UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 T J<>. 
 
 t * * * V 
 
 (. -*>?-?>
 
 HISTORY 
 
 CONQUEST OF PERU.
 
 ANCIENT INCA SEAT OF JUSTICE.
 
 HISTORY 
 
 CONQUEST OF PERU 
 
 BY WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT 
 
 ''Congestse cumulantur opes, orbisque rapinas 
 Accipit." 
 
 CLAUDIAN, In Ruf., lib. i. v. 194. 
 
 ''So color de religion 
 Van i buscar plata y oro 
 Del encubierto tescro." 
 
 LOPE DE VEGA, El Nuevo Mundo, Jorn. i. 
 
 EDITED BY JOHN FOSTER KIRK 
 
 VOLUME I. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 }. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 
 
 115547
 
 \ 
 
 Copyright, 1847, 
 BY WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT 
 
 Copyright, 1874, 
 BY J. B. L1PPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 Copyright, 1874. 
 BY WILLIAM G. PRESCOTT
 
 \-a 
 ih 
 
 V. I 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE most brilliant passages in the history of Spanish 
 adventure in the New World are undoubtedly afforded 
 by the conquests of Mexico and Peru, the two states 
 which combined with the largest extent of empire a 
 refined social polity and considerable progress in the 
 arts of civilization. Indeed, so prominently do they 
 stand out on the great canvas of history that the name 
 of the one, notwithstanding the contrast they exhibit 
 in their respective institutions, most naturally suggests 
 that of the other ; and when I sent to Spain to collect 
 materials for an account of the Conquest of Mexico I 
 included in my. researches those relating to the Conquest 
 of Peru. 
 
 The larger part of the documents, in both cases, was 
 obtained from the same great repository, the archives 
 of the Royal Academy of History at Madrid ; a body 
 specially intrusted with the preservation of whatever 
 may serve to illustrate the Spanish colonial annals. The 
 richest portion of its collection is probably that fur- 
 nished by the papers of Mufioz. This eminent scholar, 
 the historiographer of the Indies, employed nearly fifty 
 years of his life in amassing materials for a history of 
 Spanish discovery and conquest in America. For this, 
 as he acted under the authority of the government, 
 
 A* (V)
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 VI 
 
 every facility was afforded him ; and public offices and 
 private depositories, in all the principal cities < 
 empire, both at home and throughout the wide extent 
 Tits colonial possessions, were freely opened to hi 
 inspection The result was a magnificent collection of 
 Zuscripts, many of which he patiently trW 
 with his own hand. But he did not live to reap the 
 Trl of his persevering industry. The first votaejjf 
 his work, relating to the voyages of Columbus, * 
 scarcely finished when he died; and his manuscripts, 
 at le J that portion of them which have reference to 
 Mexico and Peru, were destined to serve the uses ot 
 atother, an inhabitant of that New World to which 
 
 Bother scholar, to whose literary stores I am largely 
 indebted, is Don Martin Fernandez de Navarrete : la 
 Director of the Royal Academy of History, 
 the greater part of his long life he was employed in 
 assembling original documents to illustrate the colonial 
 annals. Many of these have been inc6rporated i 
 great work, Coleccion de los Viages y Descubnrm- 
 entos " which, although far from being completed a 
 the original plan of 'its author, is of inestimable service 
 to the historian. In following down the track of dis- 
 covery Navarrete turned aside from the conquests of 
 Mexico and Peru, to exhibit the voyages of his coun- 
 trymen in the Indian seas. His manuscripts relal 
 to the two former countries he courteously allowed t 
 be copied for me. Some of them have since appearec 
 in print, under the auspices of his learned coadjutors, 
 Salva and Baranda, associated with him in the Acader 
 but the documents placed in my hands formed a n
 
 PREFACE. Vii 
 
 important contribution to my materials for the present 
 history. 
 
 The death of this illustrious man, which occurred 
 some time after the present work was begun, has left a 
 void in his country not easy to be filled ; for he was 
 zealously devoted to letters, and few have done more 
 to extend the knowledge of her colonial history. Far 
 from an exclusive solicitude for his own literary pro- 
 jects, he was ever ready to extend his sympathy and 
 assistance to those of others. His reputation as a 
 scholar was enhanced by the higher qualities which he 
 possessed as a man, by his benevolence, his simplicity 
 of manners, and unsullied moral worth. My own obli- 
 gations to him are large ; for from the publication of 
 my first historical work, down to the last week of his 
 life, I have constantly received proofs from him of his 
 hearty and most efficient interest in the prosecution of 
 my historical labors ; and I now the more willingly pay 
 this well-merited tribute to his deserts, that it must be 
 exempt from all suspicion of flattery. 
 
 In the list of those to whom I have been indebted 
 for materials I must also include the name of M. Ter- 
 naux-Compans, so well known by his faithful and elegant 
 French versions of the Mufioz manuscripts ; and that of 
 my friend Don Pascual de Gayangos, who, under the 
 modest dress of translation, has furnished a most acute 
 and learned commentary on Spanish- Arabian history, 
 securing for himself the foremost rank in that difficult 
 department of letters, which has been illumined by the 
 labors of a Masdeu, a Casiri, and a Conde. 
 
 To the materials derived from these sources I have 
 added some manuscripts of an important character from
 
 viii PREFACE. 
 
 the library of the Escorial. These, which chiefly relate 
 to the ancient institutions of Peru, formed part of the 
 ^--splendid collection of Lord Kingsborough, which has 
 unfortunately shared the lot of most literary collections, 
 and been dispersed, since the death of its noble author. 
 For these I am indebted to that industrious bibliogra- 
 pher, Mr. O. Rich, now resident in London. Lastly, 
 I must not omit to mention my obligations, in another 
 way, to my friend Charles Folsom, Esq., the learned 
 librarian of the Boston Athenseum, whose minute ac- 
 quaintance with the grammatical structure and the true 
 idiom of our English tongue has enabled me to correct 
 many inaccuracies into which I had fallen in the com- 
 position both of this and of my former works. 
 
 From these different quarters I have accumulated a 
 large amount of manuscripts, of the most various char- 
 acter and from the most authentic sources ; royal grants 
 and ordinances, instructions of the court, letters of 
 the emperor to the great colonial officers, municipal 
 records, personal diaries and memoranda, and a mass 
 of private correspondence of the principal actors in 
 this turbulent drama. Perhaps it was the turbulent 
 state of the country which led to a more frequent corre- 
 spondence between the government at home and the 
 colonial officers. But, whatever be the cause, the col- 
 lection of manuscript materials in reference to Peru is 
 fuller and more complete than that which relates to 
 Mexico; so that, there is scarcely a nook or corner so 
 obscure, in the path of the adventurer, that some light 
 has not been thrown on it by the written correspond- 
 ence of the period. The historian has rather had 
 occasion to complain of the embarras des richesses ; for
 
 
 PREFACE. ix 
 
 in ihe multiplicity of contradictory testimony it is not 
 always easy to detect the truth, as the multiplicity of 
 cross-lights is apt to dazzle and bewilder the eye of the 
 spectator. 
 
 The present History has been conducted on the same 
 general plan with that of the Conquest of Mexico. In 
 an Introductory Book I have endeavored to portray the 
 institutions of the Incas, that the reader may be ac- 
 quainted with the character and condition of that ex- 
 traordinary race before he enters on the story of their 
 subjugation. The remaining books are occupied with 
 the narrative of the .Conquest. And here the subject, 
 it must be allowed, notwithstanding the opportunities 
 it presents for the display of character, strange romantic 
 incident, and picturesque scenery, does not afford so 
 obvious advantages to the historian as the Conquest of 
 Mexico. Indeed, few subjects can present a parallel 
 with that, for the purposes either of the historian or 
 the poet. The natural development of the story, there, 
 is precisely what would be prescribed by the severest 
 rules of art. The conquest of the country is the great 
 end always in the view of the reader. From the first 
 landing of the Spaniards on the soil, their subsequent 
 adventures, their battles and negotiations, their ruinous 
 retreat, their rally and final siege, all tend to this 
 grand result, till the long series is closed by the down- 
 fall of the capital. In the march of events, all moves 
 steadily forward to this consummation. It is a mag- 
 nificent epic, in which the unity of interest is com- 
 plete. 
 
 In the " Conquest of Peru," the action, so far as it 
 is founded on the subversion of the Incas, terminates
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 long before the close of the narrative. The remaining 
 portion is taken up with the fierce feuds of the Con- 
 querors, which would seem, from their very nature, tc 
 be incapable of being gathered round a central point 
 of interest. To secure this, we must look beyond the 
 immediate overthrow of the Indian empire. 1 he c 
 quest of the natives is but the first step, to be folio 
 by the conquest of the Spaniards the rebel Span- 
 iardsthemselves, till the supremacy of the crown is 
 permanently established over the country. It is not 
 till this period that the acquisition of this transatlantu 
 empire can be said to be completed ; and by fixing the 
 eye on this remoter point the successive steps of the 
 narrative will be found leading to one great result, and 
 that unity of interest preserved which is scarcely less 
 essential to historic than dramatic composition. How 
 far this has been effected in the present work must be 
 left to the judgment of the reader. 
 
 No history of the Conquest of Peru, founded on 
 original documents and aspiring to the credit of a 
 classic composition, like the "Conquest of Mexico" 
 by Soils, has been attempted, so far as I am aware, by 
 the Spaniards. The English possess one of high value, 
 from the pen of Robertson, whose masterly sketch 
 occupies its due space in his great work on America. 
 It has been my object to exhibit this same story in all 
 its romantic details ; not merely to portray the charac- 
 teristic features of the Conquest, but to fill up the out- 
 line with the coloring of life, so as to present a minute 
 and faithful picture of the times. For this purpose, I 
 have, in the composition of the work, availed myself 
 freely of my manuscript materials, allowed the actors
 
 PREFACE. xi 
 
 to speak as much as possible for themselves, and espe- 
 cially made frequent use of their letters; for nowhere 
 is the heart more likely to disclose itself than in the 
 freedom of private correspondence. I have made 
 liberal extracts from these authorities in the notes, 
 l>oth to sustain the text, and to put in a printed form 
 those productions of the eminent captains and states- 
 men of the time, which are not very accessible to 
 Spaniards themselves. 
 
 M. Amedee Pichot, in the Preface to the French 
 translation of the "Conquest of Mexico," infers from 
 the plan of the composition that I must have carefully 
 studied the writings of his countryman M. de Barante. 
 The acute critic does me but justice in supposing me 
 familiar with the principles of that writer's historical 
 theory, so ably developed in the Preface to his " Dues 
 de Bourgogne." And I have had occasion to admire 
 the skilful manner in which he illustrates this theory 
 himself, by constructing out of the rude materials of a 
 distant time a monument of genius that transports us 
 at once into the midst of the Feudal Ages, and this 
 without the incongruity which usually attaches to a 
 modern-antique. In like manner I have attempted to 
 seize the characteristic expression of a distant age and 
 to exhibit it in the freshness of life. But in an essen- 
 tial particular I have deviated from the plan of the 
 French historian. I have suffered the scaffolding to 
 remain after the building has been completed. In 
 other words, I have shown to the reader the steps of 
 the process by which I have come to my conclusions. 
 Instead of requiring him to take my version of the 
 story on trust, I have endeavored to give him a reason
 
 x ii PREFACE. 
 
 for my faith. By copious citations from the original 
 authorities, and by such critical notices of them as 
 would explain to him the influences to which they were 
 subjected, I have endeavored to put him in a position 
 for judging for himself, and thus for revising, and, if 
 need be, reversing, the judgments of the historian. 
 He will, at any rate, by this means, be enabled to 
 estimate the difficulty of arriving at truth amidst the 
 conflict of testimony ; and he will learn to place little 
 reliance on those writers who pronounce on the myste- 
 rious past with what Fontenelle calls " a frightful degree 
 of certainty," a spirit the most opposite to that of 
 the true philosophy of history. 
 
 Yet it must be admitted that the chronicler who 
 records the events of an earlier age has some obvious 
 advantages in the store of manuscript materials at his 
 command, the statements of friends, rivals, and ene- 
 mies furnishing a wholesome counterpoise to each 
 other, and also in the general course of events, as 
 they actually occurred, affording the best commentary 
 on the true motives of the parties. The actor, engaged 
 in the heat of the strife, finds his view bounded by 
 the circle around him, and his vision blinded by the 
 smoke and dust of the conflict ; while the spectator, 
 whose eye ranges over the ground from a more distant 
 and elevated point, though the individual objects may 
 lose somewhat of their vividness, takes in at a glance 
 all the operations of the field. Paradoxical as it may 
 appear, truth founded on contemporary testimony would 
 seem, after all, as likely to be attained by the writer of 
 a later day as by contemporaries themselves. 
 
 Before closing these remarks, I may be permitted to
 
 PREFACE. xiii 
 
 add a few of a personal nature. In several foreign 
 notices of my writings, the author has been said to be 
 blind ; and more than once I have had the credit of 
 having lost my sight in the composition of my first his- 
 tory. When I have met with such erroneous accounts, 
 I have hastened to correct them. But the present occa- 
 sion affords me the best means of doing so ; and I am 
 the more desirous of this as 1 fear some of my own 
 remarks, in the Prefaces to my former histories, have 
 led to the mistake. 
 
 While at the University, I received an injury in one 
 of my eyes, which deprived me of the sight of it. The 
 other, soon after, was attacked by inflammation so 
 severely that for some time I lost the sight of that also ; 
 and, though it was subsequently restored, the organ was 
 so much disordered as to remain permanently debili- 
 tated, while twice in my life, since, I have been deprived 
 of the use of it for all purposes of reading and writing, 
 for several years together. It was during one of these 
 periods that I received from Madrid the materials for 
 the " History of Ferdinand and Isabella," and in my 
 disabled condition, with my transatlantic treasures lying 
 around me, I was like one pining from hunger in the 
 midst of abundance. In this state, I resolved to make 
 the ear, if possible, do the work of the eye. I procured 
 the services of a secretary, who read to me the various 
 authorities ; and in time I became so far familiar with 
 the sounds of the different foreign languages (to some 
 of which, indeed, I had been previously accustomed 
 by a residence abroad) that I could comprehend his 
 reading without much difficulty. As the reader' pro- 
 ceeded, I dictated copious notes ; and when these had
 
 xiv PREFACE. 
 
 swelled to a considerable amount they were read to me 
 repeatedly, till I had mastered their contents sufficiently 
 for the purposes of composition. The same notes fur- 
 nished an easy means of reference to sustain the text. 
 Still another difficulty occurred, in the mechanics 
 labor of writing, which I found a severe trial to the 
 eye This was remedied by means of a writing-case, 
 such as is used by the blind, which enabled me to com- 
 mit my thoughts to paper without the aid of sight, 
 serving me equally well in the dark as in the light. 
 The characters thus formed made a near approach to 
 hieroglyphics ; but my secretary became expert in the 
 art of deciphering, and a fair copy with a liberal 
 allowance for unavoidable blunders was transcribed 
 for the use of the printer. I have described the pro- 
 cess with more minuteness, as some curiosity has been 
 repeatedly expressed in reference to my modus operandi 
 under my privations, and the knowledge of it may be 
 of some assistance to others in similar circumstances. 
 
 Though I was encouraged by the sensible progress 
 of my work, it was necessarily slow. But in time the 
 tendency to inflammation diminished, and the strength 
 of the eye was confirmed more and more. It was at 
 length so far restored that I could read for several hours 
 of the day, though my labors in this way necessarily 
 terminated with the daylight. Nor could I ever dis- 
 pense with the services of a secretary, or with the 
 writing-case ; for, contrary to the usual experience, I 
 have found writing a severer trial to the eye than read- 
 ing, a remark, however, which does not apply to the 
 reading of manuscript ; and to enable myself, therefore, 
 to revise my composition more carefully, I caused a
 
 PREFACE. xv 
 
 copy of the " History of Ferdinand and Isabella" to 
 he printed for my own inspection before it was sent to 
 the press for publication. Such as I have described 
 was the improved state of my health during the prepa- 
 ration of the "Conquest of Mexico;" and, satisfied 
 with being raised so nearly to a level with the rest of 
 my species, I scarcely envied the superior good fortune 
 of those who could prolong their studies into the even- 
 ing and the later hours of the night. 
 
 But a change has again taken place during the last 
 two years. The sight of my eye has become gradually 
 dimmed, while the sensibility of the nerve has been so 
 far increased that for several weeks of the last year I 
 have not opened a volume, and through the whole time 
 I have not had the use of it, on an average, for more 
 than an hour a day. Nor can I cheer myself with the 
 delusive expectation that, impaired as the organ has 
 become from having been tasked, probably, beyond its 
 strength, it can ever renew its youth, or be of much 
 service to me hereafter in my literary researches. 
 Whether I shall have the heart to enter, as I had pro- 
 posed, on a new and more extensive field of historical 
 labor, with these impediments, I cannot say. Perhaps 
 long habit, and a natural desire to follow up the career 
 which I have so long pursued, may make this, in a 
 manner, necessary, as my past experience has already 
 proved that it is practicable. 
 
 From this statement too long, I fear, for his pa- 
 tience the reader who feels any curiosity about the 
 matter will understand the real extent of my embar- 
 rassments in my historical pursuits. That they have 
 not been very light will be readily admitted, when it
 
 xvi PREFACE. 
 
 is considered that I have had but a limited use of my 
 eye in its best state, and that much of the time I have 
 been debarred from the use of it altogether. Yet the 
 difficulties I have had to contend with are very far 
 inferior to those which fall to the lot of a blind man. 
 I know of no historian now alive who can claim the 
 glory of having overcome such obstacles, but the author 
 of " La Conquete de 1'Angleterre par les Normands ;" 
 who, to use his own touching and beautiful language, 
 "has made himself the friend of darkness," and who, 
 to a profound philosophy that requires no light but 
 that from within, unites a capacity for extensive and 
 various research, that might well demand the severest 
 application of the student. 
 
 The remarks into which I have been led at such 
 length will, I trust, not be set down by the reader to 
 an unworthy egotism, but to their true source, a desire 
 to correct a misapprehension to which I may have un- 
 intentionally given rise myself, and which has gained 
 me the credit with some far from grateful to my 
 feelings, since undeserved of having surmounted the 
 incalculable obstacles which lie in the path of the blind 
 man. 
 BOSTON, April 2, 1847.
 
 CONTENTS OF VOL. I. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. VIEW OF THE CIVILIZATION OF 
 THE INCAS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 TAG* 
 
 PHYSICAL ASPECT OK THE COUNTRY. SOURCES OF PERU- 
 %-IAN CIVILIZATION. KMPIRE OK THE INCAS. ROYAL 
 
 FAMILY. NOBILITY . . J, 
 
 Extent of the Peruvian Kmpire .__ A __._ . . ^4 
 
 Its Topographical Aspect 5 
 
 Unfavorable to Husbandry 6 
 
 Natural Impediments overcome 7 
 
 Source of Civilization ........ 8 
 
 Children of the Sun ........ 9 
 
 Other Traditions 10 
 
 Their Uncertainty . . . . . . . . .11 
 
 Conquests of the Incas 16 
 
 City of Cuzco 17 
 
 Fortress of Cuzco ........ 18 
 
 Its remarkable Structure 19 
 
 Queen of the Inca 21 
 
 Heir-apparent 22 
 
 Order of Chivalry 23 
 
 Ceremonies of Admission ....... 24 
 
 Inca a Despot ......... 26 
 
 His Dress .......... 27 
 
 Intercourse with the People 27 
 
 Progresses through the Country 28 
 
 Royal Palaces 29 
 
 (xix)
 
 xx CONTENTS. 
 
 FAGB 
 
 Their gorgeous Decorations 3' 
 
 Gardens of Yucay . . .... 
 
 All closed at the Inca's Death -3. 
 
 Obsequies of the Incas 33 
 
 Their Bodies preserved 34 
 
 Produced at Festivals 35 
 
 Inca Nobles 3 6 
 
 Their exclusive Privileges 37 
 
 Curacas 3 
 
 *Inca Nobility the highest 39 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 ORDERS OF THE STATE. PROVISIONS FOR JUSTICE. DIVIS- 
 ION OF LANDS. Ri*'ENUES AND REGISTERS. GREAT 
 
 ROADS AND POSTS. MILITARY TACTICS AND POLICY . 43 
 
 Name of Peru 44 
 
 Divisions of the Empire 45 
 
 Tribunals of Justice 46 
 
 Character of the Laws ........ 47 
 
 Simple Administration of Justice 48 
 
 Threefold Distribution of Lands 50 
 
 Division renewed yearly ....... 51 
 
 Agrarian Law . . ' . . . . . . .52 
 
 The Land cultivated by the People 53 
 
 Appropriation and Care of the Llamas . . . . -54 
 
 Woollen Manufactures 55 
 
 Labor in Peru 56 
 
 Registers and Surveys by Government .... 57 
 Rotation of Labor . . . . . / -58 
 
 Magazines of Products and Manufactures .... 59 
 Taxation borne wholly by the People ... .62 
 
 No Room for Progress 62 
 
 No Pauperism 63 
 
 Monuments of Peruvian Industry 64 
 
 Great Roads 6 4 
 
 Suspension Bridges 66 
 
 Caravansaries, or Tambos 68 
 
 System of Posts 6-
 
 CONTENTS. xxi 
 
 PACK 
 
 Relays of Couriers 70 
 
 Military Policy of the Incas 72 
 
 X^onquests in the Name of Religion 72 
 
 Peruvian Army 73 
 
 Arms and Armor ......... 74 
 
 Military Quarters and Magazines ..... 75 
 
 Lenient Policy in War ........ 77 
 
 ^/Religion of the Conquered Nations . ! . . . 78 
 
 Disposition of the Conquered Territory .... 79 
 
 Quichua Language *8i 
 
 Mitimaes 82 
 
 Unity of Purpose in Peruvian Institutions .... 84 
 
 Domestic Quiet their Aim ....... 85 
 
 >/ Religious Character of Peruvian Wars .... 86 
 
 Singular Harmony in their Empire 87 
 
 yCH AFTER III. 
 
 PERUVIAN RELIGION. DEITIES. GORGEOUS TEMPLES. 
 
 FESTIVALS. VIRGINS OF THE SUN. MARRIAGE. . 88 
 
 y Religion of the American Races ...... 88 
 
 ^/Peruvian Notions of a Future Life ...... 91 
 
 Embalming and Burial ....... 92 
 
 ,Wea of God 93 
 
 Worship of the Sun 95 
 
 Inferior Deities 96 
 
 Temple of the Sun at Cuzco 99 
 
 Its Richness and Splendor 100 
 
 Temples of inferior Deities ....... 101 
 
 Utensils and Ornaments of Gold . . . . . 101 
 
 Proofs of ancient Magnificence ...... 103 
 
 High Priest 105 
 
 Sacerdotal Order 105 
 
 Duties of Priests 106 
 
 Festival of Raymi 106 
 
 Human Sacrifices rare 108 
 
 Sacred Flame no 
 
 Religious Ceremony in 
 
 Virgins of the Sun 113
 
 xxii CONTENTS. 
 
 Convents .... 
 
 Brides of the Inca ..... n6 - 
 
 Marriage universal ...... 
 
 Provisions for Marriage ..... 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 EDUCATION. - QUIPUS. - ASTRONOMY. -AGRICULTURE. 
 AQUEDUCTS.-GUANO.-IMPORTANT ESCULENTS . .120 
 
 Education in Peru ....... 
 
 Seminaries and Amautas ........ l! 
 
 Quipus and Quipucamayus ...... 
 
 Method of transmitting History . 
 
 Various Symbols of Thought ...... "5 
 
 Quipus the poorest ......... * 
 
 Traditional Minstrelsy ....... I2 7 
 
 Quichua Dialect ......... I2 7 
 
 Theatrical Exhibitions ....... Ia8 
 
 Division of Time ......... I2 9 
 
 Regulated by the Equinoxes ...... 
 
 Little Progress in Astronomy ....... I 3 I 
 
 The Inca's Care of Agriculture ...... *33 
 
 System of Irrigation ..... *34 
 
 Aqueducts .......... *35 
 
 Terraces on the Sierra ........ 136 
 
 Guano ........... I3 8 
 
 Substitute for the Plough ....... 139 
 
 Fairs ........... 14 
 
 Variety of Products ........ 141 
 
 Indian Corn ......... 142 
 
 Cuca ....... .... 143 
 
 Potatoes .......... 144 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 PERUVIAN SHEEP. GREAT HUNTS. MANUFACTURES. ME- 
 CHANICAL SKILL. ARCHITECTURE. CONCLUDING RE- 
 FLECTIONS .......... 146 
 
 Advantages for Manufactures ...... 147 
 
 The Llama .......... 147
 
 C0\77-.\rs. xxiii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Alpacas 149 
 
 Huanacos and Vicuftas . . . . . . . .149 
 
 Great annual Hunts 150 
 
 Woollen Manufactures 152 
 
 Division of Mechanical Labor 153 
 
 Extraordinary Dexterity in the Arts ' 154 
 
 No Use of Iron ' . . 155 
 
 Gold and Silver 156 
 
 Architecture a Test of Civilization ..... 157 
 
 Peruvian Architecture ........ 158 
 
 Houses 160 
 
 Their Simplicity of Construction 161 
 
 Adaptation to Climate " 161 
 
 Comparison between the Inca and Aztec Races . . . 163 
 
 In Policy and Religion 164 
 
 In Science 165 
 
 Peruvian and Eastern Empires 167 
 
 The Incas perfect Despots 168 
 
 Careful of the People ........ 170 
 
 No Free Agency in Peru 170 
 
 No Idleness or Poverty 171 
 
 Influence of Government on Character 174 
 
 Life and Works of Sarmiento 177 
 
 And of Polo de Ondegardo 181 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN SCIENCE. ART OF NAVIGATION. 
 MARITIME DISCOVERY. SPIRIT OF THE SPANIARDS. 
 POSSESSIONS IN THE NEW WORLD. RUMORS CONCERN- 
 ING PERU 187 
 
 Introductory Remarks 187 
 
 Progress in Navigation 191
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAG* 
 192 
 
 Early Voyages of Discovery . ^ ^ 
 
 Discovery of America . ' . ' 194 
 
 Romantic Expectations . 
 Northern and Southern Adventurers . 
 
 Extent of Discovery . 
 
 Balboa reaches the Pacific ... 
 
 Colonial Policy 2QO 
 
 Pedro Arias de Avila . 
 Foundation of Panama . 
 
 First Southern Expedition 
 
 Rumors respecting Peru 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 FRANCISCO PIZARRO.-HIS EARLY HISTORY. -FIRST EX- 
 PEDITION TO THE SOUTH.-DISTRESSES OF THE VOY- 
 AGERS.-SHARP ENCOUNTERS.-RETURN TO PANAMA. 
 
 ALMAGRO'S EXPEDITION ** 
 
 Francisco Pizarro's Early Life 
 
 He goes to Hispaniola * 
 
 Various Adventures 
 
 He accompanies Pedrarias to Panama * 
 
 Southern Expeditions 
 
 Almagro and Luque * 
 
 Their Union with Pizarro 
 
 First Expedition for Discovery 2I1 
 
 Pizarro takes Command of it 2I2 
 
 Enters the River Biru 2I 3 
 
 Distresses on Shore aI 3 
 
 Pursues his Voyage along the Coast '.214 
 
 Heavy Tempests 2I 4 
 
 Puts back and lands ........ 2I 4 
 
 Great Sufferings of the Spaniards 215 
 
 Montenegro sent back for Supplies 217 
 
 Indian Village 2l8 
 
 Great Distresses during his Absence 220 
 
 He returns with Assistance ...... 220 
 
 Uncertainty of the Spaniards . . . . . . .221 
 
 "They proceed farther South 2i
 
 CONTENTS. xxv 
 
 PACE 
 
 Traces of Cannibalism 222 
 
 Pizarro reconnoitres the Country ..... 223 
 
 Fierce Conflict with the Natives ...... 224 
 
 Danger of Pizarro 225 
 
 He sends back his Vessel '.226 
 
 Adventures of Almagro 227 
 
 He joins Pizarro 228 
 
 Returns to Panama 299 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE FAMOUS CONTRACT. SECOND EXPEDITION. Ruiz EX- 
 I'l.oRK* THK COAST. PlZARRO'S SUFFERINGS IN THE 
 FOREST. ARRIVAL OF NEW RECRUITS. FRESH DIS- 
 COVERIES AND DISASTERS. PIZARRO ON THE ISLE OF 
 
 GALLO 230 
 
 Almagro coolly received by Pedrarias .... 230 
 
 Influence of Fernando de Luque 231 
 
 Narrow Views of the Governor 232 
 
 His subsequent History 234 
 
 Pizarro. Almagro, and Luque 235 
 
 Famous Contract for discovering Peru 236 
 
 ^-Religious Tone assumed in it . . . . . . 237 
 
 Motives of the Conquerors . > . . . . . 337 
 
 Luque's Share in the Enterprise ..... 238 
 
 Preparations for the Voyage 239 
 
 Insufficiency of Supplies 240 
 
 Sailing of the Armament 241 
 
 Almagro returns to Panama 241 
 
 The Pilot Ruiz explores the Coast 242 
 
 Indian Balsas 243 
 
 Signs of higher Civilization . . . . . . . *^<\ 
 
 Returns with Indian Captives ...... 245 
 
 Pizarro's Journey into the Interior ..... 245 
 
 Frightful Difficulties of the March 246 
 
 Almagro returns with Recruits ...... 247 
 
 They continue their Voyage 348 
 
 Thickly-settled Country 249 
 
 Gold and Precious Stones . 250 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. 2 c
 
 xxv j CONTENTS. 
 
 fAGK 
 
 Warlike Aspect of the Natives a - 
 
 Deliberations of the Spaniards . . . 
 
 Dispute between Pizarro and Almagro 2 ' 
 
 The latter returns to Panama '' 
 
 Pizarro remains at the Isle of Gallo 2 ' 
 
 His Followers discontented 
 
 Send home a secret Letter 2 5 6 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INDIGNATION OF THE GOVERNOR. STERN RESOLUTION OF 
 PIZARRO. PROSECUTION OF THE VOYAGE. BRILLIANT 
 ASPECT OF TUMBEZ. DISCOVERIES ALONG THE COAST. 
 RETURN TO PANAMA. PIZARRO EMBARKS FOR 
 
 SPAIN 2 58 
 
 Pizarro ordered to return 2 59 
 
 He refuses **> 
 
 His bold Resolution 2O 
 
 Thirteen adhere to him 26t 
 
 Pizarro's heroic Constancy 262 
 
 Remove to the Isle of Gorgona 264 
 
 Efforts of Luque and Almagro 265 
 
 Succors sent to Pizarro 266 
 
 He continues his Voyage 267 
 
 Enters the Gulf of Guayaquil 268 
 
 Lands at Tumbez 269 
 
 Kind Reception by its Inhabitants 270 
 
 Visit of an Inca Noble 271 
 
 Adventure of Molina ........ 272 
 
 Pedro de Candia sent on Shore ...... 274 
 
 Kindly treated by the Natives 275 
 
 Reports of the Riches of the Place . . . . . 275 
 
 Joy of the Spaniards 277 
 
 Pizarro again steers for the South 278 
 
 Tossed about by Tempests ....... 278 
 
 Touches at various Points of the Coast .... 279 
 
 Splendid Accounts of the Peruvian Empire .... 279 
 
 Arrives at the Port of Santa . . . . . . 281 
 
 Homeward Voyage . . 282
 
 CONTENTS. xxvii 
 
 FACE 
 
 Lands at Santa Cruz 282 
 
 Entertained by an Indian Princess 282 
 
 Continues his Voyage to Panamd 284 
 
 Joy and Triumph of his Associates 284 
 
 Coldness of the Governor 285 
 
 Pizarro goes as Envoy to Spain 287 
 
 Notice of Garcilasso de la Vega 288 
 
 His Life and Writings 289 
 
 Character of his Works 990 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PIZARRO'S RECEPTION AT COURT. His CAPITULATION WITH 
 THE CROWN. HE VISITS HIS BIRTHPLACE. RETURNS 
 TO THK NEW WORLD. DIFFICULTIES WITH ALMAGRO. 
 His THIRD EXPEDITION. RICH INDIAN BOOTY. 
 
 BATTLES IN THE ISLE OF PUNA 297 
 
 Pirarro in Spain ......... 297 
 
 Gracious Reception at Court ....... 298 
 
 Relates his Adventures to the Emperor .... 299 
 
 His Capitulation with the Crown ...... 301 
 
 Dignities conferred on him ....... 301 
 
 Provisions in Behalf of the Natives ..... 304 
 
 Grasping Spirit of Pizarro 305 
 
 He visits his Birthplace ........ 307 
 
 The Pizarro Family 308 
 
 His Brother Hernando 308 
 
 Obstacles to the Expedition 310 
 
 Sails and crosses to Nombre de Dios 311 
 
 Almagro greatly discontented 311
 
 xv jii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 A Rupture with Difficulty prevented 3 X 3 
 
 Expedition fitted out at Panama 3*4 
 
 Pizarro's final Voyage to Peru 3 J 5 
 
 Driven into the Bay of St. Matthew 3*5 
 
 Lands his Forces 3 l6 
 
 Plunders an Indian Village 3 : 7 
 
 Division of Spoil 3*8 
 
 He marches along the Coast ....... 39 
 
 Sufferings and Discontent of the Spaniards . . . .32 
 
 They reach Puerto Viejo . 3 21 
 
 Joined by Reinforcements 3 21 
 
 Cross to Isle of Pund 3 22 
 
 Conspiracy of its Inhabitants 3 2 3 
 
 They attack the Spanish Camp 3 2 4 
 
 Arrival of De Soto with Recruits 3 2 5 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PERU AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST. REIGN OF HUAYNA 
 CAPAC. THE INCA BROTHERS. CONTEST FOR THE EM- 
 PIRE. TRIUMPH AND CRUELTIES OF ATAHUALLPA . 327 
 
 The Inca Huayna Capac 327 
 
 His Apprehensions respecting the White Men . . . 329 
 
 Prognostics of Trouble in Peru ...... 329 
 
 Atahuallpa the Inca's Son ....... 332 
 
 Shares the Empire with his Brother Huascar . . . 332 
 
 Causes of Jealousy between them ...... 335 
 
 Commencement of Hostilities ...... 336 
 
 Huascar's Forces defeated 337 
 
 Ravage of Canaris 537 
 
 Atahuallpa marches on Cuzco 338 
 
 His Victory at Quipaypan . . . . . . . 339 
 
 Capture of Huascar 340 
 
 Accounts of Atahuallpa's Cruelties 341 
 
 Reasons for doubting their Accuracy 342 
 
 Atahuallpa's Triumph .... 
 
 His Want of Foresight . 
 

 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 THE SPANIARDS LAND AT TUMBEZ. PIZARRO RECONNOI- 
 TRES THE COUNTRY. FOUNDATION OF SAN MIGUEL. 
 MARCH INTO THE INTERIOR. EMBASSY FROM THE 
 INCA. ADVENTURES ON THE MARCH. REACH THE 
 
 FOOT OF THE ANDES 346 
 
 Spaniards pass over to Tumbez 346 
 
 The Place deserted and dismantled ..... 347 
 
 Its Curaca captured ........ 348 
 
 ^. Pizarro reconnoitres the Country 350 
 
 i_His conciliating Policy . 351 
 
 ^1 It- founds San Miguel 352 
 
 ^-Learns the State of the Kingdom 354 
 
 - Determines to strike Into the Interior .... 355 
 
 - His probable Intentions 355 
 
 Boldness of the Enterprise 356 
 
 Marches through the Level Country ..... 357 
 
 Hospitality of the Natives 358 
 
 Discontent in the Army ........ 359 
 
 1'izarro's Expedient to quiet it 359 
 
 Reception at Zaran 361 
 
 Envoy from the Inca 362 
 
 Courteously received by Pizarro 363 
 
 His Message to the Inca 364 
 
 De Solo's Expedition 364 
 
 His Accounts of the Indian Empire . . . ' . 365 
 
 March towards Caxamalca ....... 367 
 
 Contradictory Information ....... 368 
 
 Emissary to Atahuallpa ........ 369 
 
 Effective Eloquence of Pizarro . . . . . . 371 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SEVERE PASSAGE OK THE ANDES. EMBASSIES FROM ATA- 
 HUALLPA. THE SPANIARDS REACH CAXAMALCA. EM- 
 BASSY TO THE INCA. INTERVIEW WITH THE INCA. 
 
 DESPONDENCY OF THE SPANIARDS 373 
 
 March over the Andes 373 
 
 C*
 
 xx CONTENTS. 
 
 MM 
 Fearful Passes of the Sierra . . -3: 
 
 Toilsome and Dangerous Ascent 
 
 Mountain Fortresses 3 ' 
 
 The Army gain the Summit 
 
 Indian Embassy 3, 
 
 Lofty Tone of Pizarro 
 
 Return of the Spanish Envoy 3! 
 
 Different Accounts of Atahuallpa 3% 
 
 Bold Descent of the Cordilleras 3 8 
 
 Beautiful Valley of Caxamalca 381 
 
 Imposing View of the Peruvian Camp 3 Sl 
 
 Entrance into Caxamalca 3 8z 
 
 Description of the City 3 8 3 
 
 De Soto sent to Atahuallpa 3 8 5 
 
 His Interview with the Monarch 3 88 
 
 Haughty Demeanor of the Latter . . 3 8 9 
 
 His Reply to Pizarro 3 8 9 
 
 Soto's Exhibition of Horsemanship 39 
 
 Gloomy Forebodings of the Spaniards 39 1 
 
 Courage of Pizarro 39 a 
 
 Daring Plan for seizing the Inca . . . . . 393 
 
 Reasons for its Adoption 394 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 DESPERATE PLAN OF PIZARRO. ATAHUALLPA VISITS THE 
 SPANIARDS. HORRIBLE MASSACRE. THE INCA A PRIS- 
 ONER. CONDUCT OF THE CONQUERORS. SPLENDID 
 
 PROMISES OF THE INCA. DEATH OF HUASCAR . . 397 
 
 Disposition of the Spanish Troops ..... 397 
 
 y Religious Ceremonies ........ 398 
 
 Approach of the Inca ....... 399 
 
 Designs not to enter the Town ...... 401 
 
 Disappointment of the Spaniards ..... 401 
 
 i/^Atahuallpa changes his Purpose . . . . . . 402 
 
 ^Leaves his Warriors behind ...... 402 
 
 ^Enters the great Square 403 
 
 uUrged.to embrace Christianity 405 
 
 ,/He rejects it with Disdain 406
 
 CONTENTS. xxxi 
 
 PACK 
 
 General Attack of the Spaniards 408 
 
 Bloody Massacre of the Peruvians ..... 409 
 
 Seizure of Atahuallpa . . . . . . . 411 
 
 Dispersion of his Army . . . . . . . .412 
 
 Demeanor of the Captive Monarch 414 
 
 His probable Designs ........ 414 
 
 Courteously treated by Pizarro 415 
 
 Indian Prisoners 418 
 
 Rich Spoils of the Inca 419 
 
 Magnificent Offer of Atahuallpa 421 
 
 Accepted by Pizarro 421 
 
 Inca's Mode of Life in Captivity 423 
 
 Refuses to embrace Christianity ...... 424 
 
 Assassination of his Brother Huascar 425 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GOLD ARRIVES FOR THE RANSOM. VISIT TO PACHACAMAC. 
 DEMOLITION OK THE IDOL. THE INCA'S FAVORITE 
 (iiNKKAi.. THE INCA'S I.IKE is CONFINEMENT. EN- 
 VOYS' CONDUCT is Cuzco. ARRIVAL OF AI.MAORO . 428 
 Slow Arrival of the Ransom ..,.. 428 
 
 Rumors of an Indian Rising 429 
 
 Emissaries sent to Cuzco 430 
 
 City and Temple of Pachacamac 430 
 
 Hernando Pizarro's March thither 431 
 
 Great Road of the Incas 431 
 
 Herds of Llamas ........ 433 
 
 Rich Cultivation of the Valleys 433 
 
 Hernando's Arrival at the City ...... 434 
 
 Forcible Entry into the Temple 435 
 
 Horror of the Natives 435 
 
 Destruction of the Indian Idol 436 
 
 Small Amount of Booty 437 
 
 Hernando marches against Challcuchima .... 438 
 
 Persuades him to visit Caxamalca 439 
 
 Interview of Atahuallpa with his General .... 440 
 
 The Inca's absolute Authority ^41 
 
 His Personal Habits and Appearance ..... 441
 
 xxii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Return of the Emissaries from Cuzco .... 44 2 
 
 Magnificent Reports of the City 443 
 
 They stripped the Gold from the Temples .... 444 
 
 Their Insolence and Rapacity 444 
 
 Return with Loads of Treasure 445 
 
 Almagro arrives in Peru 445 
 
 Brings a large Reinforcement . . . ' 445 
 
 Joins Pizarro's Camp 447 
 
 Superstitious Bodings of Atahuallpa 448 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 IMMENSE AMOUNT OF TREASURE. ITS DIVISION AMONG 
 THE TROOPS. RUMORS OK A RISING. TRIAL OF THE 
 INCA. His EXECUTION. REFLECTIONS . . -45 
 
 Division of the Inca's Ransom . . . . . . . 450 
 
 Hernando takes the Royal Fifth to Spain . . . -45= 
 
 His Jealousy of Almagro ....... 452 
 
 Enormous Amount of the Treasure 453 
 
 Difficulties in its Distribution ...... 455 
 
 Shares of the Pizarros 457 
 
 Those of the Soldiers 457 
 
 Exclusion of Almagro and his Followers .... 458 
 
 Preparations for the March to Cuzco ..... 459 
 
 The Inca demands his Liberty 460 
 
 Equivocal Conduct of Pizarro 461 
 
 The Interpreter Felipillo 462 
 
 The Inca charged with inciting Insurrection . . . 463 
 
 His Protestations of Innocence 463 
 
 His Apprehensions ........ 464 
 
 Fears and Murmurs of the Spaniards 465 
 
 They demand the Inca's Death 465 
 
 He is brought to Trial 466 
 
 Charges against him 466 
 
 Condemned to be burnt alive 468 
 
 Some protest against the Sentence 468 
 
 The Inca entirely unmanned 469 
 
 His earnest Entreaties for Mercy ..... 470 
 Led to Execution I
 
 ^-Abjures his Religion 472 
 
 Perishes by the Garrote 472 
 
 His Character and Appearance 473 
 
 Funeral Obsequies 474 
 
 Return of De Soto 475 
 
 His Indignation and Astonishment 476 
 
 Reflections on the Inca's Treatment ..... 477 
 
 Responsibility of Pizarro ....... 478 
 
 Motives of Personal Pique ....... 480 
 
 Views of Chroniclers respecting the Execution . . . 481 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 DISORDERS IN PERU. MARCH TO Cuzco. ENCOUNTER 
 WITH THE NATIVES. CHAI.I.CUCHIMA HURNT. AR- 
 RIVAL IN Cuzco. DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY. 
 
 TREASURE FOUND THERE 4&3 
 
 Authority of the Inca in Peru ...... 483 
 
 Effects of Atahuallpa's Death ...... 484 
 
 New Inca appointed by Pizarro , . . . . 485 
 
 March to Cuzco 486 
 
 Formidable Mountain -Passes . . . / . 487 
 
 Tedious and painful Route 488 
 
 Conflict with the Indians 489 
 
 Pizarro halts at Xauxa . 490 
 
 De Soto sent forward 490 
 
 Furiously assaulted in the Sierra ...... 491 
 
 Fierce Battle with the Indians 491 
 
 Apprehensions of the Spaniards ...... 492 
 
 Arrival of Succors 493 
 
 The Peruvians retreat 494 
 
 Challcuchima accused of Conspiracy 495 
 
 Death of the Inca Toparca 496 
 
 Rich Vale of Xaquixaguana 497 
 
 Trial and Condemnation of Challcuchima .... 497 
 
 Burned alive before the Army 498 
 
 Spaniards arrive at Cuzco 500 
 
 Entrance into the Capital 501 
 
 Its large Population ........ 503 
 
 a*
 
 xxxiv CONTEXTS. 
 
 MM 
 
 Gorgeous Edifices . 503 
 
 Its massive Fortress ........ 504 
 
 Temple of the Sun ........ 505 
 
 Plunder of the Public Buildings 506 
 
 Amount of Treasure secured ...... 507 
 
 Its Division among the Troops ...... 508 
 
 Its Effect upon the Spaniards ...... 509
 
 BOOK FIRST. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 VIEW OF THE CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. A &
 
 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 VIEW OF THE CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. SOURCES OF PERU- 
 VIAN CIVILIZATION. EMPIRE OF THE INCAS. ROYAL 
 FAMILY. NOBILITY. 
 
 OF the numerous nations which occupied the great ' 
 American continent at the time of its discovery by the 
 Europeans, the two most advanced in power and re- 
 finement were undoubtedly those of Mexico and Peru. 
 Hut, though resembling one another in extent of civili- 
 zation, they differed widely as to the nature of it ; and 
 the philosophical student of his species may feel a 
 natural curiosity to trace the different steps by which 
 these two nations strove to emerge from the state of 
 barbarism and place themselves on a higher point in 
 the scale of humanity. In a former work I have en- 
 deavored to exhibit the institutions and character of 
 the ancient Mexicans, and the story of their conquest 
 by the Spaniards. The present will be devoted to the 
 
 (3)
 
 4 CIVILIZATION OF TffE INC AS. 
 
 Peruvians ; and if their history shall be found to pre- 
 sent less strange anomalies and striking contrasts than 
 that of the Aztecs, it may interest us quite as much by 
 the pleasing picture it offers of a well regulated govern- 
 ment and sober habits of industry under the patriarchal 
 sway of the Incas. 
 
 The empire of Peru, at the period of the Spanish 
 invasion, stretched along the Pacific from about the 
 second degree north to the thirty-seventh degree of 
 south latitude ; a line, also, which describes the western 
 boundaries of the modern republics of Ecuador, Peru, 
 Bolivia, and Chili. Its breadth cannot so easily be 
 determined ; for, though bounded everywhere by the 
 great ocean on the west, towards the east it spread out, 
 in many parts, considerably beyond the mountains, to 
 the confines of barbarous states, whose exact position 
 is undetermined, or-Yvnose names are effaced from the 
 map of history. It is certain, however, that its breadth 
 was altogether disproportioned to its length. 1 
 
 The topographical aspect of the country is very re- 
 markable. A strip of land, rarely exceeding twenty 
 leagues in width, runs along the coast, and is hemmed 
 in through its whole extent by a colossal range of 
 mountains, which, advancing from the straits of Magel- 
 
 /* Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 65.* Cieza de Leon, Cronica 
 del Peru (Anvers, 1554), cap. 41. Garcilasso de la Vega, Commen- 
 taries Reales (Lisboa, 1609), Parte i, lib. i, cap. 8. According to the 
 last authority, the empire, in its greatest breadth, did not exceed one 
 hundred and twenty leagues. But Garcilasso's geography will not 
 bear criticism. 
 
 * [In regard to the real authorship of the work erroneously attrib- 
 uted by Prescott to Juan de Sarmiento, see infra, p. 178, note. ED.]
 
 PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. 5 
 
 L reaches its highest elevation indeed, the highest 
 the 4 me " can continent about the seventeenth 
 jree south,' and, after crossing the line, gradually 
 into hills of inconsiderable magnitude, as it 
 |rrs the Isthmus of Panama. This is the famous 
 lillera of the Andes, or "copper mountains," 3 
 termed by the natives, though they might with 
 reason have been called "mountains of gold." 
 iged sometimes in a single line, though more 
 juentk' in two or three lines running parallel or 
 iquely to each other, they seem to the voyager on 
 but one continuous chain ; while the huge 
 inoe;, which to the inhabitants of the table-land 
 likt solitary and independent masses, appear to 
 Dili* like so many peaks of the same vast and 
 n'ficjnt range. So immense is the scale on which 
 vorks in these regions that it is only when 
 from a great distance that the spectator can in 
 , r ree comprehend the relation of the several 
 
 ing to Malte-Brun, it is under the equator that we meet 
 tiest summits of this chain. Universal Geography, Eng. 
 )k 86.) But more recent measurements have shown this to 
 en and seventeen degrees south, where the Nevado de 
 of 35,250 feet, and the Illimani 
 
 B 
 
 i .;/<;, which has fceen thought to furnish the 
 - uin tongue, signified " copper."f 
 
 >; 
 
 
 * [It i- now known tH^HBMHBDwherc attain the elevations 
 here mentioned, and theMhU^ht of Sorata and Illimani, as stated by 
 the latest authorities ; . 1.286 ;nd 31.149 feet respectively. ED.] 
 
 t [But this etymology ^^^H^^^Kerally accepted, and it is in 
 fact highly improh.ihle. V^^B^^^V n - **$ Huinboldt remarks, 
 is " tost in the obscurity ri^^^^^^Kb. 
 i
 
 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 parts to the stupendous whole. Few of the works, 
 Nature, indeed, are calculated to produce impressi^ 
 of higher sublimity than the aspect of this coast, as i : 
 gradually unfolded to the eye of the mariner sailing< 
 the distant waters of the Pacific ; where mountain 
 seen to rise^bovecmountain, and Chimborazo, with 
 glorious canopy of snow, glittering far above the cl 
 crowns the whole* as with a celestial diadem. 4 
 
 The face of the country would appear to be 
 liarly unfavorable to the purposes both of ajricult 
 and of internal communication. The sandy stj-ip al^ 
 the coast, where rain rarely falls, is fed only by 
 scanty streams, that furnish a remarkable cojiti 
 the vast volumes of water which roll down the 
 sides of the Cordilleras into the Atlantic. The 
 cipitous steeps of the sierra, wfth its splintered 
 of porphyry and granite, and its hjigher regions w 
 in snows that never melt under^ the fierce sun 
 equator, unless it be from the desolating action 
 own volcanic fires, might seem equally 
 the labors of the husbandman. And all comn 
 tion between the parts of the long-extended 
 
 4 Humboldt, Vues des Cordilleres et Monumens des It 
 digenes de 1'Amerique (Paris, i8to), p. 106. Malte 
 The few brief sketches which M, d.- Humbokit 
 scenery of the Cordilleras, showing the h.u 
 well as of a philosopher, make us regret tjic has not 
 
 given the results of his obsen 
 nutely as he has done in respe 
 
 * [Chimborazo (21, 420 JH, t 
 peak of the Andes, is surpj ( ! 
 AconcaRiw, i Chili ^ 
 
 Beechey, 23, 9 io feet), the high, 
 
 ,,, se d to be the h: g hest 
 , nm i tc in PtfrUi and by 
 
 ^ptains Fitzroy and 
 South America -ED ]
 
 PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. ' 7 
 
 might be thought to be precluded by the savage char- 
 acter of the region, broken up by precipices, furious 
 torrents, and impassable qucbradas, those hideous 
 rents in the mountain chain, whose depths the eye of 
 the terrified traveller, as he winds along his aerial path- 
 way, vainly endeavors to fathom. 5 Yet the industry, 
 we might almost say the genius, of the Indian was suffi- 
 cient to overcome all these impediments of Nature. 
 
 By a judicious system of canals and subterraneous 
 aqueducts, the waste places on the coast were refreshed 
 by copious streams, that clothed them in fertility and 
 beauty. Terraces were raised upon the steep sides of 
 the Cordillera ; and, as the different elevations had the 
 effect of difference of latitude, they exhibited in regular 
 gradation every variety of vegetable form, from the 
 stimulated growth of the tropics to the temperate pro- 
 ducts of a northern clime ; while flocks of llamas the 
 Peruvian sheep wandered with their shepherds over 
 the broad, snow-covered wastes on the crests of the 
 sierra, which rose beyond the limits of cultivation. An 
 industrious population settled along the lofty regions 
 of the plateaus, and towns and hamlets, clustering 
 amidst orchards and wide-spreading gardens, seemed 
 suspended in the air far above trie ordinary elevation 
 of the clouds. 6 Intercourse was maintained between 
 
 s "These crevices are so deep," says M. de Humboldt, with his 
 usual vivacity of illustration, " that if Vesuvius or the Puy de D&me 
 were seated in the bottom of them, they would not rise above the 
 level of the ridges of the neighboring sierra." Vues des Cordilleres, 
 p. 9. 
 
 6 The plains of Quito are at the height of between nine and ten 
 thousand feet above the sea. (See Condamine, Journal d'up Voyage 
 a I'fequateur (Paris, 1751). p. 48.) Other valleys or plateaus in this 
 vast group of mountains reach a still higher elevation.
 
 8 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 these numerous settlements by means of the great roads 
 which traversed the mountain-passes and opened an 
 easy communication between the capital and the re- 
 motest extremities of the empire. * 
 
 The source of this civilization is traced to the valley 
 of Cuzco, the central region of Peru, as its name im- 
 plies. 7 The origin of the Peruvian empire, like the 
 origin of all nations, except the very few which, like 
 our own, have had the good fortune to date from a 
 civilized period and people, is lost in the mists of fable, 
 which, in fact, have settled as darkly round its history 
 as round that of any nation, ancient or modern, in the 
 Old World. According to the tradition most familiar 
 to the European scholar, the time was when the ancient 
 races of the continent were all plunged in deplorable 
 barbarism ; when they worshipped nearly every object 
 in nature indiscriminately, made war their pastime, 
 and feasted on the flesh of their slaughtered captives. 
 The Sun, the great luminary and parent of mankind, 
 taking compassion on their degraded condition, sent 
 two of his children, Manco Capac and Mama Oello 
 Huaco, to gather the natives into communities and 
 teach them the arts of civilized life. The celestial 
 pair, brother and sister, husband and wife, advanced 
 along the high plains in the neighborhood of Lake 
 Titicaca to about the sixteenth degree south. They 
 bore with them a golden wedge, and were directed to 
 take up their residence on the spot where the sacred 
 emblem should without effort sink into the ground. 
 They proceeded accordingly but a short distance, as 
 
 7 "Cuzco, in the language of the Incas," says Garcilasso, "signifies 
 navel." Com. Real., Parte i, lib. i, cap. 18.
 
 SOURCES OF PERUVIAN CIl'lI. IZATli >.\*. Q 
 
 far as the valley of Cuzco, the spot indicated by the 
 performance of the miracle, since there the wedge 
 speedily sank into the earth and disappeared forever. 
 Here the children of the Sun established their resi- 
 dence, and soon entered upon their beneficent mission 
 among the rude inhabitants of the country ; Manco 
 Capac teaching the men the arts of agriculture, and 
 Mama Oello 8 initiating her own sex in the mysteries 
 of weaving and spinning. The simple people lent a 
 willing ear to the messengers of Heaven, and, gathering 
 together in considerable numbers, laid the foundations 
 of the city of Cuzco. The same wise and benevolertt 
 maxims which regulated the conduct of the first Incas 9 
 descended to their successors, and under their mild 
 sceptre a community gradually extended itself along 
 the broad surface of the table-land, which asserted its 
 
 8 ULimj, with the Peruvians, signified " mother." (Garcilasso. Com. 
 Real., Parte i, lib. 4, cap. i.) The identity of this term with that 
 used by Europeans is a curious coincidence. It is scarcely more so, 
 however, than that of the corresponding word papa, which with the 
 ancient Mexicans denoted a priest of high rank ; reminding us of the 
 piipti, " pope," of the Italians. With both, the term seems to embrace 
 in its most comprehensive sense the paternal relation, in which it is 
 more familiarly employed by most of the nations of Europe. Nor was 
 the use of it limited to modern times, being applied in the same way 
 both by Greeks and Romans ; " Ildinra <t>i\t." says Nausikaa, address- 
 ing her father, in the simple language which the modern versifiers have 
 thought too simple to render literally. 
 
 9 Inca signified king or lord. Capac meant great or powerful. It 
 was applied to several of the successors of Manco, in the same man- 
 ner as the epithet Yupanqui, signifying rich in all virtues, was added 
 to the names of several Incas. (Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 41. 
 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 2, cap. 17.) The good qualities 
 commemorated by the cognomens of most of the Peruvian princes 
 afford an honorable, though not altogether unsuspicious, tribute to 
 the excellence of their characters.
 
 I0 CIVILIZATION OF THE lA'CAS. 
 
 superiority over the surrounding tribes. Such is the 
 pleasing picture of the origin of the Peruvian mon- 
 archy, as portrayed by Garci lasso de la Vega, the de- 
 scendant of the Incas, and through him made familiar 
 to the European reader. 10 
 
 But this tradition is only one of several current 
 among the Peruvian Indians, and probably not the one 
 most generally received. Another legend speaks of 
 certain white and bearded men, who, advancing from 
 the shores of Lake Titicaca, established an ascendency 
 over the natives and imparted to them the blessings of 
 civilization. It may remind us of the tradition existing 
 among the Aztecs in respect to Quetzalcoatl, the good 
 deity,, who with a similar garb and aspect came up the 
 great plateau from the east on a like benevolent mission 
 to the natives. The analogy is the more remarkable 
 as there is no trace of any communication with, or 
 even knowledge of, each other to be found in the two 
 nations. 11 
 
 10 Com. Real., Parte i, lib. I, cap. 9-16. 
 
 11 These several traditions, all of a very puerile character, are to be 
 found in Ondegardo, Relacion Segunda, MS., Sarmiento, Relacion, 
 MS., cap. I, Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 105, Conquista i Pobla- 
 cion del Piru, MS., Declaracion de los Presidente Oydores de la 
 Audiencia Reale del Peru, MS., all of them authorities contemporary 
 with the Conquest. The story of the bearded white men finds its 
 place in most of their legends.* 
 
 * [Such legends will not be considered " puerile," nor will their 
 similarity with those of remote races seem inexplicable, when they are 
 viewed in their true light, as embodying conceptions of nature formed 
 by the human mind in the early stages of its development. Thus 
 considered, " the very myths," as Mr. Tylor remarks, " that were dis- 
 carded as lying fables, prove to be sources of history in ways that their 
 makers and transmitters little dreamed of." The Peruvian traditions 

 
 SOURCES OF PERUVIAN CIVILIZATION. \\ 
 
 The date usually assigned for these extraordinary 
 events was about four hundred years before the coming 
 of the Spaniards, or early in the twelfth century." But, 
 however pleasing to the imagination, and however pop- 
 ular, the legend of Manco Capac, it requires but little 
 reflection to show its improbability, even when divested 
 of supernatural accompaniments. On the shores of 
 Lake Titicaca extensive ruins exist at the present day, 
 which the Peruvians themselves acknowledge to be of 
 older date than the pretended advent of the Incas, and 
 to have furnished them with the models of their archi- 
 tecture.' 3 The date of their appearance, indeed, is 
 
 12 Some writers carry back the date five hundred, or even five hun- 
 dred and fifty, years before the Spanish invasion. (Balboa, Histoire 
 du Pe>ou,chap. i. Velasco. Histoire du Royaume de Quito, torn. i. 
 p. 81. Ambo auct. ap. Relations et M^moires originaux pour servir 
 a 1' Histoire de la Decouverte de l'Ame>ique, par Ternaux-Compans 
 (Paris, 1840).) In the Report of the Royal Audience of Peru, the 
 epoch is* more modestly fixed at two hundred years Uefore the Con- 
 quest. Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. 
 
 3 " Otras cosas ay mas que dezir deste Tiaguanaco, que passo por 
 no detenerme : concluyCdo que yo para mi tengo esta antigualla por 
 la mas antigua de todo el Peru. Y assi se tiene que antes q" los Ingas 
 reynassen con muchos tiempos estavan hechos algunos edificios des- 
 tos: porque yo he oydo afirmar a Indios, que los Ingas hizieron los 
 edificios grandes del Cuzco por la forma que vieron tener la murulla 
 o pared que se vee en este pueblo." (Cieza de Leon, Cronica. cap. 
 105.) See also Garcilasso (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 3, cap. i), who 
 gives an account of these remains, on the authority of a Spanish 
 
 seem, in particular, to deserve a closer investigation than they have 
 yet received. Besides the authorities cited by Prescott, the relations 
 of Christoval de Molina and the Indian Salcamayhua, translated by 
 Mr. Markham, are entitled to mention, both for the minuteness and 
 the variations with which they present the leading features of the same 
 oft-repeated nature-myth. ED.]
 
 12 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 manifestly irreconcilable with their subsequent history. 
 No account assigns to the Inca dynasty more than 
 thirteen princes before the Conquest. But this number 
 is altogether too small to have spread over four hundred 
 years, and would not carry back the foundations of the 
 monarchy, on any probable computation, beyond two 
 centuries and a half, an antiquity not incredible in 
 itself, and which, it may be remarked, does not precede 
 by more than half a century the alleged foundation of 
 the capital of Mexico. The fiction of Manco Capac 
 and his sister-wife was devised, no doubt, at a later 
 period, to gratify the vanity of the Peruvian monarchs, 
 and to give additional sanction to their authority by 
 deriving it from a celestial origin.* 
 
 ecclesiastic, which might compare, for the marvellous, with any of the 
 legends of his order. Other ruins of similar traditional antiquity are 
 noticed by Herrera (Historia general de los Hechos de los Caste- 
 llanos en las Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano (Madrid. 1730), 
 dec. 6, lib. 6, cap. 9). McCulloh, in some sensible reflections on the 
 origin of the Peruvian civilization, adduces, on the authority of Gar- 
 cilasso de la Vega, the famous temple of Pachacamac, not far from 
 Lima, as an example of architecture more ancient than that of the 
 Incas. (Researches, Philosophical and Antiquarian, concerning the 
 Aboriginal History of America (Baltimore, 1829). p. 405.) This, if 
 true, would do much to confirm the views in our text. But McCulloh 
 is led into an error by his blind guide, Rycaut, the translator of Gar- 
 cilasso, for the latter does not speak of the temple as existing before 
 the time of the Incas, but before the time when the country was con- 
 quered by the Incas. Com. Real., Parte i. lib 6, cap. 30. 
 
 * [This theory of the origin of the story is scarcely more plausible 
 or philosophical than that of Garcilasso de la Vega, who conjectures 
 that Manco Capac " may have been some Indian of good understand- 
 ing, prudence, and judgment, who appreciated the great simplicity 
 of those nations, and saw the necessity they had for instruction and
 
 SOURCES OF PERUVIAN CIVILIZATION. jj 
 
 We may reasonably conclude that there existed in 
 the country a race advanced in civilization before the 
 time of the Incas ; and, in conformity with nearly every 
 
 teaching in natural life. He may have invented a fable with sagacity 
 and astuteness, that he might be respected ; saying that he and his 
 wife were children of the Sun. who had come from Heaven, and that 
 their Father had sent them to teach and do good to the people. 
 The belief in the fable of the Ynca's origin would be confirmed by 
 the benefits and privileges he conferred on the Indians, until they at 
 last firmly believed that he was the Child of the Sun. come from 
 Heaven." (Markham's trans., i. 94.) Mr. Markham pronounces 
 " all this sensible enough," and it at least indicates the true spirit, if 
 not the right method, of investigation. But a wider comparison of 
 popular traditions has led to a general rejection, in such cases as the 
 pn -s, nt, of the idea of conscious invention whether as idle fable or 
 designed imposture to account for their origin. The only question 
 , in regard to such a story is whether it is to be considered as purely 
 mythical or as the mythical adaptation or development of an historical 
 fact. In this instance Dr. Brinton takes the latter view, asserting that 
 Manco Capac was "a real character." "first of the historical Incas," 
 " the Rudolph of Hapsburg of their reigning family," who " flourished 
 about the eleventh century." and to whom tradition has transferred 
 a portion of the story of Viracocha." the Peruvian deity. (Myths of 
 the New World. 179.) Mr. Tylor, on the other hand. afte.r noticing 
 the legend of the Muyscas, a neighboring people, in which Bochica 
 and Huythaca are evident personifications of the sun and moon, says, 
 " Like to this in meaning, though different in fancy, is the civilization- 
 myth of the Incas. ... In after-ages the Sun and Moon were still 
 represented in rule and religion by the Inca and his sister-wife, con- 
 tinuing the mighty race of Manco Capac and Mama Oello. But the 
 two great ancestors returned when their earthly work was done to 
 become, what we may see they had never ceased to be. the sun and 
 moon themselves." (Primitive Culture, i. 319.) It would not be in- 
 consistent with a full acceptance of this theory to consider all such 
 myths as veiling the real existence of men of superior endowments, to 
 horn civilization must everywhere have owed its earliest develop- 
 ments ; but to link them with the actual history of these personages 
 would require very different evidence from what exists in the present *' 
 or any similar case. ED.] 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. 2
 
 , 4 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 tradition, we may derive this race from the neighborhood 
 of Lake Titicaca; 14 a conclusion strongly confirmed by 
 the imposing architectural remains which still endure, 
 after the lapse of so many years, on its borders. Who 
 this race were, and whence they came, may afford a 
 tempting theme for inquiry to the speculative antiqua- 
 rian. But it is a land of darkness that lies far beyond 
 the domain of history. 15 
 
 M Among other authorities for this tradition, see Sarmiento. Rela- 
 cion, MS., cap. 3, 4, Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5. lib. 3, cap. 6, 
 Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS., Zarate, Historia del Descubrimiento y 
 de la Conquista del Peru, lib. i, cap. 10. ap. Barcia, Historiadores 
 primitives de las Indias occidentals (Madrid, i?49). torn. 3- In 
 most, not all, of the traditions, Manco Capac is recognized as the 
 name of the founder of the Peruvian monarchy, though his history 
 and character are related with sufficient discrepancy. 
 
 '5 Mr. Ranking, 
 
 " Who can deep mysteries unriddle 
 As easily as thread a needle," 
 
 finds it " highly probable that the first Inca of Peru was a son of the 
 Grand Khan Kublai" ! (Historical Researches on the Conquest of 
 Peru, etc., by the Moguls (London, 1827), p. 170.) 'The coincidences 
 are curious, though we shall hardly jump at the conclusion of the 
 adventurous author. Every scholar will agree with Humboldt in the 
 wish that " some learned traveller would visit the borders of the lake 
 of Titicaca, the district of Callao, and the high plains of Tiahuanaco, 
 the theatre of the ancient American civilization." (Vues des Cor- 
 dilleres, p. 199.) And yet the architectural monuments of the abo- 
 rigines, hitherto brought to light, have furnished few materials for a 
 bridge of communication across the dark gulf that still separates the 
 Old World from the New.* 
 
 * [The regions mentioned by Humboldt were visited in 1847 by a 
 French savant, M. Angrand, who brought away carefully-prepared 
 plans of many of the ruins, of which a description is given by Desjar^ 
 dins (Le Perou avant la Conquete espagnole), tending to confirm the 
 conclusions drawn from previous sources of information, that a civili-
 
 EMPIRE OF THE INCAS 15 
 
 The same mists that hang round the origin of the 
 Incas continue to settle on their subsequent annals ; 
 and so imperfect were the records employed by the 
 Peruvians, and so confused and contradictory their 
 traditions, that the historian finds no firm footing on 
 which to stand till within a century of the Spanish 
 conquest. 16 At first, the progress of the Peruvians 
 
 16 A good deal within a century, to say truth. Garcilasso and Sar- 
 miento, for example, the two ancient authorities in highest repute, 
 have scarcely a point of contact in their accounts of the earlier Peru- 
 vian princes ; the former representing the sceptre as gliding down in 
 peaceful succession from hand to hand through an unbroken dynasty, 
 while the latter garnishes his tale with as many conspiracies, deposi- 
 
 zation, superior to that of the Incas, had passed away long before the 
 period of the Spanish conquest. A work announced as in the press, 
 by Mr. Hutchinson, formerly English consul in Peru, may be expected 
 to give the fruits of more recent explorations. But it may be safely 
 predicted that no discoveries that may be made will ever establish the 
 fact of a communication at some remote period between the two hemi- 
 spheres. It may be doubted, indeed, whether the whole inquiry, so 
 persistently pursued, has not sprung from an illusion. Had the East- 
 ern Continent been discovered by a voyager from the Western, it 
 would perhaps have been assumed that the latter had furnished those 
 swarms which afterwards passed through Asia into Europe, and that 
 here was the original seat of the human family and the spot where 
 culture had first begun to dawn. Mr. James S. Wilson's discovery, 
 on the coast of Ecuador, of articles of pottery and of gold, " in a 
 stratum of mould beneath the sea-level, and covered by several feet of 
 clay," proves, according to Murchison, that " within the human period 
 the lands on the west coast of equatorial America were depressed and 
 submerged ; and that after the accumulation of marine clays above 
 the terrestrial relics the whole coast was elevated to its present posi- 
 tion." If, then, the existence not only of the human race, but of 
 human art, in America, antedates the present conformation of the 
 continent, how futile must be every attempt to connect its early history 
 with that of Egypt or of India! ED ] 

 
 X 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 seems to have been slow, and almost imperceptible. 
 By their wise and temperate policy they gradually won 
 over the neighboring tribes to their dominion, as these 
 latter became more and more convinced of the benefits 
 of a just and well-regulated government. As they 
 grew stronger, they were enabled to rely more directly 
 on force ; but, still advancing under cover of the same 
 beneficent pretexts employed by their predecessors, 
 they proclaimed peace and civilization at the point of 
 the sword. The rude nations of the country, without 
 any principle of cohesion among themselves, fell one 
 after another before the victorious arm of the Incas. 
 Yet it was not till the middle of the fifteenth century 
 that the famous Topa Inca Yupanqui, grandfather of 
 the monarch who occupied the throne at the coming of 
 the Spaniards, led his armies across the terrible desert 
 of Atacama, and, penetrating to the southern region 
 of Chili, fixed the permanent boundary of his domin- 
 ions at the river Maule. His son, Huayna Capac, pos- 
 sessed of ambition and military talent fully equal to 
 his father's, marched along the Cordillera towards the 
 north, and, pushing his conquests across the equator, 
 added the powerful kingdom of Quito to the empire 
 of Peru. 17 
 
 tions, and revolutions as belong to most barbarous and, unhappily, 
 most civilized communities. When to these two are added the various 
 writers, contemporary and of the succeeding age, who have treated 
 of the Peruvian annals, we shall find ourselves in such a conflict of 
 traditions that criticism is lost in conjecture. Yet this uncertainty as 
 to historical events fortunately does not extend to the history of arts 
 and institutions which were in existence on the arrival of the Spaniards. 
 '? Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 57, 64. Conq. i Fob. del Piru. 
 MS. Velasco, Hist, de Quito, p. 59. Dec. de la Aud. Real.. MS,
 
 EMPIRE OF THE TNCAS. 17 
 
 The ancient city of Cuzco, meanwhile, had been 
 gradually advancing in wealth and population, till it 
 had become the worthy metropolis of a great and flour- 
 ishing monarchy. It stood in a beautiful valley on an 
 elevated region of the plateau, which among the Alps 
 would have been buried in eternal snows, but which 
 within the tropics enjoyed a genial and salubrious tem- 
 perature. Towards the north it was defended by a 
 lofty eminence, a spur of the great Cordillera; and 
 the city was traversed by a river, or rather a small 
 stream, over which bridges of timber, covered with 
 heavy slabs of stone, furnished an easy means of com- 
 munication with the opposite banks. The streets were 
 long and narrow, the houses low, and those of the 
 poorer sort built of clay and reeds. But Cuzco was 
 the royal residence, and was adorned with the ample 
 dwellings of the great nobility ; and the massy frag- 
 ments still incorporated in many of the modern 
 edifices bear testimony to the size and solidity of the 
 ancient.' 8 
 
 Garcilasso, Com. Real.. Parte i. lib. 7, cap. 18, 19; lib. 8, cap. 5-8. 
 The last historian, and, indeed, some others, refer the conquest of 
 Chili to Yupanqui, the father of Topa Inca. The exploits of the two 
 monarchs are so blended together by the different annalists as in a 
 manner to confound their personal identity. 
 
 18 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 7, cap. 8-it. Cieza de Leon, 
 Cronica, cap. 92. " El Cuzco tuuo gran manera y calidad, deuio ser 
 fundada por gente de gran ser. Auia grandes calles, saluo q" era 
 angostas, y las casas hechas de piedra pura c6 tan lindas junturas, q 
 illustra el antiguedad del edificio, pues estauan piedras tan grade; 
 muy bien assentadas." (Ibid., ubi supra.) Compare with this Mil- 
 ler's account of the city as existing at the present day : " The walls 
 of many of the houses have remained unaltered for centuries. The 
 great size of the stones, the variety of their shapes, and the inimitable 
 2*
 
 !8 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 The health of the city was promoted by spacious 
 openings and squares, in which a numerous population 
 from the capital and the distant country assembled to 
 celebrate the high festivals of their religion. For 
 Cuzco was the "Holy City;" ' 9 and the great temple 
 of the Sun, to which pilgrims resorted from the farthest 
 borders of the empire, was the most magnificent struc- 
 ture in the New World, and unsurpassed, probably, in 
 the costliness of its decorations by any building in the 
 Old. 
 
 Towards the north, on the sierra or rugged eminence 
 already noticed, rose a strong fortress, the remains of 
 which at the present day, by their vast size, excite the 
 admiration of the traveller. 20 It was defended by a 
 single wall of great thickness, and twelve hundred feet 
 long on the side facing the city, where the precipitous 
 character of the ground was of itself almost sufficient 
 for its defence. On the other quarter, where the 
 approaches were less difficult, it was protected by two 
 other semicircular walls of the same length as the pre- 
 ceding. They were separated a considerable distance 
 from one another and from the fortress ; and the inter- 
 workmanship they display, give to the city that interesting air of an- 
 tiquity and romance which fills the mind with pleasing though painful 
 veneration.' 1 Memoirs of Gen. Miller in the Service of the Republic 
 of Peru (London, 1829, 2d ed.), vol. ii. p. 225. 
 
 *9 " La Imperial Ciudad de Cozco, que la adoravan los Indies, como 
 a Cosa Sagrada.' ' Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i. lib. 3, cap. 20. 
 Also Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. 
 
 30 See, among others, the Memoirs, above cited, of Gen. Miller, 
 which contain a minute and very interesting notice of modern Cuzco. 
 (Vol. ii. p. 223, et seq.) Ulloa, who visited the country in the middle 
 of the last century, is unbounded in his expressions of admiration. 
 Voyage to South America, Eng. trans. (London, 1806), book vii. ch. 12.
 
 EMPIRE OF THE INC AS. 19 
 
 vening ground was raised so that the walls afforded a 
 breastwork for the troops stationed there in times of 
 assault. The fortress consisted of three towers, de- 
 tached from one another. One was appropriated to 
 the Inca, and was garnished with the sumptuous deco- 
 rations befitting a royal residence rather than a military 
 post. The other two were held by the garrison, drawn 
 from the Peruvian nobles, and commanded by an officer 
 of the blood royal ; for the position was of too great 
 importance to be intrusted to inferior hands. The hill 
 was excavated below the towers, and several subter- 
 raneous galleries communicated with the city and the 
 palaces of the Inca." 
 
 The fortress, the walls, and the galleries were all 
 built of stone, the heavy blocks of which were not laid 
 in regular courses, but so disposed that the small ones 
 might fill up the interstices between the great. They 
 formed a sort of rustic work, being rough-hewn except 
 towards the edges, which were finely wrought ; and, 
 though no cement was used, the several blocks were 
 adjusted with so much exactness and united so closely 
 that it was impossible to introduce even the blade of a 
 knife between them." Many of these stones were of 
 
 Betanzos, Suma y Narracion de los Yngas, MS., cap. 12. Gar- 
 cilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 7, cap. 27-29. The demolition of 
 the fortress, begun immediately after the Conquest, provoked the 
 remonstrance of more than one enlightened Spaniard, whose voice, 
 however, was impotent against the spirit of cupidity and violence. 
 See Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 48. 
 
 Ibid., ubi supra. Inscripciones, Medallas, Templos, Edificios, 
 Antigiiedades, y Monumentos del Peru, MS. This manuscript, which 
 formerly belonged to Dr. Robertson, and which is now in the British 
 Museum, is the work of some unknown author, somewhere probably 
 about the time of Charles III., a period when, as the sagacious
 
 20 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 vast size; some of them being full thirty-eight feet 
 long, by eighteen broad, and six feet thick.' 3 
 
 We are filled with astonishment when we consider 
 that these enormous masses were hewn from their native 
 bed and fashioned into shape by a people ignorant of 
 the use of iron ; that they were brought from quarries, 
 from four to fifteen leagues distant, 34 without the aid 
 of beasts of burden ; were transported across rivers 
 and ravines, raised to their elevated position on the 
 sierra, and finally adjusted there with the nicest accu- 
 racy, without the knowledge of tools and machinery 
 familiar to the European. Twenty thousand men are 
 said to have been employed on this great structure, and 
 fifty years consumed in the building. 25 However this 
 may be, we see in it the workings of a despotism which 
 had the lives and fortunes of its vassals at its absolute 
 disposal, and which, however mild in its general char- 
 acter, esteemed these vassals, when employed in its 
 service, as lightly as the brute animals for which they 
 served as a substitute. 
 
 scholar to whom I am indebted for a copy of it remarks, a spirit of 
 sounder criticism was visible in the Castilian historians. 
 
 2 3 Acosta, Naturall and Morall Historic of the East and West 
 Indies, Eng. trans. (London, 1604), lib. 6, cap. 14. He measured 
 the stones himself. See also Garcilasso, Com. Real., loc. cit. 
 
 * Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 93. Ondegardo. Rel. Seg. MS. 
 Many hundred blocks of granite may still be seen, it is said, in an 
 unfinished state, in a quarry near Cuzco. 
 
 =s Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 48. Ondegardo, Rel. Seg. MS. 
 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 7, cap. 27, 28. The Spaniards, 
 puzzled by the execution of so great a work with such apparently in- 
 adequate means, referred it all, in their summary way, to the Devil 
 an opinion which Garcilasso seems willing to indorse. The author of 
 the Antig. y Monumentos del Peru, MS., rejects this notion with 
 becoming gravity.
 
 ROYAL FAMILY. 21 
 
 The fortress of Cuzco was but part of a system of 
 fortifications established throughout their dominions by 
 the Incas. This system formed a prominent feature in 
 their military policy ; but before entering on this latter 
 it will be proper to give the reader some view of their 
 civil institutions and scheme of government. 
 
 The sceptre of the Incas, if we may credit their his- 
 torian, descended in unbroken succession from father 
 to son, through their whole dynasty. Whatever we 
 may think of this, it appears probable that the right of 
 inheritance might be claimed by the eldest son of the 
 Ci>ya t or lawful queen, as she was styled, to distinguish 
 her from the host of concubines who shared the affec- 
 tions of the sovereign. 36 The queen was further dis- 
 tinguished, at least in later reigns, by the circumstance 
 of being selected from the sisters of the Inca, an 
 arrangement which, however revolting to the ideas of 
 civilized nations, was recommended to the Peruvians by 
 its securing an heir to the crown of the pure heaven-born 
 race, uncontaminated by any mixture of earthly mould. 117 
 
 * Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 7. Garcilasso, Com. Real.. Parte 
 i, lib. i, cap. 26. Acosta speaks of the eldest brother of the Inca as 
 succeeding in preference to the son (lib. 6, cap. 12). He may have 
 confounded the Peruvian with the Aztec usage. The Report of the 
 Royal Audience states that -a brother succeeded in default of a son. 
 Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. 
 
 7 " Et soror et conjux." According to Garcilasso, the heir-apparent 
 always married a sister. (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 4, cap. 9.) Onde- 
 gardo notices this as an innovation at the close of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury. (Relacion Primera, MS.) The historian of the Incas, however, 
 is confirmed in his extraordinary statement by Sarmiento. Relacion, 
 MS., cap. 7* 
 
 * [" The sister-marriage of the Incas," remarks Mr. Tylor, " had in 
 their religion at once a meaning and a justification," as typifying,
 
 22 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 In his early years, the royal offspring was intrusted 
 to the care of the amautas, or "wise men," as the 
 teachers of Peruvian science were called, who instructed 
 him in such elements of knowledge as they possessed, 
 and especially in the cumbrous ceremonial of their 
 religion, in which he was to take a prominent part. 
 Great care was also bestowed on his military education, 
 of the last importance in a state which, with its profes- 
 sions of peace and good will, was ever at war for the 
 acquisition of empire. 
 
 In this military school he was educated with such of 
 the Inca nobles as were nearly of his own age ; for the 
 sacred name of Inca a fruitful source of obscurity in 
 their annals was applied indifferently to all who de- 
 scended by the male line from the founder of the mon- 
 archy. 28 At the age of sixteen the pupils underwent a 
 public examination, previous to their admission to what 
 may be called the order of chivalry. This examination 
 was conducted by some of the oldest and most illus- 
 trious Incas. The candidates were required to show 
 their prowess in the athletic exercises of the warrior ; 
 in wrestling and boxing, in running such long courses 
 as fully tried their agility and strength, in severe fasts 
 of several days' duration, and in mimic combats, which, 
 although the weapons were blunted, were always at- 
 tended with wounds, and sometimes with death. During 
 28 Garcilasso. Com. Real., Parte I. lib. i, cap. 26. 
 
 namely, the supposed relation of the sun and moon, like the Egyptian 
 Osiris and Isis. (Primitive Culture, i. 261.) It may, however, indi- 
 cate also different ideas from those of our race in regard to consan- 
 guinity. See Morgan, Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the 
 Human Family (Smithsonian Contributions). ED.]
 
 XOYAL FAMILY. 23 
 
 this trial, which lasted thirty days, the royal neophyte 
 fared no better than his comrades, sleeping on the bare 
 ground, going unshod, and wearing a mean attire, 
 a mode of life, it was supposed, which might tend to 
 inspire him with more sympathy with the destitute. 
 With all this show of impartiality, however, it will 
 probably be doing no injustice to the judges to suppose 
 that a politic discretion may have somewhat quickened 
 their perceptions of the real merits of the heir-apparent. 
 At the end of the appointed time, the candidates 
 selected as worthy of the honors of their barbaric 
 chivalry were presented to the sovereign, who conde- 
 scended to take a principal part in the ceremony of 
 inauguration. He began with a brief discourse, in 
 which, after congratulating the young aspirants on the 
 proficiency they had shown in martial exercises, he re- 
 minded them of the responsibilities attached to their 
 birth and station, and, addressing them affectionately 
 as "children of the Sun," he exhorted them to imitate 
 their great progenitor in his glorious career of benefi- 
 cence to mankind. The novices then drew near, and, 
 kneeling one by one before the Inca, he pierced their 
 ears with a golden bodkin ; and this was suffered to 
 remain there till an opening had been made large enough 
 for the enormous pendants which were peculiar to their 
 order, and which gave them, with the Spaniards, the 
 name of orejones.** This ornament was so massy in the 
 
 From oreja, " ear." " Los caballeros de la sangre Real tenian 
 orejas horadadas, y de ellas colgando grandes rodetes de plata y oro : 
 llamaronles por esto los orejones los Castellanos la primera vez que 
 los vieron." (Montesinos, Memorias antiguas historiales del Peru, 
 MS., lib. 2, cap. 6.) The ornament, which was in the form of a 
 wheel, did not depend from the ear, but was inserted in the gristle of
 
 24 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 ears of the sovereign that the cartilage was distended 
 by it nearly to the shoulder, producing what seemed a 
 monstrous deformity in the eyes of the Europeans, 
 though, under the magical influence of fashion, it was 
 regarded as a beauty by the natives. 
 
 When this operation was performed, one of the most 
 venerable of the nobles dressed the feet of the candi- 
 dates in the sandals worn by the order, which may 
 remind us of the ceremony of buckling on the spurs 
 of the Christian knight. They were then allowed to 
 assume the girdle or sash around the loins, correspond- 
 ing with the toga virilis of the Romans, and intimating 
 that they had reached the season of manhood. Their 
 heads were adorned with garlands of flowers, which, by 
 their various colors, were emblematic of the clemency 
 and goodness that should grace the character of every 
 true warrior ; and the leaves of an evergreen plant were 
 mingled with the flowers, to show that these virtues 
 should endure without end. 30 The prince's head was 
 further ornamented by a fillet, or tasselled fringe, of a 
 yellow color, made of the fine threads of the vicuf.a 
 wool, which encircled the forehead as the peculiar in- 
 signia of the heir-apparent. The great body of the 
 Inca nobility next made their appearance, and, begin- 
 ning with those nearest of kin, knelt down before the 
 prince and did him homage as successor to the crown. 
 
 It, and was as large as an orange. " La hacen tan ancha como una 
 gran rosca de naranja ; los Senores i Principales traian aquellas roscas 
 de oro fino en las orejas." (Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. Also Gar- 
 cilasso. Com. Real., Parte i, cap. 22.) " The larger the hole." says 
 one of the old Conquerors, " the more of a gentleman !" Pedro 
 Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 3 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 6, cap. 37.
 
 ROYAL FAMILY. 
 
 The whole assembly then moved to the great square of 
 the capital, where songs and dances and other public 
 festivities closed the important ceremonial of the 
 
 The reader will be less surprised by the resemblance 
 which this ceremonial bears to the inauguration of a 
 Christian knight in the feudal ages, if he reflects that a 
 similar analogy may be traced in the institutions of 
 other people more or less civilized, and that it is natural 
 that nations occupied with the one great business of 
 war should mark the period when the preparatory 
 education for it was ended, by similar characteristic 
 ceremonies. 
 
 Having thus honorably passed through his ordeal 
 the heir-apparent was deemed worthy to sit in the 
 councils of his father, and was employed in offices of 
 trust at home, or, more usually, sent on distant expe- 
 litions to practise in the field the lessons which he had 
 hitherto studied only on the mimic theatre of war. 
 His first campaigns were conducted under the renowned 
 commanders who had grown gray in the service of his 
 father, until, advancing in years and experience, he 
 was placed in command himself, and, like Huayna 
 Capac, the last and most illustrious of his line, carried 
 the banner of the rainbow, the armorial ensign of his 
 house, far over the borders, among the remotest tribes 
 of the plateau. 
 
 The government of Peru was a despotism, mild in 
 
 3' Garcilasso, Com. Real.. Parte ,, lib. 6. cap. ^.-According 
 to Fernandez, the candidates wore white shirts, with something like a 
 cross embroidered in front ! (Historia del Peru (Sevilla. 157,) Parte 
 2 lib. 3, cap. 6.) We may fancy ourselves occupied with some chiv- 
 alrous ceremonial of the Middle Ages. 
 Peru. VOL. I. u 3
 
 2 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 its character, but in its form a pure and unmitigated 
 despotism. The sovereign was placed at an immeas- 
 urable distance above his subjects. Even the proudest 
 of the Inca nobility, claiming a descent from the same 
 divine original as himself, could not venture into the 
 royal presence, unless barefoot, and bearing a light 
 burden on his shoulders in token of homage. 3 * As the 
 representative of 'the Sun, he stood at the head of the 
 priesthood, and presided at the most important of the 
 religious festivals. 33 He raised armies, and usually 
 commanded them in person. He imposed taxes, made 
 laws, and provided for their execution by the appoint- 
 ment of judges, whom he removed at pleasure. He 
 was the source from which every thing flowed, all 
 dignity, all power, all emolument. He was, in short, 
 in the well-known phrase of the European despot, 
 "himself the state." 34 
 
 y Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i. cap. n. Sarmiento, Relacion, 
 MS., cap. 7. " Porque verdaderamente a lo que yo he averiguado 
 toda la pretension de los Ingas fue una subjeccion en toda la gente. 
 qual yo nunca he oido decir de ninguna otra nacion en tanto grado, 
 que por muy principal que un Senor fuese, dende que entrava cerca 
 del Cuzco en cierta senal que estava puesta en cada camino de quatro 
 que hay, havia dende alii de venir cargado hasta la presencia del 
 Inga, y alii dejava la carga y hacia su obediencia." Ondegardo, Rel. 
 Prim., MS. 
 
 33 It was only at one of these festivals, and hardly authorizes the 
 sweeping assertion of Carli that the royal and sacerdotal authority 
 were blended together in Peru. We shall see, hereafter, the important 
 and independent position occupied by the high-priest. " Le Sacer- 
 doceet 1' Empire etoient divise"s au Mexique; au lieu qu'ils <toient 
 reunis au Perou, comme au Tibet et a la Chine, et comme il le fut & 
 Rome, lorsqu' Auguste jetta les fondemens de 1' Empire, en y reunis- 
 sant le Sacerdoce ou la dignite de Souverain Pontife." Lettres 
 Americaines (Paris, 1788), trad. Fran9., torn. i. let. 7. 
 
 3* " Porque el Inga dava d entender que era hijo del Sol, con este
 
 ROYAL FAMILY. 2 
 
 The Inca asserted his claims as a superior being by 
 assuming a pomp in his manner of livrng well calcu- 
 lated to impose on his people. His dress was of the 
 finest wool of the vicufia, richly dyed, and ornamented 
 with a profusion of gold and precious stones. Round 
 his head was wreathed a turban of many-colored folds, 
 called the l/autu, with a tasselled fringe, like that worri 
 by the prince, but of a scarlet color, while two feathers 
 of a rare and curious bird, called the coraquenquc, 
 placed upright in it, were the distinguishing insignia 
 of royalty. The birds from which these feathers were 
 obtained were found in a desert country among the 
 mountains ; and it was death to destroy or to take them, 
 as they were reserved for the exclusive purpose of sup- 
 plying the royal head-gear. Every succeeding monarch 
 was provided with a new pair of these plumes, and his 
 credulous subjects fondly believed that only two indi- 
 viduals of the species had ever existed to furnish the 
 simple ornament for the diadem of the Incas." 
 
 Although the Peruvian monarch was raised so far 
 above the highest of his subjects, he condescended to 
 mingle occasionally with them, and took great pains 
 personally to inspect the condition of the humbler 
 classes. He presided at some of the religious celebra- 
 tions, and on these occasions entertained the great 
 nobles at his table, when he complimented them, after 
 
 titulo se hacia adorar, i governava principalmente en tanto grado que 
 ie se le atrevia. i su palabra era ley. i nadie osaba ir contra su 
 palabra ni voluntad ; aunque obiese de matar cient mill Indies no 
 havia ninguno en su Reino que le osase decir que no lo hiciese " 
 Conq. i Fob. del Piru. MS. 
 
 35 Garcilasso. Com. Real.. Parte i. lib. x, cap. 22; lib. 6. cap. 28.- 
 Cieza de Leon, Cronica. cap. 114. Acosta. lib. 6, cap. 12.
 
 2 8 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 the fashion of more civilized nations, by drinking the 
 health of thosA whom he most delighted to honor. * 
 
 But the most effectual means taken by the Incas for 
 communicating with their people were their progresses 
 through the empire. These were conducted, at inter- 
 vals of several years, with great state and magnificence. 
 The sedan, or litter, in which they travelled, richly em- 
 blazoned with gold and emeralds, was guarded by a 
 numerous escort. The men who bore it on their shoul- 
 ders were provided by two cities, specially appointed 
 for the purpose. It was a post to be coveted by no 
 one, if, as is asserted, a fall was punished with death. 37 
 They travelled with ease and expedition, halting at the 
 tambos, or inns, erected by government along the route, 
 and occasionally at the royal palaces, which in the great 
 towns afforded ample accommodations to the whole of 
 the monarch's retinue. The noble roads which trav- 
 
 3 One would hardly expect to find among the American Indians 
 this social and kindly custom of our Saxon ancestors, now fallen 
 somewhat out of use, in the capricious innovations of modern fashion. 
 Garcilasso is diffuse in his account of the forms observed at the royal 
 table. (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 6, cap, 23.) The only hours of eat- 
 ing were at eight or nine in the morning, and at sunset, which took 
 place at nearly the same time, in all seasons, in the latitude of Cuzco. 
 The historian of the Incas admits that, though temperate in eating, 
 they indulged freely in their cups, frequently prolonging their revelry 
 to a late hour of the night. Ibid., Parte i, lib. 6, cap. i. 
 
 37 " In lectica, aureo tabulate constrata, humeris ferebant ; in summa, 
 ea erat observantia, vt vultum ejus intueri maxime incivile putarent, et 
 inter baiulos, quicunque vel leviter pede offenso haesitaret, e vestigio 
 interficerent." Levinus Apollonius. De Peruvia: Regionis Inventione, 
 et Rebus in eadem gestis (Antverpia:, 1567), fol. 37. Zarate, Conq. 
 del Peru, lib. i, cap. n. According to this writer, the litter was car- 
 ried by the nobles ; one thousand of whom w ere specially reserved 
 for the humiliating honor. Ubi supra.
 
 KOYAL FAMILY. 
 
 ^a^ tablC " land WCre lined with Peop'e, who s 
 othTr l^t^S, fhf'E' ^ 'W^* 
 
 \C\ TnrvfV>*- T*l_ "IlC VllJafT 
 
 icr. i ne monarch halted from t' 
 listen to the grievances of his subject.^ to scttf^ 
 
 r^;^rrrs^ 
 
 "ay along the mountain-passes, eftfyjLcwaJtolirf 
 
 "gn^r^^r to catch a gi ^ pse f ^ * 
 
 , and when he ra.sed the curtains of his litter 
 and showed himself to their eyes, the air was rent with 
 acclamations as thev invrl-H v>i 
 
 nicy invoKea blessings on his hear? & 
 
 halted, and'the rimpte people of Oe cCtry h^Id'them 
 ,n reverence as places consecrated by the ,Lence o? 
 
 -dlble ,c" , o, ,r; aU ,' h0r haS 8iVe " in *">""" Ph a mor 
 
 which 
 
 >unt of several of these palaces situ- 
 "ng' 
 
 3*
 
 70 CIFfLIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 ir 1 
 
 wide extent of ground. Some of the apartments were 
 spacious, but they were generally small, and had no 
 communication with one another, except that they 
 opened into a common square or court. The walls 
 were made of blocks of stone of various sizes, like 
 those described in the fortress of Cuzco, rough-hewn, 
 but carefully wrought near the line of junction, which 
 was scarcely visible to the eye. The roofs were of 
 wood or rushes, which have perished under the rude 
 touch of time, that has shown more respect for the 
 walls of the edifices. The whole seems to have been 
 characterized by solidity and strength, rather than by 
 any attempt at architectural elegance. 4 ' 
 
 But whatever want of elegance there may have been 
 in the exterior of the imperial dwellings, it was amply 
 compensated by the interior, in which all the opulence 
 of the Peruvian princes was ostentatiously displayed. 
 The sides of the apartments were thickly studded with 
 gold and silver ornaments. Niches, prepared in the 
 walls, were filled with images of animals and plants 
 curiously wrought of the same costly materials ; and 
 even much of the domestic furniture, including the 
 utensils devoted to the most ordinary menial services, 
 displayed the like wanton magnificence ! * With these 
 
 * l Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 44. Antig. y Monumentos de 
 Peru, MS. See, among others, the description of the remains still 
 existing of the royal buildings at Callo, about ten leagues south of 
 Quito, by Ulloa, Voyage to South America, book 6, ch. n. and since, 
 more carefully, by Humboldt, Vues des Cordilleres, p. 197. 
 
 4 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 6, cap. i. " Tanto que todo 
 el servicio de la Casa del Rey asf de cantaras para su vino como de 
 cozina, todo era oro y plata, y esto no en un lugar y en una parte lo 
 tenia, sino en muchas." (Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. n.) See 
 also the flaming accounts of the palaces of Bilcas, to the west of
 
 ROYAL FAMILY. 31 
 
 gorgeous decorations were mingled richly-colored stuffs 
 of the delicate manufacture of the Peruvian wool, which 
 were of so beautiful a texture that the Spanish sove- 
 reigns, with all the luxuries of Europe and Asia at their 
 command, did not disdain to use them. 43 The royal 
 household consisted of a throng of menials, supplied 
 by the neighboring towns and villages, which, as in 
 Mexico, were bound to furnish the monarch with fuel 
 and other necessaries for the consumption of the 
 palace. 
 
 But the favorite residence of the Incas was at Yucay, 
 about four leagues distant from the capital. In this 
 delicious valley, locked up within the friendly arms of 
 the sierra, which sheltered it from the rude breezes of 
 the east, and refreshed by gushing fountains and streams 
 of running water, they built the most beautiful of their 
 palaces. Here, when wearied with the dust and toil 
 of the city, they loved to retreat, and solace themselves 
 with the society of their favorite concubines, wander- 
 ing amidst groves and airy gardens, that shed around 
 their soft, intoxicating odors and lulled the senses to 
 voluptuous repose. Here, too, they loved to indulge 
 in the luxury of their baths, replenished by streams of 
 crystal water which were conducted through subter- 
 raneous silver channels into basins of gold. The spa- 
 
 Cuzco, by Cieza de Leon, as reported to him by Spaniards who had 
 seen them in their glory. (Cronica, cap. 89.) The niches are still 
 described by modern travellers as to be found in the walls. (Hum- 
 boldt, Vues des Cordilleres, p. 197.) 
 
 " La ropa de la cama toda era de mantas, y frecadas de lana de 
 Vicuna, que es tan fina, y tan regalada, que entre otras cosas precia- 
 das de aquellas Tierras, se las han traido para la cama del Rey Don 
 Phelipe Segundo." Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 6. cap. i.
 
 3 2 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 cious gardens were stocked with numerous varieties of 
 plants and flowers that grew without effort in this tem- 
 perate region of the tropics, while parterres of a more 
 extraordinary kind were planted by their side, glowing 
 with the various forms of vegetable life skilfully imitated 
 in gold and silver ! Among them the Indian corn, the 
 most beautiful of American grains, is particularly com- 
 memorated, and the curious workmanship is noticed 
 with which the golden ear was half disclosed amidst 
 the broad leaves of silver, and the light tassel of the 
 same material that floated gracefully from its top. 44 
 
 If this dazzling picture staggers the faith of the 
 reader, he may reflect that the Peruvian mountains 
 teemed with gold ; that the natives understood the art 
 of working the mines, to a considerable extent ; that 
 none of the ore, as we shall see hereafter, was con- 
 verted into coin, and that the whole of it passed into 
 the hands of the sovereign for his own exclusive benefit, 
 whether for purposes of utility or ornament. Certain 
 it is that no fact is better attested by the Conquerors 
 themselves, who had ample means of information, and 
 no motive for misstatement.. The Italian poets, in 
 their gorgeous pictures of the gardens of Alcina and 
 Morgana, came nearer the truth than they imagined. 
 
 Our surprise, however, may reasonably be excited 
 when we consider that the wealth displayed by the 
 Peruvian princes was only that which each had amassed 
 
 4 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte x, lib. 5, cap. 26; lib. 6, cap. 2. 
 Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 24. Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 94. 
 The last writer speaks of a cement, made in part of liquid gold, as 
 used in the royal buildings of Tambo, a valley not far from Yucay ! 
 (Ubi supra.) We may excuse the Spaniards for demolishing such 
 edifices, if they ever met with them.
 
 ROYAL FAAfltY. 
 
 33 
 
 individually for himself. He owed nothing to inherit- 
 
 e from his predecessors. On the decease of an Inca 
 
 his palaces were abandoned; all his treasures, excepi 
 
 what were employed in his obsequies, his furniture and 
 
 apparel, were suffered to remain as he left them, and 
 
 mansions, save one, were closed up forever The 
 
 new sovereign was to provide himself with every thine 
 
 new for his royal state. The reason of this was the 
 
 popular belief that the soul of the departed monarch 
 
 would return after a time to re-animate his body on 
 
 earth ; and they wished that he should find everything 
 
 to wh.ch he had been used in life prepared for his 
 
 reception. ^ 
 
 When an Inca died, or, to use his own language 
 ^ was called home to the mansions of his father the 
 un, his obsequies were celebrated with great pomp 
 and solemnity. The bowels were taken from the body 
 and deposited in the temple of Tampu, about five 
 leagues from the capital. A quantity of his plate and 
 jewels was buried with them, and a number of his 
 tendants and favorite concubines, amounting some- 
 times, it is said, to a thousand, were immolated on his 
 Some of them showed the natural repugnance 
 e sacrifice occasionally manifested by the victims 
 
 ^ Acosta. lib. 6. cap. la.-Garcilasso. Com. Real.. Parte ,, lib. 6. 
 
 * The Aztecs, also, believed that the soul of the warrior who fell in 
 
 went to accompany the Sun in his bright progress through the 
 
 heavens. (See Conquest of Mexico, book i chap * \ 
 
 Conq. i. Fob del Pin, MS.-Acosta. lib. 5. cap^.-Four thou- 
 
 nd of these v.ct.ms, according to Sarmiento,_ we may hope it is an 
 
 exaggeration.-gracedthefuneralobsequ.esofHuaynaCapac.thelast 
 IncasbeforethecomingoftheSpaniards. Relation, MS cap 65
 
 34 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 of a similar superstition in India. But these were 
 probably the menials and more humble attendants ; 
 since the women have been known, in more than one 
 instance, to lay violent hands on themselves, when re- 
 strained from testifying their fidelity by this act of 
 conjugal martyrdom. This melancholy ceremony was 
 followed by a general mourning throughout the empire. 
 At stated intervals, for a year, the people assembled to 
 renew the expressions of their sorrow ; processions 
 were made, displaying the banner of the departed 
 monarch ; bards and minstrels were appointed to chron- 
 icle his achievements, and their songs continued to be 
 rehearsed at high festivals in the presence of the reign- 
 ing monarch, thus stimulating the living by the glo- 
 rious example of the dead. 48 
 
 The body of the deceased Inca was skilfully em- 
 balmed, and removed to the great temple of the Sun 
 at Cuzco. There the Peruvian sovereign, on entering 
 the awful sanctuary, might behold the effigies of his 
 royal ancestors, ranged in opposite files, the men on 
 the right, and their queens on the left, of the great 
 luminary which blazed in refulgent gold on the walls 
 of the temple. The bodies, clothed in the princely 
 attire which they had been accustomed to wear, were 
 placed on chairs of gold, and sat with their heads in- 
 clined downward, their hands placidly crossed over 
 their bosoms, their countenances exhibiting their natural 
 dusky hue, less liable to change than the fresher color- 
 ing of a European complexion, and their hair of raven 
 black, or silvered over with age, according to the period 
 
 " Cieza de Leon. Cronica, cap. 62. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte 
 I, lib. 6, cap. 5. Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 8.
 
 ROYAL I-AMII.Y. 
 
 35 
 
 at which they died! It seemed like a company of 
 solemn worshippers fixed in devotion,-so true were the 
 forms and lineaments to life. The Peruvians were as 
 successful as the Egyptians in the miserable attempt to 
 perpetuate the existence of the body beyond the limits 
 assigned to it by nature. 
 
 They cherished a still stranger illusion in the atten- 
 tions which they continued to pay to these insensible 
 remains, as if they were instinct with life. One of the 
 houses belonging to a deceased Inca was kept open and 
 occupied by his guard and attendants, with all the state 
 appropriate to royalty. On certain festivals, the revered 
 )dies of the sovereigns were brought out with great 
 ceremony into the public square of the capital Invi- 
 tations were sent by the captains of the guard of the 
 respective Incas to the different nobles and officers of 
 court; and entertainments were provided in the 
 
 0ndegardo. Rel. Prim.. MS.-Garcilasso. Com. Real.. Parte i 
 lib. s, cap. 29,-The Peruvians secreted these mummies of their 
 sovere lg n s after the Conquest, that they might not be profaned b the 
 
 co ? /T irdS - nde * ard - when ^fUor of Cuzco dis- 
 
 covered five of them, three male and two female. The former were 
 e bod.cs of V u-acocha, of the great Tupac Inca Yupanqui. and of 
 h.s son Huayna Capac. Garcilasso saw them in x 5 6o. They were 
 lr,ss,,I , thclr regal robes whh no . ns . gnia bm the X e 
 
 J-*; ' -v were in a sitting posture, and. to use his own expres- 
 .on. perfect as l.fc. w.thout so much as a hair or an eyebrow want- 
 
 " 
 
 w, a nntl ' y Srout 
 
 a mantle, the Ind.ans threw themselves on their knees, in sign of 
 
 reverence w,<h many tears and groans, and were still more touched 
 as they beheld some of the Spaniards themselves doffing their caps * 
 akeno respect to departed royalty. (Ibid., ubi supra.) The bodies 
 were subsequently removed to Lima; and Father Acosta. who ^a 
 
 50 " 1
 
 3 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 names of their masters, which displayed all the profuse 
 magnificence of their treasures, and " such a display," 
 says an ancient chronicler, " was there in the great square 
 of Cuzco, on this occasion, of gold and silver plate and 
 jewels, as no other city in the world ever witnessed." : 
 The banquet was served by the menials of the respective 
 households, and the guests partook of the melancholy 
 cheer in the presence of the royal phantom with the 
 same attention to the forms of courtly etiquette as if 
 the living monarch had presided ! $I 
 
 The nobility of Peru consisted of two orders, the 
 first and by far the most important of which was that 
 of the Incas, who, boasting a common descent with 
 their sovereign, lived, as it were, in the reflected light 
 of his glory. As the Peruvian monarchs availed them- 
 selves of the right of polygamy to a very liberal extent, 
 leaving behind them families of one or even two hun- 
 dred children, 51 the nobles of the blood royal, though 
 
 s<>"Tenemos por muy cierto que ni en Jerusalem, Roma, ni,en 
 Persia, ni en ninguna parte del mundo por ninguna Republica ni Key 
 de el, se juntaba en un lugar tanta riqueza de Metales de oro y Plata 
 y Pedreria como en esta Plaza del Cuzco ; quando estas fiestas y otras 
 semejantes se hacian." Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 27. 
 
 s Idem, Relacion, MS., cap. 8, 27. Ondegardo, Rel. Seg.. MS. 
 It was only, however, the great and good princes that were thus hon- 
 ored, according to Sarmiento. " whose souls the silly people fondly 
 believed, on account of their virtues, were in heaven, although, in 
 truth," as the same writer assures us, " they were all the time burning 
 in the flames of hell" ! " Digo los que haviendo sido en vida buenos 
 y valerosos, generosos con los Indies en les hacer mercedes. perdona- 
 dores de injurias, porque a estos tales canonizaban en su ceguedad por 
 Santos y honrraban sus huesos, sin entender que las animas ardian en 
 los Ynfiernos y creian que estaban en el Cielo." Ibid., ubi supra. 
 
 5" Garcilasso says over three hundred ! (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 
 3, cap. 19.) The fact, though rather startling, is not incredible, if. 1
 
 NOBILITY. 37 
 
 comprehending only their descendants in the male 
 line, came in the course of years to be very numer- 
 ous. 53 They were divided intq different lineages, each 
 of which traced its pedigree to a different member of 
 the royal dynasty, though all terminated in the divine 
 founder of the empire. 
 
 They were distinguished by many exclusive and 
 very important privileges ; they wore a peculiar dress, 
 spoke a dialect, if we may believe the chronicler, pecu- 
 liar to themselves, 54 and had the choicest portion of the 
 public domain assigned for their support. They lived, 
 most of them, at court, near the person of the prince, 
 sharing in his counsels, dining at his board, or sup- 
 plied from his table. They alone were admissible to 
 the great offices in the priesthood. They were invested 
 with the command of armies and of distant garrisons, 
 Huayna Capac, they counted seven hundred wives in their seraglio. 
 SIT Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 7. 
 
 53 Garcilasso mentions a class of Incas par privilegio, who were 
 allowed to possess the name and many of the immunities of the blood 
 royal, though only descended from the great vassals that first served 
 under the banner of Manco Capac. (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. i, cap. 
 22.) This important fact, to which he often refers, one would be glad 
 to see confirmed by a single authority. 
 
 54 " Los Incas tuvieron otra Lengua particular, que hablavan entre 
 ellos, que no la entendian los demas Indios, ni les era licito apren- 
 derla,como Lenguage Divino. Esta me escriven del Peru, que se ha 
 perdido totalmente ; porque como perecid la Republica particular de 
 los Incas, perecid tambien el Lenguage dellos." Garcilasso, Com. 
 Real., Parte i, lib. 7. cap. i. 
 
 * {An analysis of fifteen words preserved by Garcilasso has led to 
 the conclusion that the supposed secret language of the Incas was 
 only a dialect of the common tongue. Meyen, Ueber die Ureinbe- 
 wohner von Peru, cited by Brinton, Myths of the New World, p. 
 Si.-ED.] 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. 4 
 
 115547
 
 3 8 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 were placed over the provinces, and, in short, filled 
 every station of high trust and emolument. 55 Even 
 the laws, severe in their general tenor, seem not to 
 have been framed with reference to them; and the 
 people, investing the whole order with a portion of the 
 sacred character which belonged to the sovereign, held 
 that an Inca noble was incapable of crime. 56 
 
 The other order of nobility was the Curaeas, the 
 caciques of the conquered nations, or their descend- 
 ants. They were usually continued by the government 
 in their places, though they were required to visit the 
 capital occasionally, and to allow their sons to be edu- 
 cated there as the pledges of their loyalty. It is not 
 easy to define the nature or extent of their privileges. 
 They were possessed of more or less power, according 
 to the extent of their patrimony and the number of 
 their vassals. Their authority was usually transmitted 
 from father to son, though sometimes the successor 
 was chosen by the people. 57 They did not occupy the 
 highest posts of state, or those nearest the person of 
 the sovereign, like the nobles of the blood. Their 
 
 55 " Una sola gente hallo yo que era exenta, que eran los Ingas del 
 Cuzco y por alii al rededor de ambas parcialidades, porque cstos no 
 solo no pagavan tribute, pero aun comian de lo que traian al Inga de 
 todo el reino, y estos eran por la mayor parte los Governado/es en 
 todo el reino, y por donde quiera que iban se les hacia mucha honrra." 
 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. 
 
 56 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 2, cap. 15. 
 
 57 In this event, it seems, the successor named was usually presented 
 to the Inca for confirmation. (Dec. de la Aud. Real... MS.) At other 
 times the Inca himself selected the heir from among the children of 
 the deceased Curaca. " In short," says Ondegardo, " there was no 
 rule of succession so sure, but it might be set aside by the supreme 
 will of the sovereign." Rel. Prim., MS.
 
 NOBILITY. 
 
 39 
 
 authority seems to have been usually local, and always 
 in subordination to the territorial jurisdiction of the 
 great provincial governors, who were taken from the 
 Incas.s* 
 
 It was the Inca nobility, indeed, who constituted 
 the real strength of the Peruvian monarchy. Attached 
 to their prince by ties of consanguinity, they had com- 
 mon sympathies and, to a considerable extent, common 
 interests with him. Distinguished by a peculiar dress 
 and insignia, as well as by language and blood, from 
 the rest of the community, they were never confounded 
 with the other tribes and nations who were incorpo- 
 rated into the great Peruvian monarchy. After the 
 lapse of centuries they still retained their individuality 
 as a peculiar people. They were to the conquered 
 races of the country what the Romans were to the bar- 
 barous hordes of the Empire or the Normans to the 
 ancient inhabitants of the British Isles. Clustering 
 around the throne, they formed an invincible phalanx 
 to shield it alike from secret conspiracy and open in- 
 surrection. Though living chiefly in the capital, they 
 were also distributed throughout the country in all its 
 high stations and strong military posts, thus establish- 
 ing lines of communication with the court, which 
 enabled the sovereign to act simultaneously and with 
 effect on the most distant quarters of his empire. 
 They possessed, moreover, an intellectual pre-emi- 
 nence, which, no less than their station, gave them 
 authority with the people. Indeed, it may be said to 
 
 58 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 4, cap. 10. Sarmiento, Re- 
 lacion, MS., cap. n. Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. Cieza de Leon, 
 Cronica, cap. 93. Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS.
 
