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TOWHDBOWS 
 
 REVISED AND IMPROVED 
 
 TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, 
 
 OR COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE ART OF WRITING 
 
 Founded upon the most Simple, Comprehensive and Unerring 
 
 Principles of representing all the Essential Elementary 
 
 Sounds of the English Language in Stenographic 
 
 Characters, combinable in any desired order, 
 
 without raising the Pen. 
 
 BY THIS METHOD THE EXACT WORDS OF A SPEAKER MAY BE RECORDED 
 
 AND PRESERVED IN A LEGIBLE FORM, SO AS TO BE READ AT ANY 
 
 FUTURE PERIOD WITH THE GREATEST EASE AND FACILITY. 
 
 DESIGNED ESPECIALLY FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND SELF-INSTRUCTION, 
 
 By T. TOWNDROW, 
 
 PROFESSIONAL REPORTER AND TEACHER OF STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 THE COMMON, DEFECTIVE METHOD OP EXPRESSING THE VOWELS BY MEANS OF DE- 
 TACHED MARKS, IS TOTALLY IGNORED IN THIS SYSTEM ; ALSO THAT OF SHAD- 
 ING SOME CHARACTERS TO DISTINGUISH THEM FROM OTHERS OF THE SAME 
 FORM. THE PRACTICE OF ASSIGNING DIFFERENT POSITIONS TO CHAR- 
 ACTERS, t. e., ABOVE, ON and BELOW THE WRITING LINE, TO 
 
 DENOTE DIFFERENT SIGNIFICATIONS OF THE SAME SIGNS, IS 
 LIKEWISE ENTIRELY REJECTED IN THIS TREATISE. 
 
 THE TRADE SUPPLIED BY 
 
 CHARLES T. DILLINGHAM, 
 
 Successor to LEE, SHEPABD A 
 
 No. 678 Broadway, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
Entered According to Act of Congress, in the Year 1886, 
 
 By THOMAS TOWNDROW, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
TO 
 JULIUS ENSIGN ROCKWELL ESQ., 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 "THE TEACHING PRACTICE AND LITERATURE OF SHORT-HAND,' 
 
 THIS REVISED AND IMPROVED EDITION 
 
 OP MY 
 
 TEXT-BOOK OP STENOGRAPHY 
 IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. 
 
 THOMAS TOWNDROW. 
 MOUNT VERNON, N. Y., May 7, 1886. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The author of this system of Short Hand Writing, which he origi- 
 nated fifty years ago,* is induced to place before the public a new and 
 carefully revised edition of this Text Book, embracing such additions 
 and improvements as have been suggested by constant study of the 
 subject, practical experience as a teacher of the Art, and as a profes- 
 sional reporter during a perio 1 of more than forty years. 
 
 The author has diligently studied to render this system of Stenog. 
 
 raphy the most simple, comprehensive and easy of acquirement, and 
 
 <n when written, the manuscript shall be the most legible of any of the 
 
 >- various known methods; and if anything will add to his satisfaction 
 
 it will ba to learn that he has succaecled in accomplishing the task, 
 
 undertaken at the same time in exciting a greater interest for, and 
 
 extending the knowledge of a science of such exalted utility. 
 
 As the purchaser of this text-book may probably be led to inquire 
 55 what are ihs advantages which the author claims over the numerous 
 ^ other publications that have been issued on the same subject, he will 
 ^ endeavor to point out in as brief a manner as possible, some of the dif- 
 r ficul ties that have been encountered by those who have acquired or 
 ttempted to acquire proficiency in this pleasi ng and very useful ac- 
 complishment, and the method he has pursued to avoid them, 
 lii One of the impediments which has considerably retarded the prog 
 
 ress and success of those who have paid attention to the study of 
 Short-Hand, has been the want of a sufficient quantity of exercises, 
 for practice in writing, as well as from not introducing such words and 
 sentences as are best suited to the different stages of advancement 
 which they must necessarily go through to attain proficiency in any 
 system. 
 
 It was first published in England in 1834, and -subsequent editions were is 
 - uc-J the-, o, ana in the United States in 1837, 1839, 1841 and 1843. 
 
 448518 
 
VL PREFACE. 
 
 Another objection attributable to the various publications designed 
 for self-instruction is, that the rules and directions intended as a guide 
 to the learner, are very seldom expressed in terms sufficiently clear to 
 be comprehended, except by those already acquainted with the Art. 
 In removing these objections, the author hopes that hi? efforts have 
 not been altogether unsuccessful. To remedy them he has prepared 
 a complete course of exercises, as practised by pupils who place 
 themselves under his instructions; accompanied by such explanations 
 as he has deemed necessary to render the whole easy to be understood. 
 
 The third and greatest evil adopted in other systems of Stenogra- 
 phy, Phonography, &c., is their defective method of expressing the 
 vowels by detached marks. Some express the initial vowels by com- 
 mencing the formation of the succeeding consonant from the position 
 the vowel would occupy if written, as in the word item, the t is drawn 
 from V% position. In most cases the intermediate vowels, long and 
 short, being entirely omitted. 
 
 Mr. Molineux, in his modification of Byrom's system, represents 
 all the vowels by a dot, to which he assigns five distinct places; thus 
 /^> when preceding a semi-circle, and thus || when preceding a line as 
 in 'jot, '[et, -lit, .{ of, ,\ vt, &c. In writing the word moat^\ f 
 the dot representing o, is made somewhat larger than that for a to 
 show that it must be read first. When succeeding a consonant char- 
 acter the same order is observed in denoting the vowels as in ' ta, 
 } te,f ti, f to, and /. tu. 
 
 Mr. M.T. C. Gould, formerly of Philadelphia, in his abridgement 
 of Taylor's system of Short- Hand, also represents all the vowels by a 
 single point, thereby rendering it indispensably necessary in writing 
 some words for the pen to be taken off the paper nearly as many times 
 as the number of letters used in spelling the same; as may be observ- 
 ed by a reference to the above work, where the following, and many 
 similar examples may be found: ^. fi be-ol.l for behold; V cere for 
 every, &c, 
 
 Mr. Gurney, in his alphabet, has appropriated characters to repre- 
 sent the vowels, but makes use of them only when standing alone, or 
 when joined to other letters at the beginning of a word ; indeed, their 
 forms are such as would scarcely admit of their being introduced in any 
 other situation. Mr. G. represents the vowels when in the middle or 
 at the end of a word in the following manner : "There are six vowels," 
 says he, " viz, a, e, i, o, u a:id y ; when they end words they are ex- 
 
PREFACE. Vll. 
 
 pressed by dots differently placed, viz, a and e, even with the.top of the 
 letter, i and y, with the middle, o and u \*ith the bottom. When the 
 vowel does not end the word, it is expressed by the succeeding con- 
 sonant, i. e by drawing the point of the following consonant from the 
 place which the vowel wculd have occupied, had it been written at the 
 end of a word. When two vowels come together, the first must be ex- 
 pressed by .1 dot, and the second one by the position of the succeeding 
 consonant, thus ^>. / po-et ; v^/. _ lion ;" &c. 
 
 Several of the diffculties which arise from the practice of express- 
 ing the vowels by the use of points, &c., are thus correctly exposed by 
 Mr. Lewis in his work on Stenography, entitled the "Ready Writer or 
 XE PLUS ULTRA of Short-Hand :" 
 
 " I have seen a few modern systems.wherein the intermediate vowels 
 are discarded, and a single point only retained to express the initial, 
 and final vowels : this point is directed to be placed just in the centre 
 of the line, leaving it to the sagacity of the reader, to find out which of 
 the vowels it is meant to represent. And moreover, the writer is di- 
 rect ?d to ouiit all vowels in expeditious writing, and leave it to the 
 context to supply these defects. It is evident, however, that these 
 rules must tend to throw the greatest obscurity upon the writing ; and 
 render it impossible to be read at a distance of time ; for by this mode 
 they never can show where there is a diphthong omitted, nor give the 
 letters of it, which are some times very necessary ; no technical terms, 
 no names of persons, places or things can be written in it, where any 
 vowels must intervene, to give the sense." 
 
 " The only reasons I can conceive, why this method of pointing for 
 the vowels has been so universally adopted, are the want of a proper in- 
 vestigation of the simple marks which nature affords, or, that appar- 
 ent conciseness has hitherto been taken for real brevity. Neverthe- 
 less, it i-< obvious that those marks which seem to occupy the least 
 space, are not always in reality, the shortest, or the most conducive to 
 expedition. The mode of expressing the vowels therefore by means 
 of points is not only an enemy to legibility, but is also calculated to 
 destroy the purpose of expedition. This will appear more evident 
 when we consider 
 
 FIRST. That if the pen be moved to the right or to the left, from 
 a dot towards a stroke, or from a stroke towards a dot, it describes a 
 Hne, whether that line be visible or not, thus in making { , the pen 
 describes the character ~] in writing * the character I/ ia forming 
 
viii. riiKFACE. 
 
 2>. in making xy| the figure V^>" etc - 
 
 " SECOXDLY. That as the motion of the pen from point to point is 
 less rapid, because less direct, through the air than upon the paper it- 
 self, there is as much time lost by the sudden stop and taking off the 
 pen, passing over the detached space, and putting it down again, as in 
 the formation of two (and often-times of three) characters. Thus a 
 detached particle occupies as much time in writing, as if the word 
 were written (by characters) at full length. It has therefore appeared 
 absolutely necessary that the wicel points, so predominant in otJier sys. 
 terns, sliouU be entirely rejected, and another kind of substitute provided 
 for them." 
 
 It certainly appears Tory singular, that Mr. Lewis, after so clearly 
 pointing out the defects of other systems relative to the method of ex- 
 pressing the vowels, by the use of dots, commas and other detached 
 marks, should himself, in a great measure, run into the very same er- 
 ror; for notwithstanding his forcible remarks on the subject, Mr. L. 
 makes use of a Jot, to represent the first two vowels a and e, and a. 
 comma to represent the fourth and fifth vowels o and u ; thus adopt- 
 ing the very plan, which, to use his own words, "should ~be entirely 
 rejected.'" 
 
 Again, he says, "by this arrangement, all those difficulties and 
 dislocations already mentioned, in expressing the vowels in order to 
 convey the sound of the word, are avoided;" his practice, however, 
 exhibits a complete contradiction, for in his specimen of the Lord's 
 Prayer, he places the vowels e and o near, not joined to the consonants. 
 Mr. J. G. Cross, author of the Electric Sho't-Ilaud, in alluding to 
 the same subject says "The method of writing words by a consonant 
 outline with disconnected vowels, each of which must be repreented 
 by its distinctive dot or dash, and placed with exquisite care in its 
 proper position by the side of the consonant line, requires far more 
 thought, and is more tedious than the writing of long-hand/' 
 
 "And not only because the vowels cannot be written connected 
 with each other, and with consonants, but because of their being mere 
 dots and dashes; no contractions which may be applied to the conson- 
 ant lines are applicable to them. Hence in the more rapid styles of 
 phonography the vowels are quite discarded. Again the alternate 
 shad* and hair-lines of the phonographies are a great embarrassment 
 to rapid writing, which the reporter can surmount only by discarding 
 this feature, thus rcutlcriiu; his writing less legible." 
 
B. 0. BAFER 
 LAWYER 
 
 DALLAS, TEXAS 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Mr. Cross, after thus condemning the practice of 'assigning three 
 different positions to denote the vowels lias adopted /?<? different posi- 
 tions for them, thus fa '~ s , fe ^, fi ^, f o ^, and f u ^, sa ^, se ^, si -, 
 so^-, and su v _ x , thus. That is he draws the consonant character from 
 the position that the vowel would occupy if written, a being two 
 spaces above the writing line, e one space above, i on the line, o one 
 space below the writing line and u two spaces below. 
 
 Prof. Goldwin Smith, in a lecture to studeiits at Cornell Universi- 
 ty, said : <: It took me seven years to perfect myself in phonography, 
 and Mr. Cross makes mention of a young man of ability who said : " I 
 have written phonography three years, and can accomplish one hun- 
 dred and fifty words a minute, but I cannot read it." 
 
 Mr. Alexander H. Thompson, a professional short-hand writer and 
 reporter of London, in alluding to the work of Mr. Pitman, designates 
 it as "A method of so-called short-hand, containing an absurd assem- 
 blage of strokes, analogous in outline, designed to represent different 
 consonants by variation in thickness. That individual (Pitman) is also 
 the originator of a visionary scheme for changing the orthography of 
 the English language, and substituting a series of crab-shaped char- 
 acters to represent it." 
 
 Mr. Matthias Levy, short-hand writer of Chancery Lane, London, 
 in speaking of Mr. Pitman's Phonographic Alphabet, says: "It 
 proves to be the English language transposed. Thus the first conson- 
 ant is 2), the second &, third t, the fourth d, and so on." Having settled 
 the alphabet, he proceeds to select his characters. " These are twelve 
 in number, and the reader will bs somewhat surprised to find that 
 they represent twentv-one consonants. Of these twelve marks, nine 
 represent eighteen consonants. This is done by making one-half of 
 the eighteen thin, and the other half thick. Thus t is represented by 
 a thin stroke, thus 1, and d by the same stroke made thicker, thus I. 
 A more confused method could not well be devised. It is full of dif- 
 ficulty, and must entail considerable trouble when it comes to berjad. 
 * * * The mark he uses for the consonant </ is, when drawn very 
 small and written detached, made to do service for the sound of a in 
 "aZZ;" the sound of o in "ope," and oo in "food." Not only so, but 
 when this mark is thinned, it is further lugged in to serve for the sound 
 of oo in "foot," and so on to distraction. 
 
 "A downward r is transformed, by thickening it, into a w ; a 
 shrivelled n becomes by such reduction a yu, a ye and a yi Further, 
 
X. PRKFACK. 
 
 these three latter vowel marks (only diminished consonant form? after 
 all-. >hall, if we make them a shade thicker, immediately squeal out 
 yah, yeh, yee, you, yj, yoo, to be answereJ in chorus by the mannikin 
 tit, which, when dropped in different positions, chums lustily of icah, 
 weh, wee ; and s when significantly small, ceases to sibilate and moans 
 oat wan, wo, woo. No wonder such a system of writing the English 
 language should evoke something bordering on eoat'in^t, even on a 
 moderate inspection. But these are only a few of the ludicrous, or 
 Humiliating, as you please, variations which Mr. Pitnrin pre* forth to 
 his plodding pupils, before they are invited to draw near to take part 
 in the prncipal performance." 
 
 Mr. Gurney, the celebrated Parliamentary reporter, says that "The 
 practice of placing a character above, on or belnc the line, and also of 
 varying it, by thickness, or length, I totally expungo, a- ir could never 
 "be written swiftly with any tolerable degree of precision." 
 
 Mr. Thomas Anderson, Parliamentary re;x>rter. Fellow of the 
 Short-Hand Society of London, and formerly short-hand writer in the 
 Glasgow Law Courts, in speaking of the essentials of a ir-to 1 -ystem of 
 short-hand in 1SS2. says : There are three essentials to the formation 
 of a first-rate system of short-hand, * * * first there should be the 
 distinct representation of every letter cf the alphabet the t-Jicelt and con- 
 sonants alike. Second, the ue of tuch markt to represent the voireh at 
 are capable ofbeinj uritten in union uith, the contort ant i in-dead 
 lated ticks" 
 
 " It is an evil under which all short-hand systems that proceed up- 
 on the principle of omitting the vowels, or upon any other plan of dis- 
 posing of the vowels than by writing them are doomed to labor." 
 
 By the omission of vowels, mistakes, sometimes of a serious, 
 sometimes of an amusing, sometimes of an amazing kind occur. 
 
 Any one taking a long speech, according to such system, un'ess lit- 
 can manage to put in the vowels, is sure, unless he has an extraordi- 
 nary memory, to hesitate, if not to err at the sta^geri:ig outlines. Ac 
 cordingly, a sentence which was spoken "the child was born in the 
 street, at two o'clock," became after being phonographica'dy meta- 
 morphosed, " the child was bern. ' I consider,' at two o'clock." Any 
 one who knows Pitman's system, will readily understand how that "on 
 the street," could be mistaken for " I consider." In another case a 
 witness said : ' The pursuer came to my house and spoke to me on a 
 Tuesday,'' which was reproduced : " The pursuer came to my house 
 
PRKFACK. XI. 
 
 and spoke to me on the outside." In another case a party was de- 
 svribed by the witness as 'Tunning up very heated." This appeared 
 in the notes as " bare-headed." Another instance is given by Mr. An- 
 derson in his History of Short-Hand : " The chairman of a well-known 
 railway company happened to use the phrase ' attacking the traffic of 
 other companies,' which was printed as ' taking away the traffic of 
 other companies.' " Remit has become remedy, condition has become 
 doicn, plain has bocooie complain, had you any has become do you know 
 Instances, not of what might occur, but what have occurred, as in real- 
 it}- did the foregoing, might be multiplied, if it were considered neces- 
 sary to demonstrate that the words of a language can never be ade- 
 quately described by unvowelled endeavors to depict their sounds in 
 any such way. 
 
 Mr. Dimbleby mentions, In the preface to his Dictionary, a few of 
 the troubles and difficulties encountered in deciphering notes : 'I know 
 nothing of fishes," says a dowager ; " I know nothing official," tran- 
 scribes the phonographer. " Where his ashes repose," said LOR! Bea- 
 consfield on one occasion, " Where his isssue lives," transcribed the 
 phonographer, but unmemoried reporter. " Your application," says 
 Mr. Forster.to an Irish deputation, recently, "is based on two grounds," 
 " bad grounds," wrote the reporter, the same Pitman outline standing 
 for both. Now, most of this comes of the want of characters suitable 
 for joining the vowels with the consonants. 
 
 In discussing the foregoing axioms in detail, Mr. Anderson says : 
 " The first asserts the importance of the vowels. You ought, I say, to 
 have such marks for them as C'm be formed unitedly with the conso- 
 nants. The other plan, as you all know, is to dot them in, just as in 
 'ong hand we dot our ' i.' That in many cases the vowels are of sub- 
 ordinate consequence, may well enough be admitted. That gener- 
 ally, however, they are of the utmost importance, can scarcely be de- 
 nied. This is specially true of little words, and the exact representa- 
 tion of little words is of infinite value in the reading of short-hand 
 manuscript. I>ut suppose, it is argued, that the omission of vowels 
 does not greatly matter, 1 would remind 3-011 of the immense difficulty 
 the learner has to face when you require him to tell from one and the 
 same outline, whether any, aad which, of the following words is in- 
 tended : gnat, neat, knight, aunt, note, Annette, untie, naughty, unto, 
 night, knout, knot, nut, net, not, unity, naught, nought, unit, and so 
 forth. * * * The nearer you approach to an individual represent- 
 
Xii. PREFACE. 
 
 ation for each word, the clearer does your writing become, and that it 
 is always a risky thing to allow an outline Avhich may stand for half a 
 dozen words or more to pass undistinguished from the rest by some 
 particular mark or another. If we write this sentence : '' Is there any 
 end of these improvements ?' omitting the vowels, then from the 
 writing itself there is no means of deciding whether the words a r e : 
 ' Is there any need of these improvements? ' This is only a supposed 
 case of conflict. But I can give an actual example which recently O'> 
 curred. An official note taken in the Law Courts mentioned to me 
 the following instance : " I," said he, "dictated to one of my assistants 
 in the course of a speech, these words : ' Nature is not so kind.' Ima- 
 gine my feslings when in this gentleman's transcript I read my pas- 
 sage thus: 'Common sand is gone.' " This instance affords, so far, a 
 justification of the accuracy of our first rule, requiring the depiction 
 of vowels and consonants alike, and looked at with reference to the 
 similarity of the outlines for " gone" and " kind," it may also be re- 
 garded as bearing out the alternative part of that first axiom that for 
 every letter of the common alphabet there ought to be a short-hand 
 equivalent." 
 
 " With reference to the fourth proposition I have advanced, which 
 is, that there should be only one line of writing, or, to express the 
 same thing differently, that the practice of giving to marks divers signi- 
 fications by placing them on, above or below the line, is a practice 
 that ought to be discarded in any good system of short-hand.'' 
 
 Mr. Anderson, in an address delivered by him before his Fellow- 
 Members of the London Short-Hand Society, on the subject of Short- 
 hand writing, says : 
 
 " The alphabet of a good short-hand system must include inde- 
 pendent characters for the vowels, which characters must be adapted 
 for writing in union with the forms for the consonants ; in other words, 
 every letter of the common alphabet must have a special and distinct- 
 ive short-hand mark. No distinction of letters made thick from let- 
 ters made thin is admissible. There must be only one line of writing. 
 The rules for abbreviation in a good system of short-hand must be 
 sure, comprehensive, and few." 
 
 To all of the above propositions, I say, Amen. 
 
 "The confusion, the multiplicity of characters, the variety of 
 sounds, all lend to one conclusion that this (Pitman's), is one of the 
 most ill constructed and deficient systems ever invented. Notwith- 
 
PREFACE. XJii. 
 
 standing its defects, thousands are said to have learned it. But we 
 cannot alter our opinion, and phonography, we think, with its ambi- 
 tious object is a failure. * * * We wish to speak with every re- 
 spect of this system : it is used at the present day, and that is the ut- 
 most that can possibly be said in its favor ; but we contend that popu- 
 larity is no test of merit. ' Jim Crow ' was popular, but few will ven- 
 ture to say it had any merit." 
 
 Wilhelm Stolze, of Berlin, one of the most eminent authorities on 
 short-hand has said " A system of short-hand which is to serve at the 
 same time for correspondence and commerce must be precise, that is to 
 say, it must perfectly render the sound of every word." 
 
 C. P. Newton, formerly Professor of Mathematics and Stenogra- 
 phy, in Norwich University, in his treatise on short-hand, truly re- 
 marks : 1st. All the simple sounds of any language should be denoted 
 by the shortest and most simple marks in nature. 2cl. Those marks 
 which are the most easily formed, should be assigned to the sounds of 
 the most frequent occurrence. 3d. The sounds most frequently com- 
 bined in pronunciation should be denoted by those characters which 
 are most easily joined by the pen. 4th. All the marks of which a 
 word may be composed, should generally be written without taking 
 off the pen." " Each character or letter of the alphabet may, when 
 standing alone, represent the most common words, of which it is the 
 incipient sound." 
 
 Mr. George R. Bishop, one of the most accomplished short-hand 
 writers in this country, who now fills the important position of official 
 reporter of the New York Stock Exchange, and has had the honor of 
 being elected President of the Law Stenographers' Association of the 
 City of New York, also of the New York State Stenographers' Associ. 
 ation, in a conversation with me some time ago, remarked, that the 
 system of short-hand which embodied a method of representing the 
 vowel and diphthongal sounds, corresponding i i general characteris- 
 tics with the consonants, and adapted in their form to be as readily 
 and distinctively joined with them, would becoms the system of the 
 future ; and as a proof of his sincerity in the mattar, he has since pub- 
 lished a modified outline of phonography, carrying out his views. 
 
 I desire no better authority than that of Mr. Bishop; in fact, I 
 could have none, as to the correctness and wisdom of the course 1 
 pursued fifty-two years ago; for it must be evident to every one who 
 will reflect for a moment, in regard to the embarrassment which the 
 
Xiv. PRKFACK. 
 
 change must have caused him in the performance of his professional 
 dutiesj and that he would not have attempted it with a clear compre- 
 hension of the consequences that would ensue, had he not been fully 
 convinced of the ultimate advantages to be derived therefrom, but the 
 host of individuals who have been engaged in doctoring Pitman's sys- 
 tem, or in other words, trying to remedy its defects for more than 
 thirty years, and still admit its various Imperfections, are too deeply 
 involved in a pecuniary point of view on one hand, and prejudice on 
 the other to abandon and repudiate that which they have so long ad- 
 vocated as the Ne Plus Ultra of Short-Hand, and which could not be 
 done without destroying the value of their respective publications, and 
 temporarily suspending their professional duties as teachers. 
 
