica. We shall go for a walk after lunch. fl noH,u,y nocMOTp-fcrt ; cnaxt ; o^BaTBca. I shall go and have a look ; to bed ; and get dressed. cxoacy (from CXOJJHTB) H cxoacy na noiry ; Ha PHHOKT>. I shall just run round to the post ; to the market. H cxoacy K-& Hemy ce^flHH Ha nojmaca. I shall go and see him to-day for half an hour. Past (Ipfv.) me'jrb 1 (from HTTH) Kyfla BH niJiH ceroflHa yTpoivrt ? fl me'jit Bt 6aHH. Where were you on your way to this morning ? To the baths. Oricy,n;a ona nraa, Kor.ua BH ee BH^^JIH ? Where was she coming from when you saw her ? 1 The root of this word (meA-) is etymologically connected with that of NG Xm COMING 79 H mean. oienb MCflJieHHo no Ha6epejKHofi. I was walking very slowly along the quay. MH nura KT> Baivrb H.'&JIHH laci. We were a whole hour in coming to you (on foot). ffljiH, mjiH. MH ROJiro num. Ona ;n,6.Jiro ne nuia. (We) went on and on. We walked for a long time. She was long in coming. IJ-ijitift flenb mejn> ji,03Kflb. fflejrb cH-ferB. It rained the whole day long. It was snowing. HoibK) mejit flOJK.o.b. fflejii, AOjKAk ? K rained (or was raining) in the night. Has it been raining ? xo.HH.jn> (from xoflHTb) (cf . p. 11) HpjejKfle MH idcTO Ty^a XO,O;HJIH. OKI xo^ajTb Kt neMy 1 . Formerly we often used to go there. He went to see him. BH xoftHJiH Tyfla Koraa-HH6yffb ? Xo^HJit past. Have you ever gone there ? I went (or have been] once. OHT> Kb BaMi> xo^HJit ? XoflH-JTb. He XOAHJTB. Has he ever been to see you ? He has been. He hasn't been. Past (Pfv.) nomejii, (from nofiTH) Kyfla OHI nomejib ? OHH AaBn6 yac6 nomjin. Where has he gone to ? They have been gone a long time. fl Biepa nomejrb BI Teaipt. Homejii. ,HOJKA*>. I went to the theatre yesterday. It has started raining. Ona eme He nomjia. OWL nome'ji'b KI nett BT, r6cTH. She hasn't started yet. He has gone to visit her. OHH noniJiH ryjiaxb. ^^TH HOIHJIH cna-n.. 1 They have gone for a walk. The children have gone to bed. 1 N.B. This does not mean : have gone to sleep, cf. p. 275. 80 GOING AND COMING nonraH KynaT&cfl. IlomeJii. pyraTtca ! The boys have gone to bathe. He started to swear ! (from CXO^HTB) cxoflHJTb Kt napHKMaxepy. He has just gone round to the hairdresser's. CXOflHJTL Kt HHM'B B^iepa iaH HHTL. I went round to have tea with them yesterday. Imperative (Ipfv.) HflHTe (from HTTH) HflHTe cro^a ! Tyfla ! CKOpie ! Come here ! go there ! come (or go) quickly ! He Hflirre ! He H^nre cer6;o;Ha ! Don't go now ! Don't go to-day ! (from XO^HTB) B-L TO M^CTO ne xoflHie ! He XO^HTC Ty^a ! Don't ever go to that place ! Don't go there ! Imperative (Pfv.) noiiflHTe (from HTTH) HoftflHTe (or no^HTe) cro^a ! IIoH.neM'B-Te ! Come here [peremptory] / Let 's go ! IIoH.neM'b BI> TeaTpt (cnaTB, KynaTbca, ryjiaTt) ! Let 's go to the theatre (to bed, to bathe, for a walk) ! (Past used as Imperative) nome'jn> ! nomjia co6aica ! Be'gone ! Get away dog ! GOING AND COMING 81 (from CXOAHTB) aa ^KiopOMt, 3a BHHOM-B, Ha PLIHOKI. Go and fetch the doctor, buy some urine, round to the market. Infinitive (Ipfv.) HTTH (commonest, in negative, general, or doubtful expressions, or when walking (not starting) on a single occasion or in a definite direction is implied) Hopa HTTH. Enje pano (Tenept HOS^HO) HTTH. It is time to go. It is yet too early (now too late) to go. H He Mory (ne xoiy) HTTH TJK&. He Hao HTTH. I cannot (don't want to) go there. Don't (you mustn't) go (now). Bti M6Hcere HTTH Ky^a XOTHTB. Jlymne ne HTTH (COBC'EMI). You may go where you like. Better not go (at all). He CT6HTL Tyffa HTTH. Kaici> MH^ HTTH ? It isn't worth while going there. Which is my way ? Bbl XOTHT6 HTTH ? HCBOSMOMKHO HTTH ! Do you want to go (sc. away) ? One can't get along ! Tyfla H6JIL3H HTTH, 9TO CJIHmKOM-L flaJieK6. You can't walk there, it 's too far. BH M6aceTe Ty,na HTTH BCJIH XOTHTC. You can walk there if you like. Tyfld HTTH <5ieHi> A<5Jiro H yTOMHTejibHO. It takes very long and is very tiring to walk there. fl XOH^ H6MH65KKO HTTH. HTTH HaMt ? I want to walk a little. Shall we walk ? 1809.1 GOING AND COMING (Tyfla) HaflO HTTH. Here (to that place) one has to walk (sc. there is no other means of getting there or no thoroughfare). XOflHTB fl ne Mory XO^HTB. HejiBaa Tya XOJJHTB. I can't walk. It is impossible to (you mustn't) go there (ever). H Jiio6jiH) xojjHTB at Teaxpt (na KOHu,epTBi). I like going to the theatre (to concerts). fl (He) JIH)6JIK) MHOrO XOflHTB. I (don't) like walking a lot. Inttnitive (Pfv.) noHTH (from HTTH) (Mni) Ha^o HOHTH TenepB ^OMOH. H xony HOHTH (I) must go home now. I want to go there. MOJKHO HOHTH HOCMOTP^TB ? Jlyqme HOHTH aaBTpa May (I) go and have a look ? Better go to-morrow. H (ne) Mory HOHTH Ty.ua cero^Ha. Haji,o HOHTH I can(not) go there to-day. (I) must go there. IIpejK,n,e TfcMt HOHTH. KaKt HaMt HOHTH Ty^a ? Before going. Which is our way there ? IIoHTH HaM-L TenepB ? BBI ^OJIJKHBI cefi-qaci) HOHTH. Shall we go now ? You must go at once. IIoHTH naM'B cer6ffHa BI onepy ? Ha^o KaKt-m^yflB HOHTH. Shall we go to the opera to-day ? We must manage to go. If there is any doubt the adverb nimiKOMt = on foot can be added : H xoiy Tyjja HOHTH I want to go there on foot. GOING AND COMING 83 Or even thus : Tyjja MOJKHO (na;o;o) One can (must] go there on foot. cxoflHTB (from XO^HTB) BBI Mdttcexe CXOAHTB BT> 6aHK r b aa fteHBraMH ? Can you run round to the bank for the money ? Example of use of both verbs fl Hfly (or notify, or xoiy HOHTH) iy.ua, Kyua u,apB I am going (or shall go or want to go) there where the tsar goes on foot. 1 CHAPTER 24 TO COME (on foot): nPMXOflllTb, IIPIflTfi In the case of numerous compound verbs formed from these two, HTTH and XO^HTB, the compounds of HTTH are perfective, and those of XO,O,HTB imperfective (cf. pp. 88, 246). The commonest is the verb which means specifi- cally to come : Imperfective Infinitive prikhadyit' Perfective npifiTH (or npH^Tii) prityi Present (a) npnxojKy (OH-B) (OHH) Past (OHI) prikhazhii prikh<5dyit prikh6dyat prikhadyfl pridii pridy6t pridiit prish61 -nraa, -nuid ; -nuiii Imperative npHxoflHTe prikhadyitye npHAHTe pridyitye 1 A euphemism for saying : / am going to the W.C. f* O j It isiM. V-t JL , S-* b m *i . 84 TO GOME What has been said of HTTH and XOAHTB as regards their meaning only motion on foot applies also to this verb ; in using this verb motion on foot only is indicated, or else uncertainty as to the means of locomotion is implied, and long distances are precluded. Present OHI> Hacio KI> naMTb npHx6;o;HT"B. He often comes to see us. H npnxojKy do.ua KajK^iiH Beiept. I come here every evening. Bt KOitfpOMt lacy npnxo.nHT'B n6 f B3;o;T> nat PHPH ? At what time does the train from Riga arrive ? II6 r fc3Ai npHxc^HTTb BT> MocKBy Bt nojioBHHy The train gets into Moscow at half -past eight. Future (Ipfv.) BH 6yp,eTe qacio KI> naMt npHxo,n,HT& ? You will often come and see us ? H 66jibine ne 6yy npHxc^HTB (or He npn^y). I shall never come any more. Future (P/0.) 3 npn^y Kt Bawra. sdBipa BCTepOM'B. I shall come and see you to-morrow evening. OHH CKOpo npnji,yrb. OH-L He They will soon be here. He won't come. Koiyja BBI npn^e'Te KT> naivrL When will you come to dine with us ? H 6y,ny at,n;aTi> TyTi>, noKa BH ne npn,a;eTe. I shall wait here until you come. Kn. *AAJ^4/O(a VMOXXdC^VtAr &}4,;u,a BeiepoMt. I like coming here in the evening. Infinitive (PJv.) OHI> (He) Moaceit (Haft-BeTcs, o6 f Em;ajn>) npiftra. He can(not) (he hopes, he promised} to come. H xoiy HenpeM-Birao npiftiH Kt BaMi> saBipa. I want to come and see you to-morrow without jail. EpiftTH MITB ceroAHa ? Kor.ua MH^ npiftTH ? Shall I come to-day ? When shall I come ? / > (m.)= arrival, but N.B. also means a parish. For the impersonal use of npnxoAHTCH, npHAeTCH=owe has to, cf. p. 68. Another very common compound is the verb which means specifically to go away. CHAPTER 25 TO GO AWAY (on foot): VXOA^Tb, VflTft Imperfective Perfective Infinitive yxoRHTB ukhadyit' yflra uityi Present (a) yxoacy ukhazhii yiiAy uidii &c. The same remarks apply to this verb as to npaxoflnxs, npi TO GO AWAY 87 Present BH yjKe yxoAHTe ? Kora noi^i. yxoAHn, ? You are off already ? When does the train leave ? Future (P/u.) rtoisAt ceHiact yHftei-L. ft yftAy xenepB. The train will be off directly. I shall go off now. Past (P/t>.) OHH Ky^a-TO ynura. Kant TOJIBKO BH ynuiH. They have gone off somewhere. As soon as you went away or had gone away. (Ipjv.) Imperative (*/) He yxoflHie 1 YfiAHre orry^a ! Don't go ! Go away from there ! Infinitive (PJv.) KaK-B HaMt yiiTH oicioAa ? H He xoiy yfiiH. How are we to get away from here ? I don't want to go away. Cognate words N.B. VxdAt (m.) has usually the meaning of looking after somebody (e.g. an invalid) ; departure (of a person on foot, of a train) is more often rendered by OTx6Ai ; yxawHBaTb aa K^MT. = to tend anybody, and also = to flirt with anybody. HoxdjK'B (m., noxoma,/., nox6>Ke, n. ; noxo>KH, pl.) = like; OHa 6neHb nox6>Ka Ha CBOK MaTb=Ae is very like her mother (resembles). IIox6AT> (m.) = a campaign; noxdAKa (f.) = gait; to resemble. CHAPTER 26 OTHER COMPOUNDS OF XOflliTb AND MTTH Other compounds and cognate words are : v.), BOHTH (pfv., past : Bojnejri)) = to enter ; (m.) = entrance, B. deanjiaTent = entrance free ; aio He j^ = that won't go in there (sc. is too big) ; KOMHaiy = I come into the room. T. BcxoflHTb (or BOCxoflHTb), B30HTH = to rise (of the sun) ; cojraue B3oniJio = the sun has risen ; Bocxdft'b " XT " sunrise. Ill BbifiiH (past : Bbimejit) = to go out ; Bbixo^-b KOMHaTbi = I go out of the room ; ITO H3i> aioro Bbift^erb (Bb'muio) ? = what will come (came) of that, what will be (was) the result ? 14 JJoxoffHTb, 3,oitTH = to reach ; floxo.n.'b (m.) = income ; Kor.ua no^SAt ff OXOAHTI (Aoftfle'Tt) so MOCKBH ? = w/ien does (will) the train reach Moscow ? JVEJIO AOHIJIO ^ T oro, HTO OHH noccopnjiHCb = things reached such a pitch, that they had a row ; Kor^a BH ^OH^e'ie 3,0 yrjia, noBepHirre nanpaBO = when you get to the corner, turn to the right. 5" BaxoflHTb, 3aHTH = to go behind, to set (of the sun), to call on ; saxoftTb (or saKarb, m.) cojimja = sunset ; cojiHu.e sanuio = the sun has set ; a same'jrb KI> Bant na MHHyToiKy = I have dropped in on you for a minute ; saftfliiTe KI> HaMi> Korji,a-HH6yfl,b = come and look us up some time. HaxoflHTb, HafiTH = to find ; + ca, + Cb = to fee,!cf . pp. 288-292. 7 HcxoftHTb, H30fiTii = to go out (very seldom used). aioro o6oiifl,eMca (odoaftexecb) = we (you) J^-rvwrWC* OTHER COMPOUNDS OF TO GO 89 will manage without that ; ftiwio o6omji6ct xopomo = the affair 'passed off all right ; OHI> AypHO o6xo,HHTca co MHofi = he treats me badly ; HeoSxoflHMO = indispensable. OxxoflHTb, OTOHTH (oTomejit) = to go away ; n6 i fe3fl,i> 01x6- (or yxoftHT-b) OTcro.na BI naxb iac6B = ^e train leaves here at five o'clock. "EepexoflHTb, nepeftTH = fo cross over ; nepexoA'B (m.) = pas- sage, crossing ; nepefifleM-b Ha iy CT<5pony = let us cross over (sc. on foot) to the other side. , noflofiTH = to approach ; KT6-TO KO MH^ no^o- mejn> = somebody came up to me. HTH = fo pass (by) BpeMfl npox6flHT'L= time passes ; OHH nponuiH MHMO Hamero ^M&^they passed our house (sc. on foot) ; used reflexively : a xoiy HeMHOJKKO npofiTHCB = I want to go for a little turn. l-J PacxoAHTLca, pa30HTHCt = fo part ; BC^ TOCTH pa3onuiHCB = all the guests have departed (sc. in different directions) ; Aop6rn a^ct pacx6^aTca = ffee roads divide here ; H (m. pi. ) = expenses. .^ (N.B. ipfv.), cottra (j)jv.) = to comedown off', c-b yna cxo^HTb (cofiTH) = HHMI, conuiHCb = we became acquainted (lit. came together) ; a ct HHMT> come'Jica = I giof to know him. (This verb is not to be confused with cxomrrb pfv., cf. p. 74). _ . ~ ouu Kt> wn, t>y***! Double compounds : npeB30ttTH = to excel ; npeBOCxdflHO = excel- lently, splendidly, Al, top hole ; IIpeeocxoAHreJibCTBo (n.) = Excellency, BbicoKonpeBocxoflirrejibCTBO = Noble Excellency. " ** ^rX*3IlMTJD C'XOl^rlXb XOjUtl 1 .b These two are conjugated thus : Imperfective Perfective Infinitive ia^HTb ye^zdyit* ri.i.:i,urn> sye'zdyit' Present (a) iajKy ye a zzhu ctiasKy sy6 a zzhu (OHT>) iaflHrb ye'zdyit cvksflHrb sye^zdyit (OHH) 'iaflHT'b ye^zdyat ci>^3ffflTb sy6'zdyat Past (OHI>) 'ksftHJib ye'zdyil ctiBflHJTb sye^zdyil Imperative ^3f(WTQ ye'zdyitye C^BAHTC sy6'zdyitye N.B. To travel (in general) = nyTeui6cTBOBatb (ipfv.). 92 CHAPTER 28 EXAMPLES OF THE USE OP THESE VERBS Examples of the two verbs, -ExaTb and feflHTt are grouped together under the various tenses more plainly to show the difference in meaning : Present (cf. p. 75) ifly (from 4xaTt ; primary and literal use) Kyfla BH i^eie ? 3 i^y Bt JIoHfloitt.. Where are you going to (sc. travelling, riding, or driving) ? To London. OiKy^a BH 4,0,6X6 ? MH i^eMT, ct BOKaajia. Where are you coming from ? We are on our way from the station. (Secondary, ' illogical ' use, cf. 75) BH ifleie M 6peMi> HJIH cyxHMi nyieivpb ? Do you intend travelling by sea or by land (dry way) ? H 4,a,y saBTpa BI> ropofti.. I am going (travelling, riding, or driving] to town to-morrow (sc. I intend going). OHH iffyrb Kt Haarb cero^na BI> TOCTH. They are going to visit us to-day (sc. intend coming). In both these last instances the means of locomotion is not specified, but it is indicated that the distance is too great to walk. Thus H i^y KT> HHMt Bt TOCTH means I am on my way to visit them, but with ceroflHH added = I am going to visit them to-day (lit. = to them as or in amongst guests). BIDING, DRIVING, TRAVELLING 93 (Other uses) MH BfleMt 6iem> THXO (SncTpo, maSKo). We are travelling (or riding or driving) very slowly (quickly). Tenepb i^eMt THine (SticTpie, mii6He). Now we are going slower (quicker). Bon. i^exi, TpoftKa no 6ojn>m6fi AOp6rE. There is a 3-horse carriage (or sledge) going along the high- road. OHH yjKe ^Ayro,. They are already coming (sc. are audible or in sight). OHH 6jrro He BflyTt. Bon> HaKOHei^t ona ^Ren*. They are long in coming. There she is coming at last. Mti xenept ^ewb. BH yace i^exe ? ^7^ ! T7e are Q'omg' now. You are going already ? There they are I fl ifly sa 6njieTaMH. MBI i^eMi, KaiaTLca. I am going for the tickets (sc. not on foot). We are going for a drive (lit. to roll ourselves). iattcy (from -isAHTb) BH isAHTe Bepx6Mt ? Do i/ow ride on horseback ? (cf . F. B. B., p. 180) H naCTO isacy aa rpanni^y (fl 4y 3 a rpaHiiiry). I often go abroad (I am on my way abroad). MH OHCHB piflKO -isAHM-B B We very seldom go to town. OHH KajKjuyio 3HMy kQwrb Bt They go to Italy every winter. Future (Ipfv. ; only from MH 6^A6M'L qacTO ICL eaM-L -BSAHTB BT. r6cTH. We shall often come and visit you. 94 RIDING, DRIVING, TRAVELLING Future (P/t>.) noifly (from noixaTt) Korfla BLI noifleTe ? 51 noifly nocjrEsaBTpa. W/ien s/ia/Z you start ? I shall start the day after to-morrow. Kya MH ceroflHa noi^eMt ? Ckopo no-E^eMi. Where shall we go to-day (sc. ride or drive) ? We shall soon start. chy 3HMy (ocent, Becny) MH no^eM'L BI> KptiMt. This winter (autumn, spring) we shall go to the Crimea. MH no-B^eMi. cnepsa (or npejK,n;e Bcer6) na OcxpoBa. We shall drive first to the Islands (at Petrograd). fl cero^HH noifly BI> IJapCKoe Ceuio (Bt KoTJiHHt). To-day I shall go Tsarskoye Selo (Kotlin, ' Kronstadt '). H noi^y Ty,u,a no jKejifenofi ^opori (napoxoftOM'b). I shall go there by rail (by steamer). Bi> Pocciio BI 9TOMI) ro,o,y a ne noiffy. I shall not go to Russia this year. Example showing uses of both verbs. MH cer6io,HH BeiepoivrE, co6npaeMca BI> TeaTpi>. We intend going to the theatre this evening (cf. p. 167). BH noftfleie HJIH no-B^eTe ? = shall you go on foot or drive ? CfBBJKy (from CfEBflHTt) MH ceroflna ct-BSflnMt KI> 3HaK6MHMi>. We shall drive to see some acquaintances to-day. H C'b'ESJKy Ha npncxaHB cnpaBJiaTbca o napoxo^i. I shall drive to the landing-stage to ask about the steamer. BIDING, DRIVING, TRAVELLING 95 Past (Ipfv.) ixajrt (from ixait) a BH ixajiH cer6,n;Ha yrpOMi) ? Where were you on your way to this morning (sc. not on foot) ? MH ixajin Ha BOKsajn, (na CTamjiio). We were on our way to the station. OiKy.ua OHI> -Exa-Jit ? OHI. ixajii> mi> aa rpaHHnti. Where was he coming from ? He was coming from abroad. MH -Bxajra Ty,o,a i^ijitia cyxKH. We were a whole 24 hours in getting there. "BxajiH, ixajiH. Ona A^JIFO He ixaaa. (We) went on and on. She was a long time in arriving. MH ixajiH 6ieHb flOJiro. QH-L 4xajit BI> aBTOMoSriji^. We travelled a very long time. He was driving in a motor. (from ia^HTL) (cf. p. 11). MH iaAHjiH KajKfloe JI^TO sa rpaHHi^y. Formerly we used to go abroad every summer. BH iaAHJiH KorAa-Hn6yAi> B-B AM^pHKy ? Kor^a-TO i/ow ever &een to America ? I have, some time ago. a (ne) -BSAHJia K-B HHM-L. She went, did (not) go, has or had (not) been to (visit) them. Bi> np6nuioMT. ro^y MH isAHJin xy^ JiiTOMt. ?/ear we went there in the summer. Past (Pfv.) no-Bxajit (from no-ixarb) oHa noixajia ? OHH noixajiH BI> 0>HHnaHfliio. has she gone to ? They have gone to Finland. 96 RIDING, DRIVING, TRAVELLING Kor^a OHT> noixajTL ? Ona noixajia When did he go ? She hasn't been gone long. OHI, no-ExajTL Bepx6Mi>. OHH noixann He went on horseback. They have gone for a drive. MajrbiHKH no'Bxajra KaT&TBca Bepx6M i B ; K. BI> The boys have gone for a ride on horseback ; for a row in the boat. ' (from MH Biepa C'L^S^HJIH Kt ^ Yesterday we drove to see the Ydkovlevs (' Jacobsons '). Imperative (Ipfv.) no-ESDKafiTe (from ixaib) Jtynne He nofeacaftTe ceroflHa. He nofesKairre cnopo. Better not go to-day. \ Don't drive fast. IIo'fesjKaHTe npHMo (,n;ep3KHTe Jiisie, npasie) ! Drive straight on (keep more to the left, more to the right} ! isRHTe (from feftHTt) He isAHTe xaKi) iacTo Tyji;a. Don't go there so often. Imperative (Pfv.) no-B3JKaHTe (from no-BxaTt) Ho-BajKattTe Jiyime napoxo^oMt. IIo'EssKaft (sing.) ! Better go by steamer. Start ! IIofeacaHTe CKop-Be (nanpaBO, Hajiiso, oSparao)! Drive as fast as you can 1 (to the right, to the left, go back) ! 1 Or = Go, depart, start as soon as you can. BIDING, DRIVING, TEAVELLING 97 CfEBAH (from KOHiopy sa Go round to the office /or the tickets (sc. not on foot). Infinitive (Ipfv.) ixaiB Ilopa -ExaTB. MOJKHO ixaiB ? He HaAO -ExaiB. It is time to go. (We) can go now ? Don't (you mustn't) go. fl 6orocB -ExaiB. Jtynne He ixaTB. HCJIBSH -ixaTB. I am afraid to go. Better not go. (You) can't go. H ne Mory 4xaTB (Ty^a). H ne xoqy ixaiB (iy;n;a). Ha^o ixaTB. I can't go (there, sc. at all). I don't want to go (there, sc. at all). (We) ought to go. TenepB ixaxB HOSAHO. Eme pano ixaiB. It is noiv too late to go. It is still too early to go. Bbi yjKe xoTHTe ixaiB ? Jlyime xy^a ixaTB. You wish to go already ? Better drive there. KaKi HaivrB ixaiB ? Which is our way (sc. driving or travelling) ? (used as Imperative, cf. R. (?., p. 197). 'BxaiB maroM'L ! Drive at walking-speed (lit. by step) ! 3ROp6BO B6px6M'B 'BSRHTB (or KaTaTBCfl). Biding on horseback is very healthy. MH^ npnx6AHTca (cf. p. 68) qacio Tya I often have to go there (sc. travel) 1809.1 ii 98 BIDING, DRIVING, TRAVELLING Infinitive (P/0.) no-ExaTB Bi Syflynjem. ro^y a xoiy no-ExaxB Bt Pocciro. Next year I want to go to Russia. BH MOHceie no-lxaTB Tyjja cero^Hfl, ecjra xorare. You may go there to-day, if you like. ft 6ti XOT-EJTB no-ExaiB BI. AiaepHKy. I should like to go to America. MH^ Haflo saBipa noixait sa rpannny. I must start off abroad to-morrow. MH-B Haffo aaBTpa VbhsKwrb B-B I have to run up to town to-morrow. General note I am going or coming } r * i = I aw on my way to or/rom I qo or come (often or habitually or i i % aimlessly) I intend going or coming (fre- )_/ f XO,O;HTB quently or habitually) ) ^ ^ J sfeaZZ go (on a definite occasion or ) j /...,... x r = *n a definite direction) ) [I shall come, cf. pp. 84, 101.] I shall go (and return quickly) = CXOJK^, I was going or coming I was on my way to or from , J . = meJTB, I went or came along ( - was going or coming) RIDING, DRIVING, TRAVELLING 99 I used to go or come I have been (at some former time) I went or came (did not go or come) , : xo Hjn> ' I went (and came back) ) I went or started off, have gone = nome'JTb, noixajn, [I came or arrived, cf . pp. 85, 102] I went (and returned quickly) = CXO^HJIB, To walk is : HTTH (in general, or descriptive of actual process). ii nimKOMt J (once). (to be able to walk or walk habitually). , ryjiaro (to walk for pleasure). npofiTHCb, nporyjiHTBca (to go for a little turn). To ride on horseback is : 'BSflHTt BepxoM-L (in a general way, and to be able to ride or ride often). Bepx6Mi> (once). BepxoMt (to ride for pleasure). To drive in a carriage or motor is : isflHTB na jiomaAHX'B or BI aBTOModnjrB (in a general way, to do so habitually). no-BxaTt na Ji. or BT> a. (once). KaiaTBca Ha Ji. or B-L a. (for pleasure). npoKaiaTLCfl ... (to go for a short drive). To drive ( = ' to direct ') a carriage or motor is : npaBHTb JiomafltMH or aBTOMOBHJiejfTB (cf. R. G., p. 141). 1 This is really pleonastic, as much as to say to walk on foot, but is nevertheless fairly often used. H2 100 BIDING, DBIVING, TBAVELLING Cognate expressions (cf. pp. 103, 104). (m.)= entrance, drive, gateway. (m.)= departure, (m.)= passage across. {/) a trip, no'feaA'B (m.) = a train. .)= front-door. .) = thoroughfare. (m.)a large gathering, meeting. CHAPTER 29 TO ARRIVE: HPI'BSJKATb, Various compound verbs are formed from ixaiB, and these are all perfective ; the corresponding imperfective verbs are formed from -fesKaiB (not from isflHTb). The commonest is the verb which means specifically to arrive (come by carriage or train) : Imperfective Perfective Infinitive npi'fcsjKaTL priyezzhaV npiixait priye a khat' Present (a) npi-fcsjKaio priyezzhayu npiip;y priye a du (oHt) npiiBJKaerb priyezzhayet npii^eit priye'dyet (OHH) npiissKaioTi, priyezzhayut npiiflyii priye a dut Past (OHI.) npiiajKajiTb priyezzhal npiixajii> priye a khal Imperative , (irregular) npifewaftTe priyezzhaitye Formulae : npiixaib : noixaxb :: npifixii : noiiiH : npiixaib :: npnxoflHTb : npiftra AEE1VAL 101 What has been said of ixaTt and -ESAHTb as regards their meaning only travelling or being conveyed applies also to this verb ; in using this verb motion on foot is precluded and long distances are implied. Present Mti npifesKaeMt cio^a KajKflyio 3HMy. We come here every winter. (' illogical ' use, cf. R. G., p. 179) fl npiijaacaio BI> cpe,o,y BI Aecaib Hac6B!> yxpa. I am arriving on Wednesday at 10 a.m. Future (Ipfv.) H 6y^y npiisacaTb BI Pocciio Kaacffoe I shall come to Russia every summer. Future (Pfv.) Mbi CKOpo npii^eMt. Korfla BH npi' We shall soon be there. When shall you come ? MLI Ty.ua npi'iseM'b p6BHo BI> qaci. We shall arrive there exactly at 1 o'clock. Cer6ffHa noro^a njioxaa, Bpa^t JIH npi'Bffyrt. To-day the weather is bad, I doubt whether they'll come. Past cro^a npiissKajiH Mn6rie. Many people used to come here (to stay). (where the Pfv. would be expected) Bqepa KO MITE npi'B3}Kajn> Barnt npiarejit. Yesterday your friend came to see me (sc. for a while). 102 ARRIVAL Past (PJv.) Boit MBI H npiixajiH ! BH ftaBHo Here we are at last ! Have you been here long ? Ona yjKe (eme He) npi-fcxajia ? Korfla BH npi-Exajm ? Has she (not yet) arrived already ? When did you arrive MH npi'ExajiH Biepa BeiepOMt B^ ^eBflTL Hac6Bi>. We arrived yesterday evening at nine o'clock. IIocjrE Toro (nepe^i) T^MI>), KaK-L BH npiixajin. After (be/ore) you arrived. Imperative He npifesKafiie BHMOH ; npiisacafiTe JifooMi). Don't come in the winter ; come in the summer. IIpi'BBJKaftTe KaK r &-HH6yp;b BI> Pocciro ! Come somehow to Russia (try and come if you can) ! npi-BSJKafiTe ceroflHH BenepoMi oSiffait. Come and dine this evening (sc. not on foot). Infinitive (Ipfv.) H JiroSjiK) npifeacaTt cio^a oceHtio (BCCHOH). I like coming here in the autumn (in the spring). Infinitive (PJv.) Bt dTowb roy a He nory KT> BaMi, npi-Bxaxt. This year I can't come to (see) you. BH MOJKexe npiixaxt Korfla XOTHTC. You may come when you like. OHH oSimajiH cKopo npiixaTB. They promised to come soon. ARRIVAL 103 H HaffEiocb npi'Bxaib lepeafc He^ijiio. I hope to (arrive) come in a week's time. Cognate expressions IIpi'ESA'B (m.)=arrival ; axo CJiyniijiocb RO (nocjrs) Bauiero npi-BBfla (or no BauieMt npi^tji^) = this happened before (after) your arrival (after y. a.). CHAPTER 30 TO DEPART: VBSJKATb, Vl3XATb Another very common compound is the verb which means specifically to depart (go away by carriage or train) : Imperfective Perfective Infinitive y-Bsacaib uyezzha't' y-Bxaib uye a khat' Present yBsacaio uyezzhayu y^ffy uye" a du It is conjugated exactly like npiisHcaib, npiixaib, and the same remarks apply to it. Present (' illogical ' use) Kor^a BM ysajKaeie ? fl yiaacaro aaBipa. When are you leaving ? I am leaving to-morrow. Future (Pfv.) Mbi Ten^pb cKOpo yiA eM i oicro^a. We shall soon be leaving here now. Past (PJv.) OHH eme He yBxajiH ; ona yixajia , I.M mn'i . They have not left yet ; she has been gone a long time. 104 DEPARTURE xoro (nepe^ T^M^) Kaia BH After (before) you went off. Imperative He yfejKaHTe xaKt cKopo OT-B Don't leave us so soon. Infinitive (Pjv.) MBI piniHJiH saBipa y^xaiL oicio^a. We have decided to leave here to-morrow. N.B. Departure is OTb^QfCb or BHtsflt (w.) ; yfeaAt means an administrative district. BTO 6i>uio flo (nocjili) Baiuero on'bsKa. (or no BameMt OTt'feBfl'fe) That was before (after) your departure (after y. d.). Other compounds are formed with all the other prepositions, as in the case of HTTH and XOAHTB, and their meanings are analogous. (For further derivatives from these verbs cf. R. G., pp. 227-228.) CHAPTER 31 TO CARRY : HEGTll, (TO WEAR) HOCHTB There are several other verbs which resemble the groups HTTH and xoflHTB, ixaTB and -BB^HTB in this respect, that each has two forms of the imperfective (cf. pp. 74, 91). Of these the following are important : HCCTH and HOCHTB = to carry B63TH and B03HTB = to convey, to cart BecTH and BOflHTB = to lead These are common in themselves and have many common verbs derived from them. The primary meaning of HCCTH is to carry by hand ; it is (no-) CARRY AND WEAR 105 an actual imperfective, and its corresponding potential or frequentative imperfective is HOCHTB, the general meaning of which is to wear. These verbs are conjugated as follows : Infinitive H6CTH nyestyi HOCHTb nasit Present (a) necy (oHt) Hece'rb (OHH) HecyrL nyesu nyesyot nyesiit Homy HOCHT-L HOCflTB nashu nnsil n6syat Past (OHt) He'Ct (oHa) Hecjia (OHH) HecjiH Imperative HecHie nyos nyesla nyeslyi nyesitye HOCHJI'B nasil 1T1 HOCHTG J 1 nasitye Both these verbs have perfectives, noaecTM (=to carry a short distance), noHOCHTb ( = to wear for a short time), but neither of these is very commonly used. A few examples of both verbs follow : Present Hecy BaATL HHCtM6. HTO OHT> Hecer-L ? I am bringing you a letter. What is he carrying ? Bl> POCCIH 3HMOH HOCflTb Uiy6tl. H HC HOffly In Russia in winter they wear fur-coats. I don't wear galoshes. (This verb can also be used literally for to carry frequently.) Future (Ipfv., only from HOCHTL) a y^y HOCHTL yxori> KocnoMt. In the summer I shall wear this suit. 106 CARRY AND WEAR Future (P/v.) a nonecy Baini> Let me carry your trunk (or bag) for a bit. H noHomy = I shall wear /or a short time. Past (Ip/v. ; p/v. seldom used) a Beet TapejiKH, OHa Hecjia Sjiro^o, OHH HHiero He HBCJIH. I was carrying the plates, she the dish, and they nothing. Ona jjojiro Hociraa 8TO nJiaTBe. She wore (or has worn) this dress a long time. Imperative (Ip/v.) He HecHie aioro HeMO^aHa, eaMt rasKejio. Don't carry this trunk, it's too heavy /or you. He HOCHTC aioro njiaxba 66jitnie. Don't wear this dress any more. Imperative (P/v.) HoHecHTe aToxt leMo^aHi., noatajiyftcTa. Carry this trunk please. Infinitive (Ip/v. ; p/v. seldom used) TasKejio necTH ! H He nory aioro HeciM. It is heavy to carry ! I can't carry this. Bbl MQJKCTe H6CTH 3TO ? Can you carry this ? ne jirojiK) HOCHTB I don't like wearing black. 107 CHAPTER 32 TO FETCH, TO BRING (small From these two verbs many others are formed, compounds of HCCTH being perfective, compounds of HOCHTB imperfective. Among the commonest are : To bring (sc. by hand), to j etch Imperjective Perfective Infinitive npHHOCHTb prinasit' npHHecra prinyestyi Present (a) npHHomy prinashu npnuecy prinyesii which is conjugated exactly like HCCTH and HOCHTI>. Present HpHHomy BaMi> noflapoKt on. eamero npiaiejifl. I am bringing you a present from your friend. 8ro Jiiieme npHHOCHTi, eft 6ojn.myio nojibay. This treatment is bringing her great benefit. Future (Pfv.) /]|B6pHHK'B npHHeceTi BaM'B eamt nacnopn.. The concierge will bring you your passport. H npHHecy BaMt see ITO BaM'B HyHCHO. I will bring you all that you want. Past (Pfv.) HTO BH MHi npHHecjiH ? H HHier6 HC npHHeci. What have you brought me ? I have brought nothing. HpaiKa npHHecjia saMt Baine 6 > fejii>e. The laundrywoman has brought you your washing. 108 FETCH, BRING, AND TAKE SMALL THINGS Imperative (Pfo.) npiraecHTe MH MOH Benpi. Please bring me (fetch me) my things. Infinitive (PJv.) UpHHecTH BaMt iTO-m^yflB ? Ilpoiny Bact npHHecni ami qio-HHSy^B HO-BCTB. Can I get you anything ? Please bring me something to eat. N.B. IIpHHOCHTB and npiraecTH can only be used of such things as can be carried by hand. Cognate words and common compound verbs ( Hoiiia (/.) = load (that is being carried) ; HOCHjit>mnK r b (m.) a porter. i- BbiHOCiiTb (ipfv.) = to carry out of, to endure ; H6BHHOCHMO= unbearable. 1 [HanaiuHBaTi. (ipfv.), HanocHTb (pfv.) = to wear out, cf. B. O., p. 227.] ^ OTHOCHTejibHO+gre. = relatively, concerning ; OTHomeme (n.)= relation (abstract). j" IlepeHOCHTb (ipfv.), nepenecTii (pfv.) = to suffer, endure.t^ &*A\* noAH6cT> (m.) = a tray; nonoc'b (n.) = diarrhoea. PasHOCHHK-b (m.) = a hawker (also spelt pasHomHK-b). 7 CHGCTH (pfv.) = to take, carry ; H eny cnecy 3Ty KHiiry=/ will take him this book; BH HMT. CHGCJIH HTO-HH6yAb Idid you take them anything (sc. a small present)^ cnecHTe eft I^B-BTOBT. H KOpoSny KOH^^T-b (moKOJiafly) = toA;e her some flower sand a box of sweets (chocolates) ; a-ro Ha#o CHGCTH KT> nopTHOMy (cuiHTb) = this must be taken to the tailor (to sew up) ; aio Hecn6cHO= that is intolerable. ? ynocHTb (ipfv.), ynecTH (pfv.) = to carry off, away. Double compound : a llpOHSHOCHTb (ipfv.) , npOH3H6CTH (pfv.) = to pronounce, to utter; upouanuuieniu (n.)= pronunciation. " 109 CHAPTER 33 TO CONVEY, TO CART: BESTft, BO3fiTb The primary meaning of Besin is to cart or to convey ; it is an actual imperfective, and its corresponding potential or frequentative imperfective is BOSHTB. These verbs are conjugated thus : Infinitive BC3TH v(y)estyi BOSHTB vazit' Present (a) Besy v(y)ezu BOJKy vazhii v(y)ezy6t B63HT W L v6zit v(y)ezut B63HTT, v6zyat vy6s B03HJTB vazil v(y)ezla \7^^T^O'7lxT^ + VI (OHH) Past (ona) (OHH) Imperative sesHie v(y)ezitye BOSHTC vazitye Both these verbs have perfectives, compounded with no-, but they are comparatively seldom used ; noBC3TH=to give anyone a lift. BosHTbCH (ipfv.) = to have trouble or worry (with). Present ^TO BH Besere ? H sesy aposa. Eiay Beseii (cf. lower). What are you carting ? I am carting wood. He's lucky. Bi) Poccin 3HM6ft Bdsarb TOBdpi na caHaxi. In Russia in winter they convey merchandise on sledges. Past (Ipfv.) MyjKHK-B Besi. c4no. Mfli He BC3Ji6 (impersonal). A peasant was earting hay. I had no luck (idiom). 110 CHAPTER 34 TO FETCH, TO BRING (large things) : HPHBOSflTB, nPHBESTll From these two verbs many others are formed, compounds of B63TH being perfective, and compounds of BOSHTB im- perfective. The commonest is : Imperfective Perfective Infinitive npuBOSHTB privazit' npHBeara priv(y)estyi Present npHBOacy privazhu npnBeay priv(y)ezii which is conjugated exactly like Beain and BOBHTB. Whereas npiraocHTB and npHHecin can only be used of things which can be carried, food, utensils, clothes, parcels, &c., these verbs are always used of heavier things such as cannot be easily carried or lifted. Examples : Present H npHBOHcy C-B co66fi CBoero TOBapran;a M. I am bringing my friend M. with me. OITB npHB63raB CH),n;a BcfecB CBOHXI> He brings all his friends here. Future (Pfv.) fl npHBesy BawTB KOBept OTTy,o;a. I will bring you a carpet from there. Korfla BBI npHseae'Te ee KT> naiai, ? When will you bring her to (see) us ? FETCH, BRING, AND TAKE LARGE THINGS 111 Past (P/tj.) Oiero BH HG npHseaJiH ero ct co66fi ? PPTw/ didn't you bring him with you ? BaivrL npHBesjiH (if by cart, npiraecjra if by hand) Damn BenjH (noKynKH, KHHTH, qeMO^ani., 6ara3Ki>). They have brought you your things (purchases, books, trunk, luggage). Past (Ipfv.) This (npHB03Hjn>) is often used like npHxoflHJTB and npi- , where one would expect the pfo. Imperative (Pfv.) Bamero 3HaK6Maro cro^d aaBTpa. Bring your acquaintance here to-morrow. Infinitive (PJv.) OHI> xorBJit npHBesTH ero cro.ua oS^aTt. He was going to bring him here to dine. Cognate words and common compound verbs Boat (m.)=a cart and the, load on it, a cart-load. BosbHji (f.)=fus8, trouble, worry, nuisance. BBOSHTB (ipfv.), BBC3TH (pfv.) = to import, to cart in. BBOST. (m.} = importation. , BMBC3TH=to export, to cart out. (m.) = exportation. (m.) = a cab-driver and his cab, a sledge-driver and his sledge (also spelt H3B6mnKi>). Hafl63T> (m.) = manure. riepeB63T> (m.)=a ferry. IloB63Ka (/.) = generic term for any kind of conveyance. CB03HTb, CB63TH= Be^eri. MomaflB (a aoma^b Beaen. BOB'S). A peasant is leading a horse (and the horse is pulling a cart). LEAD 113 BOflHTb M6HH K&KHLlft fl6Hb HO He takes me about the town every day. Future (PJv.) H nosefly sara Tyfla aaBipa. I will take you along there to-morrow. OITB noBe^erB saci. noBcro^y. He will take you all over the place. Past (Ipfv.) Ona Bejia xoaMciBo. OHH Tor^a BGJIH She managed the household. They were then conducting a war. Past (PJv.) OH^ nOB&JTB M6HH: B'B CBOK) K6MHaiy. He took me into his room. .' - S rvVr.^.* < ^ Imperative (P/v.) M6HH Bl 6aHH. me the way to the baths. Cognate words (m.) = a bridle; a reason, occasion, no n6uofly+gfen.=on the occasion of, by reason of. The commonest compounds of BBCTH and BOAHTB are : BBOAHTB (ipfv.), BBCCTH (pfv.) = to introduce (a custom or com- modity, not people, cf. p. 38) ; BBCA6me (n.)=preface, introduction. (ipfv.), AOBBCTH (pfv.)=to lead up to, to argue, prove; (m.)= an argument, proof. (ipfv.), aaBCCTH (pfv.) = to start, establish, rear or breed, unnd up a uxitch ; r)an6AT> (m.) = a factory ; naBCAenie (n.) = establishment. 