 40 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS, 
 
 have been the principal foundation of their authority. 
 \ The crania of the Inca race show a decided superiority 
 \ over the other races of the land in intellectual power ; 
 \ and it cannot be denied that it was the fountain of that 
 \eculiar civilization and social polity which raised the 
 Pfctruvian monarchy above every other state in South 
 America. Whence this remarkable race came, and 
 what was its early history, are among those mysteries 
 that meet us so frequently in the annals of the New 
 World, and which time and the antiquary have as yet 
 done little to explain.* 
 
 59 Dr. Morton's valuable work contains several engravings of both 
 the Inca and the common Peruvian skull, showing that the facial angle 
 in the former, though by no means great, was mucr| larger than that 
 
 * [The wildest speculations on this point have not been those of 
 early writers, unguided by any principles of philological or ethnologi- 
 cal science, and accustomed to regard the Hebrew Scriptures as the 
 sole fountain of knowledge in regard to the origin and diffusion of the 
 human race. Modern research in matters of language and mythology, 
 while dispelling many illusions and furnishing a key to many riddles, 
 has opened a field in which the imagination, equipped with a quasi- 
 scientific apparatus, finds a wider range than ever before. The dis- 
 coveries of the Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg in regard to the origin of 
 the Mexican civilization have been matched by those of a Peruvian 
 scholar, Dr. Vincente Fidel Lopez, who. in a work entitled Les Races 
 aryennes du Perou (Paris, 1871), has brought forward a vast array of 
 argument to prove that the dominant race in Peru was an offshoot of 
 the great Indo-European family, transplanted at some remote period 
 to the American soil, and not connected by blood with any of its other 
 occupants. This theory is based on a comparison of languages, of 
 architectural and other remains, and of institutions and ideas. The 
 Quichua language, it is admitted, differs in form from all the recog- 
 nized Aryan tongues. Like the other American languages, it is poly- 
 synthetic, though Dr. Lopez, who makes no distinction between the 
 two terms, calls it agglutinative, classing it with the dialects of the Tu- 
 ranian family. But many philologists hold that there must have been
 
 NOBILITY. 41 
 
 in the latter, which was singularly flat and deficient in intellectual 
 character. Crania Americana (Philadelphia, iSag).* 
 
 a period when the oldest Aryan tongues were destitute of inflexions 
 and employed the same modes of expression as the Chinese and other 
 monosyllabic languages. There is therefore a " missing link," which is 
 supplied by the Quichua, this being agglutinative in form but Aryan 
 in substance. The latter point is established by the identity of its 
 leading roots with those of the Sanscrit : that is to say, there are Aas, 
 /<is. and vas, with meanings capable of being distorted into some 
 similarity, in both. The argument in regard to architecture, pottery, 
 etc., is of a more familiar kind, having been long since adduced in 
 support of various conjectures. The mythological hypotheses are 
 more amusing. Dr. Lopez holds, with M. Brasseur, that all myths 
 are identical ; but while the latter insists that their common signifi- 
 cance is geological, the former contends that it is astronomical. A 
 single example will illustrate the method by which the author estab- 
 lishes his points. The most ancient Peruvian deity, as Dr. Lopez 
 believes, was Ati, the representative of the waning moon, identical 
 with the Ate of the Homeric mythology. Another step brings us 
 to Hecate, properly 'Ef-anj o/ or by Ate. and a third to Athene 
 Ati-inna and Minerva, both names signifying the same thing, viz., 
 force de la lune. Lest it should be supposed that such conjectures 
 have sprung from the remoteness and isolation in which, as Dr. 
 Lopez complains, the Peruvian scholar is placed, it may be proper 
 to mention that he has been anticipated and even outstripped in his 
 leading ideas by some German savants, who, by a similar etymological 
 process, have identified both the Peruvians and the Aztecs as Celts. 
 " Aber woher kamen diese Kelten?" asks one of these enthusiastic 
 explorers. " Denn dass es Kelten gewesen sind, kann nicht mehr 
 zweifelhaft sein." And he answers his own inquiry by showing the 
 probability that they were Irish, " the last pagan remains of that 
 people," who rescued their old druidical worship from the inroads of 
 Christianity, and having carried it across the ocean, whether stopping 
 at Greenland on the way or not he is unable to decide, planted it on 
 the Andes, " that is to say, the beautiful land, from an, pleasant, beau- 
 tiful, and des, land." Frenzel, Der Belus oder Sonnendienst auf den 
 Anden, oder Kelten in America (Leipzig, 1867). ED.] 
 
 * [It seems extremely improbable that Dr. Morton should have 
 been able to obtain any well-authenticated crania of the Incas. 
 4*
 
 42 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 " With the exception," says Rivero, " of the mummies of the four [?] 
 emperors which were carried to Lima, . . . and the remains of which 
 it has been impossible to discover up to this day, the sepulchres of the 
 others are unknown, as well as of the nobility descended from them." 
 [Peruvian Antiquities, Eng. trans., p. 40.) The same writer asserts 
 that all the Peruvian crania figured in the work of Dr. Morton belong 
 to those of the three races which, according to him, constituted the 
 general mass of the population, the Chinchas, the Aymaraes, and the 
 Huancas. The crania of all these races are, he further states, distin- 
 guished by an osteologic anomaly : the presence, namely, of an inter- 
 parietal bone, of a more or less triangular form, perfectly distinct in 
 the first month after birth, and. subsequently united to the occipital, 
 the suture being marked by a furrow which is never obliterated and 
 which is easily recognized in all the crania. ED.]
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 ORDERS OF THE STATE. PROVISIONS FOR JUSTICE. 
 DIVISION OF LANDS. REVENUES AND REGISTERS. 
 
 GREAT ROADS AND POSTS. MILITARY TACTICS AND 
 
 POLICY. 
 
 IF we are surprised at the peculiar and original fea- 
 tures of what may be called the Peruvian aristocracy, 
 \vc shall be still more so as we descend to the lower 
 orders of the community and see the very artificial 
 character of their institutions. as artificial as those of 
 ancient Sparta, and, though in a different way, quite 
 is repugnant to the essential principles of our nature. 
 The institutions of Lycurgus, however, were designed 
 for a petty state, while those of Peru, although origi- 
 nally intended for such, seemed, like the magic tent in 
 the Arabian tale, to have an indefinite power of expan- 
 sion, and were as well suited to the most flourishing 
 condition of the empire as to its infant fortunes. In 
 this remarkable accommodation to change of circum- 
 stances we see the proofs of a contrivance that argues 
 no slight advance' in civilization. 
 
 The name of Peru was not known to the natives. It 
 was given by the Spaniards, and originated, it is said, 
 in a misapprehension of the Indian name of " river." ' 
 
 1 Pelu, according to Garcilasso, was the Indian name for " river," 
 and was given by one of the natives in answer to a question put to him 
 by the Spaniards, who conceived it to be the name of the country. 
 (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. i, cap. 6.) *Mch blunders have led to the 
 
 (43)
 
 44 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 However this may be, it is certain that the natives had 
 no other epithet by which to designate the large col- 
 lection of tribes and nations who were assembled under 
 the sceptre of the Incas, than that of Tavantinsuyu, or 
 " four quarters of the world." 2 This will not surprise 
 a citizen of the United States, who has no other name 
 by which to class himself among nations than what is 
 borrowed from a quarter of the globe. 3 The kingdom, 
 
 names of many places both in North and South America. Montesi- 
 nos, however, denies that there is such an Indian term for " river."* 
 (Mem. antiguas, MS., lib. i, cap. 2.) According to this writer, Peru 
 was the ancient Ophir, whence Solomon drew such stores of wealth, 
 and which, by a very natural transition, has in time been corrupted 
 into Phiru, Piru, Peru ! The first book of the Memorias, consisting 
 of thirty-two chapters, is devoted to this precious disco very .f 
 
 2 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, 
 lib. 2, cap. ii. 
 
 3 Yet an American may find food for his vanity in the reflection that 
 the name of a quarter of the globe, inhabited by so many civilized 
 nations, has been exclusively conceded to him. Was it conceded or 
 assumed ? \ 
 
 * [This statement would appear to be correct, and Garcilasso's 
 etymology must be rejected on that, if on no other ground. More 
 probable derivations are those given by Pascual de Andagoya, from 
 Biru, the name of a province first visited by Caspar de Morales and 
 Francisco Pizarro, and by Father Bias Valera from the Quichua 
 word Pirua, a granary. Garcilasso's objection, that the spelling Piru 
 was a later and corrupt form, would, even if well founded, be of little 
 moment. ED.] 
 
 f [A recent writer, forgetting, as Montesinos seems also to have 
 done, that Peru was not the native name for the country, suggests its 
 connection with Persia itself a mere corruptionas an argument in 
 support of the Aryan origin of the Quichuans ! ED.] 
 
 % [This comparison, which seems quite out of place, might be sup- 
 posed to imply that the Peruvian word translated " four quarters of 
 the world" bore a similar meaning to that conveyed by the English 
 phrase. But Garcilasso himself explains it as indicating merely the
 
 ORDERS OF THE STATE. 
 
 45 
 
 conformably to its name, was divided into four parts, 
 distinguished each by a separate title, and to each of 
 which ran one of the four great roads that diverged 
 from Cuzco, the capital or navel of the Peruvian mon- 
 archy. The city was in like manner divided into four 
 quarters ; and the various races which gathered there 
 from the distant parts of the empire lived each in the 
 quarter nearest to its respective province. They all 
 continued to wear their peculiar national costume, so 
 that it was easy to determine their origin ; and the 
 same order and system of arrangement prevailed in the 
 motley population of the capital as in the great prov- 
 inces of the empire. The capital, in fact, was a minia- 
 ture image of the empire. 4 
 
 The four great provinces were each placed under a 
 viceroy or governor, who ruled over them with the 
 assistance of one or more councils for the different 
 departments. These viceroys resided, some portion 
 of their time, at least, in the capital, where they con- 
 stituted a sort of council of state to the Inca. s The 
 
 *Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 2, cap. 9, 10. Cieza de Leon, 
 Cronica, cap. 93. The capital was further divided into two parts, the 
 Upper and Lower town, founded, as pretended, on the different origin 
 of the population ; a division recognized also in the inferior cities. 
 Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. 
 
 t Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 
 
 four cardinal points, by which divisions of territory, as well as archi- 
 tec^ural arrangements and even social organizations, were so com- 
 monly regulated among primitive nations. The extent to which this 
 was carried in America, and the consequent importance and sacred- 
 ness attached to the number four, as exemplified in many myths and 
 traditions, have been pointed out with great fulness of research and 
 illustration by Dr. Brinton, in his Myths of the New World. ED.]
 
 46 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 nation at large was distributed into decades, or small 
 bodies of ten; and every tenth man, or head of a 
 decade, had supervision of the rest, being required to 
 see that they enjoyed the rights and immunities to 
 which they were entitled, to solicit aid in their be- 
 half from government, when necessary, and to bring 
 offenders to justice. To this last they were stimulated 
 by a law that imposed on them, in case of neglect, the 
 same penalty that would have been incurred by the 
 guilty party. With this law hanging over his head, 
 the magistrate of Peru, we may well believe, did not 
 often go to sleep on his post. 6 
 
 The people were still further divided into bodies of 
 fifty, one hundred, five hundred, and a thousand, each 
 with an officer having general supervision over those 
 beneath, and the higher ones possessing, to a certain 
 extent, authority in matters of police. Lastly, the 
 whole empire was distributed into sections or depart- 
 ments of ten thousand inhabitants, with a governor 
 over each, from the Inca nobility, who had control 
 over the curacas and other territorial officers in the 
 district. There were, also, regular tribunals of justice, 
 consisting of magistrates in each of the towns or small 
 communities, with jurisdiction over petty offences, 
 
 2, cap. 15. For this account of the councils I am indebted toGarci- 
 lasso, who' frequently fills up gaps that have been left by his fellow- 
 laborers. Whether the filling up will, in all cases, bear the touch of 
 time as well as the rest of his work, one may doubt. 
 
 6 Dec. de la Aud. Real., M'S. Montesinos, Mem. antiguas, \fe., 
 lib. 2, cap. 6. Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. How analogous is the 
 Peruvian to the Anglo-Saxon division into hundreds and tithings ! But 
 the Saxon law which imposed only a fine on the district in case of a 
 criminal's escape was more humane. 

 
 PROVISIONS FOR JUSTICE. 47 
 
 while those of a graver character were carried before 
 superior judges, usually the governors or rulers of the 
 districts. These judges all held their authority and 
 received their support from the crown, by which they 
 were appointed and removed at pleasure. They were 
 obliged to determine every suit in five days from the 
 time it was brought before them ; and there was no 
 appeal from one tribunal to another. Yet there were 
 important provisions for the security of justice. A 
 committee of visitors patrolled the kingdom at certain 
 times to investigate the character and conduct of the 
 magistrates ; and any neglect or violation of duty was 
 punished in the most exemplary manner. The inferior 
 courts were also required to make monthly returns of 
 their proceedings to the higher ones, and these made 
 reports in like manner to the viceroys : so that the 
 monarch, seated in the centre of his dominions, could 
 look abroad, as it were, to their most distant extremities, 
 and review and rectify any abuses in the administration 
 of the law. 7 
 
 The laws were few and exceedingly severe. They 
 related almost wholly to criminal matters. Few other 
 laws were needed by a people who had no money, little 
 trade, and hardly anything that could be called fixed 
 property. The crimes of theft, adultery, and murder 
 were all capital ; though it was wisely provided that 
 some extenuating circumstances might be allowed to 
 
 i Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. Ondegardo, Rel. Prim, et Seg., 
 MSS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 2, cap. 11-14. Monte- 
 sinos, Mem. antiguas, MS., lib. 2, cap. 6. The accounts of the Peru- 
 vian tribunals by the early authorities are very meagre and unsatisfac- 
 tory. Even the lively imagination of Garcilasso has failed to supply 
 the blank.
 
 4 g CIVILIZATION Ut' THE INC AS. 
 
 mitigate the punishment. 8 Blasphemy against the Sun, 
 and malediction of the Inca, offences, indeed, of the 
 same complexion, were also punished with death. 
 Removing landmarks, turning the water away from a 
 neighbor's land into one's own, burning a house, were 
 all severely punished. To burn a bridge was death. 
 The Inca allowed no obstacle to those facilities of com- 
 munication so essential to the maintenance of public 
 order. A rebellious city or province was laid waste, 
 and its inhabitants exterminated. Rebellion against 
 the "Child of the Sun" was the greatest of all 
 crimes. 9 
 
 The simplicity and severity of the Peruvian code 
 may be thought to infer a state of society but little ad- 
 vanced, which had few of those complex interests and 
 relations that grow up in a civilized community, and 
 which had not proceeded far enough in the science of 
 legislation to economize human suffering by propor- 
 tioning penalties to crimes. But the Peruvian institu- 
 tions must be regarded from a different point of view 
 
 8 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 
 4, cap. 3. Theft was punished less severely if the offender had been 
 really guilty of it to supply the necessities of life. It is a singular 
 circumstance that the Peruvian law made no distinction between forni- 
 cation and adultery, both being equally punished with death. Yet 
 the law could hardly have been enforced, since prostitutes were 
 assigned, or at least allowed, a residence in the suburbs of the cities. 
 See Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 4, cap. 34. 
 
 9 Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 23. " I los traidores entre ellos 
 llamava aucaes, i esta palabra es la mas abiltada de todas quantas pue- 
 den decir aun Indio del Pini, que quiere decir traidor & su Senor." 
 (Conq. i Fob. del Pini, MS.) " En las rebeliones y alzamientos se 
 hicieron los castigos tan asperos, que algunas veces asolaron las pro- 
 vincias de todos los varones de edad sin quedar ninguno." Onde- 
 gardo, Rel. Prim., MS.
 
 PftOl'/S/ONS FOR JUSTICE. 49 
 
 from that in which we study those of other nations. 
 The laws emanated from the sovereign, and that sov- 
 ereign held a divine commission and^vas possessed of 
 a divine nature. To violate the law was not only to 
 insult the majesty of the throne, but it was sacrilege. 
 The slightest offence, viewed in this light, merited 
 death ; and the gravest could incur no heavier pen- 
 alty. 10 Yet in the infliction of their punishments they 
 showed no unnecessary cruelty ; and the sufferings of 
 the victim were not prolonged by the ingenious tor- 
 ments so frequent among barbarous nations." 
 
 These legislative provisions may strike us as very 
 defective, even as compared with those of the semi- 
 civilized races of Anahuac, where a gradation of courts, 
 moreover, with the right of appeal, afforded a tolerable 
 security for justice. Hut in a country like Peru, where 
 few but criminal causes were known, the right of ap- 
 peal was of less consequence. The law was simple, its 
 application easy ; and, where the judge was honest, the 
 case was as likely to be determined correctly on the 
 first hearing as on the second. The inspection of the 
 board of visitors, and the monthly returns of the tri- 
 bunals, afforded no slight guarantee for their integrity. 
 
 10 " El castigo era riguroso, que por la mayor parte era de muerle, 
 por liviano que fuese el delito ; porque decian, que no los castigavan 
 por el delito que avian hecho, ni por la ofensa agena, sino por aver 
 quebrantado el mandamiento, y rompido la palabra del Inca, que lo 
 respetavan como a Dios." Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 2, 
 cap. 12. 
 
 11 One of the punishments most frequent for minor offences was to 
 carry a stone on the back. A punishment attended with no suffering 
 but what arises from the disgrace attached to it is very justly char- 
 acterized by McCulloh as a proof of sensibility and refinement. Re- 
 earches, p. 361. 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. c 5
 
 50 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 The law which required a decision within five days 
 would seem little suited to the complex.and embarrass- 
 ing litigation of a modern tribunal. But, in the simple 
 questions submitted to the Peruvian judge, delay would 
 have been useless; and the Spaniards, familiar with 
 the evils growing out of long-protracted suits, where 
 the successful litigant is too often a ruined man, are 
 loud in their encomiums of this swift-handed and eco- 
 nomical justice." 
 
 The fiscal regulations of the Incas, and the laws re- 
 specting property, are the most remarkable features in 
 the Peruvian polity. The whole territory of the empire 
 was divided into three parts, one for the Sun, another 
 for the Inca, and the last for the people. Which of the 
 three was the largest is doubtful. The proportions dif- 
 fered materially in different provinces. The distribu- 
 tion, indeed, was made on the same general principle, 
 as each new conquest was added to the monarchy ; but 
 the proportion varied according to the amount of 
 population, and the greater or less amount of land 
 consequently required for the support of the inhabit- 
 ants. 13 
 
 12 The Royal Audience of Peru under Philip II. there cannot be 
 a higher authority bears emphatic testimony to the cheap and effi- 
 cient administration of justice under the Incas : " De suerte que los 
 vicios eran bien castigados y la gente estaba bien sujeta y pbediente ; 
 y aunque en las dichas penas havia esceso. redundaba en buen go- 
 vierno y policia suya, y mediante ella eran aumentados. . . . Porque 
 los Yndios alababan la governacion del Ynga. y aun los Espaftoles 
 que algo alcanzan de ella, es porque todas las cosas siisodichas se de- 
 terminaban sin hacerles costas." Dec.de la' Aud. Real., MS. 
 
 J 3 Acosta, lib. 6, cap. 15. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 5, 
 cap. i. " Si estas partes fuesen iguales, o qual fuese mayor, yo lo he 
 procurado averiguar, y en unas es diferente de otras, y finalm* yo
 
 DIVISION OF LANDS. 51 
 
 The lands assigned to the Sun furnished a revenue 
 to support the temples and maintain the costly cere- 
 monial of the Peruvian worship and the multitudinous 
 priesthood. Those reserved for the Inca went to sup- 
 port the royal state, as well as the numerous members 
 of his household and his kindred, and supplied the 
 various exigencies of government. The remainder of 
 the lands was divided, per capita, in equal shares 
 among the people. It was provided by law, as we 
 shall see hereafter, that every Peruvian should marry 
 at a certain age. When this event took place, the 
 community or district in which he lived furnished him 
 with a dwelling, which, as it was constructed of humble 
 materials, was done at little cost. A lot of land was 
 then assigned to him sufficient for his own mainte- 
 nance and that of his wife. An additional portion was 
 granted for every child, the amount allowed for a son 
 being the double of that for a daughter. The division 
 of the soil was renewed every year, and the possessions 
 of the tenant were increased or diminished according 
 to the numbers in his family. 14 The same arrangement 
 was observed with reference to the curacas, except only 
 that a domain was assigned to them corresponding with 
 the superior dignity of their stations.' 5 
 tengo entendido qne se hacia conforme & la disposicion de la tierra y 
 & la calidad de los Indios." Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. 
 
 4 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, 
 lib. 5, cap. 2. The portion granted to each new-married couple, ac- 
 cording to Garcilasso, was z.fanega and a half of land. A similar 
 quantity was added for each male child that was born, and half of the 
 quantity for each female. The/anega was as much land as could be 
 planted with a hundred-weight of Indian corn. In the fruitful soil of 
 Peru, this was a liberal allowance for a family. 
 
 >s Ibid., Parte i, lib. 5, cap. 3. It is singular that, while so much JJ
 
 5 2 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 A more thorough and effectual agrarian law than this 
 cannot be imagined. In other countries where such a 
 law has been introduced, its operation, after a time, 
 has given way to the natural order of events, and, 
 under the superior intelligence and thrift of some and 
 the prodigality of others, the usual vicissitudes of for- 
 tune have been allowed to take their course and restore 
 things to their natural inequality. Even the iron law 
 of Lycurgus ceased to operate after a time, and melted 
 away before the spirit of luxury and avarice. The 
 nearest approach to the Peruvian constitution was 
 probably in Judea, where, on the recurrence of the 
 great national jubilee, at the close of every half-cen- 
 tury, estates reverted to their original proprietors. 
 There was this important difference in Peru ; that not 
 only did the lease, if we may so call it, terminate with 
 the year, but during that period the tenant had no 
 power to alienate or to add to his possessions. The 
 end of the brief term found him in precisely the same 
 condition that he was in at the beginning. Such a 
 state of things might be supposed to be fatal to any 
 thing like attachment to the soil, or to that desire of 
 improving it which is natural to the permanent proprie- 
 
 said of the Inca sovereign, so little should be said of the Inca nobil- 
 ity, of their estates, or the tenure by which they held them. Their 
 historian tells us that they had the best of the lands, wherever they 
 resided, besides the interest which they had in those of the Sun and the 
 Inca, as children of the one and kinsmen of the other. He informs 
 us, also, that they were supplied from the royal table when living at. 
 court (lib. 6, cap. 3). But this is very loose language. The student 
 of history will learn, on the threshold, that he is not to expect precise, 
 or even very consistent, accounts of the institutions of a barbarouj 
 age and people from contemporary annalists.
 
 DIVISION OF LANDS. 
 
 53 
 
 tor, and hardly less so to the holder of a long lease. 
 But the practical operation of the law seems to have 
 been otherwise ; and it is probable that, under the in- 
 fluence of that love of order and aversion to change 
 which marked the Peruvian institutions, each new par- 
 tition of the soil usually confirmed the occupant in his 
 possession, and the tenant for a year was converted into 
 a proprietor for life. 
 
 The territory was cultivated wholly by the people. 
 The lands belonging to the Sun were first attended to. 
 They next tilled the lands of the old, of the sick, of 
 the widow and the orphan, and of soldiers engaged in 
 actual service ; in short, of all that part of the com- 
 munity who, from bodily infirmity or any other cause, 
 were unable to attend to their own concerns. The 
 people were then allowed to work on their own ground, 
 each man for himself, but with the general obligation 
 to assist his neighbor when any circumstance the bur- 
 den of a young and numerous family, for example 
 might demand it.' 6 Lastly, they cultivated the lands 
 of the Inca. This was done, with great ceremony, by 
 the whole population in a body. At break of day they 
 were summoned together by proclamation from some 
 neighboring tower or eminence, and all the inhabitants 
 of the district, men, women, and children, appeared 
 dressed in their gayest apparel, bedecked with their 
 little store of finery and ornaments, as if for some 
 great jubilee. They went through the labors of the 
 
 16 Garcilasso relates that an Indian was hanged by Huayna Capac 
 for tilling the ground of a curaca, his near relation, before that of the 
 poor. The gallows was erected on the curaca's own land. Com 
 Real.. Parte i. lib. 5. cap. 2. 
 
 5*
 
 54 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 day with the same joyous spirit, chanting their popular 
 ballads which commemorated the heroic deeds of the 
 Incas, regulating their movements by the measure of 
 the chant, and all mingling in the chorus, of which the 
 word hailli, or "triumph," was usually the burden. 
 These national airs had something soft and pleasing -in 
 their character, that recommended them to the Span- 
 iards ; and many a Peruvian song was set to music by 
 them after the Conquest, and was listened to by the 
 unfortunate natives with melancholy satisfaction, as it 
 called up recollections of the past, when their days 
 glided peacefully away under the sceptre of the Incas.' 7 
 A similar arrangement prevailed with respect to the 
 different manufactures as to the agricultural products 
 of the country. The flocks of llamas, or Peruvian 
 sheep, were appropriated exclusively to the Sun and to 
 the Inca. 18 Their number was immense. They were 
 scattered over the different provinces, chiefly in the 
 colder regions of the country, where they were in- 
 trusted to the care of experienced shepherds, who 
 conducted them to different pastures according to the 
 change of season. A large number was every year 
 sent to the capital for the consumption of the court, 
 and for the religious festivals and sacrifices. But these 
 were only the males, as no female was allowed to be 
 
 '7 Garcilasso r Com. Real., Parte I, lib. 5, cap. 1-3. Ondegardo. 
 Rel. Seg., MS. 
 
 18 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. Yet sometimes the sovereign would 
 recompense some great chief, or even some one among the people, 
 who had rendered him a service, by the grant of a small number of 
 llamas, never many. These were not to be disposed of or killed by 
 their owners, but descended as common property to their heirs. This 
 strange arrangement proved a fruitful source of litigation after the 
 Conquest. IhicJ., ubi supra.
 
 REVENUES AND REGISTERS. 55 
 
 killed. The regulations for the care and breeding of 
 these flocks were prescribed with the greatest minute- 
 ness, and with a sagacity which excited the admiration 
 of the Spaniards, who were familiar with the manage- 
 ment of the great migratory flocks of merinos in their 
 own country.' 9 
 
 At the appointed season they were all sheared, and 
 the wool was deposited in the public magazines. It 
 was then dealt out to each family in such quantities as 
 sufficed for its wants, and was consigned to the female 
 part of the household, who were well instructed in the 
 business of spinning and weaving. When this labor 
 was accomplished, and the family was provided with a 
 coarse but warm covering, suited to the cold climate 
 of the mountains, for in the lower country cotton, 
 furnished in like manner by the crown, took the place, 
 to a certain extent, of wool, the people were required 
 to labor for the Inca. The quantity of the cloth 
 needed, as well as the peculiar kind and quality of the 
 fabric, was first determined at Cuzco. The work was 
 then apportioned among the different provinces. Offi- 
 cers appointed for the purpose superintended the dis- 
 tribution of the wool, so that the manufacture of the 
 different articles should be intrusted to the most com- 
 petent hands. 20 They did not leave the matter here, 
 but entered the dwellings, from time to time, and saw 
 
 ' See especially the account of the Licentiate Ondegardo, who goes 
 into more detail than any contemporary writer concerning the man- 
 agement of the Peruvian flocks. Rel. Seg.. MS. 
 
 20 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim, et Seg., MSS. The manufacture of cloths 
 for the Inca included those for the numerous persons of the blood 
 royal, who wore garments of a finer texture than was permitted to any 
 other Peruvian. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 5, cap. 6.
 
 5 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 that the work was faithfully executed. This domestic 
 inquisition was not confined to the labors for the Inca. 
 It included, also, those for the several families ; and 
 care was taken that each household should employ the 
 materials furnished for its own use in the manner that 
 was intended, so that no one should be unprovided 
 with necessary apparel. 21 In this domestic labor all 
 the female part of the establishment was expected to 
 join. Occupation was found for all, from the child 
 five years old to the aged matron not too infirm to hold 
 a distaff. No one, at least none but the decrepit and 
 the sick, was allowed to eat the bread of idleness in 
 Peru. Idleness was a crime in the eye of the law, and, 
 as such, severely punished ; while industry was publicly 
 commended and stimulated by rewards." 
 
 The like course was pursued with reference to the 
 other requisitions of the government. All the mines in 
 the kingdom belonged to the Inca. They were wrought 
 exclusively for his benefit, by persons familiar with this 
 service and selected from the districts where the mines 
 were situated. 23 Every Peruvian of the lower class was 
 
 21 Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. Acosta. lib. 6, cap. 15. 
 
 22 Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i. lib. 
 5. cap. ii. 
 
 2 3 Ga/cilasso would have us believe that the Inca was indebted to 
 the curacas for his gold and silver, which were furnished by the great 
 vassals as presents. (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 5. cap. 7.) This im- 
 probable statement is contradicted by the Report of the Royal Audi- 
 ence, MS., by Sarmiento (Relacion, MS., cap. 15), and by Ondegardo 
 (Rel. Prim., MS.), who all speak of the mines as the property of the 
 government and wrought exclusively for its benefit. From this reser- 
 voir the proceeds were liberally dispensed in the form of presents 
 among the great lords, and still more for the embellishment of the 
 temples.
 
 REVENUES AND REGISTERS. 
 
 57 
 
 a husbandman, and, with the exception of those al- 
 ready specified, was expected to provide for his own 
 support by the cultivation of his land. A small por- 
 tion of the community, however, was instructed in 
 mechanical arts, some of them of the more elegant 
 kind, subservient to the purposes of luxury and orna- 
 ment. The demand for these was chiefly limited to 
 the sovereign and his court ; but the labor of a larger 
 number of hands was exacted for the execution of the 
 great public works which covered the land. The na- 
 ture and amount of the services required were all de- 
 termined at Cuzeo by commissioners well instructed in 
 the resources of the country and in the character of 
 the inhabitants of different provinces." 4 
 
 This information was obtained by an admirable regu- 
 lation, which has scarcely a counterpart in the annals 
 of a semi-civilized people. A register was kept of all 
 the births and deaths throughout the country, and 
 exact returns of the actual population were made to 
 the government every year, by means of the quipus, a 
 curious invention, which will be explained hereafter.* 5 
 At certain intervals, also, a general survey of the coun- 
 try was made, exhibiting a complete view of the char- 
 acter of the soil, its fertility, the nature of its products, 
 
 "* Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i. lib. 5, cap. 13-16. Ondegardo, 
 Rel. Prim, et Seg., MSS. 
 
 s Montesinos, Mem. antiguas, MS., lib. 2, cap. 6. Pedro Pizarro, 
 Relacion del Descubrimiento y Conquista de los Reynos del Peru, 
 MS. " Cada provincia, en fin del ano, mandavaasentar en losquipos, 
 por la cuenta de sus nudos, todos los hombres que habian muerto en 
 ella en aquel ano, y por el consiguiente los que habian nacido, y por 
 principio del ano que entraba, venian con los quipos al Cuzco." Sar- 
 miento, Relacion, MS., cap. 16.
 
 5 8 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 both agricultural and mineral, in short, of all that 
 constituted the physical resources of the empire.* 5 
 Furnished with these statistical details, it was easy for 
 the government, after determining the amount of re- 
 quisitions, to distribute the work among the respective 
 provinces best qualified to execute it. The task of 
 apportioning the labor was assigned to the local au- 
 thorities, and great care was taken that it should be 
 done in such a manner that, while the most competent 
 hands were selected, the weight should not fall dis- 
 proportionately on any. 27 
 
 The different provinces of the country furnished 
 persons peculiarly suited to different employments, 
 which, as we shall see hereafter, usually descended 
 from father to son. Thus, one district supplied those 
 most skilled in working the mines, another the most 
 curious workers in metals or in wood, and so on. 28 
 The artisan was provided by government with the ma- 
 terials ; and no one was required to give more than a 
 stipulated portion of his time to the public service. 
 He was then succeeded by another for the like term ; 
 and it should be observed that all who were engaged 
 in the employment of the government and the remark 
 applies equally to agricultural labor were maintained, 
 
 26 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte, i, lib. 2, cap. 14. 
 
 ^Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. Sarmiento, Rel.. MS., cap. 15. 
 " Presupuesta y entendida la dicha division que el Inga tenia hecha 
 de su gente, y orden que tenia puesta en el govierao de ella, era muy 
 facil haverla en la division y cobranza de losdichos tributes ; porque 
 era claro y cierto lo que & cada uno cabia sin que hubiese desigualdad 
 ni engano." Dec. de la Aud. Real.', MS. 
 
 "SSar'miento, Relacion, MS., cap. 15. Ondegardo. Rel. Seg.. 
 MS.
 
 REVENUES AND REGISTERS. 59 
 
 for the time, at the public expense. 99 By this constant 
 rotation of labor it was intended that no one should 
 be overburdened, and that each man should have time 
 to provide for the demands of his own household. It 
 was impossible in the judgment of a high Spanish 
 authority to improve on the system of distribution, 
 so carefully was it accommodated to the condition and 
 comfort of the artisan. 30 The security of the working- 
 classes seems to have been ever kept in view in the regu- 
 lations of the government ; and these were so discreetly 
 arranged that the most wearing and unwholesome la- 
 bors, as those of the mines, occasioned no detriment 
 to the health of the laborer ; a striking contrast to his 
 subsequent condition under the Spanish rule. 31 
 
 A part of the agricultural produce and manufactures 
 was transported to Cuzco, to minister to the immediate 
 demands of the Inca and his court. But far the greater 
 part was stored in magazines scattered over the different 
 provinces. These spacious buildings, constructed of 
 stone, were divided between the Sun and the Inca, 
 though the greater share seems to have been appro- 
 priated by the monarch. By a wise regulation, any 
 deficiency in the contributions of the Inca might be 
 
 ^Ondcgardo, Rel. Prim., MS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, 
 lib. 5, cap. 5. 
 
 3 " Y tambien se tenia cuenta que el trabajo que pasavan fuese 
 moderado, y con el menos riesgo que fuese posible. . . . Era tanta la 
 orden que tuvieron estos Indies, que & mi parecer aunque mucho se 
 piense en ello seria dificultoso mejorarla conocida su condicion y cos- 
 tumbres." Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. 
 
 3' " The working of the mines," says the President of the Council 
 of the Indies, " was so regulated that no one felt it a hardship, much 
 was his life shortened by it." (Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 
 
 .) It is a frank admission fora Spaniard.
 
 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 supplied from the granaries of the Sun. 33 But such a 
 necessity could rarely have happened ; and the provi- 
 dence of the government usually left a large surplus in 
 the royal depositories, which was removed to a third 
 class of magazines, whose design was to supply the 
 people in seasons of scarcity, and, occasionally, to 
 furnish relief to individuals whom sickness or misfor- 
 tune had reduced to poverty ; thus in a manner justify- 
 ing the assertion of a Castilian document, that a large 
 portion of the revenues of the Inca found its way back 
 again, through one channel or another, into. the hands 
 of the people. 33 These magazines were found by the 
 Spaniards, on their arrival, stored with all the various 
 products and manufactures of the country, with maize, 
 coca, quintta, woollen and cotton stuffs of the finest 
 quality, with vases and utensils of gold, silver, and 
 copper, in short, with every article of luxury or use 
 within the compass of Peruvian skill. 34 The magazines 
 
 3* Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i. lib. 5. cap. 34. Ondegardo, Rel. 
 Prim., MS. " E asi esta parte del Inga no hay duda sino que de todas 
 tres era la mayor, y en los depositos se parece bien que y6 visile 1 
 muchos en diferentes partes, e son mayores e mas largos que n6 los 
 de su religion sin comparasion." Idem, Rel. Seg., MS. 
 
 33"Todos los dichos tributes y servicios que el Inga imponia y 
 llevaba como dicho es eran con color y para efecto del govierno y 
 pro comun de todos, asi como lo que se ponia en depositos todo se 
 combertia y distribuia entre los mismos naturales." Dec. de la Aud. 
 Real., MS. 
 
 34 Acosta, lib. 6, cap. 15." No podre decir." says one of the Con- 
 querors, ' ' los depositos. Vide de rropas y de todos generos de rropas 
 y vestidos que en este reino se hacian y vsavan que faltava tiempo 
 para vello y entendimiento para comprender tanta cosa. muchos de- 
 positos de barretas de cobre para las minas y de costales y sogas de 
 vasos de palo y platos del oro y plata que aqui se hallo hera cosa 
 dospanto." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS.
 
 REVENUES AND REGISTERS. 6 1 
 
 of grain, in particular, would frequently have sufficed 
 for the consumption of the adjoining district for several 
 years. 35 An inventory of the various products of the 
 country, and the quarters whence they were obtained, 
 was every year taken by the royal officers, and recorded 
 by the </uif>ucarnayus on their registers, with surprising 
 regularity and precision. These registers were trans- 
 mitted to the capital and submitted to the Inca, who 
 could thus at a glance, as it were, embrace the whole 
 results of the national industry and see how far they 
 corresponded with the requisitions of the government. 36 
 Such are some of the most remarkable features of the 
 Peruvian institutions relating to property, as delineated 
 by writers who, however contradictory in the details, 
 have a general conformity of outline. These institu- 
 tions are certainly so remarkable that it is hardly 
 credible they should ever have been enforced through- 
 out a great empire and for a long period of years. Yet 
 we have the most unequivocal testimony to the fact 
 from the Spaniards, who landed in Peru in time to 
 witness their operation ; some of whom, men of high 
 judicial station and character, were commissioned by 
 the government to make investigations into the state 
 of the country under its ancient rulers. 
 
 35 For ten years, sometimes, if we may credit Ondegardo, who had 
 every means of knowing : " ansi cuando n6 era menester se estaba 
 en los depositos e habiaalgunas vezes comida de diez anos. . . . Los 
 cuales todos se hallaron llenos cuando llegaron los Espanoles desto y 
 de todas las cosas necesarias para la vida humana." Rel. Seg., MS. 
 
 s 6 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. " Por tanta orden e cuenta que 
 seria dificujtoso creerlo ni darlo ;i entender como ellos lo tienen en su 
 cuenta 6 por registros e por menudo lo manifestaron que se pudiera 
 por estenso." Idem, Rel. Sjg., MS. 
 Peru. VOL. I. 6
 
 62 CIVILIZATION Of THE 
 
 The impositions on the Peruvian people seem to have 
 been sufficiently heavy. On them rested the whole 
 burden of maintaining not only their own order, but 
 every other order in the state. The members of the 
 royal house, the great nobles, even the public function- 
 aries, and the numerous body of the priesthood, were 
 all exempt from taxation. 37 The whole duty of defray- 
 ing the expenses of the government belonged to the 
 people. Yet this was not materially different from the 
 condition of things formerly existing in most parts of 
 Europe, where the various privileged classes claimed 
 exemption not always with success, indeed from 
 bearing part of the public burdens. The great hard- 
 ship in the case of the Peruvian was that he could not 
 better his condition. His labors were for others, rather 
 than for himself. However industrious, he could not 
 add a rood to his own possessions, nor advance himself 
 one hair's breadth in the social scale. The great and 
 universal motive to honest industry, that of bettering 
 one's lot, was lost upon him. The great law of human 
 progress was not for him. As he was born, so he was 
 to die. Even his time he could not properly call his 
 own. Without money, with little property of any 
 kind, he paid his tatfes in labor. 38 No wonder that the 
 government should have dealt with sloth as a crime. 
 It was a crime against the state, and to be wasteful of 
 time was, in a manner, to rob the exchequer. The 
 Peruvian, laboring all his life for others, might be com- 
 pared to the convict in a treadmill, going the same dull 
 
 37 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 5, cap. 15. 
 3 s " Solo el trabajo de las personas era el tribute que se dava, porque 
 ellos no poseian otra cosa." Ondegardo. Rel. Prim., MS.
 
 REVENUES A AD A'G/STAS. 63 
 
 round of incessant toil, with the consciousness that, 
 however profitable the results to the state, they were 
 nothing to him. 
 
 But this is the dark side of the picture. If no man 
 could become rich in Peru, no man could become poor. 
 No spendthrift could waste his substance in riotous 
 luxury. No adventurous. schemer could impoverish his 
 family by the spirit of speculation. The law was con- 
 stantly directed to enforce a steady industry and a sober 
 management of his affairs. No mendicant was tolerated 
 in Peru. When a man was reduced by poverty or mis- 
 fortune (it could hardly be by fault), the arm of the 
 law was stretched out to minister relief; not the stinted 
 relief of private charity, nor that which is doled out, 
 drop by drop, as it were, from the frozen reservoirs of 
 "the parish," but in generous measure, bringing no 
 humiliation to the object of it, and placing him on a 
 level with the rest of his countrymen. 
 
 No man coujd be rich, no man could be poor, in 
 
 x " Era tanta la orden que tenia en todos sus Reinos y provincias, 
 que no consentia haver ningun Indio pobre ni menesteroso, porque 
 havi.i orden i formas para ello sin que los pueblos reciviesen vexacion 
 ni molestia, porque el Inga lo suplia de sus tributes." (Conq. i Fob. 
 del Piru, MS.) The Licentiate Ondegardo sees only a device of Satan 
 in these provisions of the Peruvian law. by which the old. the infirm, 
 and the poor were rendered, in a manner, independent of their chil- 
 dren and those nearest of kin, on whom they would naturally have 
 leaned for support ; no surer way to harden the heart, he considers, 
 than by thus disengaging it from the sympathies of humanity ; and no 
 circumstance has done more, he concludes, to counteract the influence 
 and spread of Christianity among the natives. (Rel. Seg., MS.) The 
 views are ingenious ; but in a country where the people had no prop- 
 erty, us in Peru, there would seem to be no alternative for the super- 
 numeraries but to receive support from government or to starve.
 
 64 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 Peru; but all might enjoy, and did enjoy, a compe 
 tence. Ambition, avarice, the love of change, the 
 morbid spirit of discontent, those passions which most 
 agitate the minds of men, found no place in the bosom 
 of the Peruvian. The very condition of his being 
 seemed to be at war with change. He moved on in 
 the same unbroken circle in which his fathers had 
 moved before him, and in which his children were to 
 follow. It was the object of the Incas to infuse into 
 their subjects a spirit of passive obedience and tran- 
 quillity, a perfect acquiescence in the established 
 order of things. In this they fully succeeded. The 
 Spaniards who first visited the country are emphatic in 
 their testimony that no government could have been 
 better suited to the genius of the people, and no people 
 could have appeared more contented with their lot or 
 more devoted to their government. 40 
 
 Those who may distrust the accounts of Peruvian in- 
 dustry will find their doubts removed on a visit to the 
 country. The traveller still meets, especially in the 
 central regions of the table-land, with memorials of the . 
 past, remains of temples, palaces, fortresses, terraced 
 mountains, great military roads, aqueducts, and other 
 public works, which, whatever degree of science they 
 may display in their execution, astonish him by their ' 
 number, the massive character of the materials, and 
 the grandeur of the design. Among them, perhaps 
 the most remarkable are the great roads, the broken 
 remains of which are still in sufficient preservation to 
 attest their former magnificence. There were many 
 of these roads, traversing different parts of the king- 
 < Acosta, lib. 6, cap. 12, 15. Sarmiento. Relacion, MS., cap. 10.
 
 GREAT ROADS AXD POSTS. 65 
 
 dom ; but the most considerable were the two which 
 extended from Quito to Cuzco, and, again diverging 
 from the capital, continued in a southerly direction 
 towards Chili. 
 
 One of these roads passed over the grand plateau, 
 and the other along the lowlands on the borders of 
 the ocean. The former was much the more difficult 
 achievement from the character of the country. It 
 was conducted over pathless sierras buried in snow ; 
 galleries were cut for leagues through the living rock ; 
 rivers were crossed by means of bridges that swung 
 suspended in the air ; precipices were scaled by stair- 
 ways hewn out of the native bed ; ravines of hideous 
 depth were filled up with solid masonry : in short, all 
 the difficulties that beset a wild and mountainous 
 region, and which might appall the most courageous 
 engineer of modern times, were encountered and suc- 
 cessfully overcome. The length of the road, of which 
 scattered fragments only remain, is variously estimated- 
 at from fifteen hundred to two thousand miles ; and 
 stone pillars, in the manner of European mile-stones, 
 were erected at stated intervals of somewhat more than 
 a league, all along the route. Its breadth scarcely ex- 
 ceeded twenty feet. 41 It was built of heavy flags of 
 
 4 Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. " Este camino hecho por valles on- 
 dos y por sierras alias, por monies de nieve, por tremedales de agua 
 y por pena viva y junto a rios furiosos por estas partes y ballano y 
 cmpedrado por las laderas, bien sacado por las sierras, deshechado, 
 por las penas socavado, por junto a los Rios sus paredes, entre nieves 
 con escalones y descanso, por todas partes limpio barrido descom- 
 brado, lleno de aposentos, de depositos de tesoros, de Templos del 
 Sol, de Postas que havia en este camino." Sarmiento, Relation. 
 MS., cap. 60. 
 
 6*
 
 66 CIVILIZATION OF TI1K /.VC./.V. 
 
 freestone, and, in some parts at least, covered with a 
 bituminous cement, which time has made harder than 
 the stone itself. In some places, where the ravines 
 had been filled up with masonry, the mountain-tor- 
 rents, wearing on it for ages, have gradually eaten a 
 way through the base, and left the superincumbent 
 mass suc h is the cohesion of the materials still span- 
 ning the valley like an arch ! * 3 
 
 Over some of the boldest streams it was necessary to 
 construct suspension-bridges, as they are termed, made 
 of the tough fibres of the maguey, or of the osier of 
 the country, which has an extraordinary degree of 
 tenacity and strength. These osiers were woven into 
 cables of the thickness of a man's body. The huge 
 ropes, then stretched across the water, were conducted 
 through rings or holes cut in immense buttresses of 
 stone raised on the opposite banks of the river and 
 there secured to heavy pieces of timber. Several of 
 these enormous cables, bound together, formed a 
 bridge, which, covered with planks, well secured and 
 defended by a railing of the same osier materials on 
 the sides, afforded a safe passage for the traveller. The 
 length of this aerial bridge, sometimes exceeding two 
 
 <* " On avait comble les vides et les ravins par de grandes masses 
 de ma9onnerie. Les torrents qui descendent des hauteurs apres des 
 pluies abondantes avaient creus^ les endroits les mains solides, et 
 s'etaient fraye une voie sous le chemin. le laissant ainsi suspendu en 
 1'air comme un pont fait d'une seule piece." (Velasco, Hist, de Quito. 
 torn. i. p. 206.) This writer speaks from personal observation, having 
 examined and measured different parts ol the road, in the latter part 
 of the last century. The Spanish scholar will find in Appendix No. 
 2 an animated description of this magnificent work and of the ob- 
 stacles encountered in the execution of it, in a passage borrowed from 
 Sarmiento, who saw it in the days of the Incas.
 
 GREAT ROADS AND POSTS. 67 
 
 hundred feet, caused it, confined as it was only at the 
 extremities, to dip with an alarming inclination to- 
 wards the centre, while the motion given to it by the 
 passenger occasioned an oscillation still more frightful, 
 as his eye wandered over the dark abyss of waters that 
 foamed and tumbled many a fathom beneath. Yet 
 these light and fragile fabrics were crossed without 
 fear by the Peruvians, and are still retained by the 
 Spaniards over those streams which, from the depth or 
 impetuosity of the current, would seem impracticable 
 for the usual modes of conveyance. The wider and 
 more tranquil waters were crossed on balsas a kind 
 of raft still much used by the natives to which sails 
 were attached, furnishing the only instance of this 
 higher kind of navigation among the American In- 
 dians. 43 
 
 The other great road of the Incas lay through the 
 level country between the Andes and the ocean. It 
 was constructed in a different manner, as demanded by 
 the nature of the ground, which was for the most part 
 low, and much of it sandy. The causeway was raised 
 on a high embankment of earth, and defended on 
 either side by a parapet or wall of clay ; and trees and 
 odoriferous shrubs were planted along the margin, re- 
 galing the sense of the traveller with their perfumes, 
 and refreshing him by their shades, so grateful under 
 the burning sky of the tropics. In the strips of sandy 
 
 Garcilasso, Com. Real.. Parte i, lib. 3, cap. 7. A particular 
 account of these bridges, as they are still to be seen in different parts 
 of Peru, may be found in Humboldt. (Vues des Cordilleres, p. 230, 
 et seq.) The balsas are described with equal minuteness by Steven- 
 son. Residence in America, vol. ii. p. 222, et seq.
 
 68 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 waste which occasionally intervened, where the light 
 and volatile soil was incapable of sustaining a road, huge 
 piles, many of them to be seen at this day, were driven 
 into the ground to indicate the route to the traveller. 44 
 All along these highways, caravansaries, or tamhos, 
 as they were called, were erected, at the distance of 
 ten or twelve miles from each other, for the accommo- 
 dation, more particularly, of the Inca and his suite 
 and those who journeyed on the public business. There 
 were few other travellers in Peru. Some of these build- 
 ings were on an extensive scale, consisting of a fortress, 
 barracks, and other military works, surrounded by a 
 parapet of stone and covering a large tract of ground. 
 These were evidently destined for the accommodation 
 of the imperial armies when on their march across the 
 country. The care of the great roads was committed 
 to the districts through which they passed, and under 
 the Incas a large number of hands was constantly em- 
 ployed to keep them in repair. This was the more easily 
 done in a country where the mode of travelling was 
 'altogether on foot ; though the roads are said to have 
 been so nicely constructed that a -carriage might have 
 rolled over 'them as securely as on any of the great 
 roads of Europe. 45 Still, in a region where the ele- 
 
 ** Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 60. Relacion del primer Descu- 
 brimiento de la Costa y Mar del Sur. MS. This anonymous docu- 
 ment of one of the early Conquerors contains a minute and probably 
 trustworthy account of both the high-roads, which the writer saw in 
 their glory, and which he ranks among the greatest wonders of the 
 world. 
 
 45 Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Cieza de Leon. Cronica. cap. 
 37. Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. n. Garcilasso, Com. Real., 
 Parte i, lib. 9, cap. 13.
 
 GREAT ROADS AND POSTS. 69 
 
 ments of fire and water are both actively at work in 
 the business of destruction, they must, without con- 
 stant supervision, have gradually gone to decay. Such 
 has been their fate under the Spanish conquerors, who 
 took no care to enforce the admirable system for their 
 preservation adopted by the Incas. Yet the broken 
 portions that still survive here and there, like the 
 fragments of the great Roman roads scattered over 
 Europe, bear evidence to their primitive grandeur, 
 and have drawn forth the eulogium from a discrimi- 
 nating traveller, usually not too profuse in his pane- 
 gyric, that "the roads of the Incas were among the 
 most useful and stupendous works ever executed by 
 man." * 
 
 The system of communication through their domin- 
 ions was still further improved by the Peruvian sove- 
 reigns by the introduction of posts, in the same manner 
 as was done by the Aztecs. The Peruvian posts, how- 
 ever, established on all the great routes that conducted 
 to the capital, were on a much more extended plan 
 than those in Mexico. All along these routes, small 
 buildings were erected, at the distance of less than 
 
 five miles asunder, 47 in each of which a number of run- 
 
 \ 
 
 * " Cette chaussee. bordee de grandes pierres de taille, peut etre 
 comparee aux plus belles routes des Romains que j'aie vues en Italic, 
 en France et en Espagne. . . . Le grand chemin de 1 Inca. un des 
 ouvrages les plus utiles et en meme temps des plus gigantesques que 
 les hommes aient execute." Humboldt. Vues des Cordilleres, p. 294. 
 
 7 The distance between the post-houses is variously stated ; most 
 writers not estimating it at more than three-fourths of a league. I 
 have preferred the authority of Ondegardo. who usually writes with 
 more conscientiousness and knowledge of his ground than most of 
 his contemporaries.
 
 7 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 ners, or chasquis, as they were called, were stationed to 
 carry forward the despatches of government. 48 These 
 despatches were either verbal, or conveyed by means 
 of quipus, and sometimes accompanied by a thread of 
 the crimson fringe worn round the temples of the Inca, 
 which was regarded with the same implicit deference 
 as the signet-ring of an Oriental despot. 49 
 
 The chasquis were dressed in a peculiar livery, inti- 
 mating their profession. They were all trained to the 
 employment, and selected for their speed and fidelity. 
 As the distance each courier had to perform was small, 
 and as he had ample time to refresh himself at the sta- 
 tions, they ran over the ground with great swiftness, 
 and messages were carried through the whole extent 
 of the long routes, at the rate of a hundred and fifty 
 miles a day. The office of the chasquis was not limited 
 to carrying despatches. They frequently brought va- 
 rious articles for the use of the court ; and in this way 
 fish from the distant ocean, fruits, game, and different 
 commodities from the hot regions on the coast, were 
 taken to the capital in good condition and served 
 fresh at the royal table. 50 It is remarkable that this 
 
 * The term chasqui, according to Montesinos, signifies " one that 
 receives a thing." (Mem. antiguas, MS., cap. 7.) But Garcilasso, a 
 better authority for his own tongue, says it meant " one who makes 
 an exchange." Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 6, cap. 8. 
 
 " Con vn hilo de esta Borla, entregado a uno de aquellos Ore- 
 jones, governaban laTierra, i proveian lo que querian con maior obe- 
 diencia, que en ninguna Provincia del Mundo se ha visto tener a las 
 Provissiones de su Rei." Zarate. Conq. del Peru. lib. i, cap. 9. 
 
 so Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 18. Dec. de la Aud. Real.. MS. 
 If we may trust Montesinos, the royal table was served with fish, 
 taken a hundred leagues from the capital, in twenty-four hours after
 
 GREAT ROADS AND POSTS. 71 
 
 important institution should have been known to both 
 the Mexicans and the Peruvians without any corre- 
 spondence with one another, and that it should have 
 been found among two barbarian nations of the New 
 World long before it was introduced among the civil- 
 ized nations of Europe. 5 ' 
 
 By these wise contrivances of the Incas, the most 
 distant parts of the long-extended empire of Peru were 
 brought into intimate relations with each other. And 
 while the capitals of Christendom, but a few hundred 
 miles apart, remained as far asunder as if seas had 
 rolled between them, the great capitals Cuzco and 
 Quito were placed by the high-roads of the Incas in 
 immediate correspondence. Intelligence from the nu- 
 merous provinces was transmitted on the wings of the 
 wind to the Peruvian metropolis, the great focus to 
 which all the lines of communication converged. Not 
 an insurrectionary movement could occur, not an in- 
 vasion on the remotest frontier, before the tidings 
 were conveyed to the capital and the imperial armies 
 
 it was drawn from the ocean ! (Mem. antiguas, MS., lib. 2, cap. 7.) 
 This is rather too expeditious for anything but railways. 
 
 s The institution of the Peruvian posts seems to have made a great 
 impression on the minds of the Spaniards who first visited the country ; 
 and ample notices of it may be found in Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., 
 cap. 15, Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS., Fernandez, Hist, del Peru, 
 Parte 2. lib. 3, cap. 5, Conq. i Pob. del Piru. MS., et auct. plurimis. 
 The establishment of posts is of old date among the Chinese, and 
 probably still older among the Persians. (See Herodotus, Hist., 
 Urania, sec. 98.) It is singular that an invention designed for the 
 uses of a despotic government should have received its full application 
 only under a free one. For in it we have the germ of that beautiful 
 system of intercommunication which binds all the nations of Chris- 
 tendom together as one vast commonwealth.
 
 7 2 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 were on their march across the magnificent roads of 
 the country to suppress it. So admirable was the ma- 
 chinery contrived by the American despots for main- 
 taining tranquillity throughout their dominions ! It 
 may remind us of the similar institutions of ancient 
 Rome, when, under the Caesars, she was mistress of 
 half the world. 
 
 A principal design of the great roads was to serve 
 the purposes of military communication. It formed 
 an important item of their military policy, which is 
 quite as well worth studying as their municipal. 
 
 Notwithstanding the pacific professions of the Incas, 
 and the pacific tendency, indeed, of their domestic in- 
 stitutions, they were constantly at war. It was by war 
 that their paltry territory had been gradually enlarged 
 to a powerful empire. When this was achieved, the 
 capital, safe in its central position, was no longer 
 shaken by these military movements, and the country 
 enjoyed, in a great degree, the blessings of tranquillity 
 and order. But, however tranquil at heart, there is not 
 a reign upon record in which the nation was not en- 
 gaged in war against the barbarous nations on the fron- 
 tier. Religion furnished a plausible pretext for inces- 
 sant aggression, and disguised the lust of conquest in 
 the Incas, probably, from their own eyes, as well as 
 from those of their subjects. Like the followers of 
 Mahomet, bearing the sword in one hand and the 
 Koran in the other, the Incas of Peru offered no al- 
 ternative but the worship of the Sun or war. 
 
 It is true, their fanaticism or their policy showed 
 itself in a milder form than was found in the descend- 
 ants of the Prophet. Like the great luminary which
 
 MILITARY TACTICS AND POLICY. 73 
 
 they adored, they operated by gentleness, more potent 
 than violence. 5 " They sought to soften the hearts of 
 the rude tribes around them, and melt them by acts of 
 condescension and kindness. Far from provoking hos- 
 tilities, they allowed time for the salutary example of 
 their own institutions to work its effect, trusting that 
 their less civilized neighbors would submit to their 
 sceptre, from a conviction of the blessings it would 
 secure to them. When this course failed, they em- 
 ployed other measures, but still of a pacific character, 
 and endeavored by negotiation, by conciliatory treat- 
 ment, and by presents to the leading men, to win them 
 over to their dominion. In short, they practised all 
 the arts familiar to the most subtle politician of a civil- 
 ized land to secure the acquisition of empire. When 
 all these expedients failed, they prepared for war. 
 
 Their levies were drawn from all the different prov- 
 inces ; though from some, where the character of the 
 people was particularly hardy, more than from others. 53 
 It seems probable that every Peruvian who had reached 
 a certain age had been called to bear arms. But the 
 rotation of military service, and the regular drills, 
 which took place twice or thrice in a month, of the 
 inhabitants of every village, raised the soldiers gener- 
 ally above the rank of a raw militia. The Peruvian 
 army, at first inconsiderable, came with the increase 
 of population, in the latter days of the empire, to be 
 very large, so that their monarchs could bring into the 
 
 field, as contemporaries assure us, a force amounting to 
 
 / 
 
 s " Mas se hicieron Sefiores al principle por mafia, que por fuerza." 
 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim.. MS. 
 
 a Idem., Rel. Prim., MS. Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. 
 Peru. VOL. I. D 7
 
 74 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 two hundred thousand men. They showed the same 
 skill and respect for order in their military organiza- 
 tion as in other things. The troops were divided into 
 bodies corresponding with our battalions and compa- 
 nies, led by officers, that rose, in regular gradation, 
 from the lowest subaltern to the Inca noble who was 
 intrusted with the general command. 54 
 
 Their arms consisted of the usual weapons em- 
 ployed by nations, whether civilized or uncivilized, 
 before the invention of powder, bows and arrows, 
 lances, darts, a short kind of sword, a battle-axe or 
 partisan, and slings, with which they were very expert. 
 Their spears and arrows were tipped with copper, or, 
 more commonly, with bone, and the weapons of the 
 Inca lords were frequently mounted with gold or silver. 
 Their heads were protected by casques made either of 
 wood or of the skins of wild animals, and sometimes 
 richly decorated with metal and with precious stones, 
 surmounted by the brilliant plumage of the tropical 
 birds. These, of course, were the ornaments only of 
 the higher orders. The great mass of the soldiery 
 were dressed in the peculiar costume of their prov- 
 inces, and their heads were wreathed with a sort of 
 turban or roll of different-colored cloths, that produced 
 a gay and animating effect. Their defensive armor 
 consisted of a shield or buckler, and a close tunic of 
 quilted cotton, in the same manner as with the Mexi- 
 cans. Each company had its particular banner, and 
 the imperial standard, high above all, displayed the 
 glittering device of the rainbow, the armorial ensign 
 
 * Gomara. Cronica, cap. 195. Conq. i Fob. del Piru. MS.
 
 MILITARY TACTICS AND POLICE. 75 
 
 of the Incas, intimating their claims as children of the 
 skies. 55 
 
 By means of the thorough system of communication 
 established in the country, a short time sufficed to draw 
 the levies together from the most distant quarters. The 
 army was put under the direction of some experienced 
 chief, of the blood royal, or, more frequently, headed 
 by the Inca in person. The march was rapidly per- 
 formed, and with little fatigue to the soldier ; for, all 
 along the great routes, quarters were provided for him, 
 at regular distances, where he could find ample accom- 
 modations. The country is still covered with the re- 
 mains of military works, constructed of porphyry or 
 granite, which tradition assures us were designed to 
 lodge the Inca and his army. 56 
 
 At regular intervals, also, magazines were estab- 
 lished, filled with grain, weapons, and the different 
 munitions of war, with which the army was supplied 
 on its march. It was the especial care of the govern- 
 ment to see that these magazines, which were furnished 
 from the stores of the Incas, were always well filled. 
 When the Spaniards invaded the country, they sup- 
 
 55 Gomara, Cronica, ubi supra. Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 
 20. Velasco, Hist, de Quito, torn. i. pp. 176-179. This last writer 
 gives a minute catalogue of the ancient Peruvian arms, comprehending 
 nearly every thing familiar to the European soldier, except fire-arms. 
 It was judicious in him to omit these. 
 
 56 /arate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i. cap. n. Sarmiento, Relacion, 
 MS., cap. 60. Condamine speaks of the great number of these forti- 
 fied places, scattered over the country between Quito and Lima, which 
 he saw in his visit to South America in 1737; some of which he has 
 described with great minuteness. Memoire sur quelques anciens 
 Monumens du Pe>ou, du Terns des Incas, ap. Histoire de 1'Acade'mie 
 Royal des Sciences et de Belles- Lettres (Berlin, 1748), torn. ii. p. 438.
 
 7 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE IXC AS. 
 
 ported their own armies for a long time on the pro- 
 visions found in them. 57 The Peruvian soldier was 
 forbidden to commit any trespass on the property of 
 the inhabitants whose territory lay in the line of 
 march. Any violation of this order was punished 
 with death. 58 The soldier was clothed and fed by the 
 industry of the people, and the Incas rightly resolved 
 that he should not repay this by violence. Far from 
 being a tax on the labors of the husbandman, or even 
 a burden on his hospitality, the imperial armies trav- 
 ersed the country, from one extremity to the other, 
 with as little inconvenience to the inhabitants as would 
 be created by a procession of peaceful burghers or a 
 muster of holiday soldiers for a review. 
 
 From the moment war was proclaimed, the Peruvian 
 monarch used all possible expedition in assembling his 
 forces, that he might anticipate the movements of his 
 enemies and prevent a combination with their allies. 
 It was, however, from the neglect of such a principle 
 of combination that the several nations of the country, 
 who might have prevailed by confederated strength, 
 fell one after another under the imperial yoke. Yet, 
 
 57 " Eansi cuando," says Ondegardo, speaking from his own personal 
 knowledge, " el Senor Presidente Gasca passo con la gente de castigo 
 de Gonzalo Pizarro por el valle de Jauja, estuvo alii siete semanas d 
 lo que me acuerdo, se hallaron en deposito maiz de cuatro y de tres 
 y de dos anos mas de 15 3. hanegas junto al caniino, 6 alii comi6 la 
 gente, y se entendi6 que si fuera menester muchas mas no faltaran 
 en el valle en aquellos depositos, conforme & la orden antigua, porque 
 1 mi cargo estubo el repartirlas y hacer la cuenta para pagarlas." 
 Rel. Seg., MS. 
 
 58 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. v Conq., MS. Cieza de Leon, Cronica, 
 cap. 44. Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 14.
 
 MILITARY TACTICS AXD POLICY. 77 
 
 once in the field, the Inca did not usually show any 
 disposition to push his advantages to the utmost and 
 urge his foe to extremity. In every stage of the war, 
 he was open to propositions for peace ; and, although 
 he sought to reduce his enemies by carrying off their 
 harvests and distressing them by famine, he allowed 
 his troops to commit no unnecessary outrage on person 
 or property. "We must spare our enemies," one of 
 the Peruvian princes is quoted as 'saying, "or it will 
 be our loss, since they and all that belongs to them 
 must soon be ours." 59 It was a wise maxim, and, like 
 most other wise maxims, founded equally on benevo- 
 lence and prudence. The Incas adopted the policy 
 claimed for the Romans by their countryman, who 
 tells us that they gained more by clemency to the van- 
 quished than by their victories.** 
 
 In the same considerate spirit, they were most care- 
 ful to provide for the security and comfort of their 
 own troops ; and when a war was long protracted, or 
 the climate proved unhealthy, they took care to relieve 
 their men by frequent reinforcements, allowing the 
 earlier recruits to return to their homes. 61 But while 
 thus economical of life, both in their own followers 
 and in the enemy, they did not shrink from sterner 
 measures when provoked by the ferocious or obstinate 
 
 ,59 Mandabase que en los mantenimientos y casas de los enemigos 
 se hiciese poco dano, diciendoles el Seftor, presto seran estos nuestros 
 como los que ya lo son ; como esto tenian conocido, procuraban que 
 la guerra fuese la mas liviana que ser pudiese." Sarmiento, Relacion, 
 MS., cap. 14. 
 
 60 " Plus pene parcendo victis, quam vincendo imperium auxisse." 
 Livy, lib. 30, cap. 42. . 
 
 *' Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 6, cap. 18. 
 7*
 
 7 8 CIVILIZATION OF THE IXC AS. 
 
 character of the resistance ; and the Peruvian annals 
 contain more than one of those sanguinary pages 
 which cannot be pondered at the present day without 
 a shudder. It should be added that the beneficent 
 policy which I have been delineating as characteristic 
 of the Incas did not belong to all, and that there was 
 more than one of the royal line who displayed a full 
 measure of the bold and unscrupulous spirit of the 
 vulgar conqueror. 
 
 The first step of the government after the reduction 
 of a country was to introduce there the worship of the 
 Sun. Temples were erected, and placed under the 
 care of a numerous priesthood, who expounded to the 
 conquered people the mysteries of their new faith and 
 dazzled them by the display of its rich and stately 
 ceremonial. 62 Yet the religion of the conquered was 
 not treated with dishonor. The Sun was to be wor- 
 shipped above all ; but the images of their gods were 
 removed to Cuzco and established in one of the tem- 
 ples, to hold their rank among the inferior deities 
 of the Peruvian Pantheon. Here they remained as 
 hostages, in some sort, for the conquered nation, which 
 would be the less inclined to forsake its allegiance when 
 by doing so it must leave its own gods in the hands of 
 its enemies. 63 
 
 The Incas provided for the settlement of their new 
 conquests, by ordering a census to be taken of the 
 population and a careful survey to be made of the 
 country, ascertaining its products and the character 
 
 fa Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 14. 
 
 3 Acosta, lib. 5. cap. 12. Garcilasso, Com. Real.. Parte i. lib. 5. 
 cap. 12.
 
 MILITARY TACTICS AND POLICY. , 79 
 
 and capacity of its soil. 64 A division of the territory 
 was then made on the same principle with that adopted 
 throughout their own kingdom, and their respective 
 portions were assigned to the Sun, the sovereign, and 
 the people. The amount of the last was regulated by 
 the amount of the population, but the share of each 
 individual was uniformly the same. It may seem 
 strange that any people should patiently have acqui- 
 esced in an arrangement which involved such a total 
 surrender of property. But it was a conquered nation 
 that did so, held in awe, on the least suspicion of 
 meditated resistance, by armed garrisons, who were 
 established at various commanding points throughout 
 the country. 65 It is probable, too, that the Incas made 
 no greater changes than was essential to the new 
 arrangement, and that they assigned estates, as far as 
 possible, to their former proprietors. The curacas, in 
 particular, were confirmed in their ancient authority ; 
 or, when it was found expedient to depose the existing 
 curaca, his rightful heir was allowed to succeed him. 66 
 Every respect was shown to the ancient usages and 
 laws of the land, as far as was compatible with the 
 fundamental institutions of the Incas. It must also be 
 remembered that the conquered tribes were, many of 
 them, too little advanced in civilization to possess that 
 attachment to the soil which belongs to a cultivated 
 nation.* 7 But, to whatever it be referred, it seems prob- 
 
 ^Garcilasso. Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 5, cap. 13, 14. Sarmiento, 
 Relacion, MS., cap. 15. 
 
 's Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 19. 
 
 86 Fernandez, Hist, del Peru, Parte 2, lib. 3, cap. n. 
 
 *i Sarmiento has given a very full and interesting account of the 
 singularly humane policy observed by the Incas in their conquests.
 
 go CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 able that the extraordinary institutions of the Incas 
 were established with little opposition in the conquered 
 territories. 68 
 
 Yet the Peruvian sovereigns did not trust altogether 
 to this show of obedience in their new vassals ; and, 
 to secure it more effectually, they adopted some expe- 
 dients too remarkable to be passed over in silence. Im- 
 mediately after a recent conquest, the curacas and their 
 families Avere removed for a time to Cuzco. Here they 
 learned the language of the capital, became familiar 
 with the manners and usages of the court, as well as 
 with the general policy of the government, and expe- 
 rienced such marks of favor from the sovereign as would 
 be most grateful to their feelings and might attach 
 them most warmly to his person. Under the influ- 
 ence of these sentiments, they were again sent to rule 
 over their vassals, but still leaving their eldest sons 
 in the capital, to remain there as a guarantee for 
 
 forming a striking contrast with the usual course of those scourges of 
 mankind, whom mankind is wise enough to requite with higher admi- 
 ration, even, than it bestows on its benefactors. As Sarmiento, who 
 was President of the Royal Council of the Indies, and came into the 
 country soon after the Conquest, is a high authority, and as his work,* 
 lodged in the dark recesses of the Escorial, is almost unknown, I have 
 transferred the whole chapter to Appendix No. 3. 
 
 68 According to Velasco, even the powerful state of Quito, suffi- 
 ciently advanced in civilization to have the law of property well recog- 
 nized by its people, admitted the institutions of the Incas " not only 
 without repugnance, but with joy." (Hist, de Quito, torn. ii. p. 183.) 
 But Velasco, a modern authority, believed easily, or reckoned on his 
 readers' doing so. 
 
 * [Sarmiento never visited America, and, as already mentioned, was 
 not the author of the work here referred to. See infra, p. 178. ED.]
 
 MILITARY TACTICS AND POLICY. Si 
 
 their own fidelity, as well as to grace the court of the 
 Inca. 69 
 
 Another expedient was of a bolder and more original 
 character. This was nothing less than to revolutioni/e 
 the language of the country. South America, like 
 North America, had a great variety of dialects, or 
 rather languages, having little affinity with one an- 
 other. This circumstance occasioned great embarrass- 
 ment to the government in the administration of the 
 different provinces with whose idioms they were un- 
 acquainted. It was determined, therefore, to substitute 
 one universal language, the Quichua, the language of 
 the court, the capital, and the surrounding country, 
 the richest and most comprehensive of the South 
 American dialects. Teachers were provided in the 
 towns and villages throughout the land, who were to 
 give instruction to all, even the humblest classes ; and 
 it was intimated at the same time that no one should 
 be raised to any office of dignity or profit who was un- 
 acquainted with this tongue. The curacas and other 
 chiefs who attended at the capital became familiar with 
 this dialect in their intercourse with the court, and, on 
 their return home, set the example of conversing in it 
 among themselves. This example was imitated by 
 their followers, and the Quichua gradually became the 
 language of elegance and fashion, in the same manner 
 as the Norman French was affected by all those who 
 aspired to any consideration in England after the Con- 
 quest. By this means, while each province retained 
 its peculiar tongue, a beautiful medium of communica- 
 tion was introduced, which enabled the inhabitants of 
 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 5, cap. 12; lib. 7, cap. a. 
 D*
 
 8 2 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 one part of the country to hold intercourse with every 
 other, and the Inca and his deputies to communicate 
 with all. This was the state of things on the arrival 
 of the Spaniards. It must be admitted that history 
 furnishes few examples of more absolute authority than 
 such a revolution in the language of an empire at the 
 bidding of a master. 70 
 
 Yet little less remarkable was another device of the 
 Incas for securing the loyalty of their subjects. When 
 any portion of the recent conquests showed a pertina- 
 cious spirit of disaffection, it was not uncommon to 
 cause a part of the population, amounting, it might be, 
 to ten thousand inhabitants or more, to remove to a 
 distant quarter of the kingdom, occupied by ancient 
 vassals of undoubted fidelity to the crown. A like 
 number of these last was transplanted to the territory 
 left vacant by the emigrants. By this exchange the 
 population was composed of two distinct races, who 
 regarded each other with an eye of jealousy, that served 
 as an effectual check on any mutinous proceeding. In 
 time, the influence of the well-affected prevailed, sup- 
 ported as they were by royal authority and by the silent 
 working of the national institutions, to which the 
 strange races became gradually accustomed. A spirit 
 
 7 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 6, cap. 35; lib. 7, cap. i, 2. 
 Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 55. 
 " Aun la Criatura no hubiese dejado el Pecho de su Madre quando 
 le comenzasen d mostrar la Lengua que havia de saber ; y aunque al 
 principio fue dificultoso, e muchos se pusieron en no querer deprender 
 mas lenguas de las suyas propias, los Reyes pudieron tanto que salie- 
 ron con su intencion y ellos tubieron por bien de cumplirsu mandado y 
 tan de veras se entendi6 en ello que en tiempo de pocos afios se savia 
 r usaba una lengua en mas de mil y doscientas leguas." Ibid., cap. 21.
 
 MILITARY TACTICS AXD POLICY. 83 
 
 of loyalty sprang up by degrees in their bosoms, and 
 before a generation had passed away the different 
 tribes mingled in harmony together as members of the 
 same community." Yet the different races continued 
 to be distinguished by difference of dress ; since, by 
 the law of the land, every citizen was required to wear 
 the costume of his native province. 7 * Neither could 
 the colonist who had been thus unceremoniously trans- 
 planted return to his native district. For, by another 
 law, it was forbidden to any one to change his resi- 
 dence without license. 73 He was settled for life. The 
 Peruvian government prescribed to every man his local 
 habitation, his sphere of action, nay, the very nature 
 and quality of that action. He ceased to be a free 
 agent ; it might be almost said that it relieved him of 
 personal responsibility. 
 
 In following out this singular arrangement, the Incas 
 showed as much regard for the comfort and conve- 
 nience of the colonist as was compatible with the exe- 
 cution of their design. They were careful that the 
 mifimaes, as these emigrants were styled, should be 
 removed to climates most congenial with their own. 
 The inhabitants of the cold countries were not trans- 
 planted to the warm, nor the inhabitants of the warm 
 countries to the cold. 74 Even their habitual occupa- 
 
 ?' Ondegardo. Rel. Prim., MS. Fernandez, Hist, del Peru, Parte 
 2, lib. 3, cap. ii. 
 
 7 " This regulation," says Father Acosta, " the Incas held to be of 
 great importance to the order and right government of the realm." 
 Lib. 6, cap. 16. 
 
 73 Conq. i Pob. del Piru. MS. 
 
 74 ' Trasmutaban de las tales Provincias la cantidad de gente de 
 que de ella pareciaconvenir que saliese, ;i los cuales mandaban pasar 
 a poblar otra tierra del temple y manera de donde salian, si fria fria,
 
 8 4 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 tions were consulted, and the fisherman was settled in 
 the neighborhood of the ocean or the great lakes, 
 while such lands were assigned to the husbandman as 
 were best adapted to the culture with which he was 
 most familiar. 75 And, as migration by many, perhaps 
 by most, would be regarded as a calamity, the govern- 
 ment was careful to show particular marks of favor to 
 the mitimaes, and, by various privileges and immuni- 
 ties, to ameliorate their condition, and thus to reconcile 
 them, if possible, to their lot. 76 
 
 The Peruvian institutions, though they may have 
 been modified and matured under successive sovereigns, 
 all bear the stamp of the same original,- were all cast 
 in the same mould. The empire, strengthening and 
 enlarging at every successive epoch of its history, was 
 in its latter days but the development, on a great scale, 
 of what it was in miniature at its commencement, as 
 the infant germ is said to contain within itself all the 
 ramifications of the future monarch of the forest. 
 Each succeeding Inca seemed desirous only to tread in 
 the path and carry out the plans of his predecessor. 
 Great enterprises, commenced under one, were con- 
 tinued by another, and completed by a third. Thus, 
 while all acted on a regular plan, without any of the 
 eccentric or retrograde movements which betray the 
 agency of different individuals, the state seemed to be 
 
 si caliente caliente, en donde les daban tierras, y campos. y casas, 
 tanto, y mas como dejaron." Sarmiento, Relacion. MS., cap. 19. 
 
 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. 
 
 76 The descendants of these mitimaes are still to be found in Quito, 
 or were so at the close of the last century, according to Velasco. dis- 
 tinguished by this name from the rest of the population. Hist, de 
 Quito, torn. i. p. 175.
 
 MILITARY TACTICS AND POLICY. 85 
 
 under the direction of a single hand, and steadily pur- 
 sued, as if through one long reign, its great career of 
 civilization and of conquest. 
 
 The ultimate aim of its institutions was domestic 
 quiet. But it seemed as if this were to be obtained 
 only by foreign war. Tranquillity in the heart of the 
 monarchy, and war on its borders, was the condition 
 of Peru. By this war it gave occupation to a part of 
 its people, and, by the reduction and civilization of its 
 barbarous neighbors, gave security to all. Every Inca 
 sovereign, however mild and benevolent in his domestic 
 rule, was a warrior, and led his armies in person. Each 
 successive reign extended still wider the boundaries of 
 the empire. Year after year saw the victorious monarch 
 return laden with spoils and followed by a throng of 
 tributary chieftains to his capital. His reception there 
 was a Roman triumph. The whole of its numerous 
 population poured out to welcome him, dressed in the 
 gay and picturesque costumes of the different provinces, 
 with banners waving above their heads, and strewing 
 branches and flowers along the path of the conqueror. 
 The Inca, borne aloft in his golden chair on the 
 shoulders of his nobles, moved in solemn procession, 
 under the triumphal arches that were thrown across the 
 way, to the great temple of the Sun. There, without 
 attendants, for all but the monarch were excluded 
 from the hallowed precincts, the victorious prince, 
 stripped of his royal insignia, barefooted, and with all 
 humility, approached the awful shrine and offered up 
 sacrifice and thanksgiving to the glorious Deity who 
 presided over the fortunes of the Incas. This cere- 
 mony concluded, the whole population gave itself up 
 Peru. VOL. I. 8
 
 86 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 to festivity; music, revelry, and dancing were heard 
 in every quarter of the capital, and illuminations and 
 bonfires commemorated the victorious campaign of the 
 Inca and the accession of a new territory to his empire." 
 
 In this celebration we see much of the character of 
 a religious festival. Indeed, the character of religion 
 was impressed on all the Peruvian wars. The life of an 
 Inca was one long crusade against the infidel, to spread 
 wide the worship of the Sun, to reclaim the benighted 
 nations from their brutish superstitions and impart to 
 them the blessings of a well-regulated government. 
 This, in the favorite phrase of our day, was the "mis- 
 sion" of the Inca. It was also the mission of the 
 Christian conqueror who invaded the empire of this 
 same Indian potentate. Which of the two executed 
 his mission most faithfully, history must decide. 
 
 Yet the Peruvian monarchs did not show a childish 
 impatience in the acquisition of empire. They paused 
 after a campaign, and allowed time for the settlement 
 of one conquest before they undertook another, and 
 in this interval occupied themselves with the quiet ad- 
 ministration of their kingdom, and with the long pro- 
 gresses which brought them into nearer intercourse 
 with their people. During this interval, also, their 
 new vassals had begun to accommodate themselves to 
 the strange institutions of their masters. They learned 
 to appreciate the value of a government which raised 
 them above the physical evils of a state of barbarism, 
 secured them protection of person and a full participa- 
 tion in all the privileges enjoyed by their conquerors ; 
 
 77Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 55. Garcilasso, Com. Real., 
 Parte i, lib. 3, cap. n, 17 ; lib. 6, cap. 16.
 
 MILlTAft Y TACTICS AND POLICY. 87 
 
 and, as they became more familiar with the peculiar 
 institutions of the country, habit, that second nature, 
 attached them the more strongly to these institutions 
 from their very peculiarity. Thus, by degrees, and 
 without violence, arose the great fabric of the Peruvian 
 empire, composed of numerous independent and even 
 hostile tribes, yet, under the influence of a common 
 religion, common language, and common government, 
 knit together as one nation, animated by a spirit of 
 love for its institutions and devoted loyalty to its sov- 
 ereign. What a contrast to the condition of the Aztec 
 monarchy, on the neighboring continent, which, com- 
 posed of the like heterogeneous materials, without any 
 internal principle of cohesion, was only held together 
 by the stern pressure, from without, of physical force ! 
 Why the Peruvian monarchy should have fared no 
 better than its rival in its conflict with European civ- 
 ilization will appear in the following pages.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PERUVIAN RELIGION. DEITIES. GORGEOUS TEMPLES. 
 FESTIVALS. VIRGINS OF THE SUN. MARRIAGE. 
 
 IT is a remarkable fact that many, if not most, of 
 the rude tribes inhabiting the vast American continent, 
 however disfigured their creeds may have been in other 
 respects by a childish superstition, had attained to the 
 sublime conception of one Great Spirit, the Creator 
 of the Universe, who, immaterial in his own nature, 
 was not to be dishonored by an attempt at visible rep- 
 resentation, and who, pervading all space, was not to 
 be circumscribed within the walls of a temple.* Yet 
 
 * [This statement represents what is still, probably, the common 
 belief based on the representations of the early missionaries and of 
 many subsequent explorers in regard to the religious ideas of the 
 aboriginal races. The subject has, however, undergone of late a more 
 critical investigation, in connection with the general inquiry as to the 
 ment of religious conceptions, and of monotheism, considered 
 as an original intuition or as the latest outcome of more primi- 
 iefs. Dr. Brinton, who considers that the intuition of an un- 
 wer " the sum of those intelligent activities which the indi- 
 , reasoning from the analogy of his own actions, imagines to be 
 d and to bring about natural phenomena" is common to the 
 es, traces this conception in the American mythologies, especially 
 in which the air, the breath of life, appears as the symbol of an 
 imating or creative Spirit. Yet he adds. " Let none of these ex- 
 pressions, however, be construed to prove the distinct recognition of 
 One Supreme Being. Of monotheism, either as displayed in the one 
 personal definite God of the Semitic races, or in the dim pantheistic 
 (88)
 
 PERUVIAN RELIGION. 89 
 
 these elevated ideas, so far beyond the ordinary range 
 of the untutored intellect, do not seem to have led to 
 the practical consequences that might have been ex- 
 pected ; and few of the American nations have shown 
 much solicitude for the maintenance of a religious 
 worship, or found in their faith a powerful spring of 
 action. 
 
 But with progress in civilization ideas more akin to 
 those of civilized communities were gradually unfolded ; 
 a liberal provision was made, and a separate order in- 
 stituted, for the services of religion, which were con- 
 ducted with a minute and magnificent ceremonial, that 
 challenged comparison, in some respects, with that of 
 the most polished nations of Christendom. This was 
 the case with the nations inhabiting the table-land of 
 North America, and with the natives of Bogota, Quito, 
 Peru, and the other elevated regions on the great 
 Southern continent. It was, above all, the case with 
 the Peruvians, who claimed a divine original for the 
 founders of their empire, whose laws all rested on a 
 
 sense of the Brahmins, there was not a single instance on the Ameri- 
 can continent. . . . The phrases Good Spirit, Great Spirit, and simi- 
 lar ones, have occasioned endless discrepancies in the minds of trav- 
 ellers. In most instances they are entirely of modern origin, coined 
 at the suggestion of missionaries, applied to the white man's God." 
 i Myths of the New World, p. 52.) Mr. Tylor finds among various 
 races of North and South America, of Africa and of Polynesia, the 
 " acknowledgment of a Supreme Creator," yet always in connection 
 with a system of polytheism, of which this belief is the culmination. 
 (Primitive Culture, ad ed., vol. ii. p. 332.) It may be doubted, how- 
 ever, whether it is possible to arrive at any certainty in regard to con- 
 ceptions so vague in themselves and so liable to be moulded into 
 definite shapes by the mediums through which they are communi- 
 cated. ED.] 
 
 8*
 
 9 o CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 divine sanction, and whose domestic institutions and 
 foreign wars were alike directed to preserve and propa- 
 gate their faith. Religion was the basis of their polity, 
 the very condition, as it were, of their social existence. 
 The government of the Incas, in its essential principles, 
 was a theocracy. 
 
 Yet, though religion entered so largely into the fabric 
 and conduct of the political institutions of the people, 
 their mythology, that is, the traditionary legends by 
 which they affected to unfold the mysteries of the uni- 
 verse, was exceedingly mean and puerile. Scarce one 
 of their traditions except the beautiful one respecting 
 the founders of their royal dynasty is worthy of note, 
 or throws much light on their own antiquities or the 
 primitive history of man. Among the traditions of 
 importance is one of the deluge, which they held in 
 common with so many of the nations in all parts of the 
 globe, and which they related with some particulars 
 that bear resemblance to a Mexican legend. 1 
 
 1 They related that, after the deluge, seven persons issued from a 
 cave where they had saved themselves, and by them the earth was 
 repeopled. One of the traditions of the Mexicans deduced their de- 
 scent, and that of the kindred tribes, in like manner, from seven per- 
 sons who came from as many caves in Aztlan.* (Conf. Acosta, lib. 6, 
 cap. 19; lib. 7, cap. 2. Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS.) The story of 
 the deluge is told by different writers with many variations, in some 
 of which it is not difficult to detect the plastic hand of the Christian 
 convert. 
 
 * [A similar tradition is found in some Sanscrit legends. " This 
 coincidence," remarks Dr. Brinton. "arises from the mystic powers 
 attached to the number seven, derived from its frequent occurrence in 
 astrology." (Myths of the New World, p. 203^ Yet the evidence he 
 adduces will hardly apply to the American myths. ED.]
 
 /7-.AV/y,/.V RELIGION. gj 
 
 
 
 Their ideas in respect to a future state of being de- 
 serve more attention. They admitted the existence of 
 the soul hereafter, and connected with this a belief in 
 the resurrection of the body. They assigned two dis- ( 
 tinct places for the residence of the good and of the 
 wicked, the latter of which they fixed in the centre of 
 the earth. The good, they supposed, were to pass a 
 luxurious life of tranquillity and ease, which compre- 
 hended their highest notions of happiness. The 
 wicked were to expiate their crimes by ages of weari- 
 some labor. They associated with these ideas a belief 
 in an evil principle or spirit, bearing the name of 
 upay, whom they did not attempt to propitiate by 
 sacrifices, and who seems to have been only a shadowy 
 personification of sin,* that exercised little influence 
 over their conduct. 1 
 
 * Ondegardo, Rel.Seg.. MS. Gomara, Hist, de las Ind.. cap. 123. 
 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 2, cap. 2, 7. One might sup- 
 pose that the educated Peruvians if I may so speak imagined the 
 common people had no souls, so little is said of their opinions as to 
 the condition of these latter in a future life, while they are diffuse on 
 the prospects of the higher orders, which they fondly believed were to 
 keep pace with their condition here. 
 
 * [Dr. Brinton, citing with approval the remark of Jacob Grimm, 
 that " the idea of the Devil is foreign to all primitive religions," denies 
 that such a conception had any existence in the American mythologies, 
 and contends that " the (^ upay of the Peruvians never was, as Prescott 
 would have us believe, the shadowy embodiment of evil, but simply 
 and solely their god of the dead, the Pluto of their pantheon, corre- 
 sponding to the Mictla of the Mexicans." It is certain that many 
 myths of the American Indians, in which a good and an evil power 
 are opposed to each other, owed this idea to the later introduction of 
 the Christian notions of Satan, or to the misconception of narrators
 
 9 2 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 It was this belief in the resurrection of the body 
 which led them to preserve the body with so much 
 solicitude, by a simple process, however, that, unlike 
 the elaborate embalming of the Egyptians, consisted 
 in exposing it to the action of the cold, exceedingly 
 dry, and highly rarefied atmosphere of the mountains. 3 
 As they believed that the occupations in the future 
 world would have great resemblance to those of the 
 present, they buried with the deceased noble some of 
 his apparel, his utensils, and, frequently, his treasures, 
 and completed the gloomy ceremony by sacrificing his 
 wives and favorite domestics, to bear him company 
 and do him service in the happy regions beyond the 
 clouds. 4 . Vast mounds of an irregular or, more fre- 
 
 3 Such, indeed, seems to be the opinion of Garcilasso, though some 
 writers speak of resinous and other applications for embalming the 
 body. The appearance of the royal mummies found at Cuzco, as 
 reported both by Ondegardo and Garcilasso, makes it probable that 
 no foreign substance was employed for their preservation. 
 
 4 Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. The Licentiate says that this usage 
 
 influenced by the same belief. Yet Mr. Tylor, while admitting the 
 skill with which many of these legends have been analyzed by Dr. 
 Brinton, and the general force of his criticism, maintains that " rudi- 
 mentary forms of Dualism, the antagonism of a Good and Evil Deity, 
 are well known among the lower races of mankind," and. after review- 
 ing the evidences of this conception in various stages of development, 
 makes the pregnant remark that " the conception of the light-god as 
 the good deity, in contrast to a rival god of evil, is one plainly sug- 
 gested by nature." (Primitive Culture, i. 287-297.) It is therefore 
 among the sun-worshippers that we might especially expect to find the 
 instinctive conception of a power of darkness, as the representative 
 not merely of death but of the evil principle. This dualism is, accord- 
 ingly, the distinguishing feature of the Zoroastrian religion, and its 
 existence in that of Peru cannot well be questioned on the sole ground 
 of inherent improbability. ED.] 

 
 I
 
 DEITIES. 
 
 93 
 
 quently, oblong shape, penetrated by galleries running 
 at right angles to each other, were raised over the 
 dead, whose dried bodies or mummies have been found 
 in considerable numbers, sometimes erect, but more 
 often in the sitting posture common to the Indian 
 tribes of both continents. Treasures of great value 
 have also been occasionally drawn from these monu- 
 mental deposits, and have stimulated speculators to 
 repeated excavations with the hope of similar good 
 fortune. It was a lottery like that of searching after 
 mines, but where the chances have proved still more 
 against the adventurers. 5 
 
 The Peruvians, like so many other of the Indian 
 races, acknowledged a Supreme Being, the Creator 
 and Ruler of the Universe, whom they adored under 
 the different names of Pachacamac and Viracocha. 6 
 
 continued even after the Conquest, and that he had saved the life of 
 more than one favorite domestic who had fled to him for protection. 
 05 they were about to be sacrificed to the Manes of their deceased 
 lords. Ibid., ubi supra. 
 
 s Yet these sepulchral mines have sometimes proved worth the dig- 
 ging. Sarmiento speaks of gold to the value of 100,000 castellanos 
 as occasionally buried with the Indian lords ( Relacion, MS., cap. 57) ; 
 and Las Casas not the best authority in numerical estimates says 
 that treasures worth more than half a million of ducats had been found 
 within twenty years after the Conquest, in the tombs near Truxillo. 
 (CEuvres, ed. Llorente (Paris, 1822), torn. ii. p. 192.) Baron Hum- 
 boldt visited the sepulchre of a Peruvian prince, in the same quarter 
 of the country, whence a Spaniard in 1576 drew forth a mass of gold 
 worth a million of dollars ! Vues des Cordilleres, p. 29. 
 
 6 Pachacamac signifies " He who sustains or gives life to the uni- 
 verse." The name of the great deity is sometimes expressed by both 
 Pachacamac and Viracocha combined. (See Balboa, Hist, du Perou, 
 chap. 6. Acosta, lib. 6, cap. 21.) An old Spaniard finds in the popular 
 ig of Viracocka, " foam of the sea," an argument for deriving
 
 94 CIVILIZATION OF THE IXC AS. 
 
 No temple was raised to this invisible Being, save one 
 only in the valley which took its name from the deity 
 himself, not far from the Spanish city of Lima. Even 
 this temple had existed there before the country came 
 under the sway of the Incas, and was the great resort 
 of Indian pilgrims from remote parts of the land, a 
 circumstance which suggests the idea that the worship 
 of this Great Spirit, though countenanced, perhaps, by 
 their accommodating policy, did not originate with the 
 Peruvian princes. 7 * 
 
 the Peruvian civilization from some voyager from the Old World. 
 Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 
 7 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., 
 cap. 27. Ulloa notices the extensive ruins of brick, which mark the 
 probable site of the temple of Pachacamac, attesting by their present 
 appearance its ancient magnificence and strength. Memoires philoso- 
 phiques, historiques, physiques (Paris, 1787). trad. Fr., p. 78. 
 
 * [Not only this inference, but the facts on which it rests, are strenu- 
 ously disputed by Mr. Markham, on the ground that Pachacamac " is 
 an Ynca word, and is wholly foreign to, and unconnected with, the 
 coast language." It was the name, he says, given by the Incas to 
 the coast-city, when they conquered it, " for some reason that has not 
 been preserved, possibly on account of its size and importance." " The 
 natives worshipped a fish-god there under a name now lost, which 
 became famous as an oracle and attracted pilgrims ; and when the 
 Yncas conquered the place they raised a temple to the Sun on the 
 summit of the hill commanding the city." " But they never built any 
 temple to Pachacamac, and there never was one to that deity, except 
 at Cuzco." (Reports of the Discovery of Peru, Introduction, xiv- 
 xx.) There seems to be here much more of assertion than of argu- 
 ment or proof. The statement that there was a temple to Pachacamac 
 at Cuzco is a novel one, for which no authority is adduced, and it is 
 in direct contradiction to the reiterated assertions of Garcilasso, that 
 the Peruvians worshipped Pachacamac only "inwardly, as an unknown 
 God," to whom they built no temples and offered no sacrifices. For 
 the statement that the Incas " erected a temple of the Sun" at Pachaca-
 
 DEITIES. 
 
 95 
 
 The deity whose worship they especially inculcated, 
 and which they never failed to establish wherever their 
 banners were known to penetrate, was the Sun. It was 
 he who, in a particular manner, presided over the des- 
 tinies of man ; gave light and warmth to the nations, 
 and life to the vegetable world ; whom they reverenced 
 as the father of their royal dynasty, the founder of 
 their empire; and whose temples rose in every city 
 and almost every village throughout the land, while 
 his altars smoked with burnt-offerings, a form of 
 sacrifice peculiar to the Peruvians among the semi- 
 civilized nations of the New World. 8 
 
 8 At least, so says Dr. McCulloh ; and no better authority can be 
 required on American antiquities. (Researches, p. 392.) Might he 
 not have added barbarous nations, also ? 
 
 mac (p. xix), we are referred to Cieza de Leon, who says that " they 
 agreed with the native chiefs and with the ministers of this god or devil, 
 that the temple of Pachacamac should continue with the authority and 
 reverence it formerly possessed, and that the loftiest part should be 
 set aside as a temple of the Sun." That the temple had existed long 
 prior to the conquest of the place by the Incas is asserted by all 
 authorities and attested by the great antiquity of its remains. Garci- 
 lasso asserts that its builders had borrowed the conception of Pachaca- 
 mac from the Incas, a less probable supposition than that of Prescott, 
 and equally rejected by Mr. Markham, though the statement of the 
 same author that " the Yncas placed their idols in this temple, which 
 were figures of fishes," seems to be the chief foundation for his own 
 account of the worship practised by the people of the coast, respecting 
 which he admits that little is known. What is known of it with any 
 certainty comes to us from Garcilasso de la Vega and Cieza de Leon, 
 and both these authorities represent the temple and worship of Pacha- 
 camac as having existed in the valley of that name previous to the 
 conquest, or rather peaceful subjugation, of the province by the Incas, 
 and their sanction of this religion, in conjunction with that of the Sun, 
 as the result of a compromise. ED.]
 
 9 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 Besides the Sun, the Incas acknowledged various 
 objects of worship in some way or other connected 
 with this principal deity. Such was the Moon, his 
 sister- wife; the Stars, revered as part of her heavenly 
 train, though the fairest of them, Venus, known to 
 the Peruvians by the name of Chasca, or the "youth 
 with the long and curling locks," was adored as the 
 page of the Sun, whom he attends so closely in his 
 rising and in his setting. They dedicated temples also 
 to the Thunder and Lightning, 9 in whom they recog- 
 nized the Sun's dread ministers, and to the Rainbow, 
 whom they worshipped as a beautiful emanation of their 
 glorious deity. 10 
 
 9 Thunder, Lightning, and Thunderbolt could be all expressed by 
 the Peruvians in one word, Illapa. Hence some Spaniards have 
 inferred a knowledge of the Trinity in the natives ! " The Devil stole 
 all he could," exclaims Herrera, with righteous indignation. (Hist. 
 general, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 5.) These, and even rasher conclusions 
 (see Acosta, lib. 5, cap. 28), are scouted by Garcilasso, as inventions 
 of Indian converts, willing to please the imaginations of their Chris- 
 tian teachers. (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 2, cap. 5, 6 ; lib. 3, cap. 21.) 
 Imposture on the one hand, and credulity on the other, have furnished 
 a plentiful harvest of absurdities, which has been diligently gathered 
 in by the pious antiquary of a later generation. 
 
 10 Garcilasso's assertion that these heavenly bodies were objects of 
 reverence as holy things, but not of worship (Com. Real., Parte I, 
 lib. 2, cap. i, 23), is contradicted by Ondegardo, Rel. Seg.. MS., 
 Dec. de la Aud. Real.. MS.. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5. lib. 4. 
 cap. 4, Gomara, Hist, de las Ind.. cap. 121. and. I might add, by 
 almost every writer of authority whom I have consulted.* It is con- 
 
 * [" Mr. Prescott gives his high authority in support of the Spanish 
 historians Ondegardo, Herrera. and Gomara, and against Garcilasso 
 de la Vega, in this matter [the worship of lightning and thunder as 
 deities]. Yet surely, in a question relating to the religion of his an- 
 cestors, the testimony of the Ynca ... is worth more than that of all
 
 DEITIES. 97 
 
 In addition to these, the subjects of the Incas en- 
 rolled among their inferior deities many objects in 
 nature, as the elements, the winds, the eafth, the air, 
 great mountains and rivers, which impressed them with 
 ideas of sublimity and power, or were supposed in 
 some way or other to exercise a mysterious influence 
 over the destinies of man." They adopted also a no- 
 tion, not unlike that professed by some of the schools 
 of ancient philosophy, that every thing on earth had 
 its archetype or idea, its mother, as they emphatically 
 styled it, which they held sacred, as, in some sort, its 
 
 tradicted, in a manner, by the admission of Garcilasso himself, that 
 these several objects were all personified by the Indians as living 
 beings, and had temples dedicated to them as such, with their effigies 
 delineated in the same manner as was that of the Sun in his dwelling. 
 Indeed, the effort of the historian to reduce the worship of the Incas 
 to that of the Sun alone is not very reconcilable with what he else- 
 where says of the homage paid to Pachacamac, above all, and to 
 Rimac, the great oracle of the common people. The .Peruvian my- 
 thology was, probably, not unlike that of Hindostan. where, under 
 two, or at most three, principal deities, were assembled a host of in- 
 ferior ones, to whom the nation paid religious homage, as personifi- 
 cations of the different objects in nature. 
 
 11 Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. These consecrated objects were 
 termed huacas, a word of most prolific import ; since it signified a 
 temple, a tomb, any natural object remarkable for its size or shape, 
 in short, a cloud of meanings, which by their contradictory sense 
 have thrown incalculable confusion over the writings of historians 
 and travellers. 
 
 the Spanish historians put together. Cieza de Leon alone excepted." 
 (Markham. translation of Garcilasso (1869), vol. i. p. 103, note.) 
 "The sun, moon, and thunder appear to have been the deities next 
 in importance to Pachayachachic ; sacrifices were made to them at 
 all the periodical festivities, and several of the prayers given by 
 Molina are addressed to them." Markham, Rites and Laws of the 
 Yncas (1873), Introduction, p. xi. ED.] 
 Peru. VOL. I. E 9
 
 9 8 CIVILIZATION OF Tin-. 
 
 spiritual essence. 12 But their system, far from l>eing 
 limited even to these multiplied objects of devotion, 
 embraced within its ample folds the numerous deities 
 of the conquered nations, whose images were trans- 
 ported to the capital, where the burdensome charges 
 of their worship were defrayed by their respective 
 provinces. It was a rare stroke of policy in the Incas, 
 who could thus accommodate their religion to their 
 interests. 13 
 
 But the worship of the Sun constituted the peculiar 
 care of the Incas, and was the object of their lavish 
 expenditure. The most ancient of the many temples 
 dedicated to this divinity was in the island of Titicaca, 
 whence the royal founders of the Peruvian line were 
 said to have proceeded. From this circumstance, this 
 sanctuary was held in peculiar veneration. Every 
 thing which belonged to it, even the broad fields of 
 
 12 " La orden por donde fundavan sus huacas que ellos llamavan & 
 las Idolatrias hera porque decian que todas criava el sol i que les dava 
 madre por madre que mostravan a la tierra, porque decian que tenia 
 madre, i tenian le echo su vulto i sus adoratorios, i al fuego decian 
 que tambien tenia madre i al mais i & las otras sementeras i A las 
 ovejas iganado decian que tenian madre, i a la chocha ques el brevaje 
 que ellos usan decian que el vinagre della hera la madre i lo reveren- 
 ciavan i llamavan mama agua madre del vinagre, i a cada cosa ado- 
 ravan destas de su manera." Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 
 '3 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. So it seems to have been 
 regarded by the Licentiate Ondegardo : " E los Idolosestaban en aq l 
 galpon grande de la casa del Sol, y cada Idolo destos tenia su servicio 
 y gastos y mugeres, y en la casa del Sol le iban a hacer reverencia los 
 que venian de su provincial para lo qual sacrificios que se hacian 
 proveian de su misma tierra ordinaria e muy abundantemente por la 
 misma orden que lo hacian quando estaba en la misma provincia, que 
 daba gran autoridad a mi parecer e aun fuerza a estos Ingas que cierto 
 me causo gran admiracion." Rel. Seg., MS.
 
 GORGEOUS TEMPLES. 99 
 
 maize which surrounded the temple and formed part 
 of its domain, imbibed a portion of its sanctity. The 
 yearly produce was distributed among the different 
 public magazines, in small quantities to each, as some- 
 thing that would sanctify the remainder of the store. 
 Happy was the man who could secure even an ear of 
 the blessed harvest for his own granary ! '* 
 
 But the most renowned of the Peruvian temples, the 
 pride of the capital, and the wonder of the empire, 
 was at Cuzco, where, under the munificence of suc- 
 cessive sovereigns, it had become so enriched that 
 it received the name of Coricancha, or " the Place 
 of Gold." It consisted of a principal building and 
 several chapels and inferior edifices, covering a large 
 extent of ground in the heart of the city, and com- 
 pletely encompassed by a wall, which, with the edifices, 
 was all constructed of stone. The work was of the 
 kind already described in the other public buildings 
 of the country, and was so finely executed that a Span- 
 iard who saw it in its glory assures us he could call to 
 mind only two edifices in Spain which, for their work- 
 manship, were at all to be compared with it.' s Yet 
 
 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 3, cap. 25. 
 
 s Tenia este Templo en circuito mas de quatro cientos pasos, todo 
 cercado de una muralla fuerte, labrado todo el edificio de camera muy 
 excelente de fina piedra, muy bien puesta y asentada. y algunas piedras 
 eran muy grandes y soberbias. no tenian mezcla de tierra ni cal. sino 
 con el betun que ellos suelen hacer sus edificios, y estan tan bien labra- 
 das estas piedras que no se les parece mezcla ni juntura ninguna. En 
 toda Espana no he visto cosa que pueda comparar a estas paredes y 
 postura de piedra, sino a la torre que llaman la Calahorra que esta 
 junto con la puente de Cordoba, y a una obra que vi en Toledo, 
 cuando fui a presentar la primera parte de mi Cronica al Principe 
 D" Felipe," Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 24.
 
 ioo CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 this substantial and, in some respects, magnificent 
 structure was thatched with straw ! 
 
 The interior of the temple was the most worthy of 
 admiration. It was literally a mine of gold. On the 
 western wall was emblazoned a representation of the 
 deity, consisting of a human countenance looking forth 
 from amidst innumerable rays of light, which emanated 
 from it in every direction, in the same manner as the 
 sun is often personified with us. The figure was en- 
 graved on a massive plate of gold of enormous dimen- 
 sions, thickly powdered with emeralds and precious 
 stones. 16 It was so situated in front of the great east- 
 ern portal that the rays of the morning sun fell directly 
 upon it at its rising, lighting up the whole apartment 
 with an effulgence that seemed more than natural, and 
 which was reflected back from the golden ornaments 
 with which the walls and ceiling were everywhere in- 
 crusted. Gold, in the figurative language of the people, 
 was "the tears wept by the sun,"' 7 and every part of 
 the interior of the temple glowed with burnished plates 
 and studs of the precious metal. The cornices which 
 surrounded the walls of the sanctuary were of the same 
 costly material ; and a broad belt or frieze of gold, let 
 into the stone-work, encompassed the whole exterior 
 of the edifice. 18 
 
 < l6 Conq. i Fob. del Piru. MS. Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 44, 92. 
 " La figura del Sol, muy grande, hecha de oro obrada muy prima- 
 mente engastonada en muchas piedras ricas." Sarmiento, Relacion, 
 MS., cap. 24. 
 
 *7 " I al oro asimismo decian que era lagrimas que el Sol llorava." 
 Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 
 18 Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 24. Antig. y Monumentos del 
 Peru, MS." Cercada junto a la techumbre de una plancha de oro de
 
 GORGEOUS TEMPLES. 101 
 
 Adjoining the principal structures were several chapels 
 of smaller dimensions. One of them was consecrated 
 to the Moon, the deity held next in reverence, as the 
 mother of the Incas. Her effigy was delineated in the 
 same manner as that of the Sun, on a vast plate that 
 nearly covered one side of the apartment. But this 
 plate, as well as all the decorations of the building, 
 was of silver, as suited to the pale, silvery light of the 
 beautiful planet. There were three other chapels, one 
 of which was dedicated to the host of Stars, who 
 formed the bright court of the Sister of the Sun ; an- 
 other was consecrated to his dread ministers of ven- 
 geance, the Thunder and the Lightning; and a third, 
 to the Rainbow, whose many-colored arch spanned the 
 walls of the edifice with hues almost as radiant as its 
 own. There were, besides, several other buildings, or 
 insulated apartments, for the accommodation of the 
 numerous priests who officiated in the services of the 
 temple. ' 
 
 All the plate, the ornaments, the utensils of every 
 description, appropriated to the uses of religion, were 
 of gold or silver. Twelve immense vases of the latter 
 metal stood on the floor of the great saloon, filled with 
 grain of the Indian corn ; * the censers for the per- 
 
 palmo i medio de ancho i lo mismo tenian por de dentro en cada bo- 
 hio 6 casa i aposento." (Conq. i Fob. del Piru,i/S.) "Teniauna 
 cinta de planchas de oro de anchor de mas de un palmo enlazadas en 
 las piedras." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 ' Sarmiento, Relacion.MS., cap. 24. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte 
 i, lib. 3, cap. 21. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 30 " El bulto del Sol tenian mui grande dc oro, i todo el servicio 
 desta casa era de plata i oro, i tenian doze horones de plata blanca 
 que dos hombres no abrazarian cada uno quadrados, i eran mas altos 
 9*
 
 102 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 fumes, the ewers which held the water for sacrifice, the 
 pipes which conducted it through subterraneous chan- 
 nels into the buildings, the reservoirs that received it, 
 even the agricultural implements used in the gardens 
 of the temple, were all of the same rich materials. 
 The gardens, like those described belonging to the 
 royal palaces, sparkled with flowers of gold and silver, 
 and various imitations of the vegetable kingdom. 
 Animals, also, were to be found there, among which 
 the llama, with its golden fleece, was most conspicu- 
 ous executed in the same style, and with a degree 
 of skill which, in this instance, probably, did not sur- 
 pass the excellence of the mater ial. ai 
 
 If the reader sees in this fairy picture only the 
 romantic coloring of some fabulous El Dorado, he 
 
 que una buena pica donde hechavan el maiz que havian de dar al 
 Sol, segun ellos decian que comiese." Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 The original, as the Spanish reader perceives, says each of these silver 
 vases 'or bins was as high as a good lance, and so large that two men 
 with outspread arms could barely encompass them ! As this might 
 perhaps embarrass even the most accommodating faith, I have pre- 
 ferred not to become responsible for any particular dimensions. 
 
 21 Levinus Apollonius, fol. 38. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, 
 lib. 3, cap. 24. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. " Tenian un 
 Jardin que los Terrones eran pedazos de oro fino y estaban artificiosa- 
 mente sembrado de maizales los quales eran oro asi las Cafias de ello 
 como las ojas y mazorcas, y estaban tan bien plantados que aunque 
 hiciesen recios bientos no se arrancaban. Sin todo esto tenian hechas 
 mas de veinte obejas de oro con sus Corderos y los Pastores con sus 
 ondas y cayados que las guardaban hecho de este metal ; havia mucha 
 cantidad de Tinajas de oro y de Plata y esmeraldas, vasos, ollas y 
 todo genero devasijas todo de oro fino; por otras Paredes tenian 
 esculpidas y pintadas otras mayores cosas, en fin era uno de los ricos 
 Templos que hubo en el mundo." Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 
 24.
 
 GORGEOUS TEMPLES. 
 
 103 
 
 must recall what has been said before in reference to 
 the palaces of the Incas, and consider that these 
 "Houses of the Sun," as they were styled, were the 
 common reservoir into which flowed all the streams of 
 public and private benefaction throughout the empire. 
 Some of the statements, through credulity, and others, 
 in the desire of exciting admiration, may be greatly 
 exaggerated ; but in the coincidence of contemporary 
 testimony it is not easy to determine the exact line 
 which should mark the measure of our skepticism. 
 Certain it is that the glowing picture I have given is 
 warranted by those who saw these buildings in their 
 pride, or shortly after they had been despoiled by the 
 cupidity of their countrymen. Many of the costly 
 articles were buried by the natives, or thrown into the 
 waters of the rivers and the lakes ; but enough remained 
 to attest the unprecedented opulence of these religious 
 establishments. Such things as were in their nature 
 portable were speedily removed, to gratify the craving 
 of the Conquerors, who even tore away the solid cor- 
 nices and frieze of gold from the great temple, filling 
 the vacant places with the cheaper, but since it affords 
 no temptation to avarice more durable, material of 
 plaster. Yet even thus shorn of their splendor the ven- 
 erable edifices still presented an attraction to the spoiler, 
 who found in their dilapidated walls an inexhaustible 
 quarry for the erection of other buildings. On the 
 very ground once crowned by the gorgeous Coricancha 
 rose the stately church of St. Dominic, one of the most 
 magnificent structures of the New World. Fields of 
 maize and lucerne now bloom on the spot which glowed 
 with the golden gardens of the temple ; and the friar j
 
 104 CIVILIZATION 01- THE INCAS. 
 
 chants his orisons within the consecrated precincts once 
 occupied by the Children of the Sun." 
 
 Besides the great temple of the Sun, there was a large 
 number of inferior temples and religious houses in the 
 Peruvian capital and its environs, amounting, as is stated, 
 to three or four hundred. 23 For Cuzco was a sanctified 
 spot, venerated not only as the abode of the Incas, but 
 of all those deities who presided over the motley nations 
 of the empire. It was the city beloved of the Sun ; 
 where his worship was maintained in its splendor ; 
 "where every fountain, pathway, and wall," says an 
 ancient chronicler, " was regarded as a holy mystery." ** 
 And unfortunate was the Indian noble who, at some 
 period or other of his life, had not made his pilgrimage 
 to the Peruvian Mecca. 
 
 Other temples and religious dwellings were scattered 
 over the provinces, and some of them constructed on 
 a scale of magnificence that almost rivalled that of the 
 metropolis. The attendants on these composed an 
 army of themselves. The whole number of function- 
 aries, including those of the sacerdotal order, who 
 officiated at the Coricancha alone, was no less than four 
 thousand. 25 
 
 22 Miller's Memoirs, vol. ii. pp. 223, 224. 
 
 2 3 Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 8. " Havia en aquella 
 ciudad y legua y media de la redonda quatrocientos y tantos lugares, 
 donde se hacian sacrificios, y se gastava mncha suma de hacienda en 
 ellos." Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. 
 
 "* " Que aquella ciudad del Cuzco era casa y morada de Dioses, e 
 ansi no habia en toda ella fuente ni paso ni pared que no dixesen que 
 tenia misterio." Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. 
 