 The greatest impediment of all to the progress and ultimate suc- 
 cess of pupils, has been the difficulty experienced by learners in read- 
 ing their Short-Hand manuscript notes. This draw-back has undoubt- 
 edly been owing to the omission of intermediate vowel, and diphthong- 
 al sounds in words where they are of the utmost importance to ren- 
 der them legible; for instance: st according to the practice of phonogra 
 phers, would be written for sat, set, seat, sit, cite, site, sight, sot, soot, 
 suit, suet and sought, twelve different words, while nt would be writ- 
 ten for gnat, net, neat, nit, knit, knight, night, knot, not, note, nut, 
 naught, into, nnto and various other words. Sn would be written to 
 express sane, seen, scene, seine, sign, scion, sine, sin. son, soon, sun 
 and so on with the rest of their manuscript. Is it then to be wondered 
 at, that some queer mistakes should be made in deciphering short- 
 hand manuscript, written upon such a system as Pitman's ? 
 
 Another illustration, a very striking one of this defective method 
 of expressing the vowels by position of the consonants, by detached 
 marks, or by omitting them almost entirely, is given by Miss Florence 
 Ellis, of Boston, in a contribution to D. Scott Browne's Monthly Pho- 
 nographic Journal of December, 1884, on page 333. She says : "Did 
 1 ever make mistakes ? Yes ! At one time I made an untruthful 
 statement that a certain firm had stopped 'paying,' when in reality 
 the firm in question had only stopped ' buying,' and were on as good 
 financial footing as ever, notwithstanding my effort to overthrow them. 
 I then realized for the first time that a business firm, was as depend- 
 ent upon the ' a ' and ' i ' positions of an inexperienced short hand 
 writer, as upon Bradstreet's Commercial Agency." 
 
 I claim that Pitman and other self-styled phonographers fail to 
 
PREFACE. XV. 
 
 practice what they preach, that is, writing words according to their 
 respective sounds, as I propose to show. For instance, some of them, 
 write gsU, and others Tcslct for the word exact. Some write ty&st and oth- 
 ers Tcksst for co-exist. Some write gstfc and others Tcstk for exotic. How 
 nearly the examples given approximate and convey to the mind of 
 those who attempt to read such manuscript, the sounds of the words 
 indicated, the readers can form their own opinions. Well might the 
 young man of ability, referred to by Mr. Cross elsewhere, exclaim : 
 " I have written phonography three years, and can note down one 
 hundred and fifty words a minute, but I cannot read them." 
 
 When I have spoken to any of the advocates of the Pitman sys- 
 tem of short-hand in regard to the imperfect manner in which they 
 express a large proportion of the words they write by omitting the 
 vowels (for instance they write pt for pat, pet, pit, pot, put, peat, piet, 
 poet, pewit and pout), they would reply that the context would indi- 
 cate which was intended. But suppose that two or three of the pre- 
 vious words, also as many of the succeedings were equally as defec- 
 tively expressed, it would be rather difficult to transcribe the notes or 
 even find out what the matter had reference to. Each reporter would 
 then say, "I can write the vowels and diphthongs and begin to show 
 how cleverly he could insert his detached representatives of the omit- 
 ted vowels" but when required to draw his pen from the terminal 
 point of his outline to each of the detached marks in the order he made 
 them, he would almost invariably abandon the task. 
 
 An admirable illustration of this point is to be found in Pitman's 
 Phonographic Correspondent, published in August 1853, p. 115, as fol- 
 lows : < X-^_ B Now after writing the outline of the word, the pen has 
 to be brought back from the terminal point of such outline, for the 
 purpose of making the various detached marks representing the vowels. 
 A score more of similar illustrations may be found in a brief chapter 
 on the Origin and History of Letters in the periodical quoted. 
 
 Another sample of Pitman's simple characters I find in the same 
 
 specimen of correspondence, p. 116, as follows : ^"V 
 
 Now, as it is impossible here to give a clear illustration of the out- 
 lines and detached marks of each word, let the writer, after making, 
 the same outlines draw his pen or pencil from the terminal point of 
 each outline to and over the detached marks shown, and see what sort 
 of a sign or combination of signs he has obtained, and also count the 
 
Xvi. PREFACE. 
 
 various motions of his pen or pencil lie has made in the formation of 
 the whole, he will then discover how deceptive are the apparent brevi- 
 ty and simplicity of such detached marks in denoting the vowel and 
 dipthongal sounds. 
 
 The various authors which 1 have quoted, after so forcibly ex- 
 pressing their condemnation of the systems of Short-Hand devisfl by 
 others, it seems unaccountable that they should not have produced, or 
 suggested some thing more simple, and practicable, at the same time 
 render tb.3 reading of the manuscript perfectly easy ; yet as far as is 
 known, but few have attempted to remedy the defects alluded t >, they 
 have gone along in their old beaten tracks. 
 
 I do noi travel out of my way to carry out an idea, or piinciple, 
 and spell q and x ; I find both q and x too useful, I may say too im- 
 portant to be cast aside. Everybody of the most ordinal y intellect 
 when they see a sign or wagon bearing the letters xprs, know very 
 well that they denote the word express ; but rj*pn or ktprs displayed in 
 the same situations ; would probably puzzle the observer, to arrive at 
 their signification, unless he should have gone through the wall, weh, 
 icoo, wan, or the yah, yell, yau, yoo exercises. Again I think that *fqr> 
 does very well for secure, l-o-q s\un for elocution, a-pos, for expose, <fcc. 
 
 A well known official reporter of this city (Xew York), who h id ex- 
 pressed an unfavorable opinion of my system of Short Hand, on ac- 
 count of a few words written in it appearing to be more complicated 
 and requiring more motions of the pen than Pitman's phonography, 
 met with a young pupil of mine who had taken lessons at irregular in- 
 tervals during a period of three months, and for several weeks had re- 
 ceived no instruction in consequence of my own inability to give les- 
 sons. Altogether, she had not received ten hours' instruction from me. 
 My friend, the disciple of Pitman, found that my young pupil could 
 then write sixty words a minute ; but his surprise was the greatest, 
 when she read her manuscript notes of what lie had dictated, with as 
 much ease, as he confessed that h'e was enabled to do himself after 
 eighteen months' application to the study ; and the same gentleman 
 subsequently, expressed to me his convictions, that my system was the 
 most legible one in the world. 
 
 Now as the phonographers are greatly dependent upon the use of 
 lines, by which they determine the signification of a dot, comma or 
 other mark, intended to represent a vowel, as well as by the posi- 
 tion of a consonant ri relation to a line, as to what vowel precedes or 
 
PREFACE. xvil 
 
 follows the consonant character so assigned to a particular position 
 above, on, or below the line, I ask what would the reporter using Pit- 
 man's system do, who is sent to note down all that is said and done at 
 a public meeting held in a badly-lighted hall, and where for motives 
 of policy he has to take a back seat, and where his guiding lines could 
 not be seen ? 
 
 Some of my phonographic friends may raise objections to the use 
 of my natural or suggestive signs for particular words or phrases ; also 
 to my modes of abbreviating many words of frequent occurrence, and 
 expressing other words by the alphabetical signs with certain simple 
 marks annexed, on the pica that I am introducing too many of them. 
 It is true that I express about eighteen hundred words by (six) hun- 
 dred signs, each expressing on an average three words of the same 
 family, or in other words denote a primitive word and all its derivitives, 
 as Fluctuate, fluctuated, fluctuating and fluctuation. Excommnnisate, 
 excommunicated, excommunicating and excommunication, the context 
 readily pointing out the word intended, so that by learning the three 
 hundred simple signs with as many primitive words you have the key 
 to the eighteen hundred words denoted thereby. While one teacher 
 who has acquired considerable popularity as an author and instructor 
 of phonography, it is understood, calls upon his pupils to study three 
 thousand arbitrary signs. 
 
 Every one who is about to engage in the stuly of Short- Hand is 
 naturally inclined to ask not only which is the best system, and most 
 easily acquired, but also which is the most practical method of learning 
 it. I shall therefore offer a few suggestions and hints, Avhich cannot 
 fail to be of great advantage, if they are properly considered and fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 Let it be remembered that when you are writing a letter or com- 
 munication of any kind, ideas are dotted down, or in other words How 
 from your pen, mechanically as it were, without a thought as to the 
 spelling of the common-place words used. It is only words of infrequent 
 occurrence that cause you to hesitate a moment, in noting them down. 
 Why is this the case? The question is easily answered. The hundreds, 
 if not thousands of times that you may have written the common-place 
 words which composed the principal portion of your letter or commu- 
 nication, have rendered their respective fo m? so familiar that they re- 
 quire no effort of the memory in their future application. 
 
 The author, therefore, takes it for granted that every one who ha? 
 
KViii PREFACE. 
 
 occasion to write considerable will freely admit this fact. That being 
 so, it is reasonably claimed that it is equally the case in Short-Hand 
 writing. Hence the aim of the author, when teaching the art, has 
 been to direct the attention of the student to a limited number of char- 
 acters or signs at a time, whether representing letters, sounds, syl- 
 lables or words, with such explanatory remarks as might seem neces- 
 sary, and then by requiring such a repetition of the same in exercises 
 prepared or selected for the purpose, fix them so indelibly upon the 
 memory, that no further instruction or study is necessary. 
 
 Some persons may ask and very naturally so, if this system of 
 Short-Hand is so much superior, and more readily acquired than any 
 other, why has it not become more generally known and practiced. 
 That question is easily answered as follows : On entering into a con- 
 tract with a linn in New York, in 1841, to publish my Guide to Short- 
 Hand, in order to protect my interest in the copyright, I bound them 
 to insert in each copy, a certain check plate engraving, furnished by 
 me. This condition of the contract made, they openly violated ; thus 
 defrauding me of the royalty to which 1 was entitled ; therefore rath- 
 er than let the firm have the satisfaction of reaping all the benefit to 
 be derived from the publication of the book, I decided to abandon 
 the profession of teaching Short-Hand and engage in journalistic re- 
 porting, which I have since actively and successfully followed, leav- 
 ing the demand for my text-book to die out, as it did. 
 
 Believing, however, that my labor in the field of Short-Hand writ- 
 ing has resulted in greatly simplifying the art and bringing its acquisi- 
 tion within the reach of all persons of ordinary intelligence, at the 
 same time rendering the manuscript perfectly legible at any future 
 period, I naturally desire that whatever conceded merits my system 
 may possess, shall be placed on record. 
 
 Then, again, I may be allowed to state that within the last two 
 years I have received numerous applications for copies of my Guide 
 to the art; also for special information and instruction in regard to 
 my method of expressing the vowel and diphthongal sounds. Under 
 these circumstances I have been induced to undertake a complete re- 
 vision of my Text-Book, last issued in 1843, and embody therein a nu:n- 
 ber of suggestions in regard to a new application of the alphebet'uvil 
 characters as word feigns, and other modes of abbreviation, wliich. ic 
 is thought, will be appreciated alike by all reporters and u-u-.-ii^:-- <>;' 
 Short-Hand. 
 
PREFACE. XIX 
 
 I would here take occasion to remark that in 1826, then at the age 
 of sixteen years, I learned Harding's system of Short Hand, a modifi- 
 cation of Taylor's, which I practiced for my own amusement arid con- 
 venience, for over two years, when I was persuaded by a companion 
 to take lessons with him in the system invented and taught by Mr. 
 James Henry Lewis, of London. His alphabetical signs appeared to 
 be remarkably simple, but the change I made was a great mistake, for 
 I had sacrificed comparative legibility for apparent brevity. 
 
 The adoption of a very small circle or ring to represent s, so great- 
 ly reduced the number of distinctive simple characters attainable, that 
 it became necessary to represent /and v by the same sign, g and j by 
 by the same sign, also To and q by the same sign ; while other letters 
 were represented by characters, which, when written in combination 
 with some others, were liable to be mistaken, and thus occasion great 
 difficulty in deciphering the manuscript. 
 
 Then again he had no characters to represent a, e, o, and u, that 
 could be combined with the consonants, while the sound of a, au, aw, 
 and ou in fall, talk,taught, draw,bought and thought ; oi and oy in soil 
 and toy ; oo in moon, pool, poor, &c.,ou and ow in thou, now, town. &c. 
 were completely ignored. 
 
 These imperfections presented themselves so forcibly to my mhid 
 that in the Spring of 1833 I adopted characters to represent the vowels 
 referred to, and introduced them in my Stenographic Olio, published 
 by Lilly, Wait, Colman & Holden, of Boston. 
 
 Although I had selected the best characters available for the pur- 
 pose, I was far t from being satisfied with the result, and believing 
 in a more thorough reform in that direction, I cast all the old aside, 
 struck a new departure in regard to the representation of the vowel 
 and diphthongal sounds, by characters which can be readily combined 
 with the consonants in any order desired, and thus laid the foundation 
 of my present system, which I flatter myself will compare favorably 
 with any and all others which have yet been presented to the public, 
 either here or elsewhere. 
 
 To obviate the many objections and difficulties attending the 
 method of expressing the vowels by means of detached marks, the 
 author of this Text-Book lias provided another kind of substitute : con- 
 sisting of a series of simple characters, distinctive in form, and which 
 are easily combined with any other letter without lifting the pen, and 
 which not only represent the vowels and diphthongs, in any order re- 
 
quired, but with a very few unimportant exceptions, such as the dif- 
 ference between o in not and oin nor ; or uin.'but and uin.'buU; are also 
 capable of conveying to the mind of the reader the exact sounus of 
 wo'ds uttered by a speaker. 
 
 There are five distinct directions in which a single straight line can 
 be drawn, viz : the horizontal line drawn from left to right, thus , the 
 perpendicular line drawn down thus | ; the oblique drawn down f ronx 
 
 left to right thus \ ; the oblique drawn down from right to left, 
 
 / ; and the oblique made by an up stroke from left to right,thus / . 
 These correspond in number with the vowels a, e, i, o, and u; and to- 
 each of the above simple lines, I prefix a very small circle or ring, and 
 
 assign them to represent the vowels as follows : *j or P for a; \ 
 o ^x for e; ~* or <* for i; / or / for o; and ? or / for u, 
 then, by enlarging the size of the circle or ring, thus: ^ , p , ^ 
 
 X,(7~> tGiO^i'i "> I obtain distinctive characters to repre- 
 sent the long Italian sound of a in ba, balm, calm, palm, &c., the broad 
 German sound of a in fall, and hall, au in caught, and taught, aw in 
 brawl, thaw, and ou in brought, thought, &c., oi in boil, boy, toil, &c.. 
 and ou and ow in doubt, pout, now, town, &c. 
 
 The following marks .-| \ / v A < > :> n ^ are commonly 
 employed by the self-styled phonographers to denote the vowels and 
 diphthongs, in their correspondence style of writing, but are generally 
 omitted in making their reports. 
 
 Although my vowel and diphthongal characters may appear to be 
 more difficult of formation and occupy more space than the detached 
 marks used by Pitman and others, I claim facility of formation and 
 legibility of manuscript over them all. 
 
 As some of my professional opponents when alluding to my 
 method of expressing the vowel and diphthongal sounds, have remark- 
 ed, " that is all very fine," but at the same time insinuated that it would 
 be impossible to report correctly the language of a public speaker by 
 such a system of Short-Hand, I would state that when Dr. Dionysius 
 Lardner, an eminent British writer on physical science, visited the 
 United States in 1840, and during a subsequent sojourn in the city of 
 Xew York, I was assigned by Mr. Thoiuis McSlrath, tlren a partner 
 of Mr. Greeley in establishing the FRIBUXK, to take <lo'.v:i a ser'cs of 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 D-. Larclner's scientific lectures from dictation, the most difficult kind 
 of reportorial work, and those lectures were published in book form. 
 I would also respectfully request those phonographers who disbelieve 
 or affect to disbelieve that this system of Short-Hand can be success- 
 fully practiced by a professional reporter,to peruse the following com- 
 plimentary acknowledgement of my abilities in that line, nearly forty 
 years ago, and then refer to the New York Herald, of Sunday, June 
 18th, 1848, page 2, columns 4, 5 and 6, where the result of my labors 
 in reporting the address delivered by the Hon. Ashbel Smith, President 
 of the Visiting Committee at the annual examination at the U. S. Mil- 
 itary Academy, West Point, occupying two columns am} three quar- 
 ters, set solid in fine type (Nonpareil) may be found. 
 
 T. TOWNDROW, ESQ., 
 
 DEAR SIR : I read your report of my address at West Point, and 
 was much pleased at its accuracy. The gentlemen of the graduating 
 class have asked me for a copy for publication in a pamphlet form. I 
 am at Jullien's Hotel near Washington Square, where I shall be hap- 
 py to see you if convenient. 
 
 Col. Childs arrived at West Point this morning to preside over 
 the Court Martial which is about to set there. 
 
 Very Truly, Yours, 
 NEW YORK, June 19th, 1848. ASHBEL SMITH. 
 
 Having,as I believe, fairly set forth the views of many distinguish- 
 ed professional Short-Hand Writers, Authors and Teachers on the 
 defects of the Pitman and kindred systems of phonography, as well 
 as to wha.t they consider the " Essentials of a Good System," I would 
 respectfully submit the present Text Book of my system for their 
 consideration and judgment -approval or condemnation. 
 
 THOMAS TOWNDROW. 
 .RESIDENCE. MOUNT VERNON, WESTCHESTER Co., N. Y. 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 The author begs leave to present the following Testimonials to 
 ;'ie favorable notice of an enlightened community. The following 
 3 icomium is from the pen of Andrew Hunter. A. M., late of Edin- 
 burgh, where he practised the science of Stenography for upwards of 
 ;wenty years, and who is the author of a work on the same subject. 
 
 MANCHESTER, March 20th, 1837. 
 SIR: 
 
 1 have had much pleasure in perusing your Complete GuidH to 
 the Art of Short Hand Writing ; it is neatly and tastefully executed ; 
 your remarks on the science, are the dictates of a sound mind, result- 
 ing from much experience as a teacher of the Art ; the method and 
 order which you have shown in the arrangement and distribution of 
 your materials, evinces in a high high degree, that you have fully un- 
 derstood your subject. The characters you have chosen to represent 
 the vowel and diphthongal sounds, are admirably easy to join with the 
 various consonants with which they may chance to be connected, while 
 at the same time they mark with such precision the direct sound of the 
 words, so as to render the reading of the Stenographic manuscript 
 both easy and accurate. 
 
 In conclusion, I have no hesitation in giving it as my opinion, 
 that it forms the most complete work of the kind ever presented to a 
 discerning public. 
 
 (With hearty wishes for your future success and prosperity 
 I am, Sir, 
 Your obedient servant.) 
 
 ANDREW HUNTER, A. M. 
 
 PROM THE MANCHESTER TIMES. 
 
 "There are few persons of intelligence who are not ready to ac- 
 knowledge the pleasures and advantages to be derived from the prac- 
 tice of Short- Hand. We, who may iay some claim to an experimental 
 knowledge of the science, can pronounce it to be one of the very best 
 methods of imparting a useful versatility to the mind, and of inuring 
 it to quick and correct apprehension. We recollect many occasions, 
 when i-i the exercise of our duties, we have h:i 1 to attiM I i ) the same 
 
TESTIMONIALS. xxiii 
 
 day, and in rapid succession, to matters legal, political, scientific, di- 
 vine, ai'.d an immensity of others too miscellaneous to be classified. 
 These we have in various ways, given to the public by means of Short- 
 Hand / and can any one deny that exercise of this kind will 'fail to in- 
 duce quickness of perception, and the power to turn the mind to suf- 
 ficient objects unconscious of an effort ?'' 
 
 "The question then is, which Stenographic system is the best, and 
 which is the shortest, and to be acquired with least trouble ? This is a 
 problem we rea'ly cannot undertake to solve ; there is no royal road 
 to Short-Hand, even with the most perfect system. Byrom's is remark- 
 able for beauty .legibility, and conciseness. That of Mr. To\vndro\v,au 
 eminent teacher, seems both legible, concise, and easy to be acquired ; 
 inasmuch as he reduces the science to its simplest elements, and then 
 proceeds gradually. Mr. T. has an advantage over every other sys- 
 tem we have yet seen, in the precision and certainty with which the 
 different sounds are noted ; and in the hands of a good writer we 
 think this system may be rendered as beautiful to the eye as any we 
 are acquainted with, and altogether, as Stenographers, we may safely 
 recommend it to the public." 
 
 DERBYSHIRE COURIER. 
 
 A neat little volume, professing to be a complete guide to the Art 
 of writing Short-Hand, or an entirely new and coaiprehensive system 
 of representing the elementary sounds ef the English language in 
 Stenographic characters, has been published by Mr. Towndrow, Pro- 
 fessor and Teacher of the Art. The principal feature of this treatise 
 is its originality ii giving distinct characters to express the various 
 tones of our native tongue, and from the high degree of J conciseness 
 with which this object is accomplished, and its perfect and easy amal- 
 gamation with the other parts of the system. The operation of writ- 
 ing is advantageously condensed, and an increased facility afforded of 
 committing t.o paper the eloquence of the orator. The system is ex- 
 ceeding! 3- st'i:n;)li.i(!;l in its details, capable of being acquired with com- 
 paratively U;tle application, and in practice will, we believe, be found 
 to work \vc',!. It is decidedly superior to all system of Stenography 
 with whie'i -v ' ;i;->> at present acquainted. 
 
 SHEFFIELD IRIS. 
 
 We have given the system of Stenography invented and recently 
 introduced into this country by Mr. Towndrow, an attentive examin- 
 ation, and we feel fully convinced of the many improvement- he has 
 
XXIV TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 made on all former systems which have come under our notice. Mr. 
 Towndrow, in his present method, has appropriated a distinct charac- 
 ter to represent each elementary sound of the English language, by 
 the use of which, any word, no matter what number of vowel or diph- 
 thongal sounds it may contain, can be clearly expressed in Short-Hand, 
 without having occasion to raise the pen from the paper, which could 
 not be done in the generality of systems without having to lift the 
 pen several times in order to supply a number of dots representing 
 the vowels, which is well known to form one of the greatest impedi- 
 ments to quick writing, while upon others we have some knowledge 
 of, it would be impossible to convey the same words to paper so as to 
 be recognized at a future period. 
 
 MANCHESTER COURIER. 
 
 We have examined with some attention the system of Stenogra- 
 phy invented and taught by Mr. Towndrow, and we are of the opinion 
 that it will be found eminently serviceable to those who wish to study 
 the Art. In some points it is superior to any system that we have seen < 
 
 BOSTON MORNING POST. 
 
 Mr. Towndrow's system of Stenography is the most perfect one 
 ever invented, and he is one of the most agreeable and gentlemanly in- 
 structors that ever taught abbreviations. 
 
 BOSTON MORNING NEWS. 
 
 We do not know how it is with other folks ; but for our?elf ther e 
 is no greater satisfaction to be found in the whole range of literary 
 pleasures, than to be able to take down a speech as it falls warm from 
 the lips of an extemporaneous speaker. It is then that the peculiar- 
 ities of the individual slip out unperceived by the orator himself, and 
 are probably forgotten by the majority of his audience. Ihe science 
 of Stenography obviates the latter misfortune. It gives us the por- 
 trait of the speaker's mind exactly as it is the glowing thought, the 
 impassioned apostrophe; the sudden transitions are caught and faith- 
 fully represented by this divine science, before they have had time 
 to cool and degenerate into common-place diction beneath the hand 
 of the exhausted orator who prepares his speech for the press. Sten- 
 ography has power to represent the speaker's mind j ust as it looked 
 while he Avas delivering his discourse it lets us into his heart by a 
 direct road. We regret that our limits will not permit us to do full 
 
TESTIMONIALS XXV 
 
 justice to this very interesting subject, but we know of one who is 
 able to achieve what we are incompetent to do. We allude to Mr' 
 Townclrow \v!io has given us such information with respect to his 
 present system as renders it mathematically certain to our mind, that 
 it is superior to any other known. The elementary sounds are repre- 
 sented by the simplest signs an improvement never before attempted 
 and a number of words may be connected with the greatest facil- 
 ity ; and the whole read with ease. This last crowns the whole as 
 every stenographer must be aware. For further information we refer 
 the reader to Mr. Towndrew himself, whose patience in explaining 
 his system, and whose urbanity and pleasing manners, render him 
 one of the most agreeable as well as able teachers we have ever seen. 
 
