0/f THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTTJM. A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF GREAT GREECE. ' INCLUDING AN ESSAY ON ARTISTS', ENGRAVERS', AND MAGISTRATES' SIGNATURES. ARTHUR J. EVANS, M.A., F.S.A., KEEPER OF THE ASHMOLEAX MUSEUM, OXFORD. WITH WOODCUTS AND ELEVEN AUTOTYPE PLATES ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE EQUESTRIAN COIN-TYPES OF TARENTUM. REPRINTED FROM THE NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, WITH INDICES AND ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS. LONDON : PUBLISHED BY BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY 1889. Stack Annex CJ 5*26* ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION 129 EARLY TARENTINE COINAGES AND THEIR CHRONOLOGY. . 1 4 Incuse types, &c 1,2 The seated Demos 3 THE EQUESTRIAN TYPES (" HORSEMEN ") OF TARENTUM . 4 Their long duration 4 Previous records and classifications of these types . . 5 Fresh evidence acquired by author from recent finds, &c. . 6 EQUESTRIAN DIDRACHMS OF TARENTUM DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES OF FULL AND REDUCED WEIGHT .... 7 REDUCTION OF WEIGHT COINCIDES WITH PYRRHUS' EXPEDITION 7 CONTINUANCE OF TARENTINE COINAGE AFTER ROMAN OCCU- PATION OF 272 7 ORIGINAL VICTORIATE STANDARD ADOPTED AT TARENTUM IN HANNIBAL'S TIME 7 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF EQUESTRIAN TYPES INTO TEN PERIODS 8, 9 Pollux's citation from Aristotle touching " Nummos " of Tarentum . . 91 1 Tarentum as an adherent of Achsean Monetary Convention . 1 1 Earliest coinage silver staters or didrachms only . . . 11 LATER TARENTINE MONETARY SYSTEM COMBINES ATTIC DRACHM WITH SYRACUSAN LITRA 11 Issue of Federal diobols with Herakleian types . . . 11 SIGNIFICATION OF HORSEMAN TYPE AT TAHENTUM . . 11 22 Earliest Equestrian types purely agonistic . . . . 12 Tarentine polity originally modelled on Spartan Mother- City 12 Influence of Archytas' Strategia on Civic Government . . 13 Absence of names of Strategoi upon the Coins . . . 13 Full-length signatures to be referred to Ephor Eponymos . 14 CONNEXION OF HORSEMAN TYPES WITH CULT OF LOCAL HEROES AND STATE PATRONS TARAS, POSEIDON, PHALANTHOS, HYAKINTHOS . . . . . . . 14 16 Phalanthos and Taras interchanged in local myth . . . 15 iv CONTENTS. PAGE Phalanthos on Tarentine coins 15, 16 Dioskuri on these Equestrian types 17 Inscription referring to Hippie Deities of Tarentum . . 17 Parallels to Equestrian coin-types presented by terra-cotta figures from votive deposit on site of a Chthonic Sanctuary recently discovered at Taranto . . . . . . 17 CHTHONIC AND FUNEREAL CONNEXION OF SYMBOLS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE COIN-TYPES 18 Comparison between seated figure of Taras (Demos) holding kantharos on archaic coin and Spartan sepulchral relief . 19 Illustrations of Tarentine Religious Games from Equestrian types 20 Torch-racers, airo^drrig and aptyiiriros 20 Illustrations of military exercises of Tarentine cavalry . . 20 22 Historical allusions on Tarentine coins 22 24 SYMBOLS ON EARLIER COINAGE AN INTEGRAL PART OF TYPE 24 Symbols and signatures compared with those of Herakleian Tables 2526 Types parlants and "canting" badges of Tarentine magis- trates 2526 Allusions to religious festivals 27 DISTINCTION TO BE DRAWN BETWEEN SIGNATURES OF DIF- FERENT PERIODS 28 EARLIER SIGNATURES THOSE OF ENGRAVER OR MONEYER . 28 Tne same engravers employed by other Magna-Graecian cities 28 LATER FULL-LENGTH SIGNATURES THOSE OF MAGISTRATES . 29 PERIOD I. TRANSITIONAL (B.C. c. 450 c. 430) . . 2935 Overlapping of "horseman" class with that displaying seated Demos 29, 30 Archaic characteristics of early equestrian types . . . 30, 31 The inscription TAPANTINQNHMI . " . . . . 31, 32 Numismatic landmark supplied by Rhegian coinage of 466 . 32 34 Types of Period I . 34, 35 PERIOD II. (B.C. c. 420 c. 380) 3545 Evidences of interval between Periods I. and II. . . . 35, 36 Characteristics of coinage of Period II. .... 36, 37 Coin representing Phalanthos 37, 38 Comparison with Thracian and Macedonian types . . 38 Chronological evidence derived from Psestum Find of 1858 . 39 41 Corroborated by Naples hoard (1888) 41, 42 Types of Period II 4245 PERIOD III. THE AGE OF ARCHYTAS (B.C. c. 380345) 4563 Evidences of peaceful activity 46 CONTENTS. V PAOB FEDERAL CURRENCY NOW INSTITUTED 46, 47 Characteristics of coins of this Period 47, 48 Two classes of fabric compact and broad .... 47 Influence of sculpture and painting 48 Coins signed by engraver Le 50 Taras represented spearing fish 50 Engraver's signature 2QK on oblong tablet . . . . 50, 51 Group of engravers' signatures KAA *I and API . . . 51 55 Influence of Herakleian type at Tarenlum .... 5254 The Herakleian and Metapontian engraver, Aristoxenos, at Tarentum 54, 55 Coins of this Period of broader fabric 5557 Treatment of hair and horses' manes . . . . .56, 57 Types of Period III 5763 PERIOD IV. ARCHIDAMOS AND THE FIRST LUCA- NIAN WAR (344334 B.C.) 6480 Employment by Tarentines of foreign Condott>eri. . . 64 Landing of Spartan King Archidamos ..... 64 TARENTINE GOLD COINS NOW FIRST ISSUED .... 6567 Gold stater representing Taras supplicating Taenarian Poseidon 66, 67 Allusion to Tarentine invocation of Spartan help ... 67 Characteristics of didrachm types of Period IV. . . . 68, 69 Example of pictorial design 69 Noble group of coins signed KAA, API, & $1 ... 70 Picturesque compositions of the engraver KAA ... 71 The horseman received by Nike, an Ephebos, or a boy . . 71 Herakleian and Metapontian designs of engraver KAA . 72, 73 First appearance of scheme of horseman lancing downwnrds . 73 Pensive figure of Taras holding helmet between stars of Dioskuri .......... 74 Possible allusion to heroic death of Spartan King . . .75, 76 Types of Period IV 7680 PERIOD V. FROM THE MOLOSSIAN ALEXANDER TO THE SPARTAN KLEONYMOS (334302 B.C.) . 80105 Arrival and Italian career of Alexander, the son of Neop- tolemos 80, 81 Influence of his expedition on Tarentine and S. Italian coinage .......... 81 89 Coins struck by Alexander in Italy 82, 83 Metapontian and Locrian moneyers of the Molossian . . 82, 83 ALLIANCE PIECES OF TARENTINES, RUBASTINES, AND EPIROTE KING 84, 85 TARENTINE GOLD STATERS STRUCK. AT THIS TIME . . 85, 86 Their close analogy with some didrachm types . . .86 VI CONTENTS. APPEARANCE OF MOLOSSIAN SYMBOL, THE SEATED EAGLE, ON TAKENTIKE DIDRACHMS 87, 88 Fat infantile figure of Taras as assimilated to lacchos of Mysteries 8992 Chronological evidence supplied by Benevento Find . . 92 94 Remarkable type reading ^YM, perhaps ^TMMAXIKON . 9597 Numismatic allusions to Sicilian expedition under Spartan Akrotatos 96100 HOARD OF TARENTINE AND MACEDONIAN GOLD STATERS FOUND AT TARANTO IN 1883 97100 Warlike design of Taras as an archer, reproduced at time of Pyrrhus' arrival . . . . . . . 100,101 May here refer to arrival of Spartan Kleonymos in 302 . 101 Types of Period V 101105 AETISTS', ENGRAVERS', AND MAGISTRATES 1 SIGNA- TURES 105124 Groups of coins of first four Periods presenting engravers' signatures . 105, 106 Group of coins of Period V. with signatures, *I, IAI, $IAIS 100 Microscopic character of some of these signatures . . 107 109 Characteristics of gem engraver employed as die-sinker 107 109 Range of engraver Philis ... in composition and design . 109 Contemporary appearance of a Tareutine type and signature *IAI2TI at Terina 110,111 Circumstantial evidence that Tarentine Philis ... is the same engraver as the Velian Philistion .... 111114 Tarentine, Herakleian, and Metapontian details introduced by Philistion on Velian dies . . . . . 112114 Groups of Equestrian types with signatures ^A, ^IM, and KY 114, 115 FIRST APPEARANCE OF FULL-LENGTH SIGNATURES OF MAGIS- TRATES ON TARENTINE COINS 116 ENGRAVERS' SIGNATURES NOW RELEGATED TO SECONDARY POSITION 116 Theory that engravers necessarily signed in microscopic characters disproved by Syracusan examples . 116,117 REGULAR TRANSITION FROM MINUTE TO CONSPICUOUS SIGNA- TURES OBSERVABLE IN PRACTICE OF THURIAN ENGRAVERS 117, 118 Both methods employed by same engraver on a single coin 118, 119 Little facilities for interweaving signatures with design on Tarentine coins 119, 120 Ancient engravers also frequently moneyers . . . . 120 Coinage in hands of private individuals as at Antioch in Antiochos Epiphanes' days 120, 121 Associations of engravers and moneyers in the same bottega . 121 CONTENTS. Vll PAGB Such a practice best accounts for grouping of Tarentine signatures 122 THE SAME ARTISTIC ENGRAVERS EMPLOYED BY SEVERAL MAQNA- GR^CIAN CITIES 122, 123 Engravers' signatures not necessarily artists' ... 124 PERIOD VI. FROM KLEONYMOS TO PYRRHUS (302 281 B.C.) 124135 All full-weight didrachms with signatures at full-length included in this period 124, 125 APPEARANCE OF DRACHMS OF FEDERAL TYPE OF REDUCED WEIGHT . 125127 Find of Tarentine and Magna-Graecian coins near Oria 126, 127 Litrae and Hemilitra still struck of full weight . . . 128 Engravers' and magistrates' signatures together on coins of Period VI 129, 130 The engravers' signatures ^1 and ET 130 The signature lOP on gold and silver coinage of this Period 130, 131 CAMPANO-TARENTINE DIDHACHMS NOW FIRST ISSUED . . 131 THESE PIECES STRUCK FOR CIRCULATION IN APULIA AND SAMNIUM .......... 131 NOT FOUND IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF TARANTO . . 131 Types of Period VI 132135 PERIOD VII. THE PYRRHIC HEGEMONY (B.C. 281 272) 13G 163 Historical sketch of period preceding Pyrrhus' arrival . 1 36 1 38 Tarentine independence threatened by Agathokles . 136, 137 Outbreak of hostilities with Rome . . . 137,138 Pyrrhus called in by the Tarentines 1 38 REDUCTION OF DIDRACHM AND LITRA STANDARD AT TARENTUM 139 APPEARANCE OF PYRRHIC BADGES ON TARENTINE COINS . 139 THE ELEPHANT SYMBOL ON DIDRACHMS 139 ATHENE ALKIS ON GOLD STATERS 139, 140 Eagle, thunderbolt, and spearhead on Tarentine gold . 140142 Spearhead, ^Eakid badge 142 Appears on latest full-weight didrachms . . . . 143 ATHENE ALKIS ON LATEST FULL-WEIGHT LITRAS . . . 144 LlTRAS OF REDUCED WEIGHT ISSUED WITH ELEPHANT SYMBOL 145 EVIDENCE THAT REDUCTION OF WEIGHT TOOK PLACE AT TIME OF PYRRHUS' EXPEDITION 145 Late full-weight didrachms with anchor .... 146 Anchor at Tarentum symbol of maritime victory . . . 147 Sinking of Roman fleet probable occasion of type . . 147 Tarentine didrachms of Pyrrhic epoch with thunderbolt and prow , 148 Taras assimilated to Seleukid Apollo .... 149, 150 Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE Complimentary allusion to pecuniary aid supplied by Antiochos 1 150152 Signatures on Pyrrhic coinage of Tarentum . . . . 152 RESULTS CORROBORATED BY HOARD RECENTLY DISCOVERED rw CALABRIA 153155 Drachma belonging to Pyrrhic epoch 154 Some rare types of this Period 155, 156 Inscription 1C of shield on horseman 156 Types of Period VII 156163 TARENTUM AS A CIVITAS FCEDERATA . . . 163169 UNFOUNDED ASSUMPTION THAT TARENTINE COINAGE CEASED ON ROHAN OCCUPATION OF 272 B.C 163 Tarentum recognised as "Free and Allied City" . . . 164 EVIDENCE OF CONTINUANCE OF COINAGE SUPPLIED BY GREAT HOARD FOUND AT TARANTO IN 1883 165 Summary account of Taranto hoard .... 165 169 The types later than those of Calabrian hoard . . . 166 Symbols and signatures on coins of smaller denominations 166, 167 Coins of Taranto Find divided into earlier and later class 168, 169 PERIOD VIII. THE ROMAN ALLIANCE I. (B.C. 272 c. 235) .... .... 169182 Bulk of Taranto hoard belongs to this Period . . . 169 Evidence of continued material prosperity in prolific coinage . 169 Campano-Tarentine coinage also abundant . . . . 170 View that Neapolitan silver coinage ceased on first emission of Roman denarii in 268 untenable 171 SCHEME AND STYLE OF BULK OF CAMPANO-TARENTINE COINS RESEMBLE REGULAR DlDRACHM TYPES OF THIS PERIOD 171, 172 Large proportion of symbols the same in both series . 172,1 73 Several of these symbols " canting" badges of magistrates 173, 174 Symbols on Campano-Tarentine coins referring to Tarentine magistrates of the post- Pyrrhic epoch . . . . 175 EVIDENCE OF MONETARY ALLIANCE BETWEEN TARENTUM, TEATE IN APULIA, AND NEAPOLIS 176 Types of Period VIII 176182 PERIOD IX. THE ROMAN ALLIANCE II. (B.C. c. 235- 228) 183196 Latest coins of great Taranto hoard belong to separate and well-marked class 183 Characteristics of this group of coins 183 Careful execution of coins of this Period as compared with preceding 183 Occurrence of sensational subjects : horse-racing types . 183 CONTENTS. IX PAOE Epigraphic characteristics : c for <, &c 184 Appearance of complicated monograms . . . . 184 Elaboration of military equipment, dress of riders, &c. . . 185 Evidence supplied of Agonistic revival 186 Connexion of this with festival of Hyakinthia . . 186189 Torch-racing types of Herakletos and Daimachos . . 188, 189 THESE LATE TARENTINE TYPES REPRODUCED ON DENARII OF CALPURNIAN FAMILY ASSOCIATED WITH HEAD OF APOLLO, 189 191 These denarii commemorate importation of Ludi Apollinares to Rome by Praetor Calpurnius 189191 Ludi Apollinares, celebrated ''according to the Greek rite," shown to have been taken from Tarentum . . 190, 191 INTERRUPTION OF TARENTINE COINAGE BETWEEN CLOSE OF THIS PERIOD AND HANNIBALIC OCCUPATION . . 191, 192 FlND OF EARLY VlCTORIATI ON TARENTINE SlTE . . . 192 Occasion of interruption of autonomous coinage to be sought in events of 228 B.C 192194 Victoriate currency adopted by Dyrrhachium, Apollonia, and Corcyra 192 Now issued by Kroton, Luceria, and other cities of S. Italy . 193 Types of Period IX 194196 PERIOD X. THE HANNIBALIC OCCUPATION (212 209 B.C.) 196211 STANDARD AND FABRIC OF THIS CLASS DIFFERENT FROM ALL PRECEDING 196, 197 Sambon's view that these coins represented halves of full- weight didrachms shown to be untenable . . . . 197 No DIDRACHMS OF SIMILAR TYPES 197 Reasons for believing that these coins were struck at time of Hannibal's protectorate 198 Original Roman Victoriatus much reduced at this time . 199 STANDARD OF THESE COINS ANSWERS TO THAT OF ORIGINAL VICTORIATUS 200 Original Victoriate standard preserved by Illyrian cities 200 201 Half of unit struck by magistrate Sokannas . . . . 202 Types of present class imitated from coins of Period IX. . 202 Epigraphic style more conservative than preceding class 202, 203 Evidences of chronol gical gap between Periods IX. and X. 203 Non- Hellenic character of some of the magistrates' names 203, 204 These names not, however, Messapian .... 203, 204 Absence of names of the revolutionary leaders . . . 205 Plebeian character of the Tarentine Revolution . . . 205 ALLIANCE COINS OF METAPONTINES AND LUCANIANS ALSO NOW STRUCK ON SAME VlCTORIATE STANDARD . . . 206, 207 Historic record of defection of Metapontines and Lucanians to Hannibal 207, 208 CONTENTS. TARENTINE GOLD STATE us AND THIRDS STRUCK DURING HAN- NIBALIC PERIOD 2 Types of Period X. 210, 211 APPENDIX A. COINS FROM THE BENEVENTAN FIND 212215 CALABRIAN FIND APPENDIX B. 216218 APPENDIX C. TARANTO FIND . Tarentine didrachms Tarentine drachms .Tarentine litrse . Tarentine hemilitra Tarentine diobols (Pallas type) Tarentine obols (diota type) Tarentine obols (horse's head) Tarentine hemiobolia . Thurian didrachms Summary of hoard 219228 219, 220 221 222 223 224, 225 226 227 227 228 228 INDEX I. ATTRIBUTES AND SYMBOLS IN TARAS' HANDS 229 INDEX II. SYMBOLS AND OBJECTS IN THE FIELD 230 INDEX III. SIGNATURES . 233 ERRATUM AND ADDENDUM. P. 200, 1. 14, 15 for "Corinthian tridrachms " read " Corcyrtcan staters." P. 203, add to note 232 A Serambos is mentioned by Pausanias (VI. 10, 9) as a sculptor of 2Egina. THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. THE general order of the early Tarentine coinages is fairly ascertained. The conformity both in weight and fabric existing between the first incuse pieces of the Dorian city and the earliest coins struck by the Achaean colonies of the Ionian and Tyrrhene shores, tends to show that already before the days of Pythagoras' sojourn within their walls the Italiote Greeks had learnt to federate for their common weal. But while at Metapontion, and perhaps some other cities, these broad-spread incuse pieces, which seem to have owed their origin to a definite monetary convention between the Magna-Grsecian Commonwealths, continued to be issued for some time after the destruction of Sybaris, their adoption by the Tarentines was comparatively short-lived. The incuse coins of this city are in fact of excessive rarity. They are of two main types : in the one case [PI. I. 1] presenting an early version of Taras on his dolphin, in the other [PI. I. 2] a nude figure of a youth in a half-kneeling pose, holding a lyre and flower, who has with great probability been identified by the Due de Luynes l with the Hyakinthian Apollo. Both these types, 1 Annali deW Institute, 6 j/pcos Tapas ecrri Kdl TOV QaXavOov eA.0iV Trptv yap 8rj es 'IraX/ay aiKf Kprcra6u> TOV 3>aAav#oi> xp?jcrair$ai KO.L VTTO ($eA0U'OS fKKOfj.i'T&fjva.i a(Tiv es Trjv yiji'." (Cf. too Justin, lib. iii. c. 4.) 16 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. indication that Phalanthos is there represented. There is every a priori ground for believing that the historic founder of Tarentum should have been, commemorated on the Tarentine coinage. The Tarentines, as we know, in return for the patriotic fraud by which the dying Phalanthos had secured the perpetual duration of the city, decreed him divine honours. 28 Judging, indeed, by analogy, we should be inclined to refer to this hero most of the figures of armed horsemen that appear on the pre- sent series. It is extremely probable that the interesting type [PI. II. 5] already referred to of the horseman in peaked pileus and Doric chiton is to be regarded as an earlier repre- sentation of the leader of the Lacedaemonian colonists. The head-gear worn by the horseman strongly supports this attribution, since one of the principal incidents in the story of Phalanthos connects itself with the conical cap which he wore on his head, and the taking off of which was to be the signal for the rising of the Parthenian con- spirators. The twin figures that appear on some of the Tarentine coins must, of course, be identified with the Dioscuri ; on a gold stater, indeed, presenting this device [PL V. 9] the inscription AIO ^ KOPOI is seen in minute letters above the riders. It is highly probable, as I hope to have occa- sion to point out, that the first appearance of this type con- tains a direct allusion to the alliance with the Spartan mother city, and is to be referred to the date of Akrotatos' expedition. It is certain that in some of the single riders on the Tarentine didrachms we may also detect at times one or other of the Lacedaemonian twins. The hippie deities of Tarentum are referred to on an 28 Justin. Hist. lib. iii. c. 4. INTRODUCTION. 17 inscription in which they are associated with those of the sea, as receiving the thank-offerings dedicated from the Roman spoils after the naval victory of Krot6n in 210 B.C. 29 The best illustration of these equestrian coin- types has, however, been supplied by the recent discovery of a vast deposit of votive terra-cotta figures on the site of a sanctuary of Chthouic divinities within the walls of the outer city of Tarentum. Many of these terra-cottas, as I have already pointed out elsewhere, 80 supply the closest parallels to familiar types of Tarentine horsemen as they appear on the coins. In some cases we have identical figures of the Dioscuri, in others a naked warrior in a peaked-crested helmet is seen seated sideways on a gallop- ing steed [PL XI. 12 and 13], holding in his left hand the large round shield which is so frequent a concomitant of the equestrian figures on the coins. In another instance a youthful figure, shield in hand, is seen standing in front of his stationary horse laying his right hand on its neck, a scheme which finds its counterpart in a coin of Period IV. [PI. IV. 4], where, however, the warrior stands behind his steed. A still more striking resemblance is to be found in another characteristic type of these votive terra-cottas, in which the rider is seen with his knee bent under him, as if in the act of vaulting from his horse, a design which reappears on a whole series of Tarentine coins. 29 The inscription in the form given by Carducci, in his Commen- taries on Aquino (Ddizie Tarantine, 1. i.) p. Ill, 112, runs as follows : "NtKT/TT/piov xaO' (.KCUTTOV IviOLVTov 0eoTs 0aAaov yvma-Trj TrpoxeiTai Tratnv 'A.TTIKT) KvAt") is empty. The practice of placing a drinking vessel over the grave is still common in Eastern Europe. INTRODUCTION. 19 didrachm series is also very suggestive. Although this figure has with great probability been regarded as an im- personation of the Tarentine Demos, it is none the less true that this personification was itself assimilated to the idea of the heroic founder. It is indeed difficult to say where Taras ends and abstract Demos begins. There is a striking parallelism between some of the more archaic coins of this type (PL I. 7) in which the seated figure holds out a wine-cup as if for oblations, and the old Spartan sepul- chral reliefs in which the heroized departed is seen seated in much the same attitude on a similar throne and. holding out a kantharos in the same manner as the figure on the coin. In one case, at least (PI. 1. 11), the heroic character of the seated figure is deliberately emphasized by the introduction of a tomb or sepulchral altar in front of it, a feature which Raoul Rochette has, perhaps unnecessarily, brought into connexion with the tomb or heroon of the Amyklsean Hyakinthos, a prominent object outside the walls of Taren- tum. The same author, 31 after calling attention to the sepulchral associations of the Ionic column as it appears on a who.le series of vases and other monuments, adduces strong reasons for believing that the Ionic capital, which 31 Journal des Savants, 1833, p. 154. " Je puis affirmer, d'apres ma propre experience, que la colonne ionique repre- eentee sur les vases peints, soit qu'elle y figure isolement, soit qu'elle s'y trouve employee dans la composition d'une edicule, s'y rapporte toujours a une intention funeraire," &c. Avellino, Adnotationes in Carellii Num. It. Vet. descript., prefers to see in this symbol a badge of a magistrate. In the case of some of the equestrian types it certainly occurs at a period when such per- sonal devices were frequent on Tarentine coins (v. infra, p. 26). In the case, however, of the earlier "democratic" type on which this symbol also occurs, this explanation is not admis- sible, since the symbols and attributes on this early class seem solely to connect themselves with the seated impersonation of the Demos. 20 THE on some of these equestrian coins appears below the figure of the victorious rider, crowning himself in token of vic- tory, must also be taken to indicate the funereal character of the contest commemorated by the type. The same symbol also occurs beneath the feet of the seated figure on a coin belonging to the earlier " Democratic " class, where it stands as the visible emblem of heroization. As illustrations of the various equestrian games in honour of the state patrons of Tarentum the long didrachm series with which we are concerned has a special value. This ever-changing succession of hippie types gave artis- tic expression to the passionate love of the turf which was so distinguishing a feature of Tarentine public life. The rider, whether to be interpreted as Taras or not, is often a mere jockey who urges his steed forward to the goal, or crowns or grooms the winner. In some of the later examples we have still more sensational types of the boy rider borne onwards in a headlong gallop, hanging lite- rally to his horse's neck, or reaching forwards the torch of the Lampadedromia. The type, already referred to, of the apobates vaulting from his horse represents what was evidently a familiar exercise of the Tarentine horsemen ; and in another instance we trace in the youthful rider leading a second horse a reference to the a/x0t7T7rof or de- sultores. Other types, on the other hand, throw a light on exercises of a more military character. We recognise the lancers described by .Julian 32 and Suidas 33 and known as (< Tarentines," of which there was more than one variety. They are often represented with three javelins, two of which we are informed they hurled at a distance, while the 32 JEUanua Tacticus, Stoteyemata. Ed. Robertelli. Yen. 1552, p. 8. 33 Suidas, s, v. 'iTnriKrj. INTRODUCTION. 21 third was reserved for close quarters ; M usually, too, they bear a large round shield, from the whiteness or brilliance of which the flower of the Tarentine cavalry were known as Leukaspides. On one of the most spirited of the later didrachm types there occurs an example of another class of Tarentine horsemen, the " Hippakontists," who aimed their darts from afar but did not come to close quarters. 35 It is also by no means improbable that the agonistic type of the a/jL^nnros already referred to throws a light on the evolutions of the Tarentine knights in Philopoe- men's following, each of whom, according to Livy, 36 led with him a second horse. There can be little doubt, more- over, that the scheme of the rider with his knee bent under him as if in the act of vaulting from his horse must be taken to illustrate military as well as agonistic mano3uvres. At times indeed he appears armed with a spear and round shield, and as if equally prepared for combat on horseback or on foot. The natural sequel to this representation is in fact to be seen on some fragments of a frieze of a good period from the Corinthian temple recently discovered in the old Tarentine Akropolis, 37 where a youthful warrior 34 ./Elian, loc, cit. "Tives oe TWV Tapavrivtav eAa0pois Sopariots Xpwvrai* a7ra re TJ 3ts Trpoe^aKovTio-avres TO Xonrov crv/xTrXeVovrat rots iroXe/uois eyyvOev a7rop.a%6fj.evoi." Suidas makes them fight at close quarters with swords or axes, but from the coins we gather that they used a spear or lance. 36 Suidas, loc. cit. " ol [J.EV p.6vov aKOvri^ovo-iv, els 8e ^eipas TOIS TToXe/AtOtS OVK ep^OVTO-L Kttt KO.XoVVTO.1 t7T7raKOVTtO"Tat, K'ttl ffiiais TapoKT-ivoi." Cf. Period IX., Type C (PI. X. 3) ; Period X. [PI. X. 12]. 36 Hist. lib. xxxv. c. 28. " Quos Tarentinos vocabant equites, binos secum trahentes equos, ad prima signa misit." In this and other passages it is not necessary to infer that the cavalry employed actually came from Tarentum, but that they were exercised and equipped in the Tarentine manner. 37 Memorie della r. Accademia dei Lined, 1881, tav. ix.; and 22 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. with flowing tresses, clad in a chlarays and armed with a spear and round shield, is seen fighting on foot beside his horse. The appearance of these more martial types among the horsemen no doubt coincides with periods of warlike activity on the part of the Tarentine State. At times too, Taras on his dolphin himself assumes a bellicose attitude, and is depicted dart in hand or rising in a warlike fury on his marine charger, preparing to fit an arrow to his bow. This type recurs more than once in the numismatic annals of Tarentum, but in one instance at least the historic import of the design is fixed from its association with the Pyrrhic elephant. It is naturally to the reverse type of these coins fas for convenience' sake we may regard it) presenting Taras on his dolphin that we turn for the clearest allusions to the current events of Tarentine story, for here both the atti- tude and attributes of the principal figure as well as the symbols in the field are brought into direct relation with the personified City. It must of course be borne in mind that in dealing with Greek numismatic art we are rarely able to read off at first sight and without further clue the historic meaning of a design. We have not here to do with the labelled trophies of a Roman medal. Much we can cer- see Hellenic Journal (vol. v.), 1884, p. 8, note, where I have endeavoured to combat the theory, that the warrior in ques- tion must necessarily be regarded as a barbarian. His free flowing hair and round unornamented shield present, on the contrary, the closest analogy with some of the heroic figures on these equestrian coins. Even if we regard him as one of Tarentum's barbarian neighbours, it must still be remembered that the manoeuvres of the Tarentine knights were probably in large measure derived from the horsemanship of the indigenous population, of whom " Messapus equum domitor" stood out as the eponymic representative in Italian tradition. INTRODUCTION. 23 tainly never know. Even the altered pose of Taras on his dolphin, his restfulness or his agitation, was pregnant per- chance, with the idea of peace or war to those amongst whom each new issue first circulated. Arguing from the known to the unknown we have just grounds for supposing that many of the types and symbols contain a reference to passing events clear enough at least to be intelligible to contemporaries and Greeks. Nor was there ever surely a succession of types better fitted for the exercise of this allusive faculty than the Tarentine series, in which both the obverse and reverse designs seem specially chosen with a view to infinite variation, without prejudice to the general unity of effect. For a space of some two centuries and a half, the Tarentine didrachms, while preserving the essential character of the type unaltered, presented such a succession of changing attitudes and ever new combinations of type, attitudes, and symbols, as is without a parallel in the coinage of any other Hellenic city. In some cases the references to current history are obvious enough. It is impossible, for instance, to doubt that the elephant which occurs in the exergue of the archer type referred to, connects itself with Pyrrhus' ex- pedition, while the figure of Athene Alkis that is seen beneath the dolphin on coins of smaller denomination and on the field of the contemporary gold staters is an equally clear allusion to the same episode. The nearer chronological arrangement of the equestrian series, so far as I have been able to arrive at it by the comparative study of recent finds as well as by the morphological succession of the types themselves, has emboldened me to trace direct allusions to other episodes of Tarentine story, and in particular to the Spartan alliance under Archidamos, and again under Akrotatos, to the expedition of the 24 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. Molossian Alexander, and even to the financial assistance rendered to Pyrrhus and the Tarentines by Antiochos I. In considering the interpretation of the various symbols that appear in association with the eponymic hero of Tarentum in the present series, regard must in the first instance be directed to the period to which they belong. In the earliest classes of equestrian types struck between the approximate dates of 450 350 B.C., as, indeed, on the more archaic types of Tarentine coins, the figure of Taras on his dolphin is in no case associated with a sym- bol in the field. The marine objects that appear below the dolphin, the scallop or the purple-shell, the cuttle- fish or the tunny, may themselves be regarded as an integral part of the type, and as representing, like the curling waves that sometimes replace them, at times the little inner sea of Tarentum, at times the open Ionian waters, on the produce of both of which the life and in- dustries of the city were so largely dependent. The tri- dent and harpoon, the oar or akrostolion in Taras' hands refer to the mythic founder as patron of the Tarentine fisheries and naval power ; the arms or wreath evince his tutelary influence over war and games. It is only from about the middle of the fourth century onwards that sym- bols begin to appear in the field, in some of which, such as the Molossian eagle, as well as in others, like the prow and anchor or the elephant already referred to, that appear below the dolphin, we may trace a more definite allusion to current events. A greater variety is at the same time observable in the symbols or attributes held in Taras's hand ; and Eckhel's conjecture 38 that many of these refer 38 Doctrina Numorum, I. p. 146. For the Tarentine religious celebrations see especially R. Lorentz, De rebus sacris et artibus rf tenon Tarentinoruni'. (Elberfeld, 1836 ) INTRODUCTION. 25 to the numerous games and religious celebrations for which the city was famous, 39 must at least be partly true. Taras himself, as I hope to show, is occasionally assimi- lated in a curious way to the various divinities whose cult he is represented as honouring. At times he assumes not only the trident but the attitude and mantle of his father, Poseidon ; he is seen with Apollo's locks and the flower of Hyakinthos, or is metamorphosed into the infant Dionysos of the Mysteries. The analogies supplied by the He"rakleian Tables have led Mazocchi 40 and others to see in a large number of symbols on Tarentine coins an allusion to the Eponymic magistrate of the year. On the Herakleian Tables, before the name of the individual opurr-rjs or -TroAtai/o/io? and after the initials of his tribe or '/3a9, there is inserted the description of his distinguishing badge or symbol, such as a trident, a bunch of grapes, a flower, a caduceus, a tripod, or some similar device. 41 It is obvious that many of these badges present a close correspondence with the symbols that appear on the coins of Tarentum, itself the mother city of Plerakleia ; and the occurrence of certain types parlants and of symbols presenting an obvious play 39 Cf. Strabo, vi. c. 4, who says that the Tarentines had more public festivals than there were days of the year. 40 Mazochii, Commentt. in ceneas tabulas Heracleenses, p. 150. Cf. Avellino, Adnotationes in Curellii Num. It. Vet. descript. p. 57. 41 E.g. CETPIPOYZ 4>IAJ1NYMOZ IJftPYPIZKH. PE KAPYKEION APOAAHNIOZ I-HPAKAHTJQ.AI PEATAI AAIIMOZ PYPPH KN 0PINAE IAQ- TAZ HZTIEIH. ME EPIZTYAION HHPAKAEIAAZ IHPYPn, &c. Mazoch. Tab. Heracl. p. 147, seqq. At Herakleia these badges appear to have descended from father to son; thus Bormion, the son of Philotas, of the tribe Me . . . and Arkas, the son of Philotas, of the same tribe, both appear with the same symbol of a Ki/3dmov or box. e 26 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. on official signatures found on the same piece, shows that many of the symbols that appear during the later periods of the Tarentine coinage must be connected with the names of magistrates. 42 On a piece signed AEQN, for instance, the lion appears beneath the dolphin on the reverse. The name OAYMPI^ is associated with the wreath of an Olympionika, APOAAQNIO^ with solar emblems, and AAIMAXOC attaches the name to a type in which the galloping rider holds forth the torch (cak) of the Lampadedromia. Another evidence of the connexion of certain symbols with magistrates' names is to be found by a comparison of didrachms and drachms on which the same names reappear in association with the same symbols but with a different type. The name M^TIAPXO^ is in this way doubly connected with a bunch of grapes, a symbol which also appears on the Herakleian Tables. The name API ^Tl ^ is in the same manner linked with an anchor on coins of both denomina- tions. In another example we find the abbreviated sig- nature ^ H, perhaps in this case belonging to a moneyer or engraver rather than a higher official, placed in minute letters between the horns of a bucranium, evidently the badge belonging to the name. 43 It is further evident that the symbols referring to magistrates are sometimes placed in the hands of the Eponymic hero. Thus the flower which is associated on drachms with the name of hHPAKAHTO^ appears on didrachms with the same signature, sometimes in the field, sometimes in the out- stretched hand of Taras. . All the examples referred to of signatures associated 42 See p. 173, seqq. 43 Period IX., Type B. See Raoul Rochette, Lettre a M. le due de Luyiies stir les Graveurs Grecques, p. 45 and PI. IV. 38. INTRODUCTION. 