1809.1 MSW 114 LEAD OTBOAHTB, OTBecTii^to lead away, to assign, allot (a room). nepeBojjHTb, nepeB6CTH=to translate ; nepesdat (m.)=a transla- tion, n. ;n;6Herb=a money order. IIpHBOAHTb, npHB6CTH= nopHAOKi>= to put into good order. -&C&u HpOBOflHTb (N.B. ipfo.), npOBecTii (pfv.)~=to leadTthrough, past, to spend time; rfl-fe BH npOBejiii npasjjHHKH, BaKauiio, KaHH- KyjiM (JI-BTO, 6ceni>, 3HMy, secHy), where did you spend the holidays (the summer, the autumn, the winter, the spring) ? KaTb= We are going to accompany you, see you off ; noasojibTe saci. npOBOflHTfa ? = may I accompany you, see you home ?; IlpOBoaHHK'B (m.) guide.} .r,. a Pa3BOfl,HTb, pa3B6CTH=to breed, rear ; used reflexively to divorce ; pa3B6AT> (m.)= divorce. 1C CBOAHTB, CB6CTH=to lead down, bring together ; CBOflt (m.)=an arch, vault. Double compound : // IIpOH3BOAHTb, npOH3BecTii= npon3B6AHT'b ?=what impression does that make on you ? 9TO na M6HH npoH3Beji6 CHjibHoe, aajKe noTpnca- romee, HO BM^CT-B ct T-BMT, 6neHb npinTHoe BneHaTji r fenie= that made a strong, even agitating, but at the same time agreeable impression on me ; npoH3BO,n;cTBO (n. ) = manufacture ; nponsBe- fl6Hie (n.)= production, product, produce, literary or artistic work. Treble compound : /j_ BocnpOH3BOAHTb=*u stoyat ( Cl6HJI'b st6yil stayal 1 cx6HJio (n.) st6yila CToftxe st6itye The perfective of CTOHTL is nocTOflTL = to stand for a short while? to wait, or npocToaib = to stond a certain time ; another is ciait = to tofee one's stand, se mettre (cf. pp. 121, 124). CTOflTL = TO STAND Present Bt Poccin BO speMa cjiyjK6ti JIK),O;H CToarL. In Russia during the (church) service the people stand. jO^BOHKa CTOHT'B y OKHa. KTO Tain* CTOHTL ? A little girl is standing by the window. Who is that standing there ? Future (Ipfv.) H 6ny CToaTb SfliiCB. I shall stand here. 12 116 STAND Future (PJv.) fl IIOCTOK) eme H6MH63KKO. I shall stand ( (or wait standing) a little longer. Past (Ipfo.) MBI CTOHJIH OHCHB flojiro. JIomaflB cioajia. We stood for a very long time. The horse was standing still. Past (PJv.) MBI npocTOHJiH TaMT> Tpn laca. We stood there for three hours. Imperative (Ipfv.) He CTofiie ! CTOH, CTofcre ! Don't stand ! Stop, stand still ! Imperative (Pfv.) UocTofiTe ! IIocTOHTe Bfl'fccB, noica a ne npn^y". Wait, stop ! wait a bit I Wait here, till I come (N.B. in Kussian, literally, till I do not come). IIocTOHTe TVTI,, noKa a noKynaro 6iraeTLi. Wait here while I am buying the tickets. Infinitive (Ipfv.) He'r.ni'k CTOHTB. HpH^e'Tca naMi> CToaTb. There is nowhere (no room) to stand. We shall have to stand. Hejitaa (MOJKHO) TaMt CTOSTB. You may not (may) stand there. fl ne xoiy (ne Mory) A^nro CTOHTB. I don't want to (can't) stand for long. .*. STAND 11? Infinitive (P/y.) MOJKHO nocToaiB eme HGMHOJKKO, GCJIH XOTHTC. (We) can stand (wait) a little longer, if you like. Cognate expressions CocTOHTb (ipfv.)=to consist of (BT He'Mt, HST> nero). Mat ner6 aio COCTOHTB ? What is that made of (in the material, concrete sense) ? PaSHHIja COCTOHTt BT> TOMT>, HTO . . . The difference consists in this that . . . CocTOflTbCH (pfv.) = to take place. Kor^a 3TO COCTOHTCH ? 810 yn<6 COCTOHJIOCB. When will that take place ? That has already taken place. GocTOHHie (n.) = condition, state, property (fortune, not land), cf. p. 57. Imperfective derivatives are formed from CTOHTS as follows : HaciaHBaTb (ipfv.), aacTOHTb (pfv.) = to insist (aa He'MT,=o . . .). CHAPTER 37 GT6MTb : TO COST Present CKOJILKO OTO CTOHTL ? 9ro CTOHTB oieHt How much does that cost ? That costs (or is worth) a great deal (dear). Bro CTOHTB pydjit. 9ro HH^iero He CTOHTL. That costs a rouble. That is worth nothing (is no good). 9ra KapTiraa CTOHTL TbicaiH. 9ro MHii uniero He cT6Hrt. This picture is worth thousands. This is no trouble to me. He CTOHTL. CK6jiLKO CT6HTT> Tya no^xaib ? It isn't worth while. How much does it cost to drive (or travel) there ? 118 COST (He) cidnrb HTTH (ixaTb). It is(n't) worth while going. 9ro HH Kon'EHKH ne CTOHTB. This is not worth a kopek. CTOHTB nofira Ty,o,a ? Eo-MoeMy He CTOHTB. Is it worth while going there ? In my opinion it isn't. ' OqeHB BaMi 6jiaro,n;apeHi, ! ' 'He CTOHTB ! ' ' I am very grate/ul (masc.) to you ! ' ' Dont mention it ! ' CT6HT-B BaUTE TOJIBKO CKasaTB CJIOBO. You have only to say the word. N.B. If it is divisible matter, or one of a large number, the price of which is being asked, the expression no He'Mi> = at what (rate) ? is used (cf. F. R. B., p. 199), e.g. : HKpa no How much is fresh caviar the pound ? Oia Maxepia no IBM?) apmHH'L ? How much is this material the yard ? anejiBCHHbi no How much are these oranges each ? For the answer either this verb or no ... can be used : Caracas HKpa CTOHT^ CBML (pySnefl) naTb^ecaxi. (Konieicb) oji^yHTa ipn (py6jia) ceMt^ecar& naTB (KOH- , a naiocnaa naxt py6jien ^ynrB (noji^ynxa jjBa Fresh cavair costs 1 (roubles) 50 (kopeks) a pound, (3 (roubles) 75 (kopeks) the J pound), and the preserved 5 (roubles) a pound (two fifty the % pound). 1 1 These prices may not be actual. COST 119 9xa Maxepia CTOHTB flsa py6jia apniHHi>. This material costs two roubles the yard. AnejiLCHHH no ftecaxH KonieKt mxyica. The oranges are 10 kopeks each (lit. the unit). Future CKOJIBKO axo 67,0,6x1, HaMT> CXOHXB ? How much will that cost us ? 9xo 6yAexTb Baivrb CXOHXB OHGHL floporo. That will cost you a great deal (very dear). Past 9xo CXOHJIO eMy o^eHL MHoro flenerB (xjionoxtj/m.^en. pi.). That cost him a great deal of money (worry). CXOHJIO XOJIBKO nocMoxp^xt, Hx66ti noHaxt. One only had to look, in order to understand. Conditional 9xo CXOHJIO 6bi no KpaHHeft Mipi xticaia py6jieft. That would (or would have) cost at least a thousand roubles. [The price is : ijliHa (/. ; plur. ij-feHbi) ; for the expressions for dear and cheap cf. F. R. B., pp. 24, 26.] Cognate expressions Imperfective compounds are formed from this verb thus : (ipfv.), yAoci6HTb (pfv.)-to honour, deign. 120 CHAPTER 38 TO BECOME, TO GET (intransitive) : CTAHOBHTbCfl, CTATb Infinitive Imperfective Perfective cxaHOBiixBca 1 stanavit's(y)a 1 cxaxb sta't' Present (a) cxaHOBJirocb (oirt) cxanoBHxca 1 (OHH) cxanosaxca 1 Past (oHa) (OHO) cxaHOBHJiocb Imperative [ciaHOBHTect stanavityes'] stanavlyiis' stanovits(y)a x stanovyats(y)a l cxany cxanexi cxanyxi stanu stanyet stanut stanavils(y)a 2 stanavilas' cxajit cxajia stal stala stanavilas' cxajio stala cxaHBxe sta'n'tye Some of the commonest of the many uses of this important verb are : Present CxaHOBHTca XGMHO, CB^XJIO, XOJIOAHO, sKapno, xenjio, XGJIO- AH'le, xenjiie, Jiyqme, xyate, &c. It is becoming (getting, growing) dark, light, cold, hot, warm, colder, warmer, better, worse, <&c. After this verb the predicate if in apposition to the subject of the sentence is often, though not necessarily, placed in the instrumental case (the predicative instru- mental, cf. F.E.B., p. 180, E.G. p. 141), which implies 1 Colloquially pronounced : stanavitsa, cf. p. 290. 8 Colloquially : -sa. BECOME, GROW, GET 121 that the condition described is novel, transitory, or hypo- thetical : CXaHOBHXCfl BaJKHBIMt, The question is becoming important, interesting. But if the predicate is an adverb or a comparative adjec- tive (e.g. jiyime) this is impossible, as these are indeclinable. Future (only Pfv.) Repeat iaci> CTaHen* COBC'EMI. T6MH6 (CB-ETJIO). In an hour's time it ivill become quite dark (light). JJ'ETH CKOpo ciaHyrt 6ojitnniMH (BSPOCJIHMH). The children will soon be big (grown-up}. CxaHext xpyftno, Jierno (lyekhko), (He)B03MOJKHo. It will become difficult, easy, (impossible. Bpenia, A time will come, when . . . (as perfective of cxoaxt, cf. p. 115). OHT> cxanext y no.n'B'BSfla (y Kpmiti;a). He will stand (or draw up) by the front door (by the porch). This tense of ciaxb is often used instead of 6yy to express the (compound) imperfective future from any imper/ective verb, followed by an imperfective (never a perfective) infinitive : 4 Crany CKaauBaTb a CKaaKH ' (L4rmontov). * I shall tell you tales ' (sc. many and often). It is most frequently thus used negatively and is if anything more emphatic than HC fl He cxaay 061. axoMt roBopHTL. I am not going to talk about that. A. **.*** umle A, c>./ i ' t UstDa. Jl &>n*sK*f %sK4Lfl*f - '' 122 BECOME, GROW, GET It often acquires the meaning to start, to begin OH-L CTaHera saci, cnpamnBaTt o nac-B. He will start asking you questions about us. a TaM-B CTany Whatever shall I do (with myself) there ? Past (Ipfv.) Ea OOJTBBHB CTanoBHJiacb cepbesHoii (onacnoft). Her illness was becoming serious (dangerous ; predicative instr.). Past (Pfv.) Oajio acHO, o^eBH^HO, B-EpoaTHo, xpyflHO. It became clear, evident, probable, difficult. Grajio (He)B03MOJKHo 'BxaTt, It became (or has become) (impossible to go (sc. travel, drive). Iloro^a cxajia xopomaa, njioxaa, Jiy^me, xyiKe, The weather has become (got) fine, bad, better, worse, Cbipaa, cyxaa, ;n;o5K;p:HBaa, TyMaHHaa, nacMypnaa, nepeM- 'EHqHBaa, acnaa. damp, dry, rainy, misty (foggy), murky, changeable, clear. Ona ciajia (OHCHB) nojinaa, xyji,aa, She has grown (very) fat, thin, pale, grey-haired. QKT> CTajTL (oieHB) nojiHbifi, xy^OH, 6jii,n,Hbift, He has grown (very) fat, thin, pale, grey-haired. In certain cases the short form of the adjective is more commonly used : OHI> CTajTL (ona ciajia) OHCHL cjia6i> (cjiada). He (she) has grown very weak. In all such cases special verbs can be and often are used -t>-U. ^^ I < r^OKAsm.**, BECOME, GROW, GET 123 instead ; this is most frequently done in addressing any- body, because such phrases (in the plural) as : BH ciajiH noJiHBie = you have grown stout, are avoided. Hence it is more usual to say : Bti nonojmibra, noxy^Jin, no6jrkAffknn, noc'fe.n'fcjiH. You have grown stout, thin, pale, grey-haired. OHI> ocjia6t, OKpiirL, nociapijit, noMOJioff'feji'B. He has grown weak, strong, has aged, has become rejuvenated. (from ocjiaSHVTB, oicp'inHyTB, cf. p. 47). Ona ocjia6jia, OKpinjia, nociap^Jia, noMOJiOfl'fcjia, noxopo- nrluia, no.nypH'kjia, nonojiH^aa, noxyflijia, &c. She has grown weak, strong, has aged, become rejuvenated, grown pretty, ugly, stout, thin, <&c. Mirfe CTajio HCJIOBKO, B^CCJIO, rpycino, CKy*mo. I became (got, grew) embarrassed, jolly, sad, bored. Mni cxajio XCJIO^HO, xenjio, JKapno. I became (got) cold, warm, hot. Eiy (e"ft) CTajio HJIOXO, xopom6, jryime, xyace. He (she) has got bad, well, better, worse. CTaJIO-6HTb. BO HTO 6U TO HH CT3JIO. Presumably, consequently, and so ... Come what may, at any cost. (Both these idioms are very common.) In some of the above instances the predicate may be put in the instrumental case, but as its use depends on the individual word and the individual instance the student is advised to keep on the safe side and use the nominative (except where examples of the instrumental are given), which is never wrong. 124 BECOME, GROW, GET (as perfective of CTOHTB, cf. p. 115) OlTb CTaJTL y BOpOTTb. OH3, CTOJia B03JTB MCHH. He took up his stand (or drew up) by the gate. She came and stood by me. MOH iacri[ cxajiH. Pa66xa ciajia. My watch has stopped. The work has come to a stop. This tense of ciara often has the meaning of started and is often used as the equivalent of Haiajrt = began (cf . p. 261), and is indeed much commoner ; it is always followed by an imperfective infinitive and cannot stand alone in this sense : QEJ> ciajTL Mena pascnparnHBaxb. Ona ciajia miaKaTb. He began to cross-question me. She began to weep. TOOTH CTajiH yEBJKaxL. OH?> ciajTL KO MH^ npHXC^Hi'L. The guests began to depart. He began (or has begun) to come to see me. BTO CTEUIO Mni HaAO'B.o.aTb. This began to be irksome to me (sc. 1 began to have enough of it). QRT> CTajn, Kyprt>, nmt, HrpaiB Bt KapTH. He has taken to smoking, drinking, playing at cards (or took to or has begun to or began to). Another, at first puzzling, use of this tense is that of the neuter singular of it, negatived and followed by the genitive, with meaning has come to an end, ceased to be, there is no more of : He ciajio y Mena jjeHerE.. I came (or have come) to the end of my money. * He cxajio y 6a6yinKH ciparo KoajinKa.' ' The old woman's grey goat died ' (popular rhyme). BECOME, GROW, GET 125 He CTajio 9Toro Sjnofla. There is no more of this dish. Imperative (as Pfv. of CTOHTI,, cf. p. 115) OaHbTe y flBepn (y ^sepeft). Stand (sc. go and stand) by the door (doors, sc. folding). Infinitive (The imperfective infinitive is seldom used, and the per- fective almost exclusively as pfv. of CTOHTB, cf. p. 115). OraTB na KOJTEHH (nom. and ace. pi). To kneel down. The verbs A-BJiaibca (ipfv.), CA-BJiaibca (pfv.) = to make oneself (cf. p. 253) are very often used as alternatives for CTaHOBHTbca and ciaiB with the meaning to become, to grow, to get, in such phrases as : ,0/EJiaeTCH T6MH6, &c. ; cjrfejiaeTca B03M6acno (or -HHNTB) ; It is growing dark ; it will become possible ; cjrjbiajiocb acHO ; OITB c^Jiajica 6oraTH>rB it became clear ; he has become a rich man. It is especially common in certain phrases, e.g. : ^TO C'L BaMH cjrjbiajiocb ? Co MHott CA^Ji What is the matter with you ? I feel bad (with me it has become bad). From both CTanoBHT&ea and cxait are, further, derived a whole series of important verbs with more or less cognate meanings ; from craHOBHTbca the most useful derivative is the verb which means specifically to stop, see chap. 39. Cognate expressions ITocTaHOBJiriTb (ipfv.), nocTanoBHTb (pfv.) = to decide, decree; nocTaHOBJi6Hie (n.) = a decision, decree.. CHAPTER 39 TO STOP, TO HALT, TO PUT UP: OCTAHABJIHBATBCH, OCTAHOBftTLCfl Infinitive Imperfective OCTaHaBJIHBaTBCfl Present (a) astanavlyivat's(y)a i Perfective OCiaHOBHTBCfl l astanavit's(y)a 1 astanavlyivayus ' TaHaBjiHBaeTca 1 astanavlyivayets(y)a astanavlyus' OCTaHOBHTCH 1 astanovits(y)a J Imperative astanavlyivals(y)a 2 astanavils(y)a 2 OCTaHOBHTCCB astanavlyivaityes' astanavityes' This verb is derived from CTanoBHTBca ; the perfective, immediately formed from it, is similarly conjugated, the imperfective like flyMaTB (cf. p. 22). Without the reflex- ive pronoun the verb becomes transitive. OTOTB can be used alternatively for the perfective when it means to stop still. Present ocTanaBJiHBaeTca Ha This train stops at every station. FA'S BBI ocTanaBJiHBaeTecB BI> MOCKED ? Where do you stay in Moscow ? 1 Colloquially pronounced : -tsa. 2 Colloquially : -sa. STOP, HALT, PUT UP 127 Future (Ipfv.) MH 6y ( o;eM r b ocTaHaBJiHBaTtca y Hanraxt flpyaeft. We shall stay (sc. often or indefinitely} at our friends'. Future (Pfv.) H6k3j(i> ceft-iac'B ocTanoBHTca ; sjrijCB (ne) ocTaH6BHTca. The train will stop directly ; will (won't) stop here. noKa ne ociaHOBHTca (or ciaHerb, cf. p. 121) Wait until the train stops (lit. does not stop). CKOJIBKO MHHyr& n6^3ff'L BA^CB ocTaH6BHTca ? How many minutes will the train stop here ? H ociaHOBJiiocB S^CL ; 17$ BH ocTaH6BHTect ? I shall put up here ; where shall you stay ? MH ocTaH6BHMca BI rocTHHHi^^ ; OHH ocTaH6BHTca y We shall stay in a hotel ; they will stay with us. H er6 ocTaHOBJiro. I shall stop him. Past (Ipfv.) MH (Hmcor^a He) ocTanaBJiHBajiHCb Bt rocTHHHirjk. We (never) used to stay at the hotel (or never stayed). H EHr-fli (HHKorAd) He ocTanaBJiHBajiCfl (laM-t). I stayed (stopped) nowhere (have never stayed (stopped) there). Past (Pfv.) Ona ocTaHOBHJiacb y CBOHX-& POAHHXI. She has put up (is stopping) at her relations'. fl ocTaHOBHJica y cs6ero (or Moer6) Apyr^- I have put up at (am stopping at) my friend's. 128 STOP, HALT, PUT UP DMsfl'b (eme He) ocTaHOBiuica (or ciaji-B, cf. p. 124). The train has (not yet) stopped. OHH Bflpyrt ocTaHOBHJiHCB Bt cepe^HHi yjinuH. They suddenly stopped in the middle of the street. Om> ocTaHOBHJTB 3KHnajKi> y namero nofl'&'tBina. He stopped the carriage at our front door. Imperative (Ipfv.) He ocTanaBJiHBafiTecB (xaMfc) ! Don't stop (or stay) (there) ! Imperative (Pfv.) OcTaHOBirrecB ! OciaHOBHMca Bt 9TOfi rocTHHHu.'E Halt ! Stop I Let us stop at this hotel (here). Infinitive (Ipfv.) H ne jiro6jiK) ocTaHaBJiHBaTLca BI naHci6Haxi.. I don't like staying in boarding-houses. Infinitive (Pfv.) TR^ BH coB-BTyeTe MH^ ocTaHOBHTBca ? Where do you advise me to stay ? Ilpomy Bact ocTaHOBHTBca na MirayTO^Ky y axoro Please stop still for a minute at this shop. Ilpomy Baci> ocTanoBirrB Jioma^ft Please stop the horses (the car). ByflBTe ^,o6pBi ocTanoBHTBca Ha yrjiy aioft y Be so good as to stop at the corner of this street. Cognate expressions OcTanoBKa (/.)= halt ; n^psan (cjrfeayiomaH) ocraHOBKa Bt the first (next) stopivill be at ; rp.'fe SyAeTt n. (c.) o. ? STOP, HALT, PUT UP 129 = where will the first (next) stop be ? CKOJibKO sjvfecb OCTRHOBKH (gen.) l=how long do we stop here ? IIpiocTaHaBJiHBaTbCH (ipfv.), npiocTanoBMTbCH (pfv.) = to come to a standstill, to a halt. From CTarb are derived a number of extremely common and useful compounds, all of them perfective. The corresponding imperfective verbs are formed by means of the same prepositions from an infinitive -cTasaTb (present -CTaio) which is seldom used in its simple form. One of the commonest of these is the reflexive verb which means specifically to stay. CHAPTER 40 TO STAY, TO REMAIN : OCTABATbCfl, OCTATbCfl Infinitive Imperfective astava i t's(y)a l Present (a) ociarocb astayus' ociae'Tca 2 astay6ts(y)a 2 astayuts(y)a 2 (OHH) Past (OH-B) ocTaBajica 3 astavals(y)a (OHH) ocTaBajiHCb astavalyis' \ / * Imperative ocTaBaftxecb astavaityes' Perfective asta i t's(y)a l ocTanycb astanus' 2 astanyets(y)a 2 2 astanuts(y)a 2 ocxajicfl astals(y)a 3 ociajiHCb astalyis' ociaHbTecb astd'n'tyes' irregular (cf. p. 39) In contrast to ociaHaBJiHBaTbca, ocTaHOBHTbca, this verb means to stay a considerable time, to remain, to stop behind (NOT to halt, stop still, or put up at) 1 Colloquially pronounced : astav&'tea, asta'tea. 2 Colloquially : tea. 3 Colloquially : sa. 1809.1 K 130 S2MY, REMAIN (KEEP) Present BaMT> ; rjiy6oKo yBaacaiomift Baci>. > ' 1 remain very truly yours ; very sincerely yours.' (Literally : ' devoted to you ; deeply respecting you.*) Ho BeiepanTB MH pi^Ko ocTae'Mca ROMS,. In the evenings we seldom stay at home. H noKa ociaiocB B^-BOB. BH ocTaexect flOMa ceroflHa ? For the present I am stopping here. Are you staying at home to-day ? H ocxaiocB aflijCB 3,0 naTHHu,ti (na TOH ne^Jii). / am staying here till Friday (next week). Future (Pfv. ; the Ipfv. Future is not used) fl ocTanycB a.u'ECb M'Bcaiii'B. BH SA^CB ocTaneTecB ? I shall remain here a month. Shall you remain here ? MH ocTaHCMca enje neMHOJKO. Hnnero He ocTaHeica. We shall remain a little longer. There will be nothing left. KaKt flojiro (or CKOJIBKO BpeMenn) BBI TawcL ocTaHexecB ? How long shall you remain there ? BH Taint ffOJiro ocTaHeiecB ? H He soJiro ocxaHycB. Shall you stop there long ? I shan't stop long. EHJICTBI sa BaMH ocTaHyTca ? 9xo aa K-BMI ocTaHeica ? Shall you keep (retain) the tickets ? Who will keep that ? fl yB'EpeH'L, TTO BH OCTaHCTeCB OHCHB ffOBOJIBHBI 9THMt. I am sure you will be very pleased with this (will like, enjoy it very much). Past (Ipfv.) MBI nacTO ociaBajiHCB y KHX^ na-HoiB. We often used to stay with them for the night. 131 HHKor.ua Tarn. flojiro He ocTaBajica. 1 I never used to stop there any length of time (or never stopped). Hniero He ocTaBajiocb ^-fejiais. There was nothing left to do. Past (Pfv.) BH Tarn, ^6jiro ocxajnicb ? fl ocTajica y nnxt oSiflaib. Did you remain there long ? I stayed to dinner with them. CKOJIBKO BpeMeHH (icaK'B flOJiro) BM Taint ocxajiHCb ? How long did you remain there ? H Tarn, ocxajicfl He jjoJiro, scero Tpn AHH. I didn't stay there long, only three days altogether. Hiraero He ociajioct ; ITO o. ? ; HTO-HH6yffi> o. ? There's nothing left ; what is left ? ; is anything left ? V MCHfl HH OffH6fi KOITEHKH H6 OCTaJIOCb. I haven't a single kopek left. Centra 33, K^MI ociajincb ? 3a MHOH, aa HHMT.. Who kept the money ? I did, he did. BH ociajiHCt flOBOJibHH (a ocTaJica ^oBOJieH'L, ona ociajiacb flOBtfjIbHa) 3THMI, ? Did you like, enjoy, were you pleased with (I liked, she liked, <&c.) this ? Imperative (Ipfv.) He ocTaBafixecb Taint ^6jiro ! Don't stop there long ! Imperative (Pfv.) OCTaHbTCCb CO MHOH (ct HaMH) 6^6 HCMH6HCKO. Stay with me (with us) a little longer. 1 It is more usual to say ocraHaBJiHBaJiCH, cf. p. 127. K2 132 STAY, REMAIN (KEEP) OcTaneMca B^CB eme HicKOJibKo ^Heft. Let us stay here a Jew days longer. Infinitive (Ipfv.) He Haflo (BaMt) ocTaBaibca Ta&rb flOJiro. (You) mustn't stay there long. fl ne Mory (ne xoqy, ne CTOHTL) raivrb flojiro ocTasaTbca. I can't (don't want to, it isn't worth while to) stop there long Infinitive (P/.) fl ne Mory (HC xony) cer6,HHH ^ojibme ocTaTtca. I can't (don't want to) stop longer to-day. Ha,o;o (MOJKHO) ociaTbca s^cb na-HOib. (We) must (can) stop here for the night. Mni 6bi xoTijiocb ociaTbca ,0,0 aaBipa. 1 I should like to stay till to-morrow. MH^ npninjiocb (cf. p. 71) ociaTbca TaMt n,ijiyH) I had to stop there a whole week. He xoTHie JIH Bti ociaTbca y nac^ oSi^aTb ? Won't you stop and have dinner with us ? Ociaxbca nawra* eiu;e ^eHe'K'B, flHa ji,Ba ? Shall we stay another day (dimin.), two days or so ? Cognate expressions OcTaTOK-L (m.,pl. : QCTdiTKVL) = the remainder, remains ; = ihe remaining. 1 Strictly should be : 30 aaBTpauiHHro (sc. 133 CHAPTER 41 OTHER COMPOUNDS OF -CTABATb AND -CTATt The other compounds of -cxaxb and -cxasaxb are almost equally common and useful, and as they help to illustrate the uses of the prepositions in compound verbs, several are given here as examples. In these verbs the prepositions have not always the same meanings as in the case of the compounds of HTTH, xoffHXb, cf. p. 88 ; there they retained largely their primary, literal signification, here the meaning is rather secondary and not so obvious (cf. pp. 325, 326): Bcxasaxb (ipfv.), Bcxaxb (pfv.) = to get up (from bed). a Bcxaro oieHb n63fl,Ho. Kor,na BH scxaexe ? I get up very late. When do you get up ? H CK6po Bcxany. Ona enje He BCxaHexi,. I shall soon get up. She won't get up yet. OHH yace Bcxajra. OKI. scxajTb (oHa BCTajia) flaBH6. They are up already. He (she) got up long ago. He BCxaBaftxe ! BcTaBafrre ! (BciaHLTe !) Don't get up, don't rise ! Get up ! (Stand up !) Ilopa BcxaBaTb ! It is time to get up ! Boacxasaxb, B03cxaxb = to rebel, Boacxanie (n.) = rebellion. , ^ocxaxb = ? Where can I get a thing like that (from) ? H HHrjj'B (or HH OTKy,n;a) He Mory 910 (or BTOFO) I can't get this (from) anywhere. Used impersonally this verb means to suffice, to reach : 9xoro BaMt flocTaHerb ? ^enert He flocTaHerb. Will that be enough for you ? There won't be enough (of) . money. TJocTaHerb ! HaMt ne ^ociajio xjii6a. That will do ! We haven't enough bread. Mflij eaci) He^ocTaeTi). ^ero BaMi, He;o;ocTae'Ti> ? I miss you (feel the want of). What do you lack ? 8ioro TOJILKO H ne flocTaBajio ! That is the last straw (only that was wanting) ! EMy aa 9TO ffocTaHeTca ! He'll catch it for that ! JJocTaTo ; HacTaerb KOHei^'L. The hour has come ; the end is near. Haciajia nopa, secHa, oceHb, 3HMa. The time, the spring, the autumn, the winter has come. A synonym of this verb is: HacxynaTb (ipfo.), Hacxy- nHTb (pjv.), cf. p. 329. , OTCTaTB = to remain behind, desist. .top IlepecTaBaTb, nepecTaTb = fo cease. CH^n. nepecTae'Ti,. Ona ne nepecxaeii roBopHTb. The snow is ceasing. She does not cease talking. JJojKflb CKOpo nepecTaHeTi). ,H,OMCflb nepecxajii.. The rain will soon cease. The rain has stopped. OHT, nepeciajTb KI> HaMi> xo,o,HTb. IlepecTaHbTe ! He has stopped coming to see us. Leave off ! HepeciaTb ? Shall I stop (sc. doing anything) ? ^HC^HK-L, ffOJKflHK'b nepeciaHb, MU no'B.n.eM'L HE lop^anb, Bory noMOJiHTbca, Xpncxy noKJioHHTbca I Rain, rain, stop, we will go to the Jordan, to pray to God, and bow down to Christ! (Russian nursery rhyme). HpHCxaBaTb, npHCxaTb = fo approach, importune. IIapox6AT> npHCiaJH. KB 66pery (npiicTaHb/.). The steamer has moored to the bank (landing-stage). OHI KO MH^ npHCTae'Tt. Her6 BM npHCxaere ? He gives me no peace. What do you keep worrying me for? 136 PART, GROW \TIRED PaacTaBaibca, pasciaibca = to part company. Mil Ct BaMH pa3CTaH6MCa 3^Cb. Pa3CTaH6MCa We (i.e. you and I) will part company here. Let us part ! F^-fe BH ci HHMI> paacTajiHCb ? OHH paaciaJiHCb. Where did you leave him ? They have parted. Mbi CT> Heft pascxajiHCb. Ona co MHoft paacxajiacb. I parted company with her. She parted company with me. HenpiaTHo ci> apyataMH paacxaBaTbca. It is unpleasant saying good-bye to friends. HaRTL naflo paacTaTbca. H ne xoqy (ne nory) ci BaMH pascTaibca. TFe wwsi part company. I don't want to (cannot) say good-bye to you. , yciaTb = to grow tired ; yciajiocTb (/ .)= fatigue. Ona CK6po ycxaeT'B. H 6orocb, qxo BH ycTaHeie. She soon gets tired. I am afraid that you will get tired. Bti 6ieHb ycTaneTe. fl yMKacHO ycTajii, (yciajia). You will get very tired. I am awfully tired (fern.). Bti ycxajiH ? H HHCKOJibKO ne ycxajit (yciajia). Are you tired ? I am not in the least tired (fern.). N.B. to tire oneself is yTOMJiaxbca (ipfv.), yTOMHTbca (pfv.) ; to tire anybody is yTOMJiaib (ipfv.), yiOMHTb (Pfv.). 9io Mena yTOMJiaeii. Ona Mena That tires me. She exhausted me. CJTO OHGHb yTOMHTejIbHO. That is very tiring. 137 CHAPTER 42 TO SET, TO PLACE, TO PUT : GTABHTb, HOCTABHTb A verb derived from the root CTE-, but with transitive, causative meaning is that which means to set (put, make to stand, especially big things, such as furniture) : Imperfective Perfective Infinitive CTaBHTb stavit' HOCTaBHTb pastdvit' Present (a) CTaBJiro stavlyu nocxaBJiK) pastavlyu ^OHtJ CTaBHTt stavit nOCTaBHTB pastavit (OHH) ciaBflTB stavyat nocxaBHTt pastavyat Past (OHt) CTaBHJIl stavil nocTaBHJit pastavil Imperative CTaBbie staTtye HOCT^BBTe past4 s f'tye The imperfective derivative nocTaBJiHTb is also used instead of craBHTb, and has the secondary meaning to deliver or provide goods. Present OraBflrb nocy^y cro^a. HpHCJiyra cxaBHTL caMOBapi.. They put the crockery here. The servant is setting (preparing) the samovar. Future (P/v. ; ipfv. seldom used) H nociaBJiH) csott HeMOAam. cro^a (or Tyrt). 7 shall put my trunk (or bag) here. 138 SET, PLACE, PUT BH nociaBHTe Bamt Where shall you put your box ? Past (PJv.) Ona nocTaBHJia CTaKaHii H rpa^HHi na She put the tumblers and the water-bottle on a tray. Imperative (Ip/v.) He CTaBBTe 9x0 xy^a ! Don't put that there ! Imperative (PJv.} HocTaBBTe BTO cro^a ! IIocTaBBTe Jianny na CTOJI'B. Put that here ! Put the lamp on the table. Infinitive (PJv.) H xoqy nocTaBHTt BaMt Bonpoci. I want to put (ask) you a question. 9io MOJKHO (naji;o, Jiynme, nejiBsa, ne na;n;o) nocTaBHTt cro^a. (You) may (must, had better, can't, mustn't) put that here. KyAa Bbl XOTHT6 9TO nOCTaBHTB ? Where do you want to put that ? N.B. This verb must not be used when to put means to lay. 139 CHAPTER 43 TO LEAVE (transitive): OCTABJIflTb, OCTABHTb 1 From ciaBHTL are derived the following, the commonest of which is the transitive verb meaning to leave. 2 Imperfective Perfective Infinitive ocTasjiaTL astavlya't' OCTaBHTb astavit' Present (a) ociaBJiaro astavlyayu OCTaBJIK) astavlyu (OHI) ocxaE .-rrrjprprr astavlyayet OCTaBHTB astavit (OHH) ocTai tJiaiOT'L astavlyayut OCTaBaTL astavyat Past (OHT>) ocTaBjiajii> astavlyal OCTaBHJI-L astavil Imperative ociaBJiafiTe astavlyaitye ociaBtTe asta'ftye Followed or preceded by ceS-B this verb means to keep possession of, but for another equally common way of expressing to keep possession of cf. pp. 130, 131. Present OH^ M6HH He ocTaBJiaerb Bt HOKO-B. He never leaves me in peace. Koiopyio K6MHaxy (KOT6poe M^CTO) BH ceS'B ociaBJiaere ? Which room (which place) are you keeping for yourself ? 1 For to leave = to depart, cf. pp. 86, 103. 2 Not to be confused with the intransitive ocraBaThCH , ocraTbCH = to remain, cf. pp. 129, 132. - U. * . 140 LEAVE, KEEP Future (P/v.) BH M6HH H6 OCTaBHTB BfliiCB ? fl Bad, Ha KOp6TKOe BpeMH OCTaBJIH). Yow wow'tf leave me here ? I shall leave you for a short time. BH ocTaBHie CBOH (or Bami,) a,o;peci, ? Will you leave your address ? BH 9TO ocTaBHie ce6i ? H STO ce6^ ociaBjiio. you keep this ? I shall keep this. -_ i Past (P/tj.) a ocTaBHJii, ero TaMi. BH HHier6 He ocTaBHJin ? I Ze/< feim there. You have left nothing behind ? Ona ocTaBHJia y Hact CBOH nepiaTKH, CBOH HOCOBOH njiaT6KT, CBoro cyMO^Ky H CBOH s6HTHKi>. She left behind at our house her gloves, her handkerchief, her little handbag, and her umbrella. H 0664 ocTaBHJTb 9iy KOMHaxy. I have kept (am keeping) this room. BH ceSrl aoB6jitHO ociaBHJiH (AeHen>) ? Have you kept enough (money) for yourself ? Imperative (Ipfv.) He ocTaBJiaitie Mena (sfl.'BCb o^noro, offHy/.) ! Don't leave me (here all alone) ! Imperative (Pfv.) OcTaBLTC MCHfl B1> HOKd-B. OcTaBBTe 9TO 0664. Leave me alone (in peace). Keep that for yourself. LEAVE, KEEP 141 Infinitive (Pfv.) fl ne xoiy (HB Mory, fl6jDKeHi>) Bact ocTaBHTB. I don't want to (can't, must] leave you. H xoiy 610 ceSi ociaBHTB. I want to keep this (for myself). BBI MoaceTe ocxaBHTB (Bann>) aspect H HOMepi> iejie$6Ha ? Can you leave your address and telephone number ? M6JKHO 9TO (fl 60K)CB) SflijCB (y BaC-B) OCTaBHTL ? May I (I am afraid to) leave this here (with you) ? BenjH HJ'UIIH MOJKHO noKa SA^CL ociaBHTb. You can leave your things here for the present. N.B. to leave=to depart : yfexaTb, yftTii, cf. pp. 86, 103. to leave to bequeath : aaB-femaxt (ipfv., like n^MaTb). to leave off : nepecxaBaTb, nepecraTb, cf. p. 135. CHAPTER 44 OTHER COMPOUNDS OF -CTABJIflTb AND -CTABHTb Other useful compounds of this verb and cognate words are (compounds of -CTaBJiaiL are ipfv., of -ciaBHTb pfv.) : BciaBJiflTB, BCTaBHTB = CTBie = to give pleasure. 9io ACTS He nocraBJiaerb HHKaK6ro yinoB<5jiBCTBia. That gives me no pleasure. 8ro eft ffocTdBHTB 6ojiBmoe yflO That will give her great pleasure. 142 ENJOY, INTRODUCE HaMi. flociaBHJio 6ojn>m6e This gave us great pleasure (sc. we enjoyed this very much). SacTasjiHTb, 3acTaBHTb = to compel, make, force. HaciaBJiHTb, HacTaBHTb = to instruct, admonish OxcTaBKa (/.) = retirement ; OHt n6,a,ajn> Bt OTCTaBKy = he has resigned. , noffCTaBHTb = to put, set under. , npeftocxaBHTb = to leave to the choice, to leave it to. ffCTaBJiflTb, npeffCTaBHTb=to present, to introduce (a person), to represent. ) A'BBaeTb dyevayet jr/BHeT'b dye'nyet (OHH) fl'BBaioT'b dyevayut jVEHyn. dye a nut Past (OHT>) flljBajrb dyeval fl1>jrb dye*l Imperative (seldom used) [A^BafiTe dyevaitye J^QLIQ dye'n'tye] This verb is transitive ; it becomes intransitive with the addition of the reflexive pronoun -ca and acquires the meaning of our to get to, to become of. Present (seldom used) Future (Pfv.) Ky^a BW A'BHCTe BC^ OTH B^mH ? BC^ uam n KHHrn ? Where will you put all these things ? all your books ? Ky^a a xenepb fl-EHycb ? What will become of me now ? 144 PUT, SHOVE Past (Ip/v. and P/v.) Kyfla BH ff^BajiH (or ^-BJIH) Bee Moe 6'kirbe ? What have you done with all my linen ? fl He 3Haio, Ky,o;a a fl-EJit csoft Komejie'K'b. 'f know what I have done with my purse. fl'BJiacb Moa Kirara ? Kyffa ^ijica Moft feas my book got to ? What's happened to my trunk ? Cb MOH KJIIOIH ? Kyp,a OHI> ^ijica ? Where have my keys got to ? Where has he got to ? Infinitive (Ipfv. and P/v.) Kyfla MH-E R'BBaTbca (or fl'sitca) orb HHXI> ? How am I to get away from them ? From this verb meaning to put is derived a series of impor- tant verbs meaning to put doihes on and off. They are conjugated exactly like n-fesaTB and jrtTb. CHAPTER 46 TO DRESS (to put clothes on and off) : compounds of JJ'BBATb and Imperfective Perfective Infinitive Off-EBaTbca adyeva i ts(y)a x ofl-ETbca adye a ts(y)a 1 Present Ofl'EBaiocb adyevayus' o^Hycb adye a nus' &c. To dress another person is : ofl'EBaTb (ip/v.), ofl'BTb (p/v.). To put on clothes : Hafl'fcBaTb (ipfv.), Hafl,fcb (p/v.). 1 Of. p. 129, note 1. DRESSING AND UNDRESSING 145 To change one's clothes : nepeo^BaTbca (ipfv.), nepeo- AiTbca (pfv.). To undress (oneself) : paaff'EBaTbca (ipfv.), paa^TBca (pfv.) t Both these latter also become transitive with the omission of the reflexive pronoun -ca. The Past Participles Passive of these verbs are very commonly used, cf. p. 148. VZS? Present H offiBarocb. H nepeo^Barocb. H pasff-BBarocb. I am dressing. I am changing. I am undressing. Ona yacacHO AOJiro OA'EBaeTca. She takes a terribly long time to get dressed. Ona xopomo OA'BBaeTca. OH^ OA-BBaeTca HJIOXO. She dresses well. He dresses badly. OH-B Haft'EBaerb niy6y H Kajioran. He is putting on a fur-coat and galoshes (snow-boots). Future (Ipjv.) OHT> Tenepb 6yffeTi> o^BaTbca Jiy'ime. He will now (in future) dress better. a Tenepb 6yy ofl-BBaxbca (nepeo.o.'BBaTbca, paaA'BBaTbca). I am now going to dress (to change, to undress). This term implies a leisurely action. Future (Pfv.) a Teimo oA^nycb (jierno, no-3HMHCMy, no-JTBTHCMy). I shall dress warmly (lightly, as in winter, as in summer). BH nepeo^Hexecb ceroflHa nepeAT. oC'E Shall you change to-day before dinner ? 1809-1 L 146 DRESSING AND UNDRESSING SI nepeoiivEHycb (or a nepeiwEHK) csoe I shall change my dress (or suit ; ' nepeM^HK) ' also means ' I shall exchange,' cf. p. 207). H Tene"pb paa^Hyct. F^ BH pas^HeTecb ? I shall now undress. Where shall you undress ? KaKoe njiaxte (KaKoft KOCTK)MI>) BBI ceroAEH raa^'BHere ? Which dress (which suit} shall you put on to-day ? fl Hafl^Hy (JjpaK'E,, CM6KHHrb, C^pHft (CHHitt) KOCTIOMI,. I shall put on a dress-coat, a dinner jacket > a grey (blue] suit. Past (Ipfv.) Upe'jKAe ona o^BaJiacb onenb HJIOXO. Formerly she used to dress very badly. ft oA^Bajica Kor^a BBI npHniJin. 