 BOSTON AMERICAN TRAVELLER. 
 
 We welcome the return to this country of Mr. Towndrow, the 
 accomplished Professor of Stenography, and author of a celebrated 
 Guide to the Art of Short-Hand Writing. A new edition of his trea- 
 tise was lately published in England and a portion of it received here. 
 The improvements he has made in the system, are well worthy the 
 attention of the student,and give the stamp of pre-eminence to his work. 
 
 ZION'S HERALD, OF BOSTON. 
 
 A fine opportunity is now presented to youns persons in this city, 
 by the return of Mr. Towndrow from England, to acquire the useful 
 accomplishment of Short-Hand Writing. We became acquainted 
 with this gentleman upon his first visit to this country, and from the 
 success which attended his instructions then given, we have the ut- 
 most confidence in his ability to teach stenography, and the superior 
 advantages of his improved syst $m. This system enables the reporter, 
 not only to record the exact words as delivered by any public speaker, 
 but also every peculiar expression made use of by him, as pronounced, 
 and to preserve all in a legible form, so as to be read at any future 
 period, with the greatest ease and facility. 
 
 BOSTON MERCHANTILE JOURNAL. 
 
 T. Towndrow, who is well known for his success in teaching the 
 art of writing Short-Hand, has just put forth the second edition of a 
 book entitled, " A complete Guide to the Art of Short-Hand Writing, 
 being an entirely new and comprehensive system of representing the 
 elementary sounds of the English language in stenographic charac- 
 
XXVi TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 ters." Mr. Towndrow's system has met with approbation of persons 
 versed in the art, and is probably the most perfect mode of Short- 
 Hand writing extant. To those who wi*h to become adepts in this 
 valuable accomplishment, we recommend Mr. Towndrow's book 
 this, with a due share of patience and perseverance, will soon qualify 
 one to exercise this accomplishment with great facility. 
 
 BOSTON ATLAS. 
 
 Mr. Towndrow. professor and teacher of stenography, lias just 
 introduced to the notice of the American public, a new system of writ- 
 ing Short-Hand. We know something of thfe art, and having attentive- 
 ly examined Mr. T's method, can say that it possesses many advan- 
 tages over any other we have seen. It is simple, neat and beautiful- 
 giving the exact sound of all the vowels and diphthongs in the lan- 
 guage, without obliging the writing to lift his pen, even when taking 
 down the longest word. Mr. T., we are glad to learn, is wsll encour- 
 aged. 
 
 BOSTON DAILY EVENING TRANSCRIPT. 
 
 Mr. Towndrow b the most ready Stenographer, and the best in- 
 structor of the art in the United States. 
 
 BALTIMORE DAILY GAZETTE. 
 
 We have lately had an interview with an eminent teacher of Ste- 
 nography now in this city Mr. Towndrow, of whose merits we have- 
 seen the most nattering testimonials in the Boston papers, some time 
 before his arrival among us. From a long conversation with Mr. T., 
 and an attentive examination of several works on the art of Stenogra- 
 phy, which he has published, we feel fully justified in recommending 
 him to the favorable notice of the public. His system is undoubtedly 
 a very great improvement upon all which have preceded it, and has 
 been the result of a long and assiduous practice of his profession. In 
 a country like ours, where legislative bodies are so numerous,and where 
 conventions and public meetings are held, and addresses delivered 0:1 
 all occasions, it would seem almost unnecessary to dwell on the ad- 
 vantages of a knowledge of Stenography but the art has been,liither- 
 to, but little cultivated. We can imagine no other cause for this neg- 
 lect, than the tediousness and insufficiency of the old systems of Short- 
 Hand, a theoretical knowledge of wh'u-h, however accurate, lecl to no 
 advantages in practice corresponding to the labor of acquiring it, ' 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 xxvil 
 
 We are informed that some of the most distinguished reporters of 
 speeches in our country, owe their proficiency, like Mr. Towndrow^ 
 to the expedients which their own experience has suggested to them, 
 independent of the knowledge to be obtained in any treatise heretofore 
 published. But we think that little more than a glance at the system 
 of Mr. T. will be sufficient to convince any one that he can accom- 
 plish all that he promises. We have no doubt that his mode of teach- 
 ing will be speedily adopted in schools, and Stenography made a branch 
 of common education. 
 
 FROM A CLASS IN FALL RIVER. 
 
 FALL RIVER, MASS., May 29th, 1840. 
 MR. TOWNDROW, 
 
 DEAR SIR. The undersigned, members of your Stenographic 
 Class, upon the completion of their studies, tender to you their sincere 
 thanks for the promptness, attention and assiduity with which you 
 have performed your duties as our instructor. The common difficul- 
 ties which accompany all attempts to instruct pupils in anything of 
 which they are entirely ignorant, was in our case attended with anoth- 
 er, the total ignorance of each other by teacher and pupils. But from 
 your affability to us, we forgot that our acquaintance was of short 
 duration, and this feeling, no doubt, contributed to assist us in our 
 studies very materially. 
 
 We are going to part from each other ; we may never meet you 
 again, collectively or individually ; but our good wishes go with you. 
 And whether such pleasure be in store for us or not, we hope that each 
 of us, tutor and pupil, may so incline to the path of virtue, that we 
 may meet if not here, in that world to which that path eternally leads. 
 We are dear sir, 
 
 Yours, very respectfully, 
 
 SIGNED BY 12 STUDENTS. 
 UNITED STATES GAZETTE. 
 
 We have had an interview with Mr. Towndrow, the author of a 
 small book entitled "A Complete Guide to the Art of Writing Short- 
 Hand, being an entirely new and comprehensive System of Represent- 
 ing the Elementary Sounds of the English Language in Stenographic 
 Characters." Of this work, we may say as of most other treatises on 
 Stenography, that it aims to advance a much neglected art, but, in our 
 
XXVlll TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 opinion, Mr. Towndrow lias accomplished a real and valuable object 
 in the introduction of all vowel and diphthongal sounds, without the 
 multiplication of characters, and in such a manner that those who are 
 acquainted with the system may at any time read the stenography of 
 others. 
 
 We wish that the trustees of our colleges and high schools would 
 introduce stenography among the regular pursuits of the classes, and 
 have it so cultivated that each pupil should be able to read the writing 
 of the others. 
 
 BOSTON TRANSCRIPT. 
 
 Mr. Towndrow has given us such information with respect to his 
 present system of Short-Hand, as renders it mathematically certain to 
 our mind that it is superior to any other known. The elementary 
 sounds are represented by the simplest signs an Improvement never 
 before attempted, and the writing can be read with ease. This last 
 crowns the whole, as every Stenographer must be aware. 
 
 BOSTON GAZETTE. 
 
 We have taken the opinion of those who are greater proficients in 
 Short-Hand than ourselves, and they tell us that Mr. Towndrow's sys- 
 tem is based upon principles at once simple and comprehensive, and 
 that it embodies all that is necessary to render any one a ready and 
 complete Stenographer. 
 
 FROM MR. ABXER KNEELAND, OF BOSTON. 
 
 Towndrow's Guide to Short-Hand, has been recently put into my 
 hands, and for the time I have had to examine it, and so far as I am 
 capable of judging, I think it is the most perfect system of the kind I 
 have ever seen. 
 
 SHEFFIELD FIGARO. 
 
 From a long conversation with Mr. Towndrow, and an attentive 
 perusal of his Complete Guide to Short-Hand, we feel justified in rec- 
 ommending it to the favorable notice of the public. In his system of 
 Stenography, the method of expressing the vowels by means of dots 
 which render the reading of stenography so very difficult, is entirely 
 obviated, having substituted for them characters which may be easily 
 introduced in any part of the word without lifting the pen. The theory 
 of sounds has never to our knowledge been so much acted upon as in 
 Mr. Towndrow's work, and certainly never so simply. 
 
Opinions on the Utility of Short-Hand. 
 
 " I should exhort all young men to learn that most useful art, 
 Short- Hand Writing, an art which I believe will one day be studied 
 as universally as common writing, and which will abridge the labor 
 of penmanship to a degree that will materially quicken the intercourse 
 of human thought." T. CAMPBELL, ESQ. 
 
 Late Lord Rector of Glasgow University. 
 
 " As it is usual to take 'notes, the attainment of Short- Hand will 
 give such a facility to your labors as to enable you to follow the most 
 rapid speakers with certainty and precision." 
 
 Letter from the late Mr. Dunning, to a Student in the Temple. 
 
 "The Art of Short-Hand, on account of its great and general 
 utility, merits a much higher rank among the arts than is commonly 
 allotted to it ; and is by no means unworthy the attention and study 
 of men of science and genius." Dr. Johnson. 
 
 The Rt. Hon. the Earl of-Morton, President of the Royal Society ; 
 the Lord Chancellor Pratt ; His Grace the Duke of Queensburg ; and 
 Dr. John Taylor, Chancellor of Lincoln, after receiving instructions 
 from Dr. Byrom, observe : "were the public so far acquainted with 
 the usefulness of this Art that it should be commonly received in their 
 intercourse with each other, taught early to youth, and practiced by 
 them when they became to be men of letters and business, the despatch 
 arising from it, and every other advantage, would increase in propor- 
 tion to its more general reception." 
 
 It is my conviction that the present rapid increase in knowledge 
 of ar.ts and sciences demands an increase also in facility of expressing 
 and communicating thought ; and that before long, this art will be- 
 come extensively practiced, and highly beneficial to the clergy, the 
 lawyer, the physician, student, mechanic and merchant; the process 
 of acquisition being more an amusement than a labor. 
 
 W. H. BEECHER. 
 
What Application Will Do. 
 
 Before entering upon the exercises of this interesting study, the 
 Author wishes the Student to peruse the following lines on "Applica- 
 tion," from the pen of the late Kev. Samuel Davenport, of Horsley, 
 Derbyshire, England. 
 
 " It is incredible how much may be done by diligence and assidu- 
 ity. The present state of the world, enlightened by arts and sciences, 
 is a living proof, that difficulties, seemingly insuperable, and under- 
 takings imagined to be impossible, may be accomplished. This con- 
 sideration ought to be no mean spur to industry and application. We 
 are not acquainted with the strength of our own minds till we exer- 
 cise them, nor to what length our abilities will carry us, till we put 
 them to the trial Men who want resolutinn, often desist from enter- 
 prises, when they have more than half effected their purpose: They 
 are discouraged by difficulties and disappointments, which ought rath- 
 er to excite their ardor, and redouble the vigor of their efforts to suc- 
 ceed Let any one consider with attention the structure of a common 
 engine to raise water. Let him observe the intricacy of the machin- 
 ery, and behold in what vast quantities one of the heaviest el-.-ments 
 is forced out of its course ; and then reflect how aiany experiments 
 must have been tried in vain, ho;v many obstacles must have been 
 overcome, before a frame of such wonderful variety in its parts, could 
 have been put together ; after which, let him pursue his own enter- 
 prises, not without hopes of success in the end, while he supports the 
 spirit of industry by considering how much may be done by patience 
 and ingenuity." 
 
The Advantages of Having a Teacher. 
 
 Although this Text Book contai is all the instruction that is neces- 
 sary to impart a thorough knowledge of Short-Hand, much time can be 
 saved in its acquisition by the assistance which a competent teacher 
 can render. In fact a teacher may be considered in the light of a guide- 
 post to a person traveling in a strange section of country. When he 
 comes to a point where there are divergent roads, and no guide-post 
 to aid him in determining him by which he ought to proceed on his 
 journey, the traveler slackens his pace and moves forward in doubt 
 and uncertainty as to whether he is on the right or wrong track ; 
 whereas the presence of a guide-post at the proper place would have 
 removed all his doubts, and encouraged him to put forth all his ener- 
 gies in reducing the distance before him, with the full consciousness 
 that he is on the right road to his destination. Just so it is with a stu- 
 dent under the guidance of a competent teacher ; he pursues his study 
 with the full assurance that whatever he does, is done correctly that 
 he is making no mistakes, and will not have to take a back-track, and 
 try to undo that which he may have previously done. 
 
 Another point a very important one, gained by having a teacher, 
 is that of saving time in acquiring the Art. 
 
 On the supposition that a majority of those who commence the 
 study, contemplate putting their knowledge to practical and remuner- 
 ative account as soon as possible, the saving of one, two, or three 
 months' time will enable them to obtain just so many months' com- 
 pensation for their services in any position they may secure, theieby 
 more than offsetting the cost of instruction, besides rendering the task 
 or acquisition easier and pleasanter. 
 
MISS GRACIE E. TOWNDROW, 
 
 Seventh Avenue, between First & Second Sts- 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, N. Y., 
 
 Most respectfully offers her services as an Instructor in this ; 
 her father's original system of Short-Hand. 
 
 Instead of teaching by classes, composed of pupils in 
 various stages of advancement ; where the diligent student is 
 retarded in the acquisition of the Art, by the less progressive 
 one, she devotes her personal attention to each pupil at separ- 
 ate hours, and thus insures the best results attainable by them 
 respectively. 
 
 Reference given to those who have placed -themselves 
 under her in instruction in regard to her method of teaching 
 and their own proficiency. Terms $10 for a complete course 
 of lessons. 
 
 TOWNDROW'S 
 
 For catalogues, indexes, reference notes, records of current 
 events, etc., where additions, changes and classification are 
 desired. No limit of time embraced, space required, or num- 
 ber of subjects introduced. Manufactured in any form, size 
 or style, by the Inventor and Original Patentee. 
 
 T. TOWNDROW, 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, WESTCHESTER CO., N. Y. 
 
 File Covers, for letters, pamphlets, printed forms of real es- 
 tate agents, &c., made upon same principle. 
 
TO THE LEARNER. 
 
 As the perusal of a particular remark may frequently simplify 
 the mode of expressing certain words, it has been deemed expedient 
 to number each distinct character, observation, rule, &c., in regular 
 order without any regard to classification, so that reference may be 
 most conveniently made to th-j same. 
 
 With a very large proportion of learners there is an unfortunate 
 perverseness to finish a letter or word with a sort of flirting or flourish" 
 ing movement of the pen, which completely destroys their shape and 
 renders it extremely difficult to read them. Avoid all carelessness in 
 the formation of your characters, if you wisli to succeed as a Short- 
 Hand writer. 
 
 In the present system of Short-Hand it is unnecessary to use ruled 
 paper, although no objection can be made to its use ; and the majority 
 of learners, and even experts will doubtless greatly prefer it. 
 
 Another advantage possessed by this system is that it is unnecessary 
 to shade certain signs, in order to distinguish them from others of the 
 same form and size, nor is it necessary to vary the position of charac- 
 ters to designate a preceding or following vowel or signification, that 
 is, to commence the formation of a consonant character one or two 
 spaces above the line, on the line or one or two spaces below the real 
 or imaginary writing line ; my rule being simply to allow the lowest 
 point of single signs and the principal portion of a word composed of 
 more than one alphabetical sign to stand upon the real or imaginary 
 writing line. 
 
 Materials for Writing. 
 
 1. The learner is recommended to use a drawing pencil of good 
 quality and medium hardness, or a pliable gold pen, with fountain at- 
 tachment ; and even when preferring to write with a pen, the student 
 will find it advisable to prepare for any emergency, by providing him- 
 self with five or six pencils with their points ready for use, in a prop- 
 er case, which can be obtained at almost any stationery store, as an 
 accident may occur to the pen, or tho points of one or two pencils may 
 break at an inopportune moment. 
 
34 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 2. Whether writing with a pen or pencil, paper having a smooth 
 service, but not too highly glazed or sized, ought to be selected. The 
 use of rough paper soon wears out the point of the most valuable pen, 
 and it is impossible to long retain a line point to any pencil when 
 writing upon rough paper, consequently the strokes are made larger 
 and thicker than they ought to be, which not only inpedes the process 
 of rapid writing, but leads to a habit of forming the characters in a 
 careless manner, and thereby naturally impairs the legibility of the 
 manuscript. 
 
 3. In purchasing note books, see that they are of convenient size 
 to be put in and taken out of the pocket, and not exceeding half an 
 inch in thickness. Also observe that they will open freely to the back. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR HOLDING THE PEN OR PENCIL. 
 
 4. Let the end of the long finger be placed about half or three 
 quarters of an inch from tie point of the pen or pencil, and the end of 
 the thumb opposite that of the forefinger thus holding it much more 
 erect than is usual in c :>mmon writing, so that it may be moved in any 
 direction with ease and facility. 
 
 About Learning the Consonants, &c. 
 
 5. The student should, first of all, acquire a familiar knowledge of 
 the characters representing the Consonants, and a few Double Conso- 
 nants used in this system of Short-Hand ; so as to make them correct- 
 ly as to their respective forms and sizes, also with the utmost degree 
 of facilitj'. This can be most readily accomplished by writing them 
 repeatedly, both in alphabetical order, and as classified according to 
 their relative similarity of form, &c., at the same time impressiug 
 upon the mind the names and form of each. 
 
 6. The learner must not be too anxious to write expeditiously at 
 lir-r or he will be sure to make "more haste than good speed." Let 
 his first aim be to form the characters with neatness and accuracy; and 
 expedition cannot fail to ensue ; as Mr. Molineux correctly observes 
 
 " Learn to write well, all other graces, 
 Will soon fill up their proper places." 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 
 
 How the Consonants are Represented. 
 
 7. The Consonants and Double Consonants used in this system of 
 Short-Hand are represented as follows : B. ; D. / ; F. C or ?; G. 
 c_ ; H. -~\ or \J; J. < ; K. O or ^ ; L. ); M. r\ 5 N. ^ ', F- 
 
 \; Q. 7; R.<^; S. I ; T. ; V. C or } , W. <T\ or LX ; X. 
 
 'X or <\ ; Y. S ; Z. X 1 ; Ch. /; Sh. / or \ ; Th. - - ; 
 
 Wh. f. 
 
 8. C. except as the initial letter of a name, is rejected in this sys- 
 tem, as it is also in almost all others ; and substituted by. K or S, ac- 
 cording to its hard or soft sound. See exposition of (7. JTand S, on 
 subsequent pages. 
 
 9. Always commence with the curve or hook in forming g. j. g. r. 
 x. y. z. ch. and wh. The curve or hook of the r character is omitted 
 however, when joined with other letters, making a simple oblique line 
 up, 'as in V. pr, /^. rp, &c. 
 
 10. F, h, Jc, v, w, x and sh, are each represented by two distinct 
 characters, in order that they may be more readily combined with 
 other letters than they would be if confined to either form, writing mk 
 
 thus rf\ , rk thus ^ , &c. 
 
 11. The Double consonants, ch, sh, th and wh, being of frequent 
 occurrence, special characters have been assigned to represent them. 
 
 12. The learner desiring further information respecting any of the 
 letters or signs, will probably obtain it by referring to an exposition 
 of the same ; for which consult the Index. 
 
 13. The foregoing consonant signs may be classified as follows : 
 
 Th. -1 ; T. ; S. | ; D. /; P.\; Sh. /or \ ; G. <_ ; 
 
 J. c-- Q. T; Wh. f X. \ or ^ ; Y. ^ ; Z. xO; Ch. ^ ; R. /; 
 
 B. C; L. ^ ; M. ^; N. ^; H. ^ or V; F. <? or 3; K. ^ 
 
 or <iS V. ( or } ; W. 
 
36 TOWXDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 Directions for Joining the Characters. 
 
 14. When the learner has become so far acquainted with the Steno- 
 graphic characters, as to write them with ease and facility, he may 
 learn the method of joining them together, in the neatest and quick- 
 est possible manner. 
 
 15. In joining Short- Hand characters together, the first is general- 
 ly made as if no other was to be written, and the next (without lifting 
 the pen) from the last point of the first, as if it had not been there ; 
 for instance, in order to join the letters n s t, together, first mike the 
 semi-circle for n, \j ; then without taking off the pen, draw down the 
 s from the last part of the n, thus ^i , ns, to which add the short hori- 
 zontal line for t, thus H_ , nst, and so on in like manner with nearly 
 all the rest. 
 
 16. All unnecessary curves and angles must b ; avoided ; one let-, 
 ter being made to run into another as much as possible ; for instance, 
 where two reverse semi-circles occur together, neither of them need 
 to be made complete, but a small portion must be cut off each, as in 
 
 the following examples : r*J mn, V^\ nm, ^-^ bnk. &c. In the 
 same manner, all letters lose a portion when preceding any character 
 which commences with a loop or ring ; by which means a great sav- 
 ing of time is effected, and a general uniformity is preserved in the 
 writing. 
 
 17. Let all the characters that are used in expressing a word be 
 joined together without raising the pen, except Avhen d,p, s or t, occurs 
 twice in immediate succession. See exposition of those letters. 
 
 Mode of Spelling. 
 
 17. In writing Short-Hand, no particular regard need be paid to 
 the usual method of spelling. Use such characters only in writing a 
 word, as may be indispensably necessary to give the sound thereof; 
 all silent letters will then be omitted, and one letter frequently sub- 
 stituted for another. 
 
 19. As examples in spelling will doubtless do more to initiate the 
 learner into the method he must necessarily pursue in the practice of 
 Stenography, than numerous rules and exceptions, upward of one 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAiS'D. o7 
 
 thousand have been selected, and arranged in subsequent Exercises, 
 embracing the various combinations of letters, to which are annexed 
 . all the words they respectively express. 
 
 20. The following extract of a letter written by Major Jack Down- 
 ing, to his old friend, Mr. Dwight, of the New York Advertiser, not- 
 withstanding the singularity of the production, furnishes (in the word 
 Asia,) an admirable illustration of the liberty Avhich Stenographers fre- 
 quently take with the orthography of our language. 
 
 " I only wish I had gone to school a leetle more when I was a 
 boy. If I had, my letters now would make folks crawl all over : but 
 if I had been to school all my lifetime, I know I never could be able 
 to write more honestly than I have. I am, sometimes puzzled most 
 p'.aguily to git words to tell jest exactly what I think, and what It 
 know : and when I git'em I don't know exactly how to speU'em but 
 so long as I git the sound, I'll let other folks git the sense on't pretty 
 much as our old frien I down to Salem, who bilt a big ship to go to 
 China he call'd her the 'Asha.' Now there is sich a thing as folks 
 knowin too much ; all tho lamed ones was puzzled to know who ' Ashal 
 was ; and they never would know to this day what it ment, if the 
 owner of the ship hadn't tell'd 'em that China was in 'Asha.' 'Oh' 
 ah!' says the lamed folks, 'we see now but that ain't the way to spell 
 it.' 'What,' says he, 'if A-s-h-a don't spell AsTia, what on earth does 
 it spell? And that stump'd 'em." 
 
 It is seldom necessary to write an initial vowel except in mono- 
 syllables such as ant, apt, ask, ell, end, err, ill, imp, ink, odd. orb. 
 own, urge, urn, use, etc., in which cases it will be found easier and 
 more legibly expressed by the loop and line characters assigned to 
 represent them, than by placing detached marks in particular posi- 
 tions, or by writing the consonant characters (or outlines as the Pho- 
 nographers call them), in assigned positions to designate the omitted 
 vowels. 
 
 To express a vowel or diphthong in the middle or at the end of 
 a word, the loop and line character assigned to represent it, is almost, 
 if not quite,as readily formed, as it would be to draw a simple straight 
 
 line; as for example Co me- is written almost as readily as o/ mr, 
 
 ^ ne, is written as readily as Vrf \np, V po, as readily as V 
 pr. thus showing that the loop or ring forms no impediment in writing 
 the two letters, whereas, according to almost every ether system of 
 
 448518 
 
38 TOWUDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 short-hand, it would be necessary to take off the pen and make a de- 
 tached mark to denote the vowel. 
 
 The student must constantly bear in mind that the primary ob- 
 ject to be gained is to know how to write words correctly, both as to 
 the characters used, and the perfection of their respective forms : and 
 then to write them so frequently that each word becomes so thorough- 
 ly familiar to the eye and mind of the writer that he can pen them 
 down as fast as they flow naturally tromthe lips of a speaker. 
 