27 with a personal symbol belong to the later periods of the Tarentine coinage, and to the time when magistrates' names appear at full length upon the dies. It must not, however, be supposed that all the symbols that appear during this epoch are necessarily to be connected with the names of individual officials. On the contrary we have the clearest evidence that in many cases the symbols refer rather to the city itself. The historic import of some of these has been already noticed, and many no doubt refer to the religious festivals of the Tarentines. We find, for example, the signature ANO(PJQ^) upon three otherwise identical pieces, 44 coupled with three dif- ferent symbols a cornspike, a laurel spray, and a coiling serpent some or all of which may connect themselves with the Tarentine cult of Demeter and Kora, to the importance of which the gold coinage of Tarentum, as well as the recent discoveries of votive deposits, and of the site of a Temple of ".the Goddesses," bear sufficient testimony. Connected with this mystic cult was the Tarentine festival of the Aa.fj.eia mentioned by Hesychios. 45 "With regard to the symbols or small objects in the field or exergue of these Tarentine coins, we arrive then at the following general conclusions. On the equestrian types of my first three Periods, as upon the preceding " demo- cratic " issue, and indeed the whole of the earlier coinages of Tarentum, these subsidiary figures must be regarded as an integral part of the type itself. In the case of the horseman they often supply a distinctly Chthonic touch, and indicate the heroic character of the contest in which he is engaged. Seen in conjunction with the figure of Taras 44 Period VII. F 3, 4, 5. *' Hesychios, Lexicon, s. v. 28 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. on his dolphin, they most frequently must be taken to represent the sea over which he rides in its productive aspects. In the later Periods of the equestrian coinages, on the other hand, the symbols, while still occasionally capable of this simpler interpretation, have for the most part a more transient and individual value. Some, as we have seen, convey distinct historic allusions or have reference to special religious celebrations. Others must certainly be regarded as the personal badges of responsible officials. As with the symbols, so with the signatures on this didrachm series, a distinction must be drawn in accord- ance with the time-limits within which they severally fall. In the earliest class of equestrian issues such signa- tures are either wholly absent or confined to a single letter. In my Second and Third Periods the signatures are still for the most part of single letters, and it is not till after the middle of the fourth century B.C. that monosyllabic signatures become more frequent. Reasons will be adduced in the course of the present inquiry for believing that the whole of this earlier group of abbre- viated signatures should be referred to the actual moneyers and engravers of the coins, who seem to have worked in more than one apyvpoKOTreiov. In some cases a com- parison of several types presenting the same signature affords the clearest evidence that we have to do with the same engraver, not infrequently a true artist, such as, for instance, the engraver who signs " KAA ; " and it will further be shown that several of the Tarentine engravers worked at the same time for the coinage of other Magna- Greecian cities, notably Herakleia and Metapontion. In the case, moreover, of more than one of the early Periods the coins divide themselves into groups repre- PERIOD I. 29 senting the variant artistic traditions of different " botteghe," in each of which several apl in conjunction, while in the first instance pre- senting the tablet in the field, a >| appears beneath the dolphin. But, as will be shown in considering the coinage of the succeeding Period IV., this conjunction of signatures answers under an abbreviated form to the conjunction of KAA, l and API on a group of coins which presents the clearest example of artistic collabora- tion on the Tarentine dies. 64 The form AP already sup- plies an intermediate link with the fuller form API, while the signature K, which is also in a special way associated with this exquisite design, undoubtedly belongs to the same engraver, who at a slightly later date attaches his signature to some of the noblest of the Tarentine types, indifferently with the initial K and the fuller form KAA. But no one acquainted with the finest types of the Tarentine colony of Herakleia can fail to be struck with .the evident parallel supplied to the scheme of the hero fil P. IV. H. PERIOD III. 53 with his head and upper part of his body turned back and his right arm brought round in athletic action, by the noble design of Herakle's strangling the Neraean lion, as it appears on some of the finest didrachms of that city. It is something more than a mere remi- niscence. The representation of the slightly bowed head, the treatment of the hair, the very play of the muscles, though intensified in the Herakleian example, present such remarkable points of similarity as must themselves suggest identity of handiwork. A suggestion, derived from a very different design, has been here taken over and applied, with great felicity, to a subject with which it had a less obvious relation. There can be little doubt that the introduction of this noble design of Herakles and the lion at the Tarentine colony was due to the artist whose signature appears as 4> on contemporary coins of Herakleia, Thurioi, Terina, and Neapolis, and who, as Mr. Poole has shown, 65 represents the grafting of Athenian art traditions, on Italian soil. It may well be that in the case of this noble scheme, which appears about the same time on coins of Mallos in Cilicia (after c. 385 B.C.) 66 and of the Cyprian king De- monikos 67 at Kition (c. 374 368 B.C.) we must recognise the influence of a well-known work of statuary analogous to that exercised by the figure on the balustrade of the Temple of Nike Apteros on the Terinaean engraver, or to the memory sketch of the Theseus of the Parthenon pedi- ment on the coins of Herakleia, Kroton, and Pandosia. On the Mallian coins the hero is represented standing on a 65 Num. Chron., 1883, p. 269, seyg. 66 Imhoof-Blumer, Aimuaire de Numismatique, vii. p. 109. 67 J. P. Six, Num. Chron., 1882, p. 91. For the evolution of this design from the earlier archaic scheme of Herakles ^ thrusting a sword into the lion's breast, see Furtwangler, Coll. Sabournjf', II., PI. CXLVIII. 54 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. distinct basis, a clear intimation that the design is taken from a statue, and M. Six ^ has suggested with great plausibility that the original should be traced to a bronze group of My roii. Fig. 1. In the Period with which we are now dealing, the work of the artist <|> at Herakleia was taken up by two new engravers, one of whom signs KAA in the field (Fig. 1), while the name of the other appears either as APIZTOZE in minute letters on the exergual line, or on the crest of the helmet on the obverse 69 in the completed form API ^ TOHENO ^ , or again is represented on one or both sides by the simple initial A. That both of these engravers enjoyed a reputation in their day is evident from the re- appearance of the same signatures on contemporary coins of Metapontion, 70 and we have good warrant for believ- ing that both of them worked also for the Tarentine dies. The Herakleian type of the standing Herakles, with which they are associated, and the influence of which is felt on the scheme of Taras turning round on his dolphin as it appears on PI. III. 7-8, was in fact at this very time itself adopted, as already noticed, by the Tarentines for their new coinage of federal diobols. Upon some of the finest of these, moreover, we not only find the initials 83 Zeitschr.f. Numiswatik, xiv. p. 142, seqq. 69 Imhoof-Blumer, Berliner Blatter, v. 83 (T. LIII. 2). 70 Raoul Ilochette, Graveurs des Monnaies Grecques, PI IV., 3236 ; Garrucci, op. dt. cm. 1315. PERIOD III. 55 K, , and others of signatures that appear on the contem- porary Herakleian didrachms which served as their models, but even at times the same symbols, such as a scallop shell, or an owl between the legs of Herakles, as it is seen on the noble Herakleian piece engraved above (Fig. 1), signed KAA. When, then, on the Tarentine didrachms which so evidently betray the work of hands familiar with the Herakleian design, we find the signa- tures K and A answering to the KAA and API of some- what later Tarentine types of the same school, we can hardly avoid the conclusion that we have here to do with the same artists, Kal and Aristoxenos, who sign upon the Herakleian coins. That the signatures indeed on the Tarentine coins should incline to a more abbre- viated form is only what we are led to expect from other analogies. As will be shown later on, 71 the conditions under which engravers signed at Tarentum were dif- ferent from those of the neighbouring cities. It must, however, be observed that, in the case of the Herak- leian coins referred to, Aristoxenos combines two systems of signature, signing in minute letters en artiste on the exergual line of the helmet, but at the same time placing a large A in the field of the obverse as a more official badge, 72 while in other cases he signs simply with his initial letter on either side. 73 The coins of the second class 74 referred to as belonging to this Period, and the issue of which seems to run parallel with the other, present, as already noticed, a broader and less compact treatment of the design, and, for the same reason, display on the whole a fuller rendering of the horses. Nothing grander of its kind was produced by the 71 See p. 119, seqq. See p. 119. 73 See Das Konigliche Miinskabinet (Berlin), PI. VIII, 723. 74 Types H T inclusive. 56 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. Tarentine engravers than the massive horse of Type H [PL III. 10], standing in front of a bearded Herm. In Type K again [PL III. 11, 12, 15] we have another noble steed, which gains in majesty from the contrast with the child rider reaching forward over its huge neck, his long waving tresses streaming to the breeze. Of the equestrian types of this class of coin that of the horseman vaulting from his horse is the most frequent. On the reverse, in place of the sideways figure which is such a regular concomitant of the parallel group, Taras is almost invariably represented resting his left arm on the dolphin's tail, so as to preserve his balance, while he throws forward his further leg, so that the outline of its foot and shin is seen in front of the fish's head. The per- sistence of this scheme throughout this group of coins is of importance in its typological relation to the charac- teristic pose assumed by Taras in a group of coins belong- ing to the succeeding Periods, where his leg appears thrown still further forward, and at times is visible in its entirety. 75 Both on the obverse and reverse of coins of this group the ring or border now entirely disappears. Taras himself, though sometimes represented with elegance and grace, appears for the most part either as a full-grown ephebos or as a child of decidedly heavy build. Here again we trace the antecedent stages of a style prevalent in the succeeding epoch. The natural treatment of the hair is one of the argutife minutiarum, which on this class of coins, and towards the close of this Period, attained its greatest perfection on the Tarentine dies. Taras on his dolphin or the boy rider bending over his horse's neck are not infrequently de- picted with long waving tresses streaming in the wind, 75 An exceptional instance of this scheme is seen in Type A 3 [PI. III. 3] of the present Period. PERIOD III. 57 displaying even greater freedom and picturesqueness than the somewhat similar style of hair seen on one of the warriors of the frieze from the Akropolis temple of Tar- en turn. 76 In the case of the horses' manes we find, more- over, a growing elaboration of detail, which in the group with which we are dealing, especially in its latest ex- amples, takes a peculiar form. On these the manes are seen curling up in a regular series of well-defined and wave-like crests a refinement of which the great Syra- cusan engravers (who would eagerly have seized on such a detail) were as yet ignorant, and which strongly con- trasts with the straight-cropped and more Pheidiac manes of the earlier coins of Tarentum itself. This curled arrangement is found occasionally on sculpture, as, for instance, on a relief at Delphi representing a quadriga ; but it seems more appropriate to metal-work, and formed, no doubt, a feature of some of the bronze horses of Taren- tine anathemata. This peculiarity in its most exaggerated form may be said to be characteristic of the Tarentine coins of the close of the present Period and of that which immediately succeeds, during which it is at times even more elaborate. It still accompanies the finer horseman types of Period V., but before the time of Pyrrhus it entirely vanishes from the Tarentine dies. In Types A G, inclusive, I have grouped together the coins of this Period exhibiting the more compact style of relief. III. Type A." Naked youth crowning his stationary horse to r., in plain ring border. 76 Notizie dei Scavi, 1881, t. viii. 1. 77 In this and the succeeding Periods the inscription record- ing the civic name is generally omitted, and, except in the case of the special variations given, TAPA % is to be understood. i 58 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TAHENTUM. Obv. 1. Type described. Horse to r. Car. cix. 106. Beneath horse, A. Imhoof-Blumer Coll. [PI. III. 1.] 8. Same. Beneath horse, A. Car. cxii. 172. B. M. Cat. 128. [PI. III. 2.] 4. Same. B. M. [PI. HI. 3.] Taras seated sideways on dolphin, resting r. hand on fish's head, and 1. on tail. Beneath sometimes A. Same; but on body of dolphin, H. Beneath, P. Same ; but Taras astride holding akrostolion. Beneath, A. Same, but Taras holds kantharos, and throws 1. leg in front of the dol- phin's snout. III. Type B. Naked youth galloping to right. The horse of better propor- tions than Type L. of Period II., from which it can be easily distinguished by the fact that in the present case the horse is invariably to the right, in the other, as invariably to the left. 1. Beneath horse, Taras astride, &c., holding out akro- stolion. Garr. Tav. cxviii. I for A. 2. Same; but no letter. Car. cix. 118. [PI. III. 4. A. J. E.] III. Type C. Naked youth on horse to r. ; his shield seen sideways behind him ; his head inclined toward the horse's, and his bridle-arm in front of the horse's neck. The horse is stationary, but raises its off fore-leg. In plain ring border. 1. Type described. Beneath horse, A. [PI. HI. 5. A.J.E.] 2. Same. Car. cxii. 170. Taras seated sideways on the dol- phin 1., his head slightly inclined for- ward. Same ; but P beneath dolphin. PERIOD III. 59 Obv. 3. Same ; but Y Same as 1. beneath horse. Santangelo Coll. III. TypeD. Naked helmeted horseman cantering to 1. and holding a small round shield behind him. 1. A below horse. Taras seated sideways on dolphin, A. J. E. holding out kantharos. Waves and small fish below, and under fish's tail 3. Same. Taras astride, &c., to 1., his further Santangelo Coll. leg outlined in front of dolphin's snout, resting his 1. hand on fish's back, and his r. holding trident. III. Type E. Naked horseman vaulting from cantering horse to 1., holding shield behind him. 1. Beneath horse, Taras to r., his 1. foot outlined in I and kylix, in the front of dolphin's snout, holding in r. centre of which is ap- hand dart, and in 1. trident on shoulder, parently a represen- tation of a helmet. [PI. III. 9. Cab. des Med. No. 1485.] < HI. TypeF. Naked horseman galloping r., raising whip behind him. 78 1. Beneath horse, OPA. Car. cxi. 218. [PI. III. 6.] 2. Same. [PI. XI. 3. Sant- angelo Coll.] 3. Same ; but be- neath horse ^ .QK on an oblong tablet. [PI. XI. 4. Sant- angelo Coll.] Taras, as a bearded man, seated side- ways to r. on dolphin, turning round and aiming trident at cuttle-fish below. Beneath dolphin, OPA. Taras as before, but represented as a beardless youth, and aiming trident at tunny-fish. No legible inscription be- neath dolphin. Taras as last, but aiming trident at cuttle-fish. Beneath dolphin ^ .QK on an oblong tablet. 18 To be distinguished from Type Q, belonging to the second group of this same Period, where the whip is lowered. 60 THE "HORSIMEN" OF TAHENTUM. III. Type G. Naked boy (a^u0i7T7ros) on horse walking 1., who holds the bridle of a second horse walking beside the other. He is crowned by a small Victory flying behind. The whole in a plain circle. 1. In f. to I. K. Beneath horse, 4> |. [PI. III. 8. A.J.E.] 2. Same. Car. cxiv. 214. 8. Same. [My own specimen from the same die as No. 1.] B. M. Cat. 185. [PI. III. 7. A.J.E.] 4. Same. Car. cxiv. 213. Taras seated sideways on dolphin to 1. (cf. A 1), turning round to aim trident at tunny-fish. Below, curling waves. In f. to r. A. Same, but no letter in f., the trident with cross-bar at top. Same, but beneath dolphin }\, and in field, where on coin No. 1 the letter A appears, a square raised tablet without inscription. Taras astride, &c., to 1., his 1. hand resting on the dolphin's back, and with his r. extending one-handled vase. In f. to 1. K. Below, waves. In the second group, as displaying a fuller and more broad- spread execution, I have included the following types, the first of which belongs to the very beginning of this Period and has, indeed, some claims to be placed within the limits of Period II. III. Type H. Naked youth on stationary horse to r., his r. arm hanging at his side, and the hair of his head bound up in a kind of top- knot (cirrus), a fashion followed by those who took part in the games. 79 79 See Avellino's note in Carelli, N. L V. p. 48. Visconti, Mus, Pio Clementine, T. V. tab. 86. Suetonius, In Nerone, c, 58, PERIOD III. 61 Obv. 1. HE beneath horse. In front, bearded ithyphallic Herm, his head bound with a fillet. Car. cxi. 144. [PI. III. 10.] 2. Same; but be- neath horse, HZ. B. M. Cat. 105. Taras astride, &c., to 1., his body thrown back and its weight supported by his 1. arm resting on the dolphin's tail, his right leg thrown forward, so as to be outlined in front of the fish's forehead, holding out in his r. an cenochoe. Same. III. Type K. Naked boy crowning stationary horse to 1., which lifts its off fore-leg. The boy has long flowing tresses but the horse's mane is closely cropped. 1. Horse to 1. : be- neath, a scallop. B. M. Cat. 139. [PL III. 11.] 2. Same ; but no symbol: beneath horse, A P. A. J. E. [PL III. 12.] 3. Same ; but Pal- ladium beneath horse. B. M. Cat. 138. [PL III. 15.] Taras as a boy with flowing hair, astride, &c., his 1. leg thrown forward, so as to be partly visible in front of dolphin's head. Taras holds kantharos. Same ; beneath dolphin, X- Samfe ; but no symbol in Taras 's hand. Beneath dolphin, P. III. Type L. Naked Ephebos vaulting from horse cantering 1. r 1. Beneath horse, A (or P). B. M. Cat. 259: cf. Car. cxiii. 182. 2. Same. B. M. Cat. 261. 3. Beneath horse, K B. M. Cat. 258. Taras as a fat child astride, &c., hold- ing out a fish downwards ; w his fur- ther leg outlined as above. Beneath dolphin, A. Same, but beneath P. Taras as an Ephebos of solid build astride, &c., his further leg outlined, holding crested Corinthian helmet. Beneath dolphin, | and waves. 90 Poseidon is represented holding a fish in a similar manner on a fine red-figured amphora (Gerhard, Trinkschalen und Gefasse, Taf. xxi.). THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. Obv. 4. Beneath horse, A. B. M. Cat. 254. 5. No symbol or letter. A. J. E. Rev. Same ; but holding trident, which rests on 1. shoulder. Beneath, K and waves. Taras to r. on dolphin, his further leg outlined in front of fish's head, holding trident in 1. hand, and with r. hurling short harpoon. Below, HA. III. TypeM. Horseman advancing 1. in crested helmet, holding reins in r. hand ; shield and spear in 1. 1. Beneath horse, "B. M. Cat. 198. Taras holding trident on shoulder (as Type E, 1). Beneath, K and waves. IE. Type N. Naked helmeted horseman, his back partially visible, and a shield behind him, cantering r. 1. Beneathhorse K [PI. XI. 5. Cab. des Med. No. 1448.] 2. Same. De Luynes Coll. Taras seated sideways, to 1., his 1. hand resting on dolphin, and with r. holding out a one-handled vase. Be- neath, f 1 and waves. Same, but beneath, A and waves. III. Type 0. Naked boy, his arm hanging at his side, on horse standing r. and lifting its off fore-leg. 1. Beneath horse, o. B. M. Cat. 106 107. 2. Beneath horse, r. A. J. E. 8. under fore- leg ; kantharos un- der horse's body. B. 'M. Cat. 108; cf. Car. cix. 108. Taras astride, &c., behind dolphin, sometimes 0. Taras astride, &c., with open palm; outline of further leg just visible in front of dolphin's head. Same, but Taras holds kantharos. PERIOD III. 63 III. Type P. Naked boy, his arm hanging at side, cantering, r. Obv. Rev. 1. under horse's body. B. M. Cat. 110. [PI. in. 16.] Taras astride, &c., with open palm; outline of further leg as above. Be- hind, sometimes O or Q. m. Type Q. Naked horseman galloping r., with whip lowered behind him. (Cf. Type F.) 1. Beneath horse, Taras, as a child of full proportions, AOP. astride, &c., to 1., resting his 1. hand (B.M.Cat."AOP") on the dolphin's back, and throwing [PI. III. 13. Imhoof- forward his 1. leg, so that it is outlined Blumer Coll.] in front of the fish's forehead. In his r. he extends a wreath. III. Type R. Naked horseman wearing crested helmet on prancing horse tor. Taras seated sideways to r. on dol- phin, holding trident in 1. hand. Plain border. in. Type S. Naked Ephebos cantering 1., holding small round shield be- hind him. Beneath horse, O [O] and kylix. Car. cxl. 148. Beneath him, scal- lop and Nl. Car. cxii. 178. B. M. Cat. 202. Taras astride, &c., to 1., his further leg outlined in front of dolphin's fore- head, his 1. hand resting on fish's back, and with r. extending bunch of grapes. HI. Type T. Naked horseman vaulting off cantering horse to 1., in circle of Beneath horse, A. B. M. Cat. 252. [PI. III. 14.] Taras seated sideways to r. on dol- phin holding trident upwards in r. hand, and with 1. resting on dolphin's back. 64 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TAREKTUM. PERIOD IV. ARCHIDAMOS AND THE FIRST LUCANIAN WAR. 344334 B.C. We have now reached a Period when the evidence derivable from recent finds and other sources enables us to attempt a more exact system of chronology than has been possible in the earlier series. The fourteen years that elapsed between 344 and 330 B.C. embrace some of the most exciting and tragic episodes of Tarentine story. The year 344 was a memorable one in Tarentine annals, for it was at that date that the rich commercial city, hard pressed by its barbarian neighbours, first had recourse to the policy, so momentous in its future developments, of calling in foreign mercenaries and soldiers of fortune to fight its battles. The first summons of the kind was, however, addressed to a quarter which somewhat veiled the real character of the new political departure. The Tarentines, finding themselves unable to cope successfully with their warlike Messapian borderers, who had now begun to receive assistance from the still more powerful Lucanians, turned for help to their Spartan mother-city. Their kinsmen hearkened to their appeal, and the terms of alliance were already concluded in 344, though the actual landing of the Spartan king Archidamos does not seem to have taken place till shortly before 338. 81 In that year Archidamos and the greater part of the forces he had brought with him fell in battle under the walls of Man- duria, on the same day and hour, Diodoros tells us, as that on which Philip was winning his " dishonest victory " 81 Cf. Diodoros, xvi. 62, 63, and 88. PERIOD IV. 65 at Chseroneia. Four years later Tarentum was again reduced to seek a protector in Alexander the Molossian. The arrival of the Epirote prince at Tarentum forms, as I hope to show, one of the most definite landmarks in the numismatic history of this city. It is possible, as will be seen in the succeeding section, to fix certain gold and sil- ver issues of Tarentum as belonging to the date of the expedition of the son of Neoptolemos in 334 B.C., and this fact reacts on the chronology of the present Period, as enabling us to bring down certain types which have the greatest affinity to these " Molossian " pieces, but which still do not present the Epirote badges found on the latter series, to that approximate date. The policy on which the Tarentines had now definitely embarked of hiring foreign condottieri to fight their battles for them entailed a constant drain on the Taren- tine treasury, and it was no doubt in a great degree to meet the demands of foreign mercenaries that, during this period, Tarentum began for the first time to issue a gold coinage. The recent discovery, to which we shall have occasion to return, 82 of a hoard of gold Tarentine and Mace- donian staters, has thrown a new light on the gold coinage of Tarentum belonging to the Period that succeeds the expedition of the Molossian Alexander. But the types discovered in this hoard are by no means the earliest of the Tarentine gold issues, though in some respects they fit on to them, and we have therefore solid grounds for refer- ring the earliest gold coins of the city to the present Period. From their style alone there can be little doubt that in the beautiful pieces reproduced in PI. V. 1 and 2, are to be 82 See p. 97, seqq. k 66 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. recognised the earliest gold staters of Tarentum. Both display as their obverse design a noble head of Demeter or Persephone-Gaia, with stephane and diaphanous Taren- tine veil, the Tapavriov or Tapavriv&iov, that seems to have been woven from the gauzy tissue of the Pinna-shell, a form of textile industry still pursued by the inhabitants of modern Taranto. In one instance (PL Y. 2) this design is accompanied on the reverse by a boy-rider crowning his steed, beneath which is an exquisite and naturalistic re- presentation of a purple-shell or murex. In the other case (PI. V. 1) we find the head of the goddess associated with a reverse, exhibiting the infant Taras raising his hands in suppliant guise to his father Poseidon, who, seated on his throne, graciously inclines his head towards his little son. 84 This design may, perhaps, be regarded 83 " To 8i TapavTiov e ov 8ia0avws i] olpa ieAa//.7re." Aristae- netos, Ep. i. 25. Cf. Lorentz, De Civ. Vet. Tarentinorum, p. 26, 27. The head itself, the stephane and arrangement of the hair, present a great resemblance to some beautiful terra-cotta heads of Persephone-Gaia, recently discovered on the site of a temple of that goddess at Taranto (see Hellenic Journal, vol. vii. 1886, p. 28, PI. Ixiii.). In some cases there were traces of a veil. I am quite unable to subscribe to the view (Notizie del Scavi, 1886, p. 279), that the head on these coins represents the nymph Satyra. On a fine Metapontine silver coin presenting a similar head (v. infra), the name AAMATHP is attached. 84 In some cases there appears, as in Plate V. 2, a round shield in the field above ; in others a rudder. Beneath the horse is the inscription KYAIK. It is possible that we may in this case, as probably in the slightly later " Mo- lossian" gold pieces inscribed APOA, have to do with a magistrate's name ; and in that case signatures of this class occur on the gold coinage of Tarentum at a somewhat earlier date than on the silver. (See p. 115.) Fiorelli, Oss. sopra talune monete rare di Citta greche (Nap. 1843, p. 23), makes the fanciful suggestion that the inscription should be read PERIOD IV. 67 as, on the whole, the finest product of Tarentine monetary art. There is still about the majestic attitude -of Poseidon a lingering tradition of the scheme of the seated De"mos on the earlier didrachm series which, as well as the sur- passing beauty of the whole composition, leads us to regard this as the earliest of all the gold types of Taren- tum. And if we recall the special character which Poseidon bore at this city, it will not, perhaps, be considered over bold if we venture to bring this filial appeal of Taras to his father into direct relation with the appeal of Tarentum to its Lacedeemonian fatherland which in 338 found its answer in- the landing of King Archidamos. The Poseidon worshipped at Tarentum was in fact the Poseidon of Tsenaron, who stood forth as the representative of Laconian maritime power ; and so preponderant was this side of the Tarentine cult that the priests of Poseidon were here called Tcui/apoTat. 85 It is further to be observed in this connexion that behind the seated figure of Poseidon on the present coin is seen the star of one of the Dioskuri, the protecting genii of Lacedeemon. There is certainly a fellow-feeling between this exquisite composition and that of the inscribed Corinthian mirror on which the nymph AEYKA ^ crowns her parent city KOP.IN0O ^ , personi- fied as Zeus, her mythic sire. 86 The minute signature K, which appears within Posei- don's throne on some examples of this fine coin, is of os; and that the shell or KoyKYAION should be regarded as a punning allusion. The murex in the sense of a " whorl-shell," however, may very possibly have been adopted by KYAIK . .". as a type parlant. 85 Hesychios, Lexicon, s.v. Cf. p. 14. sr> See especially Prof. P. Gardner, Hellenic Journal, ix. 62 (" Countries and Cities in Ancient Art "). 68 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. great interest in its relation to the same signature on some of the finest silver types of the present Period, at times, as we shall see, taking the more expanded form of KAA, in which I have ventured to recognise the first letters of the name of an engraver who was also active at this time in the Tarentine colony of Herakleia and in the neighbouring city of Metapontion. These parallels become the more significant when we find the beautiful obverse head of Deme'ter, peculiar to these Tarentine gold staters, closely reproduced with the same diaphanous veil, but with a corn-wreath in place of stephane, and with the name AAMATHP attached, on a fine contemporary didrachm of Metapontion, 87 presenting on its reverse side the signature of the artist KAA . . . If we turn to the didrachm series that, according to our approximate calculation, covered the same period of years as these earliest gold issues of Tarentum, we shall in fact find more than one point in common with the coins that I have ventured to associate with the name of Archidamos. The picturesque style of art represented on the gold staters by the head of Demeter, with her luxuriant tresses and transparent veil, or the group of Taras and his father, harmonize well with the prevailing style of the silver coinage. Period IV. of these equestrian types, with which we are now called on to deal, includes a space of years during which the engraver's art was maintained at the same high level that it had attained towards the conclusion of the preceding Period. In considering some of the noblest types of Period III., attention has already been called to the evidence they supply of the influence of the greater works of sculpture and painting. In the present class, 87 Garrucci, Tav. ciii. 5. PERIOD IV. 69 although the sculpturesque element, especially that derived from bronze work, is by no means wanting, it is the limner's art that seems to have exercised the predominant influence. Greater variety in the design is secured by the introduction of new figures, and for pictorial effect Type E (Fig. 2), in which Taras is represented with his chlamys fluttering about him in the wind, while a small Victory flies forward and reaches forth a wreath to crown his brows, is almost unrivalled in the Tarentine series. It is now for the first time that full mobility and freedom of execution is attained in the rendering of the horses. To this and the succeeding Period unquestionably belong the most magnificent and, at the same time, the most ani- mated of the equestrian figures. As already noticed, 88 the scheme first found in Period III. of Taras sitting sideways on his dolphin and turning round to aim his trident at the fish below, recurs on two rare coins (Types A 1 and F 1) belonging to the beginning of the present group, on which, however, the head of Taras is seen three-quarters facing instead of in profile. The persistent scheme of the preceding Period, in which Taras appears with his further leg thrown forward so that its outer line is just visible in front of the dolphin's fore- head, forms a natural morphological link to a similar scheme of Taras as he appears on the present series. 89 See p. 50. [PI. III. 6.] 8 " Type C 1 and 2. 70 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. The noble transitional scheme seen on the reverse of Type A 2 links this group of coins to another and finer series, which I have placed together under Type H of the present Period (PI. IV. 911). All of these are asso- ciated on one or both faces with the signature KAA, sometimes in association with API or <|>|, and exhibiting Taras astride on his dolphin steed, with the heel of the further leg drawn back slightly behind the other. In some respects these coins represent the highest develop- ment of artistic execution to be found in the whole series of Tarentine issues. They are certainly the most impos- ing. In the rendering of the Eponymic Hero, here always given as a full-grown Ephebos, a golden mean is observed between the somewhat heavy proportions of the older canon, as we find it still on some types of the present Period, and the over-attenuation of the style which came into vogue soon after this date. There is a largeness about these noble types of Taras which produce an im- pression quite disproportionate to the narrow compass of the coins. It is interesting to observe that the scheme of the arms and the upper part of .the hero's body is prac- tically identical with that of the fine types signed A and K of the preceding Period, the He'rakleian origin of which has been suggested above ; 90 and this conformity supplies an additional reason for identifying these signatures with the API and KAA of the present series. The consideration of this beautiful group signed KAA leads us to the remarkable piece which I have placed under Type G (PL IV. 7), which supplies one of the most convincing examples of an engraver's signature on a Tarentine coin. On the type in question we find the same 90 See p. 52, seyij. PEKIOD IV. 71 signature, KAA, associated in minute letters with the highly-finished and elaborate design of the armed horse- man received by Victory an admirable composition, which was imitated, as we shall see, at a somewhat later date, and in a bolder style. The signature itself appears in almost microscopic characters between the horse's hind legs, and again beneath the dolphin on the reverse. In another case we see (L, PI. IV. 8), the horse and rider received by a standing Ephebos. Affinity of subject, as well as the signature which at times appears on the reverse, links these to another of the most exquisite types (F, PL IV. 5, 6) of the present class, that, namely, on which a boyish figure is seen embracing the prancing steed of a still smaller boy-rider, with a warmth of affec- tion as characteristically Italian in its expression as that of the children clustering round to kiss the legs and arms of the slayer of the Minotaur on the Herculanean fresco. In the present case, as is shown by the flying Victory behind, it is the winner of a race who is thus saluted. In the case of the two last coins a most remarkable parallel is presented to the two pieces of the preceding Period (PL III. 7, 8) that have already on other grounds been referred to the same artistic collaboration as makes itself apparent on the present group. In the former instance we see the signature A alternating on otherwise identical reverses with a small raised tablet. In the pre- sent case the signature K which appears in the field behind Taras on his dolphin on Type F 3 (PL IV. 5), is replaced on the similar reverse of Type F 4 (PL IV. 6), by a raised tablet of the same kind, the K itself, however, being repeated in this instance in front of Taras. This coinci- dence must be taken as a further proof of the intimate connexion of the two engravers of this and the preced- 72 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TAHEXTUM. ing Period who sign A or API, K or KAA. In Type F 5, we find the signature K associated with a scallop- shell instead of the tablet, which recalls the fact that on the Herakleian coin (Fig. 1, p. 54) already adduced as in all probability the handiwork of an artist who signs as K or KAA on the Tarentine dies, the signature KAA is seen associated with the same scallop symbol. These types signed K and KAA must rank, alike for design and execution, amongst the most perfect products of the Tarentine mint, and are, as already suggested, in all probability to be referred to the same artist who, on the gold staters described above, attaches the signature K to the beautiful group of Taras and his father Poseidon. Nor was the activity of this engraver by any means con- fined to the Tarentine dies. The same signature, as we have already seen, is found at Herakleia associated with the fine design of Herakls strangling the lion 91 ; and at Metapon- tion it appears on the coin bearing on its obverse the head of Demeter, with her name AAMATHP attached; 92 and again on another beautiful piece of the same city, be- side the three-quarter face representation of the youthful Dionysos ivy-crowned, 93 a type which has much in com- mon with the three-quarter head of Apollo on a fine 91 B. M. Cat., Heraclea, 28, 29. See p. 54, Fig. 1. 