1 was dressing when you came. OHT, paa^Bajica BI> CBOCH KOMHaii. He was undressing in his room. fl BCK) Hoqb He pasA'BBajiCfl. I didn't get my clothes off all night. Past (P/i?.) OKI, BCTajrB, yMHJica, OA^JICH, H Hannjica qaro. fie got up, washed, got dressed, and had breakfast. JIo'jeMy BH He nepeo^Jincb ? Why have you not changed ? OHL paBflijica (oHa pasff^Jiacb) H Jiers (jierjia) cnaTb. He (she) undressed and lay down to sleep (went to bed). OHa ceroflHa Ha^Jia H6soe, lepnoe She put on a new black dress DRESSING AND UNDRESSING 147 OKI. HaflijTb najitTO H nomejn, ryjiart. He put on an overcoat and went for a walk. Imperative (Ipfv. ; pfv. not used) OA'BBaftTecL no-CKOpie ! Get dressed as quick as you can ! He nepeoftiiBafiTecB ceroAHa Kt oS'EAy ! Don't change for dinner to-night ! PasA^BafiTecB AO nara ! Strip yourself naked ! Infinitive (Ipfv.) Ilopa (noftra) ofliiBaTtCfl (paaffiBaTLCfl). It is time (to go) to dress (to undress). Ona He yM'BeTi, ofl-BBaTtca. She does not know how to dress. Bi, POCCIH SHMofi Haflo ienji6 In Russia in winter one has to dress warmly. You mustn't undress here. Infinitive (Pfv.) Haflo ceroAHa off-BTLca no-ienji-Be. One must dress as warmly as possible to-day. TenepL Haffo noftiii OA-BTtca. Now one must go and get dressed. Cer6AHa BeiepoMi npHAeica (cf. p. 70) nepeoA'BTLca. It will be necessary to change this evening. Tenepb naAO pasA^Ttca. Now we must get undressed. L2 148 DRESSING AND UNDRESSING What shall I put on ? KaKyro nmany MH'i naA^TB ceroflHa ? What hat shall I put on to-day ? (Predicative) Past Participle Passive OH-B yjKe o^Ti). Ona em,e He o^Ta. He is already dressed. She is not yet dressed. OHH Bcerffa xoponio GA^TH. H eme paBA-BTB. They are always well dressed. I am still undressed. HejiBsa BXOJI;HTB (or He Haflo), a pas^iia. You mustn't (don't) come in, I am undressed. BBI CK6po 6yffeie offiiH? Repeat HSTB Mirayrt 6y Shall you soon be dressed ? In five minutes I shall be dressed. Bi> qeMt (or KaKi>) ona 6yAeTi. cero^Ha oflfea ? In what (how) will she be dressed to-day ? Ona 6fima OA^TE sea BT, nepHOMi,. She was dressed all in black. Bt lean. BBI SBIJIH Biepa OA^TBI ? What had you on yesterday ? Ona 6HJia MO^HO, ajieraHTHo, Hsamno ojfaa,. She was fashionably, elegantly, exquisitely dressed. Ona Bcerfla ci> 6ojiBmHM r & BKycoMt o^Ta. She is always dressed in good (lit. with great) taste. Cognate expressions OflewAa (/.) = clothing (the peasants always say : OAema). With these must not be confused the verb, derived from the same source, meaning to hope, cf. p. 320. 149 CHAPTER 47 TO PUT, TO LAY : KJIAGTb, IIOJIOJKHTt (nOJIAFATb) AND THEIR COMPOUNDS There is yet a third way of expressing to put which is in a general way more common than either of the others ; in this case the two aspects are supplied by two quite distinct verbs : Imperfective. Perfective. Infinitive KJiacTt klast' nojiojKtrrb 2 palazh^t' 2 Present (a) KJiaay kladii nojioacy palazhii (OH^) KJiaflert kladyot nojidacHTt 2 pa!6zhyt 2 (OHH) KJia;nyTT kladut nojidxcara palozhat Past (OKI,) KJiajTB 1 klal l nojioacHJii) 2 palazhyl 2 Imperative kladyitye nojioacHie 2 palazhytye 2 Kjiacib is the most ordinary word for to put without specifying manner (e.g. setting or laying) ; it is especially commonly used of putting things away into drawers, &c., and putting ingredients into food. HOJIOHCHTL is used as its perfective in these senses, but also has the specific meaning of to put down, lay down, in contrast to nociaBHTB which means to set down (cf. pp. 137, 138). 1 The fern, is accented either KJi&Jia or 2 H after w= M (y), cf. pp. 2, 21, 22. 150 Present Kyfl,a KJiaflyT'L SarajK^ ? Ky^a BH KJia^exe MOH BCIHH ? Where do they put the luggage ? Where are you putting my things ? Future (Pfv. ; ipfv. not used) H nonojKy 9x0 cio^a (Ty^a) ; Ky;o,a BBI nonojKHTe ieMo;a,ain> ? I shall put this here (there) ; where will you put the trunk ? H nojioacy 6HJieTH, 6yMajKKH H nacnopi'L Bt csoft nopT^ejit. I shall put the tickets, notes, and the passport in my pocket- book. fl nojiojKy Centra B-B amnKi (ce6i BI> KapMaHi,). I shall put the money into the drawer or box (into my pocket). Past (Ipfv.) BH yace KJiajin caxapy (COJIH, nepii,y, nacjia, yncyca) ? Have you already put in some sugar (salt, pepper, oil, vinegar) ? H/Bra, (a BaMt) ne KJiajia (fern.). No, I haven't (I have would be noJiojKHJia). Past (P/v.) OHI, nojiojKHjTL aeHbrn 666^ BI> KoineneK-L. He put the money into his purse. H yace nojiosKHJia Bant ^Ba KycKa caxapy. I have already put you in two lumps of sugar. Kyfla BH nojioiKHJiH MOH semn ? Cro^a (Ty^a). Where did (have) you put my things ? Here (there). Imperative (Ipfv.) He KJiaflHTe caxapy ! He KJiaflirre cio.ua Hnqer6 ! Don't put any sugar in ! Don't put anything here ! LAY, PLACE, PUT 151 Imperative (Pfv.) Moe 6'kiibe WL KOMOAI,. Put my linen in the chest of drawers. IIojiojKHTe Tpn Kycica caxapy H O^HH-B KycoKt JiHMOHa. Put in three lumps of sugar and one slice of lemon nojioacHre Bamy rojioey (Bamy pyny, Bamy Hory) cro^a. Put your head (your hand or arm, your foot or leg) here. Infinitive (Ipjv.) He Hafto (Hejib3a) KJiacxt iy.ua Taaiejibixt Bem6ft. One mustn't (cant) put heavy things there. KaKyro Mapny Haffo nojiojKHTb Ha STO HHCBMO ? What sort of stamp must (I) put on this letter ? Infinitive (PJv.) Ky^a MH-B (Ha,o;o) BTO nojiojKHTL ? MOJKHO nojiojKHTb cro^a. Where am I to (must I) put this ? You can put it here. IIoJiojKHTb saMt eme KycoKt (Maca, nnpora) ? Shall I give you another piece (of meat, of pie or cake) ? , . Cognate words (n.)= position, M-feCTonojio>K6Hie (n.)= situation (topo- graphical) ; noKJiaHta (/.) =o load, KaaAOBan (/.) = store-room, KJiaAb (m.) = a treasure. It must always be remembered that the verb to put is used less loosely in Russian than in English ; for instance, when to put=to add liquids, or indivisible matter, a different verb must be used : npaSaBJiHTfa (ipfv.), npH6aBHTb (pfv.) ; npaSaBHTb saMt MOJIOK&, CJIHBOKT>, aCJICHH? shall I give you some more milk, cream, greens ? npnCaBbTe MH-B naio (K6$eio), nomajiyttCTa put me in a little more tea (coffee), please. (to dilute, add water is paaCaBJiHTb (ipfv.), paafiaBHTb (pfv.).) 152 LAY, PLACE, PUT has another imperfoctive nojiaraxb (conju- gated like flyMaib) which usually means to suppose, think, and nojiojKHTb can be also used as a perfective in this sense : Bbi nojiaraexe flijiaib ? KaK-B BLI nojiaraeie ? What are you thinking o/ doing ? What is your opinion ? HojiaraH), HTO 9TO xaK ; B. I suppose it is so. HOJIOSKHM'B, 1TO BBI HpaBBI. Let us suppose (or I suppose, granted, I expect) you are right. Used reflexively : H Mory na Baci, nojiosKHTbca ? I can trust to (rely on) you ? And especially in the following idiom : 9xo nojiaraeTca ? 9io He nojiaraexca. . Is this included (in the charge) ? This is not included (or, may one do this ?) (or, that is not allowed). Common compound verbs and cognate expressions : BjiaraTb (ipfa.), Bjiomnxb (pfv.) ) = fo .^ (ipfv.), BKjiacTb (pfv.) j , B03Jio>KHTb=to lay upon, charge, impose. (ipfv.), AOjio>KHTb (pfv.) = to report, announce; BOJio- o KOM^^to announce any one's arrival; npomy Baci> o MB?B AOJiojKHTb= please announce my arrival ; ROKJiaftt (w.) = a lecture (e.g. at the university), a report. SaKjiaAbiBaTb, aaJKmtHTb = to pawn, mortgage, pledge ; dHTbCH od-b 3aKjiasT>=to bet, to wager ; 3aji6ri.=a pledge. MajiaraTb, H3Jio?KHTb=to expound; HSJiOHi^nie (n.) = an essay, LAY, PLACE, PUT 153 -/ HajiaraTb, Hajio>KMTb = to lay upon, impose (e.g. a fine); HaJi6rb (m.)atax. OCjiOHWa (/.) = an envelope. OTKjiaMBaTb, ) OTJIO>KI ' I >= to postpone; HeoTJiaraTejibHO=ven/ OTjiara-rb, urgent; orji6rift (also noji6ritt) = sloping, OT- ) Ji6rocTB (f.) = a slope. (f.)=a lining. Hpe^JiaraTb, npe^JioKHTb = to suggest, propose; npe^Ji6n> (m.) = pretext, preposition ; npeflJio>n6Hie (.) = proposal. HpOKjiaAHBaTb, npojio>KHTb=to make (a road, nyTb, A0p6ry). PacKJia^biBaTb, pa3Jio>KHTb=to lay out, spread out. 1 1, CKJiantiBaTb , cjio>KHTb=: to put together, fold ; CKjiaffb (m.) = a store, warehouse; CJion>=a syllable, (literary) style; CJlOHta pyKH = urith folded hands (present indeclinable participle). VKjiaAbiBaTb, yjio>KHTb=to pack, put away; H yjiOHty BC^ CBOH semH BT. 3TOTT, qeMOAaHt=/ shall pack all my things in this trunk; used reflexively=o get packed, to pack, MITB na/jo yKJiaAHBaTbCH=/ must pack (sc. my trunk), n y>K6 yjiOHtHJicn =7 have already packed. Double compounds : npejjnoJiaraTb (ipfv.), npe^nojiOKHTb (pfv.)=to suppose, pre-sup- pose; npennojiOKenie (n.)= supposition; npesnojiaraeTCH= it is supposed. PacnojiaraTb,pacnoJio>KHTb= to dispose; OKI (ona) KO Mfffe xopo- ui6 pacnojiowe'H'b (-noJio>KeHa) =he (she) is wett disposed towards me; r6poAT> KpaciiBO pacnojio>KeHT.= m. = spirit) = mood, humour. 1 HCJIOB-BKT, npeAnojiaraerb, a Bon, pacnojiaraert. * Man proposes and God disposes.' u. tuu 154 CHAPTER 48 TO LIE DOWN (to go to bed) : JIOTKI^TbCfl, JIEHb Of the same stock of verbs and similar in form, with a perfective apparently different but really cognate, is the imperfective verb meaning to lie down (lay oneself). Imperfective . Perfective. Infinitive JIOJKHTBCa l 2 lazhyt's(y)a x 2 jieqB lye'ch' Present (rr\ TTriMJ* Y7Y*TL i/ii JiUi/tv y u> lazhiis' Jiary lyagu (OHt) JIOJKHTCa 1 lazhyts(y)a x JiaJKCT-B lyazhet ' / / \ / (OHH ) JI05KclTCfI lazhats(y)a Jiaryi"B lyagut Past (OH-B) JiojKHJica J lazhyls(y)a l Jier^ lyok (s \ / -t OHi ) JIOJKHJIilCIj lazhylas' J jierjia lyegla (OHH) JIOJKHJIHCB 1 lazhylyis' 1 jierjiH lyeglyi Imperative JIOJKHCB J lazhys' J ij | ( Jiari, lyak JIOJKHTCCB 1 lazhytyes' x - * ( Jiarre lyaktye Present fl nojKyct (MBI JIOJKHMCH) oieHB pano (HOB^HO). I (we) go to bed (i.e. lay myself down) very early (late). BBI Korfla (or Bt KOTOPOMI. 'lacy) JIOJKHTCCB ? At what time (o'clock) do you go to bed ? The addition of the verb cnaiB ( = to sleep) is optional ; 1 H after >K = M (y), cf. pp. 2, 21, 22. 2 Colloquially pronounced : tsa, sa. LYING DOWN AND GOING TO BED 155 other synonymous expressions axe JIOJKHTBCH B-B nocT&Jib (to bed), and HTTH or nofiiii cnaTb = to go to bed, cf. pp. 79, 275. Future (PJv. ; ip/v. seldom used) H xenepb Jiary (or noH,ny cnaxt). I shall now lie down (also = l shall now go to bed). Past (Ip/v.) JJoma (y HHxt) BLI Kor^a JIOHCHJIHCB ? When used you to go bed at home (at their house) ? fl jiojKHJica cnaib Kor,n;a BH npiixajiH. I was going to bed when you arrived. Past (Pjv.) Ona JierJia Ha AHBaHt. QHH yjKe (^aBHd) AerJiii. She lay down on the so/a. They have already (long) gone to bed. K*x. e^v^rv 2 OHI> eme He Jierb. MBI BHepa HOSAHO He has not yet gone to bed. We went to bed late last night. ir/l<4.Ke*C* U. (XvUL/ffc^-V , xx **J&T.\ Imperative (Ip/v.) He jiojKHTecb TaKi. paHo. Don't go to bed so early. Imperative (P/v.) Jlnrre Ha nocxejib, na cnHHy (HaBaHHit), KHU^ (HHHK6MT>). Lie down on the bed, on your back, prone. Infinitive (Ip/v.) H H6 JIK)6JIK) TaKt n63HO JIOJKHTbCH. Ilopa JIOJKHTbCH. I don't like going to bed so late. It is time to go to bed. 156 LYING DOWN AND GOING TO BED Infinitive (Pfv.) fl xoiy JieiB Ha MtmyToiKy (Ha qexBepiB laca). I want to lie down for a minute (for quarter of an hour). From this verb are derived others such as : (ipfv. ; like ftyMaib), yjie^bCH (pfv.) = to compose one- self to sleep, to turn in. (pfv.) = to lie down for a minute's rest. CHAPTER 49 TO LIE (to be in bed) : JIE7KATL Connected with these is the verb meaning to lie. Imperfective Perfective Infinitive jiejKaTB lyezha't' nojiejKaiB palyezha't' Present ( = to lie a short while) (a) Jieacy lyezhii (OH'B) jiejKHTi. lyezhyt npojieacaTB pralyezh&t' (OHH) jieacaTTb lyezhat ( = to lie a long while) Past (OH-L) JieacajTB lyezhal Imperative lyezhytye Present Co6aKa MejKirn, na nony. Ona cero^na The dog is lying on the floor. She is not getting up to-day. Bi aiOMi) rofly (or ^iy 3HMy) cn^ri, AOJITO JiesKHTt. The snow lies for a long time this year (this winter). Future (Ipfv.) BH jtfjiro enje' 6y^;eTe jieacaTB ? Shall you stay a long time in bed still ? LYING AND BEING IN BED 157 Future (P/u.) H nojiesKy enje HCMHOJKKO. I shall stay in bed a little longer. Ona Jieacajia st nocxejra. Bed <^K She was lying (or lay) in bed. Past (Pfv.) month in the nursing-home. Imperative (Ipfv.) JleacHie ! = don't get up (continue lying) ! Imperative (Pfv.) HojieHCHTe eme qacoKi, (diminutive of qact). Don't get up /or another hour (or so). Infinitive (Ipfv.) fl jiH)6jii6 jieacaiB AOJITO yipoMi>. I like staying in bed a long time in the morning. Infinitive (P/u.) JJoKiopi* BejrfejrL MHi* eme nojiejfcaTb. The doctor told me not to get up just yet. Present Indeclinable Participle Jle'ttca = in a lying position. Derived directly from this verb are : npHHaflJie>KaTb (only ipfv.)=to belong; aro Mirfe He )KHTit=this doesn't belong to me. The use of this verb is comparatively infrequent owing to the number of possessive adjectives, and to the use of the pro- noun vQfi=whose, cf. F. R. B., pp. 56, 67. 158 LYING AND BEING IN BED (only ipfv.) =to be liable to ; axo He noAJiewHTb HHKa- KOMy coMH-feniio =this is not open to the slightest doubt ; Htamee = ( present participle) =subject (of a sentence). N.B. To lie (to tell a lie) = (l) Jiraxb (ipfv. ; pres. Jiry, jiryrb, past JiraJit), coJiraTb (pfv.) ; JioJKb (/.) =a falsehood ; (2) Bparb (ipfv.; pres. spy, Bperb, Bpyrb, past spam.), GOBpaTb (pfv.); spaTb is commoner and less serious than jiraxb , and is often the equivalent of to romance or to make a mistake. CHAPTER 50 TO SIT DOWN (to take a seat) : CAJJHTbCfl, CBCTb Exactly corresponding in formation to the verbs which mean to lie down and to lie are those meaning to sit down and to sit ; corresponding to jiosKHTLca and jieib are the verbs meaning to sit down (set oneselj). Imperfective Perfective Infinitive caftHTbca 1 sadyit's(y)a l cicib sye'st' Present (a) caatycb sazhiis' ca^y syadu (oHt) caftHTca l sadyits(y)a 1 caflei'L syadyet (OHH) ca^aTca 1 sadyats(y)a x caflyTi syadut Past (OB'S) ca^HJica 1 sadyils(y)a J cijit sye a l (ona) ca^HJiacb sadyilas' c'fejia sye*la (OHH) ca^HJiHCb sadyilis' C^JIH sye'lyi Imperative sadyis' ca^b sya^' sadyityes' ca^fcTe sya'ttye 1 Colloquially pronounced : tsa, sa. SITTING DOWN 159 Present Yace caflaTca aa CTOJTL. CojiHije ca^HTca. They are already sitting down to table. The sun is setting. Ona BxoflHTL Bt KOMHaxy H caflHTca Ha cxyjit. She comes into the room and sits down on a chair. Future (Pfv. ; ipfv. seldom used) H cafly 3A^cb B03JTB Baci>. FA-B BH ca^exe ? I shall sit (down) here next to you. Where shall you sit (down) ? Mbi casern. Ha napoxoflt Bt PHSHHCK'E. We shall get on board the steamer at Eybinsk. Past (Pfv. ; ipfv. seldom used) MH dbm sa CTOJTB. Ona c-BJia Bt Kpecjio. We (/lave) sat down to table. She sat down in an arm-chair. OH!) c'Bjrt na CHfl'EHBe (na CKaMeftKy, Ha csoe M"BCTO). He sat down on the seat (on the bench, in his place). xxwvk^ ^ e^otx/ui . Imperative (Ipfo.) Ta ! Be seated, please I (polite form) Imperative (Pfv.} Sit down ! (peremptory) Let us sit down here. Infinitive (Ipfv.} Ilporay Bact cafl,HTbca ! Pray be seated I Infinitive (PJv.) M6HCHO C-BCTb TyTT> ? He^A* ciCTb (cf . p. 52). OfiCTb HaMl ? May I sit (down) here ? TJiere is nowhere to sit. Shall we sit down ? 160 CHAPTER 51 TO SIT (to be sitting) : CH.ZJ'BTb Connected with these, and exactly corresponding to Jieacaib, is the verb meaning to sit. Imperfective Perfective Infinitive CHfl-bTb sidye't' nocH^Tb pasidyeV Present ( = to sit a short while) (a) CHHty sizhii (OHT>) CHflHi-b sidyit npocHfl'ETb prasidyeV (OHH) CHflarh sidyat ( = to sit a long while) Past (OHT>) CH.o.'Eji'b sidye a l Imperative sidyitye xe^X; Present BH oOMKHOBeHHOHAHTe ? Bbl flaBHO CHAHT6 do you usually sit ? Have you been sitting here long ? fl ciracy y OKHa, sa CTOJIOMT., na cxyji-fe, B-b Kpecjii. I am sitting by the window, at table, on a chair, in an arm- chair. Future (Ip/v.) BH 6yAexe cn^'BTb HJIH Syseie CTOHTB ? Shall you sit or shall you stand ? Future (P/v.) H neMHOJKKO nocHJKy, a oienb ycxaji-b. I shall sit for a little, I am very tired. * oOMKHOBeHHO^ SITTING 161 Past (Ip/V.) MH fldjiro CHA^JIH Biepa BeiepoMT> saf wy> very late last night. a npocHji,ijia ct HaMH ii^Jitift qaci>. She sat for a whole hour with us. Imperative (Ipfv.) Te ! = don't get up (continue to sit) ! Imperative (Pfv.) nocH,n,H(Te) eme neMHOJKKo co MHofi. Sit a little longer with me. Infinitive (Ipfv.) a He JiK)6jiK) aoJiro cnfffes no BeqepaMt. A 1 - Infinitive (P/p.) \\\ H xoqy nocHA^Tb ct B^MH (ex xo66fi). J t<;anf to sit a little with you (with thee). Present Indeclinable Participle CHAH = in a sitting position. This verb is often used negatively with the reflexive pronoun as an impersonal verb with the following meaning : Mnij He CH^HTCH ; eiay HC CHAHTCH fl6Ma ( na M-BCTE). I feel restless, have got the fidgets ; he won't stop at home ( still). Cognate word CHfl-fcHbe (n.) =a seat (the seat of a carriage, for instance). 1809-1 M 162 SITTING Derived from the same root, and exactly corresponding to the transitive verbs (-Jiaraib) IIOJIOJKHTB (cf. pp. 149-153) are the transitive verbs which mean to set (put in a sitting position, plant, make sit). (ip/v., like .nyMaib ; or caHTi> (ipfv.), pres. ca,o,HTi>), nocaflHTb (pfv.) = to set ; flepeBL oceui>}O = they plant trees in the autumn (sc. trees are planted); OITL nocaflHJTB Meira Bosjrfc ce6A = he made me sit down next to him, ero noca^HJin nofl'L apeciTb = they placed him under arrest ; r^ BLI noca^HTe 910 flSpeBO = where shall you plant this tree ? (TO.) = garden, caflOBHHicL = gardener ; caaca (/.) = soot . Compound verbs and derivative words. .ZJocaRHO = it is vexing, provoking, KaKan mocafla = what a pity ! Sacajja (/.) an ambush ; aac^AaHie (..) = session, OcaAa (f.)= siege. ITepeca>KHBaTbCH, nepec'tcTb = to change (places, trains); nepe- caAKa (f.)=a change of trains or carriages, Seat nepecaRKH = loithoid changing trains, SeanepecaAOHHHft Bar6m> = through carnage, -Hoe (or npHMoe) cooSmenie = through communica- tion; Ha rpamiirfc HSIAO nepeca>KHBaTi>CH=oe must change at the frontier, HSIAO nepec'fecTb Bt Apyrott n6'B3A'b = one must change into another train. (m.) = President. (pfv.) = to sit down for a minute (cf. npmienb, p. 156). (m.) =a nursery garden. , yc-BCTbCH = to take one's place, to settle oneself down (cf. yjienbCH, p. 156). 163 CHAPTER 52 TO TAKE : BPATL, B3HTL As in the case of KJiacTb and HOJIOJKHTL (cf . p. 149) the two aspects of this verb are supplied by two quite distinct verbs : Imperjective Infinitive 6paib bra/t' Present Perfective BSHTB vzya't' (a) 6epy (OITB) 6eperL (OHH) 6epyT r b b(y)eru b(y)ery6t b(y)erut B03BMy BOSbMert BOSbwyn. vaz'mii vaz'my6t vaz'miit Past (OHI.) 6pajn (oHa) 6pajia (OHH) 6pajiH bral brala bralyi B3HJTB B3fljia B3HJIH vzyal vzyala vzyalyi Imperative 6epHxe b(y)eritye BOSbMHTC vaz'mitye Present H 6epy ypoKH pyccicaro astiKa ; y Kor6 ? I am taking lessons of the Russian language ; from whom ? Bt aioMt MarasHHij 6ep^n 6ienb A<5poro. In that (or this) shop they charge a great deal. BH 6epere ct co66ii SOHTHK-B ? Are you taking an umbrella with you ? H 6epy xojidflHyio (TCHJIVK), ropanyio) n;iiiny. I take a cold (warm, hot) bath. 2 ** 164 TAKE Future (Ipfv.) H 6y,ny 6paii> ypoKH MysHKH KajKflHft I shall have music-lessons every day. OHa 6y,o,eT'E> Spaib ypoKH n-Eiria H She is going to take singing and painting lessons. Future (PJv.) H B03BMV cs> co66ft leMOflaHi) H nantT6. I shall take a trunk (bag) and an overcoat with me. OWL Aoporo BOSBM&TL. BH ITO BOSLMexe ? He will charge a lot. What will you take (sc. carry) ? H B03BMy eme neMHOJKKO aioro 6jii6fl;a. I will help myself to a little more of this dish. U. 4xrk4* co66ft Ty.ua. They took him prisoner. She took me with her there. TAKE 165 Imperative (Ipfv.) He 6epHie aio (or 9ioro) ! Eepirre ! Don't take that ! Take (this ! polite form). Imperative (Pfv.) B03BMHTC ! BoBtMHTC MCHH Ct Co66ft ! Take (this ! more peremptory, sc. catch hold !) Take me with you I ( / HopTb B03BMH ! Demi take it ! (the approximate equivalent of ' Damn ! ') Infinitive (Ipfv.) fl xoqy y Koro-HH6yflt 6paiB yp6KH. I want to have lessons from somebody. Infinitive (Pfv.) Jlyiine BSHTL OTO. Ha#o Baaib ct co66tt najitio. Better take this. (We) must take our overcoats with us. H&AO B3flTB AeHBrH y Koro-HH6yffi> B-B aaftMii. (We) must borrow money from somebody (cf. p. 168). Used ref lexively this verb means to take to, to undertake : HSIAO B3HTbCH aa pa66xy = (/) must get to work ; H aa BTO iioai.Myn. =7 wiU undertake that ; it can also mean to appear : OTK^AS HH BoabMHCb codaKa = suddenly (goodness knows whence) there appeared a dog ; OTKy^a Bti BSHJIHCB ? = where have you sprung from ? In the reflexive forms of this verb and all its derivatives (cf. pp. 168, 169) the accent in the past goes to the last syllable : cA, -acb, -6cb, -HCb. 166 CHAPTER 53 COMPOUNDS OF -EHPATb AND BPATb The compounds of these two verbs fall into two categories, those formed from Spaxb, and those derived from the root contained in B3flTb. Imperfectives formed from 6paib insert H in the stem, and these imperfectives are then conjugated like ayMaib ; com- pounds of 6paib are perfective. Some of the commonest compounds and cognate words are : BbifiHpaTb (ipfv.), BbiSpaib (pfv.) = to choose ; Bbi6epirre METE xopomee M-ECTO (-mee KaiecxBo, xopomifi copxt) = choose me a good place (a good quality, a nice quality, kind, or sort) ; na^o ix6-Hii6yAb Bb'i6paxb, xpyflHo BbiSpaxb = (we) must choose something, it is difficult to choose ; BH Kox6pyro KHiiry BbiSpajin ? = which book did (have) you choose (chosen) ? ; 6ieHb Sojibmoa Bbi6opT> = there is a very large choice ; MBJIO Bbi6opa = there is little choice. ,D,o6paTbca ,0,0 + gen. (p/v.) = to attain, reach with effort. 3a6paTbca Ha, Bt + ace. (pfv .) = to find one's way on to, into ; 3a66pt (m.) = a fence. Ha6paTbca (pfv.) = to collect a quantity (of anything). HoAfinpaTb, noffo6paTb (no^6epy) = fo pick up, gather up, match colours or materials. HpHCnpaTb, npn6paTb = to clean, clear, tidy up, put away ; MOJKeie npn6paTb KOMHaxy = you can do the room ; npH66pi> (m.) = cover at table (plate, knife, fork, &c.). IIpo6paTbca (pfv.) - to make one's way through ; npo66p r b (m.)= parting (on the head). GATHER, INTEND 167 Pa36npa,Tb, paaoSpaiB (pas6epy) = to examine, decipher; paadopfc (m.) = choice, selection, discernment. Co6:npaTB, co6paTB = Tea/rpt = we are going to the theatre to-day ; BH Ky^a codHpaeiecb ? = where are you off to ? ; a co6HparocB K-B HHM-B B-B r<5cTH = 1 am going to see them; a co6HpaiocB aa rpaHHi^y = J intend noftin = we had got ready to go (were ready, had decided) ; MM co6apaJiHCB noftiii = we had been (were) intending (were preparing) to go. ySupaiB, y6pa,Tt = to clear up, away ( CTOJTB = the table, KOMnaTy = the room) ; y6epHre BC-B am BCIU,H = take away all these things ; ySiipaftca (sing.), y6HpaiiTecB (plur.) = clear out ! y66pnaa (sc. K^MHaia) = lavatory, toilet. CHAPTER 54 COMPOUNDS OF -HMAlL AND -HTb The verb ssaiB is itself a compound of the preposition BOB- (short form B3- = wp, cf. JR. G., p. 231) and -aiB ; this verb -aTB never occurs except compounded with a preposi- tion. The present of -axB is -BMy (cf. BOSBMy) or -HMy, the M disappearing in the infinitive (and consequently also in the past), according to certain laws of phonetic change which hold good in all the Slavonic languages. All com- pounds of -HTB, including saaiB, are perfective ; the corresponding imperfectives are formed from an infinitive , and are conjugated like wraiB. In the compounds 168 TAKE OUT, OCCUPY, HIRE both of -HMaib and of -aib'the letter H appears between the preposition and the verb ; this is because the prepositions B-B and ct originally ended with this letter, which they subsequently lost. Then the verb itself came to assume the form -miMaTb, -HHT&, and was compounded in this form with the other prepositions which ended in other consonants or in vowels. In certain cases there are alternative forms without the H when the verb -HMaib may appear as -LiMaTb. The commonest compounds and cognate words are : BHHMaTb^p/y.jCf. E.G.,p.lbb),EEsiTi>(pfv.) = tohear, attend, listen(on\j poetical) ; BHHMame (n.) = attention, oSpaTHie (a ofipamaio) same BHHMame na aio = direct (I direct) your attention to this ! ; BHHMarejibHO = attentively. BtiHHMaTb, BbrayTb (irregular pfv.) = to take out', a Bb'my (oHt BbmeTt) Bee HS-B leMOAaHa = I (he) will take everything out of the trunk ; ont BLmyjit Centra HBTB KapMana = he took the money out of his pocket ; im- perative : BHHb, BHHbTe ! = take out ! ; Haflo see 919 BbiHyib OTCio/i,a = (you) must take all this out from this. SamiMaTb, saHaib (pres. saHMy) = to borrow (money), to occupy ; MH 3aHHMaeMi> BCIO KBapiHpy = we occupy the whole flat ; 910 sact saHHMaei'L ? = does that interest you ?\ a sattny aio M^CTO = I shall occupy this place ; MH saHajiH am M^cxa = we have occupied these places ; out aaHHJFB (ona aanajia) y Mena ^enbrn = he (she) bor- rowed money from me; BC-B M-BCTa 3a,Effn>i = all the places are taken (past participle passive) ; axo = that is interesting ; saHarie (n.) = occupation ; (m.) = a loan (gen. aaftMa, cf. p. 165). HanHMaib, HanaTb = to hire ; HanaTb naMi, HBBosHHKa?^ shall we hire a cab ? ; a xoqy naHaib H. = / want to hire a cab ; HaeMi, (m.) = hire. LIFT, ACCEPT, TAKE OFF 169 , oSnaib (pres. o6ofiMy or o6miMy) = o embrace, to include ; odtaiie (n.) = an embrace ; o6i>eMi> (m.) = extent, compass, capacity. (* OraHMaib, OTHHTB (pres. OTHHMy, oraHMerL) = to take away, carry off ; ont OTHajn. (ona OTHajia) y Mena KHHry = he (she) took the book away from me (notice the use of y). 7 IIoHHMaTb, nonai'b = to understand (see next page). <^ IIo.nHHMaTb (or noflHMaTb), noflHaxb (pres. noflHHMy, HOAHH- = to raise, lift ; used reflexively = to rise, mount ; no Ji^CTHHii.'fe = to go upstairs; noAHHMirre, = lift it up, please ; noAteMi (m.) = a lift. (pres. npHMy, npHMeTL) = to receive, accept, take in ; OHa npHHHMaeT'L no BocKpeceHbaMt = she is at home on Sundays ; OKI, nprinajn, (ona npH- najia, OHH npHHajin) MOC npHTJiamenie = he (she, they) has (have) accepted my invitation ; npHMHie Moft Tenjitift (cepneiHbiH) npHB^Tt = accept my warm (cordial, affec- tionate) greeting ; flOKTopi ITO BaMt eeji^Jit npHHH- Maib ? = what did the doctor order you to take ? ; npieMi (m.) = reception, at home, manner, way, acceptance (of orders), intake. CnHMaxb, cnaib (pres. cnnMy, CHHMeT f b) = Jo take off clothes, to take photographs ; BH cnHMaeie ? = do you photo- graph? ; OHT> CHajn> (ona cnajia) CBOK) niJiany (CBOH nep- = /ie (she) took off his (her) hat (gloves) ; (HC CHHMHTC najibTO = (don't) take off your over- coat ; CHHMOKT, (m.) = a photograph, a snapshot. Double compound : H IIpeAnpHHHMaTb, npejsfl^imAfb^ to undertake; npeAnpiaiie (n.) = an undertaking, enterprise ; npeAnpiuMiHBbiM = enterprising. 9. ^. U 170 CHAPTER 55 TO UNDERSTAND: IIOHHMATb, IIOHflTb The commonest of all the compounds of -HMaxb, -axb is the verb meaning to understand. Imperfective Perfective Infinitive panyima't' HOHHXB panya't' panyimayu panyimayet panyimayut HOHMy HOHMyTT, paimu paimyot paimiit panyimal HOHHJI1, noHHJia HOHHJIH ponyal panyala p6nyalyi Present (a) noHHMaio (OKI) noHHMaeTt (OHH) noHHMaroT'b Past (ont) (ona) etc. (OHH) Imperative noHMHie paimitye Present 51 HHiero (HH cjiOBa) He noHHMaio. BBI noHHMaexe ? I understand nothing (not a word). Do you understand ? H noHHMaio no-H^MeiiiKH H no-$paHn;y3CKH. I understand German and French. BH noKHMaeie no-aHrJiiiicKH HJIH no-HTajitaHCKH ? Do you understand English or Italian ? Future (Pfv. ; ipfv. seldom used) H HHiero ne noftMy. Bact (ne) noiiMyT'L. I shall l understand nothing. They will (not) understand you. 1 Also=7 cannot, cf. p. 16. /u UNDERSTAND 171 Past (Pfo. ; ipfo. seldom used) Btl MCHfl HOHflJIH ? Did you understand me (have you understood me) ? # K6e-iTo noHajn>. I understood something here and there. Si Baci. ne TaKt noHajrL. I misunderstood you (lit. not thus understood). Ona Mena He TaK& noHajia. She misunderstood me. Infinitive (P/v. ; ipfo. seldom used) H He Mory Bact nornm,. I cannot understand you. Cognate words HoHHTie (n.) = idea, conception: noHHTia ne HMiio=/ haven't the least idea ; IIOHHTHO = it is to be understood, one can understand, it is intelligible. Another form of the same word supplies the perfective aspect of the verb to catch, which for the sake of reference is here given in full ; the imperfective aspect is supplied by a different verb. CHAPTER 56 TO CATCH : JIOBHTb, HOHMATb Imperfective Perfective Infinitive JIOBHTb lav it IIOHMaTb paimat Present (a) JIOBJIK) (OHl) JldBHTb (OHH) Ji6Bai*b lavlyti 16vit 16vyat nottMaio noHMaert nOHMaiOTB paimayu paimayet paimayut 172 CATCH Imperfective Perfective Past (owb) JIOBHJTL lavil noHMaJTb paimal (oHa) JioBHJia lavila nofiMajia paimala (OHH) JIOBHJIH lavilyi noftMajin paimalyi Imperative lavitye noflMaHTe paimaitye Present Kama KOiiiKa yjKe He JIOBHT'B Mfcinieft. Our cat no longer catches mice. Future (Ip/v.) MH 6yffeMi> cero^Ha JIOBHTI, pbi6y yflOiKofi (sc. We are going to catch fish with a hook to-day (sc. to angle). Future (P/v.) CMOTPHTG, OKI, Baci> nofiMaerb ! Mind (lit. look), he will catch you ! Past (Ipfv.) PfiiSaKH JIOBHJIH pti6y KGBQROWL. The fishermen were catching fish with a net. Past (P/v.) Owb Biepa Ha OXOT'B nofiMaJit MeAB^^a. He caught a bear yesterday while hunting. Imperative (Pfo. ; ipjv. seldom used HoHMaHTe 9Ty irrHuy. Catch that bird. Infinitive (Ipfv.) MaJitiHKH nonuiH pii6y JIOBHTB. The boys have gone fishing. CATCH 173 Infinitive (Pfv.) H xoiy noftMaTb 3Ty 6a6oiKy. I want to catch this butterfly. In general JIOBHTB expresses the process of catching, or the desire or the endeavour to catch ; noftMaTb implies actual capture. HaJioBiiTb is a perfective of JiosiiTb and means to catch a quantity; its imperfective is HaJiaBjiHuaxb (cf. p. 37). VjiaB- jiHBaTb (ipfv.) and yjiOBHTb (pfv.) mean figuratively to catch, e.g. to seize an opportunity = yjiOBHTb CJiynatt. Neither of these verbs can be used for the expressions to catch trains or steamers, for which cf. p. 306, or to catch cold, for which cf. p. 285. CHAPTER 57 TO KNOW: 3HATb, VSHATb, -3HABATL Imperfective Perfective Infinitive 3Haib zna*!' ysnaTb Present (a) anaio znayu ysHaro (OH-B) SHaeTL znayet yanaerB (OHH) 8HarorB znayut yandion, Past (oHt) 3Hajn> znal yanajTB Imperative BHafixe znaitye yanaftTe Present fl anaio, qro ^TO Tan-B. Snaere JIH BH, r^ OHH ? I know that this is so. Do you know where they are ? EOFB er6 anaerL ! KTO er6 anaerb ! God knows I (lit. it). Who knows (it), who can tell t uzna 1 !' uznayu uzndyet uznayut uznal uznaitye 174 KNOW Future (Ipfv.) OHI> He will certainly (probably] know (sc. can tell you). Future (Pfv.) BH Bee 9TO ysHaeie TaMt (OTI, HHXI>). You will find out all that there (from them). KaKt a yanaio ofit aiOMt ? How shall I find out about this ? H (He) snaiTB o6t BTOMI. BH ero I did (not) know about that. Did you know him personally ? ^as^P/t?.)' 1 ' H y3Hajr& BI> KOHTOpij o no'Esjii'E (o napoxoft'E). I (have) found out in the office about the train (the steamer). (JTKyj^a BH y3HaJIH BCo 9TII nOjUpOOHOCTH i From where did you find out all these details ? Imperative (Pfv. ; ipfv. seldom used) YsHaHTe, MOJKHO JIH HaMI> 9TO CA^JiaTB. Find out whether we can do this. Infinitive (Ipfv.) He Mory SHait. I can't tell, I don't know. Infinitive (Pfv.) 51 (ne) Mory (xoiy ; Haso, MOJKHO, nejiBsa) ysnaTB. I can(not, want to ; (I) must, one can, one can't) find out. Cognate words Snanie (n.) = knowledge. The compounds of snaTb (y3HaTB, &c.) are all perfective ; the corresponding imperfectives are formed from a verb -E which is conjugated like -cxaBaTb (cf. p. 129) : KNOW 175 (pres. npHanaio), npH3HaTb = to admit, recognize (a qualification), own (confess) ; used reflexively it is intran- sitive : npHSHaTbCH (the infinitive by itself) =/ confess, I admit, honestly ; npHSHame (n.) a confession. (pres. cosnaio), co3HaTb = to be conscious of; used reflexively = to own up, to confess ; cosHanie (.) = conscience ( = consciousness), confession (conscience, good or bad = CdB-BCTb,/.). CJtKAWVtJLjttoO - l ? = what does that mean ? HTO STO M6Hcerb 3Hawrb ? = what may that mean ? 9TO HHier6 He BHa^HrL = that means nothing, that's of no con- sequence. SHaiHTB, OWL ytxajii = one must suppose (evidently), he has gone away. Such expressions as I mean, what do you mean ? cannot be rendered by this verb, but must be translated by H xoq CKaaaib = I wish to say, &c., cf. pp. 65-67. 176 MEAN; MAKE ACQUAINTANCE Cognate words SnaK-b (m.) = a sign; TBepAbitt 3HaKT>='b (' ep-b ' or the hard sign), MHrmft (myakhki) 3. = b (' epb ' or the soft sign). (n.) = meaning, signification] KaK6e BHaneme HM^en. ? = what meaning has it ? what is it for ? ; 9TO He HftrEerb HHKa- K6ro 3HaHeHiH = neii (ci> HEMT., ci> HHMH) Where did you get to know her (him, them) ? H eaci nosnaKOMJiK) ct nefi, ecjin XOTHTB. I will introduce you to her, if you wish. HoieMy BBI Mena ci> RHM^ ne nosnaKOMHJiH ? Why didn't you introduce me to him ? cfra KHiira nosHaKOMHT-B Bact ct pyccKoft This book will introduce you to Russian life. Cognate words 3HaK6MHii (m.), snaKOMaH (/.) = an acquaintance (a person); 3HaK6MLift (adj.) = familiar (famous is an obsolete verb=to know). 177 CHAPTER 59 TO KNOW HOW : VM-BTL, Imper/ective Perfective Infinitive yM-iib umye j t' cyM-tib sumyeV Present (H) yM^ro umySyu cyM^ro sumySyu (OH-L) yM^ert umyeyet cyiwierB sumy6yet (OHH) yM^iOTL umyeyut cyM^rorL sumy6yut Past umy6 a l cyM^jn, sumy6 a l This verb is derived from VM-L (m.)=mind, and its con- jugation is the same as that of many other verbs in --feiL derived from adjectives and denoting processes (cf. p. 40). The perfective cyMfei> is formed by the addition of the preposition ct>, which merely makes the imperfective verb perfective and has no particular meaning of its own. The T> is omitted, as usual, in cases where the verb begins with a hard vowel and the preposition ends in a consonant, but the verb is occasionally written c-ByMiib. The use of this verb is extremely common, often taking the place of Moib (cf. p. 57), especially in its perfective form, which supplies the future : I shall be able, I shall manage, though when it is a question of time, ycn-tib is used, cf. p. 305. Present H yM-feo HHiaTb no-p^ccKH, HO ne yM-iio I can read Eussian, but cannot talk (it). 1809.1 N 178 TO KNOW HOW, TO BE ABLE BKI yM-Eeie (sc. roBopHTt) no-anrjiittcKH ? Can you speak English (roBopHTB is often omitted). QET> He yMiert roBopHTB HH Ha KaK6Mi HHOCTpaHHOMi> muK^ (nom. HSBiKT), m. = language), He cannot talk any foreign language. OHI, xopom6 yM^eT'L CHHMaiB $OTorpa$iH, HO He yMiert HXt CaMt npOflBJIHTB. He knows how (can) to take photographs well, but cannot develop them himself. cfaOTL MaJIBIHTCB yM'BeT'L ^HTaTB, HHCaTB, pHCOBaTB, nijTB H nrpaTB na poajii (nom. poajiB, m. = a piano). This boy can read, write (niicaxB can also mean to paint), draw, sing, and play the piano. Future (PJv. ; ipfv. not used) BBI cyM^eie BTO c^ijiaiB ? CyM^io ! Shall you be able to do this (sc. manage this) ? I shall ! H ne cyM^io HaftTH flopory Ty^a o^HHt (o,o;Ha). I shan't be able to find the way there alone (fern.). H H6 CyM'EH) o6l>flCHHTB 6My ; o6tflCHHTBC3. I shan't be able to explain to him ; to explain myself. Past (Ipfv.) Ona He yM-EJia HH qniaiB HH HHcaiB. She could neither read nor write. Past (PJv.) fl CyM'EJTB CMy KOe-KaKt o6'&aCHHTB. I managed somehow or other to explain to him. TO KNOW HOW, TO BE ABLE 179 Cognate words VMT. (m.)