LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
A LIST 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CHIEF MEMOIRS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 PHYSICS OF MATTER 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 11. A. LEHFELDT, B.A., B.Sc., 
 
 DEMONSTRATOR AT FIRTH COLLEGE, SHEFFIELD. 
 
 or THF 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 Published under the Direction of the Physical Society 
 of London. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
 1894. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE following list of Physical Memoirs is intended to 
 serve as a guide to the student or teacher wishing to 
 acquire a general knowledge of certain branches of Physics. 
 The limitation of number thus imposed makes the choice 
 in many cases somewhat arbitrary ; but it is hoped that 
 the five hundred chosen include most of the work of 
 permanent value in the section of Physics considered, and 
 may serve also as a basis of reference to those who wish 
 to specialize on a particular subject. Preponderance has 
 been given to recent papers, as it is less easy to get 
 references to them. The Journals have been consulted 
 down to the end of 1892. 
 
 The subject dealt with is ' Physik der Materie/ as 
 opposed to Physics of the Ether, that is Heat, Elasticity, 
 Sound, &c. Papers of a purely mathematical character, on 
 dynamics, elasticity, waves ; of a physiographical character ; 
 
IV PREFACE* 
 
 and papers on the allied subjects Radiation, Chemical 
 Physics, Crystallography, are only mentioned in a few 
 cases of exceptional importance. 
 
 Such a compilation necessarily lays itself open on all sides 
 to charges of omission and of bad judgment from those 
 who are better acquainted with each branch ; the Author 
 can only hope that any using this pamphlet will send him 
 such corrections and suggestions as may occur to them. 
 
 FIRTH COLLEGE, SHEFFIELD, 
 January 1894. 
 
 P.S. The principal memoirs published in 1893 have been 
 inserted during the printing. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface iii 
 
 Table of contents v 
 
 Explanation of references vii 
 
 List of memoirs 1 
 
 Index of names 39 
 
 Section Page 
 
 GENERAL PHYSICS. 
 
 A. Dynamical principles 1 
 
 B. Dynamical explanation of the second law of 
 
 thermodynamics 2 
 
 C. Theory of dimensions 3 
 
 D. Measures 3 
 
 SPECIAL PHYSICS. MOLAR THEORY. 
 
 GBAVITATION 4 
 
 E. Theory of gravitation 4 
 
 E. Measurement of constant 4 
 
 G-. Measurement of terrestrial gravity 4 
 
 HEAT 5 
 
 H. Thermometry 5 
 
 I. Mechanical equivalent of heat 5 
 
 J. Calorimetry 6 
 
 K. General thermodynamic theory 7 
 
 Properties of matter. 
 Eluids at rest. 
 
 L. Experimental data 9 
 
 M. Relations of temperature, pressure, and 
 
 volume : general 9 
 
 N. Density at high pressures 11 
 
 O. Density at low pressures 11 
 
 P. Vapour-pressures and densities 11 
 
V) 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Section Page 
 Q. Condensation of gases : density at low 
 
 temperatures 12 
 
 R. Expansion of liquids and gases 12 
 
 S. Critical point and corresponding tem- 
 peratures 12 
 
 T. Absolute density of gases 13 
 
 U. Thermal capacity of fluids 13 
 
 Capillary phenomena. 
 
 V. General theory 15 
 
 W. Radius of molecular action 16 
 
 X. Measurement of capillary constants . . 16 
 
 T. Miscellaneous phenomena 17 
 
 Z. Theory 18 
 
 AA. [Appendix.] Theory of mixtures and 
 
 solutions 19 
 
 Solids. 
 
 BB. Elasticity 20 
 
 CC. Limits of elasticity 21 
 
 DD. Thermal expansion 23 
 
 EE. Thermal capacity 24 
 
 FF. Phenomena of fusion 25 
 
 Moving fluids. 
 
 GG. Diffusion of gases 25 
 
 HH. Diffusion of liquids 26 
 
 II. Viscosity of gases 26 
 
 JJ. Viscosity of liquids 27 
 
 KK. Outflow of liquids 28 
 
 LL. Outflow of gases 28 
 
 MM. Atmospheric movements 28 
 
 Wave-motion Sound 29 
 
 NN. Measurement of frequency 29 
 
 OO. Measurement of velocity 30 
 
 PP. Measurement of intensity 30 
 
 QQ. Quality of tone 30 
 
 RR. Miscellaneous 31 
 
 Conduction of heat 31 
 
 SS. Conductivity of solids and liquids 31 
 
 TT. Conductivity of gases 32 
 
 MOLECULAR THEORY 33 
 
 UU. Kinetic theory of gases 33 
 
 VV. Kinetic theory of solids 38 
 
 WW. Size of molecules 38 
 
 XX. Special molecular theories 38 
 
EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES. 
 
 Of the numbers following the name of a journal, that in darker 
 type indicates the number of the volume ; the two following, the 
 first and last pages ; after that, in brackets, the year. When a 
 number in brackets precedes the volume number, it refers to the 
 series. The memoirs quoted are nearly all in their original form : 
 reprints and translations are so noted : abstracts (such as those in 
 the Beibliitter to ' Wiedemann's Annalen ' and the ' Fortschritte 
 der Physik ') are often of use ; but as they can readily be found 
 from the author's name and date of the paper in question, they 
 are not given here, except in one or two cases where the original 
 is not in English, French, or German. 
 
 The Journals quoted from are given in the list below. In 
 addition are a few special reports (e. g. those of the ' Challenger ' 
 Expedition, of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) 
 and books. 
 
 Ann. Chim. Phys. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. Paris : 
 G. Masson. 8vo. Three volumes yearly, in monthly numbers ; 
 the present is the sixth series, begun in 1884. Each series 
 usually lasts ten years. 
 
 Ann. Sci. de I'Ecole Norm. Annales Scientifiques de 1'Ecole 
 Normale Superieure, publiees sous les auspices du Ministre de 
 rinstruction Publique par un comite de redaction. Paris : 
 Gauthier-Villars. 4to. 
 
 Arch, de Geneve. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives 
 des sciences physiques et naturelles. Lausanne: Bridel. 8vo. 
 
 Arch. Ncerland. Archives Neerlan daises des sciences exactes et 
 naturelles, publiees par la Societe Hollandaise des Sciences a 
 Harlem. Haarlem : les heritiers Loosjes. 8vo. 
 
 Btibl. Beiblatter zu den Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 
 Leipzig : Barth. 8vo. One volume yearly, in monthly parts ; 
 commenced with the new series of the Annalen, in 1877. 
 
 Ber. Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. Berlin : 
 Friedlander und Sohn. 8vo. 
 
Till EXPLANATION Or REFERENCES. 
 
 Berl. Sitzber. Sitzuugsberichte der Konigl. Preussischen Akademie 
 der Wissenschai'ten zu Berlin. Berlin : Georg Reimer. 
 Lex. 8vo. One volume yearly, in parts. Called Monats- 
 berichte previous to 1882. 
 
 Bull. Ac. Belg. Academic Royale de Belgique. Bulletins des 
 seances de la classe des sciences. Bruxelles : F. Hayez. 8vo. 
 Two volumes yearly, in parts. 
 
 C. R. Comptes Eendus hebdomadaires des seances de 1'Academie 
 des Sciences. Paris: Gauthier-Yi liars. 4to. Two volumes 
 yearly, in weekly parts ; volumes for 1892 are 114 and 115. 
 
 J. C. S. The Journal of the Chemical Society of London. London : 
 Gurney and Jackson. Two volumes yearly, numbered con- 
 secutively, one of transactions and one of abstracts. 
 
 J. de Phys. Journal de Physique the'orique et appliquee, fonde 
 par J. Ch. d' Almeida. Paris : an Bureau dii J. de Phys. 
 8vo. One volume yearly, in monthly parts. The present 
 is the third series, begun in 1892 ; each series lasts ten 
 years. 
 
 J. f. PraTct. Chem. Journal fiir praktische Chemie ; neue Folge 
 hrsg. von Ernst von Meyer, gegriindet von O. L. Erdvnann. 
 Leipzig : Barth. 8vo. 
 
 Lelpz. Ber. Berichte iiber die Verhandlungen der Koniglich 
 Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschal'ten zu Leipzig. 
 Mathematisch-physikalische Classe. Leipzig: Hirzel. 8vo. 
 
 Lieb. Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 8vo. Three vols. a year. 
 
 Mem. de Belg. Memoires de 1' Academic Eoyale de Belgique. 
 Bruxelles : F. Hayez. 4to. 
 
 Mem. de Paris. Memoires de TAcadeinie des Sciences de 1'Institut 
 de France. Paris. 4to. 
 
 Mem. Sav. etrang. Memoires pre'sentes par divers Savants a 
 1' Academic des Sciences de 1'Institut de France, et imprime's 
 par son ordre. Paris. 4 to. 
 
 Nature. Nature: a weekly illustrated journal of science. London 
 and New York : Macmillan and Co. Volumes begin in May 
 and November. 
 
 Ostw. Zeitschrift fiir physikalische Chemie. Hrsg. v. "W. Ostivald 
 und J. H. van't Hoff. Leipzig : Engelmann. One vol. 
 yearly, in 12 parts. 
 
 Pftuger Archiv. Archiv fiir die gesammte Physiologie. Hrsg. 
 von E. F. W. Pfluger. Bonn : Strauss. 
 
 Phil. Mag. Philosophical Magazine and journal of science. 
 London : Taylor and Francis. 8vo. Two volumes yearly, 
 in monthly parts. The present is the fifth series 3 the volumes 
 for 1892 being 33 and 34. 
 
EXPLANATION Oi 1 REFERENCES. IX 
 
 Phil. Trans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of 
 London. London. 4to. One volume a year. The volume 
 for 1892 is No. 183 : but an extra volume is inserted between 
 1877 and 1878, altering the numbering. The earlier volumes 
 are divided into numbered parts, but as these are paged con- 
 secutively they are not mentioned below. The later volumes 
 are divided into A and B; all the physical papers will be 
 found in part A. 
 
 Poyy. See "Wied. 
 
 Proc. Amer. Acad. Proceedings of the American Academy of 
 Sciences and Arts. Boston. One volume a year. 
 
 Proc. R. S. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. London : 
 Harrison and Sons. 8vo. Two volumes a year, in numbers. 
 
 Rep. Brit. Ass. Report of the meeting of the British Association 
 for the Advancement of Science. London : John Murray. 
 8vo. Bears the date and place of meeting, but published the 
 year after. 
 
 Hep. d. Pliys. Repertorium der Physik. Hrsg. von F. Exner. 
 Mlinchen : Oldenbourg. Lex. 8vo. One volume yearly, in 
 monthly parts. Formerly edited by Carl. 
 
 Sill. The American Journal of Science. Editors, J. D. and E. S. 
 Dana and B. Silliman. New Haven, Conn. : J. E. and 
 E. S. Dana. Two volumes yearly, in monthly parts. The 
 present is the third series, the volumes for 1892 being 43 
 and 44. 
 
 Trans. Connecticut Acad. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy 
 of Arts and Sciences. New Haven. 
 
 Trans. R. S. E. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 
 Edinb. 4to. 
 
 Wied. Annalen d. Physik und Chemie. Unter Mitwirkung der 
 Physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, und insbesondere des 
 Herrn H. von Helmholtz, hrsg. von Gr. und E. Wiedemann. 
 Leipzig : J. A. Barth. 8vo. Three volumes yearly, in monthly 
 parts ; with one volume of ' Beibliitter ' (q. v.). The present 
 series began in 1877, the volumes for 1892 being 45, 46, 47. 
 The preceding series was edited by J. Pogyendorff, and is 
 quoted as Pogg. 
 
 Wien. Ber. Sitznngsberiehte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaft- 
 lichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 
 Wien : C. Gerold's Sohn. One volume yearly, in parts 
 (previous to 1889 two vols.). Divided into sections I., II. a, 
 II. b, III., the physical papers being in II. a (formerly in three 
 sections, physical papers in section II.). 
 
 Zs. f. lustrum entenk. Zeitschrift fiir Instrumentenkunde. Berlin : 
 J. Springer. One volume yearly. 
 
A LIST 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CHIEF MEMOIRS 
 
 OX THE 
 
 PHYSICS OF MATTER. 
 
 GENERAL PHYSICS. 
 
 A. Dynamical Principles. 
 
 FOR a discussion on the statement of the dynamical laws, see 
 Thomson and Tait's ' Natural Philosophy,' vol. i. ch. 2. and 
 
 1. MACH, E. 'Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickehmg.' Leipzig, 
 
 1883. (Translated by T. J. McCormack. Chicago 
 and London, 1893.) 
 
 2. STREIKTZ, H. * Die physikalischen Grundlagen der Mechanik.' 
 
 Leipzig, 1883. 
 
 3. THOMSON, J. Proc. E. S. E. 12. 568-578, 730-742 (84). 
 
 4. TACT, P. Gr. Proc. E. S. E. 12. 743-745 (84). 
 
 5. LANGE, L. Leipz. Ber. 37. 333-351 (85). 
 
 6. MUIRHEAD, E. E. Phil. Mag. (5) 23. 473-489 (87). 
 
 7. LODGE, 0. Phil. Mag. (5) 19. 482-487 (85). "Identity" 
 
 of energy. 
 
 Also a less controversial paper by 
 
 8. WIEN, W. Wied. 45. 685-728 (92). Mathematical treat- 
 
 ment of the localisation of energy : application to 
 hydrodynamics, elasticity, and electricity: relation 
 to the law of entropy. 
 
Some other papers of general dynamical interest are : 
 
 9. THOMSON, Sir W. Phil. Mag. (5) 32. 375-382, 555-560 (92}. 
 Periodic motion of a conservative system : general 
 considerations of stability. 
 
 10. KELVIN, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 33. 291-299 (&?). Dissipation 
 
 of energy in the light of the Kinetic theory. 
 
 11. NATANSON, L. Phil. Mag. (5) 34. 51-54 (92). Eemarks on 
 
 the preceding. 
 
 Also 
 
 12. MAXWELL. Phil. Mag. (4)40. 421-427 (70); or Collected 
 
 Papers, vol. ii. p. 233. On hills and dales. Geo- 
 metry of contour-lines ; maxima and minima, &c. 
 
 B. Dynamical Explanation of the Second Law of 
 Thermodynamics. 
 
 13. BOLTZMANN. Wien. Ber. 53. 195-220 (66). 
 
 14. . Wien. Ber. 63. 712-732 (71). 
 
 15. . Pogg. 143. 211-230 (71). Note on his own and 
 
 Clausius' papers. 
 
 16. CLAUSIUS. Pogg. 141. 124-130 (70). Theorem of the virial. 
 
 17. . Pogg. 142. 433-461 (71). Application of the above 
 
 to the second law. 
 
 18. . Pogg. 144. 265-274 (71). Eeply to Boltzmann. 
 