92 Garrucci, Monete delV Italia Antica, T. ciii. 5. The head of Demeter, with the diaphanous veil hanging down behind, closely corresponds with that on the Tarentine gold staters of Archidamos and Alexander the Molossian's time. The stepltane however, is here replaced by a corn-wreath. 93 A blundered representation of this almost unique type, with both obverse and reverse inscription wrongly given, is en- graved in Garrucci, op cit. T. civ. 13. I recently obtained a fine specimen of this piece at Ruvo (Rubi) in Apulia. The obverse legend is KAA (in Garrucci, "MOA") the reverse, 0IAO (Garr. "). PERIOD IV. 73 silver diobol struck by the Molossian Alexander in Italy. 94 On another Metapontian piece, indeed, the signature KAA appears on the reverse of a type exhibiting the oak- crowned head of the Dodonaean Zeus, which must un- doubtedly be brought into relation with the landing of the Epirote prince. 95 We have thus an interesting indi- cation that the activity of this engraver continued at least to the approximate date 334 B.C. The fellow-engraver who signs API is probably, as already pointed out, 96 the artist who, on Herakleian and Metapontian pieces con- temporary with those cited, reveals the full form of his name, API* TOZENO * . This Aristoxenos must have been the contemporary of the well-known Tarentine phi- losopher and musician of that name, the pupil of Aristotle. The synchronism established by the Metapontian coin already cited, is further borne out by some independent evidence supplied by some Tarentine gold staters and di- drachms with " Molossian " types and symbols. The noble obverse types, presenting the same signature, KAA [Type H; PI. IV. 911], in which there appears for the first time the well-known scheme of the horseman lancing downwards on his prancing steed a design of such frequent occurrence on the Tarentine issues of the suc- ceeding age can in fact be also approximately dated from their affinity to a type struck at the time of the Epirote Alexander's expedition. The scheme as it ap- pears on the present group of coins differs from the later series, on which the same representation occurs, in a par- ticular which is not without its chronological value. The horseman is here seen surrounded by a beaded border, an early characteristic which soon after this time wholly 94 PL V. 7. 95 See p. 82. " See p. 54. 74 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. disappears from the Tarentine dies. The same border, however, surrounding the same horseman type, is found on a Tarentine gold stater struck, as I hope to show, at the time of Alexander the Molossian's arrival, and again on the contemporary didrachm series already referred to as presenting the Molossian symbol. The close relation ex- isting between the coins of the present group signed KAA and these Molossian types shows that their issue is to be referred to the years immediately preceding 334 B.C. The reverse of these coins, on which the Eponymic Hero of Tarentum is seen, between the two eight-rayed stars that symbolize the Dioskuri, pensively contemplating a heroic helmet that he holds between his hands, is of a highly suggestive character. The two stars occur again above the riding figures of the Dioskuri on some gold types of the succeeding Period (PI. V. 10) in which I have ventured to trace a reference to the renewed alliance at that time concluded between Tarentum and its mother-city. May we in the twin Tyndarid emblem on the present types, as on the gold coin depicting Taras and his father Poseidon, venture to trace a kindred reference to the earlier alliance with Lacedaemon ? The comparison with the coins struck at Tarentum at the time of the coming of the Molossian Alexander enables us, as we have seen, to refer this beautiful series to the years preceding the date 334 B.C. In 338 B.C. the Spartan King Archidamos met a hero's death before the rock-hewn trenches of Manduria, w and that his fall should have received a numismatic tribute at the hands of the Tarentines will seem the more pro- 97 Diodoros, xvi. 63, " cv nvt p-^XO 8tayvra/i/os Aa/ATrpws PERIOD IV. 75 bable when taken in connexion with the other honours which, as we learn from historic sources, were paid by them to his memory. Theopompos 98 informs us that the body of the Spartan king was left on the field of the dis- aster, but that so desirous were the Tarentines of showing him funeral honours that they vainly offered a large sum of money for the recovery of the hero's corpse. For the same reason he alone among the Spartan kings received a monument at Olympia. The attitude in which Taras upon these coins contemplates the casque that he holds between his hands, his head slightly bowed as that of a mourning leave-taker on a monument of the Kerameikos, might it- self suggest that in this highly artistic composition we have a graceful allegoric tribute to the death of the Spar- tan hero." Appearing as it does upon the Tarentine dies at such a time of national disaster and of unsatisfied de- sire to commemorate the fallen with a worthy monument, this personification of the Tarentine city between the 98 Ap. AthencBwn, lib. xii. (ed. Schweighauser, iv. 492), " 'Ap^tSa/u-os ev TW TToAe/Aw airoOavtav ouSe ra^s Ka.TT)gi,Or), Kairoi TapavTtvwv TroXAa ^pi^iara vTrotr'^ofJiivutv TOIS TroAe/Miois vnsp TOV dveXecrflat avrov TO awjua." From Pausanias, vi. 4, 9 (cf. vi. 18, 7), we learn that the want of a tomb was in some measure supplied by a monument at Olympia. 99 The type was revived in a somewhat variant form at the date of Pyrrhus's expedition, Taras in this case being, as I hope to show (p. 149), assimilated in pose and coiffure to the Apollo on contemporary coins of Antiochos I., and holding in bis band, moreover, a borned helmet of Seleukid type. Tbe reason of tbis complimentary allusion is to be found in the pecuniary assistance lent by Antiocbos to Pyrrbus and tbe Tarentines ; and tbe helmet, in all probability, is to be interpreted as con- veying a respectful tribute to Seleukos Nikator, tben recently deceased. If tbis supposition be correct, we obtain a further warrant for regarding the figure on the present coin as baving a memorial cbaracter. 76 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. two tutelary stars of the Spartan mother-city could hardly be without allusive significance to a hero of whom himself it might be truly said : " 'Ao"r)p ""pi** p-f-v Xayu,7rcs evl olcr/.v Iwos Nw 8f Oavfav Xa/ZTrtts eoTrepos ev 0$i//.evois." IV. Type A. Naked boy rider to r., crowning stationary horse which raises off fore-leg, and crowned himself by flying Victory. Obv. 1. Beneath horse, AP. Garr. T. cxviii. 28. 2. Beneath horse, SIM. [PI. IV. 2.] Taras to r. as an Ephebos, seated sideways on dolphin, and turning round to strike with his trident a tunny fish below. The whole design enclosed in a circle of waves. Taras, as an Ephebos of somewhat finer proportions to 1., on dolphin, his further leg drawn up and visible to the knee. His left hand lightly rests on the fish's back, holding a trident, the lower end of which rests on his ankle. With his r. he extends a kantharos. Beneath dolphin I- HP, and curling IV. Type B. Naked boy crowning his horse, which stands r., raising its off fore-leg. 1. Beneath horse, K and club. Car. cxii. 163. [PI. IV. 1.] Taras to 1. riding on dolphin, holding in 1. hand a trident and small round shield, and with his r. extending a kan- tharos. Beneath, fl and waves. Plain ring border. IV. Type C. Naked boy crowning standing horse, as on Type B, but beneath is another naked boy picking a pebble out of the horse's hoof. PERIOD IV. 77 Obv. 1. In f. to r. <|>. A. J. E. 2. Same. Car. cxiv. 217. 8. Same. [PL IV. 3.] 4. Same. Car. cxiv. 218. 5. Same. B. M. Cat. 184. Taras, as an obese youth astride dol- phin, his further leg thrown forward and outlined along fish's head ; he holds in his r. hand a kantharos, and in his 1. a small round shield and trident. Be- neath, E and waves. Same ; but no trident. Beneath, P and waves. Taras as an obese youth seated side- ways on dolphin, holding in r. hand kantharos, and in 1. trident and small round shield (as 1 and 2). Beneath, E and waves. Same, but no letter. Beneath dolphin, waves. Same, but P; beneath dolphin, IV. Type D. Naked warrior standing behind his horse r., helmeted, and holding spear and large round shield. 1. In f. to r. K Taras seated sideways on dolphin to Car. cxi. 143. 1., holding trident in r. hand, and with [PL IV. 4.] 1. small round shield. Beneath, A and waves. IV. Type E. Horseman in crested helmet, with chlamys flowing behind him, holding shield in his 1. hand and a lance, point upwards, in his righ', a prancing horse to r. 1. Beneath horse, AAI. Car. cxi. 138. Mus.Xaz. di Xapoli. 1898. [Cf. Garr. T. cxviii. 20. Obr. " AX." Jin: " A."] [PL XI. 7.] Taras astride, &c., to L, his chlamys flowing behind him. His 1. hand rests on dolphin's back, and his r. holds a trident, while a small Victory flies for- ward to crown him. Beneath, waves and K [See Fig. 2, p. 69.] 78 THE " HORSEMKN " OF TARENTUM. IV. Type F. Naked boy crowned by flying Victory on prancing horse to r.., which is embraced by another naked boy. Design in beaded circle. Obv. 1. I beneath horse. [PI. XI. 6. San- tangelo Coll.] 2. Same; but K beneath horse. Cab. des Med. 8. Same ; but Car. cxi. 150. M. Cat. 172. [PI. IV. 5.] B. 4. Same. Leake Coll. [PI. IV. '6.] 5. Same. Car. cxi. 149. Taras seated sideways on dolphin to r., turning back to aim his trident at tunny-fish. Beneath, waves. In f. to L, C, and under Taras's r. arm a square raised tablet. Same : but in f. I. Taras astride, &c. to 1., extending one- handled vase. Behind, K. Same ; but K in front of Taras, and behind, a square raised tablet. Same ; but scallop in place of tablet. IV. Type G. Naked horseman in crested helmet to 1., holding in his 1. hand behind him two lances and a round shield, on which is a hippocamp. In front, winged Victory, clad in diploidion, advancing L, turns half round and seizes the rearing steed by the rein and forelock. Above, TAPAN TINflN in minute letters. In f. to r. hA. Beneath horse, M and KAA in mi- nute letters. Santangelo Coll. Cf. Car. cxii. 167. B. M. Cat. 272. [PJ. IV, 7.] Taras astride, &c., to r., throwing forward 1. leg, hurling dart with r., and in his 1. holding two spears or lances, while his chlamys, caught on his 1. arm, streams in the wind. Beneath, KAA in minute letters, and waves. PERIOD IV. 79 IV. Type H. Naked horseman on prancing horse to r., lancing downwards with r. hand ; behind, a large round shield and reserve of two lances ; the whole within a beaded border. Obv. 1. Inf. to 1., h; to r.,A. Beneath horse, KAA. A. B. M. Cat. 213. [PI. IV. 11.] 2. Same. B. M. Cat. 210. [PI. IV. 10.] B. M. Cat. 211. 4. Same. Nerregna Coll. 5. Same ; but in f. to 1. A, to r. N. Be- neath horse, KAA X. Car. cxii. 159. B. M. Cat. 212. [PI. IV. 9.] 6. Same; inf. tor., N. Beneath horse, KAA N. Car. cxii. 160. [PI. XI. 8. Cab. des Med.l Taras astride on dolphin, holding a crested helmet between his hands, with his head slightly bowed towards it. In f., on either side, an eight-rayed star. Beneath, dolphin <|>|. Same. Beneath dolphin, API. Same. Beneath dolphin, KAA. Same. Beneath dolphin, ON A. Same : but no stars. Beneath dol- phin, KAA. Taras astride, &c., to 1., his further leg outlined in front of dolphin's head. He holds in his 1. hand a small round shield, displaying a hippocamp, and ex- tends his r. to receive a small wreath- bearing Victory. In f. to r., K. Beneath, dolphin, waves, and small tunny-fish. IV. Type K. Two Dioskuri cantering, r. 1. Above TAPAN . . . Beneath horse, KAA. Microscopic letters. (Nerveyna Coll.) Same as H. 6. Taras holds two spears and hippocamp shield. Beneath, KAA and waves. 80 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. IV. Type L. Naked male figure standing 1., and half turning round to seize forelock and bridle of stationary horse, his 1. hand, which is laid on the bridle, holds a wreath. On the horse is a naked boy. The whole in a minutely beaded border. Obv. Rev. 1. Above, TA- PANTINniM. In f. to L, H; to r., A. Beneath horse, K A A. Microscopic letters. [PI. IV. 8, Santan- gelo Coll.] Taras as an Ephebos riding on dol- phin to r., his further leg resting on the fish's forehead ; he holds out in his 1. hand a strung bow and two arrows, and in his r., behind him, another arrow. Beneath, 4>| in microscopic letters. PERIOD V. FROM THE MOLOSSIAN ALEX- ANDER TO THE SPARTAN KLEONYMOS. 334302 B.C. The continued progress of the Lucanian, Messapian, and other allied barbarian tribes once more induced the Tarentine in the true spirit of a mediaeval Italian Re- public to look abroad for the services of some princely condottiere. A suitable champion was found in the Epirote King, the Molossian Alexander, son of Neoptolo- mos, who, through his sister Olympias and his wife Cleo- patra, was doubly related to his great namesake of Mace- don, and whose ambition was already aroused by his kins- man's growing fame. Blind to the true meaning of his own Dodonsean oracle, which bade him shun Pandosia and the waters of Acheron, 100 the would-be Alexander of the West set sail for Italy in 334 101 with fifteen war-ships and numerous transports. The Tarentines, however, were 'Aicuc/S/? 7rpoXao poXtlv ' A-%fpovcriov vBwp IlavSocriavre on rot Gavaros ireTrpwyu/vos eori. 101 For the chronology of the Molossian Alexander's expedi- tion, cf. Droysen, Gesc/iichte des Hellenismus. PERIOD V. 81 not long in recognising in their new ally one who threat- ened to become their master. The Molossian Prince not only routed their immediate neighbours, the Messapians and Daunians, but carrying his arms to the Tyrrhene shores, had already defeated the allied Lucanians and Samnites in a great battle at Paastum, and concluded an alliance with Rome against the common foe. He was already too powerful for the jealous Tarentine Republic, and the causes of rupture were not far to seek. Alexander had recovered the Tarentine colony of Herakleia, the seat since Archytas's time of the federal council of the Italian Greeks, from the hands of the barbarians, only to retain it under his own dominion, while at the same time he transferred the seat of the Assembly to a site on the territory of the more distant Thurioi. 102 When the Epirote King started on his final campaign against the Bruttians open hostilities seemed about to break out between him and the Tarentines, and the task of observing their movements in Alexander's interest was confided to their. Metapontine neighbours. The death of the Mo- lossian in 330 B.C. beneath the walls of the Italian Pan- dosia,- and beside the waters of the Italian Acheron, brought nothing but a sense of relief to the Tarentines. The brief but glorious Italian adventure of the Epirote Alexander is of great importance in the history of the Magna-Grsecian coinages, for which it supplies more than one landmark. Alexander's arrival at Tarentum is, perhaps indirectly, connected with the first issue by this city shortly after this time, of a class of gold staters pre- 102 Strabo vi. 3. " 6 yovv 'A\eavSpos TTJV Koivrjv 'EAA^vwv TU>V TavTT) Travyyvpw, fjv e#os i]v tv 'HpaicXeta crvvTfXflv TTJ-S TapavTtV/js, fif.To.yf.iv iirf.ipa.TO ets T//V oupiav KO.TO. x^ s > fKtXeve T( KO.T.O. TOV TTOTO./J.OV Tf.i\i^(.iv TOTTOV, OTTOV ecroivro at criivoSoi." 82 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. senting the Macedonian types of the youthful head of Herakles with a biga on the reverse. These coins con- tinued to be issued in association with other gold types at a, considerably later date, 103 but the occurrence on some of them of the Epirote symbols of the thunderbolt and lance-head may incline us to refer the earliest issues to the time of the Molossian's expedition. There is, how- ever, as we shall see, more certain evidence of the con- nexion of the son of Neoptolemos with the Tarentine gold coinage. Alexander himself signalized his arrival by striking coins both of gold and silver in his own name. These noble pieces have a distinctly Italo-Greek character, and are generally supposed to have been struck at Tarentum itself. That this is true of some of them need not be disputed, but historical considerations preclude us from supposing that the later of the Molossian's Italian issues were struck at this city. It is probable that some at least of these were struck at Metapontion, which city, as we have already seen, re- mained the bulwark of Alexander's power in the South- West at a time when the Tarentines were turning against him. The nearest parallel to the Italian types of the Epirote adventurer is in fact supplied by some fine didrachms of Metapontion, presenting on the obverse the oak-crowned head of the DodonaBan Zeus accompanied by a thunderbolt in the field. 104 On another Metapontine didrachm, evidently belonging to the same time, the head of Zeus is laurel-crowned and accompanied, as upon the 103 See pp. 99, 209. 104 Car. clii. 54. Rev. Corn-spike; inner. METAPON, and in f. to r. KA . . (on others KAA). PERIOD Y. 83 Syracusan coins of the same approximate date, by the in- scription EAEYOEPIO*. 105 This latter type also suggests comparisons with a class of Locrian didrachms 106 on which, moreover, the treatment of the hair of Zeus presents a striking resemblance to that upon the Molossian coins. What special part may have been played by the Epizephyrian Locrians in Alexander's expedition history fails to record, but the numismatic parallel is by no means confined to the head of Zeus. The thunderbolt that forms the reverse type of the Italian coins of the son of Neoptolemos recurs upon these Locrian pieces alternating with the seated eagle, which in the series struck by the Epirote prince is the almost invari- able symbol in the field; there is, moreover, one small Locrian coin which presents the distinctive characteristics of a class of alliance pieces struck at the time of this Mo- lossian connexion. 107 The widening breach between Alex- ander and the Tarentines, as well as the Western range of his military operations, makes it impossible to suppose that his later issues at all events were struck at Tarentum, and considering that his last campaign was directed against the Bruttians, it is highly probable that at this time he may have had recourse to Locrian money ers, perhaps even to Syracusan. 108 106 Gar. cii. 34. 106 Car. clxxxix. 611. 107 See p. 87. Garr. T. cxii. 20. w8 ijijjg similarity of some Locrian didrachms to Alexander's types inclines me to go a step farther and detect in the well- known Syracusan bronze struck soon after the date of Timo- leon's expedition, representing on the obverse the head of Zeus Eleutherios, and on the reverse the thunderbolt and seated eagle, exactly as it appears on the Molossian's coins, a direct tribute to the Western Alexander, the heaven-sent champion of the 84 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. That the earliest coins of the Molossian in Italy were struck at Tarentum there can, however, be little doubt. We possess, indeed, direct numismatic evidence that Alex- ander concluded a monetary con vention with the Taren tines, in which the Rubastines 109 and probably other cities joined. There exist some small Tarentine gold pieces only '3 inch in diameter, and weighing a little over six and a half grains [PI. V. 5], showing on the obverse side a rayed full-faced head of Helios, and on the reverse a thunderbolt with the inscription above and below it APOA TAPAN. 110 A small silver coin with a similar head of Helios was struck at Rubi, in Apulia, 111 and must certainly be re- garded as an alliance-piece. But the great interest attaching to the Tarentine type is due to the fact that it in every way resembles certain coins of the Molossian prince struck during the Italian expedition. These coins are of the following types : Italiote Greeks against the barbarians, who certainly included Sicily in his far-reaching schemes. The head of Zeus, with the inscription EAEYOEPIO^ , on the Metapontine piece already described, strongly corroborates this view. 109 See Avellino, Epistola de Anjenteo Anecdoto Rubastinoruin Numo, Naples, 1844. The parallelism between the small gold pieces of Tarentum, signed APOA, and those of Alexander the Molossian, was pointed out by Millingen, Unedited Coins of Greek Cities and Kings, p. 11. 110 See PI. V. 5 ; cf. B. M. Cat. 30, 31, 32, where the weights are respectively 6-7, 6'5, and 6-6 grs. Garrucci, T. c. 57, 58, one reads TAP AP. This APOA . . . must not be con- founded with the magistrate who signs APOA. APOAAHN in Pyrrhus's time, or the APOAAHNIO 3 of Period VIII. 111 Rer. PY on either side of two crescents ; above. AA ; between the crescents, two dots. />'. M. (.'at., Rub. No. 4 ; Garrucci, T. xciv 26. Obv. IN. Rayed head of Helios, as above. [PL V. 6. B. M.] ZM. Same. [PL V. 7.] 112 PERIOD V. AAEi and thunderbolt. AAEZANAPOY NEPTA above and below thunderbolt. Here, then, we have monetary evidence of an alliance concluded, about the year 334, between the Tarentines, Rubastines, and the Epirote prince. But the contem- poraneity thus established of these small Tarentine gold pieces signed APOA with the first period of Alexander's Italian sojourn enables us to fix the approximate date of the following gold staters (PL V. 3 and 4), on which the same signature appears, associated in the field with the thunderbolt symbol : TAPA. Veiled head of Demeter or Persephone- Gaia to r., crowned with ste- phane. Dolphin in field, r. Carelli, T. ciii. 10. [PL V. 3, 4.] Naked horseman, with reserve of round shield and two lances, lancing downwards, on prancing horse. In field, r., thunderbolt; beneath horse, APOA or AP. The exquisite head of the Chthonic goddess, with her diaphanous veil, on the obverse of this coin, is identical in character with the same head on the stater already re- ferred to, which exhibits on the reverse the figures of Taras and his father Poseidon. Reasons have been adduced for believing that this latter gold stater belongs to the time of Archidamos' expedition, and may be approximately re- ferred to the year 338, a date which agrees very well with the slightly later issue of the present coin, with the same From the Sim Collection ; weight, 17'7 grs. 86 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. obverse type, but with a new reverse presenting the thun- derbolt symbol in the field a complimentary allusion m to the advent of Dodona's lord in the city of Taras. This symbol, as we have seen, is equally characteristic of the small alliance pieces and of the gold staters of Macedonian type that also make their appearance at Tarentum about this time. The type of the horseman lancing downwards, as seen on these " Molossian " gold staters, is a familiar feature on a considerable series of Tarentine didrachms. It first appears in the case of the beautiful coins signed KAA, already mentioned as representing some of the latest issues of Period IY. ; it is only, however, during the present Period that it becomes general, and, indeed, almost universal. In the ensuing series it is less frequent, and about the time of Pyrrhus it disappears entirely from the Tarentine dies. In the case of our gold staters, however, there is an adjunct which reduces the field of comparison to very narrow limits. The whole design is here surrounded by a beaded circle, which has been already noticed as an early characteristic associated with the first silver issues of this lanceman type struck at the close of Period IV. On the later issues of this type it is entirely absent. It occurs, however, on a remarkable group of coins, exhibiting the same design, which I have placed together as Type A of the present Period, and which, from their close affinity to the latest coins struck during Period IV., must be regarded as representing its earliest issue. 113 Compare the elephant symbol which appears below the type of later Tarentine coins, to commemorate the arrival of Pyrrhus. PERIOD V. 87 But the connexion thus established between this di- drachm type and the gold stater of Alexander the Molos- sian's time is borne out by a still more interesting par- ticular. The small group of coins which I have included in Type A are distinguished from all other Tarentine issues by a symbol which might by itself be regarded as sufficient ground for bringing them into relation with the Epirote prince. Each and all of these five coins display in the field a seated eagle with folded wings, a charac- teristic Molossian device which occurs as the principal type on the coins of the Molossian Commonwealth struck immediately before Alexander's time, and which he him- self perpetuated on his bronze Epirote coinage. As a symbol it admirably personified the settled and indwelling divinity of the Dodonaean oak that Zeus Na'ios, "the abider," 1U whose oracle the Molossian had so fatally mis- read. Alexander, however, was not unmindful of his national emblem in his trans- Adriatic enterprise, and the seated eagle appears beside the thunderbolt in the field of most of his Italian silver pieces. That it was used, more- over, by his Italian allies as a federal badge appears from a small Locrian silver piece, 115 which, from its analogy with the other small alliance pieces already described, must be placed in the same category. Its obverse type, a thunderbolt, with AOK above and two annulets below, 114 It is impossible not to believe that this was the underlying idea of the epithet vai'os, as applied to the Dodonaean Zeus in early times. Homer, II. ii. 233, harps on the aspect of Zeus as the "dweller," and of his vwo^rai, "dwelling" round him. The scholiast's explanation of rai'os as " flowing," or " watery," was certainly not the Homeric sense. Settled dwelling is the root idea of all tree-divinities. The god is first the tree itself; afterwards the tree is the god's abiding seat. lls Garrucci, T. cxii. 20. 88 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TAREXTT'M. closely copies the pieces struck in the names of the Taren- tines, Rubastines, and Alexander himself; but on the other side, in place of the rayed head of the Sun, we find in this case the seated Molossian eagle. There can be little remaining doubt that this same symbol occupying the field of these Tarentine didrachms points to the same connexion, and we may therefore fix the date of their issue during the years (334331 inclusive) that inter- vened between Alexander's landing and his final rupture with Tarentum, which seems to have taken place shortly before his death in 330. V. Type A. Time of ALEXANDER THE MOLOSSIAN, 334 $8t) B.C. Naked horseman lancing downwards, &c., to r., within beaded circle. On the reverse, a seated eagle. Obv. 1. In f. to r. /R. Beneath horse |. [PI. VI. 1. A. J. E.] Rev. Taras, of corpulent proportions, astride, &c., to 1., his farther leg out- lined in front of dolphin's head. His 1. hand is lightly laid on the fish's back, and holds a trident ; in his r. he holds out a one-handled vase. Beneath, large curling crests of waves. In f. to r., seated eagle with folded wings. 2. Same ; but >R I Taras as a plump child, a flower- to 1. (| and curling waves. In f. to 1., seated eagle with folded wings. 3. Same. A. J. E. Taras, a plump child, as before, but of larger dimensions. In f. to 1., IAI ^ ; to r., seated eagle. Beneath, large curling waves. PERIOD V. Obv. 4. Same. A. J. E. 5. Same. Car. cxiv. 216. B. M. Cat. 235. [PL VI. 2.] Rev. Same ; but child Taras not so large ; eagle to 1. ; and <|>| and smaller waves below. Same ; but | Al % in f. to 1., and to r. Beneath, waves as before. 6. Same; but beneath horse. Car. cxiii. 192. B. M. Cat. 233. 7. Same as No. 6. Car. cxiii. 193. [PI. VI. 8.] 8. Same: but be- neath horse, % |. [PI. VI. 4.] Same as No. 4. Same ; but eagle in f. to 1. ; <|>| and large curling waves below. Same ; but no waves. The coins of this " Molossian " type are characterized by the appearance on the Tarentine dies of a peculiar and well-marked representation of Taras as a decidedly fleshy child, holding in the left hand a distaff wound round with wool. The rounded obese figure, as seen on the earliest coins of this class in some cases even verging on carica- ture fits on morphologically to the somewhat stumpy and heavy though maturer form of the Eponymic hero as he appears on some of the most characteristic types of the two preceding Periods. The motive for the intrusion of this somewhat ungainly type into the Tarentine series was, perhaps, supplied by a certain aspect of local religious cult, on which a new light has been recently thrown by the discovery of large deposits of votive terra- cotta figures, in tombs and upon the site of temples formerly contained within the walls of 90 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. Tarentum. In the tombs have been found a class of abnormally fat childish figures, some of which, as, for instance, a winged genius crowned with ivy-leaves and berries, have a distinct Bacchic connexion. And the curious phase in Tarentine art-fashion attested by these figures seems, in fact, to have been associated with a deeply-rooted Tarentine cult of the Chthonic Dionysos, his consort Persephone-Kora, and their mystic progeny, the infant lacchos, the plastic representations of whom have been found by the thousand on the site of a local sanctuary. 116 In the manifold representations of the Epo- nymic founder on the Tarentine coinage, it is usual to find him endowed, not only with the attributes, but also with the attitude and aspect of various divinities. Not only does he bear the trident of his father Poseidon, but at times he brandishes it in a distinctly Poseidon-like fashion. Not only do we see him with the tripod or the laurel spray, the arrows of the Python-slayer or the Hyacinthian flower, but at times he wears Apollo's locks and imitates his pose. 117 The kantharos of Dionysos is of frequent occurrence, and it is found, though at a slightly later date, in the hand of the strange infantile type of Taras with which we are dealing, 118 in which case it sin- gularly recalls the mystic cup stretched forth by the infant lacchos on the votive Tarentine terra-cottas. A still more unfailing accompaniment, however, of this impersonation of Taras is the distaff wound round with wool, which, again, suggests an interesting comparison with a figure of the infant Dionysos of the Mysteries as it occurs on an 116 Hell. Journal, 18868. '" See p. 149. 118 Cf. VI.F1, reading on obv. NIKOAAMO*; rev. IOP PERIOD V. 91 Apulian krater. 119 On this vase, which, if not actually of Tarentine work, at least belongs to the Tarentine school of ceramic art, the mystic offspring of Kora is seen depicted as a plump child, and holding in his right hand what is described as a thyrsos, but which, with its spirally-twisted top, is hardly to be distinguished from the distaff on the coins. He is represented in a squatting attitude, half-raising himself on one knee, and with the other drawn up under him, while he props himself up on his left arm. Above him is inscribed the name Dionysos, and to the left appears the head of Persephone-Kora, accompanied by the first four letters of her mystic Samo- thracian name Axiokersa. Both the figure on the vase and Taras in his peculiar infantile impersonation have their hair bound up into a kind of top-knot above the forehead a feature seemingly confined to this distaff- holding type. In the case of a small Tarentine gold coin, 120 the parallel to the figure on the vase is even closer. There the infant Taras is represented in an almost identical attitude, half raising himself on one knee and with the other bent under him, and holding the distaff in his right hand. The head on the obverse of this small gold type is probably that of Persephone. These comparisons lead us to the conclusion that the 119 ArchcBologische Zeitung, 1850, Taf. xvi., described by Ger- hard, p. 161, seqq. 120 PL V. 13 (B.M.); cf. Carelli, T. cii. 8; Garrucci, MonetedeU' Italia Antica, T. c. 63. The left arm of Taras in this representa- tion, though held downwards, does not, as in the case of the figure on the vase, rest on the ground ; nor could it, since a small dolphin below indicates the sea. In Taras's left hand is seen a circular object, perhaps a wreath, towards which the child directs his gaze- The infant Dionysos on the vase looks to the right towards the figure of his mother Axiokersa. 92 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TAfcENTUM, plump infantile representation of Taras which at this time makes its first appearance in the Tarentine dies, is to be regarded as approximating to that of the mystic child lacchos, and marks the influence of a prevalent Chthonic cult on that of the Eponymic founder. The type was revived more than once on later periods of the Tarentine coinage* but these revivals are easily distinguished from their pro- totypes of the present class, which, besides their earlier fabric, are in almost all cases associated with the signature IAI ^ or its abbreviations. In Type B, Nos. 1 5 inclusive, I have collected a series of coins which both from their type and their signature 4>l, IAI. [PI. VI. 5. A. J. E.] Taras astride, &c., to r., as a child, holding in 1. hand spirally wound distaff, and extending a small dolphin in his r. Beneath, <|>| and curling crests of waves. [TAP A ^ in microscopic characters.] In f. to r., ivy -like leaf. Taras astride and holding distaff as before, but holding out in r. hand a small uncertain object. A flower-like tuft rises over his forehead. Beneath dol- phin, prow of vessel. Same as No. 1. 