 2 s Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. An army, indeed, if, as Cieza de 
 Leon states, the number of priests and menials employed in the famous 
 temple of Bilcas, on the route to Chili, amounted to 40,000 ! (Cronica,
 
 SACERDOTAL ORDER. 105 
 
 At the head of all, both here and throughout the 
 iand, stood the great High-Priest, or Villac Vmu, as 
 he was called. He was second only to the Inca in 
 dignity, and was usually chosen from his brothers or 
 nearest kindred. He was appointed by the monarch, 
 and held his office for life ; and he, in turn, appointed 
 to all the subordinate stations of his own order. This 
 order was very numerous. Those members of it who 
 officiated in the House of the Sun, in Cuzco, were 
 taken exclusively from the sacred race of the Incas. 
 The ministers in the provincial temples were drawn 
 from the families of the curacas ; but the office of 
 high-priest in each district was reserved for one of the 
 blood royal. It was designed by this regulation to 
 preserve the faith in its purity, and to guard against 
 any departure from the stately ceremonial which it 
 punctiliously prescribed." 
 
 The sacerdotal order, though numerous, was not dis- 
 tinguished by any peculiar badge or costume from the 
 rest of the nation. Neither was it the sole depository 
 of the scanty science of the country, nor was it charged 
 with the business of instruction, nor with those paro- 
 chial duties, if they may so be called, which bring the 
 
 cap. 89.) Every thing relating to these Houses of the Sun appears 
 to have been on a grand scale. But we may easily believe this a 
 clerical error, for 4000. 
 
 96 Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 27. Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 It was only while the priests were engaged in the service of the tem- 
 ples that they were maintained, according to Garcilasso, from the estates 
 of the Sun. At other times they were to get their support from their 
 own lands, which, if he is correct, were assigned to them in the same 
 manner as to the other orders of the nation. Com. Real., Parte I. 
 lib. 5, cap. 8. 
 E*
 
 I0 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 priest in contact with the 'great body of the people, 
 as was the case in Mexico. The cause of this pecu- 
 liarity may probably be traced to the existence of a 
 superior order, like that of the Inca nobles, whose 
 sanctity of birth so far transcended all human appoint- 
 ments that they in a manner engrossed whatever there 
 was of religious veneration in the people. They were. 
 in fact, the holy order of the state. Doubtless, any of 
 them might, as very many of them did, take on them- 
 selves the sacerdotal functions ; and their own insignia 
 and peculiar privileges were too well understood to 
 require any further badge to separate them from the 
 people. 
 
 The duties of the priest were confined to ministra- 
 tion in the temple. Even here his attendance was not 
 constant, as he was relieved after a stated interval by 
 other brethren of his order, who succeeded one another 
 in regular rotation. His science was limited to an 
 acquaintance with the fasts and festivals of his religion, 
 and the appropriate ceremonies which distinguished 
 them. This, however frivolous might be its character, 
 was no easy acquisition ; for the ritual of the Incas in- 
 volved a routine of observances as complex and elabor- 
 ate as ever distinguished that of any natiou, whether 
 pagan or Christian. Each month had its appropriate 
 festival, or rather festivals. The four principal had 
 reference to the Sun, and commemorated, the great 
 periods of his annual progress, the solstices and equi- 
 noxes. Perhaps the most magnificent of all the national 
 solemnities was the feast of Raymi, held at the period 
 of the summer solstice, when the Sun, having touched 
 the southern extremity of his course, retraced his path,
 
 FESTIVALS. 107 
 
 as if to gladden the hearts of his chosen people by 
 his presence. On this occasion the Indian nobles 
 from the different quarters of the country thronged 
 to the capital to take part in the great religious cele- 
 bration. 
 
 For three days previous, there was a general fast, and 
 no fire was allowed to be lighted in the dwellings. 
 When the appointed day arrived, the Inca and his 
 court, followed by the whole population of the city, 
 assembled at early dawn in the great square to greet 
 the rising of the Sun. They were dressed in their 
 gayest apparel, and the Indian lords vied with each 
 other in the display of costly ornaments and jewels 
 on their persons, while canopies of gaudy feather-work 
 and richly-tinted stuffs, borne by the attendants over 
 their heads, gave to the great square, and the streets 
 that emptied into it, the .appearance of being spread 
 over with one vast and magnificent awning. Eagerly 
 they watched the coming of their deity, and no sooner 
 did his first yellow rays strike the turrets and loftiest 
 buildings of the capital than a shout of gratulation 
 broke forth from the assembled multitude, accompanied 
 by songs of triumph and the wild melody of barbaric 
 instruments, that swelled louder and louder as his bright 
 orb, rising above the mountain- range towards the east, 
 shone in full splendor on his votaries. After the usual 
 ceremonies of adoration, a libation was offered to the 
 j^reat deity by the Inca, from a huge golden vase, filled 
 with the fermented liquor of maize or of maguey, 
 which, after the monarch had tasted it himself, he 
 dispensed among his royal kindred. These cere- 
 monies completed, the vast assembly was arranged
 
 I0 8 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 in order of procession and took its way towards the 
 Coricancha. 27 
 
 As they entered the street of the sacred edifice, all 
 divested themselves of their sandals, except the Inca 
 and his family, who did the same on passing through 
 the portals of the temple, where none but these august 
 personages were admitted. 28 After a decent time spent 
 in devotion, the sovereign, attended by his courtly 
 train, again appeared, and preparations were made to 
 commence the sacrifice. This, with the Peruvians, 
 consisted of animals, grain, flowers, and sweet-scented 
 gums, sometimes of human beings, on which occa- 
 sions a child or beautiful maiden was usually selected 
 as the victim. But such sacrifices were rare, being 
 reserved to celebrate some great public event, as a 
 coronation, the birth of a royal heir, or a great vic- 
 tory. They were never followed by those cannibal 
 repasts familiar to the Mexicans and to many of the 
 fierce tribes conquered by the Incas. Indeed, the con- 
 quests of these princes might well be deemed a blessing 
 to the Indian nations, if it were only from their sup- 
 pression of cannibalism, and the diminution, under 
 their rule, of human sacrifices. 29 
 
 "7 Dec.de la Aud. Real., MS. Sarmiento. Relacion, MS., Cap. 27. 
 The reader will find a brilliant, and not very extravagant, account 
 of the Peruvian festivals in Marmontel's romance of Les Incas. The 
 French author saw in their gorgeous ceremonial a fitting introduction 
 to his own literary pageant. Tom. i. chap. 1-4. 
 
 8 " Ningun Indio comun osaba pasar por la calle del Sol calzado ; 
 ni ninguno, aunque fuese mui grand Senor, entrava en las casas del 
 Sol con zapatos." Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 
 *9 Garcilasso de la Vega flatly denies that the Incas were guilty of 
 human sacrifices, and maintains, on the other hand, that they uni-
 
 FESTIVALS. 
 
 109 
 
 At the feast of Raymi, the sacrifice usually offered 
 was that of the llama ; and the priest, after opening 
 
 formly abolished them in every country they subdued, where they had 
 previously existed. (Com. Real., Parte i. lib. 2, cap. 9, et alibi.) But 
 in this material fact he is unequivocally contradicted by Sarmiento, 
 Relacion, MS., cap. 22. Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS.. Montesinos. 
 Mem. antiguas, MS., lib. 2. cap. 8, Balboa, Hist, du Perou, chap. 
 5, 8. Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 72, Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS.. 
 Acosta. lib. 5, cap. 19, and I might add, I suspect, were I to pur- 
 sue the inquiry, by nearly every ancient writer of authority ; some of 
 whom, having come into the country soon after the Conquest, while 
 its primitive institutions were in vigor, are entitled to more deference 
 in a matter of this kind than Garcilasso himself. It was natural that 
 the descendant of the Incas should desire to relieve his race from so 
 odious an imputation ; and we must have charity for him if he does 
 show himself on some occasions, where the honor of his country is at 
 stake, " high gravel blind." It should be added, in justice to the Pe- 
 ruvian government, that the best authorities concur in the admission 
 that the sacrifices were few. both in number and in magnitude, being 
 reserved for such extraordinary occasions as those mentioned in the 
 text.* 
 
 * [In a long note on the passage in Garcilasso relating to the sub- 
 ject, Mr. Markham asserts that " the Yncas did not offer up human 
 sacrifices," and, complaining that " Mr. Prcscott allows himself to 
 accept Spanish testimony in preference to that of the Ynca" Garci- 
 lasso, examines the evidence adduced, and rejects it as proceeding 
 from credulity, prejudice, and ignorance. Several of the objections 
 he alleges would require detailed consideration if the question had not 
 since been definitively settled by his own publication, in an English 
 translation, of an important and trustworthy account, by Christoval 
 de Molina, of the rites practised by the Incas. From this it appears 
 that, while the ordinary sacrifices consisted of the " sheep" and 
 " lambs" of the country, the great festival called Coapacocfia or Cacha- 
 huaca was celebrated with human sacrifices both at Cuzco and at the 
 chief town of each province. The victims consisted of children, male 
 and female, aged about ten years, one or two being selected from 
 each lineage or tribe. Some were strangled : " from others they took 
 out the hearts while yet alive, and offered them to the Auacas wnile 
 Peru. VOL. I. 10
 
 | IO CIVILIZATION OF Till-. IXC AS. 
 
 the body of his victim, sought in the appearances 
 which it exhibited to read the lesson of the mysterious 
 future. If the auguries were unpropitious, a second 
 victim was slaughtered, in the hope of receiving some 
 more comfortable assurance. The Peruvian augur might 
 have learned a good lesson of the Roman, to consider 
 every omen as favorable which served the interests of 
 his country. 30 
 
 A fire was then kindled by means of a concave mirror 
 of polished metal, which, collecting the rays of the sun 
 into a focus upon a quantity of dried cotton, speedily 
 set it on fire. It was the expedient used on the like 
 occasions in ancient Rome, at least under the reign of 
 the pious Numa. When the sky was overcast, and the 
 face of the good deity was hidden from his worship- 
 pers, which was esteemed a bad omen, fire was obtained 
 by means of friction. The sacred flame was intrusted 
 to the care of the Virgins of the Sun ; and if, by any 
 
 3 " Augurque cum esset, dicere ausus est, optimis auspiciis ea geri. 
 quae pro reipublicae salute gererentur." (Cicero, De Senectute.) 
 This inspection of the entrails of animals for the purposes cl divina- 
 tion is worthy of note, as a most rare, if not a solitary, instance of 
 the kind among the nations of the New World, though so familiar 
 in the ceremonial of sacrifice among the pagan nations of the Old. 
 
 yet palpitating." The bodies were interred with the other sacrifices. 
 "They also had a custom, when they conquered and subjugated any 
 nations, of selecting some of the handsomest of the conquered people 
 and sending them to Cuzco, where they were sacrificed to the Sun, 
 who, as they said, had given them the victory." (Fables and Rites 
 of the Yncas, pp. 54-59.) Mr. Markham describes the narrative of 
 Molina as supplying " more than one incidental corroboration of the 
 correctness of Garcilasso's statements," but omits to notice its inci- 
 dental contradiction .of them on this very important point. ED.]
 
 /'KST/l'ALS. Ill 
 
 neglect, it was suffered to go out in the course of the 
 year, the event was regarded as a calamity that boded 
 some strange disaster to the monarchy. 31 A burnt-offer- 
 ing of the victims was then made on the altars of the 
 deity. This sacrifice was but the prelude to the slaugh- 
 ter of a great number of llamas, part of the flocks of the 
 Sun, which furnished a banquet not only for the Inca 
 and his court, but for the people, who made amends at 
 these festivals for the frugal fare to which they were 
 usually condemned. A fine bread or cake, kneaded 
 of mai/.e flour by the fair hands of the Virgins of the 
 Sun, was also placed on the royal board, where the 
 Inca, presiding over the feast, pledged his great nobles 
 in generous goblets of the fermented liquor of the 
 country, and the long revelry of the day was closed at 
 night by music and dancing. Dancing and drinking 
 were the favorite pastimes of the Peruvians. These 
 amusements continued for several days, though the 
 sacrifices terminated on the first. Such was the great 
 festival of Raymi ; and the recurrence of this and 
 similar festivities gave relief to the monotonous routine 
 of toil prescribed to the lower orders of the com- 
 munity. 3 ' 
 
 In the distribution of bread and wine at this high 
 festival, the orthodox Spaniards who first came into 
 the country saw a striking resemblance to the Chris 
 
 31 " Vigilcmque sacra verat ignem, 
 Excubias divum xternas." 
 
 Plutarch, in his life of Numa, describes the reflectors used by the 
 Romans for kindling the sacred fire, as concave instruments of brass, 
 though not spherical like the Peruvian, but of a triangular form. 
 
 3* Acosta, lib. 5, cup, 28, 29. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i. lib. 
 6, cap, 23.
 
 1 I2 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 tian communion; 33 as in the practice of confession 
 and penance, which, in a most irregular form indeed, 
 seems to have been used by the Peruvians, they dis~ 
 cerned a coincidence with another of the sacraments 
 of the Church. 34 The good fathers were fond of tracing 
 such coincidences, which they considered as the con- 
 trivance of Satan, who thus endeavored to delude his 
 victims by counterfeiting the blessed rites of Chris- 
 tianity. 35 Others, in a different vein, imagined that 
 they saw in such analogies the evidence that some of 
 the primitive teachers of the gospel, perhaps an apostle 
 himself, had paid a visit to these distant regions and 
 scattered over them the seeds of religious truth. 36 But 
 
 33 "That which is most admirable in the hatred and presumption 
 of Sathan is, that he not onely counterfeited in idolatry and sacrifices, 
 but also in certain ceremonies, our sacraments, which Jesus Christ our 
 Lord instituted, and the holy Church uses, having especially pretended 
 to imitate, in some sort, the sacrament of the communion, which is the 
 most high and divine of all others." Acosta, lib. 5, cap. 23. 
 
 34Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 4. Ondegardo, Rel. 
 Prim., MS. " The father of lies would likewise counterfeit the sacra- 
 ment of Confession, and in his idolatries sought to be honored with 
 ceremonies very like to the manner of Christians." Acosta, lib. 5. 
 cap. 25. 
 
 35 Cieza de Leon, not content with many marvellous accounts of 
 the influence and real apparition of Satan in the Indian ceremonies, 
 has garnished his volume with numerous wood-cuts representing the 
 Prince of Evil in bodily presence, with the usual accompaniments of 
 tail, claws, etc., as if to re-enforce the homilies in his text ! The Peru- 
 vian saw in his idol a god. His Christian conqueror saw in it the 
 Devil. One may be puzzled to decide which of the two might lay 
 claim to the grossest superstition. 
 
 36 Piedrahita, the historian of the Muyscas, is satisfied that this 
 apostle must have been St. Bartholomew, whose travels were known 
 to have been extensive. (Conq. de Granada, Parte i, lib. i. cap. 3.) 
 The Mexican antiquaries consider St. Thomas as having had charge
 
 OF THE SUN. II3 
 
 it seems nardly necessary to invoke the Prince of Dark- 
 ness, or the intervention of the blessed saints, to ac- 
 count for coincidences which have existed in countries 
 far removed from the light of Christianity, and in 
 ages, indeed, when its light had not yet risen on the 
 world. It is much more reasonable to refer such 
 casual points of resemblance to the general constitu- 
 tion of man and the necessities of his moral nature. 37 
 
 Another singular analogy with Roman Catholic in- 
 stitutions is presented by the Virgins of the Sun, the 
 "elect," as they were called, 38 to whom I have already 
 had occasion to refer. These were young maidens, 
 dedicated to the service of the deity, who, at a tender 
 age, were taken from their homes and introduced into 
 convents, where they were placed under the care of 
 certain elderly matrons, mamaconas, who had grown 
 gray within their walls. 39 Under these venerable guides 
 the holy virgins were instructed in the nature of their 
 
 of the mission to the people of Anahuac. These two apostles, then, 
 would seem to have divided the New World, at least the civilized por- 
 tions of it, between them. How they came, whether by Behring's 
 Straits, or directly across the Atlantic, we are not informed. Velasco 
 a writer of the eighteenth century ! has little doubt that they did 
 really come. Hist, de Quito, torn. i. pp. 89, 90. 
 
 37 The subject is illustrated by some examples in the " History of 
 the Conquest of Mexico," vol. iii., Appendix No. i ; since the same 
 usages in that country led to precisely the same rash conclusions 
 among the Conquerors. 
 
 3 8 " Llamavase Casa de Escogidas; porque las escogian, 6 por 
 Linage, 6 por Hermosura." Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 4. 
 cap. i. 
 
 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. The word mamacona signified 
 " matron ;" mama, the first half of this compound word, as already 
 noticed, meaning " mother." See Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte I, 
 lib. 4, cap. i. 
 
 10*
 
 m CIVILIZATION OF THE /AT.f.V. 
 
 religious duties. They were employed in spinning and 
 embroidery, and, with the fine hair of the vicufia, wove 
 the hangings for the temples, and the apparel for the 
 Inca and his household. 40 It was their duty, above all, 
 to watch over the sacred fire obtained at the festival of 
 Raymi. From the moment they entered the establish- 
 ment, they were cut off from all connection with the 
 world, even with their own family and friends. No 
 one but the Inca, and the Coya or queen, might enter 
 the consecrated precincts. The greatest attention was 
 paid to their morals, and visitors were sent every year 
 to inspect the institutions and to report on the state 
 of their discipline. 4 ' Woe to the unhappy maiden who 
 was detected in an intrigue ! By the stern law of the 
 Incas, she was to be buried alive, her lover was to be 
 strangled, and the town or village to which he be- 
 longed was to be razed to the ground, and "sowed 
 with stones," as if to efface every memorial of his ex- 
 istence. 43 One is astonished to find so close a resem- 
 
 4 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 4' Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. 
 
 42 Balboa, Hist, du Perou, chap. 9. Fernandez, Hist, del Peru, 
 Parte a, lib. 3, cap. n. Garcilasso, Com. Real.. Parte i, lib. 4, cap. 
 3- According to the historian of the Incas, the terrible penalty was 
 never incurred by a single lapse on the part of the fair sisterhood ; 
 though, if it had been, the sovereign, he assures us, would have " ex- 
 acted it to the letter, with as little compunction as he would have 
 drowned a puppy." (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 4, cap. 3.) Other 
 writers contend, on the contrary, that these Virgins had very little 
 claim to the reputation of Vestals. (See Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y 
 Conq., MS. Gomara, Hist, de las Ind., cap. 121.) Such imputations 
 are common enough on the inhabitants of religious houses, whether 
 pagan or Christian. They are contradicted in the present instance by 
 the concurrent testimony of most of those who had the best oppor
 
 VIRGINS OF THE SUN. II5 
 
 blance between the institutions of the American Indian, 
 the ancient Roman, and the modern Catholic ! Chas- 
 tity and purity of life are virtues in woman that would 
 seem to be of equal estimation with the barbarian 
 and with the civilized. Yet the ultimate destination 
 of the inmates of these religious houses was materially 
 different. 
 
 The great establishment at Cuzco consisted wholly 
 of maidens of the royal blood, who amounted, it is 
 said, to no less than fifteen hundred. The provincial 
 convents were supplied from the daughters of the cu- 
 racas and inferior nobles, and occasionally, where a 
 girl was recommended by great personal attractions, 
 from the lower classes of the people. 43 The " Houses 
 of the Virgins of the Sun" consisted of low ranges of 
 stone buildings, covering a large extent of ground, 
 surrounded by high walls, which excluded those within 
 entirely from observation. They were provided with 
 every accommodation for the fair inmates, and were 
 embellished in the same sumptuous and costly manner 
 as the palaces of the Incas, and the temples; for they 
 received the particular care of the government, as an 
 important part of the religious establishment. 44 
 
 Yet the career of all the inhabitants of these cloisters 
 was not confined within their narrow walls. Though 
 Virgins of the Sun, they were brides of the Inca, and 
 at a marriageable age the most beautiful among them 
 
 tunity of arriving at truth, and are made particularly improbable by 
 the superstitious reverence entertained for the Incas. 
 
 43 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq.. MS. Garcilasso, Com. Real.. 
 Pane i, lib. 4, cap. i. 
 
 44 Ibid., Parte i, lib. 4, cap. 5. Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 44.
 
 Il6 CIVILIZATION Of THE INCAS. 
 
 were selected for the honors of his bed and transferred 
 to the royal seraglio. The full complement of this 
 amounted in time not only to hundreds, but thousands, 
 who all found accommodations in his different palaces 
 throughout the country. When the monarch was dis- 
 posed to lessen the number of his establishment, the 
 concubine with whose society he was willing to dis- 
 pense returned, not to her former monastic residence, 
 but to her own home ; where, however humble might 
 be her original condition, she was maintained in great 
 state, and, far from being dishonored by the situation 
 she had filled, was held in universal reverence as the 
 Inca's bride. 45 _V 
 
 The great nobles of Peru were allowed, like their 
 sovereign, a plurality of wives. The people, generally, 
 whether by law, or by necessity stronger than law, were 
 more happily limited to one. Marriage was conducted 
 in a manner that gave it quite as original a character 
 as belonged to the other institutions of the country. 
 On an appointed day of the year, all those of a mar- 
 riageable age which, having reference to their ability 
 to take charge of a family, in the males was fixed at 
 not less than twenty-four years, and in the women at 
 eighteen or twenty were called together in the great 
 squares of their respective towns and villages, through- 
 out the empire. The Inca presided in person over the 
 assembly of his own kindred, and, taking the hands of 
 the different couples who were to be united, he placed 
 them within each other, declaring the parties man and 
 wife. The same was done by the curacas towards all 
 
 Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, 
 lib. 4, cap. 4. Montesinos, Mem. antiguas, MS., lib. 2, cap. 19.
 
 MARRIAGE. JI7 
 
 persons of their own or inferior degree in their several 
 districts. This was the simple form of marriage in 
 Peru. No one was allowed to select a wife beyond the 
 community to which he belonged, which generally 
 comprehended all his own kindred ; 46 nor was any but 
 the sovereign authorized to dispense with the law of 
 nature or, at least, the usual law of nations so far as 
 to marry his own sister. 47 No marriage was esteemed 
 valid without the consent of the parents ; and the pref- 
 erence of the parties, it is said, was also to be con- 
 sulted ; though, considering the barriers imposed by 
 the prescribed age of the candidates, this must have 
 been within rather narrow and whimsical limits. A 
 dwelling was got ready for the new-married pair at the 
 charge of the district, and the prescribed portion of 
 land assigned for their maintenance. The law of Peru 
 provided for the future, as well as for the present. It 
 left nothing to chance. The simple ceremony of mar- 
 riage was followed by general festivities among the 
 friends of the parties, which lasted several days ; and 
 as every wedding took place on the same day, and as 
 there were few families who had not some one of their 
 members or their kindred personally interested, there 
 
 * By the strict letter of the law, according to Garcilasso, no one 
 was to marry out of his own lineage. But this narrow rule had a most 
 liberal interpretation, since all of the same town, and even province, 
 he assures us, were reckoned of kin to one another. Com. Real., 
 Parte i, lib. 4, cap. 8. 
 
 47 Fernandez, Hist, del Peru. Parte 2. lib. 3, cap. 9. This practice, 
 so revolting to our feelings that it might well be deemed to violate the 
 law of nature, must not, however, be regarded as altogether peculiai 
 to the Incas, since it was countenanced by some of the most polished 
 nations of antiquity.
 
 ri 8 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 was one universal bridal jubilee throughout the em- 
 pire. 48 
 
 The extraordinary regulations respecting marriage 
 under the Incas are eminently characteristic of the 
 genius of the government ; which, far from limiting 
 itself to matters of public concern, penetrated into the 
 most private recesses of domestic life, allowing no man, 
 however humble, to act for himself, even in those per- 
 sonal matters in which none but himself, or his family 
 at most, might be supposed to be interested. No 
 Peruvian was too low for the fostering vigilance of 
 government. None was so high that he was not made 
 to feel his dependence upon it in every act of his life. 
 His very existence as an individual was absorbed in 
 that of the community. His hopes and his fears, his 
 joys and his sorrows, the tenderest sympathies of his 
 nature, which would most naturally shrink from ob- 
 servation, were all to be regulated by law. He was 
 not allowed even to be happy in his own way. The 
 government of the Incas was the mildest, but the most 
 searching, of despotisms. 
 
 4 s Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 
 6, cap. 36. Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. Montesinos, Mem. antiguas, 
 MS., lib. 2, cap. 6. 
 
 [The precise nature of the Peruvian religion does not seem to have 
 been much elucidated by the discussions it has undergone in recent 
 years. The chief source of perplexity lies in the recognition of a 
 Creator, or World-Deity, side by side with the adoration of the Sun 
 as the presiding divinity and direct object of worship. Mr. Tylor 
 speaks of this as a " rivalry full of interest in the history of barbaric 
 religion ;" and he takes the view that the Sun, originally " a subordi- 
 nate God," " the divine ancestor of the Inca family," " by virtue of 
 his nearer intercourse and power," gradually " usurped the place of
 
 PERUVIAN MYTHOLOGY. 119 
 
 the Supreme Deity." (Conf. Primitive Culture, ist edition, vol. ii. p. 
 307, and ad edition, vol. ii. p. 338.) But the facts cited in support of 
 this theory are too slight or too questionable to form a sufficient basis for 
 it. The reported speech of one of the later Incas, in which the doc- 
 trine that the Sun is " the maker of all things." or himself " a living 
 thing," is condemned, and he is compared to " a beast who makes a 
 daily round under the eye of a master," " an arrow which must go 
 whither it is sent, not whither it wishes," may be regarded as, what 
 Mr. Tylor indeed calls it, " a philosophic protest," and as nothing more. 
 The forms of prayer collected by Molina from the lips of certain aged 
 Indians, addressed conjointly to the Creator, the Sun. and the Thun- 
 der, prove, if any thing, that the supremacy of the first-mentioned 
 person in this singular trinity was an article of that " state church" 
 which, according to Mr. Tylor, organized the worship of the Sun and 
 raised it to predominance. As to the statement, on Mr. Markham's 
 authority, that the great temple at Cuzco was originally dedicated to 
 Pachacamac, this seems to rest merely on a tradition related by Mo- 
 lina, which attributes the enlargement of the temple and the erection 
 of a golden statue to the Creator to the same Inca who is represented 
 as having denied the divinity of the Sun. In fact, the whole of this 
 evidence better accords with the view taken by M. Desjardins, who 
 considers the Inca referred to Yupanqui according to most authori- 
 ties as having introduced the worship of Pachacamac at Cuzco, 
 where before the Sun had been worshipped as the Supreme God. 
 (Le Perou avant la Conquete espagnole, p. 94.) " But these notions." 
 he remarks, "of an immaterial, infinite, and eternal God could not 
 easily penetrate the minds of the multitude, who adhered to their 
 ancient superstitions." (Ibid., p. 103.) That the complex character of 
 the Peruvian mythology proceeded chiefly from the union under one 
 government of several different races, and the tolerance, and to some 
 extent the adoption, by the conquerors of various local or tribal re- 
 ligions, is a point on which all who have given the subject any close 
 investigation concur. (See Brinton, Myths of the New World, p. 176. 
 et al.) Hence the variety and conflicting character of the traditions, 
 which cannot be constructed into a system, since they represent diverse 
 and perhaps fluctuating conceptions. ED.]
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 EDUCATION. QUIPUS. ASTRONOMY. AGRICULTURE. 
 AQUEDUCTS. GUANO. IMPORTANT ESCULENTS. 
 
 " SCIENCE was not intended for the people ; but for 
 those of generous blood. Persons of low degree are 
 only puffed up by it, and rendered vain and arrogant. 
 Neither should such meddle with the affairs of govern- 
 ment ; for this would bring high offices into disrepute, 
 and cause detriment to the state."' Such was the 
 favorite maxim, often repeated, of Tupac Inca Yupan- 
 qui, one of the most renewed of the Peruvian sove- 
 reigns. It may seem strange that such a maxim should 
 ever have been proclaimed in the New World, where 
 popular institutions have been established on a more 
 extensive scale than was ever before witnessed ; where 
 government rests wholly on the people, and education 
 at least, in the great northern division of the conti- 
 nent is mainly directed to qualify the people for the 
 duties of government. Yet this maxim was strictly- 
 conformable to the genius of the Peruvian monarchy, 
 and may serve as a key to its habitual policy ; since, 
 
 1 " No es licito, que ensenen a los hijos de los Plebeios, las Ciencias, 
 que pertenescen a los Generosos, y no mas ; porque como Gente baja, 
 no se eleven, y ensobervezcan, y menoscaben, y apoquen la Repub- 
 lica : bastales, que aprendan los Oficios de sus Padres ; que el Man- 
 dar, y Governar no es de Plebeios, que es hacer agravio al Oficio, y 
 a la Republica, encomendarsela a Gente comun." Garcilasso, Com. 
 Real., Parte i, lib. 8, cap. 8. 
 (MO)
 
 EDIT A no. \: 121 
 
 while it watched with unwearied solicitude over its 
 subjects, provided for their physical necessities, was 
 mindful of their morals, and showed, throughout, the 
 affectionate concern of a parent for his children, it yet 
 regarded them only as children, who were never to 
 emerge from the state of pupilage, to act or to think 
 for themselves, but whose whole duty was comprehended 
 in the obligation of implicit obedience. 
 
 Such was the humiliating condition of the people 
 under the Incas, while the numerous families of the 
 blood royal enjoyed the benefit of all the light of 
 education which the civilization of the country could 
 afford, and long after the Conquest the spots continued 
 to be pointed out where the seminaries had existed for 
 their instruction. These were placed under the care 
 of the await/as, or "wise men," who engrossed the 
 scanty stock of science if science it could be called 
 possessed by the Peruvians, and who were the sole 
 teachers of youth. It was natural that the monarch 
 should take a lively interest in the instruction of the 
 young nobility, his own kindred. Several of the Pe- 
 ruvian princes are said to have built their palaces in 
 the neighborhood of the schools, in order that they 
 might the more easily visit them and listen to the lec- 
 tures of the amautas, which they occasionally re-enforced 
 by a homily of their own. 2 In these schools the royal 
 pupils were instructed in all the different kinds of 
 knowledge in which their teachers were versed, with 
 
 "Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 7, cap. 10. The descendant 
 of the Incas notices the remains, visible in his day, of two of the 
 palaces of his royal ancestors, which had been built in the vicinity 
 of the schools, for more easy access to them. 
 Peru. VOL. I. F il
 
 i 2 2 CIVILIZATION or mi: /.vr./.v. 
 
 especial reference to the stations they were to occupy 
 in after-life. They studied the laws, and the principles 
 of administering the government, in which many of 
 them were to take part. They were initiated in the 
 peculiar rites of their religion most necessary to those 
 who were to assume the sacerdotal functions. They 
 learned also to emulate the achievements of their royal 
 ancestors by listening to the chronicles compiled by 
 the amautas. They were taught to speak their own 
 dialect with purity and elegance ; and they became 
 acquainted with the mysterious science of the quipus, 
 which supplied the Peruvians with the means of com- 
 municating their ideas to one another, and of trans- 
 mitting them to future generations. 3 
 
 The quipu was a cord about two feet long, composed 
 iif different-colored threads tightly twisted together, 
 from which a quantity of smaller threads were sus- 
 pended in the manner of a fringe. The threads were 
 of different colors, and were tied into knots. The 
 word quipu, indeed, signifies a knot. The colors 
 denoted sensible objects ; as, for instance, white repre- 
 sented silver, and yellow, gold. They sometimes also 
 stood for abstract ideas. Thus, white signified peace, 
 and red, war. But the quipus were chiefly used for 
 arithmetical purposes. The knots served instead of 
 ciphers, and could be combined in such a manner as 
 to represent numbers to any amount they required. 
 By means of these they went through their calculations 
 with great rapidity, and the Spaniards who first visited 
 the country bear testimony to their accuracy. 4 
 
 sGarcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 4, cap. 19. 
 
 4Conquista i Poblacion del Piru, MS. Sarmiento, Relacion,
 
 QU/PUS. 123 
 
 Officers were established in each of the districts, 
 who, under the title of </K/f>uca;nayus, or "keepers of 
 the quipus," were required to furnish the government 
 with information on various important matters. One 
 had charge of the revenues, reported the quantity of 
 raw material distributed among the laborers, the quality 
 and quantity of the fabrics made from it, and the 
 amount of stores, of various kinds, paid into the royal 
 magazines. Another exhibited the register of births 
 and deaths, the marriages, the number of those quali- 
 fied to bear arms, and the like details in reference to 
 the population of the kingdom. These returns were 
 annually forwarded to the capital, where they were 
 submitted to the inspection of officers acquainted with 
 the art of deciphering these mystic records. The 
 government was thus provided with a valuable mass of 
 statistical information, and the skeins of many-colored 
 threads, collected and carefully preserved, constituted 
 what might be called the national archives. 5 
 
 But, although the quipus sufficed for all the pur- 
 
 MS., cap. 9. Acosta, lib. 6, cap. 8. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, 
 lib. 6, cap. 8. 
 
 5 Ondegardo expresses his astonishment at the variety of objects 
 embraced by these simple records, " hardly credible by one who had 
 not seen them." " En aquella ciudad se hallaron muchos viejos oficiales 
 antiguos del Inga, asi de la religion, como del Govierno, y otra cosa 
 que no pudiera creer sino la viera, que por hilos y nudos se hallan figu- 
 nidas las leyes. y estatutos asi de lo uno como de lo otro, y las suce- 
 siones de los Reyes y tiempo que govemaron : y hallose lo que todo 
 esto tenian asu cargo que no fue poco, y aun tube alguna claridad de los 
 estatutos que en tiempo de cada uno se havian puesto." (Rel. Prim.. 
 MS.) (See also Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 9, Acosta. lib. 6, 
 cap. 8. Garcilasso, Parte i. lib. 6, cap. 8, 9.) A vestige of the quipus 
 is still to be found in some parts of Peru, where the shepherds keep the 
 tallies of their numerous flocks bv means of this ancient arithmetic.
 
 124 CIVILIZATION OI- THE L\CAS. 
 
 poses of arithmetical computation demanded by the 
 Peruvians, they were incompetent to represent the 
 manifold ideas and images which are expressed by 
 writing. Even here, however, the invention was not 
 without its use. For, independently of the direct rep- 
 resentation of simple objects, and even of abstract 
 ideas, to a very limited extent, as above noticed, it 
 afforded great help to the memory by way of associa- 
 tion. The peculiar knot or color, in this way, suggested 
 what it could not venture to represent ; in the same man- 
 ner to borrow the homely illustration of an old writer 
 as the number of the Commandment calls to mind 
 the Commandment itself. The quipus, thus used, might 
 be regarded as the Peruvian system of mnemonics. 
 
 Annalists were appointed in each of the principal 
 communities, whose business it was to record the most 
 important events which occurred in them. Other 
 functionaries of a higher character, usually the amau- 
 tas, were intrusted with the history of the empire, and 
 were selected to chronicle the great deeds of the reign- 
 ing Inca, or of his ancestors. 6 The narrative, thus 
 concocted, could be communicated only by oral tra- 
 dition ; but the quipus served the chronicler to arrange 
 the incidents with method and to refesh his' memory. 
 The story, once treasured up in the mind, was indelibly 
 impressed there by frequent repetition. It was repeated 
 by the amauta to his pupils, and in this way history, 
 conveyed partly by oral tradition and partly by arbi- 
 trary signs, was handed down from generation to gen- 
 eration, with sufficient discrepancy of details, but with 
 a general -conformity of outline to the truth. 
 6 Garcilasso, ubi supra.
 
 QUIPUS. 1 25 
 
 The Peruvian quipus were, doubtless, a wretched 
 substitute for that beautiful contrivance, the alphabet, 
 which, employing a few simple characters as the repre- 
 sentatives of sounds instead of ideas, is able to convey 
 the most delicate shades of thought that ever passed 
 through the mind of man. The Peruvian invention, 
 indeed, was far below that of the hieroglyphics, even 
 below the rude picture-writing of the Aztecs; for the 
 latter art, however incompetent to convey abstract 
 ideas, could depict sensible objects with tolerable accu- 
 racy. It is an evidence of the total ignorance in which 
 the two nations remained of each other, that the Peru- 
 vians should have borrowed nothing of the hieroglyph- 
 ical system of the Mexicans, and this, notwithstanding 
 that the existence of the maguey-plant, agave, in South 
 America might have furnished them with the very 
 material used by the Aztecs for the construction of 
 their maps. 7 
 
 It is impossible to contemplate without interest the 
 struggles made by different nations, as they emerge 
 from barbarism, to supply themselves with some visible 
 symbol of thought, that mysterious agency by which 
 the mind of the individual may be put in communi- 
 cation with the minds of a whole community. The 
 want of such a symbol is itself the greatest impediment 
 to the progress of civilization. For what is it but to 
 imprison the thought, which has the elements of im- 
 
 7 Garcilasso, ubi supra. Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. Sarmiento. 
 Relacion. MS., cap. 9. Yet the quipus must be allowed to bear some 
 resemblance to the belts of wampum made of colored beads strung 
 together in familiar use among the North American tribes for com- 
 memorating treaties, and for other purposes. 
 II*
 
 I2 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 mortality, within the bosom of its author, or of the 
 small circle who come in contact with him, instead of 
 sending it abroad to give light to thousands and to 
 generations yet unborn ! Not only is such a symbol 
 an essential element of civilization, but it may be as- 
 sumed as the very criterion of civilization ; for the 
 intellectual advancement of a people will keep pace 
 pretty nearly with its facilities for intellectual com- 
 munication. 
 
 Yet we must be careful not to underrate the real 
 value of the Peruvian system, nor to suppose that the 
 quipus were as awkward an instrument in the hand of 
 a practised native as they would be in ours. We know 
 the effect of habit in all mechanical operations, and 
 the Spaniards bear constant testimony to the adroitness 
 and accuracy of the Peruvians in this. Their skill is 
 not more surprising than the facility with which habit 
 enables us to master the contents of a printed page, 
 comprehending thousands of separate characters, by a 
 single glance, as it were, though each character must 
 require a distinct recognition by the eye, and that, too, 
 without breaking the chain of thought in the reader's 
 mind. We must not hold the invention of the quipus 
 too lightly, when we reflect that they supplied the 
 means of calculation demanded for the affairs of a great 
 nation, and that, however insufficient, they afforded 
 no little help to what aspired to the credit of literary 
 composition. 
 
 The office of recording the national annals was not 
 wholly confined to the amautas. It was assumed in 
 part by the haravecs, or poets, who selected the most 
 brilliant incidents for their songs or ballads, which
 
 QUiPUS.' 127 
 
 were chanted at the royal festivals and at the table of 
 the Inca. 8 In this manner a body of traditional min- 
 strelsy grew up, like the British and Spanish ballad 
 poetry, by means of which the name of many a rude 
 chieftain, that might have perished for want of a chron- 
 icler, has been borne down the tide of rustic melody 
 to later generations. 
 
 Yet history may be thought not to gain much by this 
 alliance with poetry ; for the domain of the poet extends 
 over an ideal realm peopled with the shadowy forms of 
 fancy, that bear little resemblance to the rude realities 
 of life. The Peruvian annals may be deemed to show 
 somewhat of the effects of this union, since there is a 
 tinge of the marvellous spread over them down to the 
 very latest period, which, like a mist before the reader's 
 eye, makes it difficult to distinguish between fact and 
 fiction. 
 
 The poet found a convenient instrument for his 
 purposes in the beautiful Quichua dialect. We have 
 already seen the extraordinary measures taken by the 
 Incas for propagating their language throughout their 
 empire. Thus naturalized in the remotest provinces, 
 it became enriched by a variety of exotic words and 
 idioms, which, under the influence of the court and of 
 poetic culture, if I may so express myself, was gradually 
 blended, like some finished mosaic made up of coarse 
 and disjointed materials, into one harmonious whole. 
 
 8 Dec. de la Aud. Real., MS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i. lib. 
 2, cap. 27. The word haravec signified " inventor" or " finder ;" and 
 in his title, as well as in his functions, the minstrel-poet may remind 
 us of the Norman trouvere. Garcilasso has translated one of the 
 little lyrical pieces of his countrymen. It is light and lively ; but on 
 short specimen affords no basis for general criticism.
 
 128 CIVILIZATION Ol- THE /.\V,/.S. 
 
 The Quichua became the most comprehensive and vari- 
 ious, as well as the most elegant, of the South American 
 dialects. 9 
 
 Besides the compositions already noticed, the Peru- 
 vians, it is said, showed some talent for theatrical exhi- 
 bitions ; not those barren pantomimes which, addressed 
 simply to the eye, have formed the amusement of more 
 than one rude nation. The Peruvian pieces aspired to 
 the rank of dramatic compositions, sustained by char- 
 acter and dialogue, founded sometimes on themes of 
 tragic interest, and at others on such as, from their 
 light and social character, belong to comedy. 10 Of the 
 execution of these pieces we have now no means of 
 judging.* It was probably rude enough, as befitted an 
 'Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. Sarmiento justly laments that his 
 countrymen should have suffered this dialect, which might have proved 
 so serviceable in their intercourse with the motley tribes of the empire, 
 to fall so much out of use as it has done : " Y con tanto digo que fue 
 harto beneficio para los Espanoles haver esta lengua, pues podian con 
 ella andar por todas partes en algunas de las quales ya se va perdi- 
 endo." Relacion, MS., cap. 21. According to Velascb, the Incas.on 
 arriving with their conquering legions at Quito, were astonished to find 
 a dialect of the Quichua spoken there, although it was unknown over 
 much of the intermediate country ; a singular fact, if true. (Hist, de 
 Quito, torn. i. p. 185.) The author, a native of that country, had 
 access to some rare sources of information ; and his curious volumes 
 show an intimate analogy between the science and social institutions 
 of the people of Quito and Peru. Yet his book betrays an obvious 
 anxiety to set the pretensions of his own country in the most imposing 
 point of view, and he frequently hazards assertions with a confidence 
 that is not well calculated to secure that of his readers. 
 
 IO Garcilasso, Com. Real., ubi supra. 
 
 * [Dr. Vincente Lopez speaks of two specimens of this dramatic 
 literature, preserved, in an altered form, by Spanish tradition. the 
 Apu-Ollantay and the Uska-Paukar. The latter, he says, contains
 
 JSTKOXOMY. 
 
 I2 9 
 
 unformed people. But, whatever may have been the 
 execution, the mere conception of such an amusement 
 is a proof of refinement that honorably distinguishes 
 the Peruvian from the other American races, whose 
 pastime was war, or the ferocious sports that reflect the 
 image of it. 
 
 The intellectual character of the Peruvians, indeed, 
 seems to have been marked rather by a tendency to 
 refinement than by those hardier qualities which insure 
 success in the severer walks of science. In these they 
 were behind several of the semi-civilized nations of 
 the New World. They had some acquaintance with 
 geography, so far as related to their own empire, which 
 was indeed extensive ; and they constructed maps with 
 lines raised on them to denote the boundaries and lo- 
 calities, on a similar principle with those formerly used 
 by the blind. In astronomy they appear to have made 
 but moderate proficiency. They divided the year into 
 twelve lunar months, each of which, having its own 
 name, was distinguished by its appropriate festival." 
 They had, also, weeks, but of what length, whether of 
 seven, nine, or ten days, is uncertain. As their lunar 
 
 " Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. Fernandez, who differs from most 
 authorities in dating the commencement of the year from June, gives 
 the names of the several months, with their appropriate occupations. 
 Hist, del Peru, Parte 2, lib. 3, cap. 10. 
 
 entire r6les which are evidently of Spanish and Catholic origin. To 
 the former he is inclined to ascribe a greater degree of genuineness ; 
 though its authenticity has been altogether denied, and its composition 
 ascribed to Dr. Valdez. (Les Races aryennes du Perou, pp. 325- 
 329.) An English translation of it has been published by Mr. Mark- 
 hnm, uncfer the title of " Ollanta, rxn Ancient Ynca Drama" (London, 
 1871).- ED.] 
 F*
 
 , 3 o CIVILIZATION OF Till: TNCAS, 
 
 year would necessarily fall short of the true time, they 
 rectified their calendar by solar observations made by 
 means of a number of cylindrical columns raised on the 
 high lands round Cuzco, which served them for taking 
 azimuths; and by measuring their shadows they ascer- 
 tained the exact times of the solstices. The period of 
 the equinoxes they determined by the help of a solitary 
 pillar, or gnomon, placed in the centre of a circle, 
 which was described in the area of the great temple 
 and traversed by a diameter that was drawn from east 
 to west. When the shadows were scarcely visible under 
 the noontide rays of the sun, they said that " the god 
 sat with all his light upon the column." " Quito, 
 which lay immediately under the equator, where the 
 vertical rays of the sun threw no shadow at noon, was 
 held in especial veneration as the favorite abode of the 
 great deity. The period of the equinoxes was cele- 
 brated by public rejoicings. The pillar was crowned 
 by the golden chair of the Sun, and both then and at 
 the solstices the columns were hung with garlands, and 
 offerings of flowers and fruit were made, while high 
 festival was kept throughout the empire. By these pe- 
 riods the Peruvians regulated their religious rites and 
 ceremonial and prescribed the nature of their agricul- 
 tural labors. The year itself took its departure from 
 the date of the winter solstice. 13 
 
 "Garcilasso, Com. Real.. Parte i, lib. 2, cap. 22-26. The Spanish 
 conquerors threw down these pillars, as sa%'oring of idolatry in the 
 Indians. Which of the two were best entitled to the name of bar- 
 barians ? 
 
 '3 Betanzos, Nar. de los Ingas, MS., cap. 16. Sarmiento. Relacion, 
 MS., cap. 23. Acosta, lib. 6, cap. 3. The most celebrated gnomon 
 in Europe, that raised on the dome of the metropolitan church of
 
 ./.SVA'O.Vr >.!/}'. I3 j 
 
 This meagre account embraces nearly all that has 
 come down to us of Peruvian astronomy. It may seem 
 strange that a nation which had proceeded thus far in 
 its observations should have gone no farther, and that, 
 notwithstanding its general advance in civilization, it 
 should in this science have fallen so far short not only 
 of the Mexicans, but of the Muyscas, inhabiting the 
 same elevated regions of the great southern plateau 
 with themselves. These latter regulated their calendar 
 on the same general plan of cycles and periodical 
 series as the Aztecs, approaching yet nearer to the sys- 
 tem pursued by the people of Asia. 14 
 
 It might have been expected that the Incas, the 
 boasted children of the Sun, would have made a par- 
 ticular study of the phenomena of the heavens and 
 have constructed a calendar on principles as scientific 
 as that of their semi-civilized neighbors. One histo- 
 rian, indeed, assures us that they threw their years into 
 cycles of ten, a hundred, and a thousand years, and 
 that by these cycles they regulated their chronology. ' s 
 
 Florence, was erected by the famous Toscanelli for the purpose of 
 determining the solstices, and regulating the festivals of the Churcn 
 about the year 1468 ; perhaps at no very distant date from that of the 
 similar astronomical contrivance of the American Indian. See Tira- 
 boschi, HistoriadellaLetteraturaltaliana, torn. vi. lib. 2, cap. 2, sec. 38. 
 
 '* A tolerably meagre account yet as full, probably, as authorities 
 could warrant of this interesting people has been given by Piedrahita. 
 Bishop of Panama, in the first two Books of his Historia general de 
 las Conquistas del nuevo Regno de Granada ( Madrid, 1688). M. de 
 Humboldt was fortunate in obtaining a MS., composed by a Spanisn 
 ecclesiastic resident in Santa Fe de Bogota, in relation to the Muysca 
 calendar, of which the Prussian philosopher has given a large and 
 luminous analysis. Vues des Cordilleres, p. 244. 
 
 '5 Montesinos, Mem. antiguas, MS., lib. 2, cap. 7. " Renovo 1m
 
 I3 2 CIVlLIZAtlOX OF THE IXC AS. 
 
 But this assertion not improbable in itself rests on 
 a writer but little gifted with the spirit of criticism, 
 and is counterbalanced by the silence of every higher 
 and earlier authority, as well as by the absence of any 
 monument, like those found among other American 
 nations, to attest the existence of such a calendar. 
 The inferiority of the Peruvians may be, perhaps, in 
 part explained by the fact of their priesthood being 
 drawn exclusively from the body of the Incas, a privi- 
 leged order of nobility, who had no need, by the as- 
 sumption of superior learning, to fence themselves 
 round from the approaches of the vulgar. The little 
 true science possessed by the Aztec priest supplied him 
 with a key to unlock the mysteries of the heavens, and 
 the false system of astrology which he built upon it 
 gave him credit as a being who had something of di- 
 vinity in his own nature. But the Inca noble was 
 divine by birth. The illusory study of astrology, so 
 captivating to the unenlightened mind, engaged no 
 share of his attention. The only persons in Peru who 
 claimed the power of reading the mysterious future 
 were the diviners, men who, combining with their 
 pretensions some skill in the healing art, resembled 
 the conjurers found among many of the Indian tribes. 
 But the office was held in little repute, except among 
 the lower classes, and was abandoned to those whose 
 
 computation de los tiempos, que se iba perdiendo. y se contaron en 
 su Reynado los anos por 365 dias y seis horas ; & los anos afiadio de- 
 cadas de diez anos, a cada diez decadas una centuria de 100 anos, y & 
 cada diez centurias una capachoata 6 Jutiphuacan, que son 1000 anos, 
 que quiere decir el grande ano del Sol ; asi contaban los siglos y los 
 tucesos memorables de sus Reyes." Ibid., loc. cit.
 
 ASTROA'OMY. 133 
 
 ag? and infirmity disqualified them for the real business 
 of life. 16 
 
 The Peruvians had knowledge of one or two con- 
 stellations, and watched the motions of the planet 
 Venus, to which, as we have seen, they dedicated al- 
 tars. But their ignorance of the first principles of 
 astronomical science is shown by their ideas of eclipses, 
 which they supposed denoted some great derangement 
 of the planet ; and when the moon labored under one 
 of these mysterious infirmities they sounded their in- 
 struments, and filled the air with shouts and lamenta- 
 tions, to rouse her from her lethargy. Such puerile 
 conceits as these form a striking contrast with the real 
 knowledge of the Mexicans, as displayed in their 
 hieroglyphical maps, in which the true cause of this 
 phenomenon is plainly depicted.' 7 
 
 But, if less successful in exploring the heavens, the 
 Incas must be admitted to have surpassed every other 
 American race in their dominion over the earth. Hus- 
 bandry was pursued by them on principles that may be- 
 truly called scientific. It was the basis of their polit- 
 ical institutions. Having no foreign commerce, it was 
 agriculture that furnished them with the means of their 
 internal exchanges, their subsistence, and their reve- 
 nues. We have seen their remarkable provisions for 
 
 16 " Ansi mismo les hicieron senalar gente para hechizeros que tam- 
 bien es entre ellos, oficio publico y conoscido en todos, . . . los dipu- 
 tados para ello no lo tenian por travajo, por que ninguno podia tener 
 semejante oficio como los dichos sino fuesen viejos e viejas, y personas 
 inaviles para travajar, como mancos, cojos 6 contrechos, y gente asi a 
 quien faltava las fuerzas para ello." Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. 
 
 '7 See Codex Tel.-Remensis. Part 4, PI. 22, ap. Antiquities of Mex- 
 ico, vol. i., London, 1829. 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. 17
 
 1 3 4 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 distributing the land in equal shares among the people, 
 while they required every man, except the privileged 
 orders, to assist in its cultivation. The Inca himself 
 did not disdain to set the example. On one of the 
 great annual festivals he proceeded to the environs 
 of Cuzco, attended by his court, and, in the presence 
 of all the people, turned up the earth with a golden 
 plough, or an instrument that served as such, thus 
 consecrating the occupation of the husbandman as one 
 worthy to be followed by the Children of the Sun. 18 
 
 The patronage of the government did not stop with 
 this cheap display of royal condescension, but was 
 shown in the most efficient measures for facilitating 
 the labors of the husbandman. Much of the country 
 along the sea-coast suffered from want of water, as little 
 or no rain fell there, and the few streams, in their short 
 and hurried course from the mountains, exerted only a 
 very limited influence on the wide extent of territory. 
 The soil, it is true, was for the most part sandy and 
 sterile ; but many places were capable of being re- 
 claimed, and, indeed, needed only to be properly irri- 
 gated to be susceptible of extraordinary production. 
 To these spots water was conveyed by means of canals 
 and subterraneous aqueducts executed on a noble scale. 
 
 18 Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 16. The tables, also, it seems, 
 at this high festival, imitated the example of their master. " Pasadas 
 todas las fiestas, en la ultima llevavan muchos arados de manos, los 
 quales antiguamente heran de oro ; i echos los oficios, tomava el Jnga 
 un arado i comenzava con el a romper la tierra, i lo mismo los demas 
 senores, para que de alii adelante en todo su senorio hiciesen lo mismo. 
 i sin que el Inga hiciese esto no avia Indio que osase romper la tierra, 
 ni pensavan que produjese si el Inga no la rompia pritnero i esto vastc 
 quanto a las fiestas/' Conq. i Pob. del Piru, MS.
 
 AQUEDUCTS. 135 
 
 They consisted of large slabs of freestone nicely fitted 
 together without cement, and discharged a volume of 
 water sufficient, by means of latent ducts or sluices, to 
 moisten the lands in the lower level, through which 
 they passed. Some of these aqueducts were of great 
 length. One that traversed the district of Condesuyu 
 measured between four and five hundred miles. They 
 were brought from some elevated lake or natural reser- 
 voir in the heart of the mountains, and were fed at 
 intervals by other basins which lay in their route along 
 the slopes of the sierra. In this descent a passage was 
 sometimes to be opened through rocks, and this with- 
 out the aid of iron tools ; impracticable mountains were 
 to be turned, rivers and marshes to be crossed ; in short, 
 the same obstacles were to be encountered as in the 
 construction of their mighty roads. But the Peruvians 
 seemed to take pleasure in wrestling with the difficulties 
 of nature. Near Caxamarca a tunnel is still visible 
 which they excavated in the mountains to give an outlet 
 to the waters of a lake when these rose to a height in 
 the rainy seasons that threatened the country with 
 inundation.' 9 
 
 Most of these beneficent works of the Incas were 
 suffered to go to decay by their Spanish conquerors. 
 
 Sarmiento, Kelacion, MS., cap. 21. Garcilasso, Com. Real.. 
 Parte i. lib. 5, cap. 24. Stevenson, Narrative of a Twenty Years' 
 Residence in South America (London, 1829), vol. i. p. 412; ii. pp. 
 173, 174. " Sacauan acequias en cabos y por partes que es cosa 
 estrana afirmar lo : porque las echauan por lugares altos y baxos : y 
 por laderas de los cabe9os y haldas de sierras JJ estan en los valles : y 
 por ellos mismos atrauiessan muchas : unas por una parte, y otras por 
 otra, que es gran delectacio caminar por aquellos valles : porque 
 parece que se anda entre huertas y florestas llenas de frescuras." 
 Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 66.
 
 136 CIVILIZATION 01 THI-: INCAS. 
 
 In some spots the waters are still left to flow in their 
 silent, subterraneous channels, whose windings and 
 whose sources have been alike unexplored. Others, 
 though partially dilapidated, and closed up with rub- 
 bish and the rank vegetation of the soil, still betray 
 their course by occasional patches of fertility. Such 
 are the remains in the valley of Nasca, a fruitful spot 
 that lies between long tracts of desert ; where the 
 ancient water-courses of the Incas, measuring four or 
 five feet in depth by three in width, and formed of 
 large blocks of uncemented masonry, are conducted 
 from an unknown distance. 
 
 The greatest care was taken that every occupant of 
 the land through which these streams passed should 
 enjoy the benefit of them. The quantity of water 
 allotted to each was prescribed by law ; and royal over- 
 seers superintended the distribution and saw that it was 
 faithfully applied to the irrigation of the ground." 
 
 The Peruvians showed a similar spirit of enterprise 
 in their schemes for introducing cultivation into the 
 mountainous parts of their domain. Many of the hills, 
 though covered with a strong soil, were too precipitous 
 to be tilled. These they cut into terraces, faced with 
 rough stone, diminishing in regular gradation towards 
 the summit; so that, while the lower strip, or atnien, as 
 it was called by the Spaniards, that belted round the 
 base of the mountain, might comprehend hundreds of 
 acres, the uppermost was only large enough to accom- 
 modate a few rows of Indian corn." Some of the 
 
 *> Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq.. MS. Memoirs of Gen. Miller, 
 vol. ii. p. 220. 
 Miller supposes that it was from these andenes that the Spaniards
 
 HO YAS. 
 
 '37 
 
 eminences presented such a mass of solid rock that 
 after being hewn into terraces they were obliged to be 
 covered deep with earth before they could serve the 
 purpose of the husbandman. With such patient toil 
 did the Peruvians combat the formidable obstacles 
 presented by the face of their country ! Without the 
 use of the tools or the machinery familiar to the Euro- 
 pean, each individual could have done little ; but acting 
 in large masses, and under a common direction, they 
 were enabled by indefatigable perseverance to achieve 
 results to have attempted which might have filled even 
 the European with dismay." 
 
 In the same spirit of economical husbandry which 
 redeemed the rocky sierra from the curse of sterility, 
 they dug below the arid soil of the valleys and sought 
 for a stratum where some natural moisture might be 
 found. These excavations, called by the Spaniards 
 /nn'iis, or " pits," were made on a great scale, compre- 
 hending frequently more than an acre, sunk to the 
 depth of fifteen or twenty feet, and fenced round 
 within by a wall of adobes, or bricks baked in the sun. 
 The bottom of the excavation, well prepared by a rich 
 manure of the sardines, a small fish obtained in vast 
 
 gave the name of Andes to the South American Cordilleras. ( Memoirs 
 of Gen. Miller, vol. ii. p. 219.) But the name is older than the Con- 
 quest, according to Garcilasso, who traces it to Anti, the name of a 
 province that lay east of Cuzco. (Com. Real., Pane i. lib. 2. cap. 
 11.) Anta, the word for copper, which was found abundant in certain 
 quarters of the country, may have suggested the name of the province, 
 if not immediately that of the mountains. 
 
 28 Memoirs of Gen. Miller, ubi supra. Garcilasso, Com Real.. 
 Parte i, lib. 5, cap. i. 
 
 12*
 
 I3 8 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 quantities along the coast, was planted with some 
 kind of grain or vegetable. 23 ' 
 
 The Peruvian farmers were well acquainted with the 
 different kinds of manures, and made large use of 
 them ; a circumstance rare in the rich lands of the 
 tropics, and probably not elsewhere practised by the 
 rude tribes of America. They made great use of guano. 
 the valuable deposit of sea-fowl, that has attracted so 
 much attention of late from the agriculturists both of 
 Europe and of our own country, and the stimulating 
 and nutritious properties of which the Indians perfectly 
 appreciated. This was found in such immense quan- 
 tities on many of the little islands along the coast as 
 to have the appearance of lofty hills, which, covered 
 with a white saline incrustation, led the Conquerors to 
 give them the name of the sierra ncvada, or "snowy 
 mountains." 
 
 The Incas took their usual precautions for securing 
 the benefits of this important article to the husband- 
 man. They assigned the small islands on the coast to 
 the use of the respective districts which lay adjacent 
 to them. When the island was large, it was distributed 
 among several districts, and the boundaries for each 
 were clearly defined. All encroachment on the rights 
 of another was severely punished. And they secured 
 the preservation of the fowl by penalties as stern as 
 those by which the Norman tyrants of England pro- 
 tected their own game. No one was allowed to set 
 
 2 3 Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 73. The remains of these ancient 
 excavations still excite the wonder of the modern traveller. See 
 Stevenson, Residence in South America, vol. i. p. 359. Also Mc- 
 Culloh, Researches, p. 358.
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 139 
 
 foot on the island during the season for breeding, 
 under pain of death ; and to kill the birds at any time 
 was punished in like manner. 24 
 
 With this advancement in agricultural science, the 
 Peruvians might be supposed to have had some knowl- 
 edge of the plough, in such general use among the 
 primitive nations of the Eastern continent. But they 
 had neither the iron ploughshare of the Old World, 
 nor had they animals for draught, which, indeed, were 
 nowhere found in the New. The instrument which 
 they used was a strong, sharp-pointed stake, traversed 
 by a horizontal piece, ten or twelve inches from the 
 point, on which the ploughman might set his foot and 
 force it into the ground. Six or eight strong men 
 \vt-rt- attached by ropes to the stake, and dragged it 
 forcibly along, pulling together, and keeping time as 
 they moved by chanting their national songs, in which 
 they were accompanied by the women who followed in 
 their train, to break up the sods with their rakes. The 
 mellow soil offered slight resistance; and the laborer, 
 by long practice, acquired a dexterity which enabled 
 him to turn up the ground to the requisite depth with 
 astonishing facility. This substitute for the plough 
 was but a clumsy contrivance ; yet it is curious as 
 the only specimen of the kind among the American 
 aborigines, and was perhaps not much inferior to the 
 wooden instrument introduced in its stead by the 
 European conquerors. ^ 
 
 It was frequently the policy of the Incas, after pro- 
 
 * Acosta, lib. 4, cap. 36. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 5, 
 cap. 3. 
 *s Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 5, cap. 2.
 
 I4 o CIVrLIZATION OF THE I.YCAS. 
 
 viding a deserted tract with the means for irrigation 
 and thus fitting it for the labors of the husbandman, to 
 transplant there a colony of mitimaes, who brought it 
 under cultivation by raising the crops best suited to 
 the soil. While the peculiar character and capacity 
 of the lands were thus consulted, a means of exchange 
 of the different products was afforded to the neighbor- 
 ing provinces, which, from the formation of the coun- 
 try, varied much more than usual within the same 
 limits. To facilitate these agricultural exchanges, fairs 
 were instituted, which took place three times a month 
 in some of the most populous places, where, as money 
 was unknown, a rude kind of commerce was kept up 
 by the barter of their respective products. These fairs 
 afforded so many holidays for the relaxation of the 
 industrious laborer. 26 
 
 Such were the expedients adopted by the Incas for 
 the improvement of their territory ; and, although im- 
 perfect, they must be allowed to show an acquaintance 
 with the principles of agricultural science that gives 
 them some claim to the rank of a civilized people. 
 Under their patient and discriminating culture, every 
 inch of good soil was tasked to its greatest power of 
 production ; while the most unpromising spots were 
 compelled to contribute something to the subsistence 
 of the people. Everywhere the land teemed with evi- 
 dence of agricultural wealth, from the smiling valleys 
 along the coast to the terraced steeps of the sierra, 
 which, rising into pyramids of verdure, glowed with 
 all the splendors of tropical vegetation. 
 
 "SSarmiento, Rel., MS., cap. 19. Garcilasso. Com. Real., Parte i, 
 lib. 6, cap. 36 ; lib. 7, cap. i. Herrera, Hist, gen., dec. 5. lib. 4, cap. 3. 

 
 ESCCLEXTS. 141 
 
 The formation of the country was particularly favor- 
 able, as already remarked, to an infinite variety of prod- 
 ucts, not so much from its extent as from its various 
 elevations, which, more remarkable even than those in 
 Mexico, comprehend every degree of latitude from the 
 equator to the polar regions. Yet, though the tem- 
 perature changes in this region with the degree of ele- 
 vation, it remains nearly the same in the same spots 
 throughout the year ; and the inhabitant feels none of 
 those grateful vicissitudes of season which belong to 
 the temperate latitudes of the globe. Thus, while the 
 summer lies in full power on the burning regions of 
 the palm and the cocoa-tree that fringe the borders of 
 the ocean, the broad surface of the table-land blooms 
 with the freshness of i>eri>etual spring, and the higher 
 summits of the Cordilleras are white with everlasting 
 winter. 
 
 The Peruvians turned this fixed variety of climate, 
 if I may so say, to the best account, by cultivating the 
 productions appropriate to each ; and they particularly 
 directed their attention to those which afforded the 
 most nutriment to man. Thus, in the lower level were 
 to be found the cassava-tree and the banana, that 
 bountiful plant, which seems to have relieved man 
 from the primeval curse if it were not rather a bless- 
 ing of toiling for his sustenance.- 7 As the banana 
 
 *7 The prolific properties of the banana are shown by M. de Hum- 
 boldt, svho states that its productiveness, as compared with that of 
 \\heat, is as 133 to i. and with that of the potato, as 44 to i. (Essai 
 politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne (Paris, 1827), torn. 
 ii. p. 389.) It is a mistake to suppose that this plant was not in- 
 digenous to South America. The bannna-leaf has been frequently 
 found in ancient Peruvian tombs.
 
 142 
 
 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 faded from the landscape, a good substitute was found 
 in the maize, the great agricultural staple of both the 
 northern and southern divisions of the American con- 
 tinent, and which, after its exportation to the Old 
 World, spread so rapidly there as to suggest the idea 
 of its being indigenous to it. 28 The Peruvians were 
 well acquainted with the different modes of preparing 
 this useful vegetable, though it seems they did not use 
 it for bread, except at festivals ; and- they extracted a 
 sort of honey from the stalk, and made an intoxicating 
 liquor from the fermented grain, to which, like the 
 Aztecs, they were immoderately addicted. 39 
 
 The temperate climate of the table-land furnished 
 them with the maguey, agave Americana, many of the 
 extraordinary qualities of which they comprehended, 
 though not its most important one of affording a ma- 
 terial for paper. Tobacco, too, was among the prod- 
 ucts of this elevated region. Yet the Peruvians dif- 
 fered from every other Indian nation to whom it was 
 known, by using it only for medicinal purposes, in the 
 form of snuff. 30 They may have found a substitute for 
 
 78 The misnomer of ble de Turquie shows the popular error. Yet 
 the rapidity of its diffusion through Europe and Asia after the dis- 
 covery of America is of itself sufficient to show that it could not have 
 been indigenous to the Old World and have so long remained gener- 
 ally unknown there. 
 
 =9 Acosta, lib. 4, cap. 16. The saccharine matter contained in the 
 maize-stalk is much greater in tropical countries than in more 
 northern latitudes ; so that the natives in the former may be seen 
 sometimes sucking it like the sugar-cane. One kind of the fermented 
 liquors, sora, made from the corn, was of such strength that the use 
 of it was forbidden by the Incas, at least to the common people. 
 Their injunctions do not seem to have been obeyed so implicitly in 
 this instance as usual. 
 
 3 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 2, cap. 25.
 
 AXT F.SCL7.E.YTS. 
 
 '43 
 
 its narcotic qualities in the coca (Erythroxylutn Pent- 
 rianttni}, or cuca, as called by the natives. This is a 
 shrub which grows to the height of a man. The leaves 
 when gathered are dried in the sun, and, being mixed 
 with a little lime, form a preparation for chewing, 
 much like the betel-leaf of the East. 31 With a small 
 supply of this cuca in his pouch, and a handful of 
 roasted maize, the Peruvian Indian of our time per- 
 forms his wearisome journeys, day after day, without 
 fatigue, or, at least, without complaint. Even food 
 the most invigorating is less grateful to him than his 
 loved narcotic. Under the Incas, it is said to have 
 been exclusively reserved for the noble orders. If so, 
 the people gained one luxury by the Conquest ; and 
 after that period it was so extensively used by them 
 that this article constituted a most important item of 
 the colonial revenue of Spain. 33 Yet, with the sooth- 
 ing charms of an opiate, this weed so much vaunted 
 by the natives, when used to excess, is said to be at- 
 tended with all the mischievous effects of habitual in- 
 toxication. 33 
 
 3' The pungent leaf of the betel is in like manner mixed with lime 
 when chewed. (Elphinstone, History of India (Lxmdon, 1841), vol. i. 
 p. 331.) The similarity of this social indulgence, in the remote East 
 and West, is singular. 
 
 3 Ondegardo, Rel. Seg.. MS. Acosta, lib. 4. cap. 22. Stevenson, 
 Residence in South America, vol. ii. p. 63. Cieza de Leon, Cronica, 
 cap. 96. 
 
 33 A traveller (Poeppig) noticed in the Foreign Quarterly Review 
 (No. 33) expatiates on the malignant effects of the habitual use of the 
 cuca, as very similar to those produced on the chewer of opium. 
 Strange that such baneful properties should not be the subject of more 
 frequent comment with other writers ! I do not remember to have 
 seen them even adverted to.
 
 !44 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 Higher up on the slopes of the Cordilleras, beyond 
 the limits of the maize and of the quinoa, a grain 
 bearing some resemblance to rice, and largely culti- 
 vated by the Indians, was to be found the potato, the 
 introduction of which into Europe has made an era 
 in the history of agriculture. Whether indigenous to 
 Peru, or imported from the neighboring country of 
 Chili, it formed the great staple of the more elevated 
 plains, under the Incas, and its culture was continued 
 to a height in the equatorial regions which reached 
 many thousand feet above the limits of perpetual snow 
 in the temperate latitudes of Europe. 34 Wild speci- 
 mens of the vegetable might be seen still higher, 
 springing up spontaneously amidst the stunted shrubs 
 that clothed the lofty sides of the Cordilleras, till these 
 gradually subsided into the mosses and the short yellow 
 grass, pajonal, which, like a golden carpet, was unrolled 
 around the base of the mighty cones, that rose far into 
 the regions of eternal silence, covered with the snows 
 of centuries. 35 
 
 34 Malte-Brun, book 86. The potato, found by the early discoverers 
 in Chili, Peru, New Granada, and all along the Cordilleras of South 
 America, was unknown in Mexico, an additional proof of the entire 
 ignorance in which the respective nations of the two continents re- 
 mained of one another. M. de Humboldt, who has bestowed much 
 attention on the early history of this vegetable, which has exerted so 
 important an influence on European society, supposes that the culti- 
 vation of it in Virginia, where it was known to the early planters, must 
 have been originally derived from the Southern Spanish colonies. 
 Essai politique, torn. ii. p. 462. 
 
 as While Peru, under the Incas, could boast these indigenous prod- 
 ucts, and many others less familiar to the European, it was unac- 
 quainted with several, of great importance, which, since the Conquest, 
 have thriven there as on their natural soil. Such are the olive, the
 
 JMl'ORTAXT KSCCLK.Y'rS. 145 
 
 grape, the fig, the apple, the orange, the sugar-cane. ' None of the 
 cereal grains of the Old World were found there. The first wheat 
 was introduced by a Spanish lady of Truxillo, who took great pains 
 to disseminate it among the colonists, of which the government, 
 to its credit, was not unmindful. Her name was Maria de Escobar. 
 History, which is so roach occupied with cu-ehrating the scourges 
 of humanity, should take pleasure in commemorating one of its real 
 benefactors. 
 
 Peru. VOL. L c 13
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 PERUVIAN SHEEP. GREAT HUNTS. MANUFACTURES. 
 
 MECHANICAL SKILL. ARCHITECTURE. CONCLUDING 
 REFLECTIONS. 
 
 A NATION which had made such progress in agricul- 
 ture might be reasonably expected to have made also 
 some proficiency in the mechanical arts, especially 
 when, as in the case of the Peruvians, their agricul- 
 tural economy demanded in itself no inconsiderable 
 degree of mechanical skill. Among most nations, 
 progress in manufactures has been found to have an 
 intimate connection with the progress of husbandry. 
 Both arts are directed to the same great object of sup- 
 plying the necessaries, the comforts, or, in a more re- 
 fined condition of society, the luxuries, of life ; and 
 when the one is brought to a perfection that infers a 
 certain advance in civilization, the other must naturally 
 find a corresponding development under the increasing 
 demands and capacities of such a state. The subjects 
 of the Incas, in their patient and tranquil devotion to 
 the more humble occupations of industry which bound 
 them to their native soil, bore greater resemblance to 
 the Oriental nations, as the Hindoos and Chinese, than 
 they bore to the members of the great Anglo-Saxon 
 family, whose hardy temper has driven them to seek 
 their fortunes on the stormy ocean and to open a com- 
 merce with the most distant regions of the globe. The 
 (146)
 
 PERUVIAN SHEEP. 
 
 147 
 
 Peruvians, though lining a long extent of sea-coast, 
 had no foreign commerce. 
 
 They had peculiar advantages for domestic manufac- 
 ture in a material incomparably superior to any thing 
 possessed by the other races of the Western continent. 
 They found a good substitute for linen in a fabric 
 which, like the Aztecs, they knew how to weave from 
 the tough thread of the maguey. Cotton grew luxu- 
 riantly on the low, sultry level of the coast, and fur- 
 nished them with a clothing suitable to the mildei 
 latitudes of the country. But from the llama and the 
 kindred species of Peruvian sheep they obtained a 
 fleece adapted to the colder climate of the table-land, 
 "more estimable," to quote the language of a well- 
 informed writer, "than the down of the Canadian 
 beaver, the fleece of the brebis ties Calmoucks, or of 
 the Syrian goat. ' ' ' 
 
 Of the four varieties of the Peruvian sheep, the 
 llama, the one most familiarly known, is the least valu- 
 able on account of its wool. It is chiefly employed as 
 a beast of burden, for which, although it is somewhat 
 larger than any of the other varieties, its diminutive 
 size and strength would seem to disqualify it. It car- 
 ries a load of little more than a hundred pounds, and 
 cannot travel above three or four leagues in a day. 
 But all this is compensated by the little care and cost 
 required for its management and its maintenance. It 
 picks up an easy subsistence from the moss and stunted 
 herbage that grow scantily along the withered sides 
 
 'Walton, Historical and Descriptive Account of the Peruvian Sheep 
 (London, 1811), p. 115. This writer's comparison is directed to the 
 wool of the vicufia, the most esteemed of the genus for its fleece.
 
 148 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 and the steeps of the Cordilleras. The structure of 
 its stomach, like that of the camel, is such as to enable 
 it to dispense with any supply of water for weeks, nay, 
 months together. Its spongy hoof, armed with a claw 
 or pointed talon to enable it to take secure hold on the 
 ice, never requires to be shod ; and the load laid upon 
 its back rests securely in its bed of wool, without the 
 aid of girth or saddle. The llamas move in troops of 
 five hundred or even a thousand, and thus, though each 
 individual carries but little, the aggregate is consider- 
 able. The whole caravan travels on at its regular pace, 
 passing the night in the open air without suffering 
 from the coldest temperature, and marching in perfect 
 order and in obedience to the voice of the driver. It 
 is only when overloaded that the spirited little animal 
 refuses to stir, and neither blows nor caresses can in- 
 duce him to rise from the ground. He is as sturdy in 
 asserting his rights on this occasion as he is usually 
 docile and unresisting. 2 
 
 The employment of domestic animals distinguished 
 the Peruvians from the other races of the New World. 
 This economy of human labor by the substitution of 
 the brute is an important element of civilization, 
 inferior only to what is gained by the substitution of 
 machinery for both. Yet the ancient Peruvians seem 
 to have made much less account of it than their 
 Spanish conquerors, and to have valued the llama, in 
 
 2 Walton, Hist, and Descrip. Account of the Pervuian Sheep, p. 23, 
 et seq. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 8, cap. 16. Acosta, lib. 
 4, cap. 41. Llama, according to Garcilasso de la Vega, is a Peruvian 
 word signifying " flock." (Ibid., ubi supra.) The natives got no milk 
 from their domesticated animals ; nor was milk used, I believe, by 
 any tribe on the American continent.
 
 GREAT m\\rs. 
 
 149 
 
 common with the other animals of that genus, chiefly 
 for its fleece. Immense herds of these " large cattle," 
 as they were called, and of the "smaller cattle," 3 
 or alpacas, were held by the government, as already 
 noticed, and placed under the direction of shepherds, 
 who conducted them from one quarter of the country 
 to another, according to the changes of the season. 
 These migrations were regulated with all the precision 
 with which the code of the mesta determined the 
 migrations of the vast merino flocks in Spain ; and the 
 Conquerors, when they landed in Peru, were amazed 
 at finding a race of animals so similar to their own in 
 properties and habits, and under the control of a system 
 of legislation which might seem to have been imported 
 from their native land. 4 
 
 But the richest store of wool was obtained, not from 
 these domesticated animals, but from the two other 
 species, the huanacos and the vicunas, which roamed 
 in native freedom over the frozen ranges of the Cor- 
 dilleras ; where not unfrequently they might be seen 
 scaling the snow-covered peaks which no living thing 
 inhabits save the condor, the huge bird of the Andes, 
 whose broad pinions bear him up in the atmosphere to 
 the height of more than twenty thousand feet above 
 the level of the sea. 5 In these rugged pastures, "the 
 
 3 Canada maior, ganado menor. 
 
 The judicious Ondegardo emphatically recommends the adoption 
 of many of these regulations by the Spanish government, as pecu- 
 liarly suited to the exigencies of the natives : " En esto de los ganados 
 parescio haber hecho muchas constituciones en diferentes tiempos e 
 algunas tan utiles 6 provechosas para su conservacion que convendria 
 que tambien guardasen agora." Rel. Seg., MS. 
 
 S Malte-Brun. book 86. 
 
 13*
 
 I 5 o CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 flock without a fold" finds sufficient sustenance in the 
 ychu, a species of grass which is found scattered all 
 along the great ridge of the Cordilleras, from the equa- 
 tor to the southern limits of Patagonia. And as these 
 limits define the territory traversed by the Peruvian 
 sheep, which rarely, if ever, venture north of the line, 
 it seems not improbable that this mysterious little plant 
 is so important to their existence that the absence of 
 it is the principal reason why they have not penetrated 
 to the northern latitudes of Quito and New Granada. 6 
 But, although thus roaming without a master over 
 the boundless wastes of the Cordilleras, the Peruvian 
 peasant was never allowed to hunt these wild animals, 
 which were protected by laws as severe as were the 
 sleek herds that grazed on the more cultivated slopes 
 of the plateau. 'The wild game of the forest and the 
 mountain was as much the property of the government 
 as if it had been enclosed within a park or penned 
 within a fold. 7 It was only on stated occasions, at the 
 great hunts which took place once a year, under the 
 personal superintendence of the Inca or his principal 
 officers, that the game was allowed to be taken. 
 These hunts were not repeated in the same quarter of 
 the country oftener than once in four years, that time 
 might be allowed for the waste occasioned by them to 
 be replenished. At the appointed time, all those living 
 in the district and its neighborhood, to the number, it 
 might be, of fifty or sixty thousand men, 8 were dis- 
 
 6 Ychu, called in the Flora Peruana Jarava ; Class, Monandria 
 Digynia. See Walton, p. 17. 
 
 7 Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. 
 
 8 Sometimes even a hundred thousand mustered, when the Inca 
 hunted in person, if we may credit Sarmiento : " De donde haviendose
 
 MANUFACTURES. 1 5 1 
 
 tributed round, so as to form a cordon of immense 
 extent, that should embrace the whole country which 
 was to be hunted over. The men were armed with 
 long poles and spears, with which they beat up game 
 of every description lurking in the woods, the valleys, 
 and the mountains, killing the beasts of prey without 
 mercy, and driving the others, consisting chiefly of the 
 deer of the country, and the huanacos and vicufias, 
 towards the centre of the wide-extended circle ; until, 
 as this gradually contracted, the timid inhabitants of 
 the forests were concentrated on some spacious plain, 
 where the eye of the hunter might range freely over 
 his victims, who found no place for shelter or escape. 
 
 The male deer and some of the coarser kind of the 
 Peruvian sheep were slaughtered ; their skins were 
 reserved for the various useful manufactures to which 
 they are ordinarily applied, and their flesh, cut into 
 thin slices, was distributed among the people, who 
 converted it into charqui, the dried meat of the 
 country, which constituted then the sole, as it has 
 since the principal, animal food of the lower classes 
 of Peru. 9 
 
 But nearly the whole of the sheep, amounting usually 
 to thirty or forty thousand, or even a larger number, 
 after being carefully sheared, were suffered to escape 
 and regain their solitary haunts among the mountains. 
 The wool thus collected was deposited in the royal 
 
 ya juntado cinquenta 6 sesenta mil Personaso cien mil si mandado 
 les era." Relacion, MS., cap. 13. 
 
 9 Ibid., ubi supra. Charqvi ; hence, probably, says McCulloh, the 
 term "jerked," applied to the dried beef of South America. Re- 
 searches, p. 377.
 
 I5 2 CIVILIZATION OF THE f.\'CAS. 
 
 magazines, whence, in due time, it was dealt out to the 
 people. The coarser quality was worked up into gar- 
 ments for their own use, and the finer for the Inca ; for 
 none but an Inca noble could wear the fine fabric of 
 the vicufta. 10 
 
 The Peruvians showed great skill in the manufacture 
 of different articles for the royal household from this 
 delicate material, which, under the name of vigonia 
 wool, is now familiar to the looms of Europe. It was 
 wrought into shawls, robes, and other articles of dress 
 for the monarch, and into carpets, coverlets, and hang- 
 ings for the imperial palaces and the temples. The 
 cloth was finished on both sides alike ; " the delicacy 
 of the texture was such as to give it the lustre of silk ; 
 and the brilliancy of the dyes excited the admiration 
 and the envy of the European artisan." The Peru- 
 vians produced also an article of great strength and 
 durability by mixing the hair of animals with wool ; 
 and they were expert in the beautiful feather-work, 
 which they held of less account than the Mexicans, 
 from the superior quality of the materials for other 
 fabrics which they had at their command.' 3 
 
 10 Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., loc. cit. Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 
 81. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 6, cap. 6. 
 
 "Acosta, lib. 4, cap. 41. 
 
 12 " Ropas finisimas para los Reyes, que lo eran tanto que parecian 
 de sarga de seda y con colores tan perfectos quanto se puede afirmar." 
 Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 13. 
 
 '3 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq.. MS." Ropa finissima para los 
 senores Ingas de lana de las Vicunias. Y cierto fue tan prima esta 
 ropa, como auran visto en Espana : por alguna que alia fue luego que 
 se gano este reyno. Los vestidos destos Ingas eran camisetas desta 
 ropa: vnas pobladas de argenteria de oro, otras de esmeraldas y pie- 
 dras preciosas : y algunas de plumas de aues : otras de solamente la
 
 MECIUMCM. SKILL. ! 53 
 
 The natives showed a skill in other mechanical arts 
 similar to that displayed by their manufactures of cloth. 
 Every man in Peru was expected to be acquainted 
 with the various handicrafts essential to domestic com-_ 
 fort. No long apprenticeship was required for this, 
 where the wants were so few as among the simple 
 peasantry of the Incas. But, if this were all, it would 
 imply but a very moderate advancement in the arts. 
 There were certain individuals, however, carefully 
 trained to those occupations which minister to the 
 demands of the more opulent classes of society. These 
 occupations, like every other calling and office in Peni, 
 always descended from father to son.' 4 The division 
 of castes, in this particular, was as precise as- that which 
 existed in Egypt or Hindostan. If this arrangement 
 be unfavorable to originality, or to the development 
 of the peculiar talent of the individual, it at least 
 conduces to an easy and finished execution, by famil- 
 iarizing the artist with the practice of his art from 
 childhood. l$ 
 
 The royal magazines and the huacas or tombs of the 
 Incas have been found to contain many specimens of 
 curious and elaborate workmanship. Among these are 
 vases of gold and silver, bracelets, collars, and other 
 
 manta. Para hazer estas ropas, tuuierS y tienen tan perfetas colores 
 de carmesi, azul, amarillo, negro, y de otras suertes, que verdadera- 
 mente tienen ventaja a las de Espafta." Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 
 114. 
 
 M Ondegardo, Rel. Prim, et Seg., MSS. Garcilasso, Com. Real., 
 Parte i, lib. 5, cap. 7, 9, 13. 
 
 s At least, such was the opinion of the Egyptians, who referred to 
 this arrangement of castes as the source of their own peculiar dexterity 
 in the arts. See Diodorus Sic., lib. i, sec. 74. 
 G*
 
 1 54 CIVILIZATION OF THE IXC AS. . 
 
 ornaments for the person ; utensils of every descrip- 
 tion, some of fine clay, and many more of copper ; 
 mirrors of a hard, polished stone, or burnished silver, 
 with a great variety of other articles made frequently 
 on a whimsical pattern, evincing quite as much inge- 
 nuity as taste or inventive talent. 16 The character of 
 the Peruvian mind led to imitation, in fact, rather than 
 invention, to delicacy and minuteness of finish, rather 
 than to boldness or beauty of design. 
 
 That they should have accomplished these difficult 
 works with such tools as they possessed is truly won- 
 derful. It was comparatively easy to cast and even to 
 sculpture metallic substances, both of which they did 
 with consummate skill. But that they should have 
 shown the like facility in cutting the hardest sub- 
 stances, as emeralds and other precious stones, is not 
 so easy to explain. Emeralds they obtained in consid- 
 erable quantity from the barren district of Atacames, 
 and this inflexible material seems to have been almost 
 as ductile in the hands of the Peruvian artist as if it 
 had been made of clay. 17 Yet the natives were un- 
 
 16 Ulloa, Not. Amer., ent. 21. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 114. Condamine, Mem. ap. Hist, de 
 1'Acad. Royale de Berlin, torn. ii. pp. 454-456. The last writer says 
 that a large collection of massive gold ornaments of very rich work- 
 manship was long preserved in the royal treasury of Quito. But on 
 his going there to examine them he learned that they had just been 
 melted down into ingots to send to Carthagena, then besieged by the 
 English ! The art of war can flourish only at the expense of all the 
 other arts. 
 
 '7 They had turquoises, also, and might have had pearls, but for the 
 tenderness of the Incas, who were unwilling to risk the lives of their 
 people in this perilous fishery ! At least, so we are assured by Gar- 
 cilasso, Com. Real., Parte i. lib. 8, cap. 23.
 
 MECHANICAL SKILL. 
 
 '55 
 
 acquainted with the use of iron, though the soil was 
 largely impregnated with it. 18 The tools used were of 
 stone, or more frequently of copper. But the material 
 on which they relied for the execution of their most 
 difficult tasks was formed by combining a very small 
 portion of tin with copper.' 9 This composition gave 
 a hardness to the metal which seems to have been little 
 inferior to that of. steel. With the aid of it, not only 
 did the Peruvian artisan hew into shape porphyry and 
 granite, but by his patient industry accomplished 
 works which the European would not have ventured to 
 undertake. Among the remains of the monuments of 
 Cannar may be seen movable rings in the muzzles of 
 animals, all nicely sculptured of one entire block of 
 granite. 20 It is worthy of remark that the Egyptians, 
 the Mexicans, and the Peruvians, in their progress 
 towards civilization, should never have detected the 
 use of iron, which lay around them in abundance, and 
 that they should each, without any knowledge of the 
 other, have found a substitute for it in such a curious 
 composition of metals as gave to their tools almost the 
 temper of steel ; ai a secret that has been lost or, to 
 
 8 " N 7 o tenian herramientas de hierro ni azero." Ondegardo, Rel. 
 Seg., MS. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 4. 
 
 '9 M. de Humboldt brought with him back to Europe one of these 
 metallic tools, a chisel, found in a silver-mine opened by the Incas 
 not far from Cuzco. On an analysis, it was found to contain 0.94 of 
 copper and 0.06 of tin. See Vues des Cordilleres, p. 117. 
 
 30 " Quoiqu'il en soil," says M. de la Condamine, " nous avons vu 
 en quelques autres ruines des ornemens du meme granit, qui reprer 
 sentoient des mufles d'animaux, dont les narines percees portoient des 
 anneaux mobiles de la meme pierre." Mem. ap. Hist, de 1'Acad. 
 Royale de Berlin, torn. ii. p. 452. 
 
 21 See the History of the Conquest of Mexico, Book i, chap. 5.
 
 I5 6 CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. 
 
 speak more correctly, has never been discovered by 
 the civilized European. 
 
 I have already spoken of the large quantity of gold 
 and silver wrought into various articles of elegance and 
 utility for the Incas; though the amount was incon- 
 siderable, in comparison with what could have been 
 afforded by the mineral riches of the land, and with 
 what has since been obtained by the more sagacious 
 and unscrupulous cupidity of the white man. Gold 
 was gathered by the Incas from the deposits of the 
 streams. They extracted the ore also in considerable 
 quantities from the valley of Curimayo, northeast of 
 Caxamarca, as well as from other places ; and the 
 silver-mines of Porco, in particular, yielded them con- 
 siderable returns. Yet they did not attempt to pene- 
 trate into the bowels of the earth by sinking a shaft, 
 but simply excavated a cavern in the steep sides of the 
 mountain, or, at most, opened a horizontal vein of 
 moderate depth. They were equally deficient in the 
 knowledge of the best means of detaching the precious 
 metal from the dross with which it was united, and 
 had no idea of the virtues of quicksilver a mineral 
 not rare in Peru as an amalgam to effect this decom- 
 position." Their method of smelting the ore was by 
 means of furnaces built in elevated and exposed situa- 
 tions, where they might be fanned by the strong breezes 
 of the mountains. The subjects of the Incas, in short, 
 with all their patient perseverance, did little more than 
 penetrate below the crust, the outer rind, as it were, 
 formed over those golden caverns which lie hidden in 
 the dark depths of the Andes. Yet what they gleaned 
 33 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 8, cap. 25.
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 '57 
 
 from the surface was more than adequate for all their 
 demands. For they were not a commercial people, 
 and had no knowledge of money. 33 In this they dif- 
 fered from the ancient Mexicans, who had an estab- 
 lished currency of a determinate value. In one respect, 
 however, they were superior to their American rivals, 
 since they made use of weights to determine the quan- 
 tity of their commodities, a thing wholly unknown to 
 the Aztecs. This fact is ascertained by the discovery 
 of silver balances, adjusted with perfect accuracy, in 
 some of the tombs of the Incas. 24 
 
 But the surest test of the civilization of a people 
 at least, as sure as any afforded by mechanical art is 
 to be found in their architecture, which presents so 
 noble a field for the display of the grand and the beau- 
 tiful, and which at the same time is so intimately con- 
 nected with the essential comforts ot life. There is no 
 object on which the resources of the wealthy are more 
 freely lavished, or which calls out more effectually the 
 inventive talent of the artist. The painter and the 
 sculptor may display their individual genius in crea- 
 tions of surpassing excellence, but it is the great monu- 
 ments of architectural taste and magnificence that are 
 stamped in a peculiar manner by the genius of the 
 nation. The Greek, the Egyptian, the Saracen, the 
 Gothic, what a key do their respective styles afford 
 
 *3 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 5, cap. 7; Jib. 6, cap. 8. 
 Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. This, which Bonaparte thought so in- 
 credible of the little island of Loo Choo, was still more extraordinary 
 in a great and flourishing empire like Peru, the country, too, which 
 contained within its bowels the treasures that were one day to furnish 
 Europe with the basis of its vast metallic currency. 
 
 "* Ulloa, Not. Amer., ent. 21. 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. 14
 
 jC 5 8 CIVILIZATION OF THE IXC AS. 
 
 to the character and condition of the people ! The 
 monuments of China, of Hindostan, and of Central 
 America are all indicative of an immature period, in 
 which the imagination has not been disciplined by 
 study, and which, therefore, in its best results, betrays 
 only the ill-regulated aspirations after the beautiful, 
 that belong to a semi-civilized people. 
 
 The Peruvian architecture, bearing also the general 
 characteristics of an imperfect state of refinement, had 
 still its peculiar character ; and so uniform was that 
 character that the edifices throughout the country seem 
 to have been all cast in the same mould. 25 They were 
 usually built of porphyry or granite ; not unfrequently 
 of brick. This, which was formed into blocks or 
 squares of much larger dimensions than our brick, was 
 made of a tenacious earth mixed up with reeds or tough 
 grass, and acquired a degree of hardness with age that 
 made it insensible alike to the storms and the more 
 trying sun of the tropics. 26 The walls were of great 
 thickness, but low, seldom reaching to more than 
 twelve or fourteen feet in height. It is rare to meet 
 with accounts of a building that rose to a second story. 27 
 
 "5 It is the observation of Humboldt. " II est impossible d'exanti- 
 ner attentivement un seul edifice du temps des Incas, sans reconnoitre 
 le meme type dans tous les autres qui couvrent le dos des Andes, sur 
 une longueur de plus de quatre cent cinquante lieues, depuis milie 
 jusqu'a quatre mille metres d 'elevation au-dessus du niveau-de 
 1'Ocean. On dirait qu'un seul architecte a construit ce grand nombre 
 de monumens." Vues des Cordilleres, p. 197. 
 
 26 Ulloa, who carefully examined these bricks, suggests that there 
 must have been some secret in their composition, so superior in 
 many respects to our own manufacture, now lost. Not. Amer , 
 ent. 20. 
 
 "7 Ibid., ubi supra.
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 '59 
 
 The apartments had no communication with one 
 another, but usually opened into a court ; and, as they 
 were unprovided with windows, or apertures that served 
 for them,* the only light from without must have been 
 admitted by the doorways. These were made with 
 the sides approaching each other towards the top, so 
 that the lintel was considerably narrower than the 
 threshold, a- peculiarity, also, in Egyptian architecture. 
 The roofs have, for the most part, disappeared with 
 time. Some few survive in the less ambitious edifices, 
 of a singular bell-shape, and made of a composition 
 of earth and pebbles. They are supposed, however, 
 to have been generally formed of more perishable ma- 
 terials, of wood or straw. It is certain that some of 
 the most considerable stone buildings were thatched 
 with straw. Many seem to have been constructed 
 without the aid of cement ; and writers have contended 
 that the Peruvians were unacquainted with the use of 
 mortar, or cement of any kind. 28 But a close, tena- 
 cious mould, mixed with lime, may be discovered, filling 
 up the interstices of the granite in some buildings ; and 
 in others, where the well-fitted blocks leave no room 
 for this coarser material, the eye of the antiquary has 
 
 28 Among others, sec Acosta, lib. 6, cap. 15. Robertson, History 
 of America (London, 1796), vol. Hi. p. 213. 
 
 * [According to Mr. Markham, the palaces of the Incas " had small 
 square windows, and deep recesses of the same size, at intervals;" 
 and he adds, " It has been stated that the ancient Peruvian buildings 
 had no windows. This is a mistake. Amongst other instances, I 
 may mention the occurrence of one in the palace of the Colcampata, 
 at Cuzco." Cieza de Leon, Eng. trans., Introduction, p. xxix. See 
 also Rivero, Antiquities of Peru, p. 233. ED.]
 
 *6o CIVILIZATIOX Of THE IXC AS. 
 
 detected a fine bituminous glue, as hard as the rock 
 itself. 29 
 
 The greatest simplicity is observed in the construc- 
 tion of the buildings, which are usually free from out- 
 ward ornament; though in some the huge stones are 
 shaped into a convex form with great regularity, and 
 adjusted with such nice precision to one another that 
 it would be impossible, but for the flutings, to deter- 
 mine the line of junction. In others the stone is 
 rough, as it was taken from the quarry, in the most 
 irregular forms, with the edges nicely wrought and 
 fitted to each other. There is no appearance of col- 
 umns or of arches ; though there is some contradiction 
 as to the latter point. But it is not to be doubted 
 that, although they may have made some approach to 
 this mode of construction by the greater or less incli- 
 nation of the walls, the Peruvian architects were wholly 
 unacquainted with the true principle of the circular 
 arch reposing on its key-stone. 30 
 
 *9 Ondegardo, Rel. Seg.. MS. Ulloa, Not. Araer., ent. 21. Hum- 
 boldt, who analyzed the cement of the ancient structures at Cannar, 
 says that it is a true mortar, formed of a mixture of pebbles and a 
 clayey marl. (Vues des Cordilleres. p. 116.) Father Velasco is in 
 raptures with an " almost imperceptible kind of cement" made of 
 lime and a bituminous substance resembling glue, which incorporated 
 with the stones so as to hold them firmly together like one solid mass, 
 yet left nothing visible to the eye of the common observer. This 
 glutinous composition, mixed with pebbles, made a sort of macadam- 
 ized road much used by the Incas, as hard and almost as smooth af 
 marble. Hist, de Quito, torn. i. pp. 126-128. 
 
 3 Condamine, Mem. ap. Hist, de 1'Acad. Royale de Berlin, torn, 
 li. p. 448. Antig. y Monumentos del Peru, MS. Herrera, Hist. ge< 
 .leral, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 4. Acosta, lib. 6, cap. 14. Ulloa, VoyajJ 
 'o South America, vol. i. p. 469. Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS.
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 161 
 
 The architecture of the Incas is characterized, says 
 an eminent traveller, "by simplicity, symmetry, and 
 solidity." 31 It may seem unphilosophical to condemn 
 the peculiar fashion of a nation as indicating want of 
 taste, because its standard of taste differs from our 
 own. Yet there is an incongruity in the composition 
 of the Peruvian buildings which argues a very imperfect 
 acquaintance with the first principles of architecture. 
 While they put together their bulky masses of porphyry 
 and granite with the nicest art, they were incapable of 
 mortising their timbers, and, in their ignorance of iron, 
 knew no better way of holding the beams together than 
 tying them with thongs of maguey. In the same in- 
 congruous spirit, the building that was thatched with 
 straw and unilluminated by a window was glowing with 
 tapestries of gold and silver ! These are the inconsist- 
 encies of a rude people, among whom the arts are but 
 partially developed. It might not be difficult to find 
 examples of like inconsistency in the architecture and 
 domestic arrangements of our Anglo-Saxon and, at a 
 still later period, of our Norman ancestors. 
 
 Yet the buildings of the Incas were accommodated 
 to the character of the climate, and were well fitted to 
 resist those terrible convulsions which belong to the 
 land of volcanoes. The wisdom of their plan is attested 
 by the number which still survive, while the more mod- 
 ern constructions of the Conquerors have been buried 
 in ruins. The hand of the Conquerors, indeed, has 
 fallen heavily on these venerable monuments, and, in 
 
 3 "Simplicity symetrie, et solidite 1 , voila les trois caracteres par 
 lesquels se distinguent avantageusement tous les edifices pe>uviens." 
 Humboldt, Vues des Cordilleres, p. 115. 
 H*
 
 1 62 CIVILIZATION OF THE /.vr./.V. 
 
 their blind and superstitious search for hidden treasure, 
 has caused infinitely more ruin than time or the earth- 
 quake. 32 Yet enough of these monuments still remain 
 to invite the researches of the antiquary. Those only 
 in the most conspicuous situations have been hitherto 
 examined. But, by the testimony of travellers, many 
 more are to be found in the less frequented parts of the 
 country ; and we may hope they will one day call forth 
 a kindred spirit of enterprise to that which has so suc- 
 
 y The anonymous author of the Antig. y Monumentos del Peru 
 MS., gives us, at second hand, one of those golden traditions which, 
 in early times, fostered the spirit of adventure. The tradition, in this 
 instance, he thinks well entitled to credit. The reader will judge for 
 himself. 
 
 " It is a well-authenticated report, and generally received, that there 
 is a secret hall in the fortress of Cuzco, where an immense treasure is 
 concealed, consisting of the statues of all the Incas, wrought in gold. 
 A lady is still living, Dona Maria de Esquivel, the wife of the last 
 Inca, who has visited this hall, and I have heard her relate the way in 
 which she was carried to see it. 
 
 " Don Carlos, the lady's husband, did not maintain a style of living 
 becoming his high rank. Dona Maria sometimes reproached him, 
 declaring that she had been deceived into marrying a poor Indian 
 under the lofty title of Lord or Inca. She said this so frequently that 
 Don Carlos one night exclaimed, ' Lady ! do you wish to know 
 whether I am rich or poor? You shall see that no lord nor king in 
 the world has a larger treasure than I have.' Then, covering her eyes 
 with a handkerchief, he made her turn round two or three times, and, 
 taking her by the hand, led her a short distance before he removed 
 the bandage. On opening her eyes, what was her amazement ! She 
 had gone not more than two hundred paces, and descended a short 
 flight of steps, and she now found herself in a large quadrangular 
 hall, where, ranged on benches round the walls, she beheld the 
 statues of the Incas, each of the size of a boy twelve years old, all of 
 massive gold ! She saw also many vessels of gold and silver. ' In 
 fact,' she said, ' it was one of the most magnificent treasures in the 
 whole world !'"
 
 CONCLUDLVG Rf-./- LECTIONS. 163 
 
 cessfully explored the mysterious recesses of Central 
 America and Yucatan.* 
 
 I cannot close this analysis of the Peruvian institu- 
 tions without a few reflections on their general character 
 and tendency, which, if they involve some repetition 
 of previous remarks, may, I trust, be excused, from my 
 desire to leave a- correct and consistent impression on 
 the reader. In this survey we cannot but be struck 
 with the total dissimilarity between these institutions 
 and those of the Aztecs, the other great nation who 
 led in the march of civilization on this Western conti- 
 nent, and whose empire in the northern portion of it 
 was as conspicuous as that of the Incas in the south. 
 Both nations came on the plateau and commenced their 
 career of conquest at dates, it may be, not far removed 
 from each other. 33 And it is worthy of notice that, in 
 America, the elevated region along the crests of the 
 great mountain-ranges should have been the chosen 
 seat of civilization in both hemispheres. 
 
 Very different was the policy pursued by the two 
 
 33 Ante, chap, i. 
 
 * [In the foregoing remarks the author has scarcely done justice to 
 the artistic character of the Peruvian architecture, its great superiority 
 to the Mexican, and the resemblances which it offers, in style and 
 development, to the early stages of Greek and Egyptian art. The 
 subject has been fully, and of course very ably, treated by Mr. Fer- 
 gusson, in his Handbook of Architecture. The Peruvian pottery, 
 which Prescott has passed over with a mere incidental mention, might 
 also have claimed particular notice. Its characteristics are now more 
 familiar, from numerous specimens in public and private collections. 
 For a description of these interesting relics, and a comparison with 
 other remains of ancient ceramic art, see Wilson, Prehistoric Man, 
 chap. 17. ED."]
 
 164 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 races in their military career. The Aztecs, animated 
 by the most ferocious spirit, carried on a war of extermi- 
 nation, signalizing their triumphs by the sacrifice of 
 hecatombs of captives ; while the Incas, although they 
 pursued the game of conquest with equal pertinacity, 
 preferred a milder policy, substituting negotiation and 
 intrigue for violence, and dealt with their antagonists 
 so that their future resources should not be crippled, 
 and that they should come as friends, not as foes, into 
 the bosom of the empire. 
 
 Their policy towards the conquered forms a contrast 
 no less striking to that pursued by the Aztecs. The 
 Mexican vassals were ground by excessive imposts and 
 military conscriptions. No regard was had to their 
 welfare, and the only limit to oppression was the power 
 of endurance. They were overawed by fortresses and 
 armed garrisons, and were made to feel every hour that 
 they were not part and parcel of the nation, but held 
 only in subjugation as a conquered people. The Incas, 
 on the other hand, admitted their new subjects at once 
 to all the rights enjoyed by the rest of the community ; 
 and, though they made them conform to the established 
 laws and usages of the empire, they watched over their 
 personal security and comfort with a sort of parental 
 solicitude. The motley population, thus bound together 
 by common interest, was animated by a common feel- 
 ing of loyalty, which gave greater strength and stability 
 to the empire as it became more and more widely ex- 
 tended ; while the various tribes who successively came 
 under the Mexican sceptre, being held together only by 
 the pressure of external force, were ready to fall asunder 
 the moment that that force was withdrawn. The policy
 
 CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS. 165 
 
 of the two nations displayed the principle of fear as 
 contrasted with the principle of love. 
 
 The characteristic features of their religious systems 
 had as little resemblance to each other. The whole 
 Aztec pantheon partook more or less of the sanguinary 
 spirit of the terrible war-god who presided over it, and 
 the frivolous ceremonial almost always terminated 
 with human sacrifice and cannibal orgies. But the 
 rites of the Peruvians were of a more innocent cast, as 
 they tended to a more spiritual worship. For the wor- 
 ship of the Creator is most nearly approached by that 
 of the heavenly bodies, which, as they revolve in their 
 bright orbits, seem to be the most glorious symbols of 
 his beneficence and power. 
 
 In the minuter mechanical arts, both showed con- 
 siderable skill ; but in the construction of important 
 public works, of roads, aqueducts, canals, and in agri- 
 culture in all its details, the Peruvians were much supe- 
 rior. Strange that they should have fallen so far below 
 their rivals in their efforts after a higher intellectual 
 culture, in astronomical science more especially, and in 
 the art of communicating thought by visible symbols. 
 When we consider the greater refinement of the Incas, 
 their inferiority to the Aztecs in these particulars can 
 be explained only by the fact that the latter in all prob- 
 ability were indebted for their science to the race who 
 preceded them in the land, that shadowy race whose 
 origin and whose end are alike veiled from the eye of 
 the inquirer, but who possibly may have sought a refuge 
 from their ferocious invaders in those regions of Cen- 
 tral America, the architectural remains of which now 
 supply us with the most pleasing monuments of Indian
 
 T 66 CIVILIZATION OF THE /.YC.IS. 
 
 civilization. It is with this more polished race, to 
 whom the Peruvians seem to have borne some resem- 
 blance in their mental and moral organization, that 
 they should be compared. Had the empire of the 
 Incas been permitted to extend itself with the rapid 
 strides with which it was advancing at the period of 
 the Spanish conquest, the two races might have come 
 into conflict, or perhaps into alliance, with one another. 
 The Mexicans and Peruvians, so different in the 
 character of their peculiar civilization, were, it seems 
 probable, ignorant of each other's existence ; and it 
 may appear singular that, during the simultaneous con- 
 tinuance of their empires, some of the seeds of science 
 and of art which pass so imperceptibly from one people 
 to another should not have found their way across the 
 interval which separated the two nations. They furnish 
 an interesting example of the opposite directions which 
 the human mind may take in its struggle to emerge 
 from darkness into the light of civilization.* 
 
 * [Professor Daniel Wilson, commenting on this passage, remarks 
 that, " whilst there seems little room for doubt that those two nations 
 were ignorant of each other at the period of the discovery of America, 
 there are many indications in some of their arts of an earlier inter- 
 course between the northern and southern continent." (Prehistoric 
 Man, 2d edition, p. 285.) This supposition is connected with a theory 
 put forward by the learned writer in regard to the aboriginal popula- 
 tion of America. Rejecting the common opinion of its ethnical unity, 
 he considers the indications as pointing to two, or possibly three, great 
 divisions of race, with as many distinct lines of immigration. He con- 
 ceives " the earliest current of population" from " a supposed Asiatic 
 cradle land" " to have spread through the islands of the Pacific and 
 to have reached the South American continent long before an excess 
 of Asiatic population had diffused itself into its own inhospitable 
 northern steppes. By an Atlantic Ocean migration, another wave of
 
 CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS. 167 
 
 A closer resemblance as I have more than once 
 taken occasion to notice may be found between the 
 Peruvian institutions and some of the despotic gov- 
 ernments of Eastern Asia; those governments where 
 despotism appears in its more mitigated form, and the 
 whole people, under the patriarchal sway of the sove- 
 reign, seem to be gathered together like the members 
 of one. vast family. Such were the Chinese, for ex- 
 ample, whom the Peruvians resembled in their implicit 
 obedience to authority, their mild yet somewhat stub- 
 born temper, their solicitude for forms, their reverence 
 for ancient usage, their skill in the minuter manufac- 
 
 population occupied the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores, and so 
 passed to the Antilles, Central America, and probably by the Cape 
 Verdes, or, guided by the more southern equatorial current, to Brazil. 
 Latest of all, Behring Straits and the North Pacific Islands may 
 have become the highway for a northern migration by which certain 
 striking diversities of nations of the northern continent, including the 
 conquerors of the Mexican plateau, are most easily accounted for." 
 ( Ibid., p. 604.) " The north and south tropics were the centres of two 
 distinct and seemingly independent manifestations of native develop- 
 ment," but with " clear indications of an overlapping of two or more 
 distinct migratory trails leading from opposite points." (Ibid., p. 602.) 
 It is to be remarked that the novelty of this theory consists, not in any 
 new suggestion to account for the original settlement of America, but 
 in the adoption and symmetrical blending of various conjectures, and 
 the application of them to explain the differences of physical charac- 
 teristics, customs, development, etc., between the savage and civilized 
 or semi-civilized nations scattered over the continent. The evidence 
 offered in its support does not admit of being summarized here. Elab- 
 orate as it is, it will scarcely be considered sufficient to establish the 
 certainty of the general conclusions deduced by the author. On the 
 other hand, his arguments in disproof of a supposed craniological 
 uniformity of type among the American aborigines appear to be 
 irresistible, and to justify the statement that " the form of the human 
 skull is just as little constant among different tribes or races of the Nev 
 World as of the Old." (Ibid., p. 483.) ED.]
 
 1 68 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 tures, their imitative rather than inventive cast of mind, 
 and their invincible patience, which serves instead of 
 a more adventurous spirit for the execution of difficult 
 undertakings. 34 
 
 A still closer analogy may be found with the natives 
 of Hindostan in their division into castes, their worship 
 of the heavenly bodies and the elements of nature, and 
 their acquaintance with the scientific principles of hus- 
 bandry. To the ancient Egyptians, also, they bore 
 considerable resemblance in the same particulars, as 
 well as in those ideas of a future existence which led 
 them to attach so much importance to the permanent 
 preservation of the body. 
 
 But we shall look in vain in the history of the East 
 for a parallel to the absolute control exercised by the 
 Incas over their subjects. In the East, this was founded 
 on physical power, on the external resources of the 
 government. The authority of the Inca might be com- 
 pared with that of the Pope in the day of his might, 
 when Christendom trembled at the thunders of the 
 Vatican, and the successor of St. Peter set his foot on 
 the necks of princes. But the authority of the Pope 
 was founded on opinion. His temporal power was 
 nothing. The empire of the Incas rested on both. It 
 was a theocracy more potent in its operations than that 
 of the Jews ; for, though the sanction of the law might 
 
 34 Count Carli has amused himself with tracing out the different 
 points of resemblance between the Chinese and the Peruvians. The 
 Emperor of China was styled the son of Heaven or of the Sun. He 
 also held a plough once a year in presence of his people, to show his 
 respect for agriculture. And the solstices and equinoxes were noted, 
 to determine the periods of their religious festivals. The coincidences 
 are curious. Lettres Americaines, torn. ii. pp. 7, 8.
 
 CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS. X 6$ 
 
 be as great among the latter, the law was expounded 
 by a human lawgiver, the servant and representative 
 of Divinity. But the Inca was both the lawgiver and 
 the law. He was not merely the representative of 
 Divinity, or, like the Pope, its vicegerent, but he was 
 Divinity itself. The violation of his ordinance was 
 sacrilege. Never was there a scheme of government 
 enforced by such terrible sanctions, or which bore so 
 oppressively on the subjects of it. For it reached not 
 only to the visible acts, but to the private conduct, the 
 words, the very thoughts, of its vassals. 
 
 It added not a little to the efficacy of the govern- 
 ment that below the sovereign there was an order of 
 hereditary nobles of the same divine original with him- 
 self, who, placed far below himself, were still immeas- 
 urably above the rest of the community, not merely by 
 descent, but, as it would seem, by their intellectual 
 nature. These were the exclusive depositaries of power, 
 and, as their long hereditary training made them famil- 
 iar with their vocation and secured them implicit defer- 
 ence from the multitude, they became the prompt and 
 well-practised agents for carrying out the executive 
 measures of the administration. All that occurred 
 throughout the wide extent of his empire such was the 
 perfect system of communication passed in review, as 
 it were, before the eyes of the monarch, and a thousand 
 hands, armed with irresistible authority, stood ready in 
 every quarter to do his bidding. Was it not, as we 
 have said, the most oppressive, though the mildest, of 
 despotisms ? 
 
 It was the mildest, from the very circumstance that 
 the transcendent rank of the sovereign, and the humble, 
 Peru. VOL. I. H 15
 
 T 7 
 
 CIVILIZATION OF THE tNCAS. 
 
 nay, superstitious, devotion to his will, made it super- 
 fluous to assert this will by acts of violence or rigor. 
 The great mass of the people may have appeared to 
 his eyes as but little removed above the condition of 
 the brute, formed to minister to his pleasures. But 
 from their very helplessness he regarded them with 
 feelings of commiseration, like those which a kind 
 master might feel for the poor animals committed to 
 his charge, or to do justice to the beneficent character 
 attributed to many of the Incas that a parent might 
 feel for his young and impotent offspring. The laws 
 were carefully directed to their preservation and per- 
 sonal comfort. The people were not allowed to be 
 employed on works pernicious to their health, nor to 
 pine a sad contrast to their subsequent destinv 
 under the imposition of tasks too heavy for their 
 powers. They were never made the victims of public 
 or private extortion ; and a benevolent forecast watched 
 carefully over their necessities and provided for their 
 relief in seasons of infirmity and for their sustenance 
 in health. The government of the Incas, however 
 arbitrary in form, was in its spirit truly patriarchal. 
 