 19. . Pogg. 146. 585-591 (72). Eemarks on Szily's paper. 
 
 20. . Pogg. 150. 106-130 (73). Further observations. 
 
 21. LOSCHMIDT. Wien. Ber. 59. 395-406 (69). 
 
 22. SZILY. Pogg. 145. 295-302 (72). 
 23. . Pogg. 149. 74-86 (73). 
 
 24. GRINWIS. Arch. Neerl. 19. 461-478 (84). Extension of 
 
 the virial theorem. 
 
 25. HELMHOLTZ, H. YON. Berl. Sitz. 1884, pp. 159-177, 311- 
 
 318. Theory of monocyclic systems : systematic 
 development. 
 
 26. BOLTZMANN. Wien. Ber. 90. 231-245 (85). Elucidation of 
 
 preceding. 
 
 27. POINCAR. C. E. 108. 550-553 (89). Contends that Helm- 
 
 holtz's reasoning is not applicable to irreversible 
 processes. 
 
 28. LARMOR & BRYAN. Eep. Brit. Ass. 1891, pp. 85-122. 
 
 Critical review of the present state of the question. 
 
3 
 
 29. THOMSON, J. J. 'Applications of Dynamics to Physics.' 
 London, 1888 : Macmillan. Contains a novel treat- 
 ment of the question, first given in Phil. Trans. 176. 
 307-342 (85)-, 178. 471-526 (87). 
 
 C. Theory of Dimensions. 
 
 30. MAXWELL. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 3. 224-239 (77); or 
 
 Collected Papers, vol. ii. p. 258. Mathematical 
 classification of physical quantities. 
 
 31 . BPDDE. Wied. 20. 1 61-166 (83). Eeduction to one funda- 
 
 mental unit by the use of electromagnetic constants. 
 
 32. EUOKBR. Phil. Mag. (5) 27. 104-114 (89). On "suppressed" 
 
 dimensions. 
 
 33. WILLIAMS, W. Phil. Mag. (5) 31 234-271 (92). Eelation 
 
 of dimensions of physical quantities to directions in 
 space. 
 
 34. ABEAHAM, H. J. de Phys. (3) 1. 516-526 (92). On the 
 
 varying dimensions of the same unit. \V ith a very 
 full bibliography of the subject. 
 
 D. Measures. 
 
 On the theory of measurements, see Thomson and Tait's * Natural 
 Philosophy,' vol. i. ch. 4. A few papers of interest are : 
 
 35. MAC DE L'EpitfAY. Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 10. 68-84, 170- 
 
 199 (86). Measurement of lengths in wave-lengths 
 by means of Talbot's bands. Determination of the 
 size and density of a piece of quartz. 
 
 36. LIPPMANN. C. E. 104. 1070-1074 (87). On an electrical 
 
 time-unit. 
 
 37. MICHELSON & MORLEY. Sill. (3) 38. 181-186 (89). On the 
 
 practical use of the wave-length as a unit. 
 
 37 a. MICHELSON, A. A. C. E. 116. 790-794 (93). Preliminary 
 notice on a comparison of the metre and the wave- 
 length of cadmium. 
 
SPECIAL PHYSICS. Molar Theory. 
 
 GEAYITATIOX. 
 E. Theory of Gravitation. 
 
 38. ISENKRAHE. ' Die Eathsel der Schwerkraft.' Braunschweig, 
 
 1879: Vieweg. 
 
 39. ODSTRCIL, J. Wien. Ber. 89. 485-490 (84). Gravitation 
 
 viewed as transmission of energy through the ether. 
 
 F. Measurement of Constant. 
 
 40. CAVENDISH. Phil. Trans. 88. 469-526 (1708). By torsion- 
 
 balance. 
 
 41. REICH. C. E. 5. 697-700 (37). 
 
 42. BAILY. Phil. Mag. (3) 21. 111-121 (42). 
 
 43. AIRY. Phil. Trans. 146. 297-357 (56). By variation of 
 
 " g " in interior of earth. 
 
 44. CORNTJ & BAILLE. C. E. 76. 954 (73). 
 
 45. - . C. E. 86. 571-574, 699-702, 1001-1004 (78). 
 
 46. JOLLY. Wied. 5. 112-134 (78). By common balance. 
 47. . Wied. 14. 331-355 (81). By common balance. 
 
 48. POYNTINU. Phil. Trans. 182. 565-656 (81). By common 
 
 balance. 
 
 49. WILSING, J. Publikat. d. Astrophys. Observ. zu Potsdam. 
 
 6. 35-127 (87) ; 6. 133-191 (89). (Published sepa- 
 rately by Engelmann, Leipzig.) Determination of 
 gravitation constant by pendulum. 
 
 49 a. BERGET, A. C. E. 116. 1501-1503 (93). Measurements 
 with a mercury-column differential gravimeter. 
 Determination of constant by attraction of a lake. 
 
 Gr. Measurement of Terrestrial Gravity. 
 
 50. v. OPPOLZER. Zs. fiir Instrumenteukunde, 4. 303-316, 
 
 379-387 (84). Eeport on present state of the 
 subject (from the G-eneralber. d. Europaischen 
 Gradmessung). 
 
 51. DARWIN, G. H. & H. Eep. Brit, Ass. 1881, pp. 93-126. 
 
 Instrument for measuring small variations in direc- 
 tion of gravity. 
 
 52. THOMSON, W. Proc. E. S. E. 13. 683-656 (87). Spring- 
 
 balance to measure "." 
 
HEAT. 
 H. Thermometry. 
 
 The exact use of mercury thermometers and their comparison 
 with the air and hydrogen thermometers has been the subject of 
 much study of late years. The best work is contained in the 
 'Travaux et Memoires du Bureau International des Poids et 
 Mesures/ vols. 1, 5, 6, and 7. There are useful abstracts : 
 
 53. GrUiLLAUME. J. de Phys. (2) 6. 228-238 (87). 
 
 54. . J. de Phys. (2) 7. 419-430 (88). 
 
 Similar work has been done by the Normal-Aicbungs- 
 Kommission. 
 
 55. FOERSTER, W. Metronomische Beitrage. No. 3. Berlin, 
 
 1881. Includes a comparison with the absolute 
 scale. 
 
 Other papers are 
 
 56. ROWLAND, H. Proc. Amer. Acad. 15. 75-200 (80). Part of 
 
 a memoir on the mechanical equivalent. Includes a 
 comparison with the absolute scale. 
 
 57. RAMSAY & YOUNG. J. C. S. 47. 640-657 (85). Means of 
 
 obtaining constant and known temperatures. 
 
 58. CALLENDER. Phil. Trans. 178. 161-230 (87). Use of elec- 
 
 trical resistance thermometers and comparison with 
 the air-thermometer. 
 
 59. . Phil. Mag. (5) 32. 104-113 (91). Use of electrical 
 
 resistance thermometers and comparison with the 
 air- therm om eter. 
 
 Comparisons between the air-thermometer and absolute 
 scale are also given in the ' Encyclopedia Britannica ' (9th 
 edit.), "Heat" (Lord Kelvin), and in Ruhlmann's 'Heat,' 
 vol. i. p. 550. 
 
 60. GUILLAUME. Arch, de Geneve, 20. 396-409 (88). Produc- 
 
 tion and measurement of low temperatures. 
 
 I. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. 
 
 Historical interest attaches to the early work on this subject, of 
 which the chief : 
 
 61. RFMFORD. Phil. Trans, abridged, 18. 278-287 (1798). On 
 
 the heat excited by friction. 
 
 62. MAYER, J. R. Lieb. Ann. 42. 233-240 (42) ; or Phil. Mag. 
 
 (4) 24. 371-377 (62) (translation). Remarks on 
 the forces of inorganic nature. 
 
 63. . C. R. 27. 385-387 (48). Note on above. 
 
6 
 
 64. JOULE. Phil. Trans. 140. 61-82 (50). Long the standard 
 
 determination. 
 
 65. HELMHOLTZ, H. vox. ' Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft.' 
 
 Berlin, 1847. (Separate publication.) Reprinted 
 in his Collected Papers, vol. i. pp. 12-75. 
 
 Reference should also be made to Clausius' collected 
 papers on the Theory of Heat, vol. i. 
 
 Of recent determinations the best are 
 
 ROWLAND, H. (loc. cit. No. 56), which includes a summary of 
 the earlier work. 
 
 66. MICULESCU. Ann. Chiin. Phys. (6) 27.p02-238 (92). 
 
 Stationary method : with a long historical intro- 
 duction and full references. 
 
 66 a. GRIFFITHS, H. Phil. Trans. 184. 361-504(03). Deter- 
 mination by an electrical method. 
 
 An interesting method was usedjby 
 
 66 b. CANTONI & GEROSA. Beibl. 7. 242 (83). [Abstract from 
 Rend. Accad. Lincei.] Rise of temperature of 
 mercury in falling. 
 
 J. Calorimetry. 
 
 The principal methods used for measuring quantities of heat and 
 the secondary units adopted are described in Regnault's memoirs 
 (see Nos. 105, 106) and in : 
 
 67. FAVRE & SILBERMANN. Ann. China. Phys. (3) 34. 357-450 
 
 (52). Calorimeters for chemical reactions. 
 
 68. BUNSEN. Pogg. 141. 1-31 (70) ; or Phil. Mag. (4) 41. 161- 
 
 182 (71) (translation). Ice-calorimeter. 
 
 69. Hirar. C. R. 70. 592-604, 831-834 (70). Specific heat of 
 
 water. 
 
 70. JAMIN & AMAURY. C. R. 70. 661-664 (70). Specific heat 
 
 of water. 
 
 ROWLAND, H. (Loc. cit. No. 56.) Specific heat of water. 
 
 71. VELTEN. Wied. 21. 31-64 (83). Specific heat of water. 
 
 72. THOMSEN, J. ' Thermochemische Untersuchungen.' Leipzig, 
 
 1882-86. 
 
 73. BERTHELOT. Ann. Chim. Phys. (5) 23. 160-176 (81). 
 
 " Caloriinetric bomb " for heats of combustion. 
 
 74. BERTHELOT & YIEILLE. Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 6. 546-556 
 
 (85). "Calorimetric bomb" for heats of combus- 
 tion. 
 
 75. BERTHELOT & RECOURA. Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 13. 289-304 
 
 (88). " Calorimetric bomb " for heats of combustion. 
 
76. JOLY. Proc. E. S. 41. 352-371 (87). Condensation calo- 
 
 rimeter. 
 
 77. . Proc. E. S. 47. 218-245 (90). 
 
 78. CHAPPUIS. Ann. Chira. Phys. (6) 15. 498-517 (88). New 
 
 method for latent heat of evaporation. 
 
 79. MATHIAS. Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 21. 69-144 (90); or more 
 
 briefly in J. de Phys. (2) 9. 449-467 (90). New 
 method for latent heat of evaporation. 
 
 And for Berthelot's methods in general, see his 'Essai 
 de Mecanique Chimique,' Vol. i. Paris, 1879. 
 
 K. General Thermodynamic Theory. 
 
 80. CARNOT,S. 'Eeflexions on the Motive Power of Heat.' (Transl.) 
 
 London, 1890 : Macmillau. Contains the earliest 
 attempt at the theory. The most complete presen- 
 tation of it is in the papers of Clausius, collected 
 under the title : 
 
 81. CLAUSIUS, E. 'Mechanical Theory of Heat.' (Transl. from 
 
 2nd edit, by Browne.) London, 1879. 
 (The original edition is ' Abhandlungen liber die Mechan- 
 ische Warrnetheorie.' 2 vols. Braunschweig, 1864-67 ; 
 the revised edition, ' Mechanische Warmetheorie.' 2 vols. 
 Braunschweig, 1876-79.) 
 
 Other classical papers are : 
 
 82. JOULE & THOMSON, W. Phil. Trans. 1853-54-60-62. 
 
 Thermal effects of fluids in motion. 
 Eeprinted in Sir "W. Thomson's papers, vol. i. pp. 333-455. 
 
 83. THOMSON, W. Trans. E. S. E. vol. 20. Internal energy of 
 
 bodies. 
 Eeprinted in Sir W. Thomson's papers, vol. i. pp. 222-232. 
 
 84. THOMSON, J. Trans. E. S. E. 16. 575-580 (49). Change of 
 
 freezing-point by pressure. Theory. 
 Eeprinted in Sir W". Thomson's papers, vol. i. pp. 156-164. 
 
 85. THOMSON, W. Phil. Mag. (3) 37. 123-127 (49). Change of 
 
 freezing-point by pressure. Experimental verifi- 
 cation. 
 Eeprinted in Sir W. Thomson's papers, vol. i. pp. 165-169. 
 
 86. KIKCHHOFF, a. Pogg. 103. 177-206 (58}. Internal energy 
 
 of bodies. 
 
 87. CAZIN. Ann. Chim. Phys. (4) 14. 374-410 (68). Experi- 
 
 ments in support of the theory of condensation and 
 expansion of gases. 
 
 88. Y. D. WAALS. ' On the Continuity of the Liquid and Graseous 
 
 States:' translated under the direction of the Physical 
 Society. London, 1890. [Original Dutch edition, 
 1873.] 
 
89. HIEN. Ann. Chirn. Phys. (4) 10. 32-92 (67). } 
 
 90. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (4) 11. 5-112 (67). J 
 
 Memoir on thermodynamics. First part experimental, 
 
 on specific heat and volume of water. Second part, 
 
 theoretical deductions. 
 
 91. LIPPMANN. J. de Phys. (2) 3. 53-57, 277-283 (84). Expla- 
 
 nation of absolute temperature, after Thomson : and 
 development of a general formula for measuring it. 
 
 Much information is given also in treatises, especially 
 those of Yerdet, Zeuner, Him, and Eiihlmann, not obtain- 
 able elsewhere. 
 
 The most convenient presentation of the laws of thermo- 
 dynamics for use in particular cases has occupied the 
 attention of several writers. Various methods are given 
 by: 
 
 92. THOMSON, W. Phil. Mag. (5) 7. 348-352 (79). On thermo- 
 
 dynamic motivity. 
 Reprinted in Sir W. Thomson's papers, vol. i. pp. 456-459. 
 
 93. MASSIEU,E. C.E. 69.858-862, 1057-1061 (69). Character- 
 
 istic functions of thermodynamics. Or more fully 
 in Mem. Sav. etrangers, vol. 22. (76), 92 pp. 
 
 94. GIBBS, J. WILLAED. Trans. Connecticut Acad. 3. 108-248, 
 
 343-524 (75-76). Equilibrium of heterogeneous 
 substances. 
 
 95. YON HELMHOLTZ, H. Berl. Sitzber. 1882, 22-39. Thermo- 
 
 dynamics of chemical processes. 
 
 96. GOUT. J. de Phys. (2) 8. 501-518 (89). Available energy. 
 
 97. DUHEM. Ann. Sci. de 1'Ecole Norm. (3) 8. 231-266 (91). 
 
 General equations of thermodynamics. 
 