102 THE " HORSEMEN OF TARENTUM. Obv. 4. Same (from same die as No. 8 ; A. J. E.) Car. cxiv. 208. 5. Same as Nos. 8 and 4. Beneath horse, AAI. Car. ex. 8. 6. Same. B. M. Cat. [PI. VI. 6.] 7. Sam . Mus. Naz. di Napoli. 8. Same; but be- neath horse, A A . . [AAI]. Mus. Naz. di Napo- li, No. 1891 ["AA"]. 9. Same but be- neath horse, hHPA. De Luynes Coll. 10. Same ; but be- neath horse, ^ A- Car. cxii. 9. 11. Same. Car. cxiii. 189. Taras, as before. In f. to 1., 4>l ; to r. convolvulus-like leaf. Waves below. Taras as an Ephebos of elegant form, astride, &c., to 1., holding in 1. hand a shield on which is a hippocamp, and in r. a trident, which rests on his r. shoulder. In f. to 1. <|>|. Beneath, a purple-shell. Same ; but in f. to 1. 4>H, instead of Same; but in f. to 1. |-H. Same ; but beneath the purple-shell, Taras as an Ephebos, astride, &c., to 1., holding on his 1. arm a plain round shield and two lances, and with out- stretched r. hand receiving small flying Victory, who holds forth wreath to crown him. Beneath dolphin, |. Same as No. 1. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding out kantharos with r. hand, and withl. rest- ing on dolphin's back and holding trident. In f. to 1. M. Beneath, small dolphin. 188 This rare variety, a specimen of which exists in the British Museum, is in every way identical with the common type, No. 5, presenting the signature <|>| ; and the <|>H in this case must be regarded as the alternative orthographical equivalent of the first syllable of <|>IAIZ . PERIOD V. 103 Oby. 12. Same. B. M. Cat. 282. Same ; but in f to 1. K. 13. Same. B. M. Cat. 221. 14. Same. Mus. Naz. di Na- poli, 1916. 15. Same. B. M. Cat. 229. [PI. VI. 7.] 16. Same. B. M. Cat. 222. 17. Same. B. M. Cat. 223. 18. Same. Car. cxiii. 186. [PI. VI. 12.] 19. Same. B. M. Cat. 225. 20. Same ; but be- neath horse, API. Above and in f. to 1. and r. respectively, EPA. A. J. E. Same; but in f. to 1. (A IK. Same ; but ^ 12 and dot. Same ; but in f. to 1. (II Same; but in f. to 1. (A IP. Taras as an Ephebos to r., his left foot raised so that it rests on the dolphin's forehead, extending in his 1. hand a strung bow and two arrows, while in his r. he holds a third. Beneath, hHP. Same. Beneath, |- HP HP. Same ; but beneath, h HP R . Taras astride, &c., to I., holding oar in 1. hand, and with r. extending kan- tharos. In f. to 1. KA. 21. Same; X in ? to r. Beneath horse, API- Car. ex. 134. Same ; but KA in f. to 1. Taras more straddling. Beneath, EPA. 104 THE " HORSEMEN OF TARKNTTJM. Obv. 22. Same; in f. to r. A. J. E. but A Rev. but A or A in f. to 1. No in- scription beneath dolphin. V. Type C. Phalanthos in crested helmet, on cantering horse to 1., and covering himself with a large round shield on which is a dolphin. 1. In f. to 1. A. Beneath horse, KAA. Cf. B. M. Cat. 271. 2. Above, I . In f. to r. A ; in f. to 1. A. Beneath horse, A P H . Berlin Cabinet. [PI. VI. 10. Cabinet desMedailles.] Taras, of infantine Dionysiac type, astride, &c.,to 1., holding distaff in l.hand and his r. resting on dolphin's head. In f. to 1. COI. In f. to r. trident. Same. V. Type D. Naked boy on prancing horse to r., holding up his 1. hand with open palm, as if in the act of salutation. 1. Beneath horse, Car. cxiii. 190. [PL VI. 9.] Taras as a youth of somewhat cor- pulent build, astride, &c., to 1., further leg thrown forward, extending his r. hand with open palm, and holding in his 1. a palm- branch, which rests on his heel. From the palm hangs a fillet or lemniskos, and in the field below is a Corinthian helmet. Beneath, V. Type E. Naked boy, crowning himself on stationary horse, which raises its nearer fore-leg. 1. Beneath horse, ^ A, and capital of Ionic column. Car. cxiii. 185. [PI. VI. 11.] Taras as a youth of corpulent build, astride, &c., to 1., his further leg thrown forward (as D), and holding out in his r. a water-snake. Beneath, KOI/1. ENGRAVERS AND MAGISTRATES SIGNATURES. 105 V. Type F. Naked boy crowning stationary horse to r. (as E). horse, Obv. 1. Beneath APH. 133 B. M. Cat. 140. [PI. VI. 8.] 2. Same ; but be- neath horse, owl fly- ing. Santangelo Coll. Rev. r Taras astride, &c., to 1., (holding tri- dent in 1. handj and with r. extending kantharos ; in f. to r. <|>. Taras astride to 1. holding out one- handled cup. Beneath dolphin, HH V. Type G. Naked youth on cantering horse, holding out a whip behind him. 1. No letter visible. Santangelo Coll. A. J. E. Taras, of somewhat heavy build, with disproportionately small head, astride, &c., to 1., his further leg thrust out in front of the fish's forehead. In f. to r. caduceus : beneath dolphin, HH. ARTISTS', ENGRAVERS' AND MAGISTRATES' SIGNATURES. In considering the coins of this Period we are once more brought face to face with the question : How far the sig- natures on these Tarentine coins represent the names of the actual engravers of the dies ? In treating of some of the earlier Tarentine coins I have 133 This signature (cf. C 2) recurs on the fine Metapontine tetradrachms struck about this period. P 106 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. already partly answered this question by anticipation. The occurrence on a didrachm of Period III. of two raised rectangular tablets containing the initial letters ^IlK, has supplied us with an example of an artist's signa- ture of the most typical kind on a Tarentine coin. In Periods II. and III. attention has been called to a series of coins of great artistic excellence and displaying certain common features both of, style and composition, all of which are marked by the signature A or 3 A, and which taken together, afford strong presumption that we have here to deal with an engraver of no ordinary power. In Periods III. and IV. again we find the same evidence of common handiwork in the beautiful group of coins signed K and KAA, sometimes in microscopic characters, and in those signed A and API. In Types H 1 and L 1 of Period IV. we find, moreover, one or both these signatures associated with that of another artist who signs 4>l, in the last instance in microscopic characters. It is with the signature 4>l, which, as we have seen, ap- pears in association with two other well-authenticated engravers' signatures on some of the finest types of the Archidamian epoch, that we are at present more specially concerned, from its recurrence, at times in a more ampli- fied form, throughout one of the most characteristic groups of coins belonging to the Period before us. A comparative study of the coins included in Types A and B 1 5, enables us in fact to arrive at the important con- clusion that on one or both sides we have here too to do with the handiwork of the same engraver who signs him- self 4>l, IAI, or l (in association with KAA on the obverse) executing the noble design already referred to, and in which I have ventured to trace an allusion to the fall of Archidamos, where Taras is seen holding a heroic helmet between two stars, while in PI. IV. 8, as already observed, 134 this sig- nature reappears in the same association, attached to a coin which amongst all the Tarentine pieces is character- ized by the microscopic minuteness of its engraving. The technique of these coins as seen in their various developments points to some interesting conclusions. We have here all the characteristics of an engraver who, having accustomed himself to working on hard materials, has afterwards taken to one of a less intractable nature. In other words, we have here, as in the well-known in- stance of Phrygillos, 135 the case of a gem engraver who has been employed as a die-sinker. Two of the natural 134 See p. 100. 135 Those who have consistently held to the opinion, first expressed by Raoul Rochette, that the gem with the figure of Eros, signed Phrygillos, belongs to the same date as the Syra- cusan coins with the same signature, and that it must in all probability be referred to the same engraver, will find new sup- port as against Von Sallet and others in Furtwiingler's recently published dissertation on signed gems (Jahrbuch d. fc. deutschen Arch. Inst. 1888, p. 197). 108 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TAREMTUM. consequences of such a change in material are visible on several coins of the above group, one artistic and one mechanical. We are struck, very notably on Type B 3, 4 (PI. VI. 5), by an exaggerated depth in the line en- graving which in spite of the great minuteness of detail affects the design with a certain harshness. It further appears as if this over-incision of the engraving gave the metal a tendency to stick to the die and somewhat blur the impression. This over-incision and its consequences are well illustrated by the reverses of some of the Syra- cusan tetradrachms signed EYO 136 ; but a still more re- markable parallel is supplied by the Naxian didrachms of the engraver Prokles. In other respects the work of this Tarentine die-sinker Philis . . . suggests a hand accustomed to intaglio on gems. The engraving itself is often of microscopic minuteness, and we are occasionally struck by a certain preposterous perverseness in the exercise of this Lilliputian faculty, the personal signature being writ large, while that of the Tarentine City shrinks to almost invisible dimensions. It looks like the satisfaction taken by an artist who, accustomed himself to sign in full though as inconspicuously as possible, found the expres- sion of his skill in minute lettering hampered by the contemporary custom of the Tarentine mint, which obliged him to attach to his handiwork an abbreviated but mani- fest signature, as an official rather than an aesthetic gua- rantee. Nor could he, as in the case of Philistion on the Velian coins, gratify his taste by combining his full sig- nature with the design on one side and signing large with the first letters of his name on the reverse. The character 136 Cf. the coins with the signature in Rudolf Weil, Die KuHsllerinschriften der Sidlischcn Miinzen, T. 1, Nos. 6 and 8. ENGRAVERS' AND MAGISTRATES' SIGNATURES. 109 of the Tarentine types, the entire absence of such facilities as that supplied by the helmeted head on the Velian pieces, or even of an exergual line capable, as at Thurioi, of being used as a label, precluded all such expedients. As it is, many of the signatures of Philis ... on this Tarentine series, in spite of the variations mentioned above, are abnormally minute, and notably so on the remarkable type (PI. IV. 8) mentioned above, which is of truly gem-like execution. It will be seen, however, from a survey of the above types, that it is not only the microscopic character of many of the works with these signatures that reveals a skilled engraver. Amongst their number are to be found types which for composition and design rank amongst the most admirable productions of the Tarentine mint, and abundantly show that we have here to deal with an artist of no mean power. The archer type of Taras (PI. IV. 8) on the last piece transcends alike in spirit and harmonious proportions all other representations of this warlike class. The noble figure of Taras contemplating the heroic helmet between the two rayed stars that stand for the twin patrons of Tarentum and its mother-city (PI. IV. 10, 11), has already been referred to as one of the finest of the Tarentine silver types ; while for naturalistic beauty of design B 5 and 6 of the above list, showing Taras, trident on shoulder, with the hippocamp shield, and, beneath his dolphin steed, the spiral buccinum shell, are certainly unrivalled in this long series (PL VI. 6). In this case again the interesting question arises : Was the activity of this artistic die-sinker, who signs I, <|>IAI and IAI ^ on these Tarentine coins, confined to this city? Judging by the analogy of signatures that occur on other more or less contemporary Tarentine types at times even 110 THE ".HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. in conjunction with that of Philis. . . there is every pro- bability that it was not. The signatures KAA, API, AAI, ^ IM, APH, hH, and others, the four first of which are found on the Tarentine coins in conjunction with |, re- appear among the very limited number of signatures found about the same date on the coins of Herakleia, Metapon- tion and Thurioi. The signature l itself occurs on coins of the two former of these cities, and though in these cases it may, occasionally at least, be an abbreviation for the name of another artist who also signs 4>IAO or 4>IAfl, there are, as we have seen, strong a priori grounds for suspecting the collaboration of Philis . . . When on a small Terina3an piece of late fabric 137 we find the inscription IAI J.I), we seem to be led a step farther towards the completion of our artist's name ; the more so if, as seems by no means improbable, this coin may be referred to the brief period of restored independence which from about 334 B.C. onwards Terina owed to the intervention of the Molossian Alexander. A remarkable 137 Garrucci, cxvii. 17 ; Carelli, clxxx. 17, 18. The lateness of these coins is shown by the resemblance, if Garrucci's repre- sentations can be trusted, of the head and coiffure on the obverse to that of other small Terinsean silver pieces, as well as some of bronze, bearing upon them the Brettian crab, and therefore later than the date of the Brettian conquest of 356. Mr. B. S. Poole, indeed, Num. Chron. 1883, 273, Athenian Coin Engravers in Italy, brings a small coin of the same class reading <|>| A I ^ , into possible connexion with the signature <|>, on a fine series of Terinasan, Pandosian, Herakleian, Thurian, and Velian coins, which he inclines tentatively to refer to an earlier Philistion, the grandfather of the later Velian engraver, in accordance with the Greek fashion of giving a name in alternate generations. The figure, however, on the cippus on these coins reading |AI^-L|, shows certain points of resemblance to the Em-no on the Locrian didrachms, struck, according to Mr. Head (IHstoria Numorum, p. 86), circ. B.C. 344 332. ENGRAVERS' AND MAGISTRATES' SIGNATURES. Ill didrachm, 138 presenting on one side Taras on his dolphin preparing to discharge an arrow from his bow a design allied to that which first appears on the Tarentine dies with the signature <|> I and on the other side the Terinaean Nike holding a wreath, must in all probability be brought into relation with this historic episode, and brings Tarentum into a special connexion with Terina. And in view of this chain of evidence, it is impossible to avoid the suggestion that the full name of our Philis . .. is to be read 4>IAI ^ - TIHN, and that he is in fact one and the same with the engraver who has left his signature in full on some of the coins of Velia. On the grounds of style alone, especially in the case of an artist whose activity covers a consider- able period of years, and who, in harmony with the in- fluences of his time, has passed through more than one " manner," it is difficult indeed in such minute work as die-sinking to establish satisfactory criteria. Even in the case of the great Syracusan engravers of a better age, the most careful critic must be often at a loss in the endeavour to lay down definite canons of distinction. With regard to date, however, no valid reason can be urged against the proposed identification, and in the present case a careful analysis of the types them- selves will be found to supply some valuable indications of common handiwork in other designs with these signatures which make their appearance at Velia and Tarentum. The period of years during which Philis . . . seems to have worked for the Tarentine coinage, from shortly before the date of the Molossian Alexander's expedition onwards, certainly squares very well with the approximate 138 Berliner Blatter, III. p. 9, and T. xxix. 3. 112 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. date of the Velian coins bearing Philistion's signature. More than this, there are certain features on the Velian works of Philistion which unmistakably betray a close familiarity with designs in vogue in three at least of the cities of the Ionian shore Herakleia, Metapontion, and Tarentum itself already referred to as used to employ the same engravers. Thus we find this engraver for the first time introducing on the Yelian series a Corinthian form of helmet, which about the same date makes its first appear- ance on the coins of Herakleia and Metapontion, where during the last quarter of the fourth century B.C. it be- comes quite usual. At Velia, on the other hand, this deviation from the usual Athenian type of Pallas' head- piece is confined to Philistion's work, which combines in a remarkable way motives supplied by the contemporary coinage of Herakleia and Metapontion. So far as the general outline of the head and helmet is concerned, the crest and the arrangement of the hair, Philistion's Velian Pallas is almost a reproduction of the contemporary didrachm type of Herakleia. In the ornamental design, however, with which the upper part of the helmet is deco- rated, the quadriga, with horses at full gallop, we see a close adaptation of the same device in the same position as it appears on the helmet of Leukippos on the fine tetrad rachms of Metapontion. 139 But the parallel goes a step farther. The peculiar method adopted by Philistion for attaching his signature 139 On some of the didrachms of Metapontion, with the head of Leukippos, the signature <|>| appears associated with the tri- quetra symbol. The same symbol appears on coins of Velia dividing the same letters, in this case in all probability the signa- ture of Philistion. ENGRAVERS' AND MAGISTRATES' SIGNATURES. 113 to the helmet on the Velian coins, the utilization, namely, for this purpose of the curved line at the base of the crest, is borrowed from the practice of the artist Aristoxenos (ex hypothesi the master or associate of the artist 4>l ... on Tarentine coins), 140 who on the fine didrachms of Herak- leia 141 of a slightly earlier date, first invented this device. Amongst all Greek coin engravers this mode of signature is confined to Aristoxenos and Philistion. More than this, in the noblest of all Philistion's Velian types, that, namely, upon which the wounded lion is de- picted seizing in its jaws the lethal shaft, the artist has introduced between the first two letters of his name, wherewith on this side of the coin he contents himself, a figure of the two Dioscuri, which is no less suggestive of Tarentine types. In other instances there appears on the the neck pieces of the helmet, signed in this case <1>I A I ^ - TIHN, a rider on a stationary horse which lifts up one of its forelegs, a design literally reproduced from some contemporary Tarentine coins. These are minute coincidences, but taken together they afford a substantial link of evidence, the more so when it is remembered that each and all of these features are absolutely confined on the Velian series to Philistion's handiwork. Comparing in a less general fashion the work of the Velian engraver with that of the Tarentine Philis ... we distinguish in them both a certain fondness for naturalistic represen- tations, which amongst the contemporary engravers of the respective cities seems peculiar to these two. The elegantly finished ivy-leaf (PI. VI. 0), of which every vein is delicately indicated, and the pretty twisted shell (PI. VI. 6) introduced 140 See p. 54, &c. m Garrucci, Tav. ci. 34. 114 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TAREXTUM. in another work of the Tarentine artist, beneath the dolphin, find their appropriate parallels in the lifelike figure of the locust or the graceful vine-spray 142 with which Philistion at times divides his signature. Both engravers, consider- ing the general practice of the age in which they work, show a remarkable tendency to adhere to the more archaic practice of surrounding the type with a beaded circle. One still more suggestive point of resemblance remains to be pointed out. Upon the Tarentine series there are several types in which the curling crests of the sea waves are introduced beneath the figure of Taras on his dolphin. This device, though on the series as a whole of only occasional occurrence, becomes an almost universal cha- racteristic of the group of coins signed IAN, |. On the types of the other Greek cities at this time existing in Southern Italy, it is altogether absent, till on the Velian coinage this purely Tarentine feature is suddenly introduced by Philistion, and that, as far as can be seen, without any inherent appropriateness and simply from the force of decorative habit, beneath the figure of his wounded lion. On several of the Tarentine coins of the present group, which I would tentatively attribute to the same Philistion who worked for the Velian mint, we find his signature associated on the other side with that of an artist who signs ^ A. This signature is for the most part confined to Class V., but it also is found on some types belonging to the succeeding class. In all cases, however, it is 142 Perhaps a reminiscence of the exquisite vine-spray associ- ated on a Velian coin of earlier date with the signature 4>, according to Mr. Poole's felicitous suggestion (loc. tit.), the work of an earlier Philistidn. ENGRAVERS' AND MAGISTRATES' SIGNATURES. 115 associated with equestrian types. 143 This artist, it will be seen, specialized in the portrayal of horses, and some of the noblest steeds in the Tarentine series are of his workmanship. The same specialization is observable on the work of another contemporary engraver who signs himself ^ IM, and it is noteworthy that, as at Tarentum, this signature is exclusively associated with the horse type, so at Thurioi, where it reappears, it is only found in connexion with the reverse design of the butting bull. The powers of Philistion, if we may venture so to complete his name, were of wider range, for his signature is associated with some of the most spirited representa- tions of the lancer on his prancing steed, as well as with the most varied types of Taras on his dolphin. It would appear, from what has been already said, that during the Period with which we are concerned and those that precede it, the signatures on the Tarentine coins, with the possible exception of the gold coins signed KYAIK and APOA, 144 are those of the actual die-sinkers rather than of civic -magistrates. Either we have well-marked groups which, on the ground of internal evidence alone, we are justified in referring to the same engraver, or we find the same signatures recurring on coins of the same period belonging to other Magna- Graecian cities as, for instance, KAA, AAI, ^IM, &c. In the succeeding Period (VL), which, as we shall see, embraces the last of the full-weight didrachm series, a remarkable change takes place. For the first time full- 143 On the gold coinage the signature of ^ A is associated with the beautiful type representing the Dioskuri. It is also found with the head of a nymph (Carelli, civ. 4), an exception to his usual practice. 114 See p. 66, note. 116 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. length signatures appear which have no relation to the workmanship of the coins, and which there is every reason to refer to civic magistrates of Tarentum. And when these appear they naturally take the post of honour beneath the principal type, thrusting aside the signature of the actual engraver of the coin into a secondary posi- tion in the field. This process is well illustrated by the case of the artist ^ A . . . ., who prolonged his activity through the early part of the period of full-length signa- tures. This engraver still continues to associate his name, as before, with purely equestrian types, but instead of signing, according to his wont, beneath the body of the horse, he now resigns this front place to succeeding magistrates, and contents himself with a position in the field above. The same revolution is well illustrated by the case of another engraver who first begins to work on the Tarentine dies shortly before the reduction of the standard. This engraver, who signs EY (often retro- grade), and whose productions, owing to their exaggerated relief, stand out so clearly amongst contemporary types, that it is possible to pick them out without first searching for the authentication of the signature, invariably follows the same rule as ^ A . . . ., placing the first letters of his name in the field and leaving the space below the horse for the full name of the magistrate. It is true that the conspicuous lettering of these signa- tures clashes with the received ideas as to the custom amongst the best engravers of ancient dies. Even Raoul Rochette, who, following out the argument derived from the appearance of the same signatures on coins of different Magna-Greecian cities, was inclined to admit the claims of a wider class of engravers, was afterwards prevailed upon to draw back from some of the logical consequences of ENGRAVERS' AND MAGISTRATES' SIGNATURES. 117 his own method. 145 Undoubtedly amongst the monetary artists of the best period the highly refined device prevailed of inscribing the name in almost microscopic letters, and of hiding away the signature in some part of the design, beneath the neck, in a fold of the sphendone", on a plate of the helmet, or even the exergual line. But even in the case of cities where, from the largeness or the general character of the design this plan was feasible, it was by no means invariably followed. At Syracuse itself the signatures of Eumenos, of the engraver who signs EY0, of Phrygillos, of Evaenetos, are often conspicuous enough. What was comparatively easy of achievement on the noble pentekontalitra, or even on tetradrachms, was not so feasible on coins of lesser module. At Thurioi, where on some of the tetradrachms, and in imitation, it would seem, of Syracusan practice, I ^ToPo^ signs on the exergual line beneath the bull, in letters which vie in minuteness with the analogous signatures of Kimon or Evaenetos, it was found advisable in the case of the didrachms to follow a less ambitious plan. Either the exergual line was widened into a regular base, on which, for example, the legend MoAo ^~ ^ o ^ 146 is often visible enough, or when the exergual 145 Compare his Lettre a M. le due de Luynes sur les Graveurs des Mommies Grecques (Paris, 1831), which certainly contains some rash assertions, with his more cautious Lettre a M. Schorn, Supplement an Catalogue des Artistes de VAntiquite yrecque et roina'me (Paris, 1845). 146 The Thurian didrachms signed MoAo ^ ^ O ^ , belong to two distinct types. In the first of these, characterized by a large head of Pallas on the obverse, the signature is much finer ; in the other case it is at least a third in diameter larger and associated in the obverse with an exceptionally small head of the goddess. 118 THE " HOUSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. line was left we find the name sprawling across it in a most ungraceful fashion, as in the signature AM4> . > supplied by a hoard of coins recently found near Oria. Yet the very failure of these attempts to follow the practice of the masters of the art has a special value as showing that the signatures of both IZTOPO^ , and AM4> . . . belong to the same general category, and cannot be separated by any definite line of demarcation. The Thurian pieces, indeed, enable us to carry the chain of connexion a step farther. To avoid the sprawling effect of such signatures as the last it only remained to complete the transition already partially effected in the last instance, and to transfer the name to the interspace between the bull's legs immediately above the exergual line, as is done in the case of A I BY * , PY, EYOY, and other signatures. In the case of Velia, again, though Philistion on the obverse of his coins follows the classical practice of insert- ing his signature at full length and in small letters beneath the crest of Pallas's helmet, it is impossible to doubt that the abbreviated but conspicuous signature l found in the field on the reverse of the same pieces, and associated with a design of far greater merit than the head on the obverse side, is that of the same engraver. 147 The same remark holds good of the engraver API * TOEENO * at Herak- leia. In some cases he signs in minute letters both on the exergual line of the reverse and on the Pallas' helmet of the obverse. In other cases, on the other hand, while still continuing the miniature signature on the 147 This is further shown by the parallel instance of the other known Velian engraver Kleudoros, who signs his name in full on the helmet on the obverse, and repeats the first two letters of his signature in monogram on the reverse. ENGRAVERS' AND MAGISTRATES' SIGNATURES. 119 reverse, he contents himself with a large A beside the helmet on the other side. 148 On one of his Metapontine pieces he combines both systems, signing with a large capital A in the field, beneath which, in small characters, are contained the second two syllables of his name. The Herakleian artist, again, who signs EYP in minute letters on the exergual line, varies the practice by placing a conspicuous EY in the field above it between the legs of the struggling Herakles. We see from these and other examples that in the Italian parts of Magna-Grsecia as well as in Sicily, the same engraver follows both prac- tices, sometimes, too, on the same coin. But on the silver pieces of Tarentum, with which we are more specially concerned, there was little opportunity for the exercise of the artistic refinement of interweaving the signature with the design. In one instance, indeed, a didrachm of larger module and of the earlier kind, exhibiting the seated Demos of Tarentum, a small E is seen on the back of the dolphin on the reverse, 149 which, judging by contemporary analogies, 150 we have every right to refer to the name of the engraver. On a 148 On the coin with the name of Aristoxenos on the base of the crest of the helmet, A also appears in the field in the same position ; it looks as if, in this case, Aristoxenos had attached his signature in two capacities : as an artist and as a respon- sible mint official. 149 Von Sallet, Die Kunstlerinschriften auf Griechischen Miinzen, p. 15, 43. Even Von Sallet inclines to regard this as the initial of an artist's name. Otherwise he pronounces against all Tarentine claims to artists' signatures. " Auf alien anderen Miinzen von Tarent finden sich keine irgendwie sicheren Kunst- lernamen." 150 Cf. the EYAI on the small dolphin in front of the nymph's head, on a tetradrachm by Evaenetos, and the more conspicuous KIM.QN on the dolphin of a decadrachm. 120 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TAREXTUM. later didrachm, also, an H appears in the same position. 151 But these are altogether exceptional instances, and it must be acknowledged that as an artistic device the expedient in this case was not felicitous. The facilities for " hide and seek " offered by the didrachm types of neighbouring cities, such as the convenient section of the neck afforded by the heads on Metapontian coins, or the vacant plates on Athena's helmet at Herakleia or Thurioi, were altogether wanting in the Tarentine coins with which we are dealing. Even an exergual line was not usually to be found on the Tarentine didrachms. Frank- ness was thus inevitable. There is, moreover, another side of the question which does not seem to have been sufficiently considered by those who have approached the subject from the stand- point of pure art criticism. It seems sometimes to be assumed that the actual engravers only signed in their artistic capacity. Modern specializations of calling which separate the die-sinker's art-work from that of those who actually strike the coins, and both again perhaps from that of the responsible mint official, must not be allowed to pervert our judgment. The whole character of the signatures on these Tarentine pieces shows that the engravers signed as those responsible for the weight and metal as well as the execution of the individual piece that bore their mark. This is in perfect keeping with mediaeval analogies, and fits in with what we know of the system in vogue at Antioch in Antiochos EpipharieV day, 152 and 151 Zeitschrift fur Numismatik, II. 1. Owing to the kindness of Dr. Imhoof-Blumer I am enabled to represent an example of this coin on PI. III. 1. 152 The story of King Antiochus, going about the city as a private person and visiting the workshops of the moneyers ENGRAVERS' AND MAGISTRATES' SIGNATURES. 121 apparently in other Asiatic Greek cities where the coinage was in the hands of private individuals, who, like De'me'trios the Ephesian, seem to have united the callings of money er and silversmith or jeweller. The appearance of more than one die-sinker's name on the same coin is easily accounted for by the existence of Swepyao-icu or companies of moneyers and gold or silversmiths, of which we have epigraphic evidence, 153 or even of smaller partnerships in business. The appearance of more than one signature on the same side of a coin may occasionally afford an illus- tration of a practice not unknown in the allied craft of gem-engraving, and of which an instance may be cited in the celebrated cameos inscribed AA4>HOC CYN APE0HNI where EPOIOYN is obviously understood. 154 Such a collaboration, so familiar in the greater works of ancient art, enabled either artist to contribute his special faculties towards the production of a composition. On the whole, however, it is safer to suppose that in most cases the presence of more than one signature on the same die indicates the joint responsibility of several maestri working in the same bottega. -It is further to be observed that in these cases one of the signatures occurs at greater length than the others an indication that this more and goldsmiths is given by Athenaeos (Lib. 10) on the authority of the 26th book of Polybios : " MdXicrra Se TrpAs TOIS dpyupoKOTm'o/s evpur/cero KOI )(pv(ro^6oiv KUI L\oTf)(yii>v Trpos TOUS ropevras KOI TOVS aAAous i-e^viras." The conjunction here with the Toreuta is significant. . 1M C. I. G. 3154. (Cf. Lenormant, La Monnaie dans V An- tiquite, iii. 251). ZYNEPfAZIA TON APfYPQKO PUN KAI XPYZOXOHN. 