=mind ; yMHiift=cZever ; yMHHija (TO. or/.) = a clever fellow, a clever girl. Pasy MT> (TO. ) = intellect ; paay MHUft = sensible, possessed of common sense; pa3yM-feeTCH=o/ course (lit. that understands itself); caiw6 co66io pa3yM"feeTCH = jiaeTi MH-B I give you my word of honour. He gives me (the) money. Ona flaerL ypoKH pyccKaro asHKa. She gives Eussian lessons. CKOJIBKO BH eMy ^aeie ? KopoBa ^aext MOJIOK6. How much do you give him ? The cow gives milk. OHH ceroftira jjarorb o6^jcb (Beiepi,, 6a;m>, cneKTaKJis). To-day they are giving a dinner (an evening party, a ball, theatricals). Cero^HH ^aioi'L EBrenia OHimHa ^ BTE> Teaxpi. To-day they are giving Eugen Onegin z at the theatre. 1 H after in= H (y), cf. p. 2. 2 An opera by Chaikovski, the libretto being taken from Pushkin's great novel in verse of this name. GIVE 181 Future (Ip/v.) fl 6yay (KTO 6yp,erb) Aasait eaMt ypoKH (?) I am going (who is going) to give you lessons (?) CKOJIBKO (ttcaJiOBaHta) BBI 6y,n;eTe einy (efl) flaBaib ? How much (wages) are you going to give him (her) ? 3aBipa flneMT, 6yflyTi>flaBaTbineKcnHpa,a BeqepOMt Hexosa. To-morrow afternoon they will play Shakespeare and in the evening Chekhov. Future (PJv.) H BaivrL 66jn>me (aenerb) He ^aMt. JJaM-L ^eHbrn. I won't give you any more (money). I will give you the money. CK6jiLKO aa BIO ^aAHie ? Bojitme py6jia J ne ffannb. How much will you give for that ? Not more than a rouble. H BaM-B flaMT> nacnopTL, 6HJieTT., KJiroqii, naiaft. 2 / will give you (my) passport, ticket, keys, a remuneration. H BaMi) AaMi> Bee ITO (or CKOJIBKO) BH XOTHTG. I will give you everything (or as much as) you want. OHH BaMi He AaflyrB pasp^inenia (nosBOJienia). They won't give you permission. Past (Ipfv.) IIpeiKAe qacTO AaBajiH aiy nb6cy (6nepy). Formerly they often used to give this play (opera). Biepa flaBajiH KOM^iio OcTp6BCKaro. 3 Yesterday they gave a comedy of Ostrovski. 3 1 Genitive of comparison. 2 ' for tea ' a euphemism. 3 A famous Russian playwright. 182 GIVE Past (Pfv.) CK6jibKO BH eMy ftaJiH ? fl eMy ftaji How much did you give him ? I gave him half a rouble. Ona eMy flajia py6nb ci> HOJITHHOH (or pyfijib naTB^ecaTt). She gave him a rouble and a half (or one-fifty}. BH ftajiH eMy iTO-HH6y;a;t ? ^ajn, (^ajia). Did 2/ow gfwe (have you given) him anything ? I have. BH Mirk flJiJiH Majio, MHOFO ; JimnHee. You have given me little (sc. not enough), much (sc. too much); extra. H eaMt yjKe ^OBO^LHO j^aji-L. BH ffajin eMy 3Haii> ? I have already given you enough. Have you let him know ? Ona MH-E flajia pasp-kmeme. OWL ^aarb o6 i Bin;aHie. She has given me (her) permission. He gave (his) promise. When negatived the word He withdraws the accent on to itself from this part of the verb in the masculine and plural : H eMy ein,e He-flant HHiero. Ona HHiero He Rana. I have not yet given him anything. She gave nothing. BH MH-E enje He-^ajin fleHeri. You have not yet given me the money (any money). MH^ ne-flajiH anaTb. EMy He-^ajiH roBOpaxb. They never let me know. They wouldn't let him speak. Imperative (Ipfv.) nrpaTb BI> KapiH, Bt maxMaiH, Bt maniKH, BL t CH^}KKH, BTE> TOpijIKH. Let's play (have a game of) cards, chess, draughts, blind man's buff, snowball, catch-as-catch-can. JJaBaHie BnuteMt qTO-HH6y,a,b. ^aBafi^e) ! Let us have a drink of something. By all means ! GIVE 183 He flaBairre eiay Sojibme (CTOJIBKO or Taicb MHOFO). Don't give him any more (so much). He AaBafiie einy npoftiH. Don't let him go through (or past). Imperative (Pfv.) ^aftxe MITE, nojKajryftcTa, Tro-HH6y,nb noicib. Please give me (let me have) something to eat. Jlafixe MH-B (eme) H6MH6jKKO (or HeMH6aceqKo) cyny, HKpu, xJiiioaj PLJOLJ, Mflca, KapTOtpenH, nuporji, cjiaj^Kciro, Cbipy, Macjia, MOJioKa, CJIHBOKI. ; (eme) H-BCKOJIBKO nHpojKKOBt, SyjiOKt, SJIHHOBI., rpa66B'B. Give me a little (more) soup, caviar, bread, fish, meat, potato, pie, sweet, cheese, butter, milk, cream ; a few (more) little pies, little loaves, pancakes, mushrooms. Let me speak. Let him know. **"**- me (cx6jibKO, TaKB MHOFO). (You) mustn't give more (so much). Infinitive (Pfv.) Hpomy Baci ftaTb MH^ 6yrbiJiKy BHHa (mina ). Please give me a bottle of wine (beer). H (HB) Mory (ne xoiy) saMi. ^axb TO. I can(not) (don't want to) give you this. Cognate words and common compound verbs Jtaab (/.) =tribute ; Aa4a (/.) =a country villa. 3aaia (f.)a problem. /. HaAaBaTb (ipfv. ) , HSAaTb (pfv. ) = to give forth, edit, publish ; (n.) = edition ; KHHrOH3flarejibCTBO (n.) =pvblishing firm. 184 1. OTjjaBaTb, OTAaTb=fo jjiwe OM*M/, grive 6 (note the accent) ;o,6HbrH ? = did he repay you the money? ona MHTB OTAaJia Knviry = she gave me back (or let me have) the book, OT^aJiH MajibHHKa Bt uiKo^iy they sent the boy to school. K6CKift npHB-fexT, = hand him (sc. convey) a friendly greeting from me ; Cyflbxe TaKT, AoOpbi nepe^atb MH-B MBHIO (Ta6jibA6ia) , npeftcKypaim,, cojib, n6pei^i>, ropqiii^y, xji-feSt, BO^y be so good as to hand me the menu (of the table-d'hote), the bill of fare, the salt, the pepper, the mustard, the bread, the ivater. Cf. also p. 272. if IIoRaBaTb, nojjaTb = to serve (a meal), to bring up (carriage or horses) ; noflaBaftTe o6 r B,H'b (jiomaAefi) = serve the dinner (bring round the horses); no^ajiH od'EA't 1 have they served dinner (is dinner ready)? o6'fe,ni> (nafi, BaBTpam,, yTKHHi.) noAant = dinner (tea, lunch, supper) is served ; noAaxb (f.) = tax. (-&n)=the subject of a state. (-an) devoted ; Baun> np^AaHHbiii Apyn> (cjiyra) = your devoted (humble) friend (servant). (n.) = dowry, trousseau. S" EpoAaBaTb, npoAaTb = to sell ; for examples cf. p. 204. PaaAasaTb, paaAaxb to distribute, deal out; often used reflex- ively = to resound. *&/i f 'd>i*A*.^u6mt. ?o*4.ocsi naA^AlrAA-C^ 7 CAasaTb, CAaib = to deliver ; c. 6araJKT> = to hand over heavy luggage for weighing and labelling, c. 3K3aMem> = to go in for an exam. (c;o;aBaTb 3.= to go in for , c^aTb 3.= to pass), c. KapTH = to deal cards ; c^ana (/.) = change (money left over). ? VflaBaTbCH, yAaTbCH, always in the 3rd person = to succeed, have success ; MH-B He y^aJiocb 310 CA"BJiaTb = / did not succeed in doing this, I couldn't manage it; yftaia (/.) = success, yftaHHbiii = successful. Double compounds : * IIpenoAaBaTb (only ipfv.)=to teach (a subject) ; KTO TaMi, npeno- Aaerb pyccKitt H3biKT> ? who teaches Russian there ? npenoAa- z'.i.;. Baxejib (m.)= teacher, instructor, lecturer. IP PacnpoAasaTb, pacnpoAa.Tb=to sell off, cf. p. 205. It Co3,naBaTb, co3AaTb= to create. ! ' Y(l GIVE 185 To give = to make a gift or present is (ipfv.) Aapnib, (pfv.) fl BaMi, no^apro aiy Benjb. Eo^apHTe MH-B axo ! I will make you a present of this thing. Give me that (to keep) ! OHI, (oHa, OHH) MH-B no^apHJii, (no,n;apHjia, no,o;apHJiH) BC-B 9TH Bemn (fleHbrn, KHHrn). He (she, they) gave me all these things (money, books). (m.)=a gift, plur. CHAPTER 61 TO SAY, TO TELL, TO SPEAK, TO TALK : TOBOPMTb, GKASATb The two aspects of this verb are, like those of KJiacib and nojiojKHib (cf. p. 149) and of 6paib and saaxb (cf. p. 163), supplied by two different verbs : Imperfective Perfective Infinitive roBOpHTb gavarit' CKaaaib skaza't' Present (a) roBOpro gavaryii CKaiKy skazhu (OHI,) roBopHTb gavarit CKajKerb skazhet (OHH) roBopai-b gavaryat CKaacyTi. skdzhut Past (OKI.) roBopiiji'b gavaril ci;;i.;;i. 1 1, skazal Imperative roBopHie gavarftye CKajKHTe skazhytye There is another perfective formed from rOBOpiiib, which is less commonly used, viz. noroBopHib ; it means to have 186 SAY, TELL, SPEAK, TALK a chat, talk for a short time. CKasaTt never means to speak or talk. Present HTO BH roBOpnre ? ^TO BH roBOpirre ! What do you say ? (I beg your pardon ?) You don't mean it ! fl ne noHHMaro, HTO BH I don't understand what you say (when *no = what, the relative pronoun, and not that, the conjunction, it is often accented in Russian print). MITE ne HOHHTHO, Kor^a BH roBOpirre TaKt CKOpo. I don't understand (lit. it is not intelligible to me) when you speak so quickly. BH roBopirre no-n6jiBCKH, no-cep6cKH, no-ieincKH, no- 6ojirapcKH, no-rpeiecKH, no-BenrepCKH, no-TypeipCH, no-pyMHHCKH, no-^aTCKH, no-mBeffCKH, no-rojiJiaHACKH, no-JiHTOBCKH, no-JiOTtimcKH, no-nyxoncKH, no-TaiapcKH ? Do you speak Polish, Serbian, Bohemian, Bulgarian, Greek, Hungarian, Turkish, Eumanian, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, Lithuanian, Lettish, Finnish, Tartar ? SA'BCB roBOpara no-aHrjiificKH, no-<|)paHny3CKH, no-H^Meii,KH. English, French, German spoken here. FoBOpaTt, TTO OHI> oicHB cnocoSntiH nejiOB-lKt. They say that he is a very capable man. FoBOparB, 6y,o,To OHa o6pyiHJiacB (ont o6py i iHJica). There is a report (lit. they say as though) she (he) is betrothed. OHt HE'S rOBOpHTB, HTO (He) CTOHTB CMOTp^TB. He tells me that it is (not) worth seeing (e.g. a play). Bant roBopio, ^TO BBI I tell you that you are mistaken. SAY, TELL, SPEAK, TALK 9ro (He) roBopnrcH, TaKL (ne) roBoparb. That is (not) said, they (do not) say so (e.g. a phrase). In colloquial narration, where the word roBOpirr'b is fre- quently repeated, it often sounds like : gat (a as in paternal). Future (Ipfv.) Ha KaKosTB HSHK'B dypyrt TaMi roBOpnrt ? In what language will they speak there ? CJIH BH Syffexe CK6po roBOpHTB, a. Hiraero He nofiMy. If you are going to talk quickly I shall understand nothing. Mti 061, ATOM'S (jryime) He Sy^eni, roBopnrB. We will (rather) not talk about that. OHT> SyflerL roBopHTB ; . . rosopHTB piiB. He is going to speak ; ... .to make a speech. Future (PJv.) OHI> CKaateTi> BaMt KaK^ Ha,a,o Ty.o.a noftTH. He will tell you how to find your way (go) there. H BaMt CKaacy BC-B no,oj)66HOCTH noT6Mi). I will tell you all the details later. HHKTO BaMt nnqero (HH cji6Ba) He CKaMcen>. No one will say anything (a word) to you. BTO TTO a BaMt cicaacy. Ho^CMy BH He CKaaceie ? This is what I will tell you. Why won't you tell (me) ? The present of CKasaTt can never mean I will speak. a ct HHMI noroBopro I will speak to (lit. with) him, will have a talk with him. Past (Ipjv.) a qacTO roBopHJit eMy (or ci> HMMI) o6i> aiOMt. I often spoke (or used to speak) to him (or with him) about this. U 188 &4Y, TELL, SPEAK, TALK BBI roBoproiH eMy ? Ona BaMt roBOpiraa ? Did you tell him ? Did she tell you ? Oirb roBopHJTb MirL Ona MITE He roBOpiraa. He was telling me. She never told me. . The imperfective past is often used when one would rather expect the perfective. FoBOpHJii, may be said to be less categorical than CKa3ani>. It must be used after such words as nacio (often), flonro (for long), np&KAe (formerly), Korfta-HHfiy.n.B (ever). Past (Pfv.) KTO Bant axe CKasaji-B ? Ona MH-E CKaaaJia cana. Who told you this ? She told me herself. fl HH^ero ne CKasaJit. BBI CKaaajin HMt ? I said nothing. Have you told them ? ^TO BH CKasajiH ? What did you say (I beg your pardon) ? Imperative (Ipfv.) FoBOpHTe ! He roBOpirre eMy ! He roBopnie HHiero. Speak ! Don't tell him I Say nothing. FoBopHTe MeflJieHHo, THHie ; He r. xaKt CKOpo. Speak slowly, slower (also = lower) ; don't talk so fast. He roBopHMi). Tenep& roBOpHM-B no-pyccKH. Don't let us say, talk, speak, tell. Now let us talk Russian. Imperative (Pfv.) IIojKajryHCTa, CKajKHTe MH^ KaKoft axo ^OMt (KaKaa 310 yjiHi],a, ii,epKOBb, CTaHi^ia, pfea ; KaKoe DTO s^aHie, ceno, M-BCTO) ? Please tell me what house this is (what street, church, station, river ; what building, village, place) ? For what is the name of, is called, cf. p. 265. SAY, TELL, SPEAK, TALK 189 CicasKHTe, nojKajiyHCTa ! (Secondary meaning). Well I never, go on, fancy that, you don't mean it ! CKaJKCMt. HorOBOpHMTi. Let us say. Let's have a chat. Infinitive (Ipfv.) H ne Mory roBopHTb, y MCHH npociy^a H Kamejit / can't talk, I have a bad cold and a cough. H He Mory (ne xoiy) roBOpirrb 061 aTOMi>. I can't (don't wish) to talk about that. H yivrBK) roBopnib no-pyccKH, TOJILKO neMHoro. I can talk (speak) Russian, but only a little. Infinitive (Pfv.) M6jK6Te JIH B.H MH^ CKasa/Tb, KaKt MH-B HaffO HOHTil Bt (TaK6e-io Mido, s^anie), na (xaKdii-TO BOKsaJii., Ha Can you tell me how I am to get to (such and such a place, building), to (such and such a terminus, such and such a street, square) ? H (HC) Mory BaMt CKaaaTb. Tpynno CKasa/rb I can(not) tell you. It is difficult to say (tell). MOJKHO CKaaaib. 8ro MOJKHO cKaaaxb ? TaKi> CKaaaib. One may (can) say. Can one say that ? So to say. Heju>3fi CKaaaib. Kant cKaaaib TO no-pyccKH ? One can't say (tell). How does one say that in Russian ? fl xoq CT> saMH noroBOpHTb. I want to have a talk with you. r ^ Xx 7*6^ 190 SAY, TELL, SPEAK, TALK Cognate words F6BOpi (m.) = talking, dialect ; CKOporoB6pKa (/.) = catch, patter ; noroB6pKa (f.)=a saying. GnasHa (/.) =a tale. The compounds of these two verbs fall into two categories, those formed from rosopHTb, and those derived from the root contained in cKaaaib. Compounds of roBopHTb are perfective ; the corresponding im- perfectives have the form -roBapHBa-rb, conjugated like ;o$MaTb. Some of the commonest are : I BbiroBapHBaTb, BtiroBOpHTb=to utter, pronounce; BbiroBopt (m.) = pronunciation ; a scolding. ,DCoroB6pT> (m.)=a treaty. 2 SaroBapHsaTb, aaroBOpHTb = to start talking, to exorcise; saroBdpi (m. ) = a conspiracy. 3 OroBOpHTbCH (pfv.) = to make a reservation. *t OxroBapHBaTb (ipfv.) = (to try) to dissuade ; orroBOpiiTb (pfv.) = to succeed in dissuading ; oiTOBOpKa (f.)=an excuse. HeperoBbpt (m.) = conference ; (pi.) = negotiations. S~ IIoAroBapHBaTb, noaroBOpnTb=to instigate. b IlpHroBapHBaTb (ipfv.)^=to keep on saying, to keep up a refrain ; npnroBOpHTb (pfv.)=to condemn ; npHroBOpT> (m.) a sentence, judgement, decree. j IIporoBOpHTb (pfv.) is often used in books in its past tense as an alternative of cnasajit ; npoMOJiBHJTb is another alter- native ; used reflexively nporoBOpiifbCH=to say something one didn't mean to say. g PaarosapHBaTb (ipfv.) = to converse ; paaroB6p'b (m.)=a conversa- tion; pa3roB6p*iKBU& = talkative. ^ GroBOpiiTbCH (pfv.) = to come to an understanding. to. VroBapHBaTb (ipfv.) = (to try) to persuade, yroBOpiiTb (pfv.) = to succeed in persuading (cf. p. 5) ; yroB6p"b (m.) = a stipulation. & / 191 CHAPTER 62 COMPOUNDS OF -KA3ATB (TO SHOW) The verb CKasaTt is itself a compound of the preposition C-B and the verb -KasaTt ; this verb never occurs in its simple form (i.e. without a preposition) except as a reflexive. The primary meaning of -KaaaTB is TO SHOW In its simple form it appears in the reflexive verb Kaaa- TBca, which means to seem and is most commonly used impersonally : Present KjfoKeTca kazhets(y)a Past KaaajiocB kazalos' [Imperative KaiKHCB kazhys'] This word, KajKerca, which literally means it seems, is the equivalent for the English I think, I fancy, I have an idea, I believe, apparently. Present Kaacerca, OHT, VJKC y&xajrt. Mirfc xaKt KasKeTca. I fancy he has already left. I think so, I believe so. ctoo BaMi, Kaacerca ,o;6poro ? Kant BaivrB KajKexca ? Do you think that is dear ? What do you think about it ? KajKeica, ITO H'BT'B. KaaceTca XBaTHTt. I fancy not. I think that (there) will be enough. Past Mirfe KasajiocB, TTO OHI> ceroflna ne BI> flyxlj. I had an idea (I fancied] he was not in a good mood to-day. The perfective form of the past is also often used with 192 SEEM almost identical meaning as the imperfective ; both perfective and imperfective can of course be used in any person and either number : OHT> Mirk (no)Ka3ajica. Ona eMy (no)Ka3ajiacB. He seemed to me. She seemed to him. &TO HMI> (no)KasajiocB. OHH HaivrL (no)Ka3ajiHCB. This seemed to them. They seemed to us. Imperative KaSKHCB. It appears, one would say, one would think. All the compounds of -KasaTB, like the verb cicasaTB, are perfective ; their corresponding imperfectives appear in the form -KasBisaTB, and are all conjugated like fljMaTB. The commonest are : ./. 3 OK a3BiBaTB (ipfv.), flOKasaiB (pfv.) = to prove (transitive) ; flOKasaiejiBCTBO (n.) = a proof. i, 3aKa3HBaTB, sanasaTB^to order (clothes, food, &c.): BBI yace saKasajiH ? = have you already ordered (sc. your food) ?, a enje ne saKasajit = I have not yet ordered ; saKaat (m.) - an order ; 3aKa3Hoe HHCBMO = a registered letter. 3 HaKasBiBaTB, HaKaaaiB = to punish ; naKasame (n.) = punish- ment. i OKasBisaTB, oKasaTB (o = o6i)) = to show, evince ; used reflex- ively = o appear, to turn out (to &e) : OKasHBaeTca, HTO MoatHO (Hejn>3a) = i< appears that (after all) one can (can't), oKasajiocB (He)B03M03KHHM'b = it turned to be (impossible. f OrKasBiBaiB, OTKa3a,TB = fo refuse, more usually as a reflex- ive : a OTKasaJica = I have refused, a OTKasBiBaiocB = I refuse ; to refuse an invitation = oiKasaTBca ; (m.) = a refusal. f SHOW 193 = o show: ont MH-E Kant 9TO Ha,n;o Cfl-BJiaTB = fee is showing me how this is done, a Baivrb nonajKy KHiirH = I will show you the books, BH MH^ noKajKGTe ftopory ? = will you show me the way ?, TTO OHH Bam> HOKasajiH ? = what did they show you?, ami} HHqero He noKasBiBajiH = they didn't show me any- thing, He noKasLiBafiTe ewy = dorit show him, noKajKirre MH-B = show me, MOJKeie noKa3aTb MH^ ? = can you show me ? > IIpHKaaHBaTb, npHKa3aTB = to order, command : ITO npnKa- jKere ? = wfeaf shall you command? (sc. wish, the usual question in shops and restaurants) ; ont npHKasajit saint KJiaHflTtCfl = he commanded (me) to greet you (sc. wished to be kindly remembered to you) ; npHKasiHK'L (or npn- KamHKt) = a shop-attendant ; npHKasanie (n.) = an order, command. $ [CicagBiBaTB (ipfv. of CKasaTB) = to relate.] ff y KasHBaxB , yKasaiB = to point out ; yKast (m.) = an imperial decree ; yKasaiejiB (m.) = a guide-book, time-table. Compounds of CKasaiB : ! XIpeffCKasBiBaTB, npeflCKasaTB = to foretell. //. Pa3CKa3biBaTB, pascKasaiB = to relate, narrate : pascKasKHie MH'B 06^) 8TOM'L = feW me about that, OHI> Haunt pascKa- 3HBaeTt npo CBOIO no'Es.nKy = Tie is telling us about his journey, Hy, pascKasBisatt ! = what nonsense, go on ! pascKast = a tale, a short story. " CvwM/vj CkftAfcV&M/VMA JC OKO^VOIA." JL^Kw/^^. wo 194 CHAPTER 63 TO EAT : -BCTb, C^-BGTb Imperfective Perfective Infinitive fccTb ye'st' prr nnprnT G\7P G"i" Vj 1> JDV 1 O O V V/ OU Present (fl) kwb ye a m (TH) inib ye a sh 1 OTTT 1 nROTT* VP^ST" (MBI) 'fcfliiM'L yedyim (BH) 4fl,HTe yedyitye (OHH) iflHTb yedyat Cffimb ^y^ ^fl c'L'fccT'B sye^st cti^HMt s(y)edyim ci> r fej],HTe s(y)edyitye C'B'fe.nflT'L s(y)edyat Past (oHt) ijTb ye a l (OHH) ijra y^lyi ct^jii) sye a l ctijiH sye^yi Imperative (irregular) 4mb ye a sh ^nibie ye a shtve / *< CfBmi) ^y^ ^^ i PT.nDTTTT.T'P CTTP^Cn "I"\7P V 1> X>iii> 1 C b V C Oil t V C This is one of the so-called ' irregular ' verbs. "Bcib means to eat habitually or to be actually eating ; cticib = to eat up. There is another perfective, viz. noicxb, which means to eat a little of anything. There are other imperfec- tives, -fcflaTb (seldom used), and cvfeflaxb, which means to eat up habitually. The verb icxb and its derivatives is used in Russian always when referring to the 1st and 3rd persons both singular and plural. The 2nd person singular and plural is also used in intimate conversation and the home circle, EATING 195 but amongst friends and acquaintances another verb is commonly used in addressing one another, being considered more polite. This verb is (ipfv.) Kymait, (pfv.) CKymaTB or noicymaTB (literally = to taste), which is conjugated like HyMaTB, cf. p. 22 ; it is also used for politeness' sake by servants for the 1st and 3rd persons. Present fl %Wb 016HB MHOrO <|>pyKTT> H KOH^eTB. I eat a great deal of fruit and a lot of sweets. Owb -fecit cym, a MH 'fcflHM'B pBi6y. He is eating soup, but we are eating fish. MH yxpOMt Maca He ^HM-L. We don't eat meat in the morning. BH OHCHB Majio Kymaeie (iflHie). You are eating very little. Bt Anrjiin Konie'Haro Maca ne kRfLYb. In England people don't eat smoked meat. Future (Pfv.) HTO BH 6yA6Te "fecTB (KymaxB) ? What are you going to eat ? fl axoro 6jiro,a;a He 6yy ^CTB. I shall not eat any of this dish. Future (Ipfv.) fl ct^M-B irijjiaro u,Binjie'HKa, a nporojioAajica. I shall (sc. can) eat a whole chicken, I am very hungry. OH-B Bcer6 6-roro ne C-B^CT-B. He won't eat all this. H HO^MI. HCMH6JKKO XJI'l6a Cl MaCJIOWCB. I shall have a little bread and butter to eat. o2 196 EATING BBI noKyinaeie eme neMHOJKKo aioro Will you eat a little more of this dish ? BBI CKymaeie eme Tr6-HH6y,n,!> ? Witt you eat anything more ? fl CT> yflOBOJiBCTBieivrB C^M^ eme Kycoio, nnpojKHaro. I shall with pleasure eat another piece of cake. Past (Ipfv.) fl HHKorfla He -font TaKHxi, BKycHBixi, rpn66B r &. I have never eaten such nice mushrooms. JTETOMT> MH ^JIH KajKflBiH fleH In the summer we ate ices every day. MH eme -BJIH o6^T>, Kor,o,a n "PFe w;ere still eating dinner when the train went off. Bi> AnrjiiH MBI -BJIH attn,a ct BeTqHHoft sa Jn England we used to eat eggs and ham (sc. bacon) at tea in the morning (sc. breakfast). BH iffaJIH 6JIHHOBI> Cl> HKpOft H CMCTaHOH ? you ever eaten pancakes with caviar and sour cream ? , ne IV^o, I have never (eaten). I have (eaten some time). Past (Pfv.) MBI sa oS'EflOM'B CI>^JIH iii'BJiaro nopoce'HKa. At dinner we ate a whole sucking-pig. OHT> na BTOM-B co6aKy CTB^JI^, H MOCBKOH BaKycHJi-B. He has eaten a dog on that, and tasted lap-dog (proverb meaning he knows all about that). Imperative (Ipfv.) ' Xni6a 'BHiB, a npaBfly P^SKB.' ' Eat bread, and cut (sc. speak) the truth' (proverb). EATING 197 910 He no BKycy. Don't eat any more, if it's not to your taste. Imperative (Pfv.) HoKyniaHTe eme Tr6-HH6y,nb ! Have something more to eat ! CKymafiTe eme KycoKi. aToro nnpora. Have another piece of this pie. Infinitive (Ipfv.) Mirk yjKacHO xoqeica ^CTL (or H r6jio^en'B, t'em. rojio^Ha, pi. rojio^HH). I am awfully hungry (I am hungry}. Mirfe HesftopdBHTCH, a HHiero ne Mory ^CTL. I am not well, I can't eat anything. fl yjKe" ne xoqy icib, a COBC^MI, CI.ITT> (fern, cbiia, pi. ct'iTti). I am no longer hungry , I am quite satisfied. HoacajiyfiTe KymaTB ! Kymaib roidso ! The meal is served (ready) I Infinitive (Pfv.) fl xoq^- qi6-HH6yAb (eme) noicxb. I want something (more) to eat. fl HC Mory Bcer6 ^TOPO CVBCTB. / can't eat all that. 198 EATING Cognate and other words T>Aa (f.)=food, victuals, sa -kji,6&=at meal-time ; KyiiiaHbe (.) = a dish (food) ; SJIIOAO (n.) = a dish (utensil or food) ; oS'SAt (TO.) = dinner, o6 r fe,n;aTb (ipfv.) = to dine ; yjKHHi> (m.) = supper, ymn- naTb (ipfv.)=to sup saBTpaKi, (m.) lunch, saBtpaKaTb (ipfv.) = to lunch; aaKycHTb (pfv.) to have a bite, a snack (aanycKa, /. =hors d'oeuvres). In Russia dinner, the principal meal, may be in the middle of the day, in the afternoon, or in the evening, so that the names of the other meals are not always applicable. There is no word for breakfast, and this is rendered by natt or Ko$e. The present of oS-BAaib, &c., is often used for the future, as in English, e.g. fl aasxpa oS'b'Aaio y CMHPHOBHXT,. / am dining at the Smirnovs" to-morrow. The perfective verbs noodiaaTb 1 , noaasTpaKaTb, noyjKHHaxb are also used in such phrases as : Mbi cnepea nooS-B^aeMt, a HOTOMT, no'tAeM'b. We shall first have dinner, and then we shall start. OHH npurjiacHJiH MCHH noaaBTpanaTb y HHXT>. They have invited me to lunch with them. H npnrjiaiuy er6 nooS-fe^aTb y nact aasTpa. / shall invite him to dine with s to-morrow. IIoyTKHHaeMT, cer6ftHH seqepOMi. BT> pecTopaH-fe. Let us have supper this evening in a restaurant. To prepare food, to cook = roTOBHTb (ipfv.), pres. TOTOBJIIO, cf. p. 25. To 6ot7 = BapiiTb (ipfv.), csapiiTb (pfv.) ; noBap-b=a chef. To bake = neib (neny, neHeTt, ipfv.), cnSHb (pfv.) ; n^Kapb = baiter. To roast = >KapHTb (ipfv.), H3>KapHTb (pfv.) [Kyxapna/. =a cook]. 1 This is less ceremonious than o6'fe,n;aTb, an( j ra ther implies ' pot-luck ', informally. 199 CHAPTER 64 TO DRINK : IIMTb, BbinHTb Imperfective Infinitive Perfective HHTb pit' Present (a) nbio pyu (OH?)) nteri. pyot (OHH) HLIOT'L pyut Past (OHT>) nHJH> pil (oHa) nnjia pila (OHH) HHJIH pilyi Btranjia BLIHHJIH vypyu vypyet vypyut vypil vypila vypilyi Imperative (cf. p. 32) neirre p(y)eitye BLineftie v^p(y)eitye (colloquially : vypityi) Present a HHKorffa ne ntro BHHa. I never drink wine. BBI nbere ? are T/OW drinking (or, do t/ow drink] ? sa Bame 3jj,op6Bte ! (cf. p. 66). Here's to you ! (or, for your health). Future (Ipfv.) Bt KptlM^ MH 6^A6MT. IIHTL KpHMCKOG BHH6. In the Crimea we shall drink Crimean wine. 200 DRINKING HTO BH 6yAeie HHTB, IIHBO, Bo^y, HJIH What loill you drink, beer, water, or kvas ? H 66jiBme He 6y,ny iraib. I shall not drink any more. Future (Pfv.) BH BHnteTe proMoiKy BO^KH ? Will you drink a glass of vodka ? fl ceroflHa BHIILK) neMHOJKKO KpacHaro. I shall drink a little red (sc. wine) to-day. 0% yflOBOiiibCTBieMi. BWIIBH) ein;e qamKy Haw. I will drink another cm), of tea with pleasure. ? What did you drink at their house yesterday at dinner ? MLI niijiH oiJiHHHoe KptiMCKoe 6^3100 BHHO. We drank excellent Crimean white wine. MLI Taint HHJIH KasKfltift Beqept maMnancKoe. We used to drink champagne there every evening. BH HHJIH Korfla-HHfiyflL KaBKaacKoe BHHO ? Have you ever drunk Caucasian wine ? Past (Pfv.) MH BHHHJIH no proMO^K^ xepeca. We drank a glass of sherry each. H ysKe BHnHJTb RBa CTaKana qaro. I have already drunk two tumblers of tea. OHI> sajinoMt BLinnjit uijiyro proMKy. He drank a whole (wine-)glass at one draught. DRINKING 201 Imperative (Ipfv.) He nettxe OTOH BOSH, ona He KHnaHe'HHaa. Don't drink this water, it is not boiled. Imperative (Pfv.) BunefiTe em,e proMOHKy ! Have another glass ! Infinitive (Ipfv.) H HHTL xoqy (or Mirk HHTB xoieTca). I am thirsty (lit. I loish to drink ; there is, curiously enough, no adjective thirsty in Russian). BW 66jiLine jii66HTe HHTB ? do i/ow like drinking best ? 6H cji-lflOBajio HHTB no-66jii>nie nopTBefina. You ought to drink more port wine. Infinitive (Pfv.) Mni 611 XOT-BJIOCL BbinHTB xopomaro nHBa. I should like to have a drink o/ good beer. H ne Mory BiinHTB u,ijiOH SyxtiJiKH. I can't drink a whole bottle. BH XOTHT6 HTO-HHSy^B Bb'mHTb ? Would you like a drink of something ? Cognate and other words To drink owe's < /iW = HanHBaTbCH (ipfv.), HanHTbCH (pfv.). IlHTbe (n.), nanHTOKT> (m.) = beverage; nbiiHHfl[=a drunken man, OHT> m>HH'b = he is drunk. [Like nHTb are conjugated the following verbs : V lAwvwA, t*cf. v*~ 202 CHAPTER 65 TO BUY : nOKVIIATb, KVnHTL ; TO SELL: HPO^A- BATb, Perfective kupit' KynJiro kuplyu kiipit kupyat kupil kupitye To buy Imperfective Infinitive noKynait pakupa't' Present (a) noKynaio pakupayu (OHT>) noKynae'Tb pakupayet (OHH) noKynarorB pakupayut Past noKynant pakupal Imperative noKynattTe pakupaitye Present FA^ BBI noKynaeTe BTH nannpocti ? Where do you buy these cigarettes ? H HHKorfta ne noKynaio roTosaro I never buy ready-made clothes. Future (Ipfv.) BLI 6y^;eTe cero^Ha BI> ropo^ noKynaiB ? What are you going to buy in town to-day ? H 6yy noKynaTL npOBHsiro na piJHK'fe. I am going to buy food in the market. BUYING AND SELLING 203 Future (Pfv.) BH KynHTe qTO-HH6y,nb Ha naMHTb ? Shall you buy anything as a souvenir ? /, , , , , KCJIH BH ycTymrre, a Kynjiio STO KOJibijo. // you will lower (the price), I will buy this ring. fl He KynjiK) 3iy KHiiry. fl HHiero He Kynjiro. I shall not buy this book. I shall buy nothing. Past (Ipfv.) H npejK,n;e noKynajrb MHOPO KHnrb. Formerly I used to buy a lot of books. Past (Pfv.) Fflij BH 3TO KynHJiH ? BH qx6-HH6yp,b KynnjiH ? Where did you buy that ? Have you bought anything ? y Koro BH KynnjiH axy nuiany ? Ona HHiero He KynnJia. From whom (sc. which shop) did you buy that hat ? She (has) bought nothing. Kanie u.B'ETbi H KaKott moKOJiafl'b BH KynnjiH ? What sort of flowers and what sort of chocolates did you buy ? Imperative (Ipfv.) He noKynaftTe ci6jibKO (raid. MHOPO) Bemett. Don't buy so many things. Imperative (Pfv.) KynHie 310, 610 6ieHb xop6niift, np6iHbifi TOBapi.. Buy that, it is very good, serviceable stuff (goods). Infinitive (Ipfv.) fl HC Jiro6jiK) noKynaib npoBiisiio. I dont like buying food. 204 BUYING AND SELLING Infinitive (Pfu.) H xoiy (MH^ Ha^o) KynHTb noflapoiCL Moeft cecTpi. I want to (must) buy a present /or my sister. HTO BBI coB-BTyexe MH^ KynHTb eft ? What do you advise me to buy her ? BH Moaceie KynHTb pyccKoe Kpyaceeo, BbimHBKy, Kycxap- Hyro pa66xy, cepe6panHoe HS^ijiie CTB ^MajiBro HJIH ct qepHLro,KaKyio-HH6yAb 6yxapCKyio mejiKOByio Maxepiro HJIH KOBpHKl,. You can buy Russian lace, embroidery, peasants' handicraft, silver ware with coloured or black enamel, some Bokhara silk material, or a rug. Ffl'E a Mory Kyiraib HOHTOBHH MapKH ? Where can I buy postage stamps ? Cognate words HoKynKa (/.)=# purchase; ona noinjia BT. PHRBI (BT> naccajKi>) noKynKH A"BJiaTb = she has gone to the covered rows (to the arcade) to make purchases. To sell For the forms of this verb see pp. 179, 180. Present ^TO 3TOTT> lejIOB'EK'B HpO^aCTl. ? What is this man selling ? Fflij npoflaroTCH noOTOBtia MapKH ? Where are postage stamps sold ? Future (Pfv.) H npoflaMt 9TOTT> aBTOMo6HJiB, H Kynjiro ;upyr6ft. I shall sell this motor-car and shall buy another one. BUYING AND SELLING 205 Past (Pfv.) OH-B npoflajTB (ona npojjajia, OHH npoflajni) MH-fc BTO. He (she, they) sold me this. Imperative He npoflaBafiTe. npoflaftTe. Don't sell. Sell. Cognate words .)=sale ; pacnpOAanta (/.)= sale, selling off. CHAPTER 66 TO PAY: IIJIATliTb ; TO CHANGE: M^HflTL TO COST (Chapter 37) To pay Imperjective Perfective Infinitive imaTHib platit' aanjiaiHTb zaplatyit' Present (H) njiaiy plachii aanjiaiy zaplachii (OHI) njiaTHTL p!6tyit sanjiaTHTt zap!6tyit (OHH) HJiaiaxt plotyat sanjiaTHT'B zaplotyat Past (ont) HJiaTHJit platyil sanjiaTHji'b zaplatyil Imperative platyitye aanjiaTHie zaplatyitye N.B. Accented a in this verb is pronounced like o. 206 PAY Present CKOJIBKO BH eMy ima-raie BT> How much do you pay him a month ? CKOJIBKO BBI imai-nxe aa aTy KBapTtipy ? How much do you pay for this flat ? Future (Pfv.) H aa sact sanjiaqy. H BaMi. sairaaqy HOTOMI.. I mM pay for you. I will pay you later. V Past (PJv.) H yjKe aanjiaiHJi'L cqeTt. CKOJibKO BLI aanjiaTHJin 3a OTO ? I have already paid the bill. How much did you pay for that ? (Ipfv.) Imperative (Pfo>) He njiaiHie eiay em;e. SaimaTHTe sa MGHH. Don't pay him yet. Pay for me. Infinitive (Pfv.) SanjiaTHTL ! (sc. I want) to pay ( = take the money, please, or I want to settle the bill). H He Mory aamiaTHTb BaiWL Tenepb. I can't pay you now. Cognate words From this verb are derived amplified forms such as : ipfv.), ynjiaTHTB (pfv.) = to pay back, reimburse. (/.)= payment ; CeanjiaTHO =free, gratis. To cost (cf. pp. 117-119). CHANGE 207 Infinitive To change Imperfective Perfective m(y)enyayu nepeivrBHK) perem(y)enyu m(y)enyayet nepeM-BHirrb perem(y)e 1 nyit m(y)enyayut nepeM'EHaT'b perem(y)enyat m(y)enyal nepeM'BHHjrb perem(y)enyil m(y)enya i t' nepeivrEHHTb perem(y)enyit' Present (a) (OH-L) (OHH) Past (OH1>) Imperative wrEHafiie m(y)enyaitye nepeMijHHie perem(y)enyitye lloro^a iwBHaGTca. i>y^6TTE> nBpBMiJHa. The weather is changing. There will be a change. fL xoiy nepeM-EHHTb ^iy Bemb, KOTOpyio a Biepa y Baci Bbl I want to change this thing which I bought at your shop yesterday ; will you change it for me ? IlepeM'EHHM'b HaniH SHJICTH. Let us change our tickets. To change money is : paaM^Haib (pfv.) fteHbru. A money-changer's = pasM^Hi fleHerb. Small change =mn.o*iw. (f. pi-). Change (from a coin) = c^aia. To change places : nepecicxb (cf. p. 162). To change clothes : nepeoflljBaTbca (cf. p. 145). To change one's mind : paa^yMaTb (lit. to unthink, cf . p. 22). 208 CHAPTER 67 TO SEE : BH^-BTL ; TO LOOK : CMOTP-BTb Infinitive To see Imperfective To look Imperfective vidyet' smatrye't' Present (a) BHJKy (OHT.) BHRHTt (OHH) BH,o;,HT"b Past (OHI>) BH^'BJIl) vizhu ' CMoipro vidyit CMOTPHTB smatryii smotrit smotryat smatrye a l vidyat CMOipaTt vidyel CMOTp'B3i'& Infinitive Imperative CMOTpnie 1 smatritye J Perfective Perfective uvidyet' nocMOip-BTb pasmatrye 1 !' To show the use of these verbs at a glance examples of them are given together under the various groups : Present BBI iTo-HH6yAB (or Koro-HH6y;n;i>) BHflirre ? Haiero (HHKoro) ne Do (or can) you see anything (or any one) ? I (can) see nothing (no one). =for, has no imperative ; the common particle you know that is not connected with this verb, but with to know, cf. p. 176. SEE, LOOK 209 H ITO-TO (KOFO-TO) BHJKJ. I (can) see something (some one). BH xopomo BHAHTG ? OTJIHTOO (iraoxo) BifoKy. Can i/ow see all right ? I see excellently (badly). H BHJKy, 1TO 9TO OieHb TpyflHO. I see, that this is very difficult. v' 1 / BlIflHTe JIH BH ? Do T/OW see ? (Literally and figuratively). Mfcl Ci HHMl AOBOJIbHO HaCTO BHftHMCfl. He and I meetjairly often. With this verb the so-called paratactic construction is very common, especially in narration : Bflpyrb BHflflTL KT> HHMT> HaBCTp'ETy 11,0,6X1. BOJIKTb. Suddenly they see a wolf coming towards (to meet) them. CMOTp'ETB Ha HTO BH CMOTpIITC TaKt npHCTaJIBHO ? T7/iaf are you looking at so fixedly ? H CMOTpK) B-L OKHO. OflTb CMOTpHTt 010^3,. I am looking out of (lit. into) the window. He is looking this way. CMOipro BT> OKH6 H BHHcy HAen. dofla Ki6-TO. I look out of the window and see somebody coming this way. H CMOipro, He Hafifte'Tca an y MBKH eme ffenerB. I am looking to see if I have any more money on me. KaKt BH CMOipHie na 3TO A-BJIO ? What is your view of this business ? OHH see BiiffflrB. OHH BCC CM6TpflTT>. They see everything. They keep on gazing. 1809.1 p . , 210 SEE, LOOK Ona ne BHAHTI. Ona He CMOTPHTL. She does (can) not see. She is not looking. Future (Ipfv.) 