 Yet in this there was nothing cheering to the dignity 
 of human nature. What the people had was conceded 
 as a boon, not as a right. When a nation was brought 
 under the sceptre of the Incas, it resigned every per- 
 sonal right, even the rights dearest to humanity. Under 
 this extraordinary polity, a people advanced in many 
 of the social refinements, well skilled in manufactures 
 and agriculture, were unacquainted, as we have seen, 
 with money. They had nothing that deserved to be 
 called property. They could follow no craft, could
 
 COXCLL;I>L\\; REFLECTIONS. 171 
 
 engage in no labor, no amusement, but such as was 
 specially provided by law. They could not change 
 their residence or their dress without a license from the 
 government. They could not even exercise the freedom 
 which is conceded to the most abject in other countries, 
 that of selecting their own wives. The imperative 
 spirit of despotism would not allow them to be happy 
 or miserable in any way but that established by law. 
 The power of free agency the inestimable and inborn 
 right of every human being was annihilated in Peru. 
 
 The astonishing mechanism of the Peruvian polity 
 could have resulted only from the combined authority 
 of opinion and positive power in the ruler to an extent 
 unprecedented in the history of man. Yet that it 
 should have so successfully gone into operation, and 
 so long endured, in opposition to the taste, the preju- 
 dices, and the very principles of our nature, is a strong 
 proof of a generally wise and temperate administration 
 of the government. 
 
 The policy habitually pursued by the Incas for the 
 prevention of evils that might have disturbed the order 
 of things is well exemplified in their provisions against 
 poverty and idleness. In these they rightly discerned 
 the two great causes of disaffection in a populous com- 
 munity. The industry of the people was secured not 
 only by their compulsory occupations at home, but by 
 their employment on those great public works which 
 covered every part of the country, and which still bear 
 testimony in their decay to their primitive grandeur. 
 Yet it may well astonish us to find that the natural 
 difficulty of these undertakings, sufficiently great in 
 itself, considering the imperfection of their tools and
 
 ,72 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 machinery, was inconceivably enhanced by the politic 
 contrivance of the government. The royal edifices of 
 Quito, we are assured by the Spanish conquerors, were 
 constructed of huge masses of stone, many of which 
 were carried all the way along the mountain-roads from 
 Cuzco, a distance of several hundred leagues. 35 The 
 great square of the capital was filled to a considerable 
 depth with mould brought with incredible labor up the 
 steep slopes of the Cordilleras from the distant shores 
 of the Pacific Ocean. 3 * Labor was regarded not only 
 as a means, but as an end, by the Peruvian law. 
 
 as " Era muy principal intento que la gente no holgase, que dava 
 causa a que despues que los Ingas estuvieron en paz hacer traer de 
 Quito al Cuzco piedra que venia de provincia en provincia para hacer 
 casas para si 6 p a el Sol en gran cantidad, y del Cuzco llevalla a Quito 
 p a el mismo efecto, . . . y asi destas cosas hacian los Ingas muchas 
 de poco provecho y de escesivo travajo en que traian ocupadas las 
 provincias ordinariam te , y en fin el travajo era causa de su conserva- 
 cion." Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS. Also Antig. y Monumentos del 
 Peru, MS. 
 
 3 s This was literally gold dust ; for Ondegardo states that, when 
 governor of Cuzco, he caused great quantities of gold vessels and 
 ornaments to be disinterred from the sand in which they had been se- 
 creted by the natives : " Que toda aquella plaza del Cuzco le sacaron 
 la tierra propia, y se llevo a otras partes por cosa de gran estima, e la 
 hincheron de arena de la costa de la mar, como hasta dos palmos y 
 medio en algunas partes, mas sembraron por toda ella muchos vasos 
 de oro plata, y hovejuelas y hombrecillos pequenos de lo mismo, lo 
 cual se ha sacado en mucha cantidad, que todo lo hemos.visto ; desta 
 arena estaba toda la plaza, quando yo fui d governar aquella Ciudad ; 
 e si fue verdad que aquella se trajo de ellos, afirman e tienen puestos 
 en sus registros, paresceme que sea ansi, que toda la tierra junta tubo 
 necesidad de entender en ello, por que la plaza es grande, y no tiene 
 numero las cargas que en ella entraron ; y la costa por lo mas cerca 
 esta mas de nobenta leguas d lo que creo, y cierto yo me satisfice, 
 porque todos dicen, que aquel genero de arena, no lo hay hasta la 
 costa." Rel. Seg., MS.
 
 COA'CL L'DIXC K 1:1-1. ECTK MX 
 
 '73 
 
 With their manifold provisions against poverty the 
 reader has already been made acquainted. They were 
 so perfect that in their wide extent of territory much 
 of it smitten with the curse of barrenness no man, 
 however humble, suffered for the want of food and 
 clothing. Famine, so common a scourge in every 
 other American nation, so common at that period in 
 every country of civilized Europe, was an evil unknown 
 in the dominions of the Incas. 
 
 The most enlightened of the Spaniards who first 
 visited Peru, struck with the general appearance of 
 plenty and prosperity, and with the astonishing order 
 with which every thing throughout the country was 
 regulated, are loud in their expressions of admiration. 
 No better government, in their opinion, could have 
 been devised for the people. Contented with Ujeir 
 condition, and free from vice, to borrow the language 
 of an eminent authority of that early day, the mild 
 and docile character of the Peruvians would have well 
 fitted them to receive the teachings of Christianity, 
 had the love of conversion, instead of gold, animated 
 the breasts of the Conquerors. 37 And a philosopher 
 
 37 " Y si Dios permitiera que tubieran quien con celo de Cristiandad, 
 y no con ramo de codicia, en lo pasado, les dieran entera noticia de 
 nuestra sagrada Religion, era gente en que bien imprimiera, segun 
 vemos por lo que ahora con la buena orden que hay se obra." Sar- 
 miento, Relacion, MS., cap. 22. But the most emphatic testimony to 
 the merits of the people is that afforded by Mancio Sierra Lejesema, 
 the last survivor of the early Spanish Conquerors, who settled in Peru. 
 In the preamble to his testament, made, as he states^ to relieve his 
 conscience, at the time of his death, he declares that the whole popula-' 
 lion, under the Incas, was distinguished by sobriety and industry ; that 
 such things as robbery and theft were unknown ; that, far from licen- 
 tiousness, there was not even a prostitute in the country ; and tha 
 IS*
 
 I74 CtVILKATIOX OF TUT. IXC AS. 
 
 of a later time, warmed by the contemplation of the 
 picture which his own fancy had colored of public 
 prosperity and private happiness under the rule of the 
 Incas, pronounces " the moral man in Peru far superior 
 to the Europeans." 38 
 
 Yet such results are scarcely reconcilable with the 
 theory of the government I have attempted to analyze. 
 Where there is no free agency there can be no morality. 
 Where there is no temptation there can be little claim 
 to virtue. Where the routine is rigorously prescribed 
 by law, the law, and not the man, must have the credit 
 of the conduct. If that government is the best which 
 is felt the least, which encroaches on the natural liberty 
 of the subject only so far as is essential to civil subor- 
 dination, then of all governments devised by man the 
 Peruvian has the least real claim to our admiration. 
 
 It is not easy to comprehend the genius and the full 
 import of institutions so opposite to those of our own 
 free republic, where every man, however humble his 
 condition, may aspire to the highest honors of the 
 state, may select his own career and carve out his 
 fortune in his own way ; where the light of knowledge, 
 
 every thing was conducted with the greatest order, and entire submis- 
 sion to authority. The panegyric is somewhat too unqualified for a 
 whole nation, and may lead one to suspect that the stings of remorse 
 for his own treatment of the natives goaded the dying veteran into a 
 higher estimate of their deserts than was strictly warranted by facts. 
 Yet this testimony by such a man at such a time is too remarkable, as 
 well as too honorable to the Peruvians, to be passed over in silence by 
 the historian ; and I have transferred the document in the original to 
 Appendix No. 4. 
 
 38 " Sans doute 1'homme moral du Perou etoit infin'itnent plus per- 
 ectionne que 1'Europeen." Carli, Lettres Americaines, torn. i. p. 215
 
 CONCL UDIXG REFLECTIONS. 
 
 '75 
 
 instead of being concentrated on a chosen few, is shed 
 abroad like the light of day, and suffered to fall equally 
 on the poor and the rich ; where the collision of man 
 with man wakens a generous emulation that calls out 
 latent talent and tasks the energies to the utmost ; 
 where consciousness of independence gives a feeling 
 of self-reliance unknown to the timid subjects of a 
 despotism ; where, in short, the government is made 
 for man, not as in Peru, where man seemed to be 
 made only for the government. The New World is 
 the theatre on which these two political systems, so 
 opposite in their character, have been carried into 
 operation. The empire of the Incas has passed away 
 and left no trace. The other great experiment is 
 still going on, the experiment which is to solve the 
 problem, so long contested in the Old World, of the 
 capacity of man for self-government. Alas for hu- 
 manity, if it should fail ! 
 
 The testimony of the Spanish conquerors is not uni- 
 form in respect to the favorable influence exerted by 
 the Peruvian institutions on the character of the people. 
 Drinking and dancing are said to have been the pleas- 
 ures to which they were immoderately addicted. Like 
 the slaves and serfs in other lands, whose position ex- 
 cluded them from more serious and ennobling occupa- 
 tions, they found a substitute in frivolous or sensual 
 indulgence. Lazy, luxurious, and licentious, are the 
 epithets bestowed on them by one of those who saw 
 them at the Conquest, but whose pen was not too 
 friendly to the Indian. 39 Yet the spirit of independ- 
 
 " Reran muy dados 4 la lujuria y al bever, tenian acceso carnal 
 con las hermanas y las mugeres de sus padres como no fuesen sus
 
 176 CIVILIZATION OF THE INC AS. 
 
 ence could hardly be strong in a people who had no 
 interest in the soil, no personal rights to defend ; and 
 the facility with which they yielded to the Spanish 
 invader after every allowance for their comparative 
 inferiority argues a deplorable destitution of that 
 patriotic feeling which holds life as little in comparison 
 with freedom. 
 
 But we must not judge too hardly of the unfortunate 
 native because he quailed before the civilization of the 
 European. We must not be insensible to the really 
 great results that were achieved by the government of 
 the Incas. We must not forget that under their rule the 
 meanest of the people enjoyed a far greater degree of 
 personal comfort, at least a greater exemption from 
 physical suffering, than was possessed by similar classes 
 in other nations on the American continent, greater, 
 probably, than was possessed by these classes in most 
 of the countries of feudal Europe. Under their sceptre 
 the higher orders of the state had made advances in 
 many of the arts that belong to a cultivated community. 
 The foundations of a regular government were laid, 
 which, in an age of rapine, secured to its subjects the 
 inestimable blessings of tranquillity and safety. By the 
 well-sustained policy of the Incas, the rude tribes of 
 
 mismas madres, y aun algunos avia que con ellas mismas lo hacian y 
 ansi mismo con sus hijas. Estando borrachos tocavan algunos en el 
 pecado nefando, emborrachavanse muy a menudo, y estando borra- 
 chos todo lo que el demonio les traia a la voluntad hacian. Heran 
 estos orejones muy soberbios y presuntuosos. . . . Tenian otras muchas 
 maldades que por ser muchas no las digo." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. 
 y Conq., MS. These random aspersions of the hard conqueror show 
 too gross an ignorance of the institutions of the people to merit much 
 confidence as to what is said of their character.
 
 SAKMIENTO. 
 
 177 
 
 the forest were gradually drawn from their fastnesses and 
 gathered within the folds of civilization ; and of these 
 materials was constructed a flourishing and populous 
 empire, such as was to be found in no other quarter of 
 the American continent. The defects of this govern- 
 ment were those of over-refinement in legislation, 
 the last defects to have been looked for, certainly, in 
 the American aborigines. 
 
 NOTE. I have not thought it necessary to swell this Introduction 
 by an inquiry into the origin of Peruvian civilization, like that ap- 
 pended to the history of the Mexican. The Peruvian history doubt- 
 less suggests analogies with more than one nation in the East, some 
 of which have been briefly adverted to in the preceding pages ; al- 
 though these analogies are adduced there not as evidence of a com- 
 mon origin, but as showing the coincidences which might naturally 
 spring up among different nations under the same phase of civiliza- 
 tion. Such coincidences are neither so numerous nor so striking as 
 those afforded by the Aztec history. The correspondence presented 
 by the astronomical science of the Mexicans is alone of more impor- 
 tance than all the rest. Yet the light of analogy afforded by the in- 
 stitutions of the Incas seems to point, as far as it goes, towards the 
 same direction ; and as the investigation could present but little sub- 
 stantially to confirm, and still less to confute, the views taken in the 
 former disquisition, I have not thought it best to fatigue the reader 
 with it. 
 
 Two of the prominent authorities on whom I have relied in this 
 Introductory portion of the work are Juan de Sarmiento and the 
 Licentiate Ondegardo. Of the former I have been able to collect no 
 information beyond what is afforded by his own writings. In the title 
 prefixed to his manuscript he is styled President of the Council of 
 the Indies, a post of high authority, which infers a weight of charac- 
 ter and means of information that entitle his opinions on colonial 
 topics to great deference. 
 
 These means of information were much enlarged by Sarmiento's 
 visit to the colonies during the administration of Gasca. Having con- 
 H*
 
 178 SARMIENTO. 
 
 ceived the design of compiling a history of the ancient Peruvian institu- 
 tions, he visited Cuzco, as he tells us, in 1550, and there drew from 
 the natives themselves the materials for his narrative. His position 
 gave him access to the most authentic sources of knowledge, and from 
 the lips of the Inca nobles, the best-instructed of the conquered race, 
 he gathered the traditions of their national history and institutions. 
 The quipus formed, as we have seen, an imperfect system of mnemon- 
 ics, requiring constant attention, and much inferior to the Mexican 
 hieroglyphics. It was only by diligent instruction that they were 
 made available to historical purposes ; and this instruction was so far 
 neglected after the Conquest that the ancient annals of the country 
 would have perished with the generation which was the sole depositary 
 of them, had it not been for the efforts of a few intelligent scholars, 
 like Sarmiento, who saw the importance, at this critical period, of cul- 
 tivating an intercourse with the natives and drawing from them their 
 hidden stores of information. 
 
 To give still further authenticity to this work. Sarmiento travelled 
 over the country, examined the principal objects of interest with his 
 own eyes, and thus verified the accounts of the natives as far as pos- 
 sible by personal observation. The result of these labors was his work 
 entitled " Relacion de la sucesion y govierno de las Yngas Senores 
 naturales que fueron de las Provincias del Peru y otras cosas tocantes 
 & aquel Reyno, para el Iltmo. Senor D n Juan Sarmiento, Presidente 
 del Consejo R 1 de Indias." 
 
 *[It is singular that Prescott should have fallen into the error of 
 supposing this language to indicate that the work was the composition 
 of the person whose name appears on the title. Senor Gayangos, in a 
 letter to Mr. Squier which that gentleman has kindly communicated 
 to the editor, says, " It is evident to me that this Relation was written 
 perhaps by order of Don Juan Sarmiento, president of the Council 
 of the Indies -for him, and not by him, as stated by Prescott ;" and 
 he points out the improbability of Sarmiento's ever having visited 
 America, as well as of his having used the deferential tone in which 
 the author of the manuscript addresses certain members of the Royal 
 Audience, persons far inferior in rank to an ecclesiastic of high position 
 holding one of the first offices in the kingdom. The mistake was so 
 far fortunate that the doubts suggested by it seem to have led to an 
 investigation, with the result of determining the real authorship of this
 
 SARMIENTO. ! 79 
 
 t is divided into chapters, and embraces about four hundred folio 
 pages in manuscript. The introductory portion of the work is occu- 
 pied with the traditionary tales of the origin and early period of the 
 Incas ; teeming, as usual in the antiquities of a barbarous people, with 
 legendary fables of the most wild and monstrous character. Yet these 
 puerile conceptions afford an inexhaustible mine for the labors of the 
 antiquarian, who endeavors to unravel the allegorical web which a 
 cunning priesthood had devised as symbolical of those mysteries of 
 creation that it was beyond their power to comprehend. But Sarmi- 
 ento happily confines himself to the mere statement of traditional 
 fables, without the chimerical ambition to explain them. 
 
 From this region of romance Sarmiento passes to the institutions 
 of the Peruvians, describes their ancient polity, their religon, their 
 progress in the arts, especially agriculture, and presents, in short, an 
 elaborate picture of the civilization which they reached under the Inca 
 dynasty. This part of his work, resting, as it does, on the best author- 
 ity, confirmed in many instances by his own observation, is of unques- 
 tionable value, and is written with an apparent respect for truth, that 
 engages the confidence of the reader. The concluding portion of the 
 manuscript is occupied with the civil history of the country. The 
 reigns of the early Incas, which lie beyond the sober province of 
 history, he despatches with commendable brevity. But on the three 
 last reigns fortunately, those of the greatest princes who occupied 
 the Peruvian throne he is more diffuse. This was comparatively 
 firm ground for the chronicler, for the events were too recent to be 
 obscured by the vulgar legends that gather like moss round every 
 
 important Relation, and of clearing up, at the same time, another 
 mooted and not less interesting point in regard to one of the chief 
 authorities for early Peruvian history. Senor Gonzalez de la Rosa, a 
 learned Peruvian, is able, according to a recent statement (London 
 Athenaeum, July 5, 1873), " to prove that the manuscript in question 
 is really the second part of the ' Chronicle of Peru' by Cieza de Leon, 
 hitherto supposed to be lost." The evidence promised has not yet 
 been adduced. It consists, no doubt, chiefly of those internal proofs 
 which are in fact sufficient to put the matter beyond question, and 
 which will find more appropriate mention in connection with Pres- 
 cott's account of the life and writings of Cieza de Leon, infra, vol. uV 
 book iv., chap. 9. ED.]
 
 jgo SARMIENTO. 
 
 incident of the older time. His account stops with the Spanish in- 
 vasion ; for this story, Sarmiento felt, might be safely left to his con- 
 temporaries who acted a part in it, but whose taste and education had 
 qualified them but indifferently for exploring the antiquities and social 
 institutions of the natives. 
 
 Sarmiento's work is composed in a simple, perspicuous style, with- 
 out that ambition of rhetorical display too common with his country- 
 men. He writes with honest candor, and, while he does ample justice 
 to the merits and capacities of the conquered races, he notices with 
 indignation the atrocities of the Spaniards and the demoralizing tend- 
 ency of the Conquest. It may be thought, indeed, that he forms too 
 high an estimate of the attainments of the nation under the Incas.' 
 And it is not improbable that, astonished by the vestiges it afforded 
 of an original civilization, he became enamored of his subject, and 
 thus exhibited it in colors somewhat too glowing to the eye of the 
 European. But this was an amiable failing, not too largely shared by 
 the stern Conquerors, who subverted the institutions of the country, 
 and saw little to admire in it save its gold. It must be further ad- 
 mitted that Sarmiento has no design to impose on his reader, and that 
 he is careful to distinguish-between what he reports on hearsay and 
 what on personal experience. The Father of History himself does 
 not discriminate between these two things more carefully. 
 
 Neither is the Spanish historian to be altogether vindicated from 
 the superstition which belongs to his time ; and we often find him 
 referring to the immediate interposition of Satan those effects which 
 might quite as well be charged on the perverseness of man. But this 
 was common to the age, and to the wisest men in it ; and it is too 
 much to demand of a man to be wiser than his generation. It is 
 sufficient praise of Sarmiento, that, in an age when superstition was 
 too often allied with fanaticism, he seems to have had no tincture of 
 bigotry in his nature. His heart opens with benevolent fulness to the 
 unfortunate native ; and his language, while it is not kindled into the 
 religious glow of the missionary, is warmed by a generous ray of phi- 
 lanthropy that embraces the conquered, no less than the conquerors, 
 as his brethren. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great value of Sarmiento's work for the in- 
 formation it affords of Peru under the Incas, it is but little known, has 
 been rarely consulted by historians, and still remains among the un- 
 published manuscripts which lie, like uncoined bullion, in the secret 
 chambers of the Escorial.
 
 ONDEGARDO. jgi 
 
 The other authority to whom I have alluded, the Licentiate Polo 
 de Ondegardo, was a highly respectable jurist, whose name appears 
 frequently in the affairs of Peru. I find no account of the period 
 when he first came into the country. But he was there on the arrival 
 of Gasca, and resided at Lima under the usurpation of Gonzalo Pi- 
 zarro. When the artful Cepeda endeavored to secure the signatures 
 of the inhabitants to the instrument proclaiming the sovereignty of 
 his chief, we find Ondegardo taking the lead among those of his pro- 
 fession in resisting it. On Gasca's arrival he consented to take a com- 
 mission in his army. At the close of the rebellion he was made cor- 
 regidor of La Plata, and subsequently of Cuzco, in which honorable 
 station he seems to have remained several years. In the exercise of 
 his magisterial functions he was brought into familiar intercourse with 
 the natives, and had ample opportunity for studying their laws and 
 ancient customs. He conducted himself with such prudence and 
 moderation that he seems to have won the confidence not only of his 
 countrymen but of the Indians ; while the administration was careful 
 to profit by his large experience in devising measures for the better 
 government of the colony. 
 
 The Relaciones, so often cited in this History, were prepared at the 
 suggestion of the viceroys, the first being addressed to the Marques 
 de Canete, in 1561, and the second, ten years later, to the Conde de 
 Nieva. The two cover about as much ground as Sarmiento's manu- 
 script ; and the second memorial, written so long after the first, may 
 be thought to intimate the advancing age of the author, in the greater 
 carelessness and diffuseness of the composition. 
 
 As these documents are in the nature of answers to the interroga- 
 tories propounded by the government, the range of topics might seem 
 to be limited within narrower bounds than the modern historian would 
 desire. These queries, indeed, had particular reference to the revenues, 
 the tributes, the financial administration, in short, of the Incas; and 
 on these obscure topics the communication of Ondegardo is particu- 
 larly full. But the enlightened curiosity of the government embraced 
 a far wider range ; and the answers necessarily implied an acquaintance 
 with the domestic policy of the Incas, with their laws and social habits, 
 their religion, science, and arts, in short, with all that make up the 
 elements of civilization. Ondegardo's memoirs, therefore, cover the 
 whole ground of inquiry for the philosophic historian. 
 
 In the management of these various subjects Ondegardo displays 
 both acuteness and erudition. He never shrinks from the discussion. 
 Peru. VOL. I. 16
 
 !3 2 ONDEGARDO. 
 
 however difficult ; and while he gives his conclusions with an air of 
 modesty, it is evident that he feels conscious of having derived his 
 information through the most authentic channels. He rejects the 
 fabulous with disdain ; decides on the probabilities of such facts as he 
 relates, and candidly exposes the deficiency of evidence. Far from 
 displaying the simple enthusiasm of the well-meaning but credulous 
 missionary, he proceeds with the cool and cautious step of a lawyer 
 accustomed to the conflict of testimony and the uncertainty of oral 
 tradition. This circumspect manner of proceeding, and the temperate 
 character of his judgments, entitle Ondegardo to much higher con- 
 sideration as an authority than most of his countrymen who have 
 treated of Indian antiquities. 
 
 There runs through his writings a vein of humanity, shown particu- 
 larly in his tenderness to the unfortunate natives, to whose ancient 
 civilization he does entire, but not extravagant, justice; while, like 
 Sarmiento, he fearlessly denounces the excesses of his own country- 
 men, and admits the dark reproach they had brought on the honor of 
 the nation. But while this censure forms the strongest ground for 
 condemnation of the Conquerors, since it comes from the lips of a 
 Spaniard like themselves, it proves, also, that Spain in this age of vio- 
 lence could send forth from her bosom wise and good men who re- 
 fused to make common cause with the licentious rabble around them. 
 Indeed, proof enough is given in these very memorials of the unceas- 
 ing efforts of the colonial government, from the good viceroy Mendoza 
 downwards, to secure protection and the benefit of a mild legislation 
 to the unfortunate natives. But the iron Conquerors, and the colonist 
 whose heart softened only to the touch of gold, presented a formidable 
 barrier to improvement. 
 
 Ondegardo's writings are honorably distinguished by freedom from 
 that superstition which is the debasing characteristic of the times, a 
 superstition shown in the easy credit given to the marvellous, and this 
 equally whether in heathen or in Christian story ; for in the former 
 the eye of credulity could discern as readily the direct interposition 
 of Satan, as in the latter the hand of the Almighty. It is this ready 
 belief in a spiritual agency, whether for good or for evil, which forms 
 one of the most prominent features in the writings of the sixteenth 
 century. Nothing could 'be more repugnant to the true spirit of 
 philosophical inquiry, or more irreconcilable with rational criticism. 
 Far from betraying such weakness, Ondegardo writes in a direct and 
 business-like manner, estimating things for what they are worth by the
 
 ONDEGARDO. 183 
 
 plain rule of common sense. He keeps the main object of his argu- 
 ment ever in view, without allowing himself, like the garrulous chron- 
 iclers of the period, to be led astray into a thousand rambling episodes 
 that bewilder the reader and lead to nothing. 
 
 Ondegardo's memoirs deal not only with the antiquities of the na- 
 tion, but with its actual condition, and with the best means for redress- 
 ing the manifold evils to which it was subjected under the stern rule 
 of its conquerors. His suggestions are replete with wisdom, and a 
 merciful policy, that would reconcile the interests of government with 
 the prosperity and happiness of its humblest vassal. Thus, while his 
 contemporaries gathered light from his suggestions as to the present 
 condition of affairs, the historian of later times is no less indebted to 
 him for information in respect to the past. His manuscript was freely 
 consulted by Herrera, and the reader, as he peruses the pages of the 
 learned historian of the Indies, is unconsciously enjoying the benefit 
 of the researches of Ondegardo. His valuable Relaciones thus had 
 their uses for future generations, though they have never been ad- 
 mitted to the honors of the press. The copy in my possession, like 
 that of Sarmiento's manuscript, for which I am indebted to that in- 
 dustrious bibliographer Mr. Rich, formed part of the magnificent 
 collection of Lord Kingsborough, a name ever to be held in honor 
 by the scholar for his indefatigable efforts to illustrate the antiquities 
 of America. 
 
 Ondegardo's manuscripts, it should be remarked, do not bear his 
 signature. But they contain allusions to several actions of the writer's 
 life, which identify them, beyond any reasonable doubt, as his produc- 
 tion. In the archives of Simancas is a duplicate copy of the first me- 
 morial, Relation Primera, thoueh, like the one in the Escorial, without 
 its author's name. Munoz assigns it to the pen of Gabriel de Rojas, 
 a distinguished cavalier of the Conquest. This is clearly an error ; 
 for the author of the manuscript identifies himself with Ondegardo, 
 by declaring, in his reply to the fifth interrogatory, that he was the 
 person who discovered the mummies of (he Incas in Cuzco, an act 
 expressly referred, both by Acosta and Garcilasso, to the Licentiate 
 Polo de Ondegardo, when corregidor of that city. Should the savans 
 of Madrid hereafter embrace among the publications of valuable 
 manuscripts these Relaciones, they should be careful not to be led 
 into an error here by the authority of a critic like Munoz, whose 
 criticism is rarely at fault.
 
 BOOK SECOND. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 16* (185)
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN SCIENCE. ART OF NAVIGATION. 
 MARITIME DISCOVERY. SPIRIT OF THE SPANIARDS. 
 POSSESSIONS IN THE NEW WORLD. RUMORS CONCERN- 
 ING PERU. 
 
 WHATEVER difference of opinion may exist as to the 
 comparative merit of the ancients and the moderns in 
 the arts, in poetry, eloquence, and all that depends on 
 imagination, there can be no doubt that in science the 
 moderns have eminently the advantage. It could not 
 be otherwise. In the early ages of the world, as in the 
 early period of life, there was the freshness of a morn- 
 ing existence, when the gloss of novelty was on every 
 thing that met the eye ; when the senses, not blunted 
 by familiarity, were more keenly alive to the beauti- 
 ful, and the mind, under the influence of a healthy 
 and natural taste, was not perverted by philosophical 
 theory ; when the simple was necessarily connected 
 with the beautiful, and the epicurean intellect, sated 
 by repetition, had not begun to seek for stimulants in 
 the fantastic and capricious. The realms of fancy 
 were all untravelled, and its fairest flowers had not 
 been gathered, nor its beauties despoiled, by the rude
 
 T 88 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 touch of those who affected to cultivate them. The 
 wing of genius was not bound to the earth by the cold 
 and conventional rules of criticism, but was permitted 
 to take its flight far and wide over the broad expanse 
 of creation. 
 
 But with science it was otherwise. No genius could 
 suffice for the creation of facts, hardly for their de- 
 tection. They were to be gathered in by painful in- 
 dustry; to be collected from careful observation and 
 experiment. Genius, indeed, might arrange and com- 
 bine these facts into new forms, and elicit from their 
 combinations new and important inferences, and in 
 this process might almost rival in originality the crea- 
 tions of the poet and the artist. But if the processes 
 of science are necessarily slow, they are sure. There 
 is no retrograde movement in her domain. Arts may 
 fade, the Muse become dumb, a moral lethargy may 
 lock up the faculties of a nation, the nation itself may 
 pass away and leave only the memory of its existence, 
 but the stores of science it has garnered up will endure 
 forever. As other nations come upon the stage, and 
 new forms of civilization arise, the monuments of art 
 and of imagination, productions of an older time, will 
 lie as an obstacle in the path of improvement. They 
 cannot be built upon ; they occupy the ground which 
 the new aspirant for immortality would cover. The 
 whole work is to be gone over again, and other forms 
 of beauty whether higher or lower in the scale of 
 merit, unlike the past must arise to take a place by 
 their side. But, in science, every stone that has been 
 laid remains as the foundation for another. The 
 coming generation takes up the work where the pre-
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN SCIENCE. 189 
 
 ceding left it. There is no retrograde movement. 
 The individual nation may recede, but science still 
 advances. Every step that has been gained makes the 
 ascent easier for those who come after. Every step 
 carries the patient inquirer after truth higher and higher 
 towards heaven, and unfolds to him, as he rises, a wider 
 horizon, and new and more magnificent views of the 
 universe. 
 
 Geography partook of the embarrassments which 
 belonged to every other department of science in the 
 primitive ages of the world. The knowledge of -the 
 earth could come only from an extended commerce ; 
 and commerce is founded on artificial wants or an en- 
 lightened curiosity, hardly compatible with the earlier 
 condition of society. In the infancy of nations, the 
 different tribes, occupied with their domestic feuds, 
 found few occasions to wander beyond the mountain 
 chain or broad stream that formed the natural boundary 
 of their domains. The Phoenicians, it is true, are said 
 to have sailed beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and to 
 have launched out on the great western ocean. But 
 the adventures of these ancient voyagers belong to the 
 mythic legends of antiquity, and ascend far beyond 
 the domain of authentic record. 
 
 The Greeks, quick and adventurous, skilled in me- 
 chanical art, had many of the qualities of successful 
 navigators, and within the limits of their little inland 
 sea ranged fearlessly and freely. But the conquests 
 of Alexander did more to extend the limits of geo- 
 graphical science, and opened an acquaintance with 
 the remote countries of the East. Yet the march of 
 the conqueror is slow in comparison with the move-
 
 I 9 o 
 
 DISCOVERY OF PERL', 
 
 ments of the unencumbered traveller. The Romans 
 were still less enterprising than the Greeks, were less 
 commercial in their character. The contributions to 
 geographical knowledge grew with the slow acquisitions 
 of empire. But their system was centralizing in its 
 tendency ; and, instead of taking an outward direction 
 and looking abroad for discovery, every part of the 
 vast imperial domain turned towards the capital as its 
 head and central point of attraction. The Roman 
 conqueror pursued his path by land, not by sea. But 
 the water is the great highway between nations, the true 
 element for the discoverer. The Romans were not a 
 maritime people. At the close of their empire, geo- 
 graphical science could hardly be said to extend farther 
 than to an acquaintance with Europe, and this not its 
 more northern division, together with a portion of 
 Asia and Africa ; while they had no other conception 
 of a world beyond the Western waters than was to be 
 gathered from the fortunate prediction of the poet. 1 
 
 Then followed the Middle Ages ; the dark ages, as 
 they are called, though in their darkness were matured 
 those seeds of knowledge which, in fulness of time, 
 were to spring up into new and more glorious forms 
 
 1 Seneca's well-known prediction, in his Medea, is perhaps the most 
 remarkable random prophecy on record. For it is not a simple ex- 
 tension of the boundaries of the known parts of the globe that is so 
 confidently announced, but the existence of a New World across the 
 waters, to be revealed in coming ages : 
 
 " Quibus Occanus 
 Vincula rerum laxet. et ingens 
 Pateat tellus, Typhisque Noves 
 Detegat Orbes." 
 
 It was the lucky hit of the philosopher rather than the poet.
 
 ART OF NAVIGATION. 
 
 191 
 
 of civilization. The organization of society became 
 more favorable to geographical science. Instead of one 
 overgrown, lethargic empire, oppressing every thing by 
 its colossal weight, Europe was broken up into various 
 independent communities, many of which, adopting 
 liberal forms of government, felt all the impulses 
 natural to freemen ; and the petty republics on the 
 Mediterranean and the Baltic sent forth their swarms 
 of seamen in a profitable commerce, that knit together 
 the different countries scattered along the great Euro- 
 pean waters. 
 
 But the improvements which took place in the art 
 of navigation, the more accurate measurement of time, 
 and, above all, the discovery of the polarity of the 
 magnet, greatly advanced the cause of geographical 
 knowledge. Instead of creeping timidly along the 
 coast, or limiting his expeditions to the narrow basins 
 of inland waters, the voyager might now spread his 
 sails boldly on the deep, secure of a guide to direct 
 his bark unerringly across the illimitable waste. The 
 consciousness of this power led thought to travel in a 
 new direction ; and the mariner began to look with 
 earnestness for another path to the Indian Spice-islands 
 than that by which the Eastern caravans had traversed 
 the continent of Asia. The nations on whom the 
 spirit of enterprise at this crisis naturally descended 
 were Spain and Portugal, placed as they were on the 
 outposts of the European continent, commanding the 
 great theatre of future discovery. 
 
 Both countries felt the responsibility of their new 
 position. The crown of Portugal was constant in its 
 efforts, through the fifteenth century, to find a passage
 
 192 
 
 DISCOVERS OF PERL'. 
 
 round the southern point of Africa into the Indian 
 Ocean ; though so timid was the navigation that every 
 fresh headland became a formidable barrier, and it was 
 not till the latter part of the century that the adven- 
 turous Diaz passed quite round the Stormy Cape, as he 
 termed it, but which John the Second, with happier 
 augury, called the Cape of Good Hope.. But, before 
 Vasco da Gama had availed himself of this discovery 
 to spread his sails in the Indian seas, Spain entered 
 on her glorious career and sent Columbus across the 
 Western waters. 
 
 The object of the great navigator was still the dis- 
 covery of a route to India, but by the west instead of 
 the east. He had no expectation of meeting with a 
 continent in his way, and, after repeated voyages, he 
 remained in his original error, dying, as is well known, 
 in the conviction that it was the eastern shore of Asia 
 which he had reached. It was the same object which 
 directed the nautical enterprises of those who followed 
 in the Admiral's track ; and the discovery of a strait 
 into the Indian Ocean was the burden of every order 
 from the government, and the design of many an 
 expedition to different points of the new continent, 
 which seemed to stretch its leviathan length along 
 from one pole to the other. The discovery of an 
 Indian passage is the true key to the maritime move- 
 ments of the fifteenth and the first half of the sixteenth 
 century. It was the great leading idea that gave its 
 peculiar character to the enterprise of the age. 
 
 It is not easy at this time to comprehend the impulse 
 given to Europe by the discovery of America. It was 
 not the gradual acquisition of some border territory,
 
 MARITIME DISCOl'ERY. 193 
 
 a province or a kingdom that had been gained, but a 
 new world that was now thrown open to the Euro- 
 pean. The races of animals, the mineral treasures, the 
 vegetable forms, and the varied aspects of nature, man 
 ; .n the different phases of civilization, filled the mind 
 with entirely new sets of ideas, that changed the 
 habitual current .of thought and stimulated it to indefi- 
 nite conjecture. The eagerness to explore the won 
 derful secrets of the new hemisphere became so active 
 that the principal cities of Spain were, in a manner, 
 depopulated, as emigrants thronged one after another 
 to take their chance upon the deep.' It was a world 
 of romance that was thrown open ; for, whatever might 
 be the luck of the adventurer, his reports on his return 
 were tinged with a coloring of romance that stimulated 
 still higher the sensitive fancies of his countrymen and 
 nourished the chimerical sentiments of an age of chiv- 
 alry. They listened with attentive ears to tales of 
 Amaxons which seemed to realize the classic legends 
 of antiquity, to stories of Patagonian giants, to flaming 
 pictures of an El Dorado where the sands sparkled 
 with gems and golden pebbles as large as birds' eggs 
 were dragged in nets out of the rivers. 
 
 Yet that the adventurers were no impostors, but 
 dupes, too easy dupes, of their own credulous fancies, 
 is shown by the extravagant character of their enter- 
 prises ; by expeditions in search of the magical Foun- 
 
 - The Venetian ambassador Andrea Navagiero, who travelled 
 through Spain in 1525, near the period of the commencement of our 
 narrative, notices the general fever of emigration. Seville, in particu- 
 lar, the great port of embarkation, was so stripped of its inhabitants, 
 he says, " that the city was left almost to the women." Viaggio fatt 
 in Spagna (Vinegia, 1563), fol. 15. 
 Peru. VOL- I. I 17
 
 T94 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 tain of Health, of tHe golden Temple of Doboyba, of 
 the golden sepulchres of Zenu ; for gold was ever 
 floating before their distempered vision, and the name 
 of Castillo, del Oro, Golden Castile, the most unhealthy 
 and unprofitable region of the Isthmus, held out a 
 bright promise to the unfortunate settler, who too fre- 
 quently, instead of gold, found there only his grave. 
 
 In this realm of enchantment, all the accessories 
 served to maintain the illusion. The simple natives, 
 with their defenceless bodies and rude weapons, were 
 no match for the European warrior armed to the teeth 
 in mail. The odds were as great as those found in any 
 legend of chivalry, where the lance of the good knight 
 overturned hundreds at a touch. The perils that lay 
 in the discoverer's path, and the sufferings he had to 
 sustain, were scarcely inferior to those that beset the 
 knight-errant. Hunger and thirst and fatigue, the 
 deadly effluvia of the morass with its swarms of ven- 
 omous insects, the cold of mountain snows, and the 
 scorching sun of the tropics, these were the lot of 
 every cavalier who came to seek his fortunes in the 
 New World. It was the reality of romance. The life 
 of the Spanish adventurer was one chapter more and 
 not the least remarkable in the chronicles of knight- 
 errantry. 
 
 The character of the warrior took on somewhat of 
 the exaggerated coloring shed over his exploits. Proud 
 and vainglorious, swelled with lofty anticipations of 
 his destiny and an invincible confidence in his own 
 resources, no danger could appall and no toil could tire 
 him. The greater the danger, indeed, the higher the 
 charm ; for his soul revelled in excitement, and the
 
 SPIRIT OF THE SPANIARDS. 
 
 '95 
 
 enterprise without peril wanted that spur of romance 
 which was necessary to rouse his energies into action. 
 Yet in the motives of action meaner influences were 
 strangely mingled with the loftier, the temporal with 
 the spiritual. Gold was the incentive and the recom- 
 pense, and in the pursuit of it his inflexible nature 
 rarely hesitated as to the means. His courage was 
 sullied with cruelty, the cruelty that flowed equally 
 strange as it may seem from his avarice and his 
 religion ; religion as it was understood in that age, 
 the religion of the Crusader. It was the convenient 
 cloak for a multitude of sins, which covered them even 
 from himself. The Castilian, too proud for hypocrisy, 
 committed more cruelties in the name of religion than 
 were ever practised by the pagan idolater or the fanati- 
 cal Moslem. The burning of the infidel was a sacrifice 
 acceptable to Heaven, and the conversion of those who 
 survived amply atoned for the foulest offences. It is a 
 melancholy and mortifying consideration that the most 
 uncompromising spirit of intolerance the spirit of the 
 Inquisitor at home, and of the Crusader abroad 
 should have emanated from a religion which preached 
 peace upon earth and good will towards man ! 
 
 What a contrast did these children of Southern 
 Europe present to the Anglo-Saxon races who scat- 
 tered themselves along the great northern division of 
 the Western hemisphere ! For the principle of action 
 with these latter was not avarice, nor the more specious 
 pretext of proselytism ; but independence, independ- 
 ence religious and political. To secure this, they were 
 content to earn a bare subsistence by a life of frugality 
 and toil. They asked nothing from the soil but the
 
 19 6 DISCOVERY OF PERL'. 
 
 reasonable returns of their own labor. No golden 
 visions threw a deceitful halo around their path and 
 beckoned them onwards through seas of blood to the 
 subversion of an unoffending dynasty. They were con- 
 tent with the slow but steady progress of their social 
 polity. They patiently endured the privations of the 
 wilderness, watering the tree of liberty with their tears 
 and with the sweat of their brow, till it took deep root 
 in the land and sent up its branches high towards the 
 heavens; while the communities of the neighboring 
 continent, shooting up into the sudden splendors of 'a 
 tropical vegetation, exhibited, even in their prime, the 
 sure symptoms of decay. 
 
 It would seem to have been especially ordered by- 
 Providence that the discovery of the two great divis- 
 ions of the American hemisphere should fall to the two 
 races best fitted to conquer and colonize them. Thus, 
 the northern section was consigned to the Anglo-Saxon 
 race, whose orderly, industrious habits found an ample 
 field for development under its colder skies and on its 
 more rugged soil ; while the southern portion, with its 
 rich tropical products and treasures of mineral wealth, 
 held out the most attractive bait to invite the enter- 
 prise of the Spaniard. How different might have been 
 the result if the bark of Columbus had taken a more 
 northerly direction, as he at one time meditated, and 
 landed its band of adventurers on the shores of what 
 is now Protestant America ! 
 
 Under the pressure of that spirit of nautical enter- 
 prise which filled the maritime communities of Europe 
 in the sixteenth century, the whole extent of the mighty 
 continent, from Labrador to Terra del Fuego, was ex-
 
 A' I 'MO ft S CONCERNING PERU. 
 
 197 
 
 plored in less than thirty years after its discovery ; and 
 in 1521 the Portuguese Maghellan, sailing under the 
 Spanish flag, solved the problem of the strait, and 
 found a westerly way to the long-sought Spice-islands 
 of India, greatly to the astonishment of the Portu- 
 guese, who, sailing from the opposite direction, there 
 met their rivals, face to face, at the antipodes. But 
 while the whole eastern coast of the American conti- 
 nent had been explored, and the central portion of it 
 colonized, even after the brilliant achievement of the 
 Mexican conquest, the veil was not yet raised that 
 hung over the golden shores of the Pacific. 
 
 Floating rumors had reached the Spaniards, from 
 time to time, of countries in the far west, teeming 
 with the metal they so much coveted ; but the first dis- 
 tinct notice of Peru was about the year 1511, when 
 Vasco Nufiez de Balboa, the discoverer of the Southern 
 Sea, was weighing some gold which he had collected 
 from the natives. A young barbarian chieftain, who 
 was present, struck the scales with his fist, and, scat- 
 tering the glittering metal around the apartment, ex- 
 claimed, " If this is what you prize so much that you 
 are willing to leave your distant homes and risk even 
 life itself for it, I can tell you of a land where they 
 eat and drink out of golden vessels, and gold is as 
 cheap as iron is with you." It was not long after this 
 startling intelligence that Balboa achieved the for- 
 midable adventure of scaling the mountain-rampart of 
 the isthmus which divides the two mighty oceans from 
 each other ; when, armed with sword and buckler, he 
 rushed into the waters of the Pacific, and cried out, in 
 the true chivalrous vein, that " he claimed this unknown
 
 I9 8 DISCOVERY OF PEKU. 
 
 sea, with all that it contained, for the King of Castile, 
 and that he would make good the claim against all, 
 Christian or infidel, who dared to gainsay it" ! 3 All 
 the broad continent and sunny isles washed by the 
 waters of the Southern Ocean ! Little did the bold 
 cavalier comprehend the full import of his magnificent 
 vaunt. 
 
 On this spot he received more explicit tidings of the 
 Peruvian empire, heard proofs recounted of its civili- 
 zation, and was shown drawings of the llama, which, 
 to the European eye, seemed a species of the Arabian 
 camel. But, although he steered his caravel for these 
 golden realms, and even pushed his discoveries some 
 twenty leagues south of the Gulf of St. Michael, the 
 adventure was not reserved for him. The illustrious 
 discoverer was doomed to fall a victim to that miserable 
 jealousy with which a little spirit regards the achieve- 
 ments of a great one. 
 
 The Spanish colonial domain was broken up into a 
 number of petty governments, which were dispensed 
 sometimes to court favorites, though, as the duties 
 of the post, at this early period, were of an arduous 
 nature, they were more frequently reserved for men of 
 some practical talent and enterprise. Columbus, by 
 virtue of his original contract with the crown, had 
 jurisdiction over the territories discovered by himself, 
 embracing some of the principal islands, and a few 
 places on the continent. This jurisdiction differed 
 from that of other functionaries, inasmuch as it was 
 hereditary ; a privilege found in the end too consider- 
 
 3 Herrera, Hist, general, dec. i.lib. 10, cap. 2. Quintana, Vidasde 
 Espanoles celebres (Madrid, 1830), torn. ii. p. 44.
 
 RUMORS CO NCI-.K. \l.\C PERU. 199 
 
 able for a subject, and commuted, therefore, for a title 
 and a pension. These colonial governments were 
 multiplied with the increase of empire, and by the 
 year 1524, the period at which our narrative properly 
 commences, were scattered over the islands, along the 
 Isthmus of Darien, the broad tract of Tierra Firma, 
 and the recent conquests in Mexico. Some of these 
 governments were of no great extent ; others, like 
 that of Mexico, were of the dimensions of a kingdom ; 
 and most had an indefinite range for discovery assigned 
 to them in their immediate neighborhood, by which 
 each of the petty potentates might enlarge his terri- 
 torial sway and enrich his followers and himself. This 
 politic arrangement best served the ends of the crown, 
 by affording a perpetual incentive to. the spirit of enter- 
 prise. Thus living on their own little domains at a 
 long distance from the mother-country, these military 
 rulers held a sort of vice-regal sway, and too frequently 
 exercised it in the most oppressive and tyrannical man- 
 ner, oppressive to the native, and tyrannical towards 
 their own followers. It was the natural consequence, 
 when men originally low in station, and unprepared 
 by education for office, were suddenly called to the 
 possession of a brief, but in its nature irresponsible, 
 authority. It was not till after some sad experience 
 of these results that measures were taken to hold these 
 petty tyrants in check by means of regular tribunals, 
 or Royal Audiences, as they were termed, which, com- 
 posed of men of character and learning, might inter- 
 pose the arm of the law, or at least the voice of 
 remonstrance, for the protection of both colonist and 
 native.
 
 SOO DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 Among the colonial governors who were indebted 
 for their situation to their rank at home was Don Pedro 
 Arias de Avila, or Pedrarias, as usually called. He 
 was married to a daughter of Dofia Beatriz de Boba- 
 dilla, the celebrated Marchioness of Moya, best known 
 as the friend of Isabella the Catholic. He was a man 
 of some military experience and considerable energy 
 of character. But, as it proved, he was of a malignant 
 temper ; and the base qualities which might have passed 
 unnoticed in the obscurity of private life were made 
 conspicuous, and perhaps created in some measure, by 
 sudden elevation to power ; as the sunshine, which 
 operates kindly on a generous soil and stimulates it to 
 production, calls forth from the unwholesome marsh 
 only foul and pestilent vapors. This man was placed 
 over the territory of Castillo, del Oro, the ground 
 selected by Nufiez de Balboa for the theatre of his 
 discoveries. Success drew on this latter the jealousy 
 of his superior, for it was crime enough in the eyes of 
 Pedrarias to deserve too well. The tragical history of 
 this cavalier belongs to a period somewhat earlier than 
 that with which we are to be occupied. It has been 
 traced by abler hands than mine, and, though brief, 
 forms one of the most brilliant passages in the annals 
 of the American conquerors. 4 
 
 But, though Pedrarias was willing to cut short the 
 glorious career of his 'rival, he was not insensible to 
 4 The memorable adventures of Vasco Nunez de Balboa have been 
 recorded by Quintana (Espanoles celebres. torn, ii.) and by Irving in 
 his Companions of Columbus. It is rare that the life ofan individual 
 has formed the subject of two such elegant memorials, produced a) 
 nearly the same time, and in different languages, without any com- 
 munication between the authors.
 
 K UMOKS C 'ONCERNfNG /'/. AT. 2O r 
 
 the important consequences of his discoveries. He 
 saw at once the unsuitableness of Darien for prosecuting 
 expeditions on the Pacific, and, conformably to the 
 original suggestion of Balboa, in 1519 he caused his 
 rising capital to be transferred from the shores of the 
 Atlantic to the ancient site of Panama, some distance 
 east of the present city of that name. 5 This most 
 unhealthy spot, the cemetery of many an unfortunate 
 colonist, was favorably situated for the great object 
 of maritime enterprise ; and the port, from its central 
 position, afforded the best point of departure for expe- 
 ditions, whether to the north or south, along the wide 
 range of undiscovered coast that lined the Southern 
 Ocean. Yet in this new and more favorable position 
 several years were suffered to elapse before the course 
 of discovery took the direction of Peru. This was 
 turned exclusively towards the north, or rather west, 
 in obedience to the orders of the government, which 
 had ever at heart the detection of a strait that, as was 
 supposed, must intersect some part or other of the 
 long-extended Isthmus. Armament after armament was 
 
 s The court gave positive instructions to Pedrarias to make a settle- 
 ment in the Gulf of St. Michael, in obedience to the suggestion of 
 Vasco Nufiez, that it would be the most eligible site for discovery and 
 traffic in the South Sea: " El asiento que se oviere de hacer en el 
 golfo de S. Miguel en la mar del sur debe ser en el puerto que mejor 
 se hallare y mas convenible para la contratacion de aquel golfo, porque 
 segund lo que Vasco Nunez escribe, seria muy necesario que alii 
 haya algunos navios, asi para descubrir las cosas del golfo; y de la 
 comarca del, como para la contratacion de rescates de las otras cosas 
 necesarias al buen proveimiento de aquello ; e para que estos navios 
 aprovechen es menester que se hagan alia." Capitulo de Carta escrita 
 por el Rey Cat61ico a Pedrarias Davila, ap. Navarrete, Coleccion de 
 los Viages y Descubrimientos (Madrid, 1829), torn. iii. No. 3.
 
 202 D/ SCO VERY OF PERT. 
 
 fitted out with this chimerical object ; and Pedrarias 
 saw his domain extending every year farther and farther 
 without deriving any considerable advantage from his 
 acquisitions. Veragua, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, were 
 successively occupied ; and his brave cavaliers forced a 
 way across forest and mountain and warlike tribes of 
 savages, till, at Honduras, they came in collision with 
 the companions of Cortes, the Conquerors of Mexico, 
 who had descended from the great northern plateau on 
 the regions of Central America, and thus completed 
 the survey of this wild and mysterious land. 
 
 It was not till 1522 that a regular expedition was 
 despatched in the direction south of Panama, under 
 the conduct of Pascual de Andagoya, a cavalier of 
 much distinction in the colony. But that officer pene- 
 trated only to the Puerto de Pifias, the limit of Bal- 
 boa's discoveries, when the bad state of his health 
 compelled him to re-embark and abandon his enter- 
 prise at its commencement. 6 
 
 Yet the floating rumors of the wealth and civilization 
 of a mighty nation at the south were continually reach- 
 ing the ears and kindling the dreamy imaginations of 
 
 6 According to Montesinos, Andagoya received a Severe injury by a 
 fall from his horse, while showing off the high-mettled animal to the 
 wondering eyes of the natives. (Annales del Peru, MS., ano 1524.) 
 But the Adelantado, in a memorial of his own discoveries, drawn up 
 by himself, says nothing of this unlucky feat of horsemanship, but 
 imputes his illness to his having fallen into the water, an accident by 
 which he was near being drowned, so that it was some years before he 
 recovered from the effects of it, a mode of accounting for his pre- 
 mature return, more soothing to his vanity, probably, than the one 
 usually received. This document, important as coming from the pen 
 of one of the primitive discoverers, is preserved in the Indian Archives 
 f Seville, and was published by Navarrete, Coleccion, torn. iii. No. 7.
 
 CONCERNING ri-AT. 203 
 
 the colonists ; and it may seem astonishing that an 
 expedition in that direction should have been so long 
 deferred. But the exact position and distance of this 
 fairy realm were matter of conjecture. The long tract 
 of intervening country was occupied by rude and war- 
 like races ; and the little experience which the Spanish 
 navigators had already had of the neighboring coast 
 and its inhabitants, and, still more, the tempestuous 
 character of the seas, for their expeditions had taken 
 place at the most unpropitious seasons of the year, 
 enhanced the apparent difficulties of the undertaking 
 and made even their stout hearts shrink from it. 
 
 Such was the state of feeling in the little community 
 of Panama for several years after its foundation. Mean- 
 while, the dazzling conquest of Mexico gave a new im- 
 pulse to the ardor of discovery, and in 1524 three men 
 were found in the colony in whom the spirit of adven- 
 ture triumphed over every consideration of difficulty 
 and danger that obstructed the prosecution of the en- 
 terprise. One among them was selected as fitted by 
 his character to conduct it to a successful issue. That 
 man was Francisco Pizarro ; and, as he held the same 
 conspicuous post in the Conquest of Peru that was 
 occupied by Cortes in that of Mexico, it "will be neces- 
 sary to take a brief review of his early history.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 FRANCISCO PIZARRO. HIS EARLY HISTORY. FIRST EX- 
 PEDITION TO THE SOUTH. DISTRESSES OF THE VOY- 
 AGERS. SHARP ENCOUNTERS. RETURN TO PANAMA. 
 ALMAGRO'S EXPEDITION. 
 
 1524-1525. 
 
 FRANCISCO PIZARRO was born at Truxillo, a city of 
 Estremadura, in Spain. The period of his birth is 
 uncertain ; but probably it was not far from 1471.' He 
 was an illegitimate child, and that his parents should 
 not have taken pains to perpetuate the date of his birth 
 is not surprising. Few care to make a particular record 
 
 1 The few writers who venture to assign the date of Pizarro's birth 
 do it in so vague and contradictory a manner as 'to inspire us with 
 but little confidence in their accounts. Herrera. it is true, says posi- 
 tively that he was sixty-three years old at the time of his death, in 
 1541. (Hist, general, dec. 6, lib. 10, cap. 6.) This would carry back 
 the date of his birth only to 1478. But Garcilasso de la Vega affirms 
 that he was more than fifty years old in 1525. (Com. Real., Parte 2, 
 lib. i, cap. i.) This would place his birth before 1475. Pizarro y 
 Orellana, who, as a kinsman of the Conqueror, may be supposed u> 
 have had better means of information, says he was fifty-four years of 
 age at the same date of 1525. (Varones ilustres del Nuevo-Mundo 
 (Madrid, 1639), p. 128.) But at the period of his death he calls him 
 nearly eighty years old! (p. 185.) Taking this latter as a round 
 exaggeration for effect in the particular connection in which it is used, 
 and admitting the accuracy of the former statement, the epoch of his 
 birth will conform to that given in the text. This makes him some- 
 what late in life to set about the conquest of an empire. But Colum- 
 bus, when he entered on his career, was still older. 
 (204)
 
 FRANCISCO PIZARRO.
 
 . fKAXCJSCO P1ZARRO. 
 
 205 
 
 of their transgressions. His father, Gonzalo Pizarro, 
 was a colonel of infantry, and served with some dis- 
 tinction in the Italian campaigns under the Great Cap- 
 tain, and afterwards in the wars of Navarre. His 
 mother, named Francisca Gonzales, was a person of 
 humble condition in the town of Truxillo.* 
 
 But little is told of Francisco's early years, and that 
 little not always deserving of credit. According to 
 some, he was deserted by both his parents, and left as a 
 foundling at the door of one of the principal churches of 
 the city. It is even said that he would have perished, 
 had he not been nursed by a sow. 3 This is a more dis- 
 creditable fountain of supply than that assigned to the in- 
 fant Romulus. The early history of men who have made 
 their names famous by deeds in after-life, like the early 
 history of nations, affords a fruitful field for invention. 
 
 It seems certain that the young Pizarro received little 
 care from either of his parents, and was suffered to grow 
 up as nature dictated. He was neither taught to read 
 nor write, and his principal occupation was that of a 
 swineherd. But this torpid way of life did not suit 
 the stirring spirit of Pizarro, as he grew older, and 
 listened to the tales, widely circulated and so capti- 
 vating to the youthful fancy, of the New World. He 
 shared in the popular enthusiasm, and availed himself 
 of a favorable moment to abandon his ignoble charge 
 and escape to Seville, the port where the Spanish ad- 
 
 * Xerez, Conquista del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 179. Zarate, 
 Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. r. Pizarro y Orellana, Varones ilustres, 
 p. 128. 
 
 3 " Nacio en Truxillo, i echaronlo a la puerta de la Iglesia, mamd 
 nna Puerca ciertos Dias, no se hallando quien le quisiese darleche." 
 Gomara, Hist, de las Ind., cap. 144. 
 Peru. VOL. I. 18
 
 20 6 D/SCOl'KKY OP 
 
 venturers embarked to seek their fortunes in the West. 
 Few of them could have turned their backs on their 
 native land with less cause for regret than Pizarro. 4 
 
 In what year this important change in his destiny 
 took place we are not informed. The first we hear of 
 him in the New World is at the island of Hispaniola, 
 in 1510, where he took part in the expedition to Uraba 
 in Terra Firma, under Alonzo de Ojeda, a cavalier 
 whose character and achievements find no parallel but 
 in the pages of Cervantes. Hernando Cortes, whose 
 mother was a Pizarro, and related, it is said, to the 
 father of Francis, was then in St. Domingo, and pre- 
 pared to accompany Ojeda's expedition, but was pre- 
 vented by a temporary lameness. Had he gone, the 
 fall of the Aztec empire might have been postponed 
 for some time longer, and the sceptre of Montezuma 
 have descended in peace to his posterity. Pi/arro 
 shared in the disastrous fortunes of Ojeda's coiony, 
 and by his discretion obtained so far the confidence 
 of his commander as to be left in charge of the settle- 
 ment when the latter returned for supplies to the islands. 
 The lieutenant continued at his perilous post for nearly 
 two months, waiting deliberately until death should 
 have thinned off the colony sufficiently to allow the 
 miserable remnant to be embarked in the single small 
 vessel that remained to it. 5 
 
 According to the Comendador Pizarro y Orellana, Francis Pizarro 
 served, while quite a stripling, with his father, in the Italian wars, and 
 afterwards, under Columbus and other illustrious discoverers, in the 
 New World, whose successes the author modestly attributes to his 
 kinsman's valor as a principal cause ! Varones ilustres, p. 187. 
 
 s Pizarro y Orellana, Varones ilustres, pp. 121-128. Herrera, Hist, 
 gen., dec. i, lib. 7, cap. 14. Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1^10.
 
 /f/S I-.ARI.Y HISTORY. 
 
 207 
 
 After this, we find him associated with Balboa, the 
 discoverer of the Pacific, and co-operating with him 
 in establishing the settlement at Darien. He had the 
 glory of accompanying this gallant cavalier in his ter- 
 rible march across the mountains, and of being among 
 the first Europeans, therefore, whose eyes were greeted 
 with the long-promised vision of the Southern Ocean. 
 
 After the untimely death of his commander, Pizarro 
 attached himself to the fortunes of Pedrarias, and was 
 employed by that governor in several military expe- 
 ditions, which, if they afforded nothing else, gave him 
 the requisite training for the perils and privations that 
 lay in the path of the future Conqueror of Peru. 
 
 In 1515 he was selected, with another cavalier, 
 named Morales, to cross the Isthmus and traffic with 
 the natives on the shores of the Pacific. And there, 
 while engaged in collecting his booty of gold and 
 pearls from the neighboring islands, as his eye ranged 
 along the shadowy line of coast till it faded in the 
 distance, his imagination may have been first fired with 
 the idea of, one day, attempting the conquest of the 
 mysterious regions beyond the mountains. On the 
 removal of the seat of government across the Isthmus 
 to Panama, Pizarro accompanied Pedrarias, and his 
 name became conspicuous among the cavaliers who 
 extended the line of conquest to the north over the 
 martial tribes of Veragua. But all these expeditions, 
 whatever glory they may have brought him, were pro- 
 ductive of very little gold, and at the age of fifty the 
 captain Pizarro found himself in possession only of a 
 tract of unhealthy land in the neighborhood of the 
 capital, and of such repartimientos of the natives as
 
 20 8 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 were deemed suited to his military services.* The 
 New World was a lottery, where the great prizes were 
 so few that the odds were much against the player ; yet 
 in the game he was content to stake health, fortune, 
 and, too often, his fair fame. 
 
 Such was Pizarro's situation when, in 1522, Andagoya 
 returned from his unfinished enterprise to the south of 
 Panama, bringing back with him more copious accounts 
 than any hitherto received of the opulence and grandeur 
 of the countries that lay beyond. 7 It was at this time, 
 too, that the splendid achievements of Cortes made 
 their impression on the public mind and gave a new 
 impulse to the spirit of adventure. The southern ex- 
 peditions became a common topic of speculation among 
 the colonists of Panama. But the region of gold, as it 
 lay behind the mighty curtain of the Cordilleras, was 
 still veiled in obscurity. No idea could be formed of 
 its actual distance ; and the hardships and difficulties 
 encountered by the few navigators who had sailed in 
 that direction gave a gloomy character to the under- 
 taking, which had hitherto deterred the most daring 
 from embarking in it. There is no evidence that 
 Pizarro showed any particular alacrity in the cause. 
 
 6 " Teniendo su casa, i Hacienda, i Repartimiento de Indies como 
 uno de los Principales de la Tierra ; porque siempre lo fue." Xerer, 
 Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 79. 
 
 7 Andagoya says that he obtained, while at Biru, very minute ac- 
 counts of the empire of the Incas, from certain itinerant traders who 
 frequented that country : " En esta provincia supe y hube relacion, 
 ansi de los senores como de mercaderes e interpretes que ellos tenian, 
 de toda la costa de todo lo que despues se ha visto hasta el Cuzco, 
 particularmente de cada provincia la manera y gente della, porque 
 estos alcanzaban por via de mercaduria mucha tierra." Navarrete, 
 Coleccion, torn. iii. No. 7.
 
 FfA'ST EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTH. 
 
 209 
 
 Nor were his own funds such as to warrant any expec- 
 tation of success without great assistance from others. 
 He found this in two individuals pf the colony, who 
 took too important a part in the subsequent transactions 
 not to be particularly noticed. 
 
 One of them, Diego de Almagro, was a soldier of 
 fortune, somewhat older, it seems probable, than Pi- 
 erre ; though little is known of his birth, and even 
 the place of it is disputed. It is supposed to have 
 been the town of Almagro in New Castile, whence his 
 own name, for want of a better source, was derived ; 
 for, like Pizarro, he was a foundling. 8 Few particulars 
 are known of him till the present period of our history ; 
 for he was one of those whom the working of turbulent 
 times first throws upon the surface, less fortunate, 
 perhaps, than if left in their original obscurity. In 
 his military career, Almagro had earned the reputation 
 of a gallant soldier. He was frank and liberal in his 
 disposition, somewhat hasty and ungovernable in his 
 passions, but, like men of a sanguine temperament, 
 after the first sallies had passed away, not difficult to 
 be appeased. He had, in short, the good qualities and 
 the defects incident to an honest nature not improved 
 by the discipline of early education or self-control. 
 
 The other member of the confederacy was Hernando 
 
 8 " Decia el que herade Almagro," says Pedro Pizarro, who knew 
 him well. Relacion del Descubrimiento y Conquista de los Reynos 
 del Peru, MS. See also Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. i. 
 Gomara, Hist, de las Ind., cap. 141. Pizarro y Orellana, Varones 
 ilustres, p. 211. The last writer admits that Almagro's parentage is 
 unknown, but adds that the character of his early exploits infers an 
 illustrious descent. Thrs would scarcely pass for evidence with the 
 College of Heralds. 
 
 1 8*
 
 210 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 de Luque, a Spanish ecclesiastic, who exercised the 
 functions of vicar at Panama, and had formerly filled 
 the office of schoolmaster in the Cathedral of Darien. 
 He seems to have been a man of singular prudence and 
 knowledge of the world, and by his respectable quali- 
 ties had acquired considerable influence in the little 
 community to which he belonged, as well as the con- 
 trol of funds, which made his co-operation essential to 
 the success of the present enterprise. 
 
 It was arranged among the three associates that the 
 two cavaliers should contribute their little stock towards 
 defraying the expenses of the armament, but by far the 
 greater part of the funds was to be furnished by Luque. 
 Pizarro was to take command of the expedition, and 
 the business of victualling and equipping the vessels 
 was assigned to Almagro. The associates found no 
 difficulty in obtaining the consent of the governor to 
 their undertaking. After the return of Andagoya, he 
 had projected another expedition, but the officer to 
 whom it was to be intrusted died. Why he did not 
 prosecute his original purpose, and commit the affair 
 to an experienced captain like Pizarro, does not appear. 
 He was probably not displeased that the burden of the 
 enterprise should be borne by others, so long as a good 
 share of the profits went into his own coffers. This he 
 did not overlook in his stipulations. 9 
 
 9 " Asi que estos tres companeros ya dichos acordaron de yr a con- 
 quistar esta provincia ya dicha. Pues consultandolo con Pedro Arias 
 de Avila que a la sazon hera governador en tierra firme, vino en 
 ello haziendo compafiia con los dichos companeros con condicion que 
 Pedro Arias no havia de contribuir entonces con ningun dinero ni 
 otra cosa sino de lo que se hallase en la tierra de lo que a el le cupiese 
 por virtud de la compania de alii se pagasen los gastos que el le
 
 FIRST EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTH. 21 1 
 
 Thus fortified with the funds of Luque and the con- 
 sent of the governor, Almagro was not slow to make 
 preparations for the voyage. Two small vessels were 
 purchased, the larger of which had been originally 
 built by Balboa for himself, with a view to this same 
 expedition. Since his death, it had lain dismantled in 
 the harbor of Panama. It was now refitted as well as 
 circumstances would permit, and put in order for sea, 
 while the stores and provisions were got on board with 
 an alacrity which did more credit, as the event proved, 
 to Almagro' s zeal than to his forecast. 
 
 There was more difficulty in obtaining the necessary 
 complement of hands ; for a general feeling of distrust 
 had gathered round expeditions in this direction, which 
 could not readily be overcome. But there were many 
 idle hangers-on in the colony, who had come out to 
 mend their fortunes, and were willing to take their 
 chance of doing so, however desperate. From such 
 materials as these, Almagro assembled a body of some- 
 what more than a hundred men ; I0 and, every thing 
 
 cupiesen. Los tres companeros vinieron en ello por aver esta licencia 
 porque de otra manera no la alcanzaran." (Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y 
 Conq., MS.) Andagoya, however, affirms that the governor was in- 
 terested equally with the other associates in the adventure, each taking 
 a fourth part on himself. (Navarrete, Coleccion, torn. iii. No. 7.) 
 But whatever was the original interest of Pedrarias, it mattered little, 
 as it was surrendered before any profits were realized from the ex- 
 pedition. 
 
 10 Herrera, the most popular historian of these transactions, esti- 
 mates the number of Pizarro's followers at only eighty. But every 
 other authority which I have consulted raises them to over a hundred. 
 Father Naharro, a contemporary, and resident at Lima, even allows a 
 hundred and twenty-nine. Relacion sumaria de la Entrada de los 
 Espanoles en el Peru, MS.
 
 212 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 being ready, Pizarro assumed the command, and, weigh- 
 ing anchor, took his departure from the little port of 
 Panama about the middle of November, 1524. Al- 
 magro was to follow in a second vessel of inferior size, 
 as soon as it could be fitted out." 
 
 The time of year was the most unsuitable that could 
 have been selected for the voyage ; for it was the rainy 
 season, when the navigation to the south, impeded by 
 contrary winds, is made doubly dangerous by the tem- 
 pests that sweep over the coast. But this was not 
 understood by the adventurers. After touching at the 
 Isle of Pearls, the frequent resort of navigators, at a 
 few leagues' distance from Panama, Pizarro held his 
 way across the Gulf of St. Michael, and steered almost 
 due south for the Puerto de Pin" as, a headland in the 
 province of Biruquete, which marked the limit of An- 
 dagoya's voyage. Before his departure, Pizarro had 
 obtained all the information which he could derive 
 from that officer in respect to the country, and the 
 route he was to follow. But the cavalier's own experi- 
 ence had been too limited to enable him to be of much 
 assistance. 
 
 Doubling the Puerto de Pifias, the little vessel en- 
 
 11 There is the usual discrepancy among authors about the date of 
 this expedition. Most fix it at 1525. I have conformed to Xerez, 
 Pizarro's secretary, whose narrative was published ten years after the 
 voyage, and who could hardly have forgotten the date of so memor- 
 able an event in so short an interval of time. (See his Conquista del 
 Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 179.) The year seems to be settled by 
 Pizarro's Capitulation with the crown, which I had not examined till 
 after the above was written. This instrument, dated July, 1529, speaks 
 of his first expedition as having taken place about five years previous 
 (See Appendix No. 7.)
 
 D /STRESSES OF THE VOYAGERS. 313 
 
 tejed the river Birii, the misapplication of which name 
 is supposed by some to have given rise to that of the 
 empire of the Incas. 12 After sailing up this stream for 
 a couple of leagues, Pizarro came to anchor, and, dis- 
 embarking his whole force except the sailors, proceeded 
 at the head of it to explore the country. The land 
 spread out into a vast swamp, where the heavy rains 
 had settled in pools of stagnant water, and the muddy 
 soil afforded no footing to the traveller. This dismal 
 morass was fringed with woods, through whose thick 
 and tangled undergrowth they found it difficult to pene- 
 trate ; and, emerging from them, they came out on a 
 hilly country, so rough and rocky in its character that 
 their feet were cut to the bone, and the weary soldier, 
 encumbered with his heavy mail or thick-padded doub- 
 let of cotton, found it difficult to drag one foot after 
 the other. The heat at times was oppressive ; and, 
 fainting with toil and famished for want of food, they 
 sank down oil the earth from mere exhaustion. Such 
 was the ominous commencement of the expedition to 
 Peru. 
 
 Pizarro, however, did not lose heart. He endeavored 
 to revive the spirits of his men, and besought them not 
 to be.- discouraged by difficulties which a brave heart 
 would be sure to overcome, reminding them of the 
 golden prize which awaited those who persevered. Yet 
 it "was obvious that nothing was to be gained by re- 
 maining longer in this desolate region. Returning to 
 their vessel, therefore, it was suffered to drop down 
 
 " Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. i. Herrera, Hist, general, 
 dec. 3, lib. 6, cap. 13.
 
 ai4 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 the river and proceed along its southern course on the 
 great ocean. 
 
 After coasting a few leagues, Pizarro anchored off a 
 
 place not very inviting in its appearance, where he took 
 
 in a supply of wood and water. Then, stretching more 
 
 towards the open sea, he held on in the same direction 
 
 towards the south. But in this he was baffled by a 
 
 succession of heavy tempests, accompanied with such 
 
 tremendous peals of thunder and floods of rain as are 
 
 fou?.^ O nly in the terrible storms of the tropics. The 
 
 sea was i~v.<i j n to fury, and, swelling into mountain 
 
 billows, threate.. j every mO ment to overwhelm the 
 
 crazy little bark, w.. ^ opened at every seam For 
 
 ten days the unfortunate ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^ 
 
 the pitiless elements, and it incessant exer- 
 
 tions __the exertions of desp. preseT ved 
 
 the ship from foundering. ^ ~ ^._ ^ .^._ 
 
 te s 
 
 their provisions began to ^ an < were short of 
 water, of which they ^^^ H on i y with a 
 small number of casks ;fc A counted on 
 
 e 
 
 recruitng ei scany 
 
 unpromising than the aspect of the ,mmtr^ re 
 Jsame character of low, - *
 
 DISTRESSES OE THE VOYAGEftS. 215 
 
 stretched along the coast to an interminable length. 
 It was in vain that the wearied Spaniards endeavored 
 to thread the mazes of this tangled thicket, where the 
 creepers and flowering vines, that shoot up luxuriant 
 in a hot and humid atmosphere, had twined themselves 
 round the huge trunks of the forest-trees and made a 
 net-work that could be opened only with the axe. The 
 rain, in the mean time, rarely slackened, and the ground, 
 strewed with leaves and saturated with moisture, seemed 
 to slip away beneath their feet. 
 
 Nothing could be more dreary and disheartening 
 than the aspect of these funereal forests, where the 
 exhalations from the overcharged surface of the ground 
 poisoned the air, and seemed to allow no life, except 
 that, indeed, of myriads of insects, whose enamelled 
 wings glanced to and fro, like sparks of fire, in every 
 opening of the woods. Even the brute creation ap- 
 peared instinctively to have shunned the fatal spot, and 
 neither beast nor bird of any description was seen by 
 the wanderers. Silenced reigned unbroken in the 
 heart of these dismal^ solitudes ; at least, the only 
 sounds that could be heard were the plashing of the 
 rain-drops on the leaves, and the tread of the forlorn 
 adventurers. 13 
 
 Entirely discouraged by the aspect of the country, 
 the Spaniards began to comprehend that they had 
 gained nothing by changing their quarters from sea 
 to shore, and they felt the most serious apprehensions 
 
 3 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 180. Relacion del 
 primer Descub., MS. Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1515. Za- 
 rate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. i. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte *, 
 lib. i, cap. 7. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 6, cap. 13.
 
 216 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 of perishing from famine in a region which afforded 
 nothing but such unwholesome berries as they could 
 pick here and there in the woods. They loudly com- 
 plained of their hard lot, accusing their commander as 
 the author of all their troubles, and as deluding them 
 with promises of a fairy-land, which seemed to recede 
 in proportion as they advanced. It was of no use, they 
 said, to contend against fate, and it was better to take 
 their chance of regaining the port of Panama in time 
 to save their lives, than to wait where they were to die 
 of hunger. 
 
 But Pizarro was prepared to encounter much greater 
 evils than these before returning to Panama, bankrupt 
 in credit, an object of derision as a vainglorious 
 dreamer who had persuaded others to embark in an 
 adventure which he had not the courage to carry 
 through himself. The present was his only chance. 
 To return would be ruin. He used every argument, 
 therefore, that mortified pride or avarice could suggest 
 to turn his followers from their purpose ; represented 
 to them that these were the troubles that necessarily 
 lay in the path of the discoverer, and called to mind 
 the brilliant successes of their countrymen in other 
 quarters, and the repeated reports which they had 
 themselves received of the rich regions along this 
 coast, of which it required only courage and constancy 
 on their part to become the masters. Yet, as their 
 present exigencies were pressing, he resolved to send 
 back the vessel to the Isle of Pearls, to lay in a fresh 
 stock of provisions for his company, which might 
 enable them to go forward with renewed confidence. 
 The distance was not great, and in a few days they
 
 DISTRESSES OF 7 HE VOYAGERS. 217 
 
 would all be relieved from their perilous position. The 
 officer detached on this service was named Montenegro ; 
 and, taking with him nearly half the company, after re- 
 ceiving Pizarro's directions, he instantly weighed anchor 
 and steered for the Isle of Pearls. 
 
 On the departure of his vessel, the Spanish com- 
 mander made an attempt to explore the country and 
 see if some Indian settlement might not be found, 
 where he could procure refreshments for his followers. 
 But his efforts were vain, and no trace was visible of a 
 human dwelling ; though in the dense and impenetra- 
 ble foliage of the equatorial regions the distance of a 
 few rods might suffice to screen a city from observa- 
 tion. The only means of nourishment left to the un- 
 fortunate adventurers were such shell-fish as they occa- 
 sionally picked up on the shore, or the bitter buds of 
 the palm-tree, and such berries and unsavory herbs as 
 grew wild in the woods. Some of these were so poison- 
 ous that the bodies of those who ate them swelled up 
 and were tormented with racking pains. Others, pre- 
 ferring famine to this miserable diet, pined away from 
 weakness and actually died of starvation. Yet their 
 resolute leader strove to maintain his own cheerfulness 
 and to keep up the drooping spirits of his men. He 
 freely shared with them his scanty stock of provisions, 
 was unwearied in his endeavors to procure them sus- 
 tenance, tended the sick, and ordered barracks to be 
 constructed for their accommodation, which might at 
 least shelter them from the drenching storms of the 
 season. By this ready sympathy with his followers in 
 their sufferings he obtained an ascendency over their 
 rough natures which the assertion of authority, at least 
 Peru. VOL. I. K 19
 
 218 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 in the present extremity, could never have secured to 
 him. 
 
 Day after day, week after week, had now passed 
 away, and no tidings were heard of the vessel that was 
 to bring relief to the wanderers. In vain did they 
 strain their eyes over the distant waters to catch a 
 glimpse of their coming friends. Not a speck was to 
 be seen in the blue distance, where the canoe of the 
 savage dared not venture, and the sail of the white 
 man was not yet spread. Those who had borne up 
 bravely at first now gave way to despondency, as they 
 felt themselves abandoned by their countrymen on this 
 desolate shore. They pined under that sad feeling 
 which "maketh the heart sick." More than twenty 
 of the little band had already died, and the survivors 
 seemed to be rapidly following. 1 * 
 
 At this crisis reports were brought to Pizarro of a 
 light having been seen through a distant opening in 
 the woods. He hailed the tidings with eagerness, as 
 intimating the existence of some settlement in the 
 neighborhood, and, putting himself at the head of a 
 small party, went in the direction pointed out, to re- 
 connoitre. He was not disappointed, and, after extri- 
 cating himself from a dense wilderness of underbrush 
 and foliage, he emerged into an open space, where a 
 small Indian village was planted. The timid inhabit- 
 ants, on the sudden apparition of the strangers, quitted 
 their huts in dismay ; and the famished Spaniards, 
 rushing in, eagerly made themselves masters of their 
 contents. These consisted of different articles of food, 
 
 '4 Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 6, cap. 13. Relacion del 
 primer Descub., MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ubi supra.
 
 DISTRESSES OJ- THE VOYAGERS. 
 
 219 
 
 chiefly maize and cocoanuts. The supply, though 
 small, was too seasonable not to fill th ,m with rapture. 
 The astonished natives made no attempt at resist- 
 ance. But, gathering more confidence as no violence 
 was offered to their persons, they drew nearer the white 
 men, and inquired, "Why they did not stay at home 
 and till their own lands, instead of roaming about to 
 rob others who had never harmed them ?' ' 1S Whatever 
 may have been their opinion as to the question of 
 right, the Spaniards, no doubt, felt then that it would 
 have been wiser to do so. But the. savages wore about 
 their persons gold ornaments of some size, though of 
 clumsy workmanship. This furnished the best reply to 
 their demand. It was the golden bait which lured the 
 Spanish adventurer to forsake his pleasant home for 
 the trials of the wilderness. From the Indians Pizarro 
 gathered a confirmation of the reports he had so often 
 received of a rich country lying farther south ; and at 
 the distance of ten days' journey across the mountains, 
 they told him, there dwelt a mighty monarch whose 
 dominions had been invaded by another still more 
 powerful, the Child of the Sun.' 6 It may have been 
 
 5 " Porque decian a los Castellanos, que por que no sembraban, i 
 cogian, sin andar tomando los Bastimentos agenos, pasando tantos 
 trabajos?" Herrera, Hist, general, loc. cit. 
 
 16 " Dioles noticia el viejo por medio del lengua, como diez soles 
 de alii habia un Rev muy poderoso yendo por espesas montanas. y 
 que otro mas poderoso hijo del sol habia venido de milagro & quitarle 
 el Reino sobre que tenian mui sangrientas batallas." (Montesinos. 
 Annales, MS., ano 1525.) The conquest of Quito by Huayna Capac 
 took place more than thirty years before this period in our history. 
 But the particulars of this revolution, its time or precise theatre, were 
 probably but very vaguely comprehended by the rude nations in the 
 neighborhood of Panamd ; and their allusion to it in an unknown dia-
 
 220 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 the invasion of Quito that was meant, by the valiant 
 Inca Huayna Capac, which took place some years pre- 
 vious to Pizarro's expedition. 
 
 At length, after the expiration of more than six 
 weeks, the Spaniards beheld with delight the return 
 of the wandering bark that had borne away their com- 
 rades, and Montenegro sailed into port with an ample 
 supply of provisions for his famishing countrymen. 
 Great was his horror at the aspect presented by the 
 latter, their wild and haggard countenances and wasted 
 frames, so wasted by hunger and disease that their 
 old companions found it difficult to recognize them. 
 Montenegro accounted for his delay by incessant head- 
 winds and bad weather; and he himself had also a 
 doleful tale to tell of the distress to which he and his 
 crew had been reduced by hunger on their passage to 
 the Isle of Pearls. It is minute incidents like these 
 with which we have been occupied that enable one to 
 comprehend the extremity of suffering to which the 
 Spanish adventurer was subjected in the prosecution of 
 his great work of discovery. 
 
 Revived by the substantial nourishment to which 
 they had so long been strangers, the Spanish cavaliers, 
 with the buoyancy that belongs to men of a hazardous 
 and roving life, forgot their past distresses in their 
 eagerness to prosecute their enterprise. Re-embark- 
 ing, therefore, on board his vessel, Pizarro bade adieu 
 to the scene of so much suffering, which he branded 
 with the appropriate name of Puerto de la Hambre, 
 the Port of Famine, and again opened his sails to a 
 
 lect was as little comprehended by the Spanish voyagers, \vho must 
 have collected their information from signs much more than words.
 
 DJSTR&5SES OF THE VO YAGERS. 221 
 
 favorable breeze that bore him onwards towards the 
 south. 
 
 Had he struck boldly out into the deep, instead of 
 hugging the inhospitable shore, where he had hitherto 
 found so little to recompense him, he might have 
 spared himself the repetition of wearisome and un- 
 profitable adventures and reached by a shorter route 
 the point of his destination. But the Spanish mariner 
 groped his way along these unknown coasts, landing at 
 every convenient headland, as if fearful lest some fruit- 
 ful region or precious mine might be overlooked should 
 a single break occur in the line of survey. Yet it 
 should be remembered that, though the true point of 
 Pizarro's destination is obvious to us, familiar with the 
 topography of these countries, he was wandering in 
 the dark, feeling his way along inch by inch, as it 
 were, without chart to guide him, without knowledge 
 of the seas or of the bearings of the coast, and even 
 with no better defined idea of the object at which he 
 aimed than that of a land, teeming with gold, that lay 
 somewhere at the south ! It was a hunt for an El 
 Dorado, on information scarcely more circumstantial 
 or authentic than that which furnished the basis of so 
 many chimerical enterprises in this land of wonders. 
 Success only, the best argument with the multitude, 
 redeemed the expeditions of Pizarro from a similar 
 imputation of extravagance. 
 
 Holding on his southerly course under the lee of 
 the shore, Pizarro, after a short run, found himself 
 abreast of an open reach of country, or at least one 
 less encumbered with wood, which rose by a gradual 
 swell as it receded from the coast. He landed with a 
 19*
 
 222 DISCOVERY OF PERL'. 
 
 small body of men, and, advancing a short distance 
 into the interior, fell in with an Indian hamlet. It 
 was abandoned by the inhabitants, who on the approach 
 of the invaders had betaken themselves to the moun- 
 tains ; and the Spaniards, entering their deserted dwell- 
 ings, found there a good store of maize and other 
 articles of food, and rude ornaments of gold of con- 
 siderable value. Food was not more necessary for 
 their bodies than was the sight of gold, from time to 
 time, to stimulate their appetite for adventure. One 
 spectacle, however, chilled their blood with horror. 
 This was the sight of human flesh, which they found 
 roasting before the fire, as the barbarians had left it, 
 preparatory to their obscene repast. The Spaniards, 
 conceiving that they had fallen in with a tribe of 
 Caribs, the only race in that part of the New World 
 known to be cannibals, retreated precipitately to their 
 vessel. 17 They were not steeled by sad familiarity with 
 the spectacle, like the Conquerors of Mexico. 
 
 The weather, which had been favorable, now set in 
 tempestuous, with heavy squalls, accompanied by in- 
 cessant thunder and lightning, and the rain, as usual 
 in these tropical tempests, descended not so much in 
 drops as in unbroken sheets of water. The Spaniards, 
 however, preferred to take their chance on the raging 
 element rather than remain in the scene of such brutal 
 abominations. But the fury of the storm gradually 
 subsided, and the little vessel held on her way along 
 
 *7 " I en las Ollas de la comida, que estaban al Fuego, entre la 
 Came, que sacaban, havia Pies i Manos de Hombres, de donde cono- 
 cieron, que aquellos Indies eran Caribes." Herrera, Hist, general, 
 dec. 3, lib. 8, cap. u.
 
 Sff.-IAT ENCOUNTERS. 
 
 223 
 
 the coast, till, coming abreast of a bold point of land 
 named by Pizarro Punta Quemada, he gave orders to 
 anchor. The margin of the shore was fringed with a 
 deep belt of mangrove-trees, the long roots of which, 
 interlacing one another, formed a kind of submarine 
 lattice-work that made the place difficult of approach. 
 Several avenues, opening through this tangled thicket, 
 led Pizarro to conclude that the country must be in- 
 habited, and he disembarked, with the greater part of 
 his force, to explore the interior. 
 
 He had not penetrated more than a league when he 
 found his conjecture verified by the sight of an Indian 
 town, of larger size than those he had hitherto seen, 
 occupying the brow of an eminence, and well defended 
 by palisades. The inhabitants, as usual, had fled, but 
 left in their dwellings a good supply of provisions and 
 some gold trinkets, which the Spaniards made no diffi- 
 culty of appropriating to themselves. Pizarro's flimsy 
 bark had been strained by the heavy gales it had of 
 late encountered, so that it was unsafe to prosecute the 
 voyage farther without more thorough repairs than 
 could be given to her on this desolate coast. He ac- 
 cordingly determined to send her back with a few hands 
 to be careened at Panama, and meanwhile to establish 
 his quarters in his present position, which was so favor- 
 able for defence. But first he despatched a small party 
 under Montenegro to reconnoitre the country, and, if 
 possible, to open a communication with the natives. 
 
 The latter were a warlike race. They had left their 
 habitations in order to place their wives and children 
 in safety. But they had kept an eye on the movements 
 of the invaders, and when they saw their forces divided
 
 224 DISCOVERY OF PEKC. 
 
 they resolved to fall upon each body singly before it 
 could communicate with the other. So soon, there- 
 fore, as Montenegro had penetrated through the defiles 
 of the lofty hills which shoot out like spurs of the Cor- 
 dilleras along this part of the coast, the Indian war- 
 riors, springing from their ambush, sent off a cloud of 
 arrows and other missiles that darkened the air, while 
 they made the forest ring with their shrill war-whoop. 
 The Spaniards, astonished at the appearance of the 
 savages, with their naked bodies gaudily painted, and 
 brandishing their weapons as they glanced among the 
 trees and straggling underbrush that choked up the 
 defile, were taken by surprise and thrown for a moment 
 into disarray. Three of their number were killed and 
 several wounded. Yet, speedily rallying, they returned 
 the discharge of the assailants with their cross-bows, 
 for Pizarro's troops do not seem to have been provided 
 with muskets on this expedition, and then, gallantly 
 charging the enemy, sword in hand, succeeded in ' 
 driving them back into the fastnesses of the mountains. 
 But it only led them to shift their operations to another 
 quarter, and make an assault on Pizarro before he could 
 be relieved by his lieutenant. 
 
 Availing themselves of their superior knowledge of 
 the passes, they reached that commander's quarters 
 long before Montenegro, who had commenced a coun- 
 termarch in the same direction ; and, issuing from the 
 woods, the bold savages saluted the Spanish garrison 
 with a tempest of darts and arrows, some of which 
 found their way through the joints of the harness and 
 the quilted mail of the cavaliers. But Pizarro was too 
 well-practised a soldier to be off his guard. Calling
 
 S//.-1 AT I-:\CO t \\'TKKS. 
 
 225 
 
 his men about him, he resolved not to abide the assault 
 tamely in the works, but to sally out and meet the 
 enemy on their own ground. The barbarians, who 
 had advanced near the defences, fell back as the Span- 
 iards burst forth with their valiant leader at their head. 
 But, soon returning with admirable ferocity to the 
 charge, they singled out Pizarro, whom by his bold 
 bearing and air of authority they easily recognized as 
 the chief, and, hurling at him a storm of missiles, 
 wounded him, in spite of his armor, in no less than 
 seven places.' 8 
 
 Driven back by the fury of the assault directed 
 against his own person, the Spanish commander re- 
 treated down the slope of the hill, still defending him- 
 self as he could with sword and buckler, when his foot 
 slipped, and he fell. The enemy set up a fierce yell of 
 triumph, and some of the boldest sprang forward to 
 despatch him. But Pizarro was on his feet in an in- 
 stant, and, striking down two of the foremost with his 
 strong arm, held the rest at bay till his soldiers could 
 come to the rescue. The barbarians, struck with ad- 
 miration at his valor, began to falter, when Montenegro 
 luckily coming on the ground at the moment, and 
 falling on their rear, completed their confusion ; and, 
 abandoning the field, they made the best of their way 
 into the recesses of the mountains. The ground was 
 covered with their slain ; but the victory was dearly 
 purchased by the death of two more Spaniards and a 
 long list of wounded. 
 
 18 Xaharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. 
 Barcia, torn. iii. p. 180. Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. I, cap. I. Bal- 
 boa, Hist, du Perou, chap. 15. 
 K*
 
 22 6 D/SCOl'KRY OF PERU. 
 
 A council of war was then called. The position had 
 lost its charm in the eyes of the Spaniards, who had 
 met here with the first resistance they had yet expe- 
 rienced on their expedition. It was necessary to place 
 the wounded in some secure spot, where their injuries 
 could be attended to. Yet it was not safe to proceed 
 farther, in the crippled state of their vessel. On the 
 whole, it was decided to return and report their pro- 
 ceedings to the governor ; and, though the magnificent 
 hopes of the adventurers had not been realized, Pizarro 
 trusted that enough had been done to vindicate the 
 importance of the enterprise and to secure the counte- 
 nance of Pedrarias for the further prosecution of it.' 9 
 
 Yet Pizarro could not- make up his mind to present 
 himself, in the present state of the undertaking, before 
 the governor. He determined, therefore, to be set on 
 shore with the principal part of his company at Chi- 
 cama, a place on the main land, at a short distance 
 west of Panama. From this place, which he reached 
 without any further accident, he despatched the vessel, 
 and in it his treasurer, Nicolas de Ribera, with the gold 
 he had collected, and with instructions to lay before 
 the governor a full account of his discoveries and the 
 result of the expedition. 
 
 While these events were passing, Pizarro's associate, 
 Almagro, had been busily employed in fitting out an- 
 other vessel for the expedition at the port of Panama. 
 It was not till long after his friend's departure that he 
 was prepared to follow him. With the assistance of 
 Luque, he at length succeeded in equipping a small 
 caravel and embarking a body of between sixty and 
 
 '9 Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 8, cap. n. Xerez, jibi supra.
 
 A L. MACRO'S EXPEDITION. 227 
 
 seventy adventurers, mostly of the lowest order of the 
 colonists. He steered in the track of his comrade, 
 with the intention of overtaking him as soon as possi- 
 ble. By a signal previously concerted of notching the 
 trees, he was able to identify the spots visited by Pizarro, 
 Puerto de Pifias, Puerto de la Hambre, Pueblo Que- 
 mado, touching successively at every point of the 
 coast explored by his countrymen, though in a much 
 shorter time. At the last-mentioned place he was re- 
 ceived by the fierce natives with the same hostile 
 demonstrations as Pizarro, though in the present en- 
 counter the Indians did not venture beyond their 
 defences. But the hot blood of Almagro was so exas- 
 perated by this check that he assaulted the place and 
 carried it sword in hand, setting fire to the outworks 
 and dwellings, and driving the wretched inhabitants 
 into the forests. 
 
 His victory cost him dear. A wound from a javelin 
 on the head caused an inflammation in one of his eyes, 
 which, after great anguish, ended in the loss of it. Yet 
 the intrepid adventurer did not hesitate to pursue his 
 voyage, and, after touching at several places on the 
 coast, some of which rewarded him with a considerable 
 booty in gold, he reached the mouth of the Rio de San 
 Juan, about the fourth degree of north latitude. He 
 was struck with the beauty of the stream, and with the 
 cultivation on its borders, which were sprinkled with 
 Indian cottages showing some skill in their construc- 
 tion, and altogether intimating a higher civilization 
 than any thing he had yet seen. 
 
 Still his mind was filled with anxiety for the fate of 
 Pizarro and his followers. No trace of them had been
 
 228 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 found on the coast for a long time, and it was evident 
 they must have foundered at sea or made their way 
 back to Panama. This last he deemed most probable ; 
 as the vessel might have passed him unnoticed under 
 the cover of the night or of the dense fogs that some- 
 times hang over the coast. 
 
 Impressed with this belief, he felt no heart to con- 
 tinue ,his voyage of discovery, for which, indeed, his 
 single bark, with its small complement of men, was 
 altogether inadequate. He proposed, therefore, to re- 
 turn without delay. On his way he touched at the Isle 
 of Pearls, and there learned the result of his friend's 
 expedition and the place of his present residence. He 
 directed his course at once to Chicama, where the two 
 cavaliers soon had the satisfaction of embracing each 
 other and recounting their several exploits and escapes. 
 Almagro returned even better freighted with gold than 
 his confederate, and at every step of his progress he 
 had collected fresh confirmation of the existence of 
 some great and opulent empire in the South. The 
 confidence of the two friends was much strengthened 
 by their discoveries ; and they unhesitatingly pledged 
 themselves to one another to die rather than abandon 
 the enterprise." 
 
 The best means of obtaining the levies requisite for 
 so formidable an undertaking more formidable, as it 
 now .appeared to them, than before were made the 
 
 30 Xerez, ubi supra. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Zarate, 
 Conq. del Peru, loc. cit. Balboa, Hist, du Prou, chap. 15. Rela- 
 cion del primer Descub., MS. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 8, 
 cap. 13. Levinus Apollonius, fol. 12. Gomara, Hist, de las Ind., 
 cap. 108.
 
 ALMAGRO'S EXPEDITION. 229 
 
 subject of long and serious discussion. It was at 
 length decided that Pizarro should remain in his pres- 
 ent quarters, inconvenient and even unwholesome as 
 they were rendered by the humidity of the climate and 
 the pestilent swarms of insects that filled the atmos- 
 phere. Almagro would pass over to Panama, lay the 
 case before the governor, and secure, if possible, his 
 good will towards the prosecution of the enterprise. 
 If no obstacle were thrown in their way from this 
 quarter, they might hope, with the assistance of Luque, 
 to raise the necessary supplies ; while the results of the 
 recent expedition were sufficiently encouraging to draw 
 adventurers to their standard in a community which 
 had a craving for excitement that gave even danger a 
 charm, and which held life cheap in comparison with 
 gold. 
 
 Peru. VOL. i.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE FAMOUS CONTRACT. SECOND EXPEDITION. RUIZ 
 
 EXPLORES THE COAST. PIZARRo's SUFFERINGS IN 
 
 THE FORESTS. ARRIVAL OF NEW RECRUITS. FRESH 
 
 DISCOVERIES AND DISASTERS. PIZARRO ON THE ISLE 
 OF GAi^O. 
 
 1526-1527. 
 
 ON his arrival at Panama, Almagro found that 
 events had taken a turn less favorable to his views 
 than he had anticipated. Pedrarias, the governor, 
 was preparing to lead an expedition in person against 
 a rebellious officer in Nicaragua ; and his temper, natu- 
 rally not the most amiable, was still further soured by 
 this defection of his lieutenant and the necessity it im- 
 posed on him of a long and perilous march. When, 
 therefore, Almagro appeared before him with the re- 
 quest that he might be permitted to raise further levies 
 to prosecute his enterprise, the governor received him 
 with obvious dissatisfaction, listened coldly to the nar- 
 rative of his losses, turned an incredulous ear to his 
 magnificent promises for the future, and bluntly de- 
 manded an account of the lives which had been sacri- 
 ficed by Pizarro's obstinacy, but which, had they been 
 spared, might have stood him in good stead in his 
 present expedition to Nicaragua. He positively de- 
 clined to countenance the rash schemes of the two 
 adventurers any longer, and the conquest of Peru 
 (230)
 
 THE /-AMOCS CONTRACT. 
 
 231 
 
 would have been crushed in the bud, but for the effi- 
 cient interposition of the remaining associate, Fernando 
 de Luque. 
 
 This sagacious ecclesiastic had received a very dif- 
 ferent impression from Almagro's narrative from that 
 which had been made on the mind of the irritable 
 governor. The actual results of the enterprise in gold 
 and silver thus far, indeed, had been small, forming 
 a mortifying contrast to the magnitude of their ex- 
 pectations. But in another point of view they were of 
 the last importance ; since the intelligence which the 
 adventurers had gained at every successive stage of 
 their progress confirmed, in the strongest manner, the 
 previous accounts, received from Andagoya and others, 
 of a rich Indian empire at the south, which might 
 repay the trouble of conquering it as well as Mexico 
 had repaid the enterprise of Cortes. Fully entering, 
 therefore, into the feelings of his military associates, 
 he used all his influence with the governor to incline 
 him to a more favorable view of Almagro's petition ; 
 and no one in the little community of Panama exer- 
 cised greater influence over the councils of the executive 
 than Father Luque, for which he was indebted no less 
 to his discretion and acknowledged sagacity than to his 
 professional station. 
 
 But while Pedrarias, overcome by the arguments or 
 importunity of the churchman, yielded a reluctant assent 
 to the application, he took care to testify his displeasure 
 with Pizarro, on whom he particularly charged the loss 
 of his followers, by naming Almagro as his equal in 
 command in the proposed expedition. This mortifi- 
 cation sank deep into Pizarro's mind. He suspected
 
 2 3 2 
 
 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 his comrade, with what reason does not appear, of 
 soliciting this boon from the governor. A temporary 
 coldness arose between them, which subsided, in out- 
 ward show at least, on Pizarro's reflecting that it was 
 better to have this authority conferred on a friend than 
 on a stranger, perhaps an enemy. But the seeds of 
 permanent distrust were left in his bosom, and lay 
 waiting for the due season to ripen into a fruitful har- 
 vest of discord. 1 
 
 Pedrarias had been originally interested in the enter- 
 prise, at least so far as to stipulate for a share of the 
 gains, though he had not contributed, as it appears, a 
 single ducat towards the expenses. He was at length, 
 however, induced to relinquish all right to a share of 
 the contingent profits. But in his manner of doing so 
 he showed a mercenary spirit better becoming a petty 
 trader than a high officer of the crown. He stipulated 
 that the associates should secure to him the sum of one 
 thousand pesos de oro in requital of his good will, and 
 they eagerly closed with his proposal, rather than be 
 encumbered with his pretensions. For so paltry a con- 
 sideration did he resign his portion of the rich spoil of 
 the Incas ! 2 But the governor was not gifted with the 
 
 1 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 180. Montesinos, 
 Annales, MS., afio 1526. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 8, cap. 
 12. 
 
 a Such is the account of Oviedo, who was present at the interview 
 between the governor and Almagro when the terms of compensation 
 were discussed. The dialogue, which is amusing enough, and well 
 told by the old Chronicler, may be found translated in Appendix No. 
 5. Another version of the affair is given in the Relation, often quoted 
 by me, of one of the Peruvian conquerors, in which Pedrarias is said 
 to have gone out of the partnership voluntarily, from his disgust at 
 the unpromising state of affairs : " Vueltos con la dicha geiite & Pa<
 
 THE J-AMOUS CONTRACT. 233 
 
 eye of a prophet. His avarice was of that short- 
 sighted kind which defeats itself. He had sacrificed 
 the chivalrous Balboa just as that officer was opening 
 to him the conquest of Peru, and he would now have 
 quenched the spirit of enterprise, that was taking the 
 same direction, in Pizarro and his associates. 
 
 Not long after this, in the following year, he was 
 succeeded in his government by Don Pedro de los 
 Rios, a cavalier of Cordova. It was the policy of the 
 Castilian crown to allow no one of the great colonial 
 officers to occupy the same station so long as to render 
 himself formidable by his authority. 3 It had, more- 
 over, many particular causes of disgust with Pedrarias. 
 The functionary sent out to succeed him was fortified 
 with ample instructions for the good of the colony, 
 
 nama, destrozados y gastados que ya no tenian haciendas para tornar 
 con provisiones y gentes que todo lo habian gastado, el dicho Pedra- 
 rias de Avila les dijo, que ya el no queria mas hacer compania con 
 ellos en los gastos de la armada, que si ellos querian volver & su costa, 
 que lo hiciesen ; y ansi como gente que habia perdido todo lo que 
 tenia y tanto habia trabajado, acordaron de tornar & proseguir su 
 Jornada y dar fin d las vidas y haciendas que les quedaba, 6 descubrir 
 aquella tierra, y ciertamente ellos tubieron grande constancia y 
 animo." Relacion del primer Descub., MS. 
 
 3 This policy is noticed by the sagacious Martyr : " De mutandis 
 namque plaerisque gubernatoribus, ne longa nimis imperii assuetu- 
 dine insolescant, cogitatur, qui prascipue non fuerint prouinciarum 
 domitores.de hisce ducibus namque alia ratio ponderatur." (De 
 Orbe Novo (Parisiis, 1587). p. 498.) One cannot but regret that the 
 philosopher who took so keen an interest in the successive revela- 
 tions of the different portions of the New World should have died 
 before the empire of the Incas was disclosed to Europeans. He 
 lived to learn and to record the wonders of 
 
 " Rich Mexico, the seat of Montezuma ; 
 Not Cuzco in Peru, the richer seat of Atabalipa." 
 20*
 
 234 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 and especially of the natives, Avhose religious conver- 
 sion was urged as a capital object, and whose personal 
 freedom was unequivocally asserted, as loyal vassals of 
 the crown. It is but justice to the Spanish government 
 to admit that its provisions were generally guided by a 
 humane and considerate policy, which was as regularly 
 frustrated by the cupidity of the colonist and the ca- 
 pricious cruelty of the conqueror. The few remaining 
 years of Pedrarias were spent in petty squabbles, both 
 of a personal and official nature ; for he was still con- 
 tinued in office, though in one of less consideration 
 than that which he had hitherto filled. He survived 
 but a few years, leaving behind him a reputation not 
 to be envied, of one who united a pusillanimous spirit 
 with uncontrollable passions, but who displayed, not- 
 withstanding, a certain energy of character, or, to speak 
 more correctly, an impetuosity of purpose, which might 
 have led to good results had it taken a right direction. 
 Unfortunately, his lack of discretion was such that the 
 direction he took was rarely of service to his country 
 or to himself. 
 
 Having settled their difficulties with the governor, 
 and obtained his sanction to their enterprise, the con- 
 federates lost no time in making the requisite prepara- 
 tions for it. Their first step was to execute the memo- 
 rable contract which served as the basis of their future 
 arrangements* and, as Pizarro's name appears in this, 
 it seems probable that the chief had crossed over to 
 Panama so soon as the favorable disposition of Pedrarias 
 had been secured. 4 The instrument, after invoking 
 
 In opposition to most authorities, but not to the judicious Quin- 
 tana, I have conformed to Montesinos, in placing the execution of
 
 THE FAMOUS CONTRACT. 23^ 
 
 in the most solemn manner the names of the Holy 
 Trinity and Our Lady the Blessed Virgin, sets forth 
 that whereas the parties have full authority to discover 
 and subdue the countries and provinces lying south 
 of the Gulf, belonging to the empire of Peru, and as 
 Fernando de Luque had advanced the funds for the 
 enterprise in bars of gold of the value of twenty thou- 
 sand pesos, they mutually bind themselves to divide 
 equally among them the whole of the conquered ter- 
 ritory. This stipulation is reiterated over and over 
 again, particularly with reference to Luque, who, it is 
 declared, is to be entitled to one-third of all lands. 
 repartimientos, treasures of every kind, gold, silver, 
 and precious stones, to one-third even of all vassals, 
 rents, and emoluments arising from such grants as may 
 be conferred by the crown on either of his military 
 associates, to be held for his own use, or for that of his 
 heirs, assigns, or legal representative. 
 
 The two captains solemnly engage to devote them- 
 selves exclusively to the present undertaking until it is 
 accomplished ; and in case of failure in their part of the 
 covenant they pledge themselves to reimburse Luque 
 for his advances, for which all the property they possess 
 shall be held responsible, and this declaration is to be a 
 sufficient warrant for the execution of judgment against 
 them, in the same manner as if it had proceeded from 
 the decree of a court of justice. 
 
 The commanders, Pizarro and Almagro, made oath, 
 
 the contract at the commencement of the second, instead of the first 
 expedition. This arrangement coincides with the date of the instru- 
 ment itself, which, moreover, is reported in extenso by no ancient 
 writer whom I have consulted except Montesinos.
 
 236 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 in the name of God and the Holy Evangelists, sacredly 
 to keep this covenant, swearing it on the missal, on 
 which they traced with their own hands the sacred 
 emblem of the cross. To give still greater efficacy to 
 the compact, Father Luque administered the sacrament 
 to the parties, dividing the consecrated wafer into three 
 portions, of which each one of them partook ; while the 
 by-standers, says an historian, were affected to tears by 
 this spectacle of the solemn ceremonial with which 
 these men voluntarily devoted themselves to a sacrifice 
 that seemed little short of insanity. 5 
 
 The instrument, which was dated March loth, 1526, 
 was subscribed by Luque, and attested by three respect- 
 able citizens of Panama, one of whom signed on be- 
 half of Pizarro, and the other for Almagro ; since 
 neither of these parties, according to the avowal of the 
 instrument, was able to subscribe his own name. 6 
 
 Such was the singular compact by which three ob- 
 scure individuals coolly carved out and partitioned 
 among themselves an empire of whose extent, power, 
 and resources, of whose situation, of whose existence 
 even, they had no sure or precise knowledge. The 
 positive and unhesitating manner in which they speak 
 of the grandeur of this empire, of its stores of wealth, 
 so conformable to the event, but of which they could 
 have really known so little, forms a striking contrast 
 with the general skepticism and indifference manifested 
 
 s This singular instrument is given at length by Montesinos. (An- 
 nales, MS., ano 1526.) It may be found in the original in Appendix 
 No. 6. 
 
 6 For some investigation of the fact, which has been disputed by 
 moie than one, of Pizarro's ignorance of the art of writing, see 
 book 4, chap. 5, of this History.
 
 THE FAMOUS CONTRACT. 237 
 
 by nearly every other person, high and low, in the com- 
 munity of Panama. 7 
 
 The religious tone of the instrument is not the least 
 remarkable feature in it, especially when we contrast 
 this with the relentless policy pursued by the very men 
 who were parties to it in their conquest of the country. 
 "In the name of the Prince of Peace," says the illus- 
 trious historian of America, "they ratified a contract 
 of which plunder and bloodshed were the objects. ' ' 8 
 The reflection seems reasonable. Yet, in criticising 
 what is done, as well as what is written, we must take 
 into account the spirit of the times. 9 The invocation 
 of Heaven was natural, where the object of the under- 
 taking was in part a religious one. Religion entered 
 more or less into the theory, at least, of the Spanish 
 conquests in the New World. That motives of a baser 
 sort mingled largely with these higher ones, and in 
 different proportions according to the character of the 
 individual, no one will deny. And few are they that 
 have proposed to themselves a long career of action 
 without the intermixture of some vulgar personal mo- 
 tive, fame, honors, or emolument. Yet that religion 
 furnishes a key to the American crusades, however 
 
 7 The epithet of loco, or " madman," was punningly bestowed on 
 Father Luque, for his spirited exertions in behalf of the enterprise ; 
 Padre Luque b loco, says Oviedo of him, as if it were synonymous. 
 Historia de las Indias Islas e Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano, MS., 
 Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. i. 
 
 8 Robertson, America, vol. iii. p. 5. 
 
 9 " A perfect judge will read each work of wit 
 With the same spirit that its author writ," 
 
 says the great bard of Reason. A fair criticism will apply the same 
 rule to action as to writing, and, in the moral estimate of conduct, will 
 take largely into account the spirit of the age which prompted it.
 
 238 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 rudely they may have been conducted, is evident from 
 the history of their origin ; from the sanction openly 
 given to them by the Head of the Church ; from the 
 throng of self-devoted missionaries who followed in 
 the track of the conquerors to garner up the rich har- 
 vest of souls ; from the reiterated instructions of the 
 crown, the great object of which was the conversion 
 of the natives ; from those superstitious acts of the 
 iron-hearted soldiery themselves, which, however they 
 may be set down to fanaticism, were clearly too much 
 in earnest to leave any ground for the charge of hypoc- 
 risy. It was indeed a fiery cross that was borne over 
 the devoted land, scathing and consuming it in its 
 terrible progress ; but it was still the cross, the sign of 
 man's salvation, the only sign by which generations 
 and generations yet unborn were to be rescued from 
 eternal perdition. 
 
 It is a remarkable fact, which has hitherto escaped 
 the notice of the historian, that Luque was not the real 
 party to this contract. He represented another, who 
 placed in his hands the funds required for the under- 
 taking. This appears from an instrument signed by 
 Luque himself and certified before the same notary 
 that prepared the original contract. The instrument 
 declares that the whole sum of twenty thousand pesos 
 advanced for the expedition was furnished by the Li- 
 centiate Gaspar de Espinosa, then at Panama ; that the 
 vicar acted only as his agent and by his authority ; and 
 that, in consequence, the said Espinosa and no other 
 was entitled to a third of all the profits and acqui- 
 sitions resulting from the conquest of Peru. This 
 instrument, attested by three persons, one of them the
 
 Till-. 1-AMOUS CONTRACT. 3-59 
 
 same who had witnessed the original contract, was 
 dated on the 6th of August, i53i. 10 The Licentiate 
 Espinosa was a respectable functionary, who had filled 
 the office of principal alcalde in Darien, and since 
 taken a conspicuous part in the conquest and settle- 
 ment of Tierra Firme. He enjoyed much considera- 
 tion for his personal character and station ; and it is 
 remarkable that so little should be known of the man- 
 ner in which the covenant so solemnly made was exe- 
 cuted in reference to him. As in the case of Columbus, 
 it is probable that the unexpected magnitude of the 
 results was such as to prevent a faithful Adherence to 
 the original stipulation ; and yet, from the same con- 
 sideration, one can hardly doubt that the twenty thou- 
 sand pesos of the bold speculator must have brought 
 him a magnificent return. Nor did the worthy vicar 
 of Panama, as the history will show hereafter, go with- 
 out his reward. 
 
 Having completed these preliminary arrangements, 
 the three associates lost no time in making preparations 
 for the voyage. Two vessels were purchased, larger and 
 every way better than those employed on the former oc- 
 casion. Stores were laid in, as experience dictated, on 
 a larger scale than before, and proclamation was made 
 of "an expedition to Peru." But the call was not 
 readily answered by the skeptical citizens of Panama. 
 
 10 The instrument making this extraordinary disclosure is cited at 
 length in a manuscript entitled Noticia general del Peru, Tierra Firme 
 y Chili, by Francisco Lopez de Caravan tes, a fiscal officer in these 
 colonies. The MS., formerly preserved in the library of the great 
 college of Cuenca at Salamanca, is now to be found in her Majesty's 
 library at Madrid. The passage is extracted by Quintana, Espanoles 
 celebres, torn. ii. Apend. No. 2, nota.
 
 34 
 
 DISCOVER* OF PERU. 
 