 97 a. NATANSON, L. Ostw. 10. 733-747 (92). On the thermo- 
 dynamic potential systematically treated. 
 
 Among recent papers of interest may be mentioned : 
 
 98. NEUMANN, C. Leipz. Ber. (Math.-Phys. Cl.) 43. 75-156 (91). 
 
 Error in the customary formulation of the second 
 law of thermodynamics. 
 
 99. NATANSON, L. Wied. 42. 178-185 (91). Eemarks on the 
 
 expression of the .two laws. 
 
 100. WIEDEMANN, E. Wied. 38. 485-487 (89). Expression of 
 
 the second law in harmony with luminescence phe- 
 nomena. 
 
 101. BUDDE, E. Wied. 45. 751-758 (91). More exact treatment 
 
 of temperature, as integrating divisor. 
 
 102. EITTEE, A. Wied. 37. 44-68, 633-646 (89) ; 40. 356-369 
 
 (90). Detailed calculation of the effects of adiabatic 
 compression of air : novel. 
 
9 
 
 103. GOUY. C. E. 115. 720-722 (92). Effect of gravity on fluids 
 
 at the critical point. 
 
 104. EAMSAY & YOUNG. Phil. Trans. 175. 37-48, 461-478 (84). 
 
 Experiments on the vapour-pressure of solids and 
 liquids at the same temperature. 
 
 104 a. LAAR, J. J. YAN. Ostw. 11. 721-736 (93). Useful col- 
 lection of relations between thermal quantities at 
 the critical point. 
 
 L. Thermodynamics of Fluids at rest. Experimental data, 
 
 Eegnault's work has long been the standard of reference : it 
 will be well to collect here the titles of his principal memoirs. 
 
 105. EEGNAULT. Mem. de Paris, 21. (47). 
 
 1-13. Introduction. 
 
 15-120. Expansion of gases. 
 
 121-162. Absolute density of gases. 
 
 163-270. Thermometry ; especially gas-thermometers. 
 
 271-328. Expansion of mercury. 
 
 329-428. Deviation from Boyle's law. 
 
 429-464. Compressibility of liquids. 
 
 465-633. Saturation-pressure of water-vapour. 
 
 635-728. Heat of vaporisation of water. 
 
 729-748. Specific heat of liquid water. 
 
 106. . Mem. de Paris, 26. (62). 
 
 3-41. Historical introduction. 
 42-228. Specific heat of gas and vapours. 
 229-296. Data required for above compressibility of 
 
 gases, specific heat of liquids, &c. 
 297-333. Conclusions. 
 335-760. Saturation-pressure of vapours in vacuo and 
 
 in air, and of mixed vapours. 
 761-915. Heat of vaporisation of liquids. 
 
 107. - . Mem. de Paris, 37. 579-959 (68). Expansion of 
 
 gases. Heat absorbed in discharge from reservoir 
 under pressure, through capillary tubes, &c. : heat 
 evolved in compression. Deduction of the specific 
 heat at constant volume. 
 
 A useful summary of more recent work is given by 
 
 108. MAm,P.T. Eep. Brit. Ass. 1886, 100-140; 1888,465-502. 
 
 M. Relations between Temperature, Pressure, and Volume : 
 General. 
 
 109. ANDREWS. Phil. Trans. 159. 575-590 (69). \ 
 
 110. . Phil. Trans. 166. 421-449 (76). J 
 
 On carbon dioxide : the work that led to the discovery of 
 the critical point. 
 
 111. . Phil. Trans. 178. 45-56 (87). Mixtures of gases. 
 
10 
 
 112. BAMSAY & YOUNG. Phil. Trans. 177. 71-122 (86). 
 
 113. . Phil. Trans. 177. 123-156 (86). 
 
 114. . Phil. Trans. 178. 57-94 (87). 
 
 115. _ . J. C. S. 49. 790-812 (86). 
 
 116. . Phil. Trans. 178. 313-335 (87). 
 
 117. - . J. C. S. 51. 755-757 (87). 
 
 118. - _. Phil. Trans. 180. 137-158 (89). 
 
 Series of papers on evaporation and dissociation. Parts i., 
 ii., iii., iv., v., vii., viii. Part vi. is theoretical. The most 
 interesting sections are in Part i., on dissociable bodies, 
 and Part iii., description of apparatus. 
 
 119. . Phil. Trans. 183. 107-130 (92). On water: 
 
 same methods as above. 
 
 120. AMAGAT. Ann. Chim. Phys. (4) 29. 246-285 (73). Resume 
 
 of work on compressibility of fluids. 
 
 121. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (5) 8. 270-278 (76). Compressi- 
 
 bility at low pressures. 
 
 122. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (5) 11. 520-549 (77). Compressi- 
 
 bility of liquids. 
 
 123. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (5) 19. 345-385 (80). Compressi- 
 bility of gases at high pressures. 
 
 124. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (5) 22. 353-398 (81). Compressi- 
 
 bility of gases at high pressures. 
 
 125. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (5) 28. 456-464 (83). Compressi- 
 
 bility of gases. 
 
 126. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (5) 28. 464-480 (83). Compressi- 
 bility of carbon dioxide. 
 
 127. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (5) 28. 480-499 (83). Compressi- 
 bility of mixtures of air and carbon dioxide. 
 
 128. . J. de Phys. (3) 1. 288-297 (92). Improved method 
 
 for volume of saturated liquids and vapours, with 
 results for carbon dioxide. 
 
 129. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 29. 68-136, 505-574 (93). 
 
 Collected results on fluids, particularly water. 
 Methods, observations, and deductions. 
 
 130. WBOBLBWSKI. "Wien. Ber. 97. 1321-1379 (89). Study of 
 
 hydrogen over large range of temperature and 
 pressure. Deduction of critical point : discussion 
 of corresponding temperatures. Posthumous and 
 incomplete. 
 
 131. BAEUS, C. Phil. Mag. (5) 30. 338-361 (90). Isometrics of 
 
 ether, alcohol, &c. 
 
 131 a. BATTELLI, L. Beibl. 17. 318-320 (93). Thermal pro- 
 perties of water : summary of results. [Abstract 
 from Mem. Accad. Turin.] 
 
11 
 
 N. Density at High Pressures. 
 
 132. GEASSI. Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 31. 437-489 (51). Classical 
 
 research on compressibility of liquids. 
 
 133. TAIT. 4 Challenger ' Reports. Physics and Chemistry, vol. ii. 
 
 part iv., 76 pp. (Abstracts in Proc. E. S. E. vols. 12 
 & 13.) On the compressibility of water. 
 
 O. Density at Low Pressures. 
 
 134. SILJESTEOM. Pogg. 151. 451-482, 573-603 (74). Boyle's 
 
 law for pressures below one atmosphere. 
 
 135. ME^DELEEF. Ber. 7. 1339-1344 (74). Boyle's law for pres- 
 
 sures below one atmosphere. (Abstract, with ref. 
 to Eussian original.) 
 
 136. DIETEEICI. Wied. 38. 1-26 (89). Density of water- vapour 
 
 at measured by Bunsen's calorimeter : novel. 
 
 P. Vapour-pressure and Density. 
 
 Much attention has been given lately to improving methods 
 and to study of bodies with abnormal vapour-densities. We may 
 mention : 
 
 137. METEE, V., & GOLDSCHMIDT. Ber. 15. 1161-1164 (82). 
 
 138. METEE, V., & LANGEE. * Pyrochemische Untersuchungen.' 
 
 Braunschweig, 1885. 73 pp. 
 
 139. NILSCXN- & PETTEESON. J. fiir Prakt. Chem. 33. 1-17 (86) ; or 
 
 Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 9. 554-574 (86). 
 
 140. BILTZ. Ber. 21. 2013-2017, 2772-2776 (88). Density of 
 
 sulphur-vapour. 
 
 141. MEYEE, V. Ber. 31. 2018-2019 (88). Density of sulphur- 
 
 vapour. 
 
 142. MEYEE, V., & DEMUTH. Ber. 23. 311-316 (90). Method 
 
 for vapour-densities at temperatures below the 
 boiling-point. 
 
 143. WALKEE, J. Ostw. 2. 602-605 (88). Method for slightly 
 
 volatile bodies (adopted from Miiller-Erzbach and 
 Tamann). 
 
 144. GALITZINE. Wied. 41. 588-626, 770-800 (90). Experi- 
 
 ments to test Dalton's law. With very full refer- 
 ences to earlier work. 
 
 145. HEETZ, H. Wied. 17. 193-200 (82). Vapour-pressure of 
 
 mercury: partly observed, partly calculated from 
 thermodynamic reasoning. 
 
 146. EAMSAT & YOUNG. J. C. 8. 49. 37-49 (86). Vapour- pres- 
 
 sure of mercury, deduced from observed relations for 
 other fluids. 
 
12 
 
 Q. Condensation of Gases and Density at Low Temperatures. 
 
 147. FARADAY. Phil. Trans. 113. 160-165 (23). Condensation 
 
 of chlorine &c. 
 
 148. . Phil. Trans. 135. 155-177 (45). 
 
 149. NATTEREB. Wien. Ber. 5. 351-358 (50). 
 
 150. . Wien. Ber. 7. 557-570 (51). Condensation of carbon 
 
 dioxide &c. 
 
 151. . Wien. Ber. 12. 199-209 (54). 
 
 152. . Pogg. 94. 436-446 (55). 
 
 153. PICTET. C. E. 85. 1214-1220 (77). Earliest condensation 
 
 of oxygen. 
 
 154. CAILLETET. C. E. 85. 1213-1214, 1270-1271 (77). Earliest 
 
 condensation of oxygen, carbon monoxide, and other 
 " permanent " gases. 
 
 155. . C. E. 100. 1033-1035 (85). Apparatus for conden- 
 
 sation of oxygen. 
 
 156. CAILLETET & MATHIAS. J. de Phys. (2) 5. 549-564 (86). 
 
 Density of liquefied gases and saturated vapours : 
 heat of vaporisation. With historical introduction. 
 
 157. WROBLEWSKI & OLSZEWSKI. Wied. 20. 243-257 (83). Con- 
 
 densation of the "permanent" gases: method, and 
 results : with historical introduction. 
 
 158. OLSZEWSKI. Wied. 31. 58-74(57). Density of liquid marsh- 
 
 gas, oxygen, and nitrogen. 
 
 E. Expansion of Liquids and Gases. 
 
 HIRN. (Loc. cit. No. 89.) Expansion of water at high tem- 
 peratures. 
 
 159. THORPE & ETJCKER. J. C. S. 45. 135-144 (84). Expansion 
 
 of liquids : empirical relations. 
 
 160. MENDELEF. Ber. (Eef.) 17. 129-131 (84). Expansion of 
 
 liquids : empirical relations. (Abstract, with refer- 
 ence to Eussian original.) 
 
 161. . Phil. Mag. (5) 33. 99-131 (92). Eeview of work on 
 
 expansion of water (translation in full). 
 
 162. JOLLY. Pogg. Jubelb. 82-101 (74). Expansion of gases, and 
 
 use of air-thermometer. 
 
 S. Critical Point and Corresponding Temperatures. 
 
 163. HEILBORN, E. Ostw. 7, 601-613 (91). Index to literature 
 
 on critical point, and summary of numerical results. 
 
 164. GTTLDBERG. Beibl. 7. 350 (83). Discussion of experimental 
 
 data on corresponding temperatures. (Abstract, 
 with reference to Norwegian original.) 
 
13 
 
 165. VINCENT, 0., & CIIAPPUIS. J. de Phys. (2) 5. 58-64 (86). 
 
 Determination of critical points : experimental detail. 
 
 166. CAILLETET & COLAEDEAU. Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 25. 519-534 
 
 (92). Determination of critical point of water in 
 steel tubes : novel method. [More briefly in J". de 
 Phys. 10. 333-340 (91), or C. E. 112. 1170-1176 
 
 (91).-] 
 
 167. YOUNG, S. J. C. S. 59. 37-46 (91). New method for den- 
 
 sity of saturated liquids and vapours. 
 
 168. . Phil. Mag. (5) 33. 153-1 85 (92). Comparison of law 
 
 of corresponding temperatures, with experimental 
 data. 
 
 169. MATHIAS. J. de Phys. (3) 1. 53-73 (92). Comparison of 
 
 law of corresponding temperatures, with experi- 
 mental data. 
 
 169 a. . J. de Phys. (3) 2. 1-12 (93). Discussion of the 
 
 law of "rectilinear diameter/' List of data on 
 critical volumes. 
 
 T. Absolute Density of Gases. 
 
 170. CEAFTS. C. E. 108. 1662-64 (88). Correction to Eegnault's 
 
 measurement, 
 
 171. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Proc. E. S. 43. 356-363 (87). On the 
 
 density of oxygen and hydrogen. 
 
 172. . Proc. E. S. 45. 425-430 (88). On the density of 
 
 oxygen and hydrogen. 
 
 173. COOKE. Proc. Amer. Acad. 24. 202-233 (89). Chemical 
 
 method for density of gases. 
 
 174. JOLT. Phil. Mag. (5) 30. 379-386 (90). Determination in 
 
 a small vessel at high pressure. 
 
 175. MOISSAN & G-AUTIEE. C. E. 115. 82-86 (92). Method for 
 
 density of small quantities of gas. 
 
 175 a. LEDTJC, A. C. E. 115. 311-313 (92). Summary of results 
 on the density and atomic weight of oxygen and 
 hydrogen. 
 
 175 6. SCOTT, A. Phil. Trans. 184. 543-568 (93). Composition 
 of water by volume. Description of apparatus and 
 
 results. 
 
 U. Thermal Capacity of Fluids. 
 
 176. WIEDEMANN, E. Pogg. 157. 1-42 (76); Wied. 2. 195-217 
 (77). Specific heat at constant pressure of gas and 
 vapours, and variation with temperature. Modifi- 
 cation of Eegnault's method. 
 
14 
 
 177. JAMIN. C. E. 71. 336-341 (70). Direct measurement of 
 
 specific heat at constant volume of gases. 
 
 178. JOLY. Phil. Trans. 182. 73-118 (91). Direct measurement 
 
 by condensation calorimeter. 
 
 179. EONTGEN. Pogg. 148. 580-624 (73). Typical example of 
 
 many determinations of the ratio of specific heats of 
 gases, by Clement & Desorme's method. (Critical 
 references to earlier work.) 
 
 179 a. BARTOLI & STBACCIATI. Beibl. 17. 638-640 (93). Expe- 
 riments on the specific heat of water. [Abstract 
 from the Nuovo Cimento.] 
 
 HIRF. (Loc. cit. No. 69.) Specific heat of water at high 
 temperatures. 
 
 180. DE KEEN. Bull. Ac. Belg. (3) 15. 522-528 (88). Variation 
 
 of specific heat near the critical point. 
 