154 See Raoul Bochette, Lettre a M. Schorn : Supplement du Cataloyue des Artistes de I'Antiquite grecque et romaine (Paris, 1845) p. 113, as against Koehler's view, that the inscription refers to a joint dedication of the work. 122 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. emphatic signature belongs to the actual engraver of the die. Thus we find the artists who sign KAA, 4>l, and API grouped together in a series of coins of Period IV., all presumably from the same atelier, but on coins where I. It is a form which emphasizes the official responsibility of the rnoneyer in all his capacities. But it covers his artistic qualifications ; it does not exclude the possibility of his having achieved fame in other fields as an engraver, and where we find, as in the case of Kal . ... of Ari ... or of Phi ... a signature associated with excellent work, we have as much right to place him in the rank of artistic engravers as if he had hidden his name in some part of the design. No one doubts that the small and concealed signatures of an earlier period, such as those represented by the great Sicilian works of the close of the fifth and beginning of the fourth century, have a purely artistic value. They belong to a time when, whether owing to the monetary system then in vogue or to other causes, it was not thought necessary for moneyers as such to attach their sign manual. When we find a signature of this kind we have a right to exclaim, " It is an engraver's signature, and therefore an artist's." But, as we see from the Tarentine series, a practice grew up dur- ing the fourth century of engravers initialling every single piece. At times, as in the case of the Velian coins referred to, they continue or revive the older practice of inter- weaving their name full-length, or in an abbreviated form, 12 i THE "HORSEMEN" OF TAREXTUM. with some part of the design. But even in such a case as this they usually repeat their signature in its more official form on the other side of the same coin. At times, as at Thurioi, we are able to trace a regular transition from signatures of the old artistic character to the regulation stamp. But to seize on this difference of type as a proof that the later signatures are not those of the engravers of the dies is to mistake the point at issue. The truth is, that during the later period with which we are specially concerned, it is not the lack of engravers' signatures that should cause perplexity, but their abundance. There are some who, from the noble style of their designs, the gem- like finish of their work, and the fact that they were em- ployed by different cities, evidently enjoyed an artistic reputation in their own day although they may not have signed in the older artistic fashion. There are others, such as the die-sinker who signs EY at Tarentum, who, by the evidence of their own work, have no claim to rank as artists. But to take the last-named example as a crucial test, the very grossness of the features that cha- racterize the coins signed EY proclaims identity of handi- work. The magistrates' names that occur beneath the horses on this group of coins continually vary, but the signature in the field and the style of engraving go hand in hand ; they come in and they depart together. It is an engraver's signature, but not an artist's. PERIOD VL-FROM KLEONYMOS TO PYRRHUS. 302281 B.C. In the coinage of Period VI. I have included all the- full-weight didrachms that exhibit signatures at full PERIOD VI. 125 length, together with one or two other types which, from their close connexion with the others or their approxima- tion to some of the earlier issues of reduced standard, must be regarded as belonging to the present class. It must, however, be borne in mind that though considerations of convenience have led me to group together the coins with the full-length signatures in the present class, it is pro- bable that a few of these, such as Type B, for instance, come chronologically within the limits of the preced- ing Period. The present Period extends to the time when the weight of the Tarentine didrachm which, from the date of the first coinage of this city, had . been maintained at about 123 120 grains, was re- duced to about 100 grains. Of the date and circum- stances of this reduction of the standard in which other Magna-Graocian cities participated, there will be occasion to say more in treating of the first coinage of the di- drachms of lighter weight. Here it may be sufficient to mention that there are cogent reasons for connecting the reduction of the Tarentine silver standard with the coming of Pyrrhus. Assuming then that the issues of the preceding Period V. reach down to the approxi- mate date of 302 B.C., we have left for the duration of the present class a space of somewhat over twenty years. It is a remarkable, and at first sight, enigmatic fact, that while, as I hope to show, the reduction of the didrachm weight did not take place till the time of Pyrrhus, a class of drachms makes its appearance during the present Period, the standard of which corresponds to that of the reduced didrachms. These are the pieces presenting on one side the helmeted head of Pallas, and on the other the owl on the spray, and the average weight of which is rather 126 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. under than over 50 grains. 155 That the early drachms' of this type belong, in fact, to the present Period appears not only from their style, but from the inscription lOP which they universally bear, and which is peculiar to the didrachms of Period VI. These early drachms present the following principal varieties : Obv. 1. Head of Pallas to 1., in crested hel- met, on which is Scylla hurling a rock. 2. Same. Owl with closed wings to 1., seated on olive spray. Inf. to 1. TAP tor. O or H H Same, but club in f. to r. and insc. IOP. A still more cogent proof of priority in date of these drachms to the others of the same class, the inscriptions on which correspond with those of didrachms of the reduced weight, may be drawn from the evidence of a recent Calabrian find, the analysis of which will be found under Appendix B. In this find, which included all the earliest didrachm issues of the reduced weight, the drachms found belonged exclusively to the later class presenting magis- trates' names of the Pyrrhic epoch. The negative evi- dence supplied by the Calabrian find receives, more- over, a strong corroboration from the contents of another hoard of Tarentine and other Magna-Grsecian coins found between Oria and Manduria in 1884. Some two hundred coins belonging to this hoard, which, for convenience, may be referred to as the Oria find, passed through my hands, and, although owing to the fact that they had unfortunately been partly mixed with 135 There is a solitary instance (Carelli, Descr., No. 405) of a coin of this type weighing as much as 56 grs. (3-64 grammes). PERIOD VI. 127 other specimens I have in this case avoided attempting a detailed analysis of the deposit, it has yet been possible to draw some broad conclusions from its composition. The Tarentine didrachms belonged, for the most part, to the present and the preceding Period 156 ; they were all of full weight, and there is every reason to suppose that the hoard was deposited between 300 and 281 B.C. Numerous specimens of Types E, F, and Gr of the present Period occurred fleur de coin, and with them, some in equally fresh condition, were associated drachms of the type described above exhibiting the signature IOP- It is probable that the Tarentine drachms with these Athenian types were originally struck not for internal cir- . dilation so much as a part of the federal currency of the Italiote League, and it is noteworthy that a considerable proportion of the diobols belonging to this same federal series, presenting on one side the head of Pallas and on the other Herakles strangling the lion, which, to judge from their fabric, belong to the same approximate date as these early drachms, were struck on the same reduced standard. The weight of this class of diobol, sixteen 1 grains and under, corresponds, in fact, to the third of the drachms with the inscription I OP. It is always possible that the didrachm standard was reduced in some 156 In this hoard there also occurred didrachms of Metapon- tion, Herakleia, Thurioi, and Kroton, all of full weight. The best preserved of these were the coins of Herakleia with the inscription AOA (B. M. Cat. 83), and the Metapontine coins with the head of Leukippos, and also those with the head of Persephone wearing a barley wreath, and with the inscription AOA, AY, AA, &c. (B. M. Cat. 106, 108, 110, &c.), were fairly, but not so brilliantly, preserved. Two somewhat worn specimens of the very scarce Metapontine tetradrachins were also found. 128 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. of the neighbouring Magna-Graecian cities, and notably at Herakleia, at a somewhat earlier date than at Tarentum. Meanwhile, as the silver staters of this city show, the Tarentines, for their own purposes, still continued to ad- here to their time-honoured system, and it further appears that in the litras of the present Period, which represented the traditional small currency of the citizens themselves, the old standard was equally preserved. The didrachrn, for instance, Type G, of the present Period, on the reverse of which Taras, holding a bunch of grapes, is seen as- sociated with the signature A FA, obviously corresponds to the litra of the full weight of twelve grains 157 , on which the bunch of grapes appears as a symbol between the letters AF. The doe looking back, 158 the spear hea 1 159 and the hippocamp 16 which occur on other litrse and hernilitra of full weight, are also symbols otherwise solely associated with didrachms of the present Period. Amongst the familiar schemes that continue to appear on the didrachms of this Period are the lancer on his prancing horse, and the rider holding a round shield be- hind him in the act of vaulting off his horse. The fine type of Nike receiving the victorious horseman is also re- vived, probably at the very beginning of this Period, as in some cases it occurs without the full-length signature be- low AYKI ANO ^ , with which on other specimens it is as- sociated. The general effect of these later versions is bold and grandiose, but the details, such as the horse's mane, are careless and unfinished, the folds of the drapery 157 B. M. Cat. 406, wt. 12 grs. ; Car. Descr. 637, 638, 11 grs. and 11 '4 grs. 158 In my collection, wt. 10 grs. 159 B. M. Cat. 407, wt. 12-5 grs. 160 Car. Descr. 678 litra 11 grs. ; G77 hcmilitron 5'9 grs. PERIOD VI. 129 have lost their skilful undulations, find we have no longer here the minute and elaborately beautiful work that characterizes the masterpiece of the artist KAA . . . in the prototype of Period IV. The reverse of this coin is remarkable for the energetic scheme of Taras rising to his full height with one knee on the dolphin's back 161 , a new departure in design led up to, perhaps, by the bow- man of the preceding class, who places his foot on the dolphin's head. On the greater number of the coins of the present Period Taras is represented ji stride on his marine charger as in the prevalent scheme of Period V. With regard to the appearance for the first time of full- length signatures on the coins of this Period, it has already been pointed out that in these signatures we have to deal with the names of magistrates rather than eng ravers. These names, of which we now obtain a considerable list, find no analogies in the signatures on the coins of other Magna-Greecian cities. For such analogies we have still to refer to the shorter signatures, such as ^ A, ^ I, and $L, which continue throughout a part of this Period, though they are now relegated to a secondary position on the coin. In the case of EY, as already remarked, we see the secon- dary signature in every case associated with designs in ati abnormally bold relief, and unmistakeably proclaiming the handiwork of the same, by no means admirable, engraver. But this very group of coins, the identical authorship < f which is thus attested by the initials EY in the field, pre- sents us with a varied list of fulVlength signatures, such as AN0P.Q*, APIZTIA*, NIKOAAMO*, NIKftN, 161 The E which is seen upon his shield recalls the IC that appears upon the shield of the armed horseman on a coin of the Pyrrhic Period VII. 130 THE and 4>IAHN. These latter names, there- fore, can have nothing to do with the actual die-sinker. A good example of the same kind occurs in another well-marked group of coins characterized by sharply-cut figures and a peculiar lengthening and attenuation both of the mounted warriors and of their steeds. All the coins of this group are marked in the field by the initials ^ I, but the full-length names beneath the horses vary as on the coins signed EY. There can be little doubt, moreover, that in this case the reverse figures of Taras, which pre- sent the same characteristics as the equestrian types on the obverse, were the work of the same engraver, and that the AY, which occurs on the reverse of a coin of this group, refers not to the engraver, but to the magistrate AYKHN, who, alternately with AEINOKPATH*, signs in full on the obverse of coins of the same group, bearing the initials ^ I in the field. No one, I think, who has minutely studied the technique of Type C, No. 3, will doubt the correctness of the conclusion, that both sides are by the same engraver. From the recurrence of the same signature TOP so typical of the silver coinage of this Period on some gold staters, 162 presenting on the obverse a head of Deme'ter in a somewhat later style than appears on the pieces exhi- biting the two Dioskuri and in all probability commemo- rative of the Spartan alliance of 315 B.C. 163 , we may refer this gold issue to the same date as the present class of didrachms. The reverse type of these staters, a boy rider crowning a stationary horse which lifts up his off fore-leg, now again becomes common on the silver issues, m PI. XL 9, Santangelo Coll.; Garrucci, Tav. c. 51. 163 See p. 98, seqq. PERIOD VI. 131 where the youthful rider often assumes such an androgy- nous appearance that the figure has been described as that of a girl. It is perhaps to the latter part of the present Period that we may also refer the earliest issues of a peculiar class of Tarentine didrachms which are based on the Campanian standard, and attain a maximum weight of about 116 grains, instead of the normal Tarentine weight of 122. Upon these coins, the constant obverse type of which is the boy rider crowning a stationary horse, the type of Taras on his dolphin is replaced by a female head dis- playing points of affinity with the Parthenope or Dia Hebe on the coins of Neapolis 164 ; but in this case no doubt portraving the nymph Satyra, the mother of Taras, whose head alternates with that of Taras himself on some of the earlier Tarentine silver pieces. The view that these coins were intended for circulation outside the Tarentine territory 165 , in the Samnian and Apulian 166 districts domi- nated by the Campanian system, is strongly corroborated by the fact that among numerous finds of Tarentine coins, including large hoards as well as isolated specimens, made at Taranto itself or in its neighbourhood that have come under my own observation, not a single specimen belong- ing to this class has come to light. That the first issue of these Campano -Tarentine coins took place at a comparatively late period, is shown by 164 A good example of this resemblance is seen on the coin reproduced in PI. VII. 13. For another fine Campano-Taren- tine type see PI. XL 10. 165 See Head, Historia Numorum, p. 48. 166 The same type and standard were adopted at Teate in Apulia. See Sambon, Monnaies de la Presqu'ile Italique, p. 218 (PI. XV. 7) ; Garrucci, Tav. xcii. 1 3 ; Head, op. cit. p. 41. 132 THE " HORSEMEN OF TARENTUM. their significant absence from the Beneventan hoard, buried, as we have seen, about 310 B.C., where, if anywhere, this class of coin would have come to light had it been already in existence, and in which Tarentine didrachms of the ordinary type were associated with Campanian silver pieces. Moreover, it is only some of the earliest and best- executed of the class that can with any probability be referred to so early a date as even the close of the present Period. Strong reasons will be given in a subsequent section, 167 for believing that as a matter of fact, much as it may conflict with the prevailing notions of numismatists, the great bulk of this peculiar issue must be referred to the post-Pyrrhic epoch of the Tarentine coinage. VI. Type A. Naked boy of androgynous aspect crowning standing horse to r., which sometimes lifts its off fore-leg. The boy's hair is bound up in a krobylos behind. Obv. 1. Inf. to L, 3 A. Beneath horse, APE0HN. Car. cix. 8. [PL VII. 1.] 2. A in f. to 1. Beneath horse, Not in Car. B. M. Cat., 141. [PI. VII. 2. A.J. E.] 8. Inf. tol., *A. Beneath horse, IAIAPXO * Car. cxiii. 2. [PI. VII. 8.] Taras as an Ephebos astride, &c., to 1., holding out in r. hand a tripod. Be- i, CA*. Be- Same, but holding olive-branch neath, IOP. Same, but holding bunch of grapes. Beneath, A FA. See p. 170, seqq. PERIOD VI. 133 Obv. 4. In f. to L, Beneath horse, KPATINO*. Car. cxi. 4. 5. In f. to 1., A. Beneath horse, Car. cxii. 18. Same, but holding kantharos. Be- neath, ZOP. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding in 1. hand a distaff, and extending Victory on r. In f. to r., K. VI. Type B. Nike to 1. seizing forelock of prancing horse, much as Per. IV., Type L, but her left arm, with which in the other instance she seizes the bridle, is here behind the horse's neck. The horse- man has helmet and javelin as before, but the small round shield on his 1. arm is plain. The inscription TAPANTINHN is also wanting. 1. Beneath horse, AYKIANO*. Car. cxi. 9. 2. Same, but no inscription. [PI. VII. 4, B. M.] Taras rising on dolphin to 1., on which he kneels with his 1. leg ; his r. hand is extended, and in his 1. are two javelins and a small round shield, upon which appears the letter E. Beneath, waves. In f. to 1., IOP. Same. VI. Type C. Naked horseman cantering 1., holding behind him small round shield, and sometimes two javelins. 1. In f. to L, <|>|- AftN. Beneath horse's fore-legs, EY. Cf. Car. cxiii. 10. [PI. VII. 5.] 2. Same, but EY in f. to r., and beneath horse, NflAW. Car. cxiii. 11. Taraa astride, &c., to 1., holding out small Victory, who extends a wreath towards his head. Beneath, waves. Same, but with left leg thrown for- ward. 134 THE " HORSEMEN OF TAREXTUM. Obv. 8. Same, but E in f. to r., and beneath horse,<|>IAOKAH * . Cf. Car. cxiii. 6. [PL VII. 6.] Taras astride, &c., holding out wreath. Beneath, AY. VI. Type D. Naked horseman on prancing horse to r., lancing downwards. Behind, large round shield and reserve of two javelins. horse, 1. Beneath ANQPft*. Car. cix. 8. [PI. VII. 7.] 2. In f. to 1., $ I. Beneath horse, AEI- NOKPATH * . Car. ex. 5. [PI. VII. 8.] 8. In f. to 1., * |. Beneath horse, AY- KUN. Car. cxi. 12. 4. In f. to 1., OE. Beneath horse, AAE- HAN. Car. Descr. 182. Cf. Sambon, op. cit., p. 117. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding out kantharos in r. hand. In f. to r., anchor ; in f. to 1. EY. Beneath dolphin's tail, AP. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding dolphin. Same as No. 2. Taras astride, &c., to 1. ; in his 1. hand holding a club which rests against his arm, and with his r. extending kan- tharos. VI. Type E. Naked horseman to 1., vaulting off prancing horse. The horseman holds a small round shield on his 1. arm, and some- times a javelin. In No. 1 he is helmeted. 1. In f. to r., EY. Beneath horse, Nl- KHTTA*. Cf. Car. ex. 18. [PI. VII. 9.] Taras, &c., to r., throwing forward 1. leg. He hurls a small javelin with his r. hand, and in his 1. holds a javelin which rests on his shoulder. In f. to 1.. IOP- Beneath dolphin, a hippo- eamp. PERIOD VI. 135 Obv. 2. In f. to r., EY. Beneath horse, Nl- KI1N. Car. cxi. 20. [PI. VII. 10.] R*v. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding out corn-spike. In f. to 1., API. Beneath dolphin, a spear-head. VI. TypeF. Naked horseman galloping r. 1. In f. ? Beneath horse, NIKOAA- MO*. Car. cxii. 175. [PI. VII. 11. Berlin Cab.] 2. In f., EY. Be- neath horse, API 3 - TIA*. B. M. Cat. 120. [PI. VII. 12.] Taras as child astride, &c., to 1., hold- ing distaff in 1. hand and with r. extend- ing kantharos. Beneath, a doe looking back and IOP. Same type, but Taras holds out a bunch of grapes. Beneath dolphin, KAH or KAN. VI. TypeG. Naked horseman helmeted to 1., on stationary horse raising its off fore-leg. He holds behind him a round shield seen side- ways. In f. to 1., Y3. Beneath horse, Nl- KOAAMO*. (Cf. B. M. Cat. 198 """" [PI. VII. 13. A. J. E.] Taras as a child (Dionysiac type) to 1., with a tuft above his forehead, hold- ing distaff in 1. hand, and extending in r. a bunch of grapes. In f. to r., a cock. Beneath, AI~A. VI. Type H. Naked horseman on prancing horse to r. In f. to r. E[Y]. Beneath horse, EYAP [PI. XI. 11. Sant- angelo Coll.], Taras as a child astride, &c., to 1., as preceding, but with r. hand extending lighted torch. 136 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. PERIOD VII. THE PYRRHIC HEGEMONY. B.C. 281272. Before considering the probable date of the reduction of the didrachm standard at Tarentum, we may briefly glance at the political circumstances of the Tarentines and their neighbours during the period that intervenes between the expedition of the Molossian Alexander and that of Pyrrhus. So far as Tarentum was concerned the local hostilities with the Lucanians and their allies con- tinued, and the citizens, like the other Italiote Greeks, had much to fear from the growing power of Agathokles of Syracuse. On two successive occasions we find them once more relying on the arms of the princely Condottieri of their Spartan mother-city. The Sicilian expedition under Akrotatos ended as we have seen in failure, but before long the continual onslaught of the Lucanians led the Tarentines to call in the services of his brother Kleonymos, who arrived with his mercenaries about the year 302. The military preparations now made so impressed the Lucanians that they concluded a peace, apparently with- out waiting the issue of a combat. Kleonymos, however, proved himself even more oppressive than his predecessor. He treated his allies as if they were slaves. On Meta- pontion refusing allegiance he succeeded in obtaining possession of the city by treachery and carried off six hundred talents of silver and two hundred noble virgins for his harem. The Tarentines eagerly seized the oppor- tunity of Kleonymos' absence in Corey ra to throw off his hateful yoke, but .the tyranny of the Syracusan seemed only the more imminent. By the conquest of Corcyra, Aga- thokles had already secured a commanding position in the PERIOD VII. 137 Tarentine seas, and he had further engaged to supply the barbarian neighbours of the Tarentines, the Peuketians and lapygians, with piratical vessels wherewith to plunder the shipping of the wealthy Republic, stipulating himself for a share in the loot. 168 In 299 by the capture of Kroton he obtained a secure footing on the South Italian shore. But Tarentum was to enjoy a reprieve. Agathokles was called off by Brettian and Punic wars and in 288 met with a violent end. Meanwhile a more formidable foe was approaching the very gates of Tarentum. So long as the struggle between Rome and the Samnites had seemed doubtful the Taren- tines could afford the part of lookers-on. But with the defeat of the Samnites the most formidable obstacle to the progress of the Roman arms towards the Ionian Sea was removed, and in 292 the great rival of Tarentum for Italian hegemony founded the military colony of Venusia, only two marches distant from Tarentum itself. Thurioi had concluded an alliance with Rome and the same was imposed on the Lucanians. In 284 the breach of this treaty, due to the Lucanian chieftain Stenius Statilius attacking Thurioi, brought about a state of hostilities which was in fact the beginning of the struggle between Rome and Tarentum. Thurioi now received a Roman garrison and the casus belli was supplied by the Romans formally breaking the treaty (when concluded we are not told) according to which their navigation was confined to the 168 Diod. xxi. 4. In the fragmentary form in which this notice appears, the name of Tarentum does not occur. But the expression 6/xopors, as applied to the lapygians and Peuke- tians, can only refer to Tarentum. It has certainly no refer- ence to Kroton, the capture of which is mentioned in the pre- ceding paragraph. t 138 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. West of the Lakinian promontory. The sinking of the Eoman squadron which had appeared within actual sight of their city by the infuriated Tarentines was the begin- ning of hostilities, rapidly followed by the capture of Thurioi and the surrender of its Roman garrison. The Thurians were punished by the triumphant Tarentines " because, although they were Hellenes they had thrown themselves on the protection of the Romans and not of their kinsmen." The die was cast. The overtures of the Romans, then anxious to gain time, for a peaceful settle- ment were rejected, and in 282 the Tarentines and their allies called to their assistance the greatest soldier of the age, Pyrrhus of Epirus. It is to the date of Pyrrhus' expedition that I venture to refer the reduction of the Tarentine didrachm weight. It has been already shown in the preceding section that federal drachmae answering to a silver stater of reduced weight had been already struck by the Tarentines during Period VI., side by side with didrachms and litras of the full traditional standard, and the inference has been drawn from this, that the weight of the silver stater in other Italiote cities had already been reduced before Pyrrhus' time. It is to be observed, on the other hand, that at Metapontion, taken by the Lucanians shortly before 300 B.C., and at Kroton, sacked by Agathokles in 299, no didrachms or silver staters of reduced weight are forth- coming, and it is therefore probable that at Herakleia and Thurioi the reduction did not take place till after that date. The issue of the reduced federal drachms at Ta- rentum during a considerable part of Period VI. may, on the other hand, be taken as an indication that some at least of the League cities of the Ionian shore had re- duced their standard at least not long after the date of the PERIOD VII. 139 capture of Metapontion and Kroton. Tarentum, however, as has been shown, still held on for a while to its traditional metric arrangements, so far at least as its internal currency was concerned. The dual monetary system, however, thus introduced could not have been satisfactory in its practical working, and the reduction of the didrachm and litra standard at Tarentum itself in conformity with that of its federal drachmae and diobols was not long delayed. That the Tarentine didrachms struck at the time of Pyrrhus' Italian campaigns were already of the lighter standard is evident from the occurrence, on some of the earliest didrachms of the reduced weight, of the elephant symbol which we have every historic reason for connecting with the Epirote King. A minuter examination of the evidence at our disposal reveals the fact that the reduction of the didrachm weight at Tarentum from c. 123 120 to c. 102 99 grains took place shortly after Pyrrhus' arrival, and must on every ground be connected with that event. Besides the didrachms of reduced weight showing on their reverse the elephant symbol we find other certain evidence of Pyrrhus' influence on the Tarentine mint. There exists in the Berlin Cabinet a gold stater 169 pre- senting on the obverse the laureate head of Zeus to the right, and on the reverse an eagle with, unfolded wings, seated to the left on a thunderbolt, in front of which is a figure of Pallas Promachos, precisely as she appears on the well-known coins struck by Pyrrhus himself in 169 By the kindness of the Director, Herr von Sallet, I am enabled to give a representation of this coin, PI. V. 17. (Cf. Fricdliinder und Sallet, Das bmicjliche Miinzkabinct, No. 512, p. 147.) 140 THE "HORSEMEN" or TARENTUM. Syracuse. 170 The main types themselves, the head of Zeus and the eagle on the bolt, are characteristically Epirote, and we are thus enabled to refer with con- fidence a series of gold Tarentine staters of the same class as the above, but with varying symbols, to the time of Pyrrhus' expedition or the immediately succeeding Period. That this class of Tarentine gold coins is, in fact, posterior in date to the types presenting the veiled head of Demeter, and at least to the earlier of those with the youthful Herakles coifed in the lion's skin, is evident, not only from their style, but from their absence from the Tarentine gold-find of Alexander the Great's time, already described. 171 The following may be taken as a summary of the other Tarentine staters of this Pyrrhic type, showing the symbols and signatures with which they are associated. Obv. Rev. 2. Head of Zeus to 1. ; N< behind. Car. ciii.l. 133-08 grs., 9-62 grammes. 3. Same. B.M.Cat. 1. 131-8 grs., 8-5 grammes. Eagle to 1., owl in front, ZflK be- hind. Eagle to r. In front, two stars above two amphorae. Beneath thunderbolt, NIKAP. 170 Cf. Head, Coins of Syracuse (Num. Chron., 1874, p. 56). The goddess represented is probably Athena Alkis, the tutelary goddess of the royal Macedonian city of Pella, Alexander the Great's birthplace. The type, as Mr. Head has pointed out, was adopted as a symbol of sovereignty over Macedon, and first appears on the coins struck by Ptolemy I. for the young Alex- ander ^jgos, the son and rightful heir of Alexander the Great. 171 See p. 97, and Notizie del Scavi, 1886, 279. The gold types with the youthful head of Herakles seem to have gone on, however, to a very late period, and this type was apparently revived in Hannibal's time (see p. 209). PERIOD VII. 141 Obv. 4. Same. B.M.Cat.3. 132-3 grs. 8-57 grammes. 5. Same. B.M.Cat.2. 131-7 bolt...?" grs., 8-52 grammes. Same; but NIKAP behind eagle. Same ; <|>| above ; beneath, thunder- 6. Head to r., INK behind. Car. ciii. 2. 133-4 grs., 8-65 grammes. 7. Same ; (hair somewhat differently treated). N< behind. Car. ciii. 4. 8. Same; but K behind. Car. ciii. 6. Eagle to 1. ; in front Same ; in front, /^ ; above, Eagle to r. ; in front, APOA, and helmet with cheek pieces. From the identity of the signatures, as well as of the reverse type, we are further entitled to regard the follow- ing quarter staters as belonging to the same group. 1. Head of Apollo laureate, r. In front, NK. Car. civ. 22. Wt. 33-27 grs., 2-156 grammes. [PL V. 15.] 2. Same. Car. civ. 21. 3. Same ; no insc. Car. civ. 23. Wt. 33-27 grs., 2156 grammes. Eagle on thunderbolt as before ; in front, / and spear -head. Beneath, I A. Same; but in front |, and two stars above two amphoras. Same ; no symbol or insc. 142 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. These Pyrrhic gold types of Tarentum supply us with some valuable data for fixing the contemporaneity of certain silver types of the same city. Amongst the symbols that appear on the above gold series one of the most in- teresting and characteristic is the spear-head which is seen in front of the eagle and bolt on the quarter-stater (No. 1) associated with the signatures X s ? and IA. The spear-head badge, which the JEakid princes tock in virtue, it would seem, of some traditional connexion with the -ZEtolian Meleagros 172 , and which the Molossian Alexander had already placed on his Italian coinage, became at a later period a recognised type of the autonomous Epirote mints. Although Pyrrhus himself does not seem to have placed this symbol on coins struck by him in his own name, the appearance of the spear-head on a Tarentine piece, coupled with a type and signature that place it among the Pyrrhic issues of the city, must be taken as an evident allusion to the Epirote hero. On the quarter- stater referred to this symbol is seen associated with the monogram /?, which obviously belongs to the same magis- trate or moneyer who on a stater of the same series signs | for API. When, then, we find the same symbol of a 172 So, for example, we find (Arrian, Anab, 1. 24) that con- versely the father of Meleagros, a distinguished general of Alex- ander the Great, bore the typically $kkid name of Neoptole- mos. The Illyrian, like the Epirote princes, claimed JEakid descent, and it was no doubt owing to this connexion that the Illyrian Monounios placed the spear-head symbol in association with the jawbone of the Calydonian boar on his Dyrrhachian staters. Meleagros was said to have dedicated the spear, with which he slew the monster, to Apollo, in the temple at Sikyon, where Pausanias (ii. 7) describes it. The spear-head as a sym- bol of the Epirote king, recalls a line of the Tarentine Leonidas' epigram on Pyrrhus (c. xxiv. 4) : " Alxjjujra.1 xai vvv KCU Trapos PERIOD VII. 143 spear-head occurring on a silver didrachm (VI., E 2, PI. VII. 10) 173 in association with the signature API we are justified in concluding that both pieces belong to the same approximate date. Judging from its style, this didrachm with the spear- head symbol is one of the latest of the full- weight issues. But the close relationship thus established between one of the latest of the full- weight didrachms and a quarter gold stater of Pyrrhic type has a very important bearing on the chronology of the Tarentine silver coinage. It certainly tends to show that some at least of the full- weight issues were struck as late as 282 B.C., when the Tarentines concluded their bargain with the Epirote king. We find, moreover, on another Pyrrhic gold stater of the type presenting on the reverse the eagle on the thunder- bolt the signature ^ UK, apparently only an abbreviated form of the ^ UK PATH ^ which occurs on two other types of the same Period VI. (A 2 and 5), in one case also associated with the monogram A. The signature ^ UK, on the other hand, does not answer to any name that appears on the ensuing didrachm series of reduced weight. 174 The conclusion to which we are led by these coinci- dences, that the issue of the silver didrachms of full weight 173 The lance-head also occurs as a symbol on a litra (B. M. Cat. 407), which from its weight, 12-5 grs., must have been struck previous to the reduction of the silver standard, and which bears the signature AT, an indication that it belongs to Period V. 174 The name ^ liKANN A ^ , another possible completion of the abbreviated form ^ UK, only.^occurs at a time which places it out of the range of comparison' with the Pyrrhic gold-pieces (see Period X.). The earlier 3 UK of Period III. is also one of the field of comparison. 144 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. continued, in fact, at Tarentum to the date of Pyrrhus' expedition, involves, as its logical consequence, the further deduction that it was directly or indirectly to the Epirote king that the reduction of the weight of the silver stater in this city was actually owing. The occurrence of the elephant symbol on some of the earliest of the reduced weight issues shows that the change of weight must have taken place soon after Pyrrhus' arrival ; and that the re- duction of the Tarentine silver standard should have been effected at a time when the mint was practically under Pyrrhus' control, fits in well with the monetary revolution subsequently carried out by him at Syracuse in his own name. 175 That the reduction of the Tarentine silver standard in fact took place during the time when the Epirote king was exercising a dominant influence over the city receives additional corroboration from a comparison of two re- markable Tarentine silver litras, both stamped with Pyrrhic symbols. The first of these (PI. V. 16) presents on the obverse the usual scallop, and on the reverse, below the dol- phin^ figure of Pallas Promachos as she appears on the coins of Pyrrhus, and the signature A. The weight of a specimen of this coin in my own cabinet is, as nearly as possible, 12 grains (0*76 gramme), 176 and exactly corresponds to the 175 There is, however, no evident relation between Pyrrhus' Sicilian pieces of c. 90 grs. and the reduced didrachms of Taren- tum, &c., weighing c. 100 grs. It is clear, indeed, that as the new Pyrrhic currency dominated the Brettian country and the whole of South- Western Italy, an official tariff, making these the equivalent of the reduced didrachms of the Italiote cities, would have had favourable results for the royal exchequer. n rphe W eights of three coins, of the same type and symbol, given by Carelli, are 11-396, 11-09, and 10-298 grains, exactly agreeing with that of the litrte with the signature AT and the PERIOD VII. 145 full didrachm weight of about 1'20 grains. 177 This is the normal weight of the litra down to the conclusion of Period VI., as is shown by correspondences of symbol and signature with those of didrachms belonging to that Period. 