 Of nearly two hundred men who had embarked on 
 the former cruise, not more than three-fourths now 
 remained." This dismal mortality, and the emaciated, 
 poverty-stricken aspect of the survivors, spoke more 
 eloquently than the braggart promises and magnificent 
 prospects held out by the adventurers. Still, there 
 were men in the community of such desperate circum- 
 stances that any change seemed like a chance of bet- 
 tering their condition. Most of the former company 
 also, strange to say, felt more pleased to follow up the 
 adventure to the end than to abandon it as they saw 
 the light of a better day dawning upon them. From 
 these sources the two captains succeeded in mustering 
 about one hundred and sixty men, making altogether 
 a very inadequate force for the conquest of an empire. 
 A few horses were also purchased, and a better supply 
 of ammunition and military stores than before, though 
 still on a very limited scale. Considering their funds, 
 the only way of accounting for this must be by the 
 difficulty of obtaining supplies at Panama, which, re- 
 cently founded, and on the remote coast of the Pacific, 
 could be approached only by crossing the rugged bar- 
 rier of mountains, which made the transportation of 
 bulky articles extremely difficult. Even such scanty 
 stock of materials as it possessed was probably laid 
 under heavy contribution, at the present juncture, by 
 the governor's preparations for his own expedition to 
 the north. 
 
 11 " Con ciento i diez Hombres salio de Panama, i fue donde estaba 
 el Capitan Picarro con otros cinquenta de los primeros ciento i diez, 
 que con el salieron, i de los setenta, que el Capitan Almagro Ilev6, 
 quando le fue abuscar, que los ciento i treinta ia eran muertos." Xerez, 
 Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 180.
 
 SECOND EXPEDITION. 241 
 
 Thus indifferently provided, the two captains, each 
 in his own vessel, again took their departure from 
 Panama, under the direction of Bartholomew Ruiz, a 
 sagacious and resolute pilot, well experienced in the 
 navigation of the Southern Ocean. He was a native 
 of Moguer, in Andalusia, that little nursery of nautical 
 enterprise, which furnished so many seamen for the first 
 voyages of Columbus. Without touching at the inter- 
 vening points of the coast, which offered no attraction 
 to the voyagers, they stood farther out to sea, steering 
 direct for the Rio de San Juan, the utmost limit reached 
 by Almagro. The season was better selected than on 
 the former occasion, and they were borne along by 
 favorable breezes to the place of their destination, 
 which they reached without accident in a few days. 
 Entering the mouth of the river, they saw the banks 
 well lined with Indian habitations ; and Pizarro, dis- 
 embarking at the head of a party of soldiers, succeeded 
 in surprising a small village and carrying off a consid- 
 erable booty of gold ornaments found in the dwellings, 
 together with a few of the natives." 
 
 Flushed with their success, the two chiefs were con- 
 fident that the sight of the rich spoil so speedily 
 obtained could not fail to draw adventurers to their 
 standard in Panama ; and, as they felt more than ever 
 the necessity of a stronger force to cope with the 
 thickening population of the country which they were 
 now to penetrate, it was decided that Almagro should 
 return with the treasure and beat up for reinforcements, 
 
 " Xerez, Conq. del Peru. ap. Barcia, torn. iii. pp. 180, 181. 
 Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. 
 i. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 8, cap. 13. 
 Peru. VOL. I. L 21
 
 242 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 while the pilot Ruiz, in the other vessel, should recon- 
 noitre the country towards 'the south, and obtain such 
 information as might determine their future movements. 
 Pizarro, with the rest of the force, would remain in the 
 neighborhood of the river, as he was assured by the 
 Indian prisoners that not far off in the interior was an 
 open reach of country, where he and his men could 
 find comfortable quarters. This arrangement was in- 
 stantly put in execution. We will first accompany the 
 intrepid pilot in his cruise towards the south. 
 
 Coasting along the great continent, with his canvas 
 still spread to favorable winds, the first place at which 
 Ruiz cast anchor was off the little island of Gallo, 
 about two degrees north. The inhabitants, who were 
 not numerous, were prepared to give him a hostile re- 
 ception ; for tidings of the invaders had preceded them 
 along the country, and even reached this insulated spot. 
 As the object of Ruiz was to explore, not to conquer, 
 he did not care to entangle himself in hostilities with 
 the natives: so, changing his purpose of landing, he 
 weighed anchor, and ran down the coast as far as what 
 is now called the Bay of St. Matthew. The country, 
 which, as he advanced, continued to exhibit evidence 
 of a better culture as well as of a more dense popula- 
 tion than the parts hitherto seen, was crowded, along 
 the shores, with spectators, who gave no signs of fear 
 or hostility. They stood gazing on the vessel of the 
 white men as it glided smoothly into the crystal waters 
 of the bay, fancying it, says an old writer, some mys- 
 terious being descended from the skies. 
 
 Without staying long enough on this friendly coast 
 to undeceive the simple people, Ruiz, standing off
 
 RUIZ EXPLORES THE COAST. 
 
 243 
 
 shore, struck out into the deep sea; but he had not 
 sailed far in that direction when he was surprised by 
 the sight of a vessel, seeming in the distance like a 
 caravel of considerable size, traversed by a large sail 
 that carried it sluggishly over the waters. The old 
 navigator was not a little perplexed by this phenome- 
 non, as he was confident no European bark could have 
 been before him in these latitudes, and no Indian nation 
 yet discovered, not even the civilized Mexican, was 
 acquainted with the use of sails in navigation. As he 
 drew near, he found it was a large vessel, or rather raft, 
 called balsa by the natives, consisting of a number of 
 huge timbers of a light, porous wood, tightly lashed 
 together, with a frail flooring of reeds raised on them 
 by way of deck. Two masts or sturdy poles, erected 
 in the middle of the vessel, sustained a large square- 
 sail of cotton, while a rude kind of rudder and a mov- 
 able keel, made of plank inserted between the logs, 
 enabled the mariner to give a direction to the floating 
 fabric, which held on its course without the aid of oar 
 or paddle.' 3 The simple architecture of this craft was 
 sufficient for the purposes of the natives, and indeed 
 has continued to answer them to the present day ; for 
 the balsa, surmounted by small thatched huts or cabins, 
 still supplies the most commodious means for the trans- 
 portation of passengers and luggage on the streams and 
 along the shores of this part of the South American 
 continent. 
 
 '3 "Traia sus manteles y antenas de muy fina madera y velas de algo- 
 don del mismo talle de manera que los nuestros navios." Relacion 
 de los primeros Descubrimientos de F. Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 
 sacadadel Codice No. 120 de la Biblioteca Imperial de Vienna, MS.
 
 244 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 On coming alongside, Ruiz found several Indians, 
 both men and women, on board, some with rich orna- 
 ments on their persons, besides several articles wrought 
 with considerable skill in gold and silver, which they 
 were carrying for purposes of traffic to the different 
 places along the coast. But what most attracted his 
 attention was the woollen cloth of which some of their 
 dresses were made. It was of a fine texture, delicately 
 embroidered with figures of birds and flowers, and 
 dyed in brilliant colors. He also observed in the boat 
 a pair of balances made to weigh the precious metals. 14 
 His astonishment at these proofs of ingenuity and 
 civilization, so much higher than any thing he had ever 
 seen in the country, was heightened by the intelligence 
 which he collected from some of these Indians. Two 
 of them had come from Tumbez, a Peruvian port, some 
 degrees to the south ; and they gave him to understand 
 that in their neighborhood the fields were covered with 
 large flocks of the animals from which the wool was 
 obtained, and that gold and silver were almost as com- 
 ,mon as wool in the palaces of their monarch. The 
 Spaniards listened greedily to reports which harmo- 
 
 '* In a short notice of this expedition, written apparently at the time 
 of it, or soon after, a minute specification is given of the several articles 
 found in the balsa ; among them are mentioned vases and mirrors of 
 burnished silver, and curious fabrics both cotton and woollen : " Espe- 
 jos guarnecidos de la dicha plata, y tasas y otras vasijas para beber, 
 trahian muchas mantas de lana y de algodon, y camisas y aljubas y 
 alca9eres y alaremes, y otras muchas ropas, todo lo mas de ello muy 
 labrado d labores muy ricas de colores de grana y carmisi y azul y 
 amarillo, y de todas otras colores de diversas maneras de labores y 
 figuras de aves y animales, y Pescados, y arbolesas y trahian unos pesos 
 chiquitos de pesar oro como hechura de Romana, y otras muchas 
 cosas." Relacton sacada de la Biblioteca Imperial de Vienna, MS.
 
 RUIZ EXPLORES THE COAST. 
 
 245 
 
 nized so well with their fond desires. Though half 
 distrusting the exaggeration, Ruiz resolved to detain 
 some of the Indians, including the natives of Turabez, 
 that they might repeat the wondrous tale to his com- 
 mander, and at the same time, by learning the Cas- 
 tilian, might hereafter serve as interpreters with their 
 countrymen. The rest of the party he suffered to pro- 
 ceed without further interruption on their voyage, 
 Then, holding on his course, the prudent pilot, with- 
 out touching at any other point of the coast, advanced 
 as far as the Punta de Pasado, about half a degree 
 south, having the glory of being the first European 
 who, sailing in this direction on the Pacific, had crossed 
 the equinoctial line. This was the limit of his dis- 
 coveries ; on reaching which he tacked about, and, 
 standing away to the north, succeeded, after an ab- 
 sence of several weeks, in regaining the spot where he 
 had left Pizarro and his comrades. 15 
 
 It was high time ; for the spirits of that little band 
 had been sorely tried by the perils they had encoun- 
 tered. On the departure of his vessels, Pizarro marched 
 into the interior, in the hope of finding the pleasant 
 champaign country which had been promised him by 
 the natives. But at every step the forests seemed to 
 grow denser and darker, and the trees towered to a 
 
 s Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 181. Relacion 
 sacada de la Biblioteca Imperial de Vienna, MS. Herrera, Hist, 
 general, dec. 3, lib. 8, cap. 13. One of the authorities speaks of his 
 having been sixty days on this cruise. I regret not to be able to give 
 precise dates of the events in these early expeditions. But chronology 
 is a thing beneath the notice of these ancient chroniclers, who seem 
 to think that the date of events so fresh in their own memory must 
 be so in that of every one else. 
 
 21*
 
 246 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 height such as he had never seen, even in these fruitful 
 regions, where Nature works on so gigantic a scale. 16 
 Hill continued to rise above hill, as he advanced, 
 rolling onward, as it were, by successive waves to join 
 that colossal barrier of the Andes, whose frosty sides, 
 far away above the clouds, spread out like a curtain of 
 burnished silver, that seemed to connect the heavens 
 with the earth. 
 
 On crossing these woody eminences, the forlorn ad- 
 venturers would plunge into ravines of frightful depth, 
 where the exhalations of a humid soil streamed up 
 amidst the incense of sweet-scented flowers, which 
 shone through the deep gloom in every conceivable 
 variety of color. Birds, especially of the parrot tribe, 
 mocked this fantastic variety of nature with tints as 
 brilliant as those of the vegetable world. Monkeys 
 chattered in crowds above their heads, and made 
 grimaces like the fiendish spirits of these solitudes ; 
 while hideous reptiles, engendered in the slimy depths 
 of the pools, gathered round the footsteps of the wan- 
 derers. Here was seen the gigantic boa, coiling his 
 unwieldy folds about the trees, so as hardly to be dis- 
 tinguished from their trunks, till he was ready to dart 
 upon his prey ; and alligators lay basking on the bor- 
 ders of the streams, or, gliding under the waters, seized 
 their incautious victim before he was aware of their 
 approach. 17 Many of the Spaniards perished miserably 
 in this way, and others were waylaid by the natives, 
 who kept a jealous eye on their movements and availed 
 
 l6 "Todo era montanas, con arboles hasta el cielo !" Herrera, 
 Hist, general, ubi supra. 
 '7 Ibid., ubi supra.
 
 ARRIVAL OF NEW RECRUITS. 247 
 
 themselves of every opportunity to take them at ad- 
 vantage. Fourteen of Pizarro's men were cut off at 
 once in a canoe which had stranded on the bank of a 
 stream. 18 
 
 Famine came in addition to other troubles, and it 
 was with difficulty that they found the means of sus- 
 taining life on the scanty fare of the forest, occasion- 
 ally the potato, as it grew without cultivation, or the 
 wild cocoanut, or, on the shore, the salt and bitter 
 fruit of the mangrove ; though the shore was less toler- 
 able than the forest, from the swarms of mosquitos 
 which compelled the wretched adventurers to bury their 
 bodies up to their very faces in the sand. In this ex- 
 tremity of suffering, they thought only of return ; and 
 all schemes of avarice and ambition except with 
 Pizarro and a few dauntless spirits were exchanged 
 for the one craving desire to return to Panama. 
 
 It was at this crisis that the pilot Ruiz returned 
 with the report of his brilliant discoveries ; and, not 
 long after, Almagro sailed into port with his vessel 
 laden with provisions and a considerable reinforce- 
 ment of volunteers. The voyage of that commander 
 had been prosperous. When he arrived at Panama, he 
 found the government in the hands of Don Pedro de 
 los Rios ; and he came to anchor in the harbor, un- 
 willing to trust himself on shore till he had obtained 
 from Father Luque some account of the dispositions 
 of the executive. These were sufficiently favorable ; 
 for the new governor had particular instructions fully 
 to carry out the arrangements made by his predecessor 
 
 8 Herrera, loc. cit. Gomara, Hist, delas Ind., cap. 108. Naharro, 
 Relacion sumaria, MS.
 
 248 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 with the associates. On learning Almagro's arrival, he 
 came down to the port to welcome him, professing his 
 willingness to afford every facility for the execution of 
 his designs. Fortunately, just before this period a 
 small body of military adventurers had come to Panama 
 from the mother-country, burning with desire to make 
 their fortunes in the New World. They caught much 
 more eagerly than the old and wary colonists at the 
 golden bait held out to them ; and with their addition, 
 and that of a few supernumerary stragglers who hung 
 about the town, Almagro found himself at the head of 
 a reinforcement of at least eighty men, with which, 
 having laid in a fresh supply of stores, he again set sail 
 for the Rio de San Juan. 
 
 The arrival of the new recruits all eager to follow 
 up the expedition, the comfortable change in their 
 circumstances produced by an ample supply of pro- 
 visions, and the glowing pictures of the wealth that 
 awaited them in the south, all had their effect on the 
 dejected spirits of Pizarro's followers. Their late toils 
 and privations were speedily forgotten, and, with the 
 buoyant and variable feelings incident to a freebooter's 
 life, they now called as eagerly on their commander to 
 go forward in the voyage as they had before called on 
 him to abandon it. Availing themselves of the re 
 newed spirit of enterprise, the captains embarked on 
 board their vessels, and, under the guidance of the 
 veteran pilot, steered in the same track he had lately 
 pursued. 
 
 But the favorable season for a southern course, which 
 in these latitudes lasts but a few months in the year, 
 had been suffered to escape. The breezes blew steadily
 
 FRESH DISCOVERIES AND DISASTERS. 249 
 
 towards the north, and a strong current, not far from 
 shore, set in the same direction. The winds frequently 
 rose into tempests, and the unfortunate voyagers were 
 tossed about, for many days, in the boiling surges, 
 amidst the most awful storms of thunder and lightning, 
 until at length they found a secure haven in the island 
 of Gallo, already visited by Ruiz. As they were now 
 too strong in numbers to apprehend an assault, the 
 crews landed, and, experiencing no molestation from 
 the natives, they continued on the island for a fort- 
 night, refitting their damaged vessels, and recruiting 
 themselves after the fatigues of the ocean. Then, re 
 suming their voyage, the captains stood towards the 
 south until they reached the bay of St. Matthew. As 
 they advanced along the coast, they were struck, as 
 Ruiz had been before, with the evidences of a higher 
 civilization constantly exhibited in the general aspect 
 of the country and its inhabitants. The hand of cul- 
 tivation was visible in every quarter. The natural 
 appearance of the coast, too, had something in it more 
 inviting ; for instead of the eternal labyrinth of man- 
 grove-trees, with their complicated roots snarled into 
 formidable coils under the water, as if to waylay and 
 entangle the voyager, the low margin of the sea was 
 covered with a stately growth of ebony, and with a 
 species of mahogany, and other hard woods that take 
 the most brilliant and variegated polish. The sandal- 
 wood, and many balsamic trees of unknown names, 
 scattered their sweet odors far and wide, not in an 
 atmosphere tainted with vegetable corruption, but on 
 the pure breezes of the ocean, bearing health as well 
 as fragrance on their wings. Broad patches of culti-
 
 250 
 
 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 vated land intervened, disclosing hill-sides covered 
 with the yellow maize and the potato, or checkered, in 
 the lower levels, with blooming plantations of cacao.' 9 
 The villages became more numerous ; and, as the 
 vessels rode at anchor off the port of Tacamez, the 
 Spaniards saw before them a town of two thousand 
 houses or more, laid out into streets, with a numerous 
 population clustering around it in the suburbs." The 
 men and women displayed many ornaments of gold 
 and precious stones about their persons, which may 
 seem strange, considering that the Peruvian Incas 
 claimed a monopoly of jewels for themselves and the 
 nobles on whom they condescended to bestow them. 
 But, although the Spaniards had now reached the outer 
 limits of the Peruvian empire, it was not Peru, but 
 Quito, and that portion of it but recently brought 
 under the sceptre of the Incas, where the ancient 
 usages of the people could hardly have been effaced 
 under the oppressive system of the American despots. 
 The adjacent country was, moreover, particularly rich 
 in gold, which, collected from the washings of the 
 streams, still forms one of the staple products of Barba- 
 coas. Here, too, was the fair River of Emeralds, so 
 called from the quarries of the beautiful gem on its 
 
 *9 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 181. Relacion 
 sacada de la Biblioteca Imperial de Vienna, MS. Naharro, Relacion 
 sumaria, MS. Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1526. Zarate, Conq. 
 del Peru, lib. I, cap. i. Relacion del primer Descub., MS. 
 
 30 Pizarro's secretary speaks of one of the towns as containing 3000 
 houses : " En esta Tierra havia muchos Mantenimientos, i la Gente 
 tenia mui buena orden de vivir, los Pueblos con sus Calles, i Placas : 
 Pueblo havia que tenia mas de tres mil Casas, i otros havia menores.' ' 
 Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 181.
 
 FRESH DISCOVERIES AND DISASTERS. 251 
 
 borders, from which the Indian monarchs enriched 
 their treasury/' 1 
 
 The Spaniards gazed with delight on these undenia- 
 ble evidences of wealth, and saw in the careful cultiva- 
 tion of the soil a comfortable assurance that they had 
 at length reached the land which had so long been seen 
 in brilliant, though distant, perspective before them. 
 But here again they were doomed to be disappointed by 
 the warlike spirit of the people, who, conscious of their 
 own strength, showed no disposition to quail before 
 the invaders. On the contrary, several of their canoes 
 shot out, loaded with warriors, who, displaying a gold 
 mask as their ensign, hovered round the vessels with 
 looks of defiance, and, when pursued, easily took shelter 
 under the lee of the land." 
 
 A more formidable body mustered along the shore, 
 to the number, according to the Spanish accounts, of 
 at least ten thousand warriors, eager, apparently, to 
 come to close action with the invaders. Nor could 
 
 81 Stevenson, who visited this part of the coast early in the present 
 century, is profuse in his description of its mineral and vegetable 
 treasures. The emerald-mine in the neighborhood of Las Esme- 
 raldas, once so famous, is now placed under the ban of a superstition 
 more befitting the times of the Incas. " I never visited it," says the 
 traveller, " owing to the superstitious dread of the natives, who assured 
 me that it was enchanted,. and guarded by an enormous dragon, which 
 poured'forth thunder and lightning on those who dared to ascend the 
 river." Residence in South America, vol. ii. p. 406. 
 
 M " Salieron a los dichos navios quatorce canoas grandes con mu- 
 chos Indies dos armados de oro y plata, y trahian en la una canoa 6 
 en estandarte y encima de el un bolto de un mucho desio de oro, y 
 dieron una suelta d los navios por avisarlos en manera que -no los pu- 
 diese enojar, y asi dieron vuelta acia d su pueblo, y los navios no los 
 pudieron tomar porque se metieron en los baxos junto d la tierra." 
 Relacion sacada de la Biblioteca Imperial de Vienna, MS.
 
 2 5 2 DISCOVERY OF PffKU. 
 
 Pizarro, who had landed with a party of his men in the 
 hope of a conference with the natives, wholly prevent 
 hostilities ; and it might have gone hard with the Span- 
 iards, hotly pressed by their resolute enemy so superior 
 in numbers, but for a ludicrous accident reported by 
 the historians as happening to one of the cavaliers. 
 This was a fall from his horse, which so astonished the 
 barbarians, who were not prepared for this division of 
 what seemed one and the same being into two, that, 
 filled with consternation, they fell back, and teft a way 
 open for the Christians to regain their vessels ! ^ 
 
 A council of war was now called. It was evident 
 that the forces of the Spaniards were unequal to a 
 contest with so numerous and well-appointed a body 
 of natives ; and, even if they should prevail here, they 
 could have no hope of stemming the torrent which 
 must rise against them in their progress, for the 
 country was becoming more and more thickly settled, 
 and towns and hamlets started into view at every new 
 headland which they doubled. It was better, in the 
 opinion of some, the faint-hearted, to abandon the 
 enterprise at once, as beyond their strength. But Al- 
 magro took a different view of the affair. "To go 
 
 2 3 " Al tiempo del romper los unos con los otros, uno de aquellos 
 de caballo cay 6 del caballo abajo ; y como los Indies vieron dividirse 
 aquel animal en dos partes, teniendo por cierto que todo era una cosa, 
 fue tanto el miedo que tubieron que volvieron las espaldas dando voces 
 A los suyos, diciendo, que se habia hecho dos haciendo admiracion 
 dello : lo cual no fud sin misterio ; porque a no acaecer esto se pre- 
 sume, que mataran todos los cristianos." (Relacion del primer De- 
 scub., MS.) This way of accounting for the panic of the barbarians 
 is certainly quite as credible as the explanation, under similar circum- 
 stances, afforded by the apparition of the militant apostle St. James, 
 so often noticed bv the historians of these wars.
 
 FRESH DISCOVERIES AND DISASTERS. 
 
 2 53 - 
 
 home," he said, "with nothing done, would be ruin, 
 as well as disgrace. There was scarcely one but had 
 left creditors at Panama, who looked for payment to 
 the fruits of this expedition. To go home now would 
 be to deliver themselves at once into their hands. It 
 would be to go to prison. Better to roam a freeman, 
 though in the wilderness, than to lie bound with fetters 
 in the dungeons of Panama. 24 The only course for 
 them," he concluded, "was the one lately pursued. 
 Pizarro might find some more commodious place where 
 he could remain with part of the force while he him- 
 self went back for recruits to Panama. The story they 
 had now to tell of the riches of the land, as they had 
 seen them with their own eyes, would put their expe- 
 dition in a very different light, and could not fail 
 to draw to their banner as many volunteers as they 
 needed." 
 
 But this recommendation, however judicious, was 
 not altogether to the taste of the latter commander, 
 who did not relish the part, which constantly fell to 
 him, of remaining behind in the swamps and forests 
 of this wild country. "It is all very well," he said, 
 to Almagro, "for you, who pass your time pleasantly 
 enough, careering to and fro in your vessel, or snugly 
 sheltered in a land of plenty at Panama ; but it is quite 
 another matter for those who stay behind to droop and 
 die of hunger in the wilderness." ** To this Almagro 
 
 ** " No era bien bolver pobres, & pedir limosna, i morir en las Car- 
 celes, los que tenian deudas." Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 10, 
 cap. 2. 
 
 2 s " Como iba, i venia en los Navios, adonde no le faltaba Vitualla, 
 no padecia la miseria de la hambre, i otras angustias que tenian, i 
 Peru. VOL. I. 22
 
 254 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 retorted with some heat, professing his own willingness 
 to take charge of the brave men who would remain 
 with him, if Pizarro declined it. The controversy 
 assuming a more angry and menacing tone, from words 
 they would have soon come to blows, as both, laying 
 their hands on their swords, were preparing to rush on 
 each other, when the treasurer Ribera, aided by the 
 pilot Ruiz, succeeded in pacifying them. It required 
 but little effort on the part of these cooler counsellors 
 to convince the cavaliers of the folly of a conduct 
 which must at once terminate the expedition in a man- 
 ner little creditable to its projectors. A reconciliation 
 consequently took place, sufficient, at least in outward 
 show, to allow the two commanders to act together in 
 concert. Almagro's plan was then adopted ; and it 
 only remained to find out the most secure and con- 
 venient spot for Pizarro's quarters. 
 
 Several days were passed in touching at different parts 
 of the coast, as they retraced their course ; but every- 
 where the natives appeared to have caught the alarm, 
 and assumed a menacing, and from their numbers a 
 formidable, aspect. The more northerly region, with 
 its unwholesome fens and forests, where nature wages a 
 ponian a todos en estrema congoja." (Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, 
 lib. 10, cap. 2.) The cavaliers of Cortes and Pizarro. however doughty 
 their achievements, certainly fell short of those knights-errant, com- 
 memorated by Hudibras, who, 
 
 " As some think. 
 
 Of old did neither eat nor drink ; 
 
 Because, when thorough deserts vast 
 
 And regions desolate they past, 
 
 Unless they grazed, there's not one word 
 
 Of their provision on record ; 
 
 Which made some confidently write. 
 
 They had no stomachs but to fight."
 
 PIZARKO ON THE ISLE OF GALLO. 255 
 
 war even more relentless than man, was not to be 
 thought of. In this perplexity, they decided on the 
 little island of Gallo, as being, on the whole, from its 
 distance from the shore, and from the scantiness of its 
 population, the most eligible spot for them in their 
 forlorn and destitute condition. 36 
 
 But no sooner was the resolution of the two captains 
 made known than a feeling of discontent broke forth 
 among their followers, especially those who were to 
 remain with Pizarro on the island. "What!" they 
 exclaimed, "were they to be dragged to that obscure 
 spot to die by hunger? The whole expedition had 
 been a cheat and a failure, from beginning to end. 
 The golden countries, so much vaunted, had seemed to 
 fly before them as they advanced ; and the little gold 
 they had been fortunate enough to glean had all been 
 sent back to Panama to entice other fools to follow 
 their example. What had they got in return for all 
 their sufferings ? The only treasures they could boast 
 were their bows and arrows, and they were now to be 
 left to die on this dreary island, without so much as a 
 rood of consecrated ground to lay their bones in !" 27 
 
 26 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Relation sacada de la 
 Biblioteca Imperial de Vienna, MS. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. 
 Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. i. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, 
 lib. 10, cap. 2. It was singularly unfortunate that Pizarro, instead of 
 striking farther south, should have so long clung to the northern shores 
 of the continent. Dampier notices them as afflicted with incessant 
 rain ; while the inhospitable forests and the particularly ferocious char- 
 acter of the natives continued to make these regions but little known 
 down to his time. See his Voyages and Adventures (London, 1776), 
 vol. i. chap. 14. 
 
 7 " Miserablemente morir adonde aun no havia lugar Sagrado, para 
 sepulturadesuscuerpos." Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 10, cap. 3.
 
 256 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 In this exasperated state of feeling, several of the 
 soldiers wrote back to their friends, informing them 
 of their deplorable condition, and complaining of the 
 cold-blooded manner in which they were to be sacri- 
 ficed to the obstinate cupidity of their leaders. But 
 the latter were wary enough to anticipate this move- 
 ment, and Almagro defeated it by seizing all the letters 
 in the vessels and thus cutting off at once the means 
 of communication with their friends at home. Yet 
 this act of unscrupulous violence, like most other simi- 
 lar acts, fell short of its purpose ; for a soldier named 
 Sarabia had the ingenuity to evade it by introducing a 
 letter into a ball of cotton, which was to be taken to 
 Panama as a specimen of the products of the country 
 and presented to the governor's lady." 8 
 
 The letter, which was signed by several of the dis- 
 affected soldiery besides the writer, painted in gloomy 
 colors the miseries of their condition, accused the two 
 commanders of being the authors of this, and called 
 on the authorities at Panama to interfere by sending a 
 vessel to take them from the desolate spot while some 
 of them might still be found surviving the horrors of 
 their confinement. The epistle concluded with a stanza, 
 in which the two leaders were stigmatized as partners 
 in a slaughter-house, one being employed to drive in 
 the cattle for the other to butcher. The verses, which 
 had a currency in their day among the colonists to 
 
 38 " Metieron en un ovillo de algodon una carta firmada de muchos 
 en que sumariamente daban cuenta de las hambres, muertes y desnu- 
 dez que padecian, y que era cosa de risa todo, pues las riquezas se 
 habian convertido en flechas, y no havia otra cosa." Montesinos, 
 Annales, MS., ano 1527.
 
 PIZARKO OX THE ISLE OF GAI.LO. 257 
 
 which they were certainly not entitled by their poet- 
 ical merits, may be thus rendered into corresponding 
 doggerel : 
 
 " Look out, Sefior Governor, 
 
 For the drover while he's near ; 
 
 Since he goes home to get the sheep 
 
 For the butcher, who stays here." ^ 
 
 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 181. Naharro, Re- 
 lacion sumaria, MS. Balboa, Hist, du Perou, chap. 15. " Al fin de 
 la peticion que hacian en la carta al Governador puso Juan de Sara- 
 bia, natural deTrujillo, esta cuarteta : 
 
 Pues Sfior Gobernador, 
 Mirelo bien por entero 
 que alii va el recogedor, 
 y aca queda el carnicero." 
 
 Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1527.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INDIGNATION OF THE GOVERNOR. STERN RESOLUTION 
 OF PIZARRO. PROSECUTION OF THE VOYAGE. BRIL- 
 
 . LIANT ASPECT OF TUMBEZ. DISCOVERIES ALONG THE 
 
 COAST. RETURN TO PANAMA. PIZARRO EMBARKS FOR 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 1527-1528. 
 
 NOT long after Almagro's departure, Pizarro sent off 
 the remaining vessel, under the pretext of its being put 
 in repair at Panama. It probably relieved him of a part 
 of his followers, whose mutinous spirit made them an 
 obstacle rather than a help in his forlorn condition, 
 and with whom he was the more willing to part from 
 the difficulty of finding subsistence on the barren spot 
 which he now occupied. 
 
 Great was the dismay occasioned by the return or 
 Almagro and his followers in the little community of 
 Panama ; for the letter surreptitiously conveyed in the 
 ball of cotton fell into the hands for which it was in- 
 tended, and the contents soon got abroad, with the 
 usual quantity of exaggeration. The haggard and de- 
 jected mien of the adventurers, of itself, told a tale 
 sufficiently disheartening, and it was soon generally 
 believed that the few ill-fated survivors of the expe- 
 dition were detained against their will by Pizarro, to 
 end their days with their disappointed leader on his 
 desolate island. 
 
 Pedro de los Rios, the governor, was so much in- 
 (258)
 
 INDIGNATION OF THE GOVERNOR. 
 
 2 59 
 
 censed at the result of the expedition, and the waste 
 of life it had occasioned to the colony, that he turned 
 a deaf ear to all the applications of Luque and Al- 
 magro for further countenance in the affair ; he derided 
 their sanguine anticipations of the future, and finally 
 resolved to send an officer to the isle of Gallo, with 
 orders to bring back every Spaniard whom he should 
 find still living in that dreary abode. Two vessels 
 were immediately despatched for the purpose, and 
 placed under charge of a cavalier named Tafur, a 
 native of Cordova. 
 
 Meanwhile, Pizarro and his followers were experi- 
 encing all the miseries which might have been expected 
 from the character of the barren spot on which they 
 were imprisoned. They were, indeed, relieved from 
 all apprehensions of the natives, since these had quitted 
 the island on its occupation by the white men ; but they 
 had to endure the pains of hunger even in a greater 
 degree than they had formerly experienced in the wild 
 woods of the neighboring continent. Their principal 
 food was crabs and such shell-fish as they could scantily 
 pick up along the shores. Incessant storms of thunder 
 and lightning, for it was the rainy season, swept over 
 the devoted island and drenched them with a perpetual 
 flood. Thus, half naked, and pining with famine, there 
 were few in that little company who did not feel the 
 spirit of enterprise quenched within them, or who 
 looked for any happier termination of their difficulties 
 than that afforded by a return to Panama. The ap- 
 pearance of Tafur, therefore, with his two vessels, well 
 stored with provisions, was greeted with all the rapture 
 that the crew of a sinking wreck might feel on the
 
 260 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 arrival of some unexpected succor ; and the only 
 thought, after satisfying the immediate cravings of 
 hunger, was to embark and leave the detested isle 
 forever. 
 
 But by the same vessel letters came to Pizarro from 
 his two confederates, Luque and Almagro, beseeching 
 him not to despair in his present extremity, but to 
 hold fast to his original purpose. To return under the 
 present circumstances would be to seal the fate of the 
 expedition ; and they solemnly engaged, if he would 
 remain firm at his post, to furnish him in. a short time 
 with the necessary means for going forward. 1 
 
 A ray of hope was enough for the courageous spirit 
 of Pizarro. It does not appear that he himself had 
 entertained, at any time, thoughts of returning. If he 
 had, these words of encouragement entirely banished 
 them from his bosom, and he prepared to stand the 
 fortune of the cast on which he had so desperately 
 ventured. He knew, however, that solicitations or re- 
 monstrances would avail little with the companions of 
 his enterprise ; and he probably did not care to win 
 over the more timid spirits who, by perpetually looking 
 back, would only be a clog on his future movements. 
 He announced his own purpose, however, in a laconic 
 but decided manner, characteristic of a man more ac- 
 customed to act than to talk, and well calculated to 
 make an impression on his rough followers. 
 
 Drawing his sword, he traced a line with it on the 
 
 1 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn, iii. p. 182. Zarate, Conq. 
 del Peru, lib. i.cap. 2. Montesinos, Annales, MS.,ano 1527. Her- 
 rera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 10, cap. 3. N'aharro, Relacion sumaria, 
 MS.
 
 STEKN RESOLUTION OF PIZARRO. 261 
 
 sand from east to west. Then, turning towards the 
 south, "Friends and comrades!" he said, "on that* 
 side are toil, hunger, nakedness, the drenching storm, 
 desertion, and death ; on this side, ease and pleasure. 
 There lies Peru with its riches ; here, Panama and its 
 poverty. Choose, each man, what best becomes a 
 brave Castilian. For my part, I go to the south." 
 So saying, he stepped across the line.* He was followed 
 by the brave pilot Ruiz ; next by Pedro de Candia, a 
 cavalier, born, as his name imports, in one of the isles 
 of Greece. Eleven others successively crossed the 
 line, thus intimating their willingness to abide the for- 
 tunes of their leader, for good or for evil. 3 Fame, to 
 quote the enthusiastic language of an ancient chroni- 
 cler, has commemorated the names of this little band, 
 "who thus, in the face of difficulties unexampled in 
 history, with death rather than riches for their reward, 
 
 ' " Obedeciola Pizarro y antes que se egecutase saco un Punal, y 
 con notable animo hizo con la punta una raya de Oriente a Poniente ; 
 y senalando al medio dia, que era la parte de s'u noticia, y derrotero 
 dijo ; Camaradas y amigos, esta parte es la de la muerte, de los trabajos, 
 de las hambres, de la desnudez, de los aguaceros, y desamparos ; la otra 
 la del gusto : Por aqui se ba & Panama a ser pobres, por alia al Peru 
 & ser ricos. Escoja el que fuere buen Castellano lo que mas bien le 
 estubiere. Diciendo esto paso la raya : siguieronle Barthome Ruiz 
 natural de Moguer, Pedro de Candi Griego, natural de Candia." Mon- 
 tesinos, Annales, MS., afio 1527. 
 
 3 The names of these thirteen faithful companions are preserved in 
 the convention made with the crown two years later, where they are 
 suitably commemorated for their loyalty. Their names should not be 
 omitted in a history of the Conquest of Peru. They were " Bartolome' 
 Ruiz, Cristoval de Peralta, Pedro de Candia, Domingo de Soria Luce, 
 Nicolas de Ribera, Francisco de Cuellar, Alonso de Molina, Pedro 
 Alcon, Garcia de Jerez, Anton de Carrion, Alonso Briceno, Martin de 
 Paz, Joan de la Torre."
 
 262 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 preferred it all to abandoning their honor, and stood 
 firm by their leader as an example of loyalty to future 
 ages." 4 
 
 But the act excited no such admiration in the mind 
 of Tafur, who looked on it as one of gross disobedi- 
 ence to the commands of the governor, and as little 
 better than madness, involving the certain destruction 
 of the parties engaged in it. He refused to give any 
 sanction to it himself by leaving one of his vessels with 
 the adventurers to prosecute their voyage, and it was 
 with great difficulty that he could be persuaded even 
 to allow them a part of the stores which he had brought 
 for their support. This had no influence on their de- 
 termination, and the little party, bidding adieu to their 
 returning comrades, remained unshaken in their purpose 
 of abiding the fortunes of their commander. 5 
 
 There is something striking to the imagination in the 
 spectacle of these few brave spirits thus consecrating 
 themselves to a daring enterprise, which seemed as far 
 above their strength as any recorded in the fabulous 
 annals of knight-errantry. A handful of men, without 
 food, without clothing, almost without arms, without 
 knowledge of the land to which they were bound, 
 without vessel to transport them, were here left on a 
 
 4 " Estos fueron los trece de la fama. Estos los que cercados de 
 los mayores trabajos que pudo el Mundo ofrecer d hombres, y los que 
 estando mas para esperar la muerte que las riquezas que se les pro- 
 metian, todo lo pospusieron a la honra, y siguieron a su capitan y 
 caudillo para egemplo de lealtad en lo futuro." Montesinos, Annales, 
 MS., ano 1527. 
 
 s Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. 2. Montesinos, Annales, MS.-, 
 ano 1527. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Herrera, Hist, general, 
 dec. 3, lib. 10, cap. 3.
 
 STERN RESOLUTION OF PIZARRO. 263 
 
 lonely rock in the ocean with the avowed purpose 
 of carrying on a crusade against a powerful empire, 
 staking their lives on its success. What is there in 
 the legends of chivalry that surpasses it ? This was the 
 crisis of Pizarro's fate. There are moments in the lives 
 of men, which, as they are seized or neglected, decide 
 their future destiny. 6 Had Pizarro faltered from his 
 strong purpose, and yielded to the occasion, now so 
 temptingly present, for extricating himself and his 
 broken band from their desperate position, his name 
 would have been buried with his fortunes, and the con- 
 quest of Peru would have been left for other and more 
 successful adventurers. But his constancy was equal 
 to the occasion, and his conduct here proved him com- 
 petent to the perilous post he had assumed, and inspired 
 others with a confidence in him which was the best 
 assurance of success. 
 
 In the vessel that bore back Tafur and those who 
 seceded from the expedition the pilot Ruiz was also 
 permitted to return, in order to co-operate with Luque 
 and Almagro in their application for further succor. 
 
 Not long after the departure of the ships, it was de- 
 
 6 This common sentiment is expressed with uncommon beauty by 
 the fanciful Boiardo, where he represents Rinaldo as catching Fortune, 
 under the guise of the fickle fairy Morgana, by the forelock. The 
 Italian reader may not be displeased to refresh his memory with it : 
 
 " Chi cerca in questo mondo aver tesoro, 
 O diletto, e piacere, honore, e stato, 
 Ponga la mano a questa chioma d' oro, 
 Ch' io porto in fronte, e lo far6 beato ; 
 Ma quando ha in destro si fatto lavoro 
 Non prenda indugio, che '1 tempo passato 
 Perduto e tutto, e non ritoma mai, 
 Ed io mi volto, e lui lascio con guai." 
 
 Orlando Innamorato, lib. 2, canto 8.
 
 264 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 cided by Pizarro to abandon his present quarters, which 
 had little to recommend them, and which, he reflected, 
 might now be exposed to annoyance from the original 
 inhabitants, should they take courage and return on 
 learning the diminished number of the white men. 
 The Spaniards, therefore, by his orders, constructed a 
 rude boat .or raft, on which they succeeded in trans- 
 porting themselves to the little island of Gorgona, 
 twenty-five leagues to the north of their present resi- 
 dence. It lay about five leagues from the continent, 
 and was uninhabited. It had some advantages over 
 the isle of Gallo ; for it stood higher above the sea, 
 and was partially covered with wood, which afforded 
 shelter to a species of pheasant, and the hare or rabbit 
 of the country, so that the Spaniards, with their cross- 
 bows, were enabled to procure a tolerable supply of 
 game. Cool streams that issued from the living rock 
 furnished abundance of water, though the drenching 
 rains that fell without intermission left them in no 
 danger of perishing by thirst. From this annoyance 
 they found some protection in the rude huts which they 
 constructed ; though here, as in their former residence, 
 they suffered from the no less intolerable annoyance 
 of venomous insects, which multiplied and swarmed in 
 the exhalations of the rank and stimulated soil. In 
 this dreary abode Pizarro omitted no means by which 
 to sustain the drooping spirits of his men. Morning 
 prayers were duly said, and the evening hymn to the 
 Virgin was regularly chanted ; the festivals of the 
 Church were carefully commemorated, and every means 
 taken by their commander to give a kind of religious 
 character to his enterprise, and to inspire his rough
 
 STERN RESOLUTION OF PIZARRO. 26$ 
 
 followers with a confidence in the protection of 
 Heaven, that might support them in their perilous 
 circumstances. 7 
 
 In these uncomfortable quarters, their chief employ- 
 ment was to keep watch on the melancholy ocean, that 
 they might hail the first signal of the anticipated succor. 
 But many a tedious month passed away, and no sign of 
 it appeared. All around was the same wide waste of 
 waters, except to the eastward, where the frozen crest 
 of the Andes, touched with the ardent sun of the 
 equator, glowed like a ridge of fire along the whole 
 extent of the great continent. Every speck in the 
 distant horizon was carefully noticed, and the drifting 
 timber or masses of sea-weed, heaving to and fro on 
 the bosom of the waters, was converted by their imagi- 
 nations into the promised vessel ; till, sinking under 
 successive disappointments, hope gradually gave way 
 to doubt, and doubt settled into despair. 8 
 
 Meanwhile the vessel of Tafur had reached the port 
 of Panama. The tidings which she brought of the in- 
 flexible obstinacy of Pizarro and his followers filled the 
 governor with indignation. He could look on it in no 
 other light than as an act of suicide, and steadily re- 
 fused to send further assistance to men who were obsti- 
 nately bent on their own destruction. Yet Luque and 
 Almagro were true to their engagements. They repre- 
 
 7 " Cada Manana daban gracias a Dios : & las tardes decian la Salve, 
 i otras Oraciones, por las Horas : sabian las Fiestas, i tenian cuenta con 
 los Viernes, i Domingos." Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 10, 
 cap. 3. 
 
 8 " Al cabo de muchos Dias aguardando, estaban tan angustiados, 
 que los salages, que se hacian bien dentro de la Mar, les parecia, que 
 era el Navio." Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 10, cap. 4. 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. M 23
 
 256 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 sented to the governor that, if the conduct of theii 
 comrade was rash, it was at least in the service of the 
 crown and in prosecuting the great work of discovery. 
 Rios had been instructed, on his taking the govern- 
 ment, to aid Pizarro in the enterprise ; and to desert 
 him now would be to throw away the remaining chance 
 of success, and to incur the responsibility of his death 
 and that of the brave men who adhered to him. These 
 remonstrances, at length, so far operated on the mind 
 of that functionary that he reluctantly consented that 
 a vessel should be sent to the island of Gorgona, but 
 with no more hands* than were necessary to work her, 
 and with positive instructions to Pizarro to return in 
 six months and report himself at Panama, whatever 
 might be the future results of his expedition. 
 
 Having thus secured the sanction of the executive, 
 the two associates lost no time in fitting out a small 
 vessel with stores and a supply of arms and ammuni- 
 tion, and despatched, it to the island. The unfortunate 
 tenants of this little wilderness, who had now occupied 
 it for seven months, 9 hardly dared to trust their senses 
 when they descried the white sails of the friendly bark 
 coming over the waters. And although, when the 
 vessel anchored off the shore, Pizarro was disappointed 
 to find that it brought no additional recruits for the 
 enterprise, yet he greeted it with joy, as affording the 
 means of solving the great problem of the existence 
 of the rich southern empire, and of thus opening the 
 way for its future conquest. Two of his men were so 
 ill that it was determined to leave them in the care of 
 
 9 " Estubieron con estos trabajos con igualdad de animo siete 
 Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1527.
 
 PROSECUTION OF THE VOYAGE. 267 
 
 some of the friendly Indians who had continued with 
 him through the whole of his sojourn, and to call for 
 them on his return. Taking with him the rest of his 
 hardy followers and the natives of Tumbez, he em- 
 barked, and, speedily weighing anchor, bade adieu to 
 the "Hell," as it was called by the Spaniards, which 
 had been the scene of so much suffering and such un- 
 daunted resolution. 10 
 
 Every heart was now elated with hope, as they found 
 themselves once more on the waters, under the guidance 
 of the good pilot Ruiz, who, obeying the directions of 
 the Indians, proposed to steer for the land of Tumbez, 
 which would bring them at once into the golden empire 
 of the Incas, the El Dorado of which they had been 
 so long in pursuit. Passing by the dreary isle of Gallo, 
 which they had such good cause to remember, they 
 stood farther out to sea until they made Point Tacu- 
 mez, near which they had landed on their previous 
 voyage. They did not touch at any part of the coast, 
 but steadily held on their way, though considerably 
 impeded by the currents, as well as by the wind, which 
 blew with little variation from the south. Fortunately, 
 the wind was light, and, as the weather was favorable, 
 their voyage, though slow, was not uncomfortable. In 
 a few days they came in sight of Point Pasado, the 
 limit of the pilot's former navigation ; and, crossing 
 the line, the little bark entered upon those unknown 
 seas which had never been ploughed by European keel 
 
 10 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 182. Montesinos, 
 Annales, MS., ano 1527. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Herrera, 
 Hist, general, dec, 3, lib. 10, cap. 4. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., 
 MS.
 
 268 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 before. The coast, they observed, gradually declined 
 from its former bold and rugged character, gently 
 sloping towards the shore, and spreading out into 
 sandy plains, relieved here and there by patches of 
 uncommon richness and beauty ; while the white cot- 
 tages of the natives glistening along the margin of the 
 sea, and the smoke that rose among the distant hills, 
 intimated the increasing population of the country. 
 
 At length, after the lapse of twenty days from their 
 departure from the island, the adventurous vessel 
 rounded the point of St. Helena and glided smoothly 
 into the waters of the beautiful gulf of Guayaquil. 
 The country was here studded along the shore with 
 towns and villages, though the mighty .chain of the 
 Cordilleras, sweeping up abruptly from the coast, left 
 but a narrow strip of emerald verdure, through which 
 numerous rivulets, spreading fertility around them, 
 wound their way to the sea. 
 
 The voyagers were now abreast of some of the most 
 stupendous heights of this magnificent range ; Chim- 
 borazo, with its broad round summit, towering like the 
 dome of the Andes, and Cotopaxi, with its dazzling 
 cone of silvery white, that knows no change except from 
 the action of its own volcanic fires ; for this mountain is 
 the most terrible of the American volcanoes, and was 
 in formidable activity at no great distance from the 
 period of our narrative. Well pleased with the signs 
 of civilization that opened on them at every league of 
 their progress, the Spaniards at length came to anchor, 
 off the island of Santa Clara, lying at the entrance of 
 the bay of Tumbez." 
 
 11 According to Garcilasso, two years elapsed between the departure
 
 BRILLIANT ASPECT OF TUMBEZ. 269 
 
 The place was uninhabited, but was recognized by 
 the Indians on board as occasionally resorted to by the 
 warlike people of the neighboring island of Puna for 
 purposes of sacrifice and worship. The Spaniards 
 found on the spot a few bits of gold rudely wrought 
 into various shapes, and probably designed as offerings 
 to the Indian deity. Their hearts were cheered, as the 
 natives assured them they would see abundance of the 
 same precious metal in their own city of Tumbez. 
 
 The following morning they stood across the bay for 
 this place. As they drew near, they beheld a town of 
 considerable size, with many of the buildings appar- 
 ently of stone and plaster, situated in the bosom of a 
 fruitful meadow, which seemed to have been redeemed 
 from the sterility of the surrounding country by care- 
 ful and minute irrigation. When at some distance 
 from shore, Pizarro saw standing towards him several 
 large balsas, which were found to be filled with war- 
 riors going on an expedition against the island of 
 Puna. Running alongside of the Indian flotilla, he 
 invited some of the chiefs to come on board of his 
 vessel. The Peruvians gazed with wonder on every 
 object which met their eyes, and especially on their 
 own countrymen, whom they had little expected to 
 meet there. The latter informed them in what manner 
 they had fallen into the hands of the strangers, whom 
 they described as a wonderful race of beings, that had 
 
 from Gorgona and the arrival at Tumbez. (Com. Real., Parte 2, lib. 
 i, cap. n.) Such gross defiance of chronology is rather common 
 even in the narratives of these transactions, where it is as difficult to 
 fix a precise date, amidst the silence, rather than the contradictions, 
 of contemporary statements, as if the events had happened before 
 the deluge. 
 
 23*
 
 270 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 come thither for no harm, but solely to be made ac- 
 quainted with the country and its inhabitants. This 
 account was confirmed by the Spanish commander, 
 who persuaded the Indians to return in their balsas 
 and report what they had learned to their townsmen, 
 requesting them at the same time to provide his vessel 
 with refreshments, as it was his desire to enter into 
 friendly intercourse with the natives. 
 
 The people of Tumbez were gathered along the 
 shore, and were gazing with unutterable amazement 
 on the floating castle, which, now having dropped 
 anchor, rode lazily at its moorings in their bay. They 
 eagerly listened to the accounts of their countrymen, 
 and instantly reported the affair to the curaca or ruler 
 of the district, who, conceiving that the strangers must 
 be beings of a superior order, prepared at once to 
 comply with their request. It was not long before 
 several balsas were seen steering for the vessel, laden 
 with bananas, plantains, yuca, Indian corn, sweet po- 
 tatoes, pine-apples, cocoanuts, and other rich products 
 of the bountiful vale of Tumbez. Game and. fish, also, 
 were added, with a number of llamas, of which Pizarro 
 had seen the rude drawings belonging to Balboa, but 
 of which till now he had met with no living specimen. 
 He examined this curious animal, ihe Peruvian sheep, 
 or, as the Spaniards called it, Ihe " little camel" of the 
 Indians, with much interest, greatly admiring the 
 mixture of wool and hair which supplied the natives 
 with the materials for their fabrics. 
 
 At that time there happened to be at Tumbez an 
 Inca noble, or orejon, for so, as I have already no- 
 ticed, men of his rank were called by the Spaniards,
 
 BRILLIANT ASPECT OF TUMBEZ. 
 
 271 
 
 from the huge ornaments of gold attached to their 
 ears. He expressed great curiosity to see the wonder- 
 ful strangers, and had, accordingly, come out with the 
 balsas for the purpose. It was easy to perceive from 
 the superior quality of his dress, as well as from the 
 deference paid to him by the others, that he was a per- 
 son of consideration ; and Pizarro received him with 
 marked distinction. He showed him the different 
 parts of the ship, explaining to him the uses of what- 
 ever engaged his attention, and answering his numer- 
 ous queries, as well as he could, by means of the Indian 
 interpreters. The Peruvian chief was especially desir- 
 ous of knowing whence and why Pizarro and his fol- 
 lowers had come to these shores. The Spanish captain 
 replied that he was the vassal of a great prince, the 
 greatest and most powerful in the world, and that he 
 had come to this country to assert his master's lawful 
 supremacy over it. He had further come to rescue the 
 inhabitants from the darkness of unbelief in which 
 they were now wandering. They worshipped an evil 
 spirit, who would sink their souls into everlasting per- 
 dition ; and he would give them the knowledge of the 
 true and only God, Jesus Christ, since to believe in 
 Him was eternal salvation." 
 
 The Indian prince listened with deep attention and 
 apparent wonder, but -answered nothing. It may be 
 that neither he nor his interpreters had any very dis- 
 
 12 The text abridges somewhat the discourse of the military po- 
 lemic ; which is reported at length by Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, 
 lib. 10, cap. 4. See also Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1527. 
 Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Re- 
 lacion del primer Pescub., MS,
 
 2 72 DISCOVERY OF PER U. 
 
 tinct ideas of the doctrines thus abruptly revealed to 
 them. It may be that he did not believe there was 
 any other potentate on earth greater than the Inca; 
 none, at least, who had a better right to rule over his 
 dominions. And it is very possible he was not dis- 
 posed to admit that the great luminary whom he wor- 
 shipped was inferior to the God of the Spaniards. But 
 whatever may have passed in the untutored mind of 
 the barbarian, he did not give vent to it, but main- 
 tained a discreet silence, without any attempt to con- 
 trovert or to convince his Christian antagonist. 
 
 He remained on board the vessel till the hour of 
 dinner, of which he partook with the Spaniards, ex- 
 pressing his satisfaction at the strange dishes, and 
 especially pleased with the wine, which he pronounced 
 far superior to the fermented liquors of his own coun- 
 try. On taking leave, he courteously pressed the 
 Spaniards to visit Tumbez, and Pizarro dismissed him 
 with the present, among other things, of an iron 
 hatchet, which had greatly excited his admiration ; for 
 the use of iron, as we have seen, was as little known to 
 the Peruvians as to the Mexicans. 
 
 On the day following, the Spanish captain sent one 
 of his own men, named Alonso de Molina, on shore, 
 accompanied by a negro who had come in the vessel 
 from Panama, together with a present for the curaca 
 of some swine and poultry, neither of which were in- 
 digenous to the New World. Towards evening his 
 emissary returned with a fresh supply of fruits and 
 vegetables, that the friendly people sent to the vessel. 
 Molina had a wondrous tale to tell. On landing, he 
 was surrounded by the natives, who expressed the
 
 BRILLIANT ASPECT OF TUAIBEZ. 
 
 273 
 
 greatest astonishment at his dress, his fair complexion, 
 and his long beard. The women, especially, mani- 
 fested great curiosity in respect to him, and Molina 
 seemed to be entirely won by their charms and capti- 
 vating manners. He probably intimated his satisfac- 
 tion by his demeanor, since they urged him to stay 
 among them, promising in that case to provide him 
 with a beautiful wife. 
 
 Their surprise was equally great at the complexion 
 of his sable companion. They could not believe it 
 was natural, and tried to rub off the imaginary dye 
 with their hands. As the African bore all this with 
 characteristic good humor, displaying at the same time 
 his rows of ivory teeth, they were prodigiously de- 
 lighted. 13 The animals were no less above their com- 
 prehension ; and, when the cock crew, the simple 
 people clapped their hands and inquired what he was 
 saying. 14 Their intellects were so bewildered by sights 
 so novel that they seemed incapable of distinguishing 
 between man and brute. 
 
 Molina was then escorted to the residence of the 
 curaca, whom he found living in much state, with por- 
 ters stationed at his doors, and with a quantity of gold 
 and silver vessels, from which he was served. He was 
 then taken to different parts of the Indian city, and saw 
 a fortress built of rough stone, and, though low, spread- 
 ing over a large extent of ground. IS Near this was a 
 
 3 " No se cansaban de mirarle, hacianle labar, para versi se le qui- 
 laba la Tinta negra, i 1 lo hacia de buena gana, riendose, i mostrando 
 sus Dientes blancos." Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 10, cap. 5. 
 
 ' Ibid., ubi supra. 
 
 s ' ' Cerca del solia estar una fortaleza muy fuerte y de linda obra, 
 hecha por los Yngas reyesdel Cuzco y senores de todo el Peru. . . . 
 M*
 
 274 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 temple; and the Spaniard's description of its decora- 
 tions, blazing with gold and silver, seemed so extrava- 
 gant that Pizarro, distrusting his whole account, resolved 
 to send a more discreet and trustworthy emissary on the 
 following day. 16 
 
 The person selected was Pedro de Candia, the Greek 
 cavalier mentioned as one of the first who intimated 
 his intention to share the fortunes of his commander. 
 He was sent on shore, dressed in complete mail, as 
 became a good knight, with his sword by his side, and 
 his arquebuse on his shoulder. The Indians were even 
 more dazzled by his appearance than by Molina's, as 
 the sun fell brightly on his polished armor and glanced 
 from his military weapons. They had heard much of 
 the formidable arquebuse from their townsmen who had 
 come in the vessel, and they besought Candia "to let 
 it speak to them." He accordingly set up a wooden 
 board as a target, and, taking deliberate aim, fired off 
 the musket. The flash of the powder and the startling 
 report of the piece, as the board, struck by the ball, 
 was shivered into splinters, filled the natives with dis- 
 may. Some fell on the ground, covering their faces 
 with their hands, and others approached the cavalier 
 with feelings of awe, which were gradually dispelled by 
 the assurance they received from the smiling expression 
 of his countenance. 17 
 
 Ya esta el edificio desta fortaleza muy gastado y deshecho : mas no 
 para que dexe de dar muestra de lo mucho que fue." Cieza de Leon, 
 Cronica, cap. 4. 
 
 16 Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. Herrera, Hist, general, loc. cit. 
 Zarate, Conq. dej Peru, lib. i, cap. 2. 
 
 T It is moreover stated that the Indians, desirous to prove still 
 further the superhuman nature of the Spanish cavalier, let loose on
 
 BRILLIANT ASPECT OF TUMBEZ. 
 
 275 
 
 They then showed him the same hospitable atten- 
 tions which they had paid to Molina; and his de- 
 scription of the marvels of the place, on his return, 
 fell nothing short of his predecessor's. The fortress, 
 which was surrounded by a triple row of wall, was 
 strongly garrisoned. The temple he described as lit- 
 erally tapestried with plates of gold and silver. Ad- 
 joining this structure was a sort of convent appropri- 
 ated to the Inca's destined brides, who manifested 
 great curiosity to see him. Whether this was gratified 
 is not clear ; but Candia described the gardens of the 
 convent, which he entered, as glowing with imitations 
 of fruits and vegetables all in pure gold and silver.' 8 
 He had seen a number of artisans at work, whose sole 
 business seemed to be to furnish these gorgeous deco- 
 rations for the religious houses. 
 
 him a tiger a jaguar probably which was caged in the royal fortress. 
 But Don Pedro was a good Catholic, and he gently laid the cross which 
 he wore round his neck on the animal's back, who, instantly forgetting 
 his ferocious nature, crouched at the cavalier's feet and began to play 
 round him in innocent gambols. The Indians, now more amazed 
 than ever, nothing doubted of the sanctity of their guest, and bore 
 him in triumph on their shoulders to the temple. This credible anec- 
 dote is repeated, without the least qualification or distrust, by several 
 contemporary writers. (See Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Her- 
 rera, Hist, general, dec. 3, lib. 10, cap. 5. Cieza de Leon, Cronica, 
 cap. 54. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte 2, lib. i, cap. 12.) This last 
 author may have had his version from Candia's own son, with whom 
 he tells us he was brought up at school. It will no doubt find as easy 
 admission with those of the present day who conceive that the age of 
 miracles has not yet passed. 
 
 18 " Que habia visto un jardin donde las yerbas eran de oro imitando 
 en un todo a las naturales, arboles con frutas de lo mismo, y otras 
 muchas cosas d este modo, con que aficiono grandemente & sus cotn- 
 pafteros & esta conquista." Montesinos, Annales, ano 1527.
 
 ,76 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 The reports of the cavalier may have been somewhat 
 overcolored.' 9 It was natural that men coming from 
 the dreary wilderness in which they had been buried 
 the last six months should have been vividly impressed 
 by the tokens of civilization which met them on the 
 Peruvian coast. But Tumbez was a favorite city of 
 the Peruvian princes. It was the most important place 
 on the northern borders of the empire, contiguous to 
 the recent acquisition of Quito. The great Tupac 
 Yupanqui had established a strong fortress there, and 
 peopled it with a colony of mitimaes. The temple, 
 and the house occupied by the Virgins of the Sun, 
 had been erected by Huayna Capac, and were liberally 
 endowed by that Inca, after the sumptuous fashion of 
 the religious establishments of Peru. The town was 
 well supplied with water by numerous aqueducts ; and 
 the fruitful valley in which it was embosomed, and the 
 ocean which bathed its shores, supplied ample means 
 of subsistence to a considerable population. But the 
 cupidity" of the Spaniards, after the Conquest, was not 
 slow in despoiling the place of its glories ; and the 
 site of its proud towers and temples, in less than half a 
 
 '9 The worthy knight's account does not seem to have found favor 
 with the old Conqueror, so often cited in these pages, who says that, 
 when they afterwards visited Tumbez, the Spaniards found Candia's 
 relation a lie from beginning to end, except, indeed, in respect to the 
 temple ; though the veteran acknowledges that what was deficient in 
 Tumbez was more than made up by the magnificence of other places 
 in the empire not then visited. " Lo cual fue mentira ; porque despues 
 que todos los Espanoles entramos en ella, se vi6 por vista de ojos ha- 
 ber mentido en todo, salvo en lo del templo, que este era cosa de ver, 
 aunque mucho mas de lo que aquel encarecio, lo que falto en esta 
 ciudad, se hal!6 despues en otras que muchas leguas mas ade'ante se 
 descubrieron." Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 D/scoi7-:K//-:s ALONG THE COAST. 277 
 
 century after that fatal period, was to be traced only by 
 the huge mass of ruins that encumbered the ground. 20 
 
 The Spaniards were nearly mad with joy, says an 
 old writer, at receiving these brilliant tidings of the 
 Peruvian city. All their fond dreams were now to be 
 realized, and they had at length reached the realm 
 which had so long flitted in visionary splendor before 
 them. Pizarro expressed his gratitude to Heaven for 
 having crowned his labors with so glorious a result ; 
 but he bitterly lamented the hard fate which, by de- 
 priving him of his followers, denied him, at such a 
 moment, the means of availing himself of his success. 
 Yet he had no cause for lamentation ; and the devout 
 Catholic saw in this very circumstance a providential 
 interposition which prevented the attempt at conquest 
 while such attempts would have been premature. Peru 
 was not yet torn asunder by the dissensions of rival can- 
 didates for the throne ; and, united and strong under 
 the sceptre of a warlike monarch, she might well have 
 bid defiance to all the forces that Pizarro could mus- 
 ter. "It was manifestly the work of Heaven," ex- 
 claims a devout son of the Church, " that the natives 
 of the country should have received him in so kind and 
 loving a spirit as best fitted to facilitate the conquest ; 
 for it was the Lord's hand which led him and his fol- 
 lowers to this remote region for the extension of the 
 holy faith, and for the salvation of souls. ' ' 2I 
 
 20 Cieza de Leon, who crossed this part of the country in 1548, men- 
 tions the wanton manner in which the hand of the Conqueror had 
 fallen on the Indian edifices, which lay in ruins even at that early 
 period. Cronica, cap. 67. 
 
 21 " I si le recibiesen con amor, hiciese su Mrd. lo que mas conve- 
 niente le pareciese al efecto de su conquista : porque tenia entendido, 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. 24
 
 278 D/SCOVEKY OF PERU. 
 
 Having now collected all the information essential 
 to his object, Pizarro, after taking leave of the natives 
 of Tumbez and promising a speedy return, weighed 
 anchor, and again turned his prow towards the south. 
 Still keeping as near as possible to the coast, that no 
 place of importance might escape his observation, he 
 passed Cape Blanco, and, after sailing about a degree 
 and a half, made the port of Payta. The inhabitants, 
 who had notice of his approach, came out in their 
 balsas to get sight of the wonderful strangers, bringing 
 with them stores of fruits, fish, and vegetables, with 
 the same hospitable spirit shown by their countrymen 
 at Tumbez. 
 
 After staying here a short time, and interchanging 
 presents of trifling value with the natives, Pizarro con- 
 tinued his cruise; and, sailing by the sandy plains 
 of Sechura for an extent of near a hundred miles, he 
 doubled the Punta de Aguja, and swept down the coast 
 as it fell off towards the east, still carried forward by 
 light and somewhat variable breezes. The weather 
 now became unfavorable, and the voyagers encountered 
 a succession of heavy gales, which drove them some 
 distance out to sea and tossed them about for many 
 days. But they did not lose sight of the mighty ranges 
 of the Andes, which, as they proceeded towards the 
 south, were still seen, at nearly the same distance from 
 the shore, rolling onwards, peak after peak, with their 
 stupendous surges of ice, like some vast ocean that had 
 been suddenly arrested and frozen up in the midst of 
 its wild and tumultuous career. With this landmark 
 
 que el haverlos traido Dios erd para que su santa fe se dilatase i 
 aquellas almas se salvasen." Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS.
 
 DISCOVERIES ALONG THE COAST. 
 
 279 
 
 always in view, the navigator had little need of star 01 
 compass to guide his bark on her course. 
 
 As soon as the tempest had subsided, Pizarro stood 
 in again for the continent, touching at the principal 
 points as he coasted along. Everywhere he was re- 
 ceived with the same spirit of generous hospitality, 
 the natives coming out in their balsas to welcome him, 
 laden with their little cargoes of fruits and vegetables, 
 of all the luscious varieties that grow in the tierra 
 caliente. All were eager to have a glimpse of the 
 strangers, the "Children of the Sun," as the Span- 
 iards began already to be called, from their fair com- 
 plexions, brilliant armor, and the thunderbolts which 
 they bore in their hands. 23 The most favorable re- 
 ports, too, had preceded them, of the urbanity and 
 gentleness of their manners, thus unlocking the hearts 
 of the simple natives and disposing them to confidence 
 and kindness. The iron-hearted soldier had not yet 
 disclosed the darker side of his character. He was 
 too weak to do so. The hour of conquest had not yet 
 come. 
 
 In every place Pizarro received the same accounts of 
 a powerful monarch who ruled over the land, and held 
 his court on the mountain plains of the interior, where 
 his capital was depicted as blazing with gold and silver 
 and displaying all the profusion of an Oriental satrap. 
 The Spaniards, except at Tumbez, seem to have met 
 with little of the precious metals among the natives 
 on the coast. More than one writer asserts that they 
 did not covet them, or at least, by Pizarro 's orders, 
 
 " Que resplandecian como el Sol. Llamabanles hijos del Sol por 
 esto." Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1528.
 
 2 8o DISCOVERY OF PJ-.Ki: 
 
 affected not to do so. He would not have them betray 
 their appetite for gold, and actually refused gifts when 
 they were proffered ! 23 It is more probable that they 
 saw little display of wealth, except in the embellish- 
 ments of the temples and other sacred buildings, which 
 they did not dare to violate. The precious metals, re- 
 served for the uses of religion and for persons of high 
 degree, were not likely to abound in the remote towns 
 and hamlets on the coast. 
 
 Yet the Spaniards met with sufficient evidence of 
 general civilization and power to convince them that 
 there was much foundation for the reports of the 
 natives. Repeatedly they saw structures of stone 
 and plaster, occasionally showing architectural skill in 
 .the executfon, if not elegance of design. Wherever 
 they cast anchor, they beheld green patches of culti- 
 vated country redeemed from the sterility of nature 
 and blooming with the variegated vegetation of the 
 tropics ; while a refined system of irrigation, by means 
 of aqueducts and canals, seemed to be spread like a 
 net-work over the surface of the country, making even 
 the desert to blossom as the rose. At many places 
 where they landed they saw the great road of the 
 Incas which traversed the sea-coast, often, indeed, lost 
 in the volatile sands, where no road could be main- 
 tained, but rising into a broad and substantial cause- 
 way as it emerged on a firmer soil. Such a provision 
 
 *3 Pizarro wished the natives to understand, says Father Naharro, 
 that their good alone, and not the love of gold, had led him to their 
 distant land ! " Sin haver querido recibir el oro, plata i perlas que les 
 ofrecieron, d. fin de que conociesen no era codicia, sino deseo de su 
 bien el que les habia traido de tan lejas tierras & las suyas." Relacion 
 sumaria, MS.
 
 DISCOVERIES ALONG THE COAST. 281 
 
 for internal communication was in itself no slight 
 monument of power and civilization. 
 
 Still beating to the south, Pizarro passed the site of 
 the future flourishing city of Truxillo, founded by him- 
 self some years later, and pressed on till he rode off the 
 port of Santa. It stood on the .banks of a broad and 
 beautiful stream ; but the surrounding country was so 
 exceedingly arid that it was frequently selected as a 
 burial-place by the Peruvians, who found the soil most 
 favorable for the preservation of their mummies. So 
 numerous, indeed, were the Indian huacas that the 
 place might rather be called the abode of the dead 
 than of the living. 24 
 
 Having reached this point, about the ninth degree 
 of southern latitude, Pizarro's followers besought him 
 not to prosecute the voyage farther. Enough and 
 more than enough had been done, they said, to prove 
 the existence and actual position of the great Indian 
 empire of which they had so long been in search. 
 Yet, with their slender force, they had no power to 
 profit by the discovery. All that remained, therefore, . 
 was to return and report the success of their enter- 
 prise to the governor of Panama. Pizarro acquiesced 
 in the reasonableness of this demand. He had now 
 penetrated nine degrees farther than any former navi- 
 gator in these southern seas, and, instead of the blight 
 
 2 * " Lo que mas me admiro, quando passe por este valle, fue ver la 
 muchedumbre que tienen de sepolturas : y que por todas las sierras y 
 secadales en los altos del valle ay numero grande de apartados, he- 
 chos a su usan9a, todo cubiertas de huessos de muertos. De manera 
 que lo que ay en este valle mas que ver, es las sepolturas de los 
 muertos, y los campos que labraron siendo vivos." Cieza de Leon, 
 Cronica, cap. 70. 
 
 2 4 *
 
 282 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 which, up to this hour, had seemed to hang over his 
 fortunes, he could now return in triumph to his coun- 
 trymen. Without hesitation, therefore, he prepared 
 to retrace his course, and stood again towards the 
 north. 
 
 On his way he touched at several places where he 
 had before landed. At one of these, called by the 
 Spaniards Santa Cruz, he had been invited on shore 
 by an Indian woman of rank, and had promised to 
 visit her on his return. No sooner did his vessel cast 
 anchor off the village where she lived, than she came 
 on board, followed by a numerous train of attendants. 
 Pizarro received her with every mark of respect, and 
 on her departure presented her with some trinkets 
 which had a real value in the eyes of an Indian prin- . 
 cess. She urged the Spanish commander and his com- 
 panions to return the visit, engaging to send a number 
 of hostages on board as security for their good treat- 
 ment. Pizarro assured her that the frank confidence 
 she had shown towards them proved that this was un- 
 necessary. Yet no sooner did he put off in his boat, 
 the following day, to go on shore, than several of the 
 principal persons in the place came alongside of the 
 ship to be received as hostages during the absence of 
 the Spaniards, a singular proof of consideration for 
 the sensitive apprehensions of her guests. 
 
 Pizarro found that preparations had been made for 
 his reception in a style of simple hospitality that 
 evinced some degree of taste. Arbors were formed 
 of luxuriant and wide-spreading branches, interwoven 
 with fragrant flowers and shrubs that diffused a de- 
 licious perfume through the air. A banquet was pro-
 
 RETURN TO PANAMA. . 283 
 
 vided, teeming with viands prepared in the style of 
 the Peruvian cookery, and with fruits and vegetables 
 of tempting hue and luscious to the taste, though their 
 names and nature were unknown to the Spaniards. 
 After the collation was ended, the guests were enter- 
 tained with music and dancing by a troop of young 
 men and maidens simply attired, who exhibited in 
 their favorite national amusement all the agility and 
 grace which the supple limbs of the Peruvian Indians 
 so well qualified them to display. Before his depart- 
 ure, Pizarro stated to his kind host the motives of his 
 visit to the country, in the same manner as he had 
 done on other occasions, and he concluded by unfurl- 
 ing the royal banner of Castile, which he had brought 
 on shore, requesting her and her attendants to raise it 
 in token of their allegiance to his sovereign. This 
 they did with great good humor, laughing all the 
 while, says the chronicler, and making it clear that 
 they had a very imperfect conception of the serious 
 nature of the ceremony. Pizarro was contented with 
 this outward display of loyalty, and returned to his 
 vessel well satisfied with the entertainment he had re- 
 ceived, and meditating, it may be, on the best mode 
 of repaying it, hereafter, by the subjugation and con- 
 version of the country. 
 
 The Spanish commander did not omit to touch also 
 at Tumbez on his homeward voyage. Here some of 
 his followers, won by the comfortable aspect of the 
 place and the manners of the people, intimated a wish 
 to remain, conceiving, no doubt, that it would be bet- 
 ter to live where they would be persons of consequence 
 than to return to an obscure condition in the com-
 
 284 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 munity of Panama. One of these men was Alonso de 
 Molina, the same who had first gone on shore at this 
 place and been captivated by the charms of the Indian 
 beauties. Pizarro complied with their wishes, thinking 
 it would not be amiss to find, on his return, some of 
 his own followers who would be instructed in the lan- 
 guage and usages of the natives. He was also allowed 
 to carry back in his vessel two or three Peruvians, for 
 the similar purpose of instructing them in the Castilian. 
 One of them, a youth named by the Spaniards Feli- 
 pillo, plays a part of some importance in the history 
 of subsequent events. 
 
 On leaving Tumbez, the adventurers steered directly 
 for Panama, touching only, on their way, at the ill- 
 fated island of Gorgona, to take on board their two 
 companions who were left there too ill to proceed with 
 them. One had died; and, receiving the other, Pizarro 
 and his gallant little band continued their voyage, and, 
 after an absence of at least eighteen months, found 
 themselves once more safely riding at anchor in the 
 harbor of Panama. 25 
 
 The sensation caused by their arrival was great, as 
 might have been expected. For there were few, even 
 among the most sanguine of their friends, who did not 
 imagine that they had long since paid for their te- 
 merity, and fallen victims to the climate or the natives, 
 or miserably perished in a watery grave. Their joy 
 was proportionably great, therefore, as they saw the 
 
 2 5 Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. Montesinos, Annales, MS., afio 
 1528. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y 
 Conq., MS. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 4, lib. 2, cap. 6, 7. Rela- 
 cion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 RETURN TO PANAMA. 285 
 
 wanderers now returned, not only in health and safety, 
 but with certain tidings of the fair countries which had 
 so long eluded their grasp. It was a moment of proud 
 satisfaction to the three associates, who, in spite of 
 obloquy, derision, and every impediment which the 
 distrust of friends or the coldness of government could 
 throw in their way, had persevered in their great enter- 
 prise until they had established the truth of what had 
 been so generally denounced as a chimera. It is the 
 misfortune of those daring spirits who conceive an idea 
 too vast for their own generation to comprehend, or, 
 at least, to attempt to carry out, that they pass for 
 visionary dreamers. Such had been the fate of Luque 
 and his associates. The existence of a rich Indian em- 
 pire at the south, which in their minds, dwelling long 
 on the same idea and alive to all the arguments in its 
 favor, had risen to the certainty of conviction, had 
 been derided by the rest of their countrymen as a mere 
 mirage of the fancy, which, on nearer approach, would 
 melt into air ; while the projectors who staked their 
 fortunes on the adventure were denounced as madmen. 
 But their hour of triumph, their slow and hard-earned 
 triumph, had now arrived. 
 
 Yet the governor, Pedro de los Rios, did not seem, 
 even at this moment, to be possessed with a conviction 
 of the magnitude of the discovery, or perhaps he was 
 discouraged by its very magnitude. When the associ- 
 ates now with more confidence applied to him for 
 patronage in an undertaking too vast for their individ- 
 ual resources, he coldly replied, " He had no desire to 
 build up other states at the expense of his own ; nor 
 would he be led to throw away more lives than had
 
 286 DISCOVERY OF PERU. 
 
 already been sacrificed by the cheap display of gold 
 and silver toys and a few Indian sheep !" * 
 
 Sorely disheartened by this repulse from the only 
 quarter whence effectual aid could be expected, the 
 confederates, without funds, and with credit nearly 
 exhausted by their past efforts, were perplexed in the 
 extreme. Yet to stop now, what was it but to aban- 
 don the rich mine which their own industry and perse- 
 verance had laid open, for others to work at pleasure ? 
 In this extremity the fruitful mind of Luque suggested 
 the only expedient by which they could hope for suc- 
 cess. This was to apply to the crown itself. No one 
 was so much interested in the result of the expedition. 
 It was for the government, indeed, that discoveries 
 were to be made, that the country was to be conquered. 
 The government alone was competent to provide the 
 requisite means, and was likely to take a much broader 
 and more liberal view of the matter than a petty colo- 
 nial officer. 
 
 But who was there qualified to take charge of this 
 delicate mission? Luque was chained by his profes- 
 sional duties to Panama ; and his associates, unlettered 
 soldiers, were much better fitted for the business of 
 the camp than of the court. Almagro, blunt, though 
 somewhat swelling and ostentatious in his address, with 
 a diminutive stature and a countenance naturally plain, 
 now much disfigured by the loss of an eye, was not so 
 well qualified for the mission as his companion in arms, 
 36 " No entendia de despoblar su Governacion, para que se fuesen 
 ii poblar nuevas Tierras, muriendo en tal demanda mas Gente de la 
 que havia muerto, cebando k los Hombres con la muestra de las 
 Ovejas, Oro, i Plata, que havian traido." Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 
 4. lib. 3, cap. i.
 
 RETURN TO PANAMA. 287 
 
 who, possessing a good person and altogether a com- 
 manding presence, was plausible, and, with all his de- 
 fects of education, could, where deeply interested, be 
 even eloquent in discourse. The ecclesiastic, however, 
 suggested that the negotiation should be committed to 
 the Licentiate Corral, a respectable functionary, then 
 about to return on some public business to the mother- 
 country. But to this Almagro strongly objected. No 
 one, he said, could conduct the affair so well as the 
 party interested in it. He had a high opinion of 
 Pizarro's prudence, his discernment of character, and 
 his cool, deliberate policy. 27 He knew enough of his 
 comrade to have confidence that his presence of mind 
 would not desert him even in the new, and therefore 
 embarrassing, circumstances in which he would be 
 placed at court. No one, he said, could tell the story 
 of their adventures with such effect as the man who 
 had been the chief actor in them. No one could so 
 well paint the unparalleled sufferings and sacrifices 
 which they had encountered ; no other could tell so 
 forcibly what had been done, what yet remained to 
 do, and what assistance would be necessary to carry 
 it into execution. He concluded, with characteristic 
 frankness, by strongly urging his confederate to under- 
 take the mission. 
 
 Pizarro felt the force of Almagro's reasoning, and, 
 though with undisguised reluctance, acquiesced in a 
 measure which was less to his taste than an expedition 
 to the wilderness. But Luque came into the arrange- 
 
 "7 " fe por pura importunacion de Almagro cupole & Pizarro, porque 
 siempre Almagro le tubo respeto, e deseo honrarle." Oviedo, Hist, 
 de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. i.
 
 288 DISCOVER Y OF PERU. 
 
 ment with more difficulty. "God grant, my chil- 
 dren," exclaimed the ecclesiastic, "that one of you 
 may not defraud the other of his blessing !" * Pizarro 
 engaged to consult the interests of his associates equally 
 with his own. But Luque, it is clear, did not trust 
 Pizarro. 
 
 There was some difficulty in raising the funds neces- 
 sary for putting the envoy in condition to make a 
 suitable appearance at court ; so low had the credit 
 of the confederates fallen, and so little confidence was 
 yet placed in the result of their splendid discoveries. 
 Fifteen hundred ducats were at length raised ; and 
 Pizarro, in the spring of 1528, bade adieu to Panama, 
 accompanied by Pedro de Candia. 29 He took with 
 him, also, some of the natives, as well as two or three 
 llamas, various nice fabrics of cloth, with many orna- 
 ments and vases of gold and silver, as specimens of 
 the civilization of the country, and vouchers for his 
 wonderful story. 
 
 38 " Plegue a Dios, Hijos, que no os hurteis la bendicion el uno al 
 otro que yo todavia holgaria, que a lo menos fuerades entrambos." 
 Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 4, lib. 3, cap. i. 
 
 "9 " [untaronle mil y quinientos pesos de oro, que dio de buena 
 voluntad D n Fernando de Luque." Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 
 1528. 
 
 Of all the writers on ancient Peruvian history, no one has acquired 
 so wide celebrity, or been so largely referred to by later compilers, as 
 the Inca Garcilasso de la Vega. He was born in Cuzco, in 1540, and 
 was a mestizo, that is, of mixed descent, his father being European 
 and his mother Indian. His father, Garcilasso de la Vega, was one 
 of that illustrious family whose achievements, both in arms and letters, 
 shed such lustre over the proudest period of the Castilian annals. He 
 came to Peru, in the suite of Pedro de Alvarado, soon after the country
 
 GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA. 289 
 
 hud been gained by Pizarro. Garcilasso attached himself to the for- 
 tunes of this chief, and, after his death, to those of his brother Gon- 
 zalo, remaining constant to the latter, through his rebellion, up to 
 the hour of his rout at Xaquixaguana, when Garcilasso took the same 
 course with most of his faction, and passed over to the enemy. But 
 this demonstration of loyalty, though it saved his life, was too late to 
 redeem his credit with the victorious party ; and the obloquy which 
 he incurred by his share in the rebellion threw a cloud over his sub- 
 sequent fortunes, and even over those of his son, as it appears, in 
 after-years. 
 
 The historian's mother was of the Peruvian blood royal. She was 
 niece of Huayna Capac, and granddaughter of the renowned Tupac 
 Inca Yupanqui. Garcilasso, while he betrays obvious satisfaction that 
 the blood of the civilized European flows in his veins, shows himself 
 not a little proud of his descent from the royal dynasty of Peru ; and 
 this he intimated by combining with his patronymic the distinguishing 
 title of the Peruvian princes, subscribing himself always Garcilasso 
 Inca de la Vega. 
 
 His early years were passed in his native land, where he was reared 
 in the Roman Catholic faith, and received the benefit of as good an 
 education as could be obtained amidst the incessant din of arms and 
 civil commotion. In 1560, when twenty years of age, he left America, 
 and from that time took up his residence in Spain. Here he entered 
 the military service, and held a captain's commission in the war against 
 the Moriscos, and, afterwards, under Don John of Austria. Though 
 he acquitted himself honorably in his adventurous career, he does not 
 seem to have been satisfied with the manner in which his services were 
 requited by the government. The old reproach of the father's dis- 
 loyally still clung to the son, and Garcilasso assures us that this cir- 
 cumstance defeated all his efforts to recover the large inheritance of 
 landed property belonging to his mother, which had escheated to the 
 crown. " Such were the prejudices against me," says he, " that I 
 could not urge my ancient claims or expectations ; and I left the army 
 so poor and so much in debt that I did not care to show myself again 
 :tt court, but was obliged to withdraw into an obscure solitude, where 
 I lead a tranquil life for the brief space that remains to me, no longer 
 deluded by the world or its vanities." 
 
 The scene of this obscure retreat was not, however, as the reader 
 might imagine from this tone of philosophic resignation. in the depths 
 of some rural wilderness, but in Cordova, once the gay capital of Mos- 
 Peru. VOL. I. N 25
 
 290 GAKCILASSO DE I. A VEGA. 
 
 lem science, and still the busy haunt of men. Here our philosopher 
 occupied himself with literary labors, the more sweet and soothing to 
 his wounded spirit that they tended to illustrate the faded glories of 
 his native land and exhibit them in their primitive splendor to the eyes 
 of his adopted countrymen. " And I have no reason to regret," he 
 says in his Preface to his account of Florida, " that Fortune has not 
 smiled on me, since this circumstance has opened a literary career 
 which, I trust, will secure to me a wider and more enduring fame than 
 could flow from any worldly prosperity." 
 
 In 1609 he gave to the world the First part of his great work, the 
 Commentaries Reales, devoted to the history of the country under the 
 Incas ; and in 1616, a few months before his death, he finished the 
 Second Part, embracing the story of the Conquest, which was pub- 
 lished at Cordova the following year. The chronicler, who thus closed 
 his labors with his life, died at the ripe old age of seventy-six. He 
 left a considerable sum for the purchase of masses for his soul, show- 
 ing that the complaints of his poverty are not to be taken literally. 
 His remains were interred in the cathedral church of Cordova, in a 
 chapel which bears the name of Garcilasso ; and an inscription was 
 placed on his monument, intimating the high respect in which the his- 
 torian was held both for his moral worth and his literary attainments. 
 
 The First Part of the Commentaries Reales is occupied, as already 
 noticed, with the ancient history of the country, presenting a complete 
 picture of its civiliEation under the Incas, far more complete than 
 has been given by any other writer. Garcilasso's mother was but ten 
 years old at the time of her cousin Atahuallpa's accession, or rather 
 usurpation, as it is called by the party of Cuzco. She had the good 
 fortune to escape the massacre which, according to the chronicler, 
 befell most of her kindred, and, with her brother, continued to reside 
 in their ancient capital after the Conquest. Their conversations natu- 
 rally turned to the good old times of the Inca rule, which, colored 
 by their fond regrets, may be presumed to have lost nothing as seen 
 through the magnifying medium of the past. The young Garcilasso 
 listened greedily to the stories which recounted the magnificence and 
 prowess of his royal ancestors, and, though he made no use of them 
 at the time, they sank deep into his memory, to be treasured up fora 
 future occasion. When he prepared, after the lapse of many years, 
 in his retirement at Cordova, to compose the history of his country, 
 he wrote to his old companions and schoolfellows of the Inca family, 
 to obtain fuller information than he couldget in Spain on various mat-
 
 GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA. 291 
 
 ters of historical interest. He had witnessed in his youth the ancient 
 ceremonies and usages of his countrymen, understood the science of 
 their quipus, and mastered many of their primitive traditions. With the 
 assistance he now obtained from his Peruvian kindred, he acquired a 
 familiarity with the history of the great Inca race, and of their national 
 institutions, to an extent that no person could have possessed unless 
 educated in the midst of them, speaking the same language, and with 
 the same Indian blood flowing in his veins. Garcilasso, in short, was 
 the representative of the conquered race ; and we might expect to find 
 the lights and shadows of the picture disposed under his pencil so as 
 to produce an effect very different from that which they had hitherto 
 exhibited under the hands of the Conquerors. 
 
 Such, to a certain extent, is the fact ; and this circumstance affords 
 a means of comparison which alone would render his works of great 
 value in arriving at just historic conclusions. But Garcilasso wrote late 
 in life, after the story had been often told by Castilian writers. He 
 naturally deferred much to men, some of whom enjoyed high credit 
 on the score both of their scholarship and their social position. His 
 object, he professes, was not so much to add any thing new of his own, 
 as to correct their errors and the misconceptions into which they had 
 been brought by their ignorance of the Indian languages and the usages 
 of his people. He does, in fact, however, go far beyond this ; and the 
 stores of information which he has collected have made his work a 
 large repository, whence later laborers in the same field have drawn 
 copious materials. He writes from the fulness of his heart, and illu- 
 minates every topic that he touches with a variety and richness of illus- 
 tration that leave little to be desired by the most importunate curiosity. 
 The difference between reading his commentaries and the accounts of 
 European writers is the difference that exists between reading a work 
 in the original and in a bald translation. Garcilasso's writings are an 
 emanation from the Indian mind'. 
 
 Yet his Commentaries are open to a grave objection, and one natu- 
 rally suggested by his position. Addressing himself to the cultivated 
 European, he was most desirous to display the ancient glories of his 
 people, and still more of the Inca race, in their most imposing form. 
 This, doubtless, was the great spur to his literary labors, for which pre- 
 vious education, however good for the evil time on which he was cast, 
 had far from qualified him. Garcilasso, therefore, wrote to effect a par- 
 ticular object. He stood forth as counsel for his unfortunate country- 
 men, pleading the cause of that degraded race before the tribunal of
 
 292 GARCILASSO DE LA Vl:(,A. 
 
 posterity. The exaggerated tone of panegyric consequent on this be- 
 comes apparent in every page of his work. He pictures forth a state of 
 society such as an Utopian philosopher would hardly venture to depict. 
 His royal ancestors became the types of every imaginary excellence, 
 and the golden age is revived for a nation which, while the war of 
 proselytism is raging on its borders, enjoys within all the blessings of 
 tranquillity and peace. Even the material splendors of the monarchy, 
 sufficiently great in this land of gold, become heightened, under the 
 glowing imagination of the Inca chronicler, into the gorgeous illusions 
 of a fairy-tale. 
 
 Yet there is truth at the bottom of his wildest conceptions, and it 
 would be unfair to the Indian historian to suppose that he did not him- 
 self believe most of the magic marvels which he describes. There is 
 no credulity like that of a Christian convert, one newly converted to 
 the faith. From long dwelling in the darkness of paganism, his eyes, 
 when first opened to the light of truth, have not acquired the power 
 of discriminating the just proportions of objects, of distinguishing 
 between the real and the imaginary. Garcilasso was not a convert, 
 indeed, for he was bred from infancy in tbe Roman Catholic faith. 
 But he was surrounded by converts and neophytes, by those of his 
 own blood, who, after practising all their lives the rites of paganism, 
 were now first admitted into the Christian fold. He listened to the 
 teachings of the missionary, learned from him to give implicit credit 
 to the marvellous legends of the Saints, and the no less marvellous 
 accounts of his own victories in his spiritual warfare for the propaga- 
 tion of the faith. Thus early accustomed to such large drafts on his 
 credulity, his reason lost its heavenly power of distinguishing truth 
 from error, and he became so familiar with the miraculous that the 
 miraculous was no longer a miracle. 
 
 Yet, while large deductions are to be made on this account from the 
 chronicler's reports, there is always a germ of truth which it is not 
 difficult to detect, and even to disengage from the fanciful covering 
 which envelops it ; and, after every allowance for the exaggerations 
 of national vanity, we shall find an abundance of genuine information 
 in respect to the antiquities of his country, for which we shall look in 
 vain in any European writer. 
 
 Garcilasso's work is the reflection of the age in which he lived. It 
 is addressed to the imagination, more than to sober reason. We are 
 dazzled by the gorgeous spectacle it perpetually exhibits, and delighted 
 by the variety of amusing details and animated gossip sprinkled over
 
 GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA. 
 
 293 
 
 its pages. The story of the action is perpetually varied by discussions 
 on topics illustrating its progress, so as to break up the monotony of 
 the narrative and afford an agreeable relief to the reader. This is true 
 of the First Part of his great work. In the Second there was no longer 
 room for such discussion. But he has supplied the place by garrulous 
 reminiscences, personal anecdotes, incidental adventures, and a host 
 of trivial details, trivial in the eyes of the pedant, which historians 
 have been too willing to discard, as below the dignity of history. We 
 have the actors in this great drama in their private dress, become ac- 
 quainted with their personal habits, listen to their familiar sayings, and, 
 in short, gather up those minutiae which in the aggregate make up so 
 much of life, and not less of character. 
 
 It is this confusion of the great and the little, thus artlessly blended 
 together, that constitutes one of the charms of the old romantic chron- 
 icle, not the less true that, in this respect, it approaches nearer to the 
 usual tone of romance. It is in such' writings that we may look to find 
 the form and pressure of the age. The worm-eaten state papers, official 
 correspondence, public records, are all serviceable, indispensable, to 
 history. They are the framework on which it is to repose ; the skele- 
 ton of facts which gives it its strength and proportions. But they are 
 as worthless as the dry bones of the skeleton, unless clothed with the 
 beautiful form and garb of humanity and instmct with the spirit of the 
 age. Our debt is large to the antiquarian, who with conscientious 
 precision lays broad and deep the foundations of historic truth ; and 
 no less to the philosophic annalist, who exhibits man in the dress of 
 public life, man in masquerade ; but our gratitude must surely not 
 be withheld from those who, like Garcilasso de la Vega, and many a 
 romancer of the Middle Ages, have held up the mirror distorted 
 though it may somewhat be to the interior of life, reflecting every 
 object, the great and the mean, the beautiful and the deformed, with 
 their natural prominence and their vivacity of coloring to the eye of 
 the spectator. As a work of art, such a production may be thought 
 to be below criticism. But, although it defy the rules of art in its 
 composition, it does not necessarily violate the principles of taste ; for 
 it conforms in its spirit to the spirit of the age in which it was written. 
 And the critic, who coldly condemns it on the severe principles of art, 
 will find a charm in its very simplicity, that will make him recur again 
 and again to its pages, while more correct and classical compositions 
 are laid aside and forgotten. 
 
 I cannot dismiss this notice of Garcilasso, though already long pro- 
 25*
 
 294 GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA. 
 
 traded, without some allusion to the English translation of his Com- 
 mentaries. It appeared in James the Second's reign, and is the work 
 of Sir Paul Rycaut, Knight. It was printed at London in 1688, in 
 folio, with considerable pretension in its outward dress, well garnished 
 with wood-cuts, and a frontispiece displaying the gaunt and rather 
 sardonic features, not of the author, but his translator. The version 
 keeps pace with the march of the original, corresponding precisely in 
 books and chapters, and seldom, though sometimes, using the freedom, 
 so common in these ancient versions, of abridgment and omission. 
 Where it does depart from the original, it is rather from ignorance 
 than intention. Indeed, so far as the plea of ignorance will avail 
 him, the worthy knight may urge it stoutly in his defence. No one 
 who reads the book will doubt his limited acquaintance with his own 
 tongue, and no one who compares it with the original will deny his 
 ignorance of the Castilian. It % con tains as many blunders as para- 
 graphs, and most of them such as might shame a schoolboy. Yet 
 such are the rude charms of the original, that this ruder version of 
 it has found considerable favor with readers; and Sir Paul Rycaut's 
 translation, old as it is, may still be met with in many a private, as 
 well as public, library.
 
 BOOK THIRD. 
 
 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 (295)
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PIZARRO'S RECEPTION AT COURT. HIS CAPITULATION 
 
 WITH THE CROWN. HE VISITS HIS BIRTHPLACE. 
 
 RETURNS TO THE NEW WORLD. DIFFICULTIES WITH 
 ALMAGRO. HIS THIRD EXPEDITION. ADVENTURES ON 
 THE COAST. BATTLES IN THE ISLE OF PUNA. 
 
 I528-I53I. 
 
 PIZARRO and his officer, having crossed the Isthmus, 
 embarked at Nombre de Dios for the old country, and, 
 after a good passage, reached Seville early in the sum- 
 mer of 1528. There happened to be at that time in 
 port a person well known in the history of Spanish 
 adventure as the Bachelor Enciso. He had taken an 
 active part in the colonization of Tierra Firme, and 
 had a pecuniary claim against the early colonists of 
 Darien, of whom Pizarro was one. Immediately on 
 the landing of the latter, he was seized by Enciso's 
 orders and held in custody for the debt. Pizarro, 
 who had fled from his native land as a forlorn and 
 houseless adventurer, after an absence of more than 
 twenty years, passed, most of them, in unprecedented 
 toil and suffering, now found himself on his return 
 N* (297)
 
 298 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 the inmate of a prison. Such was the commence- 
 ment of those brilliant fortunes which, as he had 
 trusted, awaited him at home. The circumstance 
 excited general indignation ; and no sooner was the 
 court advised of his arrival in the country, and the 
 great purpose of his mission, than orders were sent 
 for his release, with permission to proceed at once on 
 his journey. 
 
 Pizarro found the emperor at Toledo, which he was 
 soon to quit, in order to embark for Italy. Spain 
 was not the favorite residence of Charles the Fifth in 
 the earlier part of his reign. He was now at that 
 period of it when he was enjoying the full flush of 
 his triumphs over his gallant rival of France, whom 
 he had defeated and taken prisoner at the great bat- 
 tle of Pavia ; and the victor was at this moment pre- 
 paring to pass into Italy to receive the imperial crown 
 from the hands of the Roman Pontiff. Elated by his 
 successes and his elevation to the German throne, 
 Charles made little account of his hereditary king- 
 dom, as his ambition found so splendid a career 
 thrown open to it on the wide field of European pol- 
 itics. He had hitherto received too inconsiderable 
 returns from his transatlantic possessions to give them 
 the attention they deserved. But, as the recent ac- 
 quisition of Mexico and the brilliant anticipations in 
 respect to the southern continent were pressed upon 
 his notice, he felt their importance as likely to afford 
 him the means of prosecuting his ambitious and most 
 expensive enterprises. 
 
 Pizarro, therefore, who had now come to satisfy the 
 royal eyes, by visible proofs, of the truth of the golden
 
 PIZARRO' S RECEPTION AT COURT. 
 
 299 
 
 rumors which from time to time had reached Castile, 
 was graciously received by the emperor. Charles ex- 
 amined the various objects which his officer exhibited 
 to him with great attention. He was particularly in- 
 terested by the appearance of the llama, so remarkable 
 as the only beast of burden yet known on the new 
 continent ; and the fine fabrics of woollen cloth which 
 were made from its shaggy sides gave it a much higher 
 value, in the eyes of the sagacious monarch, than what 
 it possessed as an animal for domestic labor. But the 
 specimens of gold and silver manufacture, and the 
 wonderful tale which Pizarro had to tell of the abun- 
 dance of the precious metals, must have satisfied even 
 the cravings of royal cupidity. 
 
 Pizarro, far from being embarrassed by the novelty 
 of his situation, maintained his usual self-possession, 
 and showed that decorum and even dignity in his ad- 
 dress which belong to the Castilian. He spoke in a 
 simple and respectful style, but with the earnestness 
 and natural eloquence of one who had been an actor 
 in the scenes he described, and who was conscious 
 that the impression he made on his audience was to 
 decide his future destiny. All listened with eagerness 
 to the account of his strange adventures by sea and 
 land, his wanderings in the forests, or in the dismal 
 and pestilent swamps on the sea-coast, without food, 
 almost without raiment, with feet torn and bleeding 
 at every step, with his few companions becoming still 
 fewer by disease and death, and yet pressing on with 
 unconquerable spirit to extend the empire of Castile 
 and the name and power of her sovereign; but 
 when he painted his lonely condition on the deso-
 
 300 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 late island, abandoned by the government at home, 
 deserted by all but a handful of devoted followers, his 
 royal auditor, though not easily moved, was affected 
 to tears. On his departure from Toledo, Charles 
 commended the affairs of his vassal in the most favor- 
 able terms to the consideration of the Council of the 
 Indies. 1 
 
 There was at this time another man at court, who 
 had come there on a similar errand from the New 
 World, but whose splendid achievements had already 
 won for him a name that threw the rising reputation 
 of Pizarro comparatively into the shade. This man 
 was Hernando Cortes, the Conqueror of Mexico. He 
 had come home to lay an empire at the feet of his 
 sovereign, and to demand in return the redress of his 
 wrongs and the recompense of his great services. He 
 was at the close of his career, as Pizarro was at the com- 
 mencement of his ; the Conqueror of the North and 
 of the South ; the two men appointed by Providence 
 to overturn the most potent of the Indian dynasties, 
 and to open the golden gates by which the treasures 
 of the New World were to pass into the coffers of 
 Spain. 
 
 Notwithstanding the emperor's recommendation, the 
 business of Pizarro went forward at the tardy pace 
 with which affairs are usually conducted in the court 
 
 1 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, 
 MS. Conq. i Pob. del Piru, MS." Hablaba tan bien en la materia, 
 que se llevo los aplausos y atencion en Toledo donde el Emperador 
 estaba, diole audiencia con mucho gusto, tratolo amoroso, y oyole 
 tierno, especialmente cuando le hizo relacion de su consistencia y de 
 los trece companeros en la Isla en medio de tantos trabajos." Monte- 
 sinos, Annales, MS., ano 1528.
 
 HIS CAPITULATION WITH THE CROIVX. 
 
 3 OI 
 
 of Castile. He found his limited means gradually 
 sinking under the expenses incurred by his present 
 situation, and he represented that unless some meas- 
 ures were speedily taken in reference to his suit, how- 
 ever favorable they might be in the end, he should be 
 in no condition to profit by them. The queen, ac- 
 cordingly, who had charge of the business, on her 
 husband's departure, expedited the affair, and on the 
 twenty-sixth of July, 1529, she executed the memor- 
 able Capitulation which defined the powers and privi- 
 leges of Pizarro.* 
 
 The instrument secured to that chief the right of 
 discovery and conquest in the province__of Peru, or 
 New Castile, as the country was then called, in the 
 same manner as Mexico had received the name of 
 New Spain, for the distance of two hundred leagues 
 south of Santiago. He was to receive the titles and 
 rank of Governor and Captain-General of the prov- 
 ince, together with those of Adelantado and Alguacil 
 Mayor, for life ; and he was to have a salary of seven 
 hundred and twenty-five thousand maravedis, with the 
 obligation of maintaining certain officers and military 
 retainers, corresponding with the dignity of his station. 
 He was to have the right to erect certain fortresses, 
 I with the absolute government of them ; to assign en- 
 comiendas of Indians, under the limitations prescribed 
 
 * [There seems to be in this sentence a confusion of two distinct 
 personages. On leaving Spain in 1529, Charles intrusted the govern- 
 ment to his wife, the Empress Isabella, who therefore " had charge of 
 the business" referred to, and may have " expedited the affair." But 
 " the queen" in whose name the agreement with Pizarro was " exe- 
 cuted" was the unfortunate Juana, Charles's mother. ED.] 
 Peru. VOL. I. 26
 
 302 COXQUEST OF V/.'AT. 
 
 by law ; and, in fine, to exercise nearly all the pre- 
 rogatives incident to the authority of a viceroy. 
 
 His associate, Almagro, was declared commander of 
 the fortress of Tumbez, with an annual rent of three 
 hundred thousand maravedis, and with the further 
 rank and privileges of an hidalgo. The reverend 
 Father Luque received the reward of his services in 
 the bishopric of Tumbez, and he was also declared 
 Protector of the Indians of Peru. He was to enjoy the 
 yearly stipend of a thousand ducats, to be derived, 
 like the other salaries and gratuities in this instrument, 
 from the revenues of the conquered territory. 
 
 Nor were the subordinate actors in the expedition 
 forgotten. Ruiz received the title of Grand Pilot of 
 the Southern Ocean, with a liberal provision ; Candia 
 was placed at the head of the artillery ; and the re- 
 maining eleven companions on the desolate island 
 were created hidalgos and cavalleros, and raised to 
 certain municipal dignities, in prospect.* 
 
 * [Mr. Markham, after quoting this clause of the instrument, which 
 contains the list of names before cited as those of the men who elected 
 to remain with Pizarro at the island of Gallo, instead of returning to 
 Panama (p. 261, note 3), observes, " It has always been supposed 
 that these were the men who crossed the line, and hence their number 
 has been placed at thirteen. But it is not asserted in the Capitulation 
 that the men whose names are given in it were those who crossed the 
 line, and it might be that Pizarro, in asking favors for his most faithful 
 companions, on the one hand omitted one or more of those who 
 crossed the line, and on the other included some who did not take 
 part in that transaction, but who joined him afterwards." Proceeding 
 on this supposition, he rejects the accounts of Ciezade Leon, Gomara. 
 Herrera, and Garcilasso, who all concur in fixing the number of those 
 who remained at Gallo at thirteen, and accepts instead the statement 
 of Francisco de Xerez, afterwards secretary of Pizarro, who, in a
 
 HIS CAPI I'l'LAI'IUX \V1T11 TIf CKOW.V. 
 
 33 
 
 Several provisions of a liberal tenor were also made, 
 to encourage emigration to the country. The new 
 
 brief mention of the affair, gives the number at sixteen. ( Reports on 
 the Discovery of Peru, p. 8, note.) But had Mr. Markham been at 
 the pains to read the whole of the document on whose assumed si- 
 lence in regard to the point in question his argument is chiefly based, 
 he would probably have refrained from contradicting the general 
 mass of contemporary authorities, as well as the modern writers who 
 have conformed to them. The preamble to the Capitulation, reciting 
 the services and enterprises for which Pizarro and his companions 
 were to be rewarded, says expressly that on account of the dangers and 
 toils of the voyage he was deserted on an uninhabited island by all the 
 people that had gone with him, except thirteen alone, who chose to 
 remain with him. (" Donde pasastes muchos peligros e trabajo, a 
 causa de lo cual os dejo toda la gente que con vos iba en una isla des- 
 poblada con solos trece hombres que no vosquisieron dejar.") This 
 settles the number of the faithful few on the authority of Pizarro him- 
 self, and accounts for the fact that the subsequent clause, enumerating 
 their names, mentions only in a general way " the great service they 
 had rendered in the said voyage and discovery." 
 
 It should perhaps be mentioned that Sir Arthur Helps makes the 
 number fourteen, without citing his authority, and rejects the common 
 version of the story of" crossing the line," as an example of" the invin- 
 cible passion for melodramatic representation which people of second- 
 rate imagination delight in, those especially who have not seen much 
 of human affairs, and who do not know in how plain and unpretending 
 a manner the greatest things are, for the most part, transacted." (The 
 Spanish Conquest in America, Am. ed., vol. iii. p. 409.) It may be 
 admitted that there are many people of second-rate, or even third- or 
 fourth-rate, imagination, who have employed themselves either in am- 
 plifying or simplifying the events of history ; but, without holding any 
 official position, one may have seen enough of " human affairs" to be- 
 lieve that neither the greatest nor the smallest things are always trans- 
 acted with the extreme quietude and gentleness that accord with the 
 tone of an idyllic historian. In regard to this particular affair, Sir 
 Arthur Helps relies on what he calls the " simple story" told by Her- 
 rera, according to whom it was Tafur who drew the line, and who 
 makes no mention of Pizarro's speech. Garcilasso, on the other
 
 304 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 settlers were to be exempted from some of the most 
 onerous but customary taxes, as the alcabala, or to be 
 subject to them only in a mitigated form. The tax 
 on the precious metals drawn from mines was to be 
 reduced, at first, to one-tenth, instead of the fifth im- 
 posed on the same metals when obtained by barter or 
 by rapine. 
 
 It was expressly enjoined on Pizarro to observe the 
 existing regulations for the good government and pro- 
 tection of the natives ; and he was required to carry 
 out with him a specified number of ecclesiastics, with 
 whom he was to take counsel in the conquest of the 
 country, and whose efforts were to be dedicated to the 
 service and conversion of the Indians ; while lawyers 
 and attorneys, on the other hand, whose presence was 
 considered as boding ill to the harmony of the new 
 settlements, were strictly prohibited from setting foot 
 in them. 
 
 Pizarro, on his part, was bound, in six months from 
 the date of the instrument, to raise a force, well equipped 
 for the service, of two hundred and fifty men, of whom 
 one hundred might be drawn from the colonies ; and 
 the government engaged to furnish some trifling assist- 
 ance in the purchase of artillery and military stores. 
 Finally, he was to be prepared, in six months after his 
 return to Panama, to leave that port and embark on his 
 expedition. 2 
 
 3 This remarkable document, formerly in the archives of Simancas, 
 
 hand, gives exactly the same relation as Montesinos, whom Prescott 
 has followed ; and we can feel little difficulty in agreeing with Mr. 
 Markham that " of these two accounts [Herrera's and Garcilasso's] 
 that of Garcilasso is far more likely to be true." ED.]
 
 HIS CAPITULATION WITH THE CROWN. 305 
 
 Such are some of the principal provisions of this 
 Capitulation, by which the Castilian government, with 
 the sagacious policy which it usually pursued on the 
 like occasions, stimulated the ambitious hopes of the 
 adventurer by high-sounding titles and liberal prom- 
 ises of reward contingent on his success, but took 
 care to stake nothing itself on the issue of the enter- 
 prise. It was careful to reap the fruits of his toil, but 
 not to pay the cost of them. 
 
 A circumstance that could not fail to be remarked 
 in these provisions was the manner in which the high 
 and lucrative posts were accumulated on Pizarro, to 
 the exclusion of Almagro, who, if he had not taken 
 as conspicuous a part in personal toil and exposure, 
 had at least divided with him the original burden of 
 the enterprise, and, by his labors in another direction, 
 had contributed quite as essentially to its success. Al- 
 magro had willingly conceded the post of honor to 
 his confederate ; but it had been stipulated, on Pi- 
 zarro's departure for Spain, that, while he solicited the 
 office of Governor and Captain-General for himself, 
 he should secure that of Adelantado for his compan- 
 ion. In like manner, he had engaged to apply for 
 the see of Tumbez for the vicar of Panama, and the 
 office of Alguacil Mayor for the pilot Ruiz. The 
 bishopric took the direction that was concerted, for 
 the soldier could scarcely claim the mitre of the prel- 
 ate ; but the other offices, instead of their appropriate 
 
 and now transferred to the Archivo General de las Indias in Seville, 
 was transcribed for the rich collection of the late Don Martin Fernan- 
 dez de Navarrete, to whose kindness I am indebted for a copy of it. 
 It will be found printed entire, in the original, in Appendix No. 7. 
 26*
 
 306 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 distribution, were all concentrated in himself. Yet it 
 was in reference to his application for his friends that 
 Pizarro had promised on his departure to deal fairly 
 and honorably by them all. 3 
 
 It is stated by the military chronicler, Pedro Pizarro, 
 that his kinsman did, in fact, urge the suit strongly in 
 behalf of Almagro, but that he was refused by the gov- 
 ernment, on the ground that offices of such paramount 
 importance could not be committed to different indi- 
 viduals. The ill effects of such an arrangement had 
 been long since felt in more than one of the Indian 
 colonies, where it had led to rivalry and fatal col- 
 lision. 4 Pizarro, therefore, finding his remonstrances 
 unheeded, had no alternative but to combine the offices 
 in his own person, or to see the expedition fall to the 
 ground. This explanation of the affair has not re- 
 ceived the sanction of other contemporary historians. 
 The apprehensions expressed by Luque, at the time of 
 Pizarro' s assuming the mission, of some such result as 
 
 3 " Al fin se capitulo, que Francisco Pigarro negociase la Governa- 
 cion para si : i para Diego de Almagro, el Adelantamiento : i para 
 Hernando de Luque, el Obispado : i para Bartolome Ruiz, el Algua- 
 cilazgo Maior : i Mercedes para los que quedaban vivos, de los trece 
 Compafieros, afirmando siempre Francisco Pigarro, que todo lo queria 
 para ellos, i prometiendo, que negociaria lealmente, i sin ninguna 
 cautela." Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 4, lib. 3, cap. i. 
 
 4 " Y don Francisco Pigarro pidio conforme & lo que llevava capitu- 
 lado y hordenado con sus companeros ya dicho, y en el consejo se le 
 rrespondio que no avia lugar de dar governacion & dos companeros, 
 a caussa de que en santa marta se avia dado ansi & dos companeros 
 y el uno avia muerto al otro. . . . Pues pedido, como digo, muchas 
 vezes por don Francisco Pigarro se les hiziese la merced a ambos com- 
 paneros, se le rrespondio la pidiesse parassi sino que se daria a otro, 
 y visto que no avia lugar lo que pedia y queria pedio se le hiziese la 
 merced a el, y ansi se le hizo." Descub. y Conq., MS.
 
 HE VISITS HIS BIRTHPLACE. 307 
 
 actually occurred, founded, doubtless, on a knowledge 
 of his associate's character, may warrant us in distrust- 
 ing the alleged vindication of his conduct ; and our 
 distrust will not be diminished by familiarity with his 
 subsequent career. Pizarro's virtue was not of a kind 
 to withstand temptation, though of a much weaker 
 sort than that now thrown in his path. 
 
 The fortunate cavalier was also honored with the 
 habit of St. Jago ; 5 and he was authorized to make an 
 important innovation in his family escutcheon, for by 
 the father's side he might claim his armorial bearings. 
 The black eagle and the two pillars emblazoned on the 
 royal arms were incorporated with those of the Pjzarros ; 
 and an Indian city, with a vessel in the distance on the 
 waters, and the llama of Peru, revealed the theatre and 
 the character of his exploits ; while the legend an- 
 nounced that "under the auspices of Charles, and by 
 the industry, the genius, and the resources of Pizarro, 
 the country had been discovered and reduced to tran- 
 quillity," thus modestly intimating both the past and 
 prospective services of the Conqueror. 6 
 
 These arrangements having been thus completed to 
 Pizarro's satisfaction, he left Toledo for Truxillo, his 
 native place, in Estremadura, where he thought he 
 should be most likely to meet with adherents for his 
 new enterprise, and where it doubtless gratified his 
 vanity to display himself in the palmy, or at least 
 
 s Xerez, Conq.del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn, iii.p. 182. Oviedo, Hist, 
 de las Indias, MS.. Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. i. Caro de Torres, Historia 
 de las Ordenes militares (ed. Madrid, 1629), p. 113. 
 
 6 " Caroli Cassaris auspicio. et labore, ingenio, ac impensa Ducis 
 Pi9arro inventa, et pacata." Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 4, lib. 6, 
 cap- i.
 