 181. DIETERICI. Wied. 37. 494-507 (89). Heat of vaporisation 
 
 of water at by Bunsen calorimeter. 
 
 In this connexion must be mentioned the work of Mallard 
 and Le Chatelier, and of Berthelot, Sarrau, and Vieille, on 
 explosives, which contains much valuable information on 
 the specific heats of gases at high temperatures. 
 
 182. MALLARD & LE CHATELIER. C. E. 91. 825-828 (80); 93. 
 
 145-148, 9(32-965, 1014-1016, 1076-1079 (81); 
 95. 599-601, 1352-1355 (82). Velocity of explosive 
 waves : temperature of combustion and dissociation : 
 pressure produced : and specific heat of gases. The 
 results are collected in ' Eecherches sur la combus- 
 tion des melanges gazeux explosives.' Paris, 1883. 
 
 For Berthelot's work, see his treatise on explosives : 
 translated and condensed by Hake and Macnab : London, 
 1892 (with summaries of the w r ork done since the publi- 
 cation of the French edition). The most important recent 
 papers are : 
 
 183. BERTHELOT. Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 4. 13-84 (85). 
 
 184. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 6. 556-574 (85). 
 
 185. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 23. 485-503 (91). On methyl 
 
 nitrate a typical set of experiments. 
 
 186. . J. de Phys. (2) 10. 357-369 (91). Comparison of 
 
 the pressure of explosives with Clausius' formula. 
 
 187. MICHAELSON,W. Wied. 37. 1-23 (89). Experiments on the 
 
 normal rate of propagation of explosions in gases. 
 
 187 a. PIXON, H. B. Phil. Trans. 184. 97-188 (93). Bate of 
 explosion in gases : bearing on chemical theory : 
 review of Berthelot's work. 
 
15 
 CAPILLARY PHENOMENA. 
 
 V. General Theory. 
 
 The classical works on the subject are 
 LAPLACE. Mecanique Celeste,' vol. 10. 
 GAUSS. Commentat. Soc. Eeg. G-ott. vol. 7 (1832). 
 
 To which may be added : 
 
 ] 88. QUET. ' Eapport sur le Progres de la CapillariteY (Paris, 
 1867.) A valuable review of the earlier theories 
 and experiments. 
 
 A recent treatise is that of 
 
 MATHIEU. 4 Theorie de la Capillarite.' (Paris, 1883.) De- 
 voted mainly to the application of the received theory 
 to particular cases. 
 
 Memoirs of importance are : 
 
 189. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 16. 309-315 (83). Argu- 
 
 ments in favour of the existence of internal pressure 
 in liquids. 
 
 190. DITHEM. Ann. Sci. de 1'lScole Norm. (3) 2. 207-254 (85). 
 
 Examination of the received theory : thermodynamic 
 methods shown to be necessary : results of ordinary 
 theory confirmed. 
 
 191. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 30. 285-298, 456-475 (90) ; 
 
 33. 209-220, 468-471 (92). Sketch of mathe- 
 matical theory of surface-forces in liquids and gases. 
 
 192. WORTHINGTON. Phil. Mag. (5) 18. 334-364 (84). Theory 
 
 of internal equilibrium of liquids. 
 
 193. . Phil. Mag. (5) 16. 339-344 (83). Explanation of the 
 
 quantities occurring in Laplace's theory. 
 
 194. EUCHS, K. Wien. Ber. 98. 740-751 (89). Correction to the 
 
 value of the tension of a curved surface. 
 
 195. . Wien. Ber. 98. 1362-1391 (89). Deduction of the 
 
 principal capillary functions. 
 
 195 a. BAKKEB, G-. Ostw. 12. 280-286, 670-678 (93). Theo- 
 retical discussion on the internal pressure of liquids. 
 
 1.95 6. v. D. WAALS, J. D. Beibl. 18. 170-172, 525 (98). Thermo- 
 dynamic theory of capillarity. [Abstract from Verh. 
 Akad. Wetensk. Amsterdam.] 
 
 On closely allied subjects are : 
 
 196. STEFAN, J. Wied. 29. 655-664 (86). Eelations between 
 
 capillarity and evaporation and internal pressure of 
 liquids. 
 
 197. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Proc. E. S. 47. 281-287 (90). Surface- 
 
 viscosity. 
 
16 
 
 198. WORTHINGTON. Phil. Trans. 183. 355-370 (92). Measure- 
 
 ment of the elasticity for stretching, of alcohol. 
 
 W. Radius of Molecular Action. 
 
 199. QTTINCKE. Ppgg. 137. 402-414 (69). With historical intro- 
 
 duction. 
 
 200. EEINOLD & EUCKER. Phil. Trans. 177. 627-684 (86). Mea- 
 
 surement of soap-films. 
 
 200 a. --- . Phil. Trans. 184. 505-530 (93). Further 
 measurements : comparison of methods. 
 
 201. SOHNCKE, L. Wied. 49. 345-355 (90). Limiting thickness 
 
 of oil-film on water. 
 
 202. EdtfTGEtf. Wied. 41. 321-329 (90). Limiting thickness of 
 
 oil-film on water. 
 
 203. DRUDE, P. Wied. 43. 158-180 (91). Discussion of range of 
 
 inol. action from soap-films. 
 
 204. EEINOLD & EUCKER. Wied. 44. 778-783 (91). Eemarks on 
 
 Drude's paper. 
 
 X. Measurement of Capillary Constants. 
 
 Quincke's researches form the principal source of information 
 on the value of the capillary constants ; but some of his methods 
 have been attacked as incorrect by Worthington and others. The 
 papers are : 
 
 205. QUINCKE. Pogg. 105. 1-48 (58). Surface-tension of mercury 
 
 (large drop method), with historical introduction. 
 
 206. -- . Pogg. 134. 356-367 (68). Surface-tension of metals 
 
 by weight of drops on melting. 
 
 207. - . Pogg. 135. 621-646 (68). Ditto : more extended 
 
 paper, with theory. 
 
 208. - . Pogg. 138. 141-155 (69). Flat drops of liquefied 
 
 metals. 
 
 209. - . Pogg. 139. 1-89 (70). Capillary phenomena at surface 
 
 between two fluids : various methods of measure- 
 ment. 
 
 210. - . Pogg. 160. 337-375, 560-588 (77). Capillary phe- 
 
 nomena for solutions. 
 
 211. - . Wied. 2. 145-194 (77). Angle of contact and spread- 
 
 ing of liquids on solids. 
 
 212. WOBTIIINGTON. Proc. E. S. 32. 362-377 (81). More exact 
 
 treatment of hanging-drops. 
 
 213. - . Phil. Mag. (5) 20. 51-66 (85). Criticism of Quincke's 
 
 methods. 
 
 214. TEAUBE. J. f. Prakt. Chem. 34. 292-311, 515-538 (86). On 
 
 method of hanging-drops. 
 
215. QUINCKE. Wied. 27. 219-228 (86). Eeply to Worthingtou 
 
 and others. 
 
 216. SCHIFF. Ber. 15. 2965-2975 (82). Surface-tension at boil- 
 
 ing-point : method and examples. 
 
 217. DE KEEN. Bull. Acad. Belg. (3) 5. 477-482, 492-504, 505- 
 
 523 (83). Information on temperature-variation of 
 the surface-tension. 
 
 218. WoKTHiNGTOtf. Phil. Mag. (5) 19. 43-46 (85). On the use 
 
 of a capillary multiplier. 
 
 219. EATLEIGH, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 30. 386-400 (90). Surface- 
 
 tension of water (clean and contaminated) by the 
 method of ripples. 
 
 219 a. HALL, T. P. Phil. Mag. 36. 385-413 (93). New (weighing) 
 methods for measuring surface-tension. 
 
 2196. RAMSAY & SHIELDS. Phil. Trans. 184. 647-674 (93). Tem- 
 perature-variation of surface-tension its bearing on 
 the molecular complexity of liquids. 
 
 Y. Miscellaneous Phenomena. 
 
 220. EONTGEN. Wied. 3. 321-328 (78). Effect of surface-tension 
 
 on the weight of solids dipping in liquids. 
 
 221. SCIILEIERMACHER. Wied. 8. 52-83 (79). Effect of surface- 
 
 tension on the weight of solids dipping in liquids. 
 Observations on the thickening of liquids at solid 
 surfaces. 
 
 222. WORTILINGTON. Phil. Mag. (5) 15. 198-203 (83). On 
 
 horizontal motion of floating bodies under capillary 
 forces. 
 
 223. QUINCKE. Wied. 35. 580-642 (88). Numerous observations ^ 
 
 on movements of fluids due to surface-tension : 
 novel. 
 
 A great mass of observations, chiefly qualitative, on 
 liquids removed from the action of gravity is contained in 
 Plateau's researches : 
 
 224. PLATEAU. Mem. de Belg. vols. 16, 23, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37 
 
 (1843 to 1869) ; mostly translated in Taylor's Scien- 
 tific Memoirs, vols. 4 & 5, and Phil. Mag. 4th series, 
 vols. 14, 22, 24, 33, 38, & 40. 
 
 Plateau's book, ' Statique des Liquides.' 2 vols. (Ghent, 
 1873.) 
 
 225. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Proc. E. S. 34. 130-145 (82). Vibrations 
 
 of liquid jets. 
 
 226. MATTHIESSEN, L. Wied. 38. 118-130 (89). Experimental 
 
 verification of Thomson's theory of waves in liquids 
 under the combined, influence of gravity and surface- 
 tension. 
 
18 
 
 Z. Thermodynamics of Fluids at rest. Theory. 
 
 The form of the equation / (p, v, 0)=0, expressing the relations 
 between pressure, volume, and temperature, has been the subject 
 of much attention, as, with a knowledge of the internal energy, 
 it forms a complete statement of the properties of a fluid. (See 
 papers of "W. Thomson and Kirchhoff, under General Thermo- 
 dynamic theory.) 
 
 227. THOMSON, J. Proc. E. S. 20. 1-8 (71) ; or Phil. Mag. (4) 
 
 43. 227-234 (72). First gives an explanation of 
 the discontinuity of the isothermals in passing from 
 liquid to vapour. 
 
 v. D. WAALS. (Loc. cit. No. 88.) Gives a theoretical inves- 
 tigation, and proposes an equation. 
 
 228. CLAUSIUS. Wied. 9. 337-357 (80). Equation for carbon 
 
 dioxide. 
 
 229. SAEBAU. C. E. 94. 639-642, 718-720, 845-847 (82). 
 
 230. . C. E. 101. 941-944, 994-997, 1145-1148 (85). 
 
 231. . C. E. 110. 880-884 (90). 
 
 Comparison of Clausius' formula with experiments, 
 chiefly Amagat's, for several gases ; and, in the later papers, 
 a modification of the formula. 
 
 232. AMAGAT. Ann. Chim. Phys. (5) 28. 500-507 (83). Dis- 
 
 cussion of equations / (p, v, 0)=0. 
 
 233. WEOBLEWSKI. Wied. 29. 428-451 (86). Eepresentation of 
 
 state of a fluid by isopyknics. 
 
 234. EAMSAT & YOUNG. Phil. Mag. (5) 20. 515-530 (85). Some 
 
 empirical relations between pressure, temperature, 
 and latent heat. 
 
 235. . Phil. Mag. (5) 23. 129-138 (87). On the 
 
 nature of fluids : review of their experimental work. 
 
 236. . Phil. Mag. (5) 23. 435-458 (87) . ; (5) 24. 196- 
 
 212 (87). " Evaporation and dissociation," part vi. 
 Discussion of form of isometric lines, and empirical 
 relations observed. 
 
 237. FITZGEEALD. Proc. E. S. 42, 50-52, 216-224 (87). On 
 
 some deductions from Eamsay and Young's expe- 
 riments. 
 
 238. JAGEB, G-. Wien. Ber. 101. 1675-1684 (92). Discussion of 
 
 equations. 
 
 238 , BEILLOUIN, M. J. de Phys. (3) 2. 113-118 (93). Com- 
 parison of equations of v. d. Waals, Clausius, and 
 Sarrau, with the general equation of the third 
 degree. 
 
19 
 
 239. CAILLETET&COLARDEAU. Ann. Chim.Phys. (6) 17. 269-281 
 
 (89) ; or J. de Phys. (2) 8. 389-396 (89). Maintain 
 that both liquid and vapour exist above the critical 
 point. 
 
 In this connexion should be mentioned certain experi- 
 ments which, though dealing with fluids in motion, have as 
 their object to determine the internal energy of gases. 
 
 JOULE & THOMSON, "W. (Loc. cit. No. 82.) Especially paper 
 on flow of gases through a porous plug. 
 
 REGNAULT. (Loc. cit. No. 107.) Heat absorbed in discharge 
 of gases &c. 
 
 240. NATANSON, E. "Wied. 31. 502-526 (87). Experiments on 
 
 cooling of carbon dioxide by expansion, and com- 
 parison with v. d. Waals' theory. 
 
 241. BOUTY. J. de Phys. (2) 8. 20-28 (89). Discussion of 
 
 internal energy of gases, according to v. d. Waals' 
 and Clausius' equations, and comparison with Joule 
 and Thomson's experiments. 
 
 242. SCHILLER, N. Wied. 40. 149-156 (90). Discussion of 
 
 internal energy of gases, according to v. d. Waals' 
 and Clausius' equations, and comparison with Joule 
 and Thomson's experiments. 
 
 AA. [APPENDIX.] Theory of Mixtures and Solutions. 
 
 The literature of this subject and the allied points, of disso- 
 ciation and chemical combination, is very large : we can here 
 only mention two or three papers of exceptional interest. 
 
 243. TAN'T Horr. Arch. Neerland. 20. 239-302 (86). Com- 
 
 parison of dilute solutions to gases. [More briefly 
 in Ostw. 1. 481-508 (87).~] 
 
 244. BOLTZMANN. Ostw. 6. 474-480 (90). Discussion of van't 
 
 HofPs hypothesis from the point of view of the 
 kinetic theory. 
 
 245. LORENTZ, H. Ostw. 7. 36-54 (91). Discussion of van't 
 
 HofPs hypothesis from the point of view of the 
 kinetic theory. 
 
 246. BOLTZMANN. Ostw. 7. 88-90 (91). Discussion of van't 
 
 Hoff's hypothesis from the point of view of the 
 kinetic theory. 
 
 247. TAN D. WAALS. Arch. Neerland. 24. 1-56 (90). On the 
 
 thermodynamic equilibrium of mixtures. 
 
 247 a. NATANSON, L. Ostw. 10. 748-781 (92). Thermodynamic 
 potential of solutions. 
 
20 
 
 THERMODYNAMICS OF SOLIDS. 
 