178 But, as appears from another interesting piece, of which there is a specimen in the British Museum, 179 the litrae of reduced weight began already to be struck during the period of Pyrrhus' domination. On this litra (PI. V. 18) the significant symbol of an elephant replaces the figure of Athene Alkis beneath the dolphin, and the weight, 8'7 grs., brings it well within the margin of the inferior standard 9^ grs. being about the normal weight of silver litras that can be shown to correspond to the didrachms of the reduced weight. 180 We are left to infer that the re- duction of the silver standard at Tarentum took place between the issues of these two litrae, and we may further conclude that of the two Pyrrhic badges on the Tarentine coinage the figure of Pallas Promachos precedes that of the elephant. The fact which we may now, therefore, regard as esta- bunch of grapes belonging to Period VI. The weights of two specimens of these latter, as determined by Carelli, are 11*396 and 11-09 grains. 177 Carelli (cxvii. 297) has engraved what is obviously the same piece, but the figure of the goddess has been wrongly rendered, and resembles rather a figure of Mars. Its weight is 0*74 gramme (cf. Mommsen, op. cit. I. 294), which is almost identical with that of my example. 178 See p. 128. 179 B. M. Cat. 402. Carelli gives the coin (cxvii. 319), but not the weight. 180 The average weight of the litr of the great Taranto hoard belonging to this late Period is c. 9 grs. (See Appendix C.) The Iitra3 in B. M. Cat., 393 4, with the signatures ^ and fr which occur on a very late didrachm with the magistrate's name APICTIPPOC, weigh 9 grs. 146 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTTJM. Wished, that the last issues of the full-weight didrachms were struck as late as 282 B.C., may possibly throw a new light on one of the latest of these types. This is the piece [VI. D 1] presenting on the obverse the name of the magistrate ANOPfl^ (whose name in an abbreviated form recurs on two early coins of the reduced weight), and on the reverse the symbol of an anchor, accom- panied with the signatures EY AP, which recalls the combination EY API on the Pyrrhic type presenting the spear-head. But there is a good analogy for sup- posing that the anchor, like the spear-head itself, the figures of Pallas Promachos or of the elephant on the con- temporary pieces, has an historic significance. On a late Tarentine obol 181 there appears as the reverse type an anchor coupled with a laurel wreath or spray, evidently in- tended as a trophy, which Fiorelli has brought into relation with the maritime victory gained by the Tarentines under D6mokrates over the Roman fleet off Kroton during the period of the Hannibalic occupation. 182 This victory was 181 Described by Fiorelli, Medaglie incerte di Taranto, in Bull, dell' Inst. Arch., 1841, p. 174. Fiorelli has unfortunately not given the weight of the piece, but from the kantharos, sur- rounded by three pellets, which forms the obverse type, it may be assumed to have been an obol or sixth of a drachm (cf. Momm- sen, op. cit. p. 146). Garrucci (c. 25) gives another similar coin, but with five pellets on the obverse and four on the reverse, but omits, as usual, to give the weight. Thenumber of pellets five, four, and three, or even one on these small Tarentine pieces present- ing the kantharos, has no visible relation to the weight (cf. B. M. Cat. 432 447.) The weights fall into two classes, one of slightly under 10 grains, answering to the sixth of a drachm of full weight ; the other of c. 8 grs., standing in the same rela- tion to the reduced drachm of c. 50 grs. In one case only the abnormally low weight of 5'7 occurs. (Cf. too Mommsen, op. cit. p. 297.) 182 Livy, lib. xxvi. c. 89. PERIOD VII. 147 commemorated in an inscription found on the Tarentine site recording the erection of a trophy " to the marine and hippie gods " out of the spoils of the captured, vessels. Whether Fiorelli be right or wrong in assigning this occasion for the issue of the small silver type that he de- scribes, its occurrence certainly seems to show that the anchor on a Tarentine coin 183 was regarded as a symbol of naval victory, and although on the didrachm that we are at present considering it is not coupled with a laurel spray, its appearance on a piece struck about the time of Pyrrhus' expedition must be regarded as highly signi- ficant. We recall the memorable occasion of the first open hostilities with Rome, the sinking or capture of the Roman galleys which, in open violation of the treaty that limited their right of navigation to the Lakinian promontory, had appeared in Tarentine waters in full sight of the citizens then celebrating the Dionysia in the theatre. It further appears that besides the coins with such indubitably Pyrrhic symbols as the elephant, the eagle on the bolt, or Athene Alkis, additional refer- ences to the arrival of the Epirote king are to be traced on some of the earliest didrachms of the reduced weight series. These appear on a curiously parallel series of coins signed API and HO AY, both associated with signa- 183 The anchor also occurs on a didrachm of reduced weight, coupled with the signature of API ^ Tl ^ , and on a drachm, apparently of the same magistrate, but signed APICTIC ; it serves as a perch for the owl. It further appears on a litra (wt. 0-52 gramme), Car. cxvii. 312. It is probable that the piece described by Fiorelli fits on to this series. If so, it may contain an allusion to some naval action unrecorded by history, and the date of which would be between the Pyrrhic and Hannibalic periods. 148 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TAREXTUM. tures belonging to coins wit 1 ! the well-known Pyrrhic badge, 184 and the first of the two apparently identical with the magistrate who, under the abbreviated form AP or the fuller API ^ TIP, attaches his signature to pieces that present the elephant symbol. There are two coins, Type A, 24 [PL VIII. 2, 3] signed POAY on the reverse, in both of which Taras is seen holding out his hand to receive a small Victory, who reaches forth a wreath to crown his head. On one of these the Epirote symbol of the thunderbolt, adopted on their Italian coinage both by Pyrrhus and his predecessor, the Molossian Alexander, appears in the field, while on the other, below the dolphin, in the place occupied by the elephant on contemporary pieces, is seen the prow of a galley, characterized by a projecting beak and a high curving akrostolion (xyvlaKos), which itself curiously resembles a raised proboscis. The alternation of the thunderbolt and the prow of the war vessel on these twin coins may be aptly regarded as covering an allusion to the arrival of Pyrrhus' fleet at Tarentum. Two other types [C 2, 3], one signed POAY (PI. VIII. 6), the other API ^ , but which in other respects are iden- tical, affirl, however, some still more suggestive materials for comparison. Upon the reverse of these Taras is repre- sented seated sideways on his dolphin, to the left, resting his left hand on its back, and holding out with his right a helmet of remarkable shape, having ear-pieces, and in front a projecting horn. In the field on either side are two stars, and the coin thus shows a certain analogy with 181 Thus we find the parallel groups IH NEYMH- API two stars; m NEYMH POAY, two stars; and NEYMHAP, elephant. (See infra.) PERIOD VII. 1-19 the noble type already described, and in which I have ventured to trace an allusion to the fall of Archidamos. In the present case, however, not only is the style very much inferior to the other, but the attitude in which Taras is represented is wholly new on the Tarentine dies. The attitude in which the Eponymic herd here appears is in fact nothing less than a direct reproduction of that in which Apollo is made to appear on some well-known types struck by the Diadochi in Syria and Macedonia, the only difference being that here the figure holds a helmet in place of a bow or arrow. The style is the same, and we. have the same somewhat attenuated proportions of limbs and body. Nor is the reproduction by any means con- fined to the attitude and style of the figure. By an extra- ordinary departure from the received manner of depicting the Eponymic hero, Taras is here represented with hair knotted behind and falling over his shoulders in curling tresses, exactly as Apollo's hair is treated on the coins of Alexander's successors, from which the scheme of the figure itself was taken. The earliest example of this type seems to be the Apollo on a bronze piece of Seleukos Nikator 185 (312 280 B.C.), which itself is an adaptation of an almost simi- lar type that appears on a silver double stater of the Cypriote King Nikokles of Paphos 186 (310305 B.C.). On the silver as well as the bronze coins of Nikator's son Antiochos 1. (293 261), this design becomes usual, and it is common on the coins of his successors to the middle 185 B. M. Cat., Seleucidff, PL II. 5, and cf. Prof. Gardner's remarks, p. xv. 186 Mionnet, Suppl. vii. 310. The only difference in the scheme is that the hand holding the bow rests on the r. leg in- stead of being raised. 150 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. of the third century. On these Seleukid coins Apollo ia seen seated on the omphalos and holding a bow and one or more arrows. On some Macedonian coins of Antigonos Gonatas 187 Apollo again appears in the same attitude, but seated on the prow of a vessel, the occasion of the adop- tion of this type being in Dr. Imhoof-Blumer's opinion 188 the victory gained by Gonatas over the Egyptian fleet off Cos in 265 B.C. This being admitted, it is impossible to regard this Macedonian coin as the prototype of our two Tarentine pieces, and we are reduced to look to a Syrian source. The coin signed POAY and that signed API ^ present an obverse type identical both in its design and its double signature III NEYMH, with another piece bearing upon its reverse the elephant sym- bol, and we have therefore the strongest grounds for assigning them to the date of Pyrrhus's expedition. It follows therefore that it is to the coins of Antiochos I. of Syria that we must look for the model from which the Tareutine engraver drew his novel scheme of Taras. But this conclusion is borne out by another remarkable feature in the design. Comparing one example with another, the head-piece in Taras's hands is seen to have a distinct horn in front, and to be in fact the counterpart of the horned Asiatic helmet adopted in somewhat variant forms by Seleukos Nikator, and which 187 Accepting the view that these coins are to be referred to Gonatas rather than Doson. 188 Monnaies Grecques, p. 128. For myself I cannot refrain from expressing a suspicion that the coins of Antigonos Gona- tas, with this naval type, were struck at an earlier date in his reign. Already in 280 we find him aiding Pyrrhus with his ships. He had inherited his naval power from his father De- metrios Poliorke'tes, and there seems no good reason why he should not have alluded to it on his earliest coinage. PERIOD VII. 151 seems from its reappearance in a more exaggerated style on later coins 189 to have been used as a sort of badge by the Seleukid kings. A helmet of the same kind appears on some of the Pyrrhic gold staters struck at Tarentum 19 as a symbol beside the eagle on the bolt ; a type which as we have seen is otherwise associated with the Macedonian device of Athene Alkis. Held in the hands of Taras as assimilated to the Apollo of Antiochos I.'s monetary cult, it enhances the definiteness of the allusion, and conveys an obvious compliment to the son of the recently deceased "Conqueror" of the East, who died the year before Pyrrhus's expedition. Nor, if we consider the circumstances of Pyrrhus's Italian enter- prise, is the occasion of this numismatic tribute far to seek. The royal contemporaries of the Epirote Prince, however great their mutual rivalries, had at least the com- mon interest of seeing the greatest warrior of the age embarked in Western adventures which took him far away from their own dominions. Accordingly, as Jusiiu informs us, Ptolemy Keraunos supplied five thousand foot soldiers, four thousand horsemen, and fifty elephants, and Antigonos ships for the transport of the expeditionary 189 E.g. Antiochos VI. and Tryphon, B. M. Cat., Seleucida, PI. xix. 7, xx. 1 3. As a symbol in the field it occurs on coins of Antigonos Gonatas, associated with the type of Athene Alkis. 190 B. M. Cat., 4, with the signature A POA (see p. 141, No. 8). Carelli (ciii. 6) wrongly represents it as a Phrygian cap. The signature APOA on these Pyrrhic staters is not to be con- founded with the APOA on the earlier types of Alexander the Molossian's time. It is to be identified rather with the ma- gistrate who signs APOA, and in the fuller form APOAAQ- NIO^ on some of the earliest didrachms of reduced weight. The form APOA is found on these in close association with the signature POAY. 152 THE " HORSEMEN " OK TARENTl'M. force. Antiochos, " who was better provided with wealth than soldiers, supplied a sum of money," which if it was at all the equivalent of these other subsidies must have been of considerable amount. We have here at least a very substantial reason for the influence of Antiochos' tetradrachm types on the Tarentine dies, and for the compliment that they seem to convey to the son of Se- leukos. The internal evidence supplied by a series of types, symbols, and signatures, thus enables us to proup to- gether a series of didrachms of the reduced weight which may with confidence be ascribed to the time of the Pyr- rhic hegemony at Tarentum. In this earliest class of re- duced weight coins may be reasonably included (1) those with a known Pyrrhic badge; (2) those intimately con- nected with the above in signature and device, as, for instance, the coins already alluded to with the signatures in NEYMH, POAY, IJQ NEYMH API, APOA POAY, and several varieties with FY in the field ; (3) a few coins presenting the greatest resemblance to the latest full-weight types of Period VI., or with the same collocation of names, as in the case of the reduced weight didrachm reading ^ I AYKHN. Happily, however, in endeavouring to determine the Tarentine silver issues of the Pyrrhic Period, we are no longer restricted to the internal evidence to be deduced from the connexity of types and signatures. It was not till after I had arrived at the results explained in the preceding pages, that I had an opportunity of inspecting a recent find of Tarentine coins, which throws a welcome light on the coinage of this Period, and at the same time affords a strong retrospective corroboration of the general conclusions already elaborated. PERIOD VII. -j The hoard in question, of which all I cou'd learn was that it came from Calabria, and was discovered towards the end of 1887, must in its original form have been of considerable bulk. Whilst re ently at Naples I was enabled to inspect and describe between four and five hundred pieces belonging to it that had not yet been dispersed, but many had already found their way into the Paris and London markets. A succinct account of the coins that I saw together will be found under Appen- dix B. They were for the most part in brilliant condition, and with a single exception the coin reading AEINO- KPATHS belonging to the last Period of the full- weight issues all were of the reduced standard. The great interest attaching to this find is due to the fact that it includes the whole of the earliest group of the reduced weight coinages, and at the same time apparently coin- cides with the Period of the Pyrrhic hegemony. Of seventeen varieties which on grounds of internal evidence I had already before the discovery of this find ventured to attribute to the Pyrrhic Period, 191 no less than fifteen were represented in the present deposit by well- preserved specimens. Together with these were seven fresh varieties which must certainly be regarded as more or less contemporary with the others. From the absence on these, however, of the more definite Pyrrhic indications, as well as from the greater abundance and singularly brilliant condition of most of them, it is reasonable to suppose that they belong to the later years of the Epirote connexion, when Pyrrhus had himself recrossed the Adriatic. There can indeed be little doubt that the occa- 191 Type A 15 ; B 1 ; C, 17 ; D 1 ; E 12. x 154 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. sion of the Calabrian deposit is to be sought in the cir- cumstances which attended the Roman occupation of Ta- rentum in 272. The fact, however, that a few coins of the present hoard presenting the signatures N< IA- OKPA seem rather to attach themselves to a succeeding post-Pyrrhic group makes it probable that the actual deposit did not occur till a short time after the Roman entry into Tarentum. These few pieces in all probability represent the first issue of the new regime, and I have accordingly included them among the types of the First Period of the Roman alliance. 192 The most abundant types represented in this hoard were those associated with the signature APOAAH, to be identified with the later APOAAHNIOS, and AN0 or AN, which recalls the ANOPH^ of the last full- weight issue. With the Tarentine didrachms were a certain number of drachms, also of the reduced weight, bearing the signatures ^H3-AIO, 3I2-AI, AP-AI, and of NEYMHNIO^ in association with POAY and API, and it is evident, as much from a comparison with the didrachm signatures of this Period as from, their occur- rence in the present find, that these drachms must also be ascribed to the time of Pyrrhus. The only non-Tarentine coins contained in the hoard were some late types of Herakleia and Thurioi, which from their fresh condition must be held to be contemporary with the most recent Tarentine issues of the deposit. The coins of Herakleia in particular with <|>IAO in the field representing Hera- kles standing, and another type with a thunderbolt in the field, in which the same hero is seen sacrificing over 192 VIII. A 5 ; C 2 and 3. PERIOD VII. 155 an altar, were fleur de coin, and must have been struck very shortly before the withdrawal of the hoard from circula- tion. The contents of the Calabrian find show that the period of the Pyrrhic connexion at Tarentum was a time of prolific mintage. It is evident indeed that Tarentum was called on to defray a- large part of the expenses of Pyrrhus's Italian enterprise, and the moneyers seem to have been kept exceptionally active by the constant ex- actions of the Epirote ally. The fine state of preservation in which the whole of the twenty-nine didrachm types contained in this hoard were discovered, itself affords unmistakeable evidence that the reduced-weight issues could not have been current many years at the date when this hoard was withdrawn from circulation. Even were there not such strong historical probabilities as to the actual occasion of this deposit it would not be safe to bring it down more than ten years after the date of the first issue of the didrachms of the reduced weight. It is noteworthy that the single specimen of a didrachm of full weight found in the hoard was itself in fine con- dition. The occurrence of the signatures EY, 01, or IflPY, on Pyrrhic types of the Calabrian hoard has enabled me to add to the series some other excessively rare types (H, K, and L), one of which presents these signatures combined. On the reverse of two of these is seen a revival of the interesting design of Taras contemplating a heroic helmet, to which attention has been sufficiently called under Period IV., while the obverse of K and L (PI. XI. 12, 13) shows us the horseman in a new attitude, seated sideways on his horse a design repeated on some 156 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. votive terra-cottas from the site of a Chthonic sanc- tuary at Tarentum, to which attention has already been called. Another very rare piece, M 1 (PL VIII. 14) equally absent from the Calabrian hoard, in which a boy jockey is seen at full gallop holding out behind him the torch of the lampadedromia, must also be in- cluded in the same series, from its similarity both in design and signatures with type L 1 (PL VIII. 13). In the one case the name of the monetary magistrate appears as l-HPA, in the other as I-HPAKAHI, which is pro- bably an abbreviation of the official who signs in full as I-HPAKAHTO* during the succeeding Period. We shall have occasion to return to the interesting agonistic type with which this name is connected. From its parallelism with the type of the armed horse- man with the radiate shield, I have also added to the present class a remarkable piece, F 6 (PI. VIII. 12) ; a specimen of which exists in the Bodleian Collection, ex- hibiting upon the shield the three letters IC. This inscription is doubtless an amplification of the single E borne by Taras on his shield upon two coins of Period VI. (B 1 2). It would, however, be overbold were we by the light of later numismatics to attempt to explain the in- scription as referring to an AfflN 6ICEAACTIKOC, which in this case might, of course, be brought into rela- tion with a triumphal entry of the Epirote king. VII. Type A. Naked horseman (sometimes helmeted) on prancing horse to r., lancing downwards, and with round shield and reserve of two lances behind him. PERIOD VII. 157 Obv. 1. In f. to 1., TY beneath horse, API P Car. ex. 127. [PI. VUL 1.] 2. Same ; in f. to I., |~Y. Beneath horse, [PL VIII. 2. 3. Same ;inf. tol., EY. Beneath horse, Car. cxiii. 198. 4. Same ; (hel- meted). Inf.tol.,EY. Beneath horse, <|>IN- TYAO*. Cf. Car. cxiv. 212. [" EY INTIA* -AY."] [PI. VIII. 8.] . 5. Same ; inf. tol., E. Beneath horse, AAEE. Car. ex. 117. 6. Same ; but to r. small Victory flies for- ward extending wreath. Inf. tol., ^ |. Beneath horse, AY- Cf Car. cxii. 169. [" EY AYKHN. ] Taras riding in warlike fury on his dolphin (revival of PI. IV. 8 and PI. VI. 12), preparing to fit an arrow to his bow. Beneath, Al and elephant. Taras astride, &c., to 1.. holding cor- nucopia? in 1. hand, and with r. receiving small Victory, who holds forth a wreath to crown his brow. In f. to 1., POAY ; to^, thunderbolt. Same. Same; but holding in 1. hand trident. In f. to 1., POAY. Below dolphin, prow of vessel. Taras, astride, &c., to 1., holding tri- dent in 1. hand, and with r. extending wreath. In f. to r., ^ I ; beneath dol- phin, star. Same ; but extending kantharos. In f. to r. FY or YT 193 The two signatures ^ I, AYKQN, are associated on one of the latest full-weight didrachms of a slightly different type, VI. D 3. 158 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. VII. Type B. Naked boy on horse walking 1., which is received and crowned by a standing male figure (revival of PL IV. 8). Obv. 1. In f. to r., FY. Beneath horse, API n Car. ex. 126. [PI. VIII. 4.] Taras riding on dolphin as A 1, with bow and arrow. Beneath, elephant, and sometimes Al. VII. Type C. Naked boy-rider crowning stationary horse (generally to r., and lifting up fore-leg). 1. Inf.tol., Beneath horse, NEY MH B. M. Cat. 147. [PI. VIII. 5.] 2. Same. 8. Same. Car. cxii. 174. [PI. VIII. 6.] 4. 194 Same ; but in f. to !.,?. Beneath horse, AAMOKPI. Taras riding on dolphin, with bow and arrow as before. Beneath dolphin, &, and elephant. Taras seated sideways on dolphin to 1., holding out a horned helmet. On either side a twelve -rayed star. In f. tor., API*. Same ; but in f. to r., POAY. Taras astride, &c., holding in 1. hand trident and small round shield, on which is a hippocamp, and extending with r. a cornucopia?. 194 For the signature A, and a very similar obv. and rev. type, see Type E. For rev. see also Type D. In both cases the type is associated with the characteristically Pyrrhic signa- ture rv. PERIOD VII. 159 Obv. 5. Horse to r. In f. to 1., EY. Beneath horse, in minute let- ters, APOAAn and two amphoras. [PI. VIII. 7.] 6. Same. Car. ex. 119. 7. Same ; but in f. to 1., I- 1. Beneath horse, APOAAfl, and two amphoras. 8. Same ; horse to 1. Inf. tor., H. Be- neath horse, I 1 fl Y, and small squatting fi- gure holding horn. [PL VIII. 8.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding tri- dent in 1. hand, and with r. extending kantharos. In f. to r., 0|. Same ; but in f. to r. B, to 1. Q|. Same ; but in f. to r., |. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding distaff in 1. hand, and with r. receiving small wreath-bearing Victory. In f. to VII. Type D. Two Dioskuri with flowing mantles, cantering 1. (Revival of IV. K). 1. Inf.above, ^.Be- neath horse, ^ A A.Q- NO*. [PI. VIII. 9.] Car. cxiii. 184. Taras astride, &c,, to 1., holding behind him two lances and a small round shield with hippocamp device, while with r. hand he receives small wreath-bearing Victory. Inf. to 1., FY- Taras has a tsenia round his head ; beneath, waves. VII. Type E. Single Dioskuros with flowing chlamys 1., holding out wreath to crown his horse's head. The horse paces r. 1. In f. to 1., A- Be- neath horse, NO* (?) [PI. VIII. 10. Same as D FY in f. to 1. and with same legend 160 THE " HORSEMEN OF TAKEXTTM. Obv. Rev. 2. Same ; no let- Taras astride, &c., to 1., in a Poseido- ters in f. Signature man attitude, 195 with back half turned beneath horse uncer- to the spectator, hurling trident with tain. r. hand, and with chlamys hanging from his 1. arm. In f. to L, f~Y. VII* Type F. Helmeted warrior on horse, cantering 1., wearing crested hel- met, and holding before him a large round shield, on which is the eight-rayed star; in the case of No. 6, the letters 61 C. 1. In f. to r., Ift. Beneath horse, hi APOAAn. 2. Same ; but be- neath horse, APOAAH. 8. Same. 4. Same. Calabrian find. [PI. VIII. 11.] 5. Same. Car. ex. 120. 6. Same; IC on shield. In f. to r., I 1. No inscription visible beneath horse. [PI. VIII. 12. Bod- leian Coll. Wt. 100 grs.] Taras, of plump Dionysiae type, astride, &c., 1., holding distaff, and with r. hand extending bunch of grapes. In f. to r., AN0 or AN. Same, | Same ; but in f. to t., spray of laurel. Same ; but in f. to r. coiled serpent raising its head. Same ; but in f. corn-spike. Same ; in f. to r., A NO. No symbol. 195 The upper part of this figure of Taras presents an un- mistakeable resemblance to that of bis father Poseidon, as he appears on the tetradrachms of Demetrios Poliorketes (806 283), the father of Antigonos Gonatas. Here again, as in the case of the copies of the Seleukid Apollo, we may detect a complimen- tary allusion to the assistance rendered by the Diadochi to Pyr- rhus and Tarentum. This type of Taras was repeated on Taren- tine coins of a later period. PERIOD VII. 161 VII. Type G. Naked boy-rider crowning himself on horse standing 1., and lifting up off fore-leg. Obv. 1. Inf. to 1., Beneath horse, IA- AO and capital of Ionic column. Car. cxi. 145. Taras, holding distaff, and with r. hand extending akrostolion. In f. to r., AN0 or AN. VII. Type H. Naked youth, cantering 1. 1. In f. to r., EY. Beneath horse, innv. B. M. Cat. Taras astride, &c., to I., holding palm bound with lemniskos, and with r. hand extending kantharos. In f. to r., a crested Corinthian helmet. In f. tol.,0|. (Revival of V. D.). VII. TypeK. Naked youth, with both legs extended together, seated side- ways on horse cantering 1. 1. In f. to r. I. Be- Same as H, 1., but no lemniskos and neath horse, IflPY. no insc. 0|. [PI. XI. 12. Sant- angelo Coll.] 2. Same. [PI. XI. 13. Cab. des Medailles, No. 1480.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding dis- taff in 1. hand, and with r. receiving wreath-bearing Victory. In f. to r. fillet and uncertain object. VH. Type L. Naked youth, cantering r., and holding out torch behind him. 1. Beneath horse, I- HP A. [PI. VIII. 13. Cala- brian find.] Taras astride, &c., holding in 1. hand two lances, and with r. aiming a dart. A chlamys flows from his 1. arm. In f. to 1. ^*, below dolphin X and diota. 162 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. VII. Type M. Naked boy -jockey galloping r., and holding torch behind him. Obv. 1. Beneath horse, FHPAKAHI. Car. cxi. 151. B. M. Cat. [PL VIII. 14.] Same as K 1. Same monogram and symbol ; but A in place of I . Amongst drachms belonging to the Pyrrhic Period may be specified the following : Owl, seated sideways to r., on olive branch, with closed wings. In f. to I., NEYMHNIOS; to r., API. [Of. VII. C 1 and 2. ZHNEY- MH, A, elephant; and API *, two stars.] 1. Head of Pallas r., with Scylla on hel- met. Calabrian find. Car. cxv. 234. 2. Same. Car. cxv. 233. 3. Same. Cab. des Medailles. 4. Same ; but on flap of helmet, I. B. M. Cat. 312. 5. Same ; I on flap of helmet. A. J. E. Calabrian find. 6. Head of Pallas in Scylla helmet to 1., with hair flowing down behind. Beneath, sometimes, EY. Calabrian find. B. M. Cat. 817321. Car. cxv. 222. Same type. In f. to 1., NEYMH- NIOS; to r. POAY. [Cf. VII. C 3. Ili NEYMH, 2 stars.} Same. [ * H] * TPATO * ; to r. PO AY. In f. EY. [Cf. VII. A 3 EY * n* TPATO * POAY.] Same; in f. to 1., I AAO; tor., AN. [Cf. VII. G 1, in I AAO AN, or ANO.] Same ; but owl to 1. In f. to r., TAPA * . In f. to L, ; beneath owl, VII. F. in APOAAn i/V. [Cf. i ANO.] Owl seated on thunderbolt, with open- ing wings, the further only partly visi- ble. In f. above, TAPANTINnN. In f. to r., n or n; beneath thunderbolt, Al or AIO- [Cf. VII. A 2. Insc. FY * n * TPA- TO* and thunderbolt; and VII. A 1 ; inscr. Al and elephant.] TAKEXTUM AS A " CIVITAS FCEDERATA." 163 Obv. Rev. 7. Head of Pallas, as No. 1. Car. cxv. 223 ; and cf. 224 (?| for Al). Owl seated, facing with expanded wings, both fully visible, on a serpent. Above TAPANTINHN. In f. to r., r SH; inf. to LAI. TARENTUM AS A CIVITAS F(EDERATA. It is the currently received opinion that the Roman occupation of 272 B.C. put an end to the Tarentine coinage until at least the date of Hannibal's entry into the city, and the short space of revived independence under his protection between the years 212 and 207 B.C. But it may with good reason be urged that historic evidences weigh rather in the opposite scale. The first entry of the Romans into Tarentum was, in fact, very different from their recovery of the city in 207, after its defection to Hannibal. From the beginning of the Pyrrhic epoch it had been obvious that Rome could count on a friendly faction within the walls, and the philo-Roman element in Tarentum had been largely reinforced by the oppressive dominion exercised in the city by Pyrrhus himself, and at a later period by his Governor, Milon. It was as the champion of the exiled Tarentines who, under their leader Nikon, had ineffectually revolted against Pyrrhus' lieu- tenant, that the Consul Papirius appeared beneath the walls, and it was yielding to internal pressure that Milon made terms with the Romans. Plundering took place no doubt ; ships and arms were surrendered, statues and paintings graced Papirius' triumph ; the walls were dis- mantled, and a Roman garrison succeeded the Epirote. But the well-being of Tarentum was so little impaired that two generations later, at the time of the second capture, 164 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARKNTHM. its riches were hardly inferior to those of Syracuse. The spoils carried off by Papirius were insignificant compared with what remained to adorn the later triumph of Q. Fabius. The walls were already repaired before the date of Hannibal's occupation, and in the first Punic War we find the Tarentines assisting the Romans with a squadron of their own. More than this, we are expressly told that the autonomy of the Tarentine Commonwealth was conceded. Tarentum remained a " Free and Allied City." 196 It is worth observing, moreover, in this connexion, that to He"rakleia, the colonial offshoot and intimate ally of Tarentum, the Romans granted terms of alliance so exceptionally favourable that Cicero 197 speaks of the treaty as " almost unique " in its character. The passage 196 Zonaras, Liv. Ep. xv. Strabo says distinctly that it was only after the Hannibalic war that the Tarentines were deprived of their liberty (vi. 3, 4). There is indeed some colour for supposing that even after this date Tarentum, like Neapolis and Rhegion, remained, in name at least, a civitas fiederata. Thus Antiochos, whom the Romans had accused of making Greek cities servile and tributary, is made by Livy (1. xxxv. 16) to retort through the mouth of his minister, " Qui enim magis ZmyrnaBi Lampsacenique Graoci sunt quam Neapolitan! et Rhegini et Tarentini a quibus stipendium a quibus naves ex foedere exigitis ? " Sulpicius, while rejecting the parallel, lays stress on the uninterrupted character of the Roman claim to exact from Naples, Rhegion, and Tarentum " qua3 ex fcedere debent." In 193 B.C., therefore, there was still (if Livy is to be trusted) a treaty, though an unfavourable one. 191 Pro Balbo, 22. " Quacum (sc. Heraclea) prope singularo fuedus Pyrrhi temporibus, C. Fabricio Consule, ictum putatur." It is true that this treaty was apparently concluded at a time when, in order to detach Herakleia from Pyrrhus, it was neces- sary for Rome to bid high. But its terms may well have been held out as an incentive to Tarentino repentance. Wo may be sure at least tbat this exceptional ficdu* Ili-rttelcensc was not concluded without an eye to its effect on the mother-city. TARENTUM AS A " CtVlTAS FCEDERATA." 165 of Polybios, in which he describes the Romans as " bor- rowing " the Tarentine ships during the second Punic "War, 198 implies that in theory at least they were free agents ; and it is noteworthy that on this occasion they are placed in the honourable company of the exceptionally free cities of Locri, Velia, and Neapolis. It is probable, indeed, that by the date of this contribution the condition of the Turen tines had considerably deteriorated from that which they enjoyed in the earlier period of the Roman alliance. There is, as we shall see, good evidence that the auto- nomous coinage of the city ceased about the year 228, and it is evident that by the time of the Hannibalic struggle the Roman yoke had become intolerable. But Tarentum was, even then, in name at least, a " Civitas Fosderata." These historical considerations must be certainly taken to favour the assumption that the Roman occupation of 272 did not at once put an end to the autonomous coinage of Tarentum. That as a matter of fact this coinage did continue during the first period at least of the enforced alliance with Rome is, I venture to think, conclusively established by the evidence of another large find of over fifteen hundred Tarentine silver coins discovered at Ta- ranto itself in 1883. The greater part of this hoard was acquired by the Italian Government and is now in the Taranto Museum. Being at Taranto myself, however, shortly after the dis- covery, I was fortunate enough to obtain some three hundred coins, mostly didrachms, belonging to the same deposit, and by the careful examination of these was able W8 Polybius, Hist. 1. 20. " dXXct Trapa. Tapavrivwv KCU Ao/cpwi/ Tt $ 'EiXtarwv KOI NeuTroAiToij 166 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. to obtain an intimate acquaintance with its character. Subsequently, by the courtesy of Professor Viola, the Director of the Museum at Taranto, who proposes to pub- lish a report on the discovery in the Notizie clei Scavi, I was enabled to examine that part of the hoard which had passed into official hands, and owing to his kind collabo- ration, it has been possible for me to give an analysis of the whole hoard, including my own specimens, under Appendix C. All the coins of this hoard belong to the reduced stand- ard, but the Pyrrhic types are much worn and but sparsely represented, and, from a comparison of this with the pre- ceding Calabrian find, it results that the coins contained in it belong, as a whole, to a distinctly later date. Thus it appears that out of one thousand and thirty-two didrachms from this hoard, no less than nine hundred and eighty belonged to types entirely unrepresented in the Calabrian deposit, a clear indication that the issues most abundantly represented in this second hoard belong to the post-Pyrrhic period of Tarentine history. From the variety and profusion of these new types it becomes evi- dent that, so far from the Tarentine coinage breaking off with the Roman occupation, it continued for a very con- siderable period after that event. The hoard itself, as will be seen from the analysis given under Appendix C, was by no means confined to di- drachms. It contained an extensive series of litrae and hemilitra, drachms, diobols, obols and hemiobolia, the bulk of which, both from their condition and from the signa- tures and symbols that appear upon them, must have been issued during the same post-Pyrrhic epoch as the di- drachms with which they are associated. In the summary tables of these coins of minor denominations given in TARENTUM AS A " CIVITAS FCEDERATA." 