 308 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 promising, state of his present circumstances. If vanity 
 be ever pardonable, it is certainly in a man who, born 
 in an obscure station in life, without family, interest, 
 or friends to back him, has carved out his own fortunes 
 in the world, and, by his own resources, triumphed 
 over all the obstacles which nature and accident had 
 thrown in his way. Such was the condition of Pizarro 
 as he now revisited the place of his nativity, where he 
 had hitherto been known only as a poor outcast, with- 
 out a home to shelter, a father to own him, or a friend 
 to lean upon. But he now found both friends and fol- 
 lowers, and some who were eager to claim kindred with 
 him and take part in his future fortunes. Among these 
 were four brothers. Three of them, like himself, were 
 illegitimate, one of whom, named Francisco Martin 
 de Alcantara, was related to him by the mother's side, 
 the other two, named Gonzalo and Juan Pizarro, were 
 descended from the father. " They were all poor, and 
 proud as they were poor," says Oviedo, who had seen 
 them ; " and their eagerness for gain was in proportion 
 to their poverty." 7 
 
 The remaining and eldest brother, named Hernando, 
 was a legitimate son, "legitimate," continues the 
 same caustic authority, " by his pride, as well as by his 
 birth." His features were plain, even disagreeably so ; 
 but his figure was good. He was large of stature, and, 
 like his brother Francis, had on the whole an imposing 
 presence. 8 In his character he combined some of the 
 
 7 " Trujo tres o cuatro hermanos suyos tan soberbios como pobres, 
 t tan sin hacienda como deseosos de alcanzarla." Hist, de las Indias, 
 MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. i. 
 
 8 Oviedo's portrait of him is by no means nattering. He writes like 
 one too familiar with the original. " 6 de todos ellos el Hernand*
 
 HE VISITS HIS BIRTHPLACE. 
 
 39 
 
 worst defects incident to the Castilian. He was jealous 
 in the extreme ; impatient, not merely of affront, but 
 of the least slight, and implacable in his resentment. 
 He was decisive in his measures, and unscrupulous in 
 their execution. No touch of pity had power to arrest 
 his arm. His arrogance was such that he was con- 
 stantly wounding the self-love of those with whom he 
 acted ; thus begetting an ill will which unnecessarily 
 multiplied obstacles in his path. In this he differed 
 from his brother Francis, whose plausible manners 
 smoothed away difficulties and conciliated confidence 
 and co-operation in his enterprises. Unfortunately, 
 the evil counsels of Hernando exercised an influence 
 over his brother which more than compensated the ad- 
 vantages derived from his singular capacity for business. 
 Notwithstanding the general interest which Pizarro's 
 adventures excited in this country, that chief did not 
 find it easy to comply with the provisions of the Ca- 
 pitulation in respect to the amount of his levies. Those 
 who were most astonished by his narrative were not 
 always most inclined to take part in his fortunes. They 
 shrank from the unparalleled hardships which lay in 
 the path of the adventurer in that direction ; and they 
 listened with visible distrust to the gorgeous pictures 
 of the golden temples and gardens of Tumbez, which 
 they looked upon as indebted in some degree, at least, 
 to the coloring of his fancy, with the obvious purpose 
 
 Pizarro solo era legitimo, e mas legitimado en la soberbia, hombre de 
 alta estatura e grueso, la lengua e labios gordos, e la punta de la nariz 
 con sobrada came e encendida, y este fue el desavenidor y estorbador 
 del sosiego de todosy en especial de los dos viejos companeros Fran- 
 cisco Pizarro 6 Diego de Almagro." Hist, de las Indias, MS., ub 
 supra.
 
 3 io CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 of attracting followers to his banner. It is even said 
 that Pizarro would have found it difficult to raise the 
 necessary funds, but for the seasonable aid of Cortes, a 
 native of Estremadura like himself, his companion in 
 arms in early days, and, according to report, his kins- 
 man. 9 No one was in a better condition to hold out 
 a helping hand to a brother adventurer, and probably 
 no one felt greater sympathy in Pizarro's fortunes, or 
 greater confidence in his eventual success, than the man 
 who had so lately trod the same career with renown. 
 
 The six months allowed by the Capitulation had 
 elapsed, and Pizarro had assembled somewhat less than 
 his stipulated complement of men, with which he was 
 preparing to embark in a little squadron of three ves- 
 sels at Seville ; but before they were wholly ready he 
 received intelligence that the officers of the Council 
 o the Indies proposed to inquire into the condition 
 of the vessels and ascertain how far the requisitions 
 had been complied with. 
 
 Without loss of time, therefore, Pizarro, afraid, if 
 the facts were known, that his enterprise might be 
 nipped in the bud, slipped his cables, and, crossing 
 the bar of San Lucar, in January, 1530, stood for the 
 isle of Gomera, one of the Canaries, where he or- 
 dered his brother Hernando, who had charge of the 
 remaining vessels, to meet him. 
 
 Scarcely had he gone, before the officers arrived to 
 institute the search. But when they objected the de- 
 ficiency of men they were easily perhaps willingly 
 deceived by the pretext that the remainder had gone 
 forward in the vessel with Pizarro. At all events, no 
 
 9 Pizarro y Orellana, Varones ilustres, p. 143.
 
 RETURNS TO THE NEW WORLD. 31 r 
 
 further obstacles were thrown in Hernando's way, and 
 he was permitted, with the rest of the squadron, to 
 join his brother, according to agreement, at Gomera. 
 
 After a prosperous voyage, the adventurers reached 
 the northern coast of the great southern continent, and 
 anchored off the port of Santa Marta. Here they re- 
 ceived such discouraging reports of the countries to 
 which they were bound, of forests teeming with insects 
 and venomous serpents, of huge alligators that swarmed 
 on the banks of the streams, and of hardships and perils 
 such as their own fears had never painted, that several 
 of Pizarro's men deserted, and their leader, thinking 
 it no longer safe to abide in such treacherous quarters, 
 set sail at once for Nombre de Dios. 
 
 Soon after his arrival there, he was met by his two 
 associates, Luque and Almagro, who had crossed the 
 mountains for the purpose of hearing from his own lips 
 the precise import of the Capitulation with the crown. 
 Great, as might have been expected, was Almagro's 
 discontent at learning the result of what he regarded 
 as the perfidious machinations of his associate. "Is 
 it thus," he exclaimed, " that you have dealt with the 
 friend who shared equally with you in the trials, the 
 dangers, and the cost of the enterprise, and this, not- 
 withstanding your solemn engagements on your de- 
 parture to provide for his interests as faithfully as your 
 own ? How could you allow me to be thus dishonored 
 in the eyes of the world by so paltry a compensation, 
 which seems to estimate my services as nothing in 
 comparison with your own?" I0 
 
 10 Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 4, lib. 7, cap. 9. Pedro Pizarro, 
 Descub. y Conq., MS.
 
 312 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Pizarro, in reply, assured his companion that he 
 had faithfully urged his suit, but that the government 
 refused to confide powers which intrenched so closely 
 on one another to different hands. He had no alter- 
 native but to accept all himself or to decline all ; and 
 he endeavored to mitigate Almagro's displeasure by 
 representing that the country was large enough for 
 the ambition of both, and that the powers conferred 
 on himself were, in fact, conferred on Almagro, since 
 all that he had would ever be at his friend's disposal, 
 as if it were his own. But these honeyed words did 
 not satisfy the injured party; and the two captains 
 soon after returned to Panama with feelings of es- 
 trangement, if not hostility, towards one another, 
 which did not augur well for their enterprise. 
 
 Still, Almagro was of a generous temper, and might 
 have been appeased by the politic concessions of his 
 rival, but for the interference of Hernando Pizarro, 
 who, from the first hour of their meeting, showed 
 little respect for the veteran, which, indeed, the di- 
 minutive person of the latter was not calculated to 
 inspire, and who now regarded him with particular 
 aversion as an impediment to the career of his brother. 
 
 Almagro's friends and his frank and liberal man- 
 ners had secured him many were no less disgusted 
 than himself with the overbearing conduct of this 
 new ally. They loudly complained that it was quite 
 enough to suffer from the perfidy of Pizarro, without 
 being exposed to the insults of his family, who had 
 now come over with him to fatten on the spoils of 
 conquest which belonged to their leader. The rup- 
 ture soon proceeded to such a length that Almagro
 
 DIFFICULTIES WITH ALMAGRO. 
 
 3*3 
 
 avowed his intention to prosecute the expedition with- 
 out further co-operation with his partner, and actu- 
 ally entered into negotiations for the purchase of 
 vessels for that object. But Luque, and the Licen- 
 tiate Espinosa, who had fortunately come over at that 
 time from St. Domingo, now interposed to repair a 
 breach which must end in the ruin of the enterprise 
 and the probable destruction of those most interested 
 in its success. By their mediation, a show of reconcili- 
 ation was at length effected between the parties, on 
 Pizarro's assurance that he would relinquish the dig- 
 nity of Adelantado in favor of his rival, and petition 
 the emperor to confirm him in the possession of it, 
 an assurance, it may be remarked, not easy to recon- 
 cile with his former assertion in respect to the avowed 
 policy of the crown in bestowing this office. He was, 
 moreover, to apply for a distinct government for his 
 associate, so soon as he had become master of the 
 country assigned to himself, and was to solicit no 
 office for either of his own brothers until Almagro 
 had been first provided for. Lastly, the former con- 
 tract in regard to the division of the spoil into three 
 equal shares between the three original associates was 
 confirmed in the most explicit manner. The recon- 
 ciliation thus effected among the parties answered the 
 temporary purpose of enabling them to go forward in 
 concert in the expedition. But it was only a thin 
 scar that had healed over the wound, which, deep and 
 rankling within, waited only fresh cause of irritation 
 to break out with a virulence more fatal than ever." 
 
 " Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Naharro, Relacion suma- 
 ria, MS. Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1529. Relacion del primer 
 Peru. VOL. I. o 27
 
 3 14 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 No time was now lost in preparing for the voyage. 
 It found little encouragement, however, among the 
 colonists of Panama, who were too familiar with the 
 sufferings on the former expeditions to care to under- 
 take another, even with the rich bribe that was held 
 out to allure them. A few of the old company were 
 content to follow out the adventure to its close ; and 
 some additional stragglers were collected from the 
 province of Nicaragua, a shoot, it may be remarked, 
 from the colony of Panama. But Pizarro made slen- 
 der additions to the force brought over with him from 
 Spain, though this body was in better condition, and, 
 in respect to arms, ammunition, and equipment gen- 
 erally, was on a much better footing, than his former 
 levies. The whole number did not exceed one hun- 
 dred and eighty men, with twenty-seven horses for 
 the cavalry. He had provided himself with three 
 vessels, two of them of a good size, to take the place 
 of those which he had been compelled to leave on 
 the opposite side of the Isthmus at Nombre de Dios ; 
 an armament small for the conquest of an empire, 
 and far short of that prescribed by the Capitulation 
 with the crown. With this the intrepid chief pro- 
 posed to commence operations, trusting to his own 
 successes, and the exertions of Almagro, who was to 
 
 Descub., MS. Zarate, Conq. del Peru. lib. i, cap. 3. Oviedo, Hist, 
 de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. i. There seems to have been 
 little good will, at bottom, between any of the confederates ; for Father 
 Luque wrote to Oviedo that both of his partners had repaid his ser- 
 vices with ingratitude : " Padre Luque, companero de estos Capitanes, 
 con cuya hacienda hicieron ellos sus hechos, puesto que el uno e el 
 otro se lo pagaron con ingratitud segun & mi me lo escribio el mismo 
 electode su mano." Ibid., loc. cit.
 
 HIS THIRD EXPEDITION. 315 
 
 remain behind for the present, to muster reinforce;. 
 ments. 12 
 
 On St. John the Evangelist's day, the banners 
 of the company and the royal standard were conse- 
 crated in the cathedral church of Panama ; a sermon 
 was preached before the little army by Fray Juan de 
 Vargas, one of the Dominicans selected by the gov- 
 ernment for the Peruvian mission ; and mass was per- 
 formed, and the sacrament administered to every sol- 
 dier previous to his engaging in the crusade against 
 the infidel.' 3 Having thus solemnly invoked the bless- 
 ing of Heaven on the enterprise, Pizarro and his fol- 
 lowers went on board their vessels, which rode at 
 anchor in the Bay of Panama, and early in January, 
 1531, sallied forth on his third and last expedition for 
 the conquest of Peru. 
 
 It was his intention to steer direct for Tumbez, 
 which held out so magnificent a show of treasure on 
 his former voyage. But head-winds and currents, as 
 usual, baffled his purpose, and after a run of thirteen 
 days, much shorter than the period formerly required 
 for the same distance, his little squadron came to 
 anchor in the Bay ef St. Matthew, about one degree 
 
 12 The numerical estimates differ, as usual. I conform to the state- 
 ment of Pizarro's secretary, Xerez. Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn, 
 iii. p. 182. 
 
 *3 " El qual haviendo hecho bendecir en la Iglesia mayor las ban- 
 deras i estandarte real dia de San Juan Evangelista de dicho ano de 
 1530, i que todos los soldados confesasen i comulgasen en el convento 
 de Nuestra Senora de la Merced, dia de los Inocentes en la misa can- 
 tada que se celebro con toda solemnidad i sermon que predic6 el P. 
 Present do Fr. Juan de Vargas, uno de los 5 religiosos que en cumpli- 
 miento de la obediencia de sus prelados i orden del Emperador pasa 
 ban a la conquista." Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS.
 
 3I 6 CONQUEST OF PEAT. 
 
 north ; and Pizarro, after consulting with his officers, 
 resolved to disembark his forces and advance along 
 the coast, while the vessels held their course at a con- 
 venient distance from the shore. 
 
 The march of the troops was severe and painful in 
 the extreme ; for the road was constantly intersected by 
 streams, which, swollen by the winter rains, widened 
 at their mouths into spacious estuaries. Pizarro, who 
 had some previous knowledge of the country, acted 
 as guide as well as commander of the expedition. He 
 was ever ready to give aid where it was needed, en- 
 couraging his followers to ford or swim the torrents as 
 they best could, and cheering the desponding by his 
 own buoyant and courageous spirit. 
 
 At length they reached a thick -settled hamlet, or 
 rather town, in the province of Coaque. The Span- 
 iards rushed on the place, and the inhabitants, without 
 offering resistance, fled in terror to the neighboring 
 forests, leaving their effects of much greater value 
 than had been anticipated in the hands of the in- 
 vaders. " We fell on them, sword in hand," says 
 one of the Conquerors, with some natvett ; "for if 
 we had advised the Indians of our approach we should 
 never have found there such store of gold and precious 
 stones." M The natives, however, according to another 
 authority, stayed voluntarily ; " for, as they had done 
 no harm to the white men, they flattered themselves 
 none would be offered to them, but that there would 
 
 '4 " Pues llegados d este pueblo de Coaque dieron de supito sin 
 savello la gente del porque si estuvieran avisados. No se tomara la 
 cantidad de oro y esmeraldas que en el se tomaron." Pedro Pizarro, 
 Descub. y Conq., MS.
 
 ADVENTURES ON THE COAST. 317 
 
 be. only an interchange of good offices with the 
 strangers," 15 an expectation founded, it may be, on 
 the good character which the Spaniards had estab- 
 lished for themselves on their preceding visit, but one 
 in which the simple people now found themselves most 
 unpleasantly deceived. 
 
 Rushing into the deserted dwellings, the invaders 
 found there, besides stuffs of various kinds, and food 
 most welcome in their famished condition, a large 
 quantity of gold and silver wrought into clumsy orna- 
 ments, together with many precious stones ; for this 
 was the region of the esmcraldas, or emeralds, where 
 that valuable gem was most abundant. One of these 
 jewels, that fell into the hands of Pizarro in this 
 neighborhood, was as large as a pigeon's egg. Un- 
 luckily, his rude followers did not know the value of 
 their prize ; and they broke many of them in pieces 
 by pounding them with hammers. 16 They were led to 
 this extraordinary proceeding, it is said, by one of the 
 Dominican missionaries, Fray Reginaldo de Pedraza, 
 who assured them that this was the way to prove the 
 true emerald, which could not be broken. It was ob- 
 served that the good father did not subject his own 
 jewels to this wise experiment ; but, as the stones, in 
 
 i s Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 4, lib. 7, cap. 9. 
 
 16 Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 
 i, cap. 4. " A lo que se ha entendido en las esmeraldas ovo gran 
 hierro y torpedad en algunas Personas por no conoscellas. Aunque 
 quieren decir que algunos que las conoscieron las guardaron. Pero 
 ffinalmente muchos vbieron esmeraldas de mucho valor ; vnos las pro- 
 vavan en yunques, dandolas con martillos, diziendo que si hera esme- 
 ralda no se quebraria ; otros las despreciaban, diziendo que era vidrio." 
 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 27*
 
 3 i8 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 consequence of it, fell in value, being regarded merely 
 as colored glass, he carried back a considerable store 
 of them to Panama. 17 
 
 The gold and silver ornaments rifled from the dwell- 
 ings were brought together and deposited in a common 
 heap ; when a fifth was deducted for the crown, and 
 Pizarro distributed the remainder in due proportions 
 among the officers and privates of his company. This 
 was the usage invariably observed on the like occasions 
 throughout the Conquest. The invaders had embarked 
 in a common adventure. Their interest was common, 
 and' to have allowed every one to plunder on his own 
 account would only have led to insubordination and 
 perpetual broils. All were required, therefore, on pain 
 of death, to contribute whatever they obtained, whether 
 by bargain or by rapine, to the general stock ; and all 
 were too much interested in the execution of the pen- 
 alty to allow the unhappy culprit who violated the law 
 any chance of escape. 18 
 
 Pizarro, with his usual policy, sent back to Panama 
 a large quantity of the gold, no less than twenty'thou- 
 sand castellanos in value, in the belief that the sight of 
 so much treasure, thus speedily acquired, would settle 
 the doubts of the wavering and decide them on joining 
 
 '7 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Herrera, Hist, general, 
 dec. 4, lib. 7, cap. 9. 
 
 18 " Los Espanoles las rrecoxeron y juntaron el oro y la plata, 
 porque asi estava mandado y hordenado sopena de la vida el que otra 
 cossa hiziese, porque todos lo avian de traer a monton para que de 
 alii el governador lo rrepartiese, dando a cada uno confforme a su 
 persona y meritos de servicios ; y esta horden se guardo en toda esta 
 tierra en la conquista della, y al que se le hallara oro 6 plata escon- 
 dido muriera por ello, y deste medio nadie oso escondello." Pedro 
 Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS.
 
 ADVENTURED ON THE COAST. 
 
 3*9 
 
 his banner. 19 He judged right. As one of the Con- 
 querors piously expresses it, " It pleased the Lord that 
 we should fall in with the town of Coaque, that the riches 
 of the land might find credit with the people, and that 
 they should flock to it." x 
 
 Pizarro, having refreshed his men, continued his 
 march along the coast, but no longer accompanied by 
 the vessels, which had returned for recruits to Panama. 
 The road, as he advanced, was checkered with strips 
 of sandy waste, which, drifted about by the winds, 
 blinded the soldiers, and afforded only treacherous 
 footing for man and beast. The glare was intense ; 
 and the rays of a vertical sun beat fiercely on the iron 
 mail and the thick quilted doublets of cotton, till the 
 fainting troops were almost suffocated with the heat. 
 To add to their distresses, a strange epidemic broke 
 out in the little army. It took the form of ulcers, or 
 rather hideous warts of great size, which covered the 
 b6dy, and when lanced, as was the case with some, 
 discharged such a quantity of blood as proved fatal to 
 the sufferer. Several died of this frightful disorder, 
 which was so sudden in its attack, and attended with 
 
 '9 The booty was great indeed, if, as Pedro Pizarro, one of the Con- 
 querors present, says, it amounted in value to 200,000 gold castellanos : 
 "Aqui se hallo mucha chaquira de oro y de plata, muchas coronas 
 hechas de oro a manera de imperiales, y otras muchas piezas en que 
 se avaleo montar mas de dozientos mill castellanos." (Descub. y 
 Conq., MS.) Naharro, Montesinos, and Herrera content themselves 
 with stating that he sent back 20,000 castellanos in the vessels to 
 Panama. 
 
 20 " Fueron a dar en vn pueblo que se dezia Coaque que fue nue- 
 stro Sefior servido tapasen con el, porque con lo que en el se hallo se 
 acredito la tierra y vino gente a ella." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y 
 Conq., MS.
 
 320 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 such prostration of strength, that those who lay down 
 well at night were unable to lift their hands to their 
 heads in the morning." The epidemic, which made its 
 first appearance during this invasion, and which did 
 not long survive it, spread over the country, sparing 
 neither native nor white man. 22 It was one of those 
 plagues from the vial of wrath, which the destroying 
 angel, who follows in the path of the conqueror, pours 
 out on the devoted nations. 
 
 The Spaniards rarely experienced on their march 
 either resistance or annoyance from the inhabitants, 
 who, instructed by the example of Coaque, fled with 
 their effects into the woods and neighboring mountains. 
 No one came out to welcome the strangers and offer 
 the rites of hospitality, as on their last visit to the 
 land. For the white men were no longer regarded as 
 good beings that had come from heaven, but as ruth- 
 less destroyers, who, invulnerable to the assaults of the 
 Indians, were borne along on the backs of fierce ani- 
 mals, swifter than the wind, with weapons in their 
 hands that scattered fire and desolation as they went. 
 Such were the stories now circulated of the invaders, 
 which, preceding them everywhere on their march, 
 closed the hearts, if not the doors, of the natives against 
 them. Exhausted by the fatigue of travel and by dis- 
 ease, and grievously disappointed at the poverty of the 
 land, which now offered no compensation for their 
 toils, the soldiers of Pizarro cursed the hour in which 
 they had enlisted under his standard, and the men of 
 
 21 Naharro, Relaeion sumaria, MS. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y 
 Conq., MS. Montesinos, Annales, MS., afio 1530. 
 * Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte 2, lib. i, cap. 15.
 
 ADVENTURES ON THE COAST. 
 
 3 21 
 
 Nicaragua in particular, says the old chronicler, call- 
 ing to mind their pleasant quarters in their luxurious 
 land, sighed only to return to their Mahometan para- 
 dise. 
 
 At this juncture the army was gladdened by the 
 sight of a vessel from Panama, which brought some 
 supplies, together with* the royal treasurer, the veedor 
 or inspector, the comptroller, and other high officers 
 appointed by the crown to attend the expedition. 
 They had been left in Spain by Pizarro, in conse- 
 quence of his abrupt departure from the country ; and 
 the Council of the Indies, on learning the circum- 
 stance, had sent instructions to Panama to prevent the 
 sailing of his squadron from that port. But the Span- 
 ish government, with more wisdom, countermanded 
 the order, only requiring the functionaries to quicken 
 their own departure and take their place without loss 
 of time in the expedition. 
 
 The Spaniards in their march along the coast had 
 now advanced as far as Puerto Viejo. Here they were 
 soon after joined by another small reinforcement of 
 about thirty men, under an officer named Benalcazar, 
 who subsequently rose to high distinction in this service. 
 Many of the followers of Pizarro would now have 
 halted at this spot and established a colony there. But 
 that chief thought more of conquering than of colo- 
 nizing, at least for the present ; and he proposed, as 
 
 33" Aunque ellos no ninguno por aver venido, porque como avian 
 dexado el paraiso de mahoma que hera Nicaragua y hallaron la isla 
 alzada y falta de comidas y la mayor parte de la gente enfferma y no 
 oro ni plata como atras avian hallado, algunos y todos se holgaran 
 de volver de adonde avian venido." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., 
 MS. 
 
 o*
 
 322 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 his first step, to get possession of Turabez, which he 
 regarded as the gate of the -Peruvian empire. Con- 
 tinuing his march, therefore, to the shores of what is 
 now called the Gulf of Guayaquil, he arrived off the 
 little island of Puna, lying at no great distance from 
 the Bay of Tumbez. This island, he thought, would 
 afford him a convenient place tt> encamp until he was 
 prepared to make his descent on the Indian city. 
 
 The dispositions of the islanders seemed to favor his 
 purpose. He had not been long in their neighborhood 
 before a deputation of the natives, with their cacique 
 at their head, crossed over in their balsas to the main 
 land to welcome the Spaniards to their residence. But 
 the Indian interpreters of Tumbez, who had returned 
 with Pizarro from Spain, and continued with the camp, 
 put their master on his guard against the meditated 
 treachery of the islanders, whom they accused of de- 
 signing to destroy the Spaniards by cutting the ropes 
 that held together the floats and leaving those upon 
 them to perish in the waters. Yet the cacique, when 
 charged by Pizarro with this perfidious scheme, denied 
 it with such an air of conscious innocence that the 
 Spanish commander trusted himself and his followers, 
 without further hesitation, to his conveyance, and was 
 transported in safety to the shores of Puna. 
 
 Here he was received in a hospitable manner, and 
 his troops were provided with comfortable quarters. 
 Well satisfied with his present position, Pizarro re- 
 solved to occupy it until the violence of the rainy 
 season was past, when the arrival of the reinforce- 
 ments he expected would put him in better condition 
 for marching into the country of the Inca.
 
 ADVENTURES ON THE COAST. 323 
 
 The island, which lies in the mouth of the river of 
 Guayaquil, and is about eight leagues in length by four 
 in breadth at the widest part, was at that time par- 
 tially covered with a noble growth of timber. But a 
 large portion of it was subjected to cultivation, and 
 bloomed with plantations of cacao, of the sweet po- 
 tato, and the different products of a tropical clime, 
 evincing agricultural knowledge as well as industry in 
 the population. They were a warlike race, but had 
 received from their Peruvian foes the appellation of 
 " perfidious." It was the brand fastened by the Roman 
 historians on their Carthaginian enemies, with perhaps 
 no better reason. The bold and independent islanders 
 opposed a stubborn resistance to the arms of the Incas ; 
 and, though they had finally yielded, they had been 
 ever since at feud, and often in deadly hostility, with 
 their neighbors of Tumbez. 
 
 The latter no sooner heard of Pizarro's arrival on 
 the island than, trusting probably to their former, 
 friendly relations with him, they came over in some 
 number to the Spanish quarters. The presence of their 
 detested rivals was by no means grateful to the jealous 
 inhabitants of Puna, and the prolonged residence of Is 
 the white men on their island could not be otherwise 
 than burdensome. In their outward demeanor they 
 still maintained the same show of amity ; but Pizarro's 
 interpreters again put him on his guard against the 
 proverbial perfidy of their hosts. With his suspicions 
 thus roused, the Spanish commander was informed 
 that a number of the chiefs had met together to de- 
 liberate on a plan of insurrection. Not caring to wait 
 for the springing of the mine, he surrounded the place
 
 3 24 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 of meeting with his soldiers and made prisoners of the 
 suspected chieftains. According to one authority, they 
 confessed their guilt. 24 This is by no means certain. 
 Nor is it certain that they meditated an insurrection. 
 Yet the fact is not improbable in itself; though it de- 
 rives little additional probability from the assertion of 
 the hostile interpreters. It is certain, however, that 
 Pizarro was satisfied of the existence' of a conspiracy ; 
 and*, without further hesitation, he abandoned his 
 wretched prisoners, ten or twelve in number, to the 
 tender mercies of their rivals of Tumbez, who instantly 
 massacred them before his eyes. 23 
 
 Maddened by this outrage, the people of Puna 
 sprang to arms, and threw themselves at once, with 
 fearful yells and the wildest menaces of despair, on the 
 Spanish camp. The odds of numbers were greatly in 
 their favor, for they mustered several thousand war- 
 riors. But the more decisive odds of arms and disci- 
 pline were on the side of their antagonists ; and, as 
 the Indians rushed forward in a confused mass to the 
 assault, the Castilians coolly received them on their 
 long pikes or swept them down by the volleys of their 
 musketry. Their ill-protected bodies were easily cut 
 to pieces by the sharp sword of the Spaniard ; and 
 Hernando Pizarro, putting himself at the head of the 
 cavalry, charged boldly into the midst, and scattered 
 them far and wide over the field, until, panic-struck 
 
 "4 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 183. 
 
 S " Y el marques don Francisco Pi9arro, por tenellos por amigos y 
 estuviesen de paz quando allapassasen, les dio algunos principales los 
 quales ellos matavan en presencia de los espanoles, cortandoles las 
 cavezas por el cogote." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS.
 
 BATTLES IN THE ISLE OF PUNA. 
 
 325 
 
 by the, terrible array of steel-clad horsemen and the 
 stunning reports and the flash of fire-arms, the fugi- 
 tives sought shelter in the depths of their forests. Yet 
 the victory was owing, in some degree, at least, if 
 we may credit the Conquerors, to the interposition 
 of Heaven ; for St. Michael and his legions were seen 
 high in the air above the combatants, contending with 
 the arch-enemy of man and cheering on the Christians 
 by their example ! 26 
 
 Not more than three or four Spaniards fell in the 
 fight ; but many were wounded, and among them Her- 
 nando Pizarro, who received a severe injury in the leg 
 from a javelin. Nor did the war end here ; for the 
 implacable islanders, taking advantage of the cover of 
 night, or of any remissness on the part of the invaders, 
 were ever ready to steal out of their fastnesses and spring 
 on their enemy's camp, while, by cutting off his strag- 
 gling parties and destroying his provisions, they kept 
 him in perpetual alarm. 
 
 In this uncomfortable situation, the Spanish com- 
 mander was gladdened by the appearance of two ves- 
 sels off the island. They brought a reinforcement 
 
 26 The city of San Miguel was so named by Pizarro to commemorate 
 the event ; and the existence of such a city may be considered by some 
 as establishing the truth of the miracle. " En la batalla de Fund 
 vieron muchos, ya de los Indies, ya de los nuestros, que habia en el 
 aire otros dos campos, uno acaudillado por el Arcangel S n Miguel con 
 espada y rodela, y otro por Luzbel y sus secuaces ; mas apenas canta- 
 ron losCastellanos la victoria huyeron los diablos, y formando un gran 
 torvellino de viento se oyer'on en el aire unas terribles voces que decian, 
 Vencistenos ! Miguel vencistenos ! De aqui torno D n Francisco Pi- 
 zarro tanta devocion'al sto Arcangel, que prometio llamar la primera 
 ciudad que fundase de su nombre ; cumpliolo asi como veremos 
 adelante." Montesinos, Annales, MS., afio 1530. 
 Peru. VOL. I. 28
 
 326 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 consisting of a hundred volunteers, besides horses for 
 the cavalry. It was commanded by Hernando de 
 Soto, a captain afterwards famous as the discoverer of 
 the Mississippi, which still rolls its majestic current 
 over the place of his burial, a fitting monument for 
 his remains, as it is of his renown. 27 
 
 This reinforcement was most welcome to Pizarro, 
 who had been long discontented with his position 
 on an island, where he found nothing to compensate 
 the life of unintermitting hostility which he was com- 
 pelled to lead. With these recruits he felt himself in 
 sufficient strength to cross over to the continent and 
 resume military operations on the proper theatre for 
 discovery and conquest. From the Indians of Tum- 
 bez he learned that the country had been for some 
 time distracted by a civil war between two sons of 
 the late monarch, competitors for the throne. This 
 intelligence he regarded as of the utmost importance, 
 for he remembered the use which Cortes had made of 
 similar dissensions among the tribes of Anahuac. In- 
 deed, Pizarro seems to have had the example of his 
 great predecessor before his eyes on more occasions 
 than this. But he fell far short of his model ; for, 
 notwithstanding the restraint he sometimes put upon 
 himself, his coarser nature and more ferocious temper 
 often betrayed him into acts most repugnant to sound 
 policy, which would never have been countenanced by 
 the Conqueror of Mexico. 
 
 *? The transactions in Fund are given at more or less length by 
 Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. Pedro 
 Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Montesinos, Annales, MS., ubi supra. 
 Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. 
 Barcia, torn. iii. pp. 182, 183.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PERU AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST. REIGft OF 
 
 HUAYNA CAPAC. THE INCA BROTHERS. CONTEST 
 
 FOR THE EMPIRE. TRIUMPH AND CRUELTIES OF 
 
 ATAHUALLPA. 
 
 BEFORE accompanying the march of Pizarro and his 
 followers into the country of the Incas, it is necessary 
 to make the reader acquainted with the critical situa- 
 tion of the kingdom at this time. For the Spaniards 
 arrived just at the consummation of an important revo- 
 lution, a crisis most favorable to their views of con- 
 quest, and one, indeed, but for which the conquest, 
 with such a handful of soldiers, could never have been 
 achieved. 
 
 In the latter part of the fifteenth century died Tu- 
 pac Inca Yupanqui, one of the most renowned of the 
 "Children of the Sun," who, carrying the Peruvian 
 arms across the burning sands of Atacama, penetrated 
 to the remote borders of Chili, while in the opposite 
 direction he enlarged the limits of the empire by the 
 acquisition of the southern provinces of Quito. The 
 war in this quarter was conducted by his son Huayna 
 Capac, who succeeded his father on the throne, and 
 fully equalled him in military daring and in capacity 
 for government. 
 
 Under this prince, the whole of the powerful state 
 of Quito, which rivalled that of Peru itself in wealth 
 and refinement, was brought under the sceptre of the 
 
 (327)
 
 328 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Incas ; whose empire received by this conquest the 
 most important accession yet made to it since the 
 foundation of the dynasty of Manco Capac. The re- 
 maining days of the victorious monarch were passed in 
 reducing the independent tribes on the remote limits 
 of flis territory, and, still more, in cementing his con- 
 quests by the introduction of the Peruvian polity. 
 He was actively engaged in completing the great 
 works of his father, especially the high-roads which 
 led from Quito to the capital. He perfected the 
 establishment of posts, took great pains to introduce 
 the Quichua dialect throughout the empire, promoted 
 a better system of agriculture, and, in fine, encouraged 
 the different branches of domestic industry and the 
 various enlightened plans of his predecessors for the 
 improvement of his people. Under his sway the 
 Peruvian monarchy reached its most palmy state ; and 
 under both him and his illustrious father it was ad- 
 vancing with such rapid strides in the march of civil- 
 ization as would soon have carried it to a level with 
 the more refined despotisms of Asia, furnishing the 
 world, perhaps, with higher evidence of the capabili- 
 ties of the American Indian than is elsewhere to be 
 found on the great Western continent. But other 
 and gloomier destinies were in reserve for the Indian 
 races. 
 
 The first arrival of the white men on the South 
 American shores of the Pacific was about ten years be- 
 fore the death of Huayna Capac, when Balboa crossed 
 the Gulf of St. Michael and obtained the first clear 
 report of the empire of the Incas. Whether tidings 
 of these adventurers reached the Indian monarch's
 
 REIGX Oh\ IIUA YNA CAPAC. 329 
 
 ears is doubtful. There is no doubt, however, that 
 he obtained the news of the first expedition under 
 Pizarro and Almagro, when the latter commander 
 penetrated as far as the Rio de San Juan, about the 
 fourth degree north. The accounts which he received 
 made a strong impression on the mind of Huayna 
 Capac. He discerned in the formidable prowess and 
 weapons of the invaders proofs of a civilization far 
 superior to that of his own people. He intimated 
 his apprehension that they would return, and that at 
 some day, not far distant perhaps, the throne of the 
 Incas might be shaken by these strangers endowed 
 with such incomprehensible powers.' To the vulgar 
 eye, it was a little speck on the verge of the horizon ; 
 but that of the sagacious monarch seemed to descry in 
 it the dark thunder-cloud that was to spread wider 
 and wider till it burst in fury on his nation. 
 
 There is some ground for believing thus much. But 
 other accounts, which have obtained a popular cur- 
 rency, not content with this, connect the first tidings 
 of the white men with predictions long extant in the 
 country, and with supernatural appearances which 
 filled the hearts of the whole nation with dismay. 
 Comets were seen flaming athwart the heavens. Earth- 
 quakes shook the land ; the moon was girdled with 
 rings of fire of many colors ; a thunderbolt fell on 
 one of the royal palaces and consumed it to ashes ; 
 and an eagle, chased by several hawks, was seen, 
 screaming in the air, to hover above the great square 
 of Cuzco, when, pierced by the talons of his tor- 
 
 1 Sarmiento, an honest authority, tells us he had thfs from some of 
 the Inca lords who heard it. Relacion, MS., cap. 65. 
 28*
 
 330 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 mentors, the king of birds fell lifeless in the pres- 
 ence of many of the Inca nobles, who read in this 
 an augury of their own destruction. Huayna Capac 
 himself, calling his great officers around him, as he 
 found he was drawing near his end, announced the 
 subversion of his empire by the race of white and 
 bearded strangers, as the consummation predicted by 
 the oracles after the reign of the twelfth Inca, and he 
 enjoined it on his vassals not to resist the decrees of 
 Heaven, but to yield obedience to its messengers. 2 
 
 Such is the report of the impressions made by the 
 appearance of the Spaniards in the country, remind- 
 ing one of the similar feelings of superstitious terror 
 occasioned by their appearance in Mexico. But the 
 traditions of the latter land rest on much higher 
 authority than those of the Peruvians, which, unsup- 
 ported by contemporary testimony, rest almost wholly 
 on the naked assertion of one of their own nation, 
 who thought to find, doubtless, in the inevitable de- 
 crees of Heaven the best apology for the supineness 
 of his countrymen. 
 
 It is not improbable that rumors of the advent of a 
 strange and mysterious race should have spread grad- 
 ually among the Indian tribes along the great table- 
 
 8 A minute relation of these supernatural occurrences is given by 
 the Inca Garcilasso de la Vega (Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 9, cap. 14), 
 whose situation opened to him the very best sources of information, 
 which is more than counterbalanced by the defects of his own char- 
 acter as an historian, his childish credulity, and his desire to magnify 
 and mystify every thing relating to his own order, and, indeed, his 
 nation. His work is the source of most of the facts and the false- 
 hoods that have obtained circulation in respect to the ancient Peru- 
 vians. Unfortunately, at this distance of time it is not always easy to 
 distinguish the one from the other.
 
 REIGN OF IWAYXA CAP AC. 
 
 33' 
 
 land of the Cordilleras, and should have shaken the 
 hearts of' the stoutest warriors with feelings of unde- 
 fined dread, as of some impending calamity. In this 
 state of mind, it was natural that physical convul- 
 sions, to which that volcanic country is peculiarly 
 subject, should have made an unwonted impression 
 on their minds, and that the phenomena which might 
 have been regarded only as extraordinary, in the usual 
 seasons of political security, should now be interpreted 
 by the superstitious soothsayer as the handwriting on 
 the heavens, by which the God of the Incas proclaimed 
 the approaching downfall of their empire. 
 
 Huayna Capac had, as usual with the Peruvian 
 princes, a multitude of concubines, by whom he left 
 a numerous posterity. The heir to the crown, the 
 son of his lawful wife and sister, was named Huas- 
 car. 3 At the period of the history at which we are 
 now arrived, he was about thirty years of age. Next 
 to the heir-apparent, by another wife, a cousin of the 
 monarch's, came Manco Capac, a young prince who 
 will occupy an important place in our subsequent 
 story. But the best-beloved of the Inca's children 
 
 3 Huascar, in the Quichua dialect, signifies " a cable." The reason 
 of its being given to the heir-apparent is remarkable. Huayna Capac 
 celebrated the birth of the prince by a festival, in which he introduced 
 a massive gold chain for the nobles to hold in their hands as they per- 
 formed their national dances. The chain was seven hundred feet in 
 length, and the links nearly as big round as a man's wrist ! (See 
 Zurate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. 14. Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte 
 i, lib. 9, cap. i.) The latter writer had the particulars, he tells us, 
 from his old Inca uncle, who seems to have dealt largely in the mar- 
 vellous ; not too largely for his audience, however, as the story has 
 been circulated without scruple by most of the Castilian writers both 
 of that and of the succeeding age.
 
 332 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 was Atahuallpa. His mother was the daughter of the 
 last Scyri of Quito, who had died of grief, it was 
 said, not long after the subversion of his kingdom by 
 Huayna Capac. The princess was beautiful, and the 
 Inca, whether to gratify his passion, or, as the Peru- 
 vians say, willing to make amends for the ruin of her 
 parents, received her among his concubines. The 
 historians of Quito assert that she was his lawful wife ; 
 but this dignity, according to the usages of the em- 
 pire, was reserved for maidens of the Inca blood. 
 
 The latter years of Huayna Capac were passed in 
 his new kingdom of Quito. Atahuallpa was accord- 
 ingly brought up under his own eye, accompanied 
 him, while in his tender years, in his campaigns, 
 slept in the same tent with his royal father, and ate 
 from the same plate.* The vivacity of the boy, his 
 courage and generous nature, won the affections of 
 the old monarch to such a degree that he resolved 
 to depart from the established usages of the realm 
 and divide his empire between him and his elder 
 brother Huascar. On his death-bed he called the 
 great officers of the crown around him, and declared 
 it to be his will that the ancient kingdom of Quito 
 should pass to Atahuallpa, who might be considered 
 as having a natural claim on it, as the dominion of 
 his ancestors. The rest of the empire he settled on 
 Huascar; and he enjoined it on the two brothers to 
 acquiesce in this arrangement and to live in amity 
 
 4 " Atabalipa era bien quisto de los Capitanes viejos de su Padre y 
 de los Soldados, porque andubo en la guerra en su ninez yporque el 
 en vida le mostro tanto amor que no le dejaba comer otra cosa que lo 
 que 61 le daba de su plato." Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 66.
 
 REIGN OF HUAYXA CAP AC. 
 
 333 
 
 with each other. This was the last act of the heroic 
 monarch ; doubtless the most impolitic of his whole life. 
 With his dying breath he subverted the fundamental 
 laws of the empire ; and, while he recommended har- 
 mony between the successors to his authority, he left 
 in this very division of it the seeds of inevitable 
 discord. 5 
 
 His death took place, as seems probable, at the 
 close of 1525, not quite seven years before Pizarro's 
 arrival at Puna. 6 The tidings of his decease spread 
 sorrow and consternation throughout the land ; for, 
 though stern and even inexorable to the rebel and 
 the long-resisting foe, he was a brave and magnani- 
 mous monarch, and legislated with the enlarged views 
 of a prince who regarded every part of his domin- 
 ions as equally his concern. The people of Quito, 
 flattered by the proofs which he had given of prefer- 
 ence for them by his permanent residence in that 
 country and his embellishment of their capital, mani- 
 fested unfeigned sorrow at his loss ; and his sub- 
 
 s Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte i, lib. 8, cap. 9. Zarate, 
 Conq. del Peru, lib. i.cap. 12. Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 65. 
 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 201. 
 
 6 The precise date of this event, though so near the time of the 
 Conquest, is matter of doubt. Balboa, a contemporary with the Con- 
 querors, and who wrote at Quito, where the Inca died, fixes it at 
 1525. (Hist, du Perou, chap. 14.) Velasco, another inhabitant of 
 the same place, after an investigation of the different accounts, 
 comes to the like conclusion. (Hist, de Quito, torn. i. p. 232.) Dr. 
 Robertson, after telling us that Huayna Capac died in 1529, speaks 
 again of this event as having happened in 1527. (Conf. America, 
 vol. iii. pp. 25, 381.) Any one who has been bewildered by the 
 chronological snarl of the ancient chronicles will not be surprised at 
 meeting occasionally with such inconsistencies in a writer who is 
 obliged to take them as his guides.
 
 334 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 jects at Cuzco, proud of the glory which his arms 
 and his abilities had secured for his native land, held 
 him in no less admiration ; 7 while the more thought- 
 ful and the more timid, in both countries, looked 
 with apprehension to the future, when the sceptre 
 of the vast empire, instead of being swayed by an 
 old and experienced hand, was to be consigned to 
 rival princes, naturally jealous of one another, and, 
 from their age, necessarily exposed to the unwhole- 
 some influence of crafty and ambitious counsellors. 
 The people testified their regret by the unwonted 
 honors paid to the memory of the deceased Inca. 
 His heart was retained in Quito, and his body, em- 
 balmed after the fashion of the country, was trans- 
 ported to Cuzco, to take its place in the great temple 
 of the Sun, by the side of the remains of his royal 
 ancestors. His obsequies were celebrated with san- 
 guinary splendor in both the capitals of his far-ex- 
 tended empire ; and several thousand of the imperial 
 concubines, with numerous pages and officers of the 
 palace, are said to have proved their sorrow, or their 
 superstition, by offering up their own lives, that they 
 might accompany their departed lord to the bright 
 mansions of the Sun. 8 
 
 For nearly five years after the death of Huayna 
 Capac, the royal brothers reigned, each over his al- 
 
 7 One cannot doubt this monarch's popularity with the female part 
 of his subjects, at least, if, as the historian of the Incas tells us^" he 
 was never known to refuse a woman, of whatever age or degree she 
 might be, any favor that she asked of him" ! Com. Real., Parte i 
 lib. 8, cap. 7. 
 
 8 Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., cap. 65. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 
 5, lib. 3, cap. 17.
 
 THE IXC A BROTHERS. 
 
 335 
 
 lotted portion of the empire, without distrust of one 
 another, or, at least, without collision. It seemed as 
 if the wish of their father was to be completely real- 
 ized, and that the two states were to maintain their 
 respective integrity and independence as much as if 
 they had never been united into one. But, with the 
 manifold causes for jealousy and -discontent, and the 
 swarms of courtly sycophants who would find their 
 account in fomenting these feelings, it was easy to see 
 that this tranquil state of things could not long en- 
 dure. Nor would it have endured so long, but for the 
 more gentle temper of Huascar, the only party who 
 had ground for complaint. He was four or five years 
 older than his brother, and was possessed of courage 
 not to be doubted ; but he was a prince of a generous 
 and easy nature, and perhaps, if left to himself, might 
 have acquiesced in an arrangement which, however 
 unpalatable, was the will of his deified father. But 
 Atahuallpa was of a different temper. Warlike, am- 
 bitious, and daring, he was constantly engaged in 
 enterprises for the enlargement of his own territory, 
 though his crafty policy was scrupulous not to aim at 
 extending his acquisitions in the direction of his royal 
 brother. His restless spirit, however, excited some 
 alarm at the court of Cuzco, and Huascar at length 
 sent an envoy to Atahuallpa, to remonstrate with him 
 on his ambitious enterprises, and to require him to 
 render him homage for his kingdom of Quito. 
 
 This is one statement. Other accounts pretend that 
 the immediate cause of rupture was a claim instituted 
 by Huascar for the territory of Tumebamba, held by 
 his brother as part of his patrimonial inheritance. l\,
 
 336 CONQUEST OP PERU. 
 
 matters little what was the ostensible ground of col- 
 lision between persons placed by circumstances in so 
 false a position in regard to one another that collision 
 must, at some time or other, inevitably occur. 
 
 The commencement, and, indeed, the whole course, 
 of hostilities which soon broke out between the rival 
 brothers are stated with irreconcilable and, consider- 
 ing the period was so near to that of the Spanish in- 
 vasion, with unaccountable discrepancy. By some it 
 is said that in Atahuallpa's first encounter with the 
 troops of Cuzco he was defeated and made prisoner 
 near Tumebamba, a favorite residence of his father, 
 in the ancient territory of Quito and in the district 
 of Cafiaris. From this disaster he recovered by a for- 
 tunate escape from confinement, when, regaining his 
 capital, he soon found himself at the head of a numer- 
 ous army, led by the most able and experienced cap- 
 tains in the empire. The liberal manners of the young 
 Atahuallpa had endeared him to the soldiers, with 
 whom, as we have seen, he served more than one cam- 
 paign in his father's lifetime. 'These troops were the 
 flower of the great army of the Inca, and some of them 
 had grown gray in his long military career, which had 
 left them at the north, where they readily transferred 
 their allegiance to the young sovereign of Quito. They 
 were commanded by two officers of great considera- 
 tion, both possessed of large experience in military 
 affairs and high in the confidence of the late Inca. 
 One of them was named Quizquiz ; the other, who 
 was the maternal uncle of Atahuallpa, was called 
 Challcuchima. 
 
 With these practised warriors to guide him, the
 
 CONTEST FOR THE EMPIRE. 
 
 337 
 
 young monarch put himself at the head of his martial 
 array and directed his march towards the south. He 
 had not advanced farther than Ambato, about sixty 
 miles distant from his capital, when he fell in with a 
 numerous host which had been sent against him by his 
 brother, under the command of a distinguished chief- 
 tain of the Inca family. A bloody battle followed, 
 which lasted the greater part of the day ; and the 
 theatre of combat was the skirts of the mighty Chim- 
 borazo. 9 
 
 The battle ended favorably for Atahuallpa, and the 
 Peruvians were routed with great slaughter and the 
 loss of their commander. The Prince of Quito availed 
 himself of his advantage to push forward his march 
 until he arrived before the gates of Tumebamba, which 
 city, as well as the whole district of Cafiaris, though 
 an ancient dependency of Quito, had sided with his 
 rival in the contest. Entering the captive city like a 
 conqueror, he put the inhabitants to the sword, and 
 razed it with all its stately edifices, some of which had 
 been reared by his own father, to the ground. He car- 
 ried on the same war of extermination as he marched 
 through the offending district of Cafiaris. In some 
 places, it is said, bands of children, as well as of older 
 persons, were sent out, in melancholy procession, with 
 
 9 Garcilasso denies that any thing but insignificant skirmishes took 
 place before the decisive action fought on the plains of Cuzco. But 
 Sarmiento, who gathered his accounts of these events, as he tells us, 
 from the actors in them, walked over the field of battle at Ambato, 
 when the ground was still covered with the bones of the slain : " Yo 
 he pasado por este Pueblo y he visto el Lugar donde dicen que esta 
 Batalla se dio, y cierto segun hay la osamenta devieron aun de morir 
 mas gente de la que cuentan." Relacion, MS., cap. 69. 
 Peru. VOL. I. P 29
 
 338 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 green branches in their hands, to deprecate his wrath ; 
 but the vindictive conqueror, deaf to their entreaties, 
 laid the country waste with fire and sword, sparing no 
 man capable of bearing arms who fell into his hands. 10 
 The fate of Cafiaris struck terror into the hearts of 
 his enemies, and one place after another opened its 
 gates to the victor, who held on his triumphant march 
 towards the Peruvian capital. His arms experienced a 
 temporary check before the island of Puna, whose bold 
 warriors maintained the cause of his brother. After 
 some days lost before this place, Atahuallpa left the 
 contest to their old enemies, the people of Tumbez, 
 who had early given in their adhesion to him, while he 
 resumed his march and advanced as far as Caxamalca, 
 about seven degrees south. Here he halted with a de- 
 tachment of the army, sending forward the main body 
 under the command of his two generals, with orders to 
 move straight upon Cuzco. He preferred not to trust 
 himself farther in the enemy's country, where a defeat 
 might be fatal. By establishing his quarters at Caxa- 
 malca, he would be able to support his generals in case 
 of a reverse, or, at worst, to secure his retreat on 
 
 10 " Cuentan muchos Indies a quien yo lo oi, que por amansar su 
 ira, mandaron a un escuadron grande de ninos y a otro de hombres 
 de toda edad, que saliesen hasta las ricas andas donde venia con gran 
 pompa, llevando en las manos ramos verdes y ojas de palma, y que le 
 pidiesen la gracia y amistad suya para el pueblo, sin mirar la injuria 
 pasada, y que en tantos clamores se lo suplicaron, y con tanta hu- 
 mildad.que bastara quebrantar corazones de piedra; mas poca im- 
 presion hicieron en el cruel de Atabalipa, porque dicen que mand6 
 & sus capitanes y gentes que matasen 4 todos aquellos que habian 
 venido, lo cual fue hecho, no perdonando sino 4 algunos ninos y 
 4 las mugeres sagradas del Templo." Sarmiento, Relacion, MS., 
 cap. 70.
 
 CONTEST FOR THE EMPIRE. 
 
 339 
 
 Quito until he was again in condition to renew hos- 
 tilities. 
 
 The two commanders, advancing by rapid marches, 
 at length crossed the Apurimac River, and arrived 
 within a short distance of the Peruvian capital. Mean- 
 while, Huascar had not been idle. On receiving 
 tidings of the discomfiture of his army at Ambato, 
 he made every exertion to raise levies throughout the 
 country. By the advice, it is said, of his priests, 
 the most incompetent advisers in times of danger, he 
 chose to await the approach of the enemy in his own 
 capital ; and it was not till the latter had arrived 
 within a few leagues of Cuzco that the Inca, taking 
 counsel of the same ghostly monitors, sallied forth to 
 give him battle. 
 
 The two armies met on the plains of Quipaypan, in 
 the neighborhood of the Indian metropolis. Their 
 numbers are stated with the usual discrepancy ; but 
 Atahuallpa's troops had considerably the advantage 
 in discipline and experience, for many of Huascar's 
 levies had been drawn hastily together from the sur- 
 rounding country. Both fought, however, with the 
 desperation of men who felt that every thing was at 
 stake. It was no longer a contest for a province, but 
 for the possession of an empire. Atahuallpa's troops, 
 flushed with recent success, fought with the confidence 
 of those who relied on their superior prowess ;' while 
 the loyal vassals of the Inca displayed all the self-de- 
 votion of men who held their own lives cheap in the 
 service of their master. 
 
 The fight raged with the greatest obstinacy from 
 sunrise to sunset; and the ground was covered with
 
 340 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 heaps of the dying and the dead, whose bones lay 
 bleaching on the battle-field long after the conquest 
 by the Spaniards. At length, fortune declared in 
 favor of Atahuallpa, or, rather, the usual result of su- 
 perior discipline and military practice followed. The 
 ranks of the Inca were thrown into irretrievable dis- 
 order, and gave way in all directions. The conquer- 
 ors followed close' on the heels of the flying. Huas- 
 car himself, among the latter, endeavored to make his 
 escape with about a thousand men who remained round 
 his person. But the royal fugitive was discovered 
 before he had left the field ; his little party was en- 
 veloped by clouds of the enemy, and nearly every 
 one of the devoted band perished in defence of their 
 Inca. Huascar was made prisoner, and the victorious 
 chiefs marched at once on his capital, which they 
 occupied in the name of their sovereign." 
 
 These events occurred in the spring of 1532, a few 
 months before the landing of the Spaniards. The 
 tidings of the success of his arms and the capture of 
 his unfortunate brother reached Atahuallpa at Caxa- 
 malca. He instantly gave orders that Huascar should 
 be treated with the respect due to his rank, but that 
 he should be removed to the strong fortress of Xauxa 
 and held there in strict confinement. His orders did 
 not stop here, if we are to receive the accounts of 
 Garcilasso de la Vega, himself of the Inca race, and by 
 his mother's side nephew of the great Huayna Capac. 
 
 11 Cieza de Leon, Cronica. cap. 77. Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, 
 MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 9. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn, 
 iii. p. 202. Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. i, cap. 12. Sarmiento, Rela- 
 tion, MS., cap. 70. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS.
 
 CONTEST FOR THE EMPIRE. 
 
 341 
 
 According to this authority, Atahuallpa invited the 
 Inca nobles throughout the country to assemble at 
 Cuzco, in order to deliberate on the best means of 
 partitioning the empire between him and his brother. 
 When they had met in the capital, they were sur- 
 rounded by the soldiery of Quito and butchered with- 
 out mercy. The motive for this perfidious act was to 
 exterminate the whole of the royal family, who might 
 each one of them show a better title to the crown 
 than the illegitimate Atahuallpa. But the massacre 
 did not end here. The illegitimate offspring, like 
 himself, half-brothers of the monster, all, in short, 
 who had any of the Inca blood in their veins, were 
 involved in it ; and, with an appetite for carnage un- 
 paralleled in the annals of the Roman Empire or 
 of the French Republic, Atahuallpa ordered all the 
 females of the blood royal, his aunts, nieces, and 
 cousins, to be put to death, and that, too, with the 
 most refined and lingering tortures. To give greater, 
 zest to his revenge, many of the executions took place 
 in the presence of Huascar himself, who was thus com- 
 pelled to witness the butchery of his own wives and 
 sisters, while, in the extremity of anguish, they in vain 
 called on him to protect them ! 12 
 
 " Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 9, cap. 35-39. " A las Mu- 
 geres, Hermanas, Tias, Sobrinas, Primas Hermanas, y Madrastras 
 de Atahuallpa, colgavan de los Arboles, y de muchas Horcas mui 
 altas que hicieron : a unas colgaron de los cabellos, & olras por debajo 
 de los bra9os, y a otras de otras maneras feas, que por la honestidad 
 se callan : davanles sus hijuelos, que los tuviesen en bracos, tenianlos 
 hasta que se les caian, y se aporreavan." (Ibid., cap. 37.) The 
 variety of torture shows some invention 'in the writer, or, more prob- 
 ably, in the writer's uncle, the ancient Inca, the raconteur of these 
 Bluebeard butcheries. 
 
 29*
 
 342 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Such is the tale told by the historian of the Incas, 
 and received by him, as he assures us, from his mother 
 and uncle, who, being children at the time, were so 
 fortunate as to be among the few that escaped the 
 massacre of their house. 13 And such is the account 
 repeated by many a Castilian writer since, without 
 any symptom of distrust. But a tissue of unpro- 
 voked atrocities like these is too repugnant to the 
 principles of human nature and, indeed, to common 
 sense to warrant our belief in them on ordinary 
 testimony. 
 
 The annals of semi-civilized nations unhappily show 
 that there have been instances of similar attempts to 
 extinguish the whole of a noxious race which had be- 
 come the object of a tyrant's jealousy ; though such 
 an attempt is about as chimerical as it would be to 
 extirpate any particular species of plant the seeds of 
 which had been borne on every wind over the country. 
 But, if the attempt to exterminate the Inca race was 
 actually made by Atahuallpa, how comes it that so 
 many of the pure descendants of the blood royal 
 nearly six hundred in number are admitted by the 
 historian to have been in existence seventy years after 
 the imputed massacre? 14 Why was the massacre, in- 
 
 3 " Las crueldades, que Atahuallpa en los de la Sangre Real hi9o. 
 dire de Relacion de mi Madre, y de un Hermano suio, que se llamd 
 Don Fernando Huallpa Tupac Inca Yupanqui, que entonces eran 
 Ninos de menos de diez Anos." Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 
 9, cap. 14. 
 
 M This appears from a petition for certain immunities, forwarded to 
 Spain in 1603, and signed by five hundred and sixty-seven Indians of 
 the royal Inca race. (Ibid., Parte 3, lib. 9, cap. 40.) Oviedo says 
 that Huayna Capac left a hundred sons and daughters, and that most
 
 TRIUMPH OF ATAHUALLPA. 
 
 343 
 
 stead of being limited to the legitimate members of 
 the royal stock, who could show a better title to the 
 crown than the usurper, extended to all, however re- 
 motely or in whatever way, connected with the race? 
 Why were aged women and young maidens involved 
 in the proscription, and why were they subjected to 
 such refined and superfluous tortures, when it is ob- 
 vious that beings so impotent could have done nothing 
 to provoke the jealousy of the tyrant? Why, when 
 so many were sacrificed from some vague apprehen- 
 sion of distant danger, was his rival Huascar, together 
 with his younger brother Manco Capac, the two men 
 from whom the conqueror had most to fear, suffered 
 to live? Why, in short, is the wonderful tale not re- 
 corded by others before the time of Garcilasso, and 
 nearer by half a century to the events themselves ? IS 
 
 That Atahuallpa may have been guilty of excesses, 
 and abused the rights of conquest by some gratuitous 
 acts of cruelty, may be readily believed ; for no one 
 who calls to mind his treatment of the Canaris 
 which his own apologists do not affect to deny' 6 
 
 of them "were alive at the time of his writing : ' ' Tubo cien hijos y hijas, 
 y la mayor parte de ellos son vivos." Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 
 3, lib. 8, cap. 9. 
 
 '5 I have looked in vain for some confirmation of this story in 
 Oviedo, Sarmiento, Xerez, Cieza de Leon, Zarate, Pedro Pizarro, Go- 
 mara, all living at the time, 'and having access to the best sources 
 of information, and all, it may be added, disposed to do stern justice 
 to the evil qualities of the Indian monarch. 
 
 16 No one of the apologists of Atahuallpa goes quite so far as Father 
 Velasco, who, in the overflowings of his loyalty for a Quito monarch, 
 regards his massacre of the Canaris as a very fair retribution for their 
 offences : " Si les auteurs dont je viens de parler s'etaient trouves dans 
 les memes circonstances qu'Atahuallpa et avaient eprouve autant
 
 344 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 will doubt that he had a full measure of the vindictive 
 temper which belongs to 
 
 " Those souls of fire, and Children of the Sun, 
 With whom revenge was virtue." 
 
 But there is a wide difference between this and the 
 monstrous and most unprovoked atrocities imputed to 
 him, implying a diabolical nature not to be admitted 
 on the evidence of an Indian partisan, the sworn foe 
 of his house, and repeated by Castilian chroniclers, 
 who may naturally seek, by blazoning the enormities 
 of Atahuallpa, to find some apology for the cruelty of 
 their countrymen towards him. 
 
 The news of the great victory was borne on the 
 wings of the wind to Caxamalca ; and loud and long 
 was the rejoicing, not only in the camp of Atahuallpa, 
 but in the town and surrounding country ; for all now 
 came in^ eager to offer their congratulations to the 
 victor and do him homage. The prince of Quito no 
 longer hesitated to assume the scarlet borla, the dia- 
 dem of the Incas. His triumph was complete. He 
 had beaten his enemies on their own ground, had 
 taken their capital, had set his foot on the neck of his 
 rival, and won for himself the ancient sceptre of the 
 Children of the Sun. But the hour of triumph was 
 destined to be that of his deepest humiliation. Ata- 
 huallpa was not one of those to whom, in the language 
 of the Grecian bard, "the gods are willing to reveal 
 themselves." ' 7 He had not read the handwriting on 
 d'offenses graves et de trahisons, je ne croirai jamais qu'ils eussent agi 
 autrement." Hist, de Quito, torn. i. p. 253. 
 
 7 " Ov yap iru> wovT(7<ri fleoi <f>aivovran fvapytts," 
 
 OAYS. , V. l6x.
 
 TRIUMPH OF ATAHUALLPA. 345 
 
 the heavens. The small speck which the clear-sighted 
 eye of his father had discerned on the distant verge of 
 the horizon, though little noticed by Atahuallpa, intent 
 on the deadly strife with his brother, had now risen high 
 towards the zenith, spreading wider and wider, till it 
 wrapped the skies in darkness and was ready to burst 
 in thunders on the devoted nation.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE SPANIARDS LAND AT TUMBEZ. PIZARRO RECON- 
 NOITRES THE COUNTRY. FOUNDATION OF SAN MI- 
 GUEL. MARCH INTO THE INTERIOR. EMBASSY FROM 
 
 THE INCA. ADVENTURES ON THE MARCH. ARRIVAL 
 
 AT THE FOOT OF THE ANDES. 
 
 1532. 
 
 WE left the Spaniards at the island of Puna, pre- 
 paring to make their descent on the neighboring con- 
 tinent at Tumbez. This port was but a few leagues 
 distant, and Pizarro, with the greater part of his fol- 
 lowers, passed over in the ships, while a few others 
 were to transport the commander's baggage and the 
 military stores on some of the Indian balsas. One of 
 the latter vessels which first touched the shore was sur- 
 rounded, and three persons who were on the raft were 
 carried off by the natives to the adjacent woods and 
 there massacred. The Indians then got possession of 
 another of the balsas, containing Pizarro's wardrobe ; 
 but, as the men who defended it raised loud cries for 
 help, they reached the ears of Hernando Pizarro, who, 
 with a small body of horse, had effected a landing 
 some way farther down the shore. A broad tract of 
 miry ground, overflowed at high water, lay between 
 him and the party thus rudely assailed by the natives. 
 The tide was out, and the bottom was soft and danger- 
 (346)
 
 THE SPANIARDS LAND AT TUMBEZ. 
 
 347 
 
 otis. With little regard to the danger, however, the 
 bold cavalier spurred his horse into the slimy depths, 
 and, followed by his men, with the mud up to their 
 saddle-girths, plunged forward into the midst of the 
 marauders, who, terrified by the strange apparition of 
 the horsemen, fled precipitately, without show of fight, 
 to the neighboring forests. 
 
 This conduct of the natives of Tumbez is not easy 
 to be explained, considering the friendly relations 
 maintained with the Spaniards on their preceding 
 visit, and lately renewed in the island of Puna. But 
 Pizarro was still more astonished, on entering their 
 town, to find it not only deserted, but, with the ex- 
 ception of a few buildings, entirely demolished. Four 
 or five of the most substantial private dwellings, the 
 great temple, and the fortress and these greatly dam- 
 aged, and wholly despoiled of their interior decora- 
 tions alone survived to mark the site of the city and 
 attest its former splendor. 1 The scene of desolation 
 filled the conquerors with dismay ; for even the raw 
 recruits, who had never visited the coast before, had 
 heard the marvellous stories of the golden treasures of 
 Tumbez, and they had confidently looked forward to 
 them as an easy spoil after all their fatigues. But the 
 gold of Peru seemed only like a deceitful phantom, 
 which, after beckoning them on through toil and 
 danger, vanished the moment they attempted to grasp it. 
 
 1 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 185. " Aunque lo 
 del tetnplo del Sol en quien ,ellos adoran era cosa de ver, porque 
 tenian grandes edificios, y todo el por de dentro y de fuera pintado de 
 grandes pinturas y ricos matizes de colores, porque los hay en aquella 
 tierra." Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 348 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Pi/arro despatched a small body of troops in pursuit 
 of the fugitives ; and, after some slight skirmishing, 
 they got possession of several of the natives, and 
 among them, as it chanced, the curaca of the place. 
 When brought before the Spanish commander, he ex- 
 onerated himself from any share in the violence offered 
 to the white men, saying that it was done by a lawless 
 party of his people, without his knowledge at the time ; 
 and he expressed his willingness to deliver them up to 
 punishment, if they could be detected. He explained 
 the dilapidated condition of the town by the long wars 
 carried on with the fierce tribes of Puna, who had at 
 length succeeded in getting possession of the place 
 and driving the inhabitants into the neighboring woods 
 and mountains. The Inca, to whose cause they were 
 attached, was too much occupied with his own feuds to 
 protect them against their enemies. 
 
 Whether Pizarro gave any credit to the cacique's 
 exculpation of himself may be doubted. He dissembled 
 his suspicions, however, and, as the Indian lord prom- 
 ised obedience in his own name and that of his vassals, 
 the Spanish general consented to take no further notice 
 of the affair. He seems now to have felt for the first 
 time, in its full force, that it was his policy to gain the 
 good will of the people among whom he had thrown 
 himself in the face of such tremendous odds. It was, 
 perhaps, the excesses of which his men had been guilty 
 in the earlier stages of the expedition that had shaken 
 the confidence of the people of Tumbez and incited 
 them to this treacherous retaliation. 
 
 Pizarro inquired of the natives who now, under 
 promise of impunity, came into the camp, what had
 
 PIZARRO RECONNOITRES THE COUNTRY. 
 
 349 
 
 become of his two followers that remained with them 
 in the former expedition. The answers they gave were 
 obscure and contradictory. Some said they had died 
 of an epidemic ; others, that they had perished in the 
 war with Puna ; and others intimated that they had 
 lost their lives in consequence of some outrage at- 
 tempted on the Indian women. It was impossible to 
 arrive at the truth. The last account was not the least 
 probable. But, whatever might be the cause, there 
 was no doubt they had both perished. 
 
 This intelligence spread an additional gloom, over 
 the Spaniards, which was not dispelled by the flaming 
 pictures now given by the natives of the riches of the 
 land, and of the state and magnificence of the monarch 
 in his distant capital among the mountains. Not did 
 they credit the authenticity of a scroll of paper which 
 Pizarro had obtained from an Indian to whom it had 
 been delivered by one of the white men left in the 
 country. "Know, whoever you may be," said the 
 writing, " that may chance to set foot in this country, 
 that it contains more gold and silver than there is iron 
 in Biscay." This paper, when shown to the soldiers, 
 excited only their ridicule, as a device of their captain 
 to keep alive their chimerical hopes. 2 
 
 Pizarro now saw that it was not politic to protract 
 his stay in his present quarters, where a spirit of dis- 
 affection would soon creep into the ranks of his fql- 
 i 
 
 2 For the account of the transactions in Tumbez, see Pedro Pizarro, 
 Descub. y Conq., MS. Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, 
 lib. 8, cap. i. Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Herrera, Hist, 
 general, dec. 4. lib. 9, cap. i. 2. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, 
 torn. iii. p. 185. 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. 30
 
 350 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 lowers unless their spirits were stimulated by novelty 
 or a life of incessant action. Yet he felt deeply anx- 
 ious to obtain more particulars than he had hitherto 
 gathered of the actual condition of the Peruvian em- 
 pire, of its strength and resources, of the monarch who 
 ruled over it, and of his present situation. He was 
 also desirous, before taking any decisive step for pene- 
 trating the country, to seek out some commodious 
 place for a settlement, which might afford him the 
 means of a regular communication with the colonies, 
 and a place of strength, on which he himself might 
 retreat in case of disaster. 
 
 He decided, therefore, to leave part of his company 
 at Tumbez, including those who, from the state of 
 their health, were least able to take the field, and with 
 the remainder to make an excursion into the interior 
 and reconnoitre the land, before deciding on any plan 
 of operations. He set out early in May, 1532, and, 
 keeping along the more level regions himself, sent a 
 small detachment under the command of Hernando de 
 Soto to explore the skirts of the vast sierra. 
 
 He maintained a rigid discipline on the march, com- 
 manding his soldiers to abstain from all acts of violence, 
 and punishing disobedience in the most prompt and 
 resolute manner. 3 The natives rarely offered resist- 
 ance. When they did so, they were soon reduced, 
 and Pizarro, far from adopting vindictive measures, 
 was open to the first demonstrations of submission. 
 
 3 " Mando el Gobernador por pregon e so graves penas que no le 
 fuese hecha fuerza ni descortesia, 6 que se les hiciese muy buen trata- 
 miento por los Espanoles e sus criados." Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias. 
 MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 2.
 
 ri/.ARRO RECOXXOITRES THE COUXTRY. 
 
 35' 
 
 By this lenient and liberal policy he soon acquired a 
 name among the inhabitants which effaced the unfavor- 
 able impressions made of him in the earlier part of the 
 campaign. The natives, as he marched through the 
 thick-settled hamlets which sprinkled the level region 
 between the Cordilleras and the ocean, welcomed him 
 with rustic hospitality, providing good quarters for his 
 troops, and abundant supplies, which cost but little in 
 the prolific soil of the tierra caliente. Everywhere 
 Pizarro made proclamation that he came in the name 
 of the Holy Vicar of God and of the sovereign of 
 Spain, requiring the obedience of the inhabitants as 
 true children of the Church and vassals of his lord and 
 master. And, as the simple people made no opposi- 
 tion to a formula of which they could not comprehend 
 a syllable, they were admitted as good subjects of the 
 crown of Castile, and their act of homage or what 
 was readily interpreted as such was duly recorded and 
 attested by the notary. 4 
 
 At the expiration of some three or four weeks spent 
 in reconnoitring the country, Pizarro came to the con- 
 clusion that the most eligible site for his new settle- 
 ment was in the rich valley of Tangarala, thirty leagues 
 south of Tumbez, traversed by more than one stream 
 
 < " E mandabales notificar 6 dar a entender con las lenguas el re- 
 querimiento que su Magestad manda que se les haga a los Indies para 
 traellos en conocimiento de nuestra Santa fe catolica, y requiriendoles 
 con lapaz, e queobedezcan a la I glesia Catolica e Apostolica de Roma, 
 e en lo temporal den la obediencia a su Magestad e & los Reyes sus 
 succesores en los regnos de Castilla i de Leon ; respondieron qui asi 
 lo querian harian, guardarian e cumplirian enteramente ; 6 el 
 Gobernador los recibio por tales vasallos de sus Magestades por auto 
 publico de notaries." Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., ubi supra.-
 
 ..352 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 that opens a communication with the ocean. To this 
 spot, accordingly, he ordered the men left at Tumbez 
 to repair at once in their vessels ; and no sooner had 
 they arrived than busy preparations were made for 
 building up the town in a manner suited to the wants 
 of the colony. Timber was procured from the neigh- 
 boring woods, stones were dragged from their quar- 
 ries, and edifices gradually rose, some of which made 
 pretensions to strength, if not to elegance. Among 
 them were a church, a magazine for public stores, a 
 hall of justice, and a fortress. A municipal govern- 
 ment was organized, consisting of regidores, alcaldes, 
 and the usual civic functionaries. The adjacent terri- 
 tory was parcelled out among the residents, and each 
 colonist had a certain number of the natives allotted 
 to assist him in his labors ; for, as Pizarro's secretary 
 remarks, " it being evident that the colonists could not 
 support themselves without the services of the Indians, 
 the ecclesiastics and the leaders of the expedition all 
 agreed that a rcpartimiento of the natives would serve 
 the cause of religion, and tend greatly to their spiritual 
 welfare, since they would thus have the opportunity of 
 
 being initiated in the true faith." * 
 
 . 
 
 s Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Conq. i Pob. del Piru. MS. 
 Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 55. Relacion del primer Descub., 
 MS. " Porque los Vecinos, sin aiuda i servicios de los Naturales no 
 se podian sostener, ni poblarse el Pueblo. ... A esta causa, con 
 acuerdo de el Religiose, i de los Oficiales, que les parecio convenir asi 
 al servicio de Dios, i bien de los Naturales, el Gobernador deposito 
 los Caciques, i Indies en los Vecinos de este Pueblo, porque los 
 aiudasen a sostener, i los Christianos los doctrinasen en nuestra Santa 
 Fe, conforme & los Mandamientos de su Magestad." Xerez, Conq. 
 del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 187.
 
 FOC.Y DAT/ON OF SAN MIGUEL. 
 
 353 
 
 Having made these arrangements with such conscien- 
 tious regard to the welfare of the benighted heathen, 
 Pizarro gave his infant city the name of San Miguel, 
 in acknowledgment of the service rendered him by 
 that saint in his battles with the Indians of Puna. The 
 site originally occupied by the settlement was after- 
 wards found to be so unhealthy that it was abandoned 
 for another on the banks of the beautiful Piura. The 
 town is still of some note for its manufactures, though 
 dwindled from its ancient importance ; but the name 
 of San Miguel de Piura, which it bears, still commemo- 
 rates the foundation of the first European colony in the 
 empire of the Incas. 
 
 Before quitting the new settlement, Pizarro caused 
 the gold and silver ornaments which he had obtained 
 in different parts of the country to be melted down 
 into one mass, and a fifth to be deducted for the 
 crown. The remainder, which belonged to the troops, 
 he persuaded them to relinquish for the present, under 
 the assurance of being repaid from the first spoils that 
 fell into their hands. 6 With these funds, and other 
 articles collected in the course of the campaign, he 
 sent back the vessels to Panama. The gold was applied 
 to paying off the ship-owners and those who had fur- 
 nished the stores for the expedition. That he should 
 so easily have persuaded his men to resign present 
 possessions for a future contingency is proof that the 
 spirit of enterprise was renewed in their bosoms in all 
 
 6 " E sacado el quinto para su Magestad, lo restante que pertenecio 
 
 al Egercito de la Conquista, el Gobernador le tomo prestado de los 
 
 companeros para se lo paga del primer oro que se obiese." Oviedo, 
 
 Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3. lib. 8, cap. 2. 
 
 30*
 
 
 
 L 
 
 ^ 
 
 its former vigor, and that they looked forward with 
 the same buoyant confidence to the results. 
 
 In his late tour of observation the Spanish com- 
 mander had gathered much important intelligence in 
 regard to the state of the kingdom. He had ascer- 
 tained the result of the struggle between the Inca 
 brothers, and that the victor now lay with his army 
 ) encamped at the distance of only ten or twelve days' 
 I journey from San Miguel. The accounts he heard of 
 ^ the opulence and power of that monarch, and of his 
 \\ great southern capital, perfectly corresponded with the 
 <Jfg general rumors before received, and contained, there - 
 0T fore, something to stagger the confidence, as well as to 
 G stimulate the cupidity, of the invaders. 
 
 Pizarro would gladly have seen his little army 
 strengthened by reinforcements, however small the 
 amount, and on that account postponed his departure 
 for several weeks. But no reinforcement arrived ; and, 
 VI as he received no further tidings from his associates, 
 he judged that longer delay would probably be at- 
 tended with evils greater than those to be encountered 
 on the march ; that discontents would inevitably spring 
 up in a life of inaction, and the strength and spirits 
 of the soldier sink under the enervating influence of 
 a tropical climate. Yet the force at his command, 
 amounting to less than two hundred soldiers in all, 
 after reserving fifty for the protection of the new set- 
 tlement, seemed but a small one for the conquest of 
 arr empire. He might, indeed, instead of marching 
 against the Inca, take a southerly direction towards 
 the rich capital of Cuzco. But this would only be to 
 postpone the hour of reckoning. For in what quarter
 
 MARCH INTO THE 
 
 of the empire could he hope to set his foot, where the 
 arm of its master would not reach him? By such a 
 course, moreover, he would show his own distrust of 
 himself. He would shake that opinion of his invin- 
 cible prowess which he had hitherto endeavored to 
 impress on the natives, and which constituted a great 
 secret of his strength ; which, in short, held sterner 
 sway over the mind than the display of numbers and 
 mere physical force. Worse than all, such a course 
 would impair the confidence of his troops in them- 
 selves and their reliance on himself. This would be 
 to palsy the arm of enterprise at once. It was not to 
 be thought of. 
 
 But, while Pizarro decided to march into the inte- 
 rior, it is doubtful whether he had formed any more 
 definite plan of action. We have no means of know- 
 ing his intentions, at this distance of time, otherwise 
 than as they are shown by his actions. Unfortunately, 
 he could not write, and he has left no record, like the 
 inestimable Commentaries of Cortes, to enlighten us 
 as to his motives. His secretary, and some of his 
 companions in arms, have recited his actions in de- 
 tail ; but the motives which led to them they were not 
 always so competent to disclose. 
 
 It is possible that the Spanish general, even so early 
 as the period of his residence at San Miguel, may have 
 meditated some daring stroke, some effective coup-de- 
 main, which, like that of Cortes when he carried off 
 the Aztec monarch to his quarters, might strike terror 
 into the hearts of the people and at once decide the 
 fortunes of the day. It is more probable, however, 
 that he now only proposed to present himself before
 
 356 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 the Inca as the peaceful representative of a brother 
 monarch, and by these friendly demonstrations disarm 
 any feeling of hostility, or even of suspicion. When 
 once in communication with the Indian prince, he 
 could regulate his future course by circumstances. 
 
 On the 24th of September, 1532, five months after 
 landing at Tumbez, Pizarro marched out at the head 
 of his little body of adventurers from the gates of San 
 Miguel, having enjoined it on the colonists to treat 
 their Indian vassals with humanity and to conduct 
 themselves in such a manner as would secure the good 
 will of the surrounding tribes. Their own existence, 
 and with it the safety of the army and the success of 
 the undertaking, depended on this course. In the 
 place were to remain the royal treasurer, the veedor, 
 or inspector of metals, and other officers of the crown ; 
 and the command of the garrison was intrusted to the 
 contador, Antonio Navarro. 7 Then, putting himself 
 at the head of his troops, the chief struck boldly into 
 the heart of the country in the direction where, as he 
 was informed, lay the camp of the Inca. It was a 
 daring enterprise, thus to venture with a handful of 
 followers into the heart of a powerful empire, to pre- 
 sent himself face to face before the Indian monarch in 
 his own camp, encompassed by the flower of his vic- 
 torious army ! Pizarro had already experienced more 
 than once the difficulty of maintaining his ground 
 against the rude tribes of the north, so much inferior 
 in strength and numbers to the warlike legions of 
 
 7 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 187. Pedro Pi- 
 zarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS.. Parte 
 3, lib. 8, cap. 10.
 
 MARCH INTO THE INTERIOR. 357 
 
 Peru. But the hazard of the game, as I have already 
 more than once had occasion to remark, constituted 
 its great charm with the Spaniard. The brilliant 
 achievements of his countrymen, on the like occa- 
 sions, with means so inadequate, inspired him with 
 confidence in his own good star, and this confidence 
 was one source of his success. Had he faltered for a 
 moment, had he stopped to calculate chances, he must 
 inevitably have failed ; for the odds were too great to 
 be combated by sober reason. They were only to be 
 met triumphantly by the spirit of the knight-errant. 
 
 After crossing the smooth waters of the Piura, the 
 little army continued to advance over a level district 
 intersected by streams that descended from the neiglv 
 boring Cordilleras. The face of the country was 
 shagged over with forests of gigantic growth, and oc- 
 casionally traversed by ridges of barren land, that 
 seemed like shoots of the adjacent Andes, breaking 
 up the surface of the region into little sequestered 
 valleys of singular loveliness. The soil, though rarely 
 watered by the rains of heaven, was naturally rich, 
 and wherever it was refreshed with moisture, as on 
 the margins of the streams, it was enamelled with the 
 brightest verdure. The industry of the inhabitants, 
 moreover, had turned these streams to the best ac- 
 count, and canals and aqueducts were seen crossing 
 the low lands in all directions, and spreading over 
 the country, like a vast net-work, diffusing fertility 
 and beauty around them. The air was scented with 
 the sweet odors of flowers, and everywhere the eye 
 was refreshed by the sight of orchards laden with un- 
 known fruits, and of fields waving with yellow grain
 
 358 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 and rich in luscious vegetables of every description 
 that teem in the sunny clime of the equator. The 
 Spaniards were among a people who had carried the 
 refinements of husbandry to a greater extent than any 
 yet found on the American continent ; and, as they 
 journeyed through this paradise of plenty, their con- 
 dition formed a pleasing contrast to what they had 
 before endured in the dreary wilderness of the man- 
 groves. 
 
 Everywhere, too, they were received with confiding 
 hospitality by the simple people ; for which they were 
 no doubt indebted, in a great measure, to their own 
 inoffensive deportment-. Every Spaniard seemed to be 
 aware that his only chance of success lay in conciliating 
 the good opinion of the inhabitants among whom he 
 had so recklessly cast his fortunes. In most of the 
 hamlets, and in every place of considerable size, some 
 fortress was to be found, or royal" caravansary, destined 
 for the Inca on his progresses, the ample halls of which 
 furnished abundant accommodations for the Spaniards ; 
 who were thus provided with quarters along their route 
 at the charge of the very government which they were 
 preparing to overturn. 8 
 
 On the fifth day after leaving San Miguel, Pizarro 
 halted in one of these delicious valleys, to give his 
 troops repose and to make a more complete inspec- 
 tion of them. Their number amounted in all to one 
 hundred and seventy-seven, of which sixty-seven were 
 cavalry. He mustered only three arquebusiers in his 
 
 8 Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 4. Naharro, 
 Relation sumaria, MS. Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. Relacion del 
 primer Descub., MS.
 
 MARCH INTO THE INTERIOR. 
 
 359 
 
 whole company, and a few crossbow-men, altogether not 
 exceeding twenty. 9 The troops were tolerably well 
 equipped, and in good condition. But the watchful 
 eye of their commander noticed with uneasiness that, 
 notwithstanding the general heartiness in the cause 
 manifested by his followers, there were some among 
 them whose countenances lowered with discontent, 
 and who, although they did not give vent to it in open 
 murmurs, were far from moving with their wonted 
 alacrity. He was aware that if this spirit became con- 
 tagious it would be the ruin of the enterprise; and he 
 thought it best to exterminate the gangrene at once, 
 and at whatever cost, than to wait until it had infected 
 the whole system. He came to an extraordinary reso- 
 lution. 
 
 Calling his men together, he told them that "a 
 crisis had now arrived in their affairs, which it de- 
 manded all their courage to meet. No man should 
 think of going forward in the expedition who could 
 not do so with his whole heart, or who had the least 
 misgiving as to its success. If any repented of his 
 share in it, it was not too late to turn back. San 
 Miguel was but poorly garrisoned, and he should be 
 glad to- see it in greater strength. Those who chose 
 might return to this place, and they should be entitled 
 to the same proportion of lands and Indian vassals as 
 
 s There is less discrepancy in the estimate of the Spanish force here 
 than usual. The paucity of numbers gave less room for it. No ac- 
 count carries them as high as two hundred. I have adopted that of 
 the secretary Xerez (Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 187), who 
 has been followed by Oviedo (Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. i, 
 cap. 3) and by the judicious Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. I. 
 cap. 2.
 
 360 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 the present residents. With the rest, were they few or 
 many, who chose to take their chance with him, he 
 should pursue the adventure to the end." I0 
 
 It was certainly a remarkable proposal for a com- 
 mander who was ignorant of the amount of disaffection 
 in his ranks, and who could not safely spare a single 
 man from his force, already far too feeble for the un- 
 dertaking. Yet, by insisting on the wants of the little 
 colony of San Miguel, he afforded a decent pretext for 
 the secession of the malecontents, and swept away the 
 barrier of shame which might have still held them in 
 the camp. Notwithstanding the fair opening thus 
 afforded, there were but few, nine in all, who availed 
 themselves of the general's permission. Four of these 
 belonged to the infantry, and five to the horse. The 
 rest loudly declared their resolve to go forward with 
 their brave leader ; and, if there were some whose 
 voices were faint amidst the general acclamation, they 
 at least relinquished the right of complaining hereafter, 
 since they had voluntarily rejected the permission to 
 return." This stroke of policy in their sagacious cap- 
 tain was attended with the best effects. He had win- 
 nowed out the few grains of discontent which, if left 
 to themselves, might have fermented in secret till the 
 
 10 " Que todos los que quiriesen bol verse a la ciudad de San Miguel 
 y avecindarse alii demas de los vecinos que alii quedaban el les de- 
 positaria repartimientosde Indies con que se sostubiesen comolo habia 
 hecho con los otros vecinos; e que con los Espanoles que quedasen, 
 pocos 6 muchos, iria a conquistar e pacificar la tierra en demanda y 
 persecucion del camino que llevaba." Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, 
 MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 3. 
 
 Ibid., MS., loc. cit. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. i. cap. 2. 
 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 187.
 
 MARCH LVTO THE INTERIOR. 361 
 
 whole mass had swelled into mutiny. Cortes had com- 
 pelled his men to go forward heartily in his enterprise 
 by burning their vessels and thus cutting off the only 
 means of retreat. Pizarro, on the other hand, threw 
 open the gates to the disaffected and facilitated their 
 departure. Both judged right, under their peculiar 
 circumstances, and both were perfectly successful. 
 
 Feeling himself strengthened, instead of weakened, 
 by his loss, Pizarro now resumed his march, and on the 
 second day arrived before a place called Zaran, situated 
 in a fruitful valley among the mountains. Some of 
 the inhabitants had been drawn off to swell the levies 
 of Atahuallpa. The Spaniards had repeated experi- 
 ence on their march of the oppressive exactions of the 
 Inca, who had almost depopulated some of the valleys 
 to obtain reinforcements for his army. The curaca of 
 the Indian town where Pizarro now arrived received 
 him with kindness and hospitality, and the troops were 
 quartered as usual in one of the royal tambos or cara- 
 vansaries, which were found in all the principal places." 
 
 Yet the Spaniards saw no signs of their approach to 
 the royal encampment, though more time had already 
 elapsed than was originally allowed for reaching it. 
 Shortly before entering Zaran, Pizarro had heard that 
 a Peruvian garrison was established in a place called 
 Caxas, lying among the hills, at no great distance from 
 his present quarters. He immediately despatched a 
 small party under Hernando de Soto in that direction, 
 to reconnoitre the ground, and bring him intelligence 
 of the actual state of things, at Zaran, where he would 
 halt until his officer's return. 
 
 " Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 Peru. VOL. I. Q 31
 
 362 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Day after day passed on, and a week had elapsed 
 before tidings were received of his companions, and 
 Pizarro was becoming seriously alarmed for their fate, 
 when on the eighth morning Soto appeared, bringing 
 with him an envoy from the Inca himself. He was a 
 person of rank, and was attended by several followers 
 of inferior condition. He had met the Spaniards at 
 Caxas, and now accompanied them on their return, to 
 deliver his sovereign's message, with a present to the 
 Spanish commander. The present consisted of two 
 fountains, made of stone, in the form of fortresses ; 
 some fine stuffs of woollen embroidered with gold 
 and silver ; and a quantity of goose-flesh, dried and 
 seasoned in a peculiar manner, and much used as 3 
 perfume, in a pulverized state, by the Peruvian nobles.^ 
 The Indian ambassador came charged also with his 
 master's greeting to the strangers, whom Atahuallpa 
 welcomed to his country and invited to visit him in 
 his camp among the mountains.' 4 
 
 3 " Dos Fortale9as, a manera de Fuente, figuradas en Piedra, con 
 que beba, i dos cargas de Patos secos, desollados, para que hechos 
 polvos, se sahume con ellos, porque asi se usa entre los Senores de su 
 Tierra : i que le embiaba k decir, que el tiene voluntad de ser su 
 Amigo, i esperalle de Paz en Caxamalca." Xerez, Conq. del Peru, 
 ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 189. 
 
 4 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Oviedo, Hist, de las 
 Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 3. Relacion del primer Descub., 
 MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 189. Garcilasso 
 de la Vega tells us that Atahuallpa's envoy addressed the Spanish 
 commander in the most humble and deprecatory manner, as Son of 
 the Sun and of the great God Viracocha. He adds that he was loaded 
 with a prodigious present of all kinds of game, living and dead, gold 
 and silver vase's, emeralds, turquoises, etc., etc., enough to furnish out 
 the finest chapter of the Arabian Nights. (Com. Real., Parte 2, lib. 
 I, cap. 19.) It is extraordinary that none of the Conquerors, who
 
 EMBASSY FROM THE INC A. 363 
 
 Pizarro well understood that the Inca's object in 
 this diplomatic visit was less to do him courtesy than 
 to inform himself of the strength and condition of 
 the invaders. But he was well pleased with the em- 
 bassy, and dissembled his consciousness of its real 
 purpose. He caused the Peruvian to be entertained 
 in the best manner the camp could afford, and paid 
 him the respect, says one of the Conquerors, due to 
 the ambassador of so great a monarch. ' s Pizarro 
 urged him to prolong his visit for some days, which 
 the Indian envoy declined, but made the most of his 
 time while there, by gleaning all the information he 
 could in respect to the use of every strange article 
 which he saw, as well as the object of the white 
 men's visit to the land, and the quarter whence they 
 came. 
 
 The Spanish captain satisfied his curiosity in all these 
 particulars. The intercourse with the natives, it may 
 be here remarked, was maintained by means of two 
 of the youths who had accompanied the Conquerors 
 on their return home from their preceding voyage. 
 They had been taken by Pizarro to Spain, and, as 
 much pains had been bestowed on teaching them the 
 Castilian, they now filled the office of interpreters and 
 opened an easy communication with their countrymen. 
 
 had a quick eye for these dainties, should allude to them. One can- 
 not but suspect that the " old uncle" was amusing himself at his young 
 nephew's expense, and, as it has proved, at the expense of most of 
 his readers, who receive the Inca's fairy-tales as historic facts. 
 
 '5 " I mand6, que le diesen de comer a el, i a los que con el venian, 
 i todo lo que huviesen menester, i fuesen bien aposentados, como 
 Embajadores de tan Gran Senor." Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, 
 torn. iii. p. 189.
 
 364 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 It was of inestimable service ; and well did the Span- 
 ish commander reap the fruits of his forecast. 16 
 
 On the departure of the Peruvian messenger, Pizarro 
 presented him with a cap of crimson cloth, some cheap 
 but showy ornaments of glass, and other toys, which 
 he had brought for the purpose from Castile. He 
 charged the envoy to tell his master that the Span- 
 iards came from a powerful prince who dwelt far be- 
 yond the waters ; that they had heard much of the 
 fame of Atahuallpa's victories, and were come to pay 
 their respects to him, and to offer their services by 
 aiding him with their arms against his enemies ; and 
 he might be assured they would not halt on the road 
 longer than was necessary, before presenting them- 
 selves before him. 
 
 Pizarro now received from Soto a full account of 
 his late expedition. That chief, on entering Caxas, 
 found the inhabitants mustered in hostile array, as if 
 to dispute his passage. But the cavalier soon con- 
 vinced them of his pacific intentions, and, laying aside 
 their menacing attitude, they received the Spaniards 
 with the same courtesy which had been shown them 
 in most places on their march. 
 
 Here Soto found one of the royal officers, employed 
 
 16 " Los Indies de la tierra se entendian muy bien con los Espanoles, 
 porque aquellos mochachos Indies que en el descubrimiento de la 
 tierra Pizarro truxo d Espafia, entendian muy bien nuestra lengua, y 
 los tenia alii, con los cuales se entendia muy bien con todos los natu- 
 rales de la tierra." (Relacion del primer Descub., MS.) Yet it is e. 
 proof of the ludicrous blunders into which the Conquerors were per- 
 petually falling, that Pizarro's secretary constantly confounds the 
 Inca's name with that of his capital. Huayna Capac he always 
 styles " old Cuzco," and his son Huascar " young Cuzco,"
 
 ADVENTURES ON THE MARCH. 365 
 
 in collecting the tribute for the government. From 
 this functionary he learned that the Inca was quartered 
 with a large army at Caxamalca, a place of consider- 
 able size on the other side of the Cordillera, where he 
 was enjoying the luxury of the warm baths, supplied 
 by natural springs, for which it was then famous, as 
 it is at the present day. The cavalier gathered, also, 
 much important information in regard to the resources 
 and the general policy of government, the state main- 
 tained by the Inca, and the stern severity with which 
 obedience to the law was everywhere enforced. He 
 had some opportunity of observing this for himself, 
 as, on entering the village, he saw several Indians 
 hanging dead by their heels, having been executed 
 for some violence offered to the Virgins of the Sun, 
 of whom there was a convent in the neighborhood.' 7 
 
 From Caxas, De Soto had passed to the adjacent 
 town of Guancabamba, much larger, more populous, 
 and better built than the preceding. The houses, 
 instead of being made of clay baked in the sun, were 
 many of them constructed 'of solid stone, so nicely 
 put together that it was impossible to detect the line 
 of junction. A river which passed through the town 
 was traversed by a bridge, and the high-road of the 
 Incas which crossed this district was far superior to 
 that which the Spaniards had seen on the sea-board. 
 It was raised in many places, like a causeway, paved 
 
 '7 " A la entrada del Pueblo havia ciertos Indies ahorcados de los 
 pies: i supo de este Principal, que Atabalipa los mando matar, por- 
 que uno de ellos entr6 en la Casa de las Mugeres k dormir con una: 
 al qual, i a todos los Porteros que consintieron, ahorco." Xerez; 
 Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. i83. 
 31*
 
 366 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 with heavy stone flags, and bordered by trees that 
 afforded a grateful shade to the passenger, while 
 streams of water were conducted through aqueducts 
 along the sides to slake his thirst. At certain dis- 
 tances, also, they noticed small houses, which, they 
 were told, were for the accommodation of the trav- 
 eller, who might thus pass without inconvenience from 
 one end of the kingdom to the other.' 8 In another 
 quarter they beheld one of those magazines destined 
 for the army, filled with grain 'and with articles of 
 clothing ; and at the entrance of the town was a stone 
 building, occupied by a public officer, whose business 
 it was to collect the tolls or duties on various com- 
 modities brought into the place or carried out of it.' 9 
 These accounts of De Soto not only confirmed all 
 that the Spaniards had heard of the Indian empire, 
 but greatly raised their ideas of its resources and do- 
 mestic policy. They might well have shaken the con- 
 fidence of hearts less courageous. 
 
 Pizarro, before leaving his present quarters, de- 
 spatched a messenger to San Miguel with particulars 
 of his movements, sending at the same time the arti- 
 cles received from the Inca, as well as those obtained 
 
 18 " Van por este camino canos de agua de donde los caminantes 
 beben, traidos de sus nacimientos de otras partes, y & cada Jornada 
 una Casa a manera de Venta donde se aposentan los que van e 
 vienen." Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 3. 
 
 '9 " A la entrada de este Camino en el Pueblo de Cajas esta una 
 casa al principio de una puente donde reside una guarda que recibe 
 el Portazgo de todos los que van e vienen, e paganlo en la misma cosa 
 que llevan, y ninguno puede sacar carga del Pueblo sino la mete, y 
 esta costumbre es alii antigua." Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., 
 ubi supra.
 
 ADVENTURES ON THE MARCH. 367 
 
 at different places on the route. The skill shown in 
 the execution of some of these fabrics sent to Castile 
 excited great admiration there. The fine woollen 
 cloths, especially, with their rich embroidery, were 
 pronounced equal to textures of silk, from which it 
 was not easy to distinguish them. The material was 
 probably the delicate wool of the vicuna, none of 
 which had then been seen in Europe." 
 
 Pizarro, having now acquainted himself with the 
 most direct route to Caxamalca, the Caxamarca of 
 the present day,* resumed his march, taking a direc- 
 tion nearly south. The first place of any size at which 
 he halted was Motupe, pleasantly situated in a fruitful 
 valley, among hills of no great elevation, which cluster 
 round the base of the Cordilleras. The place was de- 
 serted by its curaca, who, with three hundred of its 
 warriors, had gone to join the standard of their Inca. 
 Here the general, notwithstanding his avowed purpose 
 to push forward without delay, halted four days. The 
 tardiness of his movements can be explained only by 
 the hope which he may have still entertained of being 
 joined by further reinforcements before crossing the 
 Cordilleras. None such appeared, however; and, ad- 
 
 30 ' ' Piezas de lana de la tierra, que era cosa mucho de ver segun su 
 primer e gentileza, e no se sabian determinar si era seda 6 lana segun 
 su fineza con muchas labores i figuras de oro de martillo de tal manera 
 asentado en la ropa que era cosa de marabillar." Oviedo, Hist, de 
 las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 4. 
 
 * [The letter /, except in the combination /*' or //, which is equiva- 
 lent to the Italian^/, is scarcely found in the Quichua according to 
 Tschudi, only in the word lampa, a hoe. The Spaniards supplied 
 the omission by changing r to / in several names, as Lima for Rima;. 
 -ED.]
 
 368 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 vancing across a country in which tracts of sandy 
 plain were occasionally relieved by a broad expanse 
 of verdant meadow, watered by natural streams and 
 still more abundantly by those brought through arti- 
 ficial channels, the troops at length arrived at the 
 borders of a river. It was broad and deep, and the 
 rapidity of the current opposed more than ordinary 
 difficulty to the passage. Pizarro, apprehensive lest 
 this might be disputed by the natives on the opposite 
 bank, ordered his brother Hernando to cross over with 
 a small detachment under cover of night and secure a 
 safe landing for the rest of the troops. At break of 
 day Pizarro made preparations for his own passage, 
 by hewing timber in the neighboring woods and con- 
 structing a sort of floating bridge, on which before 
 nightfall the whole company passed in safety, the 
 horses swimming, being led by the bridle. It was a 
 day of severe labor, and Pizarro took his own share 
 in it freely, like a common soldier, having ever a word 
 of encouragement to say to his followers. 
 
 On reaching the opposite side, they learned from 
 their comrades that the people of the country, instead 
 of offering resistance, had fled in dismay. One of 
 them, having been taken and brought before Her- 
 nando Pizarro, refused to answer the questions put to 
 him respecting the Inca and his army ; till, being put 
 to the torture, he stated that Atahuallpa was encamped, 
 with his whole force, in three separate divisions, oc- 
 cupying the high grounds and plains of Caxamalca. 
 He further stated that the Inca was aware of the ap- 
 proach of the white men and of their small number, 
 and that he was purposely decoying them into his own
 
 ADVENTURES ON THE MARCH. 369 
 
 quarters, that he might have them more completely in 
 his power. 
 
 This account, when reported by Hernando to his 
 brother, caused the latter much anxiety. As the 
 timidity of the peasantry, however, gradually wore off, 
 some of them mingled with the troops, and among 
 them the curaca or principal person of the village. 
 He had himself visited the royal camp, and he in- 
 formed the general that Atahuallpa lay at the strong 
 town of Huamachuco, twenty leagues or more south 
 of Caxamalca, with an army of at least fifty thousand 
 men. 
 
 These contradictory statements greatly perplexed the 
 chieftain ; and he proposed to one of the Indians who 
 had borne him company during a great part of the 
 march, to go as a spy into the Inca's quarters and 
 bring him intelligence of his actual position, and, as 
 far as he could learn them, of his intentions towards 
 the Spaniards. But the man positively declined this 
 dangerous service, though he professed his willingness 
 'to go as an authorized messenger of the Spanish com- 
 mander. 
 
 Pizarro acquiesced in this proposal, and instructed 
 his envoy to assure the Inca that he was advancing 
 with all convenient speed to meet him. He was to 
 acquaint the monarch with the uniformly considerate 
 conduct of the Spaniards towards his subjects in their 
 progress through the land, and to assure him that they 
 were now coming in full confidence of finding in him 
 the same amicable feelings towards themselves. The 
 emissary was practically instructed to observe if the 
 strong passes on the road were defended, or if any 
 Q*
 
 370 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 preparations of a hostile character were to be discerned. 
 This last intelligence he was to communicate to the 
 general by means of two or three nimble-footed at- 
 tendants who were to accompany him on his mis- 
 sion." 
 
 Having taken this precaution, the wary commander 
 again resumed his march, and at the end of three- days 
 reached the base of the mountain-rampart behind 
 which lay the ancient town of Caxamalca. Before 
 him rose the stupendous Andes, rock piled upon rock, 
 their skirts below dark with evergreen forests, varied 
 here and there by terraced patches of cultivated gar- 
 den, with the peasant's cottage clinging to their shaggy 
 sides, and their crests of snow glittering high in the 
 heavens, presenting altogether such a wild chaos of 
 magnificence and beauty as no other mountain-scenery 
 in the world can show. Across this tremendous raru- 
 part, through a labyrinth of passes, easily capable of 
 defence by a handful of men against an army, the 
 troops were now to march. To the right ran a broad 
 and level road, with its border of friendly shades, and 
 wide enough for two carriages to pass abreast. It was 
 one of the great routes leading to Cuzco, and seemed 
 by its pleasant and easy access to invite the wayworn 
 soldier to choose it in preference to the dangerous 
 mountain-defiles. Many were accordingly of opinion 
 that the army should take this course and abandon the 
 original destination to Caxamalca. But such was not 
 the decision of Pizarro. 
 
 21 Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS.. Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 4. Conq. \ 
 Fob. del Piru, MS. Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Xerez, Conq. 
 del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 190.
 
 REACH THE FOOT OF THE ANDES. 
 
 371 
 
 The Spaniards had everywhere proclaimed their pur- 
 pose, he said, to visit the Inca in his camp. This 
 purpose had been communicated to the Inca himself. 
 To take an opposite direction now would only be to 
 draw on them the imputation of cowardice, and to 
 incur Atahuallpa's contempt. No alternative remained 
 but to march straight across the sierra to his quarters. 
 " Let every one of you," said the bold cavalier, " take 
 heart and go forward like a good soldier, nothing 
 daunted by the smallness of your numbers. For in 
 the greatest extremity God ever fights for his own ; 
 and doubt not he will humble the pride of the heathen, 
 and bring him to the knowledge of the true faith, the 
 great end and object of the Conquest. ' ' " 
 
 Pizarro, like Cortes, possessed a good share of that 
 frank and manly eloquence which touches the heart 
 of the soldier more than the parade of rhetoric or the 
 finest flow of elocution. He was a soldier himself, 
 and partook m all the feelings of the soldier, his joys, 
 his hopes, and his disappointments. He was not raised 
 by rank and education above sympathy with the hum- 
 blest of his followers. Every chord in their bosoms 
 vibrated with the same pulsations as his own, and the 
 conviction of this gave him a mastery over them. 
 "Lead on," they shouted, as he finished his brief 
 
 13 " Que todos se animasen y esforzasen a hacer como de ellos es- 
 peraba y cpmo buenos espafioles lo suelen hacer, e que no les pusiese 
 temor la multitud que se decia que habia de gente ni el poco numero 
 de los cristianos, que aunque menos fuesen e mayor el egercito con- 
 trario, la ayuda de Dios es mucho mayor, y en las mayores necesi- 
 dades socorre y faborece a los suyos para desbaratar y abajar la sober- 
 bia de los infieles e traerlos en conocimiento de nuestra S ta fe catolica." 
 Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 4.
 
 372 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 but animating address, "lead on wherever you think 
 best. We will follow with good will, and you shall 
 see that we can do our duty in the cause of God and 
 the King!" 23 There was no longer hesitation. All 
 thoughts were now bent on the instant passage of the 
 Cordilleras. 
 
 3 " Todos digeron que fuese por el Camino que quisiese i viese 
 que mas convenia, que todos le seguirian con buena voluntad e obra 
 al tiempo del efecto, y veria lo que cada uno de ellos haria en servicio 
 de Diose de su Magestad." Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., loc. cit.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SEVERE PASSAGE OF THE ANDES. EMBASSIES FROM 
 
 ATAHUALLPA. THE SPANIARDS REACH CAXAMALCA. 
 
 EMBASSY TO THE INCA. INTERVIEW WITH THE 
 
 INCA. DESPONDENCY OF THE SPANIARDS. 
 
 1532. 
 
 THAT night Pizarro held a council of his principal 
 officers, and it was determined that he should lead the 
 advance, consisting of forty horse and sixty foot, and 
 reconnoitre the ground ; while the rest of the com- 
 pany, under his brother Hernando, should occupy 
 their present position till they received further orders. 
 
 At early dawn the Spanish general and his detach- 
 ment were under arms and prepared to breast the diffi- 
 culties of the sierra. These proved even greater than 
 had been foreseen. The path had been conducted in 
 the most judicious manner round the rugged and pre- 
 cipitous sides of the mountains, so as best to avoid the 
 natural impediments presented by the ground. But it 
 was necessarily so steep, in many places, that the cav- 
 alry were obliged to dismount, and, scrambling up as 
 they could, to lead their horses by the bridle. In 
 many places, too, where some huge crag or eminence 
 overhung the road, this was driven to the very verge 
 of the precipice ; and the traveller was compelled to 
 wind along the narrow ledge of rock, scarcely wide 
 Peru. VOL. 1. 32 ( 373 )
 
 374 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 enough for his single steed, where a misstep would 
 precipitate him hundreds, nay, thousands of feet into 
 the dreadful abyss ! The wild passes of the sierra, 
 practicable for the half-naked Indian, and even for 
 the sure and circumspect mule, an animal that seems 
 to have been created for the roads of the Cordilleras, 
 were formidable to the man-at-arms encumbered 
 with his panoply of mail. The tremendous fissures 
 or quebradas, so frightful in this mountain-chain, 
 yawned open, as if the Andes had been split asunder 
 by some terrible convulsion, showing a broad expanse 
 of the primitive rock on their sides, partially mantled 
 over with the spontaneous vegetation of ages ; while 
 their obscure depths furnished a channel for the tor- 
 rents, that, rising in the heart of the sierra, worked 
 their way gradually into light and spread over the 
 savannas and green valleys of the tierra caliente on 
 their way to the great ocean. 
 
 Many of these passes afforded obvious points of 
 defence ; and the Spaniards, as they entered the rocky 
 defiles, looked with apprehension lest they might rouse 
 some foe from his ambush. This apprehension was 
 heightened as, at the summit of a steep and narrow 
 gorge, in which they were engaged, they beheld a 
 strong work, rising like a fortress, and frowning, as it 
 were, in gloomy defiance on the invaders. As they 
 drew near this building, which was of solid stone, 
 commanding an angle of the road, they almost ex- 
 pected to see the dusky forms of the warriors rise 
 over the battlements, and to receive their tempest of 
 missiles on their bucklers ; for it was in so strong a 
 position that a few resolute men might easily have
 
 SEVERE PASSAGE OF THE ANDES. 
 
 375 
 
 held there an army at bay. But they had the satis- 
 faction to find the place untenanted, and their spirits 
 were greatly raised by the conviction that the Indian 
 monarch did not intend to dispute their passage, when 
 it would have been easy to do so with success. 
 
 Pizarro now sent orders to his brother to follow 
 without delay, and, after refreshing his men, continued 
 his toilsome ascent, and before nightfall reached an 
 eminence crowned by another fortress, of even greater 
 strength than the preceding. It was built of solid 
 masonry, the lower part excavated from the living 
 rock, and the whole work executed with skill not 
 inferior to that of the European architect. 1 
 
 Here Pizarro took up his quarters for the night. 
 Without waiting for the arrival of the rear, on the 
 following morning he resumed his march, leading still 
 deeper into the intricate gorges of the sierra. The 
 climate had gradually changed, and the men and 
 horses, especially the latter, suffered severely from 
 the cold, so long accustomed as they had been to the 
 sultry climate of the tropics. 2 The vegetation also 
 had changed its character ; and the magnificent tim- 
 ber which covered the lower level of the country had 
 gradually given way to the funereal forest of pine, 
 and, as they rose still higher, to the stunted growth of 
 numberless Alpine plants, whose hardy natures found 
 
 1 " Tan ancha la Cerca como qualquier Fortale9a de Espana, con sus 
 Puertas : que si en esta Tierra oviese los Maestros, i Herramientas de 
 Espana, no pudiera ser mejor labrada la Cerca." Xerez, Conq. del 
 Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 192. 
 
 a " Es tanto el frio que hace en esta Sierra, que como los Caballos 
 venian hechos al calor, que en los Valles hacia, algunos de ellos se 
 resfriaron." Ibid., p. 191.
 
 376 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 a congenial temperature in the icy atmosphere of the 
 more elevated regions. These dreary solitudes seemed 
 to be nearly abandoned by the brute creation as well 
 as by man. The light-footed vicufia, roaming in its 
 native state, might be sometimes seen looking down 
 from some airy cliff, where the foot of the hunter 
 dared not venture. But instead of the feathered tribes 
 whose gay plumage sparkled in the deep glooms of 
 the tropical forests, the adventurers now beheld only 
 the great bird of the Andes, the loathsome condor, 
 which, sailing high above the clouds, followed with 
 doleful cries in the track of the army, as if guided 
 by instinct in the path of blood and carnage. 
 
 At length they reached the crest of the Cordillera, 
 where it spreads out into a bold and bleak expanse, 
 with scarcely a vestige of vegetation, except what is 
 afforded by the pajonal, a dried yellow grass, which, 
 as it is seen from below, encircling the base of the 
 snow-covered peaks, looks, with its brilliant straw- 
 color lighted up in the rays of an ardent sun, like a 
 setting of gold round pinnacles of burnished silver. 
 The land was sterile, as usual in mining-districts, and 
 they were drawing near the once famous gold-quarries 
 on the way to Caxamalca : 
 
 " Rocks rich in gems, and mountains big with mines, 
 That on the high equator ridgy rise." 
 
 Here Pizarro halted for the coming up of the rear. 
 The air was sharp and frosty ; and the soldiers, spread- 
 ing their tents, lighted fires, and, huddling round 
 them, endeavored to find some repose after their la- 
 borious march. 3 
 3 " 6 aposentaronse los Espanoles en sus toldoso pabellones de
 
 EMBASSIES FROM ATAHUALLPA. 
 
 377 
 
 They had not been long in these quarters, when a 
 messenger arrived, one of those who had accompanied 
 the Indian envoy sent by Pizarro to Atahuallpa. He 
 informed the general that the road was free from ene- 
 mies, and that an embassy from the Inca was on its 
 way to the Castilian camp. Pizarro now sent back to 
 quicken the march of the rear, as he was unwilling 
 that the Peruvian envoy should find him with his pres- 
 ent diminished numbers. The rest of the army were not 
 far distant, and not long after reached the encampment. 
 
 In a short time the Indian embassy also arrived, 
 which consisted of one of the Inca nobles and several 
 attendants, bringing a welcome present of llamas to 
 the Spanish commander. The Peruvian bore, also, the 
 greetings of his master, who wished to know when the 
 Spaniards would arrive at Caxamalca, that he might 
 provide suitable refreshments for them. Pizarro learned 
 that the Inca had left Huamachuco, and was now lying 
 with a small force in the neighborhood of Caxamalca, 
 at a place celebrated for its natural springs of warm 
 water. The Peruvian was an intelligent person, and 
 the Spanish commander gathered from him many par- 
 ticulars respecting the late contests which had distracted 
 the empire. 
 