'yp;a (oTcrofla) BH dyfleie ayime From there (from here) you will see better. CMOTp-ETb ^TO MH SyfleMt ceroRHH CMOTpfob ? What (sc. sight) are we going to see (to look at) to-day ? MH 6y^eM'L CMOTpfeb Mysefi AjieKcaHApa Tpeibaro (9pMH- TjbKt, ny6jiHiHyio Bn6jii6TeKy, SHMHift J^BOpeii,i>). We are going to look at (inspect) the Museum of Alexander III (the Hermitage, the Public Library, the Winter Palace). Future (Pfv.) VBiifl'BTB ( = to perceive) Korfla BH floftfle'Te 3,0 yrjia, BH yBH^Hie ^OMI.. When you get to the corner you will see the house. BH ero TaMTb He yBH^HTe. MH noTOMt yBHAHMt. You won't see him there. We shall see later on. MH CT> BaMH CKOpo yBHji,HMca. Korji,a MH onnTb yBH^HMCfl ? You and I will soon meet. When shall we meet again ? Mu ;o,6jiro He yBH^HMca. MH eme yBH^HMca. We shan't meet for a long time. We shall meet again (lit. yet). nocMOTp'ETB ( = to have a look) fl nocMOTpro, H^TI> JIH ero (ea) BT> Moe'Mt leMOflaHij. I shall have a look to see if it is(n't) in my trunk. \ SEE, LOOK 211 Past (Ipfv.) BHfl'ETB (KOTO) BH TaiwL BH^JIH ? HHKOFO (nnqero) He BH^JI'B. What (whom) did you see there ? I saw no one (nothing). fl BHfl'Ejrb (aaMiTHJit) 3TOTt MarasHHi,, HO He Boine'jit. I saw (noticed) that shop, but didn't go in. ^TO BH BHfl'EJIH Biepa BT> TGaTp-fc ? What did you see yesterday in the theatre ? MH BHfl'EJiH ' BmnHeBbift Ca^t ' HexoBa, a BeiepoM'L In the afternoon we saw ' The Cherry Orchard ' of Chekhov, and in the evening ' At the Bottom ' of Gorki. H BHfl'EJrB OTJIKHHO. BH XOpOHIO BH^-BJIH ? I saw perfectly. Did you see well ? OHa acHO BHA-BJia, ^TO BTO ett HGBOSMOJKHO. She saw clearly that this (is sc. was) impossible for her. CMOTp-BTB Ona flojiro H npHCiajiBHO CMOTp^Jia Ha MGHH. She looked long and fixedly at me. BH cMOTp'kiiH HcaaKieBCKift (KaaancKift, IleTponaBJioBCKitt) co66pi ? Have you seen (inspected, been over) the St. Isaac's (the Kazan, the SS. Peter and Paul) Cathedral ? Ha ITO BH Tani, fldjiro CMOip-EJiH TaMt ? What were you looking at there for such a long time ? MaJIblHKt CMOTp-BJIt B'B OKHO. OflH CMOTp^JIH dO^a (iVAa). The boy was looking out of the window. They were looking this (that) way. 1 N.B. nom. sing, fluo (n.)=the bottom, ground. KCL ^e+t*- f 2u4K-3A Tnt^c cAtAYnps*-**-, V. 212 SEE, LOOK Past (Pfv.) yBii.u'ETB ( = to perceive) Kor^a MBI Ronraii flo Konua yjrauBi, MH ero When we reached the end of the street we saw him (or it). Ona B,npyr& yBH,n, r EJia ero nepe^i> co66fi. She suddenly saw him in front of her. OHH Tor^a yBHfl'EJiH BCIO iicTHHy (or npaB^y). They then perceived the whole truth. HOCMOTP^TB ( = to give a look) Ona nocMOxp-BJia na Mena C-B yj She looked at me with horror. JIt ET, OKHO H yBHfl'BJI'B BFO Ha I looked out of the window and saw him in the street. H yjKe nocMOTp'kirB TawcB, HO He Hame'jrB. I have already looked there, but didn't find (it). MBI yjKC HOCMOTp-BJIH Bci ^OCTOnpHM'BHaTeJIBHOCTH. We have already inspected all the sights. Imperative (Ipfv.) He CMOTpnie Ty^a ! CMOTpHie ! Don't look that way ! Mind, be careful, take care ! Imperative (Pfv.) crofla ! IIocMOTpHTe (na aio) ! Look here (only literally) / Look (at this) ! See ! IIocMOTpHTe, H6 MOJKCTe JIH BBI rfli-H^yftB HafiTH. Have a look to see if you can't find (it) anywhere. Let 's have a look ! (also = ) ' We shall see 1 ' C^vti^t^U J^ <5e|t^3trt T SEE, LOOK 213 Infinitive (Ipfv.) BHfl'ETb [ He Mory BH/I.'B'TB (equally commonly : a He BHacy). I can't see (the first phrase also = I can't bear the sight of). CMOTpilB H ne JiroSjiK) CMOTP^TB Ha Tama Bem,H. I don't like looking at such things. Infinitive (Pfv.) Korfla MHlj npHfte'TCa yBH.o.'BTB 3x0 When will it fall to my lot to see this place again ! HOCMOTp-ETB H XOiy HOCMOTp'BTB. MOJKHO MH^ HOCMOTpiTB ? I want to have a look. May I have a look ? IIOCMOTp'ETB HEMTb ? IIOHJl.eM'B nOCMOTp^TB. Shall we have a look ? Let 's go and have a look. MBI ceroftHa XOTHM-B nocMOxp'lTB XpaMi. CnacHTejia, KpeMJiB (OpysKefinyio nanaxy H YcnencKifi Co66pi> BI> KpeMJi^), H TpeiBaKOBCKyro Fajuiepeio. To-day we wish to see (inspect] the Temple of the Saviour, the Kremlin (the Armoury, and the Cathedral of the Assumptionin the Kremlin), and the Tretyakov Gallery. There is another form of the verb BH^TB which is very commonly used in certain phrases. This is : BHflaiB (imperfective) , yBHfl&TB (perfective). These two verbs are only used in the infinitive and in the past : Past (Ipfv.) BH BHfl&iiH l XpaM?> BocKpece"Hia B-B IleTporpaAi ? Have you seen the Temple of the Resurrection in Petrograd ? 1 Specifically the outside, and not necessarily the inside. 214 SEE, LOOK BH BHflajra KaKyro-HHSyAt pyccKyro nbecy ? Have you seen any Russian play ? BHflajTL. He BH^ajn*. HHKoryja He I have seen (it). I have not. I (fern.) have never seen. The word Korfla-HH6yffb ( = ever) can be added in ques- tions, but it is not necessary. Past (Pfv.) The pasts yBHflaji'B and yBHft'EjrL are used without any difference of meaning in affirmative sentences meaning perceived, caught sight of, saw. From the nature of the verb itself neither of these perfective forms is much used in negative sentences, in which the imperfective forms BHflaJTB and BHA-BJI-B naturally replace them. The following examples illustrate both verbs : MH yBH^ajiH or VBHA'EJIH ero. We saw him (did see him, perceived him, caught sight of him), sc. more or less suddenly or unexpectedly, or after a long time. MH BHfl'EJiH ee Biepa. F^ BLI ee BH^-BJIH ? We saw her yesterday. Where did you see her ? MH eii Biepa He BH.O.'BJIH or He BHflajra. We did not see her yesterday. BH ee BH^ajiH ? BH ee B*iepa BH^-BJIH ? Have you seen her (ever) ? Did you see her yesterday ? H eii ne BHflajrB. fl eii He I have not seen her. I did not see her. fl ee Enfant, TOJIBKO oieHb ji,aBH6. I have seen her, only very long ago. SEE, LOOK 215 Infinitive (Ipfv. ; pfv. seldom used) HC BHflaTb (or He BH^HO). Orcro.a.a BH^aTb flajieKti. There is nothing to be seen. From here one can see a long way. BHflaTb n6'B33 1 r b ? IIO'EBfla H6 BHftaTb. Is the train in sight ? The train is not in sight. There is a curious idiom : BH^aib-TO BHflajrb ! which means approximately I have seen such a thing, but that's all. The imperfective frequentative BHflbiBaTb is occasionally used in such phrases as : a TaKHX'b aSjioKt ne BHflbiBajrB = / have never seen such apples in all my life. There is another verb : to glance, to look, which is very much used, especially in literature : (ipfv. ; pres. raajKy, rjia,a,HT"b, rjiaflaTt, past rjia- imper. rJiaflHTe), norjiafliib (pfv. ; identical conjugation) = to look. 6v. r\*AJLo&.. From this verb is derived another very common one : (ipfv.; pres. BarjiHAbiBaio, &c.), BarjiHH^rb (pfv. ; pres. sarjiHHy, B3rjiHH6TT>, BarJiHHyrb, past BsrjiHHyjnj, imper. B3rjiHHHTe) =to throw a glance at. (pfv.) = to look in on any one, drop in ; Look us up some evening if you can. (pfv.) = to feast one's eyes on. From CMoip-BTb are derived the following compound verbs amongst others : (ipfv. ; pres. ocMarpHBaio, -Baerb), ocMOTp-BTb (pfv.) = to examine, inspect. (ipfv.) = to glance from time to time. IlpocMaTpHBaTb (ipfv.), npocMOip'BTb (pfv.)=to look through (e.g. a book of pictures). PaacMaTpwBaTb (ipfv.), pascMOTp-ETb (pfv.) = to examine carefully. 216 SEE, LOOK From rjiHA'BTb also numerous compounds are derived, but these are not so common, except those which have been already given. Cognate words and expressions BHAT> (m.)a view, aspect; KpacHBbift BHAt> = a beautiful view, OTTyAa xop6uiiii BHA'b Ha Becb r6pOAT> =from there is a good view of the whole town, (ne) coBepui^HHbiti BHAT> = ^e (im)perfec- tive aspect. BHAHO (or BHAaTb) = evidently, it is evident. OICBHAHO = evidently, no-BHAHMOMy =apparently. The word BHAHO is very often used, like the infinitive BH^aTb, with the meaning one can see, is to be seen, is in sight. The mascu- line and feminine forms of the word, which is really the short or predicative form of the adjective BHAHHH ( = conspicuous, stately, good-looking), are BHAeH'b,BHAHa, but these are seldom used : ,ZJOMT> OTCK>Aa BHAHO (or BHAaTb). ^tijl/M-tl 6-CC^VC-l t <-fl~ One can see the house from here. -Krt'VO< enje' BHAHO. HXT> yn<6 ne BHAaTb. They are stitt in sight. They are no longer in sight. (m.) = a review, parade ; ocM6TpT> (TO. ) = an inspection. The indeclinable participle of CMOTp-BTb is used in the common phrase : HCCMOTPH na TO, *no = in spite of the fact that. (m.)=a look, glance ; view, opinion. [Sight (the faculty) is : ap-BHie (n.).l JT \ " / J To look (intransitive) There is no verb to express this, and it has to be rendered by the phrase : HM'BTB m?(T> = to have a look (sc. an appearance). \ J. J. / This apple doesn't look up tomuch (lit. an unimportant look). i0e*u. \> >v)u SEE, LOOK 217 9rn rpH6bi HM-BiOTb n These mushrooms look suspicious (doubtful). y Baci ceroAHfl HJIOXOH (xopomifi) You look poorly (well) to-day. y Her6 Bcer.ua TaKott CTpaHHtift He always looks so queer (strange, peculiar). 9rn ^pyKTbi HM^IOT'B BKRT> Syflio OHH He sp'EJibie (or He cn-kiibie) ; Hcn6pieHbi, nepecn-EJibie. This fruit looks as though it is not ripe ; spoilt, overripe. CHAPTER 68 TO HEAR : CJIb'lIHATb ; TO LISTEN : CJIVIHATb (TO OBEY) CJIblXATb (TO SMELL) To hear To listen Imperfective Imperfective Infinitive slyshat' cjiymaib slushat' Present (a) cjibnny slyshu cjiymaro sliishayu (OH-b) CJIbimHTT, 1 slyshyt 1 cjiymaeT'b slushayet (OHH) cjiHinaT-b slyshat cjiymaioT'b sliishayut Past (OH-b) cjibimajii, slyshal cjiymaji'b slushal Imperative cjiymaftTe 2 slushaitye 2 Perfective Perfective Infinitive uslyshat' nocjiymaib paslushat' 1 H after ui=ti (y), cf. p. 2. 2 The imperative CJiikuibre is seldom used. 218 HEAR, LISTEN Present CJIb'lIIiaTb Bu cjibimirre Tr6-HH6y;n;b (or Kor6-HH6y;o;b) ? Do (or can) you hear anything (or any one) ? fl HTO-TO (Koro-io) cjibiffly. H iraqero (HHKOFO) He I (can) hear something (-one). I (can) hear nothing (no one). Bti xopoino cjibimHie ? OTJIHIHO (HJIOXO) cjibimy. Can you hear all right ? I hear excellently (badly). BH cjitmiHTe, HTO l a BaMi. rosopio ? Do you hear what I am saying to you ? JIH BLI ? or BH Do you hear ? a cjiBimy, ITO eMy B^pyrb cxajio xyace. I hear that he has suddenly become worse. JIH B&I, Kaia, OHH cx Do (or can) you hear them shooting ? cjiBimarb KTO-TO Suddenly they hear somebody shouting (cf. p. 209). H cjiLimy SBOHt KOJIOKOJIOBI, (Kant SBenaT'L 2 I hear the sound of the church-bells (the bells ringing). H cjiymaro, KaK-B SBOHHTt 3 B-B I am listening to them ringing the bells. 1 Cf. note on p. 59. 2 From 3BeH'iTb=to ring, to resound (intransitive), pres. OHT> 3B6- HHTL. 3 From 3BOHHTb=to ring (transitive), pres. SBOHH), 3BOHHTt. HEAR, LISTEN 219 H jie"Kn,iH (or flOKJiaflu) B H cjiymaere ? Whose lectures are you attending ? Cjiymaro ! (or Cjrymaro-C'b, -ci contracted from cy;napb = Sir). Very good, yes, Sir ! Future (Ipfv.) ECJIH BH CflfleTe B^Cb, BBI fiyflere Jiyime cjibimaTb. // you (will) sit here, you will hear better. cjiymaxb H 6y^y cjiymaib jieKn;iH no HCTOpin. I am going to hear (listen to) lectures on history. ECJIH BH ne 6^eTe cjiymaxb flO xyace. IJ you don't listen to the doctor, you will get worse. KaKyro onepy MH Sy^eMi, ceroflna cjiymaib ? What opera are we going to hoar (listen to) to-day ? Future (Pfv.) cjibimaib ECJIH BH ycjiHmHTe iTO-HH6yAi>, CKaatHie If you (shall) hear anything, tell me. Ona sacfc orryfla He ycjibrararL. She won't (be able to) hear you from there. IIoBBOHHTe onaTb, OHH MOJKerL 6nib Ring the bell again, perhaps they will hear. Orcrofla a HHier6 He ycjiumy. BH ycjibimHTe ! From here I shall hear nothing. You will hear I 220 HEAR, LISTEN cjiymaTb BH saBTpa nocjiymaeTe, Kaicb ona noe'rb. You will hear (listen) to-morrow how she sings. fl nocjiyinaio, ITO ont Tenepb roBOpirn>. I will listen to what he is now saying. Past (Ipfv.) cjibimaTb H yjKe nosBOHHJTb, HO BH KajKexca He cjibimajiH. I have already rung, but I fancy you didn't hear (it). BH cjibimanH qTO-HH6y,n,b mrrepecHaro ? Have you heard (did you hear) anything (of) interesting ? BH cjiHmajiH, ITO OHH aaBipa yisMKaioTi ? Have you heard that they are leaving to-morrow ? BH cjiHinajm 3BOHOKi> ? fl HHiero He cji Did you hear the bell (ring) ? I heard nothing. BH MGHH ne cjiymajin, a Tenept You wouldn't listen to me, and now you are sorry. -. (VuXv^Uut*. - ^6vtCx*tefca. " - \ ff* Past (Pfv.) Kor^a MH BomjiH BT> ROMI,, MBI ycjinmajiH HXI> rojioca. When we entered the house, we heard their voices. MH mjiH no yjiim.'E, a B^pyrt ycjiHinajiH BbiCTpiai). We were walking along the street, when we suddenly heard the report of a gun. OKT> MCHS He nocnymajrb. BH Koro Bqepa nocjiyniajin ? He didn't listen to me. Whom did you hear yesterday ? HEAR, LISTEN 221 Imperative (Ipfv.) Cjiymattie Mena ! He cjiymafiie ero. Listen to me (sc. Beware) ! Don't listen to him. Imperative (Pfv.) nocjiyinaftie ! Listen ! Hear ! Inttnitive (Ipfv.) H He Mory cjiBimaiB (equally commonly : a He cjit'iniy). I can't hear (the first phrase also = I can't bear the sound of). cjiymaTB H He xoiy Bac'B cjiymaiB. I don't want to listen to you (sc. to hear what you have to say). Infinitive (Pfv.) nocjryinaTB (ycjiBimaTB is seldom used) MH-B 6&i XOT-EJIOCB nocjiymaTB axoro n^si;a (aiy niBiii^y). I should like to hear this singer ( = fem.). The reflexive perfective nocjuSinaiBca is often used in books as a passive of cjiBiniaTB : ~***j ^AuA+<*i vio.. HHKor,n;a ne cjiBixajia. I have heard (it). I have not. I (fem.) have never heard. The word Koraa-HH6yAB ( = ever) can be added in ques- tions, but is not necessary. Past (Pfv.) The pasts yc-JiBixajTB and ycjiBiinajit (like yBH^ajTB and yBHfl'kirB, cf. p. 214) are used without any difference of meaning in affirmative sentences meaning heard, caught sound of. From the nature of the verb itself neither of these perfective forms is much used in negative sentences, in which the imperfective forms cjiHxajit and cjiBiniaji'B naturally replace them. The following examples illustrate both verbs : MBI ycuiBixaJiH or ycjiBimajin KpniCB. We heard a scream (caught the sound of), sc. more or less suddenly or unexpectedly, or after a long time. MBI cjiBimajiH OTO Biepa. I^k BBI 910 cjiBiinajiH ? We heard this yesterday. Where did you hear it ? MBI ea Biepa He cjiBimajra or He We did not hear her yesterday. HEAR, LISTEN 223 Bti ee cjibixajiH ? BH ee Bnepa Have you heard her (ever) ? Did you hear her yesterday ? fl ea ne cjibixajTb. H ea He cjiwniajrb. / have not heard her. I did not hear her. H ero cjibixajTb, TOJIBKO O I have heard him, only very long ago. Infinitive (Ipfv. ; pfv. seldom used) Hniero He cnbixaib (or He cjibinmo). ^TO cero^na cjiuxait ? There is nothing to be heard. What news is there to-day ? There is a curious idiom : cjinxaTt-TO cjitixajn. ! which means approximately I have heard tell about it. From cji^inaxb are derived several compound verbs, amongst which is : ipfv.), noACJiyuiaib (pfv.) = to overhear (literally : to underhear). Cognate word and expression (m.) = a rumour ; the faculty of hearing. OTT, ner6 (or o HC'IHT.) HH CJiyxy HH ayxy (saying). From him (or about him) there is neither sound nor smell. ( = There is no news of him, he gives no sign of life.) To smell (transitive) To express this the verb cjitraiaTb is often used : Sft'fecb HenpiaiHbift aanax-b, paaB'fc BH He cjibimHTe ? There is an unpleasant smell here, don't you smell it ? 1 JlncHija ycjitixajia cupHutt Ayxi.' ' The fox smelt the smell of cheese.' Another word is Hioxaib (ipfv.), nonioxaTb (pfv.) = to sniff: IIoHioxaHTe TH u.B'fcTbi, OHH 6ieHb AyniHCTbi. Smell these flowers, they smell very sweet. 224 SMELL To smell (intransitive) naxHVTt (ipfv.) = to smell ; BOHHTB (ipfv.) = to stink. BTO xopomo naxHer-L. Tyr& naxHeT"L AHMOMI,. That smells nice. It smells of smoke here (instr.). CHAPTER 69 TO READ: HHTATb, HPOH^CTL Infinitive Imperfective chitayu chitayet chitayut npoixy npOHTCT'L npoiTyTB prachtii prachtyot prachtiit chital chitala chitalyi npoiejrb npo*ma prachol prachla prachlyi Perfective chita't' npoiecTB prache'st' Present (a) wraro (omb) (OHH) Past (OHl)) IHTaJTB (ona) (OHH) Imperative tfflTafiTe chitaitye npoiTHTe There is another form of the perfective which is just as common as npoiecTB and is conjugated exactly like wraTB. Both npoiecxB and npoiHTaiB mean to read through, to finish reading. 1 There is also a perfective verb noTOiaTB = to read for a short while, for a little. The imperfective iHiaTB can be used intransitively as well as transitively. 1 Both these verbs are, strictly speaking, perfectives, not of j, but of npOHHTHsaTb, but they are much commoner than >, and are therefore treated more fully here. prachtyitye READ 225 Present BH qjixaexe ? H qnxaio pyccKyro rasexy. What are you reading ? I am reading a Russian news- paper. H iHxaio ' npecxyimeme H HaKaaame ' TJocxoeBCKaro I am reading ' Crime and Punishment ' of Dostoyevski. BH MHoro iHxaexe ? fl oieHB Majio Do you read much ? I read very little. OWL HHKor^a He qHTaeit. Ona BCC He never reads. She reads everything (or is always reading). Future (Ipfv.) MH ceroji.Ha Sy^eM-B qnTaiL ? are we going to read to-day ? 3a,BTpa a 6yAy Beet (or u,ijiHH) ^GHB To-morrow I shall read all day long. fl 3ioft KHHrn He 6yfly iHTaTt. I am not going to read this book. BH 6y,neTe HHiaTL ^iy KHHry ? Are you going to read this book ? Future (P/i\) H npoqxy (or npoquiaio) HHCBMO H OTAaMt ero I will read through the letter and give it back to you. BH CK6po npOHTexe axy cxaiLK). You will soon read this article through. Mu ceroAHfi npoiBxaeMi, axox-b paacKaa'b. To-day we will read (through) this short story. 1809.1 226 READ Past (Ipfv.) BH HHiajiH (Kor^a-HHSyAb) ' AHHJ KapeHHHy ' l Tojicx6ro ? Have you (ever) read ' Anna Karenina ' of Tolstoi ? ^HTajTB. He iHxajia. ' Bonny H Mnpi, ' a HHTajn.. I have read (it). I (fern.) have not. ' War and Peace ' I have read. BH iiiTajiH cerojjHfl BO Bpena ypoica ? did you read (were you reading) to-day during the lesson ? MH iHTajiH ' OraxoTBOpemH B-L Ilposi ' TypreHesa. We read (or were reading, sc. some of, or from) the ' Poems in Prose ' of Turgenev. Kor^a a BomejrB BT> KOMHaiy, ona qHTajia JKypHajii>. When I entered the room, she was reading a magazine. Past (Pfv.) BH ysKe npoqjiii (or npowrajm) aiy KHnry ? Have you already read through (finished) this book ? BBI npOHJiii IIHCBMO ? H'BT'L, em,e ne iHTajit. Have you read the letter ? No, I have not yet read (it). Imperative (Ipfv.) He qnTairre Tarct MHOFO, BH (Hc)nopTHTe rjiaaa. Don't read so much, you (will spoil) are spoiling your eyes. Imperative (Pfv.) HpoiTHTe (or npowrafiTe) BTOTI* pascKaat, H noTOMT> CKajKHie KaKoe OH^ na Bact npoHBBOAHTi. BneHaTjdmie. Read through this story and then tell me what sort of impres- sion it makes on you. 1 The titles of books are declined where this is feasible. BEAD 227 e (or npoiHTaiiTe) MH-E 9TO BCJiyxt (or rpoMKo). Read me this aloud. Infinitive (Ipfv.) H He Mory (He xoiy) HHiaTB aiofi KHHFH xenepB. / cannot (don't want) to read this book now. MH-E neKorfla wraTB. OHI> He JiroSHTi, wraTb. / have no time to read. He doesn't like reading. BaMi> HHTaib no-66jibine BCJiyxt. I advise you to read aloud more (as much as you can). 8ioro a He coB^xyio BaMi, qmaTb. / don't advise you to read this (I advise you not to read). Kanoro aBTOpa (nHcaxejia) BH MH-B coB'lTyeTe Which author (writer) do you advise me to read ? Infinitive (Pfo.) H xony nponecTb (or npowraib) axy rjiasy (c 1 want to read through this chapter (page). CoE'ETyio saint npoiHTa/rb ' SaniicKH OxoTHHKa '. 1 1 advise you to read the ' Notes of a Sportsman ' . MH-B 6bi xorbjiocb npoHHTaib KaKoe Hn6y^b ciaxoTBOpeHie (KaKyro-HH6yAB noaMy) HyniKHHa HJIH JIepMOHTOBa,HJin ace Hap6,HHyK) CKasKy, Sacnio KpbmoBa HJIH paacKaat Forojia. I should like to read (through now) some poem of Pushkin or Ldrmontov, or else a folk-tale, or fable of Krylov, or a short story of G6gol (pronounced Gogal'). 1 Of Turg6nev. Q2 * o . 228 BEAD Cognate words Hieine (n.) = reading; HHxajibHH (/.) = reading '-room. There are several compound verbs derived from HHTaTb, the commonest being : ThiBaTb (ipfv. ; pres. nepeHHTbiBaio, nepeHHTbiBaerb, &c.), nepeHHTaib (pfv.) = to read over again. biBaTb (ipfv. corresponding in meaning to npoHHTaTb)=: to read through often. There is also a double compound verb which is very common : HpeflnoHHTaTb (ipfv.), npe^noHecTb (pfv.) = to prefer. fl npeflnoHHTaio aiorb nepenjiert. / prefer this binding. Though it is just as usual to say : DTOTT. nepenjiert MH-B npaBHTCH 6ojibine. T his binding pleases me more (cf. p. 323). From HHiaTb is further derived the verb meaning to count (also to consider) ; this verb, although a compound of HuxaTb (with the preposition ct) is nevertheless imperfective, being looked on as a separate verb ; from this has been formed, with the second addition of co (=CT>),a further perfective verb , meaning to count up, cf. chapter 70. Another verb, formed somewhat analogously, is that meaning to honour, to respect : nonnTaTb (ipfv.) [no^TMTb or nonecTb, pfv. , seldom used ; from these is derived the word noHTii= almost, sc. consider as, regard as] ; from this verb are derived such words as necib (f.) = honour, ^cfHbiA=hone-st, no- qecTb (f.) = an honour, distinction, noHrenie (n.) = respect. CHAPTER 70 TO COUNT (TO CONSIDER) : CHHTATL Imperfective Perfective Infinitive cqHiaTL schita/t' cocHHiaTb saschita't' Present (a) CHHTaro schitayu cocHHTaro saschitayu Both verbs are conjugated exactly like wraTB (cf. p. 224). COUNT (CONSIDER) 229 Present H cqHTaio, ITO 310 OIGHB I consider that that is very unjust. BH CHHTaoxe, qio aio nojiesHo .Do you consider that this is good for one (profitable) ? 9ro cwraeTca oient HCB'BJKJIHBO (nenpHJiHiHo). That is considered very rude (improper). Future (Pfv.) H cociHTaio CKOJILKO y Mena ^eHert. I shall count up how much money I have. H cocwrarocL ct BaMH noioMi). / shall settle up with you later. Past (Ipfv.) H ciHTajii ero aa MomeHHHKa (jKyjiiiKa). I thought him a rogue. OHI> y naci, c^Hxajica fl,ypaK6MT> (majianaeMt). Amongst us he was considered a fool (rotter). Past (Pfv.) BH cociHTajiH, CKOJibKO a BawcL AOJiJKeHi> ? Have you reckoned up how much I owe you ? Imperative (Ipfv.) He c^HTattxe Mena, nojKajiyiicTa. Don't consider me, please. Imperative (Pfv.) CociHTafixe, CKOJIBKO y Bact naKeTOBt. Count up how many parcels you have. Infinitive (Ipfv.) MOJKHO CMHTaib ero 3a BejiMKaro nHcaxejia. One may consider him a great writer. 230 COUNT (CONSIDER) CT> 9THMi> One has to reckon with this fact. Infinitive (Pfv.) H6B03MOJKHO COCIHTaTb, CKOJIbKO SfftC It is impossible to count how many people there are here. MH^ (or naMt) na^o ct saMH lenept cocwraTtca. I must settle up my account with you now. The perfective of ciHiaTB, meaning to consider, is ciecib (conjugated like npoieciB, cf. p. 224) : Future (Pfv.) fl coqiy CBOHMT. AQJiroMt noHTii Ty^a. I shall consider it my duty to go there. (Notice the use of the predicative instrumental in this and the following examples ; cf. pp. 120, 121, 229). Past (Pfv.) H cqe'jTB Hy>KHHMi> CKaaaTB BaMt BTO. I considered it necessary to tell you this. Ona coHJia Heo6xo ( a,HMbiM'i> HanncaTb eMy. She considered it essential to write to him. Cognate words and expressions (m.)-bill, account ; na Moft weTb = at my expense (used literally and figuratively), na axorb CHerb^os regards this matter, as far as that goes, Ha CHext Toro . . . = concerning that matter (sc. of which we were talking) ; CBCCTH CHe'TH=fo settle up one's accounts. (This word must not be confused with m,eTKa=a brush.) A further amplification of the verb cmixaTb is : (ipfv.}, paacniiTaTb (pfv.) = to calculate, fl Ha Bac"b pa3CHi'iTbiBaio=/ am counting on you ; MO>KHO Ha OTO paacmi- ^ca/t one count (depend) on that ? 231 CHAPTER 71 TO WRITE: IIMCATb ; TO PLAY : MFPATb ; TO SING : rrBTb To write Imperfective Perfective Infinitive imcaTB pisa't' HanHcaiL napisa/t' Present (a) ninny pishu Hanmny napishu (OHI>) mime-FL pishet HanmneTL napishet (OHH) nHinyrt pishut HanmnyT'b napishut Past (OHI.) nncajTB pisal naniicajrL napisal \ / A J. Imperative nHmiiTe l pishytye 1 nanHniiiTe x napisbytye l J. / / i./*/ This verb also means to paint (pictures) , but is not used for painting walls, &c. Present H ninny niici>M6. BLI oqenb MHOFO nanieie ? I am writing a letter. Do you write a great deal ? H nnmy MHOFO nnceM'B. OHT> MH^ qacTO I write many letters (gen. plur.). Re often writes me. Kania (or KaKoro po^a) KapTHHH ona nmneTt ? What sort (or of what sort) of pictures does she paint ? Ona nmnert neHsaacH, a xaiOKe H nopiperu. She paints landscapes, but also portraits. H iiiimy KapaHffauioM'L, a BH niinieTe nepoMt. I am writing in pencil, but you are writing with a pen. 1 ii after UI=LI (y), of. p. 2. 232 WEITE Future (Ipfv.) SaBipa a 6yffy BGCB (or IJ-EJIBIH) fleHB iracBMa iracaiB. To-morrow I am going to write letters all day. BBI 6yA6Te MH-E HacTO nncaTt OTTyp,a ? You will often write to me from there ? "tfro BH fiy^eie TenepB (cero^na) imcaTB ? What are you going to write now (to-day) ? H (6ojit>iiie) Hiraero ne 6y^,y nncaTt. I am not going to write anything (more). ^TO BH 6y,n,eTe ^-IjiaTi. ? H 6ysy iracaTt niictMa. What are you going to do ? I am going to write letters. Kor^a BH 6yp,eie eft iracaxL ? When are you going to write to her ? Future (P/u.) H Hannmy eny cero^Ha nenpeM^HHo. I shall write him to-day without fail. fl Hanniny HHCBMO, H noT6Mi> nott^y ryuiaTB. I shall write a letter and then go for a walk. CJIH HairameTe sci Banra nHCBMa xenepB, MH EM-BCTi Ha no^iy (BI> noiTosoe oTTVEJieme). If you finish writing all your letters now we will go together to the post (postal department). BBI HaniinieTe BTO HHCBMO cero^Ha ? Will you (or, can you) write this letter to-day ? Past (Ipfv.) BBI IUVTB nncajiH ? IlHcajrb. He nncaji-B. Have you written them ? I have. I have not. WEITE 233 BBI MH^ jjaBHO ne nucajin ; oTiero BTO ? You haven t written to me for a long time ; why is it ? Ona BCG yxpo nncajia. She has been (or was) writing all the morning. npejKfle OH-B iracajrt 66jn>me TERTB Tenept. Formerly he used to write more than (he does) now. Past (Pfv.) Kor,o,a EM HMi) HanncajiH ? H Hanncajit B^epa. When did you write them ? I wrote yesterday. H yjKe (flaBHo) Hanncajii. BaM-L npo BTO. I have already (long ago) written you about this. H ceroflHH Hanncajn> p,Ba nHCLMa, nait aaKptiTtixt nnceMi) H OffiHHHa3,I],aTfc OTRpHTOKl.. I have to-day written two letters, five letter-cards, and eleven postcards. 9ry KapiHHy Hairacajn> HSB-BCTHtifi pyccKitt xyAOJKHHKi). This picture was painted by a famous Russian artist. Imperative (Ipfv.) IlHinHTe HaivrB no-name ! He nnniHTe eft. Write us as often as you can ! Don't write to her. Imperative (Pfv.) HanHiiiHTe CKOpie, name y Bact njianti. Write (us) as soon as you can what are your plans. HanHiiiHTe Baiirb a,npecT> H iioMep-L Tejie$6Ha Ha Baniett BH3HTHOtt KapTOHK-B. Write down your address and telephone number on your visiting-card. 234 WRITE HanHUIHTG OTICTJIHBO H KpyilHBIMt HIpH^TOMTb ; 6oJIBHIMMH 6yKBaMH. Write clearly and in large characters ; in capital letters. Infinitive (Ip/v.) H yjKacHo ne jno6jiro nncaiB miCBMa. I hate writing letters (lit. aw/ully don't like). H ne yivrBK) imcaTB pyccKHMH 6yKBaMH (or pyccKHMt nipii$- TOIVTB), a TOJIBKO $paHn;y3CKHMH SyKBaMH (or MocKBy HJIH B-B ,o,epeBHio ? Where am I to write him, to Moscow or to the country ? BBI Moacexe HanncaTB BTO HHCBMO cero^Ha ? Can you (will you be able) to write this letter to-day ? H nonpomy Bact HanncaTB ixo-HHSy^B HOR I shall ask you to write me something at dictation. Cognate words and expressions HHCame (n.) = the act of writing ; nHcaTejn>(HHija) = (l) author(ess), (2) painter ; JKHBOimcb (f.)-the art of painting. To paint a wall or house is : KpacHTb (cf. p. 29) or MajiesaTb. From nucaTb are derived many compound verbs, of which the commonest are : BbiniicbiBaTb (ipfv. ; pres. BbinHCtiBaio) , BbmncaTb (pfv.) = to order by post. SamicbiBaTb (ipfv.), aanncaxb (pfv.) = to note down,; aamicna (/.) = a note. tt Wtt./iA OK^l *vv*JU K^m4co U PLAY, SING 235 (ipfv.), onwcaTb (pfv.) = to describe ; onucanie (n.) a description. enricbiBaTbCH CT> K-BMT. (ipfv.) = to correspond ; nepemicKa (/.) = correspondence (the act of). nHCbiBaTb , noflimcaTb^ to sign ; used reflexively = to sign one's name; nojjiiHCb (/.) = a signature. , npnnHcaTb=fo ascribe. nponncaTb= to prescribe ; to copy out. PacnHcaTbCH (pfo.) = to sign one's name for a receipt ; pacnwcKa (/., or KBHTamjiH)=a receipt ; pacimcaHie (or pocnwcaHie) no-fea- >=a time-table of trains. / To play Hrpaib (ipfv.-, like qHTaib) cf. p. 288) = to play (intransitive and transitive). BLI Hrpaexe B-B Kapiti, Bt maxMaTH, Bt maniKH, SlUILflp^t, BI> JiayH'L-TeHHHC'b, Ha pOHJTB, Ha Do you play cards, chess, draughts, billiards, lawn-tennis, the piano, the violin ? CwrpaeMi, napiiio ! CurpaflTe naMt qio-HHSyflb ! Let 's have a game ! Play us something ! Mrpa (f.) = a game; HrpyiiiKa=a toy. BbiiirpbiBaTb (ipfv.), BbiHrparb (pfv.) = to win. HpoiirpbiBaTb (ipfv.), nponrparb (pfv.) = to lose. To sing (ipfv. ; pres. noio,noeT'L,noK)Ti) payii, payot, payut, past n-B-in., imper. HOHTC), cn-fexb (pfv.) = to sing (intrans. and trans.). BM noere ? CIIOMTC HaM't *iT6-Hii6y,nb ! Do you sing ? Sing us something ! 11'bciiH (f. ; ill in in. iriiceiiKa)=a sony. . \ 236 CHAPTER 72 TO SEND: CJIATb, nOCbUIATb Imperfective Perfective Infinitive cjiaiB sla't' nocjiaxb pasla't' Present (a) uraio shlyii nonuiro pashlyu (OHT>) nme'Ti, shlyot noiirae'T"j> pashlyot (OHH) niJiroT'L shlyiit noniJiroTt pashlyiit Past cjiant slal nocjiajii> paslal Imperative nuiHie shlyitye nonuiHTe pashlyitye There is another equally common form of the imperfective : nocHJiaiB, which is conjugated like TOTaTL, and is used more in the frequentative sense. Present IIIjiK) Bant npn ce'MT. 1 peKOMeH^aTejiLHoe HHCLMO. I enclose (am sending with this) a letter of introduction. IHjiro saMT, TenjitiH (cepfleiHBifi) npiiB^Tt H JKMy Bamy pyKy. I send you warm (hearty, affectionate, cordial) greeting and press your hand (ending a letter to an intimate friend or acquaintance. JKMy is the present of JKart = to press ; (5KHy) = fo reap). 1 This is the masc. loc. sing, of the almost obsolete pronoun cett, cm, cie ; ciu = this, which survives in a few expressions, of. cero- AHH (lit. of this day], cew-Haci. and ciro MHHyTy= immediately. SEND 237 HocHJiaio eMy KasK^Bift A6HB raaery. I send him a newspaper every day. Future (Ipfv.) H 6y,ny BaMi> nocHJiaxB Centra past BT> Micai]^. / shall send you (the) money once a month. Future (Pfv.) Korfla BH MH^ noinjiexe * axH KHHFH ? When will you send me these books ? a BaM-B HX-B noinjiro aasxpa na Banii, a^pec-B. / will send them you to-morrow to your address. BH noniJiexe 1 MH^ CBOK) KapxoHKy 2 ? noiiraro. Will you send me your photograph ? I will. Past (Ipfv.) H eft nocHJiajTB KaacABifi ro^ no.n.apOK'B. I used to send her a present every year. Past (Pfv.) BH nocjiajin HHCBMO ? yjKe (or eiu,e' ne) nocjiaji-B. Have you sent the letter ? I have already (or, not yet) sent it. Ona nocjiajia 3 MH^ CBOK) KapxoiKy. She has sent me her photograph. C, vcA/tKxui t . . . KA^XO v\.o*A*M?i \y*b V\.&x,(ro 1 ^ w^cvlotvUn, Imperative (Ipfv.) He nocijjiaftxe eMy 66jibme HHqer6. Don't send him anything more. 1 Or npniiuieTe, cf. p. 238. 2 Sc. <|)OTorpa$HHecKyK) K. or 4>OTorpa$iio. 3 Or npHCjiajia, cf. p. 238. . .. . , 238 Imperative (P/v.) axy KHiiry KaKt MOJKHO cKopie. Send me this book as soon as you possibly can. Infinitive (Pfv. ; ipfv. seldom used) Ky,o,a nocjiaTB Bant BTO ? Where shall I send you this to (where am I to send it) ? Ilpoiny Bact nocjiaTb MH^ HeMeAJieimo no n KHHTH. Please send me without delay the following books by post. H xony nocjiaTt STO nucbMo 3aKa3HHMt. I want to send this letter registered (predicative instru- mental). MOJKHO nocjiaTL 9Ty noctijiKy (aiOTt naKext) (You) can send this parcel to be paid for on delivery. From this verb are derived, amongst others, the following : (ipfv.), OTOCJiaib (pfv.) = to send away, off. v HepectiJiaTb (ipfv.), nepeejia-rb (pfv.)=to send on, forward. .&o *> IlpHCLiJiaTt (ipfv.), npncjiaxb (pfv.) = to sendto ; this verb is used J US ^ as commonly as nocbijiaTb, nocjiaxb, and is especially used to imply the receipt of anything which has been sent, e.g. OHT. Mirfe npHCJiajrB, ona naMt npHCJia:ia= he has sent me (and I have received), she has sent us (and we have received). HocbijiKa (/.) = a parcel. Ccbijiaxb (ipfv.), cocJiaTb (pfv.) = to exile; used reflexively + na +acc. = ) Imperative [nojiyqaftie Present BH nojiyqaexe qacTO useicTia H3i> Poccfn ? Do you ojten get news from Russia ? 51 nojiyiaio HOHTH KajK^Lift ftem, HHCLM6 OT-B Hero. I get a letter from him almost every day. Future (Pfv. ; ipfv. not often required) BH saBTpa naB'lipHo nojiyiHTe OTI> nea xejierpaMMy. To-morrow you will certainly get a wire from her. Kor^a a nojiyqy KHHra Koiopua a BaKaaajii. ? When shall I get the books which I (have} ordered ? fl AyMaro, TOO CK6po nojiy^y orb ner6 nnci.M6. I think I shall soon have a letter from him. Past (Pfv. ; ipfv. seldom used) H cer6AHa nojiyiHjit nncLM6 HS^ JIoH^OHa. I have to-day received a letter from London. 240 EECEIVE, GET H nojiyqiijrb mictMo orb ero cecTpti H3i> I have received a letter from his sister from England. MH nojiymjiH orb HHX'b 6e3npoBOJioHHyio xejierpaMMy. We have received from them a wireless telegram. Ona TOJibKO TOO nojiyniiJia orb Hero noB'ECTKy. She has just received a note from him. Imperative (Pfv.) UojiyiHTe (sc. fleHbra) ! Take the money ! (lit. receive), the usual phrase in paying the bill. Infinitive (Pfv. ; ipfv. little used) F/VE a Mory nojiyiHTb TaKyro 6yMary, Tame KOHBepibi, TaKia lepHHJia, TaKoe nepo ? Where can I get paper, envelopes, ink, a pen like this ? Cognate words ie (n.) = the act of receiving. A receipt is KBHTaHijiH or pacmicKa. CHAPTER 74 TO RUN : B'BJKATb, B-BFATb ; TO FLY : JIETBTt, JIETATL There are several other verbs which (like HTTH and XORHTB, ^xaTb and 'BB.HHTI,, &c., cf. pp. 74, 91) have two forms of the Imperfective , one for denoting an action actually in progress, another for denoting a frequentative, habitual, or potential activity (cf. pp. 74, 91). Amongst the com- monest are the two following verbs, both of which are here given in full in their actual form (64jKaxb is one of the few irregular verbs, the 1st person singular and 3rd person RUN FLY 241 plural belonging to the e-class of endings, all the rest to the n-class) because these forms are far commoner and are more difficult to remember than the frequentative or potential forms of the same verbs, given below, which are conjugated exactly like p,yMaTB, cf. p. 22. Infinitive Run Actual Imper/ective b(y)ezha ! t' Fly Actual Imper/ective lyetyet' Present (a) 6 r 6ry b(y)egii neqy lyechu (TH) SijJKHint 1 b(y)ezhysh x JICTHinb lyetyish (OHt) 6-feaCHTT, : 1 b(y)ezhyt x JICTHT'b lyetyit (MH) 6-fcjKHMT> 1 b(y)ezhym J JICTHMt lyetyim (BH) 6-fcjKHTe ] b(y)ezhytye x jieiHTe lyetyitye (OHH) 6'feryr'fc b(y)egut Jieiari lyetyat Pas* (f\TJrT \ MnD'iU'Q TTTL 'Ml ti I U |>/|i((.L It b(y)ezhal jierljrb lyetye a l Imperative 6-hrHxe b(y)egitye JICTHTC lyetyitye Potential Imper/ective Potential Imper/ective Infinitive & 6iraTL bye a gat' JiexaTb lyeta j t' Present (a) 6iraro bye a gayu jieTaio lyetayu (OHT>) 6'sraeT'b by6 a gayet jiexaeTt lyetayet (OHH) S'lraiOTT. bye a gayut jiexaioTi, lyetayut Pas< (OHT.) S'&rajrL bye 9 gal JICTaJI'B lyetdl Imperative 64raHTC by6 a gaitye jiexaflTe lyetditye 1 H after H<=H (y), cf. p. 2. 