167 Appendix C, references are given to the didrachm types with which the letters and symbols that appear upon them bring them into connexion. From this it appears that in the case of the silver coins of less denomination than a drachm the letters as a rule refer not to the magistrate who on the didrachm s and drachms signs in full, but to the more abbreviated signatures that in the larger coins occupy a secondary position in the field, and belong in all probability to the actual money er. 199 The symbols, on the other hand, seem to answer to the magistrates' names. 200 It is noteworthy that diobols of the type presenting two horses' heads were absent from this find, though the corresponding obols with a single head occurred in suffi- cient abundance. The only other mint represented in this find besides the Tarentine was that of Thurioi, of which city there occurred twenty-two didrachms of a late style and debased silver. Of these some of the most recent belonged to a rare and hitherto almost unknown type, 201 presenting on the ob- 199 Thus the most abundant of the didrachm types of the Taranto find (VIII. A 9), reading AYKINO3 on the obverse with ^ Y in the field, and with an owl in the field on the re- verse, answers to the litra (No. 2) and the diobol (No. 3), with ^ Y and an owl ; the next most abundant didrachm type (VIII. D 1), reading API 3TOKAH with Al in the field on the obverse, and a head of a nymph on the reverse, answers to the litra (No. 7) and the diobol (No. 3), with Al and the same symbol. The monogram 5t of the didrachm (IX. D 1) signed OAYMPI ^ recurs on litrae, he'militra, diobols, and obols. 200 Thus the anchor, on didrachms and drachms solely asso- ciated with the full-length signature API ^ Tl ^ (or APIC- TIC), is seen on the diobol, No. 15. The flower which appears on didrachms signed IrHPAKAHTO^ E, and on drachms with l-HPAKAHTO ^ , occurs on the litra No. 6, associated with the monogram only, but from the analogy of the drachms must be taken to refer to Herakletos. 201 No example exists in the British Museum. 168 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TAHENTUM. verse the laureate head of Apollo. The Taranto hoard stands out in marked contrast to the Calabrian find, from the complete absence of the coins of He"rakleia, so bril- liantly represented in the other deposit. It would thus appear that at the date when the present hoard was with- drawn from circulation, which, as we shall see, may be approximately fixed as 228 B.C., the Herakleians, in spite of their singulare fcedus, had ceased the issue of their silver coinage. The later Tarentine didrachms, so fully represented in this find, show, for the most part, a marked falling off as compared with those of the Pyrrhic epoch. The earlier light-weight didrachms of Pyrrhus' time are distinguished from the succeeding class by their broad-spread character. It would seem, indeed, as if the moneyers had sought to render the reduction of the standard less patent by giving these issues a module if anything somewhat larger than that of the immediately preceding types of heavier weight. But the later didrachms, comprising the great majority of those represented in the Taranto find, show no longer this transitional trait. They are smaller for the most part, and of more careless workmanship. It is only towards the close of this series that a marked reaction again sets in. In this great find, amongst hundreds of coins, alike of inferior fabric and preservation, there occurred a small but well-defined and brilliant group of didrachms, evidently fresh from the mint at the time the hoard was deposited, and displaying in their design and execution a marked contrast to the carelessly executed and monotonous designs of the preced- ing class. The internal evidence supplied by this Taranto find thus enables us to divide the post-Pyrrhic issues of PERIOD VIII. 109 Tarentum into an earlier and a later class, which I have therefore distributed into two corresponding Periods, VIII. and IX. PERIOD VIII. THE ROMAN ALLIANCE : I. B.C. 272 c. 235. In this Period, as already explained, I have comprised the types intermediate between those represented in the Calabrian hoard and that later group of coins which, from their exceptional preservation in the Taranto find, must have been but recently minted at the time of its deposit. It was of these intermediate types that the great bulk of the Taranto hoard itself was composed, and from the fact that they include among them over thirty varieties of coins, some of them ranking among the most abundant of the Tarentine issues, it becomes evident that the Period during which the present class was struck must have extended over a considerable space of years. If we allow for it a space of time proportionate to other well-represented classes of Tarentine coins, thirty-five years will hardly be considered an excessive estimate. Taking, then, the date 272 B.C. as our starting point, we may roughly fix the duration of the present Period as between that year and the approximate date of 235 B.C. The abundance of these late types is a speaking proof that the enforced alliance with Rome had not, at least after the first excesses of the occupation, sensibly impaired the material prosperity of the Tarentines. Their condi- tion was in all probability more flourishing than it had 170 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TAREXTUM. been in the time of what Livy describes 202 as their "miserable servitude" under Pyrrhus' governor. The types and symbols of some of the didrachms. of this Period supply us, indeed, with a remarkable piece of evidence tending to prove that the Tarentine commerce was still in a position to dominate some of the South Italian markets. There exists a well-known class of Tarentine didrachms which both in their standard and type deviate from the ordinary issues. On these the type of Taras on his dolphin is replaced by a female head bearing a great resemblance to the Parthenope or Dia Hebe of the Nea- politan series. The weight is that of the Campanian di- drachms, and reference has already been made to the view that these coins were a peculiar class of Taren- tine didrachms based on the Campanian monetary system and intended for circulation in the Samnian, Apulian, and other border districts dominated by it. The superior execution of a few exceptional pieces affords some ground for supposing that the earliest of these Campano- Tarentine types may already have been issued during the years that preceded Pyrrhus' expedition. But, as already pointed out, the fabric of the generality of these coins points to a distinctly later date ; and a minuter examina- tion of the evidence at our disposal seems to me to be conclusive in establishing the fact that the great bulk of them belong to the post-Pyrrhic Epoch of the Tarentine coinage. It has hitherto been generally assumed, in conformity with the convenient theory that the independent silver coinages of Southern Italy were extinguished by the first ao2 -. Hist. lib. xxiii. 7. PERIOD VIIL 171 emission of the Roman denarius in 268, that both these Cam- pano-Tarentine types and their Neapolitan counterparts ceased to be issued after that date. There seems in fact to be even less historical warrant for supposing that the Free and Allied City of Neapolis suppressed its silver coinage as soon as the first denarii issued from the temple of Juno Moneta than for supposing that four years before that event the Roman alliance had put an end to the mintage of Tarentum. That the same unexplained inscription I appears accompanying the same type both on a late class of Neapolitan didrachms and on bronze coins of .ZEsernia, all of which were certainly struck after 262 B.C., is a coincidence hard to explain on the assumption that the issue of the latest Neapolitan silver coins had ceased six years before that date. With regard, however, to the date of a whole series of types belonging to the Campano- Tarentine class, the ordinary Tarentine didrachms belong- ing to the Period with which we are dealing supply some valuable indications. The horseman type as it appears on the bulk of these Campano-Tarentine coins is of a late and monotonous character. The scheme is that of the boy rider crowning a stationary horse which lifts up its off fore- leg, while beneath the horse is seen almost invariably a small dolphin. This type of horse and rider appears indeed at an earlier period of the Tarentine coinage, but in a very different style. We have no longer here the noble steeds with their curling manes of that earlier epoch, the gracefully posed boy riders with their flowing tresses, often crowned by a flying Victory. The curious androgynous form of a somewhat similar horseman type of the last period of the full-weight issues is also wanting on the present class, nor is it till after Pyrrhus' date that we discover any real 172 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. parallel in style and design to these Campano-Tarentine types in the ordinary didrachm series. It is only in Period VIII., that a wooden representation of horse and rider strikingly analogous to that on these latter coins becomes usual on the Tarentine dies, nor is it indeed till the begin- ning of the next Period that a coin appears (IX. F ; PI. X. 6) in the normal Tarentine series which not only reproduces this identical scheme of the horse and rider, but combines it with the dolphin below, thus affording an exact counter- part to the most typical of the Campano-Tarentine pieces. But this analogy, striking as it is, does not end here. The type of Period IX. referred to as presenting this identical design, and which shows together with the dolphin the signature IAIAPXO* ; of Period VIII., signed <1>IAICKOC; and IX., OAYMPU ; for the anchor, see Period VI., ANGPn* ; and Period VIII., APUTI * . 2115 Signed E AAEE. 24)6 See p. 25. 174 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. list the signature AEQN is coupled on the reverse with the type parlant of a lion passant. The reappearance of the same lion badge on the Campano-Tarentine piece must therefore be regarded as an indication that it was struck under the magistracy of the same Leon. In the same way the signature IOP beneath a symbol of a doe on type of Period VI., contains a probable allusion to IOPKA * a dialectic form of AOPKA $ , a deer. A coin of Period VIII. exhibits a torch-racer coupled with the signature AAI M AXO ^ , a mere translation of the name, 207 and OAYMPI ^ with the wreath of an Olympionika. The raj^ed solar emblem on the shield of a horseman of Period VII., has in the same way a probable connexion with the name APOAAnN[IO^] that appears below it, just as on the small gold piece of the Molossian Epoch we find the signature APOA (probably an earlier Apollonios) associated with the radiated head of the Sun-God. 208 Sometimes the fact that the symbol is connected with a special magistrate's name is brought out in other ways. The bunch of grapes, for instance, which appears on the reverse of a didrachm of Period VIII., cited above, bear- ing on its obverse the signatures HZTIAP, reappears on a contemporary drachm in direct association with the same name in its amplified form H^TIAPXO^. The signature API^TI^ or APICTIC is in the same way doubly coupled with the anchor, and API ^ TO K PATH ^ with a Term. Two allied types (G 1 and 2) of Period VIII., signed HHPAKAHTO^, afford, moreover, interesting 207 For the sense in which this is to be regarded as a type parlant, see p. 188, 189. 208 Several of the types parlants, adduced byFiorelli (Osserra- zioni snpi-ti talnne monelc rare
  • EI. Beneath horse, inPYPO*. Car. cxi. 146. 8. In f. to r., TY. Beneath horse, XQ- PYPO*. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding dis- taff in 1. hand, and with r. receiving small Victory, who reaches out a crown. Same ; but in f. to r., XPH ? 211 See Sambon, Monnaies de la Presqu'ile Italique, p. 218 (PI. XV. 7). Garrucci, T. xcii. 13. On many of these Teatine coins the inscription is simply Tl A ; on the Campano- Tarentine, TA. PERIOD VIII. 177 Obv. 4. Inf. tor.,cornu- copise. Beneath horse, I-AFEAC . A. J. E. 5. In f. to r., cornu- copias. Beneath horse, Car. Descr. 854. 6. In f. to r., N< Beneath horse, <|>|- AOKPA. Car. cxiv. 206. [PI. IX. 2.] 7. Same. Car. Descr. 348. A. J. E. 8. Same ; but in f. tor., *Y. In front of horse, AE ; and beneath, AYKI NO*. Car. cxii. 165. 9. Same type and insc., but without AE. [PI. IX. 3.] 10. Same ; but in f. tor., EY. Beneath horse, HSTIAP. Car. cxi. 157. 11. Inf. tor., Al. Beneath horse, | Ml TAG. Car. cxiv. 211. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding tri- dent in 1. hand, and with r. extending kantharos. In f. to r., POAY. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding tri- dent in 1. hand, and with r. extending kantharos. In f. to r., POAY. Same ; but in f. to r., APOA. Same ; but in f. to r., APEY. Taras astride, &c., to 1., his back half- turned towards the spectator, holding chlamys on his 1. arm, and with his r. hand brandishing a trident in a Posei- donian pose (cf. VII. E 2). In f. to r., an owl. Same. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding trident in 1. hand, and with r. receiving small wreath-bearing Victory. In f. to r., bunch of grapes. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding in 1. hand distaff, and with r. extending kantharos. In f. to r., cock. VIII. Type B. Naked boy-jockey crowning stationary horse, which lifts its off fore-leg. As Type A, but horse to r. 178 THE " HORSEMEN OF TARENTUM. Obv. 1. Beneath horse, AfAOA PXO*. Car. ex. 116. 2. In f. to 1., 4>l. Beneath horse, IftPYPO*. Car. cxi. 147. 8. Beneath horse, AEftN. Car. cxii. 164. [PI. IX. 4.] 4. In f. to 1., fr. Beneath horse, beard- ed mask ; under fore- leg, KY NUN. Car. cxii. 162. Kev. Taras astride, &c,, to 1., holding cornucopia in 1. hand, and with r. ex- tending kantharos. In f. to r., a lighted torch. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding trident in 1. hand, and with r. extending cornucopia?. In f. to r., a cicada. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding trident in 1. hand, and with r. extending bunch of grapes. In f. to r., ft/. Be- neath dolphin, a lion passant. Taras astride, &c., resting his 1. hand on dolphin's back and with r. extending kantharos. VIII. Type C. As B, but horse does not lift fore-leg. 1. In f. to 1., EY. In front of horse, 4>| ; beneath, XENEA 3. A. J. E. 2. In f. to 1., 4>|- AOKPA. Beneath horse, N<. A. J. E. Cf. Car. ex. 130, H>A NC" 8. Same. A.J. E. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding in 1. hand trident, and with r. extending cornucopia}. In f. to r., spike of corn. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding in 1. hand trident, and with r. receiving small wreath-bearing Victory. In f. to r., and below dolphin, API 3 TO. Same ; but in f. to r., APOA. VIII. TypeD. Naked horseman on prancing horse to r., lancing downwards. Behind him a large round shield and reserve of two lances. PERIOD VIII. 179 Obv. 1. In f. to 1., Al. Beneath horse, APIZTO KAH*. Car. ex. 181. [PI. IX. 6.] 2. Same; inf.tol., N. Beneath horse, NIKO KPATH*. Taranto find. Rev. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding trident in 1. hand, and with r. extending kantharos. In f. to r., head of nymph. Taras astride, &c., to r., holding crested helmet between his hands. Be- low, Ionic capital. VIII. TypeE. Boy-rider to r. on stationary horse, holding reins. 1. In f. to r., Beneath horse, 4>IAHMENO*. Car. cxiv. 200. [PI. IX. 7.] H. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding trident in 1. hand, and with r. extending tripod. In f. to r., bucranium. VIII. TypeF. Naked youth, raising his 1. hand, and with drapery about his loins, on stationary horse to r. N 1. Beneath horse, I t Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding 4>IAICKOC. L trident in 1. hand, and with r. extending Car. cxiv. 202. r kantharos. Beneath dolphin, a tripod. [PI. IX. 8.] VIIL Type G. Warrior in close-fitting lorica and crested helmet, holding in 1. hand a lance, and with large round shield behind him, on horse standing r. and raising its off fore-leg. 1. Beneath horse, HHPA KAHTO* .Car. cxi. 152. [PI. IX. 9.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding in 1. hand cornucopias, and with r. extending flower. In f. to r., p and thymia- terion. 180 THE " HORSEMEN OF TARENTUM. Obv. 2. In f. |. I-HPA KAHTO*. Mionnet, No. 406. [PI. XI. 14, Cab. des Medailles, 1447.] Rev. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding in 1. hand cornucopise, and with r. extend- ing thymiaterion. In f. a flower and monogram g. VIII. Type H. Warrior, as Type G, hut on cantering horse to r. 1. In f. to 1., Al. Beneath horse, APOAA Car. ex. 121. 2. In f. to 1., Ol, Beneath horse, APUTOK. B. M. Cat. 250. Cf. Car. ex. 122, "APOAAI1." [PI. IX. 10. Ta- ranto find.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., half turned towards the spectator, with chlamys caught round his 1. arm and flowing behind him, holding in r. hand a trident, while a small Victory flies forward to crown him. Beneath, waves. Same ; but beneath dolphin, a rudder. VIII. Type K. Warrior in close-fitting thorax, raising r. hand behind him and galloping r. 1. Beneath horse, Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding in }" IP PO A A. 1. hand cornucopiae, and with r. extend- Car. cxi. 156. ing kantharos. In f. to r., Al and am- phora. VIII. Type L. Naked boy -rider crowning horse standing, or walking, r., while a small Victory flies forward to crown the jockey from behind. 1. In front of horse, <|>| ; beneath, API* TO KPATH * Car. ex. 182. [PI. IX. 11.] Taras astride, &c., trident and kantharos. to r., Term. to 1., holding In f. to 1., PI ; PERIOD VIII. 181 Obv. 2. In front of horse, | ; beneath, APUTEIA. Car. ex. 124. 8. In front of horse, EYN; beneath, AAMOKPITO*. Car. cxi. 140. [PI. IX. 12.] Rev. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding trident and corn-spike. In f. to r., tf. Taras astride to r., holding cornu- copias and trident. In f. to 1., W. VIII. Type M. Warrior in crested helmet and holding shield (seen sideways) behind him, on horse standing 1., and holding up fore-leg. 1. Ornamental shield. In f. to 1., EY in minute let- ters. Beneath horse, APIXTON. [PI. IX. 13. A. J. E.] 2. Same ; but plain shield and EY. B. M. Cat. 194. Car. ex. 133, Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding trident and hippocamp. In f. to r., inn. Same. A. J. E. VIII. Type N. Naked horseman holding palm-branch, on horse advancing to r. Taras astride, &c., to 1., chlamys flowing from his 1. arm, and holding in his r. hand a trident. 1. To r., ftj. Be- neath horse, NIKOK PATH * B. M. Cat. 165. [PI. IX. 14.] VIII. Type 0. The two Dioskuri, clad in mantles and peaked helmets, cantering r. (The further horse is half a length ahead of the other.) 182 THE " HORSEMEN OF TARENTUM. Obv. 1. Beneath horses, NIKYAO*. Car. cxii. 126. [PL IX. 5.] Taras seated sideways on dolphin to 1., holding trident in 1. hand, and with r. extending kantharos. In f. to r., /?. .DRACHMS BELONGING TO PERIOD VIII. 1. Head of Pallas in Scylla helmet to r. Car. cxv. 230. 2. Same. Car. cxv. 281. 3. Same, Car. cxv. 232. 4. Same. A. J. E. ; (cf. Car. cxv. 225. No. insc.) 5. Same. Car. cxv. 229. 6. Same. Car. cxv. 235. Cf. Descr. 400. 7. Head of Pallas tol. Car. cxv. Owl seated to r. with closed wings on olive branch. In f. to 1., API ^ - TO K PATH * ; to r., Term. [Cf.Vni.Ll, APIZTOKPATH *- PI, Term.] Same. Inf. tol., HHPAKAHTO* . A flower growing out of olive spray. [Cf.VIII.IAQTAC, 4>IAICKOC). In the present Period it occurs on five out of the ten varieties (AAIMAXOC, OAYMPIC, drachms only; APICTIPPOC, . cit. p. 48. PERIOD IX. 189 himself have stood in a filial relation to HeTakletos. If, as we have good reason to believe, this magistrate took an active part in an agonistic revival, of which torch-racing was a feature, he might have called his son AAIMAXOC, for the same reason that he placed a BaV/xa^o? on his own coins. Daimachos himself in this case chose a type which had supplied the religious occasion of his own name-giving. This is a type par lant with a difference. The spirited series of types that characterize the present Period show that it was at this time, and perhaps owing to the family traditions of the magistrate above-named, that the agonistic revival already indicated reached its height. And that this revival, as commemorated for us by these Tarentine coin- types, was in fact connected with the cult of Apollo receives a remarkable confirmation from an unexpected quarter. These late Tarentine types of the horseman at full gallop, holding a torch or clinging to his horse's neck, or the kindred design, in which the boy- rider holds a palm with a fillet or lemniskos attached, served, in fact, as the prototypes of a well-known series of Roman denarii belonging to the Calpurnian family. In this later Roman series, in which the figures of the gallop- ing torch-racers are specially prominent, the contests re- presented are connected in the most unmistakeable way with the cult of Apollo, whose head is represented on the obverse side of the coins. The historic event commemo- rated on these Calpurnian types is indeed well known. 219 After the battle of Cannae attention was called to the prophetic lays of the Seer Marcius, who had foretold the disaster, and had warned the Romans that if they wished to expel the enemy from their territory they should insti- 319 Eckhel, Doctrina Xunwrum, II. 158. 190 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. tute annual games in honour of Apollo, to be celebrated " according to the Greek rite." The " Ludi Apollinares," first held in obedience to this sibyllic warning in 212 B.C., were in the succeeding year made perpetual on the motion of the Praetor Calpurnius, upon whom, in virtue of his office, the superintendence of the ceremony had devolved. 220 If the Praetor to whom the organization of these games was due is to be identified with the Calpurnius who was taken prisoner at Cannee in 216, he may himself, while serving in Southern Italy, have been a witness to the agonistic revival at Tarentum, of which the didrachms before us afford such striking evidence. The types of the Roman denarii struck by L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi in 89 B.C., and again by the later C. Calpurnius Piso in 64, show at least that the " Ludi Apollinares " as celebrated in Rome " according to the Greek rite " were framed on a Tarentine model. The dolphin which appears beside Apollo's head on some of these Calpurnian pieces may point in the same direction, and the flower, which also occurs in the same juxtaposition, as well as the prominence given to the larnpade'dromoi, or lai/jia-^oi, seems to show that the Chthonic and Hyakinthian aspects of the Tarentine cult were not without their in- fluence on the Roman celebration. This parallel is further borne out by some denarii of the Gens Marcia, comme- morating the part played by the Seer Marcius in introduc- ing the same games at Rome. On these is seen another agonistic type, that of the desuttor, or a/z07r7rw, leading a second horse, 221 a representation, which though it does not occur on the didrachms of this Period, still finds its nearest 220 Cf. Livy, xxv. 12, and xxvi. 23 ; Macrobius, SaturnnL, L17. 221 This type also occurs on coins of the Sepullia family. PERIOD IX. 191 parallel on a Tarentine coin. Thus, together with the importation of this Hellenic festival, the old traditions of the turf, which the Taren tines themselves had in great part derived from the horse-loving lapygian and Messa- pian indigenes, were transferred to Roman soil. The conclusion arrived at from the internal evidence supplied by the present group of Tarentine coins, that a great agonistic revival had lately taken place in honour of the local Apollo, which reached its height soon after the approximate date of 235 B.C., fits in well so far as chronology is concerned with the introduction at Rome in 212 of the "Ludi Apollinares," after a Tarentine model. The enthusiasm of which these highly animated Tarentine types are the abiding record, seems to have infected its Roman observers, and in view of the interest- ing numismatic parallels before us, we may be allowed to trace the first appearance of these games at Rome, more than to the fortuitously discovered verses of the Seer Marcius, to the contagious example of the great Greek city of the South. The comparative rarity of the types of the class with which we are dealing forbids us to suppose that their issue extended over any length of time. There are, more- over, special considerations which make it improbable that any didrachms of the present standard were struck after the year 228. Between the coins of this Period and the latest class of Tarentine coins which seem to have been issued during the time of the Hannibalic occupation, there is a break in style and a break in standard, best explicable on the supposition that for a short period at least the Tarentine coinage itself had broken off. Of this interruption of the autonomous mintage of Tarentum, we have in fact direct evidence in a hoard of 192 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TAREXTUM. coins discovered in 1880 at a spot called Pizzone, at Taranto. 222 This find consisted entirely of Roman Victoriati of full weight, averaging about 3 '30 grammes, and its deposit was therefore not later than 217, the date of the reduction of weight of Victoriatus to 2*92 grammes in conformity with that of the reduced denarius. It follows then that already before that date the native Tarentine coinage must have been superseded by the new interna- tional currency of Rome. The occasion of this monetary revolution at Tarentum may with great probability be sought in the events of the year 228 B.C. Rome had about this time adopted as a convenient medium of external exchange the originally Capuan Victoriatus, being the half of the old Phocseo-Cam- panian stater as harmonized with the Roman metric system by its reduction to three scruples. 223 But the rise of the Illyrian maritime power, which might at any time become still more formidable as an instrument in Mace- donian hands, the fall of Corcyra and the siege of Epi- damnos or Dyrrhachium, had led the Romans to secure a firmer foothold on the shores of the Adriatic and Ionian seas. The successful campaign of 229 against the Illy- rian pirate state, and the establishment of a Roman pro- tectorate over Dyrrhachium, Apollonia, and Corcyra, brought with them monetary arrangements, the chief object of which was to secure the wider extension of the 222 This find was described by Prof, de Petra in a communi- cation to the Accademia Pontaniana of Naples, September 2nd, 1881. A summary account of it, with de Petra's conclusions, is given by Prof. Viola, Notizie del Scavi, 1881, p. 408 tteqq. 223 For the Campanian origin of the Victoriatus, see M. Zobel's remarks in the Due de Blacas' translation of Mommsen's His- tory of the Roman Coinage, II. 104. PERIOD IX. 193 newly adopted Victoriate currency. The two Illyrian cities, admitted to the Roman connexion on terms of free- dom and alliance, henceforth begin to coin their well- known drachms on the Victoriate standard, and the Corcyrseans followed the same example. But while these extra-Italian dependencies were allowed to adapt their indigenous coinages to the Roman system, there is evidence that within the limits of Italy itself Rome seized every occasion of imposing, at least so far as the silver currency was concerned, her own official issues, so much so that shortly after this date Roman Victoriati began to be struck at Kroton, Luceria, and other cities of Southern Italy. 224 What the immediate pretext may have been for depriving the Tarentines of their right of coinage we do not know, but we have good reason for believing that before the outbreak of the second Punic War the Romans had laid a heavier hand on Tarentine liberties. On the eve of the final struggle against the Carthaginians there was less room for those milder considerations of policy, such as seemed to have prevailed during the earlier period of the enforced alliance of Tarentum with Rome. In 221 A Victoiiatus, with the mint-mark CROT, in the Blacas Collection (Blacas, op. cit. iv. p. 80) weighs 3'49 grammes, and was therefore struck before 217 B.C. Lucerian Victoriati of the full weight are also found. The Victoriate Mint, established in Corcyra, seems to have been late* as the monogram of Agesandros which occurs on its issues is common to quinarii from the same mint, and must therefore have been struck about 104 B.C. Mommsen (op. cit. ii. 98) assumes that the Romans immediately after their occupation of Corcyra in 229 suppressed the native silver coinage, and established a Victoriate mint of their own. But there can be no . doubt that the autonomous silver coinage of Corcyra continued to a much later date (seo Gardner, B. M. Cat., Thessaly to Epirtis, p. xix. and 135 seqq.}, though the standard adopted was partly at least that of the Roman Victoriatus. 194 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. view of a possible diversion on the Macedonian side it was moreover specially necessary to secure a firm hold on the city which as past history had shown was the first objective of hostile enterprise from the Epirote shore. When the Tarentines turned to Hannibal for deliverance the Free City had already been practically reduced to the position of a Roman garrison town. IX. Tvpe A. . Naked youth at full gallop to/, holding torch behind him. Obv. 1. In f. to 1., Beneath horse, AAIMAX0C. Car. cxi. 187. [PL X. 1.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding tri- dent in 1. hand, and with r. extending kantharos. In f. to r., 2f. Beneath, TAPAC. IX. Type B. Boy-jockey, clad in short tunic, at full gallop to r. ; his body is thrown back, and with his 1. hand he seems to cling to the horse's mane. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding tri- dent in 1. hand, and with r. extending hippocamp. In f. to r.. head of bearded Pan seen sideways, and p. 1. Beneath horse, XfiriYPIllN and bucranium, between the horns of which in minute letters, ^ fL. Car. ex. 129. ("APUTIHN.") B. M. Cat. 189. [PI. X. 2.J IX. Type C. Hippakontist in close-fitting thorax galloping r., and hurling short javelin. 1. In f. to 1., wreath. Beneath horse, OAYMPU. Car. cxiii. 181. [PI. X. 3.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding in 1. hand cornucopia), and with r. extending kantharos. In f. to r., tripod. Beneath, TAPAZ PERIOD IX. 195 IX. TypeD. Naked boy-jockey to r., crowning stationary horse. Obv. 1. In f. to 1., Ama- zonian shield. In front of horse ^. Be- neath horse, O A YM- PU. [P1.X.4. A.J.E.] Taras astride, &c., holding trident in 1. hand, and with r. extending rhyton terminating in protome of a horse. Be- neath dolphin, a cuttlefish. IX. TypeE. Naked boy-jockey, holding palm bound with fillet, can- tering r. 1. In f. to 1., /?. Beneath horse, APICTIPPOC. Cf. Car. ix. x. 125. [PI. X. 5.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., crowned with a wreath. He rests his 1. hand on the dolphin's back, and with r. ex- tends a kantharos. In f. to r., Y- Beneath dolphin, TAP AC- IX. TypeF. Naked boy-rider to r., crowning stationary horse, which lifts up its off fore-leg. 1. In f. to 1., %p. In f. to r., /. Beneath horse, IAOKAHC and small dolphin. Car. cxiv. 204. [PI. X. 6.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., his left leg drawn back, his 1. hand resting on dolphin's back and holding trident, his r. extending rhyton, terminating in protome of an animal. In f. to r., two arnphoras. IX. Type G. Single figure of a Dioskuros in short tunic and chlamys, raising further arm. The horse stands 1., and raises off fore- 1. Inf. to r. T, and pileus. Beneathhorse, IENOK PATHC Car. cxiii. 180. [PI. X. 7.] Taras with a leafy crown on his head turning round on dolphin, with left hand raising his chlamys, and with r. holding trident, which rests on his shoulder. Beneath dolphin, cuttle- fish, and waves. In f. to r. X- 196 THE "HORSEMEN " OF TAKENTUM. IX. TypeH. Warrior bareheaded to r., in full military costume, with tunic, thorax, shoulder-pieces, and mantle, on horse cantering r. He turns his face to the spectator, and holds out his right hand behind him to receive small wreath-bearing Victory. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding tri- dent in 1. hand, and extending r. to receive small wreath-bearing Victory. in f. to i., rc. Obv. 1. Inf. to LIFE and crescent. Beneath horse, KAAAIKPA TH*. Car. T. cxii. 158. B. M. 277. [PI. X. 8.] 2. Same, without the crescent. Mon. fk B. M. 276. To Period IX. must be referred the following drachms : 1. Head of Pallas in Scyll'a helmet to r., K on flap. [B. M. Cat. 815 ; Sambon, op. cit. t PI. XVIII. 27.] 2. Same. Taranto find. 8. Head of Pallas, three-quarters facing, in triple-crested hel- met. To 1. ftp. Car. cxv. 236. Owl seated to r., with closed wings, on an olive spray. In f. to 1. OAYMPIZ, to r. [Cf. IX. Dl, OAYMPIZ, Same ; but in f. to r., wreath. Owl as No. 1 ; uncertain inscription. [? cf. Mon. H> on IX. A. The form here is variant, but the character of the monogram answers best to the di- drachms of this late period.] PERIOD X. THE HANNIBALIC OCCUPATION. c. 212209 B.C. The remarkable class of coins with which we have now to deul stands apart both in standard and fabric from all PERIOD X. other Tarentine issues. The traditional didrachm type is preserved, but the full weight of the highest denomination of coin now issued, 3 -46 grammes (53| grs.), is less than half that of the earlier full-weight didrachms of 7'90 grammes (122 grs.), and at the same time nearly three grammes lower than the average weight of the reduced coinage belonging to the post-Pyrrhic Periods that immediately precede them in date. Sambon 225 regarded these coins as representing the drachms of the Tarentine series before the reduction of the didrachm standard, but though their weight possibly admits of such a conclusion, their fabric and the types that they represent are absolutely fatal to it. Mr. Head, who rightly recognised their late date, was misled, perhaps by an error of Carelli, into believing that didrachms of full- weight existed belonging to this class. 226 Such, how- ever, are not forthcoming. On the other hand, the type itself is that hitherto almost exclusively set apart for the Tarentine didrachms. But it has been already shown that from about the year 228 onwards there was a break in the Tarentine coinage, and it need hardly surprise us therefore that, when a brief 225 Recherches sur les anciennes Monnaies de Vltalie Meri- dionale, p. 118. 