 As the envoy vaunted in lofty terms the military prow- 
 ess and resources of his sovereign, Pizarro thought it 
 politic to show that it had no power to overawe him, 
 algodon de la tierra que llevaban. e haciendo fuegos para defenderse 
 del mucho frio que en aquella Sierra hacen, porque sin ellos no se 
 pudieron valer sin padecer mucho trabajo ; y segun k los cristianos les 
 parecio, y aim como era lo cierto, no podia haber mas frio en parte de 
 Espana en invierno." Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 
 8. cap. 4, 
 
 32*
 
 378 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 He expressed his satisfaction at the triumphs of Ata- 
 huallpa, who, he acknowledged, had raised himself high 
 in the rank of Indian warriors. But he was as infe- 
 rior, he added with more policy than politeness, to the 
 monarch who ruled over the white men, as the petty 
 curacas of the country were inferior to him. This was 
 evident from the ease with which a few Spaniards had 
 overrun this great continent, subduing one nation after 
 another that had offered resistance to their arms. He 
 had been led by the fame of Atahuallpa to visit his 
 dominions and to offer him his services in his wars, 
 and, if he were received by the Inca in the same 
 friendly spirit with which he came, he was willing, for 
 the aid he could render him, to postpone awhile his 
 passage across the country to the opposite seas. The 
 Indian, according to the Castilian accounts, listened 
 with awe to this strain of glorification from the Span- 
 ish commander. Yet it is possible that the envoy was 
 a better diplomatist than they imagined, and that he 
 understood it was only the game of brag at which he 
 was playing with his more civilized antagonist. 4 
 
 On the succeeding morning, at an early hour, the 
 troops were again on their march, and for two days 
 were occupied in threading the airy defiles of the 
 Cordilleras. Soon after beginning their descent on 
 the eastern side, another emissary arrived from the 
 Inca, bearing a message of similar import to the pre- 
 ceding, and a present, in like manner, of Peruvian 
 sheep. This was the same noble that had visited 
 Pizarro in the valley. He now came in more state, 
 
 4 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 193. Oviedo, Hist. 
 de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 5.
 
 EAfH ASSIES FROM ATAHUALLPA. 379 
 
 quaffing chicha the fermented juice of the maize 
 from golden goblets borne by his attendants, which 
 sparkled in the eyes of the rapacious adventurers. 5 
 
 While he was in the camp, the Indian messenger, 
 originally sent by Pizarro to the Inca, returned, and no 
 sooner did he behold the Peruvian, and the honorable 
 reception which he met with from the Spaniards, than 
 he was filled with wrath, which would have vented 
 itself in personal violence, but for the interposition 
 of the by-standers. It was hard, he said, that this 
 Peruvian dog should be thus courteously treated, when 
 he himself had nearly lost his life on a similar mission 
 among his countrymen. - On reaching the Inca's camp 
 he had been refused admission to his presence, on the 
 ground that he was keeping a fast and could not be seen. 
 They had paid no respect to his assertion that he came 
 as an envoy from the white men, and would, probably, 
 not have suffered him to escape with life, if he had not 
 assured them that any violence offered to him would be 
 retaliated in full measure on the persons of the Peruvian 
 envoys now in the Spanish quarters. There was no 
 doubt, he continued, of the hostile intentions of Ata- 
 huallpa ; for he was surrounded with a powerful army, 
 strongly encamped about a league from Caxamalca, 
 while that city was entirely evacuated by its inhabitants. 
 
 s " Este Embajador traia servicio de Senor, i cinco 6 seis Vasos de 
 Oro fino, con que bebia, i con ellosdaba a beber a los Espanoles de 
 la Chicha que traia." Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 
 I93 ._Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., ubi supra. The latter author, 
 in this part of his work, has done little more than make a transcript 
 of that of Xerez. His endorsement of Pizarro's secretary, however, 
 is of value, from the fact that, with less temptation to misstate or over- 
 state, he enjoyed excellent opportunities for information.
 
 380 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 To all this the Inca's envoy coolly replied that 
 Pizarro's messenger might have reckoned on such a 
 reception as he had found, since he seemed to have 
 taken with him no credentials of his mission. As to 
 the Inca's fast, that was true ; and, although he would 
 doubtless have seen the messenger had he known there 
 was one from the strangers, yet it was not safe to disturb 
 him at these solemn seasons, when engaged in his reli- 
 gious duties. The troops by whom he was surrounded 
 were not numerous, considering that the Inca was at 
 that time carrying on an important war; and as to 
 Caxamalca, it was abandoned by the inhabitants in 
 order to make room for the white men, who were so 
 soon to occupy it. 6 
 
 This explanation, however plausible, did not alto- 
 gether satisfy the general ; for he had too deep a 
 conviction of the cunning of Atahuallpa, whose in- 
 tentions towards the Spaniards he had long greatly 
 distrusted. As he proposed, however, to keep on 
 friendly relations with the monarch for the present, 
 it was obviously not his cue to manifest suspicion. 
 Affecting, therefore, to give full credit to the explana- 
 tion of the envoy, he dismissed him with reiterated 
 assurances of speedily presenting himself before the 
 Inca. 
 
 The descent of the sierra, though the Andes are less 
 precipitous on their eastern side than towards the west, 
 was attended with difficulties almost equal to those of 
 the upward march ; and the Spaniards felt no little 
 satisfaction when, on the seventh day, they arrived in 
 
 6 Xerez, Conq. del Peru. ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 194. Oviedo, Hist, 
 de las Indias, MS., ubi supra.
 
 THE SPANIARDS REACH CAXAMALCA. 381 
 
 view of the valley of Caxamalca, which, enamelled 
 with all the beauties of cultivation, lay unrolled like 
 a rich and variegated carpet of verdure, in strong 
 contrast with the dark forms of the Andes, that rose 
 up everywhere around it. The valley is of an oval 
 shape, extending about five leagues in length by three 
 in breadth. It was inhabited by a population of a 
 superior character to any which the Spaniards had met 
 on the other side of the mountains, as was argued by 
 the superior style of their attire and the greater clean- 
 liness and comfort visible both in their persons and 
 dwellings. 7 As far as the eye could reach, the level 
 tract exhibited the show of a diligent and thrifty hus- 
 bandry. A broad river rolled through the meadows, 
 supplying facilities for copious irrigation by means of 
 the usual canals and subterraneous aqueducts. The 
 land, intersected by verdant hedge-rows, was checkered 
 with patches of various cultivation ; for the soil was 
 rich, and the climate, if less stimulating than that of 
 the sultry regions of the coast, was more favorable to 
 the hardy products of the temperate latitudes. Below 
 the adventurers, with its white houses glittering in the 
 sun, lay the little city of Caxamalca, like a sparkling 
 gem on the dark skirts of the sierra. At the distance 
 of about a league farther, across the valley, might be 
 seen columns of vapor rising up towards the heavens, 
 indicating the place of the famous hot baths, much 
 frequented by the Peruvian princes. And here, too, 
 was a spectacle less grateful to the eyes of the Span- 
 iards ; for along the slope of the hills a white cloud of 
 pavilions was seen covering the ground, as thick as 
 7 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 195.
 
 382 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 snow-flakes, for the space,, apparently, of several miles. 
 "It filled us all with amazement," exclaims one of 
 the Conquerors, " to behold the Indians occupying so 
 proud a position ! So many tents, so well appointed, 
 as were never seen in the Indies till now ! The spec- 
 tacle caused something like confusion and even fear in 
 the stoutest bosom. But it was too late to turn back, 
 or to betray the least sign of weakness, since the natives 
 in our own company would, in such case, have been 
 the first to rise upon us. So, with as bold a counte- 
 nance as we could, after coolly surveying the ground, 
 we prepared for our entrance into Caxamalca." 8 
 
 What were the feelings of the Peruvian monarch 
 we are not informed, when he gazed on the martial 
 cavalcade of the Christians, as, with banners streaming, 
 and bright panoplies glistening in the rays of the even- 
 ing sun, it emerged from the dark depths of the sierra 
 and advanced in hostile array over the fair domain 
 which, to this period, had never been trodden by other 
 foot than that of the red man." It might be, as several 
 of the reports had stated, that the Inca had purposely 
 decoyed the adventurers into the heart of his populous 
 empire, that he might envelop them with his legions 
 
 8 " Y eran tantas las tiendas que parecian, que cierto nos puso harto 
 espanto, porque no pensabamos que Indies pudiesen tener tan so- 
 berbia estancia, ni tantas tiendas, ni tan a punto, lo cual hasta alii en 
 las Indias nunca se vio, que nos causo a todos los Espanoles harta 
 confusion y temor ; aunque no convenia mostrarse, ni menos volver 
 atras, porque si alguna flaqueza en nosotros sintieran, los mismos 
 Indios que llevabamos nos mataran, y ansi con animoso semblante, 
 despues de haber muy bien atalayado el pueblo y tiendas que he 
 dicho, abajamos por el valle abajo, y entramos en el pueblo de Caja- 
 malca." Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 THE SPANIARDS REACH CAXAMALCA. 383 
 
 and the more easily become master of their property 
 and persons.' Or was it from a natural feeling of 
 curiosity, and relying on their professions of friend- 
 ship, that he had thus allowed them, without any 
 attempt at resistance, to come into his presence? At 
 all events, he could hardly have felt such confidence 
 in himself as not to look with apprehension, mingled 
 with awe, on the mysterious strangers, who, coming 
 from an unknown world and possessed of such won- 
 derful gifts, had made their way across mountain and 
 valley in spite of every obstacle which man and nature 
 had opposed to them. 
 
 Pizarro, meanwhile, forming his little corps into 
 three divisions, now moved forward, at a more meas- 
 ured pace, and in order of battle, down the slopes that 
 led towards the Indian city. As he drew near, no one 
 came out to welcome him ; and he rode through the 
 streets without meeting with a living thing, or hearing 
 a sound, except the echoes, sent back from the deserted 
 dwellings, of the tramp of the soldiery. 
 
 It was a place of considerable size, containing about 
 ten thousand inhabitants, somewhat more, probably, 
 
 9 This was evidently the opinion of the old Conqueror, whose im- 
 perfect manuscript forms one of the best authorities for this portion 
 of our narrative : " Temendonos en muy poco, y no haciendo cuenta 
 que 190 hombres le habian de ofender, dio lugar y consintio que pasa- 
 'semos por aquel paso y por otros muchos tan malos como el, porque 
 realmente, a lo que despues se supo y averiguo, su intencion era 
 vernos y preguntarnos, de donde veniamos ? y quien nos habia he- 
 chado alii ? y que queriamos ? Porque era mvy sabio y discreto, y 
 iitnujiie sin litz nl escriptura, amigo de saber y de sotil entendimiento ; 
 y despues de holgadose con nosotros, tomarnos los caballos y las cosas 
 que a el mas le aplacian, y sacrificar a los demas." Relacion del 
 primer Descub., MS.
 
 384 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 than the population assembled at this day within the 
 walls of the modern city of Caxamalca. 10 The houses, 
 for the most part, were built of clay, hardened in the 
 sun ; the roofs thatched or of timber. Some of the 
 more ambitious dwellings were of hewn stone ; and 
 there was a convent in the place, occupied by the 
 Virgins of the Sun, and a temple dedicated to the 
 same tutelar deity, which last was hidden in the deep 
 embowering shades of a grove on the skirts of the city. 
 On the quarter towards the Indian camp was a square 
 if square it might be called, which was almost tri- 
 angular in form of an immense size, surrounded by 
 low buildings. These consisted of capacious halls, 
 with wide doors or openings communicating with the 
 square. They were probably intended as a sort of 
 barracks for the Inca's soldiers." At the end of the 
 plaza, looking towards the country, was a fortress of 
 stone, with a stairway leading from the city, and a 
 private entrance from the adjoining suburbs. There 
 was still another fortress on the rising ground which 
 commanded the town, built of hewn stone and encom- 
 passed by three circular walls, or rather one and the 
 same wall, which wound up spirally around it. It was 
 
 10 According to Stevenson, this population, which is of a very 
 mixed character, amounts, or did amount some thirty years ago, to 
 about seven thousand. That sagacious traveller gives an animated 
 description of the city, in which he resided some time, and which he 
 seems to have regarded with peculiar predilection. Yet it does not 
 hold probably the relative rank at the present day that it did in that 
 of the Incas. Residence in South America, vol. ii. p. 131. 
 
 Carta de Hern. Pizarro, ap. Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., 
 Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 15. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. 
 P- 195-
 
 I: MB 'ASSY TO THE IXC A. 385 
 
 a place of great strength, and the workmanship showed 
 a better knowledge of masonry, and gave a higher 
 impression of the architectural science of the people, 
 than any thing the Spaniards had yet seen." 
 
 It was late in the afternoon of the fifteenth of 
 November, 1532, when the Conquerors entered the 
 city of Caxamalca. The weather, which had been fair 
 during the day, now threatened a storm, and some rain 
 mingled with hail for it was unusually cold began to 
 fall.' 3 Pizarro, however, was so anxious to ascertain 
 the dispositions of the Inca that he determined to send 
 an embassy at once to his quarters. He selected for 
 this Hernando de Soto with fifteen horse, and, after 
 his departure, conceiving that the number was too 
 small in case of any unfriendly demonstrations by the 
 Indians, he ordered his brother Hernando to follow 
 with twenty additional troopers. This captain and 
 one other of his party have left us an account of the 
 excursion. 14 
 
 " " Fuer9as son, que entre Indies no se ban visto tales." Xerez, 
 Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 195. Relacion del primer 
 Descub., MS. 
 
 3 " Desde h. poco rato comen9o a Hover, i caer grani9o." (Xerez, 
 Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 195.) Caxamalca, in the In- 
 dian tongue, signifies " place of frost ;" for the temperature, though 
 usually bland and genial, is sometimes affected by frosty winds from 
 the east, very pernicious to vegetation. Stevenson, Residence in South 
 America, vol. ii. p. 129. 
 
 M Carta de Hern. Pizarro, MS. The Letter of Hernando Pizarro, 
 addressed to the Royal Audience of St. Domingo, gives a full account 
 of the extraordinary events recorded in this and the ensuing chapter, 
 in which that cavalier took a prominent part. Allowing for the par- 
 tialities incident to a chief actor in the scenes he describes, no au- 
 thority can rank higher. The indefatigable Oviedo, who resided in 
 Peru. -VOL. I. R 33
 
 3 80 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Between the city and the imperial camp was a cause- 
 way, built in a substantial manner across the meadow- 
 land that intervened. Over this the cavalry galloped 
 at a rapid pace, and before they had gone a league they 
 came in front of the Peruvian encampment, where it 
 spread along the gentle slope of the mountains. The 
 lances of the warriors were fixed in the ground before 
 their tents, and the Indian soldiers were loitering with- 
 out, gazing with silent astonishment at the Christian 
 cavalcade, as with clangor of arms and shrill blast of 
 trumpet it swept by, like some fearful apparition on 
 the wings of the wind. 
 
 The party soon came to a broad but shallow stream, 
 which, winding through the meadow, formed a defence 
 for the Inca's position. Across it was a wooden bridge ; 
 but the cavaliers, distrusting its strength, preferred to 
 dash through the waters, and without difficulty gained 
 the opposite bank. A battalion of Indian warriors was 
 drawn up under arms on the farther side of the bridge, 
 but they offered no molestation to the Spaniards ; and 
 these latter had strict orders from Pizarro scarcely 
 necessary in their present circumstances to treat the 
 natives with courtesy. One of the Indians pointed out 
 the quarter occupied by the Inca.' 5 
 
 It was an open court-yard, with a light building or 
 pleasure-house in the centre, having galleries running 
 round it, and opening in the rear on a garden. The 
 
 St. Domingo, saw its importance, and fortunately incorporated the 
 document in his great work, Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, 
 cap. 15. The anonymous author of the Relacion del primer Descub., 
 MS., was also detached on this service. 
 
 >s Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Carta de Hern. Pizarro, 
 MS.
 
 EMBASSY TO THE INC A. 387 
 
 walls, were covered with a shining plaster, both white 
 and colored, and in the area before the edifice was seen 
 a spacious tank or reservoir of stone, fed by aqueducts 
 that supplied it with both warm and cold water. 16 A 
 basin of hewn stone it may be of a more recent con- 
 struction still bears, on the spot, the name of the 
 "Inca's bath." 17 The court was filled with Indian 
 nobles, dressed in gayly-ornamented attire, in attend- 
 ance on the monarch, and with women of the royal 
 household. Amidst this assembly it was not difficult 
 to distinguish the person of Atahuallpa, though his 
 dress was simpler than that of his attendants. But he 
 wore on his head the crimson borla or fringe, which, 
 surrounding the forehead, hung down as low as the 
 eyebrow. This was the well-known badge of Peruvian 
 sovereignty, and had been assumed by the monarch 
 only since the defeat of his brother Huascar. He was 
 seated on a low stool or cushion, somewhat after the 
 Morisco or Turkish fashion, and his nobles and prin- 
 cipal officers stood around him with great ceremony, 
 holding the stations suited to their rank.' 8 
 
 16 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 202. " Y al 
 estanque venian dos cafios de agua, uno caliente y otro frio, y alii se 
 templava la una con la otra, para quando el Senor se queria banar 6 
 sus mugeres que otra persona no osava entrar en el so pena de la 
 vida." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 7 Stevenson, Residence in South America, vol. ii. p. 164. 
 
 18 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 196. Carta de 
 Hern. Pizarro, MS. The appearance of the Peruvian monarch is de- 
 scribed in simple but animated style by the. Conqueror so often quoted, 
 one of the party : " Llegados al patio de la dicha casa que tenia de- 
 lante della, vimos estar en medio de gran muchedumbre de Indies 
 asentado aquel gran Senor Atabalica (de quien tanta noticia, y tantas 
 cosas nos habian dicho) con una corona en la cabeza, y una borla que
 
 388 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 The Spaniards gazed with much interest on the 
 prince, of whose cruelty and cunning they had heard 
 so much, and whose valor had secured to him the pos- 
 session of the empire. But his countenance exhibited 
 neither the fierce passions nor the sagacity which had 
 been ascribed to him ; and, though in his bearing he 
 showed a gravity and a calm consciousness of authority 
 well becoming a king, he seemed to discharge all ex- 
 pression from his features, and to discover only the 
 apathy so characteristic of the American races. On 
 the present occasion this must have been in part, at 
 least, assumed. For it is impossible that the Indian 
 prince should not have contemplated with curious in- 
 terest a spectacle so strange, and, in some respects, 
 appalling, as that of these mysterious strangers, for 
 which no previous description could have prepared 
 him. 
 
 Hernando Pizarro and Soto, with two or three only 
 of their followers, slowly rode up in front of the Inca ; 
 and the former, making a respectful obeisance, but 
 without dismounting, informed Atahuallpa that he 
 came as an ambassador from his brother, the com- 
 mander of the white men, to acquaint the monarch 
 with their arrival in his city of Caxamalca. They 
 were the subjects of a mighty prince across the waters, 
 and had come, he said, drawn thither by the report of 
 his great victories, to offer their services, and to impart 
 
 le salia della, y le cubria toda la frente, la cual era la insinia real, 
 sentado en una sillecita muy baja del suelo, como los turcos y moros 
 acostumbran sentarse, el cual estaba con tanta magestad y aparato 
 cual nunca se ha visto jamas, porque estaba cercado de mas de seis 
 cientos Senores de su tierra." Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 INTERVIEW WITH THE INC A. 389 
 
 to him the doctrines of the true faith which they pro- 
 fessed ; and he brought an invitation from the general 
 to Atahuallpa that the latter would be pleased to visit 
 the Spaniards in their present quarters. 
 
 To all this the Inca answered not a word ; nor did 
 he make even a sign of acknowledgment that he com- 
 prehended it ; though it was translated for him by 
 Felipillo, one of the interpreters already noticed. He 
 remained silent, with his eyes fastened on the ground ; 
 but one of his nobles, standing by his side, answered, 
 " It is well." ' 9 This was an embarrassing situation for 
 the Spaniards, who seemed to be as far from ascer- 
 taining the real disposition of the Peruvian monarch 
 towards themselves as when the mountains were between 
 them. 
 
 In a courteous and respectful manner, Hernando 
 Pizarro again broke the silence by requesting the Inca 
 to speak to them himself and to inform them what was 
 his pleasure. 20 To this Atahuallpa condescended to 
 reply, while a faint smile passed over his features, " Tell 
 your captain that I am keeping a fast, which will end 
 to-morrow morning. I will then visit him, with my 
 chieftains. In the mean time, let him occupy the 
 
 '9 " Las cuales por el oidas, con ser su inclinacion preguntarnos y 
 saber de donde veniamos, y que queriamos, y ver nuestras personas 
 y caballos, tubo tanta serenidad en el rostro, y tanta gravedad en su 
 persona, que no quiso responder palabra a lo que se le decia, salvo 
 que un Senor de aquellos que estabap par de el respondia : bien 
 estd." Relacion del primer Descub., MS. 
 
 80 " Visto por el dicho Hernando Pizarro que el no hablaba, y que 
 aquella tercera persona respondia de suyo, torn6 le & suplicar, que el 
 hablase por su boca, y le respondiese lo que quisiese." Ibid., MS., 
 ubi supra. 
 
 33*
 
 39 o CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 public buildings on the square, and no other, till I 
 come, when I will order what shall be done." 2t 
 
 Soto, one of the party present at this interview, as 
 before noticed, was the best mounted and perhaps the 
 best rider in Pizarro's troop. Observing that Ata- 
 huallpa looked with some interest on the fiery steed that 
 stood before him, champing the bit and pawing the 
 ground with the natural impatience of a war-horse, the 
 Spaniard gave him the rein, and, striking his iron heel 
 into his side, dashed furiously over the plain, then, 
 wheeling him round and round, displayed all the beau- 
 tiful movements of his charger, and his own excellent 
 horsemanship. Suddenly checking him in full career, 
 he brought the animal almost on his haunches, so near 
 the person of the Inca that some of the foam that 
 flecked his horse's sides was thrown on the royal gar- 
 ments. But Atahuallpa maintained the same marble 
 composure as before, though several of his soldiers, 
 whom De Soto passed in the course, were so much dis- 
 concerted by it that they drew back in manifest terror, 
 an act of timidity for which they paid dearly, if, as 
 the Spaniards assert, Atahuallpa caused them to be put 
 
 21 " El cual & esto volvio la cabeza & mirarle sonriendose y le dijo : 
 Decid a ese Capitan que os embia aca ; que yo estoy en ayuno, y le 
 acabo mafiana por la manana, que en bebiendo una vez, yo ire con 
 algunos destos principales mios d verme con el, que en tanto el se 
 aposente en esas casas que estan en la plaza que son comunes a todos, 
 y que no entren en otra ninguna hasta que Yo vaya, que Yo mandare 
 lo que se ha de hacer." Relacion del primer Descub., MS., ubi supra. 
 In this singular interview I have followed the account of the cava- 
 lier who accompanied Hernando Pizarro, in preference to that of the 
 latter, who represents himself as talking in a lordly key, that savors 
 too much of the vaunt of the hidalgo.
 
 DESPONDENCY OF THE SPANIARDS. 
 
 39 1 
 
 to death that same evening for betraying such unworthy 
 weakness to the strangers. 22 
 
 Refreshments were now offered 'by the royal attend- 
 ants to the Spaniards, which they declined, being un- 
 willing to dismount. They did not refuse, however, 
 to quaff the sparkling chicha from golden vases of ex- 
 traordinary size, presented to them by the dark-eyed 
 beauties of the harem. 23 Taking then a respectful 
 leave of the Inca, the cavaliers rode back to Caxamalca, 
 with many moody speculations on what they had seen : 
 on the state and opulence of the Indian monarch ; on 
 the strength of his military array, their excellent ap- 
 pointments, and the apparent discipline in their ranks, 
 all arguing a much higher degree of civilization, and 
 consequently of power, than any thing they had wit- 
 nessed in the lower regions of the country. As they 
 contrasted all this with their own diminutive force, too 
 far advanced,. as they now were, for succor to reach 
 them, they felt they had done rashly in throwing them- 
 selves into the midst of so formidable an empire, and 
 were filled with gloomy forebodings of the result. 24 
 
 Pedro Pizarro. Descub. y Conq., MS. Relacion del primer 
 Descub., MS. " I algunos Indios, con miedo, se desviaron de la 
 Carrera, por lo qual Atabalipa los hi9O luego matar." (Zarate, Conq. 
 del Peru, lib. 2, cap. 4.) Xerez states that Atahuallpa confessed this 
 himself, in conversation with the Spaniards after he was taken prisoner. 
 Soto's charger might well have made the Indians start, if, as Balboa 
 says, he took twenty feet at a leap, and this with a knight in armor on 
 his back! Hist, du Perou, chap. 22. 
 
 *3 Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. 
 Barcia, torn. iii. p. 196. 
 
 4 " Hecho esto y visto y atalayado la grandeza del ejercito, y las 
 tiendas que era bien de ver, nos bolvimos a donde el dicho capitan nos 
 estaba esperando, harto espantados de lo que habiamos visto, habiendo
 
 392 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Their comrades in the camp soon caught the infectious 
 spirit of despondency, which was not lessened as night 
 came on, and they beheld the watch-fires of the Peru- 
 vians lighting up the sides of the mountains and glit- 
 tering in the darkness, "as thick," says one who saw 
 them, "as the stars of heaven." 2S 
 
 Yet there was one bosom in that little host which 
 was not touched with the feeling either of fear or 
 dejection. That was Pizarro's, who secretly rejoiced 
 that he had now brought matters to the issue for 
 which he had so long panted. He saw the necessity 
 of kindling a similar feeling in his followers, or all 
 would be lost. Without unfolding his plans, he went 
 round among his men, beseeching them not to show 
 faint hearts at this crisis, when they stood face to face 
 with the foe whom they had been so long seeking. 
 "They were to rely on themselves, and on that Provi- 
 dence which had carried them safe through so many 
 fearful trials. It would not now desert them ; and if 
 numbers, however great, were on the side of their 
 enemy, it mattered little, when the arm of Heaven was 
 
 y tomando entre nosotros muchos acuerdos y opiniones de lo que se 
 debia hacer, estando todos con mucho temor por ser tan pocos, y estar 
 tan metidos en la tierra donde no podiamos ser socorridos." (Rela- 
 cion del primer Descub., MS.) Pedro Pizarro is honest enough to con- 
 firm this account of the consternation of the Spaniards. (Descub. y 
 Conq., MS.) Fear was a strange sensation for the Castilian cavalier. 
 But if he did not feel some touch of it on that occasion, he must have 
 been akin to that doughty knight who, as Charles V. pronounced, 
 " never could have snuffed a candle with his fingers." 
 
 2 5 " Hecimos la guardia en la plaza, de donde se vian los fuegos del 
 ejercito de los Indios, lo cual era cosa espantable, que como estabnn 
 en una ladera la mayor parte, y tan juntos unos de otros, no parecia 
 sino un cielo muy estrellado." Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 DESPONDENCY OF TH'E SPANIARDS. 393 
 
 on theirs." 26 The Spanish cavalier acted under the 
 combined influence of chivalrous adventure and re- 
 ligious zeal. The latter was the more effective in 
 the hour of peril ; and Pizarro, who understood well 
 the characters he had to deal with, by presenting the 
 enterprise as a crusade, kindled the dying embers of 
 enthusiasm in the bosoms of his followers, and restored 
 their faltering courage. 
 
 He then summoned a council of his officers, to con- 
 sider the plan of operations, or rather to propose to 
 them the extraordinary plan on which he had himself 
 decided. This was to lay an ambuscade for the Inca 
 and take him prisoner in the face of his whole army ! 
 It was a project full of peril, bordering, as it might 
 well seem, on desperation. But the circumstances of 
 the Spaniards were desperate. Whichever way they 
 turned, they were menaced by the most appalling 
 dangers; and better was it bravely to confront the 
 danger than weakly to shrink from it, when there was 
 no avenue for escape. 
 
 To fly was now too late. Whither could they fly? 
 At the first signal of retreat, the whole army of the 
 Inca would be upon them. Their movements would 
 be anticipated by a foe far better acquainted with the 
 intricacies of the sierra than themselves ; the passes 
 would be occupied, and they would be hemmed in on 
 all sides ; while the mere fact of this retrograde move- 
 ment would diminish their confidence and with it 
 their effective strength, while itr doubled that of their 
 enemy. 
 
 36 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 197. Naharro, 
 Relacion sumaria, MS. 
 
 ,R*
 
 394 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Yet to remain long inactive in their present position 
 seemed almost equally perilous. Even supposing that 
 Atahuallpa should entertain friendly feelings towards 
 the Christians, they could not confide in the continu- 
 ance of such feelings. Familiarity with the white 
 men would soon destroy the idea of any thing super- 
 natural, or even superior, in their natures. He would 
 feel contempt for their diminutive numbers. Their 
 horses, their arms and showy appointments, would be 
 an attractive bait in the eye of the barbaric monarch, 
 and when conscious that he had the power to crush 
 their possessors he would not be slow in finding a pre- 
 text for it. A sufficient one had . already occurred in 
 the high-handed measures of the Conquerors on their 
 march through his dominions. 
 
 But what reason had they to flatter themselves that 
 the Inca cherished such a disposition towards them? 
 He was a crafty and unscrupulous prince, and, if the 
 accounts they had repeatedly received on their march 
 were true, had ever regarded the coming of the Span- 
 iards with an evil eye. It was scarcely possible he 
 should do otherwise. His soft messages had only 
 been intended to decoy them across the mountains, 
 where, with the aid of his warriors, he might readily 
 overpower them. They were entangled in the toils 
 which the cunning monarch had spread for them. 
 
 Their only remedy, then, was to turn the Inca's arts 
 against himself; to take him, if possible, in his own 
 snare. There was no time to be lost ; for any day 
 might bring back the victorious legions who had re- 
 cently won his battles at the south, and thus make the 
 odds against the Spaniards far greater than now.
 
 DESPONDENCY OF THE SPANIARDS. 
 
 395 
 
 Yet to encounter Atahuallpa in the open field would 
 be attended .with great hazard ; and, even if victori- 
 ous, there would be little probability that the person 
 of the Inca, of so much importance, would fall into 
 their hands. The invitation he had so unsuspiciously 
 accepted to visit them in their quarters afforded the 
 best means for securing this desirable prize. Nor 
 was the enterprise so desperate, considering the great 
 advantages afforded by the character and weapons of 
 the invaders and the unexpectedness of the assault. 
 The mere circumstance of acting on a concerted plan 
 would alone make a small number more than a match 
 for a much larger one. But it was not necessary to 
 admit the whole of the Indian force into the city 
 before the attack ; and the person of the Inca once 
 secured, his followers, astounded by so strange an 
 event, were they few or many, would have no heart 
 for further resistance ; and with the Inca once in his 
 power, Pizarro might dictate laws to the empire. 
 
 In this daring project of the Spanish chief it was 
 easy to see that he had the brilliant exploit of Cortes 
 in his mind when he carried off the Aztec monarch in 
 his capital. But that was not by violence, at least 
 not by open violence, and it received the sanction, 
 compulsory though it were, of the monarch himself. 
 It was also true that the results in that case did not 
 altogether justify a repetition of the experiment, since 
 the people rose in a body to sacrifice both the prince 
 and his kidnappers. Yet this was owing, in part at 
 least, to the indiscretion of the latter. The experi- 
 ment in the outset was perfectly successful ; and could 
 Pizarro once become master of the person of Ata-
 
 396 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 huallpa he trusted to his own discretion for the rest. 
 It would at least extricate him from his present critical 
 position, by placing in his power an inestimable guar- 
 antee for his safety ; and if he could not make his own 
 terms with the Inca at once, the arrival of reinforce- 
 ments from home would, in all probability, soon en- 
 able him to do so. 
 
 Pizarro having concerted his plans for the follow- 
 ing day, the council broke up, and the chief occupied 
 himself with providing for the security of the camp 
 during the night. The approaches to the town were 
 defended; sentinels' were posted at different points, 
 especially on the summit of the fortress, where they 
 were to observe the position of the enemy and to re 
 port any movement that menaced the tranquillity of 
 the night. After these precautions, the Spanish com- 
 mander and his followers withdrew to their appointed 
 quarters, but not to sleep. At least, sleep must have 
 come late to those who were aware of the decisive plan 
 for the morrow ; that morrow which was to be the 
 crisis of their fate, to crown their ambitious schemes 
 with full success, or consign them to irretrievable ruin !
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 DESPERATE PLAN OF PIZARRO. ATAHUALLPA VISITS THE 
 SPANIARDS. HORRIBLE MASSACRE. THE INCA A PRIS- 
 ONER. CONDUCT OF THE CONQUERORS. SPLENDID 
 
 PROMISES OF THE INCA. DEATH OF HUASCAR. 
 
 1532. 
 
 THE clouds of the evening had passed away, and 
 the sun rose bright on the following morning, the most 
 memorable epoch in the annals of Peru. It was Satur- 
 day, the sixteenth of November, 1532. The loud cry 
 of the trumpet called the Spaniards to arms with the 
 first streak of dawn ; and Pizarro, briefly acquainting 
 them with the plan of the assault, made the necessary 
 dispositions. 
 
 The plaza, as mentioned in the preceding chapter, 
 was defended on its three sides by low ranges of build- 
 ings, consisting of spacious halls with wide doors or 
 vomitories opening into the square. In these halls he 
 stationed his cavalry in two divisions, one under his 
 brother Hernando, the other under De Soto. The 
 infantry he placed in another of the buildings, reserv- 
 ing twenty chosen men to act with himself as occasion 
 might require. Pedro de Candia, with a few soldiers 
 and the artillery, comprehending under this imposing 
 name two small pieces of ordnance, called falconets, 
 he established in the fortress. All received order* 
 Peru. VOL. I. 34 ( 397 )
 
 398 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 to wait at their posts till the arrival of the Inca. After 
 his entrance into the great square, they were still to 
 remain under cover, withdrawn from observation, till 
 the signal was given by the discharge of a gun, when 
 they were to cry their war-cries, to rush out in a body 
 from their covert, and, putting the Peruvians to the 
 sword, bear off the person of the Inca. The arrange- 
 ment of the immense halls, opening on a level with the 
 plaza, seemed to be contrived on purpose for a coup 
 de theatre. Pizarro particularly inculcated order and 
 implicit obedience, that in the hurry of the moment 
 there should be no confusion. Everything depended 
 on their acting with concert, coolness, and celerity. 1 
 
 The chief next saw that their arms were in good 
 order, and that the breastplates of their horses were 
 garnished with bells, to add by their noise to the con- 
 sternation of the Indians. Refreshments were, also, 
 liberally provided, that the troops should be in con- 
 dition for the conflict. These arrangements being 
 completed, mass was performed with great solemnity 
 by the ecclesiastics who attended the expedition ; the 
 God of battles was invoked to spread his shield over 
 the soldiers who were fighting to extend the empire 
 of the Cross ; and all joined with enthusiasm in the 
 chant, " Exsurgc, Domine" "Rise, O Lord! and 
 judge thine own cause." 2 One might have supposed 
 
 1 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Relacion dl primer De- 
 scub., MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 197. 
 Carta de Hern. Pizarro, MS. Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., 
 Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 7. 
 
 z " Los Eclesiasticos i Religiosos se ocuparon toda aquella noche 
 en oracion, pidiendo A Dios el mas conveniente suceso a su sagrado 
 servicio, exaltacion de la fe e salvacion de tanto numero de almas.
 
 DESPERATE PLAN OF PIZARRO. 399 
 
 them a company of martyrs about to lay down their 
 lives in defence of their faith, instead of a licentious 
 band of adventurers meditating one of the most atro- 
 cious acts of perfidy on the record of history ! Yet, 
 whatever were the vices of the Castilian cavalier, hy- 
 pocrisy was not among the number. He felt that he 
 was battling for the Cross, and under this conviction, 
 exalted as it was at such a moment as this into the 
 predominant impulse, he was blind to the baser motives 
 which mingled with the enterprise. With feelings thus 
 kindled to a flame of religious ardor, the soldiers of 
 Pixarro .looked forward with renovated spirits to the 
 coming conflict ; and the chieftain saw with satisfaction 
 that in the hour of trial his men would be true to their 
 leader and themselves. 
 
 It was late in the day before any movement was 
 visible in the Peruvian camp, where much preparation 
 was making to approach the Christian quarters with 
 due state and ceremony. A message was received from 
 Atahuallpa, informing the Spanish commander that he 
 should come with his warriors fully armed, in the same 
 manner as the Spaniards had come to his quarters the 
 night preceding. This was not an agreeable intima- 
 tion to Pizarro, though he had no reason, probably, 
 to expect the contrary. But to object might imply 
 distrust, or perhaps disclose, in some measure, his own 
 designs. He expressed his satisfaction, therefore, at the 
 
 derramando muchas lagrimas i sangre en las disciplinas que tomaron. 
 Francisco Pizarro animo a. los soldados con una mid cristia.no. platica 
 que les hizo : con que, i asegurarles los Eclesiasticos de parte de Dios 
 i de su Madre Santisima la vitoria, amanecieron todos mui deseosos 
 de dar la batalla, diciendo a voces, Exsurge Domine, et judica causam 
 tuam." Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS.
 
 400 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 intelligence, assuring the Inca that, come as he would, 
 he would be received by him as a friend and brother.' 
 
 It was noon before the Indian procession was on its 
 march, when it was seen occupying the great causeway 
 for a long extent. In front came a large body of 
 attendants, whose office seemed to be to sweep away 
 every particle of rubbish from the road. High above 
 the crowd appeared the Inca, borne on the shoulders 
 of his principal nobles, while others of the same rank 
 marched by the sides of his litter, displaying such a 
 dazzling show of ornaments on their persons that, in 
 the language of one of the Conquerors, " they blazed 
 like the sun." 4 But the greater part of the Inca's 
 forces mustered along the fields that lined the road, 
 and were spread over the broad meadows as far as the 
 eye could reach. 5 
 
 When the royal procession had arrived within half a 
 mile of the city, it came to a halt ; and Pizarro saw 
 with surprise that Atahuallpa was preparing to pitch 
 
 3 " El governador respondi6 : Di a tu Senor, que venga en hora 
 buena como quisiere, que de la manera que viniere lo recebire como 
 Amigo, i Hermano." Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 
 197. Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 7. Carta 
 de Hern. Pizarro, MS. 
 
 < " Hera tanta la pateneria que traian d'oro y plata que hera cossa 
 estrana lo que reluzia con el Sol." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq.. 
 MS. 
 
 s To the eye of the old Conqueror so often quoted, the number of 
 Peruvian warriors appeared not less than 50,000 ; " mas de cincuenta 
 mil que tenia de guerra." (Relacion del primer Descub., MS.) To 
 Pizarro's secretary, as they lay encamped among the hills, they seemed 
 about 30,000. (Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 196.) 
 However gratifying to the imagination to repose on some precise 
 number, it is very rarely that one can do so with safety in estimating 
 the irregular and tumultuous levies of a barbarian host.
 
 ATA I I CALL PA VISITS THE SPANIARDS. AOI 
 
 his tents, as if to encamp there. A messenger soon 
 after arrived, informing the Spaniards that the Inca 
 would occupy his present station the ensuing night, 
 and enter the city on the following morning. 
 
 This intelligence greatly disturbed Pizarro, who had 
 shared in the general impatience of his men at the 
 tardy movements of the Peruvians. The troops had 
 been under arms since daylight, the cavalry mounted, 
 and the infantry at their post, waiting in silence the 
 coming of the Inca. A profound stillness reigned 
 throughout the town, broken only at intervals by the 
 cry of the sentinel from the summit of the fortress, as 
 he proclaimed the movements of the Indian army. 
 Nothing, Pizarro well knew, was so trying to the 
 soldier as prolonged suspense, in a critical situation 
 like the present ; and he feared lest his ardor might 
 evaporate, and be succeeded by that nervous feeling 
 natural to the bravest soul at such a crisis, and which, 
 if not fear, is near akin to it. 6 He returned an answer, 
 therefore, to Atahuallpa, deprecating his change of 
 purpose, and adding that he had provided every thing 
 for his entertainment, and expected him that night to 
 sup with him. 7 
 
 This message turned the Inca from his purpose; 
 
 6 Pedro Pizarro says that an Indian spy reported to Atahuallpa that 
 the white men were all huddled together in the great halls on the 
 square, in much consternation, llenos de miedo, which was not far 
 from the truth, adds the cavalier. (Descub. y Conq., MS.) 
 
 7 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq.. MS. " Asentados sus toldos 
 envio & decir al gobernador que ya era tarde, que el queria dormir 
 alii, que por la manana vernia : el gobernador le envio & decir que le 
 rogaba que viniese luego, porque le esperaba a cenar, e que no habia 
 de cenar, hasta que fuese." Carta de Hern. Pizarro, MS. 
 
 34*
 
 402 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 and, striking his tents again, he resumed his march, 
 first advising the general that he should leave the 
 greater part of his warriors behind, and enter the 
 place with only a few of them, and without arms, 8 as 
 he preferred to pass the night at Caxamalca. At the 
 same time he ordered accommodations to be provided 
 for himself and his retinue in one of the large stone 
 buildings, called, from a serpent sculptured on the 
 walls, "the House of the Serpent." 9 No tidings could 
 have been more grateful to the Spaniards. It seemed 
 as if the Indian monarch was eager to rush into the 
 snare that had been spread for him ! The fanatical 
 cavalier could not fail to discern in it the immediate 
 finger of Providence. 
 
 It is difficult to account for this wavering conduct 
 of Atahuallpa, so different from the bold and decided 
 character which history ascribes to him. There is no 
 doubt that he made his visit to the white men in 
 perfect good faith ; though Pizarro was probably right 
 in conjecturing that this amiable disposition stood on 
 a very precarious footing. There is as little reason to 
 suppose that he distrusted the sincerity of the strangers; 
 or he would not thus unnecessarily have proposed to 
 visit them unarmed. His original purpose of coming 
 with all his force was doubtless to display his royal 
 state, and perhaps, also, to show greater respect for 
 the Spaniards ; but when he consented to accept their 
 
 8 " 6l queria venir luego, 6 que venia sin armas. E luego Ata- 
 baliva se movio para venir e dejo alii la gente con las armas, e llevo 
 consigo hasta cinco 6 seis mil indios sin armas, salvo que debajo de las 
 camisetas traian unas porras pequenas, e hondas, e bolsas con pie- 
 dras." Carta de Hern. Pizarro. MS. 
 
 9 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 197.
 
 ATAHUALLPA VISITS THE SPANIARDS. 403 
 
 hospitality and pass the night in their quarters, he 
 was willing to dispense with a great part of his armed 
 soldiery and visit them in a manner that implied entire 
 confidence in their good faith. He was too absolute 
 in his own empire easily to suspect ; and he probably 
 could not comprehend the audacity with which a few 
 men, like those now assembled in Caxamalca, medi- 
 tated an assault on a powerful monarch in the midst of 
 his victorious army. He did not know the character 
 of the Spaniard. 
 
 It was not long before sunset when the van of the 
 royal procession entered the gates of the city. First 
 came some hundreds of the menials, employed to clear 
 the path of every obstacle, and singing songs of 
 triumph as they came, "which in our ears," says one 
 of the Conquerors, " sounded like the songs of hell" ! I0 
 Then followed other bodies of different ranks, and 
 dressed in different liveries. Some wore a showy stuff, 
 checkered white and red, like the squares of a chess- 
 board." Others were clad in pure white, bearing ham- 
 mers or maces of silver or copper ; " and the guards, 
 together with those in immediate attendance on the 
 prince, were distinguished by a rich azure livery, and 
 a profusion of gay ornaments, while the large pendants 
 attached to the ears indicated the Peruvian noble. 
 
 Elevated high above his vassals came the Inca 
 Atahuallpa, borne on a sedan or open litter, on which 
 was a sort of throne made of massive gold of inestima- 
 ble value. 13 The palanquin was lined with the richly- 
 
 10 Relacion del primer Descub., MS. 
 
 11 " Blanca y colorada como las casas de un ajedrez." Ibid., MS. 
 " " Con martillos en las manos de cobre y plata." Ibid., MS. 
 
 '3 " El asiento que traia sobre las andas era un tablon de oro que
 
 404 CONQUEST OF -PEKU. 
 
 colored plumes of tropical birds and studded with 
 shining plates of gold and silver.' 4 The monarch's 
 attire was much richer than on the preceding evening. 
 Round his neck was suspended a collar of emeralds of 
 uncommon size and brilliancy. 15 His short hair was 
 decorated with golden ornaments, and the imperial 
 borla encircled his temples. The bearing of the Inca 
 was sedate and dignified ; and from his lofty station he 
 looked down on the multitudes below with an air of 
 composure, like one accustomed to command. 
 
 As the leading files of the procession entered the 
 great square, larger, says an old chronicler, than any 
 square in Spain, they opened to the right and left for 
 the royal retinue to pass. Every thing was conducted 
 with admirable order. The monarch was permitted 
 to traverse the plaza in silence, and not a Spaniard was 
 to be seen. When some five or six thousand of his 
 people had entered the place, Atahuallpa halted, and, 
 turning round with an inquiring look, demanded, 
 " Where are the strangers?" 
 
 At this moment Fray Vicente de Valverde, a Domi- 
 nican friar, Pizarro's chaplain, and afterwards Bishop 
 of Cuzco, came forward with his breviary, or, as other 
 
 peso un quintal de oro segun dicen los historiadores 25,000 pesos 6 
 ducados." Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. 
 
 n " Luego venia mucha Gente con Armaduras, Patenas, i Coronas 
 de Oro i Plata: entre estos venia Atabalipa, en una Litera, aforrada 
 de Pluma de Papagaios, de muchas colores, guarnecida de chapas de 
 Oro, i Plata." Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 198. 
 
 is Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. " Venia la persona de 
 Atabalica, la cual traian ochenta Senores en hombros todos bestidos 
 de una librea azul muy rica, y el bestido su persona muy ricamente 
 con su corona en la cabeza, y al cuello un collar de esmeraldas 
 grandes." Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 ATAHCALI.r.l VISITS THE SPANIARDS. 
 
 405 
 
 accounts say, a Bible, in one hand, and a crucifix in 
 the other, and, approaching the Inca, told him that he 
 came by order of his commander to expound to him 
 the doctrines gf the true faith, for which purpose the 
 Spaniards had come from a great distance to his coun- 
 try. The friar then explained, as clearly as he could, 
 the mysterious doctrine of the Trinity, and, ascending 
 high in his account, began with the creation of man, 
 thence passed to his fall, to his subsequent redemption 
 by Jesus Christ, to the crucifixion, and the ascension, 
 when the Saviour left the Apostle Peter as his Vice- 
 gerent upon earth. This power had been transmitted 
 to the successors of the apostle, good and wise men, 
 who, under the title of Popes, held authority over all 
 powers and potentates on earth. One of the last of 
 these Popes had commissioned the Spanish emperor, 
 the most mighty monarch in the world, to conquer and 
 convert the natives in this Western hemisphere ; and 
 his general, Francisco Pizarro, had now come to exe- 
 cute this important mission. The friar concluded with 
 beseeching the Peruvian monarch to receive him kindly, 
 to abjure the errors of his own faith, and embrace that 
 of the Christians now proffered to him, the only one 
 by which he could hope for salvation, and, furthermore, 
 to acknowledge himself a tributary of the Emperor 
 Charles the Fifth, who, in that event, would aid and 
 protect him as his loyal vassal.' 6 
 
 6 Montesinos says that Valverde read to the Inca the regular for- 
 mula used by the Spaniards in their Conquests. (Annales, ^1S., ano 
 J 533-) But that address, though absurd enough, did not comprehend 
 the whole range of theology ascribed to the chaplain on this occasion. 
 Yet it is not impossible. But I have followed the report of Fray Na- 
 harro, who collected his information from the actors in the tragedy,
 
 4 o6 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Whether Atahuallpa possessed himself of every link 
 in the curious chain of argument by which the monk 
 connected Pizarro with St. Peter, may be doubted. It 
 is certain, however, that he must have had very incor- 
 rect notions of the Trinity, if, as Garcilasso states, the 
 interpreter Felipillo explained it by saying that " the 
 Christians believed in three Gods and one God, and 
 that made four." I7 But there is no doubt he perfectly 
 comprehended that the drift of the discourse was to 
 persuade him to resign his sceptre and acknowledge the 
 supremacy of another. 
 
 The eyes of the Indian monarch flashed fire, and his 
 dark brow grew darker, as he replied, " I will be no 
 man's tributary. I am greater than any prince upon 
 earth. Your emperor may be a great prince ; I do not 
 doubt it, when I see that he has sent his subjects so far 
 across the waters ; and I am willing to hold him as a 
 brother. As for the Pope of whom you speak, he must 
 be crazy to talk of giving away countries which do not 
 belong to him. For my faith," he continued, " I will 
 not change it. Your own God, as you say, was put to 
 death by the very men whom he created. But mine," 
 he concluded, pointing to his Deity, then, alas ! sink- 
 ing in glory behind the mountains,-r "my God still 
 lives in the heavens and looks down on his children." ' 8 
 
 and whose minuter statement is corroborated by the more general 
 testimony of both the Pizarros and the secretary Xerez. 
 
 '7 " For dezir Dios trino y uno dixo Uios tres y uno son quatro, 
 sumandp los numeros por darse d entender." Com. Real., Parte 2, 
 lib. i, cap. 23. 
 
 18 See Appendix No. 8, where the reader will' find extracts in the 
 original from several contemporary MSS., relating to the capture of 
 Atahuallpa.
 
 ATAHUALLPA VISITS THE SPANIARDS. 407 
 
 He then demanded of Valverde by what authority 
 he had said these things. The friar pointed to the book 
 which he held, as his authority. Atahuallpa, taking it, 
 turned over the pages a moment, then, as the insult he 
 had received probably flashed across his mind, he threw 
 it down with vehemence, and exclaimed, "Tell your 
 comrades that they shall give me an account of their 
 doings in my land. I will not go from here till they 
 have made me full satisfaction for all the wrongs they 
 have committed." ' 9 
 
 The friar, greatly scandalized by the indignity offered 
 to the sacred volume, stayed only to pick it up, and, 
 hastening to Pizarro, informed him of what had been 
 done, exclaiming, at the same time, " Do you not see 
 that while we stand here wasting our breath in talking 
 with this dog, full of pride as he is, the fields are fill- 
 ing with Indians? Set on, at once; I absolve you." 2 
 
 *9 Some accounts describe him as taxing the Spaniards in much 
 more unqualified terms. (See Appendix No. 8.) But language is not 
 likely to be accurately reported in such seasons of excitement. Ac- 
 cording to some authorities, Atahuallpa let the volume drop by acci- 
 dent. (Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1533. Balboa, Hist, du PeYou, 
 chap. 22.) But the testimony, as far as we have it, of those present, 
 concurs in representing it as stated in the text. And, if he spoke with 
 the heat imputed to him, this act would only be in keeping. 
 
 20 " Visto esto por el Frayle y lo poco que aprovechaban sus pala- 
 bras, tomo su libro, y abajo su cabeza, y fuese para donde estaba el 
 dicho Pizarro, casi corriendo, y dijole : No veis lo que pasa : para que 
 estais en comedimientos y requerimientos con este perro lleno de so- 
 berbia que vienen los campos llenos de Indies? Salid & el, que yo 
 os absuelvo." (Relacion del primer Descub., MS.) The historian 
 should be slow in ascribing conduct so diabolical to Father Valverde, 
 without evidence. Two of the Conquerors present, Pedro Pizarro 
 and Xerez, simply state that the monk reported to his commander the 
 indignity offered to the sacred volume. But Hernando Pizarro and
 
 4 o8 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 Pizarro saw that the hour had come. He waved a 
 white scarf in the air, the appointed signal. The fatal 
 gun was fired from the fortress. Then, springing into 
 the square, the Spanish captain and his followers 
 shouted the old war-cry of "St. Jago and at them." 
 It was answered by the battle-cry of every Spaniard in 
 the city, as, rushing from the avenues of the great halls 
 in which they were concealed, they poured into the 
 plaza, horse and foot, each in his own dark column, 
 and threw themselves into the midst of the Indian 
 crowd. The latter, taken by surprise, stunned by the 
 report of artillery and muskets, the echoes of which 
 reverberated like thunder from the surrounding build- 
 ings, and blinded by the smoke which rolled in sul- 
 phurous volumes along the square, were seized with a 
 panic. They knew not whither to fly for refuge from 
 the coming ruin. Nobles and commoners, all were 
 trampled down under the fierce charge of the cavalry, 
 who dealt their blows, right and left, without sparing ; 
 while their swords, flashing through the thick gloom, 
 carried dismay into the hearts of the wretched natives, 
 who now for the first time saw the horse and his rider 
 in all their terrors. They made no resistance, as, 
 indeed, they had no weapons with which to make it. 
 Every avenue to escape was closed, for the entrance to 
 the square was choked up with the dead bodies of men 
 
 the author of the Relacion del primer Descubrimiento, both eye- 
 witnesses, and Naharro, Zarate, Gomara, Balboa, Herrera, the Inca 
 Titucussi Yupanqui, all of whom obtained their information from 
 persons who were eye-witnesses, state the circumstance, with little 
 variation, as in the text. Yet Oviedo endorses the account of Xerez, 
 and Garcilasso de la Vega insists on Valverde's innocence of any at- 
 tempt to rouse the passions of his comrades.
 
 HORRIBLE MASSACRE. 
 
 409 
 
 who had perished in vain efforts to fly ; and such was 
 the agony of the survivors under the terrible pressure 
 of their assailants that a large body of Indians, by 
 their convulsive struggles, burst through the wall of 
 stone and dried clay which formed part of the bound- 
 ary of the plaza ! It fell, leaving an opening of more 
 than a hundred paces, through which multitudes now 
 found their way into the country, still hotly pursued 
 by the cavalry, who, leaping the fallen rubbish, hung 
 on the rear of the fugitives, striking them down in all 
 directions. 21 
 
 Meanwhile the fight, or rather massacre, continued 
 hot around, the Inca, whose person was the great object 
 of the assault. His faithful nobles, rallying about him, 
 threw themselves in the way of the assailants, and 
 strove, by tearing them from their saddles, or at least 
 by offering their own bosoms as a mark for their ven- 
 geance, to shield their beloved master. It is said by 
 some authorities that they carried weapons concealed 
 under their clothes. If so, it availed them little, as it is 
 not pretended that they used them. But the most timid 
 animal will defend itself when at bay. That the In- 
 dians did not do so in the present instance is proof that 
 they had no weapons to use." Yet they still continued 
 
 21 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, 
 ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 198. Carta de Hern. Pizarro. MS. Oviedo, 
 Hist, de las Indias, MS.. Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 7. Relacion del primer 
 Descub., MS. Zarate, Conq- del Peru, lib. 2, cap. 5. Instruccion 
 del Inga Titucussi Yupanqui, MS. 
 
 The author of the Relacion del primer Descubrimiento speaks 
 
 of a few as having bows and arrows, and of others as armed with 
 
 silver and copper mallets or maces, which may, however, have been 
 
 more for ornament than for service in fight. Pedro Pizarro and some 
 
 Peru. VOL. I. s 35
 
 4 IO CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 to force back the cavaliers ; clinging to their horses 
 with dying grasp, and, as one was cut down, another 
 taking the place of his fallen comrade with a loyalty 
 truly affecting. 
 
 The Indian monarch, stunned and bewildered, saw 
 his faithful subjects falling around him without fully 
 comprehending his situation. The litter on which he 
 rode heaved to and fro, as the mighty press swayed 
 backwards and forwards ; and he gazed on the over- 
 whelming ruin, like some forlorn mariner, who, tossed 
 about in his bark by the furious elements, sees the 
 lightning's flash and hears the thunder bursting around 
 him with the consciousness that he can do nothing to 
 avert his fate. At length, weary with the work of 
 destruction, the Spaniards, as the shades of evening 
 grew deeper, felt afraid that the royal prize might, 
 after all, elude them ; and some of the cavaliers made 
 a desperate attempt to end the affray at once by taking 
 Atahuallpa's life. But Pizarro, who was nearest his 
 person, called out, with stentorian voice, " Let no one 
 who values his life strike at the Inca;" 23 and, stretch- 
 ing out his arm to shield him, received a wound on 
 the hand from one of his own men, the only wound 
 received by a Spaniard in the action. 2 * 
 
 later writers say that the Indians brought thongs with them to bind 
 the captive white men. Both Hernando Pizarro and the secretary 
 Xerez agree that their only arms were secreted under their clothes ; 
 but, as they do not pretend that these were used, and as it was an- 
 nounced by the Inca that he came without arms, the assertion may 
 well be doubted, or rather discredited. All authorities, without ex- 
 ception, agree that no active resistance was attempted. 
 
 2 3 " El marquez dio bozes diciendo : Nadie hiera al indio so pena 
 de la vida." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 Whatever discrepancy exists among the Castilian accounts in
 
 THE INCA A PRISONER. 411 
 
 The struggle now became fiercer than ever round the 
 royal litter. It reeled more and more, and at length, 
 several of the nobles who supported it having been 
 slain, it was overturned, and the Indian prince would 
 have come with violence to the ground, had not his 
 fall been broken by the efforts of Pizarro and some 
 other of the cavaliers, who caught him in their arms. 
 The imperial borla was instantly snatched from his 
 temples by a soldier named Estete,' 5 and the unhappy 
 
 other respects, all concur in this remarkable fact, that no Spaniard, 
 except their general, received a wound on that occasion. Pizarro saw 
 in this a satisfactory argument for regarding the Spaniards, this day, 
 as under the special protection of Providence. See Xerez, Conq. del 
 Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 199. 
 
 3 S Miguel Estete, who long retained the silken diadem as a trophy 
 of the exploit, according to Garcilasso de la Vega (Com. Real., Parte 
 2, lib. i, cap. 27), an indifferent authority for any thing in this part 
 of his history. This popular writer, whose work, from his superior 
 knowledge of the institutions of the country, has obtained greater 
 credit, even in what relates to the Conquest, than the reports of the 
 Conquerors themselves, has indulged in the romantic vein to an un- 
 pardonable extent in his account of the capture of Atahuallpa. Ac- 
 cording to him, th'e Peruvian monarch treated the invaders from the 
 first with supreme deference, as descendants of Viracocha, predicted 
 by his oracles as to come and rule over the land. But if this flatter- 
 ing homage had been paid by the Inca, it would never have escaped 
 the notice of the Conquerors. Garcilasso had read the Commentaries 
 of Cortes, as he somewhere tells us ; and it is probable that that gen- 
 eral's account, well founded, it appears, of a similar superstition among 
 the Aztecs, suggested to the historian the idea of a corresponding sen- 
 timent in the Peruvians, which, while it flattered the vanity of the 
 Spaniards, in some degree vindicated his own countrymen from the 
 charge of cowardice, incurred by their too ready submission ; for, 
 however they might be called on to resist men, it would have been 
 madness to resist the decrees of Heaven. Yet Garcilasso's romantic 
 version has something in it so pleasing to the imagination that it has 
 ever found favor with the majority of readers. The English student
 
 4 I2 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 monarch, strongly secured, was removed to a neigh- 
 boring building, where he was carefully guarded. 
 
 All attempt at resistance now ceased. The fate of 
 the Inca soon spread over town and country. The 
 charm which might have held the Peruvians together 
 was dissolved. Every man thought only of his own 
 safety. Even the soldiery encamped on the adjacent 
 fields took the alarm, and, learning the fatal tidings, 
 were seen flying in every direction before their pur- 
 suers, who in the heat of triumph showed no touch of 
 mercy. At length night, more pitiful than man, threw 
 her friendly mantle over the fugitives, and the scattered 
 troops of Pizarro rallied once more at the sound of the 
 trumpet in the bloody square of Caxamalca. 
 
 The number of slain is reported, as usual, with great 
 discrepancy. Pizarro's secretary says two thousand 
 natives fell. 36 A descendant of the Incas a safer 
 authority than Garcilasso swells the number to ten 
 thousand. 27 Truth is generally found somewhere be- 
 
 might have met with a sufficient corrective in the criticism of the sa- 
 gacious and skeptical Robertson. 
 
 26 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 199. 
 
 7 " Los mataron a todos con los Cavallos con espadas con arca- 
 buzes como quien mata ovejas sin hacerles nadie resistencia que no 
 se escaparon de mas de diez mil, doscientos." Instruc. del Inga Titu- 
 cussi, MS. This document, consisting of two hundred folio pages, is 
 signed by a Peruvian Inca, grandson of the great Huayna Capac, and 
 nephew, consequently, of Atahuallpa. It was written in 1570, and 
 designed to set forth to his Majesty Philip II. the claims of Titu- 
 cussi and the members of his family to the royal bounty. In the 
 course of the Memorial the writer takes occasion to recapitulate some 
 of the principal events in the latter years of the empire ; and, though 
 sufficiently prolix to tax even the patience of Philip II., it is of much 
 value as an historical document, coming from one of the royal race 
 of Peru.
 
 THE INCA A PRISONER. 4 ! 3 
 
 tween the extremes. The slaughter was incessant, for 
 there was nothing to check it. That there should have 
 been no resistance will not appear strange when we 
 consider the fact that the wretched victims were 
 without arms, and that their senses must have been 
 completely overwhelmed by the strange and appalling 
 spectacle which burst on them so unexpectedly. 
 "What wonder was it," said an ancient Inca to a 
 Spaniard, who repeats it, "what wonder that our 
 countrymen lost their wits, seeing blood run like 
 water, and the Inca, whose person we all of us adore, 
 seized and carried off by a handful of men?" 38 Yet, 
 though the massacre was incessant, it was short in 
 duration. The whole time consumed by it, the brief 
 twilight of the tropics, did not much exceed half an 
 hour; a short period, indeed, yet long enough to 
 decide the fate of Peru and to subvert the dynasty of 
 the Incas. 
 
 That night Pizarro kept his engagement with the 
 Inca, since he had Atahuallpa to sup with him. The 
 banquet was served in one of the halls facing the great 
 square, which a few hours before had been the scene 
 
 * Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1532. According to Naharro, 
 the Indians were less astounded by the wild uproar caused by the 
 sudden assault of the Spaniards, though " this was such that it seemed 
 as if the very heavens were falling," than by a terrible apparition 
 which appeared in the air during the onslaught. It consisted of a 
 woman and a child, and, at their side, a horseman all clothed in white 
 on a milk-white charger, doubtless the valiant St. James, who, with 
 his sword glancing lightning, smote down the infidel host and rendered 
 them incapable of resistance. This miracle the good father reports on 
 the testimony of three of his Order, who were present in the action 
 and who received the account from numbers of the natives. Relacion 
 sumaria, MS. 
 
 35*
 
 444 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 of slaughter, and the pavement of which was still 
 encumbered with the dead bodies of the Inca's sub- 
 jects. The captive monarch was placed next his 
 conqueror. He seemed like one who did not yet fully 
 comprehend the extent of his calamity. If he did, he 
 showed an amazing fortitude. "It is the fortune of 
 war," he said; 29 and, if we may credit the Spaniards, 
 he expressed his admiration of the adroitness with 
 which they had contrived to entrap him in the midst 
 of his own troops. 30 He added that he had been 
 made acquainted with the progress of the white men 
 from the hour of their landing, but that he had been 
 led to undervalue their strength from the insignificance 
 of their numbers. He had no doubt he should be easily 
 able to overpower them, on their arrival at Caxamalca, 
 by his superior strength ; and, as he wished to see for 
 himself what manner of men they were, he had suffered 
 them to cross the mountains, meaning to select such as 
 he chose for his own service, and, getting possession of 
 their wonderful arms and horses, put the rest to death. 31 
 That such may have been Atahuallpa's purpose is not 
 improbable. It explains his conduct in not occupying 
 the mountain-passes, which afforded such strong points 
 of defence against invasion. But that a prince so 
 astute, as by the general testimony of the Conquerors 
 
 *9 " Diciendo que era uso de Guerra veneer, i ser vencido." Her- 
 rera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 2, cap. 12. 
 
 3<> " Haciendo admiracion de la traza que tenia hecha." Relacion 
 del primer Descub., MS. 
 
 3 "And in my opinion," adds the Conqueror who reports the 
 speech, " he had good grounds for believing he could do this, since 
 nothing but the miraculous interposition of Heaven could have saved 
 us." Ibid., MS.
 
 CONDUCT OF THE CONQUERORS. 415 
 
 he is represented to have been, should have made so 
 impolitic a disclosure of his hidden motives is not so 
 probable. The intercourse with the Inca was carried 
 on chiefly by means of the interpreter Felipillo, or little 
 Philip, as he was called, from his assumed Christian 
 name, a malicious youth, as it appears, who bore no 
 good will to Atahuallpa, and whose interpretations 
 were readily admitted, by the Conquerors, eager to 
 find some pretext for their bloody reprisals. 
 
 Atahuallpa, as elsewhere noticed, was at this time 
 about thirty years of age. He was well made, and 
 more robust than usual with his countrymen. His 
 head was large, and his countenance might have been 
 called handsome, but that his eyes, which were blood- 
 shot, gave a fierce expression to his features. He was 
 deliberate in speech, grave in manner, and towards his 
 own people stern even to severity ; though with the 
 Spaniards he showed himself affable, sometimes even 
 indulging in sallies of mirth. 32 
 
 Pizarro paid every attention to his royal captive, 
 and endeavored to lighten, if he could not dispel, the 
 gloom which, in spite of his assumed equanimity, hung 
 over the monarch's brow. He besought him not to be 
 cast down by his reverses, for his lot had only been 
 that of every prince who had resisted the white men. 
 They had come into the country to proclaim the gospel, 
 the religion of Jesus Christ ; and it was no wonder they 
 had prevailed, when his shield was over them. Heaven 
 had permitted that Atahuallpa's pride should be hum- 
 bled, because of his hostile intentions towards the 
 Spaniards and the insult he had offered to the sacred 
 
 3* Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 203.
 
 4 i 6 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 volume. But he bade the Inca take courage and 
 confide in him, for the Spaniards were a generous 
 race, warring only against those who made war on 
 them, and showing grace to all who submitted ! M 
 Atahuallpa may have thought the massacre of that day 
 an indifferent commentary on this vaunted lenity. 
 
 Before retiring for the night, Pizarro briefly ad- 
 dressed his troops on their present situation. When 
 he had ascertained that not a man was wounded, he 
 bade them offer up thanksgivings to Providence for so 
 great a miracle ; without its care, they could never 
 have prevailed so easily over the host of their ene- 
 mies ; and he trusted their lives had been reserved for 
 still greater things. But, if they would succeed, they 
 had much to do for themselves. They were in the 
 heart of a powerful kingdom, encompassed by foes 
 deeply attached to their own sovereign. They must 
 be ever on their guard, therefore, and be prepared at 
 any hour to be roused from their slumbers by the call 
 of the trumpet. 34 Having then posted his sentinels, 
 placed a strong guard over the apartment of Ata- 
 huallpa, and taken all the precautions of a careful 
 commander, Pizarro withdrew to repose ; and, if he 
 could really feel that in the bloody scenes of the past 
 day he had been fighting only the good fight of the 
 Cross, he doubtless slept sounder than on the night 
 preceding the seizure of the Inca. 
 
 On the following morning, the first commands of 
 
 33 " Nosotros vsamos de piedad con nuestros Enemigos vencidos, i 
 nohacemos Guerra, sinoalos que noslahacen, i pudiendolos destruir, 
 no lo hacemos, antes los perdonamos." Xerez. Conq. del Peru, ap. 
 Barcia, torn. iii. p>. 199. 
 
 34 Ibid., ubi supra. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS.
 
 coxnccr OF THE CONQUERORS. 4^7 
 
 the Spanish chief were to have the city cleansed of 
 its impurities ; and the prisoners, of whom there were 
 many in the camp, were employed to remove the dead 
 and give them decent burial. His next care was to 
 despatch a body of about thirty horse to the quarters 
 lately occupied by Atahuallpa at the baths, to take 
 possession of the spoil, and disperse the remnant of 
 the Peruvian forces which still hung about the place. 
 
 Before noon, the party which he had detached on 
 this service returned with a large troop of Indians, 
 men and women, among the latter of whom were 
 many of the wives and attendants of the Inca. The 
 Spaniards had met with no resistance ; since the Peru- 
 vian warriors, though so superior in number, excellent 
 in appointments, and consisting mostly of able-bodied 
 young men, for the greater part of the veteran forces 
 were with the Inca's generals at the south, lost all 
 heart from the moment of their sovereign's captivity. 
 There was no leader to take his place ; for they recog- 
 nized no authority but that of the Child of the Sun, 
 and they seemed to be held by a sort of invisible 
 charm near the place of his confinement ; while they 
 gazed with superstitious awe on the white men who 
 could achieve so audacious an enterprise. 35 
 
 35 From this time, says Ondegardo, the Spaniards, who hitherto had 
 been designated "as the " men with beards," barbudos, were called by 
 the natives, from their fair-complexioned deity, Viracochas. The 
 people of Cuzco, who bore no goodwill to the captive Inca, " looked 
 upon the strangers," says the author, " as sent by Viracocha himself." 
 (Rel. Prim., MS.) It reminds us of a superstition, or rather an 
 amiable fancy, among the ancient Greeks, that " the stranger came 
 from Jupiter." 
 
 " ripb? yap Aids i<7ii- iiravTtt 
 Stlvoi rt." OAY2. f, V. 57.
 
 4 i 8 CONQUEST OF PERT. 
 
 The number of Indian prisoners was so great that 
 some of the Conquerors were for putting them all to 
 death, or, at least, cutting off their hands, to disable 
 them from acts of violence and to strike terror into 
 their countrymen. 36 The proposition, doubtless, came 
 from the lowest and most ferocious of the soldiery. 
 But that it should have been made at all shows what 
 materials entered into the composition of Pizarro's 
 company. The chief rejected it at once, as no less 
 impolitic than inhuman, and dismissed the Indians 
 to their several homes, with the assurance that none 
 should be harmed who did not offer resistance to the 
 white men. A sufficient number, however, were re- 
 tained to wait on the Conquerors, who were so well 
 provided in this respect that the most common soldier 
 was attended by a retinue of menials that would have 
 better suited the establishment of a noble. 37 
 
 The Spaniards had found immense droves of llamas 
 under the care of the shepherds in the neighborhood 
 of the baths, destined for the consumption of the court. 
 Many of them were now suffered to roam abroad among 
 their native mountains ; though Pizarro caused a con- 
 siderable number to be reserved for the use of the 
 army. And this was no small quantity, if, as one 
 of the Conquerors says, a hundred and fifty of the 
 
 3 " Algunos fueron de opinion, que matasen a todos los Hombres 
 de Guerra, 6 les cortasen las manos." Xerez, Hist, del Peru, ap. 
 Barcia, tom. iii. p. 200. 
 
 37 " Cada Espaftol de los que alii ivan tomaron para si mui gran 
 cantidad tanto que como andava todo a rienda suelta havia Espanol 
 que tenia docientas piezas de Indies i Indias de servicio." Conq. i 
 Potx del Piru, MS.
 
 CONDUCT OF THE CONQUERORS. 419 
 
 Peruvian sheep were frequently slaughtered in a day. 18 
 Indeed, the Spaniards were so improvident in their 
 destruction of these animals that in a few years the 
 superb flocks, nurtured with so much care by the 
 Peruvian government, had almost disappeared from the 
 land. 39 
 
 The party sent to pillage the Inca's pleasure-house 
 brought back a rich booty in gold and silver, consist- 
 ing chiefly of plate for the royal table, which greatly 
 astonished the Spaniards by their size and weight. 
 These, as well as some large emeralds obtained there, 
 together with the precious spoils found on the bodies 
 of the Indian nobles who had perished in the mas- 
 sacre, were placed in safe custody, to be hereafter 
 divided. In the city of Caxamalca the troops also 
 found magazines stored with goods, both cotton and 
 woollen, far superior to any they had seen, for fine- 
 ness of texture and the. skill with which the various 
 colors were blended. They were piled from the floors 
 to the very roofs of the buildings, and in such quan- 
 tity that, after every soldier had provided himself 
 with what he desired, it made no sensible diminution 
 of the whole amount. 40 
 
 & " Se matan cada Dia, ciento i cinquenta." Xerez, Conq. del Peru, 
 ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 202. 
 
 Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 80. Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., MS. 
 " Hasta que los destruian todos sin haver Espanol ni Justicia que lo 
 defendiese ni amparase." Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 
 * Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 200. There was 
 enough, says the anonymous Conqueror, for several ship-loads. 
 " Todas estas cosas de tiendas y ropas de lana y algodon eran en tan 
 gran cantidad, que a mi parecer fueran menester muchos navios en 
 que supieran." Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 4 jo COXQCKST OF /'A AT. 
 
 Pizarro would now gladly have directed his march 
 on the Peruvian capital. But the distance was great, 
 and his force was small. This must have been still 
 further crippled by the guard required for the Inca, 
 and the chief feared to involve himself deeper in a 
 hostile empire so populous and powerful, with a prize 
 so precious in his keeping. With much anxiety, there- 
 fore, he looked for reinforcements from the colonies ; 
 and he despatched a courier to San Miguel, to inform 
 the Spaniards there of his recent successes, and to 
 ascertain if there had been any arrival from Panama. 
 Meanwhile he employed his men in making Caxamalca 
 a more suitable residence for a Christian host, by erect- 
 ing a church, or, perhaps, appropriating some Indian 
 edifice to this use, in which mass was regularly per- 
 formed by the Dominican fathers with great solem- 
 nity. The dilapidated walls of the city were also 
 restored in a more substantial manner than before, 
 and every vestige was soon effaced of the hurricane 
 that had so recently swept over it. 
 
 It was not long before Atahuallpa discovered, amidst 
 all the show of religious zeal in his Conquerors, a lurk- 
 ing appetite more potent in most of their bosoms than 
 either religion or ambition. This was the love of 
 gold. He determined to avail himself of it to procure 
 his own freedom. The critical posture of his affairs 
 made it important that this should not be long delayed. 
 His brother Huascar, ever since his defeat, had been 
 detained as a prisoner, subject to the victor's orders. 
 He was now at Andamarca, at no great distance from 
 Caxamalca ; and Atahuallpa feared, with good reason, 
 that, when his own imprisonment was known, Huascai
 
 SPLENDID PROMISES OF THE INCA. 421 
 
 otild find it easy to corrupt his guards, make his 
 escape, and put himself at the head of the contested 
 empire without a rival to dispute it. 
 
 In the hope, therefore, to effect his purpose by ap- 
 pealing to the avarice of his keepers, he one day told 
 Pizarro that if he would set him free he would engage 
 to cover the floor of the apartment on which they 
 stood with gold. Those present listened with an in- 
 credulous smile ; and, as the Inca received no answer, 
 he said, with some emphasis, that "he would not 
 merely cover the floor, but would fill the room with 
 gold as high as he could reach ;" and, standing on tip- 
 toe, he stretched out his hand against the wall. All 
 ^tared with amazement ; while they regarded it as the 
 insane boast of a man too eager to procure his liberty 
 f'o weigh the meaning of his words. Yet Pizarro was 
 sorely perplexed. As he had advanced into the country, 
 much that he had seen, and all that he had heard, had 
 confirmed the dazzling reports first received of the 
 riches of Peru. Atahuallpa himself had given him 
 the most glowing picture of the wealth of the capital, 
 where the roofs of the temples were plated with gold, 
 while the walls were hung with tapestry and the floors 
 inlaid with tiles of the same precious metal. There 
 must be some foundation for all this. At all events, 
 it was safe to accede to the Inca's proposition ; since 
 by so doing he could collect at once all the gold at 
 his disposal, and thus prevent its being purloined or 
 secreted by the natives. He therefore acquiesced in 
 Atahuallpa's offer, and, drawing a red line along the 
 wall at the height which the Inca had indicated, he 
 caused the terms of the proposal to be duly recorded 
 Peru. VOL. I. 36
 
 422 CONQUEST OF PKRi: 
 
 by the notary. The apartment was about seventeen 
 feet broad, by twenty-two feet long, and the line round 
 the walls was nine feet from the floor. 4 ' This space 
 was to be filled with gold ; but it was understood that 
 the gold was not to be melted down into ingots, but to 
 retain the original form of the articles into which it 
 was manufactured, that the Inca might have the benefit 
 of the space which they occupied. He further agreed 
 to fill an adjoining room of smaller dimensions twice 
 full with silver, in like manner ; and he demanded two 
 months to accomplish all this. 42 
 
 ** I have adopted the dimensions given by the secretary Xeree. 
 (Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 202.) According to Hernando 
 Pizarro, the apartment was nine feet high, but thirty-five feet long by 
 seventeen or eighteen feet wide. (Carta, MS.) The most moderate 
 estimate is large enough. Stevenson says that they still show " a 
 large room, part of the old palace, and now the residence of the Ca- 
 cique Astopilca, where the ill-fated Inca was kept a prisoner ;" and he 
 adds that the line traced on the wall is still visible." (Residence in 
 South America, vol. ii. p. 163.) Peru abounds in remains as ancient 
 as the Conquest ; and it would not be surprising that the memory of 
 a place so remarkable as this should be preserved, though anything 
 but a memorial to be cherished by the Spaniards. 
 
 4* The facts in the preceding paragraph are told with remarkable 
 uniformity by the ancient chroniclers. (Conf. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. 
 yConq., MS. Carta de Hern. Pizarro, MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, 
 ap. Barcia, ubi supra. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. Zarate, 
 Conq. del Peru, lib. 2, cap. 6. Gomara, Hist, de l^s Ind., cap. 114. 
 Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 2, cap. i.) Both Naharro and 
 Herrera state expressly that Pizarro promised the Inca his liberation 
 on fulfilling the compact. This is not confirmed by the other chron- 
 iclers, who, however, do not intimate that the Spanish general declined 
 the terms. And as Pizarro, by all accounts, encouraged his prisoner 
 to perform his part of the contract, it must have been with the under- 
 standing implied, if not expressed, that he would abide by the other. 
 It is most improbable that the Inca would have stripped himself of 
 his treasures, if he had not so understood it.
 
 SPLKXDID PROMISES OF THE I. VGA. 
 
 423 
 
 No sooner was this arrangement made than the Inca 
 despatched Couriers to Cuzco and the other principal 
 places in the kingdom, with orders that the gold orna- 
 ments and utensils should be removed from the royal 
 palaces, and from the temples and other public build- 
 ings, and transported without loss of time to Caxa- 
 malca. Meanwhile he continued to live in the Spanish 
 quarters, treated with the respect due to his rank, and 
 enjoying all the freedom that was compatible with the 
 security of his person. Though not permitted to go 
 abroad, his limbs were unshackled, and he had the 
 range of his own apartments under the jealous surveil- 
 lance of a guard, who knew too well the value of the 
 royal captive to be remiss. He was allowed the society 
 of his favorite wives, and Pizarro took care that his 
 domestic privacy should not be violated. His sub- 
 jects had free access to their sovereign, and every day 
 he received visits from the Indian nobles, who came 
 to bring presents and offer condolence to their unfortu- 
 nate master. On such occasions the most potent of 
 these great vassals never ventured into his presence 
 without first stripping off their sandals and bearing a 
 load on their backs in token of reverence. The Span- 
 iards gazed with curious eyes on these acts of homage, 
 or rather of slavish submission, on the one side, and 
 on the air of perfect indifference with which they were 
 received, as a matter of course, on the other; and 
 they conceived high ideas of the character of a prince 
 who, even in his present helpless condition, could in- 
 spire such feelings of awe in his subjects. The royal 
 levee was so well attended, and such devotion was 
 shown by his vassals to the captive monarch, as did
 
 424 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 not fail, in the end, to excite some feelings of distrust 
 in his keepers. 43 
 
 Pizarro did not neglect the opportunity afforded him 
 of communicating the truths of revelation to his pris- 
 oner, and both he and his chaplain, Father Valverde, 
 labored in the same good work. Atahuallpa listened 
 with composure and apparent attention. But nothing 
 seemed to move him so much as the argument with 
 which the military polemic closed his discourse, that 
 it could not be the true God whom Atahuallpa wor- 
 shipped, since he had suffered him to fall into the 
 hands of his enemies. The unhappy monarch assented 
 to the force of this, acknowledging that his Deity had 
 indeed deserted him in his utmost need. 44 
 
 Yet his conduct towards his brother Huascar at this 
 time too clearly proves that, whatever respect he may 
 have shown for the teachers, the doctrines of Chris- 
 tianity had made little impression on his heart. No 
 sooner had Huascar been informed of the capture of 
 his rival, and of the large ransom he had offered for 
 his deliverance, than, as the latter had foreseen, he 
 made every effort to regain his liberty, and sent, or 
 attempted to send, a message to the Spanish com- 
 mander, that he would pay a much larger ransom than 
 that promised by Atahuallpa, who, never having dwelt 
 in Cuzco, was ignorant of the quantity of treasure 
 there, and where it was deposited. 
 
 *3 Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, 
 MS. Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 2, cap. 6. 
 
 44 " I mas dijo Atabalipa, que estaba espantado de lo que el Go- 
 vernador le havia dicho : que bien conocia que aquel que hablaba en 
 su Idolo, no es Dios verdadero, pues tan poco le aiud6." Xerez, Conq. 
 del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 203.
 
 DEATH OF HUASCAR. 435 
 
 Intelligence of all this was secretly communicated 
 to Atahuallpa by the persons who had his brother in 
 charge ; and his jealousy, thus roused, was further 
 heightened by Pizarro's declaration that he intended to 
 have Huascar brought to Caxamalca, where he would 
 himself examine into the controversy and determine 
 which of the two had the better title to the sceptre 
 of the Incas. Pizarro perceived, from the first, the 
 advantages of a competition which would enable him, 
 by throwing his sword into the scale he preferred, to 
 give it a preponderance. The party who held the 
 sceptre by his nomination would henceforth be a tool 
 in his hands, with which to work his pleasure more 
 effectually than he could well do in his own name. It 
 was the game, as every reader knows, played by Ed- 
 ward the First in the affairs of Scotland, and by many 
 a monarch both before and since ; and, though their 
 examples may not have been familiar to the unlettered 
 soldier, Pizarro was too quick in his perceptions to 
 require, in this matter, at least, the teachings of 
 history. 
 
 Atahuallpa was much alarmed by the Spanish com- 
 mander's determination to have the suit between the 
 rival candidates brought before him ; for he feared that, 
 independently of the merits of the case, the decision 
 would be likely to go in favor of Huascar, whose mild 
 and ductile temper would make him a convenient in- 
 strument in the hands of his conquerors. Without 
 further hesitation, he determined to remove this cause 
 of jealousy forever, by the death of his brother. 
 
 His orders were immediately executed, and the un- 
 happy prince was drowned, as was commonly reported,
 
 426 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 in the river of Andamarca, declaring with his dying 
 breath that the white men would avenge his murder, 
 and that his rival would not long survive him. 45 Thus 
 perished the unfortunate Huascar, the legitimate heir 
 of the throne of the Incas, in the very morning of life, 
 and the commencement of his reign ; a reign, however, 
 which had been long enough to call forth the display 
 of many excellent and amiable qualities, though his 
 nature was too gentle to cope with the bold and fiercer 
 temper of his brother. Such is the portrait we have 
 of him from the Indian and Castilian chroniclers ; 
 though the former, it should be added, were the kins- 
 men of Huascar, and the latter certainly bore no good 
 will to Atahuallpa. 46 " 
 
 That prince received the tidings of Huascar's death 
 with every mark of surprise and indignation. He 
 immediately sent for Pizarro, and communicated the 
 event to him with expressions of the deepest sorrow. 
 The Spanish commander refused, at first, to credit the 
 unwelcome news, and bluntly told the Inca that his 
 brother could not be dead, and that he should be 
 
 *s Both the place and the manner of Huascar's death are reported 
 with much discrepancy by the historians. All agree in the one im- 
 portant fact that he died a violent death at the instigation of his 
 brother. Conf. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 3, cap. 2. Xerez, 
 Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 204. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. 
 y Conq., MS. Naharro, Relacion sumaria. MS. Zarate, Conq. del 
 Peru, lib. 2, cap. 6. Instruc. del Inga Titucussi, MS. 
 
 ** Both Garcilasso de la Vega and Titucussi Yupanqui were de- 
 scendants from Huayna Capac, of the pure Peruvian stock, the natu- 
 ral enemies, therefore, of their kinsman of Quito, whom they regarded 
 as a usurper. Circumstances brought the Castilians into direct col- 
 lision with Atahuallpa, and it was natural they should seek to darken 
 his reputation by contrast with the fair character of his rival.
 
 DEATH OF HUASCAR. 
 
 427 
 
 answerable for his life. 47 To this Atahuallpa replied 
 by renewed assurances of the fact, adding that the 
 deed had been perpetrated, without his privity, by 
 Huascar's keepers, fearful that he might take advantage 
 of the troubles of the country to make his escape. 
 Pizarro, on making further inquiries, found that the 
 report of his death was but too true. That it should 
 have been brought about by Atahuallpa's officers with- 
 out his express command would only show that by so 
 doing they had probably anticipated their master's 
 wishes. The crime, which assumes in our eyes a 
 deeper dye from the relation of the parties, had not 
 the same estimation among the Incas, in whose multi- 
 tudinous families the bonds of brotherhood must have 
 sat loosely, much too loosely to restrain the arm of 
 the despot from sweeping away any obstacle that lay in 
 his path. 
 
 47 ' Sabido esto por el Gobernador, mostrd, que le pesaba mucho : 
 i dijoque era mentira, que no le havian muerto, que lo trujesen luego 
 vivo : i sino, que el mandaria matar a Atabalipa." Xerez, Conq. di 
 Peru, ap. Barcia. torn. iii. p. 204.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GOLD ARRIVES FOR THE RANSOM. VISIT TO PACHACAMAC. 
 
 DEMOLITION OF THE IDOL. THE INCA's FAVORITE 
 
 GENERAL. THE INCA*S LIFE IN CONFINEMENT. EN- 
 
 VOYS' CONDUCT IN CUZCO. ARRIVAL OF ALMAGRO. 
 
 1533- 
 
 SEVERAL weeks had now passed since Atahuallpa's 
 emissaries had been despatched for the gold and silver 
 that were to furnish his ransom to the Spaniards. But 
 the distances were great, and the returns came in 
 slowly. They consisted, for the most part, of massive 
 pieces of plate, some of which weighed two or three 
 arrobas, a Spanish weight of twenty-five pounds. On 
 some days, articles of the value of thirty or forty thou- 
 sand pesos de oro were brought in, and, occasionally, 
 of the value of fifty or even sixty thousand pesos. The 
 greedy eyes of the Conquerors gloated on the shining 
 heaps of treasure, which were transported on the shoul- 
 ders of the Indian porters, and, after being carefully 
 registered, were placed in safe deposit under a strong 
 guard. They now began to believe that the magnifi- 
 cent promises of the Inca would be fulfilled. But, as 
 cheir avarice was sharpened by the ravishing display of 
 wealth such as they had hardly dared to imagine, they 
 became more craving and impatient. They made no 
 allowance for the distance and the difficulties of the 
 way, and loudly inveighed against the tardiness with 
 (428)
 
 COLD ./A'AV/7-..V FOR THE XA.VSOM. 
 
 429 
 
 which the royal commands were executed. They even 
 suspected Atahuallpa of devising this scheme only to 
 gain a pretext for communicating with his subjects in 
 distant places, and of proceeding as dilatorily as pos- 
 sible, in order to secure time for the execution of his 
 plans. Rumors of a rising among the Peruvians were 
 circulated, and the Spaniards were in apprehension of 
 some general and sudden assault on their quarters. 
 Their new acquisitions gave them additional cause for 
 solicitude : like a miser, they trembled in the midst of 
 their treasures. 1 
 
 Pizarro reported to his captive the rumors that were 
 in circulation among the soldiers, naming, as one of 
 the places pointed out for the rendezvous of the In- 
 dians, the neighboring city of Huamachuco. Ata- 
 huallpa listened with undisguised astonishment, and 
 indignantly repelled the charge, as false from begin- 
 ning to end. " No one of my subjects," said he, 
 "would dare to appear in arms, or to raise his finger, 
 without my orders. You have me," he continued, 
 "in your power. Is not my life at your disposal? 
 And what better security can you have for my fidelity?" 
 He then represented to the Spanish commander that 
 the distances of many of the places were very great ; 
 that to Cuzco, the capital, although a message might 
 be sent by post, through a succession of couriers, in 
 five days from Caxamalca, it would require weeks for a 
 porter to travel over the same ground with a heavy 
 load on his back. " But, that you may be satisfied I 
 am proceeding in good faith," he added, "I desire 
 
 ' Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 2, cap. 6. Naharro, Relacion suma- 
 ria, MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 204.
 
 430 CONQUEST OI< PERU. 
 
 you will send some of your own people to Cuzco. I 
 will give them a safe-conduct, and, when there, they 
 can superintend the execution of the commission, and 
 see with their own eyes that no hostile movements are 
 intended." It was a fair offer ; and Pizarro, anxious to 
 get more precise and authentic information of the state 
 of the country, gladly availed himself of it. 2 
 
 Before the departure of these emissaries, the general 
 had despatched his brother Hernando with about twenty 
 horse and a small body of infantry to the neighboring 
 town of Huamachuco, in order to reconnoitre the 
 country and ascertain if there was any truth in the re- 
 port of an armed force having assembled there. Her- 
 nando found every thing quiet, and met with a kind 
 reception from the natives. But before leaving the 
 place he received further orders from his brother to 
 continue his march to Pachacamac, a town situated on 
 the coast, at least a hundred leagues distant from Caxa- 
 malca. It was consecrated as the seat of the great 
 temple of the deity of that name, whom the Peruvians 
 worshipped as the Creator of the world. It is said 
 that they found there altars raised to this god, on their 
 first occupation of the country ; and such was the ven- 
 eration in which he was held by the natives that the 
 Incas, instead of attempting to abolish his worship, 
 deemed it more prudent to sanction it conjointly with 
 that of their own deity, the Sun. Side by side the two 
 temples rose on the heights that overlooked the city of 
 Pachacamac, and prospered in the offerings of their 
 respective rotaries. "It was a cunning arrange- 
 
 2 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. 
 Barcia, torn. iii. pp. 203, 204. Naharro. Relacion sumaria, MS.
 
 VISIT TO PACHACAMAC. 431 
 
 ment," says an ancient writer, "by which the great 
 enemy of man secured to himself a double harvest of 
 soils." 3 
 
 But the temple of Pachacamac continued to maintain 
 its ascendency ; and the oracles delivered from its dark 
 and mysterious shrine were held in no less repute among 
 the natives of Tavantinsuyu (or "the four quarters of 
 the world," as Peru under the Incas was called) than 
 the oracles of Delphi obtained among the Greeks. 
 Pilgrimages were made to the hallowed spot from the 
 most distant regions, and the city of Pachacamac be- 
 came among the Peruvians what Mecca was among the 
 Mahometans, or Cholula with the people of Anahuac. 
 The shrine of the deity, enriched by the tributes of 
 the pilgrims, gradually became one of the most opulent 
 in the land ; and Atahuallpa, anxious to collect his 
 ransom as speedily as possible, urged Pizarro to send a 
 detachment in that direction, to secure the treasures 
 before they could be secreted by the priests of the 
 temple. 
 
 It was a journey of considerable difficulty. Two- 
 thirds of the route lay along the table-land of the 
 Cordilleras, intersected occasionally by crests of the 
 mountain-range, that imposed no slight impediment 
 to their progress. Fortunately, much of the way 
 they had the benefit of the great road to Cuzco ; and 
 "nothing in Christendom," exclaims Hernando Pi- 
 zarro, "equals the magnificence of this road across 
 
 3 " El demonic Pachacama alegre con este concierto, afirman que 
 mostraua en sus respuestas gran contento : pues con lo vno y lo otro 
 era el seruido, y quedauan las animas de los simples malauenturados 
 presas en su poder," Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 72.
 
 432 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 the sierra. " 4 In some places the rocky ridges were so 
 precipitous that steps were cut in them for the travel- 
 lers, and, though the sides were protected by heavy 
 stone balustrades or parapets, it was with the greatest 
 difficulty that the horses were enabled to scale them. 
 The road was frequently crossed by streams, over which 
 bridges of wood and sometimes of stone were thrown ; 
 though occasionally, along the declivities of the moun- 
 tains, the waters swept down in such furious torrents 
 that the only method of passing them was by the 
 swinging bridges of osier, of which till now the Span- 
 iards had had little experience. They were secured on 
 either bank to heavy buttresses of stone. But as they 
 were originally designed for nothing heavier than the 
 foot-passenger and the llama, and as they had some- 
 thing exceedingly fragile in their appearance, the 
 Spaniards hesitated to venture on them with their 
 horses. Experience, however, soon showed they were 
 capable of bearing a much greater weight ; and though 
 the traveller, made giddy by the vibration of the long 
 avenue, looked with a reeling brain into the torrent 
 that was tumbling at the depth of a hundred feet or 
 more below him, the whole of the cavalry effected 
 their passage without an accident. At these bridges, 
 it may be remarked, they found persons stationed whose 
 business it was to collect toll for the government from 
 all travellers. 3 
 
 * " El camino de las sierras es cosa de ver, porque en verdad en 
 tierra tan fragosa en la cristiandad no se ban visto tan hermosos cami- 
 nos, toda la mayor parte de calzada." Carta, MS. 
 
 5 " Todoslos arroyos tienen puentes de piedra 6 de madera : en un 
 rio grande, que era muy caudaloso e muy grande, que pasamos dos 
 veces, hallamos puentes de red, que es cosa maravillosa de ver; pasa-
 
 VISIT TO PACHACAMAC. 433 
 
 The Spaniards were amazed by the number as well 
 as magnitude of the flocks of llamas which they saw 
 browsing on the stunted herbage that grows in the 
 elevated regions of the Andes. Sometimes they were 
 gathered in enclosures, but more usually were roaming 
 at large under the conduct of their Indian shepherds ; 
 and the Conquerors now learned, for the first time, 
 that these animals were tended with as much care, and 
 their migrations as nicely regulated, as those of the 
 vast flocks of merinos in their own country. 6 
 
 The table-land and its declivities were thickly 
 sprinkled with hamlets and towns, some of them of 
 considerable size ; and the country in every direction 
 bore the marks of a thrifty husbandry. Fields of 
 Indian corn were to be seen in all its different stages, 
 from the green and tender ear to the yellow ripeness 
 of harvest-time. As they descended into the valleys 
 and deep ravines that divided the crests of the Cor- 
 dilleras, they were surrounded by the vegetation of a 
 warmer climate, which delighted the eye with the gay 
 livery of a thousand bright colors and intoxicated the 
 senses with its perfumes. Everywhere the natural 
 capacities of the soil were stimulated by a minute 
 mos por ellas los caballos ; tienen en cada pasaje dos puentes, la una 
 por donde pasa la gente comun, la otra por donde pasa el senor de la 
 tierra 6 sus capitanes : esta tienen siempre cerrada e indios que la 
 guardan ; estos indios cobran portazgo de los que pasan." Carta dc 
 Hern. Pizarro, MS. Also Relacion del primer Descub., MS. 
 
 6 A comical blunder has been made by the printer, in M. Ternaux- 
 Compans' excellent translation of Xerez, in the account of this ex- 
 pedition : "On trouve sur toute la route beaucoup de pores, de 
 lamas." (Relation de la Conquete du Perou, p. 157.) The substitu- 
 tion of pores for pares might well lead the reader into the error of 
 supposing that swine existed in Peru before the Conquest. 
 Peru. VOL. I. i 1 37
 
 434 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 system of irrigation, which drew the fertilizing moist- 
 ure from every stream and rivulet that rolled down 
 the declivities of the Andes ; while the terraced sides 
 of the mountains were clothed with gardens and 
 orchards that teemed with fruits of various latitudes. 
 The Spaniards could not sufficiently admire the indus- 
 try with which the natives had availed themselves of 
 the bounty of Nature, or had supplied the deficiency 
 where she had dealt with a more parsimonious hand. 
 
 Whether from the commands of the Inca, or from 
 the awe which their achievements had spread through- 
 out the land, the Conquerors were received, in every 
 place through which they passed, with hospitable kind- 
 ness. Lodgings were provided for them, with ample 
 refreshments from the well-stored magazines distributed 
 at intervals along the route. In many of the towns the 
 inhabitants came out to welcome them with singing 
 and dancing, and, when they resumed their march, a 
 number of able-bodied porters were furnished to carry 
 forward their baggage. 7 
 
 At length, after some weeks of travel, severe even 
 with all these appliances, Hernando Pizarro arrived 
 before the city of Pachacamac. It was a place of 
 considerable population, and the edifices were, many 
 of them, substantially built. The temple of the tutelar 
 deity consisted of a vast stone building, or rather pile 
 of buildings, which, clustering around a conical hill, 
 
 7 Carta de Hernando Pizarro, MS. Estete, ap. Barcia, torn, iii.pp. 
 206, 207. Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Both the last-cited 
 author and Miguel Estete, the royal veedoror inspector, accompanied 
 Hernando Pizarro on this expedition, and, of course, were eye-wit- 
 nesses, like himself, of what they relate. Estete's narrative is incor- 
 porated by the secretary Xerez in his own.
 
 VISIT TO PACHACAMAC, 
 
 435 
 
 had the air of a fortress rather than a religious estab- 
 lishment. But, though the walls were of stone, the 
 roof was composed of a light thatch, as usual in 
 countries where rain seldom or never falls, and where 
 defence, consequently, is wanted chiefly against the 
 rays of the sun. 
 
 Presenting himself at the lower entrance of the 
 temple, Hernando Pizarro was refused admittance by 
 the guardians of the portal. But, exclaiming that "he 
 had come too far to be stayed by the arm of an Indian 
 priest," he forced his way into the passage, and, 
 followed by his men, wound up the gallery which led 
 to an area on the summit of the mount, at one end of 
 which stood a sort of chapel. This was the sanctuary 
 of the dread deity. The door was garnished with 
 ornaments of crystal and with turquoises and bits of 
 coral. 8 Here again the Indians would have dissuaded 
 Pizarro from violating -the consecrated precincts, when 
 at that moment the shock of an earthquake, that 
 made the ancient walls tremble to their foundation, so 
 alarmed the natives, both those of Pizarro' s own 
 company and the people of the place, that they fled 
 in dismay, nothing doubting that their incensed deity 
 would bury the invaders under the ruins or consume 
 them with his lightnings. But no such terror found 
 its way into the breasts of the Conquerors, who felt 
 that here, at least, they were fighting the good fight of 
 the Faith. 
 
 Tearing open the door, Pizarro and his party en 
 tered. But, instead of a hall blazing, as they had fondly 
 
 8 " Esta puerta era muy tejida de diversas cosas de corales y turque- 
 sas y cristales y otras cosas." Relacion del primer Descub., MS. 

 
 436 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 imagined, with gold and precious stones, offerings of 
 the worshippers of Pachacamac, they found themselves 
 in a small and obscure apartment, or rather den, from 
 the floor and sides of which steamed up the most offen- 
 sive odors, like those of a slaughter-house. It was 
 the place of sacrifice. A few pieces of gold and some 
 emeralds were discovered on the ground, and, as their 
 eyes became accommodated to the darkness, they dis- 
 cerned in the most retired corner of the room the 
 figure of the deity. It was an uncouth monster, made 
 of wood, with the head resembling that of a man. This 
 was the god through whose lips Satan had breathed 
 forth the far-famed oracles which had deluded his 
 Indian votaries ! 9 
 
 Tearing the idol from its recess, the indignant Span- 
 iards dragged.it into the open air and there broke it 
 into a hundred fragments. The place was then puri- 
 fied, and a large cross, made of stone and plaster, was 
 erected on the spot. In a few years the walls of the 
 temple were pulled down by the Spanish settlers, who 
 found there a convenient quarry for their own edifices. 
 But the cross still remained spreading its broad arms 
 over the ruins. It stood where it was planted in the 
 very heart of the stronghold of heathendom ; and, 
 while all was in ruins around it, it proclaimed the 
 permanent triumphs of the Faith. 
 
 9 " Aquel era Pachacama, el cual les sanaba de sus enfermedades, 
 y a lo que alii se entendio, el Demonio aparecia en aquella cueba & 
 aquellos sacerdotes y hablaba con ellos, y estos entraban con las peti- 
 ciones y ofrendas de los que venian en romeria, que es cierto que del 
 todo el Senorio de Atabalica iban alii, como los Moros y Turcos van 
 a lacasa de Meca." Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Also Estete, 
 ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 209.
 
 TREASURE OBTAINED. 437 
 
 The simple natives, finding that Heaven had no 
 bolts in store for the Conquerors, and that their god 
 had no power to prevent the profanation of his shrine, 
 came in gradually and tendered their homage to the 
 strangers, whom they now regarded with feelings of 
 superstitious awe. Pizarro profited by this temper to 
 wean them, if possible, from their idolatry; and, 
 though no preacher himself, as he tells us, he delivered 
 a discourse as edifying, doubtless, as could be expected 
 from the mouth of a soldier ; 10 and, in conclusion, he 
 taught them the sign of the cross, as an inestimable 
 talisman to secure them against the future machinations 
 of the devil." 
 
 But the Spanish commander was not so absorbed in 
 his spiritual labors as not to have an eye to those tem- 
 poral concerns for which he had been sent to this quarter. 
 He now found, to his chagrin, that he had come some- 
 what too late, and that the priests of Pachacamac, 
 being advised of his mission, had secured much the 
 greater part of the gold and decamped with it before 
 his arrival. A quantity was afterwards discovered 
 buried in the grounds adjoining." Still, the amount 
 obtained was considerable, falling little short of eighty 
 thousand castellanos, a sum which once would have 
 
 10 " d falta de predicador les hice mi sermon, diciendo el engafio 
 en que vivian." Carta de Hern. Pizarro, MS. 
 
 Ibid., MS. Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Estete, ap. Bar- 
 cia, torn. iii. p. 209. 
 
 " " Y andando los tiepos el capitan Rodrigo Orgonez. y Francisco 
 de Godoy, y otros sacaron gra summa de oro y plata de los enterra- 
 mientos. Y aun se presume y tiene por cierto, que ay mucho mas : 
 pero como no se sabe donde esta enterrado, se pierde." Cieza de 
 Leon, Cronica, cap. 72. 
 
 37*
 
 438 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 been deemed a compensation for greater fatigues than 
 they had encountered. But the Spaniards had become 
 familiar with gold ; and their imaginations, kindled by 
 the romantic adventures in which they had of late been 
 engaged, indulged in visions which all the gold of Peru 
 would scarcely have realized. 
 
 One prize, however, Hernando obtained by his expe- 
 dition, which went far to console him for the loss of 
 his treasure. While at Pachacamac, he learned that 
 the Indian commander Challcuchima lay with a large 
 force in the neighborhood of Xauxa, a town of 
 some strength at a considerable distance among the 
 mountains. This man, who was nearly related to 
 Atahuallpa, was his most experienced general, and, 
 together with Quizquiz, now at Cuzco, had achieved 
 those victories at the south which placed the Inca on 
 the throne. From his birth, his talents, and his large 
 experience, he was accounted second to no subject in 
 the kingdom. Pizarro was aware of the importance of 
 securing his person. Finding that the Indian noble 
 declined to meet him on his return, he determined to 
 march at once on Xauxa and take the chief in his own 
 quarters. Such a scheme, considering the enormous 
 disparity of numbers, might seem desperate even for 
 Spaniards. But success had given them such confi- 
 dence that they hardly condescended to calculate 
 chances. 
 
 The road across the mountains presented greater 
 difficulties than those on the former march. To add 
 to the troubles of the cavalry, the shoes of their horses 
 were worn out, and their hoofs suffered severely on the 
 rough and stony ground. There was no iron at hand,
 
 THE INCA'S FAVORITE GENERAL. 
 
 439 
 
 nothing but gold and silver. In the present emergency 
 they turned even these to account ; and Pizarro caused 
 the horses of the whole troop to be shod with silver. 
 The work was done by the Indian smiths, and it 
 answered so well that in this precious material they 
 found a substitute for iron during the remainder of the 
 march.' 3 
 
 Xauxa was a large and populous place ; though we 
 shall hardly credit the assertion of the Conquerors, that 
 a hundred thousand persons assembled habitually in 
 the great square of the city. 14 The Peruvian com- 
 mander was encamped, it was said, with an army of 
 five-and-thirty thousand men, at only a few miles' 
 distance from the town. With some difficulty he was 
 persuaded to an interview with Pizarro. The latter 
 addressed him courteously, and urged his return with 
 him to the Castilian quarters in Caxamalca, repre- 
 senting it as the command of the Inca. Ever since 
 the capture of his master, Challcuchima had remained 
 uncertain what course to take. The capture of the 
 Inca in this sudden and mysterious manner by a race 
 
 '3 " Hicieron hacer herrage de herraduras e clavos parasus Caballos 
 de Plata, los cuales hicieron los cien Indies fundidores muy buenos e 
 cuantosquisieronde ellos, conelcual herrage andubierondosmeses." 
 (Oviedo, Hist, delas Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 16.) The author 
 of the Relacion del primer Descubrimiento, MS., says they shod the 
 horses with silver and copper. And another of the Peruvian Conquer- 
 ors assures us they used gold and silver. (Relatione d'un Capitano 
 Spagnuolo ap. Ramusio, Navigation! et Viaggi, Venetia, 1565, torn, 
 iii. fol. 376.) All agree as to the silver. 
 
 '4 " Era mucha la Gente de aquel Pueblo, i de sus Comarcas, que 
 al parecer de los Espanoles, se juntaban cada Dia en la Pla9a Princi- 
 pal cien mil Personas." Estete, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. ,230.
 
 440 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 of beings who seemed to have dropped from the 
 clouds, and that too in the very hour of his triumph, 
 had entirely bewildered the Peruvian chief. He had 
 concerted no plan for the rescue of Atahuallpa, nor, 
 indeed, did he know whether any such movement 
 would be acceptable to him. He now acquiesced 
 in his commands, and was willing, at all events, to 
 have a personal interview with his sovereign. Pizarro 
 gained his end without being obliged to strike a single 
 blow to effect it. The barbarian, when brought into 
 contact with the white man, would seem to have been 
 rebuked by his superior genius, in the same manner as 
 the wild animal of the forest is said to quail before the 
 steady glance of the hunter. 
 
 Challcuchima came attended by a numerous retinue. 
 He was borne in his sedan on the shoulders of his 
 vassals, and, as he accompanied the Spaniards on 
 their return through the country, received every- 
 where from the inhabitants the homage paid only to 
 the favorite of a monarch. Yet all this pomp vanished 
 on his entering the presence of the Inca, whom he 
 approached with his feet bare, while a light burden, 
 which he had taken from one of the attendants, was 
 laid on his back. As he drew near, the old warrior, 
 raising his hands to heaven, exclaimed, " Would that I 
 had been here ! this would not then have happened ;" 
 then, kneeling down, he kissed the hands and feet of 
 his royal master and bathed them with his tears. Ata- 
 huallpa, on his part, betrayed not the least emotion, 
 and showed no other sign of satisfaction at the pres- 
 ence of his favorite counsellor than by simply bidding 
 him welcome. The cold demeanor of the monarch
 
 THE INCA'S LIFE IN CONFINEMENT. 441 
 
 contrasted strangely with the loyal sensibility of the 
 subject.' 5 
 
 The rank of the Inca placed him at an immeasurable 
 distance above the proudest of his vassals; and the 
 Spaniards had repeated occasion to admire the ascend- 
 ency which, even in his present fallen fortunes, he 
 maintained over his people, and the awe with which 
 they approached him. Pedro Pizarro records an in- 
 terview, at which he was present, between Atahuallpa 
 and one of his great nobles, who had obtained leave to 
 visit some remote part of the country on condition of 
 returning by a certain day. He was detained some- 
 what beyond the appointed time, and on entering the 
 presence with a small propitiatory gift for his sovereign 
 his knees shook so violently that it seemed, says the 
 chronicler, as if he would have fallen to the ground. 
 His master, however, received him kindly, and dis- 
 missed him without a word of rebuke. 16 
 
 Atahuallpa in his confinement continued to receive 
 the same respectful treatment from the Spaniards as 
 hitherto. They taught him to play with dice, and the 
 more intricate game of chess, in which the royal 
 captive became expert, and loved to beguile with it 
 the tedious hours of his imprisonment. Towards his 
 own people he maintained as far as possible his wonted 
 state and ceremonial. He was attended by his wives 
 and the girls of his harem, who, as was customary, 
 waited on him at table and discharged the other menial 
 
 >s Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS." The like of it," exclaims 
 Estete, "was never before seen since the Indies were discovered." 
 Ibid., p. 231. 
 
 ' Pedro Piznrro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 T*
 
 442 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 offices about his person. A body of Indian nobles 
 were stationed in the antechamber, but never entered 
 the presence unbidden ; and when they did enter it 
 they submitted to the same humiliating ceremonies 
 imposed on the greatest of his subjects. The service 
 of his table was gold and silver plate. His dress, 
 which he often changed, was composed of the wool of 
 the vicuna wrought into mantles, so fine that it had 
 the appearance of silk. He sometimes exchanged 
 these for a robe made of the skins of bats, as soft and 
 sleek as velvet. Round his head he wore the //autu, a 
 woollen turban or shawl of the most delicate texture, 
 wreathed in folds of various bright colors ; and he 
 still continued to encircle his temples with the borla, 
 the crimson threads of which, mingled with gold, 
 descended so as partly to conceal his eyes. The 
 image of royalty had charms for him, when its sub- 
 stance had departed. No garment or utensil that had 
 once belonged to the Peruvian sovereign could ever be 
 used by another. When he laid it aside, it was care- 
 fully deposited in a chest, kept for the purpose, and 
 afterwards burned. It would have been sacrilege to 
 apply to vulgar uses that which had been consecrated 
 by the touch of the Inca. 17 
 
 Not long after the arrival of the party from Pacha- 
 camac, in the latter part of May, the three emissaries 
 returned from Cuzco. They had been very successful 
 in their mission. Owing to the Inca's order, and the 
 
 '7 This account of the personal habits of Atahuallpa is taken from 
 Pedro Pizarro, who saw him often in his confinement. As his curious 
 narrative is little known, I have extracted the original in Appendix 
 No. 9.
 
 EA' TOYS' COXIH'CT IX CUZCO. 443 
 
 awe which the white men now inspired throughout the 
 country, the Spaniards had everywhere met with a kind 
 reception. They had been carried on the shoulders of 
 the natives in the hamacas, or sedans, of the country ; 
 and, as they had travelled all the way to the capital on 
 the great imperial road, along which relays of Indian 
 carriers were established at stated intervals, they per- 
 formed this journey of more than six hundred miles, 
 not only without inconvenience, but with the most 
 luxurious ease. They passed through many populous 
 towns, and always found the simple natives disposed to 
 venerate them as beings of a superior nature. In Cuzco 
 they were received with public festivities, were sump- 
 tuously lodged, and had every want anticipated by the 
 obsequious devotion of the inhabitants. 
 
 Their accounts of the capital confirmed all that 
 Pizarro had before heard of the wealth and population 
 of the city. Though they had remained more than a 
 week in this place, the emissaries had not seen the 
 whole of it. The great temple of the Sun they found 
 literally covered with plates of gold. They had entered 
 the interior and beheld the royal mummies, seated each 
 in his gold-embossed chair and in robes profusely cov- 
 ered with ornaments. The Spaniards had the grace to 
 respect these, as they had been previously enjoined by 
 the Inca ; but they required that the plates which gar- 
 nished the walls should be all removed. The Peru- 
 vians most reluctantly acquiesced in the commands of 
 their sovereign to desecrate the national temple, which 
 every inhabitant of the city regarded with peculiar 
 pride and veneration. With less reluctance they as- 
 sisted the Conquerors in stripping the ornaments from
 
 444 CONQUEST OP PERU. 
 
 some of the other edifices, where the gold, however, 
 being mixed with a larger proportion of alloy, was of 
 much less value. 18 
 
 The number of plates they tore from the temple of 
 the Sun was seven hundred ; and though of no great 
 thickness, probably, they are compared in size to the 
 lid of a chest, ten or twelve inches wide.' 9 A cornice 
 of pure gold encircled the edifice, but so strongly set 
 in the stone that it fortunately defied the efforts of the 
 spoilers. The Spaniards complained of the want of 
 alacrity shown by the Indians in the work of destruc- 
 tion, and said that there were other parts of the city 
 containing buildings rich in gold and silver which they 
 had not been allowed to see. In truth, their mission, 
 which at best was a most ungrateful one, had been 
 rendered doubly annoying by the manner in which 
 they had executed it. The emissaries were men of a 
 very low stamp, and, puffed up by the honors conceded 
 to them by the natives, they looked on themselves as 
 entitled to these, and contemned the poor Indians as 
 a race immeasurably beneath the European. They not 
 only showed the most disgusting rapacity, but treated 
 the highest nobles with wanton insolence. They even 
 went so far, it is said, as to violate the privacy of the 
 convents, and to outrage the religious sentiments of 
 the Peruvians by their scandalous amours with the 
 Virgins of the Sun. The people of Cuzco were so 
 
 18 Rel. d'un Capitano Spagn., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 375. Pedro 
 Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 2. 
 cap. 12, 13. 
 