 It may be proper here to remark that the learner must not for a 
 moment suppose because some simple words may each require three, 
 four or even five movements of the pen to write them, that longer 
 words require a proportionably larger number of motions of the pen 
 to express them ; such not bein the case : for instance, the word 
 
 pride is written thus : *7 , while the word interment is written thus: 
 
 v>\ , countermand thus : Q -^, comprehend thus : .JV-N > etc . , accord- 
 ing to rules hereafter given. 
 
 In order to obviate the necessity heretofore experienced, in fre- 
 quently turning over the leaves of a Text-Book from the rules or in- 
 structions to the exercises prepared or selected for the learner's prac- 
 tice ; and from the exercises to the rules ; it is deemed preferable to 
 issue the Instructions or Kules and exercises in separate parts, so that 
 both may be opened and kept immediately before the student at any 
 stage of his progress, while he is devoting his attention to the subject. 
 
 Exposition of the Consonants. 
 
 21. B. is represented in the present system of Stenography, by a 
 
 small vertical semi-circle, thus, C , the reverse of I always commenc- 
 ing at the top. 
 
 22. Bb. To express bb, the character for 5, must be written twice 
 without lifting the pen. 
 
 23. Be, forming a distinct syllable at the. beginning of a word, 
 must be expressed by making the character for &. twice its usual size, 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 39 
 
 writing - a ^ s fre-km for Secanie and become. 
 
 24. B may be omitted in such words as de&t, dou&t, dum&, tomS, 
 Jbc. 
 
 2o. C. The hard sound of c, as heard in calm, cap, cost, cup, &c., 
 is represented by K. and the soft sound in such words as celestial 
 cent, ce tain. &c., by s, writing kst for cast, caste, and cost ; krv, for 
 carve and curve ; srtn for certain, &c. 
 
 20. C. To represent C, as the initial of a name, use the ch charac- 
 ter distinguished as such by a grave accent placed over the same, as 
 
 in I/ A "J! C. H. Chase. 
 
 27. Ch. For the expression of ch, see exposition of Double (Jon- 
 sonants. 
 
 28. D, is represented by a short oblique line, thus /, the reverse 
 
 of p, in all cases commencing at the top. Examples ^\ dmp, <^ 
 dk, &c. 
 
 29. Dd must be expressing by making the character for d twice, 
 
 separately, as in /O ddn for deaden, G~// kndd for candid, &c. 
 
 30. D, at the end of words has frequently the sound of t which 
 letter may, in such cases, be substituted for the former, when more 
 conveniently joined with preceding character ; writing dstrst for dis- 
 tressed ; xprst for expressed, A.C. 
 
 31. D, may be omitted in such words as friendship, landlord, land- 
 scape, &c. 
 
 32. F, is represented by two distinct characters, each composed of 
 
 a small loop or ring and a small vertical semi-circle, thus C and 3 ; 
 leaving the writer at liberty to use either as may be found most easily 
 
 joined with the preceding or following character, as in v pf, 2_ 1ft, 
 tc. 
 
 33. For ff, write either of the /characters twice, without raising 
 the pen, as may be most conveniently joined to the preceding or fol 
 lowing character. 
 
 34. F, must always be substituted for gh, and ph, in such words as 
 cough, laugh, rough, tough, phantom, pheasant, philosophy, &c. 
 
 31 G, is represented by a small descending <;urve or hook and 
 
40 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 short horizontal line, thus c , the reverse of j, as in , gel ; l r ^ J 
 
 gmn, <tc. The soft sound of g may be expressed by j in such words 
 as gem, gender, giant, gibbet, gipsey, &c. 
 
 36. G and rjh, being silent in ^nat, phlegm, feign, retyn, resign, 
 li<?ht, si</ht, etc., may be omitted in those words. 
 
 37. Gh, occurring together and having the sound of/, as heard in 
 enough, trough, &c., must be substituted by/. 
 
 38. Gg. To express gg, make the character for g, twice without 
 lifting the pen thus 't_ , as in the words gag and gig, giggle, &c. 
 
 39. II. Two distinct characters have been appopriated to repre- 
 sent this letter not only to render it more convenient in combination 
 with others, but also to afford a ready means of expressing the present 
 and past tenses of the auxiliary verb to have. See word signs, class 
 A.I. 
 
 40. n. Each of the characters representing h, consists of a large 
 horizontal semi-circle, the first one being made twice the size of m, 
 thus f^, and the second one twice the size of ?i thus \_y, leaving the 
 writer at liberty to use either, as may be found most easily joined to 
 
 the preceding or following character, as in <-f ha, o^. lie, <'^o 
 
 ho, Tr Tin. 
 
 41. J, which has a perfect uniformity of sounds, (except in halle- 
 lujah) is represented by a small ascending curve or hook and short 
 
 horizontal line thus c , the reverse of g, as in *""* jigge''> &c. 
 
 42. J, may be substituted for g when the latter has a soft sound 
 in such words as gem, gin, ginger, gypsy, &c. 
 
 43. K, is represented by two characters, each composed of a small 
 
 loop or ring, and small semi-circle, thus ^ and thus ^ ; either of 
 which may be used, according to its most ready combination with other 
 
 SiS 
 letters, as in < jkr, (~ti~\ mk, ~~^J*~/ tnk, C- 
 
 44. Kk. Either of the characters for Tc may be written twice with- 
 out raising the pen, for kk. 
 
 45. K, must be substituted for c, and ch, in such words as care, 
 case, curse, chaos, chasm, character, <fcc. 
 
 46. K, may be omitted when preceding n, in the same syllable, in 
 such words as nave, nee, inock, &c. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 41 
 
 47. L, is represented by a small vertical semi-circle, thus s , the 
 
 reverse of b, always commencing at the top, as in <ujylnk, '-' Itr, &c. 
 
 48. LI. To express II, the character for Z must be written twice 
 without raising the pen, as in \Q prll for parallel, &c. 
 
 49. Lr, To express Ir make the semi-circular character for I twice 
 
 its regular size thus ") as in <y Irnd for learned. 
 
 50. L, may be omitted in such words as calf, calm, palm, salve, 
 t - lk, walk, &<. 
 
 51. M, i? represented by a small semi-circle, thus -n , the reverse 
 
 of n, as in mrk 'r* , mrl /*vO. 
 
 52. Mm. To express mm, wiite the character for m twice without 
 lifting the pen, as in > r "vx^ mimic, &c. 
 
 53. N, is represented by*a small semi-circle thus W , the reverse 
 
 of m as in ^f~ nrg, v~' ntr, <fcc. 
 
 54. Nn. To express nn, write the character for n twice without 
 
 raising the pen, as in j Inn for linen, &c. <T\M_/ knn for cannon, 
 &c. 
 
 55. N, may be omitted in such words as hymn, kiln, autunrn, sol- 
 emn, &c. 
 
 56. P, is represented by a short oblique line, drawn down from 
 
 left to right, thus \ , the reverse of d< as in \> png, \A prs, fec. 
 
 57. P, when preceded by x, is expressed by drawing the stem line 
 
 "S. 
 
 of the character representing x twice its regular length, as in \/j 
 xprs for express, &c. 
 
 58. P may always be omitted in such words as pneumatics, psalms, 
 tempt, raspberry, receipt, redemption, &c. 
 
 59. Ph, except when silent, must be substituted by/or v, as in the 
 words ne;?Aew, phantom, ^Mlosopher, &c. 
 
 60. Pp. To express pp, tlie character representing p, must b'j 
 
 written twice thus Vv as in 
 
42 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 61. Q, is represented by a small curve or hook and short perpen- 
 dicular line, thus 1 , the reverse of wh P as in <A qk, &c. 
 
 62. Qu, may be frequently substituted by , writing <^j>S' knkr 
 
 for canker and couquer, f*v mrk for mark and marque, &c. 
 
 63. Cu frequently sound like q, and may in such cases be express" 
 ed by the latter, writing y qr for cure, / seqr for secure, ^o l-o- 
 
 V 
 
 q-shun, for elocution, Ac. 
 
 64. R, when joined with other letters, except in words beginning 
 with the syllable re, is represented by a simple oblique line, thus / , 
 the same as d, with this exception ; d is always made down from right 
 to left, while r must in all cases be an up stroke from left to right, as 
 
 in <X dk, J^ rk, l*>> drk. 
 
 65. Re, forming a distinct syllable at the beginning of a word, 
 
 must be expressed by the character representing r thus , in all cases 
 
 commencing with the curve or hook in its formation, as in *^> rebl, 
 
 for rebel, <1 repos, for repose, &c. 
 
 66. The same character is also written simply to express the words 
 are, art, and or. See word Signs, Class A. 
 
 67. Rr. To express rr, first make the simple oblique line, up 
 
 thus / , then join the other character representing r, to the terminal 
 
 / / / 
 
 point of the former, thus / , writing - mrr fo r mirror ; - 
 trr for terror. Rr may also be expressed by writing the simple line 
 character for r twice separately when more convenient or distinct, as 
 
 in ^/^~ tr-rnt for torrent, &c. 
 
 68. 8, is represented by a short perpendicular line thus I , always 
 
 commencing at the top, as in U sng, ~~K tsk, &c. 
 
 69. 8. being silent in demesne, isle, island, viscount, &c., must be 
 omitted in those words. 
 
 70. S, has frequently the sound of sh, and should be substituted 
 by the latter, writing Asha for Asia, Prsha for Persia, shur for su e, 
 shugr for sugar, &c. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 43 
 
 71. Ss, may le expressed by making the character for s twice sep- 
 arately, thus || or by drawing the perpendicular line for s twice its 
 
 regular length, thus as may be found most expedient. It is gen- 
 erally preferable to use the former after a down-stroke, and the latter 
 
 P <| 
 
 after an up-stroke, writing ' * asst for assist, ' ress for recess, 
 
 L re-sst for resist, &c. 
 
 72. Sh. Two distinct characters are assigned to represent the 
 double consonant sh, for which see exposition of the same. 
 
 73. T, is represented by a short horizontal line thus in all 
 
 cases to be drawn from left to right, as in ^ - tmt, A trst, &c. 
 
 74. T, may be omitted in such words as bustle, chasten, mortgage, 
 &c. 
 
 75. Tt. To express tt, the character for t, must always be written 
 
 twice separately, thus =, as in ^ ttl, for tattle and tittle ; ^ ttr 
 for tatter, tetter, titter and tetter, &c. 
 
 76. Th, occurring together, must be expressed by drawing the 
 
 horizontal line for t, twice its regular length, thus ~ , as in ^ 
 
 thm for them and thumb ; *-f thnk for thank and think, &c. 
 See exposition of Double Consonants. 
 
 77. F, is expressed by two characters, each composed of a small 
 
 loop or ring, and a large vertical semi-circle, thus C* and ) > twice the 
 size of those representing/, leaving the writer to use either as found 
 most readily joined to the preceding er following character ; as in 
 
 ^ gv, / lv, &c. 
 
 78. Vo, may be expressed by making either of the characters twice 
 without raising the pen. 
 
 79. W, Two distinct characters have been assigned to represent 
 this letter, each composed of a small loop or ring and semi-circle thus 
 
 4~\ and thus fc^ , twice the size of the characters repsenting Tc, always 
 commencing with the loop or ring ; using the one which will be most 
 readily joined to the preceding or following character; the former 
 
44 TOWIX'DROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 after a down stroke and the latter after an upstoke, as in ^v-\ swm, 
 
 C^frw. 
 
 80. TT. This letter is omitted in anszcer, sword, w?rap. wreck, write, 
 &c. 
 
 81. Wh. For wh, in such words as what, when, while, whist, &c., 
 a distinct character is appropriated. See exposition of the Double Con- 
 sonants. 
 
 82. X. Two characters are assigned to express the letter x, each 
 composed of a small curve or hook, and a short oblique line drawn 
 
 down from left to right thus and ^ . In combination with other 
 
 L\ sx 
 
 letters, used the one which can be most readily joined, as in 
 
 *V- txt, &c. 
 
 83. Xp are expressed by drawing the stem line of the x twice its 
 
 regular length, as in \/ xprt for expert and export, <!tc. 
 
 84, X, has the sound of 0, at the beginning of proper names, :..- 
 heard in -STanthus, .Xenophon, Xerxes, &c., and must be substituted by 
 that letter accordingly. 
 
 85. X, may generally be substituted for cfcs and cts at the ent". of 
 words, writing ax for acts and axe, fx for facts, fix and fox, <tc. 
 
 8(>. Y, at the beginning of a word or syllable, is represented by a 
 small curve or hook and short oblique line drawn down from right to 
 
 left, thus / , always commencing with the curve, as in L yt, 6 yr, 
 &c. 
 
 87. Y, must always be substituted for i in the final syllable of suck 
 words as billiards, collier, million, onion, &c. 
 
 88. Y. To express y, in such words as prej*, many, marry, type, 
 thyme, tyrant, &c., see exposition of the vowels a, e and i. 
 
 89. Z is represented by a small curve or hook, and short oblique 
 
 line drawn down from right to left, thus ' , in all cases commencing 
 
 at the curve or hook, as in /^/ zmr, <Lc. 
 
 90. Z, may frequently be substituted for s when it has the hard 
 hissing sound of the former. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 45' 
 
 91. Zh. The sound of zher and zhur, at the end of words are ex- 
 pressed by the z character with a dot under it as a qualifying point. 
 If the writer should prefer it, he may use either of the folio wing char- 
 acters (half-chain-links) /) or ^ to express such terminal sounds, as 
 
 in *V) or b> for azure ; /"ti^- 3 hosier, &c. 
 
 Exposition ot the Double Consonants. 
 
 92. Ch. The sound of ch, as heard in charm, chapter, child, 
 chosen, church, &c., is expressed thus i/, always commencing its for- 
 mation at the curve or hook, as in ^->~ chntfor chant, ./!__ chstfor 
 chest, &c. 
 
 93. Ch, having the hard sound like Jc, as in chaos, chasm, chorus, 
 school, &c., must in all such cases be expressed b} r that letter. 
 
 94. Ch, may be substituted by sJi, in such words as chagrin, chaise, 
 and chivalrous, and by q in choir, &c. 
 
 95. Sh. Two characters have been assigned to represent ah, the 
 
 first one being an oblique line twice the lenght of d thu / . It 
 may be niade either with a downward or upward stroke, as in r 
 
 dsh for dash or dish, 4r\ shk for shock. The other character rep- 
 resenting sh is an oblique line twice the length of p, thus \ , always 
 
 -v \ 
 
 made down, as in V shrt for shirt or short, o~ for shoot, &c. 
 
 96. Th. Both the flat and sharp sounds of th, are represented by 
 a horizontal line twice the lenght, of the t character, thus , as in 
 
 /. dth for death or doth, / thr for their or there. 
 
 97. Th-t. To express tht, write the latter t immediately under the 
 
 last half of the line representing th, as in :~ ^/ thtch for thatch, 
 
 TTTT./ ththr for thither, &c. 
 
 98. Wh. A small curve or hook and a short perpendicular line 
 
 made down thus f , is used to express wh, as in L wht for what, whet, 
 
46 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 whit, G whn for when or whin. 
 
 99. The first character representing h thus S*\ , must be written 
 instead of wh in such words as whole, wholesome, whoop, &c. 
 
 Exposition of the Vowels and Diphthongs. 
 
 100. The long slender sound of a as heard in age, aim, base, pare, 
 &c., is represented thus *) or thus f,as may be most conveniently 
 
 joined to the preceding character, as in K aim, I/ air, 7 da, T 
 nay, &c- 
 
 101. The long slender a must be substituted for ai, ay, ea, ei, and 
 ey in such words as aid, day, ray bear, reign, prey, &c. 
 
 102. The long Italian a as heard in alms, balm, calm, &c., is rep- 
 resented thus 1 , at the beginning of a word, making the circle or 
 ring of the character, twice the size of that representing the long 
 
 sound of a, as in \S^ ark, >^ ardor, &c. In the middle or at the end 
 of a word, the circle or ring may be formed on either side of the stem 
 
 line, as in ^ calm, &c. 
 
 103. The short Italian sound of a at the beginning of a word is 
 
 represented thus P , as in ^_ act, /^ attempt, &c. When it oc- 
 curs in the middle or at end of a word, the circle or ring, as in the case 
 of the long Italian a, can be formed on either side of the stem line 
 
 *f data, Q& fiat ^ iota, &c. 
 
 104. The same characters may be used to express au, in such 
 words as aunt, daunt, jaunt, laugh, launch, &c. 
 
 105. The broad German a, au, and aw, are expressed thus ex. or 
 
 ^ as in C N / author, \-/ daughter, v thaw, &c. 
 
 106. Oa and ou, have sometimes the sound of au, in which cases, 
 
 they should expressed by the same characters, writing ^^ braut, 
 
 for brought, ^ thaut, for thought, &c. 
 
 107. The long sound of e, at the beginning of a word is represent- 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 47 
 
 ed thus \ , as In V ear, <\_ eat, &c. 
 
 108. The short sound of e, at the beginning of a word is represent- 
 ed thus ^ as in i_ egg, ^/^ earn, &c. 
 
 109. The long or short sound of e when preceded by other charac- 
 ters, may be represented thus N or ^ , as may be most conveniently 
 joined, as in V der, for dear and deer, V rer, for rear, -J( tre, 
 
 for .tree, *^~ poet, ff ^\~ comet, c ^~. diet, &c. 
 
 110. E, must be substituted for the diphthongs ea, ee, ei, ey, i, and 
 y in such words as beast, beer, ceil, key, liege, &c. 
 
 111. /having the sound of e in such words as fatigue, intrigue, 
 marine, fancy, mercy, memory, c., must be expressed by e. 
 
 112. The long diphthong sound of i at the beginning of a word as 
 
 heard in ice, idol, c., is represented thuso-, as in /^ iron, 
 c ^ item, &c. 
 
 113. The short sound i at the begsnning of a word is represented 
 
 thus , as in ~^ ink, &c. 
 
 114. The long or short sound of i when preceded by other charac- 
 ters may be expressed thus c "- or thus , as in <^ for die or dye, 
 
 rid for pride, -// rid for ride, s^fr-f~\ mmik for mimic, 
 
 pnik for panic, &c. 
 
 115. The diphthongs ei, eye, ie, ui. and uy, also y, and ye sounding 
 like *, must be expressed by the latter, as in height, lie, lye, guide, 
 type, by, buy, &c. 
 
 116. For the expression of oi or oy, make the circle or ring of the 
 
 characters representing i twice the usual size, G~ and **- , as in 
 
 0-^s oint, ^~L/ oyster, | noise, &c. 
 
 117. The long open sound of o, as heard in old, open, hope, more, 
 
 &c., is represented / at the beginning of the word, and thus ft or 
 thus / when preceded by other characters, as in <f? ode, 
 mode, ni\ most, \j/ note, &c. 
 
48 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STEXOGRA.PHY, OR 
 
 118- The broad and short sounds of o as heard in orbit, order, ob- 
 ject, optics, &c., are represented thus J at the beginning of words, 
 and like the long open o thus 6 or thus *S when preceded by other 
 
 characters, as in orf odd, \~s grot, &c. 
 
 119. Oa, oe, oo, ou, ow, ew and eau sounding like long open o in 
 such words as boar, foe, floor, pour, slow, sew, beau, &c., must be ex- 
 pressed by the same characters, 
 
 120- The long close o and oo as heard in lose, loose, move, proye, 
 
 room, tool, c., must be expressed thus 6 or thus & t making the 
 circle or ring, portion of the characters twice the size of those repre- 
 
 senting the long open, broad and short sounds of o, as in /O moon, 
 
 M 
 
 O \ soop for soup. 
 
 121. The long close o or oo must be substituted for the diphthongs 
 eu, oe, ou, or wo, in such words as rheum, canoe, shoe, croup, soup, 
 two, e. 
 
 122. The long sound of u, is represented thus at the begin- 
 
 ning of words as in L* - unite and y\ usurp. 
 
 123. The short and broad sounds of u, at the beginning of words 
 
 are represented thus \ , as in " urge, -/ utter, &C. 
 
 124. The long, short and broad sounds of u when preceded by 
 
 other characters may be expressed thus or thus / , as in ^/ line, 
 
 fi pure, L-/ tutor, . gamut, &c. 
 
 125. IT, must be substituted for eu, ew, ue, ieu and iew in such 
 words as lieu, few, new, glue, view, &c. 
 
 126. Ue, must be omitted in such words as fatigue, intrigue. 
 oblique, &c., 
 
 127. The sound of the diphthongs ou and ow, as heard in hour, 
 
 sour, power, town. &c., is exeressed thus j> or thus /$ , making the 
 circle or ring portion of the characters twice the size of those repre- 
 
 senting u* as in ^ pout, - thou, L town, &c. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 49 
 
 128. It is rarely necessary to write a vowel before m, n, or x, at the 
 beginning of a word, as in embrace, impose, enchant, invest, expand, 
 express, <Src., the letters m, n, and x clearly indicating the sound of the 
 first syllables em, im, en, in ex, &c. 
 
 129. When a vowel character is used in the middle or at the end 
 of a word, it may almost invariably be understood to represent the 
 long sound, regardless of the position of the circle or ring, that is to 
 say, whether it Is on the right or left, upper or under side of stem line 
 as base, dare, day, nay, ded, red, si, tri, mon. 
 
 130. When two vowel characters occur in successive order in a 
 word, it may be taken for granted in nine cases out of ten, that the 
 first vowel has a long sound, and the second a short sound, as in Mas, 
 diet, duel, duet, lion, poet, stoic, &c. 
 
 131. The words re-elect, re-election and a few others form exceptions 
 to the above rule, both es having the long sound ; but it must be borne 
 in mind that only one is written, the first syllable re, being expressed 
 
 by the character r commencing with a curve or hook, thus * X re e- 
 
 lect, the last syllable being expressed by the suffix lect, as shown in a 
 subsequent page. In the words iodine, iota, and some other words, 
 both vowels have the long sound. 
 
 132. It being seldom necessary to express the short sound of a 
 vowel in the middle or at the end of a word, as before stated, it admits 
 of the use of the characters represented the short sounds of the vowels 
 for the long sounds when most conveniently joined to the preceding 
 characters. 
 
 Application of the Characters when written singly. 
 
 133. It will be observed on examination of the following tables of 
 Word Signs, that each of what are termed alphabetical characters is 
 assigned to denote a few words of frequent occurrence, of which it 
 forms the initial or most prominent sound, for instance I, stands for 
 le, been and J>y, d for do, does and done, m for am, me, my and may. It 
 will be necessary to acquire the utmost familiarity with the words 
 thus expressed, so as to be able, on hearing any of them spoken, to 
 note down the proper character without the least hesitation. 
 
50 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 134. It is probably that this application of the characters may at 
 first strike the student rather unfavorably ; as being likely to produce 
 confusion, and render the reading of Stenographic manuscript ex- 
 tremely difficult, such however will not prove to be the case, the num- 
 ber of worcs so represented by each being too limited to occasion any 
 impediment, for the context will always point out the words they 
 were respectively intended to express, which the following examples 
 will serve to illustrate. In the sentence, "TAe bird will fly,' it will be 
 seen that the character representing the also denotes at and to ; and 
 the character expressing the word trill, also denotes was and with, but 
 neither of the other words can be put together to make common sense. 
 Again in the expression 'Feed my sheep," the character representing 
 my, also denotes am, me, and may, but who is there that would tran- 
 scribe the three words, as feed am sheep, feed me sheep, or feed may 
 sheep ? 
 