180!). 1 242 BUN FLY = actually to run along, 1 6 r braTB = to be able to run about, to do so often or aimlessly. Jlei'B'TB = actually to fly along, jieTaiB = to be able to fly, to do so often or aimlessly. The ordinary perfectives of these verbs are : no6ijKaTt = to run a short distance, to run off, away. nojieifei) = to fly a short distance, to fly off, away. There is, further, a perfective verb : c6iraTL, which means to run and come back quickly, to run round with a message or to get something ; cf . the perfective verbs : CXOJUHTB and ct'tsflHTB, pp. 74, 91. Perfective verbs also exist from the others, but they are not nearly so common : no6iraTB = to run hither and thither for a bit. nojieTaTB = to fly about for a short time. Examples of the first six verbs are now given : Present 6"BTy (from S^JKaxB) jieiy (from Jier^TB) Bon. 6'fcjKHT'b MajiBHHKT,. JIoma^B 6^iKHT f B no-nojiio. There is a boy running along. A horse is running across the field. Ky^a 6'BTyTt JIIORH ? Biry, 6"fery ! Where are the people running to ? I am coming (sc. hurry- ing] ! BOIT, JICTHTI. aaponjiam, (Bosj^ymHBra KOpa6jiB) ! There is an aeroplane (airship) flying I "tfro TO sa 2 6ojiBmaa irraija JieTHTB ciofla ? Of what sort is that big bird flying this way ? 1 A.lso=toflee, to take flight. 2 This phrase is always followed by the nominative ; alternative equivalents are : ato KanaH (or Kanoro po^a) nriin;a ? cf. F.R.B., pp. 84, 103. exVL'-o o r&Trr>u/vWi A-T BUN FLY 243 64raro (from S^raTt) jieTaro (from -ETH 6^raK)Ti> sect ^ent na OTKPHTOMT. In summer the children run about all day in the open air. Kyfla BH TaKi> qacTo 6 r Eraeie ? Where do you keep running (going) off to so often ? BH jieiaeTe ? CeroflHa jreTaiOTL. Do you (sc. can you) fly ? There is an exhibition of flying to-day. Future (Ipfv.) Bypy is not commonly used with any of these verbs. Future (Pfv.) noSiry (from n^'EJKa/rL) c6'lraK) (from c6 r feraTi>) nojieiy (from nojier^TB) H no6'Bry xy^a, a aaT^Mi, no6'Bry Hasa.n'L croAa. I shall run over there, and will then run back here. H noS'Bry (or c6 i iraio) na noixy CT> DTHMH I shall run to the post-office with these letters. H cfi'feraio BT> BHHHyio JiaBKy sa BHH6Mi>. I shall run round to the wine-shop for the wine. KaKi> i6jitKO nojiyqy TejierpaMMy, a nojieqy As soon as I get a wire, I shall dash off there. Past (Ipfv.) 6'BJKajn, (from 6'BJKaTb) jierBjrs (from JI6raa,o,b d-BHcajia (KpynHott, MCJIKOK) pucbio. The horse was running along at a (full, jog-) trot. ABTOMo6HJib (n6i3Ai>) Jiei^jit. CaHH jiei'tjiH. The motor (the train) flew along. The sledge was flying along. R 2 244 EUNFLY 6irajn> (from GiraTb) JieTajn> (from Ha 6epery Mopa ^TH Sirajin no necKy l 6ocHK6Mt. At the seaside the children ran about on the sand barefoot. BH Korfl;a-HH6yflb jieTajia ? Have you ever been up in an aeroplane ? Past (P/0.) nodijJKajTL (from no6 r fejKaTb) nojiexijit (from KaKi, TOJibKO ycjibiniajiH Epmcb, MH no64jKajiH KI> As soon as we heard the shout, we ran off to the river. Kaicb TOJibKO nojiyqHJia HSB-lcTie, OHa KI> HeMy nojiexijia. As soon as she got the news, she flew off to him. Imperative (Ipfv.) SirHTe (from 61i5KaTb) 2 B'ferHTe CKopie, HejioB'feK'b TOHerb ! Come quickly, there 's a man drowning I 6iraftTe (from 6 r &raxb) 2 He 6'lraHTe TaKi> ^acTO xy^a. Don't keep going there so often. Imperative (Pfv.) 2 no6 r ferHTe (from no6isKaTb) cS^raftxe (from HoS^rHTe noMo^b eMy (eft, HM-L), aio oneHb Eun and help him (her, them), that is very heavy. C6^rafiTe Ha no^xy, nosKajiyftcia, sa MapKaMH. Just run round to the post, please, for some stamps. 1 nom. necoKt (TO.). 2 The imperatives of jierfeTb, jieiaTb and nojierfeTb are used in a similar way. RUN FLY 245 Infinitive (Ipfv.) 6'fejKaTb Jiex'B'Tb These infinitives are very seldom used in their simple forms. Jn66flTi fi-braTB. MH^ He xoHeica Children like running about. I have no wish to fly. What has been said about the verbs HTTH and (cf. pp. 73, 90) applies also to these verbs in the following way. These verbs, like those, describe the actual motion (of running and flying) without defining the direction, which may be either towards or away from the speaker. With these verbs in their simple form, as with those, the direction must be defined by adverbs or other words : Om> HAerb ciOAa. He is walking in this direction, is coming along. Ona Hfle'rt Ty.ua. She is walking in that direction, is going there. OHM ceroAHa 'feflyit KT. Haunt ; - - KT> Baivn>. They are coming (driving) to see us to-day ; they are going (driving] to see you to-day. KyAa Bbi S^JKHTC ? PeCeHOKb C'B'JKHT'B KT> Maxepii. Where are you running to ? The child runs (is running) to its mother. HaMH jieiHTB opejn>. An eagle is flying (about) above us (over our heads). Hc'rpe6'b (KopinyHt) jierrirb iiaA'b Kypm-HiiKOM-B. A hawk (a kite) is flying about above the poultry-house. 246 CHAPTER 75 THE COMPOUNDS OF THESE VERBS In contrast to these imper/ective verbs 6'fejKaTB and Jierfeib, the perfective verbs no6iJ3KaTt> and nojieT^Tt, like HOHTH and noixaTb, imply rather running off (away), flying off (away), or starting off running or flying. In order to express the specific idea of motion towards any one or anything, the preposition npn is prefixed to these verbs, just as in the case of the verbs npaxo^HTb and npifiTH, npi-feajKaTb and npi^xaiB, and the other prepositions are similarly prefixed, each lending its own specific meaning to the verb, e.g. y6 r fe- 3KaTb = io run away, yjiexixb = to fly away (cf. yiiTH = io go away, yixaTb = fo depart, pp. 86, 103). It will be remembered that actual imper/ective verbs like HTTH and ixaib, when compounded with prepositions, become perfective, viz. npifiTH and npi^xaTb, and that potential imper/ective verbs like XO,O;HTB compounded with the same prepositions remain imperfective, viz. npuxo^HTb (as regards npiferaaib cf . p. 100). In the same way with these verbs, the compounds of the actual imper/ective verbs 6 r fejKaTb and neTbTb become per/ective with a difference of meaning given by the preposition, while the compounds of the potential imper/ectives 6iraTt and JiexaTt remain imper- fective, the same preposition also giving them the same difference of meaning. It must be specially noted that in the compounds of 6iraTL (imperfectives) the accent is throughout shifted to the next syllable, - 1 The verb cStraTb (cf. p. 242) which is a perfective verb of anomalous formation is excepted. i/l wvn-wvt ^^ c)ys run up to npn6'BJKaTB fly up to There follow examples of some of the commonest com- pounds of these four verbs, imperfectives in -6'BraTB and -jieiaTB, perfectives in -6^3KaTB and -JieiiiB. These being verbs of motion they illustrate particularly clearly the primary meanings of the prepositions in composition. The verbs are not given in full, as the infinitives are not often used in literature or in conversation. Majn>HHKt BS'BJKajrL BT> KdMHaxy = the boy ran into the room. ,11/EBoqKa Bbi6ij>Kajia HS-L KtiMHaiH = the little girl ran out of the room. ,H'BTH Bee B6irajiM H BB^-Brajin (imperfective). The children kept on running in and out. 248 RUNNING OHT, B36-fejKajn> no He ran up the stairs. Mbi RoS'EJKajiH flo ynia BTOH y We ran as far as the corner of this street. Co6aKa nepe6 r fejKajia qepeat yjrairy. The dog ran across the street. nocjTB 1 yieHia R^TH CKop^e After lessons the children ran off home at full speed. On-b Ran-B CBHCTOKX, H co6aica xoTqact K-B Heiay npi He gave a whistle, and the dog at once ran to him. OHH npo6ijKajiH MHMO nact. fl npo6i}Kaji r E, 9xy KHHry They ran past us. I have run through this book. OH-B cSijHdjTL ci> jrlcraimbi (ct ropti). 1 He ran down (off) the stairs (the hill). 1 Co6aKa y6^5Kajia BI, n^ct. The dog ran (or has run) away (right off) into the forest. -J 3AcX>}KaTi> and H36i>rHyTS (pfv. ; pres. HaS'fe- rny, Had-fernerb, HaQ-fernyT-b, ^pos^ HaCiirHyjrb, H36 r fernyjia, HaSirnyjiH or HsQ-fer-b, HaS'ferjia, H36 r fer^H) = to avoid. ^/v.)> npuS'ferHyTb (p/v. ; like H36'ferHyTb)= to have recourse to (KT>). Bi> KOMHaiy BJieT'ijii> Bopo6ett. A sparrow has flown into the room. FoJiySt BSJierljTL 2 na ^epeso. The dove (or pigeon) flew up 2 into the tree. 1 N.B. to go downhill is : HTTH noAt-ropy. z This verb also means to fly in pieces, to explode, to be blown up. U. i FLYING 249 (or IHJKHKI>) Bbraei'BJia HSI, KJI-ETKH. The siskin 1 has flown out of the cage. J(o Kaicoro M^CTa OHH ^ojieT-fejin ? How far did they get in their flight ? Cosa nepejier&Jia lepest flopory. An owl flew across the road. Teiepest noaerkirL B-B JTECI,. The woodcock flew off into the forest. CKBOpeijT> noffJieTijii) KI oKHy. A starling has flown close up to the window. SKaBopOHOiCb npHJieT'Ejrb Kt KJi^TKii ((k)hklyetkye). A lark flew up to the cage. JlpOBff'L npOJieT^JIl. MHMO OKHa. A thrush flew past the window. BopOHH 2 H BOpOHH 3 paSJieT^JIHCL BT> pa3HHfl CTOpOHH. The crows and the ravens flew off in different directions. Copona cjiei'EJia ci, ^epesa. The magpie flew down from off the tree. JlacioHKH yjiei^JiH BI, Tenjitui Kpait. The swallows have flown away to a warm country. 1 A sort of finch. ' Nom. sing, uopona (/.). 3 Nam. sing. B6poHi> (w.). 250 CHAPTER 76 TO SWIM, TO FLOAT: HJILITL, HJIABATB This verb also has two forms of the imperfective : HJIBITB (pres. rniHBy, iraiiBeT'b, njiBiByrB, past ILJIBIJTB, njiBiJia, njiBijra, imper. nji&iBHTe) is the actual imper- fective and means to go or be on the water, to sail, to navigate, to float on the water. IIjiaBaTB (conjugated like jVEJiaib, cf . p. 251) is the potential imperfective and means to swim and also to sail habit- ually, to float about. MBI ittiBiJiH BBepxt (BHHSI.) no p^K^ (na napycaxt J ) na Becnax-B 2 (B^ OTKPB'ITOM'B Mopi) no osepy. We sailed (or were sailing) up (down) stream (by sail) rowing (in the open sea) over the lake. BBI imaBaeie (or yn^eie nnaBaTB) ? = can you swim ? OITB nJiaBaei'b = he is afloat. Compounds of HJIBITB are perfective, and the corresponding imperfectives are formed with an infinitive -nJiBreaTb (like iHiaTB) : ^onjibiBaTB (ipfv.), RonjiBiTB (pfv.) = to swim, sail, or float as far as (RO). UepenjiBiBaTB (ipfv.), nepenjiBiTB (pfv.) = to swim or sail across (qepeai.) ; ont nepenjiBiJit nepeai, ^HHCKift sajiHBi, = he swam (or sailed) across the gulf of Finland. Other compounds are formed as in chapter 75. To drown, to sink TonyTb (conjugated like THHyTb, cf. p. 21) and noTonaib (both ipfv.) , yionyTb and noTOHyxb (pfv.} to drown, to sink (INTRAN- SITIVE). ToniiTb (conjugated like ToniiTb, cf. pp. 284-5 and noxonjiHTb (both ipfv.) , noTonHTb. (pfo.) = to drown, to sink (TRANSITIVE). 1 Nom. sing, napyci. (m.). 2 Norn. sing. BBCJIO (n.). 251 CHAPTER 77 TO DO (to make] : ,3/BJIATb, Imperfective Perfective Infinitive fl-BJiaTb dye a lat' c^'EJiaTb sdye a lat' Present (ii) ji,'i>jicijo cly6 layu c^BJiaK) sdye a layu ^OHtj jH'BJiaeT'L clye layet cjj r BJiae r nj sdye a layet (OTT1TI Tf HR TTZlin T^T^ /ITTO^l 51 "\71Tf" PTTnDTmiATt CMYTO^'l mTlT^" \Ja.xlJ ,1, l>. iclici i> Ujc IdjjUL v/H XJJicliU 1 Jj Bu.yt5 IdVUt Pasf (OHI>) A^Jiajii, dye a lal cfl-BJiajn, sdye a lal Jr/iperafwe dye a laitye Cfl-EJiafiTe sdye a laitye Present BH flijiaeTe ? fl HHiero ne A What are you doing ? I am doing nothing. HTO BH fl^JiaeTe cero^Ha BeiepOMi. ? (illogical use). What are you doing this evening ? Future (Ip/v.) HTO BH 6yA6ie TaMi. A^Jiaib ? What shall you do there ? BaBipa a tmqero He 6yy A^-naib. To-morrow I am not going to do anything. Future (I>.) Korfla BH 9TO AJIJI Mena CA'BJiaeie ? W/ien will you do this for me ? fl 9TO cflijiaro aaBTpa HenpeM'BHHO. I will do this to-morrow without fail. 252 DO Conditional (Pfv. ; ipfv. seldom used) Ha BanieM'B M^CT-E a 6u BTOFO He c^Jiajit. In your place I should not do (or have done) this. cjra6bi a MOPB, a 6ti BTO CftijiajTb ct 6ojr&iiiHMi> CTBieMT.. If I had been able, I should have done this with great pleasure. Imperative (Ipfv.) PaflH Bora, He ffijiaHTe axoro ! For God's sake don't do that ! He ff'EJiaHTe eMy Bpejja ! Don't do him any harm ! Imperative (Pfv.) C/vkfiairre, Kant XOTHTC ! Do as you like ! Do me the favour ! (A phrase used on requesting, and also on granting, a favour, such as borrowing or lending a book to look at handing a dish, &c.) Infinitive (Ipfv.) HTO flijiaxb ? Henero A'BJiaxb (or flijiaib He^ero). What is to be done ? There is nothing to be done. HHiero He jri-naiL. To do nothing (notice the difference between neiero and o He). Infinitive (Pjv.) axe AJI Bact ? 810 MOSKHO c Shall I do that for you ? One can do that. DO 253 H (HG) xoiy BTO cflijiaib. 9xo Tpy^no (jierKo) / (don't) want to do that. That is difficult (easy) to do. To pay any one a call or a visii '^'ibiaTL, c^jiait BHSHTL (KOMy) : a He JiK)6jii6 BHSHTH R-BJiaib = I dow' like pay- ing calls, Hajjo c/vEJiaTb HMI> BHSHTB cero^na (or HOHTH K^ HHMi) ci> BHSHTOMT)) = (we) must go and call on them to-day. JI/BJiaTtcfl, c.n.'EJiaTtcfl = to become, and is very often used instead of CTaHOBHTbca, CTaxt (cf. p. 120), e.g. : ' ^*^v ' BOJIBHOMV (6ojibHOH) ,0,'BJiaeTca xyjKe. The patient is becoming worse. For further examples, cf. p. 125. An amplified form of the imperfective A^Jiaib is HOA^JIH- Baib, very common in certain phrases, such as : Mm lii.i iio;i,'l;jii>iHa(Te ? How are you getting on, what are you up to, what have you been doing lately ? Cognate words ,H 1 'fejio=aj5' > atr, bminess, matter ; 3TO He Bauie 3^0= that is not your business ; y MGHH CTOJILKO Aluia ! = / have so much to do ! oin> ajvfecb no A"feJiaMi>= he is here on business ; BT> 'je'MT> A'fe-'io 1 = whaCs the trouble? A"fejio BT> TOMT., HTO . . . =the trouble is that . . . ; BT> T6M1.-TO H A^JIO ! = that's just the point ! [Work is: pa66Ta ; to work: pa66raTb (conjugated like ay- Mart) ; a uwkman : pa66 l iift, pa66THHK^.] 254 CHAPTER 78 TO PERMIT : IIOSBOJIflTL, IIO3B6JIMTB Imperfective Perfective Infinitive nosBOCTHTB pazvalya't' HOSBOJIHTB pazvolyit' Present (a) H03BOJIHK) pazvalyayu HOSBOJIIO pazvolyu (ont) nosBOJiaeTt pazvalyayet HOBBOJIHT^ pazvolyit \ / / / / (OHH) nosBOJiaioTt pazvalyayut HOSBOJIHTI, pazvolyat \ / / / / Past (\ ' I'l ' '!! OHtj no3BOJiajit pazvalyal HOSBOJIHJTL pazvolyu Imperative pazvalyaitye HOSBOJIBTC pazvo'ltye Present BLI 3TO noaBOJiaeTe ? STO ne nosBOJiaeica. Do you allow this ? That is not allowed. Moe BftopoBte BTOFO ne nosBOJiaeTt. My health does not permit this. HlIKOMy H6 IIOSBOJIfllOTI, BXOffHTb TVfla. They allow no one to enter there. Future (P/u.) H BaMT> H6 H03BOJIK) 3TO CftijiaTB ; yHTII. I shall not allow you to do this ; to go away. Bbl MH-E HOSBOJIHTe KypHTB (saKypHTt) ? Will you permit me to smoke (to have a smoke) ? ^OKTOpt MH-B H6 HOSBOJIHTt -BXaTB. The doctor won't allow me to travel. PERMIT 255 BaivrB He noaBOJiflTB yExait ceroflHfl. They won't allow you to leave to-day. Past (Pfv.) r H6KTOp'I> CerOffHfl nOBBOJIHJrt MH-B nOHTH ryJISTb. The doctor has allowed me to go for a walk to-day. EOHBHOMJ ceroffHfl HOSBOJIHJIH BCTaBaib. They allowed the patient (m.) to get up to-day. Imperative (Pfo.) HOSBOJILTG cnpocirrt Bact ; CKasaxt BaMT>. Permit me to ask you ; to tell you. Infinitive (Pfv.) H He Mory ce6i aioro nosBOJiHTt. I cannot permit myself that. Cognate expressions Ilo3BOJi6Hie (.)= permission (cf. pp. 181,271) ; ct, Bainero noaBO- n&Hifi=ivith (\ii.from) your permission. Ilo3B6jieHO=t7 is permitted. .HOSBOJIHCTCH, ji;o3B6jieHO=^ is permitted. He flOBBOJiaeTCH, ne ji;o3B6jieHO=t7 is forbidden. H3B6jibte ! = be so good, if you please ! The imperative of A&TB is also used for permit, cf. p. 183. 256 CHAPTER 79 TO LET_(GO), ALLOW : nVCKATb, nVCTMTL Perfective nycraTB pustit' nymy Imperfective Infinitive nycKaiB puska't' Present (a) nycKaro puskayu (OHI>) nycKaerB puskayet (OHH) nycKaiOT'L puskayut nycTHTB Past (OH-B) nycKajii, puskal nyciHjrB Imperative nycKaflTe puskaitye nycTHie pushchu pustyit piistyat pustyil pustyitye Present OHH MGHfl He nycKaiOT'&. Ty^a ne They won't let me go. They don't allow one to go there. Future (Pfv.) Baci> ne nyCTHTt. H eact ne nymy. They won't let you go (sc. out or in). I shan't let you go. Past (Ipfv.) ,H,OKTOpa KL neny HHKoro He nycKajin. The doctors ivould not allow any one to go to him. Past (Pfv.) MajiBiHKt nycTHjn> HTiiuy. Baci> nycTHJin ? The boy let the bird go. Did they let you (sc. in or out) ? Imperative (Ipfv.) He nycKaftTe ero ! IlycKaH ! Don't let him go ! Let it be ! LET (GO), ALLOW 257 Imperative (P/v.) HycTHTe MCHH ! Let me go ! Infinitive (Pjv.) H He xoiy nyciHTt Baci>. Ha^o nycraiL. I don't want to let you go. (You) must let go. The reflexive form of this verb in the past is often used : OH-L nycTiijica 6ijjKaTB. MH nycTHjracb BT> nyn>. He set off at a run. We set off on our journey. The imperatives nycicaft and nycit (N.B. not nycxii) are used, followed by the perfective future, to express the 3rd. person singular and plural imperative of am/ verb, as in English kt, e.g. IlycKaH npn,a,eTT> aaBTpa ! ZlycTt 6y#eTi> TaKi> ! Let him come to-morrow ! Let it be like that I Compound verbs / BnycnaTb (ipfv.), enycTHTb (pfv.) = to admit, inject. i BbinycKaTb, BbinycTHTb=to release, let out ; BbinycKt (m.) = part, number (of a book or journal). 5 /JonycKaTb, RonycTHTb = to permit, to admit, v SanycKaxb, sanycTHTb = to neglect. f HcnycKaib, ncnycTHTb = to emit. HanycKaTb, nanycTHTb = to let on, set on. 7 OnycKaTb, onycTHTb = to let doim, let fall, let drop (e.g. a letter into the box). ( OrnycKaTb, OTnycTMTb = to dismiss ; 6TnycKT> (m.) = furlough. : IloAnycKaTb, noAnycTHTb = to let approach, v HonycKaTb, nonycraTb = to attow. i HpHnycKaTb, npanycTHTb = to admit. L riponycKaTb, nponycTHTb = to omit, miss out, let pass, let through. S Ilp6nycKi (m.)=apa8s, nponycKHan Syinara (/.) = blotting-paper. PacnycnaTb, pacnycTikTb = to dissolve, let loose, let go. f CnycKarb, cnycTHTb = to let down, lower ; cnycKt (m.) = a slope. CH, CH = to go down, descend, 1809.1 a zapreshchayut Past (oin>) BanpemajTL zapreshchal Imperative sanpemaHTe zapreshchaitye sanpeiHTe In public notices this verb often appears in the form BOcnpemaiB, and is frequently used reflexively, e.g. Present KypHTB H imeBaTB CTporo BOcnpemaeTca. It is strictly forbidden to smoke and to spit. nocTopoHHHMt Exo^ BocnpemaeTca. Admittance only on business (lit. to outsiders entrance is forbidden). Sanpemaio BaMi, roBopHTB 061, BTOM-B. I forbid you to speak about this. Future (Pfv.) J^6KTOpi> HaB^pno aanpeTHTL Bawnb KypHTB. The doctor will certainly forbid you to smoke. Past (Pp.) Jl.oKTop'B sanperaa'L MH^ ^xaiB ; XO^HTB. The doctor has forbidden me to travel ; to walk. FORBID 259 Eiwy aanpeTHJiH HTTH (or ixaib) KO They have forbidden him to come to me. Cognate expressions Talking is forbidden. Entrance is forbidden. To forbid is often rendered also by the expression He , = not to command, e.g. ne BejTBJTB MH-B BCiaBaiB ; BBIXO/JHTB (or BBTES- HUTB) ; -BCTB MHCO. The doctor has forbidden me to get up ; to go out ; to eat meat. ' BOFB JTEHHTBCfl H6 BCJIHT'L.' God forbids us to be idle. CHAPTER 81 TO BEGIN : HAHHHATb, HAHATb ; TO CONTINUE : Infinitive Imperfective nachina't' Perfective nachaV Present (a) HaiHHaro nachinayu HaiH^ nachnii (OH-B) HaiHHaer B nachinayet HaHHCT'B nachny6t (OHH) Ha^HHaioi :-B nachinayut HaHHy-n, nachnut Past (OH-B) HainnaJii . nachinal Hanajii, nachal (ona) &c. iia'ia.ia nachala (OH6) iia'ia.m nachala (OHH) Haiajin nachalyi Imperative nachinaitye 8 2 nachnyftye 260 BEGIN This verb is transitive, but can be used intransitively if followed by an infinitive (e.g. it is beginning to grow dark) ; otherwise when used intransitively it requires the addition of the reflexive pronoun. In the reflexive past the accent is always on the last syllable. Present fl ceroflHfl Haiimaio HOBVIO KHHiy. I am beginning a new book to-day. HaniraaerB CMepKaitca ; na^ajio TeMBTETt. It is beginning (it begins) to grow dark ; it has begun (it began) to grow dark. JJojKflb HaiHHaerb HTTH. It is beginning to rain. KoHn.epT'b HaiHHaeTCH BI> noJiOBHHy BOCBMOFO. The concert begins at 7.30. Korfla HaiHHaexca npeflCTaBJieme ? When does the performance begin ? Future Kor.ua BBI naiHe'Te aiy pa66iy ? When shall you begin this work ? fl Hainy ee saBxpa HenpeM'lHHO. I shall begin it to-morrow without fail. CKOpo Haine'Tca ; yace (^aBHo) Hanajiocb. It will soon begin ; it has already (long since) begun. Past OHT> HaiajrL cnopHTB ; cnopt Haiajica. He began to argue ; the discussion began. Ona Haiajia roBOpaTt ; nteca na^ajiacB. She began (has begun) to speak ; the play has begun. CONTINUE 261 Haiajio CB'krji'&Tb ; eme He It began to grow light ; it has (had) not yet begun. Haiajra iirpa/Tb ; Haiajmcb Mopdsti. , They began (have begun) to play ; the frosts have begun. Imperative He HaiHHafiie 6e3?> Mena ! HaiHHie ceH-iac-b ! Don't begin ivithout me (till I come) ! Begin immediately ! Cognate words Hanajio (n.) =beginning (also principle) ; CT> nanaJia so KOHi;a=/m//t beginning to end ; CHaHajia=a^r*< ; HaHajibHUtt=efewe i/ ; HaHaJibHHKT,= Aea eme ^OJITO npo.u.ojuKaTbca ? Will that continue for a long time ? KaicB ,n,6jiro aio eme npOAJiHica ? How much longer is this going to continue ? ie (n.) = a continuation. ie (or B kanchayu kanchayet kanchayut KOHiy KOH1HT1) KOHHaT1> k6nchu konchit konchat 262 CHAPTER 82 TO FINISH : KOHHATb, KtiHHMTb (to cease, of. p. 135) Imperfective Perfective Infinitive KOHiaTb kancha/t' KOHiHTb konchit' Present (a) (OH1>) (OHH) Past (oH-b) KonqaJTb kanchal KOHimrb konchil Imperative KOHiafiTe kanchaitye KOHwre k6nchitye This verb is transitive ; when used intransitively the reflexive pronoun is added. The same applies to the very common derivative verbs, sa- or OKaHiHBaTb (ipfv.), 3a-, no-, or OKOHiHTb (pfv.), to finish off. Present IIpeflCTaBiJieHie KOHHaeica BI ^ecaib nacoBi). The performance finishes at 10 o'clock. Future (Pfv.) H Konqy 9iy pa66iy ceroffHa. I shall finish this work this morning. H-BMt 3TO KOHIHTCa ? CKOpO K6HHHTCa ? How will this end (lit. with what) ? Will it soon be over ? FINISH, END 263 Past (Pjv.) Bti y>Ke KOHIHJIH aiy KHHry ? Have you finished this book already ? KoHIjepTT. KOH1HJICH 016Hb paHO. The concert finished very early. Jl/fejIO KOH1HJIOCB T&Wb, 1TO BC-fe ymJIH. TTie Ojffair ended by everybody going off. Bu yttce KonqHJiH nrpaTB ? Have you finished playing already? Imperative KoHiaiiTe (or KOHqme) CKOpie ! Be quick and finish ! Infinitive (Pfv.) Haffo KOHIHTL no-CKOp^e ! It is necessary to finish (sc. what you are doing) quickly ! H xoiy OKOHIHTB 8TO A^Jio ceroAHa. I want to finish off this business to-day. We must put an end to this. Cognate words KoH6ijT> (m.) = end ; CT> nanajia AO KOHija=/rom beginning to end, CT> aToro (ror6) KOHi^a=/row this (that) end, aio Seat = it is endless, noAi> KOH6i^T>= towards the end, KT, (h-kantsii) = 6y KOHi^i KOHU,6BT>=at (the very) last, finally ; HaKOH6ijT>=aJ last, KOH6HHO=o/ course, naturally. (n.) = termination (of a word}. To cease (cf. p. 135) 264 CHAPTER 83 TO CALL, BE CALLED: 3BATB, HASLIBATb Imperjective Infinitive Past 3BaTb zva't' (oHt) 3Bajn> zval Present ( OH3/) fJBRJIct zvala (a) 30By zavii (OHH) 3BajiH zvalyi (OHt) 30Be'T'L zavyot Imperative (OHH) sosyrb zaviit 30BHT6 zavity Perfective no30BHTe pazavitye Present Ona soBei-B Haci> ceroffHH oS^ait y Heii. She asks (lit. calls) us to dine at her house to-day. KaKi* Baci) soByri. ? KaKi, ero soByrb ? What do they call you ? What is his name ? Mena soByrB HKOBOMTL HKOBJieBimeM'b. They call me (my name is) James, son of James. SKOBt = James, HKOBJieBHH'L = James' son, cf. F.R.B., ch. 13 ; the answer to such questions is usually in the predicative instrumental. A more polite form of inquiring a person's name is : KaKT> Bania ^aMHJiia ? What is your surname ? KaKt Banie HMH H OTIBCTBO ? What is your Christian name and patronymic ? NAME, CALL 265 In naming objects another form of this verb, given below, is always used. Future KaKL 6y#y roioBt, a Baci> noaoBy. As soon as I am ready I shall call you (lit. how I shall be}. Kant BH Syflexe ero aeaTL ? What are you going to call him ? Past OHH 3BaJiH Hact 3x0 JI^TO TOCTHTB y HHXt. They asked us to go and stay with them this summer. Co6aKy asajiH HojiKaHOMt, a KOTa BactKoii. The dog's name was Polkdn, and the cat's Basil. IIOMHHaii KaKt 3BaJIH ! Remember how they called (him, sc. he vanished) ! Imperative Call me a cab, please ! Infinitive IIosBaTb saMt TaKcaMerpy ? Shall I call you a taxi ? In naming objects the following verb is used : Imperfective Infinitive HaabiBaiL nazyva't' Present HastiBaio nazyvayu Impersonal HaatiBaeTCfl nazyvayetsya I i';i i,- 1. aro HaauBaercfl ? Kani) ^TO II;I:M.IH;'I mri, ? What is this called ? What do they call this ? HaauBaeica aio What is the name of this place ? 266 NAME, CALL used transitively is followed by the predicative instrumental ; the perfective HasBaxb means to give a name to a person. Kaio, BH ero HaaoBexe ? What name will you give him ? a HaaBajTB ero HBanoivrb. I have called him John. Cognate words Ha3Banie= appellation, designation, name. KaKt HasBanie STOft m>6cw ? What is the name of this play ? CHAPTER 84 TO ASK (QUESTIONS): CIIPAIIIHBATb, TO INVITE: FIPHrJIAIHATb, IIPMrJIACHTb Imper/ective Infinitive cnpaniHBaTb Present (a) cnpainHBaio (ont) cnpaniHBaeTi, (OHH) cnpainHBaroTt Past (owb) cnpamaBajTb Imperative cnpafflHBafiTe >e Perfective sprashyvat' cnpociixB sprasit' sprashyvayu sprashyvayet sprashyvayut cnponiy cnpocnxt cnpocaxt sprashii sprosit sprosyat sprashyval cnpocHJit sprasil sprashyvaitye cnpocnxe sprasitye This verb is derived from npocnxt (pres. npomy) = to beg, see chapter 85 ; for its formation, imper/ective and per- fective, cf. p. 37. w. ASK (QUESTIONS) 267 Present BH o qeM-B (MCHH) cnpamnBaeie ? What are you asking (me) about ? HTO OHI> MeHfl cnparnHBaerB ? What is he asking me ? fl cnpaniHBaio y Hero coE'Eia (coBirb, m.). / am asking him for his advice (lit. a Tiiw o/ advice). OHI. cnpainHBaeTt y MGHH fleHBra ; /j.ener'b. He is asking me for money ; for some money. Future (Ipfv.) H He 6yji,y ero cnpaniHBaTb o6i BTOMI. I am not going to ask him questions about this. Future (Pfv.) fl ero cnponiy, Kant HaMt Ha^o HTTH. I shall ask him which is our way (lit. how we are to go). MTO a CKaacy, CCJIH MCHH cnpocaT'B ? Wliat shall I say, if they ask me ? H HHKoro He cnpomy. HaB-Bpno saci. cnpocaTt. I shall ask no one. They will certainly ask you. Imperative (Ipfv.) He cnpainHBaih-e y MCHH coB-Bia ! Don't ask me for advice. Imperative (Pfv.) CnpocHie er6, OH-B HaB^pHO anaerb. Ask him, he certainly knows (sc. is sure to know). Infinitive (Ipfv.) He naffo cnparnHBaxL. There is no need to ask, you must not ask. 268 ASK (QUESTIONS) Infinitive (Pfv.) Ha.no Koro-HH6yb cnpocnrb. MOJKHO cnpocnib ? (We) must ask some one. May I ask ? H xoiy cnpocHTb, CKOJIBKO 910 CT6HTt. I want to ask how much that costs. CnpocHTb Mirk ero ? Koro naM-B cnpocHTi, ? Shall I ask him ? Whom are we to ask ? Cognate words PacnpauiHBaTB, pacnpocHTb= to cross-question. Bonpoct (m.)=a question (to ask a question, cf. p. 138). Gnpoci. (m. )= permission ; 6e3T> cnp6ca.= without asking. Perfective npHrjiaciiib priglasit' To ask (to invite) Imperjective Infinitive npHrjiamaib priglash&t' Present (a) npHraamaio priglashayu (oHi)) npHrjiamaera priglashayet (OHH) npHrjiamarorb priglashayut Past (OH?>) npHrjiamajii, priglashal Imperative priglashaitye nparjiacHie priglasitye nparjiamy npnrjiacHTt npHrnacaTi> priglashii priglasit priglasyat npHTJiacHJi-L priglasil Present OHH npnrjiamaiOTi) Hact Ha They invite us to dinner to-day. Future (Ip/v.) OHH 6yftyn> Bact eme npnrjianiaTb. They will invite you again (later on). INVITE, AGEEE 269 Future (P/.) npnrjiamy er6 nosaBTpaicaTB asfc Mm to lunch to-day. Past (Jp/o.) Mena iaCTO npurjiamajiH oS-BRaTB. often used to ask me to dine. Past (P/u.) OHH npHrjiacHJin nact o6ip,aTi> y HEX'S. have asked us to dine with them. (Ipjv.) Imperative (Pfo-) He npHrjiamafiie ero. HpnrjiacHTe er6. Don't ask him. Ask him. Infinitive (Ipfv.) H jiK)6jii6 npHraamaiB nxt Bt TOCTH. I like asking them to come and see me. Infinitive (P/v.) fl xoi npnrJiacHTB ero y nac'B norociHTB (or, er6 K-B naMi> BI r6cTH). I want to ask him to come and stay with us. Cognate words ripHrjiain^Hie (n. ) = invitation. F6J10C1. (m.) = voice. Corjiacie (n.)= agreement ; corjiaiua-rbCH (ip/v.),corjiacMTi>CH (pfv.) ct + inst. = to agree with. H CT> BaMH corjiacent (m., corjiacna, /.)=/ agree with you; BBI corjiacHU 1=do you agree?, are you ivilling? H Ha 9TO He corjiaceHT>=/ do not agree to this. (. ::-l. ..i KA. * e/z - ^^ 270 TO 4S: (REQUEST, BEG) : HPOC^TL, nOHPOCHTb Imperfective Infinitive npociiTB prasit' Present Perfective nonpocHTB paprasit' (a) npomy (OH-B) npocirrB (OHH) npocarB prashu prosit prosyat nonpomy' nonpocHT'B nonp6caTT> paprashii paprosit paprosyat (OKI)) npOCHJIt Imperative npocHTe prasil prasitye nonpociiTe paprasil paprasitye Present Ilponiy Bact ne desnoKOHTtca. I beg you not to disturb yourself, not to be alarmed. Hpomy eaci) caflHTLca. noKopH^fime npomy. I beg you to be seated. I most humbly beg. Hiifflie npocHTi. y Hact MHJIOCTHHH. The beggars are asking alms of us. OHT. npocHTt Mena nepe^aTB BaMi. xenjiBift npHB^ He begs me to convey to you cordial greeting. Future (Ipfv.) H ne xony npocHTB y nero coB^ia ; ^nerx. I don't wish to ask him for advice ;for money. Future (Pfv.) fl nonpomy y Hero peKOMCH^aTejiBHoe HHCBMO. / shall ask him for a letter of introduction. ASK, REQUEST, BEG 271 Past (Ipfv.) BBI npociijiH y Koro-HH6y,o;b coB-hia ? HfcrB, He npocHJTB. Ham you asked any one's advice ? No, I haven't. MH npocHJiii ero CKaaaTL naMt. We asked him to tell us. Past (Pfv.) H nonpocrijrb y Hea noasojieHia (or paapiiiiieHm). I asked her permission. Imperative (Ipfv.) He npocHxe Sojitnie, axo HanpacHO. Don't ask any more, it is no good. Imperative (Pfv.) HonpocHTe er6 npittiH cero^na BeqepOMi>. Ask him to come this evening. Cognate words Ilp6ci>6a (/.) request, favour : Ilpoiii6Hie (.) petition ; noAaib npom6Hie=to hand in a petition. V MCHH KT> BaMT> npocb6a. / have a favour to ask you (I have to you a request). fl KT> saM-L CT> np6cb6ott. / (come) to you with a request. SanpaiiiHBaTb, aanpociiTb=to ask too much (money). This verb must not be confused with : npomaTb (ipfo-), npocraxb (pfv.) = to forgive, npomaibcn (ipfv.), npoCTHTbCH (pfv.)-to say good-bye. In general npoin^ eaci. is a more polite way of saying nowa- jiyflcTa (please) and is very frequently used with the infinitive in this sense, e.g. : IIpoiii^ Baci, nepejjaTb MITB . . . Please pass me (hand me). . . . Ilpom^ nepecjiaib (at the top of envelopes). Please forward (send on). 272 ASK, BEQUEST, BEG The formula for ' c/o ' is expressed thus : Er6 BHCOKo6jiarop6,niK) (E.B.B.). HHKojiaro KoHCTaHTHHOBHny IIon6By npouiy nepesaTb (or, CT> npocbSoit nepe,n;aTb) E.B.B. IlaBJiy BopiicoBHHy CiviHpHdBy. Paul Borisovich Smirnov, Esq. c/o Nicholas Konstantinovich Popov, Esq. MHJIOCTH npocHMt ! (lit. we beg mercy) is the commonest formula for please come and see us ! CHAPTER 86 Infinitive Present (a) OTB-feiaio (cura) (OHH) Past TO ANSWER: OTB^BHATB, OTB'BTHTb Imperfective atv(y)echa i t' Perfective OTB^THTB atvy^tyit' Imperative OTB-EiaHTe atv(y)echayu atv(y)echayet atv(y)echayut atv(y)echal atv(y)echaitye OTB-Eiy atvye a chu atvye'tyet atvy^tyat atvye'tyil atvye't'tye This verb takes the dative, also Ha + accusative. The imperfective past is often used, especially in narration, where the perfective past would be expected. Present HaKOHeirt-TO a oiE/B^aro na same HHCLMO. Now at last I am answering your letter. ANSWER 278 OTier6 BH ne oiB^qdeTe HR MOH Bonp6cBi ? Why don't you answer my questions ? H HHiero ne noHHMaro, Kor^a MH-E OTB-EiaroT'E. I understand nothing when people answer me. OHT. MH^ 6ieHt flojiro He OTB^qaert. He is a very long time in answering me. HTO BH na 3TO OTBijqaere ? What do you say in answer to this ? Future (Ipfv.) He 6e3HOK6HTeci>, a 6y^y sa 3io oiB-B^aTt. Don't be anxious, I shall answer for this. Future (Pfv.) H HC anaro, ITO a na ^TO oTB^ny. I don't know what I shall say in answer to this. fl OTB-feqy saMi, aaBipa nenpeM-EHHo. I shall answer you to-morrow without fail. Kor,na BH MH^ OTB-BTHTC Ha MOH Bonp6ct ? CK6po ? When will you answer my question ? soon ? Past (Ipfv.) OHT, MH-B OTB-feqaJTB, qro ne M6Hcer-L npiftTH. He answered me that he couldn't come. Ona MH-B fl6jiro HHier6 ne OTB'Bqajia. For a long time she answered me nothing. Past (Pfv.) HTO BH HMt OTB-BTHJIH ? H HH C^6fia HC OTB-|TH3r&. What did you answer them ? I didn't answer a word. 1809.1 T 274 ANSWER Ona Mirfe eme He oiB-ETHJia Ha MOC nncBM6. She has not yet answered my letter. OHH BaMt (yJKe) OTB&THJIH ? Have they answered you (already) ? Imperative (Ipfo.) OTBijHaiiTe CKOp-ie Ha BC^ MOH Bonpocti. Answer all my questions as soon as possible. Jlyime He OTB-EiafiTe eft miqero. Better not answer her anything. Imperative (P/y.) HojKaiJiyHCTa OTB^TLie ceft-qaci, na STO nHCBM6. Please answer this letter immediately. Infinitive (Ip/v.) H He Mory (ne xo^y) OTB^qaTB. ^TO (naKi,) MH^ I can't (don't wish to) answer. What (how) am I to answer ? CnpamHBaTL Jierno, a OTBimaTB Tpy^Ho. It is easy to ask, but difficult to answer. Infinitive (Pfv.) Ha TaKott Bonpoct a nnqero He Mory OTB^THTB. To such a question I can answer nothing. H xo^y ett OTB^THTB, HO He Mory. I wish to answer her, but I cannot. H He Mory BaMi> OTB^THTB TenepB. I can't answer you now. MOJKHO OTB^THTB TaKl>. Ha^O OTB'ETHTB CeH-iaC-B. (You) can answer thus. It is necessary to answer at once. ANSWER 275 Cognate words (m.)