226 Historia Xumorum, p. 54. The usually accurate Carelli figures on PI. CXIII. two coins of different denominations, with the signature, 3 UK PATH 3 . The first (No. 196) seems to be a didrachm of full weight, belonging to Period VI. The legend on the second, however, is simply a misreading for ^ HKAN N A ^ of the present Period ; and by a further erro- neous interpretation of the design, the palm-branch and fillet in the horseman's hand is converted into a laurel-branch, similar to that held by Taras on another full-weight didrachm described under Period VI., also with the legend, ^HKPATH^ (Car. ex. 135, without the inscription). Such an erroneous engraving is therefore fertile in confusion. 198 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. return of more favourable circumstances gave occasion for a temporary revival of the coinage, the standard of the new issue should present an abrupt contrast to that of the preceding class. The view expressed in the Histaria Numorum that the present class of coins belongs to the Hannibalic period of Tarentine history, is entirely corroborated by my own researches. The previous interruption of the Tarentine mintage is naturally accounted for by the tightening of the Roman hold on the eve of the final struggle against Carthage. The nominally free city lived under martial law imposed upon her by her too powerful ally. Under such circumstances the Carthaginian appeared as a deliverer, and the Tarentines, in virtue of the favourable convention concluded with Hannibal, 227 gained a new lease of their civic liberties, which had been reduced to a dead letter by the suspicious tyranny of Roman commandants. That the privilege of striking their own coins was now exer- cised once more can hardly be doubted. The past period of depression, however, had inevitably left its mark. The circumstances of the times had changed, and it would be useless to expect that the standard of the new coinage should come up to that observed in the earlier issues from Pyrrhus's time onwards. The desperate finan- 227 Livy, xxv. 8. " Congress! cum Hannibale rursus fide sanxcrunt liberos Tarantinos leges suas suaque omnia habituros noque ullum vectigal Pceno pensuros prsosidiumve invitos recep- turos." Polybius, Rel. Lib. viii. c. 27, " Tupavrivovs eAeu- OfpIAIAPXO^, indeed, is the only one that occurs on any of the earlier Tarentine types. But the earlier piece that bears this signature belongs to the last issue of the full- weight didrachms, and is separated, therefore, from the coin of the present class (which, if fabric is to count for any- thing, must be reckoned amongst the very latest products of the Tarentine mint) by the whole series of the reduced- weight coinages. Nothing, on the whole, is more suggestive of altered political conditions in the present group of coins than the character of some of the signatures. Names now appear of distinctly non-Hellenic origin, and certainly of no aristocratic ring. The signature ^HPAMBO^ recalls the ^ A RAM BO ^ mentioned in Plato's Gorgias 232 as cele- brated in the wine trade. ^liKANNA^, another per- sonal name that now appears, has an equally foreign sound. We should naturally look for parallels in that old Messapian stock which supplied the prge-Hellenic ingre- dients of the Tarentine population, and which has left its 233 Ed. Steph. p. 518. " 2apa/*os o xaTrijXos." Eeferred to by Avellino (Adnotationes in Careliii Num. Vet. It. Descr. p. 11), who also connects the form Excerambus of Plautus. 204 . THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. traces among the magistrates' names in the Tarentine colonial foundation of Herakleia. 233 As a matter of fact, moreover, the indigenous elements of South-Eastern Italy had at this time gained new prominence in league with the Carthaginian, and at Brundisium, at Arpi, at Salapia, three chiefs of the typically Messapiau name of Dasius 234 had stood forth at the head of the national party against Rome. These Tarentine names, however, do not fit in with any known personal names belonging to this Italo- Illyric group. Their nationality remains obscure, but the appearance now, for the first time, on the Tarentine dies, of such non- Hellenic 235 forms, is itself an unmistakeable indication of political change, and of the coming to the fore of new elements. In default of Greek or Italic com- parisons we have at least to face the possibility that Hannibal, whose fiscal needs were pressing, secured, as a kind of financial guarantee, the nomination of some of his own officers as monetary magistrates. In that case it may even happen that the origin of these 233 Tabula HeracUenses (ed. Mazochii, p. 257, 259), AAl I MOZ TYPPIl (AJfc/> IL^oy). 234 See Mommsen, Die Unteritalimischen Dialekte, p. 72. Under the form Dassius the same name had also a wide trans- Adriatic extension amongst the kindred Illyrian tribes of Dal- matia, &c. 235 Lenormant (La Grande Grace, i. 27) speaks of " la pro- portion des noms Messapiques qui figurent parmi ceux des magistrats qui ont inscrit leur signature sur les monnaies de Tarente." But the only other clear example of a non-Hellenic form on Tarentine coins, besides the two cited above, is the remarkable inscription INVANIfl or YNVANIH coupled with ^ II on a drachm. See Avellino, Bull. Arch. Napoletaiia, T. 11, p. 100. [It may be suggested that this inscription is only a barbarous rendering of the name NEYMHNIO^, which occurs on other similar drachms, sometimes in a corrupt form ; one in my possession reads NIYIHIZIO . . This coin has been plated.] PERIOD X. 205 strange sounding names should be sought in a Semitic quarter. A negative phenomenon presented by the signatures of the short Hannibalic period of the Tarentine coinage is also of considerable interest. The names of the principal heroes of the Tarentine Revolution, PhileTnenos, Nikon, and Demokrates, are conspicuous by their absence. We are left, therefore, to infer that the signatures on the group of coins do not relate to the actual Strategoi, but to magistrates fulfilling more civil functions, as masters of the mint. It is possible that we have here a symptom of a more democratic spirit in the Tarentine polity. It was in the aristocratic party at Tarentum that the Romans had found their chief support, and it was the alienation of an influential part of this, occasioned by the pitiless execu- tion of the Tarentine hostages when recaptured after an attempted escape, which had prepared the way for the final triumph of the anti-Roman elements in the city. The younger nobles, chief among whom were Nikon and Philemenos, the grandsons, it may be, of the Tarentine magistrates of the same names, who sign on coins of Pyrrhus' time and Period VIII., made common cause with the Tarentine Plebs, and the success of the conspiracy seems to have been due to the union of these Junkers with the popular party. 236 The otherwise plebeian character of the Revolution is clearly indicated in the passage of Livy, which describes this alliance, and the non-aristocratic and 238 Cf. Livy, xxiv. 13. " Ad Hannibalem . . . quinque nobiles juvenes ab Tarento venerunt .... Ei memores benefieiorum ejus perpulisse magnam partem se juventutis Tarentinae referuut ut Hannibalis amicitiam ac societatam quam populi Roinani mal- lent .... in potcstate junionnn plcbcw, in manu pJcbis rcm Tarentinam esse." 206 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. even non-Hellenic character of some of the signatures of this period may well be due to the democratic lines on which the Tarentine commonwealth was now re-constituted. That the issue of these late Tarentine coins, of the same standard as the original Victoriatus and the Illyrian drachms, corresponds with the Hannibalic Period at Tarentum, is corroborated by another remarkable coin, that seems to have been Btruck under the same auspices by the neighbouring city of Metapontion. This city, like Tarentum, became, after Pyrrhus' time, a dependent ally of Rome, and from the fact that no ordinary didrachms of the reduced weight were struck there, it would seem that the silver coinage of Metapontion had ceased entirely during this period of Roman connexion. On the removal, however, of half the Roman garrison from Metapontion to the beleaguered citadel of Tarentum, the inhabitants at once went over to Hannibal; and there exists a small Metapontine silver piece, Fig. 3, in weight and fabric closely recalling the Tarentine coins of this Period, which must certainly be also referred to the short interval of revived independence between the date of the defection in 212 and 207, when Hannibal not only withdrew his garrison, but at the same time removed the Metapontines them- selves to escape the Roman chastisement. 237 The coin in Fig. 3. 237 Livy, 1. xxvii. 51. " Hannibal . . . Metapontinos, civitatein universam, excitos sedibus suis, et Lucanorum qui suse ditionis erant, in Bruttiura agrum traduxit." PERIOD X. 207 question, of which I procured a fine specimen at Taranto, presents as its obverse type the helmeted head of Pallas, in a very late style, with loose flowing tresses, and on the reverse the usual corn- spike with an owl seated on the spray, and the legend M ETA in punctuated characters. 238 Both the obverse and reverse designs are degenerate versions of those that occur on one of the latest of the full-weight issues. 239 The weight, however, of the present piece is 3'65 grammes, answering with sufficient approxi- mation to that of the contemporary Tarentine pieces.- The attribution of this late Metapontine piece to the Hannibalic Period entails with it a further conclusion. Another silver coin exists, in its obverse and reverse type (including the owl symbol) identical with that described above but with the legend AOYKA in place of MET A, showing that it was struck by the Lucani in close alliance with the Metapontines. Its weight, 3'13 grammes, 240 is probably intended to tally with the contemporary Meta- pontine standard ; and there can be no reasonable doubt that this alliance coin belongs to the period when the Lucanians and Metapontines threw off the Roman yoke and passed together under Hannibal's protection. Livy mentions the defection of the Lucani along with that of so many of the Italiote Greeks as a consequence of Cannae, 241 and the extent to which their fortunes were linked to 238 A specimen of a very similar type, in which the owl is more clearly represented, is engraved in Garrucci, Monete delV Italia Meridionale, T. civ. 18; but the late character of the style is not sufficiently indicated, and the weight, as usual, is omitted. 239 Carelli, N. I. V. clvi., 125, 127. 240 Sambon, Eecherches sur les anciennes Monnaies de Vltalie Meridionale, p. 131. 241 Livy, xxii. 61. 208 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TAUEXTUM. those of the Metapontines appears from the subsequent notice of the same historian, according to which Hannibal, unable any longer to protect them at home, transported the inhabitants of Metapontion and the Lucanians subject to his dominion at one and the same time to the Bruttian territory. 242 It thus appears that the existence at Tarentum of a class of coins minted during the period of the Hannibalic alliance is by no means an isolated phenomenon. It stands to reason moreover that whatever the nominal dreXeta of Tarentum, Hannibal must have drawn largely on the resources of the great Greek city to pay his mercenaries, and the constant demand for pecuniary aid could only have been supplied by a sufficiently abundant mintage. Lenormant, indeed, has suggested that the appearance of a type of Gaulish gold coin, characteristic of the Amiens district, imitated from a Tarentine gold stater, was due to the return of Gaulish mercenaries from Hannibal's army, who in payment for their services at Tarentum had received gold pieces recently struck by the mint of that city. The theory here advanced that the prototypes of these Gaulish pieces, which are, in fact, no other than the beautiful gold staters of Tarentum representing the Dioskuri, and ranking among the finest products of the Tarentine mint, were issued during the Hannibalic period is too grotesque to need refutation ; 243 but in view of the 242 xxvii. 51. 243 La Grande Grece, p. 60 : " Comment les stateres tarentins ont ils pu parvenir jusque sur les bords de la Somme vers ce moment, et cela en quantite assez abondante pour y servir de prototype a la fabrication monetaire indigene ? C'est ce qui ne peut pas absolument s'expliquer quo par le retour dans ses foyers d'une troupe de ces mercenaires guulois qui formaient une grande partie de 1'arinee d'Hannibal, troupe qui aura rec^u le PERIOD X. 209 late character of some other Tarentine gold types, the possibility of some of these having been struck at this epoch cannot be safely left out of sight. Mr. Head 244 has already pointed out the propriety of referring to the Hannibalic Period the gold stater (PI. X. 15), representing a very late version of the head of the youthful He'rakle's, and on the reverse Taras driving a biga ; and I have ventured to add to this the smaller coin (PI. X. 16), exhibiting on the obverse a head of Pallas of a very late and degenerate type and on the reverse Taras again driving a biga, the horses of which show great analogy to those of the stater. This coin weighs 44*2 grains, and must thus be regarded as a third of a stater, a wholly abnormal division in the Tarentine gold series, in which, however, sixths are of frequent occurrence. The head of Pallas on this coin presents so strong a resemblance to the same head on the silver coins struck, as we have seen, by the Metapontines and Lucanians on the occasion of the Hannibalic alliance, that it is impossible not to refer it to the same period. The 83,000 Ib. of gold looted by Fabius, on his capture of Tarentum, shows that the mint could not at least have lacked bullion. With regard, however, to the silver booty taken, the historian is more explicit, and Livy's allusion payement de ses services a Tarente en monnaies nouvellement frappees de la ville." That these coins may have reached North- Western Gaul through the hands of mercenaries is always pos- sible ; but these mercenaries must have belonged to a period long anterior to Hannibal's time if the payment they received was, as is probable, in current coin. 214 Hist. Num., p. 48. The coin weighs 135 grs., and bears the signature ft\ on the reverse, with a thunderbolt symbol. e e 210 THE " HORSEMEN OF TARENTUM. to the amount of coined as well as of wrought silver may be regarded as an additional testimony to the revived activity of the Tarentine mint. 245 PERIOD X. X. Type A. Naked boy-rider crowning horse, standing r. Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding tri- dent in 1. hand, and with r. extending akrostolion. Beneath dolphin, TA- Inf. tor., y. 1. Inf.tol.,KAH. Beneath horse, SHPAMBO*. Car. cxiii. 191. [PI. X. 9.] X. Type B. Naked boy-rider crowning horse standing 1. and lifting off fore-leg. 1. In f. to r., III. Taras, astride, &c., to 1., holding Beneath horse, cornucopia) in 1. hand, and with r. receiv- ing wreath-bearing Victory. NH*. Car. cxiii. 195. [PI. X. 10.] X. Type C. Naked boy-rider holding palma l&nniscata, crowning horse standing r., and lifting off fore-leg. 1. Beneath horse, KPITO*. [PL X. 11.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding trident in r. hand, and with 1. receiving wreath-bearing Victory. In f. to 1., Eft; inf. tor., . X. Type D. Bearded hippakontist in cuirass on galloping horse to r., aiming dart. 245 Livy, lib. xxvii., c. 16. " Argenti vis ingens facti sig- natique." PERIOD X. 211 Obv. Bev. 1. In f. to 1., |. j Taras astride, &c., to r., a diadem Beneath horse, ! round his head, and a chlamys flowing <1>IAIAPXO^. i from his 1. arm, aiming a trident with [PI. X. 12. A. J. E.] I his r, hand. X. TypeE. Horseman in crested helmet and cuirass, holding palma lemniscata on horse standing r. and lifting fore-leg. 1. Beneath horse, Cf. Car. cxiii. 197. [PI. X. 13.J Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding trident in 1. hand, and with r. extending kantharos. In f. to r., an eagle with expanding wings. Beneath dolphin, X. Type F. (Half of Unit.) Naked boy-rider crowned by small Victory flying behind and crowning his horse, which is stationary to r. 1. Beneath horse, NA*. B. M. Cat, App. 8. Sambon, Mon. de fa Presquile Italiquc, PI. xviii. 26. [PI. X. 14.] Taras astride, &c., to 1., holding tri- dent in 1. hand, and with r. extending kantharos ; a chlamys on his 1. arm. 212 THE " HORSEMEN OF TARENTUM. APPENDIX A. COINS FROM THE BENEVENTAN FIND. TABENTUM. Obverse. Reverse. Fully described under Weight in Grains. 1. Boy-rider, &c., with boy pick- ing pebble out of hoof. <|>|. (Some what worn.) Taras holding kantha- ros, trident, and small round shield. Waves and E. IV. C 1 120 2. Lancer canter- ing r. 4>IAI. (Fresh condition.) Infantile Taras, with distaff and small dolphin. Vine -leaf. Waves and <|>|. V. B 8 122 3. Same. Beneath horse, ^ A. (Fresh condition.) Infantile Taras holding distaff and extending hand. Prow. V. B 2 119 4. Same ; but horseman hel- meted. AAI. (Fresh condition.) Taras astride, &c., with hippocamp, shield and trident. Murex and 4>l. V. B 5 121 NEAPOLIS. Weights in Grains. 5. Obv. Head of Parthenope tor., four dolphins around. NEOPOAITON. Rev. Man-faced bull crowned by Nike to r. ; head turned towards spectator. Below bull, 0E. (Car., T. Ixxix. 11) . 118 Obv. Same. Rev. Same, but no letters under bull . 112} 7. Obv. Same, but different arrangement of the hair, the fillet that confines it completely circling the head. No dolphins. In f. to 1., X. APPENDIX A. 213 Weights in Grains. Rev. Same, but the legend NEOPOAITHN is on a base on which the bull stands. Under bull, 0. (Car., T. Ixxiv. 18) . . . 112 (Fresh condition.) 8. Obv. Same as last, but in f. to 1. club. Rev. Same. (Cf. Car., Ixxv. 8) .... H3J 9. Obv. Same as last, but in f. to 1. bunch of grapes. Rev. Same, but no letter under bull . . . 110 (Fresh condition.) 10. Obv. Same, but smaller head. In f. to 1., Artemis holding a torch in either hand. Under neck, APTEMI. Rev. Same, but N beneath bull (Car., T. Ixxv. 6) . 114 (Fleur de coin.) 11. Obv. Same, but to 1. astragalus (?). Beneath head, part of inscription, APTEMI. Rev. Same, but beneath bull, 0E. (Car.,T. Ixxv. 9) 113 (Fresh condition.) 12. Obv. Same, but to 1. figure of Artemis advancing to r., and holding transverse torch. Under neck, PAPME. Rev. Same, but beneath bull, a bee. (Car., T. Ixxvi. 2) (Fresh condition.) NOLA. 13. Obv. Head of Pallas in crested helmet to r. On helmet, owl and olive wreath. Behind, under crest, apparently ^ . Rev. NflAAIHN in f. above; man-faced bull to 1., face in profile. Under bull, AE in mon. (Cf. Car., T. Ixxxiv. 4) . . . . 110| (Well-preserved.) 214 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. Grains. 14. Obv. Head of nymph to r., hair bound with fillet. Rev. Same, but NI2AAIHN in ex. No letters under bull. (Car., T. Ixxxiv. 8) . . 106* HYKINA. 15. Obv. Head of Pallas, as No. 18. Rev. YPINA in f., above man-faced bull ; head in profile 115 (Somewhat worn.) 16. Obv. Three-quarters facing head of HGra wearing Stephanos. Rev. AN I ^ Y, man-faced bull, head in profile to r. (A good deal worn.) VELIA. 17. Obv. Head of Pallas to 1., in crested helmet, orna- mented with Pegasos and palmetto. In f. above, A ; to 1., 4> ; to r. in small square, I E. Rev. YE[AHTflN]. Lion tearing down stag ; both animals in profile . . . . . 112 (Fresh condition.) 18. Obv. Same, 4 to 1., K to r. Rev. Same insc. Lion walking 1. Above, <|> 1 and triquetra. (Fleur de coin.} 19. Obv Head of Pallas to 1., in crested Phrygian helmet adorned with Sphinx. Under crest behind in minute letters, >E. Rev. Lion to 1., tearing prey ; on base inscribed YEAHTHN. In f. above, >E . . 112 (Flcur dc coin.) APPENDIX A. 215 METAPONTION. 20. Obv. Head of Demeter to 1., with wreath of corn Weights in Grains. Rev. META. Barley spike in f. to 1., caduceus and AY. (Of. Car., T. clii. 24) . . .119 21. Obv. Head of Demeter to 1., with wreath of corn- spikes and veil falling from back hair. Rev. Same, but on blade of spike a mouse, and in f. below . (Car., T. clii. 6) . . . . . 118| (Fresh condition.) CAPUA IN THE ROMAN NAME. 22. Obv. Bearded heroic head tol., in crested Corinthian helmet. Rev. Horse's head to r. on base, upon which ROMANO. In f. to 1., barley spike . (Somewhat worn.) 23. Obv. Youthful head of Herakles to r.; lion's skin and club on shoulder. Eev. Wolf and twins. In ex. ROMAN[O] . . 108* (Fleur de coin.) 24. Another specimen . . . ... 109 (Fresh condition.) 216 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TA RENTTJM. JM ' . -.: APPENDIX B. 217 CALABRIAN FIND (continued). TABENTINE DRACHMS. Obverse. Reverse. No. of Coins. Weight in Grains. Helmeted head of TAPANTIISinN *n*, 26 50 Pallas to 1. owl on bolt. Same Same, but ^ H 10 49 Same Same, but ^ 1 $ , beneath 12 48* bolt AIO. Same Same, but ^12, beneath 6 bolt AIO. Same, but head tor. Owl on olive-spray, NEY- MHNIO3 POAY. 7 49* Same Same, NEYMHNIO* 6 49 k API. Same Same, but TAPA * A/ . 1 48 Total Drachms 68 HERAKLEIA. DIDRACHMS. Obverse. Reverse. No. of Coins. Weight in Grains. 1. Head of Pallas r., in Herakles sacrificing. 2 99 Corinthian helmet, on In f. to r., thunder- which is a hippocamp. bolt. Above, t-HPAK- AEIflN. Behind, I-H. 2. Head to 1., griffin Herakles facing, look- 7 99 on helmet. Above, ing r. at small Vic- I-HPAKAEIHN. tory flying towards him. In f. to 1. 3. Head r., plain helmet. Herakles facing, owl 4 AAE above, EY be- flying 1. hind, I beneath. Total Herakleia . 13 218 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. CALABRIAN HOARD. THURIAN DIDEACHMS. Obverse. Reverse. 1. Helmetcd head of Pallas to r. 2. Same. Bull butting ; beneath, ? N ? . 2 Same, A , between legs of bull . 1 Total Thurian . 8 SUMMARY OF COINS IN CALABRIAN HOARD. Tarentine Didrachms . . . .348 Drachms 68 Heraklcian Didrachms . . . .18 Thurian ,, .... 8 Total , 427 APPENDIX C. 219 OOCOODOsaSi-HOOSOO(M O C- OS OS" Cft t^" t- ' jjjOSOSCSOSCSOOCSOOO OClOiOCiCSCSCiCJOS 00 CO O rH (N TH O rHr-(O500O5rHr-(Cq-<*CO^ 220 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. OOT-HOOOGOOaiOOCiOOaiOiOOCiOT-iaO OOOOOSO5OOSOiOSO5O5OiOOOiOOCi APPENDIX C. 221 S z !! Hw 'JN Hw He* HN l> Ci 00 00 Oi O O I! * CMr-l(Mr-lr-l(Mr-lO] CO TH $ !i _ CC, w co ^ oq . y <>>O ^ ^^>>>>!^'~ l 03 a 1 . ^ m - 3 o Q ^ s 1 a M NEYMHNIO* API g ..2*JS>1 < w w J 2 W ^Q W ? * C? P IE P - z w 5 ? o ? T ^ ^ I< ^- C. i '-^jcJJ x h ? >wl-0o$ i^cjz^^s:< ZAlwo.o.Z< ||aagaaa M COCOCOCQCOCOCOCO ^ c^ co Tt< ^0 co t* oo c^ 222 THE " HORSEMEN " OF TARENTUM. cs os ao"cs HH K" K" rH | 60 '3 | ' ' I I" -If ' K hi ^ O > 3 t<_ r-" H ^'W^ I I o ' ' f*' *! . ^S | . .. .J8| C4 S TJ .| ;\ . s ^> ^ Or^.... . .fl f-alaaa a aas-2 OeSScJoSoS c3 eSoScS^ I ftOQCOCCCOCQ CO OQCCCG.2 : r~~ i O CO CO r-i CD ci d 224 THE "HORSEMEN" OF TARENTUM. I 3 H x 1 I-H pq Q PH K < w H PM S! No. of in H IS a* <>.. c<- P d d ti i J Z - i ^.-c - 9 co > ao't^oot^' t- ooooxoo oo h SB i-H rH CO C5 '.a 05 ^ * o 1 " q oo'_'~ lr ~ l B nrH rHrH r a 11 ^ ^H r] Q . rq ^ ^ 1 s II 53xx _3g d aH | i 3 , H c3 .1 S i ^ "o O i og J.I..., . ..,!.! y> .S "fl APPENDIX ^INB TARE s | '1< ' ' | ' ' ' ' Itj S 4 - 13 * s ~ | -11 -| s - 'I::- H 1 i1 OtJ OS* O r-I o4 CO "*' ^H i 1 <-H 1-H 1 1 APPENDIX C. 227 1 1 ^ ^ ^O > C ^ ^ |>. -. 5,3 [>. QQ ^Q !l h 1 I Q :o -~ ^"^^ " S I' S i 1 . C g P3- .^ B jddg . f c^ a 1 1 d . p; 5 a 50 /; O S - s 1 S 1 3 i-H ^3 W C! 1 3 .5 J 1 s 1 1 i | | ' H P a ^ '3 ^ , o '"' -T3 '''S' 3 '^ ^ 30 s 2 a, * _ g H c^ "* |5 QJ ^ '= <}*<1^ ! ^3 H S | || | II || JI J 1 Web cc co co cocococococococo .-! ai co rji 10 o i> 06 05 o I-H IAIAPXO* ^ A). VI. A, 3, p. 182. AHA (NIKOAAMO* EY). VI. G, p. 135. AfAOAPXOS . VIII. B 1, p. 178. Arn KPATINO*- (lOP). VI. A 4, p. 133. AA . II. E 3, p. 44. AAEE 0E (*l). VII. A 5, p. 161. AAEEAN0E . VI. D 4, p. 134. AN0 or AN (APOA AH). VII. F 2, p. 160. AN0 or AN (APOAAn If! H). VII. F 1, p. 160. AN IAAO(I). Drachm, p. 162. -AN or AN (in IA- AO). VII. G, p. 161. ANO (in "6IC"). VII. F 6, p. 160. -N * (I). Drachm, p. 162. A/ (AEnN). VIII. B 3, p. 178. -N NIKOKPATH*. VIII. D 2, p. 179; VIII. N, p. 181. AN NIKOKPATHS. Drachm, p. 182. AN0Pn* (EYAP). VI. D 1, p. 134. APH A lA-(COI). V. C 2, p. 104. APH (0). V. F 1, p. 105. AP, APOA. Ongoldhemi- litra, p. 84. AP, APOA. On gold staters, p. 85. APOA (K or (SK). Gold stater, p. 141. 1 The signature on the opposite side of the coin to that specially cited is placed in brackets. The after a signature indicates that it occurs on the obverse (horseman) side. The before a signature indicates that it occurs on the reverse. Unless otherwise specified, the coins enumerated are silver staters. hh 234 INDEX. APOA (4>IAOKPA NC). VIII. A 6, p. 177 ; VIII C 3, p. 178. APOAAH EY (01). VII. C 5, p. 159. APOAAn EY (B 01). VII. C 6, p. 159. APOAAH H (01). VII. C 7, p. 159. APOAAtt (AN0 or AN). VII. F 2-5, p. 160. APOAAft xn H (AN0 or AN). VII. F 1, p. 160. ^ A/ (I). Drachm, p. 162. APOAAflNIO* Al . VIII. H 1, p . 180. APE0HN SA (CAS). VI. A 1, p. 132. -APEY (INK 4>IAOKPA). VIII. A 7, p. 177. API*TEIA l (HT). VIII. L 2, p. 181. API*TIA* EY (KAH or KAN). VI. F 4, p. 135. API * TIP TY (Al). VII. A 1, p. 157. API* TIP TY (A). VII. B, p. 158. -API* (III NEYMH). VII. C 2, p. 150. ' API NEYMHNIO*. Drachm, p. 162. A ( in NEYMH). VII. C 1, p. 158. VII. E 1, p. 159. -tf IA (N(). Gold i sta- ter, p. 141. A * (NC). Gold stater, p. 141. A *nKPATH* VI. A 2, p. 132. -API (NIKnN EY). VI. E 2, p. 135. API*TIPPC>R (T) IX. E, p. 195. API*TI* . VIII. A 1, p. 176. APICTIC. Drachm, p. 182. API* TO (0IAOKPA NC). VIII. C 2, p. 178. API*TOKAH* AI-. VIII. D 1, p. 179. API*TOK Ol . VIII. H 2, p. 180. API*TOKPATH* <1>I- (Pl). VIII. L 1, p. 180. API*TOKPATH*. Drachm, p. 182. [API*TOZENO*]. (See pp. 54, 55, 78, &c.) API (KAAAH A). IV. H 2, p. 79. API EPA (KA). V.B20, p. 108. API I (KA E P A). V. B 21, p. 108. API (EY NIKnN). VI E 2, p. 185. AP . IV. A 1, p. 76. AP (X). III. K 2, p. 61. A l V. A 1, p. 88. A! ! (). V. A 2, p. 88. A l). V. A 4, p. 89. /*! (IAI*). V. A 8, 6, pp. 88, 89. A (*A). V. B 11, p. 102. -|p(*A). V. B 16, p. 103. -A I-HP(*A). V. B19, p. 108. AP EY (AN0Pn*) VI. D 1, p. 134. A KYNnN . VIII. B 4, p. 178. APUTUN EY (inn). . M 2, p. 181. API* TON EY (inn), vm. M i, P . 181. B. -B 01 (EY AnOAAn). VII. C 6, p. 159. r AAMOKPI A . VII. 04, A 1, p. 157. p. 158. AAMOKPITO* EYN (I). VIII. L 3, p. 181. AE *Y AYKINOS . VIII. A 8, p. 177. AEINOKPATH* * I-. VI. D 2, p. 134. A 1, p. 157. A (FYAPUTin). VII. /AI\ irrr B 'P" 158 ' (Al). \II. A( Litra, p. 222, No. 7; obol, p. 226, No. 3. rY API* TIP- (A). VII. ' -AT^T^EY). Drachms, p. 162. Al 163. Drachms, p. B, p. 158. TY (XPH?). VIII. A 3, p. 176. (nOAY). VII. A 2, p. 157. VII. D, p. 159. FY (A SAAnNO* ?). VII. E 1, p. 159. -rY(*l AYKnN). VII. I AOP-. III. Q, p. 64. A 6, p. 157. Al VIII. H 1, p. 180. Al APUTOKAH*. VIII. D 1, p. 179. AI (HnnoAA). vm. K, p. 180. A I IAnTA* . VIII. A 11, p. 177. _ (|<). III. L 5 ; III. M, p. 62. A h KAA- p. 80. AAI - (I-). IV. E, p. 77. E, on shield. VI. B 1, 2, p. 133. E, on dolphin. (See p. 119.) IV. L, 3 (A). III. D 1, p. 59. E (). IV. 01, IV. 8, AA[I]- (E). 102. V. B 8, p. I Y. B 8, p. AAI (I-H). V. B 7, p. 102. AAI (<1>I). V. B 5, p. 102. AAI (H). V. B 6, p. 102. AAIMAXCtf (ff). IX. A, p. 194. IC, on shield. VII. F 6, p. 160. B (hHPAKAHTO*). VIII. G 1, p. 179. B (F-HPAKAHTO* $1). Vni. G 2, p. 180. E IX. B, p. 194. 236 INDEX. fi. Litra, p. 222, NOB. 4, 5 ; hemilitron, p. 223, No. 3 ; obols, p. 226, No. 8 ; 227, No. 3. EPA API (KA). V. B 20, p. 103. EPA KA (API I). V. B 21, p. 103. EYAPXIAA* EY . VI. H, p. 135. EY APUTIA* (KAH or KAN). VI. F 4, p. 135. EY AP (ANOPft 3 ). VI. D 1, p. 134. EY IENEA* IAHN . VI. C 1, 2, p. 133. EY INTYAOS (PO AY). VII. A 4, p. 157. EY4MAOKAH* (AY). VI. C 3, p. 134. EYN AAMOKPITO* (X). VIII. L 3, p. 181. EY API* TON VIII. M 1, p. 181. EYAPUTflN-(inP). VIII. M 2, p. 181. u. C(I). IV. Fl,p. 78. CA* (*A APEOJ1N;. VI. A 1, p. 132. -COI (APH A I A). V. C 2, p. 104. COI (KAA A). V. C 1, p. 104. I. I. III. E, p. 59. I (K). IV. F 3, p. 78. X (K). IV. F 2, p. 78. I (Q. IV. Fl.p. 78. I API- (EPA KA). V. B 21, p. 103. IAA(NC). Gold staters, p. 141, IAAO in (ANO or AN). VII. G, p. 161. IAAO I (AN). Drachm, p. 162. I (5 N) Drachms, p. 162. I ENEAS EY <1>I. VIII. C 1, p. 178. I ENOKPATH * T5 (5C). IX. G, p. 195. IOP. Drachms, p. 126. 1 IOP. Gold staters, p. 130. IOP (KPATINOS Am). VI. A 4, p. 133. -IOP (AYKIANO*) VI. B 1, p. 183. IOP. VI. B 2, p. 133. IOP (NIKOAAMO * ) VI. F 1, p. 185. IOP (NIKHTTA* EY). VI. E 1, p. 134. IIIPY H (). VII. C 8, p. 159. IftPY EY (Ol). VII. H, p. 161. IHPY i (oi). vn. K 1, p. 161. IIIPY I. VII. K 2, p. 161. 237 in H APOAAn (ANO or AN). VII. F 25, p. 160. in "IC (ANO). VII. F 6, p. 160. in NEYMH (ff). vn. C 1, p. 158. IH NEYMH (API*). vn. c 2, p. 150. in NEYMH (POAY). VII. C 3, p. 150. IX. B, p. 194. nPYPOS TY (XPH ?). VIII. A 3, p. 176. nPYPOS 4>EI. VIII. A 2, p. 176. inP (EYAPUTON). VIII. M 2, p. 181. (EY<1> APUT VIII. M 1, p. 181. in *nrENH*. x. B, p. 210. H. H on dolphin. III. A 2, p. 58 (and see p. 120). HPHHP(SA). V.B18, p. 103. H* . III. H 2, p. 61. K I (A). HI. N 2, p. 62 ; IV. D, p. 77. l-(|). in. L 3, p. 61. FA. III. 5, p. 62. hA KAA M (KAA). IV. G, p. 78. h KAA A ( D- VI I. L, p. 161. I-HPAKAHI (X A). VII. M, p. 162. hHPAKAHTO* (B). VIII. G 1, p. 179. l-HPAKAHTO* I-(E). VIII. G 2, p. 180. f-HPAKAHTO*. Drachm, p. 182. W AAIMAXOC - (flF). IX. A, p. 194. tf (IAHMENOS .VIII. E, p. 179. HPPOAA (Al). VIII. K, p. 180. hUTlAP EY . VIII. A 10, p. 177. HSTIAPXO*. Drachm, p. 182. 238 0. Q . III. 3, p. 62 ; III. R, p. 64. (O). III. P, p. 64 ; III. 1, p. 62. (P). I. B, p. 85. OEAAEHAN-. VI. D 4, p. 184. 0E AAEE (*l). VILA 5, p. 157. 01. Hemilitron, p. 223, No. 7. 01 (EY APOAAH). VII. C 5, p. 159. -01 (H APOAAft). VII. C 7, p. 159. 01 B (EY APOAAH). VII. C 6, p. 159. Ol (EY IHPY). VII. H, p. 161. 01 (I inPY). VII. K 1, p. 161. OIAPUTOK-. VIII. H 2, p. 180. 0PA (OPA). HI. F 1, p. 59. 1(|_). III. L 3, p. 61. K. K (A). HI. L 5, p. 62 ; III. M, p. 62. K - X). IV. F 2, p. 78. K| (>|). III. G 3, p. 60. K 4>l (A). HI G 1, p. 60. K (H). IV. B, p. 76. KAA (KAA). IV. K, p. 79. KAA A h A- (l). IV. H 1, p. 79. KAA A HA- (API). IV. H 2, p. 79. KAA A I- A (KAA). IV. H 3, p. 79. KAA A h A (ONA). IV. H 4, p. 79. KAA h AM (KAA). IV. G, p. 78. KAA X A N (KAA). IV. H 5, p. 79. KAA N N (K). IV. H6, p. 79. KAA h A (4>l). IV. L, p. 80. KAA A (COI). V. C 1, p. 104. KAAAIKPATH* - (r 1R). IX. H, p. 196. KA (API E P A). V. H 20, p. 103. KA EPA (API I). V. B 21, p. 103. KAH (or KAN) (EY APISTIAS). VI. F 4, p. 135. KAH SHPAMBO*- (H). X. A, p. 210. Gold stater, p. 99. (A). V. E, p. 104. KPATINO* Am (I OP). VI. A 4, p. 133. KPITOS (i). X. C, p. 210. KYAIK. Gold stater, p. 66. KYNHN A. VIII. B4, p. 178. A. A II H, II. L 1, p. 44; III. B 1, III. C 1, p. 58. A. HI. A 1, p. 58. A (A). II. H ; II. L 1, p. 45 ; in. A 8, p. 58. 239 A (or P) (A). III. L 1, p. 61. A (3). HI. D 1, p. 59. A (R). III. A 2 ; m. C 2, p. 58; III. K 3, p. 61. 3A . II L 2, p. 45. AEflN (M). VIII. B 3, p. 178. AEHIM. Drachm, p. 182. /L IAOKAHC * . IX. F, p. 195. AY. Gold staters, p. 99. AY (?). VII. C 1, p. 151. NEYMH in (API *). VII. C 2, p. 158. NEYMH in-(POAY) VII. C 3, p. 158. NEYMHNIO* API. Drachm, p. 162. NEYMHNIO* POAY. Drachm, p. 162. NE (KAAAIKPATH* Ti). IX. H 1, p. 196. Nl . HI. S, p. 63. NIKAP (NC). Gold staters, pp. 140, 141. NIKOAAMO* (IOP). VI. F 1, p. 135. NIKOAAMO* EY (ATA). VI. G, p. 135. NIKOKPATH* A/. vm. N, p. isi. NIKOKPATH* (AN). Drachm, p. 182. N< (/?). Gold stater, p. 141. INK (/{ 3). Gold stater, p. 141. NK-(A IA). Gold j stater, p. 141. ISK (*I2K). Gold stater, p. 140. |\K (01). Gold stater, p. 141. NC (or K) (APOA). Gold stater, p. 141. NK 4>IAOKPA- (AnOA). VIII. A 6, p. 177 ; VIII. C 3, p. 178. NC 0IAOKPA (APEY). VIII. A 7, p. 177. NC0IAOKPA (APU- TO). VIII. C 2, p. 178. NIKYAOS (ff). VIII. 0, p. 182. NIKHN EY (API). VI. E 2, p. 135. NIKiriTA* EY (IOP). VI. E l,p. 134. o OAYMPU. IX. C, P . 194. OAYMPU. Drachm, p. 196. 240 INDEX. OAYMPIS ^ IX - D ' p. 195. ONA (KAA A h A). IV. H 4, p. 78. P. H. II. B, p. 43. P . III. 2, p. 62. P (0). I. B, p. 35. P (fc). III. N 1, p. 62. P (). IV. C 2 ; IV. C 5, p. 77. fk KAAAIKPATHS - (F). IX. H 1, p. 196. PI(APISTOKPATHS <|>|). VIII. L 1, p. 180. -POAY (FY sns- TPATOS). VII. A 1, p. 157. POAY (EY SUS TPATOS). VII. A 2, p. 157. POAY (EY p - 108 - 3 A APEOHN (CAS). VI. A 1, p. 132. *A (fcHP). V. B 17, p. 103. *A (H H A). V. B 19, p. 103. *A I-HP HP). V.B18, p. 103. *A (K). V. B12, p. 103. *A (KOM) V. E, p. 104. ^A- (*YM). V. D, p. 104. ^A- (^H). V. B 14, p. 103. *A (l). V. Bl,p. 101; V. B 10, p. 102. (AfA). VI. A 3, p. 132. A . V. B15,p. 108. (FY). VII. E 1, p. 159. ^AAHNO^ $ (FY). VII. D, p. 159. SHPAMBO* KAH- (N). X. A, p. 210. SI AEINOKPATH* . VI. D 2, p. 134. SI (OE AAEH). VII. A 5, p. 157. S I AYKHN . VI. D 8, p. 134. SI AYKflN- (PY). VII. A 6, p. 157. SI |). VI. A 8. P . 89. INDEX. 241 76. lM 89. . IV. A 2, p. V. A 6, 7, p. >_. IV. C 4, p. 77. - (APH). V. F 1, p. 105. > (E). IV. C 1, IV. C 3, p. 77. *Y AYKINO*. VIII. A 9, p. 177. *Y AE AYKINOS . * Y- L tita" p 17 2 ? 22, No. 2 ; \ * ~ > IV C 2 > IV ' C 5 ' diobol, p. 224, No. 9. i .Pj i-OPYPO* Sft (on tessera). Diobol (see j A 2 176 r\ f\n\ _ ' * * ! T VIII. p. 50). n x IX. B, p. 194. nrE p. 210. -H (AAI). V. B 6, p. 102. TO X B I -^ ('-HPA)- V - B 9 > P- iii. A. 15, lno 102. _(|>| (KAA A h A). IV. HI, p. 79. ^HKPATH^ A (K). VI. A 5, p. 133. S HKPATH ^ A). IV. L, A - (TOP). VI. A 2, p. 132. 3 UK (on tablet) ( S UK, -I (KAA p. 80. H K (A). HI. G 1, p. 60. |>| K (>|). HI. G 3, p. 60. on tablet). III. F 8, p. | ^ ^ _ (|<) m Q 4> p 59. (INK). Gold stater, p. 140. HSTPATO* TY (POAY). VII. A 2, p. 157. TO* EY (POAY). VII. A 8, p. 157. n*TPATO5 POAY. Dracbm, p. 162. Al. Drachm, p. 163. T. I. A 1, p. 85. Y. Y . HI. C 3, p. 59. 60. l (AAI). V. B 5, p. 102. 4>l (*A). V. B 1, p. 101; V. B 10, p. 102. 4>l (^ I)- V. A 8, p. 89. i UIM). v. A e, 7, P. 89. 4>IAI (l). V. B 3, p. 101 ; V. B 4, p. 102. l A - (I). V. A 4, p. 89. | /? . V. Al, p. 88. 0IAU (! ff). .V. A3, p. 88 ; V. A 5, p. 89. [<|>IAlTmN. Seep. 110, 111 seqq.] <1>I API ^TEIA-(tf). VIII. L 2, p. 181. INDEX. 4>l APUTOKPATH* (PI). VIII. L 1, p. 180. l XflPYPOS . VIII. B 2, p. 178. 4>l (NC). Gold stater, p. 141. 4>IAHMENO* H . VIII. E, p. 179. IAIAPXOS *A - (AFA). VI. A 3, p. 132. IAOKAHC * /t IX. F, p. 195. IAOKPA NC (APOA). VIII. A 6, p. 177; VIII. C 3, p. 178. 4IAOKPA NC (APEY). VIII. A 7, p. 177. IAOKPA NC (APU TO)- VIII. C : , p. 178. 4IAHN EY-. VI. C 1, 2, p. 134. 4>IAnTAS (POAY). VIII. A 5, p. 177. IAnTA* AI-. VIII. A 11, p. 177. e I (l-HPA). VII. L, p. 160. -X A (KHPAKAHI). MI. M. p. 102. n. (K). IV. B, p. 76. 1)(*A). V. B 15, p. ) 103. (XENOKPATHC ). IX. G, p. 195. PRIXTKl) BY i. S. VIBTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDON. Early Didrachm Types to c. 420 B.C TARENTUM, PLATE I. Num. , 5? Equestrian Types Period I. c.450-c.430 B.C. ^oy %8 f3 Eo^aestrian Types Period II.c.420-c.380 B.C. TARENTUM ; PLATE II. Equestrian Types Period III c 380-345 B.C TARENTUM ; PLATE III. Hum. - ; Equestrian Types Period IV c 344-334 B.C TARENTUM, PLATE IV! ffum. C. 340 B.C. A' Time of Alexandecthe Molosslan, 334-330 B.C. Coins struck by Alexander the Molossian cttTarentum 334 B.C. Alliance Coin of Rubastini B.C 334 C.302- 281 B.C'. C. 315 B.C. A/ 13 C. 3 I 5 B.C. ; C.300 B.C. C.28I B.C. Silver Lilrae and Cold Stater with Pyrrhic Symbols, 281 B.C. TARENTUM PLATE V. ffum. a \ J MoLosstan Types 334-330 BC Equestrian Types, Period V, 334--302 B.C. I ^X .A Campano-Tarentune Types. TARENTUM PLATE VI, Num. CArm.faffIFtl.lX.Ptm Equestrta/n Types Period VI. 302-281 B.C. TARENTUM PLATE VH Period VII, 281-272 B c Pyrrhic Hegemony TARENTUM PLATE VHL . * IT: Period VIII. 272- c.235 B.C. The Roman Alliance 1. TARENTUM PLATE IX. Period \\. 235-228 B.C. The Ro7nan Alliance II i^ #&-ftftk J >v / ', ^^^ -5r Period X. 212-209 B.C. Hannibalic Occupati* TA'RENTUM PLAT EX. Jfum. Mnm.&rHMIX.RH. %~~. ' -^ ~S y ( Per. II ) (Per .VII) TARENTUM PLATE ..^.SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACIL A 000003911 5