 135. Each consonant, vowel and diphthongal sicn, in addition to 
 expressing a few words of which it forms the initial or most promi- 
 nent sound, by annexing simple distinguishing marks, can be advan- 
 tageously employed to express other words of common occurrence, 
 yet less frequent than those in Class A.; for instance the sign repre- 
 senting g < , in Class A. denotes go, goes and gone ; while in Class 
 B. the same character with a short line drawn across the stem line, 
 
 thus *+ is assigned to express glory, glorify, glorious and gloriously. 
 In Class C. the g sign with a short line drawn across the terminal 
 
 point of the stem line, thus < | is assigned to express the words genu- 
 ine, genuinely and genuineness. In Class D. tlie g sign with a very 
 short line or tick drawn down from the terminal point of the stem 
 
 line, thus t ~~ t , will express the words gratuitous, gratuitously, and grat- 
 uity. In Class E the g sign with a very short line or tick drawn from 
 
 the centre of the stem line, thus s is assigned to express the words 
 gradual, gradually and graduation. In Class F. of Words Signs, the 
 ^/character with a very small semi-circle or cresent-like mark, annexed 
 
 to the terminal point of the stem line, thus < ^ is assigned to express 
 
 the words grief, grieve, grievance, grievous, grievously, &c. The semi- 
 circle or cresent-like mark in this class may be turned in any direction 
 according to convenience and distinctness of combination. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 51 
 
 Proper Names to be Distinguished. 
 
 136. The names of persons, places, etc., must be distinguished as 
 such, from other words, by having the grave accent thus v placed 
 
 \ V \ 
 
 over them as in (siLA* / Byron, g\ Pope, r\^A_/ Manchester, y 
 \ 
 
 s^ , New York, &c. '1 he vowel o can be readily inserted in the words, 
 Byron and York, if preferred, in correspondence. 
 
 137. To represent the letter C, as the initial of the name of a per- 
 son, use the character Ch, with the grave accent placed over the same, 
 
 as in I/ /^x ^f C. H. Chase. 
 
 138. It will generally be sufficient to write the initial or leading- 
 sound, of any sacred term such as Lord, God, &c., but they must be 
 distinguished as such Yy placing the accute accent ' over them, thus 
 
 / / / ' 
 
 ~} Lord, c_l God, \ Almighty, < Jesus, r ~y^ Jehovah. ' 
 
 Marks of Punctuation, &c. 
 
 139. A period or full stop is denoted by a small cross thus x and 
 the end of a paragraph ~by a double cross or mark thus J A note of 
 Admiration or Exclamation thus "|", and a note of Interrogation thus 
 
 -|-; A clash by two commas, thus ,, and a colon and dash b> three 
 commas thus ,,, 
 
 140. The comma, semi-colon and colon, also quotation marks are 
 denoted by the marks used in ordinary long-hand writing. 
 
 141. For marginal notes and notes of reference, use the following 
 marks <> w < ;> A v < > . 
 
52 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 Word Signs Class A. i. 
 
 Tlio Consonant characters and t'.ic words they respectively denote. 
 
 142. 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 Be, T">een, by. 
 
 143. 
 
 I) 
 
 / 
 
 Do, dots, done. 
 
 144. 
 
 P 
 
 jQ 
 
 For, of. 
 
 145, 
 
 F 
 
 Q\ 
 
 From, if. 
 
 146. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Go, goes, gone. 
 
 147. 
 
 11 
 
 ^ 
 
 Has, hast, have. 
 
 148. 
 
 11 
 
 ^_s 
 
 He, had, hadst. 
 
 149. 
 
 J 
 
 c- 
 
 Judge,-d, judges, just. 
 
 150. 
 
 K 
 
 tf^ 
 
 Can, canst, know, knows. 
 
 151. 
 
 K 
 
 e^ 
 
 Could, couldst, knew, known. 
 
 152. 
 
 L 
 
 } 
 
 All, like, likes, likely. 
 
 153. 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
 Am, me, my, may. 
 
 154. 
 
 N 
 
 ^> 
 
 In, on, no. 
 
 155. 
 
 P 
 
 \ 
 
 Praise, praj , prays. 
 
 156. 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 Quiet, quietly, quietness, quantity. 
 
 157. 
 
 11 
 
 S 
 
 Are, art, or. 
 
 158. 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 As, is, us. 
 
 159. 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 To, at, the. 
 
 160. 
 
 V 
 
 e 
 
 Very, verily. 
 
 161. 
 
 V 
 
 2 
 
 Virtue, virtuous,-ly,-ness. 
 
 1C2. 
 
 w 
 
 <n 
 
 Was, with, will. 
 
 163. 
 
 w 
 
 e^ 
 
 We were, would. 
 
 164. 
 
 X 
 
 *\ i Exceed, exceeds, except, excepts. 
 
 105. 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 Expect, expects, example ,-s. 
 
 166. 
 
 Y 
 
 / 
 
 Ye, you, your, yours. 
 
 167. 
 
 rj 
 
 r 
 
 Zeal, zealou?,-ly, zealousness. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 
 
 53 
 
 Word Signs Class A. 2. 
 
 The Double Consonant characters and the words they respectively denote. 
 
 168. 
 
 Ch 
 
 </ 
 
 Much, such. 
 
 169. 
 
 Sh 
 
 / 
 
 Shall, shalt. 
 
 170. 
 
 Sh 
 
 \ 
 
 Should, shouldst. 
 
 171. 
 
 Th 
 
 . 
 
 Thee, they, that. 
 
 172. 
 
 Wh 
 
 r 
 
 Why, which. 
 
 The Vowels and Diphthongs, and the words they denote. 
 
 173. 
 
 A 
 
 i 
 
 A, any, alone. 
 
 174. 
 
 A 
 
 p 
 
 Again, against. 
 
 175. 
 
 Ah 
 
 9 
 
 Ah, ay, aye. 
 
 176. 
 
 Ah 
 
 P 
 
 Among, amongst. 
 
 177. 
 
 Au 
 
 <\ 
 
 Awe, alway, always. 
 
 278. 
 
 Au 
 
 o 
 
 Also, although. 
 
 170. 
 
 E 
 
 ^w 
 
 Even, evil, evils. 
 
 180. 
 
 E 
 
 ft 
 
 Ever, every. 
 
 181. 
 
 I 
 
 J '"" 
 
 [, eye, eyes. 
 
 182. 
 
 
 It, its, itself. 
 
 183. 
 
 Oi 
 
 cr- 
 
 Destroy ,-ed,-s,-inj. 
 
 184. 
 
 Oi 
 
 Q_ 
 
 Employ, -ed,-s,-er, ii)g,-ment. 
 
 185. 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 0, oh, owe, owing, only. 
 
 18G. 
 
 
 
 c/ 
 
 Off, oft, often. 
 
 187. 
 
 Oo 
 
 o 
 
 Who, whom, whose. 
 
 188. 
 
 Oo 
 
 C/ 
 
 Other, others, otherwise. 
 
 189. 
 
 D 
 
 ? 
 
 Usual, usually, usualness. 
 
 190. 
 
 u 
 
 x 
 
 Up, upon, upwaids. 
 
 191. 
 
 Ou 
 
 9 
 
 SI 
 
 Hour, hours, hourly. 
 
 192. 
 
 Oil f 
 
 Our, ours, ourselves. 
 
54 TOWXDROWS TEXT-BOOK OF STKXOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 Word Signs Class B. i. 
 
 The Consonant with cross-line, and the -words they denote. 
 
 193. 
 
 B 
 
 e 
 
 Between, betwixt. 
 
 194. 
 
 D /- 
 
 Dividers, divided, divuliu^. 
 
 19o, 
 
 F 
 
 Facetious, facetiously, facetiousness. 
 
 196. 
 
 F 9- 
 
 Father, fatherly. 
 
 197. 
 
 G 
 
 H- 
 
 Glory, glorify ,-ing, glorious, &c. 
 
 198. 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 Heaven, heavenly, heavenward. 
 
 199. 
 
 H 
 
 
 Holy, holily, holiness. 
 
 
 
 
 
 200. 
 
 J 
 
 
 Judicatory, judicature, judiciaiy. 
 
 201. 
 
 K 
 
 tfK 
 
 Knowing, knowingly, knowledge. 
 
 202. 
 
 K 
 
 QL/ 
 
 Acknowledge,-d,-ing, acknowledgement. 
 
 2C3. 
 
 L 
 
 }- 
 
 Love,-s, loved, lover, loviug,-ly. 
 
 204. 
 
 M 
 
 /n 
 
 Might,-ily, mighty, mightiness. 
 
 205. 
 
 N 
 
 y 
 
 Xatural,-ly,-ize,-izing,-izatlon. 
 
 206. 
 
 P 
 
 \ 
 
 Peace, -able,-ableness,-ably,-ful,-fully. 
 
 207. 
 
 Q 
 
 ^ 
 
 Question,-able,-ed,-ing, &c. 
 
 208. 
 
 R 
 
 J? 
 
 iational,-ly, rationality, &c. 
 
 209. 
 
 S 
 
 -t 
 
 Spirit,-s,-ed, spiritual,-ly,-ity, &c. 
 
 210. 
 
 T 
 
 H- 
 
 Testify ,-ed,-ing, testification, testimony. 
 
 211. 
 
 V 
 
 
 Valid, validity, validly. 
 
 212. 
 
 V 
 
 5- 
 
 Vitiate, -d,-s, vitiating, vitiation. 
 
 213. 
 
 W 
 
 <fK 
 
 Workman ,-ly, -like, workmanship. 
 
 214. 
 
 W 
 
 V 
 
 Worship,-s,-ed,-ing, worshipful ,-ly, &c. 
 
 215. 
 
 X 
 
 ^V 
 
 2xaggerate,-d,-ing, exaggeration . 
 
 216. 
 
 X 
 
 -ST 
 
 Exquisite, exquisitely. 
 
 217. 
 
 Y 
 
 / 
 
 Young,-er,-est, youngish, youngling. 
 
 218. 
 
 Z 
 
 /> 
 
 Zodiac, zodiacal. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITIXG SHORT-HAND. 
 
 Word Signs Class B. 2. 
 
 The Double Consonants with short cress-line, and the -words they denote. 
 
 219. 
 
 Ch 
 
 s- 
 
 Charity, charitable, charitableness. 
 
 220. 
 
 Sli 
 
 /- 
 
 Sheriff, sheriffalty. 
 
 221. 
 
 Sh 
 
 \ 
 
 Shrievalty, shrinkage. 
 
 2*' 
 
 Th 
 
 __, 
 
 Thank,-s,-ed, thankful,-ly,-ness. 
 
 223. 
 
 Wh 
 
 * 
 
 While, whilst, awhile. 
 
 The Vowels with cross-line, and the words they denote. 
 
 224. 
 
 A 
 
 9. 
 
 Alien, alienable, alienate. 
 
 225. 
 
 A 
 
 f 
 
 Agency, agent, agentship. 
 
 22G. 
 
 Ah 
 
 $ 
 
 Alternate, alternately, alternation. 
 
 227. 
 
 Ah 
 
 f 
 
 Accept,-s,-ed,-ance,-ation, acceptable, ire- 
 
 228. 
 
 Au 
 
 ^ 
 
 Auspices, auspicious, auspiciously. 
 
 229. 
 
 Au 
 
 ^ 
 
 Authority, authorize,- d,s, authorization. 
 
 230. 
 
 E 
 
 ^ 
 
 Equivocal.-ly, equivocate, equivocation, <fec. 
 
 231. i i: 
 
 \ 
 
 Especial, especially. 
 
 232. 
 
 T 
 
 <rr- 
 
 Irascible, irascibleness, irascibility, &c. 
 
 23 3. 
 
 I 
 
 <4- 
 
 Immediate,-ly, inimediateness. 
 
 234. 
 
 Ci 
 
 C) i 
 
 Appoint,- s,-ed,-ing, appointable, &c. 
 
 235. 
 
 Oi 
 
 Ql_ 
 
 Avoid,-s,-ecl,-ing, avoidable, avoidance. 
 
 236. 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 Orient, oriental, orientalism, .to. 
 
 237. 
 
 
 
 0* 
 
 Officially, officiate,-d.-ing. 
 
 238. 
 
 Oo 
 
 if 
 
 Whomsoever, whosoever. 
 
 239. 
 
 Oo 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ooze, oozed, oozes, oozing, e. 
 
 240. 
 
 U 
 
 ?- 
 
 Universe, universally, universality, <S,v. 
 
 241. 
 
 u. 
 
 -f 
 
 Upright, uprightly, uprightness. 
 
 242. 
 
 Ou 
 
 f- 
 
 Ontlaw,-s,-ed, outlawing, outlawrj*. 
 
 243. 
 
 Ou 
 
 * 
 
 Outrage.-d^s.-ing, outrageous, -ly. 
 
56 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 Word Signs Class C. i. 
 
 The Consonants with terminal cross-lines, and the words they denote. 
 
 244. 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 Brilliancj r , brilliant, brilliantly. 
 
 245, 
 
 D 
 
 -/ 
 
 Delicacy, delicate,-ly, delicateness. 
 
 246. 
 
 P 
 
 $ 
 
 Familiar ,-ly, familiarity, familiarize. 
 
 247. 
 
 F 
 
 
 Fanatic, -al, -ally, fanaticism. 
 
 248. 
 
 G 
 
 M 
 
 Genuine, genuinely, genuineness. 
 
 249. 
 
 H 
 
 n. 
 
 Hereditary, hereditarily, hereditament, &c. 
 
 250. 
 
 11 
 
 ^r 
 
 Hieroglyph, hieroglyphic,-al, &c. 
 
 251. 
 
 J 
 
 <rH 
 
 Jealous, jealously, jealousy. 
 
 252. 
 
 K 
 
 <n_ 
 
 Casual, casually, casualty. 
 
 253. 
 
 K 
 
 vr 
 
 Catechise ,-d,-r,-Ing, catechism, &c. 
 
 254. 
 
 L 
 
 P 
 
 Languid, languidly, languidness. 
 
 255. 
 
 M 
 
 (0- 
 
 Malevolence, malevolent, malevolently. 
 
 256. 
 
 N 
 
 y 
 
 Xourish,-ed,-s, nourishing, nourishment. 
 
 257. 
 
 P 
 
 V 
 
 Panegyric,-al, panegyrize,-d,-inj. 
 
 253. 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 Qualify,-ing,-able, qualification. 
 
 25 9 > 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Reciprocal, -ly, reciprocate, reciprocity. 
 
 260. 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 Sacrilege, sacrilegious,-ly,-ness. 
 
 261. 
 
 T 
 
 ~H 
 
 Tacit, tacitly, taciturn, taciturnity. 
 
 2G2. 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 Vacillate,-d,-ing, vacillation. 
 
 263. 
 
 V 
 
 ? 
 
 Versatile, Versatility. 
 
 264. 
 
 W 
 
 (TV 
 
 WeaUh,-y, wealthily, wealthiness. 
 
 265. 
 
 W 
 
 <ijr 
 
 Weary, wearily, weariness. 
 
 266. 
 
 X 
 
 *v 
 
 Exasperate,-s,-d,-ing, exasperation. 
 
 267. 
 
 X 
 
 L 
 
 Exception, -able ,-al, excepting. 
 
 268. 
 
 Y 
 
 J 
 
 Yeoman, yeomanry. 
 
 269. 
 
 Z 
 
 j? 
 
 Zoography, zoographic, zoographical. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 
 
 57 
 
 Word Signs Class C. 2. 
 
 The Double Consonants with terminal cross-lines, and the words they denote. 
 
 270. 
 
 Ch 
 
 J7" Challenge^dj-Sj-ing, challengeable. 
 
 271. 
 
 Sh 
 
 _/ 
 
 Shabby, shabbily, shabbiness. 
 
 272. 
 
 Sh 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Shagged,-ness, shaggy, shagginess, &c. 
 
 273. 
 
 Th 
 
 1 
 
 Theatre, theatric, theatrical,-ly. 
 
 274. 
 
 Wh 
 
 I 
 
 Whimsey, whimsical, lty,-ly,-ness. 
 
 The Vowels with terminal cross-lines, and the words they denote. 
 
 275. 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 Arraign,-s,-ed,-ing, arraignment. 
 
 276. 
 
 A P 
 
 A JL 
 
 Assuage,-s,-d,-ment, assuasive. 
 
 277. 
 
 Ah 
 
 3_ 
 
 Arbitrary ,-ly, arbitrate,-s, arbitration. 
 
 278, 
 
 Ah 
 
 
 
 A.ccount.-s,-ed,-ing, accountable,-bility, &c. 
 
 279. 
 
 Au 
 
 *L 
 
 Alter,-able,-ably, alteration, alterative, &c. 
 
 280. 
 
 Au 
 
 1. 
 
 Awkward, awkwardly, awkwardness. 
 
 281. 
 
 E 
 
 V 
 
 Ejaculate,-d,-ing, ejaculation. 
 
 282. 
 
 E 
 
 t 
 
 Efficience,-y, efficient,-ly, &c. 
 
 283. 
 
 I 
 
 <H 
 
 [dealism, idealist, ideality. 
 
 284. 
 
 I 
 
 0_| 
 
 Idiocy, idiot, idiotic,-al. 
 
 285. 
 
 Oi 
 
 <H 
 
 Boisterous, boisterously, boisterousness. 
 
 286. 
 
 Oi 
 
 CM 
 
 Poison,-s,-ed,-er, poisoning, poisonous. 
 
 287. 
 
 
 
 <T 
 
 Origin,-al,-ally, originality, &c. 
 
 288. 
 
 
 
 <7~ 
 
 ObjectrS.-edj-ing, objection, -able, &c. 
 
 289. 
 
 Oo 
 
 & 
 
 Book,-s,-ed, booking. 
 
 290. 
 
 Oo 
 
 cf 
 
 Boom, boomed, boo .rang. 
 
 291. 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 Ubiquity, ubiquitary, ubiquitous. 
 
 292. 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 Ulcerate,-d, ulcerating, ulceration. 
 
 293. 
 
 Ou 
 
 I 
 
 Outer,-most, outward,-Jy,-ness. 
 
 294. 
 
 Ou 
 
 j? 
 
 Browse, browsed, browsing. 
 
58 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 Word Signs Class D. i. 
 
 The Consonants with terminal ticks, and the words they denote. 
 
 295. 
 
 B 
 
 (" 
 
 Beneficial, beneficially, beneficiary. 
 
 29G. 
 
 D 
 
 / 
 
 Discredit, -s,-ed,-iug, discreditable. 
 
 297. 
 
 F 
 
 ? 
 
 Fascinate,-s,-ed, fascinating, fascination. 
 
 298. 
 
 F 
 
 ? 
 
 Fastidious,-ly, fastidiousness, fastidiosity. 
 
 299. 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 Gratuitous, gratuitously, gratuity. 
 
 300. 
 
 H 
 
 rx 
 
 History, historic,-al,-al!y, historian. 
 
 301. 
 
 H 
 
 ^r 
 
 Horticulture, horticultural, horticulturist. 
 
 303. 
 
 J 
 
 < i 
 
 Jeopard,-y,-ous, jeopardize,-d,-ing. 
 
 303. 
 
 K 
 
 C7V. 
 
 Character,-ize,-istic, characteristical, 
 
 304. 
 
 K 
 
 e>r 
 
 Chimera, chimerical,-ly, chimericalness. 
 
 305. 
 
 L 
 
 p 
 
 Literary, literate, literature, literati. 
 
 306. 
 
 M 
 
 r\- 
 
 Miscellany, miscellaneous. 
 
 307. 
 
 N 
 
 U- 
 
 Notify, notifying, notification. 
 
 308. 
 
 P 
 
 V. 
 
 Patriot, patriotic,-al,-ally, patriotism. 
 
 309. 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 Quiesce, quiescence, quiescent. 
 
 310. 
 311. 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 L 
 
 ieiterate,-d,-s,-ing, reiteration- 
 Sacrifice ,-d ,-s ,-ing, sacrificial . 
 
 312. 
 
 T 
 
 i 
 
 Terrestrial, terrestrially. 
 
 313. 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 Valiant, valiantly, valiantness. 
 
 314. 
 
 V 
 
 ? 
 
 Vehemence, vehement, vehemently. 
 
 315. 
 
 W 
 
 & 
 
 Walk,-s.-ed,-er, walkable, walking. 
 
 316. 
 
 W 
 
 *s- 
 
 Worthy, worthily, worthiness. 
 
 317. 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 Exclusion, exclusively, exclusiveness. 
 
 318. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 Execrable,-ness, execrate,-d, execration. 
 
 319. 
 320. 
 
 Y 
 Z 
 
 Z 
 <? 
 
 Yield,-s, yielded, yielding. 
 Zoology, zoological, zoologist. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HANB. 
 
 Word Signs Class D. 2. 
 
 The Double Consonants with terminal ticks, and the words they denote. 
 
 321. 
 
 Ch 
 
 J 
 
 Chastise,-d,-s,-ing,-able, chastisement. 
 
 322. 
 
 Sh 
 
 / 
 
 Shelf, shelves, shelved, shelving. 
 
 323. 
 
 Sh 
 
 \_ 
 
 Shred, shredding. 
 
 324. 
 
 Th 
 
 , 
 
 Theism, theist, theistlc,-al. 
 
 325. 
 
 Wh 
 
 c 
 
 Whine, whined, whining. 
 
 The Vowels with terminal ticks, and the words they denote. 
 
 326. 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 Aerate,-d,-iug, aeriform, aerification. 
 
 327. 
 
 A 
 
 1! 
 
 Aerology, aerometer, aerometry. 
 
 328. 
 
 Ah 
 
 <L 
 
 Artifice, artificer, artificial ,-ly. 
 
 329. 
 
 Ah 
 
 e 
 
 Assiduous, assiduously, assiduity. 
 
 330. 
 
 Au 
 
 <v 
 
 Augur,-ea, augural, auguring. 
 
 331. 
 
 Au 
 
 t. 
 
 Austere, austerely, austerity. 
 
 332. 
 
 E 
 
 <N- 
 
 Elicit, elicited, eliciting. 
 
 333. 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 Ellipse, elliptic,-al,-ally, ellipticity. 
 
 334. 
 
 I 
 
 o-> Identical,-ly, identify,-ed,-ing, identity. 
 
 335. 
 
 I 
 
 o, Imagine,-d,-s,-ing,-able, imaginary. 
 
 336. 
 
 Oi 
 
 cn Embroider,-ed,-ing, embroidery. 
 
 337. 
 
 Oi 
 
 <H 
 
 Embroil, -ed,-s,-ing, embroilment. 
 
 338. 
 
 O 
 
 (^ 
 
 Opinion,-s,-ated, opinionative. 
 
 339. 
 
 
 
 </* pbligCj-dj-Sj-ing, obligate,- d, -ing, &c. 
 
 340. 
 
 Oo 
 
 () Brood,-s, brooded, brooding. 
 
 341. 
 
 Oo 
 
 & Droop,-s, drooped, drooping. 
 
 342. 
 
 *- Unanimity, unanimous, unanimously. 
 
 343. 
 
 jP Ultimate,-d,-ing,-ly, ultimatum. 
 
 344. 
 
 2_ Crowd,-s, crowded, crowding. 
 
 345. 
 
 ()a 2r Crown,-s, ed. crowned, crowning. 
 
60 TOWXDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OP STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 Word Signs Class E. i. 
 
 The Consonants with adjunct ticks, and the \rords they denote. 
 
 346. 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 Brutal ,-ly, brutalize, -d.-in^, brutality. 
 
 347. 
 
 D 
 
 / 
 
 Discrepance, discrepancy, discrepant. 
 
 348. 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 Formal ,-ly, formality, formalism. 
 
 349. 
 
 F 
 
 5- 
 
 Frigid,-ly, frigidity, frigidness. 
 
 350. 
 
 G 
 
 V 
 
 Gradual, gradually, graduation. 
 
 351. 
 
 H 
 
 ^n 
 
 Hypochondria, hypochondriac. 
 
 352. 
 
 H 
 
 V 
 
 Hypocrisy, hypocrite, hj-pocritical,-ly 
 
 353. 
 
 J 
 
 CT 
 
 Jesuit, jesuitic,-al,-ally, Jesuitism. 
 
 354. 
 
 K 
 
 <m 
 
 Cognizable, cognizance, cognizant. 
 
 355. 
 
 K 
 
 V 
 
 Conscientious, -ly, conscientiousness. 
 
 356. 
 
 L 
 
 > 
 
 Legislate,-d,-ing, legislation, legislature. 
 