= an answer. 1 Ett Kpiica roBopiirB BT> OTB-ETB ' (Kryl6v). ' The rat says to her for (lit. into) answer.' BT> OTB-fert na Bairn, Bonp6cT> cooSmaro Ba\n> . . . In answer to your question I inform you. . . . OTB'BTCTBeHHOCTb (/. ) = responsibility. <-\ f v. f W f '/ x, *W*vi M-eica** eU*0w*-K n- c) xU CHAPTER SLEEPING, WAKING, WASHING, &c. (getting up, cf. p. ^dressing, cf. Chap. 46). To sZeep and awake CnaTB (ipfo. ; pres. cnjiro, cnHTi*, cnarB, past cnam, cnajia, cnaJiH, imper. cnnre), nocnaiL (pfo. = to sleep for a little). CiraTe xopom6 ! CnHTe ! Sleep well ! Sleep, go on sleeping, don't wake up I Bti xopoin6 cnajiH ? MH^ qx6-TO He cnHTca. Did you sleep well ? I can't get to sleep somehow. H Bcerfla iui6xo cnjiro. H Bbicnanca. I always sleep badly. I have had a real good sleep. SacwiiaTb (ipfv.), sacHyTt or ycH^xt (pfo.) = to go to sleep. Ona aacH^jia KpinKHMi CHOM^. SacHHTe ! She has fallen asleep in a deep (lit. strong) sleep. Go to sleep I Bi> no'fesA'fe a scer^a sacunaio. fl CK6po aacn^. In the train I always fall asleep. 1 shall soon be asleep. U. 6^r ^WunX vA^VCCviHP ^- 3CLC4C^. 4-Ut 276 SLEEP, WAKE, WASH IIpocbmaTbCfl (ipfv.}, npocHyibca (pfv.} = to wake up (intransitive). H npocbinaiocb 6ieHB pano. OITB npocnyjica. I wake up very early. He lias woken up. BH RaBHo npocnyjiHCb ? OHT> cnopo npocHeica. Have you been awake long ? He will soon wake up. Corn. (m.) = sleep, dream ; c6HHHft= sleepy (also = sleeping}. JKejiaro saMt npiHTHaro cna (genitive). I wish you pleasant repose. To rest, (ip/v. ; pres. OT^Lixaio), OT^oxnyTb (pfv. ; pres. , -He'Ti, past OT^oxHyjit) = to rest. w.) = a rest. To wake, awake (ipfv. ; pres. 6y3Ky, 6y^HT'B, 6yffflTT>, past Sy^HJi-B, &c.. imper. 6yji;HTe), pa36yRHTb (p/v.) : to call, arouse, awake any one (also npo6y5Kp;aTb, -aio, ipfv., and npo- 6yHTb, pfv.}. He 6y,o,HTe Mena sasxpa, a oieHb ycxajM>. Don't call me to-morrow, I am very tired. Pas6y^;HTe Mena Bt ceMb qac6B r b (i^Mi) CBfet). Call me at 1 o'clock (as soon as it is daylight). Get up, cf . p. 133. Go to bed, lie down, cf. pp. 154-156. Dress, cf. pp. 144-148. To wash MbiTb (ipfv. ; pres. M6io, MoeTb, MororB, past Mbun>, Mb'uia, Mb'ran, imper. MOH, MOHTC) = to wash (transitive) , BtiM&rrb (pfv., conjugated similarly, with accent throughout on BH-) = to finish washing. i." TcJxe/v. /t T"v/ WASH, SHAVE 277 Both these verbs become intransitive with the addition of the reflexive pronoun -ca. Other verbs of similar meaning are VMHBaib (ipfv.) and VMHTL (pfv.). OKI, Moext (ce6't) pyKH. H yMtiBarocB or MOIOCB. He is washing his hands. I am washing. fl xoiy (MH-E Haflo) MHTBCH (BHMHTB pyKH). / want to (must] wash (wash my hands). BH MoexecB ropaieii, Tenjiofi HJIH XOJIO^HOH BO^OH ? Do you wash in hot, warm, or cold water ? Boace M6fi, Boace Mofi, BCC 0^6 H TO JKC MOH: ! (saying) My God, my God, keep on washing one and the same thing ! MUJIO (n.)=soap ; yMUBajibHinn, (m.)=a wash-handstand. The ivash=ctupKa, laundrywoman^n^^iK-A, starch= KpaxMiiJi't, to tvash linen= CTHpart (ipfv.), BHCTHpaib (pfv.). To bathe Kynaxfcca (ipfv.; Kynaioct), BHKynaTtca (pfo.) = to have a bath, to bathe (intransitive ; without -ca transitive). S-e*. S^-ei- \o .117 . To shave BpiiTb (ipjv. ; pres. 6p6w or 6piio, 6peeit, 6peioT'B, past 6pMJi'B, imper. dpeMxe), nofipHTB or BH6pMTB (pfv.) = to shave. These verbs are transitive, and become intransi- tive with the addition of the reflexive pronoun -ca. BH caMH 6peeieci. ? H caM-L 6peroci. Do you shave yourself ? I shave myself. Ont xenepb 6peeica. IIo6p6ftTe Mena. He is now shaving. Shave me. Mirk Haflo noiiTM no6pHTLca (or BLiSpMTbca). I must go and get a shave, or shave myself. 278 SHAVE IIo6pHTb, iKmajiyiicia. OH-L 6piiJica. OH-B A shave, please. He was shaving. He shaved himself. BpriTBa (/.) = razor. npimecbiBaTbCH (ipfv. ; -Baioct), npHiecaibca (pfv.) = to do one's hair ; npireecKa (/.) = coiffure. 06cTpHHbCa (or ocxpaqbca, pfv.) = to have one's hair cut; nocipifab (pfv.) = to have one's hair cut a little (this latter verb is ordinarily used as an imperative on enter- ing the hairdresser's). riapHKiuaxep-b (or xjupiojibKHK-B, m.) = barber ; napaKMaxepCKan (/.) = his shop ; ocTpH>KKa BOJIOCT> = hair-cutting. CHAPTER 88 OPENING AND SHUTTING There are altogether four sets of verbs to express these ideas, applicable to various objects. I Kpbixb (ipfv. ; pres. Kporo, Kpoerb, KporoTT,, past Kpb'urb, KpbiJia, KpbiJiH, imper. KpofiTc) = to cover ; its perfective is noKpbiTb = to cover up, similarly conjugated, and this has an imperfective frequentative noKpbiBaib, like 6bun> noEpbiTi jKeJisHoii Kpbimefi. The house was covered with an iron roof. Oin> noKpbijrb ce6a o^'BajiOM'b H HJICAOMI.. He covered himself with a blanket (quilt) and a rug (plaid). (ipfv. ; -Baro), aaKpb'iTb (pfv. ; -Kpoio) = fo shut. Especially used of closing boxes, trunks, drawers, or anything that has a lid ; it is also used of (public) ~] . P OPEN AND SHUT 279 buildings, especially theatres, offices, &c., but should not, strictly speaking, be used of doors, windows, &c., though it is very often thus used. SaKpoftre leMOffairb (amHKt, A B ep b > OKHO). Shut the trunk or bag (box or drawer, door, window). Teaxpt ceroAHa aaKpurb (past participle passive). The theatre is closed to-day. HaKptiBaib (ipfv.), HaKpuib (p/v.) = to cover (especially in the phrase HaKpbiBaib CTOJTB = to lay the table). OiKpUBaTB (ipfv.), oTKpbiib (pfv.) = to open, uncover ; to discover. This is the exact opposite of aaKpbiBaib, saicpHTb, and the same remarks apply to it. OrapHToe HHCbMO, OTKpblTKa = pOSt-Cttrd. KoHi6pa Tenepb saKptiTa ; Kor^a OTRpoeica ? The office is now shut ; when will it open ? ne oiKpoexca, npaa.o.HHK'L (HenpncyTCTBeHHtiii It won't open to-day ; it is a holiday (a non-business day). SaBipa dyflerb OTKpbiia (fern.). To-morrow it will be open (the office). HaffO OTKpblTb 3TOT"b ICMOffaHt ? OTKpOHTC ! Must (I) open this trunk ? Open (it) ! EpHKpbiBaTb (ipfv.), npiinpuTb (pfv.) = to cover a disJi. PacKptiBaTb (ipfv.), pacnpbiTb (pfv.) = to open ; to reveal. CnpuBaTb (ipfv.), CKpbiTb (pfv.) = to hide. ^obtnA^iHO Cok.H, sanepjia, sanepjin, imper. 3anpHie) = fo shut, specifi- cally tojbolt the door. 3anop r i> (m.) = constipation. Hafto sanepexb. He Ha^o (HC nyjKHo) sannpaxb. It is necessary to bolt (sc. the door). (You) mustn't (there is no need to) bolt ( + Ha KJiioTb = o lock). Myaeii sanepxt. Fajuiepea aanepxa. Banepxo. The museum is shut. The gallery is shut. It is shut. [Onnpaxbca = to lean on]. Oxnnpaxb (ip/v.), oxnepexb (p/v. ; pres. oxonpy, &c., past oxnepi), &c., imper. oxonpiixe) = fo unbolt, to unlock. * OxonpHxe, ( o,Bepb = 'iM&o^, unlock the door. IV [-MHKaXb, -MKHyTb.J (ip/v. ; pres. saMbiKaio, like nnxaio), aaMKHyxb (p/v. ; pres. aaMKHy, past 3aMKH^Jii>, imper. saMKHiixe) = to lock. OPEN AND SHUT 281 (gen. aaMKa) = a lock, padlock. (gen. saMKa) = a castle. OxMbiKaxb (ipfv.), oxoMKHyxb (pfv.) = to unlock (this latter verb is often replaced by the other verbs to open). Occupied, engaged is : 3aium> (-xa, -TO), plur. Banaxbi. Free, disengaged is : CBo66,a,ein> (-Ana, -AHO), plur. CBo66- HH.) CHAPTER 89 IN ONE'S BOOM (see also Chapters 42-52) To spread (the bed) llocxjiaxb (pfv. ; pres. nocxejiro, nocTCJierB, nocxejiioxi,, past nocxjiajii, imper. nocxejinxe). IIocxejiHxe nocxejit. Hocxejit nocxjiaHa ? Make the bed ready. Is the bed made ? (past participle passive.) To clean, to brush HHCXHXB (ipfv. ; pres. iumy, IHCXHX!>, iMCxaxt), BHIHC- XHXL (pfv.) = to clean. HoHcajiyficxa, BHiHcxHxe MH^ 6aniMaKii. Please clean (or have cleaned) my boots (shoes'). Bcxpaxnyxi) (pjv.) = to shake (clothes). BcxpaxHHxe H BHqHCXHxe xopomeHtKO mexKoro MOC njiaxbe. Shake and thoroughly brush my clothes. To hang INIRANSITIVB Bucixb (ip/v. ; pres. BHiny, BHCMXI., BHcaxi>, past BHcijit) = = the clothes are hanging in the cupboard, the fur-coat and overcoat in the lobby. (ip/v. only ; pres. 3aBHCHTT>) = to depend. TRANSITIVE BimaTB (ip/v. ; conjugated like flyMaxb, cf. p. 22), HOB- (p/v. ; pres. noB-Bmy, noBicHTB, noB^cai-B, past imper. noB^CBTe) = io hang, to hangup. saine najibxo Ha BTOTI, KpronoKt. Hang your overcoat up on this hook. To weigh B'BCHTB (ip/v.), CB-BCHTB (p/v. ; both conjugated like noB^CHTB, see above) = to weigh, used both transitively and intransitively. To ring (transitive) SBOHHTB (ip/v. ; pres. BBOHK), SBOHHra, 3BOHaTi>), no3BO- HHTB (p/v.) = to ring the bell (cf. p. 218). II03BOHHTe ! KTO-TO 3BOHHTI>. 3BOHflTl>. Ring the bell ! Some one is ringing. They are ringing (sc. some one is there). fl yjKe no3BOHHjn>. F.o.'B SBOHOKB. I have already rung. Where is the bell ? To arrange v.), ycT])6wn,(p/v. ; pres. yciporo, = to arrange, fix up. fl Bani BIO ycTporo. IIoMcajiyHCTa, ycTpoirre. I will arrange that /or you. Please arrange (this). [CrponTB (ip/v.), nocipoHTB (p/v.) = to build.] PREPARE, MEND 283 To prepare (also = to cook) FOTOBHTB (ipfv.; pres. cf. p. 25), npnroTOBHTB (pfv.) = to prepare. IIpHroTOBbTe MITE KOMHaiy (HpHSepirre K.). Get me a room ready (Make the room tidy). IlpHroTOBJi6Hie (n.)= preparation. rr ("Z.,cn*e'H+"Z : ^. To mend (ipfv. ; pres. qimio, IHHHTI, HHHaTt), noiHHHTt (pfv.) = to mend (clothes, luggage, watch, cfcc.) 8ro HcnopTHJioct Bt ^oport, Ha^o ero HOHKHHTL. This has got spoilt on the journey, it wants mending. To pack (cf. p. 153). CHAPTER 90 LIGHT, HEAT, AND COLD To light, to burn (transitive) (ipfo. ; pres. aery, acrext or aoKerb, JKryrb, past ace'rb, acrjia, JKIMIH, imper. SKTEie) = to burn anything. i C6jiHu,e MGHH acace'T'b (acrno). Ttcvce** The sun is burning (was burning) me. 72L M*U** r BajKHraTL (ipfv. ; like qnxaTb), aaaceit (pjv. ; likeaceib) to se< a light to anything. Saacnh-e naMny (cs-BiKy, $OHapi>). Light the lamp (the candle, the lantern). Light up I (e.g. = turn on the electric light). (f.pl) 284 LIGHT, PUT OUT, BURN, HEAT \ -*" (pfv.) = to burn, scald oneself. Oin> o6jKerca (Ona oSosKraacb). He has burnt himself (She has burnt herself). (ipfv.), cjKeib (pfv. ; pres. ctmry, past OKCPL, a, cojKr.mi) = to burn up, consume. ? ( To extinguish (to put out)\ TyniHTb (ipfv. ; Tymy, Tymnxi., xyinaTt), noTyuiHTB (or saiyniHTL, pfv.) = to put out a light. IIoTyiifflTe oroHb. 73 / 4^ 7- n Put out the light. To burn (intransitive) Fop-lib (ipfv. ; pres. ropro, ropHTt, ropaTi, yasi rop-int) = to burn, be alight, on fire, cropiib (pfv.) = to be burnt up. FopHTi> ! Bi> oKHaxi) ropjm> OFHH (sing. oroHb). There 's a fire ! In the windows lights are burning. Becb AOM-E cropijit. FopHT-B oronb. The whole house was burnt down. A fire (or a light] is burning. (N.B. a conflagration =iiQVKa,])i>). To heat I Fp-ferb (ipfv.; pres. rpiio, rpiext), corpfeb (pfv.) = to warm. Cojimje Hac-b rpiei-b. To C^ci ^ (m.}= frost, Mop6aceHoe (n.) = ice-cream (the ice : jie ( n,T>, gen. Jib^a, w.). To grow cold CTHTB or CTMHVTB (ipfv. ; pres. CTBXHV, CTHHeTi, past CTbijrB), OCTHTL or npocTi^Tb (pfv., similar conjugation ; npocTHBaTb, ipfv.) = to get cold (of dishes, &c.). To catch a cold (pfv. ; pres. npocTyjK^cb, npociyflHTCH, past Cf. F.R.B., p. 139. \ 286 CHAPTER 91 TO LOSE : TEP^Tb ; TO LOOK FOR : HCKATb ; TO FIND: HAXCVJHTb, To lose TeparB (ipfv. ; like nosBOJiarB, cf. p. 254), noTepaTB (pfv. ; conjugation identical) = to lose. H nocTOHHHo Teparo Bemii. I am constantly losing things. BBI HaB-lipHO noTepaexe Bamy cyMoiKy. You will be sure to lose your handbag. Mti noiepajiii Hamero jiyqmaro Apyra. We have lost our best friend (sc. he is dead). BBI noiepajiH Tro-HHdyflB ? Have you lost anything (or something) ? fl noTepauia CBOH nepqaTKH (csott SOHTHK'B). I (fern.) have lost my gloves (my umbrella). CMOTpirre, He Tepairre Himero. Mind and don't lose anything. A loss is: noxepa(/.); 8TO 6ojiBmaa noxepa = that is a great loss. To lose one's way : 3a6jiyjK,n;aTBCa (ipfv. ; like 3a6jiy;o;HTBca (pfv. ; like 6yHTB, p. 276) ; we have lost our way = uu 3a6jiyfl,HJiHCB, or, MBI cSnjiHCB ci, To lose one's head : TepaTBca, noTepaTBca. To lose the train, cf. p. 306. LOSE, SPEND, WASTE, LOOK FOR 287 To lose (to spend, to waste) TpaiHTb (ipfv. ; pres. Tpaiy, TparaTL, TpaTarb, imper. TpaTbie), noipaTHTb (pfv.) = to spend, waste. Bti HanpacHo TparaTe Tarcb MHOFO (CTOJIBKO) flenerb. It is a pity (it is in vain, for nothing, a shame) you spend (waste) so much money. Ona MHoro TpaiHit Ha oineacfly. She spends a lot on clothes. MH HanpacHo ipaTHMt s^cb epeMa. We are wasting time here to no purpose. He TpaTbxe A^nerb Ha nyciflKH (noHanpacny). Don't waste money on rubbish (to no purpose). CicojibKO BH BHepanoipaTHJiH (or HCipaTHJiH or saTpaTHJin)? How much did you spend yesterday ? (To spend time cf. p. 114). To hide (ipfv. ; pres. npaiy, npflierb, npaiyrb, past Tb, imper. npaibxe), cnpaxaTb (pfv. ; identical conjugation) = to hide (transitive) ; with the addition of the reflexive pronoun -ca it becomes intransitive. C6jiHH,e cnpaiajiocb 3a Tyqn. The sun has hidden behind the clouds. 8ro Ha.0,0 Kya-HH6yAb cnpaiaTb. This must be hidden away somewhere. To seek, to look for (ipfv. ; pres. Hmy, limerb, rimy-re,, past HCKaji-b, imper. HinHre), noHCKaxb (pfv. ; identical conjuga- tion) = to look for. . > < 288 LOOtf FOB, FIND (CONSIDER) BH HHjeTe ? 3 Hmy CBott Komejie'K'L. What are you looking for ? I am looking for my purse. MBI Beafl-E HCKajra Bact. Ha^o BTO noncKaTL. We looked for you everywhere. (I) must have a look for this. This verb has many important compound verbs derived from it, amongst which is : OTLicKHBaTt (ipfv.), oTBiCKaib (pfv.) = to search out', this verb naturally acquires the meaning to find by dint of or after long searching, discover. CHIHHKI> (w.) = a detective. Q6ucKT> (m.) = a domiciliary visit. N.B. The initial H- of the verb combines with the final -i of those prepositions which end in a consonant to form -H-. To find (also to consider) This important verb is a compound of HTTH and XO^HTL with the preposition Ha, and literally means to come upon (cf. the Latin invenio). As in the case of the other compounds of these verbs, HaxoftirrB is imperfective, and HafiTH perfective. For the forms of the verbs, cf. pp. 73, 74, 290. Present S HaxoJKy, HTO BTO IIOAJIOCTB (^epsocTb, MepaocTL). I consider that it is a mean trick (a piece of insolence, an abomination). H HaxoJKy, ITO BTO 6e3o6pa3HO (BOSMyTirrejiBHo). I consider that it is abominable (lit. having no image or shape, or unlike anything at all) (shocking, revolting, disgusting). FIND, CONSIDER 289 H Taio, HaxojKy. Kant BH Hax6,o;HTe ? That is my opinion. What is your opinion ? The present of this verb is naturally not much used in its literal sense, except as an historic present, in narration. Future (Pfv. ; ipfv. seldom used) BH Haftfleie KHiiry na MoeMt nnctMeHHOMt CTOJI^. You will find the book on my writing-table. Fft^ a saci, Hafifly ? BH MCHS Jierico Haft,n;eTe. Where shall I find you ? You will find me easily. Wo G&flSit^i * K<*.U*~A-A,- if**. ^-fitfrl.*. " P ^Past (Pfv. T ipfv. seldom used; fl Hamejii. nopx^ejit BT> amnK-B BT> KOM6A^. I found the pocket-book in a drawer in the chest of drawers. Fff-B BH HanuiH aiH AeHBrH ? H Hxt Hanuia BI> nraany'. Where did you find this money ? I (fern.) found it in the cupboard. H Hame'jrL flopory ly^a 6e3i Bcmcaro Tpy^a. I found the way there without any difficulty. MH Hanuiii, qxo 310 SHJIO 6ieHb (He)B'BacjiHBO C-L er6 CTOpoHM. We considered that this was very (im)polite on his part. Imperative (Pfv. only) HaftflHTe MH-B MOH Bemn (Moft SarajKt). Find me my things (my luggage). Infinitive (Pfv. ; ipfv. seldom used). H ne Mory Haftin Aop6ry T y^^, oj^i> (fern, o^na) 6e3i / can't find the road (way) there alone without help. BH M6jKeie HaftTii OAHH, a Aywaro. You are (will be) able to find it alone, I think. 1809.1 290 CHAPTER 92 TO BE, TO HAVE The reflexive form of this verb is very commonly used and is one of the ways of expressing the verb to be (to be found, find oneself). It is given here in full in order that the student may have an example of a reflexive verb complete. Infinitive Imperfective Perfective nakhady it 's(y)a 1 HaftTHCb naityis' nakhazhus' nakhodyishs(y)a 2 nakhodyits(y)a 2 nakhodyims(y)a 2 nakhodyityes' nakhodyats(y)a 2 nakhadyils(y)a 2 Present (a) naxoacycb (TH (OH-L (MH) Haxo,n,HMca (BH) (OHH Pas* (OHI. (ona) naxo^HJiacb nakhady ilas' (OHO) Haxofliijiocb nakhady ilas' (OHH) Haxo^HJiHCb nakhady ilis' Imperative nakhady is' nakhady ityes' naidus' naidyoshs(y)a 2 naidyots(y)a 2 naidyoms(y)a 2 naidyotyes' naiduts(y)a 2 nash61s(y)a 2 nashlas' nashlos' nashlyis' naidyis' naidy ityes' 1 Colloquially : tsa. 2 Colloquially : sa 3 Cf. p. 27. 4 Where the 2nd sing, imper. ends in -b or in a diphthong, e.g; -aft (cf pp. 31, 32), this form ends in -CH, e.g. npHHbCH \ = hide ! Kynaftcfl l = bathef Hame'jica Hanuiacb nanraocb HanuiHCb TO BE 291 It will be understood that the forms of the imperative of this particular verb are naturally not often used in the reflexive form, and are here merely given as an illustration. Present Fflii HaxoffHTca Tenepb Bann> npiaieab EopHCT> Where is your friend Boris son of Paul at present ? Bi* HacTOfliu.ee Bpeina OH/L naxo^HTCa BI> HCKOB'B. At the present time he is at Pskov. FJVE HaxoflHTca xaKafl-TO uepKOBt (TaKofi-io coSopt) ? Whereabouts is such-and-such a church (cathedral) ? Ha Kaicoft yjrairjj HaxoflHica xaKoft-TO Mara3Hin> ? In which street is such-and-such a shop ? Bi> KaKott iacTH r6po,o;a (or B-B KaKOM-B KBapT TaKOtt-TO BOK3aJII> ? In which quarter of the town is such-and-such a station ? Future (Pfv.) (He) HaH^e'TCH JIH y Bac^ (B^ BameMt MarasHH-B) aKseMnjiflp-b xaKoft-io KHHra ? Have you (not) got (in your shop) a copy of such-and-such a book ? He Haftfle'Tca ;u H y ga^ ( or H-BTB JIH y Baci>) MJIOHH ? Have you not by chance got some small change '/ He Haftffercfl JIH y Baci, naTaKt (nflra T i6K'b, rpHBCHHHK'L, 1 HflTHaJITblHHHii, 1 AByrpHBeHHHKt, nOJITHHHHK-L, I^'BJI- K6Bblfi) ? Have you not by chance got on you a 5-kopek copper piece (a 5-kopek, W-kopek, 15-kopek, 20-fcopefc nickel piece, a 50-kopek, 1 rouble silver piece) ? 1 FpiiBHa and aJiTLint are old names for 10- and 3-kopek coins. U 2 292 TO BE Past (Ipfv.) Bt TO BpeMH MH HaxoAHJiHCb fit HHJKHeivrL (sc. At that time we were (staying) at Nizhni (Novgorod). FA^ OHt xoryja HaxoflHJica (ona Haxo^HJiacB, BH JIHCB) ? Whereabouts was he (she, were you) at that time ? Past (Pfv.) Centra HanrancL. F^fe axo HanraocB ? The money has been found. Where was this (found) ? The use of the verb 6i>rn> = to be has been explained in the F. R. B., chapters 8, 32. The frequentative form of this verb 6HB*aTb (conjugated like wraTb) is also very common. 9xo (^acTo) 6biBaeTT>. STO (or axoro) HHKorjja He 6biBaexi>. That (often) happens. That never happens. Ha ciBep'E Poccin BHMOIO RHH SHBaioxi. OHCHL Kopoxme, a JTEXOM?. HaoSopoxt HOHH HOHXH COBC'BM'B ne dbiBaera ; 9x0 xaKt HasHBaeMbia 6^JiBia HO^IH. In the north of Russia in winter the days are very short, and in the summer on. the contrary there is almost no night at all ; those are the so-called white nights. BH y HHXI. 6tiBaexe ? BHBaio, HO pi^KO. Do you visit them ? Yes I do, but not often. 9roro co MHOH HHKorp,a He 6i>iBano. That has never happened to me. BH SHBajiH (or 6bijra Kor,na-HH6y;n,!>) Bt Poccin ? Have you ever been in Russia ? BHJT& past. HH paay He-6nji'B. 1 Ona He 6BHia. 7 have once. I have never been. She has not been. 1 N.B. HC pa3T>=more than once. TO BE 293 The verbs 6HTb and 6HBaTL are used very frequently as auxiliary impersonal verbs in the two following ways (cf. R. G., pp, 183, 188) : BHJIO with the perfective past of any verb means : made as if, was on the point of (doing something), and implies an action which was imminent but was eventually not accomplished, e.g. : H 6biJio C^JI-B, a Bffpyr-B saMirajTB qxo wkrb cxyjia. I was going to sit down, when I suddenly noticed there was no chair. Ona 6biJio onycinjia HHCBMO BI> amnKi., Korfla BcnoMHHJia TTO na neivrb H-ETi) MapKH. She was just going to drop the letter into the (letter-)box, when she remembered there was no stamp on it. OHH fitrao 6p6cHJiHci> na MCHH, a lyxt OTKy,n;a HH BOBLMHCB acaH^apMi. (cf. p. 165). They were just going to go for me (fling themselves at me), when suddenly there appeared a policeman. (These are rather more vivid ways of saying : a xoiijTb C-BCTL, ona xorijia onycinrt, OHH XOT-EJIH 6p<5cHTBca, cf. p. 66). BiiBajio with the perfective present (future) of any verb means : often or sometimes used to (do anything), and is really only a rather more vivid way of putting what is usually expressed by the past tense of an imperfective fre- quentative verb : S SHBEUHO pascKaac^ eMy, Kant MH ct OTU^MI er6 no3Ha- K6MHJIHCB. I would often tell him how his father and I became acquainted. 294 TO BE, TO HAVE Ona SbiBaJio IIOBXOPHXT> ero She would often repeat his words. MH 6biBaJio saifleMi. KI, HHMT> iaca Ha-flBa no RopoFE na cxaHuiro. We often used to look them up for an hour or two on our way (driving) to the station. (These are more vivid ways of saying : a qacxo pascKasti- ona iacTO noBxopajia, MBI nacxo To have The verb 6trn> is very frequently used with the meaning to have ; for examples cf. F. E. B., chapters 40, 41, 42. The verb HM^TB (ipfv. ; pres. HM-EIO, HM^eTi,, HMiroxt, past HMijit, imper. HMinxe) is also fairly common, especially in sentences of an abstract character. It is used idiomati- cally in the following amongst other ways (cf . p. 216) : CJIH BH Hiraero He HM^exe npoxiiBt, a cnymy OKHO. If you have no objection, I shall lower the window (lit. if you have nothing against). CJIH BH 6yexe HM-BXB cnyqatt, noroBOpnxe ci> HHMT>. If you (will) have an opportunity, have a talk with him. 9xa nBeca HM^Jia orpoMHHfi ycn^xi>. This play had an immense success. 9xo co6bixie HM-BJIO OTOHB BasKH&ia nocji-BACXBia. This event had very important consequences. Haflo HM-EXB fit BH^y, ixo nois^a xenept nepenojineHLi. One must have in mind that the trains are overcrowded. 295 CHAPTER 93 PHYSICAL (MANUAL) ACTIVITIES To throw, to fling (1) EpocaTB (ipfv. ; like wraTB), 6p6cnTB (pfv. ; pres. 6pomy, SpocHrt, 6p6caT'B, past 6p6cHJTB, imper. 6p6cBie) = fo throw, fling; abandon. This verb is very frequently used reflexively of violent motion, e.g. : OKI. 6pocHJica KB RBepaMt = fee made for the door, ona 6p6cHJiacB SijJKaTB = she dashed off at a run. The compound verbs are formed thus : BBi6pacHBaiB (ipfv.), BBi6pocHTB or BBi6pocaxB (pfv.) = to throw out. (2) KHflaTB (ipfv. ; like qaxaTB), KHHyTB (pfv. ; pres. KHHy, KHHeTT), KHHVT"&, past KHHyjIt, imperat. KHHBTe) = to fling ; this is also frequently used reflexively. Some of the commonest compound verbs are : CKHHVTB (pfv.) -to fling off (clothes). = a lowering of price.] (pfv.) = to fling on (clothes). To break (1) JIoMaiB (ipfv.), cjioMaiB (pfv. ; both conjugated like qHiaiB) = to break (especially things that are broken in two, e.g. bones, sticks, umbrellas, furniture, &c.). This verb has also other less common forms. OffB Hory (pyKy) = he has broken his leg (arm) ; , = the chair is broken (past participle passive), cnHHKa (pyqna) cjioMaHa = ^e back (the handle, sc. of any piece of furniture or utensil) is broken, axo = this is broken (spoilt : Hcn6pneHO, cf. p. 283). 296 BREAK, CUT, TEAE (2) Pa36HBaTb (ipfv. ; like qHTaib), pas6HTB (pfv. ; like HHTB, cf. p. 199 ; pres. pa3o6bio, pasodberB, paaoSbromb) = to break (in pieces, e.g. glass and china). Ona pa36jfoia xapejiKj = she has broken a (or the) plate ; CTaKaHi> pasSHTL = the tumbler is broken (past participle passive), CTCKJIO pa36HTO = ^e (pane of) glass is broken. To cut (1) Pisaib (ipfv. ; p res - P^Y* p&JKerb, p-EHcyrb, pasf p'EsajrL, imper. pijKbxe) = to cut (anything with a sharp instrument). Compounds are, e.g. OTpfearb (ipfv. ; pres. OTpfearo), oipisaTb (pfv. ; pres. OTp i t}Ky) = io cut off. Siorb Ho{ r b xynoft, COBC^MI) ne pisKerb = this knife is blunt, it doesn't cut at all, HOJKb ocTpbift (or ocTepi> astyor predicative form), OTJIHHHO pijKeTt = the knife is sharp, it cuts perfectly ; depernxecb, BH o6pi5K6Te cefii = take care, you will cut your finger, OHt o6pi- 0664 pyKy = he has cut his hand ; oxp'EJKbTe MH^ nnposKHaro (now. sing. nnposKHoe) = cut me (off) a slice of cake, oipfeaTb Baivrb em;e KycoieK'b ? = shall I cut you a little bit more (off) ? (2) Py6HTb (ipfv. ; pres. pySjiro, py6m"i>, py6flT&, past py6njit, imper. py6Hie) = to hew or chop (wood). (3) 01% (ipfv. ; pres. c-BKy, ciqexi), c-BKyTt, past c^KJia, ciKJin, imper. c^Kwie)-to hew, to thrash. To tear Psaib (ipfv. ; pres. pay, pBeit, pByTt, past psaji pBajiH, imper. pBHie) = , past , imper. AepJKHTe), noAepJKaTb (pfv.) = to hold, keep hold of, wait, stop (not to keep possession of, cf, pp. 130, 140). = holdl stop! wait! flepjKHTe np&wo (npasie, = keep straight on (more to the right, more to the left). 298 TIE, SEIZE (SUFFICE) SaflepJKHBaTb (ipfv.), sa^epsKaTb (pfv.) = to keep back, to delay ; saflepJKKa (/.) = a delay. CoflepJKaTb (ipfv. and pfv., only the one form exists) = to keep up, maintain, support, also to hold, to contain ; coflepsKame (n.) == contents. To tie Bflaaxb (ipfv. ; pres. Baacy, BHJKert, BHJKyrB, past Baaajrb, imper. BHJKHTe) = to tie ; to /wi. CBHBBiBaTb (ipfv.), CBHsaiB (pfv.) = to tie together. 3aBH3biBaTB, 3aBfl3aTB = fo tie in a knot, tie up. = to untie. (pa3BHJKHie) aio ! Please tie this up (untie this) ! 3aBH3Ka (/.) = the plot, passasKa (/.) = the denouement ; (f.) = a bandage ; CBHSB (f.) = a connexion. To seize, to catch hold of (ipfv. ; conjugated like HHiaTB), xBaraTb (pfv. ; pres. xBa^y, xsaTHTi), XBararb, past XBaTHJit, imper. XBaTHie) = to seize hold of. This verb is almost commoner in its compound form : CxBaTBiBaib (ipfv.), cxBaiHTb (pfv.) ; OKI, cxBaTHJTb ero sa-pyKy (sa-nory, 3a-rojioBy) = he caught hold of him by the hand or arm (by the foot or leg, by the head). In its simple form this verb is very frequently used impersonally with the meaning to suffice : XBaTaerB = that suffices, XBaTHTi. = that will do, that'll be enough, He XBaiajio = there used not to be enough of, He XBaiiiJio = there was not enough of : BaMi, qer6-HH6yffb He Do you lack anything ? SEIZE (SUFFICE) 299 Y MCHH He xBaTajio (or He xeaTHJio) ffe I hadn't enough money. 9io xBaTHT"B (or 6yAexi>) ! That will do ! CHAPTER 94 TO FALL: IIAflATb, RACTb ; TO MEET: BCTP-BHATb, BCTP-BTMTb ; TO JUMP To fall (ipfv. ; conjugated like syMaiB, cf. p. 22), nacTb (pfv. ; na^y, na^e'it, naflyrb, past najn>, najia, najin^ imper. na^nie) = to fall. This verb (na^aTB) shares with the verb 6^raTb (cf. p. 246) the pecularity that in the imperfective forms of the verb compounded with prepositions the accent shifts to the next syllable. The perfective form of this verb (nacxb) is not very commonly used, the compound forms of the verb being much commoner, e.g. (ipfv.), BtmaciB (pfv.) = to fall out. (ipfv.), nponacTb (pfv.) = to disappear, be destroyed, perish (cf . nponacxb (/.) = an abyss ; a swarm, mass). yna^aib (ipfv.), ynacxb (pfv.) = tofall down. MA wo^untu. OHT> Bbinajit H3i> can^fi = he fell (has fallen) out of the sledge, Hdibio Bbinajit CH'BFb = there was (has been) a fall of snow in the night ; qeMo^aH'b (Komejie'icb) y MCim nponajit = I have lost my trunk (purse) ; OH-B nponajn, TO = he has disappeared somewhere ; Kyjj,a BH npo- ? = where have you got to ? ; ona COBC'BM'B nponajia = she is quite done for ; BBI ynaflere = you will fall down ; 300 FALL, MEET &ro yna;n,eTi> = this will fall ; OKI. nocKOJiBBHyjica Bi) B6,o;y = he slipped and jell into the water. One of the compounds of this verb is particularly common and deserves special notice : nonaflaTB (ipfv.), nonaciB (pfv.) = tofall into, upon ; to hit upon, to get anywhere by chance. MajiBtfflK'B TonopoM'b py6njrb BCC, HTO nona^ajio. The boy used to hew with the axe all that came his way. Ky,o,a MBI nonajiH ? KaKt BBI cro^a nonajiH. Where have we got to ? How did you get here ? (sc. how did you manage to find yourself here) OICHB TpyftHO xy,n;a nonacxB. It is very difficult to get (in) there (e.g. a theatre). This verb is often used reflexively with similar meaning, to come across, to fall in with, to meet, to get caught : MH!} Ha BCTpiqy nonaflaexca Maji&iHK'L. I happen to meet a boy. ' Bi^b KoniKa, roBopaTt), nonajiacb B'L KOITH JiBBy ! ' ' For the cat, they say, has got caught in the claws of the lion!' (Krylov.) To meet Bcxp'EqaTB (ip/v. ; conjugated like iHTaiB), BCTP^THTB (pfv. ; pres. BCip-Bny, BCTP-BTHTI., BCTP^TST'L, past BCTpiTHJTL, imper. BCTp^TBTe) = to meet (any one). This is used just as commonly as a reflexive meaning to fall in with any one ; frequently indeed, especially in narration, the verb is not used at all, and the expression na BCTpiiy ( = to the meeting) is substituted. OHH BCTpiiaTt (BCTP^THJIH) naci, na They will meet (met) us at the station. MEET, JUMP 301 Bbl Cl> HHMH BCTp-ETHJIHCb ? Where did you meet (with) them (make their acquaintance). TT i liilM'L HJjeXTj Ha BCXpTJ^iy MyjKHK'B. We, meet a peasant (lit. there is coming to meet us). EMy na Bcxp-Eiy BOJIKI. He meets (or met) a wolf. To jump (1) CKaicaxb (ipfv. ; pres. CKaiy, CKaierb, CKaiyrb, past CKaKaJTb, imper. CKaiiixe), nocKaicaxb (pfv.) = to jump, hop, and also very frequently means to ride fast, to gallop, of horses and people riding. A cognate verb is : BbiCKaKHBaxb (ipfv.), BbiCKOHHXb (pfv. ; pres. BbiCKOiy, BHCKOWTb, BBICKOiaTB, past BblCKOIHJI'b) = to jump OUt, to come running out, to slip out. (2) UpbrraTb (ipfv. ; like fl-EJiaxb, cf . p. 251) = to jump, npHrnyTb (pfv. ; like Tponyib, cf. p. 297) = to make a jump (cf. pp. 15-17). CHAPTER 95 TO TURN, TO RETURN To turn This verb is difficult owing to the large variety of forms and meanings which it includes, all more or less similar. The root verb is : BeprBTb (ipfv. ; pres. BepT^, BPTHTI>, B^pTHTt, past Bep- T'Bjrb, imper. BepiHie), noBepx'BTb = to turn, twist. This verb is transitive, but becomes intransitive with the addition of the reflexive pronoun -ca. It has a fre- 302 TURN quentative imperfective form : noBepTtiBaib = t o keep turning. A more useful verb is the cognate one : (ip/v. ; pres. noBopaHHBaro, noBOpaiHBaeTTE>, noBOpoiHTb and noBepnyTt (p/v. ; pres. noBOpoqy, noBopOTHTi,, noBopOTjrrt, past HOBO- pOTHjn>, imper. noBopOTHTe ; pres. noBepny, noBepH&TB, noBepnyrL, past noBepHyjrb, imper. noBepHirre) = fo turn. These verbs, all originally transitive, can all be and are generally used as intransitive verbs, meaning to turn aside, to take a turning. With the addition of the reflexive pronoun -ca they acquire the meaning to turn oneself bodily. MBI TVT"& noBOpaqiiBaeM'B nanpaBO. Here (at this point) we turn to the right. F^VE MH-B Haflo noBOpauHBaxb ? Where must I turn (take a turning) ? IIoBopaiHBaHTe (or noBOpoiHTe) Turn to the le/t ! r^ BH noBepnyjin (or no Where (at which point) did you turn ? Ilpn nepBOMt noBop6T'B (nom. sing. noBop6 r n>). At the first turning. OHI> noBepnyjica KO MH-B. He turned round towards me. Other forms of the same verb are : SaBepTtmaTB (ipfo,), saBepnyTB (pfv.) to wrap up in paper. TURN, RETURN 303 06opaiHBaTBca l (ipfv.), o6opOTHTBca 1 and o6epnyTBca l (pfv.) = to turn round and /ace ; cf . o6pam;aTb(ca) J (ipfv.), o6paTHTb(ca) l (pfv.) = to turn, to direct (oneself). PasBepxHBaTb (ipfv.), pasBepnyTb (pfv.) = to unwrap, unfold. CBopaiHBaTb (ipfv.), CBOpoiHTb and CBepHyiB (pfv.) = to turn off, aside. To return This verb is connected with the last : Cfl (ipfv. ; conjugated like HHTaTb), B03BpaiH- and Bepnyibca (pfv. ; pres. Bosspamycb, B03Bpa- , BOSBpaTHTca, past B03BpaiHJica, imper. BOSBpa- THiecb) = to return, to come back. This verb is intran- sitive, and without the reflexive pronoun -ca means to return, to give back. JIioflH Tene"pb BOBBpamaiOTCa HB'b sa rpaHHU,bi. People are now returning from abroad. Korfld BH BepHeiecB AOMdfi ? When shall you return home ? MBI B03Bpam;ajiHCb aoM6ft H3i Teaipa. We were returning home from the theatre. MH Biepa sepHyjiHCb (or We returned yesterday. The return is : BOSBpam^nie (n.). ^ro cjiyqajiocB ^o Haniero This happened before our return. Ona aaxBopajia (or aaSojiijia) TOTiact no HdraeMt BOB- i:| ui mt' ii i n ,(,< iMi'iii M:J-I, 3a rp;i mi lu-i. She fell ill immediately after our return home from abroad. 1 B has dropped in these verbs after the preposition 06-. 304 CHAPTER 96 DELAY AND HASTE To wait 3Kji;aT!> (ipfv. ; pres. jKfly, JKflerL, sKflyrL, past SKRajia, 3K;na;)ra, imper. ^,0,11x6) = to wait; (pfv. pres. noflOJKAy, noAOJK^ei'L, noflOJKflyrE,, past noflOJKRajn^noftosKflajia, no,o;o}K,n;a;jiH, imper. noflOJKBirre) = to waif a sftoii time. Si JKfly ci> HeTepniHieMi) Bamero OTsixa. I aw waiting for your answer with impatience. Herd BH jKfleie ? H Baci> jK^y ffaBHo. T7/iai are you waiting for ? I have been waiting for you a long time. fl 6ysy Baci> sfl'fccb yKR&Tb. I shall wait for you here (an indefinite time). H no,n;o JKfly em;e HHTB MHHyTi,. I shall wait five minutes longer. MH acftajiH TaMi), noKa OHH ne We waited there until they came. , noKa a ne npn^y. Wait here until I come. He HCflHTe M6HH ! Don't wait for me (don't expect me) I Wait a bit ! pfv. ; like wraTt,), nosKaaTBCH (p/v.) = to iZ aw?/ one comes, to expect. (ipfv. ; like HHiaTB) = to awa^, expect. TO BE IN TIME, HURRY 305 To be in time (ipfv. ; like qniaTt), ycn'BTB or nocirfcrt (pfv. ; pres. ycn-Eio, ycn^eTi,, ycn-BiOTi., past ycni JTB) = to have time, be in time (cirfcTt, ipfv. = to ripen, cf. p. 217). MH nocnieM-B K^ n6 r 3y (K-B o6^Ay, KI cjiyjKdi). We shall be in time for the train (the dinner, the service). noon-Bem, ! BH He nocnieie. We shall be in plenty of time ! You won't be in time. MH TOJILKO HTO nocireJiH KI HaiaJiy npe^CTaBJienia. We were only just in time for the beginning of the per- formance. H He ycniio aio cflijiaiB nepe^t oS^OM'B. I shan't have time to do that before dinner. BH He ycnteie xy^a nofiTii nepe^ orbia.noM'L. You won't have time to go there before (your) departure. fl He ycn^jn, CKaaaTb eaMt 3iy H6BOCTb. I wasn't able (hadn't time) to tell you the news. ycnixt (m.) = success, progress. 9ro HM-fejio 6ojiBm6fi ycn^xi. This had a great success. To hurry (1) CnimirrB (ipfv. ; pres. cn^my, cn'feniHT'B, cniraarB), nocn'feinHTB (pfv.) = to hasten. Kyfla BBI cniinHTC ? fl cnimy na n6^3A^. Where are you hastening to ? I am hastening for the train. MH cirfemHJiH na BOKsajn., na CTanujio, na napoxtiA'b. We were hastening to the station, to the steamer. 