 The constitution of solids is more complicated than that of 
 fluids, and has been much less studied ; so that the experimental 
 data existing fall into a few distinct groups, while of theory only 
 a few isolated points have been developed, chiefly with regard to 
 imperfections of elasticity in solids. 
 
 BB. Elasticity. 
 
 The most important data fall under this head ; several moduli 
 of elasticity have been measured, usually those of stretching and 
 twisting ; sometimes Young's modulus, by bending ; sometimes 
 the volume elasticity (see researches on compressibility of fluids). 
 Innumerable measurements have been taken ; it will only be 
 necessary to mention as typical : 
 
 248. WERTHEIM, G. Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 12. 385-454 (44). 
 
 249. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) is! 581-624 (44\ 
 
 250. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 15. 114-120 (45}. 
 
 251. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 23. 52-94 (48). 
 
 252. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 50. 195-322 (57). 
 
 253. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 50. 385-432 (57). 
 
 Much discussion has gone on as to the value of Poisson's 
 ratio. Wertheim measured it ; also: 
 
 254. KIRCHHOFF. Pogg. 108. 369-392 (59). For steel : static 
 
 method. 
 
 254 a. EVERETT. Phil. Trans. 156. 185-191 (66)-, 157. 137-153 
 (67); 158. 363-369 (68). Flexural and torsional 
 rigidity of metals and glass. 
 
 255. SCHNEEBELI. Pogg. 140. 598-621 (70). For steel, by lon- 
 
 gitudinal and torsional vibrations. 
 
 256. CORNU, A. C. E. 69. 333-337 (69). By optical obser- 
 
 vations of bending. 
 
 257. AMAGAT. Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 22. 95-140 (91) ; or more 
 
 briefly in J. de Phys. (2) 8. 197-204, 359-368 (89). 
 Compressibility and Poisson's ratio. 
 
 258. THRELFALL. Phil. Mag. (5) 30. 99-117 (90). Elastic 
 
 constants of quartz threads. 
 
 259. VOIGT, W. Wied. 31. 474-501, 701-723 (87). Elastic con- 
 
 stants of quartz and beryl (Baumgarten's method ; 
 one of several papers on different crystals). 
 
 The relation of elasticity to temperature has received 
 little attention ; we may refer to : 
 
 260. KOHLRAUSCH & LooMis. Pogg. 141. 481-503 (70). 
 
 And the papers of H. Tomlinson, which, being of a some- 
 what miscellaneous character, may best be collected here : 
 
 261. TOMLINSON, H. Phil. Trans. 174. 1-172 (83). Elastic 
 
 properties of metals. 
 
21 
 
 262. TOMLINSON, H. Proc. E. S. 38. 488-500 (85). Eolation of 
 
 elasticity to thermal capacity &c. 
 
 263. . Proc. E. S. 43. 88-108 (87). Comparison between 
 
 static elasticity and velocity of sound in metals. 
 
 264. . Phil. Trans. 177. 801-837 (86). Viscosity of solids ; 
 
 damping of vibrations, due to viscosity under various 
 circumstances. 
 
 Thirteen pure metals have been investigated very syste- 
 matically by 
 
 264 a. VOIOT, W. Wied. 48. 674-707 (93). Elasticity by flexural 
 and torsional vibrations. 
 
 264 b. . Wied. 49. 396-400 (93). Eemarks on the above. 
 
 264 c. . Wied. 49. 697-708, 709-718 (93). Thermal expan- 
 sion, thermal pressure, and specific heat. 
 
 CC. Limits of Elasticity. 
 
 Viscosity, or internal friction of solids, leads naturally to the 
 subject of " Elastische Nachvvirkung," and the two must be taken 
 together. The chief papers are (with Tornlinson's mentioned 
 above) : 
 
 265. WEBER, W. Pogg. 34. 247-256 (86). Observations and 
 
 theory of Elastische Nachwirkung. 
 
 266. . Pogg. 54. 1-17 (41). Observations and theory of 
 
 Elastische Nachwirkung. 
 
 267. KOHLEATJSCH, E. Pogg. 119. 337-368 (63). Observations 
 
 and theory of Elastische Nachwirkung. 
 
 268. . Pogg. 128. 1-20, 207-227, 399-419 (66). Obser- 
 
 vations and theory of Elastische Nachwirkung. 
 
 269. . Pogg. 155. 579-587 (75). Observations and theory 
 
 of Elastische Nachwirkung. 
 
 270. . Pogg. 158. 337-375 (76). Observations and theory 
 
 of Elastische Nachvvirkung. 
 
 271. . Pogg. 160. 225-238 (77). Observations and theory 
 
 of Elastische Nachwirkung. 
 
 272. WIEDEMANN, G. Pogg. 103. 563-577 (58). Observations on 
 limits of elasticity, permanent and temporary defor- 
 mation, and analogous magnetic phenomena. 
 
 273. . Pogg. 106. 161-201 (69). Observations on limits of 
 
 elasticity, permanent and temporary deformation, 
 and analogous magnetic phenomena. 
 
 274. . Pogg. 107. 376-379 (69). Observations on limits of 
 
 elasticity, permanent and temporary deformation, 
 and analogous magnetic phenomena. 
 
 275. . Pogg. 117. 193-217 (62). Observations on limits of 
 
 elasticity, permanent and temporary deformation, 
 and analogous magnetic phenomena. 
 
22 
 
 276. WiEDEMANir, G. Wied. 6. 485-520 (79). Observations on 
 
 limits of elasticity, permanent and temporary defor- 
 mation, and analogous magnetic phenomena. 
 
 277. MAXWELL. " Constitution of bodies/' Ency. Brit. 9th ed. 
 
 1876. Eeprinted in Maxwell's collected papers, 
 vol. ii. pp. 616-624. 
 
 278. METEE,O.E. Pogg. 151. 108-119 (74). Theory of El. Nachw. 
 
 279. . Pogg. 154. 354-361 (75). Note on Streintz's work. 
 
 280. . Wied. 4. 249-267 (78). Critical experiments and 
 
 modified theory. 
 
 281. BOLTZMANN. Wien. Ber. 70. 275-306 (7,5); or Pogg. 
 
 Erganzb. 7. 624-654 (76). Theory of El. Nachw. 
 
 282. . Wien. Ber. 76. 815-842 (78). Theory of El. Nachw. 
 
 283. . Wied. 5. 430-432 (78). Note against O. E. Meyer. 
 
 284. NEESEN. Pogg. 153. 498-525 (74). Experiments on 
 
 torsion and extension of wires. 
 
 285. . Pogg. 157. 579-596 (76). Experiments on torsion 
 
 and extension of wires. 
 
 286. . Wied. 7. 460-469 (79). Experiments on torsion and 
 
 extension of wires. 
 
 287. STEEINTZ. Wien. Ber. 69. 337-378 (74); or Pogg. 153. 
 
 387-411 (74)* Experiments on damping of torsional 
 vibrations. 
 
 288. SCHMIDT. Wied. 2. 48-66 (77). Experiments on damping 
 
 of torsional vibrations. 
 
 289. BEAUST, W., & KTTEZ, A. Carl's Eep. 15. 561-577 (79). 
 
 Experiments on damping of torsional vibrations. 
 
 290. , . Carl's Eep. 17. 233-253 (81). Experiments 
 
 on damping of torsional vibrations. 
 
 291. , . Carl's Eep. 18. 665-672 (82). Experiments 
 
 on damping of torsional vibrations. 
 
 292. WAEBTTEGK Wied. 4. 232-249 (78). Theory of El. Nachw. 
 293. . Wied. 10. 13-24 (80). Experiments in support, 
 
 294. SCHBODEE, T. Wied. 28. 369-393 (86). Relation of El. 
 
 Nachw. to temperature : experiments by Kohlrausch's 
 method. 
 
 295. WIEDMANN, G-. Wied. 29. 214-249 (86). Elastic and 
 
 thermal after-effects in glass. 
 
 296. EEKKFH. Wied. 35. 476-496 (88). El. Nachw. and 
 
 temperature. 
 
 297. BAEUS. Phil. Mag. (5) 26. 183-217 (88); 27. 155-177 
 
 (89). Experimental verification of Maxwell's theory 
 of EL Nachw. 
 
23 
 
 298. BAJIUS& STROUIIAL. Sill. (3) 32. 444-466 (86); 33. 20-36 
 
 (87). Measurement of the viscosity of steel, with 
 references to literature. 
 
 299. BaiLLOuiy. J. de Phys. (2) 7. 327-347 (88) ; 8. 169-170 
 
 (89). Thermodynamics of permanent strain : 
 Mathematical consequences of certain simple 
 assumptions as to imperfectly elastic bodies. 
 
 On the important question of how elasticity of metals is 
 affected by long continued strains, little information exists ; 
 experiments have been undertaken by 
 
 300. BOTTOMLEY. Phil. Mag. (5) 24. 314-318 (87). 
 
 301. . Phil. Mag. (5) 28. 94-98 (89), 
 
 and are still in progress. 
 
 Much information on breaking strains has been collected 
 for engineering purposes, but it possesses little scientific 
 interest at present. One or two other papers on allied 
 points may be mentioned : 
 
 302. AUERBACH, F. Wied. 43. 61-100 (91). Absolute measure- 
 
 ment of hardness ; description of apparatus and 
 results, with historical introduction, 
 
 303. . Wied. 45. 277-291 (92). General remarks on elastic 
 
 properties of solids and on plasticity and brittleness. 
 
 304. MORIN. Mem. Sav. etrang. (2) 4. 1-128, 591-696 (S3); 
 
 6. 641-784 (35). Classical researches on friction. 
 
 305. REYNOLDS, O. Phil. Trans. 177. 157-234 (86). Theory of 
 
 lubrication and Mr. Beauchainp Tower's experiments. 
 
 DD. Thermal Expansion. 
 
 Two methods of measurement are commonly adopted, that of 
 the comparator and Fizeau's optical method. Both methods have 
 been studied very carefully at the Bureau International, and their 
 publications contain the best account of the experimental details, 
 and the most recent results. 
 
 306. PERTOJT. Trav. et Mem. du bureau int. des poids et mesures, 
 
 vol. iv. 170 pp. (1885). On the comparator method. 
 
 307. BENOIT. Trav. et Mem. du bureau int. des poids et mesures, 
 
 vol. vi. 193 pp. (1888). On Fizeau's method. 
 
 See also the original papers by 
 
 308. FIZEAU. C. K. 62. 1101-1106, 1133-1148 (66). ^ 
 
 309. . 0. E. 66. 1005-1014, 1072-1086 (68). J 
 
 Experimental method and results, with application to 
 
 different crystalline systems. The first memoir reprinted, 
 Ann. Chim. Phys. (4) 8. 325-361 (66) ; the second trans- 
 lated, Phil. Mag. (4) 36. 31-38 (68). 
 
 c 
 
24 
 
 310. BECKENKAMP, J. Beibl. 6. 80-86 (82). Thermal expansion 
 of monosymmetric and asymmetric crystals : theory 
 and measurements. (Abstract.) 
 
 EE. Thermal Capacity. 
 
 Th j ordinary methods of measurement will be found under 
 Caloriinetry. We need only mention here a few results of special 
 interest. 
 
 311. WEBER, H. F. Pogg. 154. 367-423, 553-582 (75). Specific 
 
 heat of carbon, boron, and silicon at various tempe- 
 ratures : Dulong and Petit's law. 
 
 312. VIOLLE. J. de Phys. (1) 7. 69-78 (78). Careful study of 
 
 specific heat of platinum and allied metals up to 
 melting-point. 
 
 313. . J. de Phys. (1) 9. 81-85 (80). Careful study of 
 
 speciBc heat of platinum and allied metals up to 
 melting-point. 
 
 The anomalous behaviour of iron at high temperatures 
 was the subject of much study a few years ago : 
 
 314. OSMOND. C. E. 103. 743-746, 1135-1137 (86). Obser- 
 
 vations on the cooling of steel. 
 
 315. PIONCHON. Ann. Chim.Phys, (6) 11. 33-110 (87); or, more 
 
 briefly, J. de Phys. (2) 6. 269-286 (87). Calori- 
 metric study of iron and other metals, over a large 
 range of temperature. Description of method, and 
 results. 
 
 316. NEWALL. Phil. Mag. (5) 24. 435-439 (87). Observations 
 
 on recalescence of steel. 
 
 317. . Phil. Mag. (5) 25. 510-512 (88). Observations on 
 
 recalescence of steel. 
 
 318. TOMLINSON, H. Phil. Mag. (5) 23. 245-252 (87). General 
 
 remarks on the elastic properties of iron. 
 
 319. . Phil Mag. (5) 25. 103-116 (88). Eecalescence. 
 
 320. BABUS. * Nature,' 41. 369-371 (90). Note on the stability 
 
 of iron and steel. 
 
 21. OSMOND. Mem. de 1'Artill. de la Marine, vol. xv. (1887), 
 131 pp. Resume of subject, with references to 
 literature. 
 
 Eor calculations on internal energy of solids, and their 
 specific heat at constant volume, see Wiillner: Experi- 
 mental-Pi lysik, vol. iii. p. 61 (4th edit.). Calculation first 
 given by W. Thomson, Proc. Eoy. Soc. viii. (1857) ; also 
 Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edinb. (1851). 
 
25 
 
 FF. Phenomena of Fusion. 
 
 322. KOPP. Lieb. 93. 129-232 (55). Change of volume on 
 
 melting. 
 
 323. BARUS. Phil. Mag. (5) 29. 337-355 (90). Experimental 
 
 comparison of viscosity of solids and liquids. 
 
 324. . Sill. (3) 42. 125-147 (91). Continuity of solid and 
 
 liquid states. 
 
 325. WIEDEMANN, E. Wied. 20. 228-242 (83). Change of 
 
 volume of metals on melting. 
 
 326. PERSON, C. Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 21. 295-335 (47) ; (3) 24. 
 
 129-162, 265-276 (48) ; (3) 27. 250-272 (49). 
 Numerous observations on heat of fusion. 
 
 See also " Calorimetry " for heat of fusion of ice. 
 
 327. EAOULT. Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 8, 289-317 (86). Lowering 
 
 of freezing-point of solutions. 
 
 328. . Arm. Chim. Phys. (6) 8. 317-339 (86). Method for 
 
 determining molecular weights. 
 
 These two papers may be taken as representative of the 
 extensive literature now existing on u Haoult's method " for 
 molecular weights, a subject belonging rather to Chemistry 
 than Physics. 
 
 THERMODYNAMICS OF MOVING FLUIDS. 
 
 Note-. In the sections following on Diffusion and Viscosity it is 
 intended to refer only to experimental work, with such theoretical 
 considerations as do not involve any assumptions as to molecules. 
 It is impossible to separate such papers completely from those on 
 molecular theory, so additional information will be found later, 
 where experiments on Diffusion and Viscosity are treated as data 
 of the kinetic theory of gases. 
 
 GO. Diffusion of Gases. 
 