 357. 
 
 II 
 
 /n 
 
 Metaphor ,-ic, metaphorical, -ly. 
 
 358. 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 Noxious, noxiously, noxiousness. 
 
 359. 
 
 P 
 
 V 
 
 Period, periodic,-al,-ally, periodicity. 
 
 360. 
 
 Q 
 
 f 
 
 Quadruple,-d,-ing, quadruplicate,-d,-ing. 
 
 361. 
 
 11 
 
 ** 
 
 Residual, residuary, residue, &c. 
 
 362. 
 
 S 
 
 1- 
 
 Substantiate,-d,-ing, substantiation. 
 
 363. 
 
 T 
 
 _- 
 
 Territory, territorial. 
 
 364. 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 Vouch, -ed,-es, vouching, voucher. 
 
 565. 
 
 V 
 
 3- 
 
 Vouchsafe, vouchsafed, vouchsafing. 
 
 366. 
 
 W 
 
 <m 
 
 Warrant, -ed,-ing, warrantable. 
 
 367. 
 
 w 
 
 V 
 
 Walch,-es,-ed,-ing, watchful,-ly,-ness. 
 
 368. 
 
 X 
 
 \ 
 
 Exhilarate,-d ,-i ng, exhilaratio n . 
 
 369. 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 Exorbitance ,-y, exorbitant. 
 
 370. 
 
 Y 
 
 ^ 
 
 Year, years, yearly, yearling. 
 
 371. 
 
 Z 
 
 / 
 
 Zinc, zincous, zinceferous. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 
 
 Word Signs Class E. 2. 
 
 The Double Consonants with adjunct ticks, and the words they denote. 
 
 372. 
 
 Ch 
 
 </ 
 
 Charge,-d,-s,-ing, chargeable,-ness. 
 
 373. 
 
 Sh 
 
 f 
 
 Shrewd, shrewdly, shrewness. 
 
 374. 
 
 Sh 
 
 \ 
 
 Shrive, shrived, shriving. 
 
 375. 
 
 Th 
 
 i 
 
 Theory, theorize, theoretic,-al,-ally. 
 
 376. 
 
 Wh 
 
 f 
 
 Wharf, wharfage, wharfinger. 
 
 The Vowels with adjunct ticks, and the words they denote. 
 
 377. 
 378, 
 379. 
 380. 
 381. 
 382. 
 383. 
 384. 
 385. 
 386. 
 387. 
 388. 
 389. 
 390. 
 391. 
 392. 
 393. 
 394. 
 395. 
 39G. 
 
 A 
 A 
 
 Ah 
 Ah 
 Au 
 
 Au 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Oi 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 Oo 
 
 Oo 
 
 D 
 
 U 
 
 Ou 
 
 Ou 
 
 Aerostat, aerostatic. 
 Amiable, amiability, amiableness. 
 Architect,-ive, architecture,-al,-ally. 
 Ameliorate,-s,-d,-ing, amelioration. 
 Authentic,-al, authenticate,-d,-ing, authenticity. 
 Audacious, audaciously, audacity. 
 Emaciate,-d, emaciating, emaciation. 
 Ecstasy, ecstatic, ecstatical. 
 
 Idolatry, idolatrous, idolize,-d,-ing. 
 Initiate, -d, -ing, initiation, &c. 
 Enjoin, enjoined, enjoining. 
 Enjoy ,-s,-ed, enjoying, enjoyment. 
 Obedience, obedient, obediently. 
 Obsequious, obsequiously, obsequiousness. 
 Fooled, fooling, foolish,-ly,-ness. 
 Gloom,-y,-ing, gloomily, gloominess. 
 jUnison, unisonance, unisonant. 
 Ultra, ultraism, ultraist. 
 Drown, drowned, drowning. 
 Proud, prouder, proudest, proudly. 
 
TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STKXOfJRAPHY, OR 
 
 Word Signs Class F. i. 
 
 t 
 
 The Consonants with terminal cresents, and the words they denote. 
 
 397. 
 898. 
 ,399. 
 400. 
 401. 
 402. 
 403. 
 404. 
 405. 
 400. 
 407. 
 408. 
 409. 
 410. 
 411. 
 412. 
 413. 
 414. 
 415. 
 416. 
 417. 
 418. 
 419. 
 420. 
 42 1 . 
 422 
 
 B 
 D 
 F 
 F 
 
 G 
 H 
 H 
 J 
 K 
 K 
 L 
 M 
 N 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 11 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 W 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Y 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 V 
 
 Bankruptcy, bankrupted, ing. 
 Dissuade,-d,-ing, dissuasion. 
 Fluctuate,-d,-ing, fluctuation. 
 Frustrate, -d,-ing, frustration. 
 Grief, grieve, grievance, grievous,-ly. 
 Hypothecate,-d,-ing, hypothecation. 
 Hypothesis, hypothetic, hypothetical, -ly. 
 Journal,-ism, journalist, journalize. 
 Constituency, constituent, constituents. 
 Credible, -ness, credibly, credibility. 
 Legitimacy, legitimate,-ly, legitimation. 
 Meteorology, meteorological, meteorologist. 
 Xutriment,-al, nutrition, nutritive. 
 Perpetrate,-tl,-s,-ing, perpetration. 
 Quarrel,-s,-ed,-ing, quarrelous, quarrelsome. 
 Ritual,-ism, ritualist, ritualistic. 
 Susceptible, susceptibility. 
 Treachery, treacherously, treacherousness. 
 Vituperate, vituperation, vituperative. 
 Vivid, vividly, vividness. 
 Wicked, wickedly, wickedness. 
 Wonder,-ful, -fully, wonderment, wondrous,-ly. 
 Explicit, explicitly, explicitness. 
 Expostulare,-s,-d,-ing, expostulation. 
 Youth, youthful.-ly, youthfulness. 
 Zemindar, zemindary. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAXD. 
 
 63 
 
 Word Signs Class F. 2. 
 
 The Double Consonants with terminal crescnts, and the words they denote. 
 
 423. 
 
 Ch 
 
 / 
 
 Charter,-s, chartered, chartering. 
 
 424. 
 
 Sh 
 
 / 
 
 Shrub, shrubbery, shrubby. 
 
 425. 
 
 Sh 
 
 \ 
 
 Shrug, shrugged, shrugging. 
 
 426. 
 
 Th 
 
 u 
 
 Thorough, thoroughly, thoroughness. 
 
 427. 
 
 Wh 
 
 
 
 Whirl,-s, whirled, whirling. 
 
 The Vowels with terminal cresents, and the words they denote. 
 
 428. 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 Assail ,-s,-ed,-ing,-able, assailment. 
 
 429. 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 Avail ,-s-ed,-ing,-able, availability. 
 
 430. 
 
 Ah 
 
 h Aristocracy, aristocrat, aristocratic. 
 
 431. 
 
 Ah 
 
 e 
 
 Anarchy, anarchic.-al, anarchist. 
 
 432. 
 
 Au 
 
 <v 
 
 Autocracy, autocrat, autocratic. 
 
 433. 
 
 Au 
 
 ? 
 
 Automatic, automatical, automaton. 
 
 434. 
 
 E 
 
 V 
 
 Electric,-al, electrician, electricity. 
 
 435. 
 
 E 
 
 ^ 
 
 Espouse, -d, espousing, espousal. 
 
 436. 
 
 I 
 
 or 
 
 Itineracy, itinerant, itinerate. 
 
 437. 
 
 I 
 
 0^ 
 
 Iterate,-d,-s,-ing, iteration, iterative. 
 
 438. 
 
 Oi 
 
 crc 
 
 Annoy ,-ed,-ing, annoyance, annoyous. 
 
 439. 
 
 Oi 
 
 o< 
 
 Annoint,-s,-ed, annointing, annointment. 
 
 440. 
 
 
 
 <f 
 
 Odoious, odoriferous. 
 
 441. 
 
 O 
 
 <s- 
 
 Obstruct,-s,-ed, obstructing, obstruction. 
 
 442. 
 
 Oo 
 
 <f 
 
 Loose, loosing, loosely, looseness. 
 
 443. 
 
 Oo 
 
 a" 
 
 Proof, prove ,-d, proving, provable. 
 
 444. 
 
 U 
 
 ^ 
 
 Usurp,- sd, -s, usurping, usurpa.ion. 
 
 445. 
 
 U 
 
 x 
 
 Urgence,-y, urgent, urgently, urging. 
 
 446. Ou 
 
 % 
 
 Prowl, -s,-ed, prowler, prowling. 
 
 447- 
 
 Ou 
 
 f 
 
 Shroud, -el, shrouds, shrouding. 
 
64 TOWNDBOW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 Supplementary Signs. 
 
 The words they denote -when standing alone. 
 
 448. 
 
 
 
 An, and. 
 
 449. 
 
 
 
 One, ones, once. 
 
 450. 
 
 L 
 
 Et cetera, &c. 
 
 451. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Xamely, Viz. 
 
 452. 
 
 -c 
 
 Via, by way of. 
 
 453. 
 
 ( 
 
 Belong,-?, -ed, belonging. 
 
 454. 
 
 c 
 
 Being, being understood. 
 
 455. 
 
 ) 
 
 Large,-r,-est, largely, largeness. 
 
 456. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Enlarge,-d,-s,-in, enlargement. 
 
 457. 
 
 ^" 
 
 Already, altogether. 
 
 458. 
 
 
 
 Measure,-d,-s,-able,-ably,-ing. 
 
 459. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Pleasure,-s,-ing, pleasurable. 
 
 460. 
 
 o> 
 
 Behold, -s, beholding. 
 
 461. 
 
 o 
 
 Beheld, beholden. 
 
 462. 
 
 r 
 
 O'clock, o A. M. O. r. M. 
 
 463. 
 
 
 
 Yesterday. 
 
 464. 
 
 -^ 
 
 Yesterday morning. 
 
 465. 
 
 - 
 
 Yesterday noon. 
 
 466. 
 
 4 
 
 Yesterday afternoon. 
 
 467. 
 
 -rj*' 
 
 Day after to-morrow. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 65 
 
 Repetition of Words, &c. 
 
 468. A dash thus drawn under a word or phrase, denotes 
 
 an immediate repetition of the same, as in the following examples : 
 
 s 
 
 My God, my-God ; Turn ye, turn-ye ; 
 
 X / ~ 3 * Praise ye the Lord, praise-ye-the-Lord. 
 
 469. When a word is repeated three times, write it once by its 
 proper characters, then draw two dashes or lines immediately under 
 
 the same, thus ^= Glory, glory, glory =L Holy, holy, holy ; O^ 
 Hark, hark, hark, &c. 
 
 470. When a preposition or conjunction intervenes; the repeti- 
 tion, together with the preposition or conjunction may te expressed 
 
 by placing a dash or line terminating with hook thus = under 
 
 > </ 
 
 the word so repeated, as in = Ever and-ever ; ti-4 From day 
 
 to-day, &c. 
 
 Words of Contrary Signification. 
 
 471. An oblique line, twice the length of the character represent- 
 ing d, extending as much below, as above the writing line, when plac- 
 ed immediately after a word, expresses another word of opposite mean- 
 ing, preceded by and, to or till, as in the following examples, f J7 
 Good and-bad ; \/ Day and-night ; "*/ From top to-bottom ; 
 
 3/"Y/ From morn tilt-night. 
 
 472. An oblique line with a small curve or hook on the right hand 
 side placed Immediately after a word, is used to express another word 
 of opposite meaning joined with the former by the conjunction or, as 
 
66 TOWXDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 in ^o~l High or-low ' } /y Rich or-poor, fcc. 
 
 473. When a word is followed l>y another of contrary significa- 
 tion, without a preposition or conjunction intervening ; write the first 
 word in the usual way, then express the antithesis and conjunction by 
 an oblique line with a curve or hook on the left side, as in the follow- 
 
 ing example '/^ . ^~~' , Men, women and children. 
 
 The Negative particles Dis, II, Im, In, Ir, Un, &c. 
 
 474. These may be expressed by a simple oblique line, twice the 
 length of the character representing d, extending equally above and 
 below the writing line, and placed immediately before the remainder 
 
 of the word, as in /-A dis-trust ; /rvO Amoral ; /\ 
 
 un-even; 
 ?m-kind, &c. 
 
 The Prefixes, Circum, Over and Under. 
 
 475. The prefix Circum, is expressed by a very small circle or 
 
 ring, thus placed immediately before the remainder of the word, as 
 
 in <r9~Z. circumscribe ; <TL_ circumspect ; * ^^1 circumstance, &c, 
 
 476. A very small circle or ring, when placed immediately over a 
 
 9-j 
 
 word, denotes the prefix over as in ' ' override ; o^ overtake ; 
 
 o 
 
 A^ overturn, &c. 
 
 477. The same small circle or ring, when placed immediately un- 
 
 der a word denotes the prefix under, as in o under-go ; 
 der-Yme ; o tinder-take, &c. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAXD. 67 
 
 Suffixes expressed by Arbitrary Signs. 
 
 478. Ing, forming A distinct syllable at the end of a word, is ex- 
 pressed by adding a small curve or hook to the terminal of the last 
 
 character, as in -> \}'-ing ; <^ morn-iny ; ^srend-incf, &c. 
 
 479. Ingly, or ingness, at the end of a word, may also be expressed 
 by the small curve or hook, as the context will always readily point 
 out the termination it was intended for, as in the following sentences : 
 I am \\i\\-ing to do that for you. I \v\\\-ingly consent to the arrange- 
 ment. There was a \vill-inyness manifested on their part in the mat- 
 ter. 
 
 480. When cean, cion, sion, tion, ceous, cious or tious having the 
 sound of shan, shen, shun or shus occurs at the end of the word, it is ex~ 
 pressed by adding a very small circle or ring to the terminal point of 
 
 the last character, as in 'o mo-tion ; ^ s detention ; oA_o op- 
 
 L^ V? 
 
 \\-cian ; gr&-cwus ; ^o pre-cwus. 
 
 481. When dan, cion, sion, tion, ceous, cims or tious at the end of a 
 word, is followed by al, ate, ately, ateness or ly such extended or double 
 termination, may be expressed by the same small curve or ring, leav- 
 
 ing the context to point out the word intended, wiiting cf for na- 
 
 tion or na tional ; rf for pas-siow, \>i\s>-8ionatc or pas sionately ; ^d 
 fre-cious, pre-ciously, pre-ciousness. As a distinctive mark of these ex- 
 tended terminations, a dot can be place;! beneath the terminal ring. 
 
 482. Cision, sician, sition, (sizJiun, z'ulian and ziihun) are expressed 
 by adding a loop, circle or ring twice the size of that used for sion, 
 tion, &c., to the terminal point of the last character, forming such cir- 
 
 cle or ring in the most convenient and distinct direction as in o 
 
 de-cmon ; <y mu-siciaws ; f -position ; d i>hy-$icia, (fe- 
 zisliari). 
 
 483. When the termination sition (zishun) is followed by ist or ists, 
 denote such addition or extension of the termination sition, by placing 
 a dot or qualifying point under the circle or ring, thus <y/%? oppo- 
 
 sitionist. 
 
68 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 484. The terminations self and selves, are expressed by drawing a 
 very short perpendicular or s line under the personal pronoun, as in 
 
 f* myself; v - thyself; ^ themselves, &c. 
 
 485. The terminations ship and ships, are likewise expressed by 
 drawing a very short perpendicular or s line under the characters which 
 precede, as in &f/ friendsliijf; s~vf hardship), &c. 
 
 486. The suffixes or terminations lessly, lessness and liness, are ex- 
 pressed by the Z chaiacter, with a dot placed in the centre of the semi- 
 circle, thus -^ instead of placing the dot as a qualifying point under 
 the I according to the general rule set forth in a subsequent pagi. Ex- 
 amples, <rv^) for carelessly or carelessness ; ~^-Q for loneliness ; 
 
 ^ manliness. This method of applying the Z character for the 
 suffixes lessly, lessness and liness, is in order to distinguish it from ' 
 when used to express the suffixes lect, lective, lence, lency, lent and lent' 
 ly. 
 
 487. The simple terminations ly and less, may be expressed by an 
 
 6 ,-^j 
 
 I character of half its usual size, thus ) as in V* barely ; 
 
 manly ; d"v careless, &c., or by writing Is for less, and le for ly. 
 
 438. The terminations sier, zier, sure and zure., when sounding like 
 zher or zhur are expressed by either of the zk characters, thus /) or ^ 
 without any qualifying points as O'" 3 hosier; ^ or b> azure; 
 
 ^3 leisure. 
 
 489- The terminations iote, tittte, &c., are expressed by either of 
 
 the two upper segments of a large circle or ring ( -) Nos. 1 and 2. 
 The first one of which is made by an up-stroke, and the other one, No. 
 
 2, by a down-stroke, as in <fl for associate, associates and associ- 
 ated ; N^"" depre-ciate, depre-ciated and denre-ciates; ^ expa- 
 tiate, e-xpa-tiated and expa-tiates, <tc. If either of the terminations 
 date or tiate is followed by ing or lion, such extended termination may 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 69 
 
 be expressed by the same characters with the qualifying point or dot 
 
 beneath, as in C"\ for asso-ciating or asso elation; vy f or (j e _ 
 
 pre-ciating or depre-ciation; |r for expsi-tiating or expz-tiation, &c. 
 490. The terminations tual, tuate, tune, ture, teous, tuous, &c., re- 
 gardless of the pronunciations of them favored by the various lexico- 
 graphers are expressed by the two lower quarter segments of the same 
 circle or ring, the first one, No. 3 being made by a down-stroke, and 
 
 the other one, No. 4 by an up-stroke, as in <> s.c-tual; *. for- 
 
 tune; GO ^- cour-teous; TV. righ-teous, &c. 
 
 491. When any of the terminations specified in preceding section 
 is followed by ly, ity, ate, ately, ous or ness, such extended terminations 
 may be denoted by placing the qualifying point or dot under the char- 
 
 acter, as iu ^- for ae-tually ; ** for for-tunate or for-tunately ; 
 63 for conr-teously or cour-teousness. 
 
 Alphabetical Characters used as Prefixes and Suffixes. 
 
 492. The learner's attention is next directed to the study and ap- 
 plication of the Prefixes and Suffixes, consisting of common begin- 
 nings and endings of words expressed by the Alphabetical signs. These 
 are usually of great advantage in reducing the motions of the pen or 
 pencil in writing the words in which they occur. 
 
 493. When a character representing a simple letter or sound is in- 
 tended to express a Prefix, it must be distinguished as such by placing 
 
 a comma under it, as ~L- aggregate ; I compro-mhe &c. 
 
 494. When a character representing a simple letter or sound, is 
 intended to express a selected Suffix or termination of a word, it must 
 be distinguisned as such by placing a dot or period under it, as in 
 
 en-act ; X im-procc ; c* re-icanl, &c. 
 
70 TOWXDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 493. When the first character of a word is used to express one of 
 the selected prefixes, and the last one a suffix, a single dot is placed 
 over the word, instead of a comma under the first one, and a dot under 
 
 the last one, as iu c ^ agree-ment <jv-x compre-Jicnd or 
 
 Jiensite ', O^ inter-ment ', ~\ trans-plant ; ^-^ counter-mand ', ic. 
 
 496. When a word comprising two of the selected suffixes occurs, 
 
 spell the first one according to its sound, and express the last one by 
 
 the proper terminal character, distinguished as in the preceding rule 
 
 or section, thus crv A com-mand-ment ; ^ trans-&c-tion ; 
 
 407. Com or con forming a distinct syllable at the beginning of a 
 word containing no selected suffix, may be expressed by km or kn in- 
 stead of using the 7: character with the qualifying comma mark under 
 
 it, writing VI instead of 1 V| for compose, and o~\J instead 
 
 _ 
 
 of - v~\j for consign. In like manner, it is preferable to write 
 
 V jir, instead of ?\ for per in words containing no selected suf- 
 fix, but iu writing per-mitl-ance, it is proper to use the prefix per, 
 because the character expressing the termination ance, requires the 
 qualifying point, and it is as easy to make a simple mark above the 
 word, as one under it, and the dot above, qualifies the p for per, and 
 
 the terminal a for ance, thus | thereby saving one character, the 
 r in the first syllable. 
 
 498. When a selected prefix constitutes only part of a syllable or 
 word, it must not be used to express suca portion of the same : for 
 instance never write the prefix compre with an s added, for the word 
 compress ; the second syllable of the word press, must invariably be 
 
 spelled out a ;cording to sound, thus y\/\ or >"1j . the first sylla- 
 ble being expressed by the prefix com or simply by km. In like man- 
 ner the second syllable in the word control, must be spelled out. ac- 
 
 /) c/> 
 
 cording to sound, thus s^j ^ kutrol and not n contro-\. I;i 
 the word intrude, the prefix intru. must not be used, but in the word 
 
COMPLETE GUIUK TO WRITING SHORT-HAXD. 71 
 
 intru-sion the prefix intra should be used, writing it thus ^_p. 
 
 499. In words containing no selected prefix, but ending with ness, 
 that termination may be expressed by *-f ns, instead of writing the 
 
 character n with the qualifying point (a dot.) under it, writing \* 
 
 for business, instead of S ; but in writing a word commencing 
 
 with a selected prefix and ending with ness, that suffix should be ex- 
 pressed by the n character, with the qualifying point over the word as 
 
 in *""L con-c\se-ness ; <r~\su con-dign-ness, <fec. 
 
 500. When the termination a of word may be expressed by any of 
 the suffix signs, the plural or possessive case, can be denoted (if neces- 
 sary) by converting the qualifying point or dot, into a very short hori- 
 zontal or hyphen-like line as in ry ~ moments; LP nations or na- 
 tion's ; z / otrans-gres-sions j o affec-tions or affec-tiou's ; 3 
 afflictions. 
 
 501. When the letter s is used to express the possessive case, it 
 will be found preferable to drop the character immediately below the 
 terminal point of the preceding letter. 
 
 502. When any suffix is represented by two of the alphabetical 
 signs, as in the case of a, e,f, 7i, i, k, o, u, v, w and sh, (See page 173) 
 occurs, use either as may be found most readily joined lo the preced- 
 ing character. 
 
 Many persons are apt to think that they can write words in long- 
 hand as rapidly as they can learn to write them in stenographic char- 
 acters. A greater mistake could hardly be made. This idea holds 
 good with the entertainer only so long as he is familiar with one style 
 of writing, and is totally ignorant of the other. It is as easy to make 
 a motion of the pen or pencil in the formation of a stenographic char- 
 acter as it is to write one in chirography or long-hand ; and it must 
 be remembered that it frequently requires more motions of the pen to 
 iorm a single letter in long-hand than is generally required for a whole 
 word in any good system of short-hand. 
 
TOWXDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OB 
 
 Prefixes Expressed by Alphabetical Signs. 
 
 503 
 
 A 
 
 ) 
 
 Advan. adven, adver, advo. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 504 
 
 A 
 
 f 
 
 Appel, appli, apure, appro. 
 
 505 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 Ab, aber, abb re, abro, abso. 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 50G 
 
 D 
 
 /> 
 
 Discom, discon, disen, disin 
 
 507 
 
 E 
 
 \. 
 
 Elec, elect, equi. equiv. 
 
 508 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 Efflo, eiflu, esti, evi, ever. 
 
 509 
 
 F 
 
 e 
 
 Affec, affect, effec, effect. 
 
 510 
 
 F 
 
 <J) 
 
 Affirm, affic, afflict, afflu. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 511 
 
 G 
 
 e 
 
 Aggra, aggi-e agree agri. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 512 
 
 H 
 
 *^\ 
 
 Hetero, homo, hydro, hypo. 
 
 513 
 
 I 
 
 T 
 
 [mper, impre impro, impru. 
 
 514 
 
 I 
 
 . 
 
 [ncom, incon, incor, incul. 
 
 515 
 
 K 
 
 V 
 
 Com, comple, compli, compre, compro 
 
 516 
 
 K 
 
 <u 
 
 Jon, contra, contro, counter. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 517 
 
 M 
 
 & 
 
 Magni, matri, multi, muri. 
 