 9 " I de las Chapas de oro, que esta Casa tenia, quitaron setecientas 
 Planchas ... a manera de Tablas de Caxas de k tres, i a quatro 
 palmos de largo." Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia. torn. iii. p. 232.
 
 ENVOYS' CONDUCT IN CUZCO. 445 
 
 exasperated that they would have laid violent hands on 
 them, but for their habitual reverence for the Inca, in 
 whose name the Spaniards had come there. As it was, 
 the Indians collected as much gold as was necessary to 
 satisfy their unworthy visitors, and got rid of them as 
 speedily as possible. 20 It was 1 a great mistake in Pizarro 
 to send such men. There were persons, even in his 
 company, who, as other occasions showed, had some 
 sense of self-respect, if not respect for the natives. 
 
 The messengers brought with them, besides silver, 
 full two hundred cargas or loads of gold. 21 This was 
 an important accession to the contributions of Ata- 
 huallpa ; and, although the treasure was still consider- 
 ably below the mark prescribed, the monarch saw with 
 satisfaction the time drawing nearer for the completion 
 of his ransom. 
 
 Not long before this, an event had occurred which 
 changed the condition of the Spaniards and had an 
 unfavorable influence on the fortunes of the Inca. 
 This was the arrival of Almagro at Caxamalca, with a 
 strong reinforcement. That chief had succeeded, aftw 
 great efforts, in equipping three vessels and assembling 
 a body of one hundred and fifty men, with which he 
 sailed from Panama the latter part of the preceding 
 year. On his voyage he was joined by a small addi- 
 
 20 Herrera, Hist, general, ubi supra. 
 
 31 So says Pizarro's secretary : " I vinieron docientas cargas de 
 Oro, i veinte i cinco de Plata." (Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, 
 ubi supra.) A load, he says, was brought by four Indians. " Cargas 
 de Paligueres, que las traen quatro Indies." The meaning of pali- 
 gueres not a Spanish word is doubtful. Ternaux-Compans sup- 
 poses, ingeniously enough, that it may have something of the same 
 meaning with palanquhi' r to which it bears some resemblance. 
 Peru. VOL. I. 38
 
 446 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 tional force from Nicaragua, so that his whole strength 
 amounted to one hundred and fifty foot and fifty horse, 
 well provided with the munitions of war. His vessels 
 were steered by the old pilot Ruiz ; but, after making 
 the Bay of St. Matthew, he crept slowly along the 
 coast, baffled as usual by winds and currents, and ex- 
 periencing all the hardships incident to that protracted 
 navigation. From some cause or other, he was not so 
 fortunate as to obtain tidings of Pizarro ; and so dis- 
 heartened were his followers, most of whom were raw 
 adventurers, that when arrived at Puerto Viejo they 
 proposed to abandon the expedition and return at once 
 to Panama. Fortunately, one of the little squadron 
 which Almagro had sent forward to Tumbez brought 
 intelligence of Pizarro and of the colony he had 
 planted at San Miguel. Cheered by the tidings, the 
 cavalier resumed his voyage, and succeeded at length, 
 towards the close of December, 1532, in bringing his 
 whole party safe to the Spanish settlement. 
 
 He there received the account of Pizarro's march 
 across the mountains, his seizure of the Inca, and, soon 
 afterwards, of the enormous ransom offered for his lib- 
 eration. Almagro and his companions listened with 
 undisguised amazement to this account of his associate, 
 and of a change in his fortunes so rapid and wonder- 
 ful that it seemed little less than magic. At the same 
 time he received a caution from some of the colonists 
 not to trust himself in the power of Pizarro, who was 
 known to bear him no good will. 
 
 Not long after Almagro' s arrival at San Miguel, ad- 
 vices were sent of it to Caxamalca, and a private note 
 from his secretary Perez informed Pizarro that his asso-
 
 ARRIVAL OF ALMAGRO. 447 
 
 ciate had come with no purpose of co-operating with 
 him, but with the intention to establish an independent 
 government. Both of the Spanish captains seem to 
 have been surrounded by mean and turbulent spirits, 
 who sought to embroil them with each other, trusting, 
 doubtless, to find their own account in the rupture. 
 For once, however, their malicious machinations failed. 
 
 Pizarro was overjoyed at the arrival of so consider- 
 able a reinforcement, which would enable him to push 
 his fortunes as he had desired, and go forward with the 
 conquest of the country. He laid little stress on the 
 secretary's communication, since, whatever might have 
 been Almagro's original purpose, Pizarro knew that the 
 richness of the vein he had now opened in the land 
 would be certain to secure his co-operation in working 
 it. He had the magnanimity, therefore, for there is 
 something magnanimous in being able to stifle the sug- 
 gestions of a petty rivalry in obedience to sound policy, 
 to send at once to his ancient comrade, and invite 
 him, with many assurances of friendship, to Caxamalca. 
 Almagro, who was of a frank and careless nature, re- 
 ceived the communication in the spirit in which it was 
 made, and, after some necessary delay, directed his 
 march into the interior. But before leaving San Miguel, 
 having become acquainted with the treacherous conduct 
 of his secretary, he recompensed his treason by hanging 
 him on the spot." 
 
 Almagro reached Caxamalca about the middle of 
 
 Pedro Pizarro. 'Descub. y Conq., MS. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, 
 ap. Barcia, torn. iii. pp. 204, 205. Relacion sumaria, MS. Conq. i 
 Pob. del Piru, MS. Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Herrera, 
 Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 3, cap. i.
 
 448 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 February, 1533. The soldiers of Pizarro came out to 
 welcome their countrymen, and the two captains em- 
 braced each other with every mark of cordial satis 
 faction. All past differences were buried in oblivion, 
 and they seemed only prepared to aid one another in 
 following up the brilliant career now opened to them 
 in the conquest of an empire. 
 
 There was one person in Caxamalca on whom this 
 arrival of the Spaniards produced a very different im- 
 pression from that made on their own countrymen. 
 This was the Inca Atahuallpa. He saw in the new- 
 comers only a new swarm of locusts to devour his 
 unhappy country ; and he felt that, with his enemies 
 thus multiplying around him, the chances were dimin- 
 ished of recovering his freedom, or of maintaining it 
 if recovered. A little circumstance, insignificant in 
 itself, but magnified by superstition into something 
 formidable, occurred at this time to cast an additional 
 gloom over his situation. 
 
 A remarkable appearance, somewhat of the nature 
 of a meteor, or it may have been a comet, was seen in 
 the heavens by some soldiers and pointed out to Ata- 
 huallpa. He gazed on it with fixed attention for some 
 minutes, and then exclaimed, with a dejected air, that 
 " a similar sign had been seen in the skies a short time 
 before the death of his father Huayna Capac." n From 
 this day a sadness seemed to take possession of him, 
 as he looked with doubt and undefined dread to the 
 future. Thus it is that in seasons of danger the mind, 
 like the senses, becomes morbidly acute in its percep- 
 
 *3 Rel. d'un Capitano Spagn., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 377. 
 Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 65.
 
 ARRIVAL OF ALMAGRO. 449 
 
 tions, and the least departure from the regular course 
 of nature, that would have passed unheeded in ordinary 
 times, to the superstitious eye seems pregnant with 
 meaning, as in some way or other connected with the 
 destiny of the individual.
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 IMMENSE AMOUNT OF TREASURE. ITS DIVISION AMONG 
 THE TROOPS. RUMORS OF A RISING. TRIAL OF THE 
 INCA. HIS EXECUTION. REFLECTIONS. 
 
 1533- 
 
 THE arrival of Almagro produced a considerable 
 change in Pizarro's prospects, since it enabled him to 
 resume active operations and push forward his con- 
 quests in the interior. The only obstacle in his way 
 was the Inca's ransom, and the Spaniards had patiently 
 waited, till the return of the emissaries from Cuzco 
 swelled the treasure to a large amount, though -still 
 below the stipulated limit But now their avarice got 
 the better of their forbearance, and they called loudly 
 for the immediate division of the gold. To wait 
 longer would only be to invite the assault of their 
 enemies, allured by a bait so attractive. While the 
 treasure remained uncounted, no man knew its value, 
 nor what was to be his own portion. It was better to 
 distribute it at once, and let every one possess and 
 defend his own. Several, moreover, were now dis- 
 posed to return home and take their share of the gold 
 with them, where they could place it in safety. But 
 these were few ; while much the larger part were only 
 anxious to leave their present quarters and march at 
 once to Cuzco. More gold, they thought, awaited 
 them in that capital than they could get here by pro- 
 (450)
 
 IMMENSE AMOUNT OF TREASURE, 451 
 
 longing their stay ; while every hour was precious, to 
 prevent the inhabitants from secreting their treasures, 
 of which design they had already given indication. 
 
 Pizarro was especially moved by the last consider- 
 ation ; and he felt that without the capital he could not 
 hope to become master of the empire. Without further 
 delay, the division of the treasure was agreed upon. 
 
 Yet, before making this, it was necessary to reduce 
 the whole to ingots of a uniform standard, for the 
 spoil was composed of an infinite variety of articles, in 
 which the gold was of very different degrees of purity. 
 These articles consisted of goblets, ewers, salvers, vases 
 of every shape and size, ornaments and utensils for the 
 temples and the royal palaces, tiles and plates for the 
 decoration of the public edifices, curious imitations of 
 different plants and animals. Among the plants, the 
 most beautiful was the Indian corn, in which the golden 
 ear was sheathed in its broad leaves of silver, from which 
 hung a rich tassel of threads of the same precious metal. 
 A fountain was also much admired, which sent up a 
 sparkling jet of gold, while birds and animals of the 
 same material played in the waters at its base. The 
 delicacy of the workmanship of some of these, and the 
 beauty and ingenuity of the design, attracted the admira- 
 tion of better judges than the rude Conquerors of Peru. 1 
 
 Before breaking up these specimens of Indian art, 
 
 1 Relatione de Pedro Sancho, ap. Ramusio, Viaggi, torn. iii. fol. 
 399. Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 233. Zarate, 
 Conq. del Peru, lib. 2, cap. 7. Oviedo saw at St. Domingo the articles 
 which Hernando Pizarro was bearing to Castile ; and he expatiates 
 on several beautifully wrought vases, richly chased, of very fine gold, 
 and measuring twelve inches in height and thirty round. Hist, de las 
 Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 16.
 
 452 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 it was determined to send a quantity, which should be 
 deducted from the royal fifth, to the emperor. It 
 would serve as a sample of the ingenuity of the natives, 
 and would show him the value of his conquests. A 
 number of the most beautiful articles was selected, of 
 the value of a hundred thousand ducats, and Her- 
 nando Pizarro was appointed to be the bearer of them 
 to Spain. He was to obtain an audience of Charles, 
 and at the same time that he laid the treasures before 
 him he was to give an account of the proceedings of 
 the Conquerors, and to seek a further augmentation 
 of their powers and dignities. 
 
 No man in the army was better qualified for this 
 mission, by his address and knowledge of affairs, than 
 Hernando Pizarro ; no one would be so likely to urge 
 his suit with effect at the haughty Castilian court. But 
 other reasons influenced the selection of him at the 
 present juncture. 
 
 His former jealousy of Almagro still rankled in his 
 bosom, and he had beheld that chief's arrival at the 
 camp with feelings of disgust, which he did not care 
 to conceal. He looked on him as coming to share the 
 spoils of victory and defraud his brother of his legiti- 
 mate honors. Instead of exchanging the cordial greet- 
 ing proffered by Almagro at their first interview, the 
 arrogant cavalier held back in sullen silence. His 
 brother Francis was greatly displeased at conduct 
 which threatened to renew their ancient feud, and he 
 induced Hernando to- accompany him to Almagro's 
 quarters and make some acknowledgment for his un- 
 courteous behavior. 2 But, notwithstanding this show 
 3 Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 2, cap. 3.
 
 /.i/.i//-:.\-.s7-: .t.vor.vr OF TREASURE. 4S3 
 
 of reconciliation, the general thought the piesent a 
 favorable opportunity to remove his brother from the 
 scene of operations, where his factious spirit more than 
 counterbalanced his eminent services. 3 
 
 The business of melting down the plate was intrusted 
 to the Indian goldsmiths, who were thus required to 
 undo the work of their own hands. They toiled day 
 and night, but such was the quantity to be recast that 
 it consumed a full month. When the whole was re- 
 duced to bars of a uniform standard, they were nicely 
 weighed, under the superintendence of the royal in- 
 spectors. The total amount of the gold was found to 
 be one million three hundred and twenty-six thou- 
 sand five hundred and thirty-nine pesos de oro, which, 
 allowing for the greater value of money in the six- 
 teenth century, would be equivalent, probably, at the 
 present time, to near three millions and a half of pounds 
 sterling, or somewhat less than fifteen millions and a 
 half of dollars* The quantity of silver was estimated 
 
 3 According to Oviedo, it was agreed that Hernando should have a 
 share much larger than he was entitled to of the Inca's ransom, in 
 the hope that he would feel so rich as never to desire to return again 
 to Peru : " Trabajaron de le embiar rico porquitarle de entre ellos, y 
 porque yendo muy rico como fue no tubiese voluntad de tornar & 
 aquellas partes." Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 16. 
 
 4 Acta de Reparticion del Rescate de Atahuallpa, MS. Xerez, 
 Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 232. In reducing the sums 
 mentioned in this work, I have availed myself as I before did, in the 
 History of the Conquest of Mexico of the labors of Senor Cle- 
 mencin, formerly Secretary of the Royal Academy of History at 
 Madrid. This eminent scholar, in the sixth volume of the Memoirs 
 of the Academy, prepared wholly by himself, has introduced an elab- 
 orate essay on the value of the currency in the reign of Ferdinand and 
 Isabella. Although this period the close of the fifteenth century- 
 was somewhat earlier than that of the Conquest of Peru, yet his cal-
 
 454 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 at fifty-one thousand six hundred and ten marks. His- 
 tory affords no parallel of such a booty and that, too, 
 
 dilations are sufficiently near the truth for our purpose, since the 
 Spanish currency had not as yet been much affected by that disturb- 
 ing cause, the influx of the precious metals from the New World. 
 In inquiries into the currency of a remote age, we may consider, in 
 the first place, the specific value of the coin, that is, the value which 
 it derives from the weight, purity, etc., of the metal, circumstances 
 easily determined. In the second place, we may inquire into the 
 commercial or comparative worth of the money, that is, the value 
 founded on a comparison of the difference between the amount of 
 commodities which the same sum would purchase formerly and at the 
 present time. The latter inquiry is attended with great embarrassment, 
 from the difficulty of finding any one article which may be taken as 
 the true standard of value. Wheat, from its general cultivation and 
 use, has usually been selected by political economists as this standard ; 
 and Clemencin has adopted it in his calculations. Assuming wheat as 
 the standard, he has endeavored to ascertain the value of the principal 
 ccins in circulation at the time of the " Catholic Kings." He makes 
 no mention in his treatise of the peso de oro, by which denomination 
 the sums in the early part of the sixteenth century were more fre- 
 quently expressed than by any other. But he ascertains both the 
 specific and the commercial value of the castellano, which several of 
 the old writers, as Oviedo, Herrera, and Xerez, concur in stating as 
 precisely equivalent to the peso de oro. From the results of his cal- 
 culations, it appears that the specific value of the castellano, as stated 
 by him in reals, is equal to three dollars and seven cents of our own 
 currency, while the commercial value is nearly four times as great, or 
 eleven dollars sixty-seven cents, equal to two pounds twelve shillings 
 and sixpence sterling. By adopting this as the approximate value of 
 the peso de oro in the early part of the sixteenth century, the reader 
 may easily compute for himself the value, at that period, of the sums 
 mentioned in these pages ; most of which are expressed in that de- 
 nomination. I have been the more particular in this statement since 
 in my former work I confined myself to the commercial value of the 
 money, which, being much greater than the specific value, founded 
 on the quality and weight of the metal, was thought by an ingenious 
 correspondent to give the reader an exaggerated estimate of the sums 
 mentioned in the history. But it seems to me that it is only this com-
 
 ITS DIVISION AMONG THE TROOPS. 455 
 
 in the most convertible form, in ready money, as it 
 were having fallen to the lot of a little band of mili- 
 tary adventurers, like the Conquerors of Peru. The 
 great object of the Spanish expeditions in the New 
 World was gold. It is remarkable that their success 
 should have been so complete. Had they taken the 
 track of the English, the French, or the Dutch, on the 
 shores of the northern continent, how different would 
 have been the result ! It is equally worthy of remark 
 that the wealth thus suddenly acquired, by diverting 
 them from the slow but surer and more permanent 
 sources of national prosperity, has in the end glided 
 from their grasp and left them among the poorest of 
 the nations of Christendom. 
 
 A new difficulty now arose in respect to the division 
 of the treasure. Almagro's followers claimed to be 
 admitted to a share of it; which, as they equalled 
 and, indeed, somewhat exceeded in number Pizarro's 
 company, would reduce the gains of these last very 
 materially. "We were not here, it is true," said 
 Almagro's soldiers to their comrades, "at the seizure 
 of the Inca, but we have taken our turn in mounting 
 guard over him since his capture, have helped you to 
 defend your treasures, and now give you the means 
 of going forward and securing your conquests. It is a 
 common cause," they urged, " in which all are equally 
 
 parative or commercial value with which the reader has any concern, 
 indicating what amount of commodities any given sum represents, 
 that he may thus know the real worth of that sum, thus adopting the 
 principle, though conversely stated, of the old Hudibrastic maxim, 
 
 " What is worth in any thing, 
 But so much money as 't wUl bring?"
 
 456 CONQUEST OF PKKl'. 
 
 embarked, and the gains should be shared equally be- 
 tween us." 
 
 But this way of viewing the matter was not at all 
 palatable to Pizarro's company, who alleged that Ata- 
 huallpa's contract had been made exclusively with 
 them ; that they had seized the Inca, had secured the 
 ransom, had incurred, in short, all the risk of the 
 enterprise, and were not now disposed to share the 
 fruits of it with every one who came after them. 
 There was much force, it could not be denied, in this 
 reasoning, and it was finally settled between the leaders 
 that Almagro's followers should resign their pretensions 
 for a stipulated sum of no great amount, and look to 
 the career now opened to them for carving out their 
 fortunes for themselves. 
 
 This delicate affair being thus harmoniously adjusted, 
 Pizarro prepared, with all solemnity, for a division of 
 the imperial spoil. The troops were called together in 
 the great square, and the Spanish commander, " with 
 the fear of God before his eyes," says the record, 
 " invoked the assistance of Heaven to do the work 
 before him conscientiously and justly." 5 The appeal 
 may seem somewhat out of place at the distribution of 
 spoil so unrighteously acquired ; yet in truth, consider- 
 ing the magnitude of the treasure, and the power 
 assumed by Pizarro to distribute it according to the 
 respective deserts of the individuals, there were few 
 acts of his life involving a heavier responsibility. On 
 
 s " Segun Dios Nuestro Sefior se diere d entender teniendo su 
 conciencia y para lo mejor hazer pedia al ayuda de Dios Nuestro 
 Sefior, i imboco el auxilio divino." Acta de Repartition del Rescate, 
 MS.
 
 ITS DIVISION A.MO.VG THE TROOPS. 457 
 
 his present decision might be said to hang the future 
 fortunes of each one of his followers, poverty or 
 independence during the remainder of his days. 
 
 The royal fifth was first deducted, including the 
 remittance already sent to Spain. The share appro- 
 priated by Pizarro amounted to fifty-seven thousand 
 two hundred and twenty-two pesos of gold, and two 
 thousand three hundred and fifty marks of silver. He 
 had besides this the great chair or throne of the Inca, 
 of solid gold, and valued at twenty-five thousand pesos 
 de oro. To his brother Hernando were paid thirty-one 
 thousand and eighty pesos of gold, and two thousand 
 three hundred and fifty marks of silver. De Soto 
 received seventeen thousand seven hundred and forty 
 pesos of gold, and seven hundred and twenty-four 
 marks of silver. Most of the remaining cavalry, sixty 
 in number, received each eight thousand eight hundred 
 and eighty pesos of gold, and three hundred and sixty- 
 two marks of silver, though some had more, and a few 
 considerably less. The infantry mustered in all one 
 hundred and five men. Almost one-fifth of them were 
 allowed, each, four thousand four hundred and forty 
 pesos of gold, and one hundred and eighty marks of 
 silver, half of the compensation of the troopers. The 
 remainder received one-fourth part less; though here 
 again there were exceptions, and some were obliged to 
 content themselves with a much smaller share of the 
 spoil. 6 
 
 6 The particulars of the distribution are given in the Acta de Repar- 
 tition del Rescatt, an instrument drawn up and signed by the royal 
 notary. The document, which is therefore of unquestionable author- 
 ity, is among the MSS. selected for me from the collection of Munoz. 
 Peru. VOL. I. U 39
 
 458 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 The new church of San Francisco, the first Christian 
 temple in Peru, was endowed with two thousand two 
 hundred and twenty pesos of gold. The amount 
 assigned to Almagro's company was not excessive, if 
 it was not more than twenty thousand pesos ; 7 and 
 that reserved for the colonists of San Miguel, which 
 amounted only to fifteen thousand pesos, was unac- 
 countably small. 8 There were among them certain 
 soldiers who, at an early period of the expedition, as 
 the reader may remember, abandoned the march and 
 returned to San Miguel. These, certainly, had little 
 claim to be remembered in the division of booty. But 
 the greater part of the colony consisted of invalids, 
 men whose health had been broken by their previous 
 hardships, but who still, with a stout and willing heart, 
 did good service in their military post on the sea-coast. 
 On what grounds they had forfeited their claims to a 
 more ample remuneration it is not easy to explain. 
 
 Nothing is said, in the partition, of Almagro him- 
 self, who, by the terms of the original contract, might 
 claim an equal share of the spoil with his associate. 
 As little notice is taken of Luque, the remaining 
 partner. Luque himself was, indeed, no longer to be 
 
 7 " Se diese a la gente que vino con el Capitan Diego de Almagro 
 para ayuda a pagar sus deudas y fletes y suplir algunas necesrtlades 
 que traian, veinte mil pesos." ( Acta de Reparticion del Rescate, MS.) 
 Herrera says that 100,000 pesos were paid to Almagro's men. (Hist, 
 general, dec. 5, lib. 2, cap. 3.) But it is not so set down in the in- 
 strument. 
 
 8 " En treinta personas que quedaron en la ciudad de san Miguel 
 de Piura dolientes y otros que no vinieron ni se hallaron en la prision 
 de Atagualpa y toma del oro porque algunos son pobres y otros tie- 
 nen necesidad senalaba 15,000 p" de oro para los repartir S. Senoria 
 ntre las dichas personas." Ibid., MS.
 
 ITS DIVISION AMOXG THE TROOPS. 
 
 459 
 
 benefited by worldly treasure. He had died a short 
 time before Almagro's departure from Panama; 9 too 
 soon to learn the full success of the enterprise, which, 
 but for his exertions, must have failed ; too soon to 
 become acquainted with the achievements and the 
 crimes of Pizarro. But the Licentiate Espinosa, whom 
 he represented, and who, it appears, had advanced 
 the funds for the expedition, was still living at St. 
 Domingo, and Luque's pretensions were explicitly 
 transferred to him. Yet it is unsafe to pronounce, 
 at this distance of time, on the authority of mere 
 negative testimony ; and it must be admitted to form 
 a strong presumption in favor of Pi/.arro's general 
 equity in the distribution, that no complaint of it 
 has reached us from any of the parties present, nor 
 from contemporary chroniclers. 10 
 
 The division of the ransom being completed by the 
 Spaniards, there seemed to be no further obstacle to 
 their resuming active operations and commencing the 
 march to Cuzco. But what was to be done with Ata- 
 huallpa? In the determination of this question, what- 
 ever was expedient was just." To liberate him would 
 
 9 Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1533. 
 
 > The " Spanish Captain," several times cited, who tells us he was 
 one of the men appointed to guard the treasure, does indeed complain 
 that a large quantity of gold vases and other articles remained undi- 
 vided, a palpable injustice, he thinks, to the honest Conquerors, who 
 had earned all by their hardships. (Rel. d'un Capitano Spagn., ap. 
 ksimusio, torn. iii. fol. 378, 379.) The writer, throughout his Rela- 
 tion, shows a full measure of the coarse and covetous spirit which 
 marked the adventures of Peru. 
 
 11 " Y esto tenia por justo, pues era provechoso." It is the senti- 
 ment imputed to Pizarro by Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 3, 
 cap. 4.
 
 460 COXQUEST OF PERT. 
 
 be to set at large the very man who might prove their 
 most dangerous enemy, one whose birth and royal 
 station would rally round him the whole nation, place 
 all the machinery of government at his control, and all 
 its resources, one, in short, whose bare word might 
 concentrate all the energies of his people against the 
 Spaniards, and thus delay for a long period, if not 
 wholly defeat, the conquest of the country. Yet to 
 hold him in captivity was attended with scarcely less 
 difficulty ; since to guard so important a prize would 
 require such a division of their force as must greatly 
 cripple its strength, and how could they expect, by 
 any vigilance, to secure their prisoner against rescue in 
 the perilous passes of the mountains? 
 
 The Inca himself now loudly demanded his freedom. 
 The proposed amount of the ransom had, indeed, not 
 been fully paid. It may be doubted whether it ever 
 would have been, considering the embarrassments 
 thrown in the way by the guardians of the temples, 
 who seemed disposed to secrete the treasures, rather 
 than despoil these sacred depositories to satisfy the 
 cupidity of the strangers. It was unlucky, too, for the 
 Indian monarch that much of the gold, and that of the 
 best quality, consisted of flat plates or tiles, which, 
 however valuable, lay in a compact form that did little 
 towards swelling the heap. But an immense amount 
 had been already realized, and it would have been a 
 still greater one, the Inca might allege, but for the 
 impatience of the Spaniards. At all events, it was a 
 magnificent ransom, such as was never paid by prince 
 or potentate before. 
 
 These considerations Atahuallpa urged on several of
 
 Ri'MORS OF A RISIXG. 46 -, 
 
 the cavaliers, and especially on Hernando de Soto, who 
 was on terms of more familiarity with him than Pizarro. 
 De Soto reported Atahuallpa's demands to his leader ; 
 but the latter evaded a direct reply. He did not 
 disclose the dark purposes over which his mind was 
 brooding. 13 Not long afterwards he caused the notary 
 to prepare an instrument in which he fully acquitted 
 the Inca of further obligation in respect to the ransom. 
 This he commanded to be publicly proclaimed in the 
 camp, while at the same time he openly declared that 
 the safety of the Spaniards required that the 'Inca 
 should be detained in confinement until they were 
 strengthened by additional reinforcements. 13 
 
 Meanwhile the old rumors of a meditated attack by 
 the natives began to be current among the soldiers. 
 They were repeated from one to another, gaining 
 something by every repetition. An immense army, 
 it was reported, was mustering at Quito, the land of 
 Atahuallpa's birth, and thirty thousand Caribs were on 
 their way to support it.' 4 The Caribs were distributed 
 
 Ia " I como no ahondaban los designios que tenia le replicaban ; 
 pero el respondia, que iba mirando en ello." Herrera, Hist, general, 
 dec. 5, lib. 3, cap. 4. 
 
 '3 " Fatta quella fusione, il Governatore fece vn atto innanzi al no- 
 taro nel quale liberaua il Cacique Atabalipa et 1'absolueua della pro- 
 messa et parola che haueua data a gli Spagnuoli che lo presero della 
 casa d'oro c'haueua lor cocessa, il quale fece publicar publicamete a 
 suon di trombe nella piazza di quella citta di Caxamalca." (Pedro 
 Sancho, Rel.. ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 399.) The authority is un- 
 impeachable, for any fact, at least, that makes against the Conquer- 
 ors, since the Relatione was by one of Pizarro's own secretaries, and 
 was authorized under the hands of the general and his great officers. 
 
 '4 " De la gente Natural de Quito vienen docientos mil Hombres 
 
 de Guerra, i treinta mil Caribes, que comen Came Humana." Xerez, 
 
 39*
 
 462 COXQCEST OF TYsAT. 
 
 by the early Spaniards rather indiscriminately over the 
 different parts of America, being invested with pecu- 
 liar horrors as a race of cannibals. 
 
 It was not easy to trace the origin of these rumors. 
 There was in the camp a considerable number of In- 
 dians, who belonged to the party of Huascar, and who 
 were, of course, hostile to Atahuallpa. But his worst 
 enemy was Felipillo, the interpreter from Tumbez, 
 already mentioned in these pages. This youth had 
 conceived a passion for, or, as some say, had been 
 detected in an intrigue with, one of the royal concu- 
 bines. IS The circumstance had reached the ears of 
 Atahuallpa, who felt himself deeply outraged by it. 
 "That such an insult should have been offered by so 
 base a person was an indignity," he said, "more diffi- 
 cult to bear than his imprisonment;"' 6 and he told 
 Pizarro " that, by the Peruvian law, it could be expi- 
 ated, not by the criminal's own death alone, but by 
 that of his whole family and kindred." ' 7 But Feli- 
 pillo was too important to the Spaniards to be dealt 
 with so summarily j nor did they probably attach such 
 Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 233. See also Pedro Sancho, 
 Rel., ap. Ramusio, ubi supra. 
 
 '5 " Pues estando asi atravesose un demonio de una lenguaque se 
 dezia ffelipillo uno de los muchachos que el marquez avia llevado a 
 Espana que al presente hera lengua y andava enamorado de una 
 muger de Atabalipa." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. The 
 amour and the malice of Felipillo, which, Quintuna seems to think, 
 rest chiefly on Garcilasso's authority (see Espanoles celebres, torn. ii. 
 p. 210, nota), are stated very explicitly by Zarate, Naharro, Gomara, 
 Balboa, all contemporaneous, though not, like Pedro Pizarro, person- 
 ally present in the army. 
 
 16 " Diciendo que sentia mas aquel desacato, que su prision." Za- 
 rate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 2, cap. 7. 
 
 '7 Ibid., loc. cit.
 
 RUMORS OF A RISING. 463 
 
 consequence to an offence which, if report be true, 
 they had countenanced by their own example. 18 Fe- 
 lipillo, however, soon learned the state of the Inca's 
 feelings towards himself, and from that moment he 
 regarded him with deadly hatred. Unfortunately, his 
 malignant temper found ready means for its indulgence. 
 
 The rumors of a rising among the natives pointed to 
 Atahuallpa as the author of it. Challcuchima was ex- 
 amined on the subject, but avowed his entire ignorance 
 of any such design, which he pronounced a malicious 
 slander. Pizarro next laid the matter before the Inca 
 himself, repeating to him the stories in circulation, 
 with the air of one who believed them. "What treason 
 is this," said the general, "that you have meditated 
 against me, me, who have ever treated you with 
 honor, confiding in your words, as in those of a 
 brother?" "You jest," replied the Inca, who per- 
 haps did not feel the weight of this confidence ; " you 
 are always jesting with me. How could I or my people 
 think of conspiring against men so valiant as the Span- 
 iards? Do not jest with me thus, I beseech you."' 9 
 " This," continues Pizarro's secretary, "he said in the 
 most composed and natural manner, smiling all the while 
 to dissemble his falsehood, so that we were all amazed 
 to find such cunning in a barbarian." : 
 
 18 " le habian tornado sus mugeres e repartidolas en su presencia 
 << usaban de ellas de sus adulteries." Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, 
 MS., Parte 3. lib. 8, cap. 22. 
 
 '9 " Burlaste conmigo? siempre me hablas cosas de burlas? Que 
 parte somos Yo, i toda mi Gente, para enojar k tan valientes Hombres 
 como vosotros ? No me digas esas burlas." Xerez, Conq. del Peru, 
 ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 234. 
 
 *> " De que los Espanoles que se las han oido, estan espantados de 
 ver en vn Hombre Barbaro tanta prudencia." Ibid., loc. cit.
 
 464 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 But it was not with cunning, but with the conscious- 
 ness of innocence, as the event afterwards proved, that 
 Atahuallpa thus spoke to Pizarro. He readily dis- 
 cerned, however, the causes, perhaps the consequences, 
 of the accusation. He saw a dark gulf opening be- 
 neath his feet ; and he was surrounded by strangers, 
 on none of whom he could lean for counsel or protec- 
 tion. The life of the captive monarch is usually short ; 
 and Atahuallpa might have learned the truth of this, 
 when he thought of Huascar. Bitterly did he now 
 lament the absence of Hernando Pizarro, for, strange 
 as it may seem, the haughty spirit of this cavalier had 
 been touched by the condition of the royal prisoner, 
 and he had treated him with a deference which won 
 for him the peculiar regard and confidence of the In- 
 dian. Yet the latter lost no time in endeavoring to 
 efface the general's suspicions and to establish his own 
 innocence. "Am I not," said he to Pizarro, "a poor 
 captive in your hands? How could I harbor the de- 
 signs you impute to me, when I should be the first 
 victim of the outbreak? And you little know my 
 people, if you think that such a movement would be 
 made without my orders ; when the very birds in my 
 dominions," said he, with somewhat of an hyperbole, 
 "would scarcely venture to fly contrary to my will." * 
 
 But these protestations of innocence had little effect 
 on the troops ; among whom the story of a general 
 rising of the natives continued to gain credit every 
 hour. A large force, it was said, was already gathered 
 at Huamachuco, not a hundred miles from the camp, 
 
 21 " Pues si Yo no lo quiero, ni las Aves bolaran en mi Tierra.' 
 Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 2, cap. 7.
 
 KVMOJiS OF A KISfXG. 465 
 
 and their assault might be hourly expected. The treas- 
 ure which the Spaniards had acquired afforded a tempt- 
 ing prize, and their own alarm was increased by the 
 apprehension of losing it. The patrols were doubled. 
 The horses were kept saddled and bridled. The sol- 
 diers slept on their arms; Pizarro went the rounds 
 regularly to see that every sentinel was on his post. 
 The little army, in short, was in a state of preparation 
 for instant attack. 
 
 Men suffering from fear are not likely to be too 
 scrupulous as to the means of removing the cause of 
 it. Murmurs, mingled with gloomy menaces, were 
 now heard against the Inca, the author of these machi- 
 nations. Many began to demand his life, as necessary 
 to the safety of the army. Among these the most 
 vehement were Almagro and his followers. They had 
 not witnessed the seizure of Atahuallpa. They had no 
 sympathy with him in his fallen state. They regarded 
 him only as an encumbrance, and their desire now was 
 to push their fortunes in the country, since they had 
 got so little of the gold of Caxamalca. They were 
 supported by Riquelme, the treasurer, and by the rest 
 of the royal officers. These men had been left at San 
 Miguel by Pizarro, who did not care to have such offi- 
 cial spies on his movements. But they had come to 
 the camp with Almagro, and they loudly demanded 
 the Inca's death, as indispensable to the tranquillity 
 of the country and the interests of the crown. 22 
 
 To these dark suggestions Pizarro turned or seemed 
 
 ** Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Relacion del primer 
 Descub., MS. Ped. Sancho, Rel.. ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 400. 
 These cavaliers were all present in the camp. 
 
 U*
 
 466 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 to turn an unwilling ear, showing visible reluctance 
 to proceed to extreme measures with his prisoner." 
 There were some few, and among others Hernando de 
 Soto, who supported him in these views, and who re- 
 garded such measures as not at all justified by the evi- 
 dence of Atahuallpa's guilt. In this state of things, 
 the Spanish commander determined to send a small de- 
 tachment to Huamachuco, to reconnoitre the country 
 and ascertain what ground there was for the rumors of 
 an insurrection. De Soto was placed at the head of 
 the expedition, which, as the distance was not great, 
 would occupy but a few days. 
 
 After that cavalier's departure, the agitation among 
 the soldiers, instead of diminishing, increased to such 
 a degree that Pizarro, unable to resist their importuni- 
 ties, consented to bring Atahuallpa to instant trial. It 
 was but decent, and certainly safer, to have the forms 
 of a trial. A court was organized, over which the 
 two captains, Pizarro and Almagro, were to preside as 
 judges. An attorney-general was named to prosecute 
 for the crown, and counsel was assigned to the prisoner. 
 
 The charges preferred against the Inca, drawn up in 
 the form of interrogatories, were twelve in number. 
 The most important were, that he had usurped the 
 crown and assassinated his brother Huascar; that he 
 had squandered the public revenues since the conquest 
 of the country by the Spaniards, and lavished them on 
 his kindred and his minions; that he was guilty of 
 
 *3 " Aunque contra voluntad del dicho Gobernador, que nunca 
 estubo bien en ello." Relacion del primer Descub.. MS. So also 
 Pedro Pizarro. Descub. y Conq., MS. Ped. Sancho. Rel.. ap. Ra- 
 musio, ubi supra.
 
 TRIAL OF THE INCA. ^ 
 
 idolatry, and of adulterous practices, indulging openly 
 in a plurality of wives ; finally, that he had attempted 
 to excite an insurrection against the Spaniards. 24 
 
 These charges, most of which had reference to 
 national usages, or to the personal relations of the 
 Inca, over which the Spanish conquerors had clearly 
 no jurisdiction, are so absurd that they might well pro- 
 voke a smile, did they not excite a deeper feeling. 
 The last of the charges was the only one of moment 
 in such a trial ; and the weakness of this may be in- 
 ferred from the care taken to bolster it up with the 
 others. The mere specification of the articles must 
 have been sufficient to show that the doom of the Inca 
 was already sealed. 
 
 A number of Indian witnesses were examined, and 
 their testimony, filtrated through the interpretation of 
 Felipillo, received, it is said, when necessary, a very 
 different coloring from that of the original. The ex- 
 amination was soon ended, and "a warm discussion," 
 
 ** The specification of the charges against the Inca is given by 
 Garcilasso de la Vega. (Com. Real., Parte 2, lib. i, cap. 37.) One 
 could have wished to find them specified by some of the actors in the 
 tragedy. But Garcilasso had access to the best sources of informa- 
 tion, and where there was no motive for falsehood, as in the present 
 instance, his word may probably be taken. The fact of a process 
 being formally instituted against the Indian monarch is explicitly 
 recognized by several contemporary writers, by Gomara, Oviedo, and 
 Pedro Sancho. Oviedo characterizes the indictment as "a badly 
 contrived and worse written document, devised by a factious and un- 
 principled priest, a clumsy notary without conscience, and others of 
 the like stamp, who were all concerned in this villany." Hist, de las 
 Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8. cap. 22.) Most authorities agree in the two 
 principal charges, the assassination of Huascar, and the conspiracy 
 against the Spaniards.
 
 468 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 as we are assured by one of Pizarro's own secretaries, 
 "took place in respect to the probable good or evil 
 that would result from the death of Atahuallpa." =5 It 
 was a question of expediency. He was found guilty, 
 whether of all the crimes alleged we are not informed, 
 and he was sentenced to be burnt alive in the great 
 square of Caxamalca. The sentence was to be carried 
 into execution that very night. They were not even 
 to wait for the return of De Soto, when the informa- 
 tion he would bring would go far to establish the truth 
 or the falsehood of the reports respecting the insur- 
 rection of the natives. It was desirable to obtain the 
 countenance of Father Valverde to these proceedings, 
 and a copy of the judgment was submitted to the friar 
 for his signature, which he gave without hesitation, de- 
 claring that, " in his opinion, the Inca, at all events, 
 deserved death. " =* 
 
 Yet there were some few in that martial conclave 
 who resisted these high-handed measures. They con- 
 sidered them as a poor requital of all the favors be- 
 stowed on them by the Inca, who hitherto had received 
 at their hands nothing but wrong. They objected to 
 
 *s " Doppo 1'essersi molto disputato, et ragionato deldanno et vtile 
 che saria potuto auuenire per il viuere o morire di Atahalipa, fu riso- 
 luto che si facesse giustitia di lui." Fed. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, 
 torn. iii. fol. 400.) It is the language of a writer who may be taken 
 as the mouthpiece of Pizarro himself. According to him, the con- 
 clave which agitated this " question of expediency" consisted of the 
 " officers of the crown and those of the army, a certain doctor learned 
 in the law, that chanced to be with them, and the reverend Father 
 Vicente de Valverde." 
 
 26 " Respondio, que firmaria, qtie era bastante. para que el Inga 
 fuese condenado & muerte, porque aun en lo exterior quisieron justi- 
 ficar su intento." Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 3, cap. 4.
 
 TRIAL OF THE INCA. 469 
 
 . the evidence as wholly insufficient ; and they denied 
 t the authority of such a tribunal to sit in judgment on 
 a sovereign prince in the heart of his own dominions. 
 If he were to be tried, he should be sent to Spain, and 
 his cause brought before the emperor, who alone had 
 power to determine it. 
 
 But the great majority and they were ten to one 
 overruled these objections, by declaring there was no 
 doubt of Atahuallpa's guilt, and they were willing to 
 assume the responsibility of his punishment. A full 
 account of the proceedings would be sent to Castile, 
 and the emperor should be informed who were the 
 loyal servants of the crown, and who were its enemies. 
 The dispute ran so high that for a time it menaced an 
 open and violent rupture ; till, at length, convinced 
 that resistance was fruitless, the weaker party, silenced, 
 but not satisfied, contented themselves with entering a 
 written protest against these proceedings, which would 
 leave an indelible stain on the names of all concerned 
 in them. 27 
 
 When the sentence was communicated to the Inca, 
 he was greatly overcome by it. He had, indeed, for 
 some time, looked to such an issue as probable, and 
 had been heard to intimate as much to those about him. 
 But the probability of such an event is very different 
 
 7 Garcilasso has preserved the names of some of those who so 
 courageously, though ineffectually, resisted the popular cry for the 
 Inca's blood. (Com. Real., Parte 2, lib. i, cap. 37.) They were doubtr 
 less correct in denying the right of such a tribunal to sit in judgment 
 on an independent prince like the Inca of Peru, but not so correct in 
 supposing that their master the emperor had a better right. Vattel 
 (book ii. ch. 4) especially animadverts on this pretended trial of Ata- 
 huallpa, as a manifest outrage on the law of nations. 
 Peru. VOL. I. 40
 
 470 CONQUEST OF PERT. 
 
 from its certainty, and that, too, so sudden and 
 speedy. For a moment, the overwhelming conviction 
 of it unmanned him, and he exclaimed, with tears in 
 his eyes, "What have I done, or my children, that I 
 should meet such a fate? And from your hands, too," 
 said he, addressing Pizarro ; " you, who have met with 
 friendship and kindness from my people, with whom I 
 have shared my treasures, who have received nothing 
 but benefits from my hands!" In the most piteous 
 tones, he then implored that his life might be spared, 
 promising any guarantee that might be required for 
 the safety of every Spaniard in the army, promising 
 double the ransom he had already paid, if time were 
 only given him to obtain it. 38 
 
 An eye-witness assures us that Pizarro was visibly 
 affected, as he turned away from the Inca, to whose 
 appeal he had no power to listen in opposition to the 
 voice of the army and to his own sense of what was 
 due to the security of the country.* 9 Atahuallpa, find- 
 ing he had no power to turn his Conqueror from his 
 purpose, recovered his habitual self-possession, and 
 from that moment submitted himself to his fate with 
 the courage of an Indian warrior. 
 
 The doom of the Inca was proclaimed by sound of 
 trumpet in the great square of Caxamalca; and, two 
 hours after sunset, the Spanish soldiery assembled by 
 torch-light in the plaza to witness the execution of 
 
 98 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Herrera. Hist, general, 
 dec. 5, lib. 3, cap. 4. Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 2, cap. 7. 
 
 "9 " I myself," says Pedro Pizarro, "saw the general weep." " \'o 
 vide llorar al marques de pesar por no podelle dar la vida porque 
 cierto temio los requirimientos y el rriezgo que avia en la tierra si se 
 soltava." Descub. y Conq., MS.
 
 1//S EXECUTION. 4?I 
 
 the sentence. It was on the twenty-ninth of August, 
 1533. Atahuallpa was led out chained hand and foot, 
 for he had been kept in irons ever since the great 
 excitement had prevailed in the army respecting an 
 assault. Father Vicente de Valverde was at his side, 
 striving to administer consolation, and, if possible, to 
 yersuade him at this last hour to abjure his superstition 
 a*nd embrace the religion of his Conquerors. He was 
 willing to save the soul of his victim from the terrible 
 expiation in the next world to which he had so cheer- 
 fully consigned his mortal part in this. 
 
 During Atahuallpa's confinement, the friar, had re- 
 peatedly expounded to him the Christian doctrines, 
 and the Indian monarch discovered much acuteness in 
 apprehending the discourse of his teacher. But it had 
 not carried conviction to his mind, and, though he 
 listened with patience, he had shown no disposition 
 to renounce the faith of his fathers. The Dominican 
 made a last appeal to him in this solemn hour ; and, 
 when Atahuallpa was bound to the stake, with the 
 fagots that were to kindle his funeral pile lying around 
 him, Valverde, holding up the cross, besought him to 
 embrace it and be baptized, promising that, by so 
 doing, the painful death to which he had been sen- 
 tenced should be commuted for the milder form of the 
 yirr(>fr,a. mode of punishment by strangulation, used 
 for criminals in Spain. 30 
 
 3 Xerez, Conq. del Peru. ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 234. Pedro Pi- 
 zarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Conq. i Pob. del Piru, MS. Ped. 
 Sancho, Rel.. ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 400. The garrote is a mode 
 of execution by means of a noose drawn round the criminal's neck, 
 to the back part of which a stick is attached. By twisting this stick
 
 472 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 The unhappy monarch asked if this were really so, 
 and, on its being confirmed by Pizarro, he consented 
 to abjure his own religion and receive baptism. The 
 ceremony was performed by Father Valverde, and the 
 new convert received the name of Juan de Atahuallpa, 
 the name of Juan being conferred in honor of John 
 the Baptist, on whose day the event took place. 3 ' 
 
 Atahuallpa expressed a desire that his remains might 
 be transported to Quito, the place of his birth, to be 
 preserved with those of his maternal ancestors. Then, 
 turning to Pizarro, as a last request, he implored him 
 to take compassion on his young children and receive 
 them under his protection. Was there no other one in 
 that dark compa'hy who stood grimly around him, to 
 whom he could look for the protection of his offspring? 
 Perhaps he thought there was no other so competent to 
 afford it, and that the wishes so solemnly expressed in 
 that hour might meet with respect even from his Con- 
 queror. Then, recovering his stoical bearing, which 
 for a moment had been shaken, he submitted himself 
 calmly to his fate, while the Spaniards, gathering 
 around, muttered their credos for the salvation of his 
 soul ! * Thus by the death of a vile malefactor 
 perished the last of the Incas ! 
 
 the noose is tightened and suffocation is produced. This was the 
 mode, probably, of Atahuallpa's execution. In Spain, instead of the 
 cord, an iron collar is substituted, which, by means of a screw, is 
 compressed round the throat of the sufferer. 
 
 3 Velasco, Hist, de Quito, torn. i. p. 372. 
 
 32 "*Ma quando se lo vidde appressare per douer esser morto, disse 
 che raccomandaua al Gouernatore i suoi piccioli figliuoli che volesse 
 tenersegli appresso, & con queste ultime parole, & dicendo per 1'ani- 
 ma sua li Spagnuoli che erano all' intorno il Credo, fu subito affogato."
 
 fffS EXECUTION. 473 
 
 I have already spoken of the person and the quali- 
 ties of Atahuallpa. He had a handsome countenance, 
 though with an expression somewhat too fierce to be 
 pleasing. His frame was muscular and well propor- 
 tioned ; his air commanding ; and his deportment in 
 the Spanish quarters had a degree of refinement, the 
 more interesting that it was touched with melancholy. 
 He is accused of having been cruel in his wars and 
 bloody in his revenge. 33 It maybe true, but the pencil ' 
 of an enemy would be likely to overcharge the shadows 
 of the portrait. He is allowed to have been bold, 
 
 Fed. Sancho, Rel.. ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 399. Xerez, Conq. del 
 Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 234. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq.. 
 MS. Nahiirro. Relacion sumaria, MS. Conq. i Pob. del Piru, MS. 
 Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 2, 
 cap. 7. The death of Atahuallpa has many points of resemblance 
 to that of Caupolican, the great Araucanian chief, as described in 
 the historical epic of Ercilla. Both embraced the religion of their 
 conquerors at the stake, though Caupolican was so far less fortunate 
 than the Peruvian monarch that his conversion did not save him from 
 the tortures of a most agonizing death. He was impaled and shot 
 with arrows. The spirited verses reflect so faithfully the character of 
 these early adventurers, in which the fanaticism of the Crusader was 
 mingled with the cruelty of the conqueror, and they are so germane 
 to the present subject, that I would willingly quote the passage were 
 it not too long. See La Araucana, Parte 2, canto 24. 
 
 33 " Thus he paid the penalty of his errors and cruelties," says Xerez, 
 1 for he was the greatest butcher, as all agree, that the world ever saw ; 
 making nothing of razing a whole town to the ground for the most 
 trifling offence, and massacring a thousand persons for the fault of 
 one !" (Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 234.) Xerez was the 
 private secretary of Pizarro. Sancho, who, on the departure of Xerez 
 for Spain, succeeded him in the same office, pays a more decent tribute 
 to the memory of the Inca. who, he trusts, "is received into glory, 
 since he died penitent for his sins, and in the true faith of a Christian." 
 Peel. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 399. 
 40*
 
 474 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 high-minded, and liberal. 14 All agree that he showed 
 singular penetration and quickness of perception. His 
 exploits as a warrior had placed his valor beyond dis- 
 pute. The best homage to it is the reluctance shown 
 by the Spaniards to restore him to freedom. They 
 dreaded him as an enemy, and they had done him too 
 many wrongs to think that he could be their friend. 
 Yet his conduct towards them from the first, had been 
 most friendly ; and they repaid it with imprisonment, 
 robbery, and death. 
 
 The body of the Inca remained on the place of 
 execution through the night. The following morning 
 it was removed to the church of San Francisco, where 
 his funeral obsequies were performed with great solem- 
 nity. Pizarro and the principal cavaliers went into 
 mourning, and the troops listened with devout atten- 
 tion to the service of the dead from the lips of Father 
 Valverde. 35 The ceremony was interrupted by the 
 sound of loud cries and wailing, as of many voices at 
 the doors of the church. These were suddenly thrown 
 open, and a number of Indian women, the wives and 
 sisters of the deceased, rushing up the great aisle, 
 surrounded the corpse. This was not the way, they 
 cried, to celebrate the funeral rites of an Inca; and 
 they declared their intention to sacrifice themselves on 
 his tomb and bear him company to the land of spirits. 
 
 34 " El hera muy regalado, y muy Senor," says Pedro Pizarro. (De- 
 scub. y Conq., MS.) " Mui dispuesto, sabio, animoso, franco," says 
 Gomara. (Hist, de las Ind., cap. 118.) 
 
 35 The secretary Sancho seems to think that the Peruvians must 
 have regarded these funeral honors as an ample compensation to Ata- 
 huallpa for any wrongs he may have sustained, since they at once 
 raised him to a level with the Spaniards ! Ibid., loc. cit.
 
 ffIS EXECUTION. 475 
 
 The audience, outraged by this frantic behavior, told 
 the intruders that Atahuallpa had died in the faith of a 
 Christian, and that the God of the Christians abhorred 
 such sacrifices. They then caused the women to be 
 excluded from the church, and several, retiring to their 
 own quarters, laid violent hands on themselves, in the 
 vain hope of accompanying their beloved lord to the 
 bright mansions of the Sun. 36 
 
 Atahuallpa's remains, notwithstanding his request, 
 were laid in the cemetery of San Francisco. 37 But 
 from thence, as is reported, after the Spaniards left 
 Caxamalca, they were secretly removed, and carried, 
 as he had desired, to Quito. The colonists of a later 
 time supposed that some treasures might have been 
 buried with the body. But, on excavating the ground, 
 neither treasure nor remains were to be discovered. 38 
 
 A day or two after these tragic events, Hernando 
 de Soto returned from his excursion. Great was his 
 astonishment and indignation at learning what had 
 
 3 Relacion del primer Descub., MS. See Appendix No. 10, where 
 I have cited in the original several of the contemporary notices of Ata- 
 huallpa's execution, which being in manuscript are not very accessible, 
 even to Spaniards. 
 
 37 " Oi dicen los indios que esta su sepulcro junto d una Cruz de 
 Piedra Blanca que esta en el Cementerio del Convento de S n Fran- 
 cisco." Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1533. 
 
 3 s Oviedo. Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte3, lib. 8, cap. 22. Accord- 
 ing to Stevenson, " In the chapel belonging to the common gaol.which 
 was formerly part of the palace, the altar stands on the stone on which 
 Atahuallpa was placed by the Spaniards and strangled, and under 
 which he was buried." (Residence in South America, vol. ii. p. 163.) 
 Montesinos, who wrote more than a century after the Conquest, tells 
 us that " spots of blood were still visible on a broad flagstone, in the 
 prison of Caxamalca, on which Atahuallpa was beheaded." (Annales, 
 MS., ano 1533.) Ignorance and credulity could scarcely go further.
 
 476 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 been done in his absence. He sought out Pizarro at 
 once, and found him, says the chronicler, " with a 
 great felt hat, by way of mourning, slouched over his 
 eyes," and in his dress and demeanor exhibiting all 
 the show of sorrow. " You have acted rashly," said 
 De Soto to him bluntly; " Atahuallpa has been basely 
 slandered. There was no enemy at Huamachuco ; no 
 rising among the natives. I have met with nothing on 
 the road but demonstrations of good will, and all is 
 quiet. If it was necessary to bring the Inca to trial, he 
 should have been taken to Castile and judged by the 
 emperor. I would have pledged myself to see him 
 safe on board the vessel." 40 Pizarro confessed that 
 he had been precipitate, and said that he had been de- 
 ceived by Riquelme, Valverde, and the others. These 
 charges soon reached the ears of the treasurer and the 
 Dominican, who, in their turn, exculpated themselves, 
 and upbraided Pizarro to his face, as the only one 
 responsible for the deed. The dispute ran high ; and 
 the parties were heard by the by-standers to give one 
 another the lie ! 4I This vulgar squabble among the 
 
 " Hallaronle monstrando mucho sentimiento con un gran som- 
 brero de fieltro puesto en la cabeza por luto e muy calado sobre los 
 ojos." Oviedo, Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 22. 
 
 40 Ibid., MS., ubi supra. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 See Appendix No. 10. 
 
 4* This remarkable account is given by Oviedo, not in the body of 
 his narrative, but in one of those supplementary chapters which he 
 makes the vehicle of the most miscellaneous, yet oftentimes important, 
 gossip, respecting the great transactions of his history. As he knew 
 familiarly the leaders in these transactions, the testimony which he col- 
 lected, somewhat at random, is of high authority. The reader will 
 ftnd Oviedo's account of the Inca's death extracted, in the original, 
 among the other notices of this catastrophe, in Appendix No. 10.
 
 REFLECTIONS. 477 
 
 leaders, so soon after the event, is the best commentary 
 on the iniquity of their own proceedings and the inno- 
 cence of the Inca. 
 
 The treatment of Atahuallpa, from first to last, forms 
 undoubtedly one of the darkest chapters in Spanish co- 
 lonial history. There may have been massacres per- 
 petrated on a more extended scale, and executions 
 accompanied with a greater refinement of cruelty. But 
 the blood-stained annals of the Conquest afford no 
 such example of cold-hearted and systematic persecu- 
 tion, not of an enemy, but of one whose whole deport- 
 ment had been that of a friend and a benefactor. 
 
 From the hour that Pizarro and his followers had 
 entered within the sphere of Atahuallpa's influence, 
 the hand of friendship had been extended to them by 
 the natives. Their first act, on crossing the mountains, 
 was to kidnap the monarch and massacre his people. 
 The seizure of his person might be vindicated, by 
 those who considered the end as justifying the means, 
 on the ground that it was indispensable to secure the 
 triumphs of the Cross. But no such apology can be 
 urged for the massacre of the unarmed and helpless 
 population, as wanton as it was wicked. 
 
 The long confinement of the Inca had been- used by 
 the Conquerors to wring from him his treasures with 
 the hard gripe of avarice. During the whole of this 
 dismal period he had conducted himself with singular 
 generosity and good faith. He had opened a free 
 passage to the Spaniards through every part of his em- 
 pire, and had furnished every facility for the execution 
 of their plans. When these were accomplished, and 
 he remained an encumbrance on their hands, notwith-
 
 47 8 CONQUEST 01- /'AAV. 
 
 standing their engagement, expressed or implied, to 
 release him, and Pizarro, as we have seen, by a 
 formal act acquitted his captive of any further obliga- 
 tion on the score of the ransom, he was arraigned 
 before a mock tribunal, and, under pretences equally 
 false and frivolous, was condemned to an excruciating 
 death. From first to last, the policy of the Spanish 
 conquerors towards their unhappy victim is stamj^d 
 with barbarity and fraud. 
 
 It is not easy to acquit Pizarro of being in a great 
 degree responsible for this policy. His partisans have 
 labored to show that it was forced on him by the ne- 
 cessity of the case, and that in the death of the Inca, 
 especially, he yielded reluctantly to the importunities 
 of others. 4 * But, weak as is this apology, the historian 
 who has the means of comparing the various testimony 
 of the period will come to a different conclusion. To 
 him it will api>ear that Pi/arro had probably long felt 
 the removal of Atahuallpa to be essential to the success 
 of his enterprise. He foresaw the odium that would 
 be incurred by the death of his royal captive without 
 sufficient grounds ; while he labored to establish these, 
 he still shrank from the responsibility of the deed, and 
 preferred to perpetrate it in obedience to the sugges- 
 tions of others, rather than his own. ^ike many an 
 
 2 " Contra su voluntad sentencio a muerte a Atahalipa." (Pedro 
 Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS.) " Contra voluntad del dicho Gober- 
 nador." (Relacion del primer Descub.. MS.) " Ancora che molto 
 li dispiacesse di venir a questo atto." (Ped. Sancho, Rel.. ap. Ra- 
 musio. torn. iii. fol. 399.) Even Oviedo seems willing to admit it pos- 
 sible that Pizarro may have been somewhat deceived by others : " Que 
 tambien se puede creerque era enganado." Hist, de las Indias, MS., 
 Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 22
 
 REFLECTIONS. 4?g 
 
 unprincipled politician, he wished to reap the benefit 
 <>!' a bad act and let others bear the blame of it. 
 
 Almagro and his followers are reported by Pizarro's 
 secretaries to have first insisted on the Inca's death. 
 They were loudly supported by the treasurer and the 
 royal officers, who considered it as indispensable to 
 the interests of the crown ; and, finally, the rumors of 
 a conspiracy raised the same cry among the soldiers, 
 and 1'ix.arro, with all his tenderness for his prisoner, 
 could not refuse to bring him to trial. The form of a 
 trial was necessary to give an appearance of fairness to 
 the proceedings. That it was only form is evident 
 from the indecent haste with which it was conducted, 
 the examination of evidence, the sentence, and the 
 execution being all on the same day. The multiplica- 
 tion of the charges, designed to place the guilt of the 
 accused on the strongest ground, had, from their very 
 number, the opposite effect, proving only the determi- 
 nation to convict him. If Pi/arro had felt the reluc- 
 tance to his conviction which he pretended, why did he 
 send De Soto, Atahuallpa's best friend, away, when the 
 inquiry was to be instituted ? Why was the sentence 
 so summarily executed, as not to afford opportunity, 
 by that cavalier's return, of disproving the truth of 
 the principal charge, the only one, in fact, with 
 which the Spaniards had any concern? The solemn 
 farce of mourning and deep sorrow affected by Pizarro, 
 who by these honors to the dead would intimate the 
 sincere regard he had entertained for the living, was 
 too thin a veil to impose on the most credulous. 
 
 It is not intended by these reflections to exculpate 
 the rest of the army, and especially its officers, from
 
 480 CONQUEST 01- 
 
 their share in the infamy of the transaction. But Pi- 
 zarro, as commander of the army, was mainly respon- 
 sible for its measures. For he was not a man to allow 
 his own authority to be wrested from his grasp, or to 
 yield timidly to the impulses of others. He did not 
 even yield to his own. His whole career shows him, 
 whether for good or for evil, to have acted with a cool 
 and calculating policy. 
 
 A story has been often repeated, which refers the 
 motives of Pizarro's conduct, in some degree at least, 
 to personal resentment. The Inca had requested one 
 of the Spanish soldiers to write the name of God on 
 his nail. This the monarch showed to several of his 
 guards successively, and, as they read it, and each 
 pronounced the same word, the sagacious mind of the 
 barbarian was delighted with what seemed to him little 
 short of a miracle, to which the science of his own 
 nation afforded no analogy. On showing the writing 
 to Pizarro, that chief remained silent; and the Inca, 
 finding he could not read, conceived a contempt for 
 the commander who was even less informed than his 
 soldiers. This he did not wholly conceal, and Pizarro, 
 aware of the cause of it, neither forgot nor forgave it. 43 
 The anecdote is reported not on the highest authority. 
 It may be true ; but it is unnecessary to look for the 
 motives of Pizarro's conduct in personal pique, when 
 so many proofs are to be discerned of a dark and de- 
 liberate policy. 
 
 Yet the arts of the Spanish chieftain failed to recon- 
 
 The story is to be found in Garcilasso de la Vega (Com. Real., 
 Parte 2, cap. 38), and in no other writer of the period, so far as I am 
 aware.
 
 REFLECTIONS. 481 
 
 cile his countrymen to the atrocity of his proceedings. 
 It is singular to observe the difference between the 
 tone assumed by the first chroniclers of the transac- 
 tion, while it was yet fresh, and that of those who 
 wrote when the lapse of a few years had shown the 
 tendency of public opinion. The first boldly avow 
 the deed as demanded by expediency, if not necessity ; 
 while they deal in no measured terms of reproach with 
 the character of their unfortunate victim. 44 The latter, 
 on the other hand, while they extenuate the errors of 
 the Inca, and do justice to his good faith, are unre- 
 served in their condemnation of the Conquerors, on 
 whose conduct, they say, Heaven set the seal of its 
 own reprobation, by bringing them all to an untimely 
 and miserable end. 45 The sentence of contemporaries 
 
 * I have already noticed the lavish epithets heaped by Xerez on the 
 Inca's cruelty. This account was printed in Spain, in 1534, the year 
 after the execution. " The proud tyrant," says the other secretary, 
 Sancho. " would have repaid the kindness and good treatment he had 
 received from the governor and every one of us with the same coin 
 with which he usually paid his own followers, without any fault on 
 their part. by putting them to death." (Fed. Sancho, Rel.,ap. Ra- 
 musio. torn. iii. fol. 399.) " He deserved to die," says the old Spanish 
 Conqueror before quoted, " and all the country was rejoiced that he 
 was put out of the way." Rel. d'un Capitano Spagn., ap. Ramusio. 
 torn. iii. fol. 377- 
 
 45 Las demostraciones que despues se vieron bien manifiestan lo 
 mui injusta que fue, . . . puesto que todos quantos entendieron en 
 Hla tuvieron despues mui desastradas muertes." (Naharro, Relacion 
 sumariu. MS.) Gomara uses nearly the same language. " No ai que 
 reprehender a los que le mataron, pues el tiempo.i sus pecados los 
 castigaron despues ; ca todos ellos acabaron mal." (Hist, de las Ind., 
 cap. 118.) According to the former writer, Felipillo paid the forfeit 
 of his crimes, some time afterwards being hanged by Almagro on 
 the expedition to Chili.-when, as " some say, he confessed having per- 
 Peru. VOL. I. v 4*
 
 482 COX QUEST OF PERU. 
 
 has been fully ratified by that of posterity ; 4 * and the 
 persecution of Atahuallpa is regarded with justice as 
 having left a stain, never to be effaced, on the Spanish 
 arms in the New World. 
 
 verted testimony given in favor of Atahuallpa's innocence, directly 
 against that monarch." Oviedo, usually ready enough to excuse the 
 excesses of his countrymen, is unqualified in his condemnation of this 
 whole proceeding (see Appendix No. 10), which, says another con- 
 temporary, " fills every one with pity who has a spark of humanity in 
 his bosom." Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 
 4 The most eminent example of this is given by Quintana in his 
 memoir of Pizarro (Espafioles celebres, torn, ii.), throughout which 
 the writer, rising above the mists of national prejudice, which too 
 often blind the eyes of his countrymen, holds the scale of historic 
 criticism with an impartial hand, and deals a full measure of reproba- 
 tion to the actors in these dismal scenes.
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 DISORDERS IN PERU. MARCH TO CUZCO. ENCOUNTER 
 WITH THE NATIVES. CHALLCUCHIMA BURNT. ARRI- 
 VAL IN CUZCO. DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY. TREAS- 
 URE FOUND THERE. 
 
 1533-1534. 
 
 THE Inca of Peru was its sovereign in a peculiar 
 sense. He received an obedience from his vassals 
 more implicit than that of any despot ; for his authority 
 reached to the most secret conduct, to the thoughts 
 of the individual. He was .reverenced as more than 
 human. 1 He was not merely the head of the state, 
 but the point to which all its institutions converged, 
 as to a common centre, the keystone of the political 
 fabric, which must fall to pieces by its own weight 
 when that was withdrawn. So it fared on the death 
 of Atahuallpa. 2 His death not only left the throne 
 
 ' " Such was the awe in which the Inca was held," says Pedro Pi- 
 zarro. " that it was only necessary for him to intimate his commands 
 to that effect, and a Peruvian would at once jump down a precipice, 
 hang himself, or put an end to his life in any way that was prescribed." 
 Descub. y Conq.. MS. 
 
 2 Oviedo tells us that the Inca's right name was Atabaliva, and that 
 the Spaniards usually misspelt it, because they thought much more of 
 getting treasure for themselves than they did of the name of the per- 
 son who owned it. (Hist, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 16.) 
 Nevertheless, I have preferred the authority of G:ircilasso, who, a Pe- < 
 ruvian himself, and a near kinsman of the Inca, must be supposed to 
 
 (483)
 
 484 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 vacant, without any certain successor, but the manner 
 of it announced to the Peruvian people that a hand 
 stronger than that of their Incas had now seized the 
 sceptre, and that the dynasty of the Children of the 
 Sun had passed away forever. 
 
 The natural consequences of such a conviction fol- 
 lowed. The beautiful order of the ancient institutions 
 was broken up, as the authority which controlled it 
 was withdrawn. The Indians broke out into greater 
 excesses from the uncommon restraint to which they 
 had been before subjected. Villages were burnt, tem- 
 ples and palaces were plundered, and the gold they 
 contained was scattered or secreted. Gold and silver 
 acquired an importance in the eyes of the Peruvian, 
 when he saw the importance attached to them by his 
 conquerors. The precious metals, which before served 
 only for purposes of state or religious decoration, were 
 now hoarded up and buried in caves and forests. The 
 gold and silver concealed by the natives were affirmed 
 greatly to exceed in quantity that which fell into the 
 hands of the Spaniards. 3 The remote provinces now 
 shook off their allegiance to the Incas. Their great 
 captains, at the head of distant armies, set up for 
 
 have been well informed. His countrymen, he says, pretended that 
 the cocks imported into Peru by the Spaniards, when they crowed, 
 uttered the name of Atahuallpa ; " and I and the other Indian boys," 
 adds the historian, " when we were at school, used to mimic them." 
 Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 9, cap. 23. 
 
 3 " That which the Inca gave the Spaniards, said some of the Indian 
 nobles to Benalcazar, the conqueror of Quito, was but as a kernel of 
 corn, compared with the heap before him." (Oviedo, Hist, de las 
 Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 22.) See also Pedro Pizarro, Descub 
 y Conq., MS. Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 DISORDERS IN PERU. 485 
 
 themselves. Ruminavi, a commander on the borders 
 of Quito, sought to detach that kingdom from the 
 Peruvian empire and to reassert its ancient independ- 
 ence. The country, in short, was in that state in 
 which old things are passing away and the new order 
 of things has not yet been established. It was in a 
 state of revolution. 
 
 The authors of the revolution, Pizarro and his fol- 
 lowers, remained meanwhile at Caxamalca. But the 
 first step of the Spanish commander was to name a 
 successor to Atahuallpa. It would be easy to govern 
 under the venerated authority to which the homage of 
 the Indians had been so long paid; and it was not 
 difficult to find a successor. The true heir to the 
 crown was a second son of Huayna Capac, named 
 Manco, a legitimate brother of the unfortunate Huas- 
 car. But Pizarro had too little knowledge of the 
 dispositions of this prince ; and he made no scruple to 
 prefer a brother of Atahuallpa and to present him to 
 the Indian nobles as their future Inca. We know 
 nothing of the character of the young Toparca, who 
 probably resigned himself without reluctance to a 
 destiny which, however humiliating in some points of 
 view, was more exalted than he could have hoped to 
 obtain in the regular course of events. The ceremo- 
 nies attending a Peruvian coronation were observed, 
 as well as time would allow ; the brows of the young 
 Inca were encircled with the imperial borla by the 
 hands of his conqueror, and he received the homage 
 of his Indian vassals. They were the less reluctant to 
 pay it, as most of those in the camp belonged to the 
 faction of Quito. 
 
 41*
 
 486 CONQUEST Oi- 
 
 All thoughts were now eagerly turned towards Cu/ro. 
 of which the most glowing accounts were circulated 
 among the soldiers, and whose temples and royal 
 palaces were represented as blazing with gold and 
 silver. With imaginations thus excited, Pizarro and 
 his entire company, amounting to almost five hundred 
 men, of whom nearly a third, probably, were cavalry, 
 took their departure early in September from Caxa 
 malca, a place ever memorable as the theatre of some 
 of the most strange and sanguinary scenes recorded in 
 history. All set forward in high spirits, the soldiers 
 of Pizarro from the expectation of doubling their 
 present riches, and Almagro's followers from the pros- 
 pect of sharing equally in the spoil with " the first 
 conquerors." 4 The young Inca and the old chief 
 Challcuchima accompanied the march in their litters, 
 attended by a numerous retinue of vassals, and moving 
 in as much state and ceremony as if in the possession 
 of real power. 5 
 
 Their course lay along the great road of the Incas, 
 which stretched across the elevated regions of the 
 Cordilleras, all the way to Cuzco. It was of nearly 
 a uniform breadth, though constructed with different 
 degrees of care, according to the ground. 6 Sometimes 
 it crossed smooth and level valleys, which offered of 
 
 * The " first conquerors," according to Garcilasso, were held in 
 especial honor by those who came after them, though they were, on 
 the whole, men of less consideration and fortune than the latter ad- 
 venturers. Com. Real., Parte i. lib. 7, cap. 9. 
 
 5 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Naharro, Relacion suma- 
 ria, MS. Ped. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 400. 
 
 6 " Va todo el camino de una traza y anchura hecho d rnano." Re- 
 lacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 MARCH TO CUZCO. 487 
 
 themselves little impediment to the traveller; at other 
 times it followed the course of a mountain-stream that 
 (lowed round the base of some beetling cliff, leaving 
 small space for the foothold ; at others, again, where 
 the sierra was so precipitous that it seemed to preclude 
 all farther progress, the road, accommodated to the 
 natural sinuosities of the ground, wound round the 
 heights which it would have been impossible to scale 
 directly. 7 
 
 But, although managed with great address, it was a 
 formidable passage for the cavalry. The mountain was 
 hewn into steps, but the rocky ledges cut up the hoofs 
 of the horses ; and, though the- troopers dismounted 
 and led them by the bridle, they suffered severely in 
 their efforts to keep their footing. 8 The road was 
 constructed for man and the light-footed llama; and 
 the only heavy beast of burden at all suited to it was 
 the sagacious and sure-footed mule, with which the 
 Spanish adventurers were not then provided. It was a 
 singular chance that Spain was the land of the mule ; 
 and thus the country was speedily supplied with the 
 very animal which seems to have been created for the 
 difficult passes of the Cordilleras. 
 
 Another obstacle, often occurring, was the deep 
 torrents that rushed down in fury from the Andes. 
 They were traversed by the hanging bridges of osier, 
 whose frail materials were after a time broken up 
 by the heavy tread of the cavalry, and the holes made 
 in them added materially to the dangers of the passage. 
 
 7 " En muchas paries viendo lo que estd adelante, parece cosa im- 
 possible poderlo pasar." Relacion del primer Descub., MS. 
 
 8 Fed. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. Hi. fol, 404.
 
 4 88 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 On such occasions the Spaniards contrived to work 
 their way across the rivers on rafts, swimming their 
 horses by the bridle. 9 
 
 All along the route they found post-houses for the 
 accommodation of the royal couriers, established at 
 regular intervals ; and magazines of grain and other 
 commodities, provided in the principal towns for the 
 Indian armies. The Spaniards profited by the prudent 
 forecast of the Peruvian government. 
 
 Passing through several hamlets and towns of some 
 note, the principal of which were Huamachuco and 
 Huanuco, Pizarro, after a tedious march, came in 
 sight of the rich valley of Xauxa. The march, though 
 tedious, had been attended with little suffering, ex- 
 cept in crossing the bristling crests of the Cordilleras, 
 which occasionally obstructed their path, a rough 
 setting to the beautiful valleys that lay scattered like 
 gems along this elevated region. In the mountain- 
 passes they found some inconvenience from the cold ; 
 since, to. move more quickly, they had disencumbered 
 themselves of all superfluous baggage, and were even 
 unprovided with tents. 10 The bleak winds of the 
 mountains penetrated the thick harness of the soldiers ; 
 but the poor Indians, more scantily clothed, and ac- 
 customed to a tropical climate, suffered most severely. 
 The Spaniard seemed to have a hardihood of body, 
 as of soul, that rendered him almost indifferent to 
 climate. 
 
 9 Fed. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, ubi supra. Relacion del primer 
 Descub., MS. 
 
 10 " La notte dormirono tutti in quella campagna senza coperto 
 alcuno. sopra la neue, ne pur hebber souuenimento di legne ne da 
 mangiare." Fed. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 401.
 
 MARCH TO CUZCO. 4 8 9 
 
 On the march they had not been molested by 
 enemies. But more than once they had seen vestiges 
 of them in smoking hamlets and ruined bridges. 
 Reports, from time to time, had reached Pizarro of 
 warriors on his track ; and small bodies of Indians 
 were occasionally seen like dusky clouds on the verge 
 of the horizon, which vanished as the Spaniards ap- 
 proached. On reaching Xauxa, however, these clouds 
 gathered into one dark mass of warriors, which formed 
 on the opposite bank of the river that flowed through 
 the valley. 
 
 The Spaniards advanced to the stream, which, swollen 
 by the melting of the snows, was now of considerable 
 width, though not deep. The bridge had been de- 
 stroyed ; but the Conquerors, without hesitation, dash- 
 ing boldly in, advanced, swimming and wading, as 
 they best could, to the opposite bank. The Indians, 
 disconcerted by this decided movement, as they had 
 relied on their watery defences, took to flight, after 
 letting off an impotent volley of missiles. Fear gave 
 wings to the fugitives ; but the horse and his rider 
 were swifter, and the victorious pursuers took bloody 
 vengeance on their enemy for having dared even to 
 meditate resistance. 
 
 Xauxa was a considerable town. It was the place 
 already noticed as having been visited by Hernando 
 Pizarro. It was seated in the midst of a verdant valley, 
 fertilized by a thousand little rills, which the thrifty 
 Indian husbandmen drew from the parent river that 
 rolled sluggishly through the meadows. There were 
 several capacious buildings of rough stone in the town, 
 and a temple of some note in the times of the Incas.
 
 490 
 
 P.ut the strong anv of Father Yalverde and his country- 
 men soon tumbled the heathen deities from their pride 
 of place, and established, in their stead, the sacred 
 effigies of the Virgin and Child. 
 
 Here Pi/.arro proposed to halt for some days, and to 
 found a Spanish colony. It was a favorable jxjsition, 
 he thought, for holding the Indian mountaineer* in 
 check, while at the same time it afforded an easy com- 
 munication with the sea-coast. Meanwhile he deter- 
 mined to send forward De Soto, with a detachment 
 of sixty horse, to reconnoitre the country in advance, 
 and to restore the bridges where demolished by the 
 enemy." 
 
 That active cavalier set forward at once, but found 
 considerable impediments to his progress. The traces 
 of an enemy became more frequent as he advanced. 
 The villages were burnt, the bridges destroyed, and 
 heavy rocks and trees strewed in the ]>ath to impede 
 the march of the cavalry. As he drew near to Bilcas, 
 once an important place, though now effaced from the 
 map, he had a sharp encounter with the natives, in a 
 mountain-defile, which cost him the lives of two or 
 three troopers. The loss was light ; but any loss was 
 felt by the Spaniards, so little accustomed as they had 
 been of late to resistance. 
 
 Still pressing forward, the Spanish captain crossed 
 the river Abancay and the broad waters of the Apuri- 
 mac ; and, as he drew near the sierra "of Vilcaconga, 
 
 11 Carta de la Justicia y Regimiento de laCiudad de Xauja, MS. 
 Pedro Pizarro. Descub. y Conq., MS. Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. 
 Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5. lib. 4. cap. 10. Relacion del primer 
 Descub., MS.
 
 ENCOUNTER \\Trir THE KATll'KS. 491 
 
 he learned that a considerable body of Indians lay in 
 wait for him in the dangerous passes of the mountains. 
 The sierra was several leagues from Cuzco ; and the 
 cavalier, desirous to reach the farther side of it before 
 nightfall, incautiously pushed on his weaned horses. 
 When he was fairly entangled in its rocky defiles, a 
 multitude of armed warriors, springing, as it seemed, 
 from every cavern and thicket of the sierra, filled the 
 air with their war-cries, and rushed down, like one of 
 their own mountain-torrents, on the invaders, as they 
 were painfully toiling up the steeps. Men and horses 
 were overturned in the fury of the assault, and the 
 foremost files, rolling back on those below, spread ruin 
 and consternation in their ranks. De Soto in vain 
 endeavored to restore order, and, if possible, to charge 
 the assailants. The horses were blinded and maddened 
 by the missiles, while the desperate natives, clinging 
 to their legs, strove to prevent their ascent up the 
 rocky pathway. De Soto saw that, unless he gained a 
 level ground which opened at some distance before 
 him, all must be lost. Cheering on his men with the 
 old battle-cry, that always went to the heart of a 
 Spaniard, he struck his spurs deep into the sides of his 
 wearied charger, and, gallantly supported by his troop, 
 broke through the dark array of warriors, and, shaking 
 them off to the right and left, at length succeeded in 
 placing himself on the broad level. 
 
 Here both parties paused, as if by mutual consent, 
 for a few moments. A little stream ran through the 
 plain, at which the Spaniards watered their horses ;" 
 and, the animals having recovered wind, De Soto and 
 
 Fed. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. iti. fol. 405.
 
 492 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 his men made a desperate charge on their assailants. 
 The undaunted Indians sustained the shock with firm- 
 ness ; and the result of the combat was still doubtful, 
 when the shades of evening, falling thicker around 
 them, separated the combatants. 
 
 Both parties then withdrew from the field, taking up 
 their respective stations within bow-shot of each other, 
 so that the voices of the warriors on either side could 
 be distinctly heard in the stillness of the night. But 
 very different were the reflections of the two hosts. 
 The Indians, exulting in their temporary triumph, 
 looked with confidence to the morrow to complete it. 
 The Spaniards, on the other hand, were proportion- 
 ably discouraged. They were not prepared for this 
 spirit of resistance in an enemy hitherto so tame. 
 Several cavaliers had fallen, one of them by a blow 
 from a Peruvian battle-axe, which clove his head to 
 the chin, attesting the power of the weapon and of 
 the arm that used it.' 3 Several horses, too, had been 
 killed ; and the loss of these was almost as severely 
 felt as that of their riders, considering the great cost 
 and difficulty of transporting them to these distant 
 regions. Few either of the men or horses had escaped 
 without wounds, and the Indian allies had suffered still 
 more severely. 
 
 It seemed probable, from the pertinacity and a cer- 
 tain order maintained in the assault, that it was directed 
 by some leader of military experience, perhaps the 
 Indian commander Quizquiz, who was said to be hang- 
 ing round the environs of Cuzco with a considerable 
 force. 
 
 3 Fed. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, loc. cif.
 
 ENCOUNTER irrr/i THE . 493 
 
 Notwithstanding the reasonable cause of apprehen- 
 sion for the morrow, De Soto, like a stout-hearted 
 cavalier as he was, strove to keep up the spirits of his 
 followers. If they had beaten off the enemy when 
 their horses were jaded and their own strength nearly 
 exhausted, how much easier it would be to come off 
 victorious when both were restored by a night's rest ! 
 and he told them to "trust in the Almighty, who 
 would never desert his faithful followers in their ex- 
 tremity." The event justified De Soto's confidence in 
 this seasonable succor. 
 
 From time to time, on his march, he had sent ad- 
 vices to Pizarro of the menacing state of the country, 
 till his commander, becoming seriously alarmed, was 
 apprehensive that the cavalier might be overpowered 
 by the superior numbers of the enemy. He accord- 
 ingly detached Almagro, with nearly all the remaining 
 horse, to his support, unencumbered by infantry, 
 that he might move the faster. That efficient leader 
 advanced by forced marches, stimulated by the tidings 
 which met him on the road, and was so fortunate as 
 to reach the foot of the sierra of Vilcaconga the very 
 night of the engagement. 
 
 There, hearing of the encounter, he pushed forward 
 without halting, though his horses were spent with 
 travel. The night was exceedingly dark, and Almagro, 
 afraid of stumbling on the enemy's bivouac, and de- 
 sirous to give De Soto information of his approach, 
 commanded his trumpets to sound, till the notes, 
 winding through the defiles of the mountains, broke 
 the slumbers of his countrymen, sounding like blithest 
 music in their ears. They quickly replied with their 
 Peru. VOL. I. 42
 
 494 COXQl'EST Ol- PERT. 
 
 own bugles, and soon had the satisfaction to embrace 
 their deliverers.' 4 
 
 Great was the dismay of the Peruvian host when 
 the morning light discovered the fresh reinforcement 
 of the ranks of the Spaniards. There was no use in 
 contending with an enemy who gathered strength from 
 the conflict, and who seemed to multiply his numbers 
 at will. Without further attempt to renew the fight, 
 they availed themselves of a thick fog, which hung 
 over the lower slopes of the hills, to effect their re- 
 treat, and left the passes open to the invaders. The 
 two cavaliers then continued their march until they 
 extricated their forces from the sierra, when, taking 
 up a secure position, they proposed to await there the 
 arrival of Pizarro.' 5 
 
 The commander-in-chief, meanwhile, lay at Xauxa, 
 where he was greatly disturbed by the rumors which 
 reached him of the state of the country. His enter- 
 prise, thus far, had gone forward so smoothly that he 
 was no better prepared than his lieutenant to meet 
 with resistance from the natives. He did not seem to 
 comprehend that the mildest nature might at last be 
 roused by oppression, and that the massacre of their 
 Inca, whom they regarded with such awful veneration, 
 would be likely, if any thing could do it, to wake them 
 from their apathy. 
 
 The tidings which he now received of the retreat of 
 
 * Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Herrera, Hist, general, 
 dec. 5. lib. 5, cap. 3. 
 
 s The account of De Soto's affair with the natives is given in more 
 or less detail, by Ped. Sancho. Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 405, 
 Conq. i Pob. del Piru, MS., Relacion del primer Descub., MS., 
 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS., persons all present in the army.
 
 CHALLCUCHIMA HURNT. . 495 
 
 the Peruvians were most welcome ; and he caused mass 
 to be said, and thanksgiving to be offered up to 
 Heaven, " which had shown itself thus favorable to the 
 Christians throughout this mighty enterprise." The 
 Spaniard was ever a Crusader. He was in the six- 
 teenth century what Cceur de Lion and his brave 
 knights were in the twelfth, with this difference ; the 
 cavalier of that day fought for the Cross and for glory, 
 while gold and the Cross were the watchwords of the 
 Spaniard. The spirit of chivalry had waned somewhat 
 before the spirit of trade ; but the fire of religious en- 
 thusiasm still burned as bright under the quilted mail 
 of the American Conqueror as it did of yore under the 
 iron panoply of the soldier of Palestine. 
 
 It seemed probable that some man of authority had 
 organized, or at least countenanced, this resistance of 
 the natives ; and suspicion fell on the captive chief 
 Challcuchima, who was accused of maintaining a secret 
 correspondence with his confederate Quizquiz. Pizarro 
 waited on the Indian noble, and, charging him with 
 the conspiracy, reproached him, as he had formerly 
 done his royal master, with ingratitude towards the 
 Spaniards, who had dealt with him so liberally. He 
 concluded by the assurance that, if he did not cause 
 the Peruvians to lay down their arms and tender their 
 submission at once, he should be burnt alive so soon as 
 they reached Almagro's quarters. 16 
 
 The Indian chief listened to the terrible menace with 
 the utmost composure. He denied having had any 
 communications with his countrymen, and said that, in 
 
 6 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., MS. Ped. Sancho, Rel., ap. 
 Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 406.
 
 496 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 his present state of confinement at least, he could have 
 no power to bring them to submission. He then re- 
 mained doggedly silent, and Pizarro did not press the 
 matter further. 17 But he placed a strong guard over 
 his prisoner, and caused him to be put in irons. It 
 was an ominous proceeding, and had been the precur- 
 sor of the death of Atahuallpa. 
 
 Before quitting Xauxa, a misfortune befell the Span- 
 iards, in the death of their creature the young Inca 
 Toparca. Suspicion, of course, fell on Challcuchima, 
 now selected as the scape-goat for all the offences of 
 his nation. 18 It was a disappointment to Pizarro, who 
 hoped to find a convenient shelter for his future pro- 
 ceedings under this shadow of royalty. 1 ' 
 
 The general considered it most prudent not to hazard 
 the loss of his treasures by taking them on the march, 
 and he accordingly left them at Xauxa, under a guard 
 of forty soldiers, who remained there in garrison. No 
 event of importance occurred on the road, and, Pizarro 
 
 '7 Ped. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, ubi supra. 
 
 ' 8 It seems, from the language of the letter addressed to the empe- 
 ror by the municipality of Xauxa. that the troops themselves were far 
 from being convinced of Challcuchima's guilt : " Publico fue, aunque 
 dello no ubo averiguacion in certenidad, que el capitan Chaliconiman 
 le abia dado ierbas o a beber con que murio." Carta de la Just, y 
 Reg. de Xauja, MS. 
 
 '9 According to Velasco, Toparca, whom, however, he calls by 
 another name, tore off the diadem bestowed on him by Pizarro, with 
 disdain, and died in a few weeks of chagrin. (Hist, de Quito, torn, 
 i- P- 377-) This writer, a Jesuit of Quito, seems to feel himself bound 
 to make out as good a case for Atahuallpa and his family as if he had 
 been expressly retained jn their behalf. His vouchers when he con- 
 descends to give any too rarely bear him out in his statements to 
 inspire us with much confidence in his correctness.
 
 CHALLCUCHLMA BCKXT. 49? 
 
 having effected a junction with Almagro, their united 
 forces soon entered the vale of Xaquixaguana, about 
 five leagues from Cuzco. This was one of those bright 
 sj)ots, so often found embosomed amidst the Andes, the 
 more beautiful from contrast with the savage character 
 of the scenery around it. A river flowed through the 
 valley, affording the means of irrigating the soil and 
 clothing it in perpetual verdure; and the rich and 
 flowering vegetation spread out like a cultivated garden., 
 The beauty of the place and its delicious coolness com- 
 mended it as a residence for the Peruvian nobles, and 
 the sides of the hills were dotted with their villas, 
 which afforded them a grateful retreat in the heats of 
 summer." Yet the centre of the valley was disfigured 
 by a quagmire of some extent, occasioned by the 
 frequent overflowing of the waters ; but the industry 
 of the Indian architects had constructed a solid cause- 
 way, faced with heavy stone, and connected with the 
 great road, which traversed the whole breadth of the 
 morass. " 
 
 In this valley Pizarro halted for several days, while 
 he refreshed his troops from the well-stored magazines 
 of the Incas. His first act was to bring Challcuchima 
 to trial, if trial that could be called, where sentence 
 may be said to have gone hand in hand with accusation. 
 We are not informed of the nature of the evidence. It 
 was sufficient to satisfy the Spanish captains of the 
 chieftain's guilt. Nor is it at all incredible that Chall- 
 
 30 " Auia en este valle muy sumptuosos aposentos y ricos adonde 
 los senores del Cuzco salian a totnar sus plazeres y solazes." Cieza 
 de Leon. Cronica, cap. 91. 
 
 Ibid., ubi supra. 
 
 42*
 
 498 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 cuchima should have secretly encouraged a movement 
 among the people, designed to secure his country's 
 freedom and his own. He was condemned to be burnt 
 alive on the spot. " Some thought it a hard measure," 
 says Herrera ; " but those who are governed by reasons 
 of state policy are apt to shut their eyes against every 
 thing else." " Why this cruel mode of execution was 
 so often adopted by the Spanish Conquerors is not ob- 
 vious ; unless it was that the Indian was an infidel, and 
 fire, from ancient date, seems to have been considered 
 the fitting doom of the infidel, as the type of that in- 
 extinguishable flame which awaited him in the regions 
 of the damned. 
 
 Father: Valverde accompanied the Peruvian chieftain 
 to the stake. He seems always to have been present 
 at this dreary moment, anxious to profit by it, if possi- 
 ble, to work the conversion of the victim. He painted 
 in gloomy colors the dreadful doom of the unbeliever, 
 to whom the waters of baptism could alone secure the 
 ineffable glories of paradise. 23 It does not appear that 
 he promised any commutation of punishment in this 
 world. But his arguments fell on a stony heart, and 
 the chief coldly replied, he "did not understand the 
 religion of the white men." ** He might be pardoned 
 for not comprehending the beauty of a faith which, as 
 it would seem, had borne' so bitter fruits to him. In 
 the midst of his tortures he showed the characteristic 
 courage of the American Indian, whose power of % en- 
 durance triumphs over the power of persecution in his 
 
 38 Hist, general, dec. 5. lib. 6. cap. 3. 
 
 Fed. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio. torn. iii. fbL 406. 
 
 ** Ibid., loc. cit.
 
 CHALLCVCHIMA BURNT. 495 
 
 enemies, and he died with his last breath invoking the 
 name of Pachacamac. His own followers brought the 
 fagots to feed the flames that consumed him. 25 
 
 Soon after this tragic event, Pizarro was surprised by 
 a visit from a Peruvian noble, who came in great state, 
 attended by a numerous and showy retinue. It was 
 the young prince Manco, brother of the unfortunate 
 Huascar, and the rightful successor to the crown. 
 Being brought before the Spanish commander, he an- 
 nounced his pretensions to the throne, and claimed the 
 protection of the strangers. It is said he had medi- 
 tated resisting them by arms, and had encouraged the 
 assaults made on them on their march, but, finding 
 resistance ineffectual, he had taken this politic course, 
 greatly to the displeasure of his more resolute nobles. 
 However this may be, Pizarro listened to his applica- 
 tion with singular contentment, for he saw in this new 
 scion of the true royal stock a more effectual instru- 
 ment for his purposes than he could have found in the 
 family of Quito, with whom the Peruvians had but 
 little sympathy. He received the young man, there- 
 fore, with great cordiality, and did not hesitate to 
 assure him that he had been sent into the country by 
 his master, the Castilian sovereign, in order to vindi- 
 cate the claims of Huascar to the crown and to punish 
 the usurpation of his rival. 26 
 
 Taking with him the Indian prince,* Pizarro now 
 
 s Pedro Sancho. Rel., ap. Ramusio, loc. cit. Pedro Pizarro, De- 
 scub. y Conq., MS. The MS. of the old Conqueror is so much dam- 
 aged in this part of it that much of his account is entirely effaced. 
 
 * Ped. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 406. Pedro Pizarro, 
 Descub. y Conq.. MS.
 
 500 co.\'Qi'Esr or PERU. 
 
 resumed his march. It was interrupted for a few hours 
 by a party of the natives, who lay in wait for him in 
 the neighboring sierra. A sharp skirmish ensued, in 
 which the Indians behaved with great spirit and in- 
 flicted some little injury on the Spaniards ; but the 
 latter at length, shaking them off, made good their 
 passage through the defile, and the enemy did not care 
 to follow them into the open country. 
 
 It was late in the afternoon when the Conquerors 
 came in sight of Cuzco.* 7 The descending sun was 
 streaming his broad rays full on the imperial city, 
 where many an altar was dedicated to his worship. 
 The low ranges of buildings, showing in his beams like 
 so many lines of silvery light, filled up the bosom of 
 the valley and the lower slopes of the mountains, whose 
 shadowy forms hung darkly over the fair city, as if to 
 shield it from the menaced profanation. It was so late 
 that Pizarro resolved to defer his entrance till the follow- 
 ing morning. 
 
 That night vigilant guard was kept in the camp, and 
 the soldiers slept on their arms. But it passed away 
 without annoyance from the enemy, and early on the 
 following day, November i5th, 1533, Pizarro prepared 
 for his entrance into the Peruvian capital.* 
 
 The little army was formed into three divisions, of 
 which the centre, or "battle," as it was called, was 
 led by the general. The suburbs were thronged with 
 
 *7 " Y dos horas antes que el Sol se pusiese, llegaron & vista de la 
 ciudad del Cuzco." Relacion del primer Descub., MS. 
 
 * The chronicles differ as to the precise date. There can be no 
 better authorities than Pedro Sancho's narrative and the Letter of the 
 Magistrates of Xauxa, which I have followed in the text.
 
 ARRIVAL IN CUZCO. r ol 
 
 a countless multitude of the natives, who had flocked 
 from the city and the surrounding country to witness 
 the showy and, to them, startling pageant. All looked 
 with eager curiosity on the strangers, the fame of whose 
 terrible exploits had spread to the remotest parts of the 
 empire. They gazed with astonishment on their daz- 
 zling arms and fair complexions, which seemed to pro- 
 claim them the true Children of the Sun ; and they 
 listened with feelings of mysterious dread as the trumpet 
 sent forth its prolonged notes through the streets of the 
 capital and the solid ground shook under the heavy 
 tramp of the cavalry. 
 
 The Spanish commander rode directly up the great 
 square. It was surrounded by low piles of buildings, 
 among which were several palaces of the Incas. One 
 of these, erected by Huayna Capac, was surmounted 
 by a tower, while the ground-floor was occupied by one 
 or more immense halls, like those described in Caxa- 
 malca, where the Peruvian nobles held their fetes in 
 stormy weather. These buildings afforded convenient 
 barracks for the troops, though during the first few 
 weeks they remained under their tents in the open 
 plaza, with their horses picketed by their side, ready 
 to repulse any insurrection of the inhabitants. 29 
 
 The capital of the Incas, though falling short of the 
 El Dorado which had engaged their credulous fancies, 
 astonished the Spaniards by the beauty of its edifices, 
 the length and regularity of its streets, and the good 
 order and appearance of comfort, even luxury, visible 
 in its numerous population. It far surpassed all they 
 
 *> Peel. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 407. Garcilasso, 
 Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 7, cap. 10. Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 502 CONQUEST OJ- PER I'. 
 
 had yet seen in the New World. The population of 
 the city is computed by one of the Conquerors at two 
 hundred thousand inhabitants, and that of the suburbs 
 at as many more. 30 This account is not confirmed, as 
 far as I have seen, by any other writer. But, however 
 it may be exaggerated, it is certain that Cu/co was the 
 metropolis of a great empire, the residence of the 
 court and the chief nobility ; frequented by the most 
 skilful mechanics and artisans of every description, 
 who found a demand for their ingenuity in the royal 
 precincts ; while the place was garrisoned by a numer- 
 ous soldiery, and was the resort, finally, of emigrants 
 from the most distant provinces. The quarters whence 
 this motley population came were indicated by their 
 peculiar dress, and especially their head-gear, so rarely 
 found at all on the American Indian, which, with its 
 variegated colors, gave a picturesque effect to the 
 groups and masses in the streets. The habitual order 
 and decorum maintained in this multifarious assembly 
 
 3 " Esta ciudad era muy grande i mui populosa de grandes edificios 
 i comarcas, quando los Espafioles entraron la primera vez en ella 
 havia gran cantidad de gente, seria pueblo de mas de 40 mill, vecinos 
 solamente lo que tomaba la ciudad, que arravalles i comarca en dere- 
 dor del Cuzco d 10 6 12 leguas creo yo que havia docientos mill. In- 
 dios, porque esto era lo mas poblado de todos estos reinos." (Conq. 
 i Fob. del Piru. MS.) The vecino or "householder" is computed, 
 usually, as representing five individuals. Yet Father Valverde, in a 
 letter written a few years after this, speaks of the city as having only 
 three or four thousand houses at the time of its occupation, ^nd the 
 suburbs as having nineteen or twenty thousand. (Carta al Empera- 
 dor, MS., ao de Marzo, 1539.) It is possible that he took into the 
 account only the better kind of houses, not considering the mud huts, 
 or rather hovels, which made so large a part of a Peruvian town, as 
 deserving notice.
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY. 503 
 
 showed the excellent police of the capital, where the 
 only sounds that disturbed the repose of the Spaniards 
 were the noises of feasting and dancing, which the 
 natives, with happy insensibility, constantly prolonged 
 to a late hour of the night. 31 
 
 The edifices of the better sort and they were 
 very numerous were of stone, or faced with stone. 32 
 Among the principal were the royal residences; as 
 each sovereign built a new palace for himself, cover- 
 ing, though low, a large extent of ground. The walls 
 were sometimes stained or painted with gaudy tints, 
 and the gates, we are assured, were sometimes of col- 
 ored marble." "In the delicacy of the stone-work," 
 says another of the Conquerors, " the natives far ex- 
 celled the Spaniards, though the roofs of their dwell- 
 ings, instead of tiles, were only of thatch, but put 
 together with the nicest art." 34 The sunny climate 
 
 y " Heran tantos los atambores que de noche se oian por todas 
 paries bailando y cantando y bebiendo que toda la mayor partedela 
 noche se les pasava en esto cotidianamente." Pedro Pizarro, De- 
 scub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 3* " La maggior parte di queste case sono di pietra, et 1'altre hano 
 la meta della facciata di pietra." Ped. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, 
 torn. iii. fol. 413. 
 
 33 " Che sono le principal! della citt& dipinte et lauorate, et di pietra : 
 et la migiior d'esse e la casa di Guainacaba Cacique vecchio, et la porta 
 d'essa e di marmo bianco et rosso, et d'altri colori." (Ibid., ubi su- 
 pra.) The buildings were usually of freestone. There may have been 
 porphyry from the neighboring mountains mixed with this, which the 
 Spaniards mistook for marble. 
 
 34 Todo labrado de piedra muy prima, que cierto toda la canteria 
 desta cibdad hace gran ventaja d la de Espana, aunque carecen de teja 
 que todas las casas sino es la fortaleza, que era hecha de azoteas, son 
 cubiertas de paja, aunque tan primamente puesta, que parece bien." 
 Relacion del primer Descub., MS.
 
 504 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 of Cuzco did not require a very substantial material 
 for defence against the weather. 
 
 The most important building was the fortress, planted 
 on a sohd rock that rose boldly above the city. It 
 was built of hewn stone, so finely wrought that it was 
 impossible to detect the line of junction between the 
 blocks ; and the approaches to it were defended by 
 three semicircular parapets, composed of such heavy 
 masses of rock that it bore resemblance to the kind of 
 work known to architects as the Cyclopean.* The fort- 
 ress was raised to a height rare in Peruvian architec- 
 ture ; and from the summit of the tower the eye of the 
 spectator ranged over a magnificent prospect, in which 
 the wild features of the mountain-scenery, rocks, woods, 
 and waterfalls, were mingled with the rich verdure of 
 the valley, and the shining city filling up the foreground, 
 all blended in sweet harmony under the deep azure 
 of a tropical sky. 
 
 The streets were long and narrow. They were ar- 
 ranged with perfect regularity, crossing one another at 
 right angles ; and from the great square diverged four 
 principal streets connecting with the high-roads of the 
 empire. The square itself, and many parts of the city, 
 were paved with a fine pebble. 35 Through the heart of 
 
 35 Red. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii.. ubi supra. A passage 
 in the Letter of the Municipality of Xauxa is worth quoting, as con- 
 firming on the best authority some of the interesting particulars men- 
 
 * [Mr. Markham, who examined the ruins in 1853. ' ias given a 
 minute description of this "gigantic treble line of Cyclopean fortifi- 
 cation," which, he says, " must fill the mind of every traveller with 
 astonishment and admiration." Translation of Cieza de Leon, p. 
 325, note. ED.]
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY. 505 
 
 the capital ran a river of pure water, if it might not be 
 rather termed a canal, the banks or sides of which, for 
 the distance of twenty leagues, were faced with stone. 36 
 Across this stream, bridges, constructed of similar broad 
 flags, were thrown at intervals, so as to afford an easy 
 communication between the different quarters of the 
 capital. 37 
 
 The most sumptuous edifice in Cuzco in the times 
 of the Incas was undoubtedly the great temple dedi- 
 cated to the Sun, which, studded with gold plates, as 
 already noticed, was surrounded by convents and dor- 
 mitories for the priests, with their gardens and broad 
 parterres sparkling with gold. The exterior ornaments 
 had been already removed by the Conquerors, all but 
 the frieze of gold, which, imbedded in the stones, still 
 encircled the principal building. It is probable that 
 tioned in the text : " Esta cibdad es la mejor e maior que en la tierra 
 se ha visto, i aun en Yndias ; e decimos a V. M. ques tan hermosa i 
 de tan buenos edeficios que en Espafia seria muy de ver ; tiene las 
 calles por mucho concierto en pedradas i por medio dellas un cano 
 enlosado, la plaza es hecha en cuadra i empedrada de quijas pequenas 
 todas, todas las mas de las casas son de Senores Principales hechas de 
 canteria, esta en una ladera de un zerro en el cual sobre el pueblo 
 esta una fortaleza mui bien obrada de canteria, tan de ver que por 
 Espaftoles que han andado Reinos estranos dicen no haver visto otro 
 edeficio igual al della." Carta de la Just, y Reg. de Xauja, MS. ' 
 
 * " Un rio, el cual baja por medio de la cibdad y desde que nace, 
 mas de veinte leguas por aquel valle abajo donde hay muchas pobla- 
 ciones. va enlosado todo por el suelo. y las varrancas de una parte y 
 de otra hechas de canteria labrada, cosa nunca vista, ni oida." Rela- 
 cion del primer Descub.. MS. 
 
 37 The reader will find a few repetitions in this chapter of what I 
 have already said, in the Introduction, of Cuzco under the Incas. But 
 the facts here stated are for the most part drawn from other sources, 
 and some repetition was unavoidable in order to give a distinct image 
 of the capital. 
 
 Peru.-r-VoL. I. w 43
 
 506 co.YQCEsr or PERT. 
 
 the tales of wealth so greedily circulated among the 
 Spaniards greatly exceeded the truth. If they did not, 
 the natives must have been very successful in conceal- 
 ing their treasures from the invaders. Yet much still 
 remained, not only in the great House of the Sun, but 
 in the inferior temples which swarmed in the capital. 
 
 Pizarro, on entering Cuzco, had issued an order for- 
 bidding any soldier to offer violence to the dwellings 
 of the inhabitants. 38 But the palaces were numerous, 
 and the troops lost no time in plundering them of their 
 contents, as well as in despoiling the religious edifices. 
 The interior decorations supplied them with considera- 
 ble booty. They stripped off the jewels and rich orna- 
 ments that garnished the royal mummies in the temple 
 of Coricancha. Indignant at the concealment of their 
 treasures, they put the inhabitants, in sonic instances, 
 to the torture, and endeavored to extort from them a 
 confession of their hiding-places. 39 They invaded the 
 repose of the sepulchres, in which the Peruvians often 
 deposited their valuable effects, and compelled the 
 grave to give up its dead. No place was left unexplored 
 by the rapacious Conquerors ; and they occasionally 
 stumbled on a mine of wealth that rewarded their labors. 
 
 In a cavern near the city they found a number of 
 vases of pure gold, richly embossed with the figures of 
 serpents, locusts, and other animals. Among the spoil 
 were four golden llamas and ten or twelve statues of 
 women, some of gold, others of silver, " which merely 
 
 3 s " Pues mando el marquez dar vn pregon que ningun espanol fuese 
 & entrar en las casas de los naturales 6 tomalles nada." Pedro Pizarro. 
 Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 w Gomara, Hist, de las Ind., cap. 123.
 
 TREASURE FOUND THERE. 507 
 
 to see," says one of the Conquerors, with some naivete, 
 ' ' was truly a great satisfaction. ' ' The gold was proba- 
 bly thin, for the figures were all as large as life; and 
 several of them, being reserved for the royal fifth, were 
 not recast, but sent in their original form to Spain. 40 
 The magazines were stored with curious commodities; 
 richly-tinted robes of cotton and feather-work, gold 
 sandals, and slippers of the same material, for the 
 women, and dresses composed entirely of beads of 
 gold. 41 The grain and other articles of food, with 
 which the magazines were filled, were held in contempt 
 by the Conquerors, intent only on gratifying their lust 
 for gold. 43 The time came when the grain would have 
 been of far more value. 
 
 Yet the amount of treasure in the capital did not 
 equal the sanguine expectations that had been formed 
 by the Spaniards. But the deficiency was supplied by 
 the plunder which they had collected at various places 
 on their march. In one place, for example, they met 
 with ten planks or bars of solid silver, each piece being 
 
 *> " Et fra 1'altre cose singolari, era veder quattro castrati di fin oro 
 molto grandi, et 10 6 12 statue di done, della grandezza delle dSne di 
 quel paese tutte d'oro fino, cosi belle et ben fatte come se fossero viue. 
 . . . Queste furono date nel quinto che toccaua aS. M." (Fed. San- 
 cho, Rel.. ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 409.) " Muchas estatuas y figu- 
 ras de oro y plata enteras, hecha la forma toda de una muger, y del 
 tamano della, muy bien labradas." Relacion del primer Descub., MS. 
 
 < " Aviaansi mismo otras muchas plumas de diferentes colores para 
 este efecto de hacer rropas que vestian los senores y senoras y no otro 
 en los tiempos de sus fiestas, avia tambien manias hechas de chaquira, 
 de oro, y de plata, que heran vnas quentecitas muy delicadas, que 
 parecia cosa de espanto ver su hechura." Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y 
 Conq., MS. 
 
 4= Ondegardo, Rel. Prim., MS.
 
 508 CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 twenty feet in length, one foot in breadth, and two or 
 three inches thick. They were intended to decorate 
 the dwelling of an Inca noble. 43 
 
 The whole mass of treasure was brought into a com- 
 mon heap, as in Caxamalca ; and, after some of the 
 finer specimens had been deducted for the crown, the 
 remainder was delivered to the Indian goldsmiths to 
 be melted down into ingots of a uniform standard. 
 The division of the spoil was made on the same princi- 
 ple as before. There were four hundred and eighty 
 soldiers, including the garrison of Xauxa, who were 
 each to receive a share, that of the cavalry being 
 double that of the infantry. The amount of booty is 
 stated variously by those present at the division of it. 
 According to some, it considerably exceeded the ransom 
 of Atahuallpa. Others state it as less. Pedro Pizarro 
 says that each horseman got six thousand pesos de oro, 
 and each one of the infantry half that surrt; 44 though 
 the same discrimination was made by Pizarro as before, 
 mj respect to the rank of the parties, and their relative 
 services. But Sancho, the royal notary, and secretary 
 of the commander, estimates the whole amount as far 
 less, not exceeding five hundred and eighty thousand 
 and two hundred pesos de oro, and two hundred and 
 fifteen thousand marks of silver. 45 In the absence of 
 
 " Pues andando yo buscando mahiz 6 otras cosas para comer, 
 acaso entre en vn buhio donde halle estos tablones de plata que tengo 
 dicho que heran hasta diez y de largo tenian veinte pies y de anchor 
 ile vno y de gordor de tres dedos, di noticia dello al marquez y el y 
 todos los demas que con el estavan entraron d vello." Pedro Pizarro, 
 Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 44 Descub. y Conq., MS. 
 
 45 Ped. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 409.
 
 TKKASL-KE FOUND THERE. 5og 
 
 the official returns, it is impossible to determine which 
 is correct. But Sancho's narrative is countersigned, 
 it may be remembered, by Pizarro and the royal treas- 
 urer Riquelme, and doubtless, therefore, shows the 
 actual amount for which the Conquerors accounted to 
 the crown. 
 
 Whichever statement we receive, the sum, combined 
 with that obtained at Caxamalca, might well have sat- 
 isfied the cravings of the most avaricious. The sud- 
 den influx of so much wealth, and that, too, in so 
 transferable a form, among a party of reckless adven- 
 turers little accustomed to the possession of money, 
 had its natural effect. It supplied them with the means 
 of gaming, so strong and common a passion with the 
 Spaniards that it may be considered a national vice. 
 Fortunes were lost and won in a single day, sufficient 
 to render the proprietors independent for life ; . and 
 many a desperate gamester, by an unlucky throw of 
 the dice or turn of the cards, saw himself stripped in 
 a few hours of the fruits of years of toil and obliged 
 to begin over again the business of rapine. Among 
 these, one in the cavalry service is mentioned, named 
 Leguizano,* who had received as his share of the booty 
 the image of the Sun, which, raised on a plate of 
 burnished gold, spread over the walls in a recess of the 
 
 * [Or Lejesema, the same person whose will is referred to in Book I. 
 chap. 5, note 37, and printed in Appendix No. 4. According to Gar- 
 cilasso, he had been " a great gambler," but his loss on the present 
 occasion proved his salvation, as he " hated play ever afterwards," and 
 devoted himself with zeal and diligence to the public service. He 
 held several offices, married an Inca princess, took part in the civil 
 wars, generally on the winning side, and survived all his old com- 
 panions in arms. ED.] 
 
 43*
 
 5io CONQUEST OF PERU. 
 
 great temple, and which, for some reason or other, 
 j>erhaps because of its superior fineness, was not ic- 
 cast like the other ornaments. This rich prize the 
 spendthrift lost in a single night ; whence it came to 
 be a proverb in Spain, Juega el Sol antes <jne amanfzca, 
 " He plays away the Sun before sunrise." ** 
 The effect of such a surfeit of the precious metals 
 was instantly felt on prices. The most ordinary arti- 
 cles were only to be had for exorbitant sums. A 
 quire of paper was sold for ten pesos de oro ; a bottle 
 of wine, for sixty ; a sword, for forty or fifty ; a cloak, 
 for a hundred, sometimes more ; a pair of shoes cost 
 thirty or forty pesos de oro, and a good horse could 
 not be had for less than twenty-five hundred. 47 Some 
 brought a still higher price. Every article rose in 
 value, as gold and silver, the representatives of all, 
 declined. Gold and silver, in short, seemed to be the 
 only things in Cuzco that were not wealth. Yet there 
 were some few wise enough to return contented with 
 their present gains to their native country. Here their 
 riches brought them consideration and competence, 
 and, while they excited the envy of their countrymen, 
 stimulated them to seek their own fortunes in the likfc 
 path of adventure. 
 
 <* Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte i, lib. 3, cap. 20. 
 7 Xerez, Conq. del Peru, ap. Barcia, torn. iii. p. 233. 
 
 END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
 
 IftlTU IlHHtlVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 137ft 
 
 nruruii, 
 
 RENEWAL 
 ID URL 
 
 in. U.u H99Q 
 
 
 BEC v 
 
 OCT 162006 
 
 Form L9-Series 444 
 
 aom-l, '41(1122)
 
 3 1 158 00646 4787 
 
 PLEA^F: DO NOT REMOVE 
 
 THIS BOOK CARDf] 
 
 University Research Library