 329. GRAHAM. Phil. Trans. 136. 573-631 (46). Transpiration 
 and effusion of gases. 
 
 330. . Phil. Trans. 139. 349-391 (49). Transpiration and 
 
 effusion of gases. 
 
 331. . Phil. Trans. 153. 385-405 (63); or Phil. Mag. (4) 
 
 26. 409-434 (63). Diffusion of gases. 
 
 332. LOSCHMIDT. "Wien. Ber. 61. 367-380 (70) ; 62.468-478 (70). 
 
 Determination of coefficients. 
 
 c2 
 
26 
 
 333. Y. OBEEMAYEE. Wien. Ber. 81. 1102-1127 (80). Tempe- 
 
 rature variation of coefficient. 
 
 334. . Wien. Ber. 85. 147-168, 748-761 (82). Coefficients 
 
 for various gases. 
 
 335. . Wien. Ber. 87. 188-263 (83). Coefficients for various 
 
 gases. 
 
 336. . Wien. Ber. 96. 546-577 (87). Possible variability of 
 
 coefficient. 
 
 337. WINKELMANN. Wied. 22. 1-31, 152-160 (84). Measure- 
 
 ments of diffusion and comparison with theory. 
 
 338. . Wied. 33. 445-453 (88). Observations on rate of 
 
 evaporation. 
 
 339. . Wied. 36. 93-114 (89). Experiments on rate of 
 
 evaporation and diffusion of vapours in air, hydrogen, 
 and carbon dioxide. 
 
 340. STEFAN. Wien. Ber. 98. 1418-1442 (89) ; or Wied. 41. 
 
 725-747 (90). Evaporation and solution treated as 
 phenomena of diffusion : theory and experiments. 
 
 341. DE KEEN. Bull. Ac. Belg. (3) 21. 11-24, 214-219, 798-810 
 
 (91). Experiments on rate of evaporation under 
 various circumstances. 
 
 HH. Diffusion of Liquids. 
 
 342. GEAHAM. Phil. Trans. 140. 1-46, 805-836 (50) ; 141. 483- 
 
 494 (51). Experiments on diffusion of various 
 liquids. 
 
 343. . Phil. Trans. 144. 177-228 (54). Osmotic force. 
 
 344. STEFAN. Wien. Ber. 78. 957-975 (78). Experiments on 
 
 diffusion of liquids. Description of method. 
 
 345. . Wien. Ber. 79. 161-214 (79). Eeduction of Graham's 
 
 results. 
 (See also Stefan, under Diffusion of Gases.) 
 
 3450. WIENEE, O. Wied. 49. 105-149 (93). On curved rays 
 and their application to measure diffusion of liquids. 
 
 II. Viscosity of Gases. 
 
 346. MAXWELL. Phil. Trans. 156. 249-268 (66). Determination 
 
 by oscillating disc method. 
 (Reprinted in Maxwell's papers, vol. ii. p. 1.) 
 
 347. PULUJ. Wien. Ber. 69. 287-320 (75) ; 70. 243-270 (75) ; 
 
 73. 589-628 (76). Variation with temperature. 
 
27 
 
 348. KUNDT & WARBURG. Pogg. 155. 337-360, 525-550 (75) 
 
 159. 399-415 (76). Measurement of viscosity, and 
 slipping at glass surfaces. 
 
 349. Y. OBERMAYER. Wieu. Ber. 71. 281-308 (75); 73. 433- 
 
 474 (76). Variation with temperature. 
 
 350. KLEMBNOIO. Wien. Ber. 84. 146-167 (81). Damping in 
 
 air at various pressures. 
 
 351. TOMLINSON. Phil. Trans. 177. 767-799 (86). OsciUating 
 
 disc method. With note by Stokes. 
 
 352. BARTIS. Wied. 36. 358-398 (89). Viscosity of various 
 
 gases up to 1000, by capillary-tube method. Full 
 references to literature. 
 
 The resistance of air at high velocities has been studied 
 for practical purposes, and some results of interest obtained. 
 See: 
 
 353. BASHFORTH. Treatise on the Motion of Projectiles. London, 
 
 1873. 
 
 354. LANGLEY. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. 
 
 xxvii. (1891), 115 pp. (no. 801). Experiments on 
 motion of inclined planes through the air. (Flying 
 machines.) 
 
 355. EAYLEIGH, Lord. 'Nature/ 45. 108-109 (1). Note on 
 
 Langley's experiments. 
 
 JJ. Viscosity of Liquids. 
 
 356. POISEUILLE. Mem. Sav. etrang. 9. 433-544 (46) ; or 
 
 Abstract in Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 7. 50-74 (43). 
 Method of capillary tubes. 
 
 Many measurements have since been made by the same 
 method, but without any noticeable difference. As an 
 example of the method of damping we may take 
 
 357. KONIG, W. Wied. 32. 193-222 (87). 
 
 358. STEFAN. Wien. Ber. 46. 8-31, 495-520 (62). Gives a 
 
 general mathematical treatment of the motion 
 or viscous liquids, with particular application to 
 Poiseuille's method. 
 The possible rigidity of liquids has been studied by 
 
 359. SCIIWEDOFF, TH. J. de Phys. 8. 341-359 (89). Experi- 
 
 ments on rigidity of twisted liquids, and Maxwell's 
 theory of it. Connexion between viscosity and 
 rigidity. 
 
 360. . J. de Phys. 9. 34-46 (90). Experiments on rigidity 
 
 of twisted liquids, and Maxwell's theory of it. 
 Connexion between viscosity and rigidity. 
 
28 
 
 KK. Outflow of Liquids. 
 
 Eesearches on this subject have been undertaken chiefly by 
 engineers for practical purposes. See especially "VVeisbach in the 
 * Civilingenieur,' 1859 and on. Also 
 
 361. EEYNOLDS, O. Proc. E. S. 35. 84-99 (83). On the con- 
 
 ditions for formation of eddies in flowing liquids. 
 
 LL. Outflow of Gases. 
 
 Experiments on this subject, though undertaken also for 
 engineering purposes, have led to discussions of far more scientific 
 interest than in the case of liquids. The most important data are 
 those given by Hirn. 
 
 362. HiRtf. Mem. de Belg. 43. (1881), 91 pp. Experimental 
 
 researches. Published separately by Gauthier- 
 Villars, of Paris. 
 
 363. . Mem. de Belg. 46. (1880), 203pp. Experimental re- 
 searches. Published separately by Gauthier-Yillars, 
 of Paris. 
 
 364. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 7. 289-349 (86). On the 
 
 existence of a limiting velocity. 
 
 His experiments are uncontested, but Hirn draws con- 
 clusions from them at variance with the kinetic theory of 
 gases ; and a discussion accordingly arose in which various 
 authors defended the theory against Him, explaining his 
 experiments differently. See : 
 
 365. CLATJSIUS. Bull. Ac. Belg. (3) 11. 173-193 (86). 
 
 366. HUGONIOT. Ann. Chim. Phys. (6) 9. 375-405 (86). 
 
 Also articles by Hirn, Hugoniot, Parenty, and Haton de 
 la Goupilliere in the ' Comptes Eendus/ vols. 102, 103, 
 and 104 ; especially 
 
 367. HATON DE LA GOTJPILLIEBE. C. E. 103. 661-665, 709-732 
 
 (86). Exact theory of the variable outflow of a 
 
 MM. Atmospheric Movements. 
 
 368. FOTJRNIEK, E. F. C. E. 100. 47-50 (85). Calculation of 
 
 the pressure and velocity in cyclones. 
 
 369. MASCAKT. J. de Phys. (2) 8. 557-572 (89). Abstract of 
 
 experiments by M. Weyher on artificial reproduction 
 of cyclones. 
 
 370. OBEKBECK. Berl. Sitzber. 1888, 383-396, 1129-1138. On 
 
 atmospheric movements. 
 
29 
 
 371. HELMHOLTZ, H. VON. Berl. Sitzber. 1888, 647-663. On 
 
 atmospheric movements. 
 
 372. . Berl. Sitzber. 1889, 761-780. On atmospheric 
 
 movements. 
 
 373. . Berl. Sitzber. 1890, 853-872. On atmospheric 
 
 movements. 
 
 Or Wied. 41. 641-662 (90), reprint of the last of the 
 above three papers. 
 
 374. v. BEZOLD. Berl. Sitzber. 1888, 485-522, 1189-1206. 
 
 375. . Berl. Sitzber. 1890, 355-390, 1295-1317. 
 
 376. . Berl. Sitzber. 1892, 279-309. 
 
 377. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 29. 173-180 (90). Vibra- 
 tions of an atmosphere. 
 
 WAVE-MOTIONS : ESPECIALLY SOUND. 
 
 Two great works on Sound must first be mentioned, which give 
 information on most of the subjects mentioned below, and much of 
 it original. These are HelmhoJtz's ' Sensations of Tone ' (fourth 
 German edition, 1877 ; second English edition, edited, with 
 valuable appendices, by Ellis : London, 1885) ; and Lord Eayleigh's 
 1 Theory of Sound/ 2 vols. (London, 1877-78 : Macmillan). 
 
 NN. Measurement of Frequency. 
 
 On this comparatively simple subject we need only refer to two 
 or three of the more recent papers : 
 
 378. MICHELSON. Sill. (3) 25. 61-64 (83). Example of the 
 
 electrochronographic method. 
 
 379. LEMAN. Zs. f . Instrumentenk. 10. 77-87, 170-183, 197-202 
 
 (90). Determination of pitch of tuning-forks, un- 
 dertaken for the Berlin ' Eeichsanstalt.' Literature 
 and criticism of methods and introduction only. 
 
 380. HERRMANN, L. Pfliiger's Archiv, 45. 582-592 (89); 47. 
 
 44-53, 347-391 (90); 53. 1-51 (93). Full details 
 of method of photographing vibrations. Analysis of 
 vowel sounds. 
 
 380 a. KRIGAR-MENZEL & EAPS. Wied. 44. 623-641 (91) ; 50. 
 444-455 (93). Photographing motion of plucked 
 strings. Analysis of curves. 
 
 3806. EAPS, A. Wied. 50. 193-220 (93). Photographing 
 interference-bands formed by sound-waves in air. 
 Composition of vowel sounds. 
 
30 
 
 OO. Velocity. 
 
 381. EEGJTAULT. Mem. de Paris, 37. 3-575. Velocity of propa- 
 
 gation of waves in gaseous media ; direct measure- 
 ment in tubes and in free air. Eeferences to earlier 
 experiments. 
 
 382. WEBTHEIM. Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 23. 434-474 (48). 
 
 Velocity in liquids by wave-length of pipes, 
 
 383. . Ann. Chim. Phys. (3) 31. 385-432, 432-436 (51}. 
 
 Velocity in air. 
 
 384. KCNDT. Pogg. 127. 497-523 (66). Velocity in gases and 
 
 solids ; determination of wave-length by dust figures. 
 
 385. . Pogg. 135. 337-372, 527-561 (68). Velocity in 
 
 pipes : with historical introduction. 
 
 386. STEPAN. Wien. Ber. 57. 697-708 (68). Velocity in solids. 
 
 387. WABBUBG. Pogg. 136. 285-295 (69). Velocity in soft 
 
 bodies (Stefan's method;. 
 
 PP. Measurement of Intensity. 
 
 388. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 14. 186-187 (82). Action 
 
 of sound on light plates. 
 
 389. ALLABD. C. E. 95. 1062-1064 (82). Experiments on 
 
 intensity at various distances from the source of 
 sound. 
 
 390. DVOBAK, V. Zs. f. Instrumentenk. 3. 127-135 (88). Appa- 
 
 ratus for production of rotation by sound-waves, 
 and measurement of intensity. 
 
 391. WIEN, M. Wied. 36. 834-857 (89). Measurement by 
 
 means of variation of pressure in a resonator. Proof 
 of inverse square law. Eeferences to literature. 
 
 QQ. duality of Tone. 
 
 Eor experiments and discussion of this subject, see especially 
 Helmholtz's l Sensations of Tone,' and 
 
 392. KONIG, E. Pogg. 146. 161-199 (72). Method of mano- 
 
 metric flames. 
 
 393. . Pogg. 157. 177-237 (76). Observations on conso- 
 
 nances &c. 
 
 394. . J. de Phys. (2) 1. 525-542 (82) ; or Wied. 14. 369- 
 
 393 (81). Effect of phase on quality. Experi- 
 ments with the wave siren. 
 
 395. . Wied. 39. 395-402, 403-411 (90). Observations on 
 
 interference of sounds. 
 
31 
 
 396. VOIGT, W. Wied. 40. 652-660 (90). Attempt to reconcile 
 
 the theories of Helmholtz and Kouig. 
 
 396 a. HERRMANN, L. Pfliiger's Archiv, 49. 499-518 (91). 
 Theory of combination-tones. 
 
 EE. Miscellaneous. 
 A few other papers may be mentioned : 
 
 397. STEFAN. Wien. Ber. 53. 521-537 (66). Calculation of the 
 
 effect of viscosity of air on propagation of sound. 
 
 398. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 16. 181-186 (83). Calcu- 
 
 lation of the absorbent effect of porous bodies. 
 
 399. STEOUHAL. Wied. 5. 216-251 (78). Theory of organ-pipes, 
 
 with experiments on production of tones, and on 
 " Eeibungstone." 
 
 400. HERROUN & TEO. Proc. E. S. 50. 318-322 (92). Audibility 
 
 of single sound-waves. 
 
 CONDUCTION OF HEAT. 
 
 The theory of conduction (or diffusion) assuming the conduc- 
 tivity not to vary with the temperature has been worked out by 
 Fourier, whose work is a monument of applied mathematics, useful 
 in several branches of Physics besides the present. The most 
 accessible edition is : 
 
 FOURIER. * Analytical Theory of Heat/ (Translated by A. 
 Freeman.) Cambridge, 1878. 
 
 SS. Conductivity of Solids and Liquids. 
 
 The following are some of the numerous determinations that 
 have been made : 
 
 401. WIEDEMANN & FRANZ. Pogg. 89. 497-531 (53). Eelative 
 
 conductivity of solids. 
 
 402. FORBES. Trans. E. S. E. 23. 133-146 (68); 24. 73-110 (65). 
 
 Temperature-variation of conductivity in solids. 
 
 403. ANGSTROM. Pogg. 114. 512-530 (61). Absolute conduc- 
 
 tivity of metals. 
 
 404. . Pogg. 118. 423-431 (63). Absolute conductivity of 
 
 metals. 
 
 405. . Pogg. 123. 628-640 (64). Absolute conductivity of 
 
 metals. 
 
 Or Phil. Mag, (4) 25. 130-142 (63); 26. 161-167 (63). 
 Translation in full of the first two memoirs. 
 
 406. WEBER, H. F. Wied. 10. 103-129 (80). Conductivity of 
 
 solids. 
 