 518 
 
 N 
 
 Y 
 
 Enter, inter, intro, intm. 
 
 519 
 
 
 
 <tf 
 
 Ob, obli, obsti, oinni, orni. 
 
 520 
 
 
 
 <^} 
 
 Obso, octo, oppro, ortho. 
 
 521 
 
 P 
 
 ^ 
 
 Per, pre, pri, pro. pru, pur. 
 
 522 
 
 R 
 
 ^ 
 
 Recom, recon, repre, repro. 
 
 523 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 Sub, subter, sup, super. 
 
 524 
 
 T 
 
 9 
 
 Temp, tempt, tran, trans. 
 
 525 
 
 U 
 
 % 
 
 Ulti, uni, ultra, titil. 
 
 526 
 
 X 
 
 ii 
 
 Expli, explo, extra, extri. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 
 
 73 
 
 Suffixes Expressed by Alphabetical Signs. 
 
 527 
 
 528 
 
 529 
 530 
 
 531 
 532 
 533 
 534 
 535 
 '536 
 537 
 538 
 539 
 540 
 541 
 542 
 543 
 544 
 545 
 
 546 
 
 547 
 543 
 549 
 550 
 
 A 
 B 
 
 D 
 E 
 
 F 
 G 
 H 
 1 
 J 
 K 
 L 
 M 
 N 
 O 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 T 
 
 V 
 W 
 Y 
 
 Ch 
 
 Sh 
 
 \ 
 1 
 
 S- 
 
 
 act, actly, ally, ance, ancy, ant, antly. 
 ble, bled, bleness, bly, bility. 
 
 dance, dancy, dant,-iy, dence, dent, diet, duct, 
 ence, ency, ent, ently, est, eth, ever. 
 
 feet, fleet, flict, form, formal, ful, fully, 
 graph, grance, giant, guish, guist, guage. 
 habit, hibit, hend, hensive, hood. 
 ify, ity, ety, ical, ically, ish, ism, ist. 
 ject, jest, join, journ, judge, just, 
 claim, cline, elude, elusive, count, 
 lect, lective, lence, lency, lent, lently. 
 mand, mend, mence, ment, mental, 
 nance, nant, nence, nent, nect, ne?s. 
 ody, ogy, oly, omy, ony, opy, ory. 
 place, plant, plete, plish, prove. 
 
 quence, quency, quent,-ly, quest, quish. 
 racy, ract, rect, rectly, ranee, rant, 
 scribe, script, stract, strict, struct, suade. 
 tinct, tract, trict, trude, tude, tute. 
 ous, ousl}*, ousness. 
 
 vail, vict, vive, voke, volve, vu.se. 
 
 ward, wardry, wards, work, worth. 
 
 iard, iards, ier, ious, uous, (yard,yer, yun, yus). 
 
 chance, chant, change, charge. 
 
 cience, tiencs cient. tient, cial, sial, tial. 
 
74 TOWNDROW'S TKXT-BOOK OF STKXOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 Words Expressed by their Leading Sounds. 
 
 552. Many words not included in the various classes denoted by 
 alphabetical characters, and generally known to Stenographers as 
 Word Signs, or by Suggestive or Arbitrary Signs,may be advantage- 
 ously and legibly expressed by their respective Leading Sounds with- 
 out regard to following any other mode of abbreviation. Words thus 
 abridged, must however be distinguished as such, by having a short 
 line or stroke drawn across the straight or curved stem line of the last 
 
 character used, writing ^^i* excom fortxcom municate, excom 
 
 I 
 municating or excom munii-ation ^ f> intern for intern perute, 
 
 intern perance, &c.; M_ pecu for pecu liar, pecu liarly or 
 
 pecu liarty, e., as in the following sentences. Her husband is a 
 very intern [perate] man. Three men Avere excom [municated] 
 from Church last Sunday. I have spent all the money that was ap- 
 pro [priated] for my use. This do ye in remem [brance] of me. 
 He was placed in a very pecu [liar] position. The Chief Engineer 
 of the Fire Department of Paterson, N. J., in speaking of a large flre 
 at that place, remarked in his report "That it was a very pecu [liar] 
 fire, and pecu [liarly] difficult to manage." The abridged Avords in- 
 tern [perate], appro [priated], remem [brance], excom [municat- 
 ed], pecu [liar], and pecu [liarly], will natually and readily occur to 
 the reader as those intended by the Avriter. 
 
 Arbitrary and Suggestive Word Signs. 
 
 553. The three following pages comprise a number of words and 
 expressions of frequent occurrence, for which, at least a majority of 
 them, special signs of suggestive forms have been assigned to denote 
 them, and consequently require but little effort of the memory to put 
 them into practical application. They may be vised or not by the 
 writer, but as they are readily acquired, easily remembered, and 
 abridge the labor of writing, their use is strongly recommended, es- 
 pecially as their adoption Aviil tend to improA'e rather than impair the 
 legibility of the stenographic manuscript. 
 
COMPLKTK GUIDK TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 
 
 Arbitrary and Suggestive Word Signs. 
 
 534 
 
 oo 
 
 One after another. 
 
 555 
 
 ^ 
 
 O'er, over. 
 
 533 
 
 o 
 
 Under, underneath. 
 
 537 
 
 _O 
 
 Above, above-board. 
 
 353 
 
 -o 
 
 Below, beneath. 
 
 539 
 
 ^ 
 
 After, afterward. 
 
 560 
 
 6 
 
 Before, beforehand. 
 
 531 
 
 < 
 
 Behind, behindhand. 
 
 562 
 
 
 
 Behalf, behoof, behoove. 
 
 5G3 
 
 / 
 
 Lseendj-edj-iug. 
 
 564 
 
 *_ 
 
 Along. 
 
 565 
 
 H 
 
 Across. 
 
 566 
 
 ^a 
 
 About. 
 
 567 
 
 @ 
 
 Around. 
 
 568 
 
 
 )iscover,-ed,-ing,-y. 
 
 589 
 
 ^ 
 
 lecover,-ed ,-ing,-y . 
 
 570 
 
 O 
 
 Cnclose.-d,-ing, enclosure. 
 
 571 
 
 (9 
 
 Encircle^-ing. 
 
 572 
 
 ^P 
 
 urround,-ed,-ing. 
 
 573 
 
 
 Poreclose,-d,-ing, foreclosure. 
 
70 TOWA'DROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OK 
 
 Arbitrary and Suggestive Word Signs. 
 
 574 
 575 
 57G 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 Nobody, nothing. 
 Somebody, something. 
 Through. 
 
 577 
 
 -&- 
 
 Throughout. 
 
 578 
 579 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 Earth, earthly, earthliness. 
 World, worldly, worldliness. 
 
 580 
 
 "t% 
 
 Christendom. 
 
 581 
 
 +1 
 
 Christmas. 
 
 582 
 
 +~> 
 
 Christian,-^, Christianity. 
 
 583 
 
 f 
 
 Christ, Christ's. 
 
 584 
 
 / t_ -' 
 / 
 
 Christ Jesus. 
 
 585 
 
 </ 
 
 \ 
 Jesus Christ. 
 
 586 
 
 ^ 
 
 Jross of Christ. 
 
 587 
 588 
 
 i 
 
 Crucify ,-ing, crucifix,-ion 
 Insiduous,-ly. inpiduousness. 
 
 589 
 
 t 
 
 Intermediate, -ly, intermediation. 
 
 590 
 
 & 
 
 Amputate.-d, -ing. amputation. 
 
 591 
 
 v& 
 
 Manslaughter. 
 
 592 
 
 */ 
 
 Moreover. 
 
 -95.1 
 
 / 
 
 [oasmach. 
 
COMPLKTK GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HA^D. 
 
 Arbitrary and Suggestive "Word Signs. 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 Equal, equally equality. 
 
 595 
 
 
 Unequal, unequally, inequality. 
 
 
 596 
 
 / 
 
 Proportion,-able,-ably,-ate,-ately. 
 
 507 
 
 // 
 
 Disproportion,-able,-ably,-ate,-ately. 
 
 598 
 
 /\N 
 
 Happy, happily, happiness. 
 
 599 
 
 (J^\ 
 
 Within. * 
 
 600 
 
 ^ 
 
 Without. 
 
 601 
 
 ^ 
 
 Withdraw,-*, withdrawal, withdrawing. 
 
 602 
 
 *> 
 
 Withdrew, withdrawn. 
 
 603 
 
 v^ 
 
 Inherit,-ed,-s,-ing, inheritance. 
 
 604 
 
 'v 
 
 Mediocre, mediocrity. 
 
 G05 
 
 y 1 
 
 Diagnosis, diagnostic. 
 
 606 
 
 
 
 International. 
 
 607 
 
 X 
 
 Extraordinary, extraordinarily. 
 
 603 
 
 <$) 
 
 Eternal, eternally, eternity. 
 
 609 
 
 /s\ 
 
 Everlasting, everlastingly. 
 
 610 
 
 = 
 
 Jouch, couched, couching. 
 
 611 
 
 
 
 Crouch, crouched, crouching. 
 
 612 
 
 
 Pouch, pouched, pouching. 
 
 613 
 
 
 Slouch, slouched, slouching. 
 
78 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY. OR 
 
 Legal Terms and Expressions. 
 
 614. Many Legal Terms and Expressions, frequently used in the 
 proceedings of the Courts may be denoted by the initial letters or 
 sounds with two short lines drawn across such characters or the last 
 one, if more than one are used, or by any Arbitrary signs, not liable 
 to be construed for a combination of tbo regular and undistinguished 
 Alphabetical Signs, as in the following examples : 
 
 615 
 616 
 
 A 
 
 His Honor. 
 Your Honor. 
 
 i 
 
 617 
 
 * 
 
 The Court. 
 
 618 
 019 
 
 OWN 
 (^ f ii 
 
 May it please the Court. 
 Gentlemen of the Jury. 
 
 620 
 
 t// 
 
 Grand Jury. 
 
 621 
 622 
 
 i 
 
 Learned counsel. 
 Counsel for plaintiff or prosecution. 
 
 623 
 624 
 
 ^ 
 
 Counsel for defence or defendant. 
 Prisoner at the bar. 
 
 625 
 
 4 
 
 Subpo3na,-ed. 
 
 626 
 
 
 Sureties. 
 
 627 
 
 ^K 
 
 Habeas Corpus. 
 
 628 
 
 ^ 
 
 Indictment quashed. 
 
 629 
 
 ^ 
 
 Nolle prosequi. 
 
 630 
 
 rto 
 
 Motion by. 
 
 631 
 632 
 
 9* 
 
 a*. 
 
 Motion denied. 
 Motion granted. 
 
 633 
 
 r/ 
 
 Motion ruled out. 
 
 634 
 
 #^ 
 
 Cross-examine .-d ,- ation . 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITING SHORT-HAND. 79 
 
 Words That May be Joined. 
 
 635.. In order to facilitate the process of writing as much as pos- 
 sible, pronouns may be joined with auxiliary verbs, to the following 
 extent ; as no confusion can possibly be experienced thereby ; no 
 such combination of characters occurring in the writing of a word. 
 
 I have. I had. I have had. I had had. I have not. 1 had not. 
 I have not had. I had not had. lie has. He had. He has had. He 
 had had. They have. They had. They have had. They had had. 
 They will have. They would have. 
 
 Poetical Abbreviations. 
 
 COG. The poetical abbreviations I'm, thou'rt, you're, we're, they're, 
 he's, I'll, they'll, when'er, where'er, &e., may be written as follows 
 
 Titles or Captions to be "Written Plain. 
 
 637. Titles or captions, and sub-captions of all poetical effusions 
 and prose writings, as well as compositions on miscellaneous subjects 
 should be written very plain, even should it require the use of a few 
 more vowel or diphthongal signs, or the doubling of a consonant in 
 such words as folly, follow, ferry, .marry, tarry, &c. 
 
 Emphasized Words, &c. 
 
 638. Emphasized words and expressions may be readily distin- 
 guished by making a waved line, thus -~-^-^ under the same. 
 
80 TOWXDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 * 
 
 Numerals. 
 
 639. For numerals, the ordinary figures are the best that can be 
 used ; but they must be distinguished from Stenographic characters 
 by a simple line drawn over them to prevent confusion that might 
 otherwise occur in some cases j especially where the figure 1 predomi- 
 nates. 
 
 640. When i"; is desired to keep a private account which can be 
 understood only by the writer, Stenographic characters may be advan- 
 tageously and conveniently substituted. For that purpose, the fol- 
 lowing are suggested, 1 ?2 | ,3\,4/,5 C>6) >t(*\i&\*j t 
 9 * , ^ or \ 7 1 or P. Division between dollars and cents 
 
 ~~ or Q . These may be transposed in any other order. Let the 
 $ mark be placed after and immediately following the figures indicat- 
 ing the number of dollars, so that all figures placed to the right of it, 
 must be considered as so many cents. When the entries are made in 
 a book or a sheet of paper properly ruled for dollars and cents, the 
 insertion of the f mark would be superfluous. 
 
 Abbreviations used in Writing and Printing. 
 
 641. Abbreviations commonly used in Writing and Printing, such 
 as the names of Countries, States, Titles of Individuals, &c., may be 
 used by the reporter in the practice of his profession. A list of these 
 can be found in almost every Dictionary of our language. 
 
 Quotations from Ancient and Modern Languages. 
 
 642. Familiar Proverbs, Maxims,. Mottoes, Quotations, &c., from 
 the Latin, French and Italian may generally be expressed by their re- 
 spective initials or leading sounds ; but they must be distinguished 
 
 as such by a mark thus > placed under the same ; drawing 
 
 the horizontal line out to the full length occupied by the maxim or 
 quotation, A full list of such quotations with their respective signifi- 
 cations can be found in any good Dictionary. 
 
COMPLETE GUIDE TO WRITIXG SHORT-HAXI). 81 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 643. When the writer fails either to hear or understand a word or 
 number of words uttered by the speaker, leave a space for the subse- 
 quent insertion of such word or words as may have been omitted, andl 
 place a caret beneath the space where the omission occurred, thus 
 
 A The context, as a general rule, will indicate the tenor 
 
 of the words omitted, in case they cannot be supplied by the speaker, 
 or some friend who had a better opportunity of hearing his remarks. 
 
 644. The student should select some speaker, who utters his words 
 with distinctness and deliberation, take notes of his discourses as oftea 
 as may be convenient to do so, and invariably transcribe what you 
 may have written, and should you fail in your first efforts to note 
 down all he said, do not be discouraged, but "Try, try, try again." 
 Lose no opportunity of keeping up the practice, and you will soon in- 
 crease your rapidity in writing to the extent of five words a minute 
 each week, until you find yourself competent to record correctly the 
 language of any public speaker. 
 
 645. When a short-hand writer is employed to take down proceed- 
 ings in the courts of law, and it is of consequence to report them as 
 nearly verbatim as possible, it is desirable to make himself previously 
 acquainted with the matter in dispute, which is often so complicated 
 as not to be easily understood. By becoming master of the case be- 
 forehand, he will be in less danger of falling into mistakes, and v/ill 
 more readily comprehend the bearing of what is said. 
 
 G4G. The smaller the characters can be written, withov.t becom- 
 ing indistinct, the more it will promote expedition. 
 
 647. When the learner first attempts to decipher what he has 
 written in Short-Hand, the best way is to transcribe it in common hand, 
 and when a word is not known at first sight proceed to speak each 
 letter separately and distinctly, and then pronounce the whole together, 
 and so continue writing and deciphering till in a short time, prac- 
 tice and perseverance will make it so completely easy, that he will be 
 able to read it without the trouble of transcribing. 
 
 648. When great dispatch is requisite, all stops, except the period, 
 may be omitted, leaving a blank, proportioned in size to the length of 
 the pause required. 
 
82 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 TRANSLATION OF THE LINES ON THE OPPOSITE PAGE.* 
 
 A Son's Farewell to his Mother. 
 
 Mother I leave thy dwelling, 
 Thy counsel and thy care ; 
 With grief, my heart is swelling, 
 
 No more in them to share ; 
 Nor hear that sweet voice speaking, 
 
 When hours of joy run high, 
 Nor meet that mild eye seeking 
 
 When sorrow's touch comes nigh. 
 
 Mother I leave thy dwelling, 
 
 And the sweet hour of prayer ; 
 With grief my heart is swelling, 
 
 No more to meet thee there. 
 Thy faith and fervor, pleading, 
 
 Inun-spent tones of love, 
 Perchance my soul art leading 
 
 To better hopes above. 
 
 Mother I leave thy dwelling ; 
 
 Oh ! shall it be for ever ? 
 With grief my heart is swelling, 
 
 From thee frcm thee to sever, 
 These arms that now enfold me 
 
 So closely to thy heart, 
 These eyes, that now behold me, 
 
 From all, from all I part. 
 
 *NOTE. Each line of Short-Hand, comprises two lines of the above. 
 
 O grant me Heaven a Middle State, 
 Neither too humble, nor too great ; 
 More than enough for nature's ends, 
 With something left to treat my friends. 
 
rf 
 
 c >, 
 
 / *- CCS, 
 
84 TOWNDROW'S TEXT-BOOK OF STENOGRAPHY, OR 
 
 TRANSLATION OF THE CHARACTERS ON THE OPPOSITE PAGE. 
 
 A Mother's Love.* 
 
 There is something in sickness that breaks clown the pride of man- 
 liood. It softens the heart and brings it back to the feelings of infancy. 
 "Who that has languished even in advanced life, in sickness and de- 
 spondency ? who that has pined on a weary bed in the neglect and 
 loneliness of a foreign land, but has thought on the mother that looked 
 on bis childhood ; that smoothed his pillow and administered to his 
 helplessness? Oh! there is an enduring tenderness in the love of a 
 mother to a son that transcends all other affections of the heart. It is 
 neither to be chilled by selfishness nor daunted by danger, nor weak- 
 ened by worthlessness, nor stifled by ingratitude. She will sacrifice 
 every comfort to his convenience ; she will surrender every pleasure 
 to his enjoyment ; she will glory in his fame, and exult in his pros- 
 perity, and should adversity overtake him, he will te dearer to her 
 from misfortune ; and if disgrace should steal upon his name, she will 
 still love and cherish him ; and if all the world beside cast him off, 
 .she will be all the world to him. 
 
 Affections, like the conscience, are rather to be led than drawn ; 
 and it is to be feared, that they who marry where they do not love, 
 love where they do not marry. 
 
 Pleasure is nothing but the intermission of pain, the enjoyment 
 of something we are in great trouble for till we have it. 
 
 *NoTE. All the words expressed by Special Signs, are comprised 
 in the "KEY," (page 86) with references to the pages and numbers of 
 tthe Guide, where such signs are to be found. 
 
>x 
 
 s ^ v/ " ^"4 
 
 <-> Vy w < 
 ^ V < M 
 
 -. c > c 
 
 C r>Tl>/ ^ 1 c^-x TN .L 
 
 
 
 O - 
 
 6 > - ^ ^ >t-/ r- < / ^ ^,. . ^ , .. c ^, 
 
 -^^1>_ /^-^^^f,..-/ ^^ 
 
 ' => '^ C - -^ Y/, <Ve^0^v^ ^_ 
 
 ^ ^ ^> ^/ ^A o y 
 
KEY 
 
 To all the words expressed by Special Signs, arranged in Alphabeti- 
 cal Order ; together with the number of the page in the first column,, 
 the line or paragraph in the second column where such signs are to 
 and be found : 
 
 COMPILED BY Miss GRACIE E. TOWXDROW. 
 
 A 
 
 A, any, alone. 
 
 About, abouts. 
 
 Above, aboveboard. 
 
 Accept,-s,-ance,-ing. 
 
 Account,-able,-ing. 
 
 Acknowledge .-dring.-ment 
 
 Across. 
 
 Aerate,-d,-ing. 
 
 Aerification, aeriform. 
 
 Aerology. 
 
 Aerometer, aerometry. 
 
 Aerostat,-ic. 
 
 After, afterwards. 
 
 Again, against. 
 
 Agency, agent,-ship. 
 
 Ah. 
 
 Alien,-able,-ate, &c. 
 
 All. 
 
 Alone. 
 
 Along. 
 
 Already. 
 
 Also. 
 
 Alter,-able,-ing,-ation. 
 
 Alternately, &c. 
 
 Although. 
 
 Altogether. 
 
 Alway, always. 
 
 A. M. 
 
 Am. 
 
 Ameliorate,-s,-ed,-ing. 
 
 Amiable, amiability. 
 
 Among, amongst. 
 
 Amputate,-d,-ing,-tion. 
 
 An, and. 
 
 Anarchy, anarchist. 
 
 Annoint,-s,-ed,-ing. 
 
 Annoy ,-ance,-ed,-ing. 
 
 Any. 
 
 Appoint,-able,-ment. 
 
 I i Arbitrary, arbitrate, &c. 
 53 173 Architect,-ive,-ure. 
 75556 Are, art. 
 75 557 Aristocracy, aristocrat. 
 55227 Around. 
 57278 Arraign. 
 54202 Art. 
 
 75565 Artifice, artificial. 
 59326 As. 
 
 59326 Ascend, -ed, -ing. 
 
 59327 Asstil.-ed, ing,-able. 
 59327 Assuage,- ing,-ment. 
 
 61377 At. 
 
 75559 Audacious, audacity. 
 
 53174 Augur,-ed,-ing,-al. 
 55225 Auspices, auspicous. 
 
 53175 Austere,-ly, austerity. 
 55224 Authentic,-a!,-ate,&c. 
 
 52 152 Author,-ity,-ize, <fec. 
 
 53 173 Autocracy, autocrat. 
 75-304 Automatic,-al,-ally. 
 
 64 437 Avail,-able,-ability,-ing. 
 
 53 178 Avoid,-able,-ance,-ing. 
 
 37279 Awe. 
 
 35 226 Awhile, while, whilst. 
 
 53:178 Awkward,-ly-ness. 
 
 644.37 Ay, aye. 
 
 33177 B 
 
 54.462 Bankruptcy, bankrupt. 
 
 52 153 Be, been. 
 
 6l|380 Before, before-hand. 
 
 61378 Behalf, behoof, behoove. 
 
 53176 Beheld. 
 
 76590 Behind, behind-hand. 
 64449 Behold,-s,-ing,-en. 
 63;431 Being, being understood. 
 63 439 Belong,-s,-ing,-ed. 
 63'438Be.ow. 
 33173 Beneath. 
 551234 Beneficial.-ly. 
 
 57277 
 61 379 
 52 157 
 631430 
 75567 
 57275 
 52157 
 59,328 
 52157 
 75'563 
 63 ! 428 
 57276 
 52159 
 61382 
 59330 
 55228 
 59331 
 61381 
 55229 
 63432 
 63433 
 63429 
 55235 
 53177 
 55223 
 57280 
 53175 
 
 62397 
 52142 
 75560 
 75562 
 64461 
 75561 
 64'460 
 64454 
 64453 
 '5558 
 5558 
 58295 
 
KEY TO WORD SIG^S, &C. 
 
 Between, betwixt. 54;193 Discrepance, discrepancy. 
 
 60347 
 
 Boisterous,-ly,-ness. 
 
 57285 
 
 Disproportion,-able,-ate. 
 
 77597 
 
 Book,-ed,-ing. 
 
 57289 
 
 Dissuade,-d,-s,-ing, &c. 
 
 62398 
 
 Boom,-ed,-ing. 
 
 57290 
 
 Divide,-d,-s,-ing. 
 
 54194 
 
 Brilliancy, brilliant. 
 
 56244 
 
 Do, doe?, done. 
 
 53143 
 
 Brood, -ed,-ing. 
 
 59 
 
 340 
 
 Droop,-ed,-ing. 
 
 61 
 
 341 
 
 Browse,-d,-ing. 
 
 5? 
 
 294 
 
 Drown,-ed,-ing. 
 
 61 
 
 395. 
 
 Brutal ,-ly,-ity,-ize. 
 
 6C 
 
 346 
 
 E 
 
 
 > 
 
 By. 
 
 52 
 
 142 
 
 Earth, earthly, earthliness. 
 