1809.1 Y 306 HURRY, TO BE LATE He cniranre ! IIocniniHTe ! Mni Haflo cirfcmHTB. Don't hurry ! Hurry up ! I must hurry. (2) ToponHTbca (ipfv. ; pres. TOpoimrocB, TOp6nnTCfl, -ropo- naTCfl), noTOpoHHTBCa (pfv.) = to hurry. Ky^a BLI TOp6nnTect ? H ne TOpoimrocB. Where are you hurrying to ? I am in no hurry. He TOponHiecB ! HoTOpoiiHTecB ! Don't hurry ! Hurry up ! To be late OnaBflHBaTB (ipfv. ; pres. onas^HBaio, &c.) ; (pfo. ; like qirraTt) = to be late. OH-L Bcer^a onasjiibiBaeTt Bt mKOJiy (KT> He is always late for school (/or dinner). fl 6oi6cb, ITO MH onoBAaeMt Ha no'ESfl-B. I fear that we shall be late for the train. BH onoBflaeTe Ha napoxo^i,. He You will be late for the steamer. We shan't be late. He onaaftBiBaHTe KT> o6'B 1 n;y ! Don't be late for dinner. nMsfl'B HM-Bexi leTBepiB laca onaa^BiBaHia. The train is a quarter of an hour late (lit. has). To catch a train is : nocn'ETB iw> n6i3fly. To miss a train : npos'EBaTB noia^'B ; npoa-BBaTB (pfv. ; like HHTaTB) = to miss, lit. to yawn past or through. MH He nocn'Ejra KT> n6'B3ji;y ; MH ero npoaiBajiH. We weren't in time for the train ; we missed it. It is late, it is too late = n6sj(KQ ; early = pano. 307 CHAPTER 97 TO TRY, DECIDE, FORGET, REMEMBER To try (to test, to attempt) IIp66oBaTb (ipfv. ; pres. np66yio, np66yeT'&), nonp66oBaiL (pfv. ; past nonp66oBajn>, imper. nonp66yirre) = to try, test, attempt. H nonp66yio, Mory JIH a 310 Cft'EJiaTb. I shall make an attempt to see whether I can do this. BH np66oBajra Kor^a-HH6yjp> 9Ty pbi6y ? Have you ever tasted this fish ? H np66oBajn> (or nonp66oBaji'B), no-MoeMy BKycno. I have tried (or I had a taste), I think it's nice. IIonp66yftTe, BaMt HaB-frpno nonpaBHTca. Try (it), you will be sure to like it. To try (to make an effort) Orapaxbca (ipjv. ; like iHTaTb), nocxapaTbca (pfv.) = to make an effort. fl nocidpaiocb o6 r KacHHTL BaMi ^TO A'BJIO. I shall try and explain this matter to you. IIocTapaftTecL npiftra ! Pa^i* ciapaTBcn 1 Try and come I I am glad to do my best I To decide PimaTB (ipfv. ; like qirraTb), ptmJrrb (pfv. ; pres. piling, p-BmHTi,, p-BrairB, past piniHjn>) = BH p^m^jra ? Mw pimHJiH xaK-L. How have you decided ? We have decided thus. X2 308 DECIDE, FORGET Used reflexively this verb means to make up one's mind to anything, to settle on something : Ha ^ITO BH pimiijiHCB ? What have you made up your minds to do ? To forget This verb is a compound of 6biTb and means literally to be behind. 3a6HBaTb (ipfv. ; like fttiBaib), saSbfab (pfv. ; like 6bm>, cf. F.R.B., chapter S) = to forget. H Baci, He 3a6biBaio. H see 3a6biBaio. 1 I am not forgetting you. I keep on forgetting. 1 fl Baci> HHKorfla He saSyjry. BH He saSy^eie ? I shall never forget you. You won't forget ? OUT, ofo 9TOMi> HaB-BpHO (B^poaTHo) 3a6y^eTi). He will certainly (probably) forget about this. fl npo 8TO coBC'BM'& 3a6Bijn> (saStiJia fern.). I have (or had) quite forgotten about this. fl 3a6bijn> KaKoft HOMept ero flOMa (Moefi KdMHaiLi). I have forgotten what is the number of his house (of my room). BH saGfcbra KaKoft y Hero fibUTB HOMept ? Have you forgotten what was his number ? H saSHJTB CKasaib, Hanncaxb, nocjiaxb, KynHTb. I forgot to say, to write, to send, to buy. He 3a6y^bTe ! He saSy^bxe HanncaTb. He naci,. Don't forget ! Don't forget to write. Don't forget us. 1 Cf. F. B. B., p. 57. KG AV o<)# REMEMBER 309 The verbs noaadtiBaTB, no3a6Bm> are used with identical meaning. To remember IIoMHHTB (ipfv. ; pres. HOMER), HOMHHTB, noMHaTt), BCHOM- HHTB (pfv.) = to remember. H OTJIOTHO noMHK), Korfla BTO cjiy^HJioct. I 'perfectly well remember when this happened. Bbi noMHHie, HTO x OHI, naMt CKasajii ? W K wo^*^itA- (m.) = a monument. There are many compounds of this verb, amongst others : BcnoMHHaiB (ipfv. ; like wraxt) = to recollect often. HanoMHHaTb (ipfv.), nanoMHHTb (pfv.) = to remind. Han6MHHie MH'B ! 9ro MH^ HanoMKHaeTt ee. Remind me ! That reminds me (of) her. (ipfv.), ynoMflHyxB (pfv. ; pres. ynoMHHy, ynoM- ynoMaHyit, past ynoManyjit) = to mention. BbimeynoMaHyTBiM = the above-mentioned. 1 Gf. note on p. 59. 310 CHAPTER 98 TO USE, GET USED, LEARN, BE OF USE To use, make use q, ynoxpe6jiHTb (ipfv. ; like HOSBOJIHTL) = to use, ynoTpe6irrb (pfv. ; pres. ynoipeSjiro, ynoxpeSHT'b, ynoTpe6im>) = to apply (make use of). fljisi ier6 9TO ynoTpe6jiiieTca ? TFfecrf is 7ws used for ? BH BIO iacTO ynoTpe6jiaeTe ? Do you often use this ? To get used to IIpHBHKaTb (ipfv. ; like mrraTt), npHEbiKHyib (pfv. ; pres. npHBHKHy, npHBbiKHeTi,, npHBb'iKHyTt, past npHBHKJia, npHBbiKJin) = to get accustomed ( (/.) = a habit ; o6biqafi (m.) = a custom). Ko Bceny MOJKHO npnBbiKaTb. One can get used to everything. BH cicopo Kb aiOMy npHBbiKHCTe. You will soon get used to that. ne Mory Kt aiony I cannot get used to this. fl coBciMt npHEbiK-b (fern. npHBHKJia) KI aioii JKHSHH. I have quite got used to this life. OTBbiKaib (ipfv.), OTBbiKHyTb (pfv.) = to grow unaccustomed to. H COBC^Mi OT1) 9TOrO OTEblKi (fem. OTBHKJia). I have got unused to that. TEACH AND LEARN, TO BE OF USE 311 To teach, to learn yraTB (ipfv. ; pres. yqy, yqirrb, yqarB, past yqajit, imper. yqiiie), HayqHTBand BBiyqHTB (pfv.) = to teach(cL p. 184); used ref lexively this verb means to learn. yqirrejiB (ywrejitHima) yqHT-B, H yqeHHKH (yqeHHUti) yqaica Bt yqHJiHm.'fc (mKOJi'fe). The master (mistress) teaches, and the boy pupils (girl pupils) learn in school. fl yqycB pyccKOMy a3Biicy. I am learning the Russian language. ^eMy OHI, Baci> yqurB ? What is he teaching (what does he teach) you ? BBI cicopo BBiywreeB 3TOMy. You will soon learn this. FA^ BH Hay^HJIHCB pyCCKOMy H3HKy ? Where did you learn Russian ? Other forms of the verb are : HsyiHBaiB and nayiaiB (ipfv.), HayniTB (pjv.) = to study. OSyiaiB (ipfv.), o6yqaiB (pfv.) = to instruct. yqenie (n.) = the lesson, oSyqenie (n.) = instruction. (To teach a subject, to lecture on, cf. p. 184). To be of use This verb is most often used impersonally : roflHTca (ipfv. ; pres. a rowcycB, OHM ro^aica), npHro^Hrca (pfv.) = it is of use, it is useful. 9ro HHKyAa He ro^HTca. HanpacHO. 1 That is of no good, is worthless, useless. To no purpose. MOJKCTB 6HTB 9To npHroftHTca Ha qi6-HH6yftB. Perhaps that will come in handy for something. 1 Can be used as an impersonal verb or as an adverb, cf. p. 287. 312 TO BE OF USE, SERVE 6iem> That was most useful to us. 9x0 JierKo MOJKext BaivrB npHro;n,Hxi>ca. That may easily be of use to you. To serve (ipfv. ; pres. cjiyacy, cjiy^HTt, cjrysKaxt), noc- (pfv.) = to serve (also of army and government service). y (or fljia iero) axo cjiyjKHXt ? is i/ie good of this, what is this used for ? CjiyjK6a (/.) = service (church, army or government service) ; sayipena (/.) = early service, oft^na (f.) -midday- service, Beiepna (/.) = evensong. Cjiyra (m.) = a man-servant, cjiyjKaHKa (/.) = a maid-servant, npncjiyra (/.) = domestic, a servant (of either sex) ; the servants (collectively) ; service, attendance. CHAPTER 99 BIRTH, GROWTH, LIFE AND DEATH To be born (pfv.) = to be born. BH POAHJIHCB ? Ona po^HJiacB Bt POCCIH. Where were you born ? She was born in Russia. Oin> poffiiJica Bt Anrjiin (BO QpaHii,iH). He was born in England (in France). y Hea (y Hero, y HHXI) poflHJica CBIH'B. A son has been born to her (to him, to them). TO BE BORN, GROW, LIVE 313 Ona She has given birth to a little daughter (girl). Birthday is : JJeiis pojKftema (now. sing. Christmas is : PoiKfteciBO (XpncT^Bo). See p. 66. To grow Facia (ipfv. ; pres. paciy, pacierb, pacTyrL, past poet, pocjia, pocjin, imper. paciHie), Bbipacra (pfv.) = to grow. (N.B. In compounds this verb is often spelt -pociH.) BH CK6po pacTeie. Pe6e'Horeb ne pacTeTi. You grow quickly. The child doesn't grow. Bti oieHb BHpocjiH. J^epeBO M6,HJieHHO pocjio. You have grown a lot. The tree grew slowly. Cognate words POCTL (m.) = growth, stature; pacTSnie (n.)=a plant, a growth; pacTMTCJibHOCTb (f.)= vegetation. IloAp6cTOKT> (m.)=a youth ; B3pQCJiufi=afully grown man, B3po- CJiue= grown-up people [young people MOJioflewb (/.)] To live 1 (ipfv. ; pres. SKHBy, acHBerL 2 , 5KHByn>, past acHJit, CHJia, JKHJIH, imper. 3KHBirre) = Aep^BH^. We live all the year round in the country. 1 The first syllable of this verb in all parts and compounds of it always sounds like >KLI- (H after w=bi (y), cf. p. 2). 2 To be distinguished from the substantive >KHB6rb= stomach (cf. F . R. B., p. 130). I tvriUH+jMj . LIVE BBI 6y,o;eTe JKHTB, BI> rocTHHim.'E, BI> OMIiaTij), Bt naHCi6lTE, CGMefiCTB'B, HJIH Bt TOCTHXi y KOr6-HH6yffL ? Where we you going to live, in a hotel, in a furnished room, in a boarding-house, in a family, or to stay with friends ? MBI JKHJIH s Formerly we used to live out of town (in the suburbs). 3KHJIH-6HJIH ft'EA'k A& 6a6a. Once upon a time there was an old man and his wife (lit. there lived and were ; this is the conventional opening of many of the folk-tales). E'ER!) 5KHBH, B-BKT, yiHCB ! Live and learn ! (lit. live (your) whole life (age), learn (your) whole life). With a frequentative imperfective is formed the phrase : KaKi> BH nosKHBaexe ? = How do you do, how are you ? To greet is = B^opoBaTtca (ipfv. ; pres. BaeTca, aflopoBaioTca, past (pfv.) = to say how do you do. -ETH nOSffOpOBaJIHCb Cl> The children said good morning to their parents. Of the same origin as this word is the verb = to be well, imper. sflpaBCTyitre ! = be well (the equivalent of good morning, how are you) ; ^a SffpaBCTyeTB Poccia ! = long live Russia ! Another verb meaning to greet is KJiaHHTBca (ipfv. ; con- jugated like nosBOJiflTB, cf. p. 254), noKJioHHiBca (pfv. ; pres. noKJioHrocB, IIOKJIOHHTCH, noKJioHaica, past noKJio- GEEET 315 imper. noKJioHnrecb) = to greet, lit. to bow down to ; this is one of the words used to express the conveying of greetings, and is most common in its imperiective form : KJianafiTecB eMy OTt MCHa = greet him from me, MOH poftH- TCJIH KJiaHHIOTCa BaM-L (or nLJUOTl. BaMfc nOKJIOH'&) = ?m/ parents greet you (or send you greeting}. The verb JKHTB has a great many compounds, and deriva- tive and cognate words. Some of the commonest are : JJoJKHBaTB (ipfv. ; like wra/iB), JHOHCHTB (pfv.) = to live until, to live to see ; OCTB ROJKHBaeT'B CBOH B^KI = he is ending his days (lit. age), OHI. jn^JKHJTB (ona ^oacHJia) fl;o rjiy- 66Kofi CTapocTH = he (she) lived to a great (lit. deep) (old) age, a He HoacHBy ^ T0r( j Bp6MCHH = I shan't live to see that time. 3a3KHBaTB (ipfv.), saacHTB (pfv.) = to heal up (intrans.). HaacHBaxB (ipfv.), HaacHTB (pfv.) = to earn, gain (money). IlepeacHBaTB (ipfv.), nepeacnrB (pfv.) = to live through, to experience. KaKia BpeMCHa MBI xenepB nepeacHBaeMi ! What times we are living through now ! HTO MBI nepejKHjra (OHI. nepeacnjit, ona nepesKHJia) ! What we (he, she) have lived through 1 DpojKHBaTB (ipfv.), npoJKHTB (pfv.) = to live or stay a short time, to sojourn ; also to live through, to squander. y Haci> npoacHBarorL Ten6pB r6cTH. We have guests (friends) staying with us now. BBI Syflere xaarB npoatHBaTB ? You are going to stay some time there ? MBI npOHCHBCM-B TaMT> He^JIK). We shall stay there a week. 316 TO BE ILL, HURT, ACHE MBI npojKHJiii y HHXT> inecTB We stayed with them six weeks. Ona npojKHJia y naci, ij-EJioe JTETO. She stayed the whole summer with us. H npOJKHJTB TRM-B IlflTB M'BCaijeB'B . I stayed there five weeks. Cognate words JKusHb (f.)=life; JKHBOH = afo've, also fo'vefo/ ; JKHBOTHoe (n.) animal ; no>KHJi6ii = elderly. >KHTbe-6biTbe (n.) = manner of life, every -day life ; JKHJiiime (n.) = dwelling ; JKHJieivb (plur. mnjibi^bi) = a lodger. To fall ill SaxBopa/TL (p/v. ; conjugated like qHTaiL) and (pjv. ; pres. saSojiiio, 3a6ojrfee:n>) = to jail ill. To hurt (intransitive), to ache This is an impersonal verb, with the forms : EOJIHTI. (ipfo. ; pres. 6ojiaTi>, past 6oii'km>) = it aches. FojioBa y MCHH (y^cacHo) 6ojiim>. My head aches (terribly). y Hero 3y6Bi 6ojiaTb. He has toothache (lit. his teeth ache). y nea Hora 6ojiHT'&. Her foot (or leg) hurts (or aches). ^TO y K0r6 60JIHT"L, TOTl TOMi H rOBOpHTB. Whatever whom hurts, one about it talks (proverb). Cognate words BoJib (/.) =pain ; 66jibHo =it is painful ; 6oji-fe3Hb (f.)=illness ; MH^fe TyTT> 66jibHO=i< hurts me here. Cf . F. B. B., pp. 21, 82, 130, 156. TO RECOVER, MARRY 317 To recover (1) BHSflopaBJiHBaTL (ipfv.), BBiaflopOBijTB (pfv. ; pres. BBI- BBISJUOpOB-EerB, BBIBflOpOB'BIO'rL, past BBI- = to get well, completely recover. (2) HonpaBJiaTBCfl (ipfv. ; conjugated like nosBOJiaTB, cf. p. 254), nonpaBHTBca (pfv. ; pres. nonpaBJiroct, nonpaBHTca, nonpaBaicfl, past nonpaBHJica) = to recover, get better. H Ha^-BiocB, qTO BBI CKOpo nonpaBHTecb ! I hope that you will soon get better I OHa yjKe COBC-BMI. nonpaBHJiacL. She has already quite recovered. Without the reflexive pronoun this verb means to correct ; cf. HanpaBJiaiB (ipfv.), nanpaBHTB (pfo.) = to direct, HanpaBJieme (n.) = a direction (in which one is going) ; cnpaBJWTbca (ip/v.), cnpaBHTbca (pfv.) = to inquire for information. (In)correct = (He)npaBHJibHO. To marry (of the man) JKeHHTBca (only one aspect ; pres. MCCHIOCB, JK^HHTCH, past JKCHHJICH) = to marry. OITB jKeHHTca Ha ^JIeMaHHH^i Moer6 oma, x.e. (=TO CCTB) Ha MO^H ^BoropoffHoft cecip'B. He is marrying (sc. is going to marry) my father's niece, that is, my (female) cousin. (of the woman) BHXOAHTB (ipfv.), BBITH (pfv.) aaMyjK'b = (lit.) to go out behind a man, to marry. OH Bux6AHTb (BBiflfleTB, BiJinjia) aaMyao, aa njie- 318 MARRY, WOUND, KILL, DIE Moe"ft MaTepti, T.e. 3a Moero 6paTa. She is marrying (is going to marry, has married) my mother's nephew, i.e. my (male) cousin. [Marriage = 6paKi> (w.) ; wedding : CBa,n,B6a (/.)] Cf. F. R. B., pp. 59, 64, 181, 182, 197. To wound PaHHTB (only the one aspect exists of this verb) = to wound. The past participle passive, which is the commonest part of this verb, is paHeHtift, short form panem,. A wound is : pana (/.). To ML (ipfv. ; conjugated like wraTt), yfinrt (pfv. ; conjugated like HHTB, cf. p. 201 : pres. yStro, ySLe'Tt, y6BK)T"B, past y6Hjr&, imper. y6efiTe) = to Mil, to murder. The past participle passive is y6irraft, short form y6irr&. This verb is a compound of 6wn> = to strike, hit, beat (cf. p. 327). To die (ipfv. ; conjugated like wraTB), VMepeTB (pfv. ; pres. yMpy, yMpe'Tt, yMpyra, past yMep-L, yMepjia, ynepjin, imper. yMpHTe) = fo die. The examples given illustrate the two aspects of this verb : MH6rie yMHparoT'B OTI> BTOH Many die from this illness. BH OT-L 8Toro ne yMpeie. You will not die from this. Ona Aouiro ynnpajia OT She was for long mortally ill with consumption. DIE 319 OHT> yMepi> ! Orb qero (KaK6ft 6oji't3HH) ona yMepjia ? 7s he really dead ! From what (what illness) did she die ? YMepeib He CTpanrao, a CTpanrao yMHpaib. Not to die, but to be dying is terrible (quoted from Mazon). When speaking to relatives or friends of a personal loss, and in announcements, another verb, CKOHiaibca (lit. to be finished), is used, but only to state the fact, not the cause, e.g. : OH'L CKOHiajica M-lcan,!) TOM nasa;^. He died a month ago. To die of animals is HSflbixaTb (impfv.), fl6xHyrb, H3;o;6- XHyrb (pfv., lit. expire) or OKOjrfcBaTb, OKOJitiB, e.g. : One of our cows is dead. Cognate words (f.)=death, but also KOHqiiHa(/.) of people; = dead, but N.B. noK6&Huft=the late (lit. quiet, of people); CM6pTHHtt ^mortal, deacM^pTHutt = immortal, , pana =a mortal illness, wound. CHAPTER 100 THE EMOTIONS Tojear (ipfo. ; pres. 6oioci>, 6oHTca, Soaxca, past SOHJICH, imper. 66fiTecb), no6oaibca (pfo.) = tofear, be afraid. BH 6oHT6Cb ? fl HHCK6jIbKO H6 60K)Cb. What are you afraid of ? I am not in the least afraid. Hfoero 6oaibca 1 He 66ttTecb I There 's nothing to fear I Don't be afraid I 320 FEAR, FRIGHTEN, HOPE BOJIKOB'B 6oaTBCa, BT> Jlict H6 XOftHTB If you fear the wolves you mustn't go into the forest. OnacarBca (ipfv. ; like iHTaTt) = to dread, apprehend. To frighten IlyraTB (ipfv. ; like qHTaib), HcnyraTB (pfv.) = to frighten. BH MCHfl Hcnyrajra ! H yjKacno Hcnyrajica ! You frightened me ! I got an awful fright ! JJ'EBOHKa HcnyrajiacB (6oajiacB). The little girl was frightened (was afraid). To hope Imperfective only Infinitive HaA-EHTBCH nadyeyat's(y)a (cf. p. 290) Present Past (a) Hafl-iiocB nadyeyus' naA'BflJica nadyeyals(y)a (ont) HaA'BeTCfl nadyeyets(y)a Imperative (OHH) Ha ( n, r BK)TCfl nadyeyuts(y)a Ha^-BHTecB nadyeityes' a HajvkrocB, qio BBI xopomo cnajin ? I hope (that) you slept well ? H ne 6y,ny na BTO I shall not count on that (cf. p. 230). Ona Hafl'EjmacB nosHaKOMHTBca ct She hoped to make your acquaintance. He Ha^HTecB na Mena. ' He Haff'BHca no-nycioMy.' Don't count on me. ' Entertain no vain hopes ' (Kryl6v). MOJKHO naji,iaTBca, ITO BBI May we expect you ? REGRET, WEEP, SMILE, LAUGH 321 Cognate expression" kTT>) 5 noqyBCTBOBaTb (pfv.) = to feel, to be consoious or sensible of. KaKi> EH ce6fl qyBCTByeie ? How do you /eel ? H qyBCTByro ce6a OTJIHIHO (HJIOXO). I feel very well indeed (bad, ill). To feel hot, cold, &c., cf. F. R. B., chap. 47 ; to feel tired = to be tired, cf. p. 136 ; to feel = to touch with the hands = mynaTb (impfv.), nomynaiL (pfv.), like p,ijiaTb, cf. p. 297. HyBCTBO (n.) = a feeling, sensation. To astonish, to be astonished (ipfv. ; like nosBOJiaTb), y^HBHTb (pfv. ; pres. When used with the meaning to be astonished this verb is reflexive. 8ro Mena oienb y.nHBJiaeT'L ; HHCKOJIBKO ne y,n,HBnaerB. This surprises me very much ; does not surprise me in the least. BaMi>. I am surprised at you. Bame nncbMO MeHa Your letter surprised me. (n.) = astonishment ; KI. Moeiay yjj,HBJieHiro = to my surprise ; yftHBHTenbHO = it is astonishing, astonish- ingly, HHiero y^HBHiejibHaro BI, 9TOMi> H r BTi> = ^ere is nothing surprising in that. GLAD, KISS, LIKE, LOVE 323 To rejoice PaflOBaxbca (vpfv. ; pres. paffyroct, paflyexca, like pncoBaxb, cf. p. 22), o6pa,n;oBaxbca (pfo.) = to be glad. (pronounced ijajiOBaxb, ip/v. ; pres. i;^jiyio) = to kiss, nou^JioBaxb (pfv. ; pres. noij'EJiyK) = I shall give a kiss, imper. noi],'Ejiyfi(xe) ! = kiss /) = to give a kiss. (m.) = a kiss. See p. I Zi/ce (^ pleases) This verb is almost always used impersonally : HpaBHTca (ip/v. ; jjres. 3rd plur. HpaBaica), noHpaBiiica (pfv.) = ^ pleases, it will please. MH-B 9TO oient HpaBHTca. Kani aio BaMt HpaBHica ? I like that very much. How do you like that ? MH^ ia MysbiKa (KapiHHa) ne HpaBHTca. / don't like that music (picture). H yMaro, ITO 9ia KHiira saMt noHpaBHica. J think (that) you will like this book. 9ro MH^ noHpaBHJiocb. 9ro MH-B ne HpaBHJiocb. I liked that. I didn't like that. 81011, pOMaH-B MHij 6ieHb noHpaBHJica. I liked that novel very much. BaMt ^xa nbeca nonpaBiuiacb ? Did you like that play ? To like, to love, to be fond of JIro6HTb (ipfv. ; pres. Jiro6jiK), 1116611x1, jiroSax-L, past jnofiHJii), imper. Jiro6Hxe), nojiioGiixb (pjv.) = to like, love (pa3jno6iixb, pfv. = to cease to love). Y 2 d-u 324 LOF# Mama JirodirrB moKOJiaA'B, Caina H^Mt a BHHOBaxa, ITO Jiio6jiK) coji^aTa ? (popular rhyme) Many Zi/ces chocolate, Alexandra likes sweets of fruit- jelly, Why am I (fern.) to blame, that I like (or love) a soldier ? BBI 9TO JiroSHxe ? H 910 (or BTOPO) He jiio6jiK). Are you fond of this ? I am not fond of it. H jiroSjiK) ryjiiiiL. BH jiroSnTe xaHii;oBaTi> ? 1 like walking. Do you like dancing ? fl Baci) (or ie6a) Jiio6jiK). H Bac-L (or ie6a) nojno6HjnE,. J Zi/ce (Zove) you (thee). I have taken a fancy to you (thee). JlroSii Hact qepHCHLKHMH, a 6^JieHi>KHMH Hact scamS nojii66HT'B (proverb). Love us when we are black (predicative instrumental), when we are white any one will love us. OH-B BI> Hee BJiio6HJica (or Bjno6jie'H'B). He is in love with her. Ona Bt nero BJiio6HJiacb (or She is in love with him. (m.), lover ; JiK)6HTejib (w.), jiio6HTejiBHHi];a (/.) = amateur, Jiio6HTejiB MysBiKH = he is fond of music, JiroSHTe- $OTorpa$iH = amateur photographs. Wish (cf. pp. 62-67) is JKejianie (n.) ; desire =ox6ia (/.), which a,l$o = hunting, sport', H-E^B y Mena OXOTBI^! have no desire . . . ; ox6THTBca = to hunt ; OXOTHHK^ = (1) a sportsman t (2) a lover of, OH-B 6ojiBm6fi OXOTHHRI ffo TeaTpa = /ie is very fond of the theatre ; a 30 aioro He oxOTHHK'B = J f don't care much for that. 825 APPENDIX I Alphabetical list of prepositions used in composition with verbs, showing the several forms in which each appears, with their primary meanings : 1. 6es- = without 2. B-, BO-, = in 3. B03-, B3-, B30- (BOC-, BC-) = Up 4. BH- = OUt 5. HO- = as far as 6. sa- = behind 7. H3-, H30- (HC-) = OUt 8. na- = on 9. Haft-, Haflo- = over 10. HHS- (HHC-) = down 11. o-, 06-, 060- = round 12. OT-, OTO- = away 13. nepe-, npe- = across, over 14. no- implies limitation of the activity denoted by the verb. 15. no;n-, noffo- = under 16. npefl- = before 17. npn- = at 18. npo- = past, through 19. pas-, paso-, pos- (pac-, poc-) = asunder 20. c-, co- = (1) with, (2) off 21. y- = away Examples of the use of these prepositions in composition are given on pp. 231-44 of the author's Russian Grammar : many will have been noted in the course of this book. The meanings given in this list are those termed primary ; 326 APPENDIX I they prevail in the case of many verbs, such as those of motion, cf. pp. 83, 86, 88, 100, 103, 107, 110, 247, 257. In the case of many other verbs these are not apparent, and there are developed what may be called secondary or adventitious meanings, cf. pp. 133, 141, 190, 192. Further, almost any preposition may be used merely to make an imperfective into a perfective verb, when it is apt to lose its meaning often entirely, cf. pp. 54, 66, 173, 177, 194, 205, 208, 231, 235, and E.G., pp. 211, 231-244. The prepositions B03-, BEI-, HH3-, nepe-, and pas- are only used in composition^ ou *" 6 ^ 1 ^ a: *** ""^ Prepositions ending in -3, except 663^, change 3 into c before all voiceless consonants except c. Prepositions ending in a consonant + ^ retain the i> if compounded with a word beginning with a soft vowel ; but if the vowel is H, then the I> + H combine to form H pp. 194, 235, 288). In very many cases verbs are compounded with more than one preposition (cf. pp. 114, 153, 184). When analysing words care must be taken not to mistake the final consonant of a preposition for the initial consonant of a root, and vice versa. APPENDIX II Certain verbs, totally different in meaning, are confusing by reason of their outward similarity. The following list gives some of the most important of these arranged in alphabetical order. Pairs of verbs similar in meaning, e.g. 6'fcjKaTL and 6iraTb, 6pocaTt and 6p6cHTt, are not included ; the most necessary of these have already been adequately treated in the course of the book and their number is very large. APPENDIX II 827 The verbs are imperfedive except where otherwise specified. Infinitive 6yAHTb to awaken 6biTb to be 6mb x to strike BC3TH to convey BeciH to lead BbiTb to howl BHTb to twist to see 2 to know to stroke b to look to give to squeeze 3 to give [yAapHTb to hit (pfv.) to do to divide to press acaib to reap Present 6yjKy, [fut., 6} Ay, flyAe^] 6bK), Besy, Pasf SHJIT, 6HJI-B BOK), BOCTi BbK), Bbe'Tt lui.ri, BHAijI'b yapio, JKMy, jKMen, acHeri, 1 Has perfective : no6MTb, but to beat, hit or strike once, to give a blow is usually rendered by : yflapHTb (pfv.), cf. p. 201. 2 Replaced in prose and conversation by 3naTf> (cf. pp. 176, 208). 3 Has perfective : noAapHTb= to make a present of, + dat. ; Aapi= a gift. VAapHTb (see above) has an imperfedive of its own, ; yflapdnie =the accent, stress, emphasis on a syllable. 328 Infinitive KynaTB(ca) to bathe APPENDIX II Present Past Kynaio(cb), KynaeT(ca) Kynaji(ca) KynHTB to buy (piv.) V\7TTTT~in lP~\7TT'M r r'T. rv V lllli\/ 9 iv jr 11*1 1 1> Kyirajn, M6CTH MeiaTB to sweep to fling M6TV. MBTBTI* */ * MeJii) MOJIOTB MOJIOTHTB to grind to thresh M6JIK), MBJieTt MOJIOiy, MOJIOTHTl, MOJIOJI1. MOJIOTHJIt opaTB opaxB to roar (scream) to plough opy, opeTi, opro, 6peTt opani. opaji'b nacTB to fall (pfv.) to pasture na^V) na^GTii nacy, naceTi, naci, naxa/TB 2 naxHVTB naxHyTB to plough to smell (intrans.) to waft (pfv.) naniy, nameT'L naxny, naxHeT-b naxny, naxneTi naxani, naxHyji-B naxnyjii. IIHTB niTB to drink to sing .. o 11 !)](), IIBBTt noio, noeTt 4 5 rairb imaKaTB to weep to pay nJia^y, nJianeTi IIJiaHV* HtHaTHTt & * im&Kaxb noT^aTB to regale to repose n6Tiyro, noT^yeTi> noTHeBaji% > noHHBaJit 1 N.B. cnacTii, to save (pfv.) ; cnacy, cnaceTt; cnac-B. 2 This verb also means to waft (ipfv.). 3 Imperative: nett. 4 Imperative: noii. = noaTT,, a poem = no3Ma (or CTHxoTBOp6Hie), poetry pronounced : plotyit, cf. p. 205. APPENDIX II 329 Infinitive saxb(ipfv.) nycxrixb (pfv.) Present Past nycKaro, nycKaerb nycKajii, nymy, nycxm-b nycxiijii, cxynaxb(ipfv.) , , cxynaro, cxynaexx cxynaji-b cxyniixb (pfv.) cxynjno, cxynnxi> cxynnjii. (these 4 verbs are especially bewildering in their various compounds, cf. pp. 135, 257) CMiaxbCfl to laugh CMirocb, CMiexca CM-Mjica CXOHXb to COSt CXOK), Cl6wtT> Cx6HJI'b cxoaxb to stand cxoro, cxonx-b cxoajii XO^HTb TI, to walk to want MI>, to eat (F.B.B., p. 27) is to ride XOXHX6, XOXflXT> ) kern} CCTB INDEX OF RUSSIAN VERBS, ETC. 240, 247 BC3TH 104, 109 BepT-BTb 301 B6CTH 104, 112 B3HTb 163, 167 213, 215 216 BHC'ETb 281 BOAHTb 104, 112 BOSBpaTMTbCH, B03- 1 1 1 '.' 1 1 1 1- ' i'i ( ' H oOo B03HTb 104, 109 B03M6>KHO 59 B03bMy, Cf. B3HTb IIMIIJI 1 1. 224 Bpaxb 158 BCTp-BTHTb 300 BcrpnxHyTb 281 ---.317 roBOpiiTb 185 roAHTbCH 311 rop-BTb 284 roT6BHTb 283 rp-BTb 284 ryjiHTb 74, 78-80, 99 179 185 179 ABwrarb, 297 297 68 AOCTaTOHHO 134 AyMarb 22 143 rb 251 143 321 Tb 321 236 HWiTb 84, 127, 304 62 ~ 317 283 JKHTb 313 (N.B. Compound verbs, i.e. verbs compounded with prepositions, not specially mentioned in this index will be found by cutting off the preposition or prepositions, see list on p. 325 and remarks on p. 326, e.g. CA r fejiaTb= 6epy, cf. 6paTb -SupaTb 166, 167 6HTb 201 doji-lTb 316 SOHTbCH 319 6paxb 163 6pnTb 277 6p6cHTb 295 6yAHTb 276 GusaTb 292-4 6biTb 293 BblfiTH, BblXOAHTb 317 B^A^Tb 327 B-fepHTb 52 Bi>pOHTHO 59, 61 B-icHTb 282 B-feuiaxb 282 298 308 198 141 3aMKHyTb, KaTb 280 3anep6ib, 280 sanpemaTb 69, 258 aacHyxb , Bacbinaxb 275 3aTBOpHTb 280 3axBOparb 316 3Baib 264 asoHHTb 282 3AOp6B8TbCH 37,314 -3HaBaTb 174, 175 3HaK6MHTbCH 176 3HaTb 173 3H8lHHTb 175 30By, Cf. 3BaTb HrpaTb 235 HA- 73-83 HM-BTb 216, 294 HCKaTb 287, 288 HTTH, 73-83 -Kaaaib 191-3 Ka3aT,bCH 191, 192 KaTaxbCH 93, 96, 99 , KHHyTb 295 152 KJiailHTbCH 314 832 EUSSIAN INDEX KjiacTb 149 o6H3aH r b 68 nocTJiaTb 281 KOHHHTb 262 OAliBaTbCH, OA'feTbCH nocujiaTb 236 KpbiTb 278 144 noTpe6oBaTb 68 KynaTbCH 277 nrroQTTaTr. ^tOfi Ullcto^d ID OwV> nouiejit, cf. HOHTH KyniiTb 202 onacaTbca 320 no-fexaTb 90-9 KypriTb 254, 258 ocTasaTbCH 129 npaBHTb 99 KymaTb 195 OCTaBHTb, OCTaB- npnSaBHTb 151 JIHTb 139 npHB63TH, npHBO- -JiaraTb 151-3 ocTanaBJiHEaTbCH , 3HTb 110 JiraTb 156 OCTaHOBHTbCH 126 npHBbiKHyTb 310 JiejKaTb, 156 ocTaTbCH 129 npnrjiacHTb 268 jieT'ETb 240-9 OTBOpHTb 280 npHABTCH 68 Jieib 154 OTB'BTHTb , OTfliiHaTb npHHecTii, npHHO- JIOBHTb 171 272 CHTb 107 -JIO>KHTb 151-3 OTAOXHyTb,, OTAbl- npHHHTO 68 JIOJKHTbCH 154 xaTb 276 npHXOAHTCH 68 JiOMaTb 295 npHxoAHTb 83 JiioSHTb 323 naAaTb, nacTb 299 npHiecaTbCH 278 JiHry, cf. Jie^b naxnyTb 224 npHuiejn>, cf. npift- nenb 198 TH MepsnyTb 285 MOJKHO 59 nncaTb 231 HHTb 199 npnuijiocb 71 npiftTH (or npnATH) MOHb 54 njiasaTb 250 83 MbiTb 276 M-BHHTbl46, 207 TTTTaitaTT. ^91 1 1 . 1 t 1 I 1 < 1 1 J > ) 1 npi"fe3>KaTb, npri 1 - xaTb 100 IWEHiaTb 60 njiHTb 250 np66oBaTb 307 HaAO, HaAoSHo 68 nOBOpOTHTb 302 npoAasaTb 184, 204 HaA'BHTbCH 320 nosBOJiHTb 254 npoAOJiataTb 261 no3ApaBJiHTb 66 npoa-fesaTb 306 HaftTH(Cb) , HaXO- AHTb(cfl) 288-92 nanpacHO 287, 311 HaiaTb, HaHHHStTb noHMaTb 171 noHTii 73-83, 98 noKasaTb 193 noKynaTb 202 npocHTb 270 npocnyTbCH, npo- CbinaTbCH 276 npocTyAHTbCH 285 259 no JiaraTb 152 npon6cTb 224 HCBOSMOWKHO 59, 81 HOJIOffiHTb 149 nptiraTb 301 HeB'fepOHTHO 59 HeJIbSH 68 nojiyHHTb 239 noMHHTb 309 npHTaTb 287 nyraTb 320 H6CTH 105 noMoraTb, noMdnb nycKaTb, nycTHTb RO 256 -HHinaTb 167-9 \)\j HOCHTb 105 nOHHMaTb, IIOHHTb nyTein6cTBOBaTb 91 HpaBHTbCH 323 ny>KHO 68 170 nonpaBHTb(cn) 317 n-feTb 235 ni>iiiK6M-b 82, 83, 99 HioxaTb 223 nopTHTb 226, 283, -HHTb 167-9 295 paAOBaTbCH 323 nocjiaTb 236 pasSiiTb 296 oG'BAaTb 198 nocn-ETb 305 paHHTb 318 RUSSIAN INDEX 333 pacTH 313 296 312 pocjia, pocT>, cf. pacTH pydiiTb 296 p-EaaTb 296 p-feiiiHTb 104, 308 caAHTb, caraaTb 162 CHA'BTb 160 CKaaaTb 185 301 236 cjiy>KHTb 312 cjiymaTb 217 CJibixarb 222, 223 CJibimaTb 217 CJibUUHO 223 CJi^Ayert 68 CMOip-BTb 208 CM"EHTbCH 321 corjiacHTbcn 269 cnarb 275 cnpauiHBaTb, cnpo- CHTb 266 305 133-6 CT3BHTb 137 -CTaBHTb, -CTaBJIHTb 141, 142 CTaHOBHTbCH 120 cxapaxbCH 307 CTaTb 120 -craxb 133-6 CT6HTb 115 CTOHTb 115 CTpHMb 278 CTynaTb 329 CTti(Hy)Tb 285 177 74-99 228 91-9 CVBCTb 194 158 296 CHy, Cf. CtCTb TCpHTb 286 TonyTb 244, 250 ToniiTb244,284,285 TOpOHHTbCH 306 287 72 xp6raTb, 297 284 y6iiTb 318 H 86 322 198 321 318 yM-BTb 177 yno-rpeSjiHTb 310 yen-Bib 57, 305 yCTp6nTb 282 yxoMJiHTb 136 yxoAHTb 86 yHHTb(CH) 311 yruejrb, cf. 103 xsaTHTb 298 xoAHTb 74-82, 98 XOT"BTb 62 323 HHHHTb 283 qHCTHTb 281 HHTaTb 224 lyBCTBOBaib 322 uiejn>, uijia, cf. HTTH nijiio, cf. mynaib 297, 322 91-9 BCTb 194 -BxaTb 90-9 ENGLISH SUBJECT-INDEX - able 54-8, 177-9, 305 brush 281 discover 174, 279 accept 169 burn 283, 284 do 251-3 accustomed 310 buy 202-4 don't 68, 69 ache 316 call 264-6 do one's hair 278 acquaintance 175,176 can 54-7, 177-9 dress 144-8 add 151 cannot 55-7 drink 199-201 afraid 319, 320 careful (be) 30, 59 diive(intransitive)9Q~ ^ agree 269 carry 104-6 100 allow 254-7 cart 109 drown 244, 250 allowed (it is) 59 catch 171-3, 298, 306 amateur 324 cease 135 early 81, 306 answer 272-5 change 207 eat 194-8 arrange 282 charge 163, 271 end 262 arrive 100-3 Ltrw-~ clean 281 enjoy 131, 141, 142 ask 266-72 close 279, 280 enough 134, 298 ask (charge) too clothes 144-8 enquire 174, 317 much 271 cold 285 excessive, exorbitant astonish 322 collect 167 = ask too much, awake 275, 276 come 73-83, 83-6, expect 152 90-2, 98, 99 explain 55, 56, 62 back 96, 302 consider, 228-30, 288 extinguish 284 -<* bake 198 constipation 280 bathe 277 continue 261 fall 299 be 290-4 convey 109 fatigue 136 - be born 312 cook 198, 283 fear 319, 320 become 120-5 correct 317 feed (transitive) 26, 31 bed 281 cost 117-19 feel 297, 322 . beg 270 count 228-30 fetch 107, 108, 110, begin 124, 259-61 cover 278 111, 133, 134 be in bed 156, 157 cry 26, 28, 321 find 288. 300 be in time 305, 306 cut 296 find in 134 be late 306 find out 174 believe 52, 191 dead 319 finish 262 be of use 311 decide 104, 307, 308 fire 284, 285 boil 198 depart 103, 104 fling 295 born 312 diarrhoea 108 float 250 break 295, 296 die 318 fly 240-9 breakfast 198 dine 198 fond of 323, 324 bring 107, 108, 110, direction 317 foot (on, by) 82, 83, 111 discount 295 99 ENGLISH INDEX 335 forbid 258, 259 improbable 59 listen 217-223 forbidden (it is) 59, included 152 live 313-15 69 incorrect 317 lock 280, 281 forget 308 indispensable, 89 look 208-17 free (of charge) 88, inquire 174, 317 look for 287, 288 206 intend 167 lose 286, 287 freeze 285 in time 305 love 323, 324 frighten 320 intolerable 53, 108 lunch 198 introduce 113, 142, gather 167 176, 236 make 251 get (intransitive) 120- invite 268 marry 317, 318 5 may, mayn't 59 - get (transitive) 133, jump 301 mean (intend, wish) 134, 239, 240 64-7 get up 133 keep 129-32, 139-41, mean (signify) 175, get used 310 297 176 give 179-85 keep to left, right meet 300 glad 323 96, 297 mend 283 go 73-83, 90-100 kill 318 mention 309 go away 86, 87 kiss 323 miss 134, 257, 306 go to bed 154-6 know 173-5 mistake 171,186 greet 314, 315 know how to 177-9 move 297 grow 120-5, 313 must 68-72 languages 170, 177- hair cut 278 8, 186 name 264-6 halt 126-9 late 81, 306 necessary 68-72 hang 281, 282 late (the) 319 need 68-72 happen 69, 292, 309 laugh 321 hasten 305, 306 lavatory 72, 167 obey 221 have 291, 293 lay 149-53 objection 294 have time 305 lead 112-14 obliged 68-72 have to 68-72 learn 174, 311 obtain 133, 134 hear 217-23 leave (intransitive) occupy 168 heat 284, 285 86, 87, 103, 104 open 278-81 help 60-2 leave (transitive) 139- ought 68-72 hide 287 41 hire 168 left 297, 302 pain 316 hold 297 let (go) 256 paint 234 hope 320 lie 156, 157 part 136 hungry 65, 67, 197 lie down 154-6 pay 205, 206 hurry 305, 306 lift 169 permit 254, 255 hurt 316 light 283-5 permitted 59 like (I) 323 pity 162 ill 316 like (I should) 67 place 137,138,149-53 impossible 59, 121, like (to be) 53, 87 play 235 122 like this 56 please 188, 323 336 ENC7LISH INDEX possible 59 serve 312 tear 296 Poste Restante 72 set 137, 138, 162 tell 185-90 pour 13, 201 sew 201 thank 53 prefer 228 shake 281 think 17, 22, 191, 192 prepare 283 shave 277 thirsty 65, 67, 201 probable 59 shoot 30, 218 throw 295 procure 133, 134 shove 143, 144 tie 298 promise 55, 56, 86 show 193 tired 136 pronounce 108, 190 shut 278-81 toilet 72, 167 put 137, 138, 143, sign 235 touch 297 144, 149-53 silent (be) 31 travel 90-100 put out 284 sing 235 true (it is) = truth put up 126-9 sink 250 truth 49 question 266-8 sit 160-2 sit down 158, 159 try 307 turn 301, 302 rain 76, 78, 79 read 224-8 sleep 275 smell 223, 224 unbearable 108 receive 239, 240 receipt 235 recover 317 smile 321 smoke 28, 31, 65, 254, 258 understand, 170, 171 undress 144-8 unlock 280, 281 regret 58, 321 rejoice 323 remain 129-32 snow 76, 79 sorry 58, 321 speak 185-90 unnecessary 68-72 unpleasant 60 use, used 310 remember 309 spend 114, 287 useful, useless 311 remind 309 spoil 217, 226, 283, repeat 40 295 visit 75-9, 92nl, 292 request 270 require 68-72 rest 276 stand 115-17 start 73, 90, 297 stay 129-32, 315, 316 wait 115-17, 127, 304 wake 275, 276 return 303 stop 126-9, 135 walk 74-83, 99 ride 90-100 straight 96, 297 want 62-7 right 297, 302 ring 282 roast 198 succeed 184 success 305 suffice 134, 298 warm 284, 285 wash 276 waste 287 run 240-8 sup 198 W.C. 72, 83, 167 suppose 152, 153 wear 104-6 sail 250 sure 61 weep 321 save 328 surprise 322 weigh 282 say 185-190 swim 250 wish 62-7 see 208-16 work 253 seek 287, 288 take 163-9 worthless 311 seem 191, 192 take care 30 worth while 117, 118 seize 298 take photographs 169 wound 318 sell 204 talk 185-90 write, 231-4 send 236-8 teach 184, 311 wrong = incorrect Printed in England at the Oxford University Press jVife iVcu/uA - 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