 407. LORBERG. Wied. 14. 291-308, 426-450 (81). Analysis and 
 
 reduction of H. F. Weber's work. 
 
32 
 
 408. LOEENZ, L. Wied. 13. 422-447 (81). Comparison of con- 
 
 ductivity of metals for heat and electricity. 
 
 409. JANNETTAZ. Beibl. 7. 277-280 (83). On conductivity of 
 
 crystals. (Abstract, with references to various papers 
 of Jannettaz.) 
 
 410. BOTTOMLEY. Phil. Trans. 172. 537-545 (81). Conductivity 
 
 of water : original method. 
 
 411. BEEGET. C. E. 105. 224-227 (87). 
 
 412. . C. E. 106. 1152-1155 (88). 
 
 413. . C. E. 107. 171-172, 227-229 (88). 
 
 Conductivity of mercury by the " method of the p!ate": 
 
 temperature-variation : and conductivity of other liquids 
 and metals. 
 
 413 a. . C. E. 114. 1350-1352 (93). New method for 
 
 comparing conductivity of solids : ingenious and 
 simple. 
 
 414. CHEEE. Proc. E. S. 43. 30-48 (87). Conductivity of liquids. 
 
 415. GEAETZ. Wied. 18. 79-94 (83). Conductivity of liquids : 
 
 novel method : cooling of a stream of liquid. 
 
 416. . Wied. 25. 337-357 (85). Conductivity of liquids : 
 
 novel method : cooling of a stream of liquid. 
 * Some of the above papers refer to the loss of heat from 
 the surface of bodies (external conductivity) ; and we may 
 mention one or two other papers on the subject, though not 
 properly belonging to Physics of Matter. 
 
 417. STEFAN. Wien. Ber. 79. 391-428 (79). Discussion of early 
 
 experiments on radiation and enunciation of the law 
 of the fourth power of the temperature. 
 
 418. GEAETZ. Wied. 11. 913-930 (80). Law of radiation and 
 
 emissivity of glass. 
 
 419. AYBTON&KILGOUE. Phil. Trans. 183. 371-406 (92). Emis- 
 
 sivity of wires. 
 
 TT. Conductivity of Gases. 
 
 The experimental data are given here; but see also 'Kinetic 
 Theory of Gases ' for a discussion of the results. 
 
 420. STEFAN. Wien. Ber. 65. 45-72 (72). 
 
 421. KUNDT & WAEBUEG. Pogg. 156. 177-211 (75). 
 
 422. GEAETZ. Wied. 14. 232-260 (81). 
 
 Winkelmann has made numerous determinations, of 
 which we need only mention the last, which, according to 
 the author, is the best. 
 
 423. WINKELMANN, A. Wied. 44. 177-205, 429-456 (91). 
 
33 
 
 The above are by the method of cooling. A stationary 
 method, using an electrically-heated wire in a glass tube, 
 was used by 
 
 424. SCHLEIERMACHER. Wied. 34. 623-646 (88). Conductivity 
 
 425. . "Wied. 36. 346-357 (89). Conductivity of mercury- 
 
 vapour, with discussion of its bearing on the theories 
 of Boltzmann and O. E. Meyer. 
 
 MOLECULAB THEOEY. 
 
 This has been worked out systematically only for gases. The 
 ordinary Kinetic theory assumes either hard spherical atoms, or 
 spherical or point atoms repelling one another according to a law 
 depending on the distance, and combinations of such atoms. This 
 theory has been built up by a few distinguished writers, each of 
 whom has dealt with all the more important phenomena to be 
 explained : pressure, viscosity, diffusion, conduction, &c. "We 
 cannot, therefore, conveniently divide the subject. In addition to 
 the memoirs mentioned below, the books of O. E. Meyer, ' Theorie 
 der Gase' (Breslau, 1877), pp. 338, and Eiihlmann, 'Handbuch 
 d. Mech. Warmetheorie,' vol. ii. pp. 1-253 (Braunschweig, 1885), 
 contain much original information. 
 
 UU. Kinetic Theory of Gases. 
 
 426. WATERSIDE, J. J, Phil. Trans. 183. 1-80 (92). On the 
 
 physics of media composed of free and perfectly 
 elastic media in a state of motion. This paper was 
 written in 1845, but not published, and consequently 
 exercised no influence on the work of Clausius, 
 Maxwell, &c., much of whose work it anticipated. 
 
 427. CLAUSIUS. Fogg. 100. 353-380 (57). 
 
 428. . Pogg. 105. 239-258 (58). 
 
 429. . Pogg. 115. 1-56 (62). 
 
 These form Nos. 14, 15, and 16 in Part ii. of the Collected 
 Papers (1st edit., 1867). They calculate the principal quan- 
 tities involved in the theory pressure, free path, &c., but 
 on the assumption of equal speed in all the molecules, but 
 directions of motion uniformly distributed. 
 
 430. MAXWELL. Phil. Mag. (4) 19. 19-32 (60); 20. 21-37 (60). 
 
 Maxwell's Collected Papers, vol. i. pp. 377-409. 
 Hard spherical theory: introduction of the "pro- 
 bability" distribution of speed in the molecules. 
 Viscosity : diffusion : outline of general theory. 
 (Some of his deductions, however, are not strict.) 
 
 431. . Phil. Trans. 157. 49-88 (67); or Phil. Mag. (4) 35. 
 
34 
 
 129-145, 185-217 (68). Collected Papers, ii. 26-78. 
 Theory based on the law of the inverse fifth power. 
 Viscosity, diffusion, conductivity. See note on it by 
 
 432. BOLTZMANN. Wien. Ber. 66. 213-219 (72). 
 
 433. MAXWELL. Collected Papers, ii. 713-741 ; or more briefly in 
 
 Phil. Mag. (5) 14. 299-312 (82). On Boltzmann's 
 theorem of distribution of energy in a system of 
 material points. 
 
 434. STEFAN. Wien. Ber. 47. 81-97, 326-345 (68). General 
 
 remarks on the theory of gases : pressure, conduc- 
 tivity. 
 
 435. . Wien. Ber. 63. 63-124 (71). General theory of dif- 
 
 fusion of gases : application to particular cases, and 
 calculation of coefficients. 
 
 436. . Wien. Ber. 65. 323-363 (72). Theory of diffusion 
 
 and viscosity. 
 
 437. MEYEE, O. E. Pogg. 125. 177-209, 401-420, 564-599 (65). 
 
 438. . Pogg. 127. 253-281, 353-382 (66). 
 
 439. . Pogg. 143. 14-26 (71). 
 
 440. . Pogg. 148. 1-44, 203-236, 526-555 (73). 
 
 Theory of viscosity of gases : theory of methods for 
 determining it : and results. This work is included in 
 Meyer's * Kinetische theorie der Gase.' 
 
 The results of Meyer's papers are contained in his book, 
 referred to above, which also gives an account of the 
 literature, generally, up to date of publication. 
 
 Boltzmann has worked out the theory of gases syste- 
 matically, paying special attention to the conditions of 
 equilibrium of the molecules and the law of distribution of 
 velocities. See : 
 
 441. BOLTZMANN. Wien. Ber. 56. 682-690 (67). Number of 
 
 atoms in the molecule and internal energy of gases. 
 
 442. . (General theory.) Wien. Ber. 58. 517-560 (68). 
 
 Equilibrium of kinetic energy between material 
 moving points. 
 
 443. . Wien, Ber. 58. 1035-1044 (68). Mathematical note 
 
 to the preceding. 
 
 444. . Wien. Ber. 63. 379-418 (71). Equilibrium of poly- 
 
 atomic molecules. 
 
 445. . Wien. Ber. 63. 679-711 (71). General law of thermal 
 
 equilibrium. 
 
 446. . Wien. Ber. 66. 275-370 (72). Further studies on 
 
 thermal equilibrium. 
 
 447. . Wien. Ber. 72. 427-457 (76). Thermal equilibrium 
 
 and external forces. 
 
35 
 
 448. BOLTZMANN. Wien. Ber. 74. 553-560 (77). Note on dis- 
 
 tribution of energy in the molecule. 
 
 449. . Wien. Ber. 84. 136-145 (80). Note on theory of 
 
 equilibrium. 
 
 450. . Wien. Ber. 95. 153-164 (87). Correction to theory 
 
 of equilibrium. 
 
 451. . (Viscosity.) Wien. Ber. 81. 117-158 (80). Theory 
 
 of viscosity. Evaluation of constant : references to 
 literature. 
 
 459. . Wien. Ber. 84. 40-135 (82). Theory of viscosity. 
 
 Evaluation of constant : references to literature. 
 
 453. . Wien. Ber. 84. 1230-1263 (82). Theory of viscosity. 
 
 Evaluation of constant : references to literature. 
 
 454. . (Diffusion.) Wien. Ber. 88. 63-99 (82). Diffusion : 
 
 theory : review of experiments : references. 
 
 455. . Wien. Ber. 88. 835-860 (83). Diffusion: theory: 
 
 review of experiments : references. 
 
 456. . (Conductivity.) Wien. Ber. 72. 458-470 (76); or 
 
 Pogg. 157/457-469 (76). Conductivity of gases: 
 distinction between transfer of translational and 
 intramolecular energy. 
 
 457. . (Miscellaneous.) Wien. Ber. 75. 62-100 (77). On 
 
 meaning of the second law and other points. 
 
 458. . Wien. Ber. 78. 7-46 (79). Second law and equili- 
 
 brium of a heavy gas. 
 
 459. . Wien. Ber. 78. 733-763 (79). Second law and dif- 
 
 fusion. 
 
 460. . Wien. Ber. 89. 714-722 (84) ; or Wied. 24. 37-44 
 
 (85). Possibility of a kinetic theory based on 
 attractive forces only. 
 
 461. TAIT. Trans, E. S. E. 33. 65-95 (86). 
 
 462. . Trans. E. S. E. 33. 251-277 (86). 
 
 463. . Trans. E. S. E. 35. 1029-1041 (90). 
 
 464. . Trans. E. S. E. 36. 257-272 (91). ^ 
 
 On the foundations of the kinetic theory. Chiefly 
 on the Maxwell-Boltzmann hypothesis of distribution. 
 
 There have been interesting discussions on points in the 
 kinetic theory, lately, in ' Nature ' and the ' Philosophical 
 Magazine.' See : 
 
 465. TAIT. Phil. Mag. (5) 21. 343-349 (86). Abstract of papers 
 
 in the Trans. E. S. E. on the Maxwell-Boltzmann 
 hypothesis. 
 
 466. BUBBUEY. Phil. Mag. (5) 21. 481-483 (86). Note on the 
 
 above. 
 
36 
 
 467. TAIT. Phil. Mag. (5) 23. 141-145 (87). Further points. 
 
 468. BOLTZMANN. Phil. Mag. (5) 23. 305-333 (87). On the 
 
 assumption involved in Avogadro's hypothesis [trans- 
 lated from Wien. Ber. 94. 613-643 (86)]. 
 
 469. TAIT. Phil. Mag. (5) 23. 433-434 (87). Note on the above. 
 
 470. BOLTZMA. Phil. Mag. (5) 25. 81-103 (88). Questions in 
 
 the kinetic theory [translated from Wien. Ber. 96. 
 891-918 (87)]. 
 
 471. TAIT. Phil. Mag. (5) 25. 172-179 (88). Eeply to Boltzmann. 
 
 472. CULYERWELL. Phil. Mag. (5) 30. 95-99 (90). On the 
 
 attainment of the " special state" in a gas. 
 
 473. BURBURY. Phil. Mag. (5) 30. 298-317 (90). Law of distri- 
 
 bution &c. 
 
 474. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 33. 356-359 (92). Eemarks 
 
 on Maxwell's investigation of Boltzmann's theorem. 
 
 475. KELTIC, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 33. 466-468 (92). Test case 
 
 of the Maxwell-Boltzmann hypothesis. 
 
 476. BURBURY. Phil. Trans. 183. 407-422 (92). Investigation 
 
 of law of distribution in certain cases of colliding 
 bodies. 
 
 477. EAYLEIGH, Lord. Nature, 44. 499 (91). On v. d. Waals' 
 
 virial equation. 
 
 478. . Nature, 44. 597 (91). On v.d. Waals' virial equation. 
 
 479. . Nature, 45. 80-82 (91). On v. d. Waals' virial equa- 
 
 tion. 
 
 480. KORTEWEG. Nature, 45. 152-154 (91). On v. d. Waals' 
 
 virial equation. 
 
 481. TAIT. Nature, 44. 546-547 (91). On v. d. Waals' virial 
 
 equation. 
 
 482. . Nature, 44. 627-628 (91). On v. d. Waals' virial 
 
 equation. 
 
 483. . Nature, 45. 199-200 (91). On v. d. Waals' virial 
 
 equation. 
 
 Some other recent papers of consequence are : 
 
 484. MAXWELL. Phil. Trans. 170. 231-256 (79); or Collected 
 
 Papers, ii. 681. Stresses due to inequality of tem- 
 perature in gases. 
 
 485. EEYNOLDS, O. Phil. Trans. 170. 727-845 (79); or abstract 
 
 in Nature, 19. 435-437 (79). Experiments and 
 theory on thermal transpiration : stresses due to 
 inequality of temperature in gases. 
 
 486. THOMSON, J. J. Phil. Mag. (5) 18. 233-267 (84). Chemical 
 
 combinations of gases treated from the kinetic theory 
 standpoint. 
 
37 
 
 487. SUTHERLAND, W. Phil. Mag. (5) 22. 81-95 (86). Law of 
 
 attraction of gas molecules. 
 
 488. . Phil. Mag. (5) 24. 113-134 (87}. Law of attraction 
 
 of liquids. 
 
 489. . Phil. Mag. (5) 24. 168-187 (87). Comparison with 
 
 experimental results. 
 
 490. . Phil. Mag. (5) 27. 305-321 (89). Consideration of 
 
 the law of inverse fourth power. 
 
 490. . Phil. Mag. (5) 36. 507-531 (93). Effect of 
 
 attraction in increasing the number of collisions in 
 a gas. 
 
 491. LOBENTZ, H. Wien. Ber. 95. 115-152 (87). Conditions of 
 
 equilibrium of the kinetic energy of molecules : 
 criticism of Boltzmann's hypotheses : treatment of 
 polyatomic molecules. 
 
 492. KAYLEIGH, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 32. 424-445 (91). Illus- 
 
 trations of the kinetic theory : simplification of 
 problems. 
 
 493. NATAXSON, L. Wied. 33. 683-701 (88). Theory of imper- 
 
 fect gases, taking into account the molecules engaged 
 in collision. Definition of temperature of an im- 
 perfect gas. 
 
 494. . Wied. 34. 970-980 (88). Kate at which gases acquire 
 
 the " special state." 
 
 495. . Phil. Mag. (5) 33. 301-307 (92). General theory of 
 
 point molecules, with a finite time of encounter. 
 