 76 
 
 578 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 Ecstacy, ecstatic,-al. 
 
 61 
 
 384 
 
 Can, canst. 
 
 52 
 
 150 
 
 Efficiency, efficiently. 
 
 57 
 
 2S2, 
 
 Casual,-ly,-ity. 
 
 56 
 
 252 
 
 Ejaculate,-d, ejaculation. 
 
 57 
 
 281 
 
 Catechise, catechism. 
 
 56 
 
 253 
 
 Electric,-ian, electricity. 
 
 03 
 
 434 
 
 Challenge,-able,-ing. 
 
 57 
 
 270 
 
 Elicit.-ed.-ing. 
 
 59 
 
 332 
 
 Characteristic' -ize. 
 
 58 
 
 303 
 
 Ellipse, elliptic,-al. 
 
 59 
 
 333 
 
 Charge,-able,-ing. 
 
 61 
 
 372i 
 
 Emaciate,-d,-ing,-tion. 
 
 61 
 
 383 
 
 Charity, charitable. 
 
 55 
 
 219 
 
 Embroider,-ed,-ing. 
 
 59 
 
 336 
 
 Charter,-ed,-ing. 
 
 03 
 
 423; 
 
 Emtroil,-ed,-ing,-ment. 
 
 59 
 
 3J7 
 
 Chastise, -d,-ing,-ment. 
 
 59 
 
 321 
 
 Employ ,-ing,-ment. 
 
 53 
 
 184 
 
 Chimera, chimerical. 
 
 58 
 
 304 
 
 Encircle,-d,-ing. 
 
 75 
 
 571 
 
 Christ, Christ's. 
 
 76 
 
 583 
 
 Enclose,-d,-ing,-sure. 
 
 75 
 
 570> 
 
 Christendom. 
 
 76 
 
 580! 
 
 Enjoin,-ed,-s,-ing. 
 
 61 
 
 387 
 
 Christian,-ly,-ity. 
 
 76 
 
 582 
 
 Enjoy ,-able,-ing,-ment. 
 
 61 
 
 388 
 
 Christ Jesus. 
 
 76 
 
 584 
 
 Enlarge,-iug,-ment. 
 
 34 
 
 456. 
 
 Christmas. 
 
 76 
 
 581 
 
 Equal ,-ly, equality. 
 
 77 
 
 594 
 
 Cogniable. 
 
 60 
 
 354 
 
 Equivocally, equivocate^. 
 
 55 
 
 230 
 
 Cognizance, cognizant. 
 
 60354 
 
 Especial, especially. 
 
 55 
 
 231 
 
 Conscientious,-ly,-ness. 
 
 60 
 
 355 
 
 Espouse,-d,-ing,-al. 
 
 63 
 
 435 
 
 Constituency, constituent. 
 
 19 
 
 U<v 
 
 405 
 
 EL cetera, &c. 
 
 M 
 
 450 
 
 Couch,-ed,-iug,-s. 
 
 77 
 
 610 
 
 Eternal,-ly, eternity. 
 
 77 
 
 508 
 
 Could, couldst. 
 
 52 
 
 15l| 
 
 Even. 
 
 53 
 
 179 
 
 Counsel for defendant. 
 
 ~8 
 
 623 
 
 Ever, every. 
 
 53 
 
 180 
 
 Counsel for plaintiff. 
 
 "8 
 
 622 
 
 Everlasti.ig,-ly. 
 
 ~7 
 
 509 
 
 Credible,-ness, credibility. 
 
 62 
 
 406 
 
 Evil, evils. 
 
 j3 
 
 179 
 
 Cross-examine,-d,-ation. 
 
 to 
 
 634 
 
 Exaggerate,-d,-ing,-tion. 
 
 54 
 
 215 
 
 Cross of Christ. 
 
 76 
 
 586 
 
 Example, examples. 
 
 C 2165 
 
 Crouch,-ed,-ing. 
 
 76611! 
 
 Exasperate,-d,-ing, &c. 
 
 56266 
 
 Crowd,-s,-ed,-ing. 
 
 59344 Exceed, exceeds. 
 
 52164 
 
 Crown, -s,-ed,-ing. 
 
 59345 jExcept, excepts. 
 
 32 164 
 
 Crucifix, crucifixion. 
 
 '6;587!Exception,-able,-al,-ing. 
 
 56267 
 
 Crucify, crucifying. 
 
 76587j Exclusion, exclusive. 
 
 38 J 317- 
 
 D 
 
 
 | Execrable, execrate, &c. 
 
 38318 
 
 Day after to-morrow. 
 
 64 
 
 467 Exhilarate,-d,-ing, &c. 
 
 JO 368 
 
 Delicacy, delicate. 
 Destroy ,-ed, -ing. 
 Diagnosis, diagnostic. 
 
 56'245 Exorbitance, exorbitant. 60369 
 53|l83 (Expect, expects. 52 ! 165 
 77605 Explicitly, explicitness. 62419 
 
 Discover,-ed,-ing,-y. 
 
 75 568 Expostulate,-s,-d,-ing. 62 420 
 
 Discredit,-able,-ing. 
 
 58;296| Exquisite, exquisitely. 54216 
 
KEY TO WORD SIGNS, &C- 
 
 Extraordinary ,-ly. 77 607 
 
 Ideal, -ism, ideality. 57283 
 
 Eve, eyes. 
 
 53 181 
 
 Identically, &c. 
 
 59334 
 
 F 
 
 
 Identify,-ed,-ing, &c. 
 
 59334 
 
 Facetious,-ly,-ness. 
 
 54 195 Idiocy, idiot. 
 
 57,284 
 
 Familiar ,-ly,-ity,-ize. 
 
 56246 Idolatry, idolize. 
 
 61 
 
 385 
 
 Fanatic,-al,-ism, &c. 
 
 56247 
 
 If. 
 
 52 
 
 145 
 
 Fascinate,-d,-ing,-tion. 
 
 58297 
 
 I'll. 
 
 79636 
 
 Fastidious,-ly,-ness. 
 
 58298 
 
 I'm. 
 
 79635 
 
 Father, fatherly. 
 
 54196 
 
 Imagine, -able,-ing,-ation. 
 
 59335 
 
 Fluctuate,-d,-ing,-tion, 
 
 62 399 Immediate,-ly,-ness. 
 
 55233 
 
 Fool,-ing-.ish, &c. 
 
 61,391 In. 
 
 52154 
 
 For. 
 
 52 144 Inasmuch. 
 
 76593 
 
 Foreclose,-d.-ing,-sure. 
 
 75573 Indictment quashed. 
 
 78 628 
 
 Formal,-ly,-ity,-ness. 
 
 60348 Inequality. 
 
 77595 
 
 Frigid ,-ity ,-ly, -ness. 
 
 60349 Inherit. 
 
 77 60S 
 
 From. 
 
 52145 Initiate,-ing,-tion. 
 
 61386 
 
 Frustrate,-d,-ing, &c. 
 
 62 400 ln?idious,-ly,-ness. 
 
 76588 
 
 G 
 
 
 Intermediate, &c. 
 
 76589 
 
 Gentlemen of the Jury. 
 
 78619 
 
 International. 
 
 77606 
 
 Genuine,-ly,-ness. 
 
 56248jjlrascible, &c. 
 
 15232 
 
 Gloom,-ily,-ing.-y. 
 
 01 MS 
 
 Is. 
 
 52 158 
 
 Glory, glorify, glorious. 
 
 54197 
 
 It, it's, itself. 
 
 53 182 
 
 Go, goes, gone. 
 
 32 140 
 
 Iterate, -ing, &c. 
 
 63437 
 
 God, God's. 
 
 51138 
 
 Itineracy, itinerate. 63 43G 
 
 Gradual ,-ly, graduator. 
 
 60350 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 Grand Jury.. 
 
 78620 
 
 Jealous,-y,-ly- 
 
 56251 
 
 Gratuitously, gratuity. 
 
 38 299 
 
 Jeopard ,-o us ,-ize. 
 
 58302 
 
 Grief, grievance, grievous. 
 
 (32401 
 
 Jesuit,-ic-ical. 
 
 60353 
 
 H 
 
 
 Jesus. 
 
 58 138 
 
 Habeas Corpus. 
 
 78627 
 
 Jesus Christ. 76585 
 
 Had, hadst. 
 
 52148 
 
 Journal,-ism,-ize. 62404 
 
 Hai>py,-]3vness. 
 
 77598 
 
 Judge, judges. 52149 
 
 Has, hast. 
 
 32 147 
 
 Judicat , j udiciary. 54 200 
 
 Have. 
 
 32 147 
 
 Just- 52 149 
 
 He. 
 
 32 148 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 lleaven,-ly. 
 
 34 I9:i 
 
 Knew, known. 52151 
 
 Hereditary ,-ly,-ment. 
 
 16240 Know, knows. 52 15l) 
 
 Hieroglyph, -ic,-ical, &c. 
 
 56250 lvnovving,-ly, knowledge. 54201 
 
 His Honor. 
 
 77615 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 History, historic.-al. 
 
 58 300 
 
 Languid,-ly, languidness. |56254 
 
 Holy, holily, holiness. 
 
 54199 
 
 Large,-ly,-est,-ness. 
 
 64455 
 
 Horticulture,-al,-ist. 
 
 58301 
 
 Learned counsel. 
 
 78621 
 
 Hour, hours, hourly. 
 
 53191 
 
 Legislate, -ing, legislative. 
 
 6035G 
 
 Hypochondria, &c. 
 
 60351 
 
 Legitimacy, legitimate. 
 
 62407 
 
 Hypocrisy, hypocrite. 
 
 60352 
 
 Like, likes. 
 
 52 152 
 
 Hypothecate,-d,-ing, &c. 
 
 62 402 
 
 Literary, literature. 
 
 58305 
 
 Hypothetic,-al, &c. 
 
 62403 
 
 Lord, Lord's. 
 
 51 138 
 
 r. 
 
 53181 
 
 Loose,-d,-ing. 
 
 63 442 
 
KEY TO WORD SIGXS, &C- 
 
 Love,-d,-iug,-ly. 
 
 M 
 
 Malevolence, malevolent. 
 Manslaughter. 
 May. 
 
 May it please the Court. 
 Me. 
 
 Mediocre, mediocrity. 
 Measure ,-d,-ing,-ment. 
 Metaphor,-ic,-ical. 
 Meteorology, &c. 
 Might,-ily, mightiest. 
 Miscellany,-ous. 
 Moreover. 
 Motion by. 
 Motion denied. 
 Motion granted. 
 Motion rule. 
 Much. 
 
 N 
 
 Namely, viz. 
 Natural,-ly,-ization 
 No. 
 
 Nobody. 
 Nolle prosequi. 
 Nothing. 
 
 Notify ,-ing,-cation. 
 Nourish,-ing,-ment. 
 Noxious,-ly,-ness. 
 Nutriment, nutrition. 
 
 O 
 
 0, oh, owe. 
 Obedience, obedient. 
 Objeet.-ing, objection, &c. 
 Oblige, obligate, &c. 
 Obsequious,-ly,-ness. 
 Obstruct,-ing,-tion. 
 O'clock. 
 
 Oderous, Odiferous. 
 Of. 
 
 Off, oft, often. 
 Officially, officiate. 
 On. 
 
 One, ones, once. 
 One after another. 
 Only. 
 
 Ooze,-d,-ing. 
 Opinion,-;ited. 
 
 ,5420301-. 
 
 jiOrient,-al,-alism. 
 56^255 Origin,-al,-ality. 
 
 76591 Other, (others), otherwise. 
 52;153 Our, ours, ourselves. 
 78618 (j Outer, outermost,-ward. 
 52ll63:jOutlaw.-ed,-ing,-ry. 
 77 ! 604'|0utrage,-ing,-ous. 
 64458'<0ver, o'er. 
 
 60i357 Owe, owing. 
 J24U* P 
 
 54204 Panegyric, panegyrize. 
 58306 Patriot,-ic,-ical. 
 
 76592 Peace,-able,-fu), &c. 
 781630 Period ,-ic -leal. 
 
 78631 
 78 ! 632 
 
 Perpetuate,-ing,-tion. 
 Pleasure,-able, &c. 
 
 78 l 633! l Poison,-ing,-ous. 
 53,168 !Pouch,-ed,-ing. 
 Praise, pray, &c. 
 
 64451 
 34205 
 ~t~ 154 Proportion, able,-ate. 
 
 Prisoner at the Bar. 
 Proof, prove ,-ing. 
 
 76 574 
 78'629 
 76 574 
 58|307 
 o6.256jQualify, -able, -ing, &c. 
 
 Proud, -ly,-er,-est. 
 Prowl,-s,-ed.-ing. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quatlruple,-ed, ing. 
 
 60358 
 1,409 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Quarrel,-ing,-some. 
 |Question,-able,-ing. 
 53 185 Quiescc, quiescent. 
 
 1 3^9 Quiet,-ly -ness. 
 57288 R 
 
 59239 Rational ,-ly,-ity. 
 31 390 Reciprocal,-ly, reciprocity. 
 )3J441 Recover,-ed,-ing,-y . 
 64] 462 Reiterate,-ing,-tion. 
 63450 Residual, residuary. 
 52 144|]Ritual,-ism,-ist. 
 531861 S 
 
 55237 Sacriftce,-d,-ing. 
 52154 Sacrilege, sacrilegious. 
 54449 Shabby ,-ly, shabbiness. 
 75 554 Shagged,-ness. 
 53J185 Shall, shall. 
 55239-Shelf, shelving. 
 59;338 .Sheriff, sheriffalty. 
 
 52157 
 56236 
 57287 
 53188 
 03192 
 57293 
 55242 
 55243 
 75 555 
 53185 
 
 56257 
 58308 
 54206 
 60359 
 62410 
 64459 
 57'286 
 7612 
 52155 
 78|624 
 63,443 
 771596 
 61396 
 63446 
 
 60360 
 56258 
 52156 
 S2411 
 
 4207 
 58309 
 
 2156 
 
 4208 
 6259 
 '5571 
 58,310 
 30,361 
 82.412 
 
 8311 
 6260 
 7371 
 7:272 
 3,169 
 9322 
 55220 
 
KEY TO WORD SIGXS, &C- 
 
 Should, shouldst. 
 
 53 170 Universe,-al,-ally. 55 240 
 
 Shred, shredding. 
 
 59323 Up, upon. 53190 
 
 Shrewd,-ly,-ness. 
 
 61373 Upright,-ly,-ness. 55241 
 
 Shrive,-d ,-ing. 
 
 61374 Upward. 
 
 53190 
 
 Shrievalty. 
 
 55 221 Urgency, urgent. 
 
 63445 
 
 Shrinkage. 
 
 55221 Us. 
 
 52 158 
 
 Shroud,-ed,-5ng. 
 
 63417 Usual ,-ly, -ness. 
 
 53 189 
 
 Shrub, shrubbery. 
 
 63 424 Usurp,-ing,-ation. 
 
 '33444 
 
 Shrugged, shrugging. 
 
 63425 V 
 
 | 
 
 Slouch ,-ed ,-ing. 
 
 77613 Vacillate,-ing,-tion. 
 
 5"> 2 62 
 
 Somebody, something. 
 
 76575 Valiant.-ly.-ness. 
 
 55313 
 
 Spirit,-fcd, spiritual. 
 
 54209 Valid, -ly, validity. 
 
 54211 
 
 Subpcena,-ed,-ing. 
 
 7- 025 Vehemence, vehement. 
 
 58 314 
 
 Substantiate, <fcc. 
 
 60362 Versatile, Tersatility. 
 
 56263 
 
 Such. 
 
 53168 Verv, verilv. 
 
 52 160 
 
 Sureties. 
 
 73626 Via.' 
 
 S urround ,-ed ,-ing. 
 
 75572 Virtue, virtuous, etc. 52161 
 
 Susceptible, tc. 
 
 32413 Vitiate, ing,-tion. 
 
 54 212 
 
 T 
 
 Vituperate, Arc. 
 
 02415 
 
 Tacit,-ly, taciturn. 
 
 56261 Vivid,-ly.-ness. 
 
 02416 
 
 Terrestrial ,-ly. 
 
 5*312 Vouch, ed,-ing,-er. 
 
 00364 
 
 Territory, territorial. 
 
 60363 Vouchsafe,-d,-ing. 
 
 60365 
 
 Testify ,-ing, testimony. 
 
 54210 W 
 
 1 
 
 '1 hank,-ing,-ful,-ness. 
 
 55222 \Valk,-ed,-ing,-able. 
 
 55 315 
 
 That. 
 
 53171 Warrant,-able,-ing. 
 
 60366 
 
 The. 
 
 52 159 Was. 
 
 52 162 
 
 The Court. 
 
 78617 Watch, -ing,-ful. 
 
 60367 
 
 Theatre, theatric, -al. 
 
 57273 We, were. 
 
 52 163 
 
 Thee, they. 
 
 53171 We're. 
 
 79636 
 
 Theism. 
 
 59324 Wealth. -y, wealthiness. 
 
 56264 
 
 Theoretic,-al,-ally. 
 
 31375 Weary, -ly, -ness. 
 
 56265 
 
 Theory, theorize. 
 
 61375 \Vharf, -age. 
 
 61376 
 
 They're. 
 
 79636 Which. 
 
 53172 
 
 Thorough ,-ly, -ness . 
 Through. 
 
 63426 While, whilst. 
 76575 Whimsey, whimsical. 
 
 53223 
 57273 
 
 Throughout 
 
 76576 Whiue,-d,-ing. 
 
 59325 
 
 To. 
 
 52 159 Whirl, -ed,-ing. 
 
 63427 
 
 Treachery, treacherous. 
 
 62414 Who, whom, whose. 
 
 53187 
 
 u 
 
 Whomsoever, whosoever. 
 
 55238 
 
 Ubiquity, ubiquitous. 
 Ulcerate. -ing, tion. 
 
 51 291 Why. 
 57 292 \\ icked,-lv,-ness. 
 
 53 172 
 62417 
 
 Ultimate,-d,-ly,-infi:. 
 
 59M3 Will. 
 
 52162 
 
 Ultimatum. 
 
 59343 With. 
 
 52162 
 
 Ultra,-ism,-ist. 
 
 61394 Withdrawal. 
 
 77601 
 
 Unanimou3,-ly, &c. 
 
 59342 Withdrawn, withdrew. 
 
 77602 
 
 Under, underneath. 
 
 75556 Within. 
 
 77 599 
 
 Unequal, unequally. 
 Unison, ance. 
 
 77595 Without. 
 61,393, Wonder,-ing,-ful. 
 
 77600 
 62;418 
 
KEY TO WORD SIGtfS, &C. 
 
 Workman,-like,-ship. 
 
 54 
 
 213 
 
 Yield, -ing, &c. 
 
 58 
 
 319 
 
 World,-ly,-liness. 
 
 70 
 
 579 
 
 You, your, yours. 
 
 52 
 
 166 
 
 Worship,-ing,-ful. 
 
 54 
 
 214 
 
 Young,-est,-isu. 
 
 54 
 
 217 
 
 Worthy,-ly, &c. 
 
 58 
 
 316 
 
 You're. 
 
 79 
 
 63ft 
 
 Would. 
 
 52 
 
 163 
 
 Youth ,-ful ,-f ulness . 
 
 02 
 
 431 
 
 Y 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 Ye. 
 
 52 
 
 166 
 
 Zeal, zealous,-ly. 
 
 52 
 
 167 
 
 Year, yearly, &c. 
 
 GO 
 
 370 
 
 Zemindar, -y. 
 
 02 
 
 422 
 
 Yeoman, yoemanry. 
 
 50 
 
 268 
 
 Zinc, zincous. 
 
 00 
 
 371 
 
 Yesterday. 
 
 64 
 
 463 
 
 Zodiac,-al. 
 
 54 
 
 218 
 
 Yesterday afternoon. 
 
 04 
 
 466 
 
 Zoography, &c. 
 
 50 
 
 269 
 
 Yesterday morning. 
 
 04 
 
 464 
 
 Zoology, &c. 
 
 58 
 
 320 
 
 Yesterday noon. 
 
 (54 
 
 465 
 
 
 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Title Page, 1 
 
 Dedication to Julius Ensign Rockwell, Esq., - 3 
 
 Introduction or Preface, 5 
 
 Henry J. Lewis, of London, on dotting for Vowels, 7 
 A. H. Thompson and M. Levy, London, on Pitman's Phonography, 9 
 
 Mr. Thomas Andei son on Essentials of a good system, - 10 
 Mr. Thomas Anderson on blunders made by omission of Vowels, 10 
 
 Mr. Geo. R. Bishop, of New York, on Vowel representation, 13 
 
 The beauties of dotting for Vowels illustrated, 15 
 The Author's method of expressing the Vowels and Diphthongs, 20 
 
 1'he Author's abilities as a Reporter acknowledged, - - 21 
 
 Testimonials, - - 22 
 
 Opinions on the Utility of Short-Hand, - 29 
 
 " What application will do," 30 
 
 The advantages of having a Teacher, - 31 
 
 Hints to the Learner, 33 
 
 Materials for Writing, - 33 
 
 About learning the Consonants, - 34 
 
 How the Consonants are represented, - - 35 
 
 Directions for joining the Consonants, 36 
 
 Mode of Spelling, - 36 
 
 Exposition of the Consonants, - 38 
 
 Exposition of the Double Consonants, - - - 45 
 
 Exposition of the Vowels and Diphthongg, - 46 
 
 Application of the Characters when written singly, - 49 
 
 Proper Names to be distinguished, 51 
 
92 
 
 Marks of Punctuation, &c., 51 
 
 Words expressed hy the Alphabetical Signs, - 52 
 
 Supplementary Word Signs, 64 
 
 Repetition of Words, &c., How they are expressed, - 65 
 
 Words of Contrary Signification, 65 
 
 Negative Particles, Dis, II, Im, In, Ir, Un, <&c., - 66 
 
 Prefixes Circum, Over and Under, 66- 
 
 Suffixes expressed by Arbitrary Signs, - - 67 
 
 Suffixes ing, ingly, ingness, 67 
 
 Suffixes ceam, don, sion, tion, ccous, tious, - 67 
 
 Suffixes cision, sician. sition, &c., 67 
 
 Suffixes self, selves, ship and ships, - 68 
 
 Suffixes lessly, lessness, liness, 68 
 
 Suffixes ly and less, 68 
 
 Suffixes sier, sier, sure, zure, 68 
 
 Suffixes date, tiate, &c., - - 68 
 
 Suffixes tual, tuate, tune, ture, teous, tuous, &c., 69 
 
 Alphabetical Characters used as Prefixes and Suffixes, - 69 
 
 List of Prefixes expressed by Alphabetical Signs, 72 
 
 List of Suffixes expressed by Alphabetical Signs, - 73 
 
 Words expressed Dy their respective Leading Sounds, - 74 
 
 About Arbitrary and Suggestive AVord Signs, - 74 
 
 List of Arbitrary and Suggestive Word Signs, 
 
 Legal Terms and Expressions How expressed, - - 78 
 
 Words that may be Joined, 79 
 
 Poetical Abbreviations, - 79 
 
 Titles or Captions to be written plain, 
 
 Emphasized Words Iio\v distinguished, - - 79 
 
 Numerals, 
 
 Abbreviations used in Writing and Printing, - 80 
 
 Quotations from the Latin, French and Italian, 80 
 
 General Remarks to the Learner, - 81 
 
 Translation of Specimen 1, 
 
 "A Son's Farewell to his Mother," &c., Specimen I, 
 
 Translation of Specimen 2, 
 
 " A Mother's Love," Specimen 2, - 
 
 Key to words expressed by Special Signs, - 8G 
 
'JNTVERSITY ot CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 LIBRARY 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
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 >/M^^Sf^E4 ^^t 
 
256 Tovmdrow - 
 T66c Towndrovr's 
 1886 revised-aaad 
 
 improved text- 
 book-o stenography* 
 
 A 000 570 388 9 
 
 W^^^M^::^M^ 
 
 g/3*s?gK tvwfe^ 
 
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