 496. . Wied. 37. 341-352 (89). Explanation of effusion of 
 
 gases on the kinetic theory. 
 
 497. . Wied. 38. 288-302 (89). Kinetic theory of simple 
 
 dissociation of gases. Or Phil. Mag. (5) 29. 18-30 
 (89). (Translation in full of the above.) 
 
 498. JAGEB, J. Wien. Ber. 99. 679-682 (90). Calculation of 
 
 vapour-pressure on kinetic theory. 
 
 499. . Wien. Ber. 99. 860-869 (90). Size and velocity of 
 
 water molecules. 
 
 500. . Wien. Ber. 99. 1028-1035 (90). Volume of saturated 
 
 vapour. 
 501. . Wien. Ber. 100. 1233-1238 (91). Size of molecules. 
 
 501a. . Wien. Ber. 102. 253-263 (98). Viscosity of 
 
 liquids and mean free path. 
 
 501 6. . Wien. Ber. 102. 483-495 (98). Conductivity of 
 
 liquids and diameter of molecules. 
 
 501 e. EICHAEZ, F. Wied. 48. 467-492 (98). Kinetic theory of 
 polyatomic gases. 
 
 501 d. . Wied. 48. 708-716 (93). Theory of Dulong and 
 
 Petit's law. 
 
VV. Kinetic Theory of Solids. 
 One or two attempts at this have been made : 
 
 502. LUCAS, E. Mem. Sav. etrang. (2) 27. 1-15 (84). Heat-vibra- 
 
 tions of solids. 
 
 503. SUTHERLAND, W. Phil. Mag. (5) 32. 31-43, 215-225, 524- 
 
 552 (91). Experiments on variation of elasticity 
 with temperature, and discussion from the point of 
 view of the molecular theory. 
 
 504. MICHAELIS, G-. J. Wied. 42. 674-680 (91). Molecular 
 
 theory of elasticity of solids. 
 See also " Limits of Elasticity." 
 
 WW. Size of Molecules. 
 
 See Thomson and Tait's ' Natural Philosophy,' vol. ii. Appendix 
 E; also 
 
 505. MAXWELL, J. C. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th edit. ; or 
 
 Collected Papers, vol. ii. pp. 445-485. "Atom." 
 Contains also a general account of the molecular 
 theory. 
 v. D. WAALS. (Loc. cit. No. 88.) 
 
 XX. Special Molecular Theories. 
 The vortex atom theory is systematically treated by 
 
 506. THOMSON, J. J. ' Motion of Vortex Kings.' Macmillan, 1883. 
 
 Of earlier work, see : 
 
 507. HELMHOLTZ, H. YON. Crelle, 55. 25-55 (58). On hydro- 
 
 dynamic integrals corresponding to vortex motion. 
 
 508. THOMSON, Sir W. Phil. Mag. (4) 34. 15-24 (67). Vortex 
 
 atoms. 
 
 A very original and ingenious paper may be mentioned 
 here, by 
 
 509. EEYNOLDS, O. Phil. Mag. (5) 20. 469-481 (85). " Dilatancy " 
 
 of media composed of solid particles in contact. 
 
 510. THOMSON, Sir W. Proc. B. S. E. 16. 693-724 (89) ; or 
 
 Coll. Papers, vol. iii. p. 395. Molecular constitution 
 of matter : possible grouping of " Boscovitchian " 
 atoms. 
 
 511. KELYIN, Lord. Phil. Mag. (5) 36. 41 4-430 (98). Elasticity 
 
 of a crystal according to Boscovitch. 
 
 OF THF 
 
 f UNIVERSITY 
 
39 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES, 
 
 Abraham, H., 34. 
 
 Airy, Sir G. B., 43. 
 
 Allard, 389. 
 
 Amagat, E. H., 120 to 129, 232, 
 
 257. 
 
 Amaury (see Jarnin). 
 Andrews, T., 109 to 111. 
 Angstrom, A. J., 403 to 405. 
 Auerbach, F., 302, 303. 
 Ayrton & Kilgour, 419. 
 
 Bailie (see Cornu). 
 
 Bully, 42. 
 
 Bakker, G., 195 a. 
 
 Barus, C., 131, 297, 320, 323, 324, 
 
 352. 
 
 & Strouhal, 298. 
 
 Bartoli & Stracciati, 179 a. 
 Bashforth, F., 353. 
 BatteUi, L., 131 a. 
 Beckenkamp, J., 310. 
 Benoit, 307. 
 
 Berget, 49 a, 411 to 413 a. 
 Berthelot, M., 73, 183 to 186. 
 
 & Recoura, 75. 
 
 & Vieille, 74. 
 
 Bezold, W. von, 374 to 376. 
 
 Biltz, 140. 
 
 Boltzmann, L., 13 to 15, 26, 244, 
 
 246, 281 to 283, 432, 441 to 460, 
 
 468, 470. 
 
 Bottomley, J., 300, 301, 410. 
 Bouty, E., 241. 
 
 Braun, W., & Kurz, A., 289 to 291. 
 Brillouin, 238 a, 299. 
 Bryan (see L armor). 
 Budde, E., 31, 101. 
 Bunsen, R. W., 68. 
 Burbury, 466, 473, 476. 
 
 Cailletet, L., 154, 155. 
 
 & Colardeau, 166, 239. 
 
 & Mathias, 156. 
 
 Callender, 58, 59. 
 
 Cantoni & Gerosa, 66 b. 
 
 Carnot, S., 80. 
 
 Cavendish, 40. 
 
 Cazin, .A., 87. 
 
 Chappuis, 78 (see also Vincent). 
 
 Chree, 414. 
 
 Clausius, R., 16 to 20, 81, 228, 365, 
 
 427 to 429. 
 
 Colardeau (see Cailletet). 
 Cooke, 173. 
 Cornu, A., 256. 
 
 & Bailie, 44, 45. 
 
 Crafts, J. M., 170. 
 Culver weU, 472. 
 
 Darwin, G. H. & H., 51. 
 Demuth (see Meyer, V.). 
 Dieterici, 136, 181. 
 Dixon, H. B., 187 a. 
 Drude, P., 203. 
 Duhem, P., 97, 190. 
 Dvorak, V., 390. 
 
 Everett, 254 a. 
 
 Faraday, M., 147, 148. 
 Favre & Silbermann, 67. 
 Fitzgerald, G. ; 237. 
 Fizeau, H. L., 308, 309. 
 Forbes, J. D., 402, 
 Forster, W., 55. 
 Founder, E. F., 368. 
 Franz (see Wiedemann). 
 Fuchs, K, 194, 195. 
 
 Galitzine, 144. 
 Gautier (see Moissan). 
 Gerosa (see Cantoni). 
 Gibbs, J. Willard, 94. 
 Goldschmidt (see Meyer, V.). 
 Gouy, 96, 103. 
 
 Graham, T., 329 to 331, 342, 343. 
 Grassi, 132. 
 
 Gratz, 415, 416, 418, 422. 
 D 
 
40 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 Griffiths, H., 66 . 
 Grinwis, C. H., 24. 
 Guillaume, -53, 54, 60. 
 Guldberg, C. M., 164. 
 
 Hall, T. P., 219 a, 
 
 Haton de la Goupilliere, 367. 
 Keen, P. de, 180, 217, 341. 
 Heilborn, E., 163. 
 Helmholtz, H. von, 25, 65, 95, 371 
 
 to 373, 507. 
 
 Herrmann, L., 380, 396 a. 
 Herroun & Yeo, 400. 
 Hertz, H., 145. 
 
 Him, G. A., 69, 89, 90, 362 to 364. 
 Hoff, J. van't, 243. 
 Hugoniot, 366. 
 
 Isenkrahe, 38. 
 
 Jager, J., 238, 498 to 501 b. 
 Jamio, 177. 
 
 & Araaiiry, 70. 
 
 Jannettaz, 409. 
 Jolly, 46, 47, 162. 
 Joly, 76, 77, 174, 178. 
 Joule, 64. 
 
 - & Kelvin (W. Thomson), 82. 
 
 Kelvin, Lord (Sir W. Thomson), 9, 
 10, 52, 83, 85, 92, 475, 508, 510, 
 511 (see also Joule). 
 
 Kirchhoff, G.,86, 254. 
 
 Klemencie, 350. 
 
 Kohlrausch, R, 267 to 271. 
 
 & Loomis, 260. 
 
 Konig, R., 392 to 395. 
 
 Konig, W., 357. 
 
 Kopp, 322. 
 
 Korteweg, 480. 
 
 Krigar-Menzel & Raps, 380 a. 
 
 Kundt, 384, 385. 
 
 & Warburg, 348, 421. 
 
 Kurz (see Braun). 
 
 Laar, J. J. van, 104 a. 
 
 Lange, L., 5. 
 
 Langer (see Meyer, V.). 
 
 Langley, 354. 
 
 Larmor Bryan, 28. 
 
 Le Chatelier (see Mallard). 
 
 Leduc, A., 175 a. 
 
 Lemau, 379. 
 
 Lippmann, 36, 91. 
 
 Lodge, O, 7. 
 
 Loomis (see Kohlrausoh). 
 
 Lorberg, 407. 
 
 Lorentz, H., 245, 491. 
 Lorenz, L., 408, 
 Loschmidt, J., 21, 332. 
 Lucas, F., 502. 
 
 Mace" de 1'Epinay, 35. 
 
 Mack, E., 1. 
 
 Main, P. T., 108. 
 
 Mallard & Le Chatelier, 182. 
 
 Mascart, 369. 
 
 Massieu, F., 93. 
 
 Mathias, 79, 169, 169 a (see also 
 
 Cailletet). 
 
 Matthiessen, L., 226. 
 Maxwell, J. C., 12, 30, 277, 346. 
 
 430,431,433,484,505. 
 Mayer, J. R., 62, 63. 
 Mendeleef, 135, 160, 161. 
 Meyer, 0. E., 278 to 280, 437 to 
 
 440. 
 Meyer, V., 141. 
 
 & Demuth, 142. 
 & Goldschmidt, 137. 
 
 & Langer, 138. 
 Michaelis, G. J., 504. 
 Michaelson, W., 187. 
 Michelson, A. A., 37 , 378. 
 
 & Morley, 37. 
 Miculescu, 66. 
 Moissan Gautier, 175. 
 Morin, 304. 
 
 Morley (see Michelson). 
 Muirhead, R. F., 6. 
 
 Natanson, E., 240. 
 
 Natanson, L., 11, 97 a, 99, 247 a, 493 
 
 to 497. 
 
 Natterer, 149 to 152. 
 Neesen, 284 to 286. 
 Neumann, C., 98. 
 Newall, 316, 317. 
 Nilson & Petterson, 139. 
 
 Oberbeck, 370. 
 
 Obermayer, von, 333 to 336, 345). 
 
 Odstrcif, 39. 
 
 Olsze wski,158(seealso Wroblewsld) . 
 
 Oppolzer, von, 50. 
 
 Osmond, 314, 321. 
 
 Pernet, 306. 
 Person, C., 326. 
 Petterson (see Nilson). 
 Pictet, 153. 
 Pionchon, 315 . 
 Plateau, 224. 
 Poincare*, 27. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 41 
 
 Poiseuille, 356. 
 Poynting, 48. 
 Puluj, 347. 
 
 Quet, 188. 
 
 Quincke, 199, 205 to 211. 215, 223. 
 
 Ramsay & Shields, 219 b. 
 
 & Young, 57, 104, 112 to 
 
 119, 146, 234 to 236. 
 Raoult, 327, 328. 
 Raps, 3806 (see also Krigar- 
 
 Menzel). 
 Rayleigh, Lord, 171, 172, 189,191, 
 
 197, 219, 225, 355, 377, 388, 398, 
 
 474, 477 to 479, 492. 
 Recoura (see Berthelot). 
 Regnault, 105 to 107, 381. 
 Reich, 41. 
 
 Reinold & Riicker, 200, 200 a, 204. 
 Rekkuh, 296. 
 
 Reynolds, O., 305, 361,485, 509. 
 Richarz, F., 501 c, d. 
 Ritter, A., 102. 
 Rontgen, 179, 202, 220. 
 Rowland, H., 56. 
 Riicker, 32 (see also Reinold, and 
 
 Thorpe). 
 Rumford, Count, 61. 
 
 Sarrau, 229 to 231. 
 
 Schiff, 216. 
 
 Schiller, N., 242. 
 
 Schleiermacher, 221, 424, 425. 
 
 Schmidt, 288. 
 
 Schneebeli, 255. 
 
 Schroder, T., 294. 
 
 Schwedoff, Th., 359, 360. 
 
 Scott, A., 175 b. 
 
 Shields (see Ramsay). 
 
 Silbermann (see Favre). 
 
 Siljestrbm, 134. 
 
 Sohncke, L., 201. 
 
 Stefan, J., 196, 340, 344, 345, 358, 
 
 386, 397, 417, 420, 434 to 436. 
 Stracciati (see Bartoli). 
 Streintz, H v 2, 287. 
 Strouhal, 399 (see also Barus). 
 
 Sutherland, W., 487 to 490 a, 503. 
 Szily, 22, 23. 
 
 Tait, P. G., 4, 133, 461 to 465, 467, 
 
 469, 471, 481 to 483. 
 Thomsen, J., 72. 
 Thomson, J., 3, 84, 227. 
 Thomson, J. J., 29, 486, 506. 
 Thomson, W. (see Kelvin). 
 Thorpe & Riicker, 159. 
 Threlfall, 258. 
 Tomlinson, H., 261 to 264, 318, 
 
 319, 351. 
 Traube, 214. 
 
 Velten, 71. 
 
 Vieille (see Berthelot). _ 
 
 Vincent, 0., & Chappuis, 165. 
 
 Violle, 312, 313. 
 
 Voigt, W., 259, 264 a-c, 396. 
 
 Waals, van der, 88, 195 6, 247. 
 
 Walker, J., 143. 
 
 Warburg, 292, 293, 387 (see also 
 
 Kundt). 
 
 Waterston, J. J., 426. 
 Weber, H. F., 311, 406. 
 Weber, W., 265, 266. 
 Wertheim, G., 248 to 253, 382, 
 
 383. 
 
 Wiedemann, E., 100, 176, 325. 
 Wiedemann, G., 272 to 276. 
 
 & Franz, 401. 
 
 Wiedmann, G., 295. 
 
 Wien, W., 8. 
 
 Wien, M., 391. 
 
 Wiener, O., 345 a. 
 
 Williams, W., 33. 
 
 Wilsing, J., 49. 
 
 Winkelmann, A., 337 to 339, 423. 
 
 Worthington, 192, 193, 198, 212, 
 
 213,218,222. 
 Wroblewski, 130, 233. 
 & Olszewski, 157. 
 
 Yeo (see Herroun). 
 Young, S., 167, 168 